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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 3 1924 086 366 725 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://archive.org/details/cu31924086366725 
 
In compliance with current 
 copyright law, Cornell University 
 
 Library produced this 
 replacement volume on paper 
 that meets the ANSI Standard 
 
 Z39.48-1992 to replace the 
 irreparably deteriorated original. 
 
 1999 
 
BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME 
 FROM THE 
 
 "SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 Hcnrg W. Sage 
 
 1891 
 
 A..7.Z.6. 
 
 £.0. 5^^^ 
 
^/^"-^ f^, ^e 
 
 "n/, 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 Jrom tl)e ISarlteat Qfgco&erg to tfje present E-ime. 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS BY THE DUTCH, SWEDES, AND 
 
 ENGLISH, AND OF THE COLONY OF WILLIAM PENN, HIS TREATY 
 
 AND PACIFIC MEASURES WITH THE INDIANS; 
 
 AND THE 
 
 GRADUAL ADVANCEMENT OF THE STATE TO ITS PRESENT ASPECT 
 OF OPULENCE, CULTURE, AND REFINEMENT. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM MASON CORNELL, D.D., LL.D., 
 
 LATE MEMBER OF THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY; OF THE PENNSYL- 
 VANIA HISTORICAL society; MEMBER AND LATE SECRETARY OF THE 
 
 new-england historic-genealogical society, etc. 
 
 Author of "Life of Robert Raikes," "Life of Horace Greeley," 
 "Memoir of Charles Sumner," Etc. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 JOHN SULLY & CO., 
 
 725 Sansom Street. 
 
A. 
 
 77t6 
 
 Copyright, 1876, 
 BY B. B. RUSSELL. 
 
 PRESS OF 
 
 Rand, Avhrv, and Company, 
 117 franklin street, 
 
 BOSTON- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It is a Herculean task to write a good history ; and the value 
 of such a one cannot be overestimated. By history we learn 
 what mankind have been and done in all past ages. By 
 history the best men in every age and century of the world 
 are set before us for our imitation, and the worst for our 
 detestation. By history we learn how nations, empires, king- 
 doms, have arisen, flourished, decayed, and passed away. By 
 history we become acquainted with the genius, laws, and cus- 
 toms of men who shone as stars in their generation ; and 
 behold, as in a mirror, the disposition, character, and talents 
 which produced their virtue or their vice, and entitled them to 
 the respect, veneration, and grateful remembrance of their^ suc- 
 cessors, or made them a reproach to the end of the world. By 
 history, too, we get a knowledge of how the arts and sciences 
 arose, and how inventions were first arrived at, cultivated, and 
 improved; and finally, as "history" but "repeats itself" in 
 every age of the world, we see the finger of an Almighty 
 Ruler presiding over the destiny of men, and ordering all 
 things and events, so that, it must be visible to all, that He 
 ruleth among the children of men, and showing that "the 
 race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, 
 nor yet riches to men of understanding." 
 
 From these characteristics of general history, the transition 
 is natural and easy to the particular one before us. Having 
 resided many years in Philadelphia, and become familiar with 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 the biography of the early settlers of Pennsylvania, and the 
 events that have taken place since, through their historians ; 
 and believing that no State in the Union offers richer material 
 for a valuable history ; and, moreover, being drawn to the task 
 from a love of research into past times, — the author, with much 
 pleasure, has compiled the following pages. It will be univer- 
 sally acknowledged that our resources of wealth in coal, iron, 
 oil, &c., are unsurpassed by any State of this great republic. 
 
 Pennsylvania has abundant cause of gratitude to God, that 
 she was settled by a Christian people, and, especially, that she 
 received her name from one of the wisest, noblest, and best of 
 men ; and, as exhibited in tliis history, for many generations, 
 even down to this period of our grand centennial, she has hon- 
 ored her early settlers, in her appreciation of that education, 
 virtue, religious principle, and civil freedom, which were 
 vouchsafed unto her by such njen as WiLHam Penn and his 
 coadjutors. It wiU be shown that she has well developed her 
 material resources ; but in nothing has she been more conspicuous 
 than in the character of her men and women. 
 
 With the hope and belief that the reader will be amused, 
 entertained, and instructed, his mind enlarged, affection ele- 
 vated, by the perusal of what is gathered from the authors 
 named in the work, from whose resources I have richly drawn, 
 and from the more recent statistics of the Commonwealth, I 
 commit "the work to the intelligent sons and daughters of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 W. M. C. 
 
 PhUiAdelphia, 1876. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 EAELT DISCOVHREBS OF AMEEICA, AND THE FIEST SETTLEMENTS 
 
 XTPOTS THE DELAWAEB. 
 
 PAGE, 
 
 Supposition that Ancient Ophir was America — Swedes' and Goths' Dis- 
 covery of America — Discovery by Madoc, an Englishman — Discovery 
 by Christopher Columbus — By Americus Vespucius — By Sebastian 
 Cabot — Virginia visited by Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Ealeigh 
 
 — Whence its Name — Discovery of Delaware Bay — Whence its Name 
 
 — London and Bristol Companies — Advent of the Hollanders — Their 
 First Fort — Settlement by the Swedes — Their Religion — Houses — 
 Furniture — Food — Drinks — First Indian Speech to Europeans . . 15 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 EISB, PEOGEESS, AND PEINCIPLES OP THE DENOMINATIOIT CALLED 
 QtTAKBES, OE FEIENDS. 
 
 George Fox — His Followers take the Name of Friends : his Enemies call 
 them Quakers — Statement of their Principles published by Themselves 
 
 — Admiral Sir William Penn — His Offices and Exploits — Birth of 
 William Penn — His Early Education — Meeting with Thomas Loe — 
 Embraces Loe's Views — Incurs his Father's Displeasure — Is sent to 
 France — Then to Ireland — Again meets Loe — Returns Home — 
 Driven from his Father's House — Colloquy between the Admiral and 
 his Wife — Penn's Books — His Father's Reconciliation — Admiral's 
 Death 28 
 
 CHAPTER nX. 
 
 FTJETHBE PEOGEESS OF VSTLLIAM PENN AND HIS QTTAKEES. 
 
 Reasons for founding a Colony: to get his Dues from the Crown — To 
 escape Persecution — Accounts from New Jersey Colonies — Penn's 
 Persecution — Imprisonment — Trial — Defence — Appeal to the Jury 
 
 — Prejudices of his Judges — Penn's Acquittal — Petition for a Charter 
 
 — Opposition — Granting of Charter 44 
 
b CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IT. 
 penn's chaeteb of PBirirsTLvAjSriA feom king chaeles n. 
 
 PAGE, 
 
 Boundaries — Privileges — William Perm made Proprietary — Power to 
 
 govern, and make Laws — May appoint Officers — Grant Pardons — A 
 
 Proviso — Laws of England in Force till Others are made in the Prov- 
 
 —Jnce — Approval of Laws — Encouragem.ent of Emigration, also to Trade 
 
 — May lay out Towns, Cities, cS:c. — Commercial Advantages — Seaports, 
 Creeks, and Harbors — Customs may be imposed by the Province — 
 Agent to reside in London — Government maybe resumed by England 
 
 — Not to correspond with Kings, &c., at "War with England — May pur- 
 sue and punish Enemies — May dispose of Lands — May erect Manors — 
 Frankpledge — King not to lay Taxes without Consent of Proprietary 
 
 or Parliament — Control of the Bishop of London — Interpretation . 61 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 PBOCEBDnSTGS OF PEIOT AFTEK THE GBANT OF HIS CHABTEB. 
 
 Penn's Joy — His Visit to the King — Surprise at the Name — Offers 
 Twenty Guineas — Solicits the King — Refusal of the King — Letter to 
 Robert Turner — Penn's Publication — Farewell to the King — Interest- 
 ing Colloquy with the King — Letter to his Family 75 
 
 CHAPTER VL 
 
 WILLIAM penn's FIEST VISIT TO AMEBICA. 
 
 Sends Commissioners — Letter to the Indians — Death of his Mother — 
 Frame of Government — Agreement with the Duke of York — Penn's 
 Embarkation — An Epistle — Letter to Stephen Crisp — Welcome from 
 the Dutch, Swedes, and Quakers — Toleration and Civil Freedom — 
 
 . ^^irst General Assembly — Chester named — Lands bought — Great 
 
 Treaty — Measurement by Walks — John Penn — Bounties ofEered — 
 
 Site for a City — Penn's House — Pennsbury Manor — City named — 
 
 - Division of Province and Territories — Letter to One of his Detractors 
 
 — Leaves for England 92 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE INDIANS. 
 
 William Penn's Letter — Persons of the Indians — Their Language — Cus- 
 toms and Manners — Religion — Government — Origin — Dr. Rush's 
 Account — Of their Children — Food — Customs of Women — Employ- 
 ment of Men — Common Customs — Diseases — Small-Pox and Vene- 
 real Imported — Remedies — Indian Speeches Ill 
 
 CHAPTER Vin. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA FEOM 1684 TO 1690. 
 
 The Provincial Council — Officers commissioned by William Penn — Letter 
 to Friends — Population of the Province — Appoints Secretary — Troubles 
 
CONTENTS. 7 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 in the Province — Letter to tlie Magistrates and Others — Nicholas 
 Moore — New Commission — Thomas Lloyd retires — Appointed Deputy 
 
 — Great Scare — Gov. Blackwell — First Public School — George Keith 
 
 — Schism among the Quakers — Penn's Power revoked — Fletcher made 
 Governor — Divisions — Fletcher retires — Appoints Markham — Gov- 
 ernment restored to Penn — Appoints Markham — Penn's Return — 
 Gives Laws — Improves Philadelphia — House of Lords — Fears for his 
 Government — Return to England 123 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA FEOM 1701 TO 1765. 
 
 Penn's Interest in the Colony — Of his Family — Reception of New Charter 
 
 — Charter to the City — Andrew Hamilton — James Logan — Bill in 
 Parliament — King William's Death — Princess Anne — Dissensions — 
 Gov. Evans — William Penn, jun. — More Dissensions — Evils from 
 Penn's Absence — Mortgages the Province — Attacked by Apoplexy — 
 His Death — His Will — Gov. Gordon — Benjamin Franklin — Thomas 
 and John Penn — Indian Troubles — Gov. Thomas — George Whitefield 
 
 — The French War — Plain Truth — Gov. Hamilton — Taxation of Pro- 
 prietors — Public Institutions — Braddock's Defeat — George Washing- 
 ton — Indian Treaties — Re-appointment of James Hamilton — Boundary 
 settled — Indian Massacre — White Savages — John Penn — Indians sue 
 for Peace — Quotation from Day — Penn's Character by Gordon . . 144 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA FKOM 1765 TO 1775. 
 
 Great Britain lays a Tax upon the Colonies — Stamp Act — Stamp Officer 
 appointed — Manufacturing prohibited — Repeal of the Stamp Act — 
 Duties on British Goods — Tax on Tea — Colonists oppose all Taxes — 
 Mass Meeting — Provincial Congi'ess — Continental Congress — Petition 
 to King George -:- Congress adjourns — Re-assembles — George Wash- 
 ington appointed — Washington's Speech 160 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 ACTS OP CONGKESS AND OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Washington commissioned — Bloodshed — The Colonies declared Independ- 
 ent of Great Britain — Incidents in Independence Hall — Doings of the 
 Assembly of Pennsylvania — Gov. Penn's Advice — The Assembly's 
 Reply — Second Provincial Convention — Their Acts — Committee of 
 Public Safety — The Quakers — Pennsylvania raises Troops — Whigs V 
 and Tories disagree on changing the Government — The Whigs prevail 
 
 — They call a Convention — A Constitution formed for Pennsylvania • 177 
 
6 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER Xn. 
 
 KECAPITULATION OF EVENTS IN" PENNSYLVAinA DOWN TO THE 
 
 CLOSE OF THE PKOVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 The Government modelled after England — The People Democratic — Ex- 
 
 - portation prohibited — Of the Courts — Sale of Lands — Division of 
 
 Classes among the People — William Peun — Provincial Laws repealed 
 
 — Early Churches — Free Toleration to All — Influx of Sects — Contrast 
 of Public Expenditures — Literature — Printing-Press — Newspapers — 
 Magazines — Benjamin Franklin — His Printing-Press . . . .194 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE STATE CONSTITUTION OF 1776. 
 
 What Government should be — Declaration of Eights — Right of Worship 
 
 — Internal Government — Benefit to All — Free Elections — Of Prosecu- 
 tions—Of Warrants — Freedom of Speech — Plan of Government — 
 —Electors — House of Representatives — Form of Oath or Affirmation 
 
 — Delegates to Congress — Title of the Laws — County Districts — Of 
 Commissions — Of Judges — Supreme Court — Of Debtors — Justices of 
 the Peace — Sheriffs and Coroners — Of Fees — Register's Office — 
 Printing-Presses — Of Professions — Penal Laws — Taxes — Of Schools 
 
 — Council of Censors 211 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA DUEING THE AMERICAN P.EVOLITTION. 
 
 Emblems of Royalty burned — Lord Howe — Letters to Washington and 
 Franklin — Franklin's Reply — Washington's Letter — Gen. Sullivan's 
 Message — Committee appointed to confer with Howe — Battle at Tren- 
 ton — Battle of Princeton — Arrival of Lafayette — Defeat at Brandy- 
 wine — Removal of Congress — British in Philadelphia — They spare the 
 Old Elm — Washington's Enemies — Commissioners from Great Britain 
 
 — France acknowledges American Independence — Sir Hemy Clinton 
 succeeds Sir William Howe — British evacuate Philadelphia — Victory 
 of Monmouth — Benedict Arnold — Indian Warfare — Continental 
 Money — Treaty of Peace 229 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA IN THE WAES StTCCBBDINa THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 Warfare with the Western Indians — Whiskey Rebellion — War of 1812 — 
 Defenceless State of the Northern Borders — Commodore Perry's Vic- 
 tory — British War-Ships in the Delaware — The Governor's Call — 
 Patriotic Response — Burning of the Capitol — War with the Florida 
 Indians — Efforts to quiet the South — Southern Trade — Patriotism of 
 her People — Gov. Cm-tin — Anecdotes of Quakers — James Buchanan 
 
 — Secession Ordinance — Lincoln's Election — Attack on Fort Sumter 
 
 — Call for Troops — Ready Response — Simon Cameron — Thaddeus 
 Stevens — Reserve Corps — Rebel Invasion — Gen. Meade — Battle of 
 Gettysburg 245 
 
CONTENTS. 9 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE SURFACE AND PRODUCTIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Face of the Country — Geology — Lakes and Rivers — Climate — Soil and 
 Productions — Anthracite Coal — Where found — Mining-Operations — 
 Mouth of a Coal Mine — Coal Shute, Dumper, and Breaker — Face of a 
 Coal-Breaker — Picking Slate at a. Screen — Total Product of Anthra- 
 cite — Bituminous Coal — Where found — Mines — Product of Bitumi- «, 
 nous Coal 26t 
 
 XVII. 
 
 PRODUCTION OF IKON AND OIL IN PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Pennsylvania compared with Other States — Cornwall Hills — Counties, 
 where' found — Chester County — Prohibitory Law — Forges in Bucks 
 County — Lebanon — Manufacturing Baptists — Maria Forge — Henry 
 William Steigel — Valley Forge — William Denning — Various Forges 
 
 — Anthracite Coal for Smelting — Jacobs' Creelv — Dunbar Creek — 
 Fairchance Furnace — - Red Stone — Charcoal Furnaces — Bituminous 
 Coal — Pig Iron — Total Product — Geology of Petroleum — -Naphtha 
 
 — Venango Coiinty — Devonian Rocks — Daddow — Indians burn Oil 
 
 — Excitement on Discovery of Oil — Oil Companies — Prospecting — Oil 
 Creek — A Derrick 279 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD AST) POINTS OP INTEREST ALONG ITS 
 ROUTE TO THE CAPITAL. 
 
 Mr. Sipes's Book — Richard Trevithick — George Stephenson — Road in 
 Massachusetts — Honesdale — Columbia Railroad — Portage Road' — Act 
 for Pennsylvania Railroad — Road opened — Branches of New Jersey 
 Division — Of Pennsylvania Railroad — Of Philadelphia and Erie Road 
 
 — Mileage — Merion — Wynnewood — Eagle — Paoli — Malvern — 
 Downington — Coatesville — Christiana — Gap — Kinzers — Lancaster 
 
 — Mount Joy — Middletown — Columbia — Marietta — Harrisburg . 295 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 PLACES ON THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD FROM HABKISBUEG TO 
 THE TUNNEL OP THE ALLEGHANY. 
 
 Rockville — Marysville — Duncannon — Aqueduct — Newport — Millers- 
 town — Miiflin — Lewistown — Newton Hamilton — Mount Union — 
 Huntingdon — Tyrone — Altoona — Kittanning Point — Resting-Place 
 
 — View from the Mountain 314 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD FROM THE TUNNEL TO PITTSBURG, ITS 
 
 TERMINUS. 
 
 Tunnel — Gallitzin — Cresson — Sonman — Portage — Johnstown — Cone- 
 maugh Furnace — Nineveh — Blairsville Intersection — Hillside — La- 
 trobe — Greensburg — Penn — Manor — Irwin — Braddock's — Wilkins- 
 burg — Liberty — Pittsburg 329 
 
10 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 CITIES ASD TOWNS ON THE BRANCHES OF THE PENNSTLYANIA 
 KAILKOAD. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 E.ast Brandywine and Waynesburg Branch — Glen Moore — Bameston — 
 Wayn'esburg — Wrightsville — York — Mifflin and Centre County Branch 
 
 — Logan — Mann's — Reeds ville — Milroy — Bedford and Bridgeport 
 Railroad — Mount Dallas — Bedford — Wolf sburg — Mann' s Choice — 
 Bald Eagle Valley Branch — Vail — Bald Eagle — Martha — Unionville 
 Milesburg — Unionville — Belief onte — Curtin — Howard — Eagleville 
 
 — Beach Creek — Mill Hall — Tyrone and Clearfield Branch— Sandy 
 Ridge — Osceola — Phillipsburg — Wallacetown — Clearfield — Holli- 
 daysburg and Morrison's Cove Branch — Y Switches — HoUidaysburg — 
 McKee's — Rodman — Roaring Spring — Martinsburg — Henrietta — 
 Williamsburg Branch — Frankstown — Flowing Spring — Williamsburg 
 
 — Ebensburg Branch — Munster — Ebensburg — Indiana Branch — 
 Black Lick — Homer — Indiana 346 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 CITIES AND TOWNS ON THE BBANCHES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA 
 KAILBOAD, CONCLmDED. 
 
 Western Pennsylvania Railroad — Blairsville — Tunnel — Saltsburg — 
 Apollo — Leechburg — Alleghany Junction — Freeport — Natrona — 
 Tarentum — Hites' — Claremont — Sharpsburg — Etna — Alleghany City 
 
 — Butler Branch — Saxonburg — Butler — South-west Pennsylvania 
 Branch — Scottdale — Everson — Connellsville — Philadelphia and Erie 
 Railroad — Sunbury — Northumberland — Milton — Watsontown — 
 Dewart — Montgomery — Muncy — Williamsport — Jersey Shore — 
 Wayne — Lock Haven — Farrandsville — Hyner — Eenovo — Keating — 
 Round Island — Sinnemahoning — Drift-wood — Stirling — Cameron — 
 Emporium — St. Mary's — Daguscahonda — Eidgeway — Wilcox — Ser- 
 geant — Kane — Warren — Irvinetown — Corry — Union — Waterf ord — 
 Jackson's — Erie — Lewisburg Centre and Spruce Creek Branch — 
 Lewisburg — MifHinburg — Danville and Hazleton Branch — Philadel- 
 phia and Erie Junction — Danville — Catawissa — Tomhicken — Bristol 362 
 
 CHAPTER XXin. 
 
 CITIES AND TOWNS ON THE BEADING AND OTHER KAILEOADS. 
 
 J^etwork of Railroads — Afford Facilities for Historical Description — 
 Reading Road — Conshohocken — Norristo wu — Valley Forge — Reading 
 
 — Phcenixville — Port Clinton — Pottstown — Auburn — Schuylkill 
 Haven — Pottsville — Mount Carbon — Ravino Gap — Lebanon — Ma- 
 hanoy Plane — Northern Pennsylvania — Gwynedd — Lansdale — Sel- 
 lersville — Landis Ridge — Hellertown — Lehigh Valley Railroad — 
 Bethlehem — Allentown — Catasauqua — Hokendauqua — Slatiugton — 
 Lehighton — Weinport — Packertown — Mauch Chunk — Mount Pisgah 
 
 — Summit Hill — Burning-Mine — Glen Ouoko — Chameleon Falls — 
 
CONTENTS 11 
 
 Onoko Falls — Terrace Falls — Nesquehoning Bridge — Perm Haven — 
 Stony Creek — Eockport — Tannoy — White Haven — Freemansburg 
 
 — Eedington — Glendon — Eastou — Delaware, Lackawanna, and West- 
 ern Railroad — Delaware Water Gap — Philadelphia, Wilmington, and 
 Baltimore Kailroad — Chester — West Chester Railroad — West Chester 381 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 HOSPITALS, AND OTHEE rNSTITITTIONS. 
 
 Pennsylvania Hospital — Insane Department — Stephen Girard, — Sick Sea- 
 men — Lying-in Department — Dispensary — Hospital Property taxed — 
 Penn's Bust — Kirkbride Hospital — Hospital of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania — Lunatic Hospital, Harrisburg — Insane Hospital, Danville — 
 Insane Hospital, Warren — Insane Hospital, Dixmont — German Hos- 
 pital — Lackawanna Hospital — Wilkesbarre Hospital — Anthracite Hos- 
 pital — Reform School — Pennsylvania Training School — Deaf -Mutes — 
 Sheltei-ing Arms — Western Penitentiary 409 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 TJUrVEESITIBS, COLLEGES, AND OTHEB LITEBABT IlfSTinJTIONS. 
 
 University of Pennsylvania — Western University of Pennsylvania — La- 
 fayette College — Other Colleges in the State — Xormal Schools — High 
 Schools — Private Schools — Business Colleges — Provisions of the New 
 Constitution — City School Systems — Of Philadelphia — Of Pittsburg 
 
 — Of Alleghany 427 
 
 CHAPTER XXVL 
 
 HtSTOBICAL SOCIETY, ETC., AJSTD GOVEENOES OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Why so long delayed — Variety of Nations — Mr. Burke's Statement — 
 Municipalities — Organization of the Society — Original Members — 
 First Officers — Place of Meeting — Various Committees ^^ Progress — 
 Library — Bradford's Prayer-Book — Freedom of the Press .^ Other 
 Societies — United States Hospitals in the City — Union League — Poli^ 
 tics of the Commonwealth — Names of Governors of the Province and 
 State of Pennsylvania 456 
 
 CHAPTER XXVn. 
 
 ARTISTS AND FINE AKTS OP PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Benjamin West — Charles Wilson Peale — Rembrandt Peale — Thomas 
 Sully — James Hamilton — Thomas Buchanan Read — Adolph Ulric 
 Wertmuller — Paul Weber — John Neagle — Peter F. Rothermel — Mar- 
 gai-et M. George — Thomas A. Scott — School of Design for Women — 
 The Academy of Fine Arts 471 
 
12 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND WEITESS, JOUBNALS AND JOtlENALISTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 William Shippen • — Adam Kuhn — Benjamin Rush — Thomas Bond — 
 American Metropolis of Education — Medical School united with the 
 University — New Edifice — Jefferson Medical College — ■ The Pennsylva- 
 nia Medical College — Philadelphia College of Medicine — Homceopathic 
 College, &c. — Eemale Medical College — Philadelphia College of Phar- 
 macy — College of Physicians and Surgeons — Medical Writers — Jour- 
 nals and Journalists 484 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 STEPHEN" GIEABD AND HIS OBPHAN COLLEGE. 
 
 Birthplace of Girard — Cahiu-Boy — Capt. Randall — Begins to speculate — 
 Comes to Philadelphia— Marriage — Removes to Mount Holly— Returns 
 to Philadelphia — Partnership with his Brother — Dissolution — Wife's 
 Insanity — Massacre in St. Domingo — Death of his Brother — His 
 Nieces — Names of his Ships — Smoking — Service in the Yellow-Fever 
 
 — Softens with Age — Capt. Guligar — One Cent — -His Dress' — Dr. 
 Staughton — Gives to the Methodists — Cancels Donation — Widow's 
 Visit — Girard Bank — Hardware Merchant — Rope-Maker — Iron 
 Work— Plan of his College — His Will — Note from Dr. Allen . .503 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Advantages of Philadelphia — Building and Loan Associations — Consoli- 
 dation of the City — Topography of the City — Its Buildings — Manu- 
 factures — London Coffee-House — Carpenter's Hall — State House — 
 Independence Square — United States Mint ■— Eastern State Penitentiary 
 
 — County Prison — Houses of Refuge — Wills Hospital — Deaf-and- 
 Dumb Institution — Institiition for the Blind — Blockley Almshouse — • 
 Wagner Institute — Polytechnic College — Franklin Institute — Guar- 
 anty Trust and Safe Deposit Company — Hotels — Masonic Temple — 
 Academy of Natural Sciences — City Hall — Callow-hill Street Bridge — 
 Water-Works — Laurel Hill Cemetery —The Park 520 
 
 CHAPTER XXXT . 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Our Republic — Small in the Beginning — How it increased — Planted by 
 Noble Men — Slavery a Rotten Plank in the Constitution — Its Fate 
 
 — The Old "Thirteen" — Increase of Territory — Productions — Men 
 and Women — Literature — Century — Pennsylvania and Philadelphia 
 
 — Sister States and Cities — Foreign Nations — One Regret — The 
 Change as to Knowledge and Discoveries — The Future of the Nation 
 
 — History proclaims a Moral Governor — The Centennial Grounds and 
 Buildings 551 
 
ILLUSTRATIOI^^S. 
 
 Portrait of the Author feontispeeoe. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Bird' s-Eye View of Philadelphia 15 
 
 Penn's Treaty with the Indians 98 
 
 Penn's House 108 
 
 Soldiers' Monument, Gettysburg . 261 
 
 Mouth of Coal Mine 271 
 
 Coal Shute, Dumper, and Breaker 273 
 
 Face of Coal Breaker 274 
 
 Picking out Slate 275 
 
 Towing Fiat-Boats up Oil Creek 1 291 
 
 Oil en Koute for Pittsburg i 293 
 
 Paoli 300 
 
 Coatesville Bridge 302 
 
 Kesidence of James Buchanan 306 
 
 Susquehanna near Harrisburg 312 
 
 Horseshoe Curve 327 
 
 Alleghany Mountain Tunnel 330 
 
 Mountain House, Cresson 331 
 
 Portage Koad 333 
 
 City of Pittsburg 341 
 
 State Normal School, Indiana ....>.... 361 
 
 Valley Forge 384 
 
 Schuylkill below Heading . . . . > 385 
 
 Schuylkill above Port Clinton 386 
 
 Mount Carbon and Sharp Mountain 387 
 
 Kavino Gap, near Pottsville 388 
 
 Mahanoy Plane, looking up 389 
 
 Bethelehem. ..." 391 
 
 Lehigh Gap . . ■ 392 
 
 Mauch Chunk 394 
 
 Mount Pisgah Plane 395 
 
 The "Flagstaff," Mauch Chunk 396 
 
 View North from the Trestling, Mount Pisgah 398 
 
 Chameleon Falls 399 
 
 1 These cuts represent the oil regions as tbey were in 1861. 
 
 13 
 
14 ILL USTRA TIONS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Onoko Falls 400 
 
 Terrace Falls, Glen Onoko 401 
 
 Nesquehoning Bridge 402 
 
 View on Stony Creek . 403 
 
 Prospect Eock and the Nescopec Valley 404 
 
 Cloud Point 405 
 
 The Gem of the Valley 406 
 
 Delaware Water Gap 407 
 
 Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania 417 
 
 University of Pennsylvania, Department of Arts and Sciences . . 429 
 
 Pardee Hall 431 
 
 Beaver College, Beaver 433 
 
 Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg 437 
 
 Plates of Lewisburg 439, 440, 441 
 
 Washington and Jefferson 443 
 
 State Noi-mal Schocil, West Chester 446 
 
 Cumberland Valley' State Kormal School, Shippensburg . . . 448 
 
 Union League 465 
 
 New Academy of Fine Arts . 482 
 
 University of Pennsylvania, Medical Department 485 
 
 Public Ledger 496 
 
 Girard College 519 
 
 London Coffee House 524 
 
 Carpenter's Hall .525 
 
 Independence Hall 526 
 
 Liberty Bell . 527 
 
 Franklin's Grave 528 
 
 Insane Asylum 533 
 
 Guaranty Safe Trust and Deposit Company 536 
 
 Mutual Life Insurance Company of New Tork 537 
 
 Exchange 538 
 
 Masonic Temple 539 
 
 Continental Hotel 540 
 
 New Academy of Natural Sciences 541 
 
 New City Hall 543 
 
 Chestnut Street Bridge 544 
 
 Callow Hill Street Bridge 545 
 
 Fairmount 547 
 
 Fairmount Park from Pennsylvania Bridge 548 
 
 Girard Avenue Bridge, Fairmount Park 549 
 
 Centennial Buildings 
 
 Main Exhibition Building 560 
 
 Art Gallery 560 
 
 Machinery Hall 560 
 
 Horticultural Building 563 
 
 Agricultural Building 564 
 
 Fac-Similes of Centennial Medals 566 
 

 ,K I 
 
 
 Q. 
 
 & 
 
 ^ 
 H 
 
 
 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 EABLT DISCOVEEEES OP AMERICA, AND THE FIRST SETTLE- 
 MENTS UPON THE DELAT7AEE. 
 
 Supposition that Ancient Opliir was America — Swedes' and Goths' Discovery 
 of America — Discovery by Madoe, an Englishman — Discovery by Christo- 
 pher Columbus — By Americus Vespucius — By Sebastian Cabot — Virginia 
 visited by Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Kaleigh — Whence its Name — 
 Discovery of Delaware Bay — Whence its Name — London and Bristol Com- 
 panies — Advent of the Hollanders — Their First Fort — Settlement by the 
 Swedes — Their Keligion — Houses — Furniture — Food — Drinks — First 
 Indian Speech to Europeans. 
 
 VARIOUS opinions have long prevailed respecting when, 
 and by whom, America was first discovered. Some be- 
 lieve that America, though not known by that name, was a 
 place of trade in the days of King Solomon, and that the Ophir 
 to which he sent his ships on three-years' voyages, " which 
 returned with silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks, and four hun- 
 dred and fifty talents of gold," ' was on some part of what is 
 now called the American Continent. This opinion is supported 
 by some plausible arguments like the following : the place to 
 which they sailed must have been at a great distance, as it 
 required so much time to complete the voyage, which would 
 not have been the case, had they gone to the East Indies, they 
 being not far from Solomon's dominions. They traded at some 
 rich country, evidently ; and no part of the world abounded in 
 
 1 2 Ohron. viii., ix. 
 
 15 
 
10 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 gold, silver, apes, peacocks, and other precious treasure, more 
 than some portions of the American Continent. If this suppo- 
 sition were true, it might suggest the method by which " the 
 ten tribes " became the first inhabitants of America, according 
 to the opinion of Gov. Boudinot, of New Jersey, and others. 
 
 The Swedes and Goths visited America, A.D. 996, and 
 called it Vinlancl the Grood, and, also, SkrceUinc/aland. It is 
 therefore evident that the Northmen visited some part of North 
 America before the Spaniards and Portuguese went to South 
 America.' 
 
 Holm, another Swedish historian, says " That the same dis- 
 coverers of 996 called it Wineland the Grood, and Skralingga- 
 land, which was found written in six different chapters of the 
 ancient history of Gothland under the great King Olof Tyr- 
 gwasson, or Snorre Sturleson, published by the celebrated anti- 
 quary John Peringskiold, in the year 1697 ; from which, for 
 the sake of brevity, we shall only extract the names of those 
 who visited Wineland the Good ; and afterwards we shall 
 briefly relate what they have said respecting that country ; so 
 that one may know what was the state of America in those 
 times. 
 
 The first who travelled into that country was called Lief 
 JErikson. He was sent to Greenland by King Olof Tyrgwasson 
 of Norway, to instruct the people of that island in the Chris- 
 tian religion. Afterwards he sailed for America with thirty- 
 five men, built a house there, and staid over the winter. 
 
 The second was Thorwald Urikson, Lief's brother. He went 
 to the same place with thirty men, and remained there during 
 the winter. 
 
 The third was Torsten Urikson, who, after his brother Thor- 
 wald's death, went thither with his wife Gudrid and a company 
 of fifty strong and active men chosen for that purpose. 
 
 The fourth was Karel Semne, who sailed for that country 
 with his wife Gudrid and with sixty men and five women. 
 They took with them all sorts of cattle, and settled themselves 
 upon the land. 
 
 The fifth was Freidis, Erik's daughter, with her two brothers, 
 
 1 Acrelius : translated by Reynolds, p. 17. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 17 
 
 Selge and Finhoga. They toolc with them thirty active men, 
 besides women. They first sailed to Greenland, and after- 
 wards went to the New World, to which they gave the name 
 of Wineland the Good. 
 
 The circumstances which are related respecting that country 
 are the following : — 
 
 1st, That the country was fair, covered with wood, and 
 there was but little space between the woods and the sea. 
 
 2d, That there were many islands and inland seas, or lakes, 
 on the shores of which there was white sand. 
 
 3d, That in the lakes and rivers there were salmon, and all 
 other kinds of fish. 
 
 4th, That at that time there were found whales, which were 
 cast ashore by the flood. 
 
 5th, That the country produced excellent fruit, and that 
 corn grew spontaneously in the fields. 
 
 6th, That the dew which fell in the morning on the grass 
 was very sweet. 
 
 7th, That the country was very fruitful, and produced grape- 
 vines, and also abundance of fish and other riches. 
 
 8th, That there was no hard frost in the country; so that 
 the grass suffered very little in the winter, and the cattle did 
 not want food. 
 
 9th, That the days were longer than in Greenland and Ice- 
 land, and the sun rose at breakfast-time when the days were 
 shortest. 
 
 10th, That the inhabitants made use of bows and arrows for 
 their weapons, Avith which they made war, and fought against 
 the Norwegians. 
 
 11th, That they crossed the water with canoes made of the 
 bark of trees. 
 
 12th, That they took with them burdens and packages, con- 
 sisting of squirrel and sable skins, and all other kinds of peltry, 
 which they offered to the Norwegians in the way of trade. 
 
 13th, That at first they desired to have arms in exchange for 
 their goods ; but, after they had tasted milk, they would not 
 have any thing else. 
 
 14th, That they were much frightened by the bellowing of 
 
18 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the bulls which the Norwegians brought with them, and, when 
 they heard them, they would run away. 
 
 15th, That they wondered much at the arms of the Norwe- 
 gians, and were afraid of them, &c. 
 
 That the said Wineland the Good can be no other than 
 America, is also maintained by the learned professor, O. Were- 
 lius, as may be seen in his notes to Hervor's History, p. 27. 
 It is probable that the part of Greenland whence those men 
 sailed over to America is very near to that continent, as may 
 be seen, as well in the place above quoted from the said Sturle- 
 son, as in Jons Larssons "Wolff's "Norrigia lUustrata," pub- 
 lished in Danish, at Copenhagen, in the year 1651, which was 
 communicated to me, amongst other things, by the celebrated 
 professor of antiquities, E. Brenner. It is there mentioned that 
 some travellers were permitted by King Frederick the Second, 
 and Christian the Fourth of Denmark, to go to Greenland ; 
 but they went to America, believing it to be Greenland, as may 
 be seen in the same work, p. 273. That part of Greenland 
 is at present unknown, so that no man at present can find it ; 
 because, according to some, a great quantity of ice was driven, 
 by some storm, out of the Sea of Tartary, which has intercepted 
 the passage. It is supposed that the people who lived there 
 abandoned their habitations, and, as the learned Gro tins believes, • 
 travelled farther into the country, until, at last, they reached 
 America, a part of whose inhabitants is, without doubt, 
 descended from them." 
 
 Some Englishmen believe that America was discovered, 
 1190, by Madoc, son of Owen Gwynneth, Prince of Wales, and 
 that he made two voyages to this country, and that he built a 
 fortress in Florida or Virginia, others say in Mexico ; and 
 they adduce, as proof of this, a number of British words found 
 in use among the Mexicans.' 
 
 Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, discoveied Ameri- 
 ca in 1492, the first land which he made being Guanahani, 
 one of the Lucayos, to which he gave the name of San Salva- 
 dor. On this same voyage, he discovered Cuba and Hispaniola : 
 on the latter he built a fort, and left it in the possession of 
 
 1 Holm : txanslated ty Du Ponceau, p. 28. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 19 
 
 thirty-eight armed Spaniards. He sailed again in 1498, with 
 seventeen ships and fifteen hundred men. When he arrived, 
 he found that tlie Spaniards, whom he had left to protect the 
 fort, had all been murdered by the natives. He built two 
 cities, and called them Isabella and St. Domingo. He also 
 took possession of Cuba and Jamaica, and discovered the 
 American Continent. 
 
 The next discoverer of America was Americus Vespucius, a 
 native of Florence. His first voyage was made in 1502, by 
 order of Emanuel, King of Portugal. Unjustly, the country 
 was named for him. 
 
 Virginia was discovered in 1497 by Sebastian Cabot, a Portu- 
 guese by birth, but then captain of an English ship. It was 
 next visited by Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 The latter called the land Virginia, in honor of Queen Eliza- 
 beth of England, who was never married. Under this title 
 was included all the country from Florida to the St. Lawrence 
 River. 
 
 Capt. De la Ware was the first who discovered the bay into 
 which ran the river, called by the Indians Poutaxat ; to which 
 river he gave his own name, calling it Delaware. This was in 
 the year 1600. 
 
 These countries were again visited, in 1603, by Sir Walter 
 Raleigh, and Capt. George Popham and James Davis, who 
 erected some small forts, which the savages soon destroyed. In 
 1606, two colonies of emigrants were sent to the northern 
 regions by two companies, called the London and the Bristol 
 Companies : the former of these settled around Chesapeake 
 Bay. 
 
 About this time, 1606, the Hollanders began to visit America. 
 They liked the shores of the bay, called by the Indians, Mena- 
 hados, and the River Mehaan, which had been discovered by 
 Henry Hudson, an Englishman, while he was in the service of 
 the Dutch East India Company. In 1608, this company sold 
 its right to this country, which was based xipon first discovery, 
 to the Hollanders. Having obtained from the States-General 
 of Holland an exclusive right to the country, they (the pur- 
 chasers of this right) took the name of the West India Com- 
 
20 BISTORT OF PENNSTLYANIA. 
 
 pany of Amsterdam. They commenced trade with the Indians 
 in 1610, and in 1613 built a trading-fort at what is now called 
 Albany. Samuel Argall, the first governor of Virginia, drove 
 them out in 1618 ; but King James I. gave them permission to 
 remain. The West India Company obtained their charter 
 June 3, 1621, which, in 1623, was amended and extended. 
 Their trade, at that time, was conducted mainly on shipboard ; 
 and they made no attempt to build a fortress until 1629. About 
 this time, wishing to extend their powers to the Delaware, they 
 erected some small forts on its banks, the most prominent one 
 of which was Fort Nassau. There is much diversity of 
 opinion as to the precise place where this fort was located ; the 
 more general opinion of historians seeming to indicate that it 
 was on the east side of the Delaware, near the present town of 
 Gloucester : others, however, contend that it occupied a portion 
 of the site where Philadelphia now stands ; and others still, 
 maintain that it was farther down the river than Gloucester. 
 
 An unsuccessful attack was made upon this fort by the Eng- 
 lish, in 1635. It appears, however, to have been occupied by 
 the Dutch until about 1651, when they destroyed it, and 
 removed to Fort Casimir, which had been built in the mean 
 time farther down the river, upon land which was then in pos- 
 session of the Swedes, who, despite the protest of WUliam 
 Kieft, the Director-General of New Netherlands, residing on 
 the island of Manhattan, in Fort Amsterdam, had taken pos- 
 session of it. 
 
 The Dutch claimed (as we have said) this territory by right 
 of discovery ; but, upon the arrival of the Swedes, they eon- 
 tested their claim, and took possession of the land, as will soon 
 appear; for it was about this period that a Dutchman, William 
 Usselinx, or Usseling, who, as early as 1604, had endeavored 
 to start a company in Holland, and failed, presented himself to 
 Gustavus Adolphus, the reigning King of Sweden, and laid 
 before him a proposition for a trading-company to America and 
 other places ; and he was so far successful, that, in the Diet of 
 1627, the work was completed, and the estates of the realm 
 gave their assent, and coniirmed the measure. 
 
 '' But when these arrangements were now in full progress, 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 21 
 
 and duly provided for, tlie German War and the king's death 
 occurred, which caused this most important worli to be laid 
 aside. The trading-company was dissolved, its subscriptions 
 nullified ; and the whole project seemed about to die with the 
 king. But, just as it appeared to be at its end, it received new 
 life. Another Hollander, by the name of Peter Menewe, some- 
 times called Menuet (an autograph letter found in the royal 
 archives of Stockholm gives the name as commonly written in 
 English Minuit), made his appearance in Sweden. He had 
 been in the service of Holland in America, where he became 
 involved in difficulties with the officers of the West India Com- 
 pany, in consequence of which he was recalled home, and 
 dismissed from their service. But he was not discouraged by 
 this, and went over to Sweden, where he renewed the repre- 
 sentations which Usselinx had formerly made in regard to the 
 excellence of the country, and the advantages that Sweden 
 might derive from it." ^ 
 
 Of the first settlements of the Swedes, very contradictory 
 accounts are given ; as a specimen of which we present those 
 of Peter Minuit as given by the documents of the Hollanders, 
 and from a modern history of the settlement of the Delaware. 
 Of this Minuit, the Hollanders' document thus speaks : — 
 
 " This river (Delaware) was in the quiet and peaceful posses- 
 sion of the company (West India) for a number of years, until 
 at last a certain person, Peter Minuit, forgetting the benefits 
 bestowed on him by the company, he having been its director 
 in the New Netherlands, kept his eye on it, but, not knowing 
 under what pretence he could go there, proceeded to Sweden, 
 where (it is said) he obtained a commission from the govern- 
 ment, which had him transported from there immediately, with 
 one or two vessels and some Swedes, mostly bandits, to the 
 before-mentioned Delaware, where he arrived in the year 1638, 
 and thus twelve years after the company had arrived there, 
 where he had a fort built, called Christina, about five or six 
 miles below the company's Fort Nassau, notwithstanding they, 
 as the first discoverers and possessors of the before-mentioned 
 
 1 See Aorelius: Eeynolds's Translation, p. 21, 
 
22 BISTORT OF PENNSYLYANTA. 
 
 river, protested against this several times by their ministers, as 
 appears from different letters from its director, William Kieft.'" 
 The account as contained in the last-mentioned history runs 
 thus : — 
 
 "Peter Minuit, who conducted to our shore the first Swedish 
 colony, had been commercial agent and director-general of the 
 Dutch West India Company, and Governor of New Nether- 
 lands. Although the materials relating to his official character 
 and term of service at New Amsterdam are not such as to 
 satisfy the exact historian, or to gratify a reasonable curiosity 
 respecting so conspicuous an agent in planting the first perma- 
 nent colony on the banks of the Delaware, yet sufficient is 
 known of him to show that he was the first governor under the 
 company's charter granted in 1621 ; that he, probably, filled that 
 station as early as 1623 or 1624 ; and that he was succeeded by 
 Wouter Van Twiller in 1633. About this time, as is evident 
 from De Vries and other writers, there was great want of 
 unity and harmony between the company and its officers, as 
 well as among the directors individually. The scheme for this 
 colonizing their territory had induced men of wealth to emi- 
 grate to the New Netherlands ; and large tracts of land were 
 granted them, under the charter to encourage colonization. 
 The emigrants had become feudal lords of the soil ; and, having 
 seated themselves on the best locations for trade, their interests 
 became opposed to the interests of the grantors. The monopoly 
 of the company was adverse to the desire of the patroous to 
 carry on a trade for their own private interests ; and dissen- 
 sions between them and the company's agents were the natural 
 result. The position of Minuit as the guardian of the com- 
 pany's interests was one in which it was impossible to please 
 both parties. His integrity as an officer was calculated to raise 
 up against him a host of powerful enemies. Means were insid- 
 iously used to undermine his credit with the company. Their 
 information, derived through interested channels, was deceptive. 
 His enemies prevailed ; and Minuit was dismissed from his 
 office as Governor of the New Netherlands." ^ 
 
 ' Hollandera' Documents, as given by Samuel Hazard's Annals, p. 4a 
 * Ferris's Original Settlements on the Delaware, p. 32. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 23 
 
 Thus, while ths former represents him as ignoring all the 
 benefits he received from the Dutch West India Company, and 
 going over to the Swedes, the latter claims, that, by his good 
 management of the company's interests, he displeased the 
 " patroons," or grantees. From these conflicting accounts, it 
 "would seem impossible that he should discharge the duties of 
 governor to the satisfaction of both parties, and that, while 
 really acting for the best interests of the company, they dis- 
 charged him, being led to that act through the influence of 
 " interested " parties. Upon the whole, it seems that he was a 
 very good governor. 
 
 The subject being thus revived, and the young Queen Chris- 
 tina, daughter of Gustavus, having come to the throne, favor- 
 ing the project, the first colony from Sweden was sent off in 
 1637, under Peter Menewe, or Minuit, who, from his past 
 experience under the Dutch West India Company, was deemed 
 the most suitable person to conduct such an enterprise. They 
 arrived in 1638, making " their first landing on the bay or 
 entrance to the River Poutaxat, which they called the River of 
 New Sweden ; and the place where they landed they called 
 Paradise Point " ^ (in the neighborhood of what is now Lewes, 
 in the State of Delaware). 
 
 " The first abode of the newly arrived emigrants was at a 
 place called by the Indians Hopokohacking. There, in the 
 year 1638, Peter Minuit built a fortress, naming it Fort Chris- 
 tina, after the reigning Queen of Sweden." Here appears 
 another discrepancy ; for the same author says of it, " This is 
 the first fort which the Swedes built when they came to this 
 country in 1631 ;"2 thus making it appear, that in a former 
 visit, which was not long enough to effect a settlement perma- 
 nently, they built a fort, probably as a means of protection. 
 
 The second colony fi'om Sweden sailed under Lieut-Col. 
 John Printz, who was appointed Governor of New Sweden. 
 
 " The ship on which they sailed was called ' The Fama.' It 
 went from Stockholm to Gotheborg, and there took in its 
 freight. Along with this went two other ships-of-the-line, 
 
 ' Acrelius: translated tiy Eeynolds, p. 23. 
 
 2 Thomas Campanius Holm: Du Ponceau's Translation, p. 79. 
 
24 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ' The Swan ' and ' The Charitas,' laden with people and other 
 necessaries. Under Gov. Printz, ships came to the colony 
 in three distinct voyages. The first ship was ' The Black Cat,' 
 with ammunition and merchandise for the Indians ; next the 
 ship ' Swan,' on a second voyage, with emigrants, in the yeai 
 1647 ; afterwards two other ships, called ' The Key ' and ' The 
 Lamp.' During these times the clergymen, Mr. Lawrence 
 Charles Lockenius and Mr. Israel Holgh, were sent out to the 
 colony." ' 
 
 The Swedes were a very rehgious people. Their first church 
 was dedicated Sept. 4, 1646, by Magister John Campanius 
 Holm, the government chaplain ; and the oldest church in 
 Philadelphia was erected on the same site where the Gloria 
 Dei, or Swede's Church, now stands. 
 
 V/e learn further from Acrelius the following facts respect- 
 ing their religious progress in later years. The Hollanders had 
 built no church during their whole time ; but by intermarrying, 
 and living together, the Swedes and Hollanders coalesced into 
 one church association. 
 
 '• The church at Christina usually held its services in Chris- 
 tina Fort ; but, for greater convenience, a small wooden church 
 was, in 1667, erected at Tranhook, at the distance of one-fourth 
 of a Swedish mile (one and three-quarters of a mile English) 
 from the fort on the creek : this was more suitable for the Hol- 
 landers who dwelt at Sandhook. On the strand at Wieacoa 
 stood a blockhouse which, some years after, was changed into 
 a church ; so that service was held here and at Tenakong 
 alternately. A block-house, answered the purpose very well ; 
 for the churches generally were of the same material. The 
 Indians were not always to be depended upon, that they would 
 not make an incursion, fall upon the Christians, and capture 
 their whole flock. It was, therefore, necessary for them to 
 have their religioiis houses as a place of defence for the body 
 as well as for the soul. The churches were so. built, that after 
 a suitable elevation, like any other house, a projection was 
 made some courses higher, out of which they could shoot ; so 
 that, if the heathen fell upon them, wliich could not be done 
 
 * Eeynolds's Translation of Acrelius, p. 29. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 25 
 
 without their coming up to the house, then the Swedes could 
 shoot down upon them continually ; and the heathen, who used 
 only bows and arrows, could do them little or no injury." 
 
 Thus the Swedes in Pennsylvania verified the lines of the 
 facetious poet Trumbull, in the days of the Pilgrim Fathers of 
 New England : — 
 
 -^iD'- 
 
 " As once, for fear of Indian beating, 
 
 Our grandsires bore their guns to meeting, 
 Each man equipped on Sunday morn 
 With psalm-book, shot, and powder-horn." 
 
 Of the manners and customs of this people, we subjoin the 
 following from the same author : — 
 
 " The houses are built of brick, after the English fashion, 
 without coating, every brict glazed ; or they are of sandstone, 
 granite, &c., as is mostly the ease in the country. Sometimes, 
 also, they build of oak planks five inches thick. To build of 
 wood is not regarded as economy after every thing is paid for. 
 The roof is of cedar shingles. Within, the walls and ceilings 
 are plastered, and whitewashed once a year. Straw carpets 
 have lately been introduced in the town. But the inconveni- 
 ence of this is, that they must soon be cleansed from fly-spots 
 and a multitude of vermin, (which harbor in such things), and 
 from the kitchen smoke, which is universal. The windows are 
 large, divided into two pieces, — the upper and the lower : the 
 latter is opened by raising, and shut by lowering. The wood- 
 work is painted, or it does not last long. 
 
 " The furniture of the house is usually made of the woods 
 of the countr}'', and consists of a dining-table, tea-table, supper- 
 table, bureaus, cabinets, and chairs, which are made of walnut, 
 mahogany, maple, wild cherry, or sweet gum. All these trees 
 are the growth of the country, except mahogany, which is 
 brought from South America. 
 
 " The articles of dress are very little different among city 
 and country people, except that the former procure them from 
 the merchants' shops, and the latter make them for themselves, 
 and usually of coarser stuff. Wool, weaving, and fulling mills 
 
26 BISTORT OF PENNSYLYANIA. 
 
 are not used for manufacturing broadcloth, camelot, and other 
 •woollen cloths, which might be finer, if more carefully attended 
 to. The coloring of certain stuffs is very inferior. Silks are 
 rare, even in the town. Plush is general ; and satin is used all 
 over the country. Calicoes and cottons are used for women's 
 dresses. Plandsome linen is the finest stuff sought by men, as 
 the heat is great, and of long continuance. By their dress, 
 most people are known, — whether of Irish or German birth." 
 
 Although they were plain men and frugal, yet, according to 
 this historian, they were what we should call good livers. He 
 says, — 
 
 " Ham, beef, tongue, roast beef, fowls, with cabbage set 
 round about, make one meal. Roast mutton or veal, with pota- 
 toes or turnips, form another. Another stiU is formed by a 
 pasty of chickens, or partridges, or lamb. Beef-steak, veal- 
 cutlets, mutton-chops, or turkey, goose or fowls with potatoes 
 set around, with stewed green peas, or Turkish beans, or some 
 other beans, are another meal. Pies of apples, peaches, cher- 
 ries, or cranberries, &c., form another course. When cheese 
 and butter are added, one has an ordinary meal. 
 
 " The breakfast is tea or coffee. Along with these are eaten 
 long and thin slices of bread, with thin sUces of smoked beef 
 in summer. In winter bread roasted, soaked in milk and 
 butter, and called toast; or pancakes of buckwheat, so light 
 that one can scarcely hold them between his fingers, are also 
 used. The afternoon meal ('four-o'clock piece'), taken at 
 four o'clock, is usually the same. Suppers are not much in use." 
 
 They were undoubtedly wise in pursuing the course of not 
 ordinarily taking any meal after four o'clock. It would seem, 
 also, they were free from the practice of putting lard, called 
 "shortening," into pie-crust; for he adds in a note, "A pie is a 
 tart made of the fruits named in the text. Apple-pie is used 
 through the whole year, and, when fresh apples are no longer to 
 be had, dried ones are used. It is the evening meal of chil- 
 dren. House-pie in country places is made of apples neither 
 peeled, nor freed from their cores ; and its crust is not broken if 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 27 
 
 a -wagon-wheel goes over it." Nor had they adopted the present 
 course of temperance societies, by -wholly abstaining from 
 spirituous and fermented liquors ; for, speaking of their drinks, 
 he enumerates the foUo-wing : — 
 
 " French -wine, Frontignac, Pontac, Port-a-Port, Lisbon wine. 
 Phial wine, Slierry, Madeira wine, Sangaree, clierry wine, cur- 
 rant wine, or black raspberry, apple wine (cider), cider royal, 
 rum or sugar brandy, raw dram or raw rum, egg-dram or egg- 
 nog, cherry-bounce, bilberry-dram, punch (made of fresh 
 spring water, sugar, lemon-juice, and Jamaica spirits), mamm 
 (made of water, sugar, and rum), manatlian (made of small- 
 beer with rum and sugar), tiif, or flipp (made of small-beer, 
 rum, and sugar, with a shoe of bread toasted and buttered), hot 
 rum warmed (with sugar and grains of allspice), mulled rum, 
 warmed (with egg-yolks and allspice), hotch-pot (warmed beer 
 with rum in it), Sampson (warmed cider with rum in it), grog 
 (water and rum), sling, or long-sup (half water and half rum, 
 with sugar in it), mint-water, distilled from mint (mixed in the 
 rum), egg-punch (of yolks of eggs, rum, sugar, and warm 
 water), milk-punch (of milk, rum, sugar, and grated nutmeg), 
 sillabub (of milkwarm milk, wine, and sugar). Brandy was 
 then distilled from peache? or apples ; and whiskey was brandy 
 made of grain." 
 
 The Dutch, the Swedes, and some Englishmen from New 
 England, mingling together, sometimes the one taking prece- 
 dence, and then the others, making larger or smaller purchases 
 of the Indians, as the case might be, held possession of the 
 Delaware until 1682, when William Penn with his great charter, 
 which he received from Charles II., came over and settled on 
 the Delaware, — about seventy years from the first settlement 
 by the Dutch. 
 
CHAPTER 11. 
 
 EISE, PKOGKESS, AND PKINCIPLES OF THE DENOMINATIOII 
 CALLED QUAE:EES, OK FRIENDS. 
 
 George Fox — His Followers take the Name of Friends: His Enemies call 
 them Quakers — Statement of their Principles published by Themselves — 
 Admiral Sir William Penn — His Offices and Exploits — Birth of William 
 Penn — His Early Education — Meeting with. Thomas Loe — Embraces 
 Loe's Views — Incurs his Father's Displeasure — Is sent to France — Then 
 to Ireland — Again meets Loe — Returns Home — Driven from his Father's 
 House — Colloquy between the Admiral and his Wife — Penn's Books ^ 
 His Father's Keconciliation. — Admiral's Death. 
 
 /~^ EORGE FOX, the founder of this sect, was born at Dray- 
 ^^ ton-in-the-Clay, Leicestershire, 1624. The occupation of 
 shoemaker and grazier not meeting the needs of a highly reli- 
 gious nature, he forsook them, and began a wandering life in 
 1643, sometimes living in solitude, at others frequenting the 
 company of religious and devout persons, finally settHng into 
 a public preacher of the Quakers in 1647 or 1648. So boldly 
 did he advance the peculiar doctrines of this people, that he 
 became the object of persecution, which was carried so far, that 
 he was imprisoned at Nottingham in 1649 ; and, during his 
 whole life, he suffered the like treatment eight times, being 
 often subjected to great severity. To perpetuate his views, he 
 visited not only England, Ireland, and Scotland, but extended 
 his travels to Holland and Germany, to the American colonies, 
 and the West India Islands. He died in London, 1690. 
 
 He and his followers called themselves by the name of 
 Friends: others gave them the name of Quakers, some say, 
 "for directing their enemies to tremble at the word of the 
 Lord ; " others, " in. consequence of the odd contortions of 
 their bodies." 
 
 28 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 29 
 
 We quote the following record of their principles, as pub- 
 lished by their leading men in London, one hundred and fifty 
 years after George Fox first preached them in England ; it 
 being always fair and just to allow every denomination to 
 state their own principles and belief: — 
 
 " We agree, with otiier professors of the Christian name, in 
 the belief of one eternal God, the Creator and Preserver of 
 the universe, and in Jesus Christ, his Son, the Messiah, and 
 Mediator of the new covenant. 
 
 " When we speak of the gracious display of the love of God 
 to mankind, in the miraculous conception, birth, life, miracles, 
 death, resurrection, and ascension of our Saviour, we prefer 
 the use of such terms as we find in Scripture ; and, contented 
 with that knowledge which Divine Wisdom hath seen meet to 
 reveal, we attempt not to explain those mysteries which remain 
 under the veil : nevertheless, we acknowledge and assert the 
 divinity of Christ, who is the wisdom and power of God unto 
 salvation. 
 
 " To Christ alone, we give the title of the Word of God, 
 and not to the Scriptures, although we highly esteem these 
 sacred writings in subordination to the Spirit, from wlrich they 
 were given forth ; and we hold, with the apostle Paul, that 
 they are able to make wise unto salvation, through faith which 
 is in Christ Jesus. 
 
 " We reverence those most excellent precepts which are 
 recorded in Scripture to have been delivered by our great 
 Lord ; and we firmly believe that they are practicable, and 
 binding on every Christian, and that, in the life to come, 
 every man will be rewarded according to his works. And, 
 further, it is our belief, that, in order to enable mankind to put 
 in practice these sacred precepts, many of which are contradic- 
 tory to the unregenerate will of man, every man coming into 
 the world is endued with a measure of the light, grace, or good 
 spirit of Christ, by which, as it is attended to, he is enabled to 
 distinguish good from evil, and to correct the disorderly pas- 
 sions and corrupt propensities of his nature, which mere reason 
 is altogether insufficient to overcome. For all that belongs to 
 man is fallible, and within the reach of temptation ; but this 
 
30 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 divine grace, whicli comes by Him wlio hath overcome the 
 world, is, to those who liumbly and sincerely seek it, an all- 
 sufficient and present help in time of need. By this the snares 
 of the enemy are detected, his allurements avoided, and deliver- 
 ance is experienced, through faith in its effectual oj)eration, 
 whereby the soul is translated out of the kingdom of dark- 
 ness, and from under the power of Satan, into the marvellous 
 light and kingdom of the Son of God. 
 
 " Being thus persuaded that man, without the spirit of 
 Christ inwardly revealed, can do nothing to the glory of God, 
 or to effect his own salvation, we think this influence especially 
 necessary to the performance of the highest art of which the 
 human mind is capable, even the worship of the Father of 
 lights and of spirits in spirit and in truth : therefore we con- 
 sider as obstruction to pure worship all forms which divert 
 the attention of the mind from the secret influence of this 
 unction from the Holy One. Yet, although true worship is 
 not confined to time and place, we think it incumbent on Chris- 
 tians to meet often together, in testimony of their dependence 
 on the heavenl}"- Father, and for a renewal of their spiritual 
 strength : nevertheless, in the performance of worship, we 
 dare not depend for our acceptance with him on a formal 
 repetition of the words and experiences of others; but we 
 believe it to be our duty to lay aside the activity of the imagi- 
 nation, and to wait in silence to have a true sight of our con- 
 dition bestowed upon us, believing even a single sight, arising 
 from such a sense of our infirmities, and of the need we- have 
 of divine help, to be more acceptable to God than any per- 
 formances, however specious, which originate in the will of 
 man. 
 
 "From what has been said respecting worship, it follows 
 that the ministry we approve must have its origin from the 
 same source ; for that which is needful for man's own direction, 
 and for his acceptance with God, must be eminently so to 
 enable him to be helpful to others. Accordingly, we believe 
 that the renewed assistance of the light and power of Christ is 
 indispensably necessary for all true ministry, and that this holy 
 influence is not at our command, or to be procured by study, 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 31 
 
 but is the free gift of God to chosen and devoted servants. 
 Hence arises our testimony against preaching for liire, in con- 
 tradiction to Christ's positive command, ' Freely ye have 
 received, freely give ; ' and hence our conscientious refusal to 
 support sucli ministry by tithes or other means. 
 
 " As we dare not encourage any ministry but that which we 
 believe to spring from the influence of the Holy Spirit, so 
 neither dare we attempt to restrain this influence to persons of 
 any condition in life, or to the male sex alone ; but, as male and 
 female ax*e one in Christ, we allow such of the female sex as 
 we bei±„ ,0 to be endued with a right qualification for the min- 
 istry to exercise their gifts for the general edification of the 
 church ; and this liberty we esteem a peculiar mark of the gos- 
 pel dispensation, as foretold by the prophet Joel, and noticed 
 by the apostle Peter. 
 
 " There are two ceremonies in use among most professors of 
 the Christian name, — water baptism, and what is termed the 
 Lord's Supper. The first of these is generally esteemed the 
 essential means of initiation into the church, and the latter 
 of maintaining communication with him. But as we have 
 been convinced that nothing short of his redeeming power, 
 inwardly revealed, can set the soul free from the thraldom of 
 sin, by this power alone we believe salvation to be effected. 
 We hold, that, as there is one Lord and one faith, so his bap- 
 tism is one in nature and operation ; that nothing short of it 
 can make us members of his mysucal body; and that the 
 baptism with water, administered by his forerunner, John, 
 belonged, as the latter confessed, to an inferior and decreasing 
 dispensation. 
 
 " With respect to the other rite, we beheve that communion 
 between Christ and his church is not maintained by that, nor 
 any other external performance, but only by a real participa- 
 tion of his divine nature, through faith ; that this is the supper 
 alluded to in Revelation, 'Behold, I stand at the door and 
 knock : if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will 
 come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me ; ' and 
 that, where the substance is attained, it is unnecessary to 
 attend to the shadow, which doth not confer grace, and con- 
 
32 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 cerning which, opinions so different, and animosities so violent, 
 have arisen. 
 
 "Now, as we thus believe that the grace of God, which 
 comes by Jesus Christ, is alone sufficient for salvation, we can 
 neither admit that it is conferred on a few only, whilst others 
 are left without it ; nor, thus asserting its universality, can we 
 limit its operation to a partial cleansing of the soul from sin, 
 even in this life. We entertain worthier notions, both of the 
 power and goodness of our heavenly Father, and believe that 
 he doth vouchsafe to assist the obedient to experience a total 
 surrender of the natural will to the guidance of his pure, un- 
 erring spirit, through whose renewed assistance they are enabled 
 to brhig forth fruits unto holiness, and to stand perfect in their 
 present rank. 
 
 " There are not many of our tenets more generally known 
 than our testimony against oaths, and against war. With 
 respect to the former of these, we abide literally by Christ's 
 positive injunction, delivered in his Sermon on the Mount, 
 ' Swear not at all.' From the same sacred collection of the most 
 excellent precepts of moral and religious duty, from the exam- 
 ple of our Lord himself, and from the correspondent convictions 
 of his spirit in our hearts, we are confirmed in the behef that 
 wars and fightings are, in their origin and effects, utterly repug- 
 nant to the gospel, which still breathes peace and good-will to 
 men. We, also, are clearly of the judgment, that, if the benevo- 
 lence of the gospel were generally prevalent in the minds of 
 men, it would effectually prevent them from oppressing, much 
 more enslaving, their brethren (of whatever color or complex- 
 ion), for whom, as for themselves, Christ died ; and would even 
 influence their conduct in their treatment of the brute creation, 
 which would no longer groan, the victims of their avarice, or of 
 their false ideas of pleasure. 
 
 " Some of our tenets have, in former times, as hath been 
 shown, siibjected our friends to much suffering from gov- 
 ernment, though to the salutary purposes of government our 
 principles are a security. They inculcate submission to the 
 laws in all cases where conscience is not violated. But we 
 hold, that, as Christ's kingdom is not of this world, it is not the 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 33 
 
 business of the civil magistrate to interfere in matters of reli- 
 gion, but to maintain tbe external peace and good order of the 
 community. We, therefore, think persecution, even in the 
 smallest degree, unwarrantable. We are careful in requiring 
 our members not to be concerned in illicit trade, nor in any 
 manner to defraud the revenue. 
 
 " It is well known that the society, from its first appearance, 
 has disused those names of the months and days, which, having 
 been given in honor of the heroes or false gods of the heathen, 
 originated in their flattery or superstition, arid the custom of 
 speaking to a single person in the plural number, as having 
 arisen also from motives of adulation. Compliments, superfluity 
 of apparel and furniture, outward shows of rejoicing and 
 mourning, and the observation of days and times, we esteem to 
 be incompatible with the simplicity and smcerity of a Christian 
 life ; and public diversions, gaming, and other amusements of 
 the world, we cannot but condemn. They are a waste of that 
 time which is given us for nobler purposes, and . divert the 
 attention of the mind from the sober duties of life and from the 
 reproofs of instruction by which we are guided to an everlasting 
 inheritance. 
 
 " To conclude : although we have exhibited the several tenets 
 which distinguish our religious society as objects of our 
 belief, yet we are sensible that a true and living faith is not 
 produced in the mind of man by his own effort, but is the free 
 gift of God in Christ Jesus, noiirished and increased by the 
 progressive operation of his spirit in our hearts, and our pro- 
 portionate obedience. Therefore, although for the preservation 
 of the testimonies given us to bear, and for the peace and good 
 order of the society, we deem it necessary that those who are 
 admitted into membership with us should be previously con- 
 vinced of those doctrines which we esteem essential, yet we 
 require no formal subscription to any articles, either as a condi- 
 tion of membership, or a qualification for the service of the 
 church. We prefer the judging of men by their fruits, and 
 depending on the aid of Him, who, by his prophet, hath prom- 
 ised to be 'a spirit of judgment to him that sitteth in judg- 
 ment.' Without this there is a danger of receiving members 
 
34: BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 into outward communion, without any addition to that spiritual 
 sheepfold, whereof our blessed Lord declared himself to ba 
 botli the door and the shepherd ; that is, such as know his 
 voice, and follow him in the paths of obedience. (See Heb. 
 xii. 24 ; 1 Cor. i. 24 ; John i. 1 ; 2 Pet. i. 21 ; 2 Tim. iii. 15 ; 
 Matt. xvi. 2T ; John i. 9-16, 33 ; 1 John ii. 20, 27 ; Heb. x. 25 ; 
 Rom. viii. 26 ; Jer. xxiii. 80-32 ; Matt. x. 8 ; Joel ii. 28, 29 ; 
 Acts ii. 16, 17; Eph. iv. 5; John iii. 30; 2 Pet. i. 4; Rev. 
 m. 20 ; Matt. v. 48 ; Eph. iv. 13 : Col. iv. 12 ; Matt. v. 34, 39, 
 44, &c., xxvi. 52, 53 ; Luke xxii. 51 ; John xviii. 11 ; Eph. ii. 8 ; 
 John vii. 27 ; Isa. xxviii. 6 ; John x. 7, 11.) " 
 
 Such were the principles of this peculiar people denominated 
 Quakers, to which William Penn, the founder of the colony of 
 Pennsylvania, attached himself, and for which he suffered many 
 things, as will hereafter be seen from the sketch of his life. 
 Before, however, speaking of him, it may be appropriate to give 
 some account of his father. Admiral Sir William Penn, who 
 was descended from an ancient and honorable family, born in 
 Bristol, in the year 1621. 
 
 He was appointed to the highest maritime offices, in quick 
 succession, — " made captain at twenty-one years of age, rear- 
 admiral of Ireland at twenty-three, vice-admiral of Ireland at 
 twenty-five, admiral to the Straits at twenty-nine, vice-admi- 
 ral of England at thirty-one ; and general in the first Dutch 
 war at thirty-two ; whence returning, anno 1655, he was a 
 parliament man for the town of Weymouth ; in 1660, he was 
 made commissioner of the admiralty and navy, governor of the 
 town and fort of Kingsail., vice-admiral of Munster, and a 
 member of that provincial council ; and, anno 1664, he was 
 chosen great captain commander under the Duke of York, in 
 that signal and most evidently successful fight with the Butch 
 fleet." He died in 1670 at Wanstead in the county of Essex. 
 Such were the services of Admiral Sir William Penn, for which 
 the crown was greatly indebted to him, as also for the vast sums 
 of money advanced by him for the relief of the exchequer. 
 
 William Penn, son of the admiral, was born in London, on 
 the fourteenth day of October, 1644. " If ever a son of Adam 
 and Eve had cause to glory in the flesh, that , son was honest, 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 35 
 
 BEOAD-BEiMMED, William Penn. ' A generation there is,' says 
 Solomon, ' oh, how they can lift up their eyebrows, and how 
 they can roll their eyes,' swelling and strutting like the star- 
 tailed birds of the dunghill, because their fathers before them 
 were knights or baronets, though all beyond were shoeblacks or 
 rat-catchers. But not so the noble founder of Pennsylvania. 
 He was of the ' well-born ' in the worthiest sense of the word. 
 For fifteen generations, the best and bravest blood in England 
 had flowed in the veins of his family, unstained by a single act 
 that history should blush to record. No scoundrel sycophants 
 were made drunk at their tables, while the poor tenant's chil- 
 dren cried for bread ; nor the needy Ixireling pined for his pay, 
 while their proud drawing-rooms were filled with costly carpets 
 and sideboards. No unsuspecting stranger, after sharing their 
 splendid hospitalities, was fleeced of his purse by their gambling 
 arts, and then turned out of doors to curse the polished rob- 
 bers. No ! such stains of pride and villany were never known 
 to sully the Penn coat-of-arms." ^ 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte said, " Great men have great mothers, 
 and what France needs is mothers." William Penn seems to 
 have been particularly blessed in his mother ; and to her he is 
 largely indebted for his early religious impressions. This collo- 
 quy, occurring between him and his mother when he was five 
 years old, will show the means she took to lead his infant mind 
 to a knowledge of God. 
 
 " Well, William, I want to see if you can answer mother 
 one great question." 
 
 " Well, mother," replied Wilham, his eyes sparkling, " come, 
 tell me what it is." 
 
 " Well, William," said she, " can you tell mother who made 
 you?" 
 
 " Yes, to be sure ; that I can, easy enough. God did make 
 me, didn't he ? " 
 
 " How do you know that, my son ? " 
 
 " Heigh, mother, didn't you tell me so a matter of a hundred 
 times, and more ? " 
 
 " But suppose, William, I had not told you that God made 
 you, do you think you could have found it out ? " 
 1 Weems's life of William Penn, p. 5. 
 
36 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Here William paused, at length replied, " Indeed, mother, 
 I don't know." 
 
 " Why not, my son ? It seems very easy." 
 
 " Well, then, mother ; come, tell me." 
 
 " Well, now, my son, you see that stone that lies there at 
 your feet, don't you ? " 
 
 " Yes, mother, to be sure I do. And what of that stone, 
 mother ? " 
 
 " That stone is something ; isii't it, my son ? " 
 
 " Yes, to be sure : it is something." 
 
 " But how do you know it is something, William? " 
 
 " Heish, mother, don't I see it ? and don't I feel it, that it is 
 something? — and a mighty hard and lig and heavy something, 
 too." 
 
 Here, good reader, let us pause, and note how soon the 
 divine Hght of reason darts on the minds of children. What 
 master of the mathematics could give a better definition of 
 matter, or, as the text has it, of something, than little William 
 here does ? " Don't I see it, mother ? " says he : " don't I feel 
 it, that it is something ? — and a mighty hard and hig and heavy 
 something too." 
 
 "Well — but, Wilham," continued his mother, "how came 
 it to be this something ? " 
 
 " Indeed, mother, I don't know." 
 
 " Well ; but does it not strike you, my son, that, since it is 
 something, it must have been made so, or made itself so ? " 
 William paused as if quite at a loss, but at length said, " I 
 don't see, mother, how it could have made itself.'" 
 
 " Why not, my son ? " 
 
 " What, this stone made itself ! " replied he, like one sud- 
 denly struck, as at the idea of something quite absurd and 
 ridiculous ; " this stone made itself ! Why, dear me, mother, 
 'tis such a dead thing ! It can't see ; it can't hear ; it can't stir. 
 I don't see any sense it had to make itself a stone, or any thing 
 else." 
 
 " No, indeed, WiUiam ! Nor can the greatest philosopher of 
 them all see it, either ; for, in that case, it must have had a 
 great deal of sense, which I am sure it has not. Well, now, 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 37 
 
 William, since it is plain that this stone did not make itself, 
 who do you think could have made it? " 
 
 " Indeed, mother, I don't know, unless it was father. As 
 he sails the great ships, perhaps he did make it. When he 
 comes home, we will ask him; won't we, mother ? " 
 
 " Oh, no ! " said Mrs. Penn, shaking her head, and smiling; 
 " oh, no, William ! your father did not make it, my son ; nor 
 could all the men in the world, put together, make it, nor 
 even a single grain of sand." 
 
 William appeared much at a loss at this. But, after some 
 silence, he went on again with his questions. " Well, then, 
 mother, who did make that stone ? " 
 
 " Why, my son," answered Mrs. Penn, " since it is plain 
 that it had no sense to make itself, and since all the men in 
 the world put together could not have made it, it follows that 
 it must have heen made by some mighty one, who had wisdom 
 and power to make all things." 
 
 "Ay, that's God ; isn't. it, mother ? '' 
 
 " Why, yes, to be sure, my son, it is God. It is he made 
 this stone, and all the stones, and all the trees, and all the 
 cattle, and the birds, and the fishes, and all the people, and 
 the mountains, and the skies, and every thing." 
 
 "And did not God make me too., mother?" asked Wil- 
 liam. 
 
 " Yes, to be sure, he did, my son." 
 
 " But yet, mother, I'm your little boy, ain't I ? " 
 
 " Yes, that you are, William, and a dear little boy too. 
 But still God did make you, for all that. Since all the men 
 in the world, as I said just now, could not make one grain 
 of sand, then, oh ! how could I make such a beautiful little boy 
 like you ? " 
 
 He first attended the grammar school at Chigwell, in Essex. 
 This school was but a short distance from Ms father's country 
 residence at that time. He was then only eleven ; and while 
 here, alone in his chamber, he was suddenly surprised with a 
 great inward comfort, and apparent external glory in the room, 
 which caused religious emotions, and a strong conviction of 
 the existence of a God, and that man was capable of receiving 
 
38 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 communications from him. As the result of this, his mind 
 became seriously impressed with the subject of religion. 
 
 He left Chigwell at twelve years of age, and then attended 
 a private school at Tower Hill, near his father's London resi- 
 dence. His father also procured for him a private tutor in his 
 own house. Such was his progress in his studies, that at 
 fifteen he entered, a gentleman-commoner, at Christ Church, 
 Oxford. Although he was a hard student, yet he allowed 
 himself time for all necessary recreation. His intimate friends 
 at the university were Robert Spencer, afterwards Earl of 
 Sunderland, also the eminent John Locke. 
 
 Although possessed of a very lively genius, and indulging 
 in manly sports and exercises, yet he appears never to have 
 forgotten the religious impressions received at Chigwell. These 
 impressions were greatly strengthened by one Thomas Loe, a 
 Quaker. Loe had belonged to the university of Oxford, but 
 had left, and commenced preaching, although a layman. 
 
 Soon after hearing Loe, he, with some other students who 
 entertained religious sentiments similar to his own, began to 
 withdraw from the established worship, and to hold meetings 
 among themselves. This gave offence to the professors of the 
 college ; and they fined all of them for non-attendance upon 
 the regular service. This first persecution for conscience' 
 sake took place in 1660. Like all persecution for religion, 
 this fine, instead of deterring from the practice, caused them 
 to go still further. 
 
 About this time, an order came from Charles II., that the 
 surplice should be worn, as it had been in ancient times. The 
 sight of this old relic of Popery, which had long been laid 
 aside, was so disagreeable to William Penn (who conceived 
 that the introduction of any outward form or ceremony 
 detracted from the spirituality of the Christian religion), that 
 he could not endure it. Therefore, having engaged his friend 
 Robert Spencer, and several other young men, to join him, they 
 fell upon the students appearing in surplices, and tore them 
 to pieces over their heads. This outrage was of such a nature, 
 that the university immediately took it up, and expelled 
 William and several of his associates. Thus expelled, William 
 returned home. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANTA. 39 
 
 His father received him with great coldness, on account of 
 the public disgrace which he had thus incurred. He was still 
 more vexed with the change in his habits, such as abandoning 
 the fashionable world, and mingling only with serious and 
 religious people. The admiral feared that all the prospects in 
 life which he had formed for his son would now fail. He first 
 resorted to argument ; this failing, he proceeded to blows ; 
 and, this also proving ineffectual, he turned him out of doors. 
 
 But the admiral soon felt he had proceeded too far. He 
 was of an excellent disposition, although of a hasty temper. 
 His wife, also, a very amiable woman, interceded for their son: 
 and this affectionate disposition, united with the entreaties of 
 his wife, prevailed, and he forgave William. He wished, how- 
 ever, to provide against the future ; and, seeing no other way 
 to do it, he sent William to France in 1662, hoping that 
 removing him from his old companions, and the gayety of the 
 French court, might dissipate the increasing gravity of his 
 mind. 
 
 " The place where William first resided was Paris. While 
 here, but one incident concerning him is recorded. It hap- 
 pened that he was attacked one evening in the street by a 
 person who drew his sword upon him in consequence of a 
 supposed affront. A conflict immediately ensued. William 
 disarmed his antagonist, but proceeded no further, sparing his 
 life, when, by the confession of all those who relate the fact, he 
 could have taken it; thus exhibiting, says Gerard Croese, a 
 testimony, not only of his courage, but of his forbearance." ' 
 
 William's trip to France did not wholly disappoint the 
 admiral ; for the mildness of the climate, the variety and beauty 
 of its scenery, its silvery waters, verdant meadows, and white 
 castles, did much to dissipate gloom from his mind ; and no 
 people on earth could more have fascinated his youthful imagi- 
 nation than the French, who please themselves by pleasing 
 others. With a nature formed for benevolence, William soon 
 fell in love with them. He learned their language, caught 
 their manners, forgot Ms proud English stiffness, adopted many 
 of their habits, and became, in a good degree, an elegant and 
 accomplished Frenchman. 
 
 ' Clarkson's life of Penn, vol. i p. 2. 
 
40 BTSTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 After twelve months' absence, he returned to Pennwood, and 
 presented himself to his father, who received him with pride 
 and pleasure, as he saw the marvellous change which had taken 
 place in his appearance and manners. He introduced him at 
 court, took him to visit his illustrious friends, and, lest he 
 should fall again into what he considered his gloomy habits, 
 sent him immediately to Dublin. With his pockets well filled 
 with money, and letters from his friends at court, he presented 
 himself to the Lord-Lieutenant, and other eminent persons in 
 Dublin. He applied himself with great diligence to settling 
 his father's estate, visiting friends, and was everywhere received 
 with great courtesy, as an amiable young man, son and heir of 
 Sir William Penn, admiral of the Br 'ish navy. 
 
 He might have become precisely .^'hat his father desired, a 
 young man of the world, had he not accidentally (as it seemed), 
 in casting his eye over a Dublin newspaper, caught this notice, 
 that " one of the people called Quakers woidd preach in the 
 market-house the next day." Although he had conformed 
 very much to the world, he had never lost his interest in the 
 Quakers. He attended the meeting. 
 
 On the preacher's rising to speak, the placid countenance 
 of his friend Thomas Loe appeared before him. Both were 
 greatly surprised. 
 
 Loe had previously become deeply interested in young 
 William, on account of the sufferings he had endured at the 
 university and in his father's house, and believed him to be 
 a consistent Christian ; and now, upon beholding him in a 
 fashionable dress, he feared he had gone back to that world 
 which he had foresworn ; and, with a melancholy look and a 
 deep sigh, he said, " There is a faith which overeometh the 
 world, and there is a faith overcome by the world." 
 
 William was much alarmed upon first hearing this ; and as 
 Loe proceeded, with the looks and voice of a tender father 
 towards a truant child, exposing the cowardice and hypocrisy 
 of those who hear the great truths of the gospel, become 
 interested, and shed many tears, but who, after all, suffer them- 
 selves to be overcome by the world, he was completely subdued, 
 and consecrated himself anew. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 41 
 
 Loe, addressing him personally, said, " I hope, my young 
 friend, thee will keep in mind the saying of the Lord Jesus : 
 ' The servant is not greater than his master." 
 
 The result, in consequence of Loe's preaching, was, that all 
 the admiral's efforts to make William what he would have liim 
 were frustrated. His Dublin friends soon learned that William 
 had joined the Quakers ; and this news was not long in com- 
 ing to the knowledge of the admiral, by letters to his friends 
 in London, in which, while speaking of William as a young man 
 of such a high promise, they expressed their regret that he 
 should thus throw himself away. 
 
 Tliis information threw the admiral into a great rage, witness- 
 ing which, Mrs. Penn eagerly inquired what was the matter. 
 
 " Matter ! " replied he abruptly, — " matter enough to run a 
 parent mad. That silly hoy of ours will be the death of me, that's 
 a clear case.'' 
 
 " Why, what has he done now ? " said Mrs. Penn, much 
 startled. 
 
 " Done ! " returned the admiral : " why, he has fallen in with 
 Tom Loe, who has made a fool of him again." 
 
 His father immediately summoned him home ; and upon his 
 return, angry words arose between them, which his father 
 summed up in the following language : " If you are determined 
 to go and play the fool, you must go and do it somewhere 
 else : you shall not do it in my family. And as I have 
 had no hand in your folly, so I will not be eternally suffering 
 the mortification of it, that I am determined on." Thus' 
 William was again turned out of doors. 
 
 As he was taking his hat to leave, he turned to his father, 
 and said, " Father, had I been turned out of your doors 
 because of any crime I had done, I should be wretched indeed. 
 But, thanks to God ! I go away with a conscience unstained by 
 any act that should cause you or my dear mother to blush for 
 me." 
 
 After William's departure, a long colloquy took place 
 between the admiral and his wife, which the admiral closed by 
 saying, he had hoped to have made something of him. " Make 
 something of him," cried Mrs. Penn. " O my God ! that you 
 
42 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 should possess one of the richest blessings in all this -worlcl, 
 and yet not know it. I mean a pious child. For oh ! what 
 on all this earth can be matter of such joy and triumph to a 
 fond parent as a joioiis child ? To me it was every thing. I 
 thought of nothing else. I prayed for nothing else. ' Vain, 
 delusive riches and honors,' I said, ' come not near my son. You 
 are not one ten thousandth part good enough for him. Only let 
 my son love God. Only let him have this, the sweetest spur to 
 every virtue, the strongest curb from every vice, the best cordial 
 under every affliction, and I ash no more. Well, God in his in- 
 finite mercy heard my prayer. He gave me that which I esteem 
 above all worlds, — a pious son. And, lo ! you turn hun out of 
 doors ! He has not ambition enough, he won't be rich enough, 
 nor great enough, to please you." 
 
 Although exiled from his father's house, he was, in a 
 measure, supported by his mother and other friends. In 1668, 
 being then twenty-four years old, he commenced speaking in 
 the meeting. In the same year (1668), he also began writing 
 letters to his friends upon the subject of religion. It was also 
 in this year that he sent forth his first work or tract, entitled 
 " Truth Exalted." His second book was called " The Guide 
 Mistaken, and Temporizing Eebuked." His most prominent 
 Christian work was written while in prison, bearing the title, 
 " No Cross, No Crown : a Discourse Showing the Nature and 
 Discipline of the Holy Cross of Christ." Among his works was 
 a small book, entitled " The Sandy Foundation Shaken." 
 
 The works of William Penn were published in London, 1726, 
 in two volumes folio ; then, again, his select works were pub- 
 lished in five volumes in London, 1782. 
 
 He was at different times confined, both at Newgate and the 
 Tower. 
 
 WilHam Penn, having now become firmly connected with the 
 Quakers, as one of their preachers and authors, was wholly 
 devoted to the propagation of their principles. 
 
 His father became fully reconciled to William, and upon his 
 decease left him heir to his vast estates. He also sent a 
 friend to the Duke of York, afterwards King James II., mak- 
 ing it as a death-bed req^uest, that he would protect his son 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 43 
 
 in case of persecution, and also to ask King Charles II. to do 
 the same. 
 
 They both returned answer that they would be William's 
 friends. His last advice to his son was given in the following 
 language : "• Son William, if you and your friends keep to 
 your plain way of preaching, and keep to your plain way of 
 living, you will make an end of the proud priest to the end of 
 the world. Bury me by mother ; live all in love ; shun all 
 manner of evil. I pray God to bless you all, and he will bless 
 you aU." He then bowed his head, and died. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 FTXRTHEK PEOGEESS OF WILLIAM PENN AND HIS QTJAXEES. 
 
 Eeasons for founding a Colony: to get his Dues from the Crown — To escape 
 Persecution. — Accounts from New Jersey Colonies — Penn's Persecution — 
 Imimsonment — Trial — Defence — Appeal to the Jury — Prejudices of his 
 Judges — Penn's Acquittal — Petition for a Charter — Opposition— Granting 
 of Charter. 
 
 TPIE admiral, Sir William Penn, having died, and left his 
 son heir to his vast estates, as stated in the last chapter, 
 three things combined to induce him to colonize a portion of 
 the American continent. First, he would thereby secure the 
 land for a colony, in payment for the debt due his father from 
 the Crown ; secondly, he would escape persecution, and find a 
 quiet resting-place for his Quakers ; third, the glowing accounts 
 which he had received of the country had created in him a 
 strong desire to go there. As to the first-named fact, there was 
 due him from the Crown the vast sum of sixteen thousand 
 pouncls sterling, more than two hundred thousand dollars of our 
 money. The admiral had made long and strong efforts to 
 collect this debt during his life ; but the king's exchequer was 
 empty, and Parliament voted no money to pay the debt. 
 
 After his father's death, William's efforts were equally 
 unsuccessful. He importuned the government for many years ; 
 but his prospect for obtaining his money grew more and more 
 gloomy, until at last, despairing of ever being able to accom- 
 plish it, he proposed to King Charles II. to rehnquish all claims 
 upon the government for a grant of lands in America. Of this 
 proposition and petition more will be said hereafter. 
 
 In the second place, he saw no hope of an end to the perse- 
 cution against himself and his friends, the Quakers. " Even 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 45 
 
 at this time (1680), so lamentably ignorant of the spirit of the 
 gospel were the bishops of the Established Church, that they not 
 only tolerated, but even encouraged, the mad multitude in the 
 most cruel abuses of the Quakers. Headed by the sheriffs and 
 magistrates, the populace would snatch off their hats and bon- 
 nets in the open streets, even of Liverpool, Bristol, and London, 
 and dash them in their faces, or tread them under foot. They 
 would burst into their meeting-houses, even while assembled in 
 the worship of Almighty God, and, utterly regardless of the 
 divine presence, drive them out like dogs, -break the windows, 
 split up the benches, tear down the galleries, and their nail up 
 the buildings as forfeited to ' His Sacred Majesty, Charles the 
 Second, by the Grace of God, Defender of the Faith.' And 
 yet, instead of being ashamed of themselves for such brutal 
 acts, or being disarmed of their fury by the meekness and 
 patience of such gentle sufferers, they became more brutal 
 against them still, keeping a closer watch over their proceedings, 
 dogging them from place to place, attacking them at their 
 meetings, even in private houses ; and after shutting them up, 
 too, as ' Conventicles forfeited to the Icing,'' they would then 
 drive them, like convicts, to the jails, and without any re- 
 gard to the weather, or to age or sex, turn them into dark 
 and dirty rooms, often in such crowds as to endanger their lives 
 for want of fresh air; the women, even the most delicate, 
 forced to sleep on the hard planks, and the men in hammocks 
 stretched above them ; while such as were supposed to have 
 property were fined at the most inhuman rates, even, in some 
 instances, at twenty pounds sterling a month, for not attending 
 the Established Church; and when the money could not be 
 raised by these poor people, as was often the case, the sheriffs 
 would distrain their property, such as cows, calves, horses, 
 beds, household furniture and utensils, and sell them off, fre- 
 quently at half-price ; thus actually reducing many an innocent 
 and hard-working family, with their unoffending children, to 
 beggary. And all these public robberies committed under the 
 eye of King Charles and his clergy : the former, great part of 
 his time, revelling with his harlots and jesters ; and the latter, 
 in all the solemn pageantry of sanctified looks and lawn sleeves 
 
46 HISTORY OW PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 devoutly lifted to heaven, returning ' thanks to Almighty God, 
 that they were ever born in a Cliristian country,' and making 
 long prayers ' for the poor Jews and heathens.' " 
 
 That the reader may have a full and clear view of the 
 persecution which befell William P'enn and his Quakers in 
 England, and of the narrow-mindedness and prejudice of his 
 judges, we quote the following trial. "While he was preaching 
 in Grace-church Street, he and William Mead were seized by 
 constables, who produced warrants signed by Sir Samuel 
 Starling. 
 
 " On the 1st of September, the trial came on. There were 
 present on the bench as justices Sir Samuel Starling, lord- 
 mayor; John Howel, recorder; Thomas Buldworth, William 
 Peak, Richard Ford, John Robinson, Joseph Shelden, alder- 
 men ; and Richard Brown, John Smith, and James Edwards, 
 sheriffs. 
 
 " The jury who were impanelled, and whose names ought 
 to be handed down to the love and gratitude of posterity, were 
 Thomas Veer, Edward Bushel, John Hammond, Charles Mil- 
 son, Gregorj"- Walklet, John Brightman, William Plumstead, 
 Henry Henley, James Damask, Henry Michel, William Lever, 
 and John Baily. 
 
 "The indictment stated, among other falsehoods, that the 
 prisoners had preached to an unlawful, seditious, and riotous 
 assembly ; that they had assembled, by agreement made before- 
 hand; and that they had met together with force and arms, and 
 this to the great terror and disturbance of many of his Majesty's 
 liege subjects. 
 
 "Very little was done on this day. The prisoners were 
 brought to the bar ; and, having made their observations on 
 several things as they passed, they pleaded not guilty to the 
 indictment. The Court was then adjourned. In the afternoon 
 they were brought to the bar again ; but they were afterwards 
 set aside, being made to wait till after the trial of other pris- 
 oners. 
 
 " On the 3d of September, the trial of those last men- 
 tioned being over, William Penn and William Mead were 
 brought again into court. One of the officers, as they entered, 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 47 
 
 pulled off their hats. Upon this the Lord-Mayor became furious, 
 and in a stern voice ordered him to put them on again. This 
 being done, the Recorder fined each forty marks, observing that 
 the circumstance of being covered tliere amounted to a con- 
 tempt of Court. 
 
 " The witnesses were then called in, and examined. It 
 appeared from their testimony, that, on the 15th of August, 
 between three and four hundred persons were assembled in • 
 Grace-church Street, and that they saw William Penn speaking 
 to the people, but could not distinguish what he said. One, 
 and only one, swore that he heard him preach ; but, on further 
 examination, he said that he could not, on account of the noise, 
 understand any one of the words spoken. With respect to 
 William Mead, it was proved that he was there also, and that 
 he was heard to say something; but nobody could tell what. 
 This was in substance the whole of the evidence against them. 
 
 " The witnesses having finished their testimony, William Penn 
 acknowledged that both he and his friend were present at the 
 place and time mentioned. Their object in being there was to 
 worship God. 
 
 " ' We are so far,' says he, ' from recanting, or declining 
 to vindicate the assembling of ourselves to preach, pray, or 
 worship the eternal, holy, just God, that we declare to all 
 the world, that we do believe it to be our indispensable duty 
 to meet incessantly upon so good an account ; nor shall all the 
 powers upon earth be able to divert us from reverencing and 
 adoring our God who made us.' These words were scarcely 
 pronounced, when one of the sheriffs exclaimed that he was 
 not there for worshipping God, but for ' breaking the law. 
 William Penn replied, that he had broken no law, and desired 
 to know by what law it was that they prosecuted him, and 
 upon what law it was that they founded the indictment. The 
 Recorder replied, the common law. William asked where that 
 law was. The Recorder did not think it worth while, he said, 
 to run over all those adjudged cases for so many years, which 
 they called common law, to satisfy his curiosity. William 
 Penn thought, if the law were common, it should not be so hard 
 to produce. He was then desired to plead to the indictment ; 
 
48 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 but, on delivering his sentiments on this point, he was pro- 
 nounced a saucy fellow. The following is a specimen of some 
 of the questions and answers at full length, which succeeded 
 those now mentioned: — 
 
 " Recorder. — The question is, whether jovl are guilty of this 
 indictment. 
 
 " W. Penn. — The question is not, whether I am guilty of this 
 indictment, but whether this indictment be legal. It is too 
 general and imperfect an answer to say it is the common law, 
 imless we know where and what it is ; for, where there is no 
 law, there is no transgression ; and that law which is not in 
 being is so far from being common, that it is no law at all. 
 
 " Recorder. — You are an impertinent fellow. WUl you teach 
 the Court what law is ? It is lex nan scripta, that which many 
 have studied thirty or forty years to know, and would you have 
 me tell you in a moment ? 
 
 " W. Penn. — Certainly, if the common law be so hard to be 
 understood, it is far from being very common. But if the Lord 
 Coke, in his Institutes, be of any consideration, he tells us that 
 common law is common fight, and that common right is the 
 Great Charter privileges confirmed. 
 
 " Recorder. — Sir, you are a troublesome fellow ; and it is not 
 to the honor of the Court to suffer you to go on. 
 
 " W. Penn. — I have asked but one question; and you have 
 not answered me, though the rights and privileges of every 
 Englishman are concerned in it. 
 
 '■'■Recorder. — If I should suffer you to ask questions till 
 to-morrow morning, you would never be the wiser. 
 
 " W. Penn. — That is according as the answers are. 
 
 " Recorder. — Sir, we must not stand to hear you talk all 
 night. 
 
 " W. Penn. — I design no affront to the Court, but to be heard 
 in my just plea ; and I must plainly tell you, that if you deny 
 me the oyer of that law which you say I have broken, you do 
 at once deny me an acknowledged right, and evidence to the 
 whole world your resolution to sacrifice the privileges of Eno-- 
 iishmen to your arbitrary designs. 
 
 " Recorder. — Take him away. My lord, if you take not some 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 49 
 
 course with this pestilent fellow to stop his mouth, we shall not 
 be able to do any thing to-night. 
 
 '■'■Mayor. — Take him away. Take him away. Turn him into 
 the bail-dock. 
 
 " W. Penn. — These are but so many vain exclamations. Is 
 this justice, or trxie judgment? Must I, therefore, be taken 
 away, because I plead for the fundamental laws of England ? 
 However, this I leave upon the consciences of you who are of 
 the jury and my sole judges, that if these ancient fundamental 
 laws, which relate to liberty and property, and which are not 
 limited to particular persuasions in matters of religion, must 
 not be indispensably maintained and observed, who can say he 
 hath a right to the coat upon his back ? Certainly our liberties 
 are to be openly invaded, our wives to be ravished, our chil- 
 dren slaved, our families ruined, and our estates led away in 
 triumph by every sturdy beggar and malicious informer, as 
 their trophies, but our (pretended) forfeits for conscience' sake. 
 The Lord of heaven and earth will be judge between us in this 
 matter. 
 
 " Recorder. — Be silent there. 
 
 " W. Penn. — I am not to be silent in a case where I am so 
 much concerned, and not only myself, but many ten thousand 
 families besides. 
 
 " Soon after this, they hurried him away, as well as William 
 Mead, who spoke also, towards the bail-dock, a filthy, loathsome 
 dungeon. The recorder then proceeded to charge the Jury. 
 But William Penn, hearing a part of the charge as he was re- 
 tiring, stopped suddenly, and, raising his voice, exclaimed aloud, 
 ' I appeal to the Jury, who are my judges, and this great assem- 
 bly, whether the proceedings of the Court are not most arbitra- 
 ry, and void of all law, in endeavoring to give the jury their 
 charge in the absence of the prisoners. ' I say it is directly 
 opposite to and destructive of the undoubted right of every 
 English prisoner, as Coke on the chapter of Magna Charta 
 speaks.' 
 
 " Upon this, some conversation passed between the parties, 
 who were still distant from each other ; after which the two 
 prisoners were forced to their loathsome dungeon. 
 
50 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " Being now out of all hearing, the Jury were ordered to agree 
 upon their verdict. Four, who appeared visibly to favor the 
 prisoners, were abused and actually threatened by the Recorder. 
 They were then, all of thera, sent out of court. On being 
 brought in again, they delivered their verdict unanimously, 
 which was, ' Guilty of speaking in Grace-church Street.' 
 
 " The Magistrates upon the bench now loaded the Jury with 
 reproaches. They refused to take their verdict, and imme- 
 diately adjourned the Court, sending them away for half an 
 hour to reconsider it. 
 
 " The time having expired, the Court sat again. The prison- 
 ers were then brought to the bar, and the Jury again called in. 
 The latter, having taken their place, delivered the same verdict 
 as before, but with this difference, that they then delivered it 
 in writing with the signature of all their names. 
 
 " The Magistrates were now more than ever enraged at the 
 conduct of the Jury ; and they did not hesitate to express their 
 indignation at it in terms the most opprobrious in open Court. 
 The recorder then addressed them as follows, ' Gentlemen, you 
 shall not be dismissed till we have a verdict such as the Court 
 will accept ; and you shall be locked up without meat, drink, 
 fire, and tobacco. You shall not think thus to abuse the Court. 
 We will have a verdict, by the help of God, or you shall starve 
 for it.' 
 
 " William Penn, upon hearing this address, immediately spoke 
 as follows, ' My Jury, who are my judges, ought not thus to be 
 menaced : their verdict should be free, and not compelled : the 
 Bench ought to wait upon them, and not to forestall them. I 
 do desire that justice may be done me, and that the arbitrary 
 resolves of the Bench may not be made the measure of my 
 Jury's verdict.' 
 
 " Other words passed between them ; after which the Court 
 was about to adjourn, and the jury to be sent to their chamber, 
 and the prisoners to their loathsome hole, when William Penn 
 observed, that the agreement of twelve men was a verdict in 
 law; -and, such a verdict having been given by the Jury, he re- 
 quired the Clerk of the Peace to record it, as he would answer 
 it at his peril ; and, if the Jury brought in another verdict con- 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 51 
 
 trary to this, he affirmed that they would be perjured in law. 
 Then, turning to the Jury, he said additionally, ' You are Eng- 
 lishmen. Mind 3^our privilege. Give not away your right.' 
 
 " One of the Jury now pleaded indisposition, and desired to be 
 dismissed. This request, however, was not granted. The Court, 
 on the other hand, swore several persons to keep the Jury all 
 night without meat, drink, fire, tobacco, or any other accommo- 
 dation whatsoever, and then adjourned till seven the next morn- 
 ing. 
 
 " The next morning, which was September' the 4th, happened 
 to be Sunday. The Jury were again called in ; but they re- 
 turned the same verdict as before. The Bench now became out- 
 rageous, and indulged in the most vulgar and brutal language, 
 such, indeed, as would be almost incredible, if it were not 
 upon record. The Jury were again charged, and again sent out 
 of Court : again they returned ; again they delivered the same 
 verdict ; again they were threatened. William Penn having 
 spoken against the injustice of the Court in having menaced the 
 Jury, who were his judges by the Great Charter of England, 
 and in having rejected their verdict, the Lord-Mayor exclaimed, 
 ' Stop his mouth ; gaoler, bring fetters, and stake him to the 
 ground.' William Penn replied, ' Do your pleasure : I matter 
 not your fetters.' The Recorder observed, ' Till now I never 
 understood the reason of the policy and prudence of the Span- 
 iards in suffering the Inquisition among them ; and certainly it 
 will never be well with us till something like the Spanish In- 
 quisition be in England.' Upon this, the Jury were ordered to 
 withdraw to find another verdict ; but they refused, saying 
 they had already given it, and that they could find no other. 
 The Sheriff then forced them away. Several persons were im- 
 mediately sworn to keep them without any accommodation as 
 before ; and the Court adjourned till seven next morning. 
 
 " On the 5th of September, the Jury, who had received no 
 refreshment for two days and two nights, were again called in, 
 and the business resumed. The Court demanded a positive 
 answer to these words, ' Guilty, or not guilty ? ' The Foreman 
 of the Jury replied, ' Not guilty.' Every juryman was then 
 required to repeat this answer separately. This he did to the 
 
52 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 satisfaction of almost all in the court. The following address 
 and conversation then passed. 
 
 " Recorder. — Gentlemen of the Jury, I am sorry you have 
 followed your own judgments rather than the good advice 
 which was given you. God keep my life out of your hands ! 
 But for this the Court fines you forty marks a man, and im- 
 prisonment till paid. 
 
 " W. Perm. — I demand my liberty, being freed by the 
 Jury. 
 
 " Mayor. — No : you are in for your fines. 
 " W. Penn. — Fines for what ? 
 " Mayor. — For contempt of Court. 
 
 " W. Penn. I ask if it be according to the fundamental 
 laws of England, that any Englishman should be fined, or 
 amerced, but by the judgment of his peers, or jury, since it 
 expressly contradicts the fourteenth and twenty-ninth chapters 
 of the Great Charter of England, which says, ' No freeman 
 shall be amerced, but by the oath of good and lawful men of 
 the vicinage.' 
 
 " Recorder. — Take him away. 
 
 " W. Penn. — I can never urge the fundamental laws of 
 England, but you cry, ' Take him away.' But it is no wonder, 
 since the Spanish Inquisition has so great a place in the Re- 
 corder's heart. God, who is just, will judge you for all these 
 things. 
 
 " These words were no sooner uttered than William Penn and 
 his friend, William Mead, were forced into the bail-dock, from 
 whence they were sent to Newgate. Every one of the Jury, alsoj 
 were sent to Newgate. The plea for this barbarous usage was, 
 that both the prisoners and the Jury refused to pay the fine of 
 forty marks which had been put upon each of them, — upon the 
 former, because one of the mayor's officers had put their hats 
 upon their heads by his own command ; and upon the latter, 
 because they would not bring in a verdict contrary to their 
 own consciences, in compliance with the wishes of the Bench." 
 Lastly, the glowing accounts of the beauty and fertility of 
 the country, which Penn received from the colonists of West 
 Jersey, had inspired him with a strong desire to obtain tlie 
 
nr STORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 53 
 
 territory west of the Delaware ; and as if in answer to that 
 desire, apparently by a special interposition of Divine Provi- 
 dence, Penn became connected with the Jersey colonists. Lord 
 Berkeley and Sir John Carteret having become joint patentees, 
 from the Duke of York, of the Province of New Jersey, in 
 1674 Lord Berkeley conveyed his portion of the patent to 
 John Fenwick, in trust for himself and Edward Byllynge, 
 both Quakers. Fenwick and Byllynge disagreed ; and being 
 Quakers, instead of going to law, they referred their difficulty 
 to William Penn, who decided in favor of Byllynge. For a 
 time, Fenwick refused to acquiesce in Penn's decision, but 
 finally was so far prevailed upon by his arguments, that he 
 agreed to the settlement ; and in 1675 he and his family left 
 England for West Jersey. Byllynge now became so embar- 
 rassed in his pecuniary matters, that he made over all his 
 property to Penn and two of his creditors, as trustees. Penn 
 was reluctant to assume the office ; but, having taken that trust 
 upon him, he immediately made efforts to settle the country 
 by sending out a colony to locate there. 
 
 The form of the government established under Berkeley and 
 Carteret embraced religious freedom, and stated there should 
 be no taxation independent of the allowance of the settlers. 
 Many were now anxious to emigrate ; and two companies of 
 Quakers — one from London, the other from Yorkshire — pur- 
 chased a large territory ; and the trustees appointed commis- 
 sioners from among the emigrants to treat with the Indians for 
 their right to the lands. Penn thus had the satisfaction of 
 bringing his labors for the Quakers, by colonizing with them 
 West New Jersey, to a happy result ; for in 1677, three vessels 
 — two from London, and one from Hull — sailed for West Jersey 
 with more than four hundred Quakers. They gave to their 
 new settlement the name of Burlington. It was thus West 
 New Jersey became settled by a colony of Quakers. 
 
 " From those people he learned often that the Indian country 
 on the western side of the great River Delaware was most 
 beautiful to look upon. ' The plains.,^ said they, ' along the 
 winding flood are, in most places, covered with corn and natural 
 meadows and marshes ; while all on the hack of this, a mighty 
 
54 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 forest rose, tall and stately, darkening the western shy with its 
 blue shade, and stretching itself north and south with the river far 
 as the astonished eye can travel.'' They stated, too, that sundries 
 of the people had, at different times, gone over the great river 
 to trade ; and that all of them, on their return, had made the 
 same very favorable reports both of the inhabitants and their 
 country. And first of the inhabitants. ' With respect to 
 these,' said they, ' lue were never so agreeably disappointed.' 
 "We had expected to find a people fierce and rude as the bears 
 and panthers of their forests ; but we met a people the most 
 friendly that we had ever seen. As we approached their 
 towns, they would hasten forth to bid us welcome, staking 
 hands with us very cordially, and signifying, by the kindest 
 smiles and nods, how glad they were to see us, and, witli great 
 vehemence and affection, addressing us in words which the 
 interpreters said were to tell us how welcome we were to our 
 Indian brothers. After this they would take us to their towns, 
 and spread down skins for us to sit on ; and, while the men 
 entertained us with smoking, the women would bring us bar- 
 becued turkies and venison and roasting-ears to feast on. 
 
 " And as to the country, we can truly say of it that it is a 
 land most rich, and desirable to dwell in, — a land of fountains 
 and brooks, — a land of mighty oaks and elms, and all manner 
 of precious trees for timber, — a land whose soil, especially on 
 the water-courses, was a black mould, very deep and rich, in- 
 somuch that the Indian corn, without the aid of the plough, 
 grew there to an enormous size, with two and sometimes three 
 large shocks on a stalk ; and we have counted seven and eight 
 hundred grains on a shock. And then for the game in these 
 ancient forests': it was wonderful to look at, far surpassing in 
 abundance any thing that we had ever thought of. For, in 
 walking through the woods, we were ever and anon starting 
 up the deer in droves, and also frequently within sight of 
 large herds of the buffalo, all perfectly wild, and wallowing in 
 fat, and seeming, in their course, to shake the earth with theix 
 weight. And, indeed, no wonder ; for the grass, particularly 
 in the low grounds, grew so rank and tall, that the buffalo and 
 deer on flying into it, which they were wont to do when 
 frightened, would disappear in a moment. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 55 
 
 " The rabbits and partridges, too, were exceedingly numerous ; 
 and, as to the wild turkeys, we have often seen them perched 
 in such numbers that the branches seemed quite black with 
 them. Nor had the Creator been less mindful of the waters in 
 that great country ; for they Avere made to bring forth abund- 
 antly of fine fish of various kinds, especially the sturgeon, of 
 Avhich the great river was so full, that at no time could we 
 look on it without seeing numbers of these great fishes leaping 
 from it into the air, not without much fright to the natives, 
 whose canoes they have many a time fallen into, and overset. 
 And for water-fowl, such as geese and ducks, they were in 
 such quantities, that he who should tell only one-half the 
 truth would be counted a romancer. For, indeed, the whole 
 surface of the mighty river seemed covered over and black 
 with them ; and when, at any time, they were disturbed, and 
 rose up, their rising all at once was like the sound of distant 
 thunder; and the day itself was darkened Avith their numbers. 
 We saw, also, the wild vine in that country, the spontaneous 
 birth of the woods, growing to an enormous size, and spread- 
 ing over the trees to an astonishing extent, bending the 
 branches Avith their dark-blue clusters ; most lovely to sight 
 and taste, and capable, no doubt, of yielding a very pleasant 
 wine. Nor were the bees forgotten in that favored land ; for 
 we often saw them at Avork among the SAveet^scented bells and 
 blossoms of the wild wood-flowers. And besides, at the simple 
 feasts spread for us by these simple heathens, we were fre- 
 quently regaled with calabashes of snow-white honeycomb. 
 
 " NoAV, counting all these advantages of this Indian country, — 
 the nobleness of its waters, and the richness of its lands, with 
 that plenteousness of fowl and fish and flesh of all sorts, — how 
 can Ave but say that it is a land which the Lord has blessed ; 
 and that it only wanteth a Avise people to render it, like the 
 ancient Canaan, ' the glory of earth ' ? " ' 
 
 With a view to accomplishing a settlement in this western 
 world, promising these before-mentioned threefold things, it is 
 not strange that Penn set himself to the work with great zest. 
 
 In the summer of 1680, Penn sent his petition to King 
 
 1 "Weems, p. 111. 
 
56 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Charles II., that letters-patent might be granted him for a 
 tract of land in America, lying north of Maryland, bounded 
 by Delaware River on the east, by Maryland on the west, and 
 extending north as far as plantable. 
 
 The king was pleased to pay his debts so easily as by grant- 
 ing a patent to this territory. Only a fragment of the original 
 petition is now extant ; but it contained the following sentence : 
 " Praying that, in.lieu of the monies due him from the Crown, 
 he, the king, wovild be pleased to grant him a sufficient portion 
 of lands on the western side of the Delaware River in North 
 America, for a settlement for himself and his persecuted follow- 
 ers, the Friends." 
 
 But, though the king himself was pleased with the petition, 
 when it was laid before the Lords' Committee of Colonies and 
 Commerce, it was sharply opposed and ridiculed. As soon as 
 the Board understood that the petitioner and his followers 
 were Quakers, they appeared greatly surprised ; and one of 
 them exclaimed, " A colony of Quakers among North-American 
 Indians!" Sir John Worden (agent of the Duke of York) 
 and Lord Baltimore, who already had grants of the plan- 
 tations of New York and Maryland, opposed the petition. 
 Worden said, " It was ridiculous to suppose that the interests 
 of the British nation were to be promoted by sending out a 
 colony of people that would not fight. What ! a pack of nod- 
 dies, that will have nothing to do with gin or gunpowder, but 
 will gravely tell you that gin was never invented to make sav- 
 ages drunk, and cheat them of their lands, but only for physic 
 to cure the coUc withal ; and that guns were invented, not to 
 kill men, but hawks and wolves ! God's mercy on us, my 
 lords! What are we to expect from such colonists as these? 
 Are they likely to extend our conquests, to spread our com- 
 merce, to exalt the glory of the British name, and, above all, 
 to propagate our most holy religion ? No, my lords ! I hope it 
 will never be so supposed by this most noble Board. And as 
 to this crack-brained fellow, this William Penn, and his tame, 
 ' Yea, forsooth,' followers, what can they promise themselves 
 from settling among the fierce and blood-thirsty savages of 
 North America, but to be tomahawked and scalped, every man, 
 woman and child of them ? " 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 57 
 
 This speech was pronounced with great power and strong 
 emphasis, and produced such an impression upon the Lords' 
 Committee, tliat they were upon the point of rejecting the peti- 
 tion witliout furtlrer consideration. Had they done this, the 
 great and ricli State of Pennsylvania, and the beautiful " City of 
 Brotherly Love," might never have existed, and the author 
 would have been spared the pains of writing this history. But 
 the Supreme Being, who presides over the destiny of nations, 
 who has " given the earth to the children of men, and fixed the 
 bounds of their habitation," and who " setteth up and remov- 
 eth kings " at his pleasure, had otherwise determined. 
 
 As William Penn was not before the Committee to plead his 
 own cause, exercising the privilege which our courts now give 
 to a criminal having no counsel, the Board appointed one of 
 their own number to advocate his petition, probably not ex- 
 pecting the advocacy would amount to much. He, however, 
 exhibited great ingenuity ; and the result was entire success in 
 favor of. the petition. Rising, with a pale countenance and 
 tremulous voice, as though he were about to utter some unwel- 
 come truths, he first assured the Board that he was no Quaker, 
 nor was any friend of that silly people. "No, my lords," con- 
 tinued he, raising his voice, "I am no Quaker; and' I pray 
 you let no gentleman in this noble house hold me in such mis- 
 prision. But still, my lords, I am in favor of the petition for 
 the Quakers to go off to North America. The reason, my 
 lords, to my mind, is very plain. The swinish multitude, my 
 lords (^profanum vulgus\), — my lords, the swinish multitude, as 
 we properly call them, must have a government ; yes, my lords, 
 and an iron government too. They have not sense and virtue 
 enough to govern themselves. All the boasted republics, or gov- 
 ernments of the people, have, on trial, turned out no better than 
 Babels of confusion and destruction to their foohsh undertakers. 
 No, my lords, there is no government on earth for the profanum 
 vulgus, comparable to that of kings, priests, and nobles. 
 Now, if this be true (and I challenge the Board to deny it), then 
 William Penn and his Quakers ought gladly to be permitted to 
 leave the country. Nay, I even assert, my lords, that William 
 Penn cannot stay in this country consistently with the safety 
 
58 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 of the government; for, if ever he should get the ear of the 
 populace, he would bring such contempt on those glorious 
 privileged orders of kings, priests, and nobles, that no man of 
 spirit would have any thing to do with them. For, my 
 lords " said he, " tuliat nobleman is there, with a drop of Eng- 
 lish blood in his veins, but would blush for his Stars and Gar- 
 ters, when, as he rolls along the streets in only a fashionable 
 coach and four, he hears on all sides the groans of these Quak- 
 ers upbraiding him for being ' a lover of pleasure more than 
 a lover of God,' and for squandering on vanities that precious 
 gold, which, if laid out in feeding and clothing the fathsrless 
 and widotv, would yield him a feast of never-failing pleasures ? 
 And as to our lords spiritual, our bishops and our archbishops, 
 would it not make these, our holy fathers in God, ashamed of 
 their sacred lawn sleeves and mitres, to be told every day by 
 William Penn and his Quakers, that these are ' the marks of 
 the least, the vain trappings of carnal pride, seeking glory of 
 men, and that those who use these things are none of Christ's; 
 that his poverty can have no fellowship with their palaces, 
 nor his staff and sandals with their gilt coaches, and horses 
 covered with silver harness, and grooms bedecked with gold 
 laee ? But this is not the worst yet : no, my lords, let William 
 Penn alone, and his sacred Majesty himself will soon have an 
 uneasy seat of it on his throne. How can he otherwise, my 
 lords, having it rung daily in his ears that ' kings are sent of 
 Crod merely in his wrath as a punishment of wicked nations ' f 
 and that if they will but repent, and become good Quakers, 
 following the light luithin, they shall no longer have a king to 
 reign over them ; for that God himsehf will be their king, and 
 will break all other yokes from off their necks. God's mercy, 
 my lords ! who would be a king to be rated after this sort ? Sure- 
 I3', then, my lords, you will agree with me, that it is high time 
 for William Penn and his Quakers to be off. Yes, my lords, I 
 repeat it : they must be off, or this excellent government of 
 kings, priests, and nobles, is gone forever ; and chaos and wild 
 uproar is come again." ^ 
 
 This speech had such a wonderful effect upon the Lords' Com- 
 1 Weems, p. 115. 
 
BTSTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 59 
 
 mittee, that a unanimous vote was given in favor of granting the 
 petition, accompanied with a note, " humbly praying that his 
 Majesty would be graciously pleased to make unto William 
 Penn a grant of the lands in North America which he had 
 petitioned for." 
 
 William Penn, from the standing of his family, the service 
 rendered to the realm by his father, the amount of money he 
 had advanced the government, and from the weight of his own 
 character, had vast influence with the king and parliament, or 
 he never could have obtained it, being opposed by such men as 
 the Duke of York and Lord Baltimore. Undoubtedly, the 
 speech above quoted, respecting the trouble which the Quakers 
 gave them, carried much weight with it, and had considerable 
 influence in procuring him the charter. Still we must believe 
 their fear of the Quakers alone would never have induced them 
 to grant it. 
 
 It was after a long and vexatious attendance upon the Com- 
 mittee of Lords and Trade's Plantations, that the unanimous 
 vote named above was passed. 
 
 The Lords' Committee referred the settlement of the bounda- 
 ries of the territory, given to William Penn, to Chief Justice 
 North, who reported as follows : " Bounded on the east by 
 Delaware River, from the twelve miles distance northward of 
 New Castle town, from the beginning of the fortieth degree of 
 north latitude tmto the forty-third degree of north latitude, 
 if the said river do extend so far northward, but, if said river 
 shall not extend so far northward, then by the said river so far 
 as it doth extend ; and from the head of said river, the eastern 
 bounds are to be determined by a meridian line, to be drawn 
 from the head of the said river unto the said forty-third degree 
 of latitude, the said lands to extend westward five degrees in 
 longitude, to be computed from the said eastern bounds ; and 
 the said lands are bounded on the north by the beginning of 
 the forty-third degree of north latitude, and on a circle drawn 
 at twelve miles distance from New Castle, north and westward, 
 unto the south, by the beginning of the forty-third degree of 
 north latitude, another by a straight line westward, to the limit 
 
60 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 of longitude above mentioned, excepting all lands within twelve 
 miles of the town of New Castle, that shall happen to lie within 
 the said bounds now in possession of his royal Highness, or his 
 tenants and assigns." 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 WILT.TAM PENN'S CBtAHTEK OF PENNSYIiVA^TIA FBOM KINQ 
 
 CHAELES n. 
 
 Boundaries — Privileges — William Penn made Proprietary — Power to govern, 
 and make Laws — May appoint Officers — Grant Pardons — A Proviso — 
 Laws of England in Force till Others are made iu the Province — Approval of 
 Laws — Encouragement of Emigration, also to Trade — May lay out Towns,- 
 Cities, &c. — Commercial Advantages — Seaports, Creeks, and Harbors ^ Cus- 
 toms may be imposed by the Province — Agent to reside in London — Govern- 
 ment may be resumed by England — Not to correspond with Kings, &c., at 
 War with England — May pursue and punish Enemies — May dispose of 
 Lands — May erect Manors — Frank Pledge — King not to lay Taxes with- 
 out Consent of Proprietary or Parliament — Control of the Bishop of London 
 — Interpretation. 
 
 "TTXHEN Chief Justice North had drawn up the charter, 
 
 V V and set the lines of its boundaries, as stated in the last 
 chapter, the Committee of Lords reported favorably upon it to 
 his Majesty Charles II.: "In obedience to your Majesty's order, 
 signified by the Earl of Sunderland, on the 1st of June last, 
 we had prepared the draft of a charter, constituting William 
 Penn, Esq., absolute proprietary of a tract of land in America, 
 therein mentioned, which we humbly present to your Majesty 
 for your royal approbation, leaving, also, the naming of the said 
 province to your Majesty ; which is most humbly submitted." ' 
 
 The charter is dated March 4, 1681, and is in the following 
 words : — 
 
 " Charles, by the grace of God, King of England, Scotland, 
 France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c., to all to whom 
 these presents shall come, greeting. 
 
 " Whereas our trusty and well-beloved subject, William Penn, 
 
 ' Votes of Assembly. 
 
 61 
 
62 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Esquire, son and heir of Sir William Penn, deceased (out of a 
 commendable desire to enlarge our British empire, and promote 
 such useful commodities as may be of benefit to us and our 
 dominions, as also to reduce the savage natives, by just and 
 gentle manners, to the love of civil society and Christian reli- 
 gion), hath humbly sought leave of us to transport an ample 
 colony unto a certain country hereinafter described, in the parts 
 of America not yet cultivated and planted, and hath likewise 
 so humbly besought our royal Majesty to give, grant, and con- 
 firm all the said country, with certain privileges and jurisdic- 
 tions, requisite for the good government and safety of the said 
 country and colony, to him and his heirs forever : 
 
 " I. Know ye, therefore, that we (favoring the petition and 
 good purpose of the said William Penn, and having regard to 
 the memory and merits of his late father in divers services, 
 and particularly to his conduct, courage, and discretion under 
 our dearest brother James, Duke of York, in that signal battle 
 and victory fought and obtained against the Dutch fleet com- 
 manded by the Heer Van Opdam, in the year 1665 ; in consid- 
 eration thereof, of our special grace, certain knowledge, and 
 mere motion) have given and granted, and by this our present 
 charter, for us, our heirs and successors, do give and grant, unto 
 the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, all that tract or 
 part of land in America, with the islands therein contained. 
 [For the remainder of this section see boundaries reported by 
 Lord North, as given at the close of the last chapter.] 
 
 " II. We do also give and grant unto the said William Penn, 
 his heirs and assigns, the free and undisturbed use, and contin- 
 uance in, and passage unto and out of all and singular ports, 
 harbors, bays, waters, rivers, isles, and inlets belonging unto, or 
 leading to and from, the country or islands aforesaid; and all the 
 soils, lands, fields, woods, underwoods, mountains, hills, fens, 
 isles, lakes, rivers, waters, rivulets, baj^s, and inlets situated, or 
 being within, or belonging to, the luuits or bounds aforesaid ; 
 together with the fishing of all sorts of fish, whales, sturgeon, 
 and all royal and other fishes, in the seas, bays, inlets, waters, 
 or rivers witliin the premises, and all the fish taken therein ; 
 and also all veins, mines, minerals, and quarries, as well discov- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 63 
 
 ered as not discovered, of gold, silver, gems, and precious 
 stones ; and all other whatsoever, be it stones, metals, or any 
 other thing or matter whatsoever, found, or to be found, within 
 the country, isles, or limits aforesaid. 
 
 " III. And him, the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, 
 -we do by this our royal charter, for us, our heirs and successors, 
 make, create, and constitute the true and absolute proprietary 
 of the country aforesaid, and all other the premises ; saving 
 always to us, our heirs and successors, the faith and allegiance 
 of the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, and of all other 
 proprietaries, tenants, and inhabitants that are, or shall be, 
 within the territories and precincts aforesaid; and saving, also, 
 unto us, our heirs and successors, the sovereignty of the afore- 
 said country, to have, hold, possess, and enjoy the said tract of 
 land, country, isles, inlets, and other the premises, unto the said 
 William Penn, his heirs and assigns, forever, to be holden of us, 
 our heirs and successors, kings of England, as of our castle of 
 Windsor, in the county of Berks, in free and common socage, 
 by fealty only, for all services, and not in capite, or by knight- 
 service ; yielding- and paying therefor to us, our heirs and 
 successors, two beaver-skins, to be delivered at our castle of 
 Windsor, on the first day of January in every year ; and also 
 the fifth part of all gold and silver ore which shall, from time 
 to time, ha;ppen to be found within the limits aforesaid, clear of 
 all charges. And of our further grace, certain laiowledge, mere 
 motion, we have thought fit to erect, and we do hereby erect, 
 the aforesaid country and islands into a province and seigniory, 
 and do call it Pensilvania, and so from henceforth will have it 
 called. 
 
 " IV. And forasmuch as we have hereby made and ordained 
 the aforesaid William Penn, his heirs and assigns, the true and 
 absolute proprietaries of all the lands and dominions aforesaid, 
 know ye, therefore, that we (reposing special trust and confi- 
 dence in the fidelity, wisdom, justice, and provident circum- 
 spection of the said William Penn), for us, our heirs and 
 successors, do grant full, free, and absolute power, by virtue 
 of these presents, to him and his heirs, to his and their deputies 
 and lieutenants, for the good and happy government of said 
 
64: HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 country, to ordain, make, and enact, and, under his and theii 
 seals, to publisJti any laws whatsoever for the raising of money 
 for public uses of the said province, or for any other end, apper- 
 taining either unto the public state, peace, or safety of the said 
 country, or unto the private utility of particular persons, 
 according unto their best discretion, by and with the advice, 
 assent, and approbation of the freemen of the said country, or 
 the greater part of, them, or of their delegates or deputies, 
 whom, for the enacting of the said laws, when and as often as 
 need may require, we will that the said William Penn, and his 
 heirs, shall assemble, in such sort and form as to him and them 
 shall seem best, and the same laws duly to execute unto and 
 upon all people within the said country and limits thereof. 
 
 " V. And we do likewise give and grant unto the said William 
 Penn, and to his heirs, and their deputies and lieutenants, full 
 power and authority to appoint and establish any judges and 
 justices, magistrates, and other officers whatsoever (for the pro- 
 bates of wills, and for the granting of administration, within the 
 precincts aforesaid), and with what power soever, and in such 
 form, as to the said William Penn, or his heirs, shall seem most 
 convenient ; also to remit, release, pardon, and abolish (whether 
 before judgment or after) all crime and offences whatsoever, 
 committed witliin the said country, against the laws (treason, 
 and wilful and malicious murder, only excepted, and in those 
 cases to grant reprieves until our pleasure may be knovTn 
 therein), and to do all and every other thing and things which 
 unto the complete establishment of justice, unto courts and 
 tribunals, forms of judicature, and manner of proceeding, do 
 belong, although in these presents express* mention be hot 
 made thereof; and by judges, by them delegated, to award 
 process, hold pleas, and determine, in all the said courts and 
 tribunals, all actions, suits, and causes whatsoever, as well 
 criminal as civil, personal, real, and mixed ; which laws, so as 
 aforesaid to be published, our pleasure is, and so we enjoin, 
 require, and command, shall be most absolute and available in 
 law, and that ^11 the liege people, and subjects of us, our heirs 
 and successors, do observe and keep the same inviolably in those 
 parts, so far as they concern them, under the pain therein 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 65 
 
 expressed, or to be expressed. Provided, nevertheless, that the 
 same laws be consonant to reason, and not repugnant or contrary, 
 but (as near as conveniently may be) agreeable to tlie laws and 
 statutes and rights of this our Idngdom of England ; and saving 
 and reserving to ixs, our heirs and successors, the receiving, hear- 
 ing, and determining of the appeal and appeals of all or any 
 person or persons, of, in, or belonging to the territories aforesaid, 
 or touching any judgment to be there made or given. 
 
 " VI. And forasmuch as, in the government of so great a 
 country, sudden accidents do often happen, whereunto it will 
 be necessary to apply remedy, before the freeholders of the said 
 Province, or their delegates or deputies, can be assembled to the 
 making of laws ; neither -^vill it be convenient that instantly, 
 upon every such occasion, so great a multitude should be called 
 together, therefore (for the better government of the said 
 country) we will ordain, and by these presents, for us, our 
 heirs and successors, do grant unto the said William Penn and 
 his heirs, by themselves, or by their magistrates and officers, in 
 that behalf duly to be ordained as aforesaid, to make and con- 
 stitute iit and wholesome ordinances, from time to time, within 
 the said country to be kept and observed, as well for the preser- 
 vation of peace as for the better government of the people there 
 inhabiting, and publicly to notify the same to all persons whom 
 the same doth or may anywise concern. Which ordinances 
 our will and pleasure is shall be observed inviolably within the 
 said Province, under the pains therein to be expressed, so as the 
 said ordinances be consonant to reason, and be not repugnant 
 nor contrary, but (so far as conveniently may be) agreeable 
 with the laws of our kingdom of England, and so as the said 
 ordinances be not extended, in any sort, to bind, change, or 
 take away the right or interest of any person or persons, for or 
 in their life, members, freehold, goods, or chattels. And our 
 further will and pleasure is, that the laws for regulating and 
 governing of property within the said Province, as well for the 
 descent and enjoyment of lands, as likewise for the enjoyment 
 and succession of goods and chattels, and likewise as to felonies, 
 shall be and continue the same as they shall be, for the time 
 being, by the general course of the law in our kingdom of 
 
 5 
 
66 • HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 England, until the said laws shall be altered by the said "Wil- 
 liam Penn, his heirs or assigns, and by the freemen of the said 
 province, their delegates or deputies, or the greater part of 
 them. 
 
 "VII. And to the end that the said William Penn, or his 
 heirs, or other the planters, owners, or inhabitants of the 
 said Province may not, at any time hereafter (by misconstruc- 
 tion of the power aforesaid), through inadvertency or design, 
 depart from that faith and due allegiance, which, by the laws of 
 this our realm of England, they, and all our subjects -in our 
 dominions and territories, always owe to us, our heirs and suc- 
 cessors, by color of any extent or largeness of powers hereby 
 given, or pretended to be given, or by force or color, or any 
 laws hereafter to be made in the said Province, by virtue of any 
 such powers. Our further will and pleasure is, that a transcript 
 or duplicate of all laws which shall be so as aforesaid made 
 and published within the said Province, shall, within five years 
 after the making thereof, be transmitted and delivered to the 
 privy council, for the time being, of us our heirs and successors ; 
 and if any of the said laws, within the space of six months 
 after that they shall be so transmitted and delivered, be declared 
 by us, our heirs and successors, in our or their privy council, 
 inconsistent with the sovereignty or lawful prerogative of us, 
 our heirs and successors, or contrary to the faith and allegiance 
 due to the legal government of this realm from the said 
 "William Penn, or his heirs, or of the planters and inhabitants 
 of the said Province, and that thereupon any of the said laws 
 shall be adjudged and declared to be void, by us, our heirs and 
 successors, under our or their privy seal, that then and from 
 thenceforth, such laws, concerning which such judgment and 
 declaration shall be made, shall become void : otherwise the 
 said laws, so transmitted, shall remain and stand in full force, 
 according to the true intent and nMsaning thereof. 
 
 "VIII. Furthermore, that this new colony may the more 
 happily increase by the multitude of people resorting thither, 
 therefore we, for us, our heirs and successors, do give and grant 
 by these presents, power, license, and liberty unto all the liege 
 people and subjects, both present and future, of us, our heirs 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 67 
 
 and successors (excepting those who shall be especially 
 forbidden), to transport themselves and families unto the said 
 country, with such convenient shipping as by the laws of this 
 our kingdom of England they ought to use, and with fitting 
 provision, paying only the customs therefor due, and there to 
 settle themselves, dwell and inhabit, and plant, for the public 
 and their own private advantage. 
 
 " IX. And furthermore, that our subjects may be the rather 
 encouraged to undertake this expedition with ready and cheer- 
 ful minds, know ye, that we, of our special grace, certain 
 knowledge, and mere motion, do give and grant, by virtue of 
 these presents, as well imto the said William Penn and his 
 heirs, as to all others who shall from time to time repair unto 
 the said country, full license to lade and freight in any ports 
 whatsoever of us, our heirs and successors, according to the 
 laws made, or to be made, within our kingdom of England, and 
 unto the said country, by them, their servants or assigns, to trans- 
 port all and singular their goods, wares, and merchandises, as 
 likewise all sorts of grain whatsoever, and all other things 
 whatsoever, necessary for food or clothing, not prohibited, by 
 the laws and statutes of our kingdom and dominions, to be 
 carried out of the said kingdom, without any let or molestation 
 of us, our heirs and successors, or of any of the officers of us, our 
 heirs or successors, saving always to us, our heirs and successors, 
 the legal impositions, customs, or other duties and payments for 
 the said wares and merchandises, by any law or statute, due, or 
 to be due, to us, our heirs and successors. 
 
 " X. And we do further, for us, our heirs and successors, give 
 and grant unto the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, 
 free and absolute power to divide the said country and islands 
 into towns, hundreds, and counties, and to erect and incorpo- 
 rate towns into boroughs, and boroughs into cities, and to make 
 and constitute fairs and markets therein, with all other conve- 
 nient privileges and immunities, according to the merits of 
 the inhabitants, and the fitness of the places, and to do all 
 and every other thing and things touching the premises, which 
 to him or them shall seem meet and requisite, albeit, they be 
 such as of their own nature might otherwise require a more 
 
68 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 special commandment and warrant than in these presents is 
 expressed. 
 
 " XI. We will also, and by these presents, for us, our heirs 
 and successors, we do, give and grant license, by this our char- 
 ter, unto the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, and to 
 all the inhabitants and dwellers in the province aforesaid, both 
 present and to come, to import or unlade, by themselves, or 
 their servants, factors, or assigns, all merchandises and goods 
 whatsoever, that shall arise of the fruits and commodities of 
 the said Province, either by land or sea, into any of the ports 
 of us, our heirs and successors, in our kingdom of England, 
 and not into any other country whatsoever, and we give him 
 full power to dispose of the said goods in the said ports, and, 
 if need be, within one year next after the unlading of the 
 same to lade the said merchandise and goods again into the 
 same or other ships, and to transport the same into any other 
 countries, either of our own dominions or foreign, according to 
 law ; provided always, that they pay such customs and imposi- 
 tions, subsidies and duties, for the same, to us, our heirs and 
 successors, as the rest of our subjects of our kingdom of Eng- 
 land, for the time being, shall be bound to pay, and to observe 
 the acts of navigation, and other laws in that behalf made. 
 
 " XII. And furthermore, of our ample and special grace, cer- 
 tain knowledge, and mere motion, we do, for us, our heirs and 
 successors, grant unto the said WUliam Penn, his heirs and 
 assigns, full and absolute power and authority to make, erect, 
 and constitute within the said Province, and the isles and 
 inlets aforesaid, such and so many seaports, harbors, creeks, 
 havens, quays, and other places for discharging and unlading of 
 goods and merchandise out of the ships, boats, and other ves- 
 sels, and landing them into such and so many places, and with 
 such rights, jurisdictions, liberties, and privileges unto the 
 said ports belonging, as to him and them shall seem most expe- 
 dient ; and that all and singular the ships, boats, and other 
 vessels which shall come for merchandise and trade into the 
 said Province, or out of the same, shall be laden or unladen 
 only at such ports as shall be created and constituted by the 
 said William Penn, his heirs or assigns (any use, custom, or 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 69 
 
 thing to the contrary notwithstanding) : provided, that the 
 said William Penn, and his heirs, and the lieutenants and gov- 
 ernors for the time being, shall admit and receive in and about 
 all such havens, ports, creeks, and quays, all officers and their 
 deputies, who shall from time to time be appointed for that 
 purpose by the farmers, or commissioners of our customs for 
 the time being. 
 
 " XIII. And we do further appoint and ordain, and by these 
 presents, for us, our heirs and successors, we do grant unto the 
 said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, that he, the said 
 William Penn, his heirs and assigns, may, from time to time, 
 forever, have and enjoy the customs and subsidies in the ports, 
 harbors, and other creeks and places aforesaid, within the Prov- 
 ince aforesaid, payable, or due for merchandise and wares there 
 to be laded and unladed, the said customs and subsidies to be 
 reasonably assessed, upon any occasion, by themselves and the 
 people there, as aforesaid, to be assembled, to whom we give 
 power by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, upon 
 just cause and due proportion, to assess and impose the same ; 
 saving unto us, our heirs and successors, such impositions and 
 customs, as, by act of parliament, are and shall be appointed. 
 
 " XIV. And it is our further will and pleasure, that the said 
 William Penn, his heirs and assigns, shall, from time to time, 
 constitute and appoint an attorney, or agent, to reside in or 
 near our city of London, who shall make known the place 
 where he shall dwell, or may be found, unto the clerks of our 
 privy council, for the time being, or one of them, and shall be 
 ready to appear in any of oux courts at Westminster to answer 
 for any misdemeanor that shall be committed, or, by any wilful 
 default or neglect, permitted by the said WilHam Penn, his 
 heirs or assigns, against the laws of trade and navigation ; and 
 after it shall be ascertained in any of our courts what damages 
 we, or our heirs and successors, shall have sustained by such 
 default or neglect, the said William Penn, his heirs or assigns, 
 shall pay the same within one year after such taxation, and 
 demand thereof from such attorney, or in case there shall be no 
 such attorney by the space of one year, or such attorney shall 
 not make payment of such damages within the space of a year, 
 
70 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and answer such other forfeitures and penalties -within the 
 said time as by acts of parliament in England are and shall 
 be provided, according to the true intent and meaning of these 
 presents, then it sha^ be lawful for us, our heirs and success- 
 ors, to seize and resume the government of the said Province 
 or country, and the same to retain, until payment shall be 
 made thereof ; but notwithstanding any such seizure, or resump- 
 tion of the government, nothing concerning the propriety or 
 ownership of any lands, tenements, or other hereditaments, 
 goods, or chattels of any of the adventurers, planters, or own- 
 ers, other than the respective offenders there, shall anyways be 
 affected or molested thereby. 
 
 " XV. Provided always, and our will and pleasure is, that 
 neither the said William Penn, nor his heirs, nor any other the 
 inhabitants of the said Province, shall at any time hereafter 
 have or maintain any correspondence with any other king, 
 prince, or state, or with any of their subjects, who shall then 
 be in war against us, our heirs and successors ; nor shall the 
 said William Penn, or his heirs, or any other inhabitants of 
 the said Province, make war, or any act of hostility, against 
 any other king, prince, or state, or any of their subjects, who 
 shall then be in league or amity with us, our heirs and suc- 
 cessors. 
 
 " XVI. And because, in so remote a country, and situate near 
 many barbarous nations, the incursions, as weU of the savages 
 themselves, as of other enemies, pirates, and robbers, may 
 probably be feared, therefore we have given, and for us, our 
 heirs and successors, do give power, by these presents, to the 
 said WiUiam Penn, his heirs and assigns, by themselves, or 
 their captains, or other their officers, to levy, muster, and train 
 all sorts of men, of what condition soever, or wheresoever born, 
 in the said Province of Pensilvania, for the time being, and to 
 make war, and to pursue the enemies and robbers aforesaid, as 
 well by sea as by land, even without the limits of the said 
 Province, and, by God's assistance, to vanquish and take them, 
 and, being taken, to put them to death, by the laws of war, or 
 to save them, at their pleasure, and to do all and every other 
 thing which unto the charge and office of a captain-general of 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 71 
 
 an army belongeth, or hath, accustomed to belong, as fully and 
 freely as any captain-general of an army hath ever had the 
 same. 
 
 " XVII. And furthermore, of our special grace, and of our 
 certain knowledge, and mere motion, we have given and 
 granted, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, 
 do give and grant, unto the said William Penn, his heirs and 
 assigns, full and absolute power, license, and authority, that he, 
 the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, from time to time 
 hereafter, forever, at his or their own will and pleasure, may 
 assign, alien, grant, demise, or enfeoff of the premises, so 
 many and such parts and parcels, to him or them that shall be 
 willing to purchase the same, as they shall think fit, to have 
 and to hold to them, the said person or persons willing to take 
 and purchase, their heirs and assigns, in fee-simple or fee-tail, 
 or for the term of hfe, hves, or years, to be held of the said 
 William Penn, his heirs or assigns, as of the said seigniory of 
 Windsor, by such services, customs, or rents as shall seem 
 meet to the said WiUiam Penn, his heirs and assigns, and not 
 immediately of us, our heirs and successors. 
 
 " XVIII. And to the same person or persons, and to all and 
 every of them, we do give and grant by these presents, for us, 
 our heirs and successors, license, authority, and power that such 
 person or persons may take the premises, or any parcel thereof, 
 of the aforesaid William Penn, his heirs or assigns, and the 
 same to hold to themselves, their heirs and assigns, in what 
 estate of inheritance soever, in fee-simple or in fee-tail, or 
 otherwise, as to him the said William Penn, his heirs or 
 assigns, shall deem expedient ; the statute made in the parlia- ■ 
 ment of Edward, the son of King Henry, late King of England, 
 our predecessor (commonly called the statute ' Quia JEmptores 
 Terrarum^ lately published in our kingdom of England) in 
 anywise notwithstanding. 
 
 XIX. And by these presents, we give and grant license unto 
 the said William Penn, and his heirs, and likewise to all and 
 every such person or persons to whom the said Wilham Penn, 
 or his heirs, shall at any time hereafter grant any estate or 
 inheritance, as aforesaid, to erect any parcels of land within the 
 
72 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Province aforesaid, into manors, by and with the license to be 
 first had and obtained for that purpose, under the hand and 
 seal of the said William Penn, or his heirs, and in every of the 
 said manors to have and to hold a court-baron, with all things 
 whatsoever which to a court-baron do belong, and to have and 
 to hold view of frank-pledge for the conservation of the peace, 
 and the better government of those parts, by themselves or 
 their stewards, or by the lords, for the time being, of the 
 manors to be deputed, when they shall be erected, and in the 
 same to use all things belonging to the view of frank-pledge. 
 And we do further grant Hcense and authority, that every 
 such person or persons who shall erect any such manor or 
 manors, as aforesaid, shall or may grant all or any part of his 
 said land to any person or persons in fee-simple, or any other 
 estate of inheritance, to be held of the said manors respectively, 
 so as no further tenure shall be created, but that, upon all 
 further or other alienations thereafter to be made, the said lands 
 so aliened shall be held of the same lord and his heirs of • 
 whom the aliener did then before hold, and by the like rents 
 and services which were before due and accustomed. 
 
 " XX. And furthermore our pleasure is, and by these presents 
 for us, our heirs and successors, we do covenant and grant to 
 and with the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, that we, 
 our heirs and successors, shall at no time hereafter set or 
 make, or cause to be set or made, any imposition, custom, or 
 other taxation, rate, or contribution whatsoever in and upon 
 the dwellers and inhabitants of the aforesaid Province, for their 
 lands, tenements, goods, or chattels, within the said Province, 
 or in and upon any goods and merchandises within the Province, 
 to be laden or unladen within the ports or harbors of the said 
 Province, unless the same be with the consent of the proprie- 
 tary or chief governor, or assembly, or by act of parliament in 
 England. 
 
 " XXI. And our pleasure is, and for us, our heirs and suc- 
 cessors, we charge and command, that this, our declaration, 
 shall from henceforth, from time to time, be received and 
 allowed in all our courts, and before all the judges of us, our 
 heirs and successors, for a sufScient lawful discharge, payment. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 73 
 
 and acquittance, commanding all the officers and ministers of 
 us, our heirs and successors, and enjoining them, upon pain of 
 our highest displeasure, that they do not presume at any time 
 to attempt any thing to the contrary of the premises, or that 
 do in any sort withstand the same, but that they be, at all 
 times, aiding and assisting, as is fitting, to the said William 
 Penn, and his heirs, and .unto the inhabitants and merchants 
 of the province aforesaid, their servants, ministers, factors, and 
 assigns, in the full use and fruition of the benefit of this our 
 charter. 
 
 " XXII. And our further pleasure is, and we do hereby, for 
 us, our heirs and successors, charge and require, that if any of 
 the inhabitants of the said Province, to the number of twenty, 
 shall, at any time hereafter, be desirous, and shall, by any 
 writing, or by any person deputed by them, signify such their 
 desire to the Bishop of London, for the time being, that any 
 preacher or preachers, to be approved of by the said bishop, 
 may be sent unto them for their instruction, that then such 
 preacher or preachers shall and may reside within the said 
 Province, without any denial or molestation whatever. 
 
 " XXIII. And if, perchance, hereafter any doubt or question 
 should arise concerning the true sense and meaning of any 
 word, clause, or sentence contained in this our present charter, 
 we will, ordain, and command, that at all times, and in all 
 things, such interpretation be made thereof, and allowed, in 
 any of our courts whatsoever, as shall be adjudged most advan- 
 tageous and favorable unto the said "William Penn, his heirs 
 and assigns; provided always, no interpretation be admitted 
 thereof, by which the allegiance due unto us, our heirs and 
 successors, may suffer any prejudice or diminution ; although 
 express mention be not made in these presents, of the true 
 yearly value, or certainty of the premises, or any part thereof, 
 or of other gifts and grants made by us, and our progenitors or 
 predecessors, unto the said William Penn, any statute, act, 
 ordinance, provision, proclamation, or restraint heretofore had, 
 made, published, ordained, or provided, or any thing, cause, or 
 matter whatsoever, to the contrary thereof in anywise notwith- 
 standing. In witness whereof, we have caused these our 
 
74 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 letters to be made patent. Witness ourself, at Westminster, the 
 fourth day of March, in the three and thirtieth year of our 
 reign, Annoque Domini one thousand six hundred and eighty- 
 one. _ 
 
 " By wit of privy seal, Pigott. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 PEOCBEDINGS OF PENN AJ'TEE THE GRANT OP HIS CHAHTEE. 
 
 Penn's Joy — His Visit to the King — Surprise at tlie Name — OfEers Twenty 
 Guineas — Solicits the King — Refusal of the King — Letter to Robert Tur- 
 ner — Penn's Publication — Farewell to the King — Interesting Colloquy 
 with the King — Letter to his Family. 
 
 "TTTILLIAM PENN had expended mucli money, and offered 
 ' » many prayers, that he might settle a colony in North 
 America ; and, when first informed that his petition was granted, 
 he, with much excitement, exclaimed, that " God had heard the 
 voice of his prayer ! God had appointed unto him the honors 
 of Joshua, — to lead a remnant into the land of rest. The nobles 
 have been made to consent ; and even the king himself is stirred 
 up to convey the grateful tidings." 
 
 He soon hastened to court, to thank his Majesty for his royal 
 generosity. The king was in readiness to receive him, having 
 got the deed fairly drawn up and indorsed, — A deed op a new 
 Peovinoe in Noeth Ambeica, foe my beloved sitbject 
 
 AND PEEEND, WlLLIAM PeNN. 
 
 As soon as he was introduced into the drawing-room of the 
 palace, the king presented him this deed, with his own hand, 
 and, in a jocular way, said, " Well, friend William, you'll see in 
 this paper that I have done something handsome for you. Yes, 
 man, I have given you there a territory in North America as 
 large as my own island of Great Britain ; and, knowing what a 
 fighting family you are sprung from, I have made you governor 
 and captain-general of all the coasts and seas and bays and 
 rivers, and mountains and forests, and population ; and now, in 
 return for all this, I have but a few conditions to make with 
 you." 
 
 76 
 
76 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 William Penn courteously asked his Majesty to please let him 
 kaow what they were. " Why, in the first place," replied 
 Charles, " you are to give me a fifth of all the gold and silver 
 you may find there. But, as yon Quakers care but little about 
 the precious metals, I don't count on much from that quarter. 
 
 " In the second place, friend William, you are to be sure not 
 to make war on the nations, without my consent ; but, in case 
 of a war, you are always to remember that you are an English- 
 man, and therefore must never use the scalping-knife. 
 
 "In the third place, if any persons of my religion — the 
 honest Episcopalians — would wish to come and settle in your 
 Quaker province, you shall receive them kindly ; and if, at any 
 time, they should invite a preacher of their own, he shaU be per- 
 mitted to come among you. And, moreover, if they should like 
 to build what we call a church (but you, a steeple-house), you 
 will not forbid it." 
 
 Smiling, Penn addressed the king with the same epithet 
 which the king had applied to him. " Friend Charles, thee 
 shall certainly be gratified in all these thiugs ; for I, who have 
 drank so deeply of the bitter waters of persecution myself, wiU 
 never, I hope, consent to persecute others on the score of religion." 
 
 As soon as Penn retired from the presence of the king, he 
 inspected his charter and deed, when, to his great astonishment, 
 he found it named " Pennsylvaitia," that is, in English, 
 " Penn's woods." He considered that this would savor so much 
 of vanity in him, that he hastened to the recorder, to have the 
 name changed. The recorder was a Welshman. He said to 
 Penn, " Well, then, what name would hur like to give to hur 
 province ? " Penn replied, " New Wales." The Welshman 
 said that ought to be pleasing to him, as a compliment to his 
 native coiontry, " but, though hur should be well pleased to have 
 hur province called ' New Wales,' yet hur had no business to 
 alter the present name." 
 
 Upon this refusal, Penn offered him twenty guineas to alter 
 the name. The Welshman still declining to do it, Penn went 
 to his Majesty to get it done. The king, in his jocular way, 
 replied, that, as he had stood "godfather to the new province, he 
 thought he had a fair right to give it a name." 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 77 
 
 Penn was so perplexed, and the shock was so great, as he 
 supposed, to his vanity, that, failing to get the name changed 
 either by the recorder or the king, the next day, he wrote the 
 following letter to his friend Robert Turner : — 
 
 To Robert Ttjbnee. ^*^°^ 1st mo., 1681. 
 
 Bear Friend, — My true love in the Lord salutes thee, and 
 dear friends that love the Lord's precious truths in those parts. 
 Thine I have ; and for my business here, know that after many 
 waitings, watchings, solicitings, and disputes in council, this 
 day my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of 
 England, with large powers and privileges, by the name of 
 Pennsylvania, — a name the king would give it in honor of my 
 father. I chose New Wales, being, as this, a pretty hilly 
 country; but Perm being Welsh for a head (as Penman- 
 moire in Wales, and Penrith in Cumberland, and Penn in 
 Buckinghamshire, the highest land in England), called this 
 Pennsylvania, which is, the high or high woodlands ; for I pro- 
 posed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it 
 called New Wales, Sylvania, and they added Penn to it. And 
 though I much opposed it, and went to the king to have it 
 struck out and altered, he said it was past, and would take it 
 upon him. Nor could twenty guineas move the under secretary 
 to vary the name ; for I feared lest it should be looked on as a 
 vanity in me, and not as a respect in the king, as it truly was, 
 to my father, whom he often mentions with praise. Thou 
 mayest communicate my grant to friends, and expect shortly 
 my proposals. It is a clear and just thing, and my God, that 
 has given it me through many difficulties, will, I believe, bless, 
 and make it the seed of a nation. I shall have a tender care to 
 the government, that it will be well laid at first. No more now, 
 but dear love in the truth. 
 
 Thy true friend, 
 
 WrLLiAM Penn. 
 
 The charter being thus given, and the name not to be altered, 
 William Penn immediately made the following publication to 
 his Quakers, and to all other Englishmen as well : — 
 
78 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " In the first place, That while lands in England sold from 
 twenty to sixty pounds sterling per acre, WUliam Penn offered 
 his lands, fresh and heavy timbered, for forty shillings the hun- 
 dred acres, being but little more than fourpence an acre, with 
 but one shilling per hundred acres as quit-rent to the proprietor 
 forever. 
 
 " Secondly, That, while lands in England rented from one to 
 three pounds sterling per acre, William Penn offered his for 
 one shilling. 
 
 " Thirdly, That while it was in England a transportation 
 offence to Mil a rabbit or partridge, and few except the nobility 
 ever tasted venison, in Pennsylvania, any boy big enough to 
 draw a trigger might knock down a fat buck in the woods 
 whenever he pleased. And as to rabbits and partridges, they 
 were so abundant, that the very children, if they but knew how 
 to set traps, and pack thread-snares, might always keep the 
 house full of such savory game." 
 
 If these are esteemed by all as great natural recommendations 
 of Pennslyvania, the moral recommendations were still greater ; 
 for it was observed, — 
 
 " Fourthly, That whUe, in England, the servants were a people 
 but poorly rewarded for their services, in Pennsylvania, all ser- 
 vants, men or women, were to be allowed fifty acres in /«e-szmpZe, 
 to be paid them, with a good suit of clothes, at the expiration 
 of their servitude ; and the more cheerfully, if they had acted 
 with fidehty as servants, doing all things cheerfully, as with an 
 eye to the glory of God. 
 
 " Fifth, That while, in England, there was but one creed, one 
 catechism, one form of prayer, one baptism, from which no man 
 or woman might dissent without peril of the whipping-post or 
 pillory, in Pennsylvania, all who acknowledged ' one almighty 
 and eternal God to be the moral governor of the world,' and 
 honored him as such by an honest and peaceable life, should be 
 equally protected in their rights, and made capable of promotion 
 to office, whether they were Jews, Gentiles, or Christians. 
 
 " Sixth, That while in Virginia, Maryland, and New England, 
 the settlers were charged with cheating the Indians, by putting 
 bad merchandise upon them in exchange for their furs, in 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 79 
 
 Pennsylvania, all merchandise offered ia trade was to be 
 brought into market, and exposed to public inspection ; so that 
 the Indians might no longer be imposed on and provoked. 
 
 " Seventh, That while in the other colonies, the Indians were 
 treated very little better than dogs, whom every blackguard 
 might kick and cuff, to the exceeding diversion of the white 
 Christians, in Pennsylvania, it was exacted that the Persons 
 and Rights of the Indians should be held Sacred ; and that no 
 man, whatever his rank or fortune, should affront or wrong an 
 Indian, without incurring the same 'penalty as if he had com- 
 mitted the trespass against the proprietor himself. 
 
 " Eighth, That while, in most new countries settled by Chris- 
 tians, if a Christian was injured by a native, he might instantly 
 avenge himself, even to the knocking out the brains of the 
 offender, here it was enacted by William Penn, that, if ' any 
 Indian should abuse a planter, the said planter should not be his 
 own judge upon the Indian, but apply to the next magistrate, who 
 should make complaint thereof to the king of the Indian, for 
 reasonable satisfaction for the injury.'' 
 
 " Ninth, That whUe other Christian adventurers thought they 
 had a right to treat the inhabitants of the countries they dis- 
 covered, as mere animals of the brute creation, whom they 
 might abuse at pleasure, William Penn framed his laws with 
 an eye of equal tenderness for the Indians and the Quakers, 
 ordering that ' all differences between them should be settled by a 
 jury of twelve men, six chosen from each party, that so they might 
 live friendly together as brethren ; ' thus extending with im- 
 partial hand the rights of justice and humanity to these poor 
 people, who, in proportion to their weakness and ignorance, 
 were the more entitled to his fatherly protection and care. 
 
 " Tenth, That while, in England, the children of the rich were, 
 too generally, brought up in pride and sloth, good for nothing to 
 themselves or others, in Pennsylvania, all the children of the age 
 of twelve were to be brought up to some useful trade, that 
 there might be none of the worthless sort in the Province ; so 
 that the poor might get plenty of honest bread by their work, 
 and the rich, if brought low, might not be tempted to despair 
 and steal. 
 
80 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " Eleventh, That while in England, from the millions given to 
 the kings, lords, and clergy, the number and wretchedness of 
 the poor were so increased, that every year hundreds of them 
 were hung for stealing a little food for themselves and children, 
 in Pennsylvania, there were but two crimes deemed worthy of 
 death, i.e., deliberate murder, and treason against the State. 
 As for offences requiring confinement, it was ordered by 
 William Penn, that, in the punishment of these, an eye was 
 to be constantly kept on the reformation of the offender. And 
 hence all prisons were to be considered as workshops, where 
 the criminals might be industriously, soberly, and morally 
 employed." 
 
 The publication of this document produced great joy to the 
 inhabitants generally, and especially to the Quakers. The 
 persecutions they had long been subjected to had almost pre- 
 vented them from going abroad, and they were seldom seen in 
 the streets. Their hearts were filled with joy, and they wel- 
 comed William Penn as well-nigh a heavenly messenger. It 
 was a greater boon than they had ever expected to enjoy ; and 
 multitudes of them prepared to embark for America. Nor was 
 this joy confined to the Quakers. Many other poor and pious 
 men, who had seen and heard Penn preach, and had been 
 delighted with his character, were ready to join him and his 
 Quakers. He immediately sent off three ships laden with 
 these poor people, and had a fourth one prepared, in which he 
 intended to embark himself. 
 
 When he was prepared to leave, as the king had shown him 
 much good will and friendship, Penn took a journey to London 
 to bid him farewell". Although Penn was more unlike Charles 
 II. than almost any other man, yet the king was glad to see him ; 
 and the interview between them was very pleasant, during 
 which the following colloquy took place : — 
 
 The king said, " Well, friend William, I have sold you a 
 noble province in North America ; but still I suppose you have 
 no thoughts of going thither yourself." 
 
 " Yes, I have," rephed William Penn, » and I am just come 
 to bid thee farewell." 
 
 " What! venture yourself among the savages of North Amer- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 81 
 
 ica ! Why, man ! what security have you that you'll not be in 
 their war-kettle in two hours after setting foot on their shores ? " 
 
 " The best security in the world," replied William Penn 
 calmly. 
 
 " I doubt that, friend William. I have no idea of any secu- 
 rity against those cannibals, but in a regiment of good soldiers, 
 with their muskets and bayonets. And mind, I tell you before- 
 hand, that, with all my good-will for you and your family (to 
 whom I am under obligations), I'll not send a single soldier with 
 you." 
 
 "I want none of thy soldiers," answered William Penn 
 pleasantly. " I depend upon something better than thy 
 soldiers." 
 
 The king wanted to know what that was. 
 
 " Why, I depend on themselves," replied WiUiam Penn, — 
 " on their own moral sense ; even on that ' grace of Grod which 
 hringeth salvation, and which appeared unto all men. ' " 
 
 " I fear, friend William, that that grace has never appeared 
 to the Indians of North America." 
 
 " Why not to them as well as to all others ? " 
 
 " If it had appeared to them, they would hardly have treated 
 my subjects so barbarously as they have done." 
 
 " That's no proof to the contrary, friend Charles. Thy sub- 
 jects were the aggressors. When thy subjects first went to 
 North America, they found these poor people the fondest and 
 kindest creatures in the world. Every day they would watch 
 for them to come ashore, and hasten to meet them, and feast 
 them on their best fish and venison and corn, which was all that 
 they had. In return for this hospitality of the ' savages,' as we 
 call them, thy subjects, termed ' Christians,' seized on their 
 country and rich hunting-grounds for farms for themselves. 
 Now, is it to be wondered at, that these much injured people 
 should have been driven to desperation by such injustice, and 
 that, burning with revenge, they should have committed some 
 excesses ? " 
 
 " Well, then, I hope, friend William, you'll not complain 
 when they come to treat you in the same manner." 
 
 " I am not afraid of it." 
 
82 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 "Ay! How will you avoid it? You mean to get their 
 hunting-grounds too, I suppose." 
 
 " Yes, but not by driving these poor people away from them." 
 
 " No, indeed ! How, then, will you get their lands ? " 
 
 " I mean to buy their lands of them." 
 
 " Buy their lands of them ! Why, man, you have already 
 bought them of me." 
 
 " Yes, I know I have, and at a dear rate too ; but I did it 
 only to get thy good-will, not that I thought thou hadst any 
 right to their lands." 
 
 " Zounds, man ! No right to their lands ? " 
 
 " No, friend Charles, no right at all. What right hast thou 
 to their lands?" 
 
 '' Wliy, the right of discovery, — the right which the pope 
 and all Christian kings have agreed to give one another." 
 
 " The right of discovery,^' replied William Penn, half smiling, 
 — "a strange kind of right indeed ! Now, suppose, friend 
 Charles, some canoe-loads of these Indians, crossing the sea, and 
 discovering thy Island of Great Britain, were to claim it as their 
 own, and set it up for sale over thy head, what wouldst thou 
 think it?" 
 
 " Why — why — why," replied Charles, blushing, " I must 
 confess I should think it a piece of great impudence in them." 
 
 " Well, then, how canst thou, a Christian, and a Christian, 
 prince too, do that which thou so utterly condemnest in these 
 people whom thou callest savages ? " 
 
 The king being rather too much staggered to make a reply, 
 William Penn thus went on, " Yes, friend Charles, and sup- 
 pose, again, that these Indians, on thy refusal to give up thy 
 Island of Great Britain, were to make war on thee, and, having 
 weapons more destructive than thine, were to destroy many of 
 thy subjects, and to drive the rest away, wouldst thou not think 
 it horribly cruel ? " 
 
 The king, with strong marks of conviction, agreeing to this, 
 William Penn thus added, " Well, then, friend Charles, how 
 can I, who call myself a Christian, do what I should abhor 
 even in heathens ? No, I will not do it. I will not use the 
 right to their lands, though I have bought it of thee at a dear 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 83 
 
 rate. But I will buy the right of the proper owners, even the 
 Indians themselves. By doing this, I shall imitate God himsqlf 
 in his justice and mercy, and thereby insure his blessing on my 
 colony, if I should ever live to plant one in America." 
 
 Having performed this duty of respect to the king, Penn 
 now repaired to his country-seat at Worminghurst, and spent a 
 day with his family. It was both a pleasant and mournful day, 
 — pleasant to be with his wife and children, and mournful that 
 he was so soon to leave them. During the day, which was 
 partly spent in devotion, partly in conversation, he wrote a 
 letter to his wife and children, which has been thought one of 
 the kindest, richest, and best letters of advice to a family from 
 an endeared father to be found on record; and as most of it is 
 applicable to families of our modern times, and may be very 
 useful, not only to the mothers and children in Pennsylvania, 
 but throughout the Union, we publish the whole of this most 
 tender and loving epistle. 
 
 Worminghurst, 4th of the 6th month. 
 
 My dear Wefe and Childebn, — My love, which neither 
 sea nor land nor death itself can extinguish or lessen toward 
 you, most endearedly visits you with eternal embraces, and will 
 abide with you forever ; and may the God of my life watch 
 over you, and do you good in this world and forever I Some 
 things are upon my spirit to leave with you in your respective 
 capacities, as I am to one a husband, and the rest a father, if I 
 should never see you more in this world. 
 
 My dear wife ! remember thou wast the love of my youth, 
 and much the joy of my life, the most beloved, as well as 
 most worthy, of all my earthly comforts ; and the reason of 
 that love was more thy inward than thy outward excellences, 
 which yet were many. God knows, and thou knowest it. I 
 can say it was a match of Providence's making ; and God's 
 image in us both was the first thing, and the most amiable and 
 engaging ornament in our eyes. Now I am to leave thee, and 
 that without knowing whether I shall ever see thee more in 
 this world, take my counsel into thy bosom, and let it dwell 
 with thee in my stead while thou livest. 
 
84 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 First, Let the fear of tlie Lord, and a zeal and love to his 
 glory, dwell richly in thy heart ; and thou wilt watch for good 
 over thyself, and thy dear children and family, that no rude, 
 light, or bad thing be committed ; else God will be offended, 
 and he will repent himself of the good he intends thee and 
 thine. 
 
 Secondly, Be diligent in meetings for worship and busi- 
 ness ; stir up thyself and others herein : it is thy duty and 
 place. And let meetings be kept once a day in the family, to 
 wait upon the Lord, who has given us much time for ourselves ; 
 and, my dearest, to make thy family matters easy to thee, 
 divide thy time, and be regular : it is easy and sweet. Thy 
 retirement will afford thee to do it ; as, in the morning, to view 
 the business of the house, and fix it as thou desirest, seeing all 
 be in order, that by thy counsel all may move, and to thee 
 render an account every evening. The time for work, for 
 walking, for meals, may be certain, at least as near as may be. 
 And grieve not thyself with careless servants ; they will dis- 
 order thee : rather pay them, and let them go, if they wiU not 
 be better by admonition. This is best to avoid many words, 
 which I know wound the soul, and offend the Lord. 
 
 Thirdly, Cast up thy income, and see what it daily amounts 
 to ; by which thou mayest be sure to have it in thy sight and 
 power to keep within compass : and I beseech thee to live low 
 and sparingly till my debts are paid, and then enlarge as thou 
 seest it convenient. Remember thy mother's example, when 
 thy father's public-spiritedaess had worsted his estate (which 
 is my case). 
 
 I know thou lovest plain things, and art averse to the pomps 
 of the world, — a nobility natural to thee. I write not as 
 doubtful, but to quicken thee, for my sake, to be more vigilant 
 herein, knowing that God will bless thy care, and thy poor 
 children and thee, for it. My mind is wrapped up in a saying of 
 tliy father's, " I desire not riches, but to owe nothing ; " and 
 truly that is wealth : and more than enough to live is a snare 
 attended with many sorrows. I need not bid thee be humble, 
 for thou art so, nor meek and patient, for it is much of thy 
 natural disposition ; but I pray thee be oft in retirement with 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 85 
 
 the Lord, and guard against encroaching friendships. Keep 
 them at arm's-length, for it is giving away our power, ay, and 
 self too, into the possession of another ; and that which might 
 seem engaging in the beginning may prove a yoke and burden 
 too hard and heavy in the end. Wherefore keep dominion 
 over thyself, and let thy children, good meetings, and friends, 
 be the pleasure of thy Kfe. 
 
 Fourthly, And now, my dearest, let me recommend to thy 
 care my dear children, abundantly beloved of me as the Lord's 
 blessings, and the sweet pledges of our mutual and endeared 
 affections. Above all things, endeavor to breed them up in 
 the love of virtue, and that holy, plain way of it which we have 
 lived in, that the world in no part of it get into my family. I 
 had rather they were homely than finely bred as to outward 
 behavior ; yet I love sweetness mixed with gravity, and cheer- 
 fulness tempered with sobriety. Religion in the heart leads 
 into this true civility, teaching men and women to be mild and 
 courteous in their behavior, — an accomplishment worthy 
 indeed of praise. 
 
 Fifthly, Next breed them up in a love one of another : tell 
 them it is the charge I left behind me ; and that it is the way 
 to have the love and blessing of God upon them, also what 
 his portion is who hates, or calls his brother fool. Sometimes 
 separate them, but not long ; and allow them to send or give 
 each other small things to endear one another with. Once 
 more, I say, teU them it was my counsel they should be tender 
 and affectionate one to another. For their learning, be liberal, 
 spare no cost ; for by such parsimony all is lost that is saved. 
 But let it be useful knowledge, such as is consistent with truth 
 and godliness, not cherishing a vain conversation or idle mind ; 
 for ingenuity mixed with industry is good for the body and 
 mind too. I recommend the useful parts of mathematics, as 
 building houses or ships, measuring, surveying, dialling, navi- 
 gation ; but agriculture is especially in my eye. Let my chil- 
 dren be husbandmen and housewives. It is industrious, healthy, 
 honest, and of good example, like Abraham and the holy 
 ancients, who pleased God, and obtained a good report. This 
 leads to consider the works of God and Nature, of things that 
 
86 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 are good, and diverts the mind from being taken up with the 
 vain arts and inventions of a luxurious world. It is commend- 
 able in the princes of Germany, and the nobles of that empire, 
 that they have all their children instructed in some useful occu- 
 pation. Rather keep an ingenious person in the house to teach 
 them, than send them to schools; too many evil impressions 
 being commonly received there. 
 
 Be sure to observe their genius, and do not cross it as to 
 learning ; let them not dwell too long on one thing, but" let 
 their change be agreeable, and all their diversions have some 
 bodily labor in them. When grown big, have most care for 
 them ; for then there are more snares both within and without. 
 When marriageable, see that they have worthy persons in their 
 eye, of good life, and good fame for piety and understanding. 
 I need no wealth, but sufSciency ; and be sure their love be 
 dear, fervent, and mutual, that it may be happy for them. 
 
 I choose not they should be married to earthly, covetous 
 kindred. And of cities and towns of concourse beware : the 
 world is apt to stick close to those who have lived and got 
 wealth there : a country life and estate Hike lest for my cMldren. 
 I prefer a decent mansion, of a hundred pounds per annum, 
 i.e., a neat house, and fifty or sixty acres in the country, before 
 ten thousand pounds in London, or such like place, in a way of 
 trade. In fine, my dear, endeavor to breed them dutiful to 
 the Lord, and his blessed light, truth, and grace in their hearts, 
 who is their Creator, and his fear wiU grow up with them. 
 " Teach a child," says the wise man, " the way thou wilt have 
 him to walk, and, when he is old, he wiU not forget it." Next, 
 obedience to thee, their dear mother, and that not for wrath, 
 but for conscience' sake ; liberal to the poor, pitiful to the mis- 
 erable, humble and kind to all ; and may my God make thee a 
 blessing, and give thee comfort, in our dear children, and in ^e 
 gather thee to the joy and blessedness of the just (where no 
 death shall separate us) forever. 
 
 And now, my dear children, that are the gifts and mercies 
 of the God of your tender father, hear my counsel, and lay it 
 up in your hearts : love it more than treasure, and follow it, 
 and you shall be blessed here, and happy hereafter. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 87 
 
 In the first place, remember your Creator in the days of 
 your youth. Oh, how did God bless Josiah because he feared 
 him in his youth ! and so he did Jacob and Joseph and Moses. 
 
 Oh, m}^ dear children, remember and fear and serve Him 
 who made you, and gave you to me and your dear mother, 
 that you may live to him, and glorify him in your generations ! 
 To do this, in your youthful days seek after the Lord, that 
 you may find him, remembering his great love in creating you, 
 that you are not beasts, plants, or stones, but that he has kept 
 you, and given you his grace within, and substance without, 
 and provided plentifully for you. This remember in your 
 youth, that you may be kept from the evil of the world ; for 
 in age it will be harder to overcome the temptations of it. 
 
 Wherefore, my dear children, eschew the appearance of 
 evil, and love and cleave to that in your hearts which shows 
 you good from evil, and tells you when you do amiss, and 
 reproves you for it. It is the light of Christ, that he has 
 given you for your salvation. If you do this, and follow my 
 counsel, God will bless you in this world, and give you an 
 inheritance in that which will never have an end. For the 
 light of Jesus is of a purifying nature : it seasons those who 
 love it, and take heed to it, and never leaves such, till it has 
 brought them to "the city of God, that has foundations." 
 Oh that you may be seasoned with the gracious nature of it ! 
 Hide it in your hearts ; and flee, my dear children, from all 
 youthful lusts, the vain sports, pastimes, and pleasures of the 
 world, " redeeming the time, because the days are evil." You 
 are now beginning to live. What would some give for your 
 time ? Oh ! I could have lived better, were I, as you, in the 
 flower of youth. Therefore, love and fear the Lord. Keep 
 close to meetings ; and deHght to wait on the Lord God of 
 your father and mother, among his despised people, as we have 
 done ; and count it your honor to be members of that society, 
 and heirs of that living fellowship which is enjoyed among 
 them ; for the experience of which your father's soul blesseth 
 the Lord forever. 
 
 Next, be obedient to your dear mother, a woman whose 
 virtues and good name is an honor to you ; for she hath been 
 
88 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 exceeded by none in her time for her plainness, integrity, 
 industry, humanity, virtue, and good understanding, — quali- 
 ties not usual among women of her worldly condition and 
 quality. Therefore, honor and obey her, my dear children, 
 as your mother, and your father's love and delight ; nay, love 
 her too, for she loved your father with a deep and upright 
 love, choosing him before all her many suitors. And, though 
 she be of a delicate constitution and noble spirit, yet she 
 descended to the utmost tenderness and care for you, perform- 
 ing the painful acts of service to you in your infancy, as a 
 mother and nurse too. I charge you, before the Lord, honor 
 and obey, love and cherish, your dear mother. 
 
 Next, betake yourself to some honest, industrious course 
 of life, and that not of sordid covetousness, but for example, 
 and to avoid idleness. And if you change your condition, and 
 marry, choose with the knowledge and consent of your mother, 
 if living, or of guardians, or those that have the charge of 
 you. Mind neither beauty nor riches, but the fear of the 
 Lord, and a sweet and amiable disposition, such as you can 
 love above all the world, and that may make your habitations 
 pleasant and desirable to you. 
 
 And, being married, be tender, affectionate, patient, and 
 meek. Live in the fear of the Lord, and he wiU bless you 
 and your offspring. Be sure to live within compass. Borrow 
 not, neither be beholden to any. Ruin not yourself by kind- 
 ness to others ; for that exceeds the due bounds of friendship : 
 neither wdl a true friend expect it. Small matters, I heed not. 
 
 Let your industry and parsimony go no further than for a 
 sufficiency for life, and to make provision for your children, 
 and that in moderation, if the Lord gives you any. I charge 
 you to help the poor and needy. Let the Lord have a voluntary 
 share of your income for the good of the poor both in your 
 society and others ; for we are all his creatures, remembering 
 that he that giveth to the poor lendeth to the Lord. 
 
 Know well your incomings, and your outgoings may be 
 better regulated. 
 
 Love not money, nor the world. Use them only, and they 
 will serve you; but, if you love them, you serve them which 
 debase your spirits, as well as offend the Lord. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 89 
 
 Pity the distressed, and hold out a hand of help to them : 
 it may be your case ; and, as you mete to others, God will mete 
 to you again. 
 
 Be humble and gentle in your conversation, of few words, 
 I charge you, but always pertinent, hearing out before you 
 attempt to answer, and then speaking as if you womIA. persuade, 
 not impose. 
 
 Affront none, neither revenge the affronts that are done to 
 you, but forgive, and you shall be forgiven of your heavenly 
 Father. 
 
 In making friends, consider well first, and, when you are 
 fixed, be true ; not wavering by reports, nor deserting in afflic- 
 tion, for that becomes not the good and virtuous. 
 
 "Watch against anger, and neither speak nor act in it ; for, 
 like drunkenness, it makes a man a beast, and throws people 
 into desperate inconveniences. 
 
 Avoid flatterers, for they are thieves in disguise : their 
 praise is costly, designing to get by those they bespeak. They 
 are the worst of creatures: they lie to flatter, and flatter to 
 cheat; and, which is worse, if you believe them, you cheat 
 yourselves most dangerously. But the virtuous, though poor, 
 love, cherish, and prefer. Remember David, who asking the 
 Lord, " Who shall abide in thy tabernacle ? who shall dwell 
 upon thy holy hill ? " answers, " He that walketh uprightly, and 
 speaketh the truth in his heart ; in whose eyes the vile person 
 is contemned, but honoreth them who fear the Lord." 
 
 Next, my children, be temperate in all things, — in your 
 diet, for that is physic by prevention : it keeps, nay, it makes, 
 people healthy, and their generation sound. This is exclusive 
 of the spiritual advantage it brings. Be also plain in your 
 apparel. Keep out that lust which reigns too much over some. 
 Let your virtues be your ornaments, remembering " life is more 
 than food, and the body than raiment." Let your furniture be 
 simple and cheap. Avoid pride, avarice, and luxury. Read 
 my " No Cross, No Crown." There is instruction. Make your 
 conversation with the most eminent for wisdom and piety ; and 
 shun all wicked men, as you hope for the blessing of God, 
 and the comfort of your father's living and dying prayers. 
 
90 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Be sure you speak no evil of any ; no, no, not of the meanest, 
 much less of your superiors, as magistrates, guardians, tutors, 
 teachers, and elders in Christ. 
 
 Be no busy-bodies : meddle not with other folk's matters, 
 but when in conscience and duty pressed ; for it procures 
 trouble, and is ill manners, and verj'- unseemly to wise men. 
 
 In your family, remember Abraham, Moses, and Joshua, 
 their integrity to the Lord, and do as you have them for your 
 examples. 
 
 Let the fear and service of the living God be encouraged 
 in your houses, and that plainness, sobriety, and moderation 
 in all things, as becometh God's chosen people. And as I 
 advise you, my beloved children, do you counsel yours, if God 
 should give you any. Yea, I counsel and command them, as 
 my posterity, that they love and serve the- Lord God with an 
 upright heart, that he may bless you and yours from generation 
 to generation. 
 
 And as for you, who are likely to be concerned in the 
 government of Pennsylvania, and my parts of Jersey, 
 especially the first, I do charge you, before the Lord God and 
 his holy angels, that you be lowly, diligent, and tender, fearing 
 God, loving the people, and hating covetousness. Let justice 
 have its impartial course, and the law free passage. Though 
 to yorrr loss, protect no man against it ; for you are not above 
 the law, but the law above you. Live, therefore, the lives 
 yourselves you would have the people to live, and then you 
 have right and boldness to punish the transgressor. Keep 
 upon the square, for God sees you : therefore, do your duty, 
 and be sure you see with your own eyes, and hear with your 
 own ears. Entertain no luxuries, cherish no informers for 
 gain or revenge. Use no tricks, fly to no devices, to cover or 
 support injustice, but let your hearts be upright before the 
 Lord, trusting in him above the contrivances of men, and none 
 shall be able to hurt or supplant you. 
 
 Oh ! the Lord is a strong God, and he can do whatsoever 
 he pleases ; and, though men consider it not, it is the Lord that 
 rules and overrules in the kingdom of men, and he builds up 
 and pulls down. I, your father, am a man that can say, " He 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSTLVANIA. 91 
 
 that trusts in the Lord shall not be confounded. But God, in 
 due time, will make liis enemies be at peace with him." 
 
 If you thus behave yourselves, and so become a terror to 
 evil-doers, and a praise to them that do well, God, my God, 
 will be with you in wisdom and a sound mind, and make you 
 blessed instruments, in his hands, for the settlement of some of 
 those desolate parts of the world ; which my soul desires, above 
 all worldly honors and riches, both for you that go and you 
 that stay, you that govern and you that are governed ; that, 
 in the end, you may be gathered with me to the rest of God. 
 
 Finally, my children, love one another with a true, en- 
 deared love, and your dear relations on both sides, and take 
 care to preserve tender affection in your children to each other, 
 often marrying within themselves, so as it be without the 
 bounds forbidden in God's law, that so they may not, like the 
 forgetting, unnatural world, grow out of Idnclred, and as cold as 
 strangers, but, as becomes a truly natural and Christian stock, 
 you, and yours after you, may live in the pure and fervent love 
 of God towards one another, as becometh brethren in the 
 spiritual and natural relation. 
 
 So my God, that has blessed me with his abundant mercies 
 both of this and the other and better life, be with you all, 
 guide you by his counsel, bless you, and bring you to his 
 eternal glory, that you may shine, my dear children, in the 
 firmament of God's power, with the blessed spirits of the just, 
 that celestial family, praising and admiring him, the God and 
 father of it, forever. For there is no God like unto him, the 
 God of Isaac and of Jacob, the God of the prophets, the 
 apostles, and martyrs of Jesus, in whom I live forever. 
 
 So farewell to my thrice dearly beloved wife and children ! 
 
 Yours, as God pleaseth, in that which no waters can 
 quench, no time forget, nor distance wear away, but remain 
 forever, 
 
 William Peutn. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 WILLIAM PENN'S PIEST VISIT TO AMEEICA. 
 
 Sends Commissioners — Letter to the Indians — Death of his Mother — Frame 
 of Government — Agreement with the Duke of York — Penn's Embarkation 
 — An Epistle — Letter to Stephen Crisp — Welcome from the Dutch, Swedes, 
 and Quakers — Toleration and Civil Freedom — First General Assembly — 
 Chester Named — Lands bought — Great Treaty — Measurement by Walks — 
 John Penn — Bounties oiiered — Site for a City — Penn's House — Penns- 
 bury Manor — City named — Division of Province and Territories — Letter 
 to One of his Detractors — Leaves for England. 
 
 IN one of the three ships already alluded to sailed Col. 
 WiUiam Markham, a relative of Penn's, who was to be his 
 future secretary, and several commissioners, with power to 
 treat with the Indians for the purchase of their lands. " Penn 
 charged them in a solemn manner to be just and humane towards 
 the Indians," to whom he sent by them a most kind and friendly 
 letter, of which the following is a copy : — 
 
 " There is a great God and Power, which hath made the 
 world, and all things therein, to whom you, and I, and all 
 people, owe their being and well-being, and to whom you and I 
 must one day give an account for all that we have done in this 
 world. 
 
 " This great God has written his law in our hearts, by which 
 we are taught and commanded to love, and to help, and to do 
 good to one another. Now, this great God hath been pleased 
 to make me concerned in your part of the world ; and the 
 king of the country where I live hath given me a great 
 province therein : but I desire to enjoy it with your love and 
 consent, that we may always live together as neighbors and 
 friends ; else what would the great God do to us, who hath 
 made us, not to devour and destroy one another, but to hve 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSTLVANIA. 93 
 
 soberly and kindly together in the world ? Now, I would have 
 you well observe, that I am very sensible of the unkindness 
 and injustice which have been too much exercised toward you 
 by the people of these parts of the world, who have sought 
 themselves to make great advantages by you, rather than to be 
 examples of goodness and patience unto you. This, I hear, 
 hath been a matter of trouble to you, and caused great grudg- 
 ing and animosities, sometimes to the shedding of blood, 
 which hath made the great God angry. But I am not such a 
 man, as is well known in my own country. I have great love 
 and regard toward you, and desire to' win and gain your love 
 and friendship by a kind, just, and peaceable life ; and the 
 people I send are of the same mind, and shall in all things be- 
 have themselves accordingly. And if, in any thing, any shall 
 offend you or your people, you shall have a full and speedy 
 satisfaction for the same by an equal number of just men on 
 both sides, that by no means you may have just occasion of 
 being offended against them. 
 
 " I shall shortly come to see you myself, at which time we 
 may more largely and freely discourse of these matters. In 
 the mean time I have sent my commissioners to treat with you 
 about land and a firm league of peace. Let me desire you to 
 be kind to them and to the people, and receive the presents 
 and tokens which I have sent you, as a testimony of my good- 
 will to you, and of my resolution to live justly, peaceably, and 
 
 friendly with you. 
 
 " I am your loving friend, 
 
 " WnxiAM Penn." 
 
 Soon after this, William Penn's mother died, for whom he 
 greatly mourned ; and, having paid the last offices of respect to 
 her, he turned his mind to his American affairs. In the first 
 place, he published the Frame of Government for Pennsylva- 
 nia. Clarkson, speaking of the preface to this constitution says, 
 " To this he added a noble preface, containing his own thoughts 
 upon the origin, nature, object, and modes of government, — a 
 preface, indeed beautiful, and full of wise and just senti- 
 ments." ' 
 
 » Life of Penn, vol. i p. 234. 
 
94 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 It does contain many excellent remarks upon human govern- 
 ment, and exhibits a superior mind, showing that William 
 Penn was far in advance of most of the statesmen, politi- 
 cians, bishops, and clergy of his day. It has, also, many things 
 worthy of the attention and adoption of the now numerous 
 States in the Union; and, had we not already quoted so largely 
 from the writings of Penn, we should feel it our duty to give it 
 entire to our readers. 
 
 Penn now — having, by an arrangement with the Duke of 
 York, barred all claims upon his Province of Pennsylvania, and 
 thus added the territories to it, pubUshed his Frame of 
 Government and Laws, written the long letter to his family, 
 already given in the last chapter — embarked on board the ship 
 " Welcome," for America. Robert Greenaway commanded the 
 ship; and the passengers, including himself, were (about one 
 hundred) mostly Quakers. While the vessel was^ detained in 
 the Downs, he wrote a farewell letter, entitled " An Epistle 
 containing a Salutation to all Faithful Friends, a Reproof to the 
 Unfaithful, and a Visitation to the Inquiring in the Land of 
 my Nativity." He wrote, also, a letter to his friend Stephen 
 Crisp, a minister of the gospel in his own society, who had 
 suffered much in the cause of religion, and to whom his soul 
 clung with extraordinary love, from which we make the foUow- 
 incr extract : — 
 
 "The Lord will bless that ground [Pennsylvania]. And, 
 truly, Stephen, there is work enough ; and here is room to 
 work in. Surely God will come in for a share in this planting- 
 work ; and that leaven shall leaven the lump in time. I do not 
 believe the Lord's providence had run this way towards me, 
 but that he has an heavenly end and service in it : so with him 
 I leave all, and myself, and thee, and his dear people, and 
 blessed name on earth." 
 
 The first of September, 1682, they proceeded to sea; and, in 
 six weeks after sailing, they came in sight of the American 
 coast, and entered the River Delaware. The Dutch, Swedes, 
 and Col. Markham, who had been sent out the year before, 
 received him with demonstrations of great joy. He landed at 
 New Castle, and, the next day after his arrival, called the peo- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 95 
 
 pie together at the Dutch court-house at that place. There, in 
 due form, he took legal possession of the country as its govern- 
 or, his claim and charter taking precedence of all others. He 
 made an address to the old magistrates, and explained to them 
 the design of his coming, and the nature of his government. 
 He assured them that they should have all their rights as to 
 liberty of conscience and civil freedom, renewed the commis- 
 sions of the magistrates, and exhorted them to live soberly, and 
 in peace with each other. 
 
 Penn then proceeded to Upland, for the purpose of calling 
 the first general assembly. This was a great event; and he 
 determined to distinguish it by changing the name of the 
 place. Turning to his friend Pearson, one of his brother 
 Quakers, he said, " Providence has brought us here safe. Thou 
 hast been the companion of my perils. What wilt thou that I 
 should call this place ? " Pearson replied, " Chester," in 
 remembrance of the city from whence he came. William 
 Penn replied, " It shall be called Chester ; and, when I divide 
 the land into counties, I will call one of them by the same 
 name." 
 
 When the assembly met, it consisted of an equal number 
 from the Province and from the territories, and such freemen 
 as chose to attend, in accordance with the sixteenth article of 
 his Frame of Government. Nicholas Moore, president of the 
 Free Society of Traders of Pennsylvania, was chosen speaker. 
 The whole business was transacted in three days, a commenda- 
 ble example, worthy to have been imitated by many more 
 modern assemblies. 
 
 The assembly passed an act of union, annexing the territories 
 to the Province. They also passed an act of settlement, which 
 referred to the Frame of Government, and which adopted that 
 Frame of Government with a very few alterations. 
 
 The Swedes, Dutch, and foreigners within the bounds of the 
 territories, then became naturalized. In addition to the laws 
 which formed the Frame of Government, nineteen others were 
 added, making a general constitution, from which we extract 
 the following from Clarkson's " Life of Penn : " * — 
 
 1 Vol. i. p. 260. 
 
96 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " Among these, laws I shall notice the following : All persons 
 who confessed the one almighty and eternal God to be the 
 Creator, Upholder, and Ruler of the world, and who held them- 
 selves obliged in conscience to live peaceably and justly in 
 society, were in no ways to be molested for their religious per- 
 suasion and practice, nor to be compelled at any time to 
 frequent any religious place or ministry whatever. All Treas- 
 urers, however. Judges, Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, and all 
 whatsoever in the service of the government, and all members 
 elected to serve in provincial council and general assembly, 
 and all electors, were to be such as professed faith in Jesus 
 Christ, and as had not been convicted of ill fame, or imsober 
 and dishonest conversation, and who were one and twenty years 
 of age. All children of the age of twelve were to be taught 
 some useful trade or skill, to the end that none might be idle in 
 the Province, but that the poor might work to live, and the 
 rich, if they became poor, might not want. Servants were not 
 to be kept longer than the time of servitude agreed upon, and 
 were to be put in fit equipage at the expiration of it. All 
 pleadings, processes, and records in courts of law, were to be 
 moderate, and to be hung up on tables in the courts. All per- 
 sons wrongfully imprisoned or prosecuted were to have double 
 damages against the informer or prosecutor. All fines were to 
 be moderate. With respect to the criminal part of these laws, 
 one new principle was introduced into it. William Perm was 
 of opinion, that though the deterring of others from offences 
 must continue to be the great, and, indeed, only end of punish- 
 ment, yet, in a commimity professing itself Christian, the 
 reformation of the offender was to be inseparably connected 
 with it. Hence he made but two capital offences ; namely, 
 murder, and treason against the State; and hence, also, all 
 prisons were to be considered as workshops, where the offenders 
 might be industriously, soberly, and morally employed." 
 
 As William Penn had told King Charles he had no right to 
 sell the Indians' lands, so, though he had taken legal possession 
 of them according to the laws of England, he now carried out 
 that principle, and proceeded to buy them of the natives. The 
 commissioners, according to his instructions, who had come 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 97 
 
 over before him, had ah'eady made several purchases, and a 
 treaty of eternal friendship. Although these minor treaties 
 are several times referred to, no definite description of them 
 has come down to us, although traditions of them remain in 
 Quaker families. Penu now procedeed to ratify their treaty of 
 peace, and their purchase of lands. For this purpose, he came 
 to Coaquannoc, the Indian name of the place where Philadel- 
 phia now stands. Many of his friends — men, women, and young 
 persons of both sexes — accompanied him. The Quakers, accord- 
 ing to their pacific principles, came without any arms. Upon 
 his arrival he found the sachems and their tribes assembling in 
 large numbers. Some of the historians of that day say that 
 they were armed ; others, that they were not. Although this 
 meeting was called at Coaquannoc, the treaty was made at 
 Shackamaxon, where Kensington now stands, which was not in 
 the bounds of the old city of Philadelphia as laid out by Penn, 
 although it is now included in the city. Here was a very large 
 elm-tree, under Which the leaders of both parties assembled 
 when the sun was at the " halfway house ; " that is, at noon. 
 
 William Penn wore his usual clothes, without a crown, 
 sceptre, mace, sword, halberd, or any insignia of distinction, 
 except a sky-blue sash around his waist. On his right hand 
 stood Col. Markham ; on his left, his friend Pearson. Various 
 articles of merchandise were carried before him, and spread out 
 upon the ground before the sachems. He held a roll of parch- 
 ment, on which was written the treaty of purchase and of 
 friendship, in his hand. The chief sachem put upon his own 
 head a kind of chaplet, or crown, with a small horn in it. This 
 was an indication of power, and that the place was sacred, and 
 all persons present, secure. The fact of the sachems wearing 
 a crown when they transacted business was Gov. Boudinot's 
 strongest argument to prove that these Indians were the de- 
 scendants of the " lost ten tribes." 
 
 When, upon any occasion, the chief sachem put on this 
 horn, the Indians always threw down their bows and arrows, 
 and seated themselves upon the ground, in the form of a half- 
 moon. The chief sachem then said to William Penn, through 
 an interpreter, " The nations were ready to hear him." William 
 7 
 
m 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 
 3 . S^- 
 
B J STORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 99 
 
 Penn, being thus called upon, addressed them tlirough their 
 interpreter : — 
 
 " Brothers, listen ! Brothers, we are come to bring good 
 words to your ear. We call you brothers, and so you are ; and 
 we are your brothers too. Yes, the red men on this side the 
 big water, and the white men on the other side, are all children 
 of the Gkeat Spirit, and so must love one another, and never 
 fall out. The Great Spirit says so. He says we have no 
 need to fall out ; for he has made this world big, — big enough 
 for all, red and white brothers too. And he has made fish and 
 deer and turkeys and corn, and every thing, plenty for all. 
 And, if at any time, the red or white brothers want any thing 
 that the others have, they must not fight to take it away. 
 Now your own eyes see our canoes yonder (here he pointed to 
 his ships), that they are bigger than your canoes ; and our 
 bows and arrows, too, that they are stronger than your bows and 
 arrows. They send out thunder and lightning : nothing can 
 stand before them. We could easily kill you with our bows 
 and arrows of fire, and take your land; but the Geeat Spirit 
 shakes his head, and says, 'No, you must not hurt your red 
 brothers. You must not touch their land. Didn't I give this 
 land to them and their children to hunt on ? And also the 
 buffaloes, and deer and turkeys, and corn and beans and 
 squashes ? And haven't I given you good things, too, great 
 many good things ? Well, then, give some to your red brothers, 
 and they will give you land ; and so live together like brothers.' 
 Now, brothers, lift up your eyes, and see here the good things 
 which the Great Spirit has given us to bring you." 
 
 When the speech was finished, and Penn had sat down, the 
 chief sachem, with the crown and horn on his head, as above 
 related, arose, and made the following reply : — 
 
 "Brother, your words are fine. We feel them burning in 
 our hearts. Brother, we believe that the Great Spirit is good. 
 Our mothers always told us so ; and we see it with our own 
 eyes. This big water, which runs along by tliis Shackamaxon 
 and Coaquannoc, with all the fish, speaks that the Great Spirit is 
 good. This ground, wliich grows so much corn and beans and 
 tobacco for us, speaks that the Great Spirit is good. These 
 
100 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 woods, that shelter so many deer and tiirkeys for us, speak that 
 the Great Spirit is good. The Great Spirit would not have 
 done all tliis for us, if he had not been good, and loved us very 
 much. Brother, we ought to be like the Great Spirit. We 
 ought to love one another as he loves us. But, brother, the red 
 men here have not done so. The red men do very bad. They 
 sometimes fight, and kill one another. The Great Spirit has 
 been very angry with us for it, and has taken away our corn and 
 deer; and then we have become poor and weak, and have fallen 
 sick, and died, so that our wigwams (cabins) are empty. But 
 now we are very sorry and ashamed, and will do so no more. 
 And now, brothers, we are ready to sell you land, that you may 
 live with us like good brothers, never to fight us, as we red men 
 have done, but always to love and do good to one another. 
 And then the Great Spirit will make his face to shine upon us 
 as his good children, and will always give us plenty of deer, and 
 corn and beans, so that we may eat, and grow strong again. 
 Brothers, the Great Spirit sees our hearts, that they are not 
 like foxes and snakes, but like brothers, — good trothers." ^ 
 
 Clarkson says, "It is much to be regretted, when we have 
 accounts of minor treaties between William Penn and the 
 Indians, that in no historian I can find an account of this, 
 though so many mention it ; and all concur in considering it as 
 the most glorious of any in the annals of the world." ^ Sher- 
 man Day, who published a History of Pennsylvania in 1843, 
 also says, " No authentic record has been preserved of this 
 treaty." ^ 
 
 Although several historians say no land was purchased at 
 this time, but that it was simply a treaty of perpetual friend- 
 ship and good-will, nevertheless, we have the following state- 
 ment of Weems, who says he does not know the exact time 
 spent in making this famous bargain, but gives the result 
 thus : — 
 
 " The Indians agreed to give the great sachem of the white 
 men (William Penn) all the land binding on the great river, 
 from the mouth of Duck Creek to what is now called Bristol, 
 
 1 "Vfeems's Life of Penn, p. 153. ^ Clarkson's life of Penn, toI. i. p. 2G4. 
 8 Day's Historical Collections of Penn, vol. i. p. 14. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 101 
 
 and from the river towards the setting sun, as far as a man 
 could ride in two days on a horse." ^ 
 
 Tliis mode of purchasing lands by travelling around it was 
 repeated, subsequently, in several instances ; and although 
 William Penn first purchased the site of old Philadelphia of the 
 Swedes (they having previously obtained it of the Indians), yet 
 Thomas Holme, a surveyor, purchased of the natives, while 
 Penn was in England, as much of the same site " as a man 
 could travel in two days." 
 
 Still later, upon his second visit to his province, Penn, hear- 
 ing of a " Large slip of choice lands lying on the Neshaminy, 
 and not included in his first purchase, caused it to be inquired 
 of the sachems whether they would sell it to him. They 
 replied that they did not wish to part with that piece of 
 ground, the bones of their fathers and mothers lying there ; 
 but still, to please their father Onas, who was so good as to come 
 to live with his red children again, they would sell him some of it. 
 In short, they agreed to sell him as much land as ' could be 
 walked around in one day by one of his own young men, 
 beginning at the great river above Coaquannoc (Kensington), 
 and ending at the great river just below KaUapingo (Bristol). 
 The Indians were to be paid, as usual, in British goods. The 
 bargain being made, a young Englishman was pitched on, who, 
 having been much exercised in his own country as a pedestrian, 
 made a walk that equally astonished and mortified the Indians. 
 Obsei-ving that their looks, when they came to receive their 
 pay, were not bright towards him, as formerly, William Penn 
 asked them the cause. 
 
 " They replied, that Father Onas's young man had cheated 
 them. 
 
 " ' Ay, how could that be ? ' replied he calmly. ' Was it not 
 of your own choosing that the ground should be measured in 
 this way ? ' 
 
 " ' True,' returned the Indians ; ' but the ivhite brother made 
 too big a walk.' 
 
 "Here some of the commissioners, getting warm, said that 
 the bargain was a very fair one, and that the Indians ought to 
 stand to it, and that, if they did not, they ought to be com- 
 
 1 "Weems's life of Penn, p. 154. 
 
102 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 pelled. At this William Penn, looking exceedingly shocked, 
 replied, ' Comfelled! How are they to be compelled? Don't 
 you see that this points to murder f Then turning to the 
 Indians, with the kindliest smile on his countenance, he said, 
 ' Well, if you think you have given too much land for the 
 goods first agreed on, tell us now how much more will do.' 
 At this they appeared greatly pleased, and said, if Father Onas 
 would give them so many more yards of cloth, and fishing- 
 hooks, they would be well satisfied." ^ 
 
 In later times we find that lands were bought of the 
 Indians by William Penn's sons, John and Thomas, by this 
 very indefinite way of bounding them ; to wit, " to run two 
 days' journey with a horse, as the said river doth go ; north- 
 westerly back into the woods, to make up two full days' 
 journey as far as a man can go in two days from the said 
 station." One tract after another was thus purchased by Penn 
 and his descendants. 
 
 As a curiosity of this mode of measuring lands, the follow- 
 ing sketch may interest our readers. 
 
 " Aug. 25, 1737. We, Teshakomen, alias Tishekunk, and 
 Nootamis, alias Nutimus, two of the sachems, or chiefs, of the 
 Delaware Indians, having, almost three years ago, at Durham, 
 begun a treaty with our honorable brethren, John and Thomas 
 Penn, and from thence another meeting was appointed to be at 
 Pennsbury the next spring following, to which we repaired 
 with Lappawinzoe, and several others of the Delaware Indians, 
 at which treaty several deeds were produced, and showed to 
 us by our said brethren, concerning several tracts of land 
 which our forefathers had, more than fifty years ago, bargained 
 and sold unto our good friend and brother, William Penn, the 
 father of the said John and Thomas Penn, and in particular one 
 deed from Maykeerickkisho, Sayhoppy, and Taughhaughsey, 
 the chiefs or kings of the northern Indians on Delaware, who 
 for, &c., did grant, &c., all those lands lying and being in the 
 Province of Pennsylvania, beginning upon a fine formerly laid 
 out from a corner spruce-tree by the River Delaware (Makeerik- 
 kitton), and from thence running along the ledge or foot of 
 
 1 ■Weems's Life of Penn, p. 189. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 103 
 
 the mountains west, north-west, to a conier white-oak, marked 
 with the letter P, standing by the Indian path that leadetla to 
 an Indian town called Playwickey, and from thence extending 
 westward to Neshamony or. ; from which said line, the said 
 tract or tracts thereby granted doth extend itself back into the 
 woods as far as a man can go in one day and a half, and 
 bounded on the westerly side with the creek called Neshamony, 
 or the most westerly branch thereof, and from thence by a line 
 
 to the utmost extent of the said one day and a half's 
 
 journey, and from thence to the aforesaid River Dela- 
 ware, and from thence down the several courses of the said 
 river, to the first-mentioned spruce-tree, &c. But, some of our 
 old men being absent, we requested more time to consult with 
 our people ; which request being granted, we have, after more 
 than two j^ears from the treaty at Pennsbury, now come to 
 Philadelphia, together with our chief sachem, Monockykichan, 
 and several of our old men. They then acknowledge that they 
 were satisfied that the above-described tract was granted by 
 the persons above mentioned, and agree to release to the pro- 
 prietors all right to that tract, and desire it may be walked, 
 travelled, or gone over by persons appointed for that purpose." 
 
 [Signed :] Monockyldchan, Lappawinzoe, Teshakomen, Noo- 
 tamis ; and witnessed by twelve other Indians, in token of full 
 and free consent, besides other witnesses. 
 
 Recorded May 8, 1741, in book G., vol. i. p. 282. 
 - The walk was performed near the end of September, 1737, 
 in presence of Mr. Eastburn, surveyor-general, and Timothy 
 Smith, sheriff of Bucks County. The following account of 
 the walk, given by Thomas Furniss, an eye-witness, is contained 
 in the " Enquiry into the Causes," &c. : — 
 
 " At the time of the walk, I was a dweller at Newton, and a 
 near neighbor to James Yeates. My situation gave him an easy 
 opportunity of acquainting me with the time of setting out, as 
 it did me of hearing the different sentiments of the neighbor- 
 hood concerning the walk ; some alleging it was made by the 
 river, others that it was to be gone upon a straight line from 
 somewhere in Wrightstown, opposite to a spruce-tree on the 
 river's bank, said to be a boundary to a former purchase. When 
 
104 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the walkers started, I was a little behind, but was informed they 
 proceeded from a chestnut-tree near the turning out of the road 
 from Durham road to John Chapman's, and, being on horse- 
 back, overtook them before they reached Buckingham, and kept 
 company for some distance beyond the Blue Mountains, though 
 not quite to the end of the journey. Two Indians attended, 
 whom I considered as deputies appointed by the Delaware 
 nation to see the walk honestly performed. One of them re- 
 peatedly expressed his dissatisfaction therewith. The first day 
 of the walk, before we reached Durham cr., where we dined in 
 the meadows of one Wilson, an Indian trader, the Indian said 
 the walk was to have been made up the river ; and, complaining 
 of the unfitness of his shoe-packs for travelling, said he ex- 
 pected Thomas Penn would have made him a present of some 
 shoes. After this, some of us that had horses walked, and let 
 the Indians ride by turns ; j'et in the afternoon of the same 
 day, and some hours before sunset, the Indians left us, having 
 often called to Marshall that afternoon, and forbid, him to run. 
 At parting, they appeared dissatisfiecl, and said they would go 
 no further with us ; for, as they saw the walkers would pass all 
 the good land, they did not care how far or where we went to. 
 It was said we travelled twelve hours the first day; and it being 
 in the latter end of September, or beginning of October, to 
 complete the time were obliged to walk in the twilight. Tim- 
 othy Smith, then sheriff of Bucks, held his watch for some 
 minutes before we stopped ; and, the walkers having a piece of 
 rising ground to ascend, he called out to them, telling the min- 
 utes behind, and bid them pull up ; wliich they did so briskly, 
 that, immediately upon his saying the time was out, Marshall 
 clasped his arms about a sapling to support himself. There- 
 upon, the sheriff asking him what was the matter, he said he 
 was almost gone, and that, if he had proceeded a few poles fur- 
 ther, he must have fallen. We lodged in the woods that night, 
 and heard the shouting of the Indians at a cantieo, which they 
 were said to hold that evening, in a town hard by. "Next morn- 
 ing the Indians were sent to, to know if they would accompany 
 us any further; but they declined it, although I believe some 
 of them came to us before we started, and drank a dram in the 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 105 
 
 company, and then straggled off about their hunting, or some 
 other amusement. In our return we came through this Indian 
 town or plantation, Timothy Smith and myself riding forty 
 yards, more or less, before the company. And as we approached 
 within about one hundred and fifty paces of the town, the 
 woods being open, we saw an Indian take his gun in his hand, 
 and, advancing towards us some distance, placed himself behind 
 a log that laid by our Avay. Timothy observing his motions, 
 and being somewhat surprised, as I apprehended, looked at me, 
 and asked what I thought that Indian meant. I said I hoped 
 no harm, and that I thought it best to keep on ; which the In- 
 dian seeing, he arose, and walked before us to the settlement. 
 I think Smith was surprised, as I well remember I was, tlirough 
 a consciousness that the Indians were dissatified with the walk, 
 — a tiling the whole company seemed to be sensible of, and 
 upon the way, in our return home, frequently expressed them- 
 selves to that purpose. And, indeed, the unfairness practised 
 in the walk, both in regard to the way where, and the manner 
 how, it was performed, and the dissatisfaction of the Indians 
 concerning it, were the common subjects of conversation in our 
 neighborhood for some considerable time after it was done. 
 When the walk was performed, I was a young man, in the prime 
 of life. The novelty of the thing inclined me to be a spec- 
 tator ; and, as I had been brought up most of my time in Bur- 
 lington, the whole transaction to me was a series of occurrences 
 almost entirely new ; and which, therefore, I apprehend, made 
 the more strong and lasting impression on my memory." 
 
 The person who performed this walk was Edward Marshall ; 
 and his son gave the following account of it as he had received 
 it from his father, to Mr. John Watson, author of the " Annals 
 of Philadelphia:" — 
 
 " That in the year 1738 notice was given in the public papers, 
 that the remaining day and a half's walk was to be made, and 
 offering five hundred acres of land anywhere in the purchase, and 
 five pounds in money, to the person who should attend, and 
 walk the farthest in the given time. By previous agreement, 
 the governor was to select three white persons, and the Indians, 
 a like number of their own nation. The persons employed by 
 
106 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the governor were Edward Marshall, James Yeates, and Solomon 
 Jennings. One of the Indians was called Combush ; but he has 
 forgotten the names of the other two. 
 
 " That about the 20th of September (or when the days and 
 nights are equal), in the year aforesaid, they met before sunrise, 
 at the old chestnut-tree below Wrightstown meeting-house, to- 
 gether with a great number of persons as spectators. The walk- 
 ers all stood with one hand against the tree, until the sun rose, 
 and then started. In two hours and a half, they arrived at Red 
 Hill, in Bedminster, where Jennings and two of the Indians 
 gave out. The other Indian (Combush) continued with them 
 to near where the road forks, at Easton, where he laid down a 
 short time to rest, but, on getting up, was unable to proceed 
 farther. Marshall and Yeates proceeded on, and arrived, at 
 sundown, on the north side of the Blue Mountaui. They 
 started again next morning, at sunrise. While crossing a stream 
 of water, at the foot of the mountain, Yeates became faint, and 
 fell. Marshall turned back, and supported him until others 
 came to his relief, and then continued the walk alone, and 
 arrived at noon on a spur of the Second or Broad Mountain, 
 estimated to be eighty-six miles from the place of starting, at 
 the chestnut-tree below Wrightston meeting-house. 
 
 He says, " They walked from sunrise to sunset without stop- 
 ping, provisions and refreshments having been previously provid- 
 ed, at different places along the road and line that had been run 
 and marked for them to walk by, to the top of the Blue Moun- 
 tain ; and persons also attended on horseback, by relays, with 
 liquors of several kinds. When they arrived at the Blue Moun- 
 tain, they found a great number of Indians collected, expecting 
 the walk would there end ; but, when they found it was to go 
 half a day farther, they were very angry, and said they were 
 cheated. Penn had got all their good land, but that in the 
 spring every Indian was to bring him a buckskin, and they would 
 have their land again, and Penn might go to the devil with his 
 poor land. An old Indian said, ' No sit down to smoke, no 
 shoot a squirrel, but lun, lun, lun, all day long.' " 
 
 He says his "father never-received any reward for the walk, 
 although the governor frequently promised to have the five 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 107 
 
 hundred acres of land run out for him, and to which he wag 
 justly entitled." ' 
 
 Every thing connected with this walk, so far as John and 
 Thomas, the sons of William Penn, and the other whites con- 
 cerned in it, exhibits a greedy and overreaching disposition ; 
 yet in Hazard's Register, an attempt is made to prove that the 
 Indian walk was a fair and honorable transaction.^ It may be 
 creditable to the Quakers to state that all William Penn's 
 family had left that denomination at this time. 
 
 It is stated, that " on the 13th of October, 1763, John Penn, 
 grandson of Wilham Penn, and son of Richard, arrived from 
 England as lieutenant-governor." As governor, he made 
 vigorous efforts to carry on a war with the Indians ; and in 
 July, 1764, this grandson of William Penn, in the city of 
 Philadelphia, offered by proclamation the following bounties 
 for the capture, or scalp and death, of Indians : " For every 
 male above the age of ten years, captured, a hundred and fifty 
 dollars ; scalped, being killed, a hundred and thirty -four dollars ; 
 for every female Indian enemy, and every male under the age 
 of ten years, captured, a hundred and thirty dollars ; for every 
 female above the age of ten years, scalped, being killed, fifty 
 dollars." ^ 
 
 To return to William Penn, from our digression to illustrate 
 measuring land by walks, he fixed upon the site of his city, at 
 Coaquannoc, and directed Thomas Holme, surveyor-general 
 for the Province, to lay it out in the following order : — 
 
 " There were to be two large streets, the one fronting the 
 Delaware on the east, and the other the Schuylkill on the 
 west, of a mile in length. A third, to be called High Street, 
 of one hundred feet broad, was to run directly through the 
 middle of the city, so as to communicate with the streets now 
 mentioned, at right angles ; that is, it was to run through the 
 middle, from river to river, or from east to west. A fourth, of 
 the same breadth, to be called Broad Street, was to run through 
 the middle also, but to intersect High Street at right angles, 
 or to run from north to south. Eight streets, fifty feet wide, 
 
 1 Day's History of Pennsylyaiiia, vol. ii. p. 60G. * gee Eegister, vol. vi p. 337. 
 
 3 Gordon, p. 438. 
 
108 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 were to be built parallel to High Street, that is, from river to 
 river ; and twenty, of the like width, parallel to Broad Street, 
 that is, to cross the former from side to side. The streets 
 running from east to west were to be named according to their 
 numerical order, such as First, Second and Third Street ; and 
 those from north to south, according to the woods of the 
 country, such as Vine, Spruce, Pine, Sassafras, Cedar, and 
 others. There was to be a square of ten acres, in the middle 
 of the city, each corner of which was to be reserved for public 
 offices." He also ordered a house to be built for himself in the 
 
 PENN S HOUSE. 
 
 town. The house is still standing in Letitia Court, the entrance 
 of which is in Market Street, between Front and Second 
 Streets ; and it is probably the oldest house in Philadelphia. 
 
 It was about this time that he had a country-house built for 
 him, at a place called Pennsbury, in Bucks County, on the 
 margin of the Delaware River. It was built at great expense 
 for that day, costing seven thousand pounds, and having con- 
 siderable of the most finished or ornamental materials brought 
 out from England. It was sixty feet in front by forty feet in 
 depth. The garden, an ornamental and sloping one, lay along 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 109 
 
 the river-side in front of it ; and numerous offices were in a 
 front line with the dwelling. 
 
 The city thus laid out William Penn named Philadelphia, 
 composed of two Greek words, meaning Beotheely Love. 
 He then proceeded to divide his Province and territories into 
 counties ; the Province containing Philadelphia, Bucks, and 
 Chester ; the territories, New Castle, Kent, and Sussex ; after 
 which he marked out townships, and laid out lots, of the latter, 
 reserving a thousand acres for his friend George Fox, as a 
 testimonial of respect. 
 
 At this time WiUiam Penn wrote a letter to one of his 
 detractors, in which he defends himself with considerable 
 spirit, from which the following is extracted : — 
 
 " Keep," says he, " thy place. I am in mine. I am not 
 sitting down in a greatness which I have denied. Had I 
 indeed sought greatness, I had staid at home, where the differ- 
 ence between what I am here, and what was offered, and I 
 could have been there in power and wealth, is as wide as the 
 places are. No : I came for the Lord's sake ; and therefore 
 have I stood to this clay, well and diligent and successful : 
 blessed be his power ! Nor shall I trouble myself to tell thee 
 what I am to the people of this place in travails, watchings, 
 spendings, and to my servants every way freely, not like a 
 selfish man." 
 
 Thus it is seen that William Penn, with all his meekness, 
 charity, and pacific principles, was neither afraid nor ashamed 
 to assert his own rights, and to tell his antagonist, as plainly as 
 a Quaker could well do, to " mind Iris own business." 
 
 Having transacted much business, taken legal possession of 
 his Province, united the territories to it, made a formal treaty 
 in person with the Indians, held two general assemblies, given 
 laws to the people, established courts and trial by jury, and 
 laid out the city of Philadelphia, he embarked for his native 
 land on the 12th of August, 1684, and arrived safely in England 
 the 3d or 4th of October. 
 
 No man could have accomplished more for the good of his 
 Quakers, and the prosperity of his Province, in the short space 
 of two years. The immediate cause for his departure was 
 
110 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the charge, everywhere made against him there, that he 
 was a Papist and a Jkstjit, and the sharp and bitter perse- 
 cution which had broken out anew against his friends the 
 Quakers. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE INDIAiTS. 
 
 William Penn's Letter — Persons of the Indians — Tlieir Language — Customs 
 and Manners — Keligion — Government — Origin — Dr. Eusli' s Account — 
 Of their Cliildren — Food — Customs of Women — Employment of Men — 
 Common Customs — Diseases — Small-Pox and Venereal Imported — Eeme- 
 dies — Indian Speeches. 
 
 AFTER consulting various historians of that day, no better 
 description of this peculiar people has been found than 
 that given by William Penn, in a letter to the Free Society of 
 Traders of Pennsylvania, dated Aug. 16, 1683. His language 
 is as follows : — 
 
 OF THEIR PEESONS. 
 
 " They are generally tall, straight, well built, and of singu- 
 lar proportion. They tread strong and clever, and mostly 
 walk with a lofty chin. Of complexion black, but by design, 
 as the gypsies in England. They grease themselves with bear's 
 fat, clarified ; and, using no defence against sun and weather, 
 their skin must needs be swarthy. Their eye is little and 
 black, not unlike a straight-looked Jew. The thick lip and 
 flat nose so frequent with the East Indians and blacks are not 
 common to them ; for I have seen as comely, European-like 
 faces among them, of both sexes, as on your side of the sea : 
 and truly an Italian complexion hath not much more of the 
 white ; and the noses of several of them have as much of the 
 Roman. 
 
 OF THEIR LANGUAGE. 
 
 " Their language is lofty, yet narrow, but, like the Hebrew 
 in signification, full. Like short-hand in writing, one word 
 
 111 
 
112 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 serveth in the place of three, and the rest are supplied by the 
 understanding of the hearer ; imperfect in their tenses, wanting 
 in their moods, participles, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections. 
 I have made it my business to understand it, that I might not 
 want an interpreter on any occasion ; and I must say that I 
 know not a language spoken in Europe, that hath words of more 
 sweetness and greatness, in accent and emphasis, than theirs ; 
 for instance, Octocockon, Rancocas, Oricton, Shak, Marian, 
 Poquesien, all of which are names of places, and have grandeur 
 in them. Of words of sweetness, anna is ' mother ; ' issimus, a 
 ' brother ; ' neteap, ' friend ; ' usqueoret, ' very good ; ' pane, 
 ' bread ; ' metsa, ' eat ; ' matta, 'no ; ' Jiatta, ' to have ; ' payo, 
 ' to come ; ' Sepassen, Passijou, the names of places ; Tamane, 
 Secane, Menause, Secatareus, are the names of persons. If one 
 ask them for any thing they have not, ' Matta ne hatta,' which 
 to translate is, ' Not I have,' instead of ' I have not.' 
 
 THEIE CUSTOMS AND MANNERS. 
 
 " Of their customs and manners there is much to be said. I 
 will begin with children. So soon as they are born, they wash 
 them in water ; and while very young, and in cold weather to 
 choose, they plunge them in the rivers to harden and embolden 
 them. Having lapt them in a clout, they lay them on a 
 strait thin board a little more than the length and breadth 
 of the child, and swaddle it fast upon the board to make it 
 straight : wherefore all Indians have flat heads ; and thus they 
 carry them at their backs. The children will go very young, — 
 at nine months commonl3\ They wear only a small clout 
 round their waist till they are big. If boys, they go a-fishing, 
 till ripe for the woods, which is about fifteen ; then they hunt ; 
 and, having given some proofs of their manhood by a good 
 return of skins, they may marry ; else it is a shame to think of 
 a wife. The girls stay with their mothers, and help to hoe the 
 ground, plant corn, and carry burdens ; and they do well to 
 use them to that while young which they must do when they 
 are old ; for the wives are the true servants of the husbands : 
 otherwise the men are very affectionate to them. 
 
 " Wben the young women aie fit for marriage, they wear 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 113 
 
 something upon their heads for an advertisement, but so as 
 their faces are hardly to be seen but when they please. The 
 age they marry at, if women, is about thirteen and fourteen ; 
 if men, seventeen and eighteen. They are rarely older. 
 
 " Their houses are mats, or barks of trees, set on poles, in the 
 fashion of an English barn, but out of the power of the winds ; 
 for they are hardly higher than a man. They lie on reeds and 
 grasses. In travel, they lodge in the woods, about a great fire, 
 with the mantle of duffils they wear by day wrapped about 
 them, and a few boughs stuck round them. 
 
 " Their diet is maize or Indian corn, divers ways prepared, — 
 sometimes roasted in the ashes, sometimes beaten and boiled 
 with water, which they call homine. They also make cakes 
 not unpleasant to eat. They have, likewise, several sorts of 
 beans and peas that are good nourishment ; and the woods and 
 river are their larder. 
 
 " If a European comes to see them, or calls for lodging at 
 their house or wigwam, they give him the best place and the 
 first cut. If they come to visit us, they salute us with an 
 ' Itah,' which is as much as to say, ' Good be to you ! ' and set 
 them down, which is mostly on the ground, close to their heels, 
 their legs upright : it may be they sjDeak not a word, but 
 observe all passages. If you give them any thing to eat or 
 drink, well, for they will not ask for it ; and be it little or 
 much, if it be with kindness, they are well pleased: else they 
 go away sullen, but say nothing. 
 
 " They are great concealers of their own resentments, 
 brought to it, I believe, by the revenge that hath been prac- 
 tised among them. In either of these they are not exceeded 
 by the Italians. A tragical instance fell out since I came into 
 the country. A king's daughter, thinking herself slighted by 
 her husband in suffering another woman to lie down between 
 them, rose up, went out, plucked a root out of the ground 
 and ate it, upon which she immediately died, and for which 
 he, last week, made an offering to her kindred for atonement 
 and liberty of marriage, as two others did to the kindred of 
 their wives, who died a natural death ; for, till widowers have 
 done so, they must not marry again. 
 
 8 
 
114 HIST0R7 OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " But in liberality they excel. Nothing is too good for their 
 friend. Give them a fine gun, coat, or other thing, it may pass 
 twenty hands before it sticks ; light of heart, strong affections, 
 but soon spent; the most merry creatures that live. They feast 
 and dance perpetually. They never have much, nor want much. 
 Wealth circulateth like the blood. All parts partake ; and, 
 though none shall want what another hath, yet exact observers 
 of property. Some kings have sold, others presented me with, 
 several parcels of land. The pay or presents I made them 
 were not hoarded by the particular owners ; but, the neighbor- 
 ing kings and their clans being present when the goods were 
 brought out, the parties chiefly concerned consulted what, and 
 to whom they should give them. To every king, then, by the 
 hands of a person for that work appointed, is a proportion sent, 
 so sorted and folded, and with that gravity which is admirable. 
 Then that king subdivideth it in like manner among his de- 
 pendents, they hardly leaving themselves an equal share with 
 one of their subjects ; and be it on such occasions as festivals, 
 or at their common meals, the kings distribute, and to them- 
 selves last. They care for little, because they want but little ; 
 and the reason is, a little contents them. In this they are suffi- 
 ciently revenged on us. If they are ignorant of our pleasures, 
 they are also free from our pains. They are not disquieted 
 with bills of lading and exchange, nor perplexed with chancery- 
 suits and exchequer-reckonings. We sweat and toil to live. 
 Their pleasure feeds them : I mean their hunting, fishing, and 
 fowling, and this table is spread everywhere. They eat twice 
 a day, — morning and evening. Their seats and table are the 
 ground. Since the Europeans came into these parts, they are 
 grown great lovers of strong liquors, rum especially, and for it 
 exchange the richest of their skins and furs. If they are treated 
 with liquor, they are restless till they have enough to slefep. 
 That is their cry, ' Some more, and I will go to sleep ; ' but, 
 when drunk, one of the most wretched spectacles in the world. 
 
 " In sickness, impatient to be cured, and for it give any thing, 
 especially for their children, to whom they are extremely natu- 
 ral. They drink at those times a teran, or decoction of some 
 roots in spring water ; and, if they eat any flesh, it must be of 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. IIJ 
 
 the female of any creature. If they die, they bury them witi 
 their apparel, be they man or woman ; and the nearest of kii 
 fling in something precious with them as a token of their love 
 Their mourning is blacldng of their faces, which they continu( 
 for a year. They are choice of the graves of their dead ; for 
 lest they should be lost by time, and fall to common use, thej 
 pick off the grass that grows upon them, and heap up th( 
 fallen earth with great care and exactness. 
 
 OP THEEB EELIGION. 
 
 " These poor people are under a dark night in things relatins 
 to religion (to be sure the tradition of it) ; yet they believe i 
 God and immortality, without the help of metaphysics: fo: 
 they say there is a great King, who made them, who dwells ii 
 a glorious country to the southward of them ; and that thi 
 souls of the good shall go thither, where they shall live again 
 Their worship consists of two parts, — sacrifice and cantico 
 Their sacrifice is their first-fruits." [This custom of bringing 
 their first-fruits seems to confirm the opinion of Governor Bou 
 dinot, Penn, and others, that those Indians were realb 
 descended from the "lost ten tribes" of Israel, — the first oi 
 their corn, and of their wine, the first cake of their dough, th( 
 first of their flocks, and those without blemish, all those the] 
 were to offer in sacrifice to the Lord, — how well does thii 
 comport with these poor deluded savages offering the finest anc 
 fattest bullocks as well as the first of all their produce ? Who 
 then, can doubt that these were the old Israelites, thus degradec 
 for their apostacy from God?] "The first and fattest bucl 
 they kill goeth to the fire, where he is all burned, with i 
 mournful ditty of him who performeth the ceremony, but witl 
 such marvellous fervency and lahor of body, that he will ever 
 sweat to a foam. The other part is their cantico, performec 
 by round dances, sometimes words, sometimes* songs, thei 
 shouts ; two being in the middle, who begin, and by singing 
 and drumming on a board, direct the chorus. Their postures 
 in the dance are very antic and differing ; but all keep measure 
 This is done with equal earnestness and labor, but greai 
 appearance of joy. In the fall, when the corn cometh in, thej 
 
116 BISTORT OF FENNS7LVANIA. 
 
 begin to feast one another. There have been two great festi- 
 vals already, to which all come that will. I was at one myself. 
 Their entertainment was a great seat by a spring under some 
 shady trees, and twenty bucks, with hot cakes of new corn, 
 both wheat and beans, which they make up in a square form, 
 in the leaves of the stem, and bake them in the ashes, and, 
 after that, they fall to dance. But they who go must carry a 
 small present in their money; it may be sixpence, which is 
 made of the bone of a fish. The black is with them as gold ; 
 the white, silver : they call it wampum. 
 
 OF THEIR GOVERNMENT. 
 
 " Their government is by kings, which they call Sachama, 
 and those by succession, but always of the mother's side. For 
 instance, the chUdren of him who is now king will not succeed, 
 but his brother by the mother, or the children of his sister, 
 whose sons (and after them the children of her daughters) will 
 reign, for no woman inherits. The reason they render for this 
 way of descent is, that their issue may not be spurious. 
 
 " Every king hath his council ; and that consists of all the 
 old and wise men of his nation, which, perhaps, is two hundred 
 people. Nothing of moment is undertaken — be it war, peace, 
 selling of land, or traffic — without advising with them, and, 
 which is more, with the young men too. It is admirable to 
 consider how powerful the kings are, and yet how they move 
 by the breath of the people. I have had occasion to be 
 in council with them upon treaties for land, and to adjust 
 the terms of trade. Their order is thus : the king sits in the 
 middle of a half-moon, and has his council, the old and the 
 wise, on each hand. Behind them, or at a little distance, sit 
 the younger fry, in the same figure. Having consulted, and 
 resolved their business, the king ordered one of them to speak 
 to me. He stood up, came to me, and, in the name of his 
 king, saluted me ; then took me by the hand, and told me that 
 he was ordered by Iiis king to speak to me, and that now it 
 was not he, but the king, who spoke, because what he should 
 say was the king's mind. He first prayed me to excuse them, 
 that they had not complied with me the last time. He feared 
 
niSTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 117 
 
 there might be some fault in the interpreter, being neither 
 Indian nor English. Besides, it was the Indian custom to 
 deliberate, and take up much time in council, before they 
 resolved; and that, if the young people and owners of the land 
 had been as ready as he, I had not met with so much delay. 
 Having thus introduced his matter, he fell to the bounds of 
 the land they had agreed to dispose of, and the price, which 
 now is little and dear ; that which would have bought twenty 
 miles now buying two. During the time that tliis person 
 spoke, not a man of them was observed to whisper or smile, — 
 the old grave, the young reverent in their deportment. They 
 speak little, but fervently, and with elegance. I have never 
 seen more natural sagacity, considering them without the help 
 (I was going to say the spoil) of tradition ; and he will deserve 
 the name of wise, who outwits them in any treaty about a 
 thing they understand. When the purchase was agreed, great 
 promises passed between us of kindness and good neighborhood, 
 and that the English and Indians must live in love as long as 
 the sun gave light ; which done, another made a speech to the 
 Indians, in the name of all the Sachamakers, or kings, first to 
 tell them what was done, next to charge and command them 
 to love the Christians, and particularly to live in peace with 
 me, and the people under my government ; that many governors 
 had been in the river, but that no governor had come himself 
 to live and stay there before ; and having now such an one, 
 who had treated them well, they should never do Irim or his 
 any wrong ; at every sentence of which they shouted, and said 
 Amen, in their way. 
 
 " The justice they have is pecuniary. In case of any Avrong 
 or evil fact, be it murder itself, they atone by feasts, and 
 presents of their wampum, which is proportioned to the quality 
 of their offence, or person injured, or of the sex they are of. 
 For, in case they kill a woman, they pay double ; and the 
 reason they render is, ' that she breedeth children, which men 
 cannot do.' It is rare that they fall out, if sober ; and, if 
 drunk, they forgive, saying 'It was the drink, and not the 
 man, that abused them.' 
 
 " We have agreed, that, in all differences between us, six of 
 
118 BISTORT OF FENNSTLVANIA. 
 
 each side shall end the matter. Do not abuse them, but let 
 them have justice, and you win them. The worst is, tl:iat they 
 are the worse for the Cliristians, who have propagated their 
 vices, and yielded them tradition for ill, and not for good 
 things. But as low an ebb as these people are at, and as 
 inglorious as their own condition looks, the Christians have not 
 outhved their sight with all their pretensions to a higher mani- 
 festation. What good, then, might not a good people graft, 
 where there is so distinct a knowledge left of good and evil ? I 
 beseech God to incline the hearts of all. that come into these 
 parts to outlive the knowledge of the natives by a fixed obedi- 
 ence to their greater knowledge of the Avill of God ; for it were 
 miserable indeed for us to fall under the just censure of the 
 poor Indian conscience, while we make profession of things so 
 far transcending. 
 
 OF THEIB OKIGIN. 
 
 " For their original I am ready to believe them of the Jewish 
 race, I mean of the stock of the ten tribes, and that for the 
 following reasons : first, they were to go to a land not planted 
 nor known, which, to be sure, Asia and Africa were, if not 
 Europe ; and he who intended that extraordinary judgment 
 upon them might make the passage not uneasy to them, as it 
 is not impossible in itself from the easternmost parts of Asia to 
 the westernmost of America. In the next place, I find them of 
 the like countenance, and their children of so lively resem- 
 blance, that a man would think himself in Duke's Place or 
 Berry Street, in London, when he seeth them. But this is not 
 all : they agree in rites ; they reckon by moons ; they offer their 
 first fruits ; they have a kind of feast of tabernacles ; they are 
 said to lay their altar upon twelve stones; their mourning a 
 year ; customs of women ; with many other things that do not 
 now occur." 
 
 A century and a quarter after William Penn wrote the 
 above. Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia, the most distin- 
 guished physician of his day, and perhaps the most eminent 
 one America has ever produced, wrote his " Natural History 
 of Medicine among the Indians," which is, as its title implies, 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 119 
 
 a treatise upon the prevalent diseases of this barbarous people, 
 and the remedies used by them. It would seem, from his 
 statement, that a great change must have taken place, in some 
 respects, in the habits and customs of this people, especially in 
 reference to the time of their marriages, which, as is seen 
 above, Penn puts at thirteen or fourteen for the female, and 
 seventeen for the male, but which Rush says does not occur 
 until the female is eighteen or twenty, and the male thirty. 
 Dr. Rush thus continues in his treatise : — 
 
 OF THE BIETH AND TREATMENT OF THEIR CHILDEEN. 
 
 "A child born of healthy parents always brings into the 
 world a system formed by nature to resist the causes of diseases. 
 The treatment of cliildren among the Indians tends to secure 
 this hereditary firmness of constitution. Their first food is 
 their mother's milk. To harden them against the action of 
 heat and cold (the natural enemies of health and life among 
 the Indians), they are plunged every day into cold water. In 
 order to facilitate their being moved from place to place, and, 
 at the same time, to preserve their shape, they are tied to a 
 board, where they lie on their backs for six, ten, or eighteen 
 months. A child generally sucks its mother till it is two years 
 old, and sometimes longer. It is easy to conceive how much 
 vigor their bodies must acquire from this simple but whole- 
 some nourishment. 
 
 OF THEIE FOOD. 
 
 " The diet of the Indians is of a mixed nature, partly animal, 
 and partly vegetable. Their animals are wild, and therefore 
 easy of digestion. In summer, they live more upon fish than 
 land animals. Their vegetables consist of roots and fruits, 
 mild in themselves, or capable of being made so by the action 
 of fire. I cannot find that they used salt in their diet until 
 instructed to do so hj the Europeans. The small quantity of 
 fixed alliali contained in the ashes on which they roasted their 
 meat could not add much to its stimulating quality. They 
 preserve their meat from putrefaction, by cutting it in small 
 pieces, and exposing it, in summer to the sun, and in winter to 
 
120 EISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the frost. In dressing their meat, they are careful to preserve 
 its juices. They generally prefer it in the form of soups. 
 Hence we find, that among them the use of the spoon pre- 
 ceded that of the knife and fork. They take the same pains 
 to preserve the juice of their meat when they roast it, by 
 turning it often. 
 
 " They have no set time for eating, but obey the gentle appe- 
 tites, of nature as often as they are called hj them. After 
 whole days spent in the chase or in war, they often commit 
 those excesses in eating, to which long abstinence cannot fail 
 of prompting them. It is common to see them spend three or 
 four hours in satisfying their hunger ; which is occasioned, not 
 more by the quantity they eat than by the pains they take in 
 masticating it. They carefully avoid drinliing water in their 
 marches, from an opinion that it lessens their ability to bear 
 fatigue. 
 
 CUSTOMS OF THEIR "WOMEK. 
 
 " The women are doomed by their husbands to such domestic 
 labor as gives a firmness to their bodies, bordering upon the 
 masculine. They do not become women until they are eigh- 
 teen or twenty, at which age, as we said above, they are mar- 
 riageable ; and the constitution has thus acquired a vigor, 
 which enables it better to support child-bearing. Tliis 
 custom of late marriages likewise guards against a premature 
 old age. Where marriages are unfruitful (which is seldom the 
 case), a separation is obtained by means of an easy divorce ; so 
 that they are unacquainted with the disquietudes which some- 
 times arise from barrenness. During pregnancy, the women 
 are exempted from the more laborious parts of their duty : 
 hence miscarriages rarely happen among them. Nature is tlieir 
 only midwife. Their labors are short, and accompanied Avith 
 Httle pain. Eacli woman is'delivered in a private cabin, with- 
 out so much as one of her own sex to attend her. After 
 washing herself in cold water, she returns in a few days to her 
 usual employments ; so that she knows nothing of those 
 accidents which proceed from the carelessness or ill manage- 
 ment of midwives, or those weaknesses which arise from a 
 month's confinement in a warm room. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 121 
 
 EMPLOYMENT OP THE MEK. 
 
 " The customs peculiar to the Indian men consist chiefly in 
 those employments which are necessary to preserve animal life, 
 and to defend their nation. These employments are hunting 
 and war, each of which is condiicted in a manner that tends to 
 call forth every fibre into exercise, and to insure them the 
 possession of the utmost health. In times of plenty and peace, 
 we see them sometimes rising from their beloved indolence, 
 and shaking off its influence by the salutary exercises of dan- 
 cing and swimming. As the Indian men seldom marry before 
 they are thirty years of age, they, no doubt, derive considerable 
 vigor from this custom ; for, while they are secured by it from 
 the enervating effects of the premature dalliance of love, they 
 may insure more certain fruitfalness to their wives, and entail 
 more certain health upon their children. 
 
 " Among the Indian men, it is deemed a mark of heroism to 
 bear the most exquisite pain without complaining ; upon this 
 account they early inure themselves to burning part of their 
 bodies with fire, or cutting them with sharp instruments. No 
 young man can be admitted to the honors of manhood or war, 
 who has not acquitted himself well in these trials of patience 
 and fortitude. 
 
 CUSTOMS COMMOK TO MEK AND WOMEN. 
 
 " These are painting, and the use of the cold bath. The 
 practice of anointing the body with oil is common to the 
 savages of all countries. In Avarm climates, it is said to 
 promote longevity, by checking excessive perspiration. The 
 Indians generally use bear's grease, mixed with a clay 
 which bears the greatest resemblance to the color of their 
 skins. This pigment serves to lessen the sensibility of the 
 • extremity of the nerves : it, moreover, fortifies them against the 
 action of exhalations, Avhich are a considerable source of their 
 diseases. The cold bath likewise fortifies the body, and renders 
 it less subject to those diseases which arise from the extremes 
 and vicissitudes of heat and cold. It is a practice among the 
 Indians never to drink before dinner, when they work or travel. 
 
122 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " The state of society among the Indians excludes the influ- 
 ence of most of those passions which disorder the body. The 
 turbulent effects of anger are concealed in deep and lasting 
 resentments. Envy and ambition are excluded by their 
 equality of power and property. 
 
 "Nor is it necessary that the perfections of the whole sex 
 should be ascribed to one, to induce them to marry. 'The 
 weakness of love ' (says Dr. Adam Smith), 'which is so much 
 indulged in ages of humanity and politeness, is regarded among 
 savages as the most unpardonable effeminacy. . A young man 
 would think himself disgraced forever, if he showed the least 
 preference of one woman above another, or did not express 
 the most complete indifference, both about the time when, and 
 the person to whom, he was to be married.' 
 
 " It is remarkable that there are no deformed Indians. Some 
 have suspected, from this circumstance, that they put their 
 deformed children to death ; but Nature here acts the part of 
 an unnatural mother. The severity of the Indian manners 
 destroys them. 
 
 " The marks of old age appear more early among Indian 
 than among civilized nations. 
 
 " The circulation of theblood is more languid in the Indians 
 than in persons who are in the constant exercise of the habits 
 of civUized life. Out of eight Indian men whose pulses I 
 once examuied at the wrists, I did not meet with one in whom 
 the artery beat more than sixty strokes in a minute. 
 
 OP THEIE DISEASES. 
 
 " We need only recollect the custom, among the Indians, of 
 sleeping in the open air in a variable climate, the alternate 
 action of heat and cold upon their bodies (to which the warmth 
 of their cabins exposes them), their long marches, their exces-. 
 sive exercise, their intemperance in eating (to wliich their long 
 fasting, and their public feasts, naturally prompt them), and, 
 lastly, the vicinity of their habitations to the banks of rivers, 
 in order to discover the empire of diseases among them, in 
 every stage of their lives. They have in vain attempted to 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 123 
 
 elude the general laws of mortality, while their mode of life 
 subjects them to these remote but certain causes of diseases. 
 
 " Fevers constitute the only diseases among the Indians, 
 which are occasioned by the insensible qualities of the air. 
 The DYSENTERY comes under the head of fevers. They are 
 subject to ANIMAL and vegetable poisons, which produce, 
 when they do not bring on sudden death, either a common 
 inflamatory or a malignant fever, according to their force. 
 
 " The SMALL-POX and the venereal disease were commu- 
 nicated to the Indians of North America by the Europeans. 
 Nor can I find that they were ever subject to the scurvy. 
 Whether this was obviated by their method of preserving their 
 flesh, or by their mixing it at all times with vegetables, I shall 
 not undertake to determine. Their peculiar customs and man- 
 ners seem to have exempted them from this, as well as from 
 the common diseases of the skin. I have heard of two or 
 three cases of the gout among the Indians ; but it was only 
 among those who had learned the use of rum from the white 
 people. After much inquiry, I have not been able to find a 
 single instance of eatuity among the Indians, and but few 
 instances of melancholy and madness; nor can I find any 
 accoimts of diseases from worms among them. Nor is denti- 
 tion accompanied by disease among the Indians. They appear, 
 also, to be strangers to diseases and pains in the teeth. The 
 employments of the Indians subject them to 'many accidents : 
 hence we sometimes read of WOUNDS, fractures, and luxa- 
 tions among them. 
 
 of their remedies. 
 
 " These, like their diseases, are simple, and few in number. 
 Among the first of them we shall mention the POWERS OF 
 Nature. Fevers, we said formerly, constituted the chief of 
 the diseases among the Indians : they are, likewise, in. the 
 hands of Natui-e, the principal instruments to remove the evils 
 which threaten her dissolution. But the event of these efforts 
 of Nature, no doubt, soon convinced the Indians of the danger 
 of trusting her in all cases ; and hence, in the earliest accounts 
 we have of their manners, we read of persons who were in- 
 trusted with the office of physicians. 
 
124 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " It will be difficult to find out the exact order in -which the 
 Indian remedies were suggested by Nature, or discovered by 
 Art; nor wUl it be easy to arrange them in proper order. I 
 shall, however, attempt it, by reducing them to nattjeal and 
 
 ARTIFICIAL. 
 
 "To the class of nattjeal eemedies belongs the Indian 
 practice of abstracting from their patients all kinds of stimu- 
 lating aliment. The compliance of the Indians with the dic- 
 tates of Nature, in the early stage of a disease, no doubt pre- 
 vents, in many cases, their being obliged to use any other 
 remedy. They follow Nature still closer, in allowing their 
 patients to drink plentifully of cold water ; this being the only 
 Hquor a patient calls for in a fever. 
 
 "Sweating is likewise a natural remedy. It was probably 
 suggested by observing fevers to be terminated by it. Their 
 mode of preparing this evacuation is as follows : the patient is 
 confined in a close tent, or wigwam, over a hole in the earth, 
 in which a red-hot stone is placed ; a quantity of water is 
 thrown upon this stone, which instantly involves the patient in 
 a cloud of vapor and sweat ; in this situation he rushes out, 
 and plunges himself into a river, from whence he retires to his 
 bed. If the remedy has been used with success, he rises from 
 his bed, in four and twenty hours, perfectly recovered from his 
 indisposition. This remedy is used, not only to cure fevers, but 
 remove that uneasiness which arises from fatigue of body. A 
 third natural remedy among the Indians is PtrEGiKG. Vomits 
 constitute their fourth natural remedy. They were probably, 
 like the former, suggested by nature, and accident. The ipecacu- 
 anha is one of the many roots they employ for that purpose. 
 
 " The AETrFiciAi eemedies made use of by the Indians are 
 BLEEDING, CAUSTICS, and ASTEiNGENT medicines. They con- 
 fine bleeding to the part affected. Sharp stones and thorns are 
 the instruments they use to procure a discharge of blood. 
 
 " We have an account of the Indians using something like a 
 POTENTIAL CAUSTIC in obstinate pains. It consists of a piece 
 of rotten-wood, called punk, which they place upon the part 
 affected, and afterwards set it on fire. The fire gradually con- 
 sumes the wood, and its ashes burn a hole in the flesh. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 125 
 
 " Tlie undue efforts of Nature, in those fevers which are con- 
 nected with a diarrhoea or dysentery, together with those 
 hemorrhages to whiclr their mode of life exposed them, neces- 
 sarily led them to an early discovery of some astringent 
 VEGETABLES. I am Uncertain whether the Indians rely vipon 
 astringent or any other vegetables, for the cure of the inter- 
 mitting fever. This disease among them probably requires no 
 other remedies than the cold bath, or cold air. 
 
 " We said, formerly, that the Indians were subject to acci- 
 dents, such as wounds, fractures, and the like. In these cases, 
 Nature performs the oiBce of a surgeon. Those ulcers which 
 require the assistance of mercury, bark, and a particular regi- 
 men, are unknown to the Indians. The hemoeehages which 
 sometimes follow their wounds are restrained by plunging 
 themselves into cold water, thereby producing a constriction 
 upon the bleeding vessels. 
 
 " Their practice of attempting to recover deowned people 
 is irrational and unsuccessful. It consists in suspending the 
 patient by the heels, in order that the water may flow from his 
 mouth. This practice is founded on a belief that the patient 
 dies from swallowing an excessive quantity of water." 
 
 Dr. Rush speaks very favorably of the Indian moccasons ; and 
 cases are referred to, in which the feet of those wearing shoes 
 were frozen, while those who wore moccasons escaped unin- 
 jured. If attacked with small-pox, they plunge themselves in 
 cold water, which often prpves fatal. He has heard of their 
 performing several remarkable cures upon stiff joints by an 
 infusion of herbs in water. He thinks there cannot be a 
 stronger evidence of their ignorance than by their having 
 recourse to enchantment to cure diseases. 
 
 In the preceding quotation from William Penn's letter, 
 reference was had to their language ; and, as a specimen, we 
 give the following eloquent speech, the first on record, made to 
 the Eiu-opeans when they were about to take possession of their 
 lands; which for beauty, simplicity, and comprehensiveness, 
 surpasses many of the addresses of ancient or modern orators. 
 
126 BISTORT OF FENNSTLVAN/A. 
 
 "The Court-House in Lancasteb, 
 June 2C, 1744, p.m. 
 
 "Present: Hon. George Thomas,, Kt. Lieutenant-Governor 
 of Pennsylvania, &c ; the Hon. Commissioners of Virginia ; 
 the Hon. Commissioners of Maryland ; the Deputies of the Six 
 Nations of Indians, Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 
 
 " Canasatego, the Indians' spokesman, spoke as follows : — 
 
 "Beothee, the Goveenoe of Maeyland, — When you 
 spoke of the affair of the land yesterday, you went back to old 
 times, and told us you had been in possession of the Province 
 of Maryland above one hundred years. But what is one hun- 
 dred 3^ears in comparison to the length of time since our claim 
 began, — since we came up out of this ground ? For we must 
 tell you, that, long before one hundred years, our ancestors came 
 out of this very ground, and their children have remained here 
 ever since. You came out of the ground in a country that lies 
 beyond seas : there you may have a just claim ; but here you 
 must allow us to be your elder brethren, and the lands to belong 
 to us long before you knew any thing of them. It is true, that, 
 about one hundred years ago, a German ship came hither, and 
 brought with them various articles, such as awls, knives hatchets, 
 guns, and many other things, which they gave us. And when 
 they had taught us to use these things, and we saw what kind 
 of a people they were, we were so well pleased with them, .that 
 we tied their ships to the bushes on the shore. And afterwards, 
 liking them still better, and the moie the longer they stayed 
 with us, thinking that the bushes were too weak, we changed 
 the place of the rope, and fastened it to the trees. And as 
 the trees might be overthrown by a storm, or fall down of 
 themselves (so strong was our friendship for them), we again 
 changed the place of the rope, and bound it to a very strong 
 rock. [Here the interpreter said, they mean the land of Onon- 
 dago.J There we fastened it very securely, and rolled wam- 
 pum around it. For still greater security, we stood upon the 
 wampum, and sat upon it to fasten it and to prevent all injury ; 
 and we took the greatest care to keep it uninjured for aU time. 
 As long as that stood, the newly arrived Germans recognized 
 our right to the country, and from time to time urged us to 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 127 
 
 give tliem portions of our land, and that they might enter into 
 a union and treaty witla lis, and become one people with us." ^ 
 
 The following is selected from a sachem's address to his 
 warriors. 
 
 You chiefs and warriors, 
 what advice do you give? 
 "What shall we do with the 
 Swedes ? They have no cloth, 
 red, blue, or brown. They 
 have no kettles, no brass, no 
 lead, no guns, no powder. 
 They have nothing to sell to 
 us; but the English and 
 Dutch have got all sorts of 
 good merchandise. 
 
 Chijr Sacch^man ock pijri 
 Renappe ch.6k<a rcoe chijr? 
 Tandarijton Achoores: matta 
 hatte oquivan, matta Sinhus, 
 matta Hopictan, matta punck, 
 matta ariins, matta chekto hatte 
 marameu; senaares hatte suh- 
 vijvan huritt. 
 
 From the above account of these Indians, or savages as we 
 call them, the thoughtful reader will be led to inquire, whether, 
 on the whole, our boasted civilization contributes to either the 
 health, happiness, or honesty of a people. 
 
 1 See Eeynolds'a Translation of Acrelius, p. 49. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 PEKlSrSYLVAinA FEOM 1C84 TO 1G90. 
 
 The Provincial Council — Officers commissioned by William Penn — Letter to 
 Friends — Population of the Province — Appoints Secretary — Troubles in 
 the Province — Letter to the Magistrates and Others — Nicholas Moore — 
 New Commission — Thomas Lloyd retires — Appointed Deputy — Great 
 Scare — Gov. Blackwell— First Public School — George Keith — Schism 
 among the Quakers —Penn' s Power revoked — Fletcher made Governor — 
 Divisions — Fletcher retires — Appoints Markham — Government restored 
 to Penn — Appoints Markham — Penn's Return — Gives Laws — Improves 
 Philadelphia — House of Lords — Fears for his Government — Eetum to 
 England. 
 
 "YTTILLIAM PENN having returned to England in 1684 (aa 
 VV stated in chap, vi.), before leaving commissioned the 
 Provincial Council to act in the government in his absence. 
 This council had for its president Thomas Lloyd, who also had 
 a commission to keep the great seal. Nicholas Moore, William 
 Welch, William Wood, Robert Turner, and John Ecldey were 
 appointed Provincial judges for two years. These are the words 
 of the commission : — 
 
 " William Penn, Proprietary and Grovernor of the Province of 
 Pennsylvania, and territories thereunto helonging. 
 
 " To my trusty and loving friends, Nicholas Moore, William 
 Welch, William Wood, Robert Turner, and John Eckley, greet- 
 ing: 
 
 " Reposing special confidence in your justice, wisdom, and 
 integrity, I do, by virtue of the king's authority derived unto 
 me, constitute you Provincial Judges for the Province and ter- 
 ritories, and any legal number of you a Provincial court of 
 judicature, botli fixt and circular, as is by law directed ; giving 
 you, and every of you, full power to act therein according to 
 
 128 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 129 
 
 the same, strictly charging you, and every of you, to do justice 
 to all, and of all degrees, without delay, fear, or reward ; and I 
 do hereby require all persons within the Province and territories 
 aforesaid, to give you due obedience and respect belonging to 
 your station, in the discharge of your duties. This commission 
 to be in force during two years ensuing the date hereof ; you, 
 and every of you, behaving yourselves well therein, and acting 
 according to the same. 
 
 " Given at Philadelphia, the ith of the sixth month, 1684^, being 
 the thirty-sixth year of the Icing's reign, and the fourth of my 
 government, William Penn." 
 
 Penn now empowered Thomas Lloyd, James Claypoole (form- 
 erly a merchant in London), and Robert Turner, to sign war- 
 rants, and grant patents for lands. He constituted William Clark 
 justice of the peace throughout the Province and territories : 
 he also appointed other justices, and left all things in the Prov- 
 ince settled in a promising and prosperous condition. After 
 going on board the ship, he wrote a most affectionate letter to 
 Thomas Lloyd, J. Claypoole, F. Simcock, Charles Tayler, and 
 F. Harrison, to be communicated in meeting in Pennsylvania. 
 In this letter he says, " I bless you in the name and power of 
 the Lord, and may God bless you with his righteousness, peace, 
 and plenty, all the land over. Oh, now you are come to a quiet 
 land, provoke not the Lord to trouble it ; and now liberty and 
 authority are with you, in your hands. Truly, the name and 
 honor of the Lord are deeply concerned in you as to the dis- 
 charge of yourselves in your present stations. Many eyes are 
 upon you ; and remember, that, as we have been belied about 
 disowning the true religion, so, of all government, to behold us 
 exemplary and Christian in the use of that will not only stop 
 our enemies, but administer conviction to many on that acooimt 
 prejudiced;" 
 
 In this letter he adds, " And thou, Philadelphia, the virgin 
 settlement of this Province, named before thou wert born, what 
 care, what service, and what travail, has there been to bring thee 
 forth, and preserve thee from such as would abuse and defile 
 thee! 
 
130 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " Oh that thou mayst be kept from the evil that -would over- 
 whelm thee ! that, faithful to the God of thy mercies, in the 
 life of righteousness thou mayst be preserved to the end ! My 
 soul prays to God for thee, that thou mayst stand in the day of 
 trial, that thy children may be blessed of the Lord, and thy 
 people saved by his power. My love to thee has been great, and 
 the remembrance of thee affects mine heart and mine eye. The 
 God of eternal strength keep and preserve thee, to his glory 
 and thy peace. 
 
 " So, dear friends, my love again salutes you all, wishing that 
 grace, mercy, and peace, with all temporal blessings, may abound 
 richly among you. So says, so prays, your friend and lover in 
 the truth." 
 
 There were at tliis time ten Indian nations within the limits 
 of his Province, and the number of souls of these barbarians 
 was computed to be about six thousand : the number of inhab- 
 itants of Swedish or Dutch extraction was about three thou- 
 sand. He had made a league of amity with nineteen Indian 
 nations, between them and all the English in America. At the 
 time he addressed Philadelphia as above, it contained about 
 three hundred houses, and twenty-five hundred souls.' 
 
 In a letter dated London, 18th first month, 1684-85, he author- 
 ized the before-named council to commission his cousin, Wil- 
 liam Markham, to be secretary of the Province and territories, 
 and his secretary as proprietary. 
 
 Although William Penn found things relative to himself and 
 his Quakers very unpropitious upon his arrival in London, and 
 had his hands full in his attempts to adjust them, yet soon 
 trouble arose in his Province, to his great sorrow ; for " Nicholas 
 Moore, from London, one of the Provincial judges, being first 
 in commission, took place as prior judge, or, in the style of later 
 times, as chief justice of the Province, and was also a member of 
 assembly ; and, although he appears to have been a person of 
 good and useful abilities, and esteemed by the proprietary, yet, 
 being accused of mal-practices, he fell under the displeasure of 
 the House ; and they impeached him, in form, by a declaration, 
 exhibited to the Council, consisting of ten articles, besides sav- 
 
 1 Oldmixon in Proiid's Hist, of Penn., vol. i. p. 288. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 131 
 
 ing to themselves the liberty of adding more ; and concluded, 
 with a request that he be removed from his great of&ces and 
 trust, and made to answer to the crimes and misdemeanors 
 brought against him." ' 
 
 While these proceedings were occurring in the assembly, fur- 
 ther trouble arose as follows : " And on the 18th, Patrick Robin-. 
 son, clerk of the Provincial circular courts, being admitted into 
 the House of Assembly, and requested to produce the records 
 of said courts, but he denying the same, and joining with 
 Moore, was, for his contempt of the authority of the House, 
 disobedience to their orders, and abusing the Assembly, com- 
 mitted to the sheriff's custody during the pleasure of the House, 
 and voted a public enemy to the Province of Pennsylvania, and 
 territories thereof, and a violator of the privileges of the free- 
 men in Assembly met." 
 
 The news of these disturbances, and other excesses, having 
 reached London, Wniiam Penn sent this letter to the magis- 
 trates : — 
 
 " Friends, — There is a cry come over into these parts 
 against the number of drinking-houses, and looseness that is 
 committed in tlae caves. I am pressed in my spirit, being very 
 apt to believe too many disorders in that respect, strictly to 
 require that speedy and effectual care be taken : first, to re- 
 duce the number of ordinaries, or drinking-houses, and that 
 without respect to persons. Such are continued that are most 
 tender of God's glory and the reputation of the government, 
 and that all others presuming to sell be punished according to 
 law. I desire you to purge these caves in Philadelphia : they 
 are mine by license and time. The three years are expired. I 
 would have the suspected forthwith ordered to get up housing 
 elsewhere, and the empty caves to accommodate the poor fami- 
 lies that may come over, though they shall not stand long before 
 men's doors. Whatever you do, let virtue be cherished, and those 
 that show to fear God, by a life according to it, be counte- 
 nanced, and the evil person rebuked ; that God, who blesseth 
 those that fear him, and call upon his name in all lands, may 
 
 1 Proud's Hist, of Perm., vol. i. p. 296. 
 
132 
 
 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 bless and preserve you. And, thougli this be particularly ad- 
 dressed to you, let the magistrates of other towns have it to 
 read among them. I add no more, but my desires to the God 
 of all our tender mercies to be with you all, in your duties and 
 places, to his glory, and your praise and peace. Amen. 
 
 " Your very loving friend, Wm. Penk." 
 
 From this and other letters addressed to the president of the 
 Council, and one to James Harrison, his agent for the estate of 
 Pennsbury, it will be seen that he complained of the Council, 
 that they had slighted his letters, that they had conducted 
 in such a manner as to forfeit their charter, that they had 
 wholly neglected the supply which they had promised him, that 
 Nicholas Moore had been unjustly treated by the Assembly, and 
 that they had acted harshly towards Patrick Robinson. To 
 repair the injury done to Moore, he appointed him one of the 
 new commissioners. This was a bold step in William Penn, 
 when we consider the imputation of wrong conduct which it 
 threw upon the Assembly. It reflects great credit upon his 
 judgment and goodness in thus re-appoiating Moore ; for he 
 held the office to the end of his life, and never disgraced it. 
 
 Penn was so much grieved by the proceedings of the Council, 
 that he resolved to reduce their number, and dimiuish their 
 authority, by taking from them the executive power. He, 
 therefore, sent over a new commission, from which we extract 
 the following : — 
 
 " To my trusty and well-beloved friends, Thomas Lloyd, 
 Nicholas Moore, James Claypoole, Robert Turner, and John 
 Eckley, or any three of them, in Philadelphia. 
 
 " Trusty and well-beloved ! I heartUy salute you. Lest any 
 should scruple the termination of President Loyd's Commission 
 with his place in the Provincial Council, and to the end that there 
 may be a more constant residence of the honorary and govern- 
 ing part of the Government, for the keeping all things in good 
 order, I have sent a fresh Commission of Deputation to you, 
 making any three of you a Quorum, to act in the execution of 
 the Laws, enacting, disannulling, or varying of Laws, as if I 
 myself were there present; reserving to myself the confirma- 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 133 
 
 tion of what is done, and my peculiar royalty and advan- 
 tages. 
 
 " First, you are to oblige the Provincial Council to their 
 Charter-attendance, or to take such a Council as you think con- 
 venient to advise and assist you in the business of the public; 
 for I will no more endure their slothful and dishonorable attend- 
 ance, but dissolve the Frame without any more ado. Let them 
 look to it, if any further occasion be given. 
 
 "Secondly, that you keep to the dignity of your station, both 
 in Council and out, but especially that you suffer no disorder 
 in the Council, nor the CouncU and Assembly, nor either of 
 them, to intrench upon the powers and privilieges remaining 
 yet in me. 
 
 " Thirdly, that you admit not any parleys or open conferences 
 between the Provincial Council and Assembly, but let one, 
 with your approbation, propose, and let the other consent or 
 dissent, according to the Charter. 
 
 " Fourthly, that you curiously inspect the past proceedings 
 of both, and let me know in what they have broken the bounds 
 or obligations of the Charter. 
 
 " Fifthly, that you, this very next Assembly General, declare 
 my abrogation of all that has been done since my absence ; and 
 so of all the Laws but the Fimdamentals ; and that you imme- 
 diately dismiss the Assembly, and call it again ; and pass such 
 of them afresh, with such alterations as you and they shall see 
 meet ; and this to avoid a greater inconveniency, which I fore- 
 see, and formerly communicated to Thomas Lloyd." * 
 
 In 1687 Thomas Lloyd, who ever since the proprietary's 
 departure had chiefly presided in public affairs, wished to be 
 discharged &om the burden, and before tliis time had solicited 
 to be released, by the appointment of another person in his 
 room. But a suitable person could not readily be found ; and in 
 a letter dated from the Holland House, the 27th of the tenth 
 month, 1687, WiUiam Penn, with much sorrow, names for the 
 position two persons, in these words : — 
 
 " I am sorry that Thomas Lloyd, my esteemed friend, covets 
 a quietus, that is young, active, and ingenious ; for from such it 
 
 I See Clarkson's life of Penn, vol. i p. 376. 
 
134 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 is that I expect help, and such will not sow, I hope, in vain. 
 But, since 'tis his desire, I do hereby signify his dismiss from 
 the trouble he has borne (for some time of rest and ease, at 
 least), and do nominate, to be commissionated in my name, 
 under the great seal, till further order, Samuel Carpenter, who, 
 I hope, will accept, and industriously serve that station ; else 
 Thomas Ellis, who has an office that requires his attendance, 
 having one in my eye, that you may see shortly, as a man richly 
 qualified for that station. Robert Turner, of course, has the 
 Chair for the first month after the receipt of this, and the rest, 
 alternately, monthly, if you find that convenient, as, I believe, 
 it will be most easy ; else let the senior commissioner have it 
 always." 
 
 After having written this letter, which was to the commis- 
 sioners, he thus addressed Thomas Lloyd : — 
 
 "• Now, though I have, to please thee, given thee a quietus 
 from all public business, my intention is to constitute thee 
 deputy governor, and two in the character of assistants ; either 
 of whom and thyself to be able to do all as fully as I myself 
 can do ; only I wait thy consent to the employment, of which 
 advise me." 
 
 Lloyd accepted the office of deputy governor of the Province ; 
 and, some disagreement having arisen between the Province and 
 the territories, Markham was appointed deputy governor of 
 the latter. To appease William Penn, and allay his anxiety, 
 they jointly sent Inm the following : — 
 
 " These few lines, we hope, may much ease thy mind in 
 reference to thy exercises concerning the affairs of thy gov- 
 ernment here, by informing thee, that, with unanimous record, 
 we rest satisfied with thy two deputations, sent for executive 
 government of the Province and counties annexed; and thy 
 deputies concurring amicably, at this time, to act as one general 
 government in legislation, we have proceeded in the preparing 
 jointly some few bills, that thereby our present imited actings 
 may be as well published as the respected services of the gov- 
 ernment "answered." 
 
 In 1688 Philadelphia had a great scare, similar to the one 
 which we had during the late war, when the rebels burnt Cham- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 135 
 
 bersburg. It was rather from the savages than the whites, and 
 is thus related by Proud : — 
 
 " There came a report of an intended insurrection of the 
 Indians, to cut off all the English, on a certain appointed day. 
 This was communicated by two Indian women of West Jersey, 
 to an old Dutch inhabitant near Chester, to be on the next fourth 
 day of the week. Several Friends, or Quakers, upon hearing 
 this report, being conscious of their Just conduct towards the 
 Indians, and sensible of notliing that could reasonably disgust 
 them, endeavored to appease the people's fears. The said fourth 
 day being come, about ten o'clock in the night a messenger 
 arrived at Chester, out of the woods, and told the people that 
 three families, about nine miles distant, which he named, were 
 all cut off by the Indians. Tliis report coming to a Friend then 
 at Chester, about midnight he took with him two young men, 
 on horseback, to the place, in order to examine into the truth 
 of the affair. They found the three houses, but nobody in them, 
 and yet no signs of murder. Their inhabitants, alarmed in a 
 similar manner, had fled to the houses of their parents at Ridley 
 Creek, about a mile from thence. The master of one of these 
 families, being from home, had been informed five hundred 
 Indians were actually collected at Naaman's Creek, in pursuit 
 of their design, to kill the English ; and, as he was hastening to 
 his house, he thought he heard his boy crying out, and sajdng, 
 ' What shall I do ? my dame is kiUed ! ' Upon which, instead 
 of going home, to know the certainty of the affair, he ran off 
 to acquaint the government at Philadelphia ; but being met by 
 a person of more prudence than himself, before he got to the 
 city, he was persuaded by him to return. 
 
 " The report, notwithstanding, soon arrived at the city, and 
 was told with such alarming circumstances, that a messenger 
 was immediately despatched to Marcus Hook, near the said 
 Naaman's Creek, to inquire the truth of it. He quickly returned, 
 and confirmed the report, but with this variation, that it was at 
 Brandywine Creek, at an Indian town, where the five hundred 
 Indians were assembled, and that they, having a lame king, had 
 carried him away, with all their women and children. These 
 circumstances rendered the affair still more alarming, and, with 
 many, amoimted to a certainty. 
 
136 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " The Council were, at that time, sitting at Philadelphia on 
 other affairs, when one of them, a Friend, who lived in Chester 
 Countjs voluntarily offered himself to go to the place, provided 
 they would name five others to accompany him, without 
 weapons ; which being soon agreed on, they rode to the place. 
 But, instead of meeting with five hundred warriors, they found 
 the old king quietly lying, with his lame foot along on the 
 ground, and his head at ease on a kind of pillow, the women 
 at work in the fields, and the children playing together. 
 
 " When they had entered the wigwam, the king presently 
 asked them very mildly, ' What they all came for ? ' They 
 told him the report which the Indian women had raised, and 
 asked him whether the Indians had any thing against the Eng- 
 lish. He appeared much displeased at the report, and said, 
 ' The women ought to be burnt to death, and that they had 
 nothing against the English ; ' adding, ' 'Tis true there are 
 about fifteen pounds yet behind of our pay for the land which 
 William Penn bought ; but as you are still on it, and improving 
 it to your own use, we are not in haste for our pay ; but, when 
 the English come to settle it, we expect to be paid.' This, 
 the messengers thinking very reasonable, told him they would 
 undoubtedly be paid for their land. 
 
 " One of the company further expressed himself to the Indian 
 king in the following manner, ' That the great God, who 
 made the world, and all things therein, consequently made all 
 mankind, both Indians and English. And as he made all, so 
 his love was extended to all ; which was plainly shown by 
 his causing the rain and dews to fall on the ground of both 
 Indians and English alike, that it might equally produce what 
 the Indians, as well as what the English, sowed or planted in 
 it, for the sustenance of life ; and also by his making the sun 
 to shine equally on all, both Indians and English, to nourish 
 them ; and that seeing the great Being, which made them all, 
 extended his love thus to all, so they were mutually bound to 
 love one another.' 
 
 " The king answered, ' What they had said was true ; and, as 
 God has given you corn, I would advise you to get it in ' (it 
 being then harvest-time) ' for we intend you no harm.' They 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 137 
 
 parted amicably ; and the messengers, returning, put an end to 
 the people's fears." ^ 
 
 Lloyd still insisting upon retiring from the public affairs of 
 the government, in the latter part of the year 1688 he was 
 succeeded by Capt. John Blackwell, under the title of lieuten- 
 ant-governor, in lieu of that of deputy governor, which had 
 been given to Llo3^d and Markham ; Penn himself being the 
 real governor. 
 
 Blackwell was not a Quaker, and almost a stranger to Penn, 
 although he seems to have known something of his ability, and 
 to have had a high esteem for him. The occasion of his ap- 
 pointment was this : Penn was much exercised as to who should 
 be Lloyd's successor ; and, just at this juncture, the wife of 
 Blackwell called upon Penn upon other business, and he asked 
 her whether she thought her husband would accept of the 
 government of Pennsylvania. She answered, " He would." 
 Of this appointment, Penn himself thus speaks, " Since no 
 Friend would undertake the governor's place, I took one that 
 was not, and a stranger, that he might be impartial, and more 
 reverenced. I thought I did well : it was for good, the Lord 
 knows it, and no end of my own." 
 
 Soon after Blackwell assumed the duties of his office, mis- 
 understandings arose between him and the Council, so that but 
 Httle was done during his administration ; and at the end of 
 nine months he retired. The government of the Province, 
 according to the charter, again devolved upon the Council, 
 Thomas Lloyd, president. 
 
 About this time (1689), general attention seems to have been 
 directed to the education of their children ; and the Friends' 
 public school was organized, the first of its kind in the colony, 
 of which we have any record. This school, although estabhshed 
 by the Friends, seems to have been open to all ; and not only 
 were the common branches taught, but it offered facilities for 
 training in many of the higher studies included in a liberal 
 education. 
 
 Penn was preparing to return to the colony about this time ; 
 but the persecutions to which he was subjected prevented his 
 
 I See vol. i. p. 336. 
 
138 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 leaving England : indeed, his purpose seems to have been soon 
 to return to the colony with his family, and make his permanent 
 residence there ; but adverse circumstances detained him in the 
 mother-country until fifteen years had elapsed, although the 
 differences among those left in charge of the government con- 
 tinued to increase, and showed how necessary his presence 
 was. That Penn was greatly annoyed by these disagreements 
 appears by a letter which he wrote to a friend in 1692, from 
 which we make the following extract: "I have thine of the 
 13th instant. Thy love and good intention towards me I 
 receive and accept. But pray consider how little I am in fault, 
 and how ill I am rewarded by some in that Province. I left it 
 quiet, and the government in the Council. Thomai Lloyd grew 
 weary of this form ; writ, and got others to write, to change it 
 to a deputyship. I sent to know if he would have it ; in the 
 meanwhile writ to me he would not meddle, and desired a 
 quietus, or dismiss. Upon this, Capt. Blackwell's wife coming 
 to me about presenting something of her husband's to the 
 king, and remembering him to be a man of sobriety and parts, 
 asked for him, then in New England, and if he would accept 
 of the government of Pennsylvania, &c. This disfjleased. I 
 altered and left it to them to choose either the government 
 of the council, or five commissioners, or a deputy. What 
 could be tenderer ? Now I perceive Thomas Lloyd is chosen 
 by the three upper, but not the three lower counties, and sits 
 down with this broken choice. This has grieved and wounded 
 me and mine, I fear, to the hazard of all. "Whatever the morals 
 of the lower counties are, it was embraced as a mercy that we 
 got and united them to the P rovince, and a great charter ties 
 them. And this particular ambition has broken it ; for the 
 striving can arise from nothing else. And what is that spirit, 
 that wovdd sooner divide the child than let things run in their 
 own channel, but that which sacrifices all bowels to wilfulness ? 
 Had they learned what this means, ' I will have mercy, and not 
 Bacrifice,^ there had been no breaches nor animosities there tdl 
 I had come, at least. I desire thee to write them, which they 
 will mind more now than upon the spot, and lay their union 
 upon them ; or else the governor of New York is like to have 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 139 
 
 all, if he has it not already. The Lord forgive them their 
 unspeakable injury to me and mine." Thus it would seem 
 that William Penn found no rest in either hemisphere. 
 
 Another difficulty now arose : one George Keith was its 
 author. He was a man of considerable literary attainments, 
 fond of disputation, and confident and overbearing. He had 
 been an acknowledged minister among the Quakers, but now 
 found fault with their disciphne, ridiculed their customs and 
 some of their tenets, and created such a schism among the 
 Quakers, that they separated into two branches ; those follow- 
 ing him being called Christian Quakers, the others, apostates. 
 By this division, new difficulties were added to the Province, 
 or the ones which previously existed greatly augmented. 
 Intelligence of Keith's conduct was no sooner communicated 
 to William Penn than he immediately anticipated great trou- 
 ble from this division, which speedily followed. 
 
 James H. and William Penn had been good friends ; but 
 James was now gone ; and William IH. had ascended the 
 throne. Those who were at the head of affairs in England 
 were well acquainted with the disorders which had taken 
 place in the government of Pennsylvania ; and with a view to 
 injure Penn, who had become obnoxious to them, they repre- 
 sented to the king, that the quarrels between the province and 
 the territories showed that Penn was incapable of governing the 
 country which had been granted him. They seized upon 
 the schism among the Quakers created by Keith as confirma- 
 tion of these arguments. As he (Keith) had been excommu- 
 nicated by one portion of the Quakers, and also punished by 
 fine, they represented that he had been unjustly treated. By 
 these means, they created a sensation, in both houses of parlia- 
 ment, against Penn. They affirmed that Pennsylvania was in 
 a state of chaos and ruin, and that nothing would save it but 
 taking away the government from him. They also asserted 
 that not a moment should be lost before repeahng his charter. 
 Being thus urged, the king and queen, by a Commission granted 
 by William and Mary, appointed Gov. Fletcher of New York 
 to take upon him the government of Pennsylvania and the 
 territories thereunto annexed.' By this act, WiUiam Penn was 
 1 Clark.son's Life of Penn, vol. ii. p. 73. 
 
140 
 
 BISTORT OF PENNSTLVANIA. 
 
 deprived of all authority over Pennsylvania ; and so speedily 
 was this done, that he was unable to make any explanation, 
 or assign any reason why this appointment should not be made. 
 Although King William had often expressed regard for Wilham 
 Penn, yet he was unable to resist the efforts of his ministers, 
 and others who frequented his court, calling so loudly that 
 Penn might be deprived of his governorship. 
 
 Fletcher, having received his appointment, wrote immediately 
 to Thomas Lloyd this letter, " Having received their Majesties' 
 commission, under the great seal, for the government of Penn- 
 sylvania, and being required to make a speedy repair to that 
 Province, I think fit to acquaint you that I propose to begin my 
 journey from home on Monday, the twenty-fourth instant, and 
 desire the Council and principal freeholders may have notice, 
 that their Majesties' commands may be communicated to them 
 so soon as I arrive, which I hope may be the twenty-ninth. 
 
 " New York, April 19, 1693." 
 
 Fletcher speedily repaired to Philadelphia with great pomp, 
 and a more splendid retinue than had been usually seen in that 
 Quaker Province ; and although they had received no instruc- 
 tion from the king, or from Wilham Penn, they surrendered the 
 government to him without resistance, for which Penn after- 
 wards blamed them. He also wrote to Fletcher, cautioning 
 him to be aware of meddUng with the government, and also 
 reminding him of his particular obligation to him personally. 
 
 Fletcher immediately called the Assembly together ; but a 
 disagreement at once arose between him and the Council, 
 because he had not summoned the Assembly according to the 
 old legal form. After a long discussion and controversy, the 
 Assembly finally yielded, and were duly organized. The first 
 question put by the Assembly was, how far the laws of the 
 Province, and constitution of the government, founded on the 
 powers of the king's letters-patent to the proprietary, William 
 Penn, were in force. For an answer to this question they sent 
 a message to the governor, in which they say, " We humbly 
 conceive that the laws founded upon the late king's letters- 
 patent are yet in force, and therefore we desire that the same 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 141 
 
 may be confirmed unto us as our rights and liberties." To 
 which Fletcher replied, " Gentlemen, I, with the Council, have 
 considered your address. The least cause mentioned in their 
 Majesties' letters-patent is the absence of the proprietary. 
 There are reasons of greater moment; such as the neglects 
 and miscarriages in the late administration, the want of neces- 
 sary defence against the enemy, and the danger of being lost 
 from the crown. The constitution of their Majesties' govern- 
 ment, and that of Mr. Penn, are in direct opposition one to 
 the other. If you will be tenacious in stickling for this, it is a 
 plain demonstration, use what words you please, that, indeed, 
 you decline the other." 
 
 Upon receiving this letter, the Assembly sent a remonstrance 
 to Gov. Fletcher containing the following : " As to the reasons 
 rendered for superseding our proprietary's governancy, we ap- 
 prehend they are founded on misapprehensions ; for the courts 
 of justice were open for all counties in this government, and 
 justice duly executed, from the highest crimes of treason and 
 murder, to the determining the lowest differences about prop- 
 erty, before the date or arrival of the governor's commission ; 
 neither do we apprehend that the Province was in danger of 
 being lost from the crown . . . nevertheless, we readily own 
 thee for our lawful governor, saving to ourselves and those 
 whom we represent our and their just rights and privileges. 
 
 " Signed : Joseph Gbowden, Speaker." 
 
 What reply, if any, the governor made to this address, does 
 not appear ; but he soon informed them that he saw nothing 
 would do but an annexation to New York. This was far 
 from meeting the approval of the Assembly ; and, after much 
 controversy, the final result was, that Fletcher soon departed 
 for his New York domains, leaving William Markham as acting 
 lieutenant-governor. 
 
 In the latter part of 1693, William Penn was permitted to 
 make his defence, from which his innocency was made so 
 apparent, that he was not only acquitted of all charges against 
 him, but also had his government restored. Lords Rochester, 
 Ranelagh, Sidney, and Somers, and the Duke of Buckingham, 
 
142 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and Sir John Trenchard, represented to the king, that " they 
 had long known William Penn, that there was nothing against 
 him, but what impostors, or those that were fled, or that had 
 since their pardon refused to verify what they had alleged 
 against him ; that they had never known him do an ill thing." 
 They therefore requested that his government might be restored 
 to him. King William answered, "that Wilham Penn was 
 his old acquaintance, as well as theirs ; that he might follow 
 his business as freely as ever ; and that he had nothing to say 
 to him." 
 
 In 1694 Thomas Lloyd died. He was sick but six days. On 
 his death-bed, in a calm and quiet manner, he said, " I die in 
 unity and love with all faithful Friends. I have fought a good 
 fight. I have kept the faith which stands not in the wisdom of 
 words, but in the power of God. I have sought not for strife 
 and contention, but for the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, 
 and the simplicity of the gospel. I lay down my head in 
 peace, and desire you may all do so. Farewell." 
 
 William Penn, upon his restoration to his Province, appointed 
 William Markham lieutenant-governor ; and things appear to 
 have prospered well the next year. Markham issued a procla- 
 mation, however, against illegal trade, harboring pirates, and the 
 increase of vice. This was not done because these practices 
 abounded more than formerly, but because it had been reported 
 to their disadvantage in England. 
 
 The last day of November, 1699, William Penn returned to 
 Pennsylvania, after a long, tedious voyage of three months. 
 His first business was to call the Assembly together, when he 
 renewed the laws which had been made by Markham in his 
 four-years' reign as deputy. The next two objects which 
 engaged his attention were the instruction and civilization of 
 the Indians, and the condition of the African or negro slaves, 
 who had been introduced soon after the first settlement of 
 the Province, and whose condition hitherto had been very 
 deplorable. 
 
 At this time Penn set about improving Philadelphia, by 
 removing all the slaughter-houses to the bank of the river, and 
 also every other obstruction interfering with the health and 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 143 
 
 cleanliness of the city, or the convenience of the inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 It having been reported in England that many of the proprie- 
 tary governors oppressed their people, the House of Commons 
 addressed the king upon the propriety of making all the 
 proprietary governors merely regal ones ; and a bill was actually 
 introduced into the House of Lords for that purpose. The 
 real cause of this movement seemed to be to check the growth 
 and progress of the colonies under the proprietary form of 
 government, lest they should grow too strong for the interests 
 of the crown. The friends of' William Penn in England 
 informed him of this measure ; and, fearing that he might lose 
 his government a second time, he embarked Nov. 1, 1706, for 
 England, never again to visit America. His life was one of 
 peculiar trials and severe afflictions. He was, what cannot be 
 said of many men, 
 
 " An honest man, the noblest work of God." 
 
 He founded his colony upon true Christian principles : Chris- 
 tianity shone brightly in all his acts, both towards God and 
 man. For the glory of the former, and the libertj"-, peace, and 
 happiness of the latter, he spent his life. He weU deserved, 
 and will ever receive, the gratitude of the sons and daughters 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 PEinsrsYLVAinA from 1701 to itbs. 
 
 Penn's Interest in the Colony — Of Ms Family — Reception of Kew Charter — 
 Charter to the City — Andrew Hamilton — James Logan — Bill in Parlia- 
 ment — King William's Death. — Princess Anne — Dissensions — Gov. Evans 
 
 — William Penn, jun. — More Dissensions — Evils from Penn's Absence — 
 Mortgages the Province — Attacked by Apoplexy — His Death — His Will 
 
 — Gov. Gordon — Benjamin Franklin — Thomas and John Penn — Indian 
 Troubles — Gov. Thomas — George Whitefield — The French War— Plain 
 Truth — Gov. Hamilton — ■ Taxation of Proprietors — Public Institutions — 
 Braddock's Defeat — George Washington — Indian Treaties — Ee-appoint- 
 ment of James Hamilton — Boundary settled — Indian Massacre — John 
 Penn -^Indians sue for Peace — Penn's Character by Gordon. 
 
 ALTHOUGH William Penn had now returned to England 
 for the last time, yet the reader must not suppose that 
 he took no further interest in the colony, for he manifested 
 the same concern for it during the remaining twelve years of 
 his active life ; and, after his decease, the history of those times 
 shows that the Penn family, in the persons of his widow, sons, 
 and grandson, acted as proprietaries of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Before his departure, William Penn had given the Province 
 and territories a new charter, with an enlargement of their 
 privileges. " This charter of privilieges being distinctly read 
 in Assembly, and the whole and every part thereof being 
 approved of and agreed to by us, we do thankfully receive 
 the same from our Proprietary and Governor at Philadelphia, 
 this twenty-eighth day of October, one thousand seven hun- 
 dred and one (1701). 
 
 " Signed in behalf, and by order of the Assembly, per 
 
 "Joseph GnowDSif, Speaker. 
 
 "Edwaed Shtppbn", 
 Phineas Pemberton, 
 Samuel Carpenter, 
 Grieeith Owen, 
 Caleb Pxjsey, 
 Thomas Story, 
 
 144 
 
 Proprietary 
 
 and 
 
 (rovernor's 
 
 Council." 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 145 
 
 The members of the Assembly, and the inhabitants of Phila- 
 delphia present say, " This charter, which we have distinctly 
 heard read, and thankfully received, shall be by us inviolably 
 kept." To this declaration the members of the Provincial 
 Council, the members of the Assembly, and all of the inhabit- 
 ants of Philadelphia who were then present, signed their 
 names. 
 
 William Penn also gave a charter to the city of Philadelphia. 
 Having granted these two charters, he appointed Andrew 
 Hamilton, Esq., who had been governor of both East and West 
 New Jersey, deputy governor of Pennsylvania. He also 
 appointed James Logan secretary of the Province, and clerk of 
 the Council of the same. After these things had all been 
 accomplished, he set sail for England, as we stated in our last 
 chapter. " 
 
 It has already been said that the immediate cause for which 
 William Penn's friends requested his return to England was the 
 introduction of a bill into parliament to make all the proprietary 
 governments regal ones. At the solicitation of his friends, this 
 bill had been postponed until he should arrive ; but, at the next 
 session of parliament, the bill was entirely dropped, and no 
 further action was taken upon the affair. 
 
 In 1701 King William died, and the Princess Anne of Den- 
 mark succeeded to the throne. The commencement of her 
 reign was characterized by great moderation and clemency. 
 William Penn, being in favor with the queen, spent much 
 time at the court. 
 
 Gov. Hamilton's administration in Pennsylvania continued 
 only till the twelfth month of the next year (1702), when he 
 died. He had a stormj' and uncomfortable time, on account of 
 the feuds between the Province and the territories. Upon his 
 death, the government devolved upon the council, of which 
 Edward Shippen was president. This constant disagreement 
 between the two sections was sharp and bitter. 
 
 John Evans was now appointed deputy governor by the 
 proprietary, with the queen's consent. He arrived in the 
 Province in the twelfth month of the 3'ear 1703. "Among 
 the names of the members of Council, in the twelfth month, 
 
146 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1703, about the time, or soon after, Gov. Evans's arrival, 
 appear to be, 
 
 " William Penn, junior, Griffith Owen, 
 
 Roger Mompesson, Caleb Pusey, 
 
 Edward Shippen, William Trent, 
 
 John Guest, Richard Hill, 
 
 Samuel Carpenter, Samuel Finney, 
 
 Thomas Story, James Logan. 
 
 " Also for the three lower counties were, — 
 " William Clark, William Rodney, Jasper Yeats. 
 
 " William Penn, junior, appears to have been called to the 
 board, and made a member of Council, in the twelfth month 8th, 
 1703, and probably came from England with Gov. Evans," &c. 
 
 Gov. Evans was a rash young man, had but little knowledge 
 of the people he was called to govern, and was entirely unfit 
 for the office. Considering the Province and the territories 
 still united, he immediately convened the Assembly, consisting 
 of delegates from both, and addressed them in a long speech 
 upon the importance of their union. The members from the 
 territories agreed to follow his advice ; but those from the 
 Province refused. Evans then attached himself to the interests 
 of the territories, and induced their Assembly to pass laws 
 very obnoxious to the other portion of the colony. 
 
 The queen had ordered him to raise militia in the colony ; 
 but, in carrying out this command, he met with very little suc- 
 cess. He treated the pacific principles of the Quakers with 
 contempt ; but, as he could not induce them to renounce those 
 principles, he resorted to a trick to gain his point. He caused 
 it to be reported that an enemy's fleet was coming up the Dela- 
 ware. The governor, -with his friends, immediately flew to arms, 
 filled the streets with soldiers, and summoned to his assistance 
 all persons capable of bearing arms. The people, in great con- 
 fusion, instead of preparing for defence, sought safety in flight. 
 The greater part of the Quakers did not forsake their usual 
 composure ; and only four of them could be found who would 
 take up arms. The trick was a mere ruse, and recoiled upon 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVAN/A. 147 
 
 those who invented it, by bringing the governor into great 
 contempt. Even James Logan, though a Quaker, did not 
 wholly escape the odium caused by this false alarm. 
 
 Evans resorted to various expedients which greatly annoyed 
 the merchants. He caused a useless fort to be erected at New 
 Castle, requiring great delays, and heavy charges, from vessels 
 passing up the Delaware. During his whole government, 
 feuds were constantly kept up, which greatly imbittered the 
 life of the proprietary, and caused much evil to the province. 
 The whole of his administration was so unpopular, and the 
 people were so much exasperated by his conduct, that, when the 
 proprietor removed him from office, they voted a formal address 
 of thanks to him for ridding the colony of such a pest. 
 
 Charles Gookin was the next governor. He arrived in 1709. 
 He was a native of Ireland, an honest old soldier, and more at 
 home in the army than in the cabinet. He served eight jj^ears ; 
 and, during the whole of that period, the same want of har- 
 mony prevailed between the executive and legislative depart- 
 ments. The only good thing which he appears to have done 
 during his administration was to hold a council with the 
 Indians in Philadelphia, by which certain grievances were 
 peaceably settled, and the chain of friendship between them 
 and the whites brightened. 
 
 The great error of William Penn was, that he did not perma- 
 nently remain in the Province. We find this point well stated 
 by Dr. Du Ponceau in these words: "It will ever be a source 
 of regret that William Penn did not, as he had contemplated, 
 fix his permanent residence in his Province, and that, after the 
 lapse of a short year, he again embarked for England, whence 
 it had been decreed by Providence that he never should 
 return. There is too much reason to believe, that, in this, he 
 yielded to the influence of his wife and of his daughter Letitia, 
 who do not appear to have been pleased with a residence in the 
 country. Yet Hannah Penn was a woman of great merit, and 
 her name will shine conspicuously and with honor in our 
 history. But when we consider her rank, education, and for- 
 tune, and the situation of Pennsylvania at that time, we need 
 not wonder that she preferred the society of her friends in her 
 
148 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 native land, to a life of hardship and self-denial in a newly 
 settled colony. And it is easy to conceive how William Perm's 
 return may have been postponed, amidst efforts to conquer her 
 reluctance, until other circumstances intervened which pre- 
 vented it altogether. 
 
 " A single trait will be sufficient to show what evils would 
 have been averted from Pennsylvania, if William Penn had 
 remained here to the end of his days. Nine years after his 
 departure, when his country was again rent by intestine divis- 
 ions, and a factious legislature — taking an unmanly advantage 
 of the misfortunes which had of late fallen heavy upon him — 
 were striving by every means to wrest power from his hands, a 
 letter from him to that Assembly, in which he tenderly expostu- 
 lated with them for their ungrateful conduct, produced an entire 
 and a sudden change in the minds of the deluded people ; and, 
 at the next election, his enemies were hurled from the seats 
 which they had disgraced. ' A truly national answer,' says his 
 biographer Clarkson, and, we may add, the strongest proof that 
 can be given of the powerful ascendency of this great man 
 over minds of an inferior stamp." 
 
 The expense of the Province, and other concerns of a private 
 character, had so far impaired the property of William Penn, 
 that in 1708, " to clear a debt contracted for settling and im- 
 proving said colonies," he borrowed sixty-sis hundred pounds, 
 about thirty thousand dollars. This loan he secured by a 
 mortgage on the Province. 
 
 In 1712 William Penn negotiated with Queen Anne to trans- 
 fer the Province and territories to the crown. For this he was to 
 receive twelve thousand pounds ; and a bill was introduced into 
 parliament to this effect, and a part of the money paid ; but, 
 being attacked this year by an apoplectic fit, his faculties be- 
 came so impaired, that he was unable to complete the transfer. 
 In a state amounting almost to imbecility, he continued for six 
 years, when he died at Rushcomb, in Buckinghamshire, Eng- 
 land, on the 13th of July, 1718. By his will, his oldest son by 
 his first wife became heir to his estates in Great Britain. His 
 Pennsylvania province and territories were given to the Eaxls 
 of Oxford, Mortimer, and Powlet, in trust, to be sold to the 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 149 
 
 queen, or any other person, to the best advantage. He also 
 appointed other trustees in England and America to pay his 
 debts out of the proceeds of his American lands, the surplus to 
 be distributed among his children. He left a wish that his 
 children should settle in Pennsylvania. The oldest son, William, 
 contested the right to the government of Pennsylvania; and 
 the case, being carried to the court of chancery, was, after 
 many years, decided in favor of the widow and her children : 
 accordingly the government was afterwards administered by 
 the children of the younger branch of the family. 
 
 Continued disagreements in the Province, dissatisfaction with 
 Gov. Gookin, and a long remonstrance from the Assembly 
 against his course, caused him to resign in 1717. He was imme- 
 diately succeeded by Sir William Keith, a man of pleasing 
 address, courteous, but crafty, — qualities which were so directly 
 opposed to those of the two preceding governors as to make 
 his administration acceptable to the people ; but, whenever the 
 interests of the proprietaries and those of the people clashed, 
 he boldly espoused the popular side against all advice of the 
 Council. A far greater degree of quietness and peace prevailed 
 during his administration than had been experienced in the 
 colony under many of their late governors ; but, for taking sides 
 with the people, Hannah Penn had him removed in 1726, having 
 been governor eight years. 
 
 Patrick Gordon succeeded Keith in 1726 ; and, during his 
 administration, there was generally quiet in the Province, and 
 he and the Council worked harmoniously. Great improvements 
 were made in the Province, and its trade largely increased. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, emigrated to Philadel- 
 phia in 1723, at the age of seventeen, during Gov. Keith's 
 administration. There were only two printers there at the 
 time, — Andrew Bradford and Mr. Keimer, the latter of whom 
 employed him in his office. Gov. Keith, always more ready 
 to promise than perform, advised Franklin to enter into busi- 
 ness for himself, and promised him letters of introduction to 
 his friends in London : under this promise, Franklin prepared 
 to visit London to procure printing-materials. On applying to 
 Keith for the letters promised, the governor informed him he 
 
150 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 would send them to liim on board the ship, which he never did. 
 The consequence was, that when Franklin arrived in London, 
 finding himself without recommendation and without funds, he 
 hired himself out as a journeyman printer. In 1726 he re- 
 turned to Philadelphia. 
 
 The colonists had been so much engaged in contentions 
 among themselves, and in agriculture, that they had given but 
 little attention to literature ; but, in 1731, Franklin showed his 
 public spirit by moving to found a library, and was successful 
 in organizing the company, which was incorporated in 1742, 
 under the name of Library Company of Philadelphia. 
 
 Thomas Penn, son of William, arrived in the Province in 
 1732, and, two years after, was joined by his elder brother John. 
 They were treated with such marks of respect, both by the 
 colonists and the assembly, as were due to the sons of the 
 illustrious founder of Pennsylvania. 
 
 They soon began to agitate the question upon the boundary 
 line between Pennsylvania and Delaware ; and, as this caused 
 new disputes, John Penn returned to England in 1735, to 
 oppose the claims of Lord Baltimore; but Thomas remained 
 some years in the colony. This question was not finally settled 
 until 1761. 
 
 Gov. Gordon's death occurred in 1736 ; and the government 
 of the colony devolved upon James Logan, president of the 
 Council, who kept his place two years. The Indians, during his 
 administration, became very troublesome on account of what 
 they considered the enroachments of the whites. It was in 
 this year that Benjamin Franklin was first elected clerk of the 
 Assembly. 
 
 George Thomas, a West Indian planter, was the next gov- 
 ernor, continuing his administration from 1738 to 1747. Like 
 several of the former governors, he at first mistook the charac- 
 ter of the people over whom he was called to preside. He 
 offended the Quakers by demanding too much of them for the 
 support of the military, and gave still further offence by com- 
 pelling indented servants, those who had sold themselves to 
 pay their passage across the ocean, to enter the army. 
 
 In 1739 the celebrated George Whitefield arrived in the 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 151 
 
 Province, and by his eloquence attracted vast assemblies. In 
 1740 a lazaretto was erected for the accommodation of sick 
 emigrants. In 1741 Thomas Penn returned to England ; and 
 although the intercourse between him and the Assembly had 
 not been altogether agreeable, yet they passed respectful resolu- 
 tions upon his departure. His brother John died in 1746 ; and, 
 upon his decease, Thomas became the principal proprietor. In 
 1775 he died. 
 
 In 1744 war was openly declared between France and Great 
 Britain. In consequence of this war, the peaceful relations 
 which Pennsylvania had generally maintained towards the 
 Indians for sixty-two years were now at an end, and on the 
 western frontier a savage warfare commenced. The lands pur- 
 chased by the famous walk, and those taken from the Shawa- 
 nees against their consent, were now to be paid for by the 
 blood of the whites. 
 
 Dr. Franklin now began his career as a public man. He 
 published a work called "Plain Truth," in which he endeav- 
 ored to promote harmony between the executive and the Assem- 
 bly, and induce them to prepare for military defence. He was 
 appointed a colonel ; but, being more skilled in wielding the 
 pen than the sword, he declined the office. 
 
 James Logan, although a Quaker, believed in defensive war, 
 and contributed of his substance to carry it on. Gov. Thomas 
 resigned in 1747 ; and the administration devolved on Antony 
 Palmer, president of the Council. In 1749 James Hamilton, a 
 son of the former speaker, Andrew Hamilton, arrived with a 
 commission as lieutenant-governor. Affairs between the Eng- 
 lish and the Indians now became very alarming. The French 
 used all possible means to seduce the Indians from their alle- 
 giance to the English. They had already drawn away the 
 Shawanees. The Delawares were glad of an opportunity to 
 avenge their wrongs ; and the Onondagas, Cayugas, and Sene- 
 cas were wavering. Much cunning diplomacy and expensive 
 presents were demanded to keep the Indians in favor with the 
 Province. This drew heavily upon the people ; and the Assem- 
 bly insisted that the proprietary estates should be taxed 
 equally vrith those of individuals. This the proprietors, through 
 
152 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 their deputies, opposed, which caused the opening anew of the 
 old feud, which had vexed the people from the first settlement 
 of the Province. The proprietors maintained that prerogative, 
 charter, and law were on their side ; and the Assembly con- 
 tended that justice, common danger, and benefit required equal" 
 taxation. The feud went on : the proprietors offered, as boun- 
 ties, lands yet to be taken from the Indians, and the privilege 
 of issuing more paper money. (The first issue of this money 
 was had in Gov. Keith's time.) But this did not satisfy the 
 Assembly, which proceeded to pass laws laying taxes, granting 
 supplies, and adding conditions. The governor opposed these 
 measures, and the taxing of the estates of the proprietors, but 
 was willing the people should be taxed. 
 
 While they were engaged in these frivolous disputes, the 
 frontiers were still exposed to Indian depredations. This dis- 
 agreement in the public councils continued through the whole 
 administration of Gov. Hamilton, and those of his two success- 
 ors, which was finally settled by Benjamin Franklin securing 
 the royal assent to a law taxing the proprietaries. 
 
 The present was truly an alarming crisis. Upon the one 
 hand, the Quakers, with other denominations who joined them, 
 as the Dunkards, Mennonists, and the Schwenckfelclers, all 
 refused to fight; while, on the other, the Scotch-Irish, always 
 strenuous in maintaining their rights, and tired of waiting for 
 the forms of land-offices, treaties, and surveys, settled upon 
 unpurchased lands, and caused new exasperation among the 
 Indians, in consequence of which massacres ensued, and the 
 whole country was alive with the alarms and excitements of 
 an Indian war, which continued through the administration of 
 James Hamilton (already named), that of Robert Morris (who 
 succeeded Hamilton in 1754), and William Denney (who suc- 
 ceeded Morris in 1756). These three governors whom we have 
 just referred to were all able men, and would have been suc- 
 cessful as governors, had they not been shackled by the instruc- 
 tions of the proprietors. 
 
 In the midst of this commotion of war and bloodshed, it is 
 gratifying to the historian to be able to record the origin of 
 the following eleemosynary and literary institutions. The 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 153 
 
 Pennsylvania Hospital was founded in 1751. In the same year 
 James Logan died, and left a bequest to establish the Loganian 
 Library. About this time the University of Pennsylvania 
 originated, first in the form of an academy, then was opened 
 as a Latin school, afterwards endowed and incorporated by the 
 proprietors. In 1755 the additional honor was granted it, of 
 conferring degrees under the title of " The College, Academy, 
 and Charitable School of Philadelphia." Previous to these 
 institutions, the American Philosophical Society had been 
 organized in 1743, of which Benjamin Franklin may be said to 
 have been the first mover. Here commenced his brilliant 
 electrical experiments. 
 
 In 1753 the French were engaged in extending their posts 
 of defence, from the Lakes to the Ohio River. It was at this 
 time that George Washington was sent on a mission to Fort Le 
 Boeuf to demand by what authority they made these encroach- 
 ments. The answer he received was evasive and unsatis- 
 factory ; and, on his return, he reported, it was plain that their 
 intention was to connect their possessions on the Lakes with 
 those on the Mississippi, by a line of fortifications on the Ohio. 
 In 1754 the French sent forward a thousand men, and built 
 Fort Duquesne at Pittsburg. 
 
 Col. Washington was then, with a small force, at Great 
 Meadows, and was compelled to capitulate. In the unfor- 
 tunate expedition of Gen. Braddock, Col. Washington was his 
 aide-de-camp. When within ten miles of the fort, they were 
 surprised, and completely routed, by a party of French and 
 Indians lying in ambush. Gen. Braddock was mortally 
 wounded. All historians record that this defeat was in conse- 
 quence of Braddock's obstinacy in refusing to allow the Pro- 
 vincial soldiers to fight the Indians in Indian fashion, as Col. 
 Washington and the soldiers desired. Braddock's defeat 
 spread terror through the whole Province. The frontier was 
 exposed to the enemy, and the people found their only safety 
 in flight. The Assembly and the governor disagreed ; and sup- 
 plies could be raised only by patriotic subscriptions. 
 
 Pennsylvania, which had enjoyed such quiet and peaceful 
 times with the Indians, under the personal government of 
 
154 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 William Penn, now became the theatre of Indian massacres. 
 The whole frontier was ablaze with burning cottages. Frank- 
 lin now consented to lay aside his pen, and take the sword ; and 
 with his son William, and a regiment of five hundred men, he 
 proceeded to erect a line of forts at the Lehigh. 
 
 The proprietors, too, alarmed at the defeat of Braddock, now 
 offered a donation of five thousand pounds for defence. The. 
 excise law upon wine and spirits (which had existed for ten 
 years) expiring about this time, the Assembly renewed the bill, 
 and sent it to the governor for his approval. This he refused 
 to sign, unless so amended as to give the governor, or the pres- 
 ident of the Council, joint power with the House. The House 
 declined to receive the amendment, and resolutely held to their 
 bill. Moreover, in this act, the Assembly thought they had 
 discovered the true cause of the governor's constant opposition 
 to their several money bills. 
 
 After all this bloodshed, and great expense to the colony, 
 through the influence of Franklin, who had been sent to Lon- 
 don to lay their grievances before the king, and a treaty made 
 with certain Indian chiefs at Easton, matters became more 
 quiet, and the prospects of the colonies more auspicious. 
 Another conference was held at Lancaster in 1757, and still 
 another at Easton in 1758, by which all the difficulties with 
 the Indians were amicably adjusted. The French war ended 
 in 1757. 
 
 In consequence of Gov. Denney's assent to the bill, taxing 
 the proprietary property, to which Franklin obtained the royal 
 assent in 1759, he was removed from office, and James Hamil- 
 ton, a former governor, re-appointed. 
 
 Pennsylvania was again in the enjoyment of peace, which 
 lasted until 1763, her pioneers engaging in agricultural pur- 
 suits, and building churches. Parliament agreed to reimburse 
 the colonies for the expense of the war ; and Dr. Franklin in- 
 vested the first instalment of twenty-six thousand pounds, in 
 London ; having done which he returned home to receive the 
 plaudits and thanks of the lately distressed colonists. He re- 
 sumed his seat in the Assembly ; and they presented him with 
 an annuity of five thousand pounds. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 155 
 
 The long delays and altercations between the governors and 
 Lord Baltimore, respecting the boundary line, were finally 
 settled according to the agreement made with the proprietaries 
 in 1732. In 1767 Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon were 
 employed to run the line, and erect stone pillars at conspicuous 
 points, showing the boundaries. 
 
 This was the famous Mason and Dixon's line, dividing the 
 free and the slave States. 
 
 After this short calm, a terrific storm succeeded. The In- 
 dians about the Great Lakes and on the Ohio connived at the 
 establishment of the French forts. They saw the English in 
 possession of Canada, and the chain of forts occupied as out- 
 posts, from which further encroachments might be made upon 
 their western territory ; and although they had willingly 
 assented to the erection of the forts by the French, now, 
 when they saw them in the hands of the English, they con- 
 sidered them an intrusion upon their rights, because the land 
 on which they were erected had never been purchased of 
 them. Other settlements, also, had been made upon the Sus- 
 quehanna, on lands belonging to the Indians. 
 
 The great Indian sachem Pontiac undertook to unite all 
 the north-western tribes in attacks upon the whole frontier. 
 The object was to exterminate all the whites ; and the plan was 
 to attack the forts on the same day, to invade the settlements 
 during harvest-time, and destroy all the men, with their cabins, 
 crops, and cattle. The English traders among the Indians 
 became the first victims ; and, out of one hundred and twenty, 
 only three escaped. Scalping-parties overran the frontiers, 
 leaving their track marked with blood and fire. Great fear 
 and consternation spread throughout all the settlements on the 
 Elvers Juniata and Susquehanna ; and the terrified inhabitants 
 fled with their children and flocks to Shippensburg, Carlisle, 
 Lancaster, and Reading. 
 
 The details of savage barbarity at this time were horrible, 
 but they were equalled, if not exceeded, by those of the whites. 
 The Scotch-Irish settled in Paxton and Donnegal, townships 
 in Lancaster County, had suffered exceedingly by marauding 
 parties of Indians ; and they imagined that there was a secret 
 
156 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 collusion between the hostile tribes of the West, and the Chris- 
 tian Indians in Lancaster County. They therefore determined 
 to exterminate every Indian within their bounds. To carry 
 out this fiendish purpose, they fell upon the Christian Indian 
 settlements among the Moravians, and butchered the women 
 and children and old men, while the other Indians were absent. 
 When they returned, and learned the fate of their relatives, 
 they sought protection in the old jail in Lancaster. Thither 
 they were pursued by their relentless persecutors, who, in defi- 
 ance of law and of the magistrates, put them all to death. 
 The Moravian Indians escaped to Philadelphia, where they 
 were protected by the citizens, although the Paxton boys, as 
 they were called, threatened to destroy them there. Other 
 equally barbarous murders were committed by the whites on 
 the banks of the Juniata and Susquehanna. The state of feel- 
 ing at this time was such against the Indians, along the whole 
 frontier, that the perpetrators of these horrid murders were 
 never brought to justice. 
 
 On the 30th October, 1763, John Penn, grandson of WiUiam 
 Penn, and son of Richard, arrived from England as lieutenant- 
 governor of the Province. Upon the day of his arrival, Phila- 
 delphia was visited by an earthquake, which, by many, was 
 taken as an ill omen. The invasion of the Indians was to be 
 repelled by carrying the war into their own country ; and Penn 
 was immediately very active in assisting Col. Bouquet, who 
 then had charge of a small army, in proceeding against the 
 Delawares and Shawanees beyond the Ohio, and urged the 
 Assembly for supplies. Bouquet's expedition so over-awed 
 the Indians, that they sued for peace, and gave up many of the 
 prisoners which they had taken in the recent wars. 
 
 Upon the application to the Assembly for supplies, the old 
 controversy was revived, for an account of which we cannot do 
 better than to select the following from Day's History of Penn- 
 sylvania : — 
 
 " Indeed, harmony was scarcely to be expected between one 
 of the proprietary family as governor on one side, and Dr. 
 Franklin, the champion of equal rights and equal burdens, in 
 the Assembly, on the other. That the proprietary estates were 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 157 
 
 to be taxed, was a question settled ; but bow, and upon what 
 basis, they were to be assessed, was a subject of controversy ; 
 and the proprietaries, as usual, leaned strongly to their own 
 interests. The Assembly were compelled to yield to the neces- 
 sities of the Province, and the supplies were granted ; but the 
 conduct of the governor so incensed the Assembly, that they 
 determined, by a large majority, to petition the king to pur- 
 chase the jurisdiction of the Province from the proprietors, 
 and vest the government directly in the crown. This petition, 
 drawn up by Franklin, set forth in a strong light the increasing 
 property, and its consequence, the increasing power of the pro- 
 prietaries, and the danger to be apprehended from the exist- 
 ence of such a third power intervening between the crown and 
 the people, and frustrating the designs of both, by refusing to 
 contribute their just proportion of the public burdens. Here 
 was a most important step towards the Revolution. To break 
 down the feudal power, and bring the people and the crown in 
 direct communication, is, in all countries, the first great step 
 towards popular freedom, and prepares the way for the next 
 step, the direct- conflict between the crown and the people. It 
 so happened, however, that in this case the avarice of the 
 British ministry outran the ante-feudal propensities of the peo- 
 ple, and brought the colonies at once to the last great struggle 
 between the people and the crown. There was much opposi- 
 tion from leading men in the Province against throwing off the 
 proprietary dominion. Isaac Norris, the venerable speaker, 
 John Dickinson, afterwards distinguished in the Revolution, 
 and Rev. Gilbert Tennant, and Rev. Francis Allison, represent- 
 ing the Presbyterian interest, with WilKam AUen, chief justice, 
 and afterwards father-in-law of Gov. Penn, were strong in 
 opposition to the measure. The Quakers, on the other hand, 
 supported it ; and it was sustained by several successive Assem- 
 blies. Dr. Franklin was appointed Provincial agent to urge 
 the measure before the ministry in London. He sailed for 
 England Nov. 1, 1764, and found, on his arrival, that he had to 
 contend with a power far stronger and more obstinate than 
 the proprietors themselves, even with the very power whose 
 protection he had come to seek." ' 
 
 » Vol. t p. 30. 
 
158 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 With the close of this chapter terminates the proprietary 
 government of William Penn and liis family, of whom we 
 hear but little more. The historian Gordon sums up the 
 character of Penn in the following language : — 
 
 " Penn was ambitious, and animated by the love of fame. He 
 sacrificed his time and his fortune in its pursuit : at least so 
 much of them as were unnecessarily employed at the courts of 
 James and Anne. The obscurity of his Province was unattrac- 
 tive ; and, in the height of his favor with James, he was, for a 
 moment, unregardful of the free principles on which it was 
 founded. Had he applied himself, rmreservedly and exclusively, 
 to cultivate the scion he had planted, its growth would have 
 been more rapid ; and under its shade, distant from the vexa- 
 tions and vicissitudes of English politics, he would have enjoyed 
 the reward of his labor, — competence, and the respect of the 
 world. Pecuniary distress, at times, compelled him to give 
 utterance to imdignified and unjust complaints. The political 
 benefits he had conferred upon his Province, in his opinion, 
 imposed on its inhabitants an obligation to be requited with 
 money : his proprietary character claimed to be recognized by 
 the establishment of some revenue. His people, on the con- 
 trary, felt these pretensions as a double charge, and were 
 unwilling to maintain a resident and non-resident governor, the 
 latter of whom had an estate in the soil of the Province, which 
 increased in a great and indefinable ratio. 
 
 " In his demeanor, William Penn was grave, but not austere, 
 affable, but not familiar; and, whilst his intercourse with his 
 friends was marked by the formality and phraseology in use 
 with his sect, his correspondence with men of the world showed 
 him to have been perfectly acquainted with polite manners. 
 As a writer, he was much esteemed by his church ; as a minis- 
 ter, he was bold, industrious, and successful. He was beloved 
 by his family and a vride circle of friends." 
 
 The reader has now been made acquainted with the first dis- 
 coverers of this country, the early settlements upon the Dela- 
 ware, the advent of William Penn with his great charter, the 
 cause of the name Pennsylvania, the friendly relations between 
 Penn and the Indians, the numerous dissensions which arose 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 159 
 
 between the proprietors and the people, the old French war, 
 the massacres of the whites by the Indians, and the Indians by 
 the whites. In the next chapter, we will introduce him to 
 events of greater importance than any of the preceding. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 PENNSTLVAIIIA FEOM 1765 TO 1775. 
 
 Great Britain lays a Tax upon tlie Colonies — Stamp Act — Stamp Officer 
 appointed — Manufacturing prohibited — Eepeal of the Stamp Act — Duties 
 on British Goods — Tax on Tea — Colonists oppose all Taxes — Mass Meeting 
 — Provincial Congress — Continental Congress — Petition to King George — 
 Congress adjourns — Re-assembles — George Washington appointed — Wash- 
 ington's Speech. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN was now in debt to the enormous sum 
 of one hundred forty-eight millions sterling, or about 
 six hitndred and fifty-seven millions five hundred thousand 
 dollars. Her favor to the colonies extended just so far as she 
 could filch money from them ; or, as Patrick Henry said, " She 
 offered us such protection as vultures give to lambs." Hence, 
 in order to draw money from us, she proceeded to lay a tax. 
 A resolution was introduced in Parliament by George Gren- 
 ville, prime-minister, " That it was proper to charge certain 
 stamp duties in the colonies and plantations." It passed the 
 House of Commons March 10, 1764; but no further action 
 was taken until the year following, when the subject was 
 resumed, and the obnoxious Stamp Act was passed in the month 
 of March, 1765. It is a singular fact, that two historians ^ of 
 Pennsylvania state that this act was repealed before it was 
 passed. Immediately upon the passage of this act. Dr. Frank- 
 lin wrote thus to Charles Thompson : " The sun of hberty is 
 set : you must Hght up the caudles of industry and economy." 
 This taxing of the colonies involved the great question which 
 led to the American Revolution ; to wit, the right to tax those 
 who had no representation in Parliament, or, in other words, 
 " Taxation without representation." • Frankhn used his utmost 
 
 1 Day, vol 1. p. 31 ; Gordon, p. 443. 
 160 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 161 
 
 efforts to avert these odious measures for oppressing the colonies, 
 as his far-seeing mind discovered what would be the future 
 consequences : still, with a view to place the execution of the 
 act in proper hands, now that it had passed, he procured the 
 appointment of his friend John Hughes as stamp officer at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 " On the arrival at Philadelphia, in October, 1765, of the 
 stamps from England, the vessels hoisted their colors at half- 
 mast ; bells were muffled ; and thousands of citizens assembled 
 in a state of great excitement. Mr. Hughes was called on to 
 resign his commission ; but he only agreed, for the present, not 
 to perform the duties of the office." ^ 
 
 The people of the colony now determined to manufacture 
 for themselves. This created a storm in Great Britain, and set 
 the manufacturers there in opposition to the oppressive acts of 
 their own government. 
 
 The Stamp Act was repealed Feb. 22, 1766, the anniversary 
 of the birth of George Washington. Although Great Britain 
 thus repealed this odious act, Parliament still persisted in, and 
 re-affirmed, their right of taxation by imposing duties on 
 British goods. As the colonies opposed their right to tax them 
 at all, they would submit to no measures which involved that 
 principle. John Dickinson, an eminent lawyer, a member of 
 the Pennsylvania Assembly, published a series of able letters, 
 the pith and marrow of which were, that the people should 
 beware of acquiescing in any measures leading to estabhsh the 
 right of parliamentary taxation. 
 
 In consequence of the general opposition in the colonies to 
 the principle of taxation in any form, in 1769 the taxes were 
 greatly reduced, and in 1770 were abolished, except three- 
 pence per pound on tea ; but so determined were our fathers 
 in resisting this system altogether, that this small tax of three- 
 pence a pound on tea was as offensive as a larger one would 
 have been ; and so spunky and resolute in this resistance were 
 they, that upon a single chest of tea only was the duty paid. 
 The Assembly still urged their agents in London to protest 
 against any and every act that involved the right of Parlia- 
 
 1 Day's History of Pennsylvania, voL i. p. 31. 
 U 
 
162 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ment to tax the colony, and also to oppose any plan for our 
 representation in Parliament, insisting that they would pay no 
 tax that was not imposed in the Province. 
 
 In 1773 Parliament made a forced exportation of tea into all 
 the principal ports of the colonies. This measure aroused 
 indignation from one end of the country to another. The 
 Philadelphians passed resolutions, " Denouncing the duty on 
 tea as a tax laid without their consent, — laid for the express 
 purpose of establishing the right to tax, — and asserting that 
 this method of providing a revenue for the support of govern- 
 ment, the administration of justice, and defence of the colo- 
 nies, had a direct tendency to render assemblies useless, and to 
 introduce arbitrary government and slavery ; and that steady 
 opposition to this plan was necessary, to preserve even the 
 shadow of liberty." No one being willing to receive the tea 
 in Philadelphia, the captains of the ships returned with it to 
 England. The same was the case with that sent to New York ; 
 while in Boston it was thrown into the harbor, and in Charles- 
 ton rotted in the warehouses. 
 
 Special indignation was felt by Great Britain against Boston 
 on account of the destruction of the tea ; and that port was 
 closed. The colonies were now all aroused, and made common 
 cause with Boston in denouncing this new act of oppression. 
 The citizens of Philadelphia advised the Bostonians to use aU. 
 lenient measures for relief, assuring them, at the same time, 
 that Pennsylvania would adhere to the liberty of the colonies. 
 Although the governor, when requested to convene the As- 
 sembly, declined, yet a mass-meeting of the people, numbering 
 eight thousand, assembled June 18, 1774, and recommended 
 a Continental Congress, and also appointed a committee to 
 correspond with the other counties of Pennsylvania, for the 
 purpose of appointing deputies to a general Congress, and, 
 furthermore, agreed to raise funds to relieve the suffering citi- 
 zens of Boston. 
 
 The committee immediately wrote to all the counties of 
 Pennsylvania, requesting them to appoint deputies to a general 
 conference, to be held at Philadelphia the 15th of July, and 
 in their circular said, " We will not offer such an affront to 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 163 
 
 the well-known public spirit of Pennsylvanians as to question 
 your zeal on the present occasion. Our very existence in the 
 rank of freemen, and the' security of all that ought to be dear 
 to us, evidently depend on our conducting this great cause to 
 its proper issue, by firmness, wisdom, and magnanimity. It is 
 with pleasui'O that we assure you that all the colonies, from 
 South Carolina to New Hampshire, are animated with one spirit 
 in the common cause, and consider this as the proper crisis for 
 having our differences with the mother-country brought, to 
 some certain issue, and our liberties fixed upon a permanent 
 foundation. This desirable end can only be accomplished by a 
 free communication of sentiments, and a sincere and fervent 
 regard for the interests of our common country." ' 
 
 This was the second step towards the Revolution ; and it was 
 creditable to Pennsylvania, that she was the first to recommend 
 the calling of a congress of all the colonies, to consider how 
 best to oppose the oppressive measures of Great Britain. In 
 accordance with the request of this committee, deputies from 
 the several counties of Pennsylvania met at Philadelphia, at 
 the time appointed, and adopted the following resolutions, 
 Thomas Willing being elected Chairman, and Charles Thomp- 
 son, Secretary. 
 
 " That they owed allegiance to George the Third — that 
 unconstitutional independence on the parent state was abhor- 
 rent to their principles — that they ardently desired the restora- 
 tion of their ancient harmony with the mother-country, on the 
 principles of the constitution, and an interchange of good 
 offices without infraction of their mutual rights — that the 
 inhabitants of the colonies were entitled to the same rights and 
 liberties within the colonies, that subjects born in England 
 were entitled to within that realm — that the power assumed 
 by Parliament, to bind the colonists ' by statutes in all cases 
 whatever,' was unconstitutional, and therefore the source of 
 the prevailing unhappy differences — that the late acts of 
 Parliament affecting the Province of Massachusetts were 
 unconstitutional, oppressive, and dangerous — that there was 
 an absolute necessity that a colonial congress should be imme- 
 
 ' Eamsay. 
 
164 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 diately assembled, to form a general plan of conduct for the 
 colonies, in procuring- relief for their suffering brethren, ob- 
 taining redress for their grievances, preventing future dissen- 
 sions, firmly establishing their rights, and restoring harmony- 
 be tween Great Britain and her colonies on a constitutional 
 foundation — that, although a suspension of the commerce of 
 the Province with Great Britain -would greatly distress multi- 
 tudes of the inhabitants, yet they -were ready to make that 
 and a much greater sacrifice for the preservation of their liber- 
 ties ; but in tenderness to the people of Great Britain, as -well 
 as of America, and in hopes that their just remonstrances 
 -would at length reach the ears of their sovereign, and be no 
 longer treated -with contempt by any of their fello-w-subjects 
 in England, it vtras their earnest desire that Congress should 
 first try the gentler mode of stating their grievances, and mak- 
 ing a firm and decent claim of redress — that yet, not-w-ithstand- 
 ing, as unanimity of counsels and measures -was indispensably 
 necessary for the common -welfare, if Congress should judge 
 agreements of non-importation and non-exportation expedient, 
 the people of Pennsylvania -would join -with the other principal 
 and neighboring colonies in such an association for that purpose 
 as should be agreed upon by Congress — that if any proceedings 
 of Parliament, of -which notice should be received before or at 
 the general Congress, should render it necessary, in the opinion 
 of that Congress, for the colonies to take further steps than are 
 mentioned in the preceding resolution, the people of Penn- 
 sylvania -would adopt such further steps, and do all in their 
 po-wer to carry them into execution — that the venders of mer- 
 chandise -within the Province ought not to take advantage of 
 the resolution relative to non-importation, but should sell at the 
 rates accustomed for three months then past — that the people 
 of the Province -would break off all trade -with any colony, 
 to-\vn, city, or indi-vddual, on the American continent, -which 
 should refuse, decline, or neglect to adopt and carry into execu- 
 tion such general plan as should be agreed upon in Congress — 
 and that it -was the duty of every member of the committee to 
 promote to the utmost of his power the subscription set on 
 foot in the several counties of the Province for the relief of the 
 distressed inhabitants of Boston." 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 165 
 
 These patriotic deputies were men renowned for morak, intel- 
 ligence, and wealth; and, after adopting the resolutions as 
 quoted above, felt called upon, as the representatives of their 
 constituents, to instruct the Assembly (which was soon to 
 meet) upon their duty in this crisis, and adopted the following 
 resolution ;' viz., — 
 
 " That this committee give instructions on the present situa- 
 tion of public affairs to their representatives, who are to meet 
 next week in assembly, and request them to appoint a proper 
 number of persons to attend a congress of deputies from the 
 several colonies, at such time and place as may be agreed on, 
 to effect one general plan of conduct for obtaining the great 
 and important ends mentioned in the preceding." 
 
 From the pithy and strong instructions drawn up by Mr. 
 John Dickinson, which contain a full statement of the political 
 relations which ought to exist between the mother-country and 
 the colonies, and the terms on wMch they were willing to 
 become reconciled, we extract the following : — 
 
 " Honor, justice, and humanity call upon us to hold, and to 
 transmit to our posterity, that liberty which we received from 
 our ancestors. It is not our duty to leave wealth to our chil- 
 dren ; but it is our duty to leave liberty to them. No infamy, 
 iniquity, or cruelty can exceed our own, if we, born and 
 educated in a country of freedom, entitled to its blessings, 
 and knowing their value, pusillanimously deserting the post 
 assigned us by divine Providence, surrender succeeding gene- 
 rations to a condition of wretchedness, from which no human 
 efforts, in all probability, will be sufficient to extricate them ; 
 the experience of all states mournfully demonstrating to us, 
 that, when arbitrary power has been established over them, 
 even the wisest and bravest nations that ever flourished have, 
 in a few years, degenerated into abject and wretched vassals. 
 
 " To us, therefore, it appears, at this alarming period, our 
 duty to God, to our country, to oui'selves, and to our posterity, 
 to exert our utmost ability in promoting and establishing har- 
 mony between Great Britain and these colonies, on a consti- 
 tutional FOUNDATION." They then specify, particularly, 
 ■what they wish the Assembly to do, in these words, — 
 
166 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 "First, That the deputies you may appoint be instructed 
 by you, strenuously to exert tliemselves at the ensuing con- 
 gress to obtain a renunciation, on the part of Great Britain, 
 of all powers under the statute of the 35th Henry VIII., c. 2 
 (statute for transporting persons guilty of certain offences to 
 England for trial) ; of all powers of internal legislation ; of 
 imposing taxes or duties, internal or external, and of regulating 
 trade, except with respect to any new articles of commerce 
 which the colonies may hereafter raise, as silk, wine, &c., 
 reserving a right to carry these from one colony to another ; 
 a repeal of all statutes for quartering troops in the colonies, or 
 subjecting them to any expense on account of such troops; 
 of all statutes imposing duties to be paid in the colonies, that 
 were passed at the accession of his present Majesty, or before 
 this time, whichever period may be judged most advisable ; 
 of the statutes giving the courts of admiralty in the colonies 
 greater power than the courts of admiralty have in England ; 
 of the statutes of the 5th of Geo. II. c. 22, and of the 23d of 
 Geo. II. c. 29 ; of the statute for shutting up the port 
 of Boston, and of every other statute, particularly affecting 
 the Province of Massachusetts Bay, passed in the last session 
 of Parliament. 
 
 " In case of obtaining these terms, it is our opinion that it 
 will be reasonable for the colonies to engage their obedience to 
 the acts of Parliament, commonly called the acts of navigation, 
 and to every other act of Parliament declared to have force 
 at this time in these colonies, other than those above men- 
 tioned, and to confirm such statutes by acts of the several 
 Assemblies. It is also our opinion, that, taking example from 
 our mother-country, in abolishing the ' courts of wards and 
 liveries, tenures in capite, and by knight's service, and purvey- 
 ance,' it will be reasonable for the colonies, in case of obtaining 
 the terms before mentioned, to settle a certain annual revenue 
 on his Majesty, his heirs, and successors, subject to the control 
 of Parliament, and to satisfy all damages done to the East 
 India Company. 
 
 " Secondly, If all the terms above mentioned cannot be 
 obtained, it is our opinion that the measures adopted by the 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 167 
 
 Congress for our relief should never be relinquished or inter- 
 mitted, until those relating to the troops, internal legislation, 
 imposition of taxes or duties hereafter, the 35 Henry "VIII. 
 c. 2, the extension of admiralty courts, the port of Boston, 
 and the Province of Massachusetts Bay, are obtained. Every 
 modification or qualification of these points, in our judgment, 
 should be inadmissible. To obtain them, we think it may be 
 prudent to settle some revenue as above mentioned, and to 
 satisfy the East India Company. 
 
 " Thirdly, If neither of these plans should be agreed to in 
 Congress, but some others of a similar nature should be framed, 
 though on the terms of a revenue and satisfaction to the East 
 India Company, and though it shall be agreed by the Congress 
 to admit no modification or qualification in the terms they 
 shall insist on, we desire your deputies may be instructed to 
 concur with the other deputies in it ; and we will accede to, 
 and carry it into execution, as far as we can. 
 
 " Fourthly, As to the regulation of trade, we are of the 
 opinion, that, by making some few amendments, the commerce 
 of the colonies might be settled on a firm establishment, advan- 
 tageous to Great Britain and them, requiring, and subject to, 
 no future alterations without mutual consent. We desire 
 to have this point considered by the Congress, and such meas- 
 ures taken as they may judge proper." 
 
 The convention appointed Messrs. Dickinson, Reed, and 
 Thompson to communicate these resolutions to the other colo- 
 nies ; and all the members in a body presented the instructions 
 to the Legislature of Pennsylvania. When that body received 
 them, the interesting fact was developed, that they had already 
 received, and were considering, reports from Assemblies of 
 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Virginia, calling for the 
 appointment of delegates to a Provincial Congress. The 
 Assembly immediately and unanimously concurred in the 
 measure recommended, and appointed the following gentlemen 
 as delegates to the contemplated Congress ; viz., Joseph Gallo- 
 way, Samuel Rhoades, Thomas Mifflin, Charles Humphries, 
 George Ross, and Edward Biddle ; and, at a succeeding meet- 
 ing, John Dickinson was added to their number. They 
 
168 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 instructed the delegates " to meet in Congress the committees 
 of the several British colonies, at such time and place as should 
 be generally agreed upon, to consult together upon the critical 
 and alarming state of the colonies, and with them to exert 
 their utmost endeavors to form and adopt a plan which should 
 afford the best prospect of obtaining redress of American 
 grievances, ascertaining American rights, and establishing that 
 union and harmony which is most essential to the welfare and 
 happiness of both countries." 
 
 Delegates from eleven Provinces met Sept. 4, 1774; those 
 from North Carolina not appearing until the 14th. Their 
 Congress held its sessions in Carpenter's Hall (still standing 
 in Philadelphia), and unanimously elected Peyton Eandolph 
 of Virginia, President, and Charles Thompson, Secretary. No 
 men were ever more loyal, or more ready to give their assent 
 to all necessary and just laws, and to render prompt obedience 
 to them, than the members of this Colonial Congress, and none 
 were ever more firm and resolute in resisting oppression and 
 tyranny. They were mostly men of liberal education, high 
 moral principle, and unswerving integrity ; and, although many 
 of them were satisfied in their own minds that the idea of 
 reconciliation with the mother-country must be abandoned, 
 yet they were willing and anxious to make the attempt. 
 They took sides with Massachusetts, and condemned as unjust 
 and oppressive the acts of the British Parliament, and fully 
 approved the following resolution, which had been adopted in 
 Boston, " That no obedience was due from that province to 
 such acts, but that they should be rejected as the attempts of a 
 wicked administration." They confirmed the resolution of the 
 mass-meeting at Philadelphia, to alleviate the distresses of 
 their friends in Boston, and recommended that it should be 
 continued so long as the occasion required. They requested 
 the merchants of all the colonies to purchase no goods from 
 Great Britain until Congress should have adopted and made 
 public proper regulations for the preservation of liberty in 
 America. Nor did they stop here ; for, a little later, they passed 
 resolutions prohibiting the importation, purchase, or use even, 
 of all goods from Great Britain, after the first of December 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSTLVAlflA. 169 
 
 next; and, furthermore, directed that no exports should be 
 made to Great Britain or the West Indies after the 10th of 
 September, 1775, unless the king should sooner redress their 
 grievances. 
 
 Many of the Acts and Resolutions of this first Congress 
 have been omitted here, as not specially relating to Pennsylva- 
 nia, but to the other colonies as well. Their petition to the King 
 of Great Britain exhibits such reverence for his Majesty, and is 
 filled with such true patriotism towards the mother-country, 
 if their grievances should be redressed, that we give it entire. 
 
 Wedn:esday, Oct. 26. — The Petition op Congebss to the 
 Kestg. To the King's most Excellent Majesty. 
 
 " Most Gracious Sovereign, — We your Majesty's most 
 faithful subjects of the Colonies of New Hampshire, Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Con- 
 necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the Counties 
 of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, 
 Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, in behalf of 
 ourselves and the inhabitants of these Colonies, who have de- 
 puted us to represent them in Creneral Congress, by this our 
 humble petition, beg leave to lay oux grievances before the 
 throne. 
 
 " A standing army has been kept in these Colonies, ever 
 since the conclusion of the late war, without the consent of 
 our Assemblies ; and this army, with a considerable naval arma- 
 ment, has been employed to enforce the collection of taxes. 
 
 " The authority of the commander-in-chief, and, under him, 
 the brigadier-general, has, in time of peace, been rendered 
 supreme in all the civil governments in America. 
 
 " The commander-in-chief of all your Majesty's forces in 
 North America has, in time of peace, been appointed Governor 
 of" a Colony. 
 
 " The charges of usual offices have been greatly increased, 
 and new, expensive, and oppressive offices have been multiplied. 
 
 " The judges of Admiralty and Vice-Admiralty Courts are 
 empowered to receive their salaries and fees from the efEects 
 condemned by themselves. 
 
170 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " The officers of the customs are empowered to break open 
 and enter houses, without the authority of any civil magistrate, 
 founded on legal information. 
 
 " The judges of courts of common law have been made 
 entirely dependent on one part of the legislature for their 
 salaries, as well as for the duration of their commissions. 
 
 " Counsellors holding their commissions during pleasure 
 exercise legislative authority. 
 
 " Humble and reasonable petitions from the representatives 
 of the people have been fruitless. 
 
 " The agents of the people have been discountenanced, and 
 Governors have been instructed to prevent the payment of the 
 salanes. 
 
 " Assemblies have been repeatedly and injuriously dissolved. 
 
 " Commerce has been burthened with many useless and 
 oppressive restrictions. 
 
 " By several Acts of Parliament, made in the fourth, fifth, 
 sixth, seventh, and eighth year of your Majesty's reign, duties 
 are imposed on us, for the purpose of raising a revenue ; and 
 the powers of Admiralty and Vice-Admiralty Courts are ex- 
 tended beyond their ancient limits, whereby our property is 
 taken from us without our consent, the trial by jury in many 
 civil cases is abolished, enormous forfeitures are incurred for 
 slight offences, vexatious informers are exempted from paying 
 damages to which they are justly liable, and oppressive security 
 is required from owners before they are allowed to defend their 
 right. 
 
 " Both Houses of ParUament have resolved that Colonists 
 may be tried in England for offences alleged to have been 
 committed in America, by virtue of a Statute passed in the 
 thirty-fifth year of Henry the Eighth ; and, in consequence 
 thereof, attempts have been made to enforce that Statute. 
 
 " A Statute was passed in the twelfth year of your Majesty's 
 reign, directing that persons charged with committing any 
 offence therein described, in any place out of the realm, may be 
 indicted and tried for the same in any shire or county within 
 the realm, whereby inhabitants of these Colonies, in sundry 
 cases, by that Statute made capital, may be deprived of a trial 
 by their peers of the vicinage. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 171 
 
 " In the last session of Parliament, an Act was passed for 
 blocking up the harbor of Boston, and empowering the Govern- 
 or of Massachusetts Bay to send persons indicted for murder 
 in that Province, to another Colony, or even to Great Britain, 
 for trial, whereby such offenders may escape legal punishment ; 
 a third, for altering the chartered Constitution of government 
 in that Province ; and, fourth, for extending the limits of 
 Quebec, abolishing the English, and restoring the French laws, 
 whereby great numbers of British Frenchmen are subjected to 
 the latter, and establishing an absolute government and the 
 Roman Catholic religion throughout those vast regions that 
 border on the westerly and northerly boundaries of the free, 
 Protestant, English settlements ; and a fifth, for the better 
 providing suitable quarters for officers and soldiers in his 
 Majesty's service in North America. 
 
 " To a Sovereign who glories in the name of Britain, the 
 bare recital of these Acts must, we presume, justify the loyal 
 subjects who fly to the foot of his throne, and implore his 
 clemency for protection against them. 
 
 " FroTn this destructive system of Colony administration, 
 adopted since the conclusion of the last war, have flowed those 
 distresses, dangers, fears, and Jealousies, that overwhelm your 
 Majesty's dutiful Colonists with affliction ; and we defy our most 
 subtile and inveterate enemies to trace the unhappy differences 
 between Crreat Britain and these Colonies, from an earlier period, 
 or from other causes than we have assigned. Had they proceeded, 
 on our part, from a restless levity of temper, unjust impulses of 
 ambition, or artful suggestions of seditious persons, we should 
 merit the opprobrious terms frequently bestowed on us by those 
 we revere. But, so far from prompting innovations, we have 
 only opposed them, and can be charged with no offence, unless 
 it be one to receive injuries, and be sensible of them. 
 
 " Had our Creator been pleased to give us existence in a 
 land of slavery, the sense of our condition might have been 
 mitigated by ignorance and habit. But thanks be to His adorable 
 goodness ! we were born the heirs of freedom, and ever enjoyed 
 our right under the auspices of your royal ancestors, whose 
 family was seated on the British throne, to rescue and secure a 
 
172 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 pious and gallant nation from the Popery and despotism of a 
 superstitious and inexorable tyrant. Your Majesty, we are confi- 
 dent, justly rejoices that your title to the crown is thus founded 
 on the title of your. people to liberty ; and, therefore, we doubt 
 not but your royal wisdom must approve the sensibility that 
 teaches your subjects anxiously to guard the blessing they 
 received from Divine Providence, and thereby to prove the 
 performance of that compact which elevated the illustrious 
 House of Brunswick to the imperial dignity it now possesses. 
 
 " The apprehension of being degraded into a state of servi- 
 tude, from the pre-eminent rank of English freemen, while our 
 minds retain the strongest love of liberty, and clearly foresee 
 the miseries preparing for us and our posterity, excites emo- 
 tions in our breasts, which, though we cannot describe, we 
 should not wish to conceal. Feeling as men, and thinking as 
 subjects, in the manner we do, silence would be disloyalty. By 
 giving this faithful information, we do all in our power to 
 promote the great objects of your royal cares, the tranquillity 
 of your government, and the welfare of your people. 
 
 " Duty to your Majesty, and regard for the preservation of 
 ourselves and our posterity, the primary obligations of natiire 
 and society, command us to entreat your royal attention ; and as 
 your Majesty enjoys the signal distinction of reigning over 
 freemen, we apprehend the language of freemen cannot be dis- 
 pleasing. Your royal indignation, we hope, will rather fall on 
 those designing and dangerous men, who — daringly interposing 
 themselves between your royal person and your faithful sub- 
 jects, and for several years past incessantly employed to dissolve 
 the bonds of society, by abusing your Majesty's authority, 
 misrepresenting your American subjects, and prosecuting the 
 most desperate and irritating projects of oppression — have at 
 length compelled us, by the force of accumulated injuries, too 
 much to be any longer tolerable, to disturb your Majesty's 
 repose by our complaints. 
 
 " These sentiments are extorted from hearts that much more 
 willingly would bleed in your Majesty's service. Yet so greatly 
 have we been misrepresented, that a necessity has been alleged 
 of taking our property from us without our consent, ' to defray 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 173 
 
 the charge of the administration of justice, the support of civil 
 government, and the defence, protection, and security of the 
 Colonies.' But we beg leave to assure your Majesty, that such 
 provision has been and will be made for defraying the two first 
 articles, as has been and shall be judged, by the Legislatures 
 of the several Colonies just and equitable to their respective 
 circumstances; and for the defence, protection, and seciirity 
 of their Colonies, their militias, if properly regulated, as they 
 earnestly desire may immediately be done, would be fully suffi- 
 cient, at least in times of peace ; and in case of war, your faith- 
 ful Colonists will be ready and willing, as they ever have been, 
 when constitutionally required, to demonstrate their loyalty to 
 your Majesty by exerting their most strenuous efforts in grant- 
 ing supplies, and raising forces. Yielding to no British subject 
 in affectionate attachment to your Majesty's person, family, 
 and government, we too dearly prize the privilege of expressing 
 that attachment by those proofs that are honorable to the 
 Prince who receives them, and to the people who give them, 
 ever to resign it to any body of men upon earth. 
 
 " Had we been permitted to enjoy in quiet the inheritance 
 left us by our forefathers, we should at this time have been 
 peaceably, cheerfully, and usefully employed in recommending 
 ourselves, by every testimony of devotion, to your Majesty, 
 and of veneration to the state from which we derive our origin. 
 But though now exposed to unexpected and unnatuial scenes 
 of distress by a contention with that nation, in whose parental 
 guidance on all important affairs we have hitherto with filial 
 reverence constantly trusted, and therefore can derive no 
 instruction in our present unhappy and perplexing circum- 
 stances from any former experience ; yet we doubt not the 
 purity of our intention, and the integrity of our conduct, will 
 justify us at that great Tribunal, before which aU mankind 
 must submit to judgment. 
 
 " We ask but for peace, liberty, and safety. We wish, not a 
 diminution of the prerogative, nor do we solicit the grant of any 
 new right in our favor. Your royal authority over us, and our 
 connection with Q-reat Britain, we shall always ca/refully and 
 zealously endeavor to support and maintain. 
 
174 HISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " Filled with sentiments of duty to your Majesty, and of 
 affection to our parent State, deeply impressed by our educa- 
 tion, and strongly confirmed by our reason, and anxious to 
 evince the sincerity of these dispositions, we present this peti- 
 tion only to obtain redress of grievances, and relief from fear 
 and jealousies, occasioned by the system of Statutes and regu- 
 lations adopted since the close of the late war, for raising a 
 revenue in America, extending the powers of Courts of Admi- 
 ralty and Vice-Admiralty, trying persons in Great Britain 
 for offences alleged to be committed in America, affecting the 
 Province of Massachusetts Bay, and altering the government 
 and extending the limits of Quebec ; by the abolition of which 
 system, the harmony between Great Britain and these Colonies, 
 so necessary to the happiness of both, and so ardently desired 
 by the latter, and the usual intercourses, will be immediately 
 restored. In the magnanimity and justice of your Majesty and 
 Parliament, we confide for a redress of our other grievances, 
 trusting, that, when the causes of our apprehensions are 
 removed, our future conduct wiU prove us not unworthy of the 
 regard we have been accustomed, in our happier days, to enjoy. 
 For, appealing to that Being who searches thoroughly the 
 hearts of his creatures, we solemnly profess that our councils 
 have been influenced by no other motive than a dread of 
 impending destruction. 
 
 " Permit us, then, most gracious 'Sovereign, in the name of all 
 your faithful people in America, with the utmost humility, to 
 implore you, for the honor of Almighty God, whose pure 
 religion our enemies are undermining ; for your glory, which 
 can be advanced only by rendering your subjects happy, and 
 keeping them united ; for the interests of your family, depend- 
 ing on an adherence to the principles that enthroned it ; for the 
 safety and welfare of your kingdoms and dominions, threatened 
 with almost unavoidable dangers and distresses, — that your 
 Majesty, as the loving father of your whole people, connected 
 by the same bonds of law, loyalty, faith, and blood, though 
 dwelling in various countries, will not suffer the transcendant 
 relation formed by these ties to be farther violated in uncertain 
 expectation of effects, that, if attained, never can compensate 
 for the calamities through which they must be gained. 
 
mSTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 175 
 
 " We, therefore, most earnestly beseech your Majesty, that 
 your royal authority and interposition may be used for our 
 relief, and that a gracious answer may be given to this petition. 
 
 " That your Majesty may enjoy every felicity through a long 
 and glorious reign over loyal and happy subjects, and that your 
 descendants may inherit your prosperity and dominions tUl 
 time shall be no more, is, and always will be, our sincere and 
 fervent prayer." 
 
 The Congress directed that this petition be sent to the 
 agents of the several Colonies, to be by them transmitted to 
 the king, and appointed Mr. Lee and Mr. Jay to perform this 
 duty. The Congress adjourned Oct. 26, to meet again on the 
 10th of May. Congress assembled again May 10, according to 
 adjournment, and continued their sessions regularly, from day 
 to day. 
 
 June 15 they appoinled George "Washington, Esq., General 
 and Commander-in-chief of the American forces. The next 
 day, upon the President informing Col. Washington that Con- 
 gress had unanimously chosen him, he made the following 
 modest, patriotic, and disinterested reply, worthy of being 
 written in letters of gold, and worn upon the foreheads of 
 every President, General, and Member of Congress from that 
 period to the present. 
 
 " Mk. Pbbsidbnt, — Though I am truly sensible of the high 
 honor done me in this appointment, yet I feel great distress, 
 from a consciousness that my abilities and military experience 
 may not be equal to the extensive and important trust. How- 
 ever, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon the momentous 
 duty, and exert every power I possess in their service, and for 
 support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my most 
 cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of their appro- 
 bation. 
 
 " But lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to 
 my reputation, I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman 
 in the room, that I this day declare with the utmost sincerity I 
 do not think myself equal to the command lam honored with. 
 
176 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that as no 
 pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this 
 arduous employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and 
 happiness, I do not wish to make any profit from it. I wUl 
 keep an exact account of my expenses. These, I doubt not, 
 they will discharge ; and that is alll desire." 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 ACTS OF CONGRESS AiTO OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Washihgton commissioned — Bloodshed — The Colonies declared Independent 
 of Great Britain — Incidents in Independence Hall — Doings of the Assem- 
 bly of Pennsylvania — Gov. Penn's Advice — The Assembly's Eeply — iSecond 
 Provincial Convention — Their Acts — Committee of Public Safety — The 
 Quakers — Pennsylvania raises Troops — Whigs and Tories disagree on chan- 
 ging the Government — The Whigs prevail — They call a Convention — A 
 Constitution formed for Pennsylvania. 
 
 PURSUING the Acts of Congress as we left them in the 
 last chapter, they appointed a committee to draught a 
 commission and instructions for Gen. Washington. The day 
 on which the general received his commission was the same on 
 which was fought the famous battle of Bunker Hill. July 6 
 Congress declared the causes and necessity of their taking up 
 arms ; and the document being lengthy, and referring to all the 
 Colonies, we omit it in our " History of Pennsylvania." 
 
 The first blood having been shed in Massachusetts, April 19, 
 1775, and the battle of Bunker HiU having been fought 
 June 17th of the same year, and every thing indicating that 
 the rights of the Colonies would never be granted by Great 
 Britain but by the arbitrament of the sword. Congress framed 
 and passed the immortal Declabation of Independence, 
 July 4, 1776. The incidents accompanying the signing of this 
 declaration in Independence Hall are calculated to inspire an 
 irrepressible spirit in the bosom of every American ; and the re- 
 sults have thrilled with intense joy millions of people now 
 inhabiting the vast territory extending from Canada to the 
 Gulf, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Of the former, 
 from the many that might be given, our limits wiQ " admit of 
 but two. First, the speech of the venerable John Witherspoon, 
 
 12 177 
 
178 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 a lineal descendant of John Knox, and inheriting a double por- 
 tion of the spirit of the old reformer. Rising slowly, his face 
 pale, hands tremulous, and voice faltering as he commenced, he 
 said, — 
 
 " There is a tide in the affairs of men, a nick of time : we 
 perceive it now before us. That noble instrument upon your 
 table, which insures immortality to its author, should be sub- 
 scribed this very morning by every member in the room. He 
 who will not respond to its call is unworthy the name of free- 
 man. Although these hairs must descend into the tomb, I 
 would rather, infinitely rather, they should descend thither by 
 the hand of the public executioner than desert, at this crisis, 
 the sacred cause of my country." 
 
 This patriotic speech, worthy of a Leonidas or a Cincinnar 
 tus, had barely ceased, when John Hancock, President of' the 
 Congress, seized his pen, wrote his name in bold character, and, 
 rising from his chair, said, " There ! John Btdl can read my 
 name without spectacles, and may now double his reward for 
 my head. That is my defiance ! " 
 
 Having followed the transactions of the Continental Con- 
 gress down to the DeclaeatiojST of Indepekdence, it is now 
 proper to show how their doings were received by the people 
 and Assembly of Pennsylvania. Perhaps we cannot do this 
 better than by transcribing, at least in part, what one of her 
 former historians has said. 
 
 " The Assembly of Pennsylvania was the first Provincial legis- 
 lature to which report of the congressional proceedings was 
 made. By this body, composed of a large proportion of Friends, 
 they were unanimously approved, and recommended to the 
 inviolable observance of the people ; and Messrs. Biddle, Dick- 
 inson, Mifflin, Galloway, Humphries, Morton, and Ross, were 
 appointed delegates to the next Congress, Mr. Rhoades being 
 omitted, his office of mayor of the city engrossing all his atten- 
 tion. Upon the retui-n of Dr. Franklin from London (Mth of 
 May, 1775), he was immediately added to the congressional 
 delegation, together with Messrs. James Wilson and Thomas 
 Willing. Mr. Galloway, having repeatedly requested to be 
 excused from serving as a deputy, was then permitted to with- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 179 
 
 draw. This gentleman became affrighted at the length to which 
 the opposition to the parent state was carried. He drew the 
 instructions given to the Pennsylvania delegates for the past 
 and next Congress, and refused to serve, unless they were framed 
 to his wishes. He opposed the resolution approving the pro- 
 ceedings of the County of Suffolk, and perplexed the delib- 
 erations of Congress on the Declaration of Rights, delaying its 
 adoption for near two weeks ; and when Congress refused to 
 him, and Mr. Duane of New York, permission to enter their 
 protest against this measure on their minutes, they gave to each 
 other certificates of their opposition to it, under the conviction 
 that it was pregnant with treason." * 
 
 The governor of the Province at this time was John Penn, 
 grandson of William Penn, and son of Richard ; and of his 
 course with the Assembly Gordon thus speaks : — 
 
 " Hitherto Gov. Penn had looked upon the proceedings of the 
 assembly without attempting to direct or control them. He 
 was supposed to favor the efforts made in support of American 
 principles ; but now a semblance of regard to the instructions 
 of the crown induced him to remonstrate in mild terms against 
 the continental system of petition and remonstrance. ' On the 
 present occasion,' he said, ' it is conceived that any grievances 
 which his Majesty's subjects apprehend they have reason to 
 complain of should be humbly represented to his Majesty by 
 the several Assemblies, as the only proper and constitutional 
 mode of obtainiag redress ; and T have the best reason to be- 
 lieve that a proper attention will be paid to such representa- 
 tions, and to any propositions that may be made through that 
 channel on the present state of American affairs.' The Assem- 
 bly, however, was not disposed to pursue any other course of 
 reconciliation than that adopted by the united colonies. They 
 replied to the governor's message, ' that since the year 1763, a 
 system of colonial administration had been pursued, destructive 
 of the rights and liberties of his Majesty's most faithful sub- 
 jects in America ; and that they had heretofore adopted such 
 measures as they thought most likely to restore affection and. 
 harmony between the parent state and the colonies. That a 
 
 1 Gordon's History of Pennsylvania. ■ .- ■ ■ 
 
180 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 most humble, dutiful, and affecting petition from the delegates 
 of all the colonies, from Nova Scotia to Georgia, was now at the 
 foot of the throne, and they trusted in the paternal affection 
 and justice of their sovereign, that he would interpose for the 
 relief of his greatly distressed and ever faithful subjects in 
 America.' " 
 
 When the petition to the King, and the other duties of the 
 Congress, had been transmitted to the Crown and Parliament, 
 and while they were being considered by the latter. Lord North 
 introduced what he considered a reconciling measure, the pur- 
 port of which was, that so long as any colony should contribute 
 its share to the common defence, and the support of the civil 
 government, they would levy no tax or duty, except those neces- 
 sary to regulate the commerce. This proposition was declared 
 by his own friends, as admitting the correctness of American 
 views upon the subject of taxation by Parliament, and also as 
 a concession to rebels in arms, when Lord North explained his 
 Jesuitical resolution as follows, that it was designed to retain 
 the essential principle of taxation. 
 
 Upon this measure being made known to the Colonies, they 
 unanimously rejected it. Here, again. Gov. Perm took sides 
 with the Crown, and presented it to the House, as a strong wish, 
 on the part of Parliament, to accede to the demands of the col- 
 onists, and urged them, as theirs was the first Assembly to which 
 this resolution had been communicated, to comply with it, and 
 assured them that such compliance would tend to produce tran- 
 quillity, and posterity would ever hold them in grateful remem- 
 brance. 
 
 The Assembly, upon receiving Gov. Penn's message, thus 
 inmiediately replied. " They regretted," they said, " that they 
 could not think the offered terms afforded just and reasonable 
 grounds for a final accommodation between Great Britain and 
 the colonies. They admitted the justice of contribution in 
 case of the burthens of the mother-country ; but they claimed 
 it as their indisputable rights, that all aids from them should 
 be fi-ee and voluntary, not taken by force, nor extorted by fear ; 
 and they chose rather to leave the character of the proposed 
 plan to be determined by the governor's good sense than to 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 181 
 
 expose it by reference to notorious facts, or the repetition of 
 obvious reasons. But, if the plan proposed were unexceptiona- 
 ble, they would esteem it dishonorable to adopt it without the 
 advice and consent of their sister colonies, who, united by just 
 motives and mutual faith, were guided by general counsels. 
 They assured him that they could form no projects of perma- 
 nent advantage for Pennsylvania which were not in common 
 with the other colonies; and, should a prospect of exclusive 
 advantage be opened to them, they had too great regard for 
 their engagements to accept benefits for themselves only, which 
 were due to all, and which, by a generous rejection for the 
 present, might be finally secured to all." 
 
 " A second Provincial convention was held at Philadelphia 
 (Joseph Reed was chosen President ; Jonathan B. Smith, John 
 Benezet, and Francis Johnston, Secretaries), designed to enforce 
 the measures recommended by Congress, and to devise means 
 for supplying the wants which adherence to those measures left 
 without the ordinary modes of gratification. The convention 
 declared its approbation of the proceedings of Congress, and 
 its resolution to maintain the association recommended by 
 them; and pledged the counties generally, that, should the 
 trade of the city and liberties be suspended in consequence of 
 the present struggle, exertions should be made to relieve its 
 inhabitants. It resolved that the committees of superintend- 
 ence of the several counties should aid each other in case of 
 resistance to their efforts to enforce the principle of the associ- 
 ation ; that the convention earnestly desired to see harmony 
 restored between Great Britain and the colonies, and would 
 exert their utmost endeavors to attain this object; that the 
 commercial opposition resolved on by the Continental Congress, 
 if faithfully sustained, would be the means of rescuing the 
 country from the evils meditated against it; but should the 
 humble and loyal petition of Congress to his Majesty be dis- 
 regarded, and the British ministry, instead of redressing their 
 grievances, deterroine by force to effect submission to the late 
 arbitrary acts of parliament, they deemed it their indispensable 
 duty to resist such force, and at every hazard to defend the 
 rights and liberties of America. 
 
182 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " To provide against the inconvenienees arising from non- 
 importation, the convention recommended that no sheep under 
 four years old should be killed for the shambles ; that various 
 branches of manufactures in wool, iron, copper, tin, paper, 
 glass, &c., should be established ; that attention should be paid 
 to the growing of dye-stuffs, flax, and hemp, and to the 
 making of salt, saltpetre, and gunpowder, and the latter 
 article especially, in large quantities, inasmuch as there existed a 
 great necessity/ for it, particularly in the Indian trade; that the 
 manufactures of the colonies should be exclusively used, and 
 that associations should be formed for promoting these objects. 
 Public exposure, as an enemy of the country, was denounced, 
 as the penalty on the wretch, who, taking advantage of the 
 times, should be sordid enough to charge an extravagant profit 
 upon his wares. The Committee of Correspondence of the city 
 and county of Philadelphia was empowered by the convention 
 to act as a standing committee of correspondence for the Prov- 
 ince, and to convene a Provincial convention when they should 
 deem it expedient. 
 
 " This committee assumed to themselves powers widely 
 different from those indicated by their title. The crisis to 
 which the convention looked forward, when framing their late 
 resolves, had arrived. The battle of Lexington was fought ; 
 and submission to the arbitrary acts of parliament was 
 attempted to be enforced by the bayonet. An unquenchable 
 blaze of indignation pervaded the continent. At Philadelphia, 
 under the direction of the committee, a meeting of the people, 
 consisting of many thousands, resolved to form a military 
 association for the protection of their property, their liberties, 
 and their lives. The association extended through every 
 county of the Province; its members cheerfully furnishing 
 themselves With the necessary arms, and devoting themselves 
 to acquire skill in their use. At the instance of the Committee 
 of Correspondence, the Assembly approved the association, and 
 engaged to provide for the pay and sustenance of such of the 
 members as should be called into actual service, and appro- 
 priated the suia of seven thousand pounds for the defence of 
 the city. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 183 
 
 " Congress at their session in May having resolved to raise a 
 continental army, of which the Pennsylvania portion amounted 
 to four thousand three hundred men, the Assembly recom- 
 mended to the commissioners of the several counties, as they 
 regarded the freedom, welfare, and safety of their county, to 
 provide arms and accoutrements for this force. They also 
 directed the of&cers of the military association to select a 
 number of minute-men, equal to the number of arms which 
 could be procured, who should hold themselves in readiness to 
 march at the shortest notice to any quarter, in case of emer- 
 gency. They made further appropriations for the defence of 
 the city against attacks by vessels-of-war, and directed the 
 purchase of all the saltpetre that should be manufactured 
 within the next six months at a premium price. The House 
 adopted, also, a most important and effective measure, in the 
 appointment of a committee of public safety, with power to 
 call the associated troops into service, to pay and support 
 them, and generally to provide for the defence of the Province 
 against invasion and insurrection ; issuing for these purposes 
 bills of credit for thirty-five thousand pounds, redeemable by 
 a tax on real and personal estate. Of this sum, and others, 
 afterwards voted by the House, Michael Hillegas was appointed 
 treasurer. The committee at once assumed the chief executive 
 powers in the Province. 
 
 "Amid these warlike preparations, the Assembly was not 
 tmmindful of those inhabitants who were conscientiously 
 scrupulous of bearing arms. They earnestly recommended to 
 the associators to bear a tender and fraternal regard towards 
 this class of their fellow-subjects ; and to the latter, that they 
 should cheerfully, in proportion to their ability, aid such 
 associators who might be able to expend their time and sub- 
 stance in the public service without injury to themselves and 
 families. This latter recommendation was scarce needed ; for, 
 if the society of Friends refused to take arms, they bestowed 
 their wealth to relieve the sufferers by the calamities of war. 
 The meeting of sufferings held in Philadelphia on the 6th of 
 July declared that the affections and distresses of the inhab- 
 itants of Massachusetts, and other parts of New England, had 
 
184 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 often engaged their pity and commiseration, with a desire to 
 be instrumental for their relief ; and, by a circular addressed to 
 their members, they recommended to their serious and benevo- 
 lent consideration the sorrowful calamities prevailing among 
 these people, and a contribution for the relief of the neces- 
 sitous of every religious denomination. To this end, they 
 distributed printed subscription-papers, and requested that 
 suitable active members might be appointed in each monthly 
 and preparatory meeting, to apply for the donations of Friends. 
 The task of applying their gifts was imposed upon a com- 
 mittee of twenty-six persons, appointed by the yearly meeting 
 at Rhode Island, with whom they proposed to correspond. 
 
 " Among the first labors of the Committee of Public Safety 
 was that of preparing articles for the government of the mili- 
 tary association. These citizen soldiers refused to sign and 
 submit to the proposed regulations, alleging that many persons, 
 rich, and able to perform military duty, claimed exemption 
 under pretence of conscientious scruples ; and asserting, that, 
 where the liberty of all was at stake, all should aid in its defence, 
 and that, where the cause was common to all, it was inconsistent 
 with justice and equity that the burden should be partial. 
 Moved by these representations, the Committee of Safety recom- 
 mended to the Assembly to provide that all persons should be 
 subject to military duty, but that persons conscientiously 
 scrupulous might compound for actual service by a pecuniary 
 equivalent. The House, however, was not prepared for a 
 measure of so strong a character ; and they suffered their term 
 of of&ce to expire, without passing upon the proposition. 
 
 " But this subject was pressed on the early attention of the 
 succeeding Assembly. Congress, having recommended to the in- 
 habitants of the several Provinces, between the ages of sixteen 
 and fifty, to organize themselves into regular companies of 
 nulitia, gave new occasion to the associators to urge the Assem- 
 bly to put all the inhabitants, in this respect, on an equal 
 footing. 
 
 " The Quakers, who were the most affected by coercion to 
 military service, addressed the legislature, setting forth their 
 religious faith and practice with respect to bearing arms, the 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 185 
 
 persecutions sustained by their ancestors for conscience' sake, 
 and the consequent abandonment of their native country, and 
 emigration to the wilderness, in search of civil and religious 
 liberty, and claiming exemption from military service by virtue 
 of the thirty-fifth section of the laws agreed upon in England, 
 and the first clause of the existing charter granted by Penn. 
 By the first, ' no person living peaceably and justly in civil 
 society could be molested or prejudiced by his religious persua- 
 sion or practice in matters of faith or worship.' 'Nor,' by the 
 second, ' be compelled to do or suffer any thing contrary to his 
 religious persuasion.' They contended, therefore, that they 
 could not legally be required to do aught which their consciences 
 forbade, and that the sincerity of their scruples should be judged 
 by the Lord of their consciences only. They asserted that they 
 entertained a just sense of the value of their religious and civil 
 liberties, and had ever been desirous of preserving them by all 
 measures not inconsistent vsdth their Christian profession and 
 principles ; and though they believed it to be their duty to sub- 
 mit to the powers, which, in the course of Divine Providence, 
 were set over them, yet where there was oppression, or cause of 
 suffering, it became them with Christian meekness and firmness 
 to petition and remonstrate against it, and to endeavor, by just 
 reasoning and arguments, to assert their rights and principles in 
 order to obtain relief. 
 
 " The Mennonists and German Baptists also addressed the 
 Assembly with prayers for exemption from military service. 
 But their views differed essentially from those of the Quakers. 
 The latter not only refused personal military service, but they 
 denied the lawfulness of commuting it for pecuniary consider- 
 ation ; whilst the former declared, that, though not at liberty in 
 conscience to bear arms, it was a principle vidth them to feed 
 the htmgry, and give the thirsty drink ; and that they were 
 always ready, pursuant to Christ's command to Peter, to pay 
 tribute, that they might offend no man ; and that they were 
 ready to pay taxes, and to render unto Caesar the things which 
 were Caesar's. 
 
 " The right of exemption from military service and contribu- 
 tion, claimed by the Quakers, was earnestly contested by the 
 
186 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Committee of Correspondence of the city and county of PhUa- 
 delphia, and by committees from the officers and privates of the 
 military association, from whom addresses were severally pre- 
 sented to the Assembly. The first denounced the principles of 
 non-resistance professed by Friends, ' as unfriendly to the liber- 
 ties of America, destructive of all society and government, and 
 highly reflecting on the glorious revolutions which placed the 
 present royal family on the throne.' ' Though firmly persuaded,' 
 they said, ' that a majority of that society have too much good 
 sense, sincerity, and wisdom to be influenced by such principles, 
 yet duty to ourselves, to our country, and our posterity, at this 
 alarming crisis, constrains us to use our utmost endeavors to pre- 
 vent the fatal consequences that might attend your compliance 
 with the apphcation of the people called Quakers. These gen- 
 tlemen would withdraw their persons and fortunes from the 
 service of their country at a time when most needed ; and, if 
 the patrons and friends of liberty succeed in the present glorious 
 struggle, the^ and their posterity will enjoy all the advantages, 
 without jeoparding person or property. Should the friends of 
 liberty fail, they will risk no forfeitures, but, having merited 
 the protection and favor of the British ministry, will probably 
 be rewarded by promotion to, office. This they seem to desire 
 and expect. Though such conduct manifestly tends to defeat 
 the virtuous and wise measures planned by the Congress, and is 
 obviously selfish, ungenerous, and unjust, yet we would ani- 
 madvert upon the arguments they have used to induce the 
 House to favor and support it." 
 
 " The committee denied that the Old and New Testament 
 furnished a single argument in support of this plea of conscience ; 
 that it was sustainable by a proper construction of the charter 
 by Penn, or a just consideration of his principles. ' He had,' 
 they said, ' accepted the title of captain-general, with power 
 by himself, his captains, and other officers, to levy, muster, and 
 train all sorts of men, of what condition soever, and to make 
 war out of the Province. If none but Quakers came at first to 
 the Province with the proprietor, and the colony was intended 
 exclusively for them, as the addressers seemed to intimate, the 
 petitioners could not conceive that any other than Quakers 
 could be made captains and officers. 
 
EI8T0RT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 187 
 
 " ' Be this as it may, self-preservation,' they continued, ' is 
 the first duty of nature, which every man indispensably owes 
 not only to himself, but to the Supreme Director and Governor 
 of the universe, who gave him being. In political society, all 
 men, by the original compact, are required to unite in defence 
 of the community against such as would unlawfully deprive 
 them of their rights ; and those who withdraw themselves from 
 this compact are not entitled to the protection of the society. 
 The safety of the people is the supreme law. He who receives 
 an equal benefit should bear an equal burden. The doctrine 
 of passive obedience and non-resistance is incompatible with 
 freedom and happiness; and the petitioners were of opinion 
 that even the addressers, who, distant from danger, and seduced 
 by casuistical reasoning, might affect to exclude all resistance, 
 would listen to the voice of nature, when evident ruin to them- 
 selves and the public must follow a strict adherence to such 
 principles, if there were no other persons in the community to 
 defend them.' They therefore prayed that the Assembly would 
 not, at a time when the aid of every individual was required to 
 preserve their common rights, exempt many of the wealthiest 
 citizens from co-operating with their countrymen in some way 
 or other for their common safety. 
 
 " Thus urged, the Assembly resolved, that ' all persons between 
 the ages of sixteen and fifty capable of bearing arms, who did 
 not associate for the defence of the Province, ought to con- 
 tribute an equivalent for the time spent by the associators in 
 acquiring military discipline, ministers of the gospel, of all denomi- 
 nations, and servants purchased hona fide for valuable consider- 
 ation, only excepted.' By this resolution, the principle which 
 still regulates for neglect or refusal of military service was 
 established. 
 
 " The military association, originally a mere voluntary 
 engagement, became, by the resolutions of the Assembly, now 
 having the effect of laws, a compulsory militia. Returns were 
 required from the assessors of the several townships and wards, 
 of all persons within military age capable of bearing arms ; 
 and the captains of the companies of associators were directed 
 to furnish to their colonels, and the colonels to the county 
 
188 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 commissioners, lists of such persons as had joined the associa- 
 tion ; and the commissioners were empowered to assess on 
 those not associated the sum of two pounds ten shillings 
 annually, in addition to the ordinary tax. The Assembly, also, 
 adopted rules and regulations for the better government of the 
 military association, the thirty-fifth article of which provided, 
 ' that, if any associator called into actual service should leave 
 a family not of abihty to maintain themselves in his absence, 
 the justices of the peace of the proper city or county, with 
 the overseers of the poor, should make provision for their 
 maintenance.' 
 
 " Pursuant to the recommendation of Congress, the Assembly 
 of Pennsylvania authorized the enlistment of a battalion of 
 eight companies for the continental service, and nominated 
 John Bull, colonel ; James Irwin, lieutenant-colonel ; and 
 Anthony J. Morris, major. The House also resolved, by the 
 casting-vote of the speaker, to levy fifteen hundred men for 
 the defence of the Province, to be engaged until the first of 
 January, 1778, subject, however, to be discharged at any time, 
 on the advance of a month's pay. These troops were divided 
 into three battalions, — two of riflemen, and one of infantry. 
 The riflemen were formed into a regiment, and placed under 
 the command of Mr. Samuel Miles, a distinguished member of 
 the Assembly, with the rank of first Provincial colonel. James 
 Piper was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and Ennion Williams 
 major, of the first battalion ; and Daniel Brodhead lieutenant- 
 colonel, and John Patton major, of the second battalion. Mr. 
 John Cadwallader was nominated colonel, and Mr. James 
 Potts major, of the infantry battalion. But Mr. Cadwallader, 
 having applied for the command of the first battalion, refused 
 to accept the commission tendered to him, and it was subse- 
 quently given to Mr. Samuel Atlee. 
 
 "Among other acts of Congress, already related, at their 
 meeting in May they passed the following resolution : * That 
 it be recommended to the respective Assemblies and conven- 
 tions of the United Colonies, where no government sufficient 
 to the exigencies of their affairs has been hitherto established, 
 to adopt such government as shall, in the opinions of the 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 189 
 
 representatives of tlie people, best conduce to the safety and 
 happiness of their constituents in particular, and America in 
 general.' 
 
 " This resolution contained the essence of the Declajbation 
 OF Independence, insomuch as it renounced allegiance to the 
 British Crown, and recommended governments to be established 
 by the authority of the people. This bold step raised the 
 question in Pennsylvania, and in her Assembly, whether Con- 
 gress intended that a change should be made in her govern- 
 ment, and, if so, whether the Assembly, or some other body, 
 should make it. 
 
 " Hitherto, in seeking redress from the British Parliament, 
 the inhabitants had aU acted with great unanimity. Even the 
 old proprietary and popular parties had laid aside their ani- 
 mosities, and joined in opposing the common oppression ; but 
 when this resolution had passed, authorizing the establishment 
 of other governments, divisions soon manifested themselves 
 among the inhabitants. 
 
 " First, the Quakers, being opposed to all war, and strongly 
 attached to their church, and to the mother-country, were 
 filled with horror at the idea of a permanent separation from 
 Great Britain, and setting up independent governments ; and, 
 secondly, the proprietors and proprietary officers, with their 
 connections, including the large proportion of wealthy and 
 eminent men in the Province, foresaw in a change of govern- 
 ment, the loss of their official pay and influence. The mass 
 of the people, however, were in favor of the resolution. These 
 were called Whigs ; while those who opposed it were denomi- 
 nated Tories. 
 
 " Soon after Congress had recommended the organization of 
 new governments, the Whigs., assembled in town-meeting at 
 Philadelphia, resolved, ' That the present Assembly, not having 
 been elected for the purpose of forming a new government, 
 could not proceed therein without assuming arbitrary power ; 
 that a protest be immediately entered by the people of the 
 city and county of Philadelphia against the power of the House 
 to carry into execution the resolve of Congress ; that a Pro- 
 vincial Assembly, elected by the people, be chosen for that 
 
190 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 
 purpose ;, that the present gOYernment of the Province was 
 not competent to the exigencies of its affairs ; and that the 
 meeting would abide by these resolutions, be the consequences 
 what they might.' 
 
 " In the protest adopted by the meeting, and presented to 
 the Assembly, the qualification of the latter to form a new con- 
 stitution was denied, inasmuch as its chartered power was 
 derived from their mortal enemy, the king, and its members 
 elected by persons in the real or supposed allegiance of the 
 crown, to the exclusion of many whom the late resolve of 
 Congress had rendered electors ; and the assembly was in the 
 immediate intercourse with a governor bearing the king's com- 
 mission, his sworn representative, holding, and by oath obliged 
 to hold, official correspondence with his ministers, from which 
 oath the people could not absolve him. ' As we mean not,' 
 continued the protesters, ' to enter into any altercation with 
 the House, we shall forbear enumerating the particular incon- 
 sistencies of its former conduct, and content ourselves with 
 declaring, that as a body of men, bound by oaths of allegiance 
 to our enemy, and influenced, as many of its members are, by 
 connection with a pecuniary employment under the proprie- 
 tary, we have very alarming apprehensions that a government 
 modelled by them would be the means of subjecting us and 
 our posterity to greater grievances than any we have hitherto 
 experienced.' 
 
 " The protesters did not protest against the House exercising 
 its accustomed powers for the safety and convenience of the 
 Province, until a constitution founded on the, authority of 
 the people should be finally settled by a convention elected for 
 that purpose, and until the proper officers and representatives 
 should be chosen. For this purpose, they declared their inten- 
 tion to apply to the committee of inspection and observation of 
 the city and liberties, whose services, they said on all occasions, 
 had been applied to the support of the rights of the people, to 
 call a conference of committees of the several counties, that they 
 might direct the election of a Provincial convention, consisting 
 at least of a hundred members. 'We are fully convinced,' 
 they concluded, ' that our safety and happiness, next to the 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 191 
 
 immediate proyidence of God, depends on our compliance 
 "with, and firmly supporting, the resolve of Congress, that 
 thereby the union of the colonies may be preserved inviolate.' 
 
 " On the other hand, the Tories chose a committee of inspec- 
 tion and observation for the county of Philadelphia, many of 
 them being prominent citizens, who presented an address to 
 the Assembly, ' declaring their satisfaction in expressing their 
 sentiments to the constitutional representatives of the Province, 
 their concern that the ground of opposition to ministerial 
 measures was totally changed ; that instead of forwarding a 
 reconciliation with the parent state, on constitutional princi- 
 ples, a system had been adopted by some persons in the city 
 and liberties, tending to a subversion of the constitution ; and 
 advising that the assembly should religiously adhere to the 
 instructions given to their delegates in Congress. And they 
 earnestly entreated that the Assembly would, to the uttermost 
 of their power, oppose the changing, or altering in the least, 
 their invaluable constitution, under which they had experienced 
 every happiness, and in support of which there was nothing 
 just or reasonable they would not undertake.' 
 
 " Many of the inhabitants of the city and county of Phila- 
 delphia, and other counties of the Province, remonstrated 
 against the protest, because the resolution of Congress, on 
 which it was based, applied to such colonial governments only 
 as were insufficient to the exigencies of their affairs ; and, by 
 that resolution. Congress, who had never interfered with the 
 domestic policy of the colonies, had left the representatives of 
 the people sole judges of the efficiency of their governments ; 
 because the protest proposed a measure tending to disunion, 
 and to damp the zeal of multitudes, who, having a high venera- 
 tion for their civil and religious rights, as secured by charter, 
 never conceived, when they engaged, among other things, for 
 the support of the charter-rights of another colony, that they 
 would be required to sacrifice their own ; and because what- 
 ever temporary alteration in forms circumstances might render 
 expedient could be effected by authority of the Assembly, six 
 parts in seven of that body having power to change the con- 
 stitution. In conclusion, the remonstrators recommended to 
 
192 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the Assembly the example of South Carolina, which, when 
 impelled by necessity, had adopted temporary regulations, to 
 endure until 'an accommodation of the unhappy differences 
 between Great Britain and America could be obtained,' — an 
 event, though traduced and treated as rebels, they still pro- 
 fessed earnestly to desire. 
 
 " The spirit of patriotism was so aroused, that no efforts of 
 this kind could stay it. The committee of the Whigs, already 
 referred to, ' communicated to the committees of the several 
 counties the proceedings of that meeting, and invited them to 
 meet in a Provincial convention ; and, the more speedily to 
 break every tie between them and the king, they endeavored 
 to prevent the administration of justice in his Majesty's name, 
 by requesting the judges of the several county courts to sus- 
 pend business until a new government should be formed.' 
 
 " Consequently a Provincial Congress, consisting of one hun- 
 dred and eight members, met at Philadelphia on the 18th of 
 June, 1776, and resolved unanimously, ' that they fully approved 
 of the resolution of Congress, recommending a modification 
 of the colonial governments ; that the present government of 
 the Province was incompetent to the exigencies of its affairs ; 
 and that a Provincial convention should be called for the 
 express purpose of forming a new one ; . . . that every elec- 
 tor, if required, should take an oath or affirmation, that he 
 did not hold himself in allegiance to George the Third, and 
 would not by any means oppose the establishment of a free 
 government within the Province, by the convention about to 
 be chosen, nor the measiires adopted by Congress against the 
 tyranny of Great Britain.' 
 
 " The electors having taking the preceding oath, the depu- 
 ties elected were required to take the following : ' I do 
 declare that I do not hold myself bound to bear allegiance to 
 George the Third, King of Great Britain, &c., and that I will 
 steadily and firmly, at all times, promote the most effectual 
 means, according to the best of my skill and knowledge, to 
 oppose the tyrannical proceedings of the king and parliament 
 of Great Britain against the American colonies, and to estab- 
 lish and support a government in this Province on the author- 
 ity of the people only,' " &c. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 193 
 
 Thus Pennsylvania was one of the earliest Provinces to 
 throw her weight, influence, and fortune in favor of a govern- 
 ment free and independent of Great Britain, and to sustain 
 the preceding Acts of Congress. 
 
 The next thing to be done was to form a constitution for 
 Pennsylvania, which had now become a State. For this pur- 
 pose, a convention assembled at Philadelphia on Monday, 15th 
 of July, 1776, and chose Dr. Benjamin Franklin, President, 
 Col. George Ross, Vice-President, John Morris, Secretary, and 
 Jacob Garrigues, Assistant Secretary. They first passed a 
 resolution, directing that divine service should be performed 
 in the Convention, by Rev. William White, afterwards Episco- 
 pal bishop of Pennsylvania, and offered praise and thanksgiving 
 to God for special interposition of Providence in behalf of the 
 oppressed United States. 
 
 As soon as this Convention was organized, it assumed the 
 whole political power of the State. One of their first acts was 
 to appoint delegates to Congress, and instruct them to strengthen 
 the union of the States, to use their infiuence and power for 
 the establishment of a navy, and to be constant and punctual 
 in attending to their duties in Congress. They prohibited 
 them from entering into any treaty with Great Britain, or any 
 other power, except upon the condition of being acknowledged 
 as free and independent States. The Constitution was com- 
 pleted on Saturday the twenty-eighth day of September, when 
 it was read in Convention, and signed by the President, and 
 every member. 
 
CHAPTER Xir. 
 
 EECAPITinOATION OF EVENTS IK PENKSYLVAJSTIA DOWN" TO THE 
 CLOSE OF THE PROVINCIAL GOVEENMENT. 
 
 The Government naodelled after England — The People Democratic — Exporta- 
 tion prohibited — Of the Courts — Sale of Lands — Division of Classes 
 among the People — William Penn — Provincial Laws repealed — Early- 
 Churches — Free Toleration to All — Influx of Sects — Contrast of Public 
 Expenditures — Literature — Printing-Press — Newspapers — Magazines — 
 Benjamin Franklin — His Printing-Press. 
 
 HAVING brought down the history of Pennsylvania to her 
 enactment of a Constitution as a free State, it seems 
 proper now to treat of her government, laws, religion, finance, 
 and literature at this time. It was natural that the Colonies 
 should at first look for a model of government in the Constitu- 
 tion of England ; but, in all their transactions, they regarded 
 the democratic portion with great favor. The consequence was, 
 that the powers of their governors were somewhat curtailed ; 
 and the king's lieutenants, in many instances, succumbed to 
 this popular feeling. 
 
 Pennsylvania, by the royal charter given to William Penn, 
 was, in some respects, more particularly under the royal govern- 
 ment than some of the other colonies. The charter required 
 the laws to be presented within five j^ears for the royal assent ; 
 but this requirement was conveniently neglected. An instance 
 of this was seen in the laws forbidding the exportation of goods 
 to foreign countries ; and they were not enforced in the Prov- 
 ince for more than fifty years. The proprietors claimed the 
 right to restrain their deputies by general instructions ; but this 
 claim was often opposed by the popular voice, and finally 
 resulted in an earnest effort to abolish the proprietary govern- 
 ment. 
 
 194 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 195 
 
 " It was iu the power of the Assembly at all times to establish 
 the judicature by law ; and many contentions arose from their 
 attempts at this object. The great law created the first courts 
 of the Province, which were remodelled, after the adoption of 
 the charter of 1701, by an act prepared by David Lloyd. This 
 act was repealed by the king in council, probably at the instance 
 of William Penn, on the suggestion of Secretary Logan, that 
 he might erect courts by his proprietary power, or obtain the 
 passage of a law more consonant with his wishes and interests. 
 And, the governor and Assembly differing widely in their opin- 
 ions on this subject, the courts were opened under an ordinance 
 of the former, by which they were continued imtil the year 
 1710, when they were established by a law sanctioned by Gov. 
 Gookin." 
 
 It is to be regretted that some general and accurate system 
 for the location of lands had not been adopted at the settle- 
 ment of the Province, and undeviatingly continued, thereby 
 avoiding that intricacy in Pennsylvania titles, which has been 
 detrimental to the increase of her population. Unfortunately, 
 no system whatever can be traced in the records of the land 
 ofl&ce. 
 
 " By force of the royal charter, William Penn and his success- 
 ors became undoubted lords of the soil, subject to the duty of 
 extinguishing the Indian title, which justice, humanity, and 
 their contract with the vendees, imposed upon them. They 
 had the right to dispose of lands in such manner, and at such 
 price, as they deemed proper ; and the officers of the land office 
 were their agents, controllable by their will. The contract 
 with the first purchasers in some degree qualified this power. 
 Wherever they desired to ' sit together,' and their quantity of 
 land amounted to five thousand acres, they might cast their lot 
 or township together ; and the appropriation of lands by William 
 Penn, for his proper use, was confined to the reservation, by lot, 
 of ten thousand acres in every hundred thousand, the residue 
 being open to the choice of purchasers. But these qualifica- 
 tions were in favor of the first purchasers only. Subsequently 
 the proprietary might withdraw from the general mass any 
 lands not previously appropriated to individuals ; and his sur- 
 
196 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 veyors were instructed to locate for him five hundred acres in 
 every township of five thousand, in addition to the proprietary 
 tenth of all lands laid out." ^ 
 
 William Penn appointed commissioners, who were authorized 
 at various times to purchase lands of the Indians ; but there is 
 no regular account of lands granted prior to 1700. During 
 the next sixty-seven years, the number of lands granted 
 amounted to seven thousand. This is the statement of John 
 Penn, as recorded in the Minutes of Council. All lands were 
 usually granted subject to quit-rents ; which rents were to com- 
 pensate the proprietor for the administration of the government, 
 or for his maintenance, if he failed to receive public support. 
 Lands were sold very cheap in those days, the purchasers pay- 
 ing one shilling sterling for a hundred acres. Sometimes a 
 bushel of wheat was paid for a hundred acres. The price of 
 lands varied at different times. 
 
 The people were divided into natural or artificial bodies. Nat- 
 ural persons became subjects by solemnly promising, in a court 
 of record, faith and allegiance to the king, and full obedience 
 to the proprietor. Foreigners or aliens might be admitted as 
 subjects, upon making request of the proprietor and governor, 
 for such freedom, making the above promises, and paying 
 twenty shillings sterling. Parliament introduced a uniform 
 rule of naturalization in 1740, declaring all persons bom out of 
 the legiance of the king, who had resided seven years in a 
 colony, who had taken the oath of fidelity and abjuration, and 
 who had made a profession of Christian faith before a judge of 
 the colony, should be considered as natural born subjects. This 
 act provided for the scruples of the Quakers, and they were 
 allowed to affirm. 
 
 Another division of natural persons was made between free- 
 men and slaves. The German Quakers protested against the 
 slave-trade ; and a similar protest was made early by the society 
 of Friends. The Assembly imposed a duty on the importation 
 of slaves in 1705 ; but it was not so much to prohibit the slave- 
 trade as to increase the revenue. In 1712 another act was 
 passed, declariag, in the preamble, the danger of insurrection 
 
 ' Gordon's Hist, of Penn., p. 546. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 197 
 
 and murder from a negro population. This act also declared 
 the " umbrage and dissatisfaction " given to the neighboring 
 Indians, because some Indian slaves had been imported from 
 North Carolina. It imposed a duty of twenty pounds on every 
 negro slave imported. This humane act was repealed by the 
 king and council as soon as it reached England. None of the 
 Indians of Pennsylvania were ever enslaved ; and though the 
 Assembly always took a stand against slavery, and passed many 
 acts to prohibit and to remove this curse from the Province, yet 
 the avarice which presided over the English councils caused 
 them to be rejected and repealed. Still some mitigation of the 
 evil was accomplished from the fact that they were enforced 
 until repealed ; and they were renewed, in every instance, as 
 soon as they had been repealed. 
 
 There were always some in the colony who opposed these 
 humane and benevolent acts, though the mass of the people 
 was averse to slavery ; and though the Legislature constantly 
 passed these acts against it, yet slavery was not abolished in the 
 Province until after the close of the Revolution. None of the 
 acts of the Assembly gave slaves any political rights, yet they 
 secured them from cruel and brutal treatment. 
 
 There was another class of people, who could scarcely be 
 called slaves, and yet they were not freemen. Many persons 
 were imported into the Province as servants, who agreed to pay 
 their passage by serving for a definite period. This class was 
 also favored by law. Even in England, provision was made, 
 by ordering that the names, times, and wages of servants, 
 should be recorded. Their masters, also, were permitted to take 
 up lands for them, and, when the time of their service had 
 expired, they were allowed to become land-holders ; and, when 
 they entered upon the cultivation of these lands, their masters 
 were required to provide for them sufficient clothing, and imple- 
 ments for farming. This class of servants could not be sold out 
 of the Province without their consent ; and, in case of marriage, 
 husband and wife could not be separated. The rights of the 
 master were also provided for by law. Many of this class of 
 servants, especially of the German and Irish poptdation, after- 
 wards became honorable and wealthy citizens. 
 
198 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " The acquisition of Pennsylvania gave to the Quakers the 
 means of religious liberty, which they hastened to use. By the 
 ' laws agreed on in England,' it was provided that witnesses 
 should testify ' by solemnly promising to speak the truth, the 
 whole truth, and nothing but the truth ; ' and persons convicted 
 of falsehood were liable to ' suffer such damage or penalty as 
 the person against whom they bore false witness did or should 
 undergo, and to make satisfaction to the party wronged, and 
 be publicly exposed as a false witness, never to be credited in 
 any court, or before any magistrate, in the Province.' Oaths 
 were thus abohshed in all cases. This law was re-enacted in 
 1693, but was modified by an act passed in 1712, allowing an 
 affirmation to the scrupulous, and permitting others to make 
 oath. This and other acts of like tenor were repealed by the 
 privy council; but at length, by the 1 Geo. L, upon the 
 model adopted in Pennsylvania, the Provincial act of 1718 
 enacted ' That all manner of crimes and offences, matters and 
 causes, may be inquired of, heard, tried, and determined by 
 judges, justices, inquests, and witnesses, qualifying themselves 
 according to their conscientious persuasions respectively, either 
 by taking a corporal oath, or by the solemn affirmation allowed 
 by act of parliament ; ' thus extending that act to criminal 
 cases, which were expressly excluded from its scope. This 
 subject was wholly and finally settled in 1772 by an act of 
 Assembly, legalizing the oath with uplifted hands, after the 
 ritual of the covenanters. These laws have extended to all, 
 without distinction of religious sects, the right to substitute an 
 affirmation for an oath, where scruples of conscience prevail. 
 The temporal punishment for falsehood uttered under either 
 sanction is the same ; and it is not to be presumed that there 
 will be a difference in the future." ' 
 
 As the feudal system prohibited the alienation of lands, it 
 was a long time before common justice could subject lands for 
 the payment of debts. By the " laws agreed upon in England," 
 " all lands and goods were liable to pay debts, except where 
 there was legal issue, and then all the goods and one-third of 
 the lands only." 
 
 ' See Gordon, p. 563. 
 
BISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 199 
 
 William Penn, for Ms justice, profound thought, and political 
 knowledge, deserves to be ranked with the greatest philoso- 
 phers, and public benefactors. The political changes which he 
 introduced into the Province, with his alterations in the opera- 
 tion of criminal law, merit the praise and admiration of posterity. 
 The government had always been administered, from the first 
 settlement of the Province, under the solemnity of an affirma- 
 tion, instead of an oath, although the English Parliament was 
 constantly repealing the laws of the Province relating to this 
 act. Through the Quaker influence, the Province persisted in 
 opposing the Acts of Parliament upon this point. 
 
 The toleration of religious denominations allowed in the 
 Province of Pennsylvania, not only brought many Quakers 
 hither, but also a great number of various creeds. As the day of 
 persecution for religious opinions had not then passed away in 
 Europe, many of those sects whose worship was restrained in 
 their native country found an asylum in this Province, among 
 which were Episcopalians, Lutherans, Roman Catholics, Inde- 
 pendents, Schwenkfelders, and Jews. 
 
 It has alread}' been stated, that, at the time William Penn 
 received his great Charter, several churches were established in 
 the Province and territories. The Dutch had one at New 
 Castle, and the Swedish Lutherans had three, — one at Christina, 
 one at Timciene, and one at Wicocoa, and, still later, they added 
 one at Kingsessing, and another at Merion. The emigration 
 from Germany was soon so numerous, that they had two 
 churches at Philadelphia, and others at Burks, Lancaster, and 
 Northampton Counties. 
 
 In the year 1770 the Quakers had between sixty and seventy 
 houses for religious worship. The Episcopalians early became 
 numerous ; and, under Keith, many of the Quakers seceded, and 
 joined them. Christ Church, where Bishop White preached, 
 and in which Washington's pew is shown at the present day, 
 was built in 1710, enlarged in 1 727, and finished by the erection 
 of a steeple in 1753. 
 
 The Protestants, of all denominations, held the Roman 
 Catholic communion in abhorrence. At that time the laws of 
 England forbade the observance of that religion; and even 
 
200 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 William Penn, notwithstanding all the persecutions he had 
 received in England, and the liberal spirit which he cherished, 
 was very unwilling to receive Papists into his Province. " Min- 
 utes of the Provincial Council show that so much danger was 
 apprehended from their missionaries, that their imprisonment 
 was deemed necessary to the public safety. Previously to the 
 year 1733, few Catholics resided in Philadelphia and these 
 held their meetings for religious worship in a private dwelling, 
 and were occasionally visited by missionaries from Maryland. 
 At that time a small chapel was erected in the city, and 
 dedicated to St. Joseph ; and a pastor was duly appointed to 
 officiate therein. The public celebration of mass caused much 
 agitation in the Provincial Council ; and Gov. Gordon proposed 
 to suppress it as contrary to Stat. 11 and 12, William III. 
 The Catholics claimed protection under the Provincial charter ; 
 and, the Council referring the subject to their superiors at home, 
 the governors wisely resolved to suffer them to worship in 
 peace." 
 
 At the Revolution, the Quakers were in a minority. The 
 Presbyterians, with the Dutch and German Calvinists, were 
 the most numerous sect. Large numbers emigrated from the 
 north of Ireland, where they had been trained to fight for 
 their religion. They were zealous and active, and maintained 
 their religious creed with much courage and perseverance. 
 They were always ready to light the Indians. 
 
 The Baptists, in 1695, commenced worship at the corner of 
 Chestnut and Second Streets. John Watts, an Independent 
 minister, preached for them for some time. In 1698 they called 
 Rev. Jedediah Andrews, a Baptist minister from New England. 
 In 1704 they erected a house for public worship on Market 
 Street, and in 1729 they adopted the Presbyterian form of 
 government. In 1742 this church was divided ; a part of them 
 following the Rev. George Whitefield. In 1750 they founded 
 the Second Presbyterian Church, which exists until the present 
 time (1875), and over which the Rev. Elias R. Beadle, D.D., 
 LL.D., is the pastor. 
 
 In 1684 a Baptist church was gathered at Cold Spring, near 
 Bristol, in Bucks County, by Mr. Dongan, who came from Rhode 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 201 
 
 Island. In 1686 some more Baptists came from Radnorshire 
 in Wales, and Killarney in Ireland, and established a church at 
 Pennypack Creek, ten miles north-east of Philadelphia ; and Mr. 
 Dongan baptized and ordained Elias Keach, a very young man 
 from England, whom they chose for their pastor. 
 
 Of the numerous rehgious denominations that early settled 
 in Pennsylvania, the creed of the Episcopalians, consisting of 
 the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England, is too well 
 known to need further notice. So, also, of the Presbyterians ; 
 they being Calvinists, their system of doctrine is well under- 
 stood. The Lutherans, the first denomination of Protestants 
 that separated from the Church of Rome, take their name from 
 Martin Luther. At their separation, they retained some things 
 in their creed and practice, which later Protestants rejected; 
 and the Lutherans themselves (at least a portion of them) 
 have introduced some changes in these particulars. Luther 
 and his early followers believed in consubstantiation ; that is, 
 that, in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, the bread and wine 
 became, in some incomprehensible manner, the body and blood 
 of Christ. 
 
 As in a former chapter we allowed the Quakers to speak for 
 themselves, and to state their own creed, so the Lutherans 
 should have the same privilege. The chief articles of belief 
 which Luther maintained are as follows : — 
 
 " 1. That the Holy Scriptures are the only source whence we 
 are to draw our religious sentiments, whether they relate to 
 faith or practice. 
 
 " 2. That justification is the effect of faith, exclusive of 
 good works, and that faith ought to produce good works, purely 
 in obedience to God, and not in order to our justification. 
 
 " 3. That no man is able to make satisfaction for his sins." 
 
 In consequence of these leading articles, Luther rejected 
 tradition, purgatory, penance, auricular confession, masses, invo- 
 cation of saints, monastic vows, and other doctrines of the 
 Church of Rome. 
 
 The external affairs of the Lutheran Church are directed 
 by three judicatories ; viz., a vestry of the congregation, a dis- 
 trict or special conference, and a general synod. The synod is 
 
202 niSTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 composed of ministers and an equal number of laymen, chosen 
 as deputies by the vestries of their respective congregations. 
 From this synod there is no appeal. 
 
 The ministerium is composed of ministers only, and regu- 
 lates the internal or spiritual concerns of the church, such as 
 examining, licensing, and ordaining ministers, judging in con- 
 troversies about doctrine, &c. The synod and ministerium 
 meet annually. 
 
 The Lutherans claim to be the largest Protestant denomina- 
 tion in the world. Their churches are numerous in Pennsyl- 
 vania, their ministers well educated ; and they are a pious and 
 orderly people. 
 
 The Dunkards, Tunkers or Dumplers, were another sect that 
 early settled in Pennsylvania. Gordon, in his History, gives 
 the following curious sketch of this sect, as respects their early 
 settlement in the Province : — 
 
 " Their religion was more mystical, and their practice more 
 ascetic and fanatic, than of any other sect in the Province. 
 The word ' tunker,' from which their other names are derived, 
 means a baptizer by immersion. With the Quakers and Men- 
 nonists, they refuse to swear or bear arms. They trace their 
 origin to the baptism of John, and admit no other confession of 
 faith than the New Testament. They adopt the eucharist, 
 which they administer at night, in imitation of our Saviour, 
 washing, at the same time, one another's feet, agreeably to his 
 example and command. They convene on the first day of the 
 week for public worship ; but those at Ephratah kept the Jewish 
 sabbath. They wore their beards long, and dressed in plain 
 and coarse garments of an ancient fashion. 
 
 " This sect commenced in Germany in 1705, and consisted 
 principally of German Calvinists, whose aberrations obtained 
 for them the name of ' Pietists,' and a considerable share of per- 
 secution. They collected at Swarzenan, in the county of 
 Witgenstein, where they were allowed, for a season, to meet 
 without interruption. Here, under the guidance of Alexander 
 Mack, a miller of Schriesheim, a society, originally of eight 
 persons, was formed, who adopted the rite of baptism by immer- 
 sion. Their number increasing, and their enthusiasm meeting 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 203 
 
 with reproof, they removed to Creyfield, in the Duchy of Cleves, 
 whence a company of eight or ten, still under the direction of 
 Mack, who devoted his property to the common use of the 
 society, proceeded to Pennsylvania in 1719, and seated them- 
 selves at Germantown. Their church grew rapidly, receiving 
 members from the inhabitants along the Wissahickon, and from 
 Lancaster County. In 1723 the members in Germantown and 
 its vicinity formed themselves into a community, under Peter 
 Beeker, who was chosen official baptizer ; and who also, in the 
 sacceeding year, collected the scattered brethren in Lancaster 
 County into a distinct society, near Pequa Creek. At the head 
 of this last association, one Conrad Beissel, who assumed the 
 name of Friedsham Gottrecht, anglice Peaceable Godright, had 
 sufficient art to place himself. The property of the society 
 consisted of about two hundred and fifty acres of land. Its 
 labors and profits were in common. Marriage and sexual inter- 
 course were forbidden to the members of the community ; but 
 such as were disposed to enter into matrimony were permitted 
 to withdraw, taking with them their proportion of the common 
 stock. The sexes dwelt apart. They lived on vegetables 
 solely, and slept on wooden benches, with blocks of wood for 
 pillows, and attended worship four times in the twenty-four 
 hours. This life macerated their bodies, and rendered their 
 complexions pale and bloodless. Their dress consisted of a 
 . shirt, trowsers, and waistcoat, with a long white gown, and cowl 
 of wool in vidnter, and linen in summer. The dress of the 
 women differed from that of the men in petticoats only : with 
 the cowls of their gowns they covered their faces, when going 
 into public. When walking, they all used a solemn, steady 
 pace, keeping straight forward, with their eyes fixed to the 
 ground, not turning to give an answer when asked a question. 
 On their occasional visits to their friends at Germantown, forty 
 or fifty, thus strangely accoutred, with sandals on their feet, 
 were seen following each other in Indian file. On the death of 
 Beissel, his authority devolved on one Millar, who, wanting the 
 vigorous mind and influence of his predecessor, was unable to 
 preserve the society from rapid decay." 
 
 The Mennonites, or Mennonists, or the Sarmlesa Christians, 
 
204 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 took their name from Menno Simon, a native of the Nether- 
 lands, who lived in the sixteenth centuiy. They professed to 
 trace their faith back to the Christian Church in Thessalonica, 
 in the time of the apostles. They were German Baptists. As 
 they were bitterly persecuted in Germany, and as they had, 
 from the writings and discourses of William Penn, obtained a 
 knowledge of Pennsylvania, and that all sects were tolerated in 
 his Province, some of them removed thither as early as 1698 ; 
 others came in 1706 ; others still, in 1709 and 1711. Their 
 good report of the country, and its free toleration, induced many 
 to follow them in 1717. They first settled at Germantown, 
 where, in 1708, they built a meeting and school house. In 1770, 
 their number in the Province was 4,050 persons. They were 
 said to be a sober, moral, and industrious people. Van Betming, 
 the Dutch ambassador, speaking of these Harmless Christians, 
 as they chose to call themselves, says, — 
 
 " The Mennonites are good people, and the most commodious 
 to a state of any in the world; partly because they do not 
 aspire to places of dignity ; partly because they edify the com- 
 munity by the simplicity of their manners, and application to 
 arts and industry ; and partly because we fear no rebellion 
 from a sect who make it an article of their faith never to bear 
 arms." 
 
 Another sect which early came into the Province was the 
 Schwenkfelders. They took their name from Caspar Schwenk- 
 feld, a distinguished teacher of the sixteenth century. They 
 were tolerated by the German emperors at a very early date, 
 especially in Silesia. In 1590, 1650, and 1725, they were sub- 
 jected to great persecution ; and, after having^ been driven from 
 place to place, they determined to establish themselves in 
 Pennsylvania. Many of them came into the Province in the 
 years 1733 and 1734. They refused to take oaths, and repro- 
 bated war. Their chief settlement was in Berks County. They 
 were an industrious, frugal, and moral people. 
 
 In 1694 forty-two Germans emigrated to Pennsylvania, and 
 called themselves "The Society of the Womajst in the 
 WiLDEENESS." They settled at a place called the Ridge, 
 near Germantown, now included in the city of Philadelphia. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 205 
 
 THey were driven from the universities of Germany, and were 
 mostly educated men. They came into the Province for liberty 
 of conscience, and believed the Millennium was near at hand, 
 and that the Church of Christ, prefigured in Revelation, was 
 soon to come up from the wilderness, leaning on her Beloved. 
 Like the Millerites of our time, they laid aside all business, 
 became hermits, and waited for the Harbinger. They were led 
 by John Kelpius, John Seelig, and Conrad Matthias. The 
 latter was a Swiss, and joined them in 1704. Kelpius belonged 
 to a noble family in Germany, was an eminent scholar, and 
 could read the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, German, and English 
 languages with great fluency. He died in 1708. After his 
 death, Seelig became their leader ; and he very firmly resisted 
 the temptations of the world, wore coarse raiment, and became 
 a hermit. He was succeeded by Matthias, who died in 1745. 
 He was the last of the hermits. 
 
 They were all astrologers and magicians, and were feared as 
 conjurers. Dr. Christopher Witt belonged to this society, and 
 was a distinguished physician. He was a magus, a diviner, or 
 conjurer. He frequently lifted the veil from the future, pointed 
 out the place where stolen goods could be found, and the thieves 
 who stole them. Such were the ignorance and superstition of 
 the people, that his practice became very lucrative. By the 
 aid of necromancy, he relieved the disorders and spells pro- 
 duced by witchcraft. He died in Germantown in 1765, at the 
 age of one hundred years. (Gordon gives his age at the time 
 of his death at ninety years, while Watson has it as in our 
 text.) His doctor's cloak and magician's wand descended to 
 his apprentice Frailey; but he never equalled his master in 
 reputation. 
 
 The sect of the Moravians, or United Brethren as they 
 called themselves, was formed by Count Zinzendorf in 1721. 
 He was soon joined by some Moravian families, who had left 
 their homes with a design of coming to Pennsylvania, but 
 stopping at Bartholdorf on Zinzendorf's estate, and learning 
 that they could enjoy religious freedom, had remained there. 
 As a large proportion of the brethren were from Moravia, the 
 count claimed that his society was of Moravian parentage, and 
 
206 niSTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 that they descended from the Bohemians and Moravians, who op- 
 posed Roman Catholicism long before Luther was born, and that 
 they were connected with the Waldenses. This society, by its 
 early efforts to Christianize the Indians, have brought them- 
 selves into intimate relation with the history of Pennsylvania. 
 
 " The Moravians avoid discussions respecting the speculative 
 truths of religion, and insist upon individual experience of the 
 practical efficiency of the gospel in producing a real change of 
 sentiment and conduct as the only essentials in religion. They 
 consider the manifestation of God in Christ as intended to be 
 the most beneficial revelation of the Deity to the human race ; 
 and, in consequence, they make the life, merits, acts, words, suf- 
 ferings, and death of the Saviour the principal theme of their 
 doctrine, while they carefully avoid entering into any theoret- 
 ical disquisitions on the mysterious essence of the Godhead, 
 simply adhering to the words of Scripture. Admitting the 
 Sacred Scriptures as the only source of divine revelation, they, 
 nevertheless, believe that the Spirit of God continues to lead 
 those who believe in Christ, into all further truth; not by 
 revealing new doctrines, but by teaching those who sincerely 
 desire to learn, daily better to understand and apply the truths 
 which the Scriptures contain. They believe, that, to live agree- 
 ably to the gospel, it is essential to aim in all things to fulfil 
 the will of God. Even in their temporal concerns, they 
 endeavor to ascertain the will of God. They do not, indeed, 
 expect some miraculous manifestation of his will, 'but only 
 endeavor to test the purity of their purposes by the light of 
 the divine word. Nothing of consequence is done by them as 
 a society, until such an examination has taken place ; and, 
 in cases of difficulty, the question is decided by lot, to avoid 
 the undue preponderance of influential men, and in the hum- 
 ble hope that God will guide them right by its decision, where 
 their limited understanding fails them. In former times, the 
 marriages of the members of the society were, in some respects, 
 regarded as a concern of the society, as it was part of their 
 social agreement that none should take place without the 
 approval of the elders ; and the elders' consent or refusal was 
 usually determined by lot. But this custom was at length 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 207 
 
 abandoned ; and nothing is now requisite to obtain the consent 
 of the elders, but propriety of conduct in tlie parties. They con- 
 sider none of their peculiar regulations essential, but all liable to 
 be altered or abandoned whenever it is found necessary in order 
 better to attain their great object, — the promotion of piety. 
 
 " What characterizes the Moravians most, and holds them up 
 to the attention of others, is their missionary zeal. In this 
 they are superior to any other body of people in the world. 
 ' Their missionaries,' as one observes, ' are all of them volun- 
 teers ; for it is an inviolable maxim with them to persuade no 
 man to engage in missions. They are all of one mind as to 
 the doctrines they teach, and seldom make an attempt where 
 there are not half a dozen of them in the mission. Their zeal 
 is calm, steady, persevering. They would reform the world, 
 but are careful how they quarrel vrith it. They carry their 
 point by address, and the insinuations of modesty and mildness, 
 which commend them to all men, and give offence to none. 
 The habits of silence, quietness, and decent reserve, mark 
 their character." 
 
 The first of these people who came to Pennsylvania, by invi- 
 tation of Rev. George Whitefield, settled on a tract of land 
 which he had purchased for the establishment of a negro 
 school, and to which he gave the name of Nazareth. In 1740 
 they were compelled to leave Nazareth, on account of the 
 Indians. March 9, 1741, they founded the present town of 
 Bethlehem. In 1743 they purchased of Whitefield the tract 
 of land at Nazareth ; and some of them removed thither. In 
 December, 1741, Count Zinzendorf visited Pennsylvania in 
 person, and commenced missionary labors at Germantovra. 
 
 The financial system of Pennsylvania was simple in its con- 
 struction, and small in its amount. The population in 1776, at 
 the close of the Provincial government, was about 300,000 : 
 the annual expense of the government was £3,290 currency, 
 amounting to $8,774.66, which, for all ordinary charges, was 
 less than thirty cents on each inhabitant. 
 
 For the benefit of Pennsylvania, the expense of which is 
 noAV so enormous for supporting government, and the admoni- 
 
208 
 
 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 tion of politicians, we give the following statement of the Pro- 
 vincial charges, made by Gov. John Penn in 1767, as found in 
 the Minutes of Council. 
 
 Ordinary charges : — 
 
 Lieutenant-governor's salary £1,000 
 
 Chief justice do 200 
 
 Puisne judges of the supreme court . . . 100 
 
 Attorney-general 75 
 
 Clerk of council 15 
 
 £1,390 
 
 Assembly £800 
 
 Do. for extra services to sundry members, 
 principally for preparing bills . . . , 
 
 Provincial agent 
 
 Clerk of assembly 
 
 Printing 
 
 Postage 
 
 Keeper of great seal for affixing seal to laws 
 Clerk of governor's council on account of 
 
 warrants 
 
 Master of rolls for recording laws 
 Barrack master at Philadelphia 
 Do. at Lancaster . 
 
 Clock-maker, for care of clock 
 Doorkeeper to council . . . 
 Do. to assembly . . . 
 
 150 
 350 
 200 
 100 
 
 70 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 50 
 40 
 50 
 5 
 25 
 1,900 
 
 £3,290 
 
 We find, by the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of 
 Statistics for 1873-74 (first report not being at hand), that the 
 population of the State in 1870 was 3,521,951, and the expendi- 
 ture for 1873, 16,734,027.57, which amounts to $1.91 for each 
 person, or over three times as much as in the days of Gov. 
 Penn. Query : Whether it is not advisable to return to a pro- 
 prietary government ? 
 
 In speaking of the literature of a people whose whole time 
 
niSTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 209 
 
 was almost indispensable for obtaining the first necessaries and 
 comforts of life, it might be sufficient praise to say that the 
 love of letters was never extinguished. But much and early 
 attention was given to this important subject ; and, if education 
 was not as general among the inhabitants of Pennsylvania as 
 among those of New England, it should be ascribed rather to 
 the heterogeneous character of her population, which even yet 
 is not perfectly amalgamated, than to a want of due considera- 
 tion of its value. In 1683, before our ancestors had covered 
 themselves from the weather, a school was opened in the city 
 of Philadelphia." 
 
 " "Within four years from the time our ancestors landed in the 
 wilderness, a printing-press was at work in Philadelphia, sow- 
 ing broadcast the seed of knowledge and morality." ^ This 
 press was owned by William Bradford ; and in 1687 he printed 
 an almanac. Previous to the year 1697, a paper-mill was 
 erected in the Province, near Germantown, by a Mr. Ritten- 
 house. 
 
 The first newspaper was published in 1719 by Andrew Brad- 
 ford, and called " The American "Weekly Mercury." In 1728 
 Keimer published a second newspaper, called " The Universal 
 Instructor in all Arts and Sciences, and Pennsylvania Gazette." 
 This paper, though feeble under Keimer, became a strong and 
 vigorous journal when owned and directed (as it afterwards 
 was) by Benjamin Franklin. The Germans published a paper 
 in their language, in 1739, at Germantown ; and, the next year, 
 a German paper was published in Philadelphia, edited by Dr. 
 "WiUiam Smith. In 1760 there were five weekly newspapers 
 published in the Province, — three of them in Philadelphia, 
 one at Germantown, and one at Lancaster. Several magazines 
 were started between the years 1741 and 1776, all of which 
 died within one year, except "The Pennsylvania Magazine," 
 which lived eighteen months. 
 
 Many of the institutions, arts, and improvements in Penn- 
 sylvania, while it remained a Province, were indebted for their 
 existence and progress to the enterprise and energy of Benja- 
 min Franklin; and, although Franklin was a native of Massa- 
 
 • Journals of Council. ^ Notes on the literature of Perm., by T. I. Wharton. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 lusetts, there need be no strife about him between the two 
 ;ates, for there was enough of him to achieve literary honors 
 r both these old commonwealths. 
 
 When Franklin was about to establish his printing-press in 
 hiladelphia, he gives the following account of a visit he 
 ceived from one of her croakers. " He first inquired if I was 
 le young man who was about establishing a printing-press in 
 hiladelphia ; and, upon my answering in the affirmative, he 
 id he was sorry for me, as it was an expensive undertaking, 
 id I should undoubtedly be a great loser by it. In short, he 
 ive me such a gloomy account of the failures which had 
 ready, or were about to take place, that he almost threw me 
 to the hysterics ; but I soon learned that our new printing- 
 :ess was the subject of discussion at a debating-club, and that 
 r. Bond predicted very differently from the croaker. He said, 
 [ tell you that press will succeed, and that young Franklin 
 ill prosper. He is the most industrious man I ever knew. I 
 :e him at work at night, when I return home from my visits ; 
 id he is at it again in the morning before his neighbors are 
 It of bed.' " 
 
 This original Benjamin Franklin printing-press, which has 
 3en for many years at the patent-office at Washington, has 
 scently been decided to be the property of John B. Murray of 
 ew York, and will undoubtedly be- presented by him at the 
 jproaching Centennial. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE STATE CONSTITUTION OE 1776. 
 
 What Government should be — Declaration of Eights — Eight of Worship — 
 Internal Government — Benefit to All — Free Elections — Of Prosecutions — 
 Of Warrants — Freedom of Speech — Plan of Government — Electors — 
 House of Kepresentatives — Form of Oath or AfBrmation — Delegates to 
 Congress — Title of the Laws — County Districts — Of Commissions — Of 
 Judges — Supreme Court — Of Debtors — Justices of the Peace — Sheriffs 
 and Coroners — Of Fees — Eegister's Ofiice — Printing-Presses — Of Profes- 
 sions — Penal Laws — Taxes — Of Schools — Council of Censors. 
 
 THE foUowing is the Constitution formed by the convention 
 chosen for the purpose, as referred to at the close of the 
 last chapter : — 
 
 " Whereas all gOYernment ought to be instituted and sup- 
 ported for the security and protection of the community as such, 
 and to enable the individuals who compose it to enjoy their 
 natural rights, and the other blessings which the Author of 
 existence has bestowed upon man ; and whenever these great 
 ends of government are obtained, the people have a right by 
 common consent to change it, and take such measures as to 
 them may appear necessary to promote their safety and happi- 
 ness ; and whereas the inhabitants of this commonwealth have, 
 in consideration of protection only, heretofore acknowledged 
 allegiance to the King of Great Britain, and the said King has 
 not only withdrawn that protection, but commenced, and stiU 
 continues to carry on, with unabated vengeance, a most cruel 
 and unjust war against them, employing therein, not only the 
 troops of Great Britain, but foreign mercenaries, savages, and 
 slaves, for the avowed purpose of reducing them to a total and 
 abject submission to the despotic domination of the British 
 parliament, with many other acts of tyranny (more fully set 
 
 211 
 
212 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 forth in the declaration of Congress), whereby all allegiance 
 and fealty to the said King and his successors are dissolved and 
 at an end, and all power and authority derived from him ceased 
 in these colonies ; and whereas it is absolutely necessary, for 
 the welfare and safety of the inhabitants of said colonies, that 
 they be henceforth free and independent States, and that just, 
 permanent, and proper forms of government exist in every part 
 of them, derived from and founded on the authority of the 
 people only, agreeable to the directions of the honorable Ameri- 
 can Congress : we, the representatives of the freemen of Penn- 
 sylvania, in general convention met for the express purpose of 
 framing such a government, confessing the goodness of the great 
 Governor of the universe (who alone knows to what degree of 
 earthly happiness mankind may attain by perfecting the arts of 
 government) in permitting the people of this State, by common 
 consent, and without violence, deliberately to form for them- 
 selves such just rules as they shall think best, for governing their 
 future society, and being fully convinced that it is our indis- 
 pensable duty to establish such original principles of govern- 
 ment as will best promote the general happiness of the people 
 of this State and their posterity, and provide for future improve- 
 ments, without partiality for, or prejudice against, any particular 
 class, sect, or denomination of men whatever, do, by virtue of 
 the authority vested in us by our constituents, ordain, declare, 
 and establish the following Declaration of Rights and Frame of 
 G-overnment to be the Constitution of this commonwealth, 
 and to remain in force therein forever, unaltered, except in such 
 articles as shall hereafter, on experience, be found to require im- 
 provement, and which shall, by the same authority of the people, 
 fairly delegated as this frame of government directs, be 
 amended or improved for the more effectual obtaining and 
 securing the great end and design of all government, herein- 
 before mentioned. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 213 
 
 CHAPTEB I. 
 
 A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 " 1. That all men are born equally free and independent, and 
 have certain natural, inherent, and unalienable rights, amongst 
 which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, 
 possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining 
 happiness and safety. 
 
 " 2. That all men have a natural and unalienable right to wor- 
 ship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own con- 
 sciences and understanding ; and that no man ought to, or of 
 right can be compelled to attend any religious worship, or erect 
 any place of worship, or maintain any minister, contrary to or 
 against his own free will and consent. Nor can any man who 
 acknowledges the being of God be justly deprived or abridged 
 of any civil right as a citizen, on account of his religious senti- 
 ments. And that no authority can or ought to be invested in 
 or assumed by any power whatever, that shall in any case inter- 
 fere with, or in any manner control, the right of conscience in 
 the free exercise of religious worship. 
 
 " 3. The people of this State have the sole, exclusive, and 
 inherent right of governing and regulating the internal police 
 of the same. 
 
 " 4. That all power being originally inherent in, and conse- 
 quently derived from, the people, therefore all officers of gov- 
 ernment, whether legislative or executive, are their trustees and 
 servants, and at all times accountable to them. 
 
 "5. That government is, or ought to be, instituted for the 
 common benefit, protection, and security of the people, nation, 
 or commtmity, and not for the advantage of any single man, 
 family, or set of men, who form a part only of that community : 
 And that the community have an indubitable, unalienable, and 
 indefeasible right to reform, alter, or abolish government in such 
 manner as shall be by the community judged most conducive 
 to the public weal. 
 
 " 6. That those who are employed in the legislative and 
 
214 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 executive business of the State may be restrained from oppres- 
 sion, the people have a right, at such periods as they may think 
 proper, to reduce their public officers to a private station, and 
 supply the vacancies by certain and regular elections. 
 
 " 7. That all elections ought to be free ; and that all freemen, 
 having a sufficient common interest with, and attachment to, the 
 community, have a right to elect officers, or be elected into 
 office. 
 
 " 8. That every member of society has a right to be pro- 
 tected in the enjoyment of life, liberty, and property, and there- 
 fore is bound to contribute his proportion towards the expense 
 of that protection, and yield his personal service, or an equiva- 
 lent thereto ; but no part of a man's property can be justly 
 taken from him, or applied to public uses, without his own con- 
 sent, or that of his legal representatives : Nor can any man who 
 is conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms be justly com- 
 pelled thereto, if he will pay such equivalent : Nor are the peo- 
 ple bound by any laws but such as they have in like manner 
 assented to for their common good. 
 
 " 9. That, in all prosecutions for criminal offences, a man hath 
 a right to be heard by himself and his council, to demand the 
 cause and nature of his accusation, to be confronted with the 
 witnesses, to call for evidence in his favor, and a speedy public 
 trial by an impartial jury of the country, without the unani- 
 mous consent of which jury he cannot be found guilty : Nor 
 can he be compelled to give evidence against himself : Nor can 
 any man be justly deprived of his liberty, except by the laws 
 of the land, or the judgment of his peers. 
 
 " 10. That the people have a right to hold themselves, their 
 houses, papers, and possessions, free from search or seizure ; and 
 therefore, warrants, vnthout oaths or affirmations first made 
 affording a sufficient foundation for them, and whereby any 
 officer or messenger may be commanded or required to search 
 suspected places, or to seize any person or persons, his or their 
 property, not particularly granted, are contrary to that right, 
 and ought not be granted. 
 
 " 11. That in controversies respecting property, and in suits 
 between man and man, the parties have a right to trial by jury, 
 which ought to be held sacred. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 215 
 
 " 12. That the people have a right to freedom of speech, and 
 of writing and publishing their sentiments : therefore the free- 
 dom of the press ought not to be restrained* 
 
 " 13. That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence 
 of themselves and the State ; and, as standing armies in the 
 time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be 
 kept up : And that the military should be kept under strict sub- 
 ordination to, and governed by, the civil power. 
 
 " 14. That a frequent recurrence to fundamental principles, 
 and a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, indus- 
 try, and frugality, are absolutely necessary to preserve the 
 blessings of liberty, and keep a government free : The people 
 ought, therefore, to pay particular attention to these points in 
 the choice of officers and representatives, and have a right to 
 exact a due and constant regard to them from their legislators 
 and magistrates, in making and executing such laws as are 
 necessary for the good government of the state. 
 
 " 15. That all men have a natural inherent right to emigrate 
 from one state to another that will receive them, or to form a 
 new state in vacant countries, or in such countries as they can 
 purchase, whenever they think that thereby they may promote 
 their own happiness. 
 
 " 16. That the people have a right to assemble together to 
 consult for their common good, to instruct their representatives, 
 and to apply to the legislature for redress of grievances by 
 address, petition, or remonstrance. 
 
 CHAPTBB n. 
 Plan or Frame of Crovernment. 
 
 " Section 1. The Commonwealth or State of Pennsylvania 
 shall be governed hereafter by an assembly, the representatives 
 of the freemen of the same, and a president and council, in 
 manner and form following, — 
 
 " Sect. 2. The supreme legislative power shall be vested in 
 a house of representatives of the freemen of the Common- 
 wealth or State of Pennsylvania. 
 
216 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " Sect. 3. The supreme executive power shall be vested in a 
 president and council. 
 
 " Sect. 4. Coiirts of justice shall be established in the city 
 of Philadelphia, and in every county of this State. 
 
 " Sect. 5. The freemen of this Commonwealth, and their 
 sons, shall be trained and armed for its defence, under such reg- 
 ulations, restrictions, and exceptions as the General Assembly 
 shall by law direct, preserving always to the people the right 
 of choosing- their colonel, and all commissioned officers under 
 that rank, in such manner, and as often, as by the said laws shall 
 be directed. 
 
 " Sect. 6. Every freeman of the full age of twenty-one years, 
 having resided in this State for the space of one whole year 
 next before the day of election for representatives, and paid 
 public taxes during that time, shall enjoy the right of an elec- 
 tor : Provided, always, that sons of freeholders of the age of 
 twenty-one years shall be entitled to vote, although they have 
 not paid taxes. 
 
 " Sect. 7. The House of Representatives of the freemen 
 of this Commonwealth shall consist of persons most noted for 
 wisdom and virtue, to be chosen by the freemen of every city 
 and county of this Commonwealth respectively. And no per- 
 son shall be elected, unless he has resided in the city or county 
 for which he shall be chosen two years immediately before the 
 said election ; nor shall any member, while he continues such, 
 hold any other office, except in the militia. 
 
 " Sect. 8. No person shall be capable of being elected a 
 member to serve in the House of Representatives of the free- 
 men of this Commonwealth more than four years in seven. 
 
 " Sect. 9. The members of the House of Representatives 
 shall be chosen annually by ballot, by the freemen of the Com- 
 monwealth, on the second Tuesday in October, forever (except 
 this present year) ; and shall meet on the fourth Monday of the 
 same month, and shall be styled The General Assembly of Rep- 
 resentatives of the Freemen of Pennsylvania ; and shall have 
 power to choose their speaker, the treasurer of the State, and 
 their other officers ; sit on their adjournments ; prepare bills, and 
 enact them into laws; judge of the elections and qualifications 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 217 
 
 of their own members ; they may expel a member, but not a 
 second time for the same cause ; they may administer oaths or 
 affirmations, on examiuation of witnesses, redress grievances, 
 impeach state criminals, grant charters of incorporation, consti- 
 tute towns, boroughs, cities, and counties : And shall have all 
 other powers necessary for the legislature of a free state or 
 commonwealth : But they shall have no power to add to, abol- 
 ish, or infringe any part of this constitution. 
 
 " Sect. 10. A quorum of the House of Representatives shall 
 consist of two-thirds of the whole number of members elected; 
 and, having met and chosen their speaker, shall each of them, 
 before they proceed to business, take and subscribe, as well the 
 oath or affirmation of fidelity and allegiance hereinafter directed, 
 as the following oath or affirmation ; viz., — 
 
 " ' I do swear (or affirm) that, as a member of this 
 
 Assembly, I will not propose or assent to any bill, vote, or reso- 
 lution, which shall appear to me injurious to the people ; nor 
 do or consent to any act or thing whatever that shall have a 
 tendency to lessen or abridge their rights and privileges, as de- 
 clared in the constitution of this State ; but will in all things 
 conduct myself as a faithful, honest representative and guardian 
 of the people, according to the best of my judgment and abili- 
 ties.' 
 
 " And each member, before he takes his seat, shall make and 
 subscribe the following declaration ; viz., — 
 
 " ' I do believe in one God, the Creator and Governor of the 
 universe, the Rewarder of the good, and the Punisher of the 
 wicked. And I do acknowledge the scriptures of the Old and 
 New Testament to be given by divine inspiration.' 
 
 " And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter 
 be required of any civil officer or magistrate in this state. 
 
 " Sect. 11. Delegates to represent this State in Congress 
 shall be chosen by ballot, by the future General Assembly, at 
 their first meeting, and annually forever afterwards, as long as 
 such representation shall be necessary. Any delegate may be 
 superseded at any time by the General Assembly appointing 
 another in his stead. No man shall sit in Congress longer than 
 two years successively, nor be capable of re-election for three 
 
218 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 years afterwards : And no person who holds any office in the 
 gift of Congress shall hereafter be elected to represent this 
 commonwealth in Congress. 
 
 " Sect. 12. If any city or cities, county or counties, shall 
 neglect or refuse to elect and send representatives to the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, two-thirds of the members from the cities or 
 counties that do elect and send representatives, provided they 
 may be a majority of the cities and counties of the whole State, 
 when met shall have all the powers of the General Assembly 
 as fully and amply as if the whole were present. 
 
 " Sect. 13. The doors of the house in which the representa^ 
 tives of the freemen of this State shall sit in general assembly 
 shall be and remain open for the admission of all persons who 
 behave decently, except only when the welfare of this State 
 may require the doors to be shut. 
 
 " Sect. 14. The votes and proceedings of the General Assem- 
 bly shall be printed weekly during their sitting, with the yeas 
 and nays on any question, vote, or resolution, where any two 
 members require it, except when the vote is taken by ballot ; 
 and, when the yeas and nays are so taken, every member shall 
 have a right to insert the reasons of his vote upon the minutes, 
 if he desire it. 
 
 " Sect. 15. To the end that the laws, before they are enacted, 
 may be more maturely considered, and the inconvenience of 
 hasty determinations as much as possible prevented, all bills of 
 public nature shall be printed, for the consideration of the peo- 
 ple, before they are read in General Assembly the last time for 
 debate and amendment, and, except on occasions of sudden 
 necessity, shall not be passed into laws until the next session 
 of Assembly ; and, for the more perfect satisfaction of the pub- 
 lic, the reasons and motives for making such laws shall be fully 
 and clearly expressed in the preambles. 
 
 "Sect. 16. The style of the laws of this Commonwealth 
 shall be, ' Be it enacted, and it is hereby enacted by the rep- 
 resentatives of the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- 
 vania, in general assembly met, and by the authority of the 
 same.' And the General Assembly shall affix their seal to every 
 bill as soon as it is enacted into a law ; which seal shall be kept 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 219 
 
 by the Assembly, and shall be called The seal of the laws of 
 Pennsylvania., and shall not be used for any other purpose. 
 
 " Sect. 17. The city of Philadelphia, and each county in 
 this Commonwealth respectively, shall on the first Tuesday of 
 November in the present year, and on the second Tuesday in 
 October, annually, for the two next succeeding years, to wit, 
 the year one thousand seven liundred and seventy-seven, 
 and the year one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight, 
 choose six persons to represent them in General Assembly. But 
 as representation in proportion to the number of taxable inhab- 
 itants is the only principle which can at all secure liberty, and 
 make the voice of a majority of the people the law of the land, 
 therefore the General Assembly shall cause complete lists of the 
 taxable inhabitants in the city and each county in the common- 
 wealth respectively, to be taken and returned to them, on or 
 before the last meeting of the Assembly, elected in the year one 
 thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight, who shall appoint a 
 representation to each in proportion to the number of taxables 
 in such returns; which representation shall continue for the 
 next seven years afterwards, at the end of which a new return 
 of the taxable inhabitants shall be made, and a representation 
 agreeable thereto appointed by the said Assembly, and so on 
 septennially forever. The wages of the representatives in 
 General Assembly, and all other State charges, shall be paid out 
 of State treasury. 
 
 " Sect. 18. In order that the freemen of this commonwealth 
 may enjoy the benefit of election as equally as may be, until 
 the representation shall commence, as directed in the foregoing 
 section, each county, at its own choice, may be divided into dis- 
 tricts, hold elections therein, and elect their representatives in 
 the county, and their other elective officers, as shall be here- 
 after regulated by the General Assembly of the State. And no 
 inhabitant of this State shall have more than one annual vote 
 at the general election for representatives in Assembly. 
 
 " Sect. 19. For the present, the Supreme Executive Council 
 of this State shall consist of twelve persons, chosen in the fol- 
 lowing manner : The freemen of the city of Philadelphia, and 
 of the counties of Philadelphia, Chester, and Bucks respec- 
 
220 BISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 tively, shall choose by ballot one person for the city, and one 
 for each county aforesaid, to serve for three years, and no lon- 
 ger, at the time and place for electing representatives in General 
 Assembly. The freemen of the counties of Lancaster, York, 
 Cumberland, and Berks, shall, in like manner, elect one person 
 in each county respectively, to serve as counsellors for two 
 years, and no longer. And the counties of Northampton, 
 Bedford, Northumberland, and Westmoreland respectively, 
 shall, in like manner, elect one person for each county, to serve 
 as counsellors for one year, and no longer. And, at the expira- 
 tion of the time for which each counsellor was chosen to serve, 
 the freemen of the city of Philadelphia, and of the several 
 counties in this State respectively, shall elect one person to 
 serve as counsellor for three years, and no longer ; and so on 
 every third year forever. By this mode of election and contin- 
 ual rotation, more men wUl be trained to public business, there 
 will in every subsequent year be found in the Council a number 
 of persons acquainted with the proceeding of the foregoing 
 years, whereby the business wUl be more confidently conducted; 
 and, moreover, the danger of establishing an inconvenient aris- 
 tocracy will be effectually prevented. All vacancies that may 
 happen in the CouncU, by death, resignation, or otherwise, shall 
 be filled at the next general election for representatives in Gen- 
 eral Assembly, unless a particular election for that purpose shall 
 be sooner appointed by the president and Council. No member 
 of the General Assembly, or delegate in Congress, shall be 
 chosen a member of the Council. The president and vice- 
 president shall be chosen annually, by the joint ballot of the 
 General Assembly and Council, of the members of the Council. 
 Any person having served as a counsellor for three successive 
 years shall be incapable of holding that office for four years 
 afterwards. Every member of the Council shall be a justice 
 of the peace for the whole commonwealth, by virtue of his 
 office. 
 
 " In case new additional counties shall hereafter be erected 
 in this state, such county or counties shall elect a counsellor, 
 and such county or coimties shall be annexed to the next neigh- 
 boring counties, and shall take rotation with such counties. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 221 
 
 " The Council shall meet annually, at the same time and place 
 with the General Assembly. 
 
 " The treasurer of the State, trustees of the loan-office, 
 naval office, collectors of the customs or excise, judge of the 
 admiralty, attorneys-general, sheriffs, and prothonotaries, shall 
 not be capable of a seat in the General Assembly, Executive 
 Council, or Continental Congress. 
 
 " Sect. 20. The president, and in his absence the vice-presi- 
 dent, with the Council, five of whom shall be a quorum, shall 
 have power to appoint and commissionate judges, naval officers, 
 judge of the admiralty, attorney-general, and all other officers, 
 civil and military, except such as are chosen by the General 
 Assembly or the people, agreeable to this frame of government, 
 and the laws that may be made hereafter ; and shall supply 
 every vacancy in any office, occasioned by death, resignation, 
 removal, or disqualification, until the office can be filled in the 
 time and manner directed by law or this constitution. They 
 are to correspond with other States, and transact business with 
 the officers of government, civil and military ; and prepare such 
 business as appears to them necessary to la.j before the General 
 Assembly. They shall sit as judges to hear and determine on 
 impeachments, taking to their assistance, for advice only, the 
 justices of the Supreme Court. And shall have power to grant 
 pardons, and remit fines, in all cases whatsoever, except in 
 cases of impeachment ; and, in cases of treason and murder, 
 shall have power to grant reprieves, but not to pardon until 
 the end of the next sessions of Assembly ; but there shall be no 
 remission or mitigation of punishments on impeachments, 
 except by act of the legislature. They are also to take care that 
 the laws be faithfuUy executed. They are to expedite the exe- 
 cution of such measures as may be resolved upon by the Gen- 
 eral Assembly ; and they may draw upon the treasury for such 
 sums as shall be appropriated by the House. They may also lay 
 embargoes, or prohibit the exportation of any commodity for 
 any time, not exceeding thirty days, in the recess of the House 
 only. They may grant such licenses as shall be directed by law ; 
 and shall have power to call together the General Assembly, 
 when necessary, before the day to which they shall stand ad- 
 
222 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 journed. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the 
 forces of the State, but shall not command in person, except 
 advised thereto by the Council, and then only so long as they 
 shall approve thereof. The president and Council shall have a 
 secretary, and keep fair books of their proceedings, wherein 
 any counsellor may enter his dissent, with his reasons in sup- 
 port of it. 
 
 " Sect. 21. All commissions shall be in the name and by the 
 authority of the freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylva- 
 nia, sealed with the State seal, signed by the president or vice- 
 president, and attested by the secretary ; which seal shaU be 
 kept by the Council. 
 
 " Sect. 22. Every officer of State, whether judicial or execu- 
 tive, shall be liable to be impeached by the General Assembly, 
 either when in office, or after his resignation, or removal for 
 mal-administration. All impeachments shall be before the pres- 
 ident and vice-president and Council, who shall hear and deter- 
 mine the same. 
 
 " Sect. 23. The judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature 
 shall have fixed salaries, be commissioned for seven years only, 
 though capable of re-appointment at the end of that term, but 
 removable for misbehavior at any time by the General Asembly ; 
 they shall not be allowed to sit as members in the Continental 
 Congress, Executive Council, or General Assembly, nor to hold 
 any other office, civil or military, noi* to take or receive fees or 
 perquisites of any kind. 
 
 " Sect. 24. The Supreme Court, and the several courts of 
 common pleas of this Commonwealth, shall, besides the powers 
 usually exercised by such courts, have the powers of a court of 
 chancery, so far as relates to the perpetuating testimony, ob- 
 taining evidence from places not within this State, and the 
 care of the persons and estates of those who are non compotis 
 mentis, and such other powers as may be foimd necessary by 
 future General Assemblies, not inconsistent with this constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 " Sect. 25. Trials shall be by jury, as heretofore. And it is 
 recommended to the legislature of this State to provide by law 
 against every corruption of partiality in the choice, return, or 
 appointment of juries. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 223 
 
 " Sect. 26. Courts of sessions, common pleas, and orphans' 
 courts, shall be held quarterly in each city and county ; and 
 the legislature shall have power to establish all other courts as 
 they may judge for the good of the inhabitants of the State. 
 AU courts shall be open, and justice shall be impartially admin- 
 istered, without corruption or unnecessary delay. All their 
 officers shall be paid an adequate but moderate compensation 
 for their services : And if any officer shall take greater or 
 other fees than, the laws allow him, either directly or indirectly, 
 it shall ever after disqualify him from holding any office in this 
 State. 
 
 " Sect. 27. AU prosecutions shall commence in the name, 
 and by the authority, of the freemen of the Commonwealth of 
 Pennsylvania ; and all indictments shall conclude with these 
 words, ' Against tl^e peace and dignity of tlie same.'' The style 
 of all process in this State shall be, The Commonwealth of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 " Sect. 28. The person of a debtor, where there is not a 
 strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison, 
 after delivering up, lona fide, all his estate, real and personal, 
 for the use of his creditors, in such manner as shall be here- 
 after regulated by law. All prisoners shall be bailable by suffi- 
 cient securities, unless for capital offences, when the proof is 
 evident, or the presumption great. 
 
 " Sect. 29. Excessive bail shall not be exacted for bailable 
 offences ; and all fines shall be moderate. 
 
 " Sect. 30. Justices of the peace shall be elected by the 
 freeholders of each city and county respectively ; that is to 
 say, two or more persons may be chosen for each ward, town- 
 ship, or district, as the law shall hereafter direct : And their 
 names shall be returned to the president in Council, who shall 
 commissionate one or more of them for each ward, township, 
 or district so returning, for seven years, removable for miscon- 
 duct by the General Assembly. But if any city or county, ward, 
 township, or district in this Commonwealth, shall hereafter 
 inchne to change the manner of appointing their justices of 
 the peace, as settled in this article, the General Assembly may 
 make laws to regulate the same, agreeable to the desire of a 
 
224 HTST0R7 OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 majority of the freeholders of a city or county, ward, town- 
 ship, or district so applying. No justice of the peace shall sit 
 in the General Assembly, unless he first resign his commission ; 
 nor shall he be allowed to take any fees, nor any salary, or 
 allowance, except such as the future legislature may grant. 
 
 " Sect. 31. Sheriffs and coroners shall be elected annually 
 in each city and county by the freemen ; that is to say, two 
 persons for each office, one of whom for each is to be commis- 
 sioned by the president in Council. No person shall continue 
 in the office of sheriff more than three successive years, or be 
 capable of being again elected during four years afterwards. 
 The election shall be held at the same time and place appointed 
 for the election of representatives : And the commissioners and 
 assessors, and other officers chosen by the people, shall also be 
 then and there elected, as has been usually heretofore, until 
 altered or otherwise regulated by the future legislature of this 
 State. 
 
 " Sect. 32. All elections, whether by the people, or in Gen- 
 eral Assembly, shall be by ballot, free and voluntary : And any 
 elector who shall receive any gift or reward for his vote, in 
 meat, drink, monies, or otherwise, shall forfeit his right to elect 
 for that time, and suffer such other penalty as future laws shall 
 direct. And any person who shall directly or indirectly give, 
 promise, or bestow any such rewards to be elected, shall be 
 thereby rendered incapable to serve for the ensuing year. 
 
 " Sect. 33. All fees, licence money, fines, and forfeitures 
 heretofore granted, or paid to the governor or his deputies, 
 for the support of government, shall hereafter be paid into the 
 public treasury, unless altered or abolished by the future legis- 
 lature. 
 
 " Sect. 34. A register's office for the probate of wills, and 
 granting letters of administration, and an office for the record- 
 ing of deeds, shall be kept in each city and county : The 
 officers to be appointed by the General Assembly, removable at 
 their pleasure, and to be commissioned by the president in 
 Council. 
 
 " Sect. 35. The printing-presses shall be free to every 
 person who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the legis- 
 lature, or any part of government. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 225 
 
 " Sect. 36. As every freeman to preserve his independence 
 (if without a sufficient estate) ought to have some profession, 
 calling, trade, or farm, whereby he may honestly subsist, there 
 can be no necessity for, nor use in, estabhshing offices of 
 profit, the usual effects of which are dependence and servility 
 (unbecoming freemen) in the possessors and expectants, faction, 
 contention, corruption, and disorder among the people. But, ' 
 if any man is called into public service to the prejudice of his 
 private affairs, he has a right to a reasonable compensation : 
 And whenever an office, through increase of fees, or otherwise, 
 becomes so profitable as to occasion many to apply for it, the 
 profits ought to be lessened by the legislature. 
 
 " Sect. 37. The future legislature of this State shall regulate 
 entails in such a manner as to prevent perpetuities. 
 
 " Sect. 38. The penal laws, as heretofore used, shall be 
 reformed by the legislature of this State as soon as may be, 
 and punishments made, in some cases less sanguinary, and, in 
 general, more proportionate to the crimes. 
 
 " Sect. 39. To deter more effectually from the commission 
 of crimes, by continued visible punishment of long duration, 
 and to make sanguinary punishment less necessary, houses 
 ought to be provided for punishing by hard labor those who 
 shall be convicted of crimes not capital, wherein the criminals 
 shall be employed for the benefit of the public, or for repara- 
 tion of injuries done to private persons : And all persons, at 
 proper times, shall be admitted to see the prisoners at their 
 labor. 
 
 " Sect. 40. Every officer, whether judicial, executive, or mil- 
 itary, in authority under this commonwealth, shall take the 
 following oath or affirmation of allegiance, and general oath of 
 office, before he enter on the execution of his office : The 
 
 oath or affirmation of allegiance. ' / do swear {or affirm) 
 
 that I will he true and faithful to the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- 
 vania : And that I will not directly or indirectly do any act or thing 
 prejudicial or injurious to the constitution or government thereof, 
 as established ly the convention.'' The oath or affirmation of 
 
 office. '■I do swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
 
 the office of for the of , and will do equal right and 
 
226 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 justice to all men to the best of mi/ judgment and abilities, accord- 
 ing to law.' 
 
 " Sect. 41. No public tax, custom, or contribution shall be 
 imposed on or paid by the people of this State, except by a 
 law for that purpose : Before any law be made for raising it, 
 the purpose for which any tax is to be raised ought to appear 
 ■ clearly to the legislature to be of more service to the commu- 
 nity than the money would be, if not collected ; which being 
 well observed, taxes can never be burdens. 
 
 " Sect. 42. Every foreigner of good character, who comes 
 to settle in this State, having first taken an oath or affirmation 
 of allegiance to the same, may purchase or by other just means 
 acquire, hold, and transfer land or other real estate, and, after 
 one year's residence, shall be deemed a free citizen thereof, and 
 entitled to all the rights of a natural born subject of this state, 
 except that he shall not be capable of being elected a repre- 
 sentative, until after two years' residence. 
 
 " Sect. 43. The inhabitants of this State shall have liberty to 
 fowl and hunt in seasonable times on the lands they hold, and 
 on all other lands therein, not enclosed ; and in like manner to 
 fish in all boatable waters, and others not private property. 
 
 " Sect. 44. A school or schools shall be established in each 
 county by the legislature, for the convenient instruction of 
 youth, with such salaries paid to the masters by the public as 
 may enable them to instruct youth at low prices : And all 
 useful learning shall be duly encouraged and promoted in one 
 or more universities. 
 
 " Sect. 45. Laws for the encouragement of virtue, and pre- 
 vention of vice and immorality, shall be made and always kept 
 in force, and provision shall be made for their due execution : 
 And all religious societies or bodies of men, heretofore united 
 or incorporated for the advancement of religion and learning, 
 or for other pious and charitable purposes, shall be encouraged 
 and protected in the enjoyment of the privileges, immunities, 
 and estates which they were accustomed to enjoy, or could of 
 right have enjoyed, under the laws and former constitution of 
 this State. 
 
 " Sect. 46. The declaration of rights is hereby declared to 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 227 
 
 be a part of the constitution of this Commonwealth, and ought 
 never to be violated on any pretence whatever. 
 
 " Sect. 47. That the freedom of tMs Commonwealth may be 
 preserved inviolate forever, there shall be chosen by ballot by 
 the freemen in each city and county respectively, on the second 
 Tuesday in October, in the year one thousand seven hundred 
 and eighty-three, and on the second Tuesday in October in 
 every seventh year thereafter, two persons in each city and 
 county of this State, to be called. The Council of Censors, who 
 shall meet together on the second Monday of November, next 
 ensuing ^their election; the majority of whom shall be a 
 quorum in every case, except as to calling a convention, in 
 which two-thirds of the whole number elected shall agree ; and 
 whose duty it shall be to inquire whether the constitution has 
 been preserved inviolate? And whether the legislative and 
 executive branches of government have performed their duty 
 as guardians of the people, or assumed to themselves, or 
 exercised other or greater powers than they are entitled to by 
 the constitution : They are also to inquire whether the public 
 taxes have been justly laid and collected in all parts of this 
 Commonwealth, in what manner the public monies have been 
 disposed of, and whether the laws have- been duly executed. 
 For these purposes they shall have power to send for persons, 
 papers, and records ; they shall have authority to pass public 
 censures, to order impeachments, and to recommend to the 
 legislature the repealing such laws as appear to them to have 
 been enacted contrary to the principles of the constitution : 
 These powers they shall continue to have for and during the 
 space of one year from the day' of their election, and no longer : 
 The said council of censors shall also have power to call a 
 convention, to meet within two years after their sitting, if 
 there appear to them an absolute necessity of amending any 
 article of the constitution which may be defective, explaining 
 such as may be thought not clearly expressed, and of adding 
 such as are necessary for the preservation of the rights and 
 happiness of the people : But the articles to be amended, and 
 the amendments proposed, and such articles as are proposed to 
 be added or abolished, shall be promulgated at least for months 
 
228 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 before the day appointed for the election of such convention, 
 for the previous consideration of the people, that they may 
 have an opportunity of instructing their delegates on the 
 subject." 
 
 This constitution was amended in 1790, again in 1838 ; and 
 subsequent amendments were made in 1850, 1857, and 1864. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA DUBINa THE AMEKICAN BEVOLUTION. 
 
 Emblems of Royalty burned — Lord Howe — Letters to Washington and 
 Franklin — Franklin's Reply — Washington's Letter — Gen. Sullivan's Mes- 
 sage — Committee appointed to confer with Howe — Battle at Trenton — 
 Battle of Princeton — Arrival of Lafayette — Defeat at Brandywine — 
 Removal of Congress — British in Philadelphia — They spare the Old Elm. 
 — Washington's Enemies — Commissioners from Great Britain — France 
 acknowledges American Independence — Sir Henry Clinton succeeds Sir 
 William Howe — British evacuate Philadelphia — Victory of Monmouth — 
 Benedict Arnold — Lidian Warfare — Continental Money — Treaty of Peace. 
 
 THE Declaration of Independence having been made, and 
 a State constitution adopted by the people, to take the 
 place of the Provincial charter from the king of Great Britain, 
 and hostilities commenced, this is the proper place to record 
 the part which Pennsylvania took in the American Revolution. 
 
 Four days after the Declaration of Independence, " The 
 committee of safety and that of inspection in Philadephia 
 marched in procession to the State House, where the declara- 
 tion was read to the battalions of volunteers and a vast con- 
 course of the inhabitants of the city and county ; after which 
 the emblems of royalty were taken down from the halLs where 
 justice had hitherto been administered in the king's name, and 
 were burnt amidst the acclamations of the crowd, while merry 
 chimes from the churches, and peals from the State House bell, 
 proclaimed liberty throughout the land."* 
 
 At this crisis, Lord Howe came forward with his commission 
 for restoring peace. He appears to have been a brave man, 
 possessed of much nautical skiU, a good disciplinarian, of an 
 ingenuous disposition, and sincerely desired to bring about 
 
 * Bancroft, voL ix. p. 32. 
 
 229 
 
230 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 peace and harmony between the Americans and Great Britain. 
 So sanguine was he that he should accompHsh this great event, 
 that, on his arrival at Halifax, he told Admiral Arbuthnot, 
 " that peace would be made before ten days." He seems to 
 have misunderstood his commission, and thought he had power 
 to conclude peace on almost any terms, whereas his commission 
 authorized him only to pardon individuals on their return to 
 the king's protection ; nor could he grant amnesty to any 
 rebellious communities, until they laid clown their . arms, and 
 dissolved their governments. He soon discovered that the 
 Americans were not disposed to make peace upon any such 
 terms. He was very anxious to have intercourse with Wash- 
 ington, and, on the second day after his arrival, sent a flag of 
 truce, with a letter addressed to Washington as a private man. 
 Washington " acted with a dignity becoming his station," by 
 declining to receive the letter. Lord Howe was grieved and 
 disappointed at this rebuff. He sent a second letter to Wash- 
 ington, which was also rejected, because its address was 
 ambiguous ; but the British adjutant-general was allowed to 
 enter the American camp for the purpose of coming to some 
 terms about the American prisoners. It was agreed that the 
 prisoners should have the rights of humanity; and he then 
 asked that his visits might be accepted as the first overture of 
 the commissioners towards making peace, and stated that they 
 had great powers. To this Washington made the following 
 reply, " From what appears, they have power only to grant 
 pardons ; having committed no fault, we need no pardon. We 
 are only defending what we deem to be our indisputable 
 rights." 
 
 To Franklin, whom Lord Howe had known in England, he 
 stated, " the great objects of his ambition " were to promote 
 lasting peace and union. Franklin consulted Congress, and 
 then made this pertinent reply : " By a peace to be entered 
 into between Britain and America as distinct states, your 
 nation might recover the greatest part of our growing com- 
 merce, with that additional strength to be derived from a 
 friendship with us ; but I know too well her abounding pride 
 and deficient wisdom. Her fondness for conquest, her lust of 
 
BISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 231 
 
 dominion, and her thirst for a gainful monopoly, will join to 
 hide her true interests from her eyes, and continually goad her 
 on in ruinous distant expeditions, destructive both of Kves 
 and treasure. 
 
 " I have not the vanity, my lord, to think of intimidating by 
 thus predicting the effects of this war ; for I know it will, in 
 England, have the fate of all my former predictions, — not to 
 be beheved till the event shall verify it. 
 
 " Long did I endeavor, with unfeigned and unwearied zeal, 
 to preserve the British empire from breaking. Your lordship 
 may remember the tears of joy that wet my cheek, when, in 
 London, you once gave me expectations that a reconciliation 
 might soon take place. I had the misfortune to find those 
 expectations disappointed, and to be treated as the cause of the 
 mischief I was laboring to prevent. My consolation under 
 that groundless and malevolent treatment was, that I retained 
 the friendship of many of the wise and good men in that 
 country, and, among the rest, some share in the regard of 
 Lord Howe. 
 
 " The well-founded esteem and affection which I shall 
 always have for your lordship makes it painful to me to see 
 you engaged in conducting a war, the great ground of which, 
 as expressed in your letter is, ' the necessity of preventing the 
 American trade from passing into foreign channels.' Retain- 
 ing a trade is not an object for which men may justly spill each 
 other's blood. The true means of securing commerce is the 
 goodness and cheapness of commodities ; and the profit of no 
 trade can ever be equal to the expense of compelling it by 
 fleets and armies. 
 
 " This war against us is both unjust and unwise : posterity 
 will condemn to infamy those who advised it ; and even success 
 will not save from some degree of dishonor those who volunta- 
 rily engaged to conduct it. I know your great hope in coming 
 hither was the hope of being instrumental in a conciliation ; 
 and I believe, that, when you find that impossible on any terms 
 given you to propose, you will relinquish so odious a com- 
 mand." Lord Howe, upon the reception of this letter, was dis- 
 appointed, vexed, and chagrined. 
 
232 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 After the loss of the battle on Long Island, Washington, 
 being somewhat disheartened from the defeat, the smallness of 
 his troops, and the tardiness of Congress in raising more, wrote 
 them a discouraging letter. Gen. Sullivan had been taken 
 prisoner in this battle ; and Lord Howe received him on board 
 '? The Eagle," treated him with great hospitality, approved 
 his being immediately exchanged for Gen. Prescott (a British 
 general who was then a prisoner at Philadelphia), stated how 
 exceedingly difficult it still was for him to recognize Congress 
 as a legal body, spoke of his strong desire to bring about peace- 
 ful relations : in fine, such was his address, that SuUivan volun- 
 teered to act as a messenger between him and the American 
 Congress. Soon after the troops passed over from Long Island, 
 Sullivan followed on parole. He informed Washington what 
 he was intending to do, who, though disapproving of his mis- 
 sion, did not prohibit it. Upon Sullivan's introduction to Con- 
 gress, John Adams exclaimed " Oh the decoy duck ! would that 
 the first bullet of the enemy in the defeat on Long Island had 
 passed through his brain ! " The effect of Lord Howe's courtesy 
 upon Sullivan was so great, that he af&rmed to Congress, Howe 
 asserted " He was ever against taxing us ; that he was very sure 
 America could not be conquered ; that he would set aside the 
 acts of parliament for taxing the colonies and changing the 
 charter of Massachusetts." 
 
 As he had no written message from Lord Howe, but relied 
 wholly on his memory. Congress directed that he should com- 
 mit to writing what he had to say, which he accordingly did, 
 and presented the following : " That, though Lord Howe could 
 not at present treat with Congress as such, he was very desirous 
 as a private gentleman to meet some of its members as private 
 gentlemen ; that he, in conjimction with Gen. Howe, had full 
 powers to compromise the dispute between Great Britain and 
 America ; that he wished a compact might be settled at this 
 time ; that in case, upon conference, they should find any prob- 
 able ground of an accommodation, the authority of Congress 
 must be afterwards acknowledged." 
 
 Although some of the members of Congress considered this 
 message as an insult, yet a majority adopted the following 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 233 
 
 " Resolve, that the Congress, being the representatives of the 
 free and independent States of America, could not send their 
 members to confer with him in their private characters ; but, 
 ever desirous of peace on reasonable terms, they would send a 
 committee of their body to learn whether he had any authority 
 to treat with persons authorized by them, what that authority 
 was, and to hear his propositions." 
 
 Sullivan was deputed to take this resolution to Lord Howe ; 
 and Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Edward Rutledge 
 were appointed a committee to confer with him. Accordingly, 
 Lord Howe sent his barge for them, received them with great 
 courtesy, spread before them an excellent collation, and in- 
 formed them that he could converse with them only as private 
 citizens ; to which John Adams replied, " Consider us in any 
 light you please, except that of British subjects." Howe then 
 said he trusted this interview would prepare the way for the 
 return of the Colonies to the king; whereupon Rutledge stated 
 what Sullivan had reported to Congress, " That he would set 
 the acts of parliament aside, because parliament had no right 
 to tax America, or meddle with her internal polity." To this 
 he replied, " That Sullivan had extended his words much 
 beyond their import ; that while the king and ministry were 
 willing that instructions and acts of parliament complained 
 of should be revised, his commission in respect to them was 
 confined to powers of consultation with private persons." 
 Franklin, the Sage of Pennsylvania, closed the interview by 
 representing, " That it was the duty of good men on both sides 
 of the water to promote peace by an acknowledgment of 
 American independence, and a treaty of friendship and aUiance 
 between the two countries." 
 
 The committee returned to Philadelphia, and reported to 
 Congress, that Lord Howe had made no proposition of peace, 
 except upon the return of the Colonies to their allegiance to 
 Great Britain, and that his authority extended no farther than 
 to grant pardons upon submission. Congress took no action 
 upon this report ; and thus Lord Howe's second attempt to 
 promote reconciliation proved as abortive as his first. 
 
 " The close of the year 1776 was a gloomy period of the 
 
234 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 war. Gen. Washington, with the remains of an army con- 
 stantly diminishing by desertion, and the ex-piration of the 
 terms of enlistment, had retreated through New Jersey, before 
 the British army under Howe and Cornwallis, and crossed into 
 Pennsylvania. The enemy posted themselves along the Jersey 
 side of the Delaware, waiting for the ice to form a bridge by 
 which they might cross to Philadelphia. The Americans 
 guarded the ferries from New Hope to Bristol. The militia 
 from the eastern part of Pennsylvania flocked to Washington's 
 standard with spirit and in considerable numbers. On the 
 night of the 25th of December, Gen. Washington, with a force 
 of only twenty-four hundred men, boldly pushed across the 
 Delaware, and attacked the Hessian regiments at Trenton, cap- 
 turing nearly a thousand men, and six cannon. Washington 
 recrossed with his prisoners into Pennsylvania, refreshed his 
 troops, and then returned to Trenton, where he was joined by 
 Gen. Cadwallader and Gen. Mifflin, who crossed the Delaware 
 each with about eighteen hundred Pennsylvania militia. 
 
 " The battle of Princeton took place within a week subse- 
 quently, after which the army went into winter-quarters at 
 Morristown, N.J. 
 
 "In July, 1777, the British army embarked at New York for 
 the Delaware or Chesapeake Bajr, evidently intending an attack 
 on Philadelphia. Gen. Washington immediately marched the 
 army into Pennsylvania, and encamped near Germantown, wait- 
 ing to know more definitely the intentions of the enemy. It 
 was at this time that Washington first met Lafayette, who had 
 recently arrived in Philadelphia. Lafayette, invited by Wash- 
 ington, at once took up his quarters with the commander-in- 
 chief, and shared all the privations of the camp. The British 
 army, commanded by Sir William Howe, landed at the head 
 of Elk, on the 25th of August, 1777, and moved in two divis- 
 ions, under Lord Cornwallis and Gen. I{jnyphausen, towards 
 Chad's Ford, on the Brandywine. Washington marched his 
 army, in fine spirits, through the streets of Philadelphia, 
 and took up a position along the left bank of the Brandy- 
 wine, at Chad's Ford, and at the Birmingham meeting-house, 
 four miles above. Here a general action took place on the 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 235 
 
 11th of September, in which great gallantry and military skill 
 were displayed on both sides ; but the Americans were finally 
 routed, and retreated that night to Chester. The day after the 
 battle Washington retreated to Philadelphia, and encamped 
 near Germantown. After a day's rest, he crossed the Schuyl- 
 kill, and proceeded on the Lancaster road, intending again to 
 meet the enemy. On the 16th of September both armies pre- 
 pared with great alacrity for battle ; but a heavy rain coming 
 on, which wet the arms and ammunition of the Americans, 
 they were compelled to abandon the design of an engagement, 
 and retreated to French Creek. Gen. Washington recrossed 
 the Schuylkill, and encamped on Perkiomen Creek, and Gen. 
 Wayne was sent to annoy the flanks of the enemy. It was 
 while he was on this service that the memorable affair at the 
 Paoli occurred. Having thus driven Wayne from his rear, and 
 destroyed a quantity of stores at Valley Forge, Gen. Howe 
 came across the Schuylkill without opposition, and entered 
 Philadelphia on the 26th of September, at the head of a 
 detachment of British and Hessian grenadiers. The remainder 
 of his army encamped at Germantown. The royalists in Phila- 
 delphia welcomed Gen. Howe with transports of joy; and, 
 during the winter, the British officers were regaled with luxury 
 and festivity." ' 
 
 Congress, immediately after the battle of Brandywine, re- 
 moved to Lancaster, 
 
 Of the condition of our soldiers who were held as prisoners 
 during the occupancy of Philadelphia by the British, we give 
 the following account from one of their number as given to 
 Watson, and found in his " Annals of Philadelphia : " ^ — 
 
 Jacob Hitter's Facts of the Prisoners at the Walnut-Street Prison. 
 
 " ' The British Provost,'' so called, in Philadelphia, was the 
 same building since called the Walnut-street Prison. It was 
 then newly constructed and unfinished. At that place there 
 were about nine hundred Americans held as prisoners, under 
 the charge of the infamously cruel commissioner, Capt. Cun- 
 ningham, then a wicked and passionate Irishman of about sixty 
 
 1 Day's Historical Collections of Penn., vol. i. p. 38. ^ See vol. ii. p. 300. 
 
236 BISTORT OF PENNSTLVANI-A- 
 
 years of age, — a florid, fuU-bodied man. These prisoners were 
 those captured at Brandywine and Germantown. Numbers of 
 them died there of hunger and cold, and were daHy earned out 
 and interred in the Potter's Field, now the Washington Square, 
 close by. It seems strange to me that a case of such suffermg 
 to our countrymen, effected chiefly by the mahgmty of such a 
 wretch as Cunningham, should not have been more spoken of 
 by Philadelphians. We had often heard of the suffermgs of 
 the prisoners at the New York provost under his control; but 
 scarcely a Philadelphian of middle age has ever heard a word 
 concerning our coimtrymen's sufferings at PhHadelphia. This 
 seems strange when compared with what I am now to relate 
 from facts told me in May, 1833, by Mr. Jacob Eitter, aged 
 seventy-six years, a German by descent, born near Quakertown, 
 Bucks County, who was himself one of the mmates of that 
 Golgotha and charnel-house m the time above mentioned, then 
 a good man and true, and since a public friend. 
 
 "He had been in the battle of Brandywine, and was found, 
 wMle sick, in a farmhouse, by the Hessians, who beat and 
 kicked him as a 'rebeller,' and bore him off to the city. At 
 this place, he and the others were tJiree days and nights without 
 any food. He saw one soldier who had eaten nothing till his fifth 
 day, when he saw him get a piece of rye bread ; and he actuaUy 
 saw him gently topple off his seat on the prison-steps, dead, 
 while he was in the act of eating. 
 
 « Mr. Ritter says he was often wantonly beaten and bruised 
 severely by the butt end of Cunmngham's whip ; and at other 
 times he was affectedly flattered and caressed, and offered many 
 jingling guineas to jom his Majesty's service. He did not 
 strike or abuse men's persons in the presence of other British 
 officers, but on such occasions would content himself with 
 grossly abusive language. 
 
 " On one occasion Mr. Ritter saw a poor, starving Virgmian, 
 who had been several days without food, looking AvistfuEy at 
 some biscuits which had been sent to some newly arrived citi- 
 zens, prisoners brought in on suspicion. Moved by compassion 
 for the distress of the starving man, and almost forgetting his 
 own similar need, he made out to slip unperceived to where 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 237 
 
 they lay in a keg ; and, getting one, he gave it to the man, at 
 the same time cautioning him not to eat it all, but to break it 
 up finely, mix it with water, and then to make it a prolonged 
 meal by tasting it for a whole day. 
 
 " As the winter advanced, the prisoners became excessively 
 cold. They had no extra coverings for sleeping ; and, the win- 
 dow-panes being much broken (shivered to pieces by the blow- 
 ing-up of ' The Augusta,' man-of-war, at Red Bank), the snow 
 and cold entered therein freely. They huddled together for 
 warmth ; but with that they also became common companions 
 of their lice and vermin. He did not perceive any of our officers 
 on furlough as coming among them as visitors ; and he did not 
 know of any arrangement of any of our citizens as benefactors. 
 He had seen soup brought for them, and set down at the prison- 
 door in vessels, which, when seen by Cunningham on his visit, 
 have been kicked over, v/ith a curse on the rebel dogs. On 
 such an occasion, he has seen the poor, starved prisoners, when 
 near enough to profit by it, fall upon their knees and hands, and 
 eagerly lap up the wasted liquid. 
 
 " Hitter had seen several pick and eat grass-roots, scraps of 
 leather, chips, pieces of the rotten pump, &c., to assuage and 
 abate their hunger. Those who had any friends in the city got 
 to fare better, after they coidd contrive to let them know their 
 wants. So he was helped by his aunt Kline, and eventually got 
 released through the influence of friends. It was a common 
 measure vrith Cunningham, when visiting them, to carry his large 
 key, and to knock any one on the head who chanced to offend 
 him. On one such occasion, the struck person fell and bled, 
 many often dying. Those who died, eight to twelve in twenty- 
 four hours, were to be seen dragged along the floor by the legs 
 to the dead-cart. It was common to see several watching for 
 the chance of rats from the rat-holes, which, when captured, 
 were eaten, both for staying hunger, and also to make reprisals 
 upon an enemy that often disturbed their sleep, and otherwise 
 annoyed them. 
 
 "Ritter also says their supply of provisions never became 
 regular ; for instance, they never had any issue of salt meat. 
 Occasionally he has seen what seemed to have been a diseased 
 
238 BISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 beef or cow, brought dead in a cart, and shot down on the 
 ground in all its dung ; which was eagerly cut up, by some was 
 eaten raw, and by some was cut in strips to dry and cure, as they 
 had no regular vessels for cooking. In his own case, after some 
 days, he got an earthen porringer, in which he made some food 
 by boiling or simmering some musty flour in water ; his fire was 
 made of old shoes and bones ; (he once saw a load of chestnut 
 come ;) — he thought he never ate any thing so good as it seemed. 
 This example was followed by others. Many borrowed his por- 
 ringer. In one case of their eating the rotten wood and paint 
 from the pump, they mixed it with pump water. 
 
 " Some of them let down little bags or baskets from the prison- 
 windows to the street to get a little contribution in that way ; 
 but it was but little. They received potato-skins in that way, 
 and gladly used them. Once a small-headed man got his head 
 out through the bars to beg ; and while in the act, and unable 
 to draw his head in again, he was seen by Cunningham, who 
 fell to whipping him. 
 
 " He never saw or knew of any of the citizens of Philadel- 
 phia ever visitiag the prisoners to relieve them. Of all the 
 Friends in the city, he never knew or heard of but one that 
 ever came there upon benevolence to help them. He knew of 
 no relief extended to them by the ladies or women. His old 
 aunt was a resolute woman, who either came to assist him, or 
 sent relief by her little son. The only act of seeming gentle- 
 ness he ever witnessed from Cunningham was upon the winning 
 address of a starving drummer-boy. He begged him to con- 
 sider his case of starvation, his youth, and his inability to do 
 the British any injury. After some inquiries by Cunning- 
 ham, he said he might go if he would kneel down and kiss the 
 prison stone steps. He did it iastantly and earnestly; and, 
 claiming his reward, the persecutor let him go with a laugh. 
 None of the American officers ever visited them. He did not 
 know of any of the prisoners as driven to enlistment. There 
 were times when Cunningham acted with peculiar bursts of 
 passion, in such cases wantonly whipping, with his horsewhip, 
 whoever came across his way. 
 
 " The foregoing was confirmed in Poulson's paper of the 25th 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 239 
 
 - August, 1834, ' told on the occasion of the death of Capt. Sam- 
 uel Waples, of Accomac County, Virginia, who, it states, had 
 been taken prisoner, as a lieutenant in the Ninth Virginia Regi- 
 ment, at the battle of Germantown, and was confined in the 
 common jail of the city of Philadelphia, where he suffered 
 many privations, being kept for three days and nights without 
 any kind of sustenance ; ' but he soon made his escape therefrom, 
 and succeeded in passing the lines, and reaching Washington's 
 camp at Valley Forge." 
 
 The following is an extract from a letter by a lady to the same 
 author, referring to the conduct of the British officers during 
 1777 and '78: — 
 
 " The officers, very generally, I believe, behaved with polite- 
 ness to the inhabitants ; and many of them, upon going away, 
 expressed their satisfaction that no injury to the city was con- 
 templated by their commander. They said that living among 
 the inhabitants, and speaking the same language, made them 
 uneasy at the thought of acting as enemies. 
 
 " At first provisions were scarce and dear, and we had to live 
 with much less abundance than we had been accustomed to. 
 Hard money was, indeed, as difficult to come at as if it had 
 never been taken from the mines, except with those who had 
 things to sell for the use of the army. They had given certifi- 
 cates to the farmers, as they came up through Chester County, 
 of the amount of stores they had taken ; and, upon these being 
 presented for pa3rment at headquarters, they were duly honored. 
 My mother received a seasonable supply in this way, from per- 
 sons who were in her debt, and had been paid for what the army 
 had taken. 
 
 " The day of the battle of Germantown, we heard the firing 
 all day, but knew not the result. Towards evening they 
 brought in the wounded. The prisoners were carried to the 
 State-house lobbies ; and the street was presently filled with 
 women taking lint and bandages, and every refreshment which 
 they thought their suffering countrymen would want. 
 
 " Gen. Howe, during the time he staid in Philadelphia, seized 
 and kept for his own use Mary Pemberton's coach and horses, 
 in which he used to ride about the town. The old officers 
 
240 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 appeared to be uneasy at his conduct ; and some of them freely 
 expressed their opinions. They said, that, before his promotion 
 to the chief command, he sought for the counsels and company 
 of officers of experience and merit, but now his companions 
 were usually a set of boys, the most dissipated fellows in the 
 army. 
 
 " Lord Howe was much more sedate and dignified than his 
 brother, really dignified; for he did not seem to affect any 
 pomp or parade. 
 
 " They were exceedingly chagrined and surprised at the capture 
 of Burgoyne, and at first would not suffer it to be mentioned. 
 We had received undoubted intelligence of the fact in a letter 
 from Charles Thomson ; which fact the superior officers 
 acknowledged as a truth. 
 
 " The streets seemed always well filled with both officers and 
 soldiers, and I believe they frequently attended different places 
 of worship ; but Friends' meetings were not much to their tastes. 
 They had their own chaplains to the different regiments, which 
 appeared to us a mere mockery of religion. Parson Badger 
 was chaplain to the artillery; and he was billeted at John 
 Field's, who, with his wife, were very plain Friends in our 
 neighborhood. The house was very small, and he had the front- 
 room up stairs ; and as he was a jolly, good-tempered person, he 
 was miieh liked by the young fellows, who used to call to see 
 him after parades. 
 
 " When they left the city, the officers came to take leave of 
 their acquaintance, and express their good wishes. It seemed 
 to us that a considerable change had taken place in their pros- 
 pects of success between the time of their entry and departure. 
 They often spoke freely in conversation on these subjects." 
 
 Although the British committed many depredations at the 
 time they were quartered in Philadelphia, yet they spared the 
 old elm under which William Penn was said to have made his 
 famous treaty with the Indians. " This tree was long revered 
 by the colonists and Indians. During the Revolutionary war, 
 the British general Simcoe, who was quairtered at Kensington, 
 so regarded it, that, whilst his soldiers were feUing the trees of 
 the vicinity for fuel, he placed a sentinel under it, that not a 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 241 
 
 branch of it might be touched. In 1810 it was blown down ; 
 and cups, workstands, and other articles of furniture, Avere made 
 from it, to be .preserved as memorials. It was then ascertained 
 to be two hundred and eighty-three years old, having been one 
 hundred and fifty-five j^ears old at the time of the conference."* 
 
 Washington, great and disinterested as he had shown himself, 
 was not without enemies. In 1777 they attempted to preju- 
 dice Congress and the minds of the people against him. Their 
 object was to place the chief command in the hands of some 
 one, perhaps more adventurous, but less prudent ; and they so 
 far succeeded, that for a time his reputation suffered : but this 
 was but temporary; and he soon shone forth more brilliantly 
 than ever. 
 
 In the year 1778 commissioners were sent over from Great 
 Britain to attempt a reconciliation ; but their efforts were unsuc- 
 cessful. They tried many arts and intrigues to induce the citi- 
 zens to become reconciled to the British Government. Among 
 other things, they offered ten thousand pounds sterling, and the 
 best office in the Colonies, to Joseph Read, then Member of 
 Congress, and afterwards President of the Executive CouncUof 
 Pennsylvania, if he would forsake the Americans, and join the 
 British, tie readily replied, " I am not worth purchasing ; but, 
 such as I am, the King of Great Britain is not rich enough to 
 do it." 
 
 The 6th February, 1778, France openly acknowledged the 
 independence of America by a treaty with the commissioners, 
 Franklin, Deane, and Lee, who Avere then in Pans. Con- 
 gress was then in session at York, whither they had removed 
 from Lancaster. This joyful neAVs reached them on the 2d of 
 May of the same year. Sir William Howe returned to England 
 in the spring of this year ; and Sir Henry CHnton became his 
 successor in command at Philadelphia. Fearing that a French 
 fleet would blockade the Delaware, Clinton evacuated Philadel- 
 phia on the 18th of June, and marched across New Jersey to 
 New York. Washington immediately moved his troops from 
 his winter-quarters at Valley Forge, and pursued the enemy, and, 
 on the 28th of Jime, gained a brilliant victory at Monmouth. 
 
 i Notice by Sir B. West, reported by E. Vaux, Esq., member of the Historical 
 Society of Pennsylvania, 1825. 
 
242 Bl STORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Gen. Benedict Arnold was left in command, with a small 
 detachment, at Philadelphia. While here, he married into a 
 distinguished Tory family, and doubtless, through the influence 
 of his wife and her relatives, commenced that intimacy with 
 the British officers, which resulted in the betrayal of his coun- 
 try, and stamped his name with infamy. 
 
 At this time the Six Nations of the Indians, together with 
 some other western tribes, had been induced by the British to 
 take up arms against the Americans. The garrison at Pittsburg 
 was increased, and Fort Mcintosh was built at the mouth of 
 Beaver River. At the urgent call of Congress to protect the 
 north and west branches of the Susquehanna, the inhabitants 
 of Northumberland County and Wyoming Valley had sent all 
 their fighting men from their homes. While they were in this 
 defenceless condition, a cruel slaughter by the savages fell upon 
 them in July. Col. John Butler with a party of Tories, a 
 detachment of Sir John Johnson's Royal Greens, with a large 
 body of Indians, came down the Susquehanna, and destroyed 
 the settlements of the Wyoming Valley. A few old men who 
 had remained at home, and some soldiers on a visit from the 
 army, opposed the enemy ; but their courage was greater than 
 their prudence. The large number of the enemy overpowered 
 them. They were completely routed. Many of them were slain 
 in the battle, others captured, and put to death with the toma- 
 hawk. Col. Dennison, with a few others, fled to the fort ; and, 
 by a capitulation with them, the women and children were spared, 
 and allowed to depart. Their cottages were burnt, and their 
 widows and orphans, with little clothing and scanty provision, 
 journeyed sixty mfles through the mountains to Stroudsburg. 
 
 Soon after this battle. Col. Hartley, with a small detachment 
 of soldiers, went up the Susquehanna, destroying all the Indian 
 villages. Just at this time a band of Indians and Tories fell 
 upon Fort Freeland, on the west branch of the Susquehanna, 
 fourteen mUes above Northumberland, forced the garrison to 
 capitulate, and took the armed men captives. 
 
 In June, 1779, Gen. Sullivan, with an army, ascended the Sus- 
 quehanna, and destroyed the Indian towns on the Tioga and 
 Genesee Rivers ; but this only enraged the savages, and caused 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVAN/A. 243 
 
 them to make still further attacks upon the Americans. Dur- 
 ing all the remainder of the war, they were constantly roving 
 through the frontier settlements, leaving their track marked 
 with blood and desolation. 
 
 In January, 1781, the Pennsylvania troops stationed at Mor- 
 ristown revolted. Thirteen hundred of the men paraded with- 
 out their officers, threatened to march to Philadelphia, and apply 
 to Congress to redress their grievances. The ground of their 
 complaint was detention beyond the time of their enlistment, 
 deprivation of clotlaing and provisions, and payment in depreci- 
 ated currency. The British generals, taking advantage of this 
 revolt, endeavored to induce them to enlist in the service of 
 their king. This they refused to do, and arrested the messen- 
 gers as spies. Gens. Wayne and Reed, the latter being presi- 
 dent of the Assembly of Pennsylvania, pacified them by 
 assurance that their case should be presented to Congress, and 
 their grievances redressed. 
 
 The Continental currency had so far depreciated as to have 
 become almost worthless, as one hundred dollars would buy but 
 a yard of silk, and a cow cost five hundred dollars. In this state 
 of affairs. Congress decided that it would be unwise and futile 
 to make further issues of this kind of money. Robert Morris, a 
 Pennsylvanian, who had been chief financier during the war, 
 suggested to Congress, in May 1781, a plan for a Bank of North 
 America, which institution was accordingly incorporated by 
 them on the 31st of December of the same year. The State of 
 Pennsylvania also granted it a charter. This bank proved of 
 great service in relieving the finances, and promoting the com- 
 mercial interests, of the country. The charter granted it by 
 Permsylvania was revoked in 1785 ; but the bank still continued 
 its operations under its Congressional charter ; and in 1787 the 
 legislature of Pennsylvania again renewed it. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, on the 10th July, 1782, stated to Rich- 
 ard Oswald, agent of the British ministry, the following terms 
 on which peace could be made between America and Great 
 Britain : " Independence full and complete in every sense to 
 the thirteen States, and all British troops to be withdrawn from 
 them ; for boundaries, the Mississippi, and on the side of Can- 
 
244 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ada as they were before the Quebec act of 1774 ; and, lastly, a 
 freedom of fishing off Newfoundland and elsewhere as in times 
 past." 
 
 Accordingly a treaty of peace to this effect was signed at 
 Paris, Nov. 30, 1782, by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John 
 Jay, and Henry Laurens, on the part of the United States, and 
 Mr. Fitzherbert and Mr. Oswald on the part of Great Britain. 
 The definite treaty was signed Sept. 30, 1783. 
 
 In this long and bloody contest, Pennsylvania, with Benjamin 
 Franklin at the head of her patriots, did her full duty with her 
 sister States, and may claim equal honors in the establishment 
 of the American Republic. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA IN THE WARS SUCCEEDING THE EEVOLTJTION. 
 
 Warfare wi til the Westem Indians — Whiskey Eebellion — War of 1S12 — De- 
 fenceless State of the Northern Borders — Commodore PeiTy's Victory — 
 British War-Ships in the Delaware — The GoTernor's Call — Patriotic Ee- 
 sponse — Burning of the Capitol — War with the Florida Indians — EfEorts 
 to qniet the South — Southern Trade — Patriotism of her People — Gov. 
 Curtin — Anecdotes of Quakers — James Buchanan — Secession Ordinance 
 — Lincoln's Election — Attack on Fort Sumter — Call for Troops — Eeady 
 Eesponse — Simon Cameron — Thaddeus Stevens — Eeserve Corps — Eehel 
 Invasion — Gen. Meade — Battle of Gettysburg. 
 
 PEACE having now been concluded between Great Britain 
 and America, and Pennsylvania having become a sovereign 
 State, her warfare for many years was only with the Indian 
 tribes of the West, — the Delawares, Twigtrees, Wyandots, &c., 
 — who had been sent into the Ohio wilds. " A bloody and 
 barbarous warfare was carried on against these tribes, by suc- 
 cessive expeditions of M'Intosh in 1778, of Broadhead in 1780, 
 of Crawford in 1782, of Harmar in 1789, of St. Clair in 1791, 
 and of Wayne in 1792 to 1795. In addition to these larger 
 expeditions, there was an under-current of partisan hostilities 
 constantly maintained between the white savages of the frontier 
 and the red, in which it is difficult to say on which side was 
 exhibited the greatest atrocity." From this state of affah's there 
 was no safety in settling west of the Ohio and Alleghany Rivers, 
 until after the treaty with Gen. Wayne, Aug. 3, 1795. 
 
 Pennsylvania, having no further fighting to do with Great 
 Britain or the Indians, managed to get up a little war within 
 her own boimds. This was called the " Whiskey Rebellion," 
 and arose from opposition to a tax of fourpence on each gallon 
 of whiskey, which had been imposed by Congress. In the 
 
 245 
 
246 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 western counties, where many of the inhabitants were engaged 
 in the manufacture and sale of whiskey, the opposition was par- 
 ticularly violent ; and from 1790 to 1794 extreme measures 
 were adopted to evade the law, and prevent the government 
 offcers from doing their duty. The United States Marshal was 
 obliged to flee for his life ; and Gen. Neville's house, where 
 he had been harbored, was burned. Matters grew rapidly worse ; 
 and there was but little security for life, especially to those who 
 favored the law. 
 
 Meanwhile, Government did all it could to conciliate the in- 
 citers of the rebellion. The laws were modified, proclamations 
 were issued, and an amnesty offered, but all u.selessly ; and at 
 length, in 1794, Pres. Washington asked the co-operation of the 
 governments of the neighboring States to quell the disturbance ; 
 and in the autumn of that year, twelve thousand men from Penn- 
 sylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia, advanced upon 
 the insurgents, by way of Bedford and Cumberland. Gov. Lee 
 of Virginia took the command ; under him were the governors 
 of Pennsjdvania and New Jersey. This force soon caused them 
 to succumb. Some of the leaders who were found were taken 
 to Philadelphia for trial. No blood was shed ; and thus happily 
 ended the Whiskey Rebellion. 
 
 Next came the war with Great Britain in 1812, in which 
 Pennsylvania performed her full share, sustaining the national 
 government, in conjunction with the majority of the States, in 
 its action, which many portions of the country opposed, deem- 
 ing it wholly unnecessary. When Pres. Madison issued his call 
 for troops, Pennsylvania gave a ready response, and immediately 
 set about recruiting soldiers for the army, and freely offered 
 money also. 
 
 The Western campaign, in the opening year of the war, result>- 
 ing so disastrously as it did for the American forces, left this 
 State in its north-western part, particularly the settlements on 
 Lake Erie, in a defenceless condition ; so that the enemy could 
 at any time make an invasion upon our territory bordering on 
 the Lakes. Government, therefore, decided to construct a fleet 
 to co-operate with the army in Ohio, under Gen. Harrison, and 
 in the summer of 1812 commenced building at Erie, vessels for 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 247 
 
 service upon the lake. By Dec. 12 two boats were on the 
 stocks, and by spring the whole fleet was to be completed. 
 The sqiiadron on Lake Erie was given in command to Commodore 
 Oliver H. Perry, who accordingly arrived at Erie on the 27th 
 of March, and pushed forward the work of building the fleet 
 with all possible speed ; but the inconveniences to wliich he was 
 subjected in procuring supplies and mechanics were so great, 
 that it was not until August, 1813, that his vessels were ready 
 to leave the harbor. Capt. Elliott, with a party of seamen, 
 joined him ; and on the 12th of August the fleet sailed from 
 Erie for the headquarters of the army at Seneca, on the banks 
 of the Sandusky. On the 10th of September the British squad- 
 ron was discovered outside the harbor; and the American vessels 
 got under way, and went to challenge it. Then ensued that 
 battle which was crowned with so signal a success for the 
 American arms. Perry's force consisted of nine vessels,, with 
 fifty-four guns, four hundred and ninety men, including officers : 
 of these, a hundred and sixteen Avere on the sick-list. The 
 British numbered six vessels, with sixty-three guns (thirty-five 
 of which were of long range), with thirty-two officers, and four 
 hundred and seventyseamen. Notwithstanding all tliese advan- 
 tages in their favor, by four o'clock in the afternoon of that day 
 every British vessel had surrendered to Perry ; and before sunset 
 he had sent his famous despatch to Gen. tlarrison, " We have 
 
 MET THE ENESrZ, AND THEY AEE OXJES." 
 
 In the summer of 1814 British war-ships appeared in the 
 Delaware and Chesapeake, which much alarmed the inhabitants 
 of Philadelphia and the south-eastern counties adjacent. The 
 governor issued a proclamation, calling for volunteers, and 
 ordered a draft to be made in the counties threatened. These 
 calls were both promptly responded to. Encampments Avcre 
 formed about Philadelphia ; and a series of earthworks were 
 thrown up on the roads along the Delaware, and from Chesa- 
 peake Bay, and mounted with all available ordnance. The gov- 
 ernor also wrote letters to all the prominent citizens of the State, 
 asldng their co-operation ; and, among many other hearty re- 
 sponses, we cite Jacob Grosh of Lancaster County, who in a 
 few days was ready to march at the head of a company of a 
 
248 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 hundred and seven men. Nor were the women of the State 
 behind in doing their share, making knapsacks and garments, 
 and enconraging by their brave words. Miss Rosanna Bidle- 
 man presented a flag made by them for a company of sixty men, 
 under Abraham Hone as captain, with these words, " Under this 
 flag march on to victory and to glory." When the report of the 
 burning of the Capitol at Washington reached Easton, the people 
 assembled upon the public square to the ringing of bells and the 
 beating of drums, and took active measures to support the 
 government, by immediately organizing companies, and sending 
 them to the camps on the Delaware and shores of Lake Erie. 
 After this despicable act, the enemy committed many depreda- 
 tions in the States of Delaware and Maryland, plundering the 
 people, burning their houses and villages ; but they did not cross 
 over into Pennsylvania. The State militia, numbering several 
 thousand, were encamped along the Delaware until the end of 
 the year, when Pennsylvania, being no longer invaded, contri- 
 buted no further, except her quota of money and men. 
 
 Passing over the six-years' war with the Florida Indians, 
 which wa^ a bloody one, and the Mexican war, in which Penn- 
 sylvania did her share with her sister States, we approach the 
 great Civil War, sometimes called the " War of Rebellion," 
 or the " War for Slavery," in which she acted a prominent and 
 conspicuous part. 
 
 Immediately after the election of Abraham Lincoln to the 
 Presidency, every possible effort was made by the Northern and 
 Middle States to pacify the South. To accomplish this purpose, 
 Pennsylvania, and especially the city of Philadelphia, made 
 equal efforts with other Northern States and cities. Even Mayor 
 Henry, one of the best mayors Philadelphia ever had, was so 
 anxious for peace, and to avert war, that he told Henry Ward 
 Beecher, Avhen he visited the city to lecture upon the abolishing 
 of slavery, " Mr. Beecher, I advise you not to lecture : I cannot 
 assure you that the house will not be pulled down over your 
 head." 
 
 This was unjust and pusillanimous, nevertheless it was no 
 more than might have beeii expected from the position of the 
 State (it being the keystone between the North and the South), 
 
BISTORT OF PENN3TLVANTA. 249 
 
 and from Philadelphia, the great manufacturing city of the 
 nation, whose trade was largel}' at the South. In addition to 
 this proximity and commercial interest, Philadelphia was inti- 
 mately connected with the South by family relations and inter- 
 marriages. Nowhere was the prejudice against the negro 
 stronger than in tliis city, and nowhere did the desire to con- 
 ciliate the South show itself more visibly than here. Many 
 of our politicians, and prominent merchants and ministers of 
 the gospel, not only were silent themselves against slavery, but 
 strove anxiously to prevent others from opening their mouths 
 upon this subject. Even after the firing upon Fort Sumter, 
 the first gun of which was the knell of slavery, little was 
 allowed to be said against that patriarchal institution ; and when 
 Pres. Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand men to quell 
 the Rebellion, even then the cry was, " It is a war for union ; 
 and slavery has nothing to do with it." And although our 
 State readily responded to this message of the President, and 
 many were ready to volunteer to save the Union, yet very few 
 admitted that slavery was the cause of the Rebellion. Nor was 
 it until the dead bodies of their sons and fathers and brothers 
 were brought home for them to look upon, that the people 
 generally began to open their eyes to the enormity of the 
 Southern institution. Taking into account the relative posi- 
 tion of our State, and the Southern trade above alluded to, it 
 is remarkable that the people should have been so deeply 
 interested and patriotic as they showed themselves in the war, 
 after it was fully commenced. 
 
 At this period Andrew J. Curtin was governor of Penn- 
 sylvania, a man fully equal to the duties circumstances called 
 him to perform. He was active, energetic, and decided ; and 
 the vast labor he performed during the war will redound to his 
 credit, and that of our Commonwealth, to the latest posterity. 
 
 It is a universally acknowledged principle that Quakers will 
 not fight ; yet there are many anecdotes related of them at the 
 commencement of the war, and, indeed, during its whole con- 
 tinuance, in which they aided essentially, though indirectly, in 
 caiTying it on. It was said, very soon after the first troops 
 were raised, and almost before Government had made provision 
 
 o 
 
250 HISTORY OF PENNSTLYANU. 
 
 for them, one of the Quakers went to the governor, and said, 
 " Andrew, thee knows that we do not believe in fighting, and 
 thee knows, also, that we do believe in feeding the hungry and 
 clothing the naked ; and now, if thee knows of an5'body that 
 needs clothing and food, here are five hundred dollars, which 
 thee will appropriate to these objects." It was also stated that 
 a son of a Quaker, when he had determined to go to the war, 
 and had donned his soldier's dress, visited his old Quaker aunt 
 to bid her farewell. The old lady said to him, " James, it 
 seems to me thee has got on a strange dress." James replied, 
 " Yes, aunt, I am going to the war." After a pause, and with 
 apparent deliberation, the good old lady replied, " Well, James, 
 if thee really feels it to be thy duty to go to the war, I hope 
 thee'll not be shot in the hack." Truth demands us to say, that, 
 in relieving the wants and sufferings of the soldiers during the 
 entire war, no class of our citizens were more ready or inde- 
 fatigable than the denomination called Quakers. 
 
 James Buchanan, the only native of Pennsylvania who has 
 ever filled the presidential chair, was of Scotch-Irish parentage, 
 born in Franklin County, April 22, 1791. He was elected a 
 member of the Legislature in 1814, and re-elected the following 
 year. In 1820 he was chosen member of Congress from Lan- 
 caster, and represented that district eleven years, when he 
 accepted the appointment of minister to Russia, under Jack- 
 son's administration. On his return, in 1833, he was elected 
 to the United States Senate, serving until 1845, when he was 
 made secretary of state by Pres. Polk. Under Pres. Pierce 
 he was minister to England, returning to this country in 1856, 
 and in the autumn of that year was elected president of the 
 United States. He died June 1, 1868. 
 
 South Carolina, v/hich had always been a restless State, had 
 undertaken a rebellion during Pres. Jackson's administration, 
 under the name of nullification, and had appointed the da}' in 
 which she was going out of the Union to estabhsh a government 
 of her OAvn. Gen. Jackson sent down a proclamation, the purport 
 of which was, " If j'ou do not become quiet down there in 
 Charleston, I will let-loose the dogs of war upon you; " and so 
 well aware were they that he would shoot or hang every rebel 
 
BISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 251 
 
 of them, that they never knew when the day came that they 
 were to go out of the United States government. Although 
 no man was ever more vilified than that old hero, when a can- 
 didate for the presidency, yet his fame has been constantly 
 growing brighter from the daj' of his death to the present time ; 
 and when this second rebellion commenced in the same State, 
 under Jefferson Davis, every good citizen said, "Oh! I wish 
 we had Gen. Jackson for president." This might well be said ; 
 for, had he been president at that time, that rebel State would 
 have been as quiet under this rebellion as she was under that 
 of nullification. Unfortunately for the nation, Pres. Buchanan 
 was a very different man from Pres. Jackson. He (Buchanan) 
 did not believe a sovereign State could be coerced : the con- 
 sequence was, he did nothing to quell the disturbance. 
 
 On tlie 20th of December, a convention of delegates from 
 South Carolina adopted an " Ordinance of Secession " from the 
 Union, and within ten days from this act seven States had 
 seceded. These States called a convention to meet at Mont- 
 gomery, Ala., for the purpose of establishing a new government. 
 Their delegates assBmbled, adopted a constitution, appointed 
 Jefferson Davis president, Alexander H. Stephens vice-presi- 
 dent : other officers were also appointed ; and thus was organ- 
 ized the government of the " Confederate States of America." 
 
 The 4th of March, 1861, Pres. Lincoln was inaugurated; and 
 an attack was made upon Fort Sumter the 12th of April follow- 
 ing : on tire 15th was the president's proclamation, calling for 
 seventy-five thousand troops. The quota of Pennsylvania was 
 fourteen thousand ; but, within ten days from the issue of the 
 proclamation, she sent twenty-five regiments, well equipped, 
 numbering 25,975 men. 
 
 The public men of this Commonwealth were quite as ready 
 to maintain the rights of the nation as those of any other 
 State. They urged the president to call for an army of the 
 loyal citizens, sufficient to crush the rebelUon at once. Simon 
 Cameron, then secretary of war, advised calhng out five hun- 
 dred thousand soldiers. Thaddeus Stevens of Lancaster, our 
 great patriot, recommended the government to place an army 
 of a million men in the field, to declare the slaves free, and 
 
252 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 put them into the Union army. Had this sage advice been 
 followed, the war would have been a short one, and many lives 
 and much treasure saved to the nation. 
 
 A special meeting of the State legislature was called on the 
 15th of May, and they passed a bill providing for the organiza- 
 tion of troops, to be called the " Reserve Corps of the Com- 
 monwealth." George A. McCall was appointed major-general 
 of the corps ; and John F. Reynolds, George G. Meade, and 
 O. E. C. Ord, brigadier-generals. This corps comprised fifteen 
 regiments, numbering nearly sixteen thousand men, — thirteen 
 regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and one of artillery. 
 After the battle of Bull Run, on the 21st of July, they were 
 enlisted into the national service ; and, for the tliree years they 
 were in the field, their gallant conduct in the fiercest battles 
 gave them a world-wide reputation. 
 
 After Gen. Lee, with his whole army, crossed the Potomac, 
 on the 15th of June, 1863, he placed small forces at Carlisle, 
 Gettysburg, Wrightsville, and York : the main army was star 
 tioned near Chambersburg. The detachment at York took 
 possession on the 27th of June, and the n?xt day reached the 
 Susquehanna at Wrightsville ; and, to prevent their crossing, the 
 bridge was set on fire by the Pennsylvanians on the opposite 
 side at Columbia. On hearing that the rebels were in Pennsyl- 
 vania, and that the bridge at Columbia had been burned, the 
 people of Philadelphia were in great terror. The bardcs sent 
 their money, and many of the merchants their most valuable 
 goods, to New York ; and all of the inhabitants who could con- 
 veniently do so left the city ; and the air was full of rumors 
 that the whole rebel army would be there soon. Another part 
 of the enemy entered Carlisle the same day. These forces 
 created great havoc, breaking up all the railroads about the 
 Susquehanna on the west, and Harrisburg on the south, besides 
 burning the bridges in the vicinity. 
 
 On the 30th of Jime, Lee moved with his force from Cham- 
 bersburg, called in all his detachments, and concentrated the 
 entire army at Gettysburg. 
 
 Gen. Hooker, who had been in command of our forces, was 
 superseded by Gen. Meade on the 28th of June. Carleton, in 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 253 
 
 his " Four Years of Fighting," gives the following description 
 of him : " Gen. Meade was unknown, except to his own corps. 
 He entered the war as brigadier in the Pennsylvania Reserves. 
 He commanded a division at Antietam and at Fredericksburg, 
 and the Fifth Corps at Chancellorsville. 
 
 " Gen. Meade cared but little for the pomp and parade of 
 war. His OAvn soldiers respected him, because he was always 
 prepared to endure hardships. They saw a tall, slim, gray- 
 bearded man, wearing a slouch hat, a plain blue blouse, with 
 his pantaloons tucked into his boots. He was plain of speech, 
 and familiar in conversation. He enjoyed in a high degree, 
 especially after the battle of Fredericksburg, the confidence of 
 the president. 
 
 " I saw him soon after he was informed that the army was 
 under his command. There was no elation, but, on the contrary, 
 he seemed weighed down with a sense of the responsibility rest- 
 ing on him. He stood silent and thoughtful by himself; and 
 few of all the noisy crowd around knew of the change that had 
 taken place. No change was made in the machinery of the 
 army, and there was but a few hours' delay in its movement." 
 
 At the time Gen. Meade took command of the Army of the 
 Potomac, it consisted of seven army corps of infantry and 
 one of cavalry, numbering in all about ninety-five thousand 
 men. 
 
 When Gen. Meade learned where the rebel army was, he 
 immediately broke up his camp at Frederick, Md., and marched 
 for Pennsylvania, determined to fight the enemy wherever he 
 found him ; and on the 1st of July, having heard of the position 
 that Lee had taken, he ordered Gen. Reynolds, commander of 
 the First Corps, to march forward with the First and Eleventh 
 Corps, and occupy Gettysburg. 
 
 At the time Gen. Reynolds was ordered to move on Gettys- 
 burg, the advance divisions of Hill were near that town. That 
 night Gen. Buford, with six thousand cavalry, was between 
 Hill's division and Gettysburg; and, at nine o'clock the next 
 morning, he met the Confederates on the Chambersburg road, 
 near Willoughby's Run. Here they had a skirmish. Reynolds 
 had stopped at Marsh Creek, and immediately advanced with 
 
254 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 his own corps, followed by Howard's, with those of Gens. Sickles 
 and Slocum within hailing distance. Little past ten o'clock 
 he heard the sound of fire-arms, which proved to be an attack 
 upon his advance division, under command of Gen. Wadsworth. 
 He passed rapidly through the village, across the fields, from the 
 Emmettsburg road, under Seminary Ridge, there to relieve Gen. 
 Buford, who had hitherto kept the enemy in check. Reynolds 
 directed Gen. Cutler to place his brigade in position on each 
 side of the Chambersburg road, and across a railway grading 
 near a deep cut ; but, before this could be done, the enemy 
 were upon them, when a volley of musketry from the regiment 
 of J. W. Hoffman, Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania, opened the great 
 battle of Gettysburg. 
 
 The " Iron Brigade " of Meredith was ordered to charge into 
 a wood on the left of the road,, in rear of thei Seminary, and 
 attack Hill's right, under Gen. Archer. At this time a Missis- 
 sippi brigade attacked the three regiments of Cutler's brigade, 
 on the Chambersburg road, behind the woods on Seminary 
 Ridge. Hall's battery was thus left uncovered ; and the gun- 
 ners were compelled to retire, leaving one cannon behind. The 
 skirmishers of Cutler's two other regiments, near the woods 
 just named, were disputing the passage of Willoughby's Run. 
 Fortunately, the " Iron Brigade " came down in that direction, 
 under the personal command of Reynolds, flanked Archer's, 
 captured that officer and eight hundred men,' and re-formed on 
 the west side of the stream. Gen. Reynolds had dismounted 
 at the corner of the woods, and was carefully observing the 
 movement of the troops, when a bullet from a sharpshooter 
 passed through his neck. He fell forward upon his face, and 
 died in a few minutes. 
 
 Of the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania Regiment, Lossing thus 
 speaks : " The regimental flag of the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania, 
 bearing the disk badge of the First Army Corps, of red color, 
 with seven holes in it, as evidences of the strife in which it was 
 engaged, was presented to the Loyal League by Col. Hoffman, 
 on the 15th of December, 1863. In their house it is preserved 
 as a precious memento of one of the most noted regiments of 
 
 » Lossing's Civil "War, vol. iii p. 60. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANTA. 255 
 
 Pennsylvania. Under the leadership of Col. (afterward general) 
 Hoffman, it became perfect in discipline, and ever ready for 
 daring service. In Pope's Army of Virginia, at Antietam, 
 Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Grant's cam- 
 paigns, in 1864, it was always conspicuous. So much was the 
 commander loved and honored by the officers and men of his 
 regiment, that they presented him an elegant sword, in 1863, 
 on which were inscribed the names of the battles in which the 
 regiment had been engaged ; namely. Sulphur Springs, Gaines- 
 ville, Manassas, South Mountain, Antietam, Union, Fredericks- 
 burg, Rappahannock, Chancellorsville, Beverlj^ Ford, and 
 Gettysburg." ^ 
 
 Gen. Doubleday arrived upon the field just as Reynolds fell, 
 and took command of his troops. He sent the " Iron Brigade " 
 back to the woods, and also a force to attack Davis, and save 
 Hall's battery. They saved the battery, captured Davis with 
 his Mississippians, and also their battle-flag ; and, with his full 
 brigade, he took a position farther to the right, the better to 
 withstand the Confederate lines. It was now noon. The whole 
 of the First Corps was posted on Seminary Ridge, under the 
 command of Doubleday. The remainder of Hill's corps was 
 rapidly coming up. At this time. Gen. Rodes, with the advance 
 division of Ewell's corps, hastened forward, swung round, and 
 took a commanding position on the ridge, just north of the 
 town, and connecting with Hill on his right. By this position 
 they seriously threatened the Federal right, held by Cutler. 
 Doubleday sent Robinson's division to aid Cutler, with Baxter's 
 and Paul's brigades, to take position at the Mummasburg Road. 
 There a severe fight was sustained for some time, which finally 
 resulted in the capture of three North Carolina regiments. 
 
 Up to this time, the First Corps of the Federal Army, and 
 the advance divisions of Hill's and Ewell's corps, had been 
 engaged. The battle, however, soon assumed a broader field 
 and grander proportions. Howard's corps heard its sounds in 
 front, pressed forward rapidly, and came upon the field a little 
 past meridian. On the rebel side, Pender's division had already 
 come up to strengthen HiU; and Early's division had now 
 
 1 See Lossing, vol. iii. p. 60. 
 
256 B [STORY OF PENNSYLVANrA. 
 
 arrived to strengthen Rodes. Gen. Howard, arriving at this 
 time, and ranking Doubleday, took command of all the troops 
 on the field. He had left Gen. Steinwehr's division on Ceme- 
 tery Hill, and placed Gen. Schurz in temporary command of his 
 own corps. He put Barlow's and Schurz's divisions on the right 
 of the First Corps, in front of Early ; and thus, to meet a simul- 
 taneous attack from the north and west, he extended the Fed- 
 eral line about three miles. This was an unfortunate necessity, 
 as it attenuated the line, but one which could not well have 
 been avoided. Rodes now occupied the key-point of the whole 
 field from his position near the northern extremity of Seminary 
 Ridge; so that, when the Confederates advanced in a body, 
 Rodes, assisted by a battery, threw into disorder the right por- 
 tion of the First Corps, and the left of the Eleventh, by dash- 
 ing down between them. As the Nationals were thus driven 
 into the village, it was an easy matter for Early, who had pushed 
 Barlow back, to capture the three thousand men, mostly of the 
 Eleventh Corps, which he did. The remainder of them retreated, 
 halting on Steinwehr's right and front. The First Corps, whose 
 left Doubleday still held, now fell back, and removed all the 
 artillery and ambulances, and placed themselves on Steinwehr's 
 left and rear. Thus while Ewell was occupying Gettysburg, 
 and Hill was upon Seminary Ridge, our National troops were on 
 Cemetery Hill in strong position, awaiting with great anxiety 
 the arrival of the corps of the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 Gen. Meade, who was then at Taneytown, hearing of the 
 position of affairs, ordered Gen. Hancock to leave his corps with 
 Gen. Gibbons, proceed to Gettysburg, and take command of the 
 troops, with full powers to offer battle where the advance of 
 the army was, or to change position towards Pipe Creek. Gen. 
 Hancock, having inspected the ground occupied by the troops, 
 reported to Gen. Meade that he was satisfied vsdth their posi- 
 tion. Thus ended the first day's fighting in favor of the rebels ; 
 and they claimed a victory. 
 
 The further fighting at Gettysburg has been so well described 
 by Prof. Jacobs in a little book published by Lippincott & Co., 
 that we make the following quotation : — 
 
 " They were boastful of themselves, of their cause, and of 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANrA. 257 
 
 the skill of their officers, and were anxious to tell us of the 
 unskilful manner in which some of our officers had conducted 
 the fight which had just closed. "When informed that Gen. 
 Archer and fifteen hundred ^ of his men had been captured, 
 they said, ' To-morrow we will take all these back again ; and, 
 having already taken five thousand (!) prisoners of you to-day, 
 we will take the balance of your men to-morrow.' Having been 
 well fed, provisioned, and rested, and. successful on this day, 
 their confidence knew no bounds. They felt assured that they 
 should be able, with perfect ease, to cut up our army in detail, 
 fatigued as it was by long marches, and yet scattered ; for only 
 two corps had as yet arrived. Resting under this impression, 
 they lay down joyfully on the night of the first day. 
 
 " What the feeling of our little army, as yet consisting of 
 only two corps, was on Wednesday evening, we are unable to 
 state. To us it seemed as if the rebels would really be able to 
 accomplish their boast. We were disheartened, and almost in 
 despair. But our men, who, whilst retreating through the 
 town, seemed to be confused and frightened, coolly and quietly 
 fell into position on the hill, when they found themselves sup- 
 ported by two lines of battle formed by Steinwehr, and by a 
 sufficiency of artillery already in place. They saw the pursu- 
 ing rebels suddenly brought to a stand by the raking fire 
 poured into them by our men on the hill. 
 
 " Soon after the battle had begun, the residents of the west 
 end of the town were advised by Gen. Reynolds to leave their 
 residences, that the shot and shell of the enemy might not reach 
 and injure them, and to retire to a position to the north and 
 east of the borough. Some, who, in accordance with this 
 advice, left their houses, found to their sorrow, when afterwards 
 they returned, that they had been pillaged, during their absence, 
 by the rebels ; whilst most of those who remained at home during 
 the battles of the three days were enabled to save their prop- 
 erty from destruction. Whilst actual fighting was going on, 
 many of the women and children went into the cellars as places 
 of greatest security ; and nothing can be more remote from the 
 truth than the gratuitous slander put forth by some reckless 
 
 1 Difference between Lossing's and Jacobs's statement, 700. 
 IT 
 
258 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANTA. 
 
 newspaper scribblers, and extensively published abroad, that the 
 male inhabitants ran off, like a set of cowards, and permitted the 
 women and children to do as best they could. The truth 
 requires us to state, that only a few of the male inhabitants 
 were absent from home, and they were either government 
 officers, or such as had gone away with their goods or horses to 
 places of security. No one, as far as we know, had forsaken his 
 home and family through fear or cowardice. 
 
 " Wednesday night and Thursday morning were devoted, by 
 both armies, to making active preparations and arrangements 
 for a renewal of the terrible and bloody conflict. Breastworks 
 were constructed, rifle-pits dug, and artillery and the different 
 corps pladed in position. 
 
 " Gen. Slocum arrived with the Twelfth Corps before mid- 
 night. Upon him now devolved the chief command, until the 
 arrival of Gen. Meade, early in the morning (one o'clock, a.m.). 
 Gen. Meade entirely approved the act of Gen. Howard in the 
 selection of his position. . . . 
 
 " Early on Thursday morning the rebels began to give evidence 
 of an impression, on their part, that they might possibly have 
 some hard work to do on that day, although, on the previous 
 evening, they had spoken so lightly of it. They had ascertained 
 that our little band had been strongly re-enforced during the 
 night and early morning. They commenced barricading Middle 
 Street on its south side, from the Seminary Ridge on the west 
 to Stratton Street : they also broke down the fences on the 
 north side, in order to enable them to bring up re-enforcements 
 and to send back their men, without subjecting them to a 
 raking street-fire from ours, the houses and stables serving as a 
 protection to them. On the previous evening they had ex- 
 pected to attack and cut up our army in detail. But, as the 
 great body of the Army of the Potomac had already arrived, 
 this hope had vanished ; and they saw that the contest would be 
 a hard and bloody one between the two armies in their united 
 strength. . . . 
 
 " The enemy had driven our men before them ; and, endeavor- 
 ing to come in between Round Top and Little Round Top, they 
 advanced to the summit of the latter. At six, p.m., Gen. Craw- 
 
HTSTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 259 
 
 ford's division of the Fifth Corps, consisting of two brigades of 
 Pennsylvania Reserves, having until this time been held in 
 reserve, went into a charge with a terrific shout, and drove the 
 rebels down the rocky front of that hill, across the valley below, 
 and over the next hill, into the woods beyond, taldng three hun- 
 dred prisoners. This was the favorable moment, and the whole 
 rebel column was forced to retire. In this charge, the rebel 
 General Barksdale fell on the hill opposite Little Round Top." 
 
 Thursday's fighting ended much more favorably to the Union 
 army, still final victory seemed doubtful. Friday, July 3, tljie 
 Union artillery opened upon the rebels at the place where they 
 had penetrated our lines the preceding evening. A general 
 attack of infantry followed at sunrise. Both armies fought 
 desperately. At eight o'clock there was a short cessation, 
 when fighting was renewed with the utmost vigor. The Union 
 soldiers made terrible havoc, crowded the enemy back until 
 they finally drove them over our breastworks in utter confusion. 
 From eleven, A.M., to one, p.m., there was but little fighting. 
 Each army seemed waiting to see what the other was about to 
 do. Just after one, p.m., the silence was broken ; and not less 
 than one hundred and fifty guns on each side belched forth the 
 messengers of death. The most terrible thunderstorm was 
 nothing to be compared to the succession of crashing sounds 
 which rent the air. 
 
 Although the college was a hospital, which, according to the 
 military law of all civilized nations, should not have been used 
 for any hostile purpose, yet Gen. Lee reconnoitred the position 
 of our army from its cupola. Froni this inspection he evi^ 
 dently discovered that the point held by Hancock was the 
 weakest. 
 
 At 2.30, P.M., Pickett's division of Longstreet's corps emerged 
 from the woods of the Seminary Ridge, and moved towards our 
 left centre, where Hancock commanded. This division of the 
 rebel army was supported on the left by Pettigrew's brigade, 
 and on the right by Wright's and Wilcox's brigades. As this 
 mass of men moved on, when they had passed about one-third 
 of the space between the two armies, the Union batteries, which 
 had been covered by a grove, opened a tremendous fire of shell 
 
260 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and grape upon them. They seemed staggered for a few 
 moments, then they advanced with terrific yellings. In a 
 moment, as it were, an awful roar proceeded from a discharge 
 of thousands of muskets and rifles. Then the line staggered in 
 front, and a few rebels were seen moving backwards. Two 
 men were seen carrying a single battle-flag. Men and officers 
 fled, flying before our victorious army. A rebel corps appeared 
 rapidly advancing towards the Seminary Ridge. The Union 
 soldiers waited quietly until the rebels came to the Emmetts- 
 burg Road, and then opened so tremendously upon them, that 
 they fell like the grass before the scythe. The rebel soldiers 
 had been made to believe that they were fighting only with 
 the Pennsylvania militia ; but they were now undeceived, and, 
 in utter astonishment, exclaimed, " The Army of the Potomac ! " 
 Nevertheless, they still pressed on, and came up to the mouth 
 of the Union army's cannon, and were swept down by hundreds. 
 As they wavered under this terrible fire. Gen. Webb shouted 
 out, " Boys, the enemy is ours ! " and, as if in a moment, thirty- 
 five hundred rebel soldiers were made prisoners, and fifteen 
 stands of colors were taken. One of Pickett's generals, who 
 had been wounded, upon half rising to look around him, ex- 
 claimed, " The whole division has disappeared as in a moment." 
 Two of the Union generals, Hancock and Gibbon, were 
 wounded in this engagement. The rebel General Garnett was 
 killed, and Gens. Kemper and Armistead were wounded, the 
 latter mortally. 
 
 " To complete our victory on our whole line, the Pennsylva- 
 pia Reserves were called upon to make a charge upon a battery 
 which the enemy had been using to annoy them, placed on the 
 hill just in front, and from which they had been driven the 
 evening before. • Our men took the battery, three hundred pris- 
 oners, and five thousand stands of arms, and drove the enemy 
 half a mile beyond the line they had occupied during the day. 
 This took place about five, P.M., and with it terminated the 
 battle of Gettysburg." 
 
 Thus ended the three-days' fighting at Gettysburg, resulting 
 in the entire defeat of the rebel army. Lee gathered up the 
 remnants of his soldiers, and hastened to recross the. Potomac. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 261 
 
 From this defeat, the rebel army never recovered. All they 
 accomplished aftervrards was like Micawber " waiting for some- 
 thing to turn up." 
 
 In this decisive victory, fought upon our soil, our glorious 
 Commonwealth is well entitled to a full share of praise. Two 
 of her generals, Meade and Hancock, were honored sharers in 
 commanding those patriotic soldiers, who, by their vigorous 
 fighting, not only drove the rebels from the soil of Pennsyl- 
 vania, but also saved the nation. 
 
 soldiers' monument. (GETTYSBURG.) 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE SUKPACE AND PEODUCTIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Face of the Country — Geology — Lakes and Eivers — Climate — Soil and Pro- 
 ductions — Anthracite Coal — Where found — Mining-Operations — Mouth 
 of a Coal Mine — Coal Shute, Dumper, and Breaker — Face of a Coal-Breaker 
 — Picking Slate at a Screen — Total Product of Anthracite — Bituminous 
 Coal — Where found — Mines — Product of Bituminous Coal. 
 
 FACE OF THE Country. — Pennsylvania exhibits a greater 
 diversity of surface than any other State in the Union. 
 Its mountains occupy the southern, central, and eastern coun- 
 ties ; and, although they are all portions of the great Appala- 
 chian chain, they are named for the different locations near 
 V7hich they are found. They cover about one-fourth of the 
 State, running in parallel ridges from north-east to south-west. 
 They never rise to any great altitude, being seldom over two 
 thousand feet. Just below Easton, on the Delaware, is the 
 South Mountain ; north-west of that are the Blue, or Kitta- 
 tinny Mountains, and the Broad Mountain, lying south of the 
 north branch of the Susquehanna. Across the river, this moun- 
 tain is known by the name of Tusearora ; just beyond is Side- 
 ling HiU, nearly south of Juniata River ; and now we come to 
 the Alleghany Mountains proper, which separate the Atlantic 
 slope and the Mississippi Valley. Laurel and Chestnut Ridges 
 are two very small ones, crossing the Ohio slope. Of the height 
 of these mountains, South Mountain is less than one thousand, 
 and the Blue Mountain within fifteen hundred feet. Broad 
 Mountain is said to be higher at its immediate base than the 
 Alleghany range, but is less in elevation above the sea. The 
 valleys between these various ridges are in some cases very 
 narrow, at others broadening out to a distance of fifteen or 
 
 262 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 263 
 
 thirty miles. The entire range covers a space of two hundred 
 miles ; and this is the point of the greatest width the Alleghany 
 range attains in its course from Maine to Alabama. The north 
 of the State presents high and rugged hills : the west is also 
 hilly, and the south-east and south-west moderately so, but at 
 times level. The rivers in the western part of the State some- 
 times have shores many hundred feet in height ; and the valleys 
 show that they were formed by running water. 
 
 Geology. — The south-eastern portion of Pennsylvania, 
 taking in the southern parts of Bucks and Montgomery, all 
 of Philadelphia and Delaware, and the southern portions of 
 Chester, Lancaster, and York Counties, is filled with rocks 
 belonging to the stratified primary class, which are inter- 
 spersed by regular veins of unstratified rocks, as granite, 
 sienite, &c. In Chester and Montgomery Counties, north of 
 this belt, are marble and limestone ; and farther north, consider- 
 able gneiss, talc, and mica slate are found. Yet farther north, 
 stretching across the State, from the Delaware River, above 
 Trenton, to the Maryland line, is red sandstone. This is trav- 
 ersed by dikes of trap-rock or greenstone. The rock is iisually 
 composed of felspar and hornblende, and is an igneous pro- 
 duction. Another belt of primary rock, generally called South 
 Mountain, commences just below Easton, stretches south-west- 
 erly to the Maryland line. Above the primary rock is a layer 
 of white sandstone, and above this a broad belt of limestone. 
 The next rock is slate, overlying the limestone ; and next above 
 the slate is a stratum of white or gray, sometimes reddish or 
 greenish, silicious sandstones. In this formation is found the 
 fossiliferous iron ore so extensively worked in the State. Next 
 comes an argillaceous slaty-blue limestone, of moderate thick- 
 ness. In some bands of this, abundance of fossil remains are 
 discovered, with occasional iron ore. The next formation 
 above is a coarse-grained, yellowish-white sandstone, in which 
 are many fossils : some iron is also found in it. We now come 
 to strata of slate of dark gray, greenish, and olive color, inter- 
 sected with argillaceous sandstone of a green color. Above 
 this last formation are brown-red shales and sandstone mingled 
 with buff and gray layers, which are good building-material. 
 
264 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Over these is seen hard coarse gray sandstone, in which are 
 pebbles, with frequent bands of dark slate of a green cast. 
 We now approach the rocks bearing coal ; but although occa- 
 sionally carbonaceous slate, and even scales of coal, are found, 
 still we are hundreds of feet below the true coal-bearing 
 regions. The coal formation includes all the anthracite and 
 bituminous region ; but above and between it and the coal are 
 red shales and sandstone. Directly below the coal is a series 
 of massive strata, consisting of light-colored sandstone and 
 coarse silicious collections. No coal is ever found below this 
 last formation. The seams of coal are separated by soft argil- 
 laceous clay of a bluish tint, or light gray sandstone, or by 
 dark-colored slate and shales. 
 
 Dr. George Smith, in his " Geology of Delaware County," says, 
 " Of the magnificent series of deposits entombing the remains 
 of a succession of organized beings, found in other sections of 
 our country, this county does not present a single stratum. 
 Our rocks were either formed before such beings were called 
 into existence, or every trace of their remains has been effaced 
 by the great subterranean heat to which they have been sub- 
 jected." Dr. Smith's work deserves the careful perusal of all 
 our citizens. 
 
 Lakes and Rivbes. — Lake Erie is the only lake worthy 
 to be noticed, and bounds the State on the north-west for about 
 fifty mUes. Delaware River separates the State from New 
 Jersey and Delaware, flowing south, and empties into Delaware 
 Bay. Large ships can enter its waters as far as Philadelphia, 
 ninety-six miles from the sea, and sloops and steamboats to 
 Trenton, thirty miles farther up. The Susquehanna is the 
 largest river in the State ; but it is navigable only at high water 
 in the spring and autumn. It enters Pennsylvania from New 
 York, crosses the entire State, dividing it into two unequal por- 
 tions, the larger one being on" the west. It is very shghtly 
 affected by the tides, from its rapid descent to Chesapeake Bay, 
 into which it flows. West Branch and Juniata from the west, 
 and the Swatara and Conestoga from the east, are tributaries 
 of the Susquehanna. The Lehigh and Schuylkill, between 
 the Susquehanna and Delaware, flow from the latter, and are 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 265 
 
 each about one hundred miles in length. The Ohio is in the 
 western part of the State, extending about fifty miles. It is 
 formed by the conjunction of the Alleghany and the Monon- 
 gahela. It is navigable for large steamers to Pittsburg, which 
 is its head. The length of the Alleghany is about three hun- 
 dred miles ; but it is navigable only at high water for small 
 steamers, for two hundred miles. The Monongahela is two 
 hundred miles long, but is navigable for only sixty miles at 
 high water. The Youghiogheny and the Beaver are small 
 unimportant rivers ; the former being a branch of the Monon- 
 gahela, and the latter of the Ohio. Canals are found more or 
 less on these rivers, with the exception of the Monongahela 
 and Youghiogheny. 
 
 Clxm:ate. — It is a well-known fact, ascertained by travellers, 
 that, in ascending a mountain, the change in the climate is very 
 similar to that of migrating north. As we travel north, the 
 climate gradually lowers ; and a visible effect is perceived as 
 respects vegetation. The trees are smaller and more shrubby ; 
 the fruits are less numerous, and not so large and fair ; until, 
 pursuing our journey towards the north pole, we arrive at a 
 point where there are no trees, no fruit, no vegetation whatever. 
 So, also, as we ascend a mountain, though the trees are large at 
 its base, and the soil fertile, yet, as we advance upward, trees 
 diminish in size, fruit becomes more scanty and less perfect, 
 until, upon arriving at a certain height, vegetation entirely dis- 
 appears. 
 
 Pennsylvania, from the fact of its level surface in many parts, 
 and mountains in others, may be said to possess almost every 
 variety of climate. In a hot day Philadelphia is the hottest 
 place to be found north of the torrid zone. With a nearly 
 level surface lying between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers 
 (especially the old part of it), it presents very much what seems 
 like the focus of a burning-glass, and the heat becomes almost 
 unendurable. It is not strange, therefore, that all the inhabit- 
 ants of this city who can, leave it for Cape May, Atlantic City, 
 Newport, and the mountains. The latter, at their bases and at 
 a moderate ascent, afford some of the most cooling and health- 
 ful retreats that can be found in any State of the Union. Hence 
 
266 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Cresson and Altoona, and many other places bordering the 
 mountains, are among the most beautiful and comfortable resorts, 
 far superior in general to any bordering upon the ocean, and 
 more conducive to health. A gentleman in Philadelphia once 
 said to the writer, " I have spent my summers in Newport for 
 twenty-five years ; but the last summer I spent at Cresson, and 
 I derived more benefit from it than I ever received in Newport : 
 hereafter I shall always go to the mountains in summer." 
 
 The climate of Pennsylvania is subject to more sudden changes 
 in the eastern than in the western part of the State. There 
 seems to have been but little change in the climate since the 
 shores of the Delaware were first settled by Europeans ; for 
 they inform us, that then, one winter was so mild, that vegetation 
 was green; and the next, that our great river, the Delaware, was 
 frozen over. The present inhabitants can testify to somewhat 
 the same experience, as, even in January and February, the 
 weather has been so mild, that vegetation has begun to revive, 
 and, as early as the month of May, we have had several days in 
 succession so hot as to be very uncomfortable ; and, in a succeed- 
 ing winter, the river was frozen over, and cold weather extended 
 late into the spring. 
 
 Soil and Peodttctions. — Among the old thirteen States, 
 no richer or more productive soil existed thto was to be found in 
 Pennsylvania. And even up to 1860 she ranked first in her 
 production of wheat, rye, and grass-seeds, and exceeded any 
 Northern or Middle State in Indian corn ; and in buckwheat, 
 orchard fruits, butter, hay, oats, and slaughtered animals, was 
 second only to New York, although she is doubtless now super- 
 seded by many of her Western sisters. Still it is a question 
 whether any State in the Union can show a more productive 
 soil than in Lancaster County, or those farther west, and in the 
 valleys between the mountains. Other productions are barley, 
 live stock, cheese, wool, pease, beans, Irish potatoes, market prod- 
 uce, tobacco, flax, beeswax, honey, maple-sugar, with some 
 molasses, silk, hops, hemp, wine, and sweet-potatoes. Of the 
 mineral productions much may be said. 
 
 Antbceacite Coal. — This alone is a vast source of wealth 
 to the State. It is unquestionably, as has well been ascertained, 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 267 
 
 of vegetable origin. It is a singular fact that it should have 
 remained so long undiscovered ; and its discovery was quite as 
 singular. There had been legends that coal was to be found in 
 the Lehigh district, probably emanating from the Indians ; and 
 some of the German farmers of the early times contended always 
 that coal was to be found in " certain places," although by the 
 masses generally they were laughed at for their credulity. The 
 following account of its discovery near Mauch Chunk is from 
 Dr. James of Philadelphia, who in 1804 visited some land which 
 he owned near Sharp Mountain. He was accompanied by a 
 guide, Philip Ginter, who, upon arriving at the summit of 
 Mauch Chunk, descended into small pits, having the appearance 
 of the commencement of wells, from which he threw up pieces 
 of coal for examination ; and then, while he lingered in astonish- 
 ment, the earnest man gave him this description of the original 
 discovery : — 
 
 " He said, that, when he first took up his residence in that dis- 
 trict, he built himself a rough cabin in the forest, and supported 
 his family by the proceeds of his rifle, being literally a hunter 
 of the backwoods. The game he shot, including bear and deer, 
 he carried to the nearest store, and exchanged for other neces- 
 saries of life. But, at this particular time to which he then 
 alluded, he was without a supply of food for- his family ; and, 
 after being out all day with his gun in quest of it, he 
 was returning, toward evening, over the Mauch Chunk Moun- 
 tain, entirely unsuccessful and disappointed. A drizzling rain 
 beginning to fall, and night rapidly approaching, he bent his 
 course homeward, considering himself one of the most forsaken 
 of human beings. As he strode slowly over the ground, his foot 
 stumbled over something, which, by the stroke, was driven 
 before him. Observing it to be black, to distinguish which 
 there was just light enough remaining, he took it up ; and, as he 
 had often listened to the traditions of the country of the exist- 
 ence of coal in the vicinity, it occurred to him that this might 
 be a portion of that stone-coal of which he had often heard. 
 He accordingly took it carefully with him to the cabin, and the 
 next day carried it to Col. Jacob Weiss, residing at what was 
 then known by the name of Fort Allen (erected under the 
 
268 inSTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 auspices of Dr. Franklin). The colonel, who was alive to the 
 subject, brought the specimen with him to Philadelphia, and 
 submitted it to the inspection of John Nicholson and Michael 
 Hillegas, Esqs., and also to Charles Cist, a printer, who ascer- 
 tained its nature and qiialities, and authorized the colonel to 
 pay Ginter for his discovery, upon his pointing out the precise 
 spot where he found the coal. This was readily done by ac- 
 ceding to Ginter's proposal of getting through the patent-office 
 the title for a small tract of land which he supposed had never 
 been taken up, comprising the mill-seat on which he afterwards 
 built the mm, which had afforded a lodging the preceding night, 
 and which he afterwards was deprived of by the claim of a 
 prior survey." 
 
 Even as early as 1787, coal had been known to exist in the 
 neighborhood of Pottsville, and searches were constantly made 
 for it ; but it was so different from any that had previously been 
 found, that it was deemed of no particular value, and, as no 
 way could be devised to burn it, after a time the search was 
 abandoned, until at last a blacksmith named Whetstone dis- 
 covered some, and immediately made experinients upon it, to 
 use in his shop ; and so much did he interest the community, 
 that inquiry into the character and extent of the deposit, and 
 the possible uses it might be put to, began to be instituted. 
 Among those who had faith in its existence was Judge Cooper ; 
 and it was through such persons as he that searches were con- 
 tinued, in the face of prejudice and discouraging circumstances. 
 Among the first, if not the first, to make explorations, were the 
 Messrs. Potts ; but in no attempt were they successful. Upon 
 their ceasing operations, William Morris became owner of the 
 lands lying at the head of the Schuylkill ; and, about the year 
 1800, he found coal, a considerable quantity of which he took 
 to Philadelphia, where he was not successful in finding many to 
 coincide with him in his belief of its utility. 
 
 For six or seven years from this time, no further notice was 
 taken of this coal, when Peter Bastons made some discoveries 
 of its deposit, while erecting the Forge in the Valley ; and a 
 blacksmith named David Berlin acted upon the suggestions of 
 Whetstone, and tried to induce others to join him. In 1810 a 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 269 
 
 practical chemist made an analysis of this coal, and became con- 
 yinced that it contained all the properties suitable for combus- 
 tion ; and, to illustrate his principle, he built a furnace on Front 
 Street, between Philadelphia and Kensington, applying to it 
 three strong bellows, and obtained such an immense white-heat 
 from the coal as served to fully show its qualities, and ultimate- 
 ly gained its iritroduction into the city. 
 
 Two years later than this, Col. George Shoemaker and Nicho- 
 las Allen discovered coal on a piece of land, which in times 
 past was- called " Centreville," about one mile from Pottsville. 
 They raised several wagon-loads of it, but could find no pur- 
 chaser ; and Mr. Allen, getting discouraged, sold out to Mr. 
 Shoemaker, who carried ten wagon-loads to Philadelphia. But 
 so great was the prejudice still felt against it, that, notwith- 
 standing the successful experiment of the chemist, a few only 
 could be found willing to purchase it; and, upon the trials 
 which thej^ made proving unsuccessful, he was denounced as a 
 vile impostor ; and, to escape arrest, he drove thirty miles out 
 of his way, in " a circuitous route, to avoid the ofBcers of the 
 law ! " But, fortunately, among the purchasers was a firm of 
 iron factors in Delaware county, who annotmced a successful 
 experiment through the newspapers ; and from that time it grew 
 in favor, and the intelligent portion of the community foresaw 
 its future value. 
 
 The first successful experiment to generate steam with anthra- 
 cite coal was made in 1825, at the iron works in PhoenixviUe. 
 
 Large quantities of anthracite coal are found in the counties 
 of Schuylkill, Dauphin, Lebanon, Carbon, Northumberland, 
 Columbia, and Luzerne, being in the middle part of the Eastern 
 portion of the State. This region is watered by the rivers Sus- 
 quehanna, Lehigh, and Schuylkill, and their numerous branches. 
 
 The whole area of the anthracite coal region extends over 
 four hundred and seventy square miles, and is comprised in 
 tliree great ranges, separated by mountains. Beginning at the 
 southern, this range is seventy-three miles in length, and 
 averages two miles in breadth. At the Lehigh River, where it 
 begins, it is very narrow, but increases in width as we go west- 
 ward. Near Minersville, about the centre of the range, it is 
 
270 BISTORT OF PENNSTLVANTA 
 
 &\e miles wide, decreasing in width at the west of this place. 
 At Tremont it is only three miles wide, from which it separates 
 into two ranges, one coming to a point on the Susquehanna, and 
 the other reaching into Lykens Valley. The area of this range 
 is one hundred and forty-six miles. In it are comprised the 
 Lehigh, Tamaqua, Pottsville, Swatara, the Lykens Valley, and 
 the Dauphin regions. From this range, in 1867, 4,334,820 tons 
 of coal were mined. 
 
 The next field, going north, is divided into two regions by 
 the Locust Mountain : the one lying south of the mountain is 
 Mehanoy ; and the other, on the north, Shamokin. The former 
 contains forty-one, and the latter, fifty square miles. From 
 this field, in 1867, 3,307,327 tons were mined. 
 
 The northern range is the largest in all the anthracite region 
 of Pennsylvania, being fifty miles in length, and averaging 
 about four in breadth. Its form resembles a great trough, 
 qtiite shallow at the eastern end, and deep at the western. 
 This range comprises the districts of Carbondale, Scranton, 
 Pittston, Wilkesbarre, Pljmiouth, Nanticoke, and Shickshinney. 
 The product of this field in 1867 was 5,328,000 tons. 
 
 There are several smaller tracts lying between these, in what 
 are called the Lehigh coal-basins, including Beaver Meadow, 
 the Hazleton, the Big Black Creek, and the Little Black Creek. 
 The area of these intersecting ranges is thirty square miles ; 
 and in 1867 the product was 2,954,989 tons. 
 
 In the process of mining coal, much and steady improvement 
 has been made. The earliest plan was sinking shafts twenty to 
 thirty feet, and hoisting the coal into large vessels, by a wind- 
 lass ; and when the water became troublesome, as it usually 
 did below thirty feet, the shaft was abandoned, and another 
 one sunk, and the same process repeated. This method was 
 soon supplanted by drifts (openings above water level, which 
 entered the mine with a surface inclined sufficiently to drain 
 off the water). The openings of these drifts were made at the 
 heads of veins on the sides of hills, and the coal brought out 
 in wheelbarrows. In 1827 railways were introduced into 
 mines ; and in the accompanying cut is shown the mouth of a 
 coal mine with its railways. From that time imtil 1834 coal 
 was mined solely by drifts. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 271 
 
 ■'W- 
 
 MOUTH OP COAL-MINK. 
 
 In the mean time, horse-power and the gin were substituted 
 for the windlass ; and by this improvement the water could be 
 cleared from the shaft with greater facility, and the veins pene- 
 trated somewhat deeper. But, 
 even with this advantage, it was 
 to a comparatively shallow depth 
 they were able to reach, and the 
 coal was proportionately poor ; 
 for it has been clearly demon- 
 strated that the coal found near 
 the surface is never of as good a 
 qiiality as that mined from very 
 low depths. 
 
 After the introduction of rail- 
 ways, the cars of which were 
 drawn by mules, a new impulse 
 was given to mining, and its 
 shipment largely increased, as these figures will show. In 1826 
 the amount was nearly 17,000 tons ; in 1827, over 31,000 ; in 
 1828, 47,000 ; in 1829, 79,000 ; in 1830, 89,000 ; in 1831, 81,000. 
 It was about this time that coal was used generally in stoves 
 and grates, and now it was that the trade began to assume the 
 gigantic proportions to which it has since grown. TIus^ sudden 
 growth induced a vast amount of speculation, which, in many 
 instances, was followed by such utter ruin, that, after a time, 
 few ventured into mining-operations alone. Many coal com- 
 panies were formed, and chartered by the Legislatm-e ; but the 
 practical experience of those concerned in the trade soon 
 aroused a strong opposition against them, and this feeling, from 
 1831 to 1839, was especially active, during which time the 
 trade fell off at three separate periods in the amount of the 
 annual product, from the years respectively preceding. This 
 feeling against the monopolists was strengthened by the public 
 journals; and these two causes combined saved the country 
 from the evils which speculation always produces. 
 
 In the years 1838, 1839, and 1840, a patent for the smelting 
 of iron ore by anthracite coal was obtained by Dr. Weisen- 
 heimer of New York, who afterwards disposed of it to Mr. 
 
272 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Crane ; but upon discovering that a furnace wiiicli had been 
 blown in at Mauch Chunk had used anthracite as fuel, and 
 fearing litigation, he abandoned his enterprise. The furnace at 
 Mauch Chunk continued its operations until 1840, having, in 
 the mean time, been many times blown in; when, finally, it was 
 discontinued. A furnace at Pottsville was started just prior to 
 this time ; and, as it was decidedly more thorough in its results, 
 the citizens of that place claim the credit of having introduced 
 it successfully. The erection of this furnace is due to Burd 
 Patterson, Esq. This was soon followed by one in the vicinity, 
 called the Valley Furnace ; and after the passage of the tariff 
 act, in 1842, they were multiplied all over the State, wherever 
 coal and iron ore were to be mined. 
 
 To resume the process of mining : we will now describe it 
 below water-level, which means that coal is mined at some 
 point below the bed of the adjacent river, creek, or rivulet. 
 The first step is to raise the water accumulated in the mine ; 
 and, for this purpose, a steam-engine and pumps are necessary, 
 which must be stationed at the most favorable location, twenty 
 or thirty feet north of the crop of the vein, and as near to a 
 main railroad as possible, or so that a branch or lateral road can 
 be laid from it to the place where the engine is to be erected, 
 in order that a sufficient supply of water for the steam-boilers 
 can be readUy obtained. The descent into a mine is called a 
 slope ; and thus mines below water-level are called slopes in con- 
 tradistinction to those above, called drifts. The engines are 
 usually of from forty, fifty, and sixty horse-power, of horizontal 
 high-pressure, and working with a slide-valve. 
 
 The location of the engine having been decided upon, a slope, 
 or inclined plane, is driven down into the vein at the same angle 
 of inclination ; the thickness of the vein being usually excavated. 
 The slope is wide enough to- allow two railway-tracks, from 
 thirty-six to forty inches wide each, to be laid, leaving room 
 one side (sometimes on both) for the pumps, and travelling- 
 road on the other (or sometimes between the two tracks) for 
 the miners. The width of the slope is usually from eighteen 
 to twenty-two feet. It is driven down about two hundred feet 
 for the first level, then begin the gangways, running at right 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 273 
 
 angles from the slope, east and west. The slope and gangways 
 form a capital T. The latter often extend three or four miles, 
 having turnouts at intervals for trains to pass each other. 
 They are about seven feet high, and wide enough for a railroad- 
 track, on which a car containing from one to two tons of coal 
 may pass freely. 
 
 These preliminaries having been arranged, then commences 
 the digging out, or mining, the coal. On each side of the slope, 
 for a distance of thirty or forty feet, the coal is 
 left undisturbed ; and, in mining dialect, the 
 I .us left is called pillars, which often 
 II ain for a number of years to strength- 
 ■ a and support the slope, as, in an 
 extensive mine and a good vein, it 
 J J . i-' needed. There is also a. pillar, 
 twenty feet or so in width, on 
 
 the upper side of the gang- 
 way; and it is between 
 this pillar and the sur- 
 face that all the 
 coal is worked out. 
 The plan of 
 work adopt- 
 ed by 
 the 
 
 J \ 
 
 mi 
 ers IS 
 
 this: two min- '-" 
 ers and an attend- 
 ant generally work 
 abreast ; and the 
 spots on which they 
 locate themselves 
 are called 
 and are usually 
 from thirty to forty 
 feet in width from 
 the pillar above the 
 gangway up to the 
 surface. An open- 
 ing is then made in the pillar about the centre of the breast, 
 four or five feet wide, and a shute is built through the whole 
 extent of the breast, down which the coal slides into a car in 
 the gangway, which, as soon as it is filled, is drawn by mules up 
 to the mouth of the slope. At a given signal, it is drawn 
 up to the mouth of a breaker, from whence it is dumped 
 
 " ^K\k"«.tt*.sw»'ia> 
 
 COAL SHUTE, DUMPEE, AND BREAKER. 
 
274 
 
 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 into a smaller shute, and falls into the breaker, which con- 
 sists of revolving rollers with projecting teeth; and by this 
 breaker it is broken into pieces of all sizes. Of a coal shute, 
 dumper, and breaker used at the present time, a view will be 
 had in the illustration. This gives the three combined ; but in 
 the succeeding cut a full view of the face of the coal-breaker 
 is had, showing an empty car on its way back to the foot of the 
 gangway, to be refilled. 
 
 From the rollers, the broken coal falls into screens, which 
 also revolve. These screens are divided into four or five sec- 
 tions of net-work ; and the different 
 sizes of coal pass through these 
 sections, and are caught in cars 
 placed beneath them. This coal 
 screen was a very valuable invention, 
 as, previous to this, all 
 coal had been screened 
 1 \ lillll ll I u \ 
 II II I II 111] 
 
 <*»iVAt»*»iXXVV 
 
 FACE OF OOAL-BREAKEK. 
 
 The screen was then from five to eight feet long, and from one 
 and three-quarters to two and a half feet in diameter, and 
 was placed in a frame slightly inclined. The coal entered at 
 the elevated end ; and the screen was turned round by hand, 
 like a grindstone. 
 
 When breakers were introduced, the screens, as before, were 
 made of bar-iron, riveted on frame-work. Much trouble was 
 occasioned from their liability to break ; and all work had to be 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 21b 
 
 suspended while they were being repaired : but, after many 
 mechanical experiments, a citizen of Pottsville invented a 
 machine by which the very largest and thickest wire is 
 wrought into shape by heavy machinery suitable for weaving. 
 " Wire as thick as an ordinary ramrod is crimped by this 
 process, which merely consists of a heavy hammer, suspended 
 in frame-work, which is made to fall upon the wire placed 
 under it, upon a surface allowing it to receive the particular 
 lend desired, after which it is woven into frames of about three 
 feet square. These frames are then placed over a large wooden 
 cylinder, and rounded, when two or more sections are pointed 
 and riveted together, which completes their circular form. The 
 screen thus complete is removed from the bench, and joined 
 with another of the same dimensions, but of larger or smaller 
 net-work. These screens are remarkably durable, and are not 
 the least feature which has tended to bring coal-breakers into 
 universal use." ' 
 
 We give a plate of a screen, in which are seen the different 
 sections of net-work, and a group of boys engaged in picking 
 out slate from the 
 coal as it is dropped , ,^„ „ ,^_„ 
 
 
 from these sections, 
 after which the 
 pure coal falls into 
 its appropriate 
 shutes, and is de- 
 posited in cars 
 ready to receive it; 
 and, when these are 
 sufficiently full, the 
 shutes are closed. 
 
 The greatest danger to which miners are 
 exposed is from improper ventilation, and 
 gaseous explosions. Gas is constantly given 
 out from coal, not only when exposed to 
 heat, or unusual compression, but also under ordinary atmospheric 
 conditions. A person entering a mine for the first time would 
 I Eli Bowen's Pictorial Sketch-Book of Pennsylvania, p. 190. 
 
 PICKING OUT SLATE. 
 
276 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 notice a peculiar singing noise, caused, without doubt, by the 
 issue of gas from tlie coal. In mines of certain kinds of coal, the 
 noise is unceasing. The quantity of gas produced varies very 
 much according to the nature of the coal and the amount of 
 atmospheric pressure. One coal-seam in England, said to be a 
 particularly fiery one, threw out gas so rapidly, that by boring a 
 little hole in the mineral, and applying a light, a jet flame would 
 be produced. In this case the purity of the gas would prevent 
 explosion ; for it is only by admixture of atmospheric air that this 
 can be brought about. It has been ascertained that the quantity 
 of gas given out from foui" acres of coal " by singing " was ten 
 thousand hogsheads per minute. Seams of coal vary much in 
 this respect ; some containing scarcely any gas at all. Besides 
 this constant issue by singing, there is another way in which 
 gas is met with ; namely, in "blowers," or puffs of gas occurring 
 at long cracks in the seams, or at faults in the bed, sometimes 
 at mere holes. These " blowers " have sometimes been known 
 to light the chief passages of mines for years, and are consid- 
 ered a safe way of using up the gas. But, when the works of a 
 mine have been placed too near a fault, the pressure of gas has 
 been so great as to force the coal forward, separating it from the 
 main bed, and thus involving all in the mine in a general 
 destruction. 
 
 In addition to these modes occurring in the natural state of 
 the coal, constant accumulations in portions of mines already 
 partially worked are found ; and, where the»roof is partly fallen, 
 there is always much danger to be apprehended, as the gas must 
 of necessity be mixed with atmospheric air, thus rendering it 
 highly explosive. They are also found in faulted districts, 
 where the seam is broken, the result of pressure at some remote 
 time. The danger arises, in all these cases, from the fact that 
 mining operations cannot be conducted without lights ; and thus 
 experiments have been directed to producing a lamp which 
 would guard against any possible accident. About the year 
 1820, Sir Hmnphry Davy invented a lamp upon the principle 
 that the explosion of gas would not pass through small tubes ; 
 and he found that the length of the tubes made no difference, 
 but that wire gauze of the proper dimensions answered the same 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSTLVANTA. 277 
 
 purpose. Thus was obviated the necessity, for an outside glass ; 
 and it could be taken among the most explosive substances with- 
 out danger. The gauze was usually made of iron wire ; and 
 there were in it se\en hundred and eighty-four holes to the 
 square inch. Its superiority over other lamps was, that it gave 
 more light, was more portable, with at least equal safety. Mr. 
 George Stephenson, the engineer, invented a lamp called a 
 " Geordie," which differed from the Davy lamp, in having a 
 glass tube, which increased the light, and kept the flame steady, 
 from its being protected from the air. This added to its safety 
 while perfect ; but the glass was liable to be broken, and then it 
 became very dangerous. In some of the Belgian mines, a lamp 
 called "the Muesseler lamp," was used ; but it was complicated, 
 and thus inferior to Sir H. Davy's. About this time the Clanny 
 lamp was introduced ; and several others have subsequently 
 been invented ; but they are all made upon the principle of the 
 Davy lamp : among these are the Boty, the Eloin, the Glover, 
 the Upton and Roberts, and the Hall and Fife. 
 
 Much improvement has been made in ventilating mines ; and 
 the means taken to check fire-damp, or grisou, dispose of much 
 of the accumulation of gas. This is performed by a single 
 workman, who, clothed in garments of moistened leather, his 
 face protected by a mask, with spectacles of glass, crawls into 
 the mine, holding forward a long pole with a lighted torch at 
 the end, with which he sounds the irregularities of the roof, the 
 front of the excavations, and sets fire to the grisou. But this is 
 attended with much inconvenience and danger, as it has to be 
 repeated many times a day in some mines. Then was devised 
 the method of eternal lamps, which, being kept constantly burn- 
 ing, consumed the grisou as fast as it was produced ; but this 
 was soon abandoned on accoimt of the production of carbonic 
 acid and azote. At length the property possessed by platina in 
 sponge, which facilitates the combustion of the hydrogen with 
 which it comes in contact, was made use of; and pellets, com- 
 posed of one part of platina, and two parts clay, were manu- 
 factured, and placed at the points where the grisou collected. 
 But all these efforts offered only a temporary palliative, substi- 
 tuting for a great peril many lesser ones, which, although per- 
 haps not as dangerous, were equally troublesome. 
 
278 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The mode of ventilation adopted in this region is this : 
 Atmospheric air is admitted at the mouth of the slope ; and this 
 air, after penetrating the mine in every avenue, is drawn in a 
 current through an escape-hole, having a burning furnace over 
 it, by which a regular and intense heat is kept up. The draught 
 thus given is very strong, as there is no other escape for it ; and 
 the noxious gases of the mine are carried along with it. If 
 these gases are accumulated in places where the atmospheric air 
 cannot penetrate, they are scattered by the miners, by canvasses, 
 or banners ; and, when there is not sufficient air, revolving fans 
 worked by machinery are used ; and thus the air is kept compar- 
 atively pure. The fan was introduced in 1857-58, in Pennsyl- 
 vania, by John Louden Beadle, a practical and able mining 
 engineer. He has since that time unproved his fan, and system 
 of ventilation ; and it is now the best method known. Siace 
 the opening of the anthracite coal trade, all the regions of the 
 State have produced 219,981,040 tons. 
 
 BiTUMLNOtrs Coal. — The region in which this coal is found 
 covers an area of nearly thirteen thousand square miles, and 
 reaches through twenty-four counties. It is all found west of 
 the Alleghany Mountains. Large mines have been opened in 
 Bradford, Lycoming, Westmoreland, Washington, and Green 
 Counties, and in several others. Pittsburg is the great centre 
 of trade in the bituminous coal. This coal was discovered and 
 used much earlier than the anthracite. It was first burned by 
 the blacksmiths, and then in forges and furnaces, and lastly in 
 public and private buildings. Large manufacturing establish- 
 ments are to be found scattered over nearly the whole of its 
 vast area. Great quantities of it are carried to the Ohio and 
 Mississippi ; and it is used in towns and cities from Pittsburg to 
 New Orleans. In 1864 it is estimated that there were 5,839,000 
 tons of bituminous coal mined in Peimsylvania. 
 
 The production of bituminous coal for 1873 was 22,585,222 
 tons. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 PEODTTCTION OF rEON" AiTD OIL IN PENNSYLVAKIA. 
 
 Pennsylvania compared with other States — Cornwall Hills — Counties, 
 where found — Chester County — Prohibitory Law — Forges in Bucks County 
 
 — Lebanon — Manufacturing Baptists — Maria Forge — Henry "William 
 Steigel — Valley Forge — William Denning — Various Forges — Anthracite 
 Coal for Smelting — Jacobs' s Creek — Dunbar Creek — Fairchance Furnace 
 
 — Redstone — Charcoal Furnaces — Bituminous Coal — Pig-iron — Total 
 Product — Geology of Petroleum — Naphtha — Venango County — Devonian 
 Eocks — Daddow — Indians burn Oil — Excitement on Discovery of Oil — 
 Oil Companies — Prospecting — Oil Creek — A Derrick. 
 
 THIS State has long had a high reputation for the produc- 
 tion of iron. Indeed, so much has been said on this sub- 
 ject, that one is almost ready to suppose there was more iron 
 ore in this Commonwealth than in any or all the other States in 
 the Union. But such an idea is wide of the truth ; for New 
 York, New Jersey, Virginia, and several other States, are much 
 more abundant in this ore than Pennsylvania. But, though 
 less in quantity, the skilful manner in which she has developed 
 her resources in this respect entitles her to the highest praise; 
 and it must be evident that this commendation is justly be- 
 stowed from the fact that she produces more manufactured iron 
 than all the other States combined. The most extended de- 
 posit of iron ore is found at Cornwall Hills, in Lebanon 
 county ; and some two hundred thousand tons are taken annu- 
 ally from its mines. In following out the net-work of railways, 
 and describing the cities and towns along their various routes, 
 reference will be made to the deposits of this ore. For the 
 present, it is sufficient to say that considerable quantities are 
 found in Chester, Lehigh, Lebanon, Berks, Cambria, Montgom- 
 ery, Franklin, Clarion, Montour, Armstong, Juniata, Blair, 
 
 279 
 
280 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Northampton, Indiana, Lancaster, Clearfield, Lycoming, Hunt- 
 ingdon, Cumberland. 
 
 The first effort made to make this ore available for manufac- 
 turing purposes was in Chester county, as early as 1720, -where 
 a forge, called Coventry, was erected ; and in this forge was 
 produced the first iron made from the native ore. These works 
 are still in operation. About the same time, a furnace and 
 forge were established at Manatawny, in Montgomery County. 
 In the year 1723 the Assembly, upon petition of proprietors 
 of iron-works, passed an act prohibiting the sale of "liquor 
 and beer " in the vicinity of their premises. 
 
 The number of furnaces in blast in the Province, as early as 
 1728, was four, all producing iron for home purposes. A fur- 
 nace known as the Warwick was erected on French Creek, in 
 Chester County, in 1736. The Cornwall Cold Blast Furnace, 
 which Peter Grubb erected in 1742, was mucli used during the 
 Revolutionary War. Previous to 1743 a company purchased 
 a tract of land at Durham, in Bucks County, and a furnace- 
 and forges were put in operation. In 1745 Colebrookdale fur- 
 nace, in Lebanon County, commenced manufacturing iron. 
 
 Among the earliest manufacturers in the Pro-vince was a 
 community of Baptists at Ephratah; and in 1750 there was 
 carried on, under one roof, paper manufacturing, printing, book- 
 binding ; there were also a pearl-barley-mill, a grist-mill, and an 
 oil-mill. This incident -will illustrate the patriotic spirit which 
 animated them in the great struggle for national independence : 
 before the battle of Brandywine, Washiugton sent to Ephratah 
 for paper with which to make cartridges. No paper was to be 
 had ; but these loyal Christians, -without a murmur, loaded sev- 
 eral wagons -with sheets of an edition of " Bracsht's Martyrs' 
 Mirror," which was already printed for binding, and forwarded 
 them to the army. 
 
 In 1753 Maria Forge was built at Weissport, in Carbon 
 county, the pioneer of the Lehigh Valley in working iron ore ; 
 and this forge, having been rebuilt, is still in use. 
 
 A furnace called Elizabeth was erected about 1756, near 
 Litiz, fourteen miles north of Lancaster. Henry William 
 Steigel, a wealthy German baron, one of the proprietors, was 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 281 
 
 sole manager of it at one time ; but, though expert and enter- 
 prising in mechanical arts, he was too risky and presuming for 
 the inhabitants of that region, and he retained possession but a 
 short time. He founded the village of Manheim in Lancaster 
 County, in 1762, and built there large iron and glass furnaces. 
 Near these works, and also in the neighborhood of Elizabeth 
 Furnace, he erected castles which he mounted with cannon. 
 One of these castles near Shaefferstown is still recognized as 
 " Steigel's Folly." He was the first manufacturer in this country 
 of stoves, which may still be seen in some of the old families 
 of Lancaster. 
 
 Valley Forge, at the entrance of Valley Creek, where it 
 empties into the Schuylkill, was in the glen where Washington 
 encamped in the winter of 1777 ; and it was from this forge 
 that the glen took its name. A cotton factory has long since 
 superseded the forge. 
 
 In Cumberland and York Counties, many forges and furnaces 
 were in operation prior to the Revolution. A blacksmith of 
 Cumberland County, one William Denning, to manifest his 
 zeal towards his country in her trying hour, manufactured a 
 curious kind of wrought-iron cannon, consisting " of wrought- 
 iron staves, hooped like a barrel, with bands of the same 
 material: there were four layers of staves, breaking joint, 
 which were firmly bound together, and then boxed and 
 breeched like other cannon." 
 
 Those who are interested in viewing relics of this character, 
 we refer to the Philadelphia Arsenal, where an unfinished speci- 
 men of this kind of ordnance is yet preserved. 
 
 About forty miles from Lancaster, there were, in 1786, forges, 
 rolling and slitting mills, and seventen furnaces. Gun-barrels 
 were manufactured here ; and a large amount of pig and bar 
 ii'on was made in 1798. 
 
 Chester County, in 1798, had six forges ; and Berks County, 
 in the same year, had also six forges and the same number of 
 furnaces. Even as early as 1733, a forge, called the Green 
 Lane Forge, was erected on Perkiomen Creek, in this county ; 
 and in 1750 the Glasgow forges were built. These were fol- 
 lowed by two bloomery forges, — one in 1788, and the other 
 in 1790, which are both still in use. 
 
282 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 After it was discovered that anthracite coal could be used 
 in smelting iron, furnaces rapidly increased all through the 
 State, as has been stated in the last chapter. The works in 
 which this coal is thus used are divided into four groups. The 
 Lehigh, in which is found the greatest amount of metal, com- 
 prehends all the establishments upon the Lehigh River and its 
 tributaries. In 1864 there were in this group thirty furnaces ; 
 and, according to the State report for 1874, this number is 
 increased to fifty. 
 
 The Schuylkill group is on the Schuylkill River and its 
 tributaries. In 1864 it contained twenty-four furnaces ; and 
 statistics for 1874 show forty-seven. 
 
 The Upper Susquehanna group is above Harrisburg, on the 
 Susquehanna River and its tributaries, and contained, in 1864, 
 twenty-five furnaces. The State statistics show a gain of only 
 one for 1874. 
 
 The Lower Susquehanna group is below Harrisburg, in the 
 valley of the Susquehanna, and contained, in 1864, twenty-six 
 furnaces : the number reported for 1874 is thirty-eight. The 
 average consumption of iron ore and coal, for every ton of iron 
 produced throughout the anthracite region, is, of the former, 
 two and one-quarter tons, and, of the latter, two tons. 
 
 Of the furnaces west of the Alleghanies, the first one was 
 built on Jacobs's Creek, about the year 1790. Cannon-baUs 
 were cast in this furnace in 1792. In 1794 Union Furnace was 
 'erected on Dunbar Creek, fourteen miles east from Browns- 
 ville ; and, two years later, Fairchance Furnace was established 
 at Uniontown, Fayette County. Another one was also located 
 here in 1800, knovra. as the " Red Stone." This and the pre- 
 ceding one were in operation in 1864, and in that year pro- 
 duced twelve hundred tons of iron. 
 
 Before the year 1839 iron had been made only in charcoal 
 furnaces. These were first established in 1720, which gradu- 
 ally increased, until, in 1847, they reached their maximum; 
 there being at that time one hundred and seventy in working 
 order. Since that period, they have annually lessened. In 
 1854 the entire quantity of iron produced by charcoal was 
 116,000 tons. In 1865 the number of furnaces had de- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 283 
 
 clined to seventy-two, fifty-nine of these being east, and thir- 
 teen west, of the TUleghany Mountains. The production of 
 iron for that year was 58,670 tons ; for the year 1867 it was 
 increased to 60,155 tons, including 20,000 tons made in forges 
 and bloomeries. In 1840 fifteen furnaces west of the AUe- 
 ghanies used charcoal. In 1850 there were forty-six ; but, of 
 these, fourteen only were in operation in 1860. During these 
 ten years previous, althoiigh several new ones were erected, the 
 number closed counterbalanced them; for it was within this 
 time that the bituminous coal engaged the attention of manu- 
 facturers, and furnaces worked by coke, or raw coal, began to 
 be preferred. 
 
 As early as the year 1840 a furnace was built at Brady's 
 Bend, in Armstrong County, in which iron was manufactured 
 by coke, or raw bitiuninous coal, for the first time in Western 
 Pennsylvania. This proved a successful experiment; and, at 
 the end of five years, eight furnaces were worked with this 
 coal. In 1865 there were forty coke and raw coal furnaces in 
 the State, located in nine counties. Statistics for 1874 give 
 thirty, with some counties added ; while from others the fur- 
 naces have been removed. 
 
 The total production of pig-iron, and all made from anthra- 
 cite, bituminous coal, and charcoal in 1867, was 839,496 tons ; 
 and, as shown by the United States census of 1870, the total 
 product of iron ore was 1,095,486 tons. 
 
 OIL, OE PETBOLBUM. 
 
 Oil, rock-oil, or petroleum, has been known and used, to some 
 extent, in Canada, Burmah, Persia, and China, for ages. The 
 lightest variety of what are scientifically called hydro-carbons 
 has the name of naphtha. What is known as carburetted 
 hydrogen embodies all the constituents of petroleum. When 
 in this form, it is said to be possessed of its most volatUe char- 
 acter. Petroleum is a compound of carbon and hydrogen ; and 
 the lighter kinds, in its native state, consist of about equal 
 parts of carbon and hydrogen. Naphtha, cannot be confined in 
 ordinary barrels, because the light hydrogen wiE find a way 
 out, even through the pores of the wood ; and, on coming to 
 
284 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the air, it soon becomes thick, forming bitumen, or a very 
 heavy oil. Petroleum is only a heavier oil, containing more 
 carbon, and less hydrogen, than naphtha. Thus it is found, that, 
 in oil-wells, the upper oil is always heavier, thicker, and more 
 valuable than that beneath, because it has lost a great part of 
 its hydrogen. What are called the second oils — those found 
 beneath the third sand-rock in Venango County of this State — 
 are very light when found at the depth of six or seven hundred 
 feet ; but, when found at the depth of two or three hundred 
 feet, they are heavier ; and, when found at a depth of fifteen 
 hundred feet, they exist as gas, or light naphtha. In whatever 
 form they may exist in nature, when exposed to the atmos- 
 phere they become thick and heavy, and, whether in stmimer 
 or winter, when long exposed to the air, they become solid, and 
 form asphaltum, bitumen, cannel coal, bituminous coal, &c. 
 
 Oil has been found more abundantly in Venango County 
 than in any other region of which we have any knowledge ; and 
 the rocks which bear it are comprehended under the Devonian 
 period, and, consequently, are called the Devonian rocks. These 
 rocks include the Catskill, Chemimg, Portage, Genesee, Hamil- 
 ton, Marcellus, Upper Helderberg, Schoharie, and Oriskany 
 Counties of New York. They become much thinner in this 
 locality than in other portions of the formation, being probably 
 not more than from ten hundred to fifteen hundred feet in 
 thickness. Daddow, in his " Practical American Miner," thus 
 speaks of this region : — 
 
 " First, The several oil-bearing strata are here brought into 
 a comparatively small thickness by the thinning of the sand- 
 stones from the east to the west, and the absence of the 
 heavy limestones, which, farther to the south-west, overlie 
 the Devonian oil-formation, and greatly increase the depth at 
 which they exist. As before stated, the upper oils are always 
 the thickest, heaviest, and most valuable, because the more 
 volatile parts escape when near the surface. The middle oils, or 
 those which exist at a reasonable depth from the surface, — say 
 from three to six hundred feet deep, — are the most abundant, 
 because at this depth it exists as naphtha, and contains the 
 greater portion of its hydrogen ; but, at a greater depth, — say 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 285 
 
 from one thousand to fifteen hundred feet, — the hydro-carbons 
 exist principally in a state of gas, which to the present time 
 has not been utilized. There may be exceptions to this depth 
 in the West, since there we may expect heavy oils at a greater 
 depth, on account of the lower temperature which always 
 existed there. 
 
 " Second, The oil-formations of North-western Pennsylvania 
 lie along the north-eastern outcrops of the Great Basin. Here 
 the Devonian rocks approach the surface, bringing their oils 
 within a practical depth below the influence of the atmosphere, 
 which thickens, and above the chemical action which holds the 
 hydro-carbons in a state of gas. 
 
 " Third, The even, undisturbed, and horizontal position of 
 the strata in this region is extremely favorable to the existence 
 or preservation of the oil in its fountains, which are thus sealed 
 for use. The fine-grained texture of the sandstones, and their 
 solid, unbroken spread, the close and tenacious strata of shales 
 and slates, and the intercalating clays, prevent the escape of 
 the gas or oil in exhausting quantities. 
 
 "Fourth, The middle position of this region, between the 
 extreme heat of the East and the low temperature of the West, 
 was favorable to the original formation of oil; and this we 
 think one of the great secrets of the abundance of oils along 
 the central portions of the Great Alleghany coal-field." ^ 
 
 In the early settlement of Western Pennsylvania by the 
 whites, there were traces of oil upon the rivers and in low 
 places, which the Indians sometimes gathered up, and set on 
 fire, when they worshipped the Great Spirit. They also used 
 it as medicine, to which the whites gave the name of Seneca oil. 
 If search had been made then, no doubt the oil would have 
 been discovered. Who knows but that the " mountain of 
 silver " described by the Indians to the first settlers may not 
 yet be found within the bounds of our State ? 
 
 When it was first announced that oil had been found in 
 Venango County, I was in Philadelphia. In earlier life I had 
 witnessed several seasons of speculation; as that of "Ohio," 
 and in " eastern lands," in Maine, the " Multicaulus," or 
 
 1 See Practical Americau Miner, p. 656. 
 
286 EISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 raising of silk-worms, &c. In these I had known many who 
 had lost all their property. But these speculations were mere 
 babes, and bore little or no comparison to the " oil-fever," after 
 a few producing wells had been opened. The whole community 
 was astir. Merchants, politicians, mechanics, physicians, 
 clergymen, everybody seemed crazy. Fortunes had been made 
 in a day. Millions more were to be speedily realized. The 
 slow and common way of accumulating money had forever 
 passed. Thanks were given, and " Te Deums " sung, for this 
 wonderful discovery, just when it was most needed. The oil 
 was to pay, and ten times more than pay, the cost of the civil 
 war, then in progress. It was to draw all the hard money from 
 the Old World, and concentrate the wealth of the Indies — 
 East and West — in Pennsylvania. The days of toil and labor 
 for her sons had passed, never more to return ; and the days of 
 silks, satins, jewels, diamonds, and all other embellishments for 
 her daughters, were at hand. Companies for purchasing lands 
 in Venango County, and developing wells, were formed. 
 
 " Thick as locusts on the 
 Land of Nile," 
 
 Men were drawn into this vortex, who never speculated 
 before, — old men who had hoarded their earnings, men of 
 character, ministers of the gospel, elders and deacons of 
 churches, ladies, widows, members of churches, hasting to be 
 rich. Land in Western Pennsylvania went up from a few 
 cents an acre to thousands of dollars ; and he who bought at 
 the highest figure was sure to augment his fortune a thousand- 
 fold. I met a clergyman one day all agog. " Why don't you 
 go into this oil business," said he. "I made a thousand dollars 
 this morning before breakfast. I am astonished that you do 
 
 not go into it ! Have you heard what brother N has made 
 
 out of it? Why, he made a hundred thousand dollars in a 
 week." 
 
 Any man could start a company ; and, if he could get some 
 good citizens of character to be president and directors, his for- 
 tune was made. Many such men are to be found in Philadel- 
 phia, and other parts of this State, to-day, who with sojrow, 
 
BISTORT OF FENN8TLVANIA. 287 
 
 shame, regret, and poverty, look back to that period of ill omen 
 when they lent their names to aid what turned out to be one 
 of the most foolish, wicked, victimizing systems of fraud aiid 
 deception the world ever saw. 
 
 In the midst of this general excitement, prospecting for oil 
 became sufficiently amusing, and one would have supposed the 
 days of the old astrologers and necromancers had returned ; for 
 the " diviner's rod " and the " witch-hazel " were brought into 
 Requisition to point out just where the wonderful commodity 
 was to be found; and so potent was this last-named article, 
 that it would thus point, despite the strength of the man who 
 held it to prevent it from so doing ; and, in some cases, the 
 attraction of the oil was so great, that the bark would be 
 twisted from off it in his hand. What demonstration could be 
 more convincing than this ? Surely none, except the guidance 
 of the " spirits," who also came in for their share. 
 
 Oil Creek, near Titusville, was for some time the centre of 
 attraction for these fortune-seekers. It was a sterile and barren 
 territory. Over rocks, and up the sides of mountains, and aU 
 along the creek, and these ascents, to their very tops, almost an 
 innumerable number of derricks was erected. Instead of the 
 desolation and wildness of the region, as it had ever been until 
 this period, the number of the derricks, the smoke and steam 
 of the engines, the clatter of the bull-wheels, the shouts of 
 teamsters and miners, the running to and fro of men bespattered 
 with mud, seemed to give activity and life to every thing. 
 
 As soon as a place for boring a well had been selected, the 
 first thing to be done was to build a derrick, which was con- 
 structed in this way : Strips of plank were nailed together at 
 the two edges, forming a half-square. Four of these were set 
 up on end, twenty feet apart, leaning a little towards each 
 other : strong cross-pieces and braces were spiked from one to 
 the other. Another section was built on this, still leaning 
 toward the centre ; and section upon section was thus built, 
 until the derrick was fifty-six feet high : when finished, it 
 came nearly to a peak in the centre. Two iron pulleys were 
 fixed upon a frame on the top. A strong floor was laid in the 
 derrick ; and pieces were nailed at one corner for a ladder to 
 the top. 
 
288 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The samson-post, fifteen inches square, and thirteen feet 
 long, was then made, with a tenon on one end of it. Then 
 two large timbers, fourteen feet long, were fitted together like a 
 cross, with a mortise cut in the centre where the sticks cross. 
 These are called bed-timbers for the samson-post ; and the mor- 
 tise receives the tenon of it. After the cross-timbers were firmly 
 embedded in the ground by digging, and the samson-post was set 
 up in the mortise, strong braces were spiked from each end of 
 the bed-timbers to the top of the post, which serve to render 
 the post very firm. The next thing is a walking-beam (prop- 
 erly called a working-beam), twenty-four feet long, ten by 
 sixteen inches at the middle, tapering out to eight inches square 
 at the end. This working-beam was then placed on the top of 
 the samson-post, by fitting the iron which had been bolted to 
 the middle of the walking-beam into the iron which had been 
 bolted to the top of the samson-post. These were so placed, 
 that one end of the beam was in the derrick, over the centre of 
 the spot where the well is supposed to be. 
 
 A sprightly and amusing writer (W. T. Adams), in an article 
 on " Petrolia," further describes the apparatus used in boring 
 for oil as follows : " It [the bull-wheel] is a turned shaft of 
 wood, eight inches in diameter, and eight feet long, with a six- 
 feet wheel set on near each end. The spokes of the wheels were 
 left uncovered at the end, so that the men could take hold to 
 turn the shaft, as a pilot does the wheel by which he steers a 
 boat. The sides of the wheels facing each other were boarded 
 up smoothly, so that the arms would not catch the rope while 
 winding it on the shaft between the wheels. On the outside 
 of one of the wheels was fastened a large grooved pulley : this 
 was to receive a rope-belt from the engine to drive the bidl- 
 wheel. The men hung the bull-wheel by iron journals, or 
 gudgeons, in each end of its shaft, so it would turn freely. It 
 was placed in a frame between the legs of the derrick, at the 
 side opposite the working-beam. 
 
 " The next thing was the band-wheel. This is set in a 
 strong frame called the jack-frame, and placed so that one end 
 of the band-wheel shaft comes directly under one end of the 
 working-beam, — that end which is out of the derrick. The 
 
BTSTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 289 
 
 band-wheel is six feet in diameter, and has a six-inch face, on 
 which is to be placed the driving-belt of the engine. On one 
 side of the wheel is a grooved pulley, like that on the bull- 
 wheel, on which the rope-belt is to be run. On one end of the 
 band-wheel shaft is a crank, which is to be connected with the 
 end of the working-beam above by a pitman : when the crank 
 turns, and the pitman is on, it will work the beam up and 
 down. 
 
 " On the side of the band- wheel farthest from the derrick, 
 they set up the sand-pump reel. As this reel is to wind a 
 smaller rope on, it is made smaller than the bull-wheel shaft. 
 The sand-pmnp reel is turned by a friction pulley on one end of 
 it. The pulley can be moved in its frame, and made to bear 
 against the face of the band-wheel, at a point where the driving- 
 belt does not touch the face of the wheel. The frame of the 
 reel is moved by a lever in the derrick, so as to force the fric- 
 tion-pulley against the band-wheel, or take it off, and stop the 
 reel, at the pleasure of the man in the derrick. As the friction- 
 pulley is much smaller than the band-wheel, the sand-pump 
 reel turns very fast when the friction-pulley is ' in gear.' " 
 
 Having thrown the reel out of gear by the lever in the 
 derrick, the sand-pump rope is reeled on. " The engine and 
 boiler were now put in place, a few feet from the band-wheel : a 
 belt was put on from the driving-wheel of the engine to the band- 
 wheel, and they were ready to ' run.' When the friction-pulley 
 was forced against the band-wheel, the sand-pump reel would 
 turn. When the pitman was put on the crank of the band- 
 wheel, the working-beam would rock on the samson-post. 
 When the rope-belt was put on the band-wheel, the bull-wheel 
 would turn, and wind up the drill-rope. Thus the band-wheel 
 could be used in three ways. 
 
 " The first thing in sinking a well is to drive the pipe. As 
 far down as there is only earth or small stones, and until solid 
 rock is met, iron pipe can be driven without drilling. To drive 
 this pipe, the workmen set up in the centre of the derrick two 
 strong plank slide-ways, twenty feet high, fifteen inches apart, 
 taking care to make them perfectly perpendicular, and fasten 
 them securely. Between these they hung a heavy pile-driver. 
 
 19 
 
290 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The loose end of the drill-rope was now carried up to the "top 
 of the derrick, passed through the big pulley, and down to the 
 battering-ram between the slide-ways. 
 
 " The drive-pipe is cast iron, six inches inside diameter, and 
 of various lengths, the walls or shell of the cylinder being 
 about an inch thick. 
 
 " The end of the pipe first started into the ground is shod 
 with steel, that it may better force its way ; and the upper end 
 is protected by a driving-cap, so that the pipe may not be 
 battered or broken in driving. 
 
 " The first length of pipe was now set up between the slide- 
 ways and the belt-rope run on the bull-wheel. The heavy 
 ram was thus drawn up to the slide-ways, where a ' stop ' 
 knocked the rope loose from the ram ; and it fell, with a power- 
 ful blow, on the top of the drive-pipe. By repeating this 
 process, the pipe was forced downward." 
 
 We are elsewhere told, that, in boring for oil, " sometimes 
 ' the drill opens a cavern filled with gas and oil, and they rush 
 up suddenly : if the gas take fire, and the oil catches, there is 
 no stopping it. A few years ago a well commenced to spout, 
 and the gas spread, so that it took fire from the fire-box of an 
 engine one hundred and fifty feet distant, before the men could 
 run there to put the fire out. The gas and oil filled the air so 
 suddenly with flames, that thirty men were burned to death. 
 It was several days before the fire could be put out. On the 
 Alleghany, there is a well which has been burning six or seven 
 years : it lights up all the country round." 
 
 Sometimes, when oil is reached, a loud report, like that of a 
 cannon, is heard, and the ground shakes ; and men have even 
 been prostrated by the discharge of oil and water flying high 
 in the air. 
 
 The work is not done when the oil has been reached ; for it is 
 sometimes found so unexpectedly, and in such vast quantities, 
 that it is very difficult to secure it. The fountain broken 
 into sends forth its contents, roaring, foaming, and spouting 
 oil and gas, fifty feet high. 
 
 The author above referred to states the following case of 
 this kind : " The men at first tried to stop the stream entirely. 
 
292 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 They took down the ponderous working-beam ; and as many- 
 men as could take hold of it at the ends threw it over the 
 mouth of the well, and tried to hold it there. The oU and 
 water spirted and sprayed a hundred feet out each side, scat- 
 tering the crowd of spectators. The working-beam, heavy as 
 it was, was sent flying like a chip, in spite of the efforts of 
 twenty men to hold it down on the well; and the men them- 
 selves were hurled in every direction, as if they were mere 
 insects. They crept out of the deluge of oil and water, looking 
 like so many mice who had fallen into a kettle of grease. 
 
 " After two or three days, however, the well seemed to 
 abate its fury somewhat ; then it began to put on another 
 curious appearance. It gradually changed, from a steady flow, 
 to an interrupted, spasmodic action. For a few moments it 
 would spout with as great fury as ever ; then it would gradu- 
 ally sink away, then, after a few moments of subsidence, 
 increase in violence again. These periods of subsidence 
 became more marked each time, untU, in its quieter moments, 
 the well spouted no higher than a man's head. In one of these 
 sleepy moments of the spouting monster, they succeeded in 
 screwing on the goose-neck, and attaching to it the tanks and 
 the pipe. Now they had the monster under control." 
 
 When a quantity of oil had been obtained, the next thing 
 was to get it to market ; and this was a great work. The first 
 effort to be made towards accomplishing this was to tow flat- 
 bottomed boats up Oil Creek. These boats were made flat, 
 because this creek, though broad, is a shallow stream ; and the 
 current, though considerably strong, can ordinarily be stemmed, 
 and these boats towed up against it. To do this, the horses 
 are made to walk in the middle of the stream. This labor is 
 severe, and these poor animals last but a short time. 
 
 After these boats have been towed up to the wells, they are 
 loaded with the oil, and, taking advantage of pond-freshets, 
 they are floated down to the Alleghany River, and thence to 
 Pittsburg. The quantity of oil thus brought down upon one 
 of these pond-freshets averaged from fifteen thousand to 
 twenty thousand barrels. 
 
 Upon entering the Alleghany, the oil is transferred to a 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 293 
 
 larger and better class of boats. There were about four thou- 
 sand men employed in this way in the oil-business ; and over 
 a thousand boats were in use on the creek, with the addition 
 of some thirty steamers, passenger and tow boats. After rail- 
 roads were built in that section, the mode of transportation 
 :was by car-tanks, each car having two wooden ones, holding 
 forty barrels each. The present method is iron, cylinder-shaped 
 tanks with about the same capacity as the two wooden ones ; 
 and on all the railroads engaged in this traffic there are 2,500 
 iron tank-cars, holding in all 212,500 barrels. The production 
 of petroleum for Venango County in 1866 was 100,000,000 
 gallons ; in 1867 it reached 117,000,000 gallons ; and the entire 
 
 OIL EN ROUTE FOK PITTSBURG. 
 
 product in Pennsylvania from 1868 to 1872 inclusive was 
 25,923,000 barrels. 
 
 As already intimated, the oil-business was a somewhat un- 
 certain one, having its ups and downs. The farmers in this 
 remote part of the State were plain, every-day men, without 
 much polish or refinement, , thougli honest and industrious. 
 When they found enormous prices offered for their lands, they 
 were greatly surprised, and scarcely knew what to say. Some 
 days large amounts were bid for their lands, and soon the 
 prices fell. This was hard for them to understand. A story is 
 
294 HISTORY OF FENNSTL7ANIA. 
 
 told of one of them who was offered a million dollars for his 
 farm ; but he refused to take it, with the hope of getting two 
 million. He afterwards sold it for forty thousand dollars. 
 
 The same was the case with the price of oil. One day it 
 would be up to eighty or ninety cent-s ; and soon it went down 
 to ten cents per gallon. This was a perplexing affair, as no 
 man could teU whether he was rich or poor, no matter whether 
 he had much oil or little. As land-owners and land-buyers 
 were each astonished and wild with excitement, so was it with 
 oil-sellers and oil-buyers. Although many men lost all they 
 had in these operations, yet it was a fact that much oil was 
 found, as above stated ; and many were made rich by it. Men 
 who had comparatively nothing, or next to nothing, soon found 
 themselves possessed of millions. Petroleum became a great 
 article of commerce ; and the burning of kerosene, a purified 
 form of this oil, superseded the use of whale oil, tallow candles, 
 and spermaceti, and at the present time is more abundantly 
 used for purposes of lighting than all the others combined. 
 Once, within the recollection of the writer, whale-fishing for 
 their oil was a vast business ; and New Bedford, Nantucket, 
 and many other places, became rich and flourishing by this 
 means. Now little, comparatively, is done in this line; and 
 these once great marts of commerce have gone into decay, 
 so completely has coal-oil, or petroleum, taken the place of all 
 others, both for lubricating and lighting purposes. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA EAILEOAD AND POINTS OF INTEREST ALONG 
 ITS EOXJTE TO THE CAPITAL. 
 
 Mr. Sipes's Book — Kichard Trevithick — George Stephenson — Koad in Massa- 
 chustts — Honesdale — Columbia Eailroad — Portage Road — Act for Penn- 
 sylvania Eallroad — Road opened — Branches of New Jersey Division — Of 
 Pennsylvania Railroad — Of Philadelphia and Erie Road — Mileage — Merion 
 — Wynnewood — Eagle — Paoli — Malvern — DoTvnington — Coatesville — 
 Christiana — Gap — Kinzers — Lancaster — Mount Joy — Middletown — Co- 
 lumbia — Marietta — Harrisburg. 
 
 MR. WILLIAM B. SIPES has recently written, and D. M. 
 Boyd, jun., General Passenger Agent of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad, published, a very valuable book, from which much 
 information may be derived of this road and its connections. 
 
 Mr. Sipes, in his Introduction, has the following : " The 
 problem of transportation is one that has taxed the ingenuity 
 and resources of mankind from the earliest recorded history. 
 As man progressed in civilization, the interchange of commodi- 
 ties and products between different countries, and consequent 
 intercommunication, became necessities which had to be met. 
 . . . During these early periods, roads were almost unknown, 
 the tracks for trade being those of Nature alone ; and it was 
 left for chieftains of a later time — the Greeks, the Romans, 
 the Carthaginians — to prepare ways for the movement of their 
 legions and supplies, which were the first steps in improvements 
 that the nineteenth century has perfected. 
 
 " The first introduction of any thing like the present railroad, 
 and from which the latter was ultimately developed, was at the 
 coal-mines in England, some time between the years .1602 a,nd 
 1649. These consisted of wooden tracks, on which the coal- 
 wagons were drawn by horses. The first road of this kind was 
 
 2D5 
 
296 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 built at Newcastle-on-the-Tyne, and seems to haye been tbe 
 invention of a man named Beaumont. From there they grad- 
 ually spread through the mining-districts of England, Scotland, 
 and Wales ; and improvements in their construction were from 
 time to time made. Originally the roads were constructed 
 entirely of wood. These were improved by having a plating or 
 moulding of cast-iron placed upon them in the first half of the 
 nineteenth century ; and according to Mr. George Stephenson, 
 the celebrated engineer, the first rails wholly made of iron were 
 cast in 1766." 
 
 At Quincy, Mass., a road from the Ledges to Neponset River 
 was constructed in 1827, similar to those used in the mining- 
 districts of Great Britain. It was four miles in length, and 
 was used solely for the purpose of transporting granite. 
 
 The first effort to construct a locomotive to run upon a rail- 
 road was made by Richard Trevithick, in 1804 ; and, although 
 but partially successful, it demonstrated that locomotives could 
 be put to practical use on railroads. George Stephenson, in 
 1814, built a locomotive, but, not being wliolly satisfactory, he 
 continued experimenting, until one was completed which took 
 a premium of five hundred pounds sterling offered by the Man- 
 chester and Liverpool Railroad Company, and which was tested 
 on their road, October, 1829. The first road in this country 
 upon which a locomotive was used was that of the Delaware 
 and Hudson Canal Company, at Honesdale, Penn. 
 
 One of the earliest efforts to build a road in America was 
 made in Pennsylvania ; but it went no farther than the incorpo- 
 rating a company, in 1823, to construct "a railroad from Phila- 
 delphia to Columbia, on the Susquehanna River, in Lancaster 
 County, a distance of about eighty miles." She was not dis- 
 couraged, however, at the failure of this enterprise ; and, 
 believing that it would succeed if it were made a public matter, 
 she petitioned the Legislature to authorize the canal commis- 
 sioners, who were about beginning " The Pennsylvania Canal," 
 to examine the country for the road. In the following year 
 (1828) the commissioners were- directed to construct the road, 
 via Lancaster ; and two millions were appropriated for that pur- 
 pose, and also to continue the work upon the canal. By this 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 297 
 
 act the commissioners were also appointed to survey a route 
 over the Alleghany Mountain from Huntingdon to Johnstown. 
 "In 1833 the canal commissioners were directed by law to 
 complete the Columbia Railroad with a double, and the Portage 
 with a single track, and to finish the main line of canal. This 
 was promptly done ; and in 1834 the entire line between Pitts- 
 burg and Philadelphia was opened to trade and travel. The 
 line, as finished, consisted of the Columbia Railroad, eighty-two 
 miles in length, running from Philadelphia to Columbia, on the 
 Susquehanna River ; the eastern division of the canal, one hun- 
 dred and seventy-two miles in length, extending from Columbia 
 to Hollidaysburg ; the Portage Railroad, from Hollidaysburg 
 to Johnstown, a distance of thirty-six miles ; and the western 
 division of the canal, from Johnstown to Pittsburg, one hun- 
 dred and four miles in length, making an aggregate length of 
 three hundred and ninety-four miles. The main line was now 
 in successful operation ; bat it was too slow, too expensive to 
 operate, and too complicated ; and public attention was soon 
 directed to the necessity of building a through line of railroad ; 
 but it was not until 1846 that any project assumed a tangible 
 shape. On the 13th of April of that year, the act to incorpo- 
 rate the Pennsylvania Railroad Company was passed. The 
 capital of the company was fixed at $7,500,000, with the privi- 
 lege of increasing the same to $10,000,000. The company was 
 authorized to build a road to connect with the Harrisburg, Ports- 
 mouth, Mount Joy, and Lancaster Railroad, and to run to Pitts- 
 burg, or other place in the county of Alleghany, or to Erie, as 
 might be deemed most expedient. The act also provided, that 
 in case the company should have $3,000,000 subscribed, and 
 $1,000,000 actually paid into its treasury, and have fifteen 
 miles of its road under contract for construction at each ter- 
 minus prior to the 30th of July, 1847, the law granting the 
 right of way to the Baltimore and Ohio Road, from Cumber- 
 land, Md., to Pittsburg, should be null and void. AU these 
 conditions were complied with; and on the 25th of Febru- 
 ary, 1847, Gov. Shunk granted a charter to the company; and 
 on the 2d of August he issued his proclamation declaring the 
 privileges granted the Baltimore and Ohio abrogated. This 
 
298 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 action created considerable dissatisfaction in Alleghany and 
 other south-western counties of Pennsylvania, and it required 
 the lapse of time to satisfy those sections that it was for their 
 advantage, as well as for the best interests of the State.' 
 
 The road was finally finished, and formally opened Feb. 15, 
 1854, thus completing a direct line over the Alleghany Moun- 
 tains of three hundred and fifty-six miles. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA KAILEOAD BKANCHES. 
 
 East Brandywine and Waynesburg Branch, Pennsylvania 
 and Delaware Branch, York Branch, Mifflin and Centre County 
 Branch, Bedford and Bridgeport Railroad, Bald Eagle Valley 
 Branch, HoUidaysburg and Morrison's Cove Branch, Williams- 
 burg Branch, Ebensburg Branch, Indiana Branch, Western 
 Penn. Railroad, Butler Branch, South-west Pennsylvania. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA AND EKIE EAILEOAD BEANCHES. 
 
 Lewisburg, Centre and Spruce Creek Branch, Danville and 
 Hazleton Branch. 
 
 STJMMAEY OF MILEAGE. 
 
 Pennsylvania Railroad and Branches . . 1,651.3 
 
 West Jersey Railroad 129.2 
 
 Cumberland Valley Railroad . . . 125.0 
 Pittsburg, Virginia, and Charleston Railroad, 81.0 
 Alleghany Valley Railroad .... 258.9 
 Oil Creek and Alleghany River Railroad . 121.0 
 Buffalo, Corry, and Pittsburg Railroad . 42.2 
 Northern Central Railway .... 319.8 
 Baltimore and Potomac Railroad . . 91.3 
 Alexandria and Fredericksburg Railroad . 34.4 
 Richmond and Danville Railroad . . 441.7 
 Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railroad . 266.0 
 Pennsylvania Company .... 1,715.4 
 Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis Railway, 1,150.7 
 St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute, and Indian- 
 apolis Railroad 238.0 
 
 Total miles of railroad owned, operated, or 
 
 controlled by the Penn. Railroad Co. . 6,615.9 * 
 
 1 Sipes's Pennsylvania Eailroad, p. 7. 
 
 * Including all the roads and branches in and out of Pennsylvania. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 299 
 
 Having thus described the Pennsylvania Railroad, and given 
 an account of its origin and history, with its connections, we 
 would now call the attention of the reader to some of the 
 beautiful scenery and locations along the route of the main 
 road. 
 
 Meeion, 5 miles from the city of Philadelphia, is the 
 country home of many of the merchants and retired gentle- 
 men of that city, and from its accessibility by many lines 
 of railroads, its fine scenery, its pure water, and the salu- 
 brity of its climate, offers great and varied attractions to 
 pleasure-seekers.^ 
 
 WTisraTEWOOD, 6i miles, is interesting from being named for 
 Thomas Wynne, president of the first colonial assembly of 
 Pennsylvania, who accompanied the colonists from Wales, and 
 occupied land in the vicinity, which is stiU. in possession of his 
 descendants. 
 
 Eagle, 15 miles, is the first station in Chester County ; and 
 from this point begins a panorama of beautiful views, with 
 which the county abounds. The " Great Valley," of primitive 
 limestone, is the most marked feature, being from two to four 
 miles wide, crossing the county in a south-east and north- 
 west direction. It is enclosed by moderately high hills, with 
 extensive growths of wood ; and from their tops can be 
 had fine views of the highly cultivated farms in the valley 
 below. 
 
 Paoli, 19 miles, is delightfully situated on the border of 
 Chester valley, and is a favorite resort for Philadelphians ; and 
 for their accommodation six trains are run daily to and from 
 the city. It is an old settlement, and appears to have received 
 its name from the tavern, which has always been its most impor- 
 tant feature, and which was called in honor of Pasquale Di 
 Paoli, the great Corsican general, born in 1726, who, at the 
 age of twenty-nine, was chosen general-in-chief of the Corsicans, 
 then in revolt against the Genoese. He was successful ; and as 
 his bravery could not but inspire the American colonies, who 
 
 1 The distances on this road are taken from Mr. Sipes's book, and also those 
 on its branch roads. 
 
300 
 
 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 were striving to achieve their independence, they locaUzed his 
 memory by giving to this tavern and place his name. Gen. 
 Anthony Wayne was born about a mile and a quarter south of 
 Paoli, on the 1st of January, 1745. 
 
 PAOLI. 
 
 Malvern, 21 miles, is the county-seat of Chester County. 
 It is at this place that the highest point of land between Phil- 
 adelphia and Chester valley is reached, the road here being five 
 hundred and forty-five feet above tide-water, from which the 
 descent into the valley is very sudden, — nearly two hundred 
 feet in a distance of ten miles. Delightful glimpses of the 
 farms below this abrupt declivity are obtained from the rail- 
 road. It was about half a mile south-west of this place, that 
 that famous surprise of a detachment of the American Army, 
 under Gen. Wayne, by the British Gen. Grey, occurred on 
 the night of the 20th of September, 1777, known as the 
 " PaoU Massacre." 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSTLVANIA. 301- 
 
 DowNiNGTOK, 32 miles, is beautifully situated in a large 
 vale on the Big Brandywine. A deed for a part of the 
 ground is dated 1682, though it does not appear to have been 
 settled until 1700. It was first called Milltown, because a mill 
 ■was erected here on the Brandywine. It received its name 
 from Thomas Downing. It was inhabited by several rich 
 Quakers at the time of the Revolutionary war, and was con- 
 sidered a peculiarly staid, and highly respectable place, noted 
 for its " spacious substantial houses, shaded by tall elms and 
 pines, and situated in the midst of verdant yards and gardens." 
 A modern historian describes it as " one of the very green 
 spots that have been left unscathed by the mania of modern 
 speculation. Not even the passage of the railroad along its 
 soxithern border could seduce the old-fashioned citizens from 
 their quiet, staid, and thrifty ways, into the delusive dream of 
 making haste to be rich." "Even the temptation of being the 
 county-seat was resisted ; and although, at an early date, the 
 commissioners had obtained the refusal of a single lot, not 
 another lot in the vicinity would any one sell. They were 
 opposed both to parting with their homesteads, and to the 
 noise and brawling of a county-town." 
 
 It was used as a garrison for American troops during the 
 Revolutionary war ; and Richard Downing was the commissary. 
 It was the scene of many incidents and hardships. The " Rob 
 Roy of Pennsylvania," Jim Fitzpatrick, a blacksmith, filled 
 this valley with rumors of his strange adventures. H« was of 
 Irish parentage, and in his youth very active and strong. He 
 enlisted in the American army, but soon deserted, and roamed 
 about as a Tor}', committing many depredations, under the guise 
 of loyalty to the king. While thus employed, he was seized 
 by two soldiers, who were about taking him to Wilmington, 
 where was a detachment of the army. He entreated them to 
 let him return to his mother's house to get some clothing, 
 whither they accompanied him. As soon as he had opened the 
 door, he seized his rifle, and, presenting it to their breasts 
 threatened to shoot them down unless they left immediately 
 A local historian has preserved the following, one of his pecu 
 liar deeds : " Meeting an old woman on her wav to the ci^y 
 
302 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 with all her little stock of money, to purchase supplies, she, 
 little dreaming who he was, made knoAvn to him her fear of 
 meeting Capt. Fitz, and being robbed of her fortune. Fitz 
 heard her patiently, and then informed her that he was the 
 man she dreaded ; but her fear was groundless, as he would 
 
 scorn to wroii, j 
 
 defenceless worn iii 
 
 Drawing from lii> 
 
 pocket a purse ' 
 
 filled, he handed it 
 
 to her, and turned 
 
 off into the woods, 
 
 leaving the poor 
 
 woman overcome with her adventure and her good fortune." 
 
 CoATESViLLE, 38 miles, is situated on the Brandywine, over 
 which the railroad is carried upon a bridge, magnificently built 
 of iron. It is eight hundred and thirty-six feet long, and 
 seventy-thi-ee feet above the water.. It is a growing place, and 
 
 COATESVILLE BRIDGE. 
 
BISTORT OF FENNSTLVANIA. S03 
 
 in manufactures promises to rank among the first in the State. 
 It has six iron-manufacturing establishments, which employ 
 five hundred and fifty men, a number of paper-mills, several 
 woollen and cotton mills, and other industries. This necessi- 
 tates many stores and shops, and it also supports two national 
 banks. The scenery on the Brandywine is very charming, 
 which causes Coatesville to be much resorted to in summer, as 
 also for its mineral spring situated about half a mile from the 
 town. It contains six churches, two public halls, a seminary, 
 and other public institutions. The first settlements were made 
 very early by the Coates family, from Montgomeryshire, Eng., 
 members of the Society of Friends, who came over soon after 
 Penn, and for whom the town is named ; and by the Bizallions, 
 a French family ; and the Flemiags. All of these families have 
 descendants stni in the vicinity. It was incorporated as a 
 borough Aug. 15, 1867. Population 2,025. 
 
 Christiana, 48 miles, is known in history as the scene of 
 " The Riots " in 1851, caused by Maryland officers attempting 
 to capture fugitive slaves. One Marylander was killed, and 
 several, both white and black, were wounded. Many arrests 
 were made by the civil authorities, and the prisoners were 
 removed to Philadelphia for safe keeping and trial. The pro- 
 cess of the court was very slow, and the prisoners were finally 
 discharged. It is a place of great activity and considerable 
 business. 
 
 Gap, 50J miles, is the highest point on the road between 
 Schuylkill and Susquehanna Rivers, the elevation being five 
 hundred and sixty feet above tide-water. In olden time this 
 region was a favorite resort for counterfeiters and other adven- 
 turers. Romance has connected their names with many extrav- 
 agant stories. Many of these depredators served several years 
 in the State prison ; and, though their persons have long since 
 passed away, yet the popular belief is, that their spirits " will 
 not down," but that they still visit their old haunts, and are 
 at their old tricks. Railroad-trains are said to have been seen 
 here, which vanished like a flash; and even " Old Nick" him- 
 self is said to pay nightly visits to their engineers. "Whatever 
 may be the truth regarding these stories, the people about here 
 are very honest, industrious, and frugal. 
 
304 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 KiNZEES, 53J miles, is noted for haying near it the only 
 nickel mines worked in the United States. The company 
 owning the mines employ one hundred and fifty men, and 
 send off twelve hundred tons of matte every year. Matte is 
 the nickel ore reduced to a mass by smelting. This mine,_ 
 according to the census of 1870, returned a product of sixty- 
 six thousand dollars. 
 
 Lancastee, 69 miles. The county of this name was the 
 first one named, after the three original counties into which 
 Penn divided the Province. It was created by the Colonial 
 Legislature the 10th of May, 1729. Lancaster, the shire-town, 
 is beautifully situated in the midst of the richest and most 
 fertile portion of the county. According to the accounts of 
 early historians, the lower valley of the Susquehanna, at the 
 time of the first white settlements, was a vast, uninhabited 
 highway, through which hordes of hostile savages were con- 
 stantly roaming, and where the different tribes had many 
 bloody battles. A Cayuga chief told the Moravians of Wya- 
 lusing, in 1765, that the place they had chosen was an improper 
 one, because all that country had been " stained with blood." 
 
 At Lancaster city, the first settlement in the county was 
 made. It was then only a town, having no county limits ; but, 
 when it was formed into a county, the only building standing 
 within the city limits was a tavern, with a sign of a hickory- 
 tree, kept by one George Gibson. 
 
 Gov. Pownall visited Lancaster in 1754, and says the place 
 then contained " five hundred houses and two thousand inhab- 
 itants ; that it was a growing town, and making money, having 
 then a manufactory of saddles and packsaddles." In 1734 
 Lancaster was made the seat of justice, and from that time 
 grew rapidly in population and importance. It was a famous 
 place for holding councils with the Indians, and making treaties 
 with them. The early colonial records give many accounts of 
 these assemblies. A large portion of the men whose names 
 appear in the history of the Province of Pennsylvania visited 
 Lancaster ; and, in the annals of the State, it ranks second only 
 to Philadelphia. 
 
 An annual fair was held at Lancaster on the first Thursday 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 305 
 
 and Friday in June. An old historian tlius describes these 
 fairs: "You could hardly see the street for the tables and 
 booths, covered with merchandise and trinkets of every kind. 
 There were silks, laces, and jewelry, calicoes, gingerbread, and 
 sweetmeats, such as the ladies love ; and that was the time they 
 got plenty of them, too, for the young fellows used to hoard 
 up their money for months together to spend at the fair. Then 
 the corners of the streets were taken up with mountebanks, 
 rope-dancers, and all the latest amusements. To see these, 
 each young man took the girl that pleased him most ; or, if he 
 had a capacious heart, he sometimes took half a dozen." 
 
 Mr. Sipes, in his railroad volume, adds, " In every tavern there 
 was heard the sound of a violin; and the dances were the 
 crowning pleasure of all. Of taverns there appears to have 
 been an abundance. One writer says that the portraits of 
 half the kings of Europe, of many warriors and statesmen, and 
 of numerous things, animate and inanimate, made the streets 
 an outdoor picture-gallery." 
 
 Lancaster was incorporated as a borough June 19, 1777, and 
 it was made the capital of Pennsylvania in 1799. It continued 
 to be the capital until 1812, when the seat of the State govern- 
 ment was removed to Harrisburg. It was incorporated as a 
 city the 20th of March, 1818. 
 
 James Buchanan, fifteenth President of the United States, 
 owned and lived upon an excellent farm, which, for its fertility 
 and productiveness, he called Wheatland. It was in the imme- 
 diate vicinity of the city ; and here he died and was buried. 
 Thaddeus Stevens, who filled a prominent place in the history 
 of the United States, both before and during the Kebellion, 
 was a citizen of Lancaster ; and there his remains were interred. 
 
 Lancaster is a large manufacturing city. Six cotton-mills 
 are in operation at present, in which thirteen hundred and fifty 
 hands are employed. There are also extensive boiler-works, 
 locomotive-works, comb-factory, several woollen and flour mills, 
 large breweries, and a printing and publishing company em- 
 ploying one hundred and seventy-five hands. In the immedi- 
 ate vicinity of the city, several large iron-mines are worked. 
 It has also three public halls, ten public and private banks, 
 
306 
 
 BISTORT OF FENNSTL7ANIA. 
 
 several excellent hotels, a splendid court-house, a large prison, 
 a children's home, a county poor-house, to which a hospital and 
 lunatic asylum are attached. Its population is 20,233. 
 
 Mount Jot, 80 miles, is situated in a beautiful and fertile 
 country, and is a flourishing place. It has manufactories of 
 reapers, ploughs, carriages, edge-tools, a machine-shop, malleable 
 iron-works, and a soldiers' orphans' school, containing two 
 hundred pupils. It contains six churches, two national banks, 
 
 KESIDENCE OF JAMES BUCHANAN. 
 
 three hotels, and many good schools. The fine buildings of 
 the Female Seminary, erected in 1837, are located near the 
 railroad, by Little Chiques Creek. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, 95i miles, is the first station in Dauphm 
 County, and is at the junction of the Harrisburg, Lancaster, 
 and Columbia Railroads. It is an active, enterprising place ; 
 contains two furnaces, car-works, iron-works, boat-yards, parnt- 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 307 
 
 ■works, and saw-mills. Iron ore and mineral paint abound in 
 its immediate vicinity. A very large business is done in 
 lumber. It has eight churches, a large public hall, and several 
 good hotels. Emmaus Institute, " devoted to the education of 
 poor orphan-children, who are to be carefully trained in the 
 doctrines of the Evangelical Lutheran Church," is located at 
 this place. Mr. Sipes says, " This institution owes its exist- 
 ence to the liberality of George Frey, a citizen of Middletown, 
 whose life was marked with considerable romance. His true 
 name was Everhart, and, a poor German lad, he commenced his 
 career here as a farm-laborer. When he had accumulated a 
 little money, he purchased a stock of trinkets, and started up 
 the Susquehanna River to trade with the Indians. Passing the 
 Blue Mountain, then the frontier of the white settlements, 
 he was arrested by some soldiers as a runaway ' redemp- 
 tioner ' (a servant who had been sold for a time to pay his 
 passage from Europe). In his broken language he declared to 
 the soldiers, ' Ich bin frey ! ' and finally convinced them that 
 he was " free." Locating himself at Fort Hunter, where he 
 became a favorite, the name of 'Frey' was given him, and 
 by it he was afterwards known. He prospered as a trader, 
 opened a store at Middletown, speculated extensively and 
 judiciously, accumulated a large fortune, and with a part of 
 it endowed this benevolent school. He died in 1808, leaving 
 no children." 
 
 Middletown was laid out in 1755, upon the site of an Indian 
 village, and received its name from being midway between 
 Lancaster and Carlisle. In 1851 the adjacent town of Ports- 
 mouth was merged in it. Its population is 2,980. 
 
 CoLlTMBiA, 81 miles, is a borough of Lancaster County, on 
 the Susquehanna. The town is on level ground, on the bank 
 of the river, with high hills back of it. The river at this 
 point is a mile wide, and from these hills presents a magnifi- 
 .cent panoramic view. 
 
 Robert Barber, a Quaker, in 1727 purchased the first land 
 from the proprietaries, and settled upon it the following year. 
 The Indians were favorable to the whites coming, and gave 
 them no trouble. Some of these Quaker pioneers were noted 
 
308 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 for their intelligence and education, among whom was Susanna 
 Wright, daughter of John Wright. She was a superior woman, 
 educated in England. It is said of her, " She was consulted 
 in all difficult matters, did all the writings necessary in the 
 place, was charitable to the poor, and gave medicine gratis to 
 all the neighborhood. She defended the cause of the Indians 
 who were murdered by the Paxton Boys." Another noted 
 woman of this place was Mary Ditcher, a German, who ac- 
 quired a large amount of land, and sold it from time to time to 
 the German emigrants. It is also said that this Mary Ditcher 
 " used to go through the country, making what was then called 
 improvements." " These improvements consisted in piUng a 
 few sticks together, setting them on fire, and hanging a pot 
 over them. If she could then pay for the land, she was allowed 
 to keep it." " She wandered through the wilderness in a sheep- 
 skin dress, leading an old horse, — her only movable property, 
 — with her knitting constantly in her hand." 
 
 It was contemplated, at one time, to make Columbia the 
 county-seat. Robert Barber was then sheriff of the county, 
 and built a prison near his house. It was built of logs, and 
 remained standing many years. There is an anecdote con- 
 nected with this prison, which forms the ground-work of 
 Charles Reade's novel, " The Wandering Heir." The true Lord 
 Altham, whose name was James Annesley, heir to the estates 
 and title of Lord Altham in Ireland, was spirited awaj'- from 
 that country when thirteen years of age, sent to America, and 
 sold as a " redemptioner," or " slave." This sale took place in 
 Philadelphia, where he landed, in 1728. "AH the accounts 
 agree in stating that he ran away from his master, was captured 
 and imprisoned; that he had his troubles because of his 
 master's daughter and a young Indian girl voluntarily bestow- 
 ing their affections upon him; and that finally, after twelve 
 years of servitude, he was discovered to be the rightful Lord 
 Altham, was taken back to England by Admiral Vernon, and 
 after the adventures and trial, as detailed by Reade, was 
 declared to be the true heir. Thfe circumstances of his dis- 
 covery are thus related : Two Irishmen, named John and 
 William Brodus, travelling the Lancaster road, stopped at the 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 309 
 
 house where James was in service. Entering into conversation 
 with him, they discovered they were, all from Dumaine, in the 
 county of Wexford ; and the Irishmen were convinced that the 
 servant was James Annesley, the son and heir of Lord Altham. 
 They volunteered to go back to Ireland, and testify to what 
 they had discovered ; and this they did, appearing as witnesses 
 at the trial which followed the heir's return. It is also said 
 that James was a great singer ; and, when he was confined in the 
 log jail at Columbia, the neighbors frequently visited the prison 
 to listen to him. The events of his life furnished the ground- 
 work for ' Guy Mannering,' ' Roderick Random,' and ' Florence 
 Macarthy,' popular novels in their day. James, it would appear, 
 was a man of no particular talent, and easily discouraged. 
 After his heirship had been substantiated, he permitted his 
 uncle, who had so greatly wronged and persecuted him, to 
 remain in possession of his title. He married twice, had sons 
 and daughters by both wives, — none of his sons, however, sur- 
 viving him, — and died at the age of forty-five, the last of his 
 line. The descendants of the wicked uncle inherited the title 
 and estates." ^ 
 
 Iron and its products are extensively manufactured here ; and, 
 in its various branches, about a thousand men are employed. 
 There is also a manufactory of agricultural implements, an oil 
 refinery, two planing-mills, and many other branches of iadus- 
 try. Population 6,461. 
 
 Mabietta, 84 miles, extends along the bank of the Susque- 
 hanna two miles, and the scenery is very beautiful. It was 
 incorporated as a borough in 1812. 
 
 The old Donegal Presbyterian Church, built in 1740, lies 
 near the bounds of this borough. This was the parent of aU 
 the Scotch-Irish churches along the Susquehanna. An early 
 historian says, " All this region was famous in early times, 
 especially during the Revolution, for the convivial and sprightly 
 spirit characteristic of the Irish. Fiddling, dancing and 
 carousing, or what were then known as hup-sesaws, were as 
 common as eating and drinking." 
 
 Marietta has six iron furnaces, a rolhng-mill, a manufactory 
 
 ' Sipes's Pennsylvania Kailroad, p. 103. 
 
310 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 of enamelled and hollow ware, a foundery, two saw and planing 
 mills, and does a large business in lumber. There are four iron- 
 mines worked in the yicinity. Near Marietta, on the opposite 
 side of the river, is " Wild-cat Glen," a romantic spot, now made 
 use of by the Masonic fraternity as a summer resort. 
 
 Haerisbueg, 105 miles, is the capital of Pennsylvania. 
 "It was originally settled by emigrants from the north of 
 Ireland, an enterprising and daring race, who for nmny years 
 defended the frontier against the Indians, and were conspicu- 
 ous in many of the scenes of border warfare." Most of these 
 emigrants were Presbyterians : their ministers were generally 
 men of great learning and ability. They early founded schools, 
 prominent among which was the " Log College," first estab- 
 lished by WiLliam Tennant, near Philadelphia, in 1726. It 
 consisted of a log-cabin, about fifty feet square, near Mr. 
 Tennant's house ; and he was the only instructor. 
 
 That eminent preacher, George Whitefield, when in Amer- 
 ica, visited this college, and in his journal says, " The place 
 wherein the young men study, now is called, in contempt, 
 ' The College.' To me, it seemed to resemble the school of 
 the old prophets ; for their habitations were mean. From this 
 despised place, seven or eight worthy ministers of Jesus have 
 lately been sent forth : more are almost ready to be sent ; and 
 the foundation is now laying for the instruction of many 
 others." 
 
 An early historian says of these same Scotch-Irish pioneers, 
 " Having neither silver nor gold to give in founding institu- 
 tions for the intellectual, moral, and religious improvement of 
 the people, they gave what they had, — their time, labor, talents, 
 and learning. They planted and watered, and under God their 
 work prospered, the fruits of which were gathered and enjoyed 
 not only in their own day, but by generations then unborn." 
 
 Harrisburg is beautifully situated in a rich territory, higlilj"" 
 cultivated, abounding in iron ore, and covered with manufac- 
 tories. The scenery in every direction is exceedingly fine. 
 The first settlement was made about 1725, by John Harris, an 
 Englishman, who fixed his habitation on the bank of the river ; 
 and here a son was born to him in 1726. He is said to have 
 
EIST0R7 OF PENNSYLVANIA. 311 
 
 been the first white child born in Pennsylvania west of the 
 Conewago Hills. He was named for his father, John Harris, 
 inherited his estate, and became the founder of Harrisburg. 
 
 According to the Rev. Col. Elder, John Harris, sen., was 
 the first person who introduced the plough on the Susque- 
 hanna. By industry and frugality, he acquired a large prop- 
 erty. He was well known throughout the Province ; and his 
 house was often visited by all classes of people, passing through 
 the valley of the river. One day a band of Indians came to 
 his house. They were all intoxicated, and wanted more rum, 
 which he refused ; and thereupon they seized, and bound him 
 to a tree, intending to burn him. While they were kindhng 
 the fire, another band of Indians came up ; and, after a fight 
 between them, Harris was released uninjured. As a remem- 
 brancer of this event, he directed in his will that he should be 
 buried at the foot of this tree. He died in 1748. His direction 
 was carried out ; and his remains and those of his children 
 repose there. 
 
 John Harris, jun., accumulated much wealth, and in 1775 
 loaned the government three thousand pounds. When the town 
 of Harrisburg was laid out, in 1785, he conveyed to commission- 
 ers, whom he named, four acres of ground on Capital Hill, " in 
 trust, for public use, and such public purposes as the legislature 
 shall hereafter direct." He did this because he believed 
 Harrisburg would be the Capital of Pennsylvania at some 
 future time. He died in 1791. 
 
 In 1808 Harrisburg was incorporated as a borough ; and the 
 21st of February, 1810, its founder's dream was realized by 
 its being made the capital of the State. 
 
 In the late rebellion, when the advance portion of Lee's 
 army reached the Susquehanna, opposite Harrisburg, the most 
 intense excitement prevailed in the city, as it was supposed 
 that the object of the invasion was to attack the capital of 
 the State. The Pennsylvania archives were hastily packed, 
 and transported to a place of safety ; but, a retrograde move- 
 ment having been made by the rebels, the capital remained 
 safe without the shedding of blood. 
 
 The Capitol buildings are of plain red brick, without any 
 
312 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 external ornament; and they occupy a fine position, surrounded 
 by ornamental grounds, overlooking the Susquehanna and its 
 delightful scenery. The interior of the buildings is well 
 arranged : the halls for the Senate and House are very conven- 
 ient. The most splendid room is occupied as the State Library, 
 
 which contains many vdlu 
 ble books. Poitiaits of 
 the govemois of Penns;; 
 vania, well preserved, hang sdsquehanna, near harrisbukg. 
 in the executive department. 
 
 The walls are decorated with old curiosities and quaint docu- 
 ments, among which are ancient English charters, treaties 
 between William Penn and others with the Indians, with the 
 marks or hieroglyphics of these aborigines. In the old arsenal, 
 a number of obsolete arms are to be seen, and near it a marble 
 shaft, surmounted by a winged angel, erected In honor of Penn- 
 sylvania volunteers who fell in the Mexican war. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 313 
 
 The city contains fifteen church edifices, representing all the 
 religious denominations. It has an academy, a female semi- 
 nary, and an excellent system of common schools, in which are 
 five thousand pupils. The new Masonic Hall is one of the 
 finest buildings in the State outside of Philadelphia and Pitts- 
 burg. 
 
 Manufacturing of all kinds is largely carried on here ; the 
 city being admirably located for this purpose, from the fact 
 that the splendid railroad system radiates from it to every 
 point of the compass, reaching the great anthracite and bitu- 
 minous coal-mines, the rich veins of iron ore in the adjacent 
 counties, and the fine agricultural country. Population 23,104. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 PLACES ON THE PENNSYLVANIA EAILEOAD FEOM HAEEISBTJES 
 TO THE TTJiTNEL OF THE ALLEGHANY. 
 
 Rockville — Marysville — Duncannon — Aqueduct — Newport — Millerstown — 
 Mifflin — Lewistown — Newton Hamilton — Mount Union — Huntingdon — 
 Tyrone — Altoona — Kittanning Point — Eesting-Place — View from the 
 Mountain. 
 
 STARTING from Harrisburg the capital, which we described 
 in the last chapter, and following the Pennsylvania Railroad 
 to its termination at Pittsburg, we next name, — 
 
 Rockville, llOi miles. Here the raHroad comes to the 
 Blue Ridge, or the Kittatinny Mountain, the first of the Alle- 
 ghany range on the route. At this point the road crosses the 
 Susquehanna on a bridge 3,670 feet in length. Looking up 
 and down the river from this bridge, the prospect is exceed- 
 ingly fine and magnificent. Just to the north are seen the 
 high mountains, through which the river pours its waters down 
 a huge break, forming the foaming, fretting rapids. Here the 
 large bridge of the Northern Railway connects the villages of 
 Dauphin and Marysville. Looking to the south, ihe river, 
 nearly a mile wide, is seen, filled with islands, and bordered by 
 fertile farms. The popidation of Rockville is 259. 
 
 Maeysville, 113 miles. This town abounds in iron ore ; 
 and vast quantities of iron are manufactured within its limits. 
 It was originally settled by Scotch-Irish emigrants, who, not 
 possessing the pacific spirit of William Penn, had much trouble 
 with the Indians. Whole families were massacred ; and at one 
 time nearly all the settlers were driven from their homes, but 
 they soon returned, and exterminated the Indians. Population 
 is 25,477. Number of manufacturing establishments 282, 
 which employ 1,037 men. The capital invested $1,438,174. 
 
 314 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 315 
 
 DuNCANNOK, 119 miles, is the seat of the Duncannon Iron 
 Company. It manufactures a large amount of pig and bar iron 
 and nails. Wear this place is a branch of the mountain, called 
 " Profile Rock," which strongly resembles the human face. 
 Passing on a mile above Duncannon, we come to the mouth of 
 the Juniata River, and Dunkin's Island, a famous place in the 
 early history of the State. 
 
 David Brainerd, a missionary among the Indians, informs us 
 that a large Indian town was settled upon this island, and that 
 the Indians used to make it a favorite place of resort. He tells 
 us of an eccentric Indian, who made his appearance " in his 
 pontifical garb, which was a coat of bear-skins, dressed with 
 the hair on, and hanging down to his toes ; a pair of bear-skin 
 stockings ; and a great wooden face, painted, — the one side half 
 black, the other half tawny, about the color of an Indian's 
 skin, with an extravagant mouth, cut very much awry ; the 
 face fastened to a bear-skin cap, which was drawn over his 
 head. He advanced towards me with an instrument in his 
 hand, which he used for music in his idolatrous worship, which 
 was a dry tortoise-shell, with some corn in it, and the neck of 
 it drawn on fo a piece of wood, which made a very convenient 
 handle." Some years later this island was the scene of many 
 battles between the Indians and the whites. In 1756 all the 
 whites abandoned it ; and in 1760 a terrible fight occurred be- 
 tween them and the Indians. At one of these outbreaks, the 
 wife of the owner of the island, to escape from the savages, 
 swam the Susquehanna, taking her infant with her. This was 
 a great feat, when it is considered that the. river is here a mile 
 wide. This island has since been a delightful and favorite 
 summer resort : its attractions are many, and its air is pure. 
 
 Aquedtjct, 123 miles, is the point at which the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad leaves the Susquehanna River, and follows the " blue 
 Juniata," through mountains and valleys, till it reaches the 
 middle of the great Alleghany Mountains. This little river 
 seems almost to have possessed strategic powers ; for it pursues 
 its winding course of a hundred miles, sometimes dashing 
 boldly against the mountain wall, which it has torn asunder, 
 sometimes winding around obstructions, and creeping slyly 
 
316 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 through secret valleys and the dens of wild beasts. " At some 
 points the mountains appear to have retired from the attacking 
 current, leaving numerous isolated hills standing as sentinels 
 to watch its progress. But the severed mountains, the tower- 
 ing embankments, and the sentinel-like hills, are all toned into 
 form and moulded into shape by the action of the elements 
 and the foliage of Nature, leaving no abrupt precipices, and but 
 few naked rocks, to mar the uniform beauty. The valleys, and 
 many of the hills, are brought under cultivation ; and some of 
 the latter rise in the distance, presenting alternate squares of 
 yellow, green, and brown, showing the progress of agricultural 
 industry, while their summits are crowned with clumps of 
 forest-trees, indicating the luxuriance of the growth before the 
 march of civilization invaded it. Every hour of the day, 
 every change of the season, gives new tints to these mountains 
 and valleys. The morning mist often shrouds them beneath 
 its veil ; and as this is penetrated and dispersed by the sun, 
 cloud-like forms sail away towards the sky, pausing at times 
 amid the higher summits, as if to rest before taking their final 
 flight to join their sisters in the illimitable firmament. The 
 tints of evening spread over them golden and purple halos ; 
 while deep and dark shadows sink into the water, and creep up 
 the wooded embankments. Spring clothes the entire landscape 
 in a tender green. Summer deepens this into a darker tint, 
 and intersperses it with the yellow of the ripening harvest. 
 Autumn scatters its gems over all, lighting up the forests with 
 the many bright hues of the changing foliage ; and winter 
 brings its pure mantle of white, over which tower the ever- 
 verdant pines, or repose dark beds of rhododendrons. In the 
 river valley, almost every tree has its parasite in a Virginia 
 creeper, festooning it from the ground to the topmost branch ; 
 and here and there a larger vine binds a number together, as if 
 it had grown weary of its first love, and taken others to its 
 embrace. At some places the road passes through broad, culti- 
 vated valleys, and at others it is built along ravines so narrow 
 that its bed is carved out of the overhanging rocks. Now a 
 mountain spur bars its way, and a tunnel is pierced through 
 the obstacle ; and, again, the river is so tortuous, that engineer- 
 
EISTOnr OF PENNSYLVANIA. 317 
 
 ing skill disdained to follow it, and numerous bridges carry the 
 roadway from bank to bank. Almost every mile of its course 
 opens up new scenes, which present themselves to the traveller 
 like the ever-changing pictures of a kaleidoscope." ^ 
 
 Newport, 132 miles, was known, from its first settlement in 
 1814, to 1820, as Reiderville, since which year it has borne its 
 present title. It has a furnace, two steam tanneries, a planing- 
 mill, foundery, grist-mill, saw-mill, a stone and earthen ware 
 factory. It also has a large commission and mercantile business. 
 About two miles from the station, iron ore is mined for local 
 use. There are in the borough six churches, a bank, good 
 schools, and several hotels. Population 945. 
 
 MrLLEKSTOWN, 138 miles,- is a very old town, having been 
 laid out as early as 1800. It is a great resort in summer ; and 
 its location, upon the bank of the Juniata, is very fine. It con- 
 tains a furnace and foundery ; and near it are worked iron-ore 
 mines, employing about one hundred and seventy men. It con- 
 tains two churches, three public halls, a bank, several good 
 hotels; and the Jrmiata Valley Normal School, which has an 
 attendance of about one hundred pupils. Population 533. 
 
 MiPElilN, 154 miles, is the county-seat of Juniata County, 
 which was separated from Mifflin by act of March 2, 1831. It 
 is mountainous, interspersed with many beautiful and fertile 
 valleys, chief of which is the Tuscarora, consisting of rolling 
 hills of limestone and slate. Numeroiis streams water this 
 county, and it is particularly famed for the purity of its air. 
 Iron ore is abundant in all parts of it. The first settlements 
 were made by Scotch-Irish, about 1749, who first built a fort, 
 and cleared land, in Tuscarora Valley. 
 
 The settlers were much annoyed by the Indians, imtil the 
 commencement of the Revolutionary war. It was in this 
 county that the " Grasshopper War," between the Tuscarora 
 and Delaware Indians, occurred. These tribes lived on each 
 side of the Juniata ; and the children got into a dispute about 
 some grasshoppers. The women took sides with the children, 
 and from this the men were drawn into it ; and, before it was 
 settled, a bloody and relentless war was had, in which many 
 
 ■ Sipes's Pennsylvania Railroad, p. 118. 
 
318 Er STORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 lives were sacrificed on both sides. It was not until after the 
 RcTolution, and the railroad was built, which followed the 
 Pennsylvania canal, that any considerable improvement was 
 visible, when agriculture and manufactures were stimulated, 
 and its mineral wealth was developed to the present prosperous 
 condition. The population of the county is 17,390. Its agri- 
 cultural products are valued at $1,097,659. It has 204 manu- 
 facturing establishments, employing 395 hands. MifQin is on 
 the left bank of the Juniata, upon a lofty elevation, and is con- 
 nected with the railroad on the right by a bridge over the 
 river. It was laid out by John Harris in 1791. The country 
 immediately surrounding it is delightfully picturesque, and the 
 views are charming. It contains the usual county buildings, 
 three churches, two banks, two public halls, and three good 
 hotels. It does a flourishing business with the adjacent regions, 
 and ships considerable iron ore. Population 857. 
 
 Lewistown, 166 miles, is the seat of justice of Mifflin County. 
 Mifflin County was formed from Cumberland and Northumber- 
 land, by act of Sept. 19, 1789. It is about thirty-nine miles 
 long from south-east to north-west, and about fifteen miles 
 broad. It has many mountain ranges running through its 
 entire length, which form beautiful and fertile valleys of slate 
 and limestone land. These valleys are in a high state of culti- 
 vation, and present a rich appearance to the eye of the traveller 
 as he speeds by on the iron road above them. The most noted 
 of these valleys is Kishicoquillas, unsurpassed in variety of 
 scenery, and productiveness of soil, making it the cynosure of a 
 refined and cultivated class of people, who have resided here 
 for a century. This valley was so named for an Indian chief, 
 who had his cabin near where Lewistown now stands. He 
 was a Shawnee, friendly to the whites ; was influential in pre- 
 serving the peace, which, before the defeat of Braddock, existed 
 between the whites of the interior of Pennsylvania and the 
 Indians ; and he was held in high esteem by the Provincial offi- 
 cers. At the time in our early colonial history when the 
 French missionaries were inducing the Indians to join them in 
 their alliance against the English, upon making overtures to 
 Kishicoquillas, he sternly refused, protesting that " no earthly 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 319 
 
 consideration could induce him to lift the tomahawk against 
 the sons of Onas." 
 
 As early as 1755 Scotch-Irish settlers from the Cumberland 
 Valley had made their homes in this county, but they suffered 
 fearfully from the depredations of the Indians ; and it was not 
 until after the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, that this region 
 was a safe abode for the whites. From that time the country 
 was rapidly filled, and prosperity settled down upon the inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 It was in this valley, not many mUes above Lewistown, that 
 the celebrated Logan, the Mingo chief, lived. He is described 
 as the best known Indian in Pennsylvania. He was the son of 
 Shikellimy, a Ca3niga chief, who lived at Fort Augiista, where 
 Sunbury now stands, about 1742, and was converted to Chris- 
 tianity by the Moravian missionaries. His son was baptized by 
 them, and named by his father for James Logan, then secretary 
 of the Province. The Cayugas were one of the Six Nations ; 
 and Mingo being the name given by the Delawares to these 
 tribes, it was bestowed upon Logan. Some anecdotes of him 
 will best illustrate his sweetness of temper, sense of justice, 
 and innate dignity of character. On one occasion a party 
 visited him in his cabin, and engaged with him in shooting at a 
 mark, at a dollar a shot. Logan lost four or five rounds, will- 
 ingly declared himself beaten, and, going into his hut, brought 
 out as many deerskins as he had lost dollars. But the party 
 refused to take them, saying they had been his guests ; that the 
 shooting was but a trial of skill, and the bet merely nominal. 
 Whereupon Logan drew himself up, and said, " Me bet to make 
 you shoot your best ; me gentleman ; and me take your dollar, 
 if me beat." They were forced to take the skins, or affront 
 him ; and so nice was his sense of honor, that he would not 
 even receive a horn of powder in return. He supported his 
 family by killing deer, and selling their skins, after they were 
 dressed, to the whites. He had sold a number of skins to a 
 taUor, receiving his pay in wheat, which, upon being taken to a 
 miller, was found so useless that he refused to grind it. Failing 
 in obtaining redress from the tailor, he placed the matter in the 
 hands of a friend, who was a magistrate, who, after hearing the 
 
320 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 case, decided in favor of the chief, and gave him a writ to 
 hand the constable, assuring him that would bring the money. 
 It seemed like magic to him, that this little paper would force 
 the taUor into compliance ; but when the magistrate showed 
 him his commission from the king, and explained to him the 
 process of civil law, Logan exclaimed, " Law good I Make 
 rogues pay." 
 
 Logan left Kishicoquillas Valley in 1771, as the number of 
 whites had so increased that game was no longer to be pro- 
 cured, by which his family could be supported. He located on 
 the Ohio River, at the mouth of YeUow Creek, about thirty 
 miles above Wheeling, where there were fewer white settlers, 
 and game more plentiful. He was there joined by relatives, 
 and Indians from Fort Augusta, became their chief, and seems 
 to have exerted a wonderful influence. His whole family was 
 massacred, at the commencement of the Shawnee war, in 1773, 
 by a party of scouts, led by Daniel Greathouse, who attacked 
 the village, murdered twelve of the inhabitants, and wounded 
 six or eight more. Logan was absent at the time, and, when he 
 returned, saw only smoking ruins of cabins and mangled 
 bodies. His heart was broken, and ; if his revenge was terrible, 
 who can wonder ? He buried his dead, cared for the wounded, 
 and then joined the Shawnees in their work of destruction 
 upon the whites, and wrought fearful mischief wherever he 
 went. But his nobler instincts sometimes asserted themselves, 
 as the following incident will show. During this war he one 
 day came upon a field where three men were at work. One 
 of them he killed outright ; but the other two took to flight. 
 One of these was soon overtaken ; while the other, being more 
 fleet, would probably have escaped, had he not turned to see 
 where his pursuer was, and caught his foot in a root, falling to 
 the ground with such force that he became insensible. When 
 he recovered, he found himself bound, and Logan seated beside 
 him. Then, taking him with him, Logan set out for the nearest 
 Indian village. The prisoner said Logan spoke but little during 
 the march, appearing downcast ; but, upon arriving at the village, 
 he gave the " scalp halloo ; " and the Indians of both sexes, old 
 and young, came running out to meet them. The prisoners 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 321 
 
 were made to " run the gantlet : " but Logan directed his 
 prisoner how to act ; and, by following his advice, he arrived in 
 safety to the council-house, while the other one, not under- 
 standing the course to pursue, suffered terribly, and would have 
 been killed if he had not been pulled into the council-house by 
 the one already safe within. The next day a council was held, 
 and it was decided to take the one first captured, who was an 
 old man, into their tribe ; but Logan's prisoner they determined 
 to sacrifice. Logan spoke for an hour against this decision, 
 and is reported as having been wonderfully eloquent ; in voice, 
 gesture, and fluency, surpassing even Patrick Henry. But in 
 vain did he plead. They stiU continued their preparations, 
 Logan all the while standing apart, with folded arms and stern 
 face. Just as the fire was being kindled, he suddenly strode 
 into the circle, cut the bands of the prisoner, and led him, with- 
 out a word, into his wigwam. The Indians made no attempt to 
 interfere ; but signs of tumult arose, to which Logan paid no 
 attention, and in a few hours it subsided. 
 
 The rigor with which this war was prosecuted by the whites 
 brought the Indians to terms, and they sued for peace, to 
 secure which Lord Dunmore appointed a council of all the 
 hostile chiefs, Logan among the rest, to be held on the Sciota 
 in 1774. Logan refused to attend the council, but sent this 
 speech, preserved in Jefferson's "Notes on Virginia;" and 
 although its authenticity has been doubted, yet as a specimen 
 of Logan's eloquence, and as a whole, despite possible interpo- 
 lations, it is undoubtedly genuine. 
 
 " I appeal to any white man to say if ever he entered Logan's 
 cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat; if ever he came 
 cold and naked, and he clothed him not. During the course of 
 the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, 
 an advocate of peace. Such was my love for the whites, that 
 my countrymen pointed as they passed, and said, ' Logan is the 
 friend of the white man ! ' I had even thought to have lived 
 with you, but for the injuries of one man. Col. Cresap, the last 
 spring, who in cold blood, and unprovoked, murdered aU the 
 relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. 
 There runs not a drop of my blood in the- veins of any living 
 
 21 
 
322 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it: I 
 have killed many. I have fully glutted my vengeance. For 
 my country, I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor 
 a thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. 
 He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to 
 mourn for Logan ? Not one." 
 
 After this war closed, Logan married a Shawnee woman, and 
 moved to Detroit. He had become addicted to drinking ; and, 
 in one of his frenzies, he struck his wife down in presence of 
 her tribe; and fearing he had killed her, and knowing the 
 Indian law of retribution, he fled. As tradition has it, he met 
 his wife's nephew with other Indians, and, supposing that this 
 relative was about to avenge the murder, he prepared to defend 
 himself, declaring he would kill all who opposed him. The 
 nephew, in self-defence, shot him dead as he was dismounting 
 from his horse. 
 
 In the vicinity of Lewistown there are several caves of great 
 interest. Alexander's, in Kishicoquillas Valley, abounds in 
 stalactites and stalagmites, and is a natural ice-house, preserv- 
 ing through the summer all the ice formed in the winter. 
 Hanewall's, near McVeytown, is very vast in extent, and con- 
 tains calcareous concretions : crude saltpetre has been found in 
 it. Bevin's is on the summit of a limestone ridge. An Indian 
 mound which was near the town, containing bones and arrow- 
 heads, was destroyed by the construction of the canal. A 
 mineral spring is in the vicinity, which is said to be very effica- 
 cious in bilious complaints. 
 
 Lewistown is beautifully situated on the left bank of the 
 Juniata. It is well built : its private residences are very hand- 
 some, many of them tastefully decorated. It was laid out in 
 
 1790, and incorporated in 1795. It was the scene of a riot in 
 
 1791, growing out of a difference of opinion upon the action of 
 a brigade-inspector, who refused to issue commissions to two 
 militia colonels. There was also much excitement in a dispute 
 between Mifflin and Huntingdon Counties, as to the western 
 line of division between them. These disturbances were both 
 settled without bloodshed. 
 
 It contains two furnaces, two tanneries, boiler-works, three 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 323 
 
 flour-mills, two carriage-factories. It has also six churches, an 
 academy, several fine hotels, three banks, and extensive county 
 buildings. Iron ore is much mined, and sand is quarried for 
 the manufacture of glass. Population 2,737. 
 
 Between this place and Mifflin, the railroad passes through 
 the Lewistown Narrows, formed by the Black Log Mountains 
 on the south, and the Shade Mountain on the north. These are 
 most awe-inspiring to the most indifferent traveller. The 
 mountains rise abruptly, in many places to the distance of a 
 thousand feet, having their sides covered with a thick growth 
 of forest-trees, which give a deep gloom to the gorge. Occa- 
 sionally the chain is broken, or ravines are hollowed into its 
 sides, and the rocks stand boldly out ; but generally Nature has 
 kept her walls intact, with foliage over all. These are reflected 
 in the waters below, like giant sentinels ever keeping watch. 
 
 Newton Hamilton, 188 miles, is the site of the Juniata 
 Valley Camp-Meeting Association grounds, belonging to the 
 Methodists. They are beautifully situated, and vast numbers 
 of people gather at the annual meetings. 
 
 Mount Union, 191 miles, is the first station in Huntingdon 
 County, and is at the entrance of Jack's Narrows, which are 
 made by the river forcing its way through Jack's Mountain. 
 This defile is wild and rugged, its sides being almost destitute 
 of vegetation, leaving exposed gray and sombre rocks. These 
 narrows were named " Jack Anderson's Narrows," from the 
 fact that an Indian trader named John Anderson, and his two 
 servants, were murdered here by the savages. Mount Union is 
 much resorted to during the summer months. Population 535. 
 
 Huntingdon, 202J miles, is the seat of justice of Hunting- 
 don County. This county was formed from a portion of Bed- 
 ford County, Sept. 20, 1787. It lies within the great central 
 mountain chains of Pennsylvania. Broad Top Mountain is 
 among the ranges, and is noted for its semi-bituminous coal. In 
 mineral wealth the county ranks very high. It is rich and 
 abundant in iron ore, and the supply of coal seems inexhausti- 
 ble : it has also a large territory covered with sand, suitable 
 for the manufacture of glass. 
 
 This county has been the scene of many depredations by the 
 
324 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Indians ; and some of their first cabins, which the Indians 
 claimed were built upon land belonging to them, were burnt 
 by the proprietary goTernment to satisfy the aborigines. The 
 place is still called Burnt Cabins. 
 
 The exact time the white settlers came to the spot where the 
 town stands is uncertain; but it was surveyed in 1756, and 
 called " George Croghan's Improvement." It was known by 
 the Indians at a very early period, and for years afterwards, as 
 " Standing Stone," from a stone column which stood upon the 
 flat below the present town where Stone Creek enters the 
 Juniata River. It was covered with hieroglyphics, which, if 
 they could have been deciphered, would have given more of 
 ■ aboriginal history than has yet been discovered. It is thought 
 the Indians took this stone with them when they went West. 
 Another stone was erected upon the spot, probably by white 
 settlers, as many names of white men were cut upon it, and 
 dates from 1768 to 1770. This stone was afterwards set up in 
 the town, where it stood until it was broken by a drunken 
 vandal, when a part of it was put in the foundation-wall of a 
 house, and the remnant is now in the possession of the Histori- 
 cal Society of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The town is built upon the left bank of the Juniata, and 
 occupies a lofty position. The scenery about it is of the most 
 beautiful character ; and as far as the eye can reach are hills 
 and valleys, affording a perspective rarely seen. It was laid 
 out in 1777 by Rev. Dr. William Smith, provost of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania. He named it in honor of Selina, 
 Countess of Huntingdon, who had given much to the Univer- 
 sity. In 1796 it was incorporated as a borough. Merchan- 
 dising is extensively carried on. It has two grist-miUs, two 
 carriage-manufactories, car-manufactories, boot and shoe and 
 broom factories. There are nine churches, an academy, three 
 select schools, a large public hall, two banks, several fine hotels, 
 and county buildings. Population 3,034. 
 
 Tyrone, 223 miles, is the first station in Blair County. It is 
 an outgrowth of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and was created a 
 town in 1849. It has advanced rapidly, being advantageously 
 located at the mouth of Little Bald Eagle Creek, thus becoming 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 325 
 
 the point from which a large portion of the trade of Clearfield 
 and Centre Counties is shipped ; and, since the construction of 
 the Bald Eagle Valley and the Tyrone and Clearfield Railroads, 
 it has become one of the most important stations between Pitts- 
 burg and Philadelphia. It was named for the Tyrone Iron 
 Works, about one mile east of it. 
 
 The scenery about Tyrone is fine ; and Sinking Valley, about 
 three miles east of it, is noted for its beauty of scenery, historic 
 interest, and natural curiosities. It has lead-mines, which were 
 discovered as early as the Indians and whites together occupied 
 the land ; but the miaing of them has never amounted to 
 much. 
 
 The town has eight churches, two banks, two public halls. 
 Its business is extensive ; and it contains two forges, a steam- 
 tannery, and three planing-mills. Population 1,840. 
 
 Altoona, 237 miles, is in Blair County ; and to the concen- 
 tration of the business and workshops of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad Company here, is to be ascribed its remarkable growth, 
 in fact, its existence. It is eleven hundred and sixty-eight feet 
 above tide-water, and is at the base of the main Alleghanies. 
 It was in 1849 that the raUroad company selected it as the most 
 favorable location for their shops, and it was then little more 
 than a wilderness ; but, as soon as it was publicly announced 
 that it was to be used for this purpose, owners of the adjacent 
 farms began to lay out and sell house-lots ; and the differences 
 which arose between the proprietors of the to-be city are the 
 cause of the irregularity of its streets at present. At its foun- 
 dation, the middle portion was named Altoona ; the eastern, 
 Greensburg ; and the western, Loudensville. These names were 
 aU continued until 1867, when a city charter was granted. 
 
 It was incorporated as a borough on the 6th of February, 
 1854 ; and about this time the Logan House, which is as fine 
 a hotel as any in the United States, was opened by the company 
 to accommodate the great travel over this line. Churches had 
 been erected, and a bank established, a year before this. In 
 1855 a newspaper was published ; and on the 15th of Decem- 
 ber, 1859, gas and water were iatroduced. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Railroad Company has weU cared for this 
 
326 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANTA. 
 
 city of its creation. It lias left nothing undone by wMcli the 
 workmen can be made happy and contented. There is a school 
 for children, open at all times, maintained by it. It was the 
 means of the introduction of water, and purchased the first 
 steam fire-engine. 
 
 The scenery around Altoona is rugged, and at some points 
 approaches grandeur. The views from Prospect HUl on the 
 south, and Gospel Hill on the north, are varied pictures of 
 mountain and valley, city and country; and from Wapso- 
 nonoo, six miles distant, is obtained a view of the whole 
 Juniata Valley. 
 
 During the late war, this place was selected, in the heat of 
 summer, for a meeting of all the governors of the Union States, 
 on account of its coolness, salubrity, and picturesque views. No 
 location could have been more eligible for such a conference. 
 
 KiTTAsrjmsTG Point, 242 mUes, is the commencement of the 
 Horse Shoe Curve ; and as no language could better describe 
 this triumph of engineering skUl, by which the road is carried 
 over the seemingly impassable chasms into which the valley 
 separates here, we quote from Mr. Sipes, to whom we are 
 already so largely indebted for descriptions of points along 
 the road. " By a grand horseshoe-shaped curve, the sides of 
 which are parallel with each other (giving trains travelling 
 the same way the appearance of moving in entirely different 
 directions), the road crosses both ravines on a high embank- 
 ment, cuts away the point of the mountain dividing them, 
 sweeps around the stupendous western wall, and leads away to 
 a more tractable pass. The little dancing rivulet seen in the 
 valley as the train rolls across it is the stream from which 
 Altoona derives its supply of water. Reaching the new pass, 
 the road continues its steady course through? the very heart of 
 the great dividing range of a continent." Population of Kittan- 
 ning Point is about 150. 
 
 Having journeyed, in this chapter, along this king of rail- 
 roads, from Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania, through 
 fertile fields and valleys, waving with yellow harvests and 
 luscious fruits, and studded with fine villages, to the top of the 
 Alleghanies, we will stop here to breathe its oxygenated air, 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 327 
 
 and view its picturesque scenery. Had Noah's ark " rested upon 
 this Ararat," how long it would have remained undiscovered 
 none can divine ; and when his posterity would have found their 
 way down to " the Plain of Shinar," or the Valley of the 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 fa 
 
 Juniata, or the Susquehanna, who can tell ? Certain it is, one 
 standing here feels lofty ; and why should he not, when every 
 inspiration of this air seems to " add " not " one cubit " only, 
 but several, " to his stature " ? Well may men grow to the size 
 
328 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 of giants here, as the Vermont boys were called when they 
 came down from her mountains to fight the British in the days 
 of ovlt Revolutionary war. What air do these mountaineers 
 breathe ! What sons of Anak we expect to find upon these 
 Alleghany Mountains. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA EAILEOAD FROM THE TUNNEL TO PITTSBTXEG, 
 
 ITS TEBMINtrS. 
 
 Tunnel — Gallitzin — Cresson — Sonman — Portage — Johnstown — Cone- 
 maugh Furnace — Nineveli — Blairsville Intersection — Hillside — Latrobe — 
 Greensburg — Peun — Manor — Irwin — Braddock's — Wilkinsbiirg — 
 Liberty — Pittsburg. 
 
 HAVING taken a best, and breathed the pure air, and 
 viewed the magnificent scenery (as stated at the close of 
 the last chapter), at this vast elevation, we are now prepared to 
 follow the iron horse as he plunges into the dark recesses of 
 the mountain, through the masterpiece of human ingenuity ; for 
 imlike the Massachusetts tunnel of the Hoosac, which has 
 proved a great " bore " in more senses than one, this has been a 
 source of vast utility and emolument, not to Pennsylvania alone, 
 but to the Western States. With every sense alert, we now 
 enter the 
 
 Tunnel, 248 miles. It is 3,612 feet long, and 210 feet high, 
 and is securely arched. At its western end we reach the high- 
 est point, on the road, 2,261 feet above tide-water mark. 
 
 Gallitzin, 248J miles, is the first station in Cambria County, 
 which was formed from portions of Somerset and Huntingdon 
 Counties by act of March 26, 1804. It has a rugged, uneven 
 surface ; and its soil, being of a cold character, is well adapted 
 to grazing, and the raising of oats, rye, and potatoes. The Sus- 
 quehanna rises in this county, and with Clearfield and Chest 
 Creeks, which are tributary to it, affords advantages for lumber- 
 rafting. Coal and iron ore are found in great abundance here, 
 and are largely mined. Near the northern outskirt of this 
 county there is an ancient fortification, supposed to be the work 
 of the mound-builders of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 329 
 
330 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The first settlements made in this coimty were about 1789, 
 ■where the town of Loretto now stands, principally by Irish. 
 Afterwards a colony of Welsh settled near Ebensburg, first 
 laying out a town which they called Beulah, intending to make 
 
 it the county-seat ; but finally it was transferred to Ebensburg, 
 and Beulah was abandoned. 
 
 Gallitzin takes its name from Prince Gallitzin, who came to 
 this country from Germany, settling at Loretto, in 1789. He 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 331 
 
 held a commission in the Russian army from his birth, and was 
 designed by his father for the soldier's profession. He had been 
 sent to America to travel, as a finish to his studies, because the 
 French Revolution rendered it unsafe to travel anywhere upon 
 
 
 the continent ; and, soon after his arrival in this country, he 
 became deeply interested in religion, entered upon a course of 
 studies under Bishop Carroll, and joined the Catholic priesthood. 
 He was indefatigable in his labors for his colony, establishing 
 
332 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 schools and churclies; and, after a pastoral career of forty-two 
 years, lie died May 6, 1840, leaving a band of devoted Catholics. 
 
 Coal is mined extensively near this station, its production 
 being about two million tons annually. It has two churches 
 and a hotel. Population 1,000. 
 
 Cresson, 252 miles, is noted as a summer-resort, and, from 
 its accommodations and attractions, deserves to rank among the 
 first in the United States. Situated upon the side of the moun- 
 tain, at a distance of two thousand feet above the ocean level, 
 there is a continual breeze, even in the midsummer days. Its 
 edifices are large, well built, and comfortably arranged, with 
 extensive and ornamental grounds. The principal one among 
 these is the Mountain House, a very correct view of which is 
 given in the plate. There are medicinal springs in its vicinity ; 
 and the drives about it are through unbroken forests of maple, 
 hemlock, and beech. The country is indebted to Dr. R. S. 
 M. Jackson, a well-known scholar and scientific man, for its 
 knowledge of this health-giving spot. He spent years of labor 
 and energy in planting here " a grand sanitarium, where the 
 mentally and physically diseased dwellers in those moral excres- 
 cences on the body politic — great cities — could come and be 
 cured by the action of God's pure air and water." Before his 
 death, which occurred near the end of the rebellion, he was 
 rewarded for all his toil by seeing the flourishing condition of 
 the place. 
 
 SoKMAK, 255 miles, is famed for extensive deposits of coal 
 which exist here, of which seventy-five thousand tons are shipped 
 annually. 
 
 Portage, 250 miles, does a large business in lumbering ; and 
 great quantities of coal are mined. It was in the vicinity of 
 this place the old Portage road was in operation, by which mer- 
 chandise was transported in the boats of the Pennsylvania 
 Canal over the mountains, by a system of levels and inclined 
 planes ; and the plate gives one of the many views of this old 
 road, as seen from the cars in the descent from the summit of 
 the mountain. 
 
 Johnstown, 276 miles, is beautifully situated, being wholly 
 surrounded by mountains and hiUs, through which flow many 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 333 
 
 streams. This place was settled as early as 1791, by Joseph 
 Johns, from whom it received its name. It occupies the site of 
 the old Indian town Kickenapawling, and was the head of navi- 
 gation on the Conemaugh. It has had a rapid growth, from the 
 
 POETAGJE KOAD. 
 
 fact that the country around abounds in coal, iron, fire-clay, and 
 cement. The largest iron works in America, erected by the 
 Cambria Iron Company, are located here. Vast quantities of 
 steel and iron rails are manufactured by this company. Over 
 
334 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 four thousand men are employed in these iron-works, and in 
 mining coal and iron near this place. 
 
 The town is lighted with gas, has a public library, good 
 schools, an opera-house, four banks, several handsome churches, 
 a large public hall, and good hotels. Population 6,028. 
 
 COJTEMAUGH FuENACE, 283 miles, is the first station in 
 Westmoreland County. 
 
 Nineveh, 285 miles, is noted for having thirty acres of bog- 
 iron deposit near it, which extends to a depth of thirty feet. 
 
 Blaebsvillb Intbksection, 300 miles, is the point where 
 the railroad emerges from the mountain ranges of Pennsylvania, 
 and where it is carried across the Susquehanna River upon a 
 long bridge. It has followed the valley of this river for one 
 hundred and ninety miles. Here is the junction of the "Western 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, which runs to Alleghany City, being 
 merely an addition of the Pennsylvania road. A branch road 
 runs from Blairsville to Indiana, the county-seat of Indiana. 
 
 Hillside, 304 miles, is in a rich agricultural country, which 
 also aboimds in coal. In Chestnut Ridge, near by, is the 
 Great Bear Cave, which is thus described, in Mr. Sipes's rail- 
 road book,i by one who explored this great natural curiosity, 
 and wandered through its winding chambers : " Leaving the 
 cars at Hillside, we set out on foot for the cave. After a 
 brisk walk of about a quarter of an hour, along a country road, 
 which penetrated the foot-hills of the ridge, we struck out 
 into a cow-path. This led us rather tortuously up the side of 
 the mountain, over primitive bowlders heaped together in the 
 strangest confusion, across little mountain trout-streams rip- 
 pling over moss-covered rocks, and trickling in diminutive cata- 
 racts into gorges where the sun never penetrates. We finally 
 reached the summit of one of the lower hills. In front of us 
 towered a high peak of the ridge. Winding around the base 
 of this, for the distance of fifty rods, our guide suddenly 
 stopped in the midst of a huge pile of rocks, and informed the 
 party that we were at the mouth of the cave. Rocks to the 
 right of us, rocks to the left of us ; in front of us a solid wall 
 of rock one hundred feet high ; and below us, over the tops of 
 
 ' Pennsylvania Railroad, p. 153. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 335 
 
 the highest trees, we could see the valley of the Conemaugh 
 away to the north and west. Just where we stood, it seemed 
 as if, centuries ago, some mighty convulsion had torn away a 
 portion of the mountain, and hurled the rocks in unutterable 
 confusion at its base, where time had covered them with moss, 
 and beautified them with shrubs and wild flowers." Entering 
 the cave through a fissure in the loose rocks, the exploring- 
 party proceeded on their way. Narrow passages in the rocks 
 were threaded; low openings crept through; immense cham- 
 bers, studded with stalactites, and inhabited by bats, explored ; 
 and fathomless chasms crossed, where the sound of running 
 water was heard far down in the darkness. Some of the large 
 rooms visited were named " The Snake Chamber," " The Altar 
 Room," and " The Senate Chamber," because of peculiarities 
 they presented ; and a clear, running stream, of only a few 
 inches in depth, and a dozen feet wide, was forded, the water 
 of which was found to be cold and palatable, " with a strong 
 odor of cinnamon." These explorations were continued for 
 five hours, the party having travelled in that time, according 
 to the twine they had used to guide them in the labyrinth (and, 
 from the many windings and passage-ways, it is not considered 
 safe to penetrate any considerable distance without the use of 
 this means of finding the outlet again), nineteen hundred 
 yards, — something over a mile. "Perhaps the most remark- 
 able feature about the cave is the varied and diversified aspect 
 of the different chambers and passage-ways, and the fact that 
 the explorer is not confined to any particular route, but, after 
 entering for a distance of one hundred yards, is permitted to 
 strike off at almost any point of the compass. You will find 
 the routes invariably different in the nature of the openings, 
 and that all the passages communicate with each other. There 
 is a story told of a young girl becoming lost in it many years 
 ago. She had been stolen from her home by a band of gyp- 
 sies who had encamped in the neighborhood of the cave, 
 and had visited it several times in company with them. She 
 effected her escape from the gypsies by taking refuge in the 
 cave. Penetrating to a great distance, and being luiable to 
 return, she perished of starvation. Her bones were found 
 years afterwards." 
 
336 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Lateobe, 313 miles, lies in the midst of a fertile and well- 
 cultivated valley. Oliver W. Barnes, a civil engineer, laid out 
 this town in 1851, since which time it has grown rapidly. 
 Large deposits of coal have been recently discovered in the 
 surrounding country. Several large companies have been 
 organized for mining, and making coke. Near this place is 
 St. Vincent's CoUege for males, and St. Xavier's Academy for 
 females. 
 
 The town has three banks, two public halls, seven churches, 
 several good hotels, a grist-mill, and a planing-miU. 
 
 Geeensbtjeg, 323 miles, is the seat of justice of Westmore- 
 land county. This county was separated from Bedford by act 
 of Feb. 26, 1773, and at that time it comprised the whole of 
 Western Pennsylvania. There is no better land in the State 
 than is found in many of the valleys of this county. Bitumi- 
 nous coal of the very best quality underlies all the land in the 
 county ; and the most extensive and valuable operations ■ in the 
 United States are carried on within its limits. These exten- 
 sive works have rendered Westmoreland County one of the 
 richest in Pennsylvania. Up to 1758, this whole region was a 
 wilderness ; and the first opening through it was cut by Gen. 
 Forbes's army in this year, when he made a successful expedi- 
 tion against Fort Duquesne. Upon the opening of this road, 
 under the protection of the military, many pioneers entered 
 this wilderness, and enjoyed quiet and security for five years. 
 
 It was in this region that the savage warfare to exterminate 
 the whites, instigated by the celebrated Pontiac (a partial 
 account of which has already been given in a preceding chap- 
 ter) occurred in 1763 ; and to this we add the following : Forts 
 Presque Isle, Le Boeuf, Venango, St. Joseph's, Michilimackinac, 
 were taken, and all their inhabitants butchered. Forts Bedford, 
 Ligonier, Detroit, and Pitt were saved. Fort Ligonier was 
 attacked by the savages ; but, finding it too strong, they deter- 
 miaed to capture it by cutting off' the supplies and re-enforce- 
 ments from the east. Lieut. Blaine, the commander of this 
 fort, bravely repulsed the savages, and held it until relief 
 arrived. Col. Bouquet, with two regiments of regulars, had 
 been sent to the rescue of Fort Pitt, and reached Ligonier about 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 337 
 
 the end of July. The Indians, hearing of his arrival, and 
 understanding that he was going to Fort Pitt, moved into the 
 wilderness to waylay him. At a place called Bushy Run, they 
 lay in ambush for his advancing army ; and here was fought 
 one of the most bloody battles that ever took place in Western 
 Pennsylvania. The savages in great numbers, well armed, and 
 hid in the thick woods, for two days assaulted the weary soldiers 
 of Bouquet. They appeared to be innumerable, and, when 
 driven from one position, immediately appeared at another, and 
 it seemed as though the English would be exterminated by 
 them ; but Bouquet knew the character of the savages well, and 
 perfectly understood their mode of warfare. By simulating a 
 retreat, he drew the savages into close quarters, and defeated, 
 and drove them from the field. Sixty Indians, with several of 
 their chiefs, were killed. Fifty of the English were killed, and 
 sixty wounded. 
 
 Most of the settlers in this county were Scotch-Irish. They 
 early gave attention to the subjects of education and religion. 
 Some of their ministers were learned and eloquent ; and they 
 manfully endured all the hardships and privations of the new 
 settlements, and, Hke Paul, they labored with their hands, as 
 well as their heads, to sustain themselves. One of them gives 
 the following description : " When I came to this country (in 
 1788), the cabin in which I was to live was raised ; but there 
 was no roof to it, nor any chimney or floor. We had neither 
 bedstead nor table, nor stool, nor chair, nor bucket. We 
 placed two boxes, one on the other, which served us for a 
 table, and two kegs served us for seats ; and, having committed 
 ourselves to God in family worship, we spread a bed on the 
 floor, and slept soundly till morning. Sometimes, indeed, we 
 had no bread for weeks together ; but we had plenty of pump- 
 kins and potatoes, and all the necessaries of life : as for luxu- 
 ries, we were not much concerned about them." 
 
 Greensburg was named for Gen. Greene of the Revolutionary 
 army. It is built upon elevated ground, the Court House 
 and other prominent buildings occupying the summit of the 
 hill. It was incorporated in 1779. Its growth was slow for 
 many years ; but, since the completion of the railroad, it has 
 
338 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 rapidly improved. Its inhabitants, for intelligence and refine- 
 ment, will compare favorably with those of any part of the 
 Commonwealth. It contains two banks, seven churches, an 
 opera-house, two public halls, several good hotels, excellent 
 schools, and a number of manufactories. Coal and coke works 
 exist in the immediate neighborhood. Population 1,642. 
 
 Penn, 328 miles, does a large business in mining and shipping 
 coal. This is the first place where coal-works for manufacturing 
 illuminating gas went into operation ; and the importance to 
 which they have ■ arrived in less than twenty years is marvel- 
 lous. All the land about this station is Underlaid with the 
 finest quality of bituminous coal. It is mined very extensively ; 
 and the shipment by two companies alone amounts to more 
 than three thousand tons annually, employing six hundred 
 men. Penn contains two churches, a hall for the use of secret 
 societies, hotels, and several stores and shops. Population 820. 
 
 Manoe, 333 miles, is so called from its location upon one of 
 the tracts of land retained by the Penn family as private 
 property as long as the royal charter given to William Penn 
 and his heirs held good. Previous to the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, there had been forty-four of these manors surveyed, 
 which were held by them exclusively ; and, as such, they were 
 exempted from the regulations governing the rest of the colony. 
 
 The country about Manor is fertile and highly cultivated ; and 
 large loads of grain and cattle are sent eastward. It is not an 
 incorporated village, and its population is about 300. 
 
 Ikwin, 332 miles, is important from its immense operations 
 in coal. The shipment of three companies — the Penn Gas, 
 the Westmoreland, and the Shafton, whose works are within 
 ten miles of each other — amounts to more than a million tons 
 annually ; and they employ not less than a thousand men. A 
 great number of villages have sprung up around it to accom- 
 modate the mining population. The land over these coal-beds 
 is rich, and well improved. Irwin has four churches, a large 
 public schoolhouse, a private banking-house, two public halls, 
 and several hotels. Its population is 838. 
 
 Beaddock's, 344 miles, takes its name from the fact that it 
 was on this spot that Gen. Braddock was defeated by the 
 Friends and Indians on the 9th of July, 1776. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 339 
 
 WnjErNSBlTBG, 347 miles, is just outside the corporate limits 
 of Pittsburg. It lies in a fine agricultural region, and market- 
 gardening is extensively pursued. There are coal-mines in its 
 vicinity, which employ nearly thi'ee hundred men ; and the 
 annual shipment is about four thousand tons. The adjacent 
 country is growing rapidly, many of the citizens of Pittsburg 
 erecting handsome houses as summer residences. It is iiot yet 
 incorporated, and has a population of about 1,100. 
 
 LiBEETT, 349 miles, is the location of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road Company's stock-yards and car-shops. It is being rapidly 
 built up with handsome residences, and is, in fact, but a suburb 
 of Pittsburg, which has, with such remarkable voracity swal- 
 lowed up not only this station, but many surrounding places. 
 
 PiTTSBlXEG, 354 miles, is the seat of justice of Alleghany 
 County, and the western terminus of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road. AUeghany County was organized, part out of Westmore- 
 land in 1788, and the remainder from Washington in 1789. 
 The country is hilly, some of its hills 'rising to a considerable 
 height. The soil is fertile, and much good land lies between 
 the hills. It is a very healthy county. Many portions of it are 
 exceedingly beautiful. An old historian says, " The richest 
 gifts of Nature seem to have been bestowed by Providence 
 upon this region ; and the art of man has been most diligent in 
 advancing the works of Nature, and developing her latent 
 sources of wealth." Although the commercial and agricultural 
 advantages of this county are very great, yet its mineral 
 wealth is much greater. 
 
 The first effort to plant an Enghsh settlement in this neigh- 
 borhood was made in 1748, when, at that time, Thomas Lee, 
 one of his Majesty's Council in Virginia, organized an associa- 
 tion with the design of locating upon the wild lands west of the 
 AUeghany Mountains. Thomas Lee, Lawrence and Augustine 
 Washington (brothers of George), a Mr. Hanburg of London, 
 formed this association, which was chartered by the name of 
 " The Ohio Company." The king granted to this company 
 five hundred thousand acres of land, provided that two- hundred 
 thousand acres should be immediately selected, and held ten 
 years free from quit-rent or tax to the king ;, and with a fur- 
 
340 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ther provision, that one hundred families should be settled upon 
 them within seven years; the company bearing the expense, 
 building a fort, and maintaining a garrison sufficient to defend 
 the settlement. Under this charter the company commenced 
 operations. In 1750 they sent out Christopher Gist to explore 
 and report upon the country. He spent two years in visiting 
 the western part of Pennsylvania, and other regions still farther 
 west, now the States of Ohio, Tennessee, Kentucky, North 
 Carolina, which were then all a wilderness. In July, 1752, 
 Mr. Gist, with three commissioners from the Province of Vir- 
 ginia, made a treaty with the Indians at Logstown, near where 
 Pittsburg now stands, b}^ which treaty the Indians agreed not 
 to disturb the settlements of the company south-east of the 
 Ohio. But they declined to acknowledge that the English had 
 any title to the lands. At this council, two of the old sachems 
 asked Mr. Gist, " Where the Indians' land lay ? for the French 
 claimed all the land on one side of the Ohio River, and the 
 English on the other." The question was a puzzling one. 
 
 The names of the three rivers at Pittsburg are, no doubt, 
 Indian ; but their interpretation is variously given. The Ohio, 
 which the Senecas pronounced 0-hee-o, means " fair water." 
 The French translated this La Belle Riviere, or " the beau- 
 tiful river." The Delawares gave the same meaning to the 
 Alleghany, and all the early explorers considered these one 
 and the same river. The Indians regarded the Monongahela 
 to mean, according to some, " falling in banks," according to 
 others, " a river without islands." 
 
 The region around Pittsburg was first explored by the French, 
 who buUt Fort Duquesne where Pittsburg now stands. For 
 many years, it was the source of much misery to the English 
 settlers in Pennsylvania, because the French furnished the 
 Indians with arms and ammunition, and encouraged them to 
 destroy the homes of the English, and drive them off. 
 
 During the Revolutionary War, the post at Pittsburg was 
 commanded by Capt. Neville. He was succeeded by Gen. 
 Hand, Col. Broadhead, and Gen. Irvine. The savages were 
 then leagued with the British ; and the duty of these command- 
 ers was to guard the frontier against them. These officers were 
 
342 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 watchful, and discliarged the duties intrusted to them satisfac- 
 torily. 
 
 At this time the Penn family adhered to the crown, and took 
 part against the colonists ; but immediately after the treaty at 
 Paris, by which the independence of the colonies was declared, 
 they turned their attention to getting what they could from the 
 lands which they held in Pennsylvania. Among these were 
 5,760 acres, including the site of Pittsburg, the point between 
 the rivers, and extending south of the Monongahela. In 1784 
 the agent of the Penn family laid out the manor of Pittsburg 
 in town-lots. 
 
 Arthur Lee visited Pittsburg in 1784, and wrote the follow- 
 ing notice in his journal : " Pittsburg is inhabited almost entirely 
 by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log-houses, and are as 
 dirty as in the north of Ireland, or even in Scotland. There is a 
 great deal of small trade carried on ; the goods being brought, at 
 the vast expense of forty-five shillings per hundred weight, from 
 Philadelphia and Baltimore. The place will never, I believe, 
 be very considerable." Mr. Sipes adds, "But the small trade 
 grew, the settlers developed with it, and Mr. Lee's prediction 
 was soon proved unsound. In 1786 John Scull and Joseph Hall 
 commenced the publication of the Pittsburg ' Gazette,' a news- 
 paper which still lives, and the same year a post was established 
 between this place and Bedford, extending from there to New 
 York, and Richmond, Va. The amount received for postage, 
 at Pittsburg, for the year ending Oct. 1, 1790, was $110.99. 
 The number of houses in the city in 1786 was estimated by 
 Judge Brackenridge at one hundred. A public academy was 
 established here by act of the legislature, in 1787 ; and, the 
 same year, the First Presbyterian Church was incorporated. 
 
 " Among the industries developed by the necessities of trade 
 was the distilling of whiskey. This article had become a 
 staple of coinmerce with the Indians, as well as with the trap- 
 pers and hunters on the frontier. To show how indispensable 
 it was in a business-way, it is only necessary to quote from a 
 letter of an agent to his principals in Pittsburg, in which he 
 says, ' I am greatly in want of three barrels of whiskey and a 
 barrel of rum. For want of them, my neighbor gets all the 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 343 
 
 skin and furs.' The difBculty of transportation was very- 
 great ; and the products of the soil — then almost all the people 
 had to dispose of — could not be carried any distance. At the 
 rate of sixpence per pound, the price charged, it would have 
 cost about twenty dollars to transport a barrel of flour to the 
 Eastern markets. Naturally the surplus grain raised was util- 
 ized in the most available manner ; and this proved to be dis- 
 tillation. The production of whiskey, therefore, became an 
 extensive business in all this portion of Pennsylvania." * 
 
 Upon the close of the Revolutionary War, to meet the ex- 
 penses of the Government, and to pay its debts. Congress 
 resorted to taxation, and at its session in 1791 imposed a 
 tax upon spirits distnied from grain, which resulted in a 
 whiskey rebellion, an account of which has been given in 
 chapter fifteen. Although this uprising was a source of 
 trouble to the General Government, it was advantageous to 
 Pittsburg, as many of the young men sent with the troops to 
 subdue it became so favorably impressed with the fertility of 
 its soil and mineral wealth, that they remained as permanent 
 settlers. 
 
 The Penn family sold the privilege of mining coal in a hill 
 on the south bank of the Monongahela, in 1784, which would 
 show that bituminous coal had been discovered there at that 
 early period. 
 
 Pittsburg, from its start, seems to have very extensively 
 engaged in manufactures. In 1795 an establishment for the 
 manufacture of window-glass was organized ; and even in 1794 
 a steam-engine was operated, but for what purpose is not 
 known. In 1796 an important trade in salt was carried on 
 between the Onondaga works in New York and this place ; 
 but, when the Kanawha salt came into favor in 1810, this 
 region was made the source of supply for the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi valleys. There was also a manufactory of green glass- 
 ware in operation in 1797; but this seems to have been at- 
 tended with great, expense, for a memorandum left by one of 
 its owners states, " To-day we made the first bottle at the cost 
 of thirty thousand dollars." In 1804 a foundery for casting 
 
 1 Sipes's Pennsylvania Bailroad, p. 170. 
 
344 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 hollow-ware went into operation ; and the next year a steam- 
 flouring mill was established. A rolling-mill, the earliest here, 
 was biiilt in 1812; and in 1814 a cannon foundery, of which 
 the celebrated Fort Pitts Works are an outgrowth. 
 
 The first steamboat plying the Western waters was built here 
 in 1811 ; and, during the succeeding six years, seven more 
 boats were built. The number owned, or partly owned, here 
 in 1840, was eighty-nine. 
 
 In spite of her smoke, the natural attractions of her scenery, 
 which are much enhanced by improvements, both of a public 
 and private character, render Pittsburg a delightful place of 
 residence ; and, in many of the comforts of every-day Hfe, she 
 has no rival in the United States. Gas is cheaper, more abun- 
 dant, and of a better quality; and her supply of water from 
 the Alleghany River is unlimited. 
 
 The institutions supported or aided by the State located here 
 will be elsewhere described. Among others of a like character 
 are the following: Home for the Friendless, Widows' Home 
 Association, Home for Destitute Men, Home for Destitute 
 Women, Ladies' Relief Society, the Pittsburg Free Dispensary, 
 Pittsburg Infirmary, Houses of Industry for Poor and Friend- 
 less Girls, Homoeopathic Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Marine Hos- 
 pital, and City Hospital. Among reformatory, are the Alle- 
 ghany County Workhouse, and Inebriate Asylum. 
 
 The public edifices of Pittsburg are many and imposLug, the 
 most conspicuous of which are the Court House, City HaU, 
 Custom House, and United States Arsenal. The view of the 
 city from the Court House is very extensive. It has several 
 large public halls, an opera-house, and two good theatres. Its 
 annual shipment of coal by river is about 2,100,000 tons ; by 
 rail, 1,500,000 tons ; consumed at home, 1,500,000 tons ; making 
 in all 5,100,000 tons from miaes worked in Alleghany and 
 adjoining counties. 
 
 There are several cemeteries in the immediate vicinity of 
 Pittsburg. The one two miles from the centre of the city, on 
 the banks of the Alleghany, is exceedingly beautiful for its 
 natural situation ; and this has been greatly unproved artifi- 
 cially. This cemetery contains one hundred and ten acres. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 345 
 
 In addition to the Western University, already named with 
 other literary institutions, there are here the Methodist Female 
 College, Pennsylvania Female College, Western Theological 
 Seminary, and the United Presbyterian College, all of which 
 are in a flourishing condition. The public schools are excellent. 
 
 There are sixteen banks, with a total capital of $12,200,000. 
 There are forty safe-deposit companies, the aggregate capital 
 of which is 15,000,000. The population of Pittsburg is 
 86,076. 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 CITIBS AND TOWNS ON THE BBANCHES OP THE PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 KAILEOAD. 
 
 East Brandywine and Waynesburg Branch — Glen Moore — Bameston — 
 "Waynesburg — Wrightsville — Tork — Mifflin and Centre County Branch — 
 Logan — Mann' s — Eeedsville — Milroy — Bedford and Bridgeport Railroad 
 — Mount Dallas — Bedford — Wolfsburg — Mann's Choice — Bald Eagle 
 Valley Branch — Vail — Bald Eagle — Martha — Unionville — Milesburg — 
 Bellefonte — Curtin — Howard — Eagleville — Beach Creek — Mill Hall — 
 Tyrone and Cleariield Branch — Sandy Eidge — Osceola — Phillipsbiirg — 
 Wallacetown — Clearfield — HoUidaysburg and Morrison's Cove Branch — 
 T Switches — HoUidaysburg — McKee's — Eodman — Soaring Spring — 
 Martinsburg — Henrietta — Williamsburg Branch — Prankstown — Flowing 
 Spring — Williamsburg — Ebensburg Branch — Munster — Ebensburg — In- 
 diana Branch — Black Lick — Homer — Indiana. 
 
 EAST BEANDYWINE AST> WATNESBHEG BKANCH. 
 
 THIS road intersects the main line at Downington ; and the 
 distances of the places named are from the point of inter- 
 section. 
 
 Glen Mooee, 10 miles, is a charming Httle village in the 
 midst of a fertile and well-cultivated region. Iron ore abounds, 
 and a forge is in operation here. It has two churches, a public 
 hall, and hotel. Population 150. 
 
 Baeneston, 12 miles, contains a furnace, foundery, and 
 several grist and saw mills. The country is fertile, and garden 
 products for market are abundant. Iron ore was mined here 
 as early as 1730. 
 
 Waynesbtjeg, 18 miles, is the junction of this road with the 
 Wilmington and Reading Railroad. It is in Chester County. 
 All this region consists of fertile and agricultural lands. It has 
 two churches, a national bank, and two hotels. Iron ore is 
 
 3i6 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 347 
 
 abundant here, employing seventy-five men in mining it. Popu- 
 lation 650. 
 
 YOEK BEANCH. 
 
 This road intersects the main line at Columbia. 
 
 Weightsvillb, 1 mile, is in York County, beautifully situ- 
 ated on the Susquehanna. Its scenery is truly magnificent. It 
 ■was originally called " Wright's Ferry." It was at one time 
 proposed to locate the capital at this place. Mr. Parton, in his 
 " Life of Jefferson," gives an account of the doings of Con- 
 gress in 1789 and 1790 on this subject in the following lan- 
 guage : — 
 
 " A ring loomed up dimly upon the imaginations of members, 
 supposed to have been formed ' out of doors,' in order to fix the 
 capital at Wright's Ferry, on the Susquehanna. The members 
 from New England and New York agreed in preferring it, as 
 the point nearest the centre of population, wealth, and con- 
 venience ; and for many days it seemed to have a better chance 
 than any of the other places proposed, — Harrisburg, Baltimore, 
 New York, Germantown, Philadelphia. But Wright's Ferry 
 lost its chance through the opposition of the Southern members, 
 and the ring-rumor was the ass' jaw-bone which they used to 
 kiQ the project. The members from New England and New 
 York denied the offensive charge, and contended that Wright 
 had fixed his ferry at the point which would be ' the centre of 
 population for ages to come.' With regard to the country west 
 of the Ohio, — ' an unmeasurable wilderness,' — Fisher Ames 
 was of the opinion (and it was everybody's opinion) that it was 
 perfectly romantic to allow it any weight in the decision at all. 
 ' When it will be settled, or how it will be possible to govern it,' 
 said he, ' is past calculation.' Southern gentlemen, on the 
 other hand, denied the centrality of Wright, and maintained 
 that the shores of the noble Potomac presented the genuine 
 centre to the nation's choice. And so the debate went on, day 
 after day. The Susquehanna men triumphed in the House; but 
 the Senate sent back the bill with ' Susquehanna ' stricken out, 
 and ' (rermantown ' inserted. The House would not accept the 
 amendment ; and the session ended before the place had been 
 
348 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 agreed upon. The subject being resumed in the spring of 1790, 
 it was again productive of heat and recrimination : again the 
 South was outvoted, and the Potomac rejected by a small 
 majority. Baffled in the House, Southern men renewed their 
 efforts over Mr. Jefferson's wine and hickory-nuts in Maiden 
 Lane. It was agreed, at length, that, for the next ten years, the 
 seat of government should be Philadelphia, and finally near 
 Georgetown." 
 
 It is said that it was through the indolence and indifference 
 of her representatives, that Pennsylvania failed in securing this 
 end, as, at the time, it was believed to be the best location, 
 geographically considered. Pres. Washington was in favor of 
 the measure ; but his influence was not sufficient to carry it. 
 Wright's Ferry did not reap much benefit from this notoriety, 
 still continuing an unimportant little village until 1834, when it 
 was incorporated as a borough, with its present name. 
 
 The ferry was established by a family of Wrights, for whom 
 the town is named, who came to the region in 1728, and were 
 very prominent in the early days of the settlement. 
 
 Wrightsville contains three cigar-manufactories, a planing- 
 mill, an iron-furnace, and three saw-mills, employing about a 
 hundred and fifty men in all. Lime-burning is carried on here, 
 the production of which is some seven thousand tons annually. 
 A very large trade is done in this town, as, from its situation, 
 it affords exit to a productive and extended country. It has a 
 national bank, two hotels, eight common schools, a public hall, 
 and three churches. Population 1,544. 
 
 YoKK, 14 miles, is the seat of justice of York County. This 
 county was the first one formed west of the Susquehanna River, 
 by act of the Provincial legislature of Aug. 9, 1749. The sur- 
 face of the county is irregular, some portions hilly , but the 
 only claim it has to mountains are a few broken chains, forming 
 its boundaries, and penetrating its territory. Its lands in the 
 valleys are fertile and well cultivated, and present beautifal 
 pastoral scenes. This county is drained in every part by Cone- 
 wago and Codorus creeks, with their numerous branches ; and, 
 along the north-eastern border, the Susquehanna River flows 
 for more than fifty miles. Iron ore is particularly abundant 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 349 
 
 here, of whicli there are many varieties ; and it ships great 
 quantities to distant furnaces. There is an excellent quality of 
 slate quarried at the Peach Bottom region, near the Susqiier 
 hanna; and the building-material used in all the neighboring 
 counties is also quarried here. Gold and copper have been dis- 
 covered, but in such small quantities, that it is not deemed 
 advisable to work them. 
 
 This county was settled by the English, the Germans follow- 
 ing them in great numbers, then the Scotch-Irish ; and their 
 united enterprise and thrift made it among the first in the State 
 in material wealth and mental growth. It is claimed that the 
 " first company that marched from Pennsylvania to the field of 
 ■ war was a company of riflemen from the town of York." How- 
 ever this may be, this county was well and numerously repre- 
 sented in the army of the Revolution. 
 
 York County is now regarded among the first in the State in 
 wealth and population, her growth within the last thirty years 
 having been very rapid. The Northern Central Railroad 
 extends its entire length ; the tide-water canal runs fifty miles 
 along its border ; and there are several local railroads, which 
 reach to its prolific valleys, valuable mines of coal and iron, and 
 the growing towns with which it is so thickly studded. AU 
 these facts join to give it this importance ; and the great degi'ee 
 of business energy everywhere visible presents a happy augury 
 for its future prosperity and increase. 
 
 The borough of York is situated on Codorus Creek, upon one 
 of the Penn manors known as Springettsburg, in nearly the 
 centre of the county. It was laid out upon a plan like Phila- 
 delphia, in 1741, as ordered by the Penns, and was upon both 
 sides of the creek. Those wishing to take up lots became the 
 recipients of " tickets " from the proprietors ; and, as these 
 tickets were transferable, the owner might sell, assign, or do 
 any thing he pleased with them. The conditions upon which 
 the lots were granted were strenuously enforced. One of the 
 usual ones was, " that the applicant build upon the lot, at his 
 own proper cost, one substantial dwelling-house, of the dimen- 
 sions of sixteen feet square at least, with a good chimney of 
 brick or stone, within the space of one year from the time of 
 
350 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 his entry for tlie same." The holders were to pay a perpetual 
 rent of seven shillings sterling per lot to the proprietors. 
 
 These restrictions were the source of much trouble, as, from 
 the poverty of many of the early settlers, it was impossible to 
 build upon the lots ; and during ten years but fifty lots were 
 improved; while, in some cases, want of means prevented 
 improvements commenced from being completed, and the lots 
 were forfeited. An early historian thus speaks of this matter : 
 " The early setthng of Yorktown was one continual scene of 
 disturbance and contention: there were warring rights and 
 clashing interests. It often happened that different men 
 wanted the same lot ; and, when the lot was granted to one, 
 the others were watchful to bring about a forfeiture. The loss 
 of lots by not fulfilling conditions was for a long time a serious 
 evil, concerning which clamors were loud." But these dis- 
 putes were gradually settled by law, and after a time the town 
 improved with great rapidity. It was incorporated as a 
 borough in 1787. 
 
 In 1803 a conspiracy to burn the town was plotted by the 
 negro slaves held there at that time. It was discovered by a 
 negro woman being seen to throw a pan of live coals in her 
 master's barn at noonday. Upon being questioned, she con- 
 fessed that it was their intention to fire the whole town " at 
 twelve o'clock ; " but from her mistake at thinking it at noon- 
 day, instead of midnight, the town was saved. 
 
 A company for supplying the town with water was estab- 
 lished in 1806. York has a number of manufacturing indus- 
 tries, conspicuous among which are the Empire Car Works, 
 the York Car Works, the Pennsylvania Agricultural Works, 
 and the Variety Iron Works, which together employ five 
 hundred and fifty men. A number of paper and flour mills 
 are in the vicinity of the town. It is the centre of a large and 
 increasing trade, and carries on all kinds of merchandising 
 with the various portions of the county. It contains fourteen 
 churches, thirty-one public and four private schools, five 
 banks, a pubhc. hall, several good hotels, and the usual number 
 of public edifices, which are built in a very substantial manner. 
 Population 11,003. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 351 
 
 MIFFLIN AND CENTBE COtTNTY BRANCH. 
 
 The point of junction with the main line is at Lewistown. 
 
 Logan, 4 miles, is where the Logan Iron and Steel Works 
 and the Standard Steel Works are located, which employ about 
 four hundred men. Popixlation about 1,000. 
 
 Mann's, 6 miles, is at the celebrated axe factory of the same 
 name, which employs a hundred and fifty men. 
 
 Reedsville, 7 miles, has a small wooUen-miLl, and carries 
 on some trade with the surrounding country, which is well 
 cultivated. It has two churches, two hotels, and a seminary. 
 Population of the township is 1,250. 
 
 MiLROY, 13 miles, in Mifflin County, is an enterprising village, 
 and the terminus of the road. It has a number of industries, 
 among which are saw-mUls and a woollen-factory. Near it 
 fossil iron ore is mined, large quantities being shipped to differ- 
 ent points. Lime-burning is carried on, and about forty tons 
 daily are sent to Lewistown. It has three churches, two 
 hotels, a graded school, and two public halls. Population 
 about 600. 
 
 BEDPOED AND BEIDGEPOBT EAILEOAD. 
 
 This road intersects the Huntiugdon and Broad Top Rail- 
 road (which is the connecting link between it and the main 
 line) at Huntingdon. 
 
 Mount Dallas is the commencement of this road, and the 
 station for Everett, a flourishing borough of Bedford County, 
 containing a coach-factory, a steam-tannery, and an iron foun- 
 dery. It has an extensive and productive country immediately 
 surrounding it, and thus it is enabled to carry on a large mer- 
 cantOe business. There are fossU and hematite iron-ore mines 
 in its vicinity, which employ about a hundred men ; and the 
 annual shipment from these mines is thirty thousand tons. It 
 contains four churches, three hotels, a bank, and a very good 
 system of public schools. Population 557. 
 
 Bedford, 8 miles, is the seat of justice of Bedford County. 
 This county was formed from a portion of Cumberland by the 
 colonial legislature, March 9, 1771. The main Alleghany 
 forms the western boundary ; and Ray's HiU, Wfll's Mountain, 
 
352 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Sideling Hill, Tussey's and Cunning's Mountains, and Clear 
 Ridge pass entirely through it, thus rendering its surface hilly 
 and mountainous, interspersed with fertile valleys, -which 
 nature and art have done much to make peculiarly attractive. 
 Its chief rivers are the Raystown branch of the Juniata, Will's 
 Creek, and Dunning's Creek. The finest quality of iron ore is 
 abundant all through the county ; and near the town of Bed- 
 ford large quantities of hematite and fossil ores are mined, and 
 shipped from thence. At Broad Top region, or the south-eastern 
 corner of this county, semi-bituminous coal exists ; and since 
 the introduction of railroads for transportation, within the last 
 twenty years, it has been extensively worked. 
 
 The first settlement was made early — probably before 1750 
 — by an adventurous pioneer named Ray, and was at that time 
 known by the name of Raystown. In 1755, a road was cut 
 through this region ; and several military posts were established 
 upon it, which served as a protection to the frontier. One of 
 these was built upon or near the point where Fort Bedford was 
 afterwards erected in 1757-58. It was at this fort that a 
 detachment, under Gen. Forbes, concentrated before setting 
 out on that memorable expedition, resulting in the entire 
 subjugation of the French. Col. Washington joined Forbes 
 here ; and a garrison of two hundred men was left at the fort, 
 which was then called Bedford, in honor of the Duke of Bedford; 
 but the region around it stUl retained, for several years after, 
 the name of Raystown. Upon the settlement of the town, it 
 naturally took the name of the fort ; while the name of Rays- 
 town is now held only by the river which flows by it. From 
 1758 to 1770 this fort was considered an important military 
 post, being the only one between the Ohio and the Delaware 
 regularly garrisoned by British troops. A log-house is still 
 seen in the town, — to which two additions, one of brick, the 
 other of stone, have been made ; the whole now being used as 
 a hotel, — which was erected as quarters for British officers, 
 and, during the whole time they were in the fort, was occupied 
 by them. It was for a long time called " The King's House." 
 It is upon the highest point in the old portion of the town ; 
 and in front of it is a small square, called the " diamond," 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANTA. 353 
 
 probably making part of the old fort, said to have been very- 
 regular in form. 
 
 Bedford was laid out in 1766, and incorporated as a borough 
 March 13, 1795 ; and for thirty years of the present century 
 has been a place of importance from the fact that it is nearly 
 in the centre of the principal route of communication between 
 the Susquehanna and Ohio Rivers. 
 
 It lies in a fertile valley, surrounded on all sides by moun- 
 tains : the deep romantic gorges which the streams cut through 
 these elevations present beautiful and varied scenes. The 
 buildings are principally of brick, and many of them are very 
 tasteful in their architecture and surroundings. The town has 
 five churches, a good pubhc school-building, a bank, a public 
 hall, the common county buildings, and good hotels. The local 
 business is active, and a good share of trade is carried on with 
 the neighboring country. Its present population is about two 
 thousand. About one mile south of this place are the celebrated 
 Bedford Springs, so noted for their efficacy in curing paralysis, 
 rheumatism, and gout ; and large numbers are attracted hither 
 to try their healing power, and enjoy the beauties which Nature 
 has so bountifully bestowed upon this spot. The hotels at the 
 Springs accommodate six hundred guests, while those of the 
 town have capacity for two thousand. 
 
 WOLi'SBTiEG, 11 miles, is noted for its iron ore, of which 
 twenty thousand tons are annually shipped. 
 
 Majs'n's Choice, 16 miles, has sulphur springs, and is much 
 resorted to. 
 
 BALD EAGLE VALLEY BKAKCH. 
 
 This road intersects the main line at Tyrone. 
 
 Vail, 3 miles, is the point of intersection with Tyrone and 
 Clearfield Railroad. 
 
 Bald Eagle, 5 miles, mines and ships much iron ore. 
 
 Martha, 17 miles, has iron ore and coal in its vicinity. It 
 has also a saw and grist mill. 
 
 Uniokvillb, 26 miles, has a fine seminary in flourishing 
 condition, and carries on an extensive local trade. 
 
 MiLESBUKG, 31 miles,, is a borough in Centre County, of some 
 
 23. 
 
354 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 importance, having in operation a forge, wire-mill, il:on-fur- 
 naces, and roUiiig-mill, emjjloying together nearly five hundred 
 men. A railroad, called the Snow-Shoe Railroad, intersects near 
 here, and runs to coal-mines of the same name, conveying 
 annually about eighty thousand tons of coal. This road passes 
 over a high ■ elevation in the mountains ; and the scenery is 
 remarkably grand. At the village of Snow-Shoe there is a fine 
 hotel, much resorted to in summer. Milesburg has good hotels 
 and four churches. Population 600. A branch road of two 
 miles runs from this place to Bellefonte. 
 
 Bbllefonte, 33 miles, is the county-seat of Centre County. 
 Tliis county was formed Feb. 13, 1800, and is so called from 
 the fact that it is geographically the centre of the State. It is 
 a rugged, mountainous region, with luxuriant limestone valleys. 
 It is through the valleys the railroad passes. It has a number 
 of fine springs gushing from the limestone strata at the foot of 
 the Alleghanies ; and from one of these Bellefonte takes its 
 name. Iron is extensively manufactured here, and iron ore is 
 abundant. Bituminous coal is also found, and is largely mined. 
 A large proportion of the population consists of German 
 farmers ; and they have brought the valleys to a high degree of 
 cultivation. 
 
 The town contains a rolling-mill, a machine-shop, an axe- 
 factory, and an iron-furnace, which together employ abou,t 
 three hundred and fifty men. It has a large mercantile busi- 
 ness. The State Agricultural College is located near this place ; 
 and it has also a fine academy, good graded schools, one 
 national and three private banks, eight churches, two public 
 halls, fine hotels, and the usual county buildings. Population 
 2,655. 
 
 CrrRTiN, 34 miles, is in the midst of a fertile and well-culti- 
 vated country. It has two iron establishments, which employ 
 four hundred men. It has also saw and grist mills. Five 
 thousand tons of iron ore are annually mined. Population 
 about 400. 
 
 Howard, 40 miles, has an iron-furnace and roUing-miU, em- 
 ploying about one hundred and twenty-five hands. Iron ore is 
 abundant in its vicinity ; and the surrounding country is rich in 
 agricultural products. Population 298. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 355 
 
 Eagleville, 44 miles, is the seat of a lumbering business at 
 which some three hundred men are employed. Farming is 
 largely carried on in the surrounding country. It has two 
 hotels, two churches, and good schools. Population 550. 
 
 Beach Ceeek, 46 miles, is the first station in Clinton 
 county. There are two steam saw-mills here, employing 
 seventy-five men. Population about 400. 
 
 Mill Hall, 51 miles, has an axe-factory and a cement-mill, 
 employing about one hundred men. Other industries are in 
 operation here. Population about 450. 
 
 TYEONE AND CLEAKFIELD BRANCH. 
 
 The point of intersection of this road with the main line is 
 at Tyrone. 
 
 Sandy Rhjge, 15 miles ; fire-brick manufacturing is largely 
 carried on, employing some sixty men. Population about 300. 
 
 Osceola, 20 miles, in Clearfield County, is an enterprising 
 town, and the centre of an extensive lumber and coal business. 
 It has a spoke-shop, a planing-mill, a shingle-mill, a very large 
 and complete saw-mill, all employing about one hundred and 
 twenty-five men. There are also other smaller industries. It 
 has a large merchandising trade. This town is comparatively 
 new, having been built up within the last twenty years. In its 
 vicinity are nine collieries, which employ over a thousand men, 
 and from which five million tons of bituminous coal are annu- 
 ally shipped. These collieries are added to each year. Also, 
 adjoining the town, are nine saw-mills, using two hundred and 
 thirty thousand feet of lumber per day, and employing over 
 four hundred men. Osceola contains a public hall, good schools, 
 three churches, a bank, and two hotels. Population 813. 
 
 PhH/LIPSBTXEG, 24 miles, is in Centre County, and was 
 founded in 1796, by Henry Phillips of England, from whom it 
 takes its name. It was -colonized by emigrants from abroad. 
 The first screw-factory in the United States was established 
 here, and also a forge and nail-factory. These industries were 
 not long continued, as they were too far from business-marts to 
 be profitable. The principal business is lumbering, the thick 
 pine-forests furnishing ample material. Coal-mining, since the 
 
356 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 completion of the railroad, has become an important branch of 
 business, there being in operation three coal-mines, at which 
 one hundred and fifty men are employed, and from which are 
 shipped annually two hundred thousand tons. The town has a 
 large steam tannery, a foundery and machine-shop, two planing- 
 mills, a steam flour-mill, and other industries. It contains two 
 banks, two public halls, good schools, five churches, a public 
 library, and several hotels. There are extensive deposits of 
 fire-clay near it. Population 1,086. 
 
 Wallaceton, 29 miles, has a steam saw-mill; and consid- 
 erable lumbering is done in the vicinity. It contains a public 
 hall, and about 160 inhabitants. 
 
 Cleakfield, 41 miles, is the seat of justice of Clearfield 
 County. This county was created by act of 26th of March, 1804; 
 but it was not fully organized until Jan. 29, 1822. It is on the 
 north-western slope of the AUeghanies ; and, although no distinct 
 ranges are in its limits, it has a mountainous surface. The soil 
 is sterile, although some of the alluvial deposits are very pro- 
 ductive. It is rich in minerals, nearly the whole surface being 
 underlaid with bituminous coal. Fire-clay and iron-ore are 
 found in many sections. Its principal manufacture is lumber- 
 ing, this county being the finest pine-tree region in Pennsyl- 
 vania. Coal is largely mined in the south-eastern portion. 
 Fire-brick manufactories are also carried on, and a superior kind 
 of sand for manufacturing glass is found in various portions. 
 Clearfield is on the west branch of the Susquehanna, and 
 deserves to be classed among the pleasantest towns in Pennsyl- 
 vania. It Avas laid out in 1806, upon lands owned by Abraham 
 Witmer, who gave one lot for a jail, one for a court-house, 
 three for an academy, besides contributing three thousand 
 dollars towards the erection of the public buildings. It is 
 upon the site of one of the last Indian towns in Pennsylvania, 
 called Chinkalacamoose. It has a flourishing trade ; and the 
 general appearance of the place is attractive and thrifty. 
 Many of its buildings are really elegant. It has three banks, 
 five churches, a public hall, several good hotels, an academy, 
 good public schools, and county buildings. Among its indus- 
 tries are a planing-mill, two saw-miUs, a fire-brick manufactory, 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 357 
 
 cabinet-ware manufactory, a steam tannery, and foundery. 
 Population 1,361. 
 
 HOLLrDAYSBURG AND MORRISON'S COVE BEANTJH. 
 
 This road intersects the main line at Altoona; and the first 
 place of any note from this point is — 
 
 Y Switches, 7 miles, from which diverges a branch road to 
 Duncansville and ISTewry, distant three miles. Dancansville 
 has a nail-factory, rolling-mill, and tannery, which together 
 employ about one hundred men ; and lime-burning takes in 
 some twenty more. It contains four churches, and two hotels. 
 Population about 800. Newry is agriculturally important, 
 and has a public hall, three churches, and a hotel. Population 
 about 450. 
 
 HoLLiDAYSBUEG, 8 milcs, is the seat of justice of Blair 
 County. This is a mountainous county, the Alleghany forming 
 its western, and Tussey's Mountain its eastern border ; while 
 other ranges run through its entire length, the principal one 
 being Dunning's. It has many productive and fertile valleys, 
 among which Morrison's Cove is one of the finest in the State. 
 It is thoroughly watered by many streams rising in the AUe- 
 ghanies, and has springs of such extent as to be curiosities. 
 Iron ore is abundant, and of fine quality ; and manufacturing 
 of iron is largely carried on. Bituminous coal is mined in 
 the western part of the county ; and near Hollidaysburg is a 
 mountain said to be of solid limestone formation. 
 
 Hollidaysburg is delightfully located on the Juniata River, 
 near the base of the Alleghany Mountain. It has become the 
 centre of an extensive iron manufacture, from the fact that it 
 is surrounded by deposits of iron ore and bituminous coal. 
 The views from this town are magnificent; and its elevated 
 portions present mountains and valleys as far as the eye can 
 reach, mellowed and tinted by the distance into peculiar beauty. 
 It is. of recent growth, and until 1834 was insignificant; but 
 at that time, upon the completion of the main line of public 
 conveyance, it started upon a career of prosperity which it 
 has' ever since maintained. 
 
 The Blair Iron and Coal Company, the Hollidaysburg Iron 
 
358 . HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and Nail Company, the Juniata Iron Works and Nail Factory, 
 are located here, with, two founderies and machine-shops, em- 
 ploying together about five hundred men. There are also man- 
 ufactories of carriages, soap, agricultural implements, and other 
 smaller industries, among which are tanneries. Much mer- 
 chandising is carried on here. Iron ore is worked in the neigh- 
 borhood for home purposes, employing one hundred and fifty 
 men. The town has two public halls, two extensive hotels, 
 seven churches, a female seminary, excellent common schools, 
 and the usual county buildings. Population 2,952. 
 
 McKbe's, 15 miles, contains an iron-furnace, and works iron 
 ore, shipping ten thousand tons annually. These works employ 
 seventjr-five men. Population about 250. 
 
 Rodman, 17 miles, contains a forge and iron-furnaces, which 
 employ about one hundred and fifty men. Iron-ore mines are . 
 largely worked here, employing two hundred men. 
 
 RoAEiNG Speing, 18 miles, is so called from a wonderful 
 spring which sends out an immense volume of water. Among 
 the industries here are a grist-mill and a paper-mill. The 
 country about this station is fertile, and in a high state of 
 cultivation. There are several churches and a good hotel. 
 Population about 250. 
 
 MAKTEsrsBTJEG, 22 miles, is an ancient and charmingly situ- 
 ated borough in Morrison's Cove. It has many mechanical 
 industries, among which are a planing-mill and iron foundery. 
 It has also a large mercantile trade. Iron ore is mined here, 
 employing about one hundred men ; and its annual shipment is 
 some six thousand tons. It has a collegiate institute, a bank, a 
 number of churches, three public halls, graded common schools, 
 and an excellent hotel. Population 536. 
 
 Henkietta, 28 miles, lies in a well-cultivated country. Iron 
 ore is mined in the vicinity, employing about five hundred men. 
 Poprdation 350. 
 
 ■WILLIAMSBXJEG BEANCH. 
 
 The point of intersection with the main line, and also with 
 HoUidaysburg and Morrison's Cove Railroad, is at Williams- 
 burg Junction. The first place is — 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 350 
 
 Fkankstown, 3 miles, thus named from an Indian chief, 
 called Old Frank, residing here when the first white settle- 
 ments were made. It declined in importance after HoUi- 
 daysburg took the rank it now holds. There are some few 
 manufacturing industries here. Population of township 1,533. 
 
 Flowing SPEiNa, 8 miles, takes its name from a curious 
 spring, which ebbs and flows every twelve hours. 
 
 WiLLiAMSBTJKG, 14 miles, was laid out in 1794. There is 
 a spring here of sufficient force to drive a number of mills, a 
 forge and furnace, besides furnishing the town with water. It 
 carries on a large business with the surrounding region, which 
 is fertile and productive. Population 821. 
 
 EBENSBTJEG BBANCH. 
 
 This road intersects the main line at Cresson. 
 
 MuNSTEE, 4 miles, is a noted summer resort, and has two 
 hotels. 
 
 Ebensbueg, 11 miles, is the seat of justice of Cambria 
 County. It was settled in 1796, by a Welsh colony, and re- 
 ceived its name from the son of the Rev. Reese Lloyd, one of 
 the early ministers. It lies on the western slope of the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains, nearly two thousand feet above the tide-line 
 of the ocean; and, from this elevated position, it possesses a 
 remarkably fine and health-giving atmosphere. It is much 
 resorted to in summer, and can accommodate about four hun- 
 dred persons. The Ebensburg Mining and Manufacturing 
 Company is located here : there are also several tanneries and 
 a foundery. It has six churches, five good hotels, two banks, a 
 normal and public school, and county buildings. Population 
 1,240. 
 
 INDIANA BEANCH. 
 
 This meets the main line at Blairsville Intersection. 
 
 Black Lick, 7 miles, has two steam saw-mills, two grist- 
 mills, three fire-brick works, which together employ one hun- 
 dred and seventy-five men. Iron ore, fire-clay, and bituminous 
 coal are mined in the vicinity. Population about 500. 
 
 HOMEE, 13 miles, is noted for its limiber-business. A saw- 
 
360 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 mill and grist-mill are located here. Its trade with the neigh- 
 boring region is extensive. Iron ore, coal, and fire-clay are 
 found in the vicinity. It has four churches, and about 700 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Indiana, 19 miles, is the seat of justice of Indiana County. 
 It was laid out in 1805, on a tract of land granted by George 
 Clymer, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. 
 Its situation is, fine; and its buildings are neat and tasteful, 
 mostly of stone or brick. It has a foundery, planing-mill, and 
 a manufactory of straw-boards. It contains two bants, ten 
 churches, a public hall, a State normal school, good public 
 schools, and the common county buildings. Coal-mining is 
 carried on in the vicinity for home consumption. Population 
 1,606. 
 
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CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 CITIES AND TOWNS ON THE BRANCHES OE THE PENNSYLVA- 
 NIA EAILEOAD CONCLUDED. 
 
 Western Pennsylvania Kailroad — BlairsviUe — Tunnel — Saltsburg — Apollo 
 
 — Leechburg — Allegbany Junction — Freeport — Natrona — Tarentum — 
 Hites' — Claremont — Sbarpsburg — Etna — Alleghany City — Butler Branch 
 
 — Saxonburg — Butler — South-west Pennsylvania Branch — Scottdale — 
 Everson — Connellsville — Philadelphia and Erie Railroad — Sunbury — 
 Northumberland — Milton — Watsontown — De wart — Montgomery — Muu- 
 cy — Williamsport — Jersey Shore — Wayne — Lock Haven — Fan-andsville 
 
 — Hyner — Renovo — Keating — Round. Island — Sinnemahoning — Drift- 
 wood — Stirling — Cameron — Emporium — St. Mary's — Daguscahonda — 
 Eidgway — Wilcox — Sergeant — Kane — Warren — Irvinetown — Corry — 
 Union — Waterford — Jackson's — Erie — Lewisburg Centre and Spnxce 
 Creek Branch — Lewisburg — MiiSinburg — Danville and Hazleton Branch — 
 Philadelphia and Erie Junction — Danville — Catawissa — Tomhicken — 
 Bristol. 
 
 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA EAILEOAD. 
 
 THE point of junction with main line is at BlairsviUe inter- 
 section. 
 Blalrsville is beautifully located on the Conemaugh, just 
 below the mouth of Black Lick Creek, and is surroiinded by a 
 fine agricultural country. It was laid out about 1819, and 
 named for John Blair, who was then president of the HoUi- 
 daysbiu-g and Pittsburg Turnpike Company. In 1828 it 
 assumed an important position, being the poiat of trans- 
 shipment for goods and travel over the mountain ; but the 
 prosperity which this induced was of short duration : and, when 
 the line of improvements was finished in 1834, the place was 
 deserted by the crowd of speculators, contractors, and for- 
 warding agents, who had ^rendered it active and thrifty. The 
 energy of the people, however, developed new enterprises ; 
 
 362 
 
niSTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 363 
 
 and upon the construction of railroads, and the working of 
 coal-mines, and burning of coke, she became the centre of a 
 large trade, which has been maintained through many changes 
 in the transporting business of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Isabella Coke Works, which have two hundred ovens, 
 and employ as many men, are two miles east of the town, on 
 the railroad. They extend along the Conemaugh, and at 
 night are strikingly grand, with their brilliant fires flashing 
 through the darkness. The other industries of the place are 
 two tanneries, two grist-mills, a foundery, and planing-mill. 
 Coal is mined in the vicinity for shipment. The town con- 
 tains six churches, a public hall, a female seminary and acad- 
 emy, two banks, and a nimiber of good hotels. Population 
 1,054. 
 
 Tunnel, 10 miles, is built through a high hill which curves 
 around the Conemaugh, for the canal, as it was impossible to 
 carry it around this bend. It is not used now ; and from the 
 railroad, which passes through another tunnel in the same hill, 
 can be seen this nfonument of former greatness, substantially 
 arched, and emerging at its western end on a fine aqueduct 
 over the river. 
 
 Saltzbxjbg, 17 miles, is on the Conemaugh, where the rail- 
 road crosses it over a splendid bridge. It is named from the 
 salt wells, so abundant in its vicinity. It was settled as early as 
 1800 ; and the first boring for salt, now become so important 
 an industry, was made in 1813, by WilHam Johnson. There 
 is no spot in Pennsylvania which has finer scenery than this 
 place. The town has a coach-factory and other lesser indus- 
 tries. Coal is mined here, of which the shipment is about fifty 
 thousand tons annually. It contains a pubhc hall, two good 
 hotels, a literary institute, and bank. Population 659. 
 
 APOLliO, 27 miles, is an enterprising borough in Armstrong 
 County. It has a rolling-mill for the manufacture of sheet-iron 
 (at which one hundred and fifty men are employed), a planing- 
 miU, fire-brick works, &c. It contains a public hall, two hotels, 
 five churches, graded common schools, and a savings bank. 
 Population 764. 
 
 Lebohbiteg, 32 miles, was laid out by a gentleman by the 
 
364 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 name of Leech, when the Pennsylvania canal was constructed ; 
 and for many years the principal business was building canal- 
 boats. A rolling-mill is in operation here, which employs two 
 hundred men. A peculiar feature of this rolling-mill is work- 
 ing it by natural gas for fuel. This gas is obtained on the 
 opposite side of the river, from a well, and is conveyed by 
 pipes to the fires it supplies. It is exclusively used in the 
 works, and has shown no signs of giving out. The town has a 
 bank, an academy, two hotels, and five churches. Population 
 868. 
 
 Alleghany Jxtnctiok, 37 miles, is the point of intersection 
 with the Alleghany Valley Railroad. Here the Western 
 Pennsylvania Railroad crosses the AUeghany River on a magni- 
 ficent iron bridge. There is an oil-refinery at this station. 
 Population about 100. 
 
 Febeport, 38 miles, is situated on the right bank of the 
 Alleghany River, near the mouth of Buifalo Creek. The 
 scenery about it is remarkably fine, presenting the best points 
 of the AUeghany. It was laid out about 1800, but, until the 
 construction of the Pennsylvania canal, made but little progress. 
 From that time it has become an important town, and has well 
 developed the resources of the neighboring region. It contains 
 a planing-miU, steam saw-mills, and a distillery, and carries on 
 a large lumber-trade. There are in the town two banks, nine 
 churches, four hotels, and a public hall. Population 1,640. 
 
 Nateona, 43 miles, is in Alleghany County. The Pennsyl- 
 vania Salt Manufacturing Company's works are in operation 
 here, employing about seven hundred men, in fact, all the labor 
 of the place. There are three churches in the village, and a 
 population of about 1,000. 
 
 Taeenttjm, 45 miles, has a glass-factory, which employs 
 fifty men, and there are also several smaller works. The bor- 
 ough has a bank, five churches, two hotels, and an academy. 
 Population 944. 
 
 Hues', 47 miles, does a large business in mining iron ore 
 and coal. It has an oil-refinery and an iron-furnace. Popula- 
 tion about 300. 
 
 Claeemont, 58 miles, is the seat of the Alleghany County 
 work-house and almhouse. 
 
BISTORT OP PENNSYLVANIA. 365 
 
 Shabpsbtjbg, 61 miles, in Alleghany County, is a very 
 important borough, and carries on a large business with the 
 surrounding country. Among its manufactories are ' saw-mills, 
 iron-works, planing-mills, boiler-works, glass-works, and brick- 
 making, which together employ about four hundred men. It 
 has two banks, seven churches, a public hall, an academy, and 
 several hotels. Population 2,176. 
 
 Etna, 62 miles, has a rolling-mill and blast-furnace, employ- 
 ing six hundred men. Population 1,447. 
 
 Alleghany City, 67 miles, is the terminus of the road. It 
 is on the west bank of the Alleghany River, directly opposite 
 Pittsburg, with which it is connected by several elegant 
 bridges. It is the third city in population in Pennsylvania. 
 It was laid out in 1789, upon a square of a hundred lots, each 
 lot being sixty by two hundred and forty feet. But its rapid 
 growth soon enlarged these bounds ; and it now includes most 
 of the thickly-settled portion of the county west of the river. 
 It contains eleven wards and thirty-seven churches. In Alle- 
 ghany City and Pittsburg united, including national, savings, 
 and other banking institutions (according to the Pittsburg 
 Directory for 1876), the whole number is eighty-seven. There 
 are forty -five attornej's, two hundred and forty-eight physicians. 
 
 BUTLEE BEANCH. 
 
 The point of junction (as is, also, the Western Pennsylvania 
 Railroad) with the main line is at Freeport. 
 
 Saxonbtjeg, 11 miles, has a planing-mill, a manufactory of 
 agricultural implements, a brewery, besides a number of 
 mechanical trades. Iron ore and coal are found near it. It 
 has three public haUs, four churches, and several hotels. Pop- 
 ulation about 300. 
 
 BuTLEE, 21 miles, the seat of justice of Butler County, is 
 built upon an elevation above Conoquenessing Creek. It com- 
 mands a fine view of well-cultivated lands. It was incorpo- 
 ated in 1817. It has a machine-shop, a woollen-mill, two foun- 
 deries, and carries on extensive merchandising. It contains 
 nine churches, a public hall, four banks, an opera-house, a 
 literary institute for both sexes, graded common schools of an 
 
366 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 excellent character, good hotels, and its county buildings are 
 imposing. Population 1,935. 
 
 SOTJTH-WEST PENNSYLVANIA BRANCH. 
 
 The point of intersection with the main line is at Greens- 
 burg. 
 
 ScoTTDALE, 17 miles, was laid out May 1, 1873 ; and in one 
 month the population rose to 300. It has extensive coke-works 
 and also an iron-furnace, a planing-mill, a rolling-mill, and sev- 
 eral furnaces. 
 
 EvEESON, 18 miles, is the first station in Fayette County, of 
 which Uniontown is the seat of justice. This is a delightful 
 and enterprising borough, laid out in 1767, by Henry Beeson, a 
 Quaker from Virginia. It lies in a charming valley, and has 
 fine buildings both public and private. The contiguous country 
 is underlaid with the finest quality of bituminous coal, iron ore, 
 and limestone. It has educational facilities of a superior char- 
 acter, and contains four banks, ten churches, public halls, 
 hydraulic cement, flouring, planing, and woollen mills. Popu- 
 lation 2,503. 
 
 CoNNELLSViLLE, 25 miles, is on the Youghiogheny River, at 
 the place where Braddock crossed on his memorable expedition. 
 Here are located the repair-shops of the Pittsburg, Washington, 
 and Baltimore Railroad Company, and coke-works, which 
 together employ about five hundred men. It has three planing- 
 miUs, grist-mills, tanneries, and fire-brick works. There are 
 in the town two banks, eight churches, three public halls, 
 good public schools, and hotels. Population 1,292. Opposite 
 Connellsville, on the south side of the river, is Ne"w Haven, 
 where the South-west Pennsylvania Railroad crosses, which is 
 being extended to Uniontown. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA AND ERIE RAILROAD. 
 
 SuNBURT is the point of junction vrith the Northern Central 
 Railway, and the eastern terminus of this road. They are both 
 controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and form an 
 unbroken route between Lake Erie and Baltimore. It is situ- 
 ated on the left bank of the Susquehanna, just below the June- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSTLVANTA. 367 
 
 tion of the West and North Branches, and above the mouth of 
 Shamokin Creek. The scenery in its vicinity is magnificent ; 
 high, perpendicular cliffs rising from the border of the river, 
 and overlooking it. At this place the river is a mile wide. It 
 was laid out by John Lukens, and incorporated as a borough 
 on the 24th of March, 1797. Its general appearance is attrac- 
 tive : the streets are wide and straight, and an air of tidiness 
 and enterprise is everywhere visible. From its delightful loca- 
 tion (rendering its atmosphere peculiarly salubrious), the purity 
 of its water, and fertility of its soil, Sunbury is one of the most 
 beautiful towns in Pennsylvania ; and its future prosperity is 
 certain from the concentration of the extensive railroad traffic 
 here. 
 
 Among the most noted industries are the repair-shops of the 
 Northern Central Railway, the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad 
 shops, two planing-mills, three steam saw-mills, a grist-mill, two 
 founderies, a car-wheel foundery, and an oil-mill, employing 
 together about seven hundred men. An extensive mercantile 
 trade is carried on ; and the amount of anthracite coal shipped 
 is about six million tons annually. The mines are located at 
 the " Shamokin coal-region," about twenty miles distant. 
 Grape-culture has been extensively pursued within the last few 
 years ; and there are now five vineyards in its vicinity, from one 
 of which the yield, in 1872, was ten tons of Concord grapes, 
 and a thousand gallons of wine. The town has seven churches, 
 two banks, an academy, a high school, a semiiiary for young 
 ladies, several private schools, eight primary schools, a number 
 of good hotels, and the ordinary county buildings. Population 
 3,131. 
 
 NoETBXTMBEELAND, 2 milcs, is Opposite Sunbury, at the 
 junction of the North and West Branches of the Susquehanna. 
 It occupies one of the most picturesque situations in the State. 
 From a precipitous bluff near it, which juts out over the river, 
 a view of surpassing magnificence and extent is had, of moun- 
 tains broken into ridges, with valleys between, teeming with 
 luxuriant fruits and dense foliage, and multitudes of improve- 
 ments scattered here and there in its vicinity. ' The river is 
 spanned by several bridges at this point, which increase the 
 
368 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 attractiveness of tke scene. This town was laid out in 17T5, 
 by Reuben Haines, a brewer from Philadelphia ; but it has never 
 fulfilled its early promise of becoming a commercial centre, 
 which its situation seemed to warrant, being at the confluence 
 of the two branches of the Susquehanna. 
 
 This place is noted for being the residence of Dr. Joseph 
 Priestley, the alleged discoverer of oxygen gas, and the chief 
 founder of the modern school of chemistry. On the 1st of 
 August, 1874, the " Centennial of Chemistry " was celebrated 
 in Northumberland by many of the most distinguished scientists 
 of America. 
 
 The business of Northumberland is flourishing, and steadily 
 increasing. It contains a car-manufactory, a naU-mill, and 
 steam saw and planing mills. It contains a bank, several 
 churches, four hotels, and good public and private schools. 
 Population 1,788. 
 
 Milton, 13 miles, is noted for its enterprise. It lies in the 
 Susquehanna valley, and was founded, about the close of 
 the last century, by Andrew Straub, a German ; and most of the 
 early settlers were of that nation. The country surrounding 
 the town is fertile, and highly cultivated. Among its industries 
 are a rolling-mill, two planing-miLls, car-factory, and saw-mill, 
 which employ about six hundred men. A large business is 
 carried on in merchandising. It contains a public hall, three 
 ^ good hotels, six churches, two banks, and excellent public 
 schools. Population 1,909. 
 
 Watsontown, 17 miles, is among the earliest settlements 
 of the Susquehanna. Business is very active here ; and it has 
 several saw-mills, a shoe-factory, a planing-mdl, a tannery, a 
 match-stick factory, which together employ about six hundred 
 hands. It has a public hall, a bank, seven churches, three hotels, 
 and good schools. Population 1,181. 
 
 Dewabt, 19 miles, has a broom-manufactory and distillery, 
 and is surrounded by a prolific country. It contains an 
 academy, several churches, and two hotels. 
 
 MoNTGOMEET, 24 miles, is the first station in Lycoming 
 county. Its most noted industries are a machine-shop, a sash- 
 factory, and a planing-mill, which employ together seventy-five 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 369 
 
 men. It contains a public hall, a church, a seminary, and good 
 hotels. Population about 600. 
 
 MuNCY, 28 miles, is across the river from the station, and was 
 settled by Quakers from near Philadelphia. It was named by 
 them Pennsborough, and was incorporated by that name in 
 1826, which the next year was changed to Muncy. It has a 
 planing-mill, saw-mills, a foundery, and fork-factory, employing 
 in all some three hundred men. It contains a national bank, 
 five churches, two hotels, a seminary, and good graded public 
 schools. Population 1,040. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPOKT, 40 miles, is the seat of justice of Lycoming 
 County, which was formed from part of Northumberland, by 
 act of April 13, 1795. The county is generally mountainous ; 
 but, in the valleys of the Susquehanna and its tributaries, the 
 soil is very rich and productive. It abounds in bituminous coal 
 and iron ore, which are largely mined. One of the great indus- 
 tries of this region, for a third of a century, has been felling 
 the forests of pine with which the mountainous portions are 
 covered. The early settlers were generally Scotch-Irish ; and, 
 after the treaty at Fort Stanwix, they poured into the country 
 in such great numbers, that the proprietary government had 
 much difficulty to prevent them from encroaching upon the 
 Indian lands. One method to prevent this was to forbid any 
 surveys being made north of Lycoming Creek, as it was un- 
 certain whether the stream mentioned in the treaty with the 
 Indians as Tindaghton was Lycoming or Pine Creek. But, in 
 spite of this prohibition, these determined pioneers settled 
 between the two streams, and soon became powerful in num- 
 bers. They made provision for their own government by 
 electing annually three of their number, called fair-play men, 
 who were to decide all doubtful questions, especially the one of 
 boundary lines ; and from their decision there was no appeal. 
 The whole community acquiesced in their judgment; and 
 the execution of sentences was summary and irresistible. One 
 of these old settlers, being asked, some years latet, by a chief 
 justice of Pennsylvania, what the " fair-play " laws were, made 
 this pertinent reply: " AU I can say about it is, that, since your 
 Honor's courts have come among us, fair play has entirely 
 ceased, and law has taken its place." 24 
 
370 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Williamsport is the second place in business importance 
 upon the Susquehanna River, and among the first inland cities in 
 Pennsylvania. It vras laid out by Michael Ross, a German, in 
 1795. He made large donations of lands for public purposes ; 
 the plan of the town was well arranged, and carried out ; and 
 now are seen, wide straight streets, and every evidence of pros- 
 perity, making it unusually attractive. It has an abundant 
 supply of water from mountain-springs ; and gas is used in 
 public and private buildings. Many of its streets are paved 
 with Avood, which afford charming drives. 
 
 The chief biisiaess of the city is lumbering; and since its 
 establishment, about twenty-five years ago, it has grown to 
 astonishing proportions. There are now in operation fifty steam 
 saw-mills, preparing lumber for market; and the annual shipment 
 is not less than two hundred millions of feet. The other indus- 
 tries are an axe-factory, paint-works, a match-stick-manufactory, 
 a boiler-factory, several founderies, and a furniture-factory. 
 There are also extensive iron-works on the south side of the 
 river, opposite Williamsport. It has a large mercantile trade. 
 It contains a commercial college, an opera-house, a seminary, an 
 academy of music, twenty-nine churches, six public halls, six 
 excellent hotels, twelve national, savings, and private banks, 
 and a superior system of public schools. Population 16,030. 
 
 Jeesey Shore, 52 miles, was founded about the year 1800, 
 by Jeremiah and Reuben Manning, two brothers from New 
 Jersey. The town at first took the name of Waynesburg ; but 
 gradually the name of the settlement, " The Jersey Shore," 
 began to be applied to it, and when it was incorporated in 1826 
 it took its present title. It is beautifully located; and the 
 country around it is in a good state of cultivation. It has good 
 schools, a town-hall, seven churches, a bank, and two hotels. 
 Population 1,394. 
 
 Wayne, 60 miles, is noted for having near it the Mcllhattan 
 Camp-Ground, belonging to the West-Branch Camp-Meeting 
 Association. • It is a beautiful spot, completely surrounded by 
 mountains, whose tops and sides are thick with forest-trees, 
 while cool and sparkling streams trickle down the rocks, making 
 music as they go. The vUlage has a public hall, a steam saw- 
 mill, a church, and a hotel. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 371 
 
 Lock Haven, 64 miles, is the seat of justice of Clinton 
 County. This county was established June 21, 1839, from 
 parts of Lycoming and Centre. The surface is mountainous, 
 has many streams running through it ; and the valleys are rich 
 and charming, and in a high degree of cultivation. Bituminous 
 coal, iron ore, and fire-clay abound in many portions of the 
 county. Lumbering has been largely engaged in for twenty- 
 five years ; and immense fortunes have been made. 
 
 The town is situated upon the right bank of the Susque- 
 hanna, about two miles above the junction of Bald Eagle 
 Creek. It was laid out in 1834, by Jeremiah Church, and is 
 called Lock Haven, from the fact that it lies between two locks 
 on the Pennsylvania canal. The scenery around it is diversi- 
 fied with river valleys and bold mountain-peaks ; and the canal- 
 dam in front of it gives dissolving-views of rare beauty. The 
 city presents an appearance of great neatness, thrift, and at- 
 tractiveness ; and many of its public and private buildings are 
 elegant. 
 
 Lumbering is the most important business of the place ; and 
 there are also two tanneries, a boot-and-shoe-manufactory, three 
 founderies and machine-shops, and a boiler-manufactory, which 
 together employ about two hundred hands. It has also a large 
 mercantile trade. It contains two national banks, a public 
 hall, eight churches, three first-class hotels, an opera-house, and 
 good public schools. Population 6,986. 
 
 FabbandsvUiLE, 70 miles, was settled in the winter of 
 1831-32 by William P. Farrand, a Philadelphia gentleman, who 
 was agent for a company of Boston capitalists. A company 
 was organized, called the " Lycoming Coal Company," which, 
 with a great deal of energy, commenced mining the bituminous 
 coal of the vicinity, intending to make large shipments : they 
 also were to carry on extensive manufactures in iron, lumber, 
 &c. But after expending much money, building houses, saw- 
 mills, car-shops, a nail-miU, and steamboat, they were obhged to 
 abandon the enterprise, as there was no prospect of the success 
 desired ; and the embryo village soon relapsed into comparative 
 insignificance. Its chief business is hmibering and fire-brick 
 manufacture, employing some fifty hands. Of the latter com- 
 
372 HISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 modity, about ten thousand tons are shipped annually, and coal- 
 mining is carried on to a limited extent. It has one hotel, 
 seyeral chtirches and schools. 
 
 Hynbe, 86 miles, is in the midst of magnificent scenery ; and 
 the forests and streams of the moTintains are much resorted to 
 by sportsmen. There are three saw-mills here. It has a public 
 hall, one church, and one school. 
 
 Renovo, 92 miles, is an outgrowth of the Philadelphia and 
 Erie Railroad; and the works connected with the road are 
 located here, which have gathered a large population of enter- 
 prising and intelligent mechanics. It lies in an oval-shaped 
 valley, a mile and a half in length, between the mountains. 
 The valley was settled in 1825, by a single pioneer from Jersey 
 Shore, who, with his family, established himself upon a farm, 
 where he remaiaed alone until 1865, when it was purchased by 
 the railroad company, and they laid out the town. It was 
 incorporated as a borough in 1866, and has steadily increased 
 in importance since that period. It is much visited in summer 
 by health and pleasure seekers, and has an extensive, well- 
 built, and finely managed hotel. The shops of the railroad 
 company employ about seven hundred. The water, with which 
 the town is amply supplied from a clear mountain-stream, is of 
 an excellent quality. It has a public hall, three churches, a 
 bank, eleven public schools, and three hotels. Population 1,940. 
 
 Keating, 105 miles, is at the junction of the West Branch 
 and the Sinnemahoniag ; and at this point the railroad leaves 
 the Susquehanna, along which it has run for one hundred and 
 sixty miles from Harrisburg, and continues along the Sinne- 
 mahoning. There is a large private school here, and a good 
 hotel. 
 
 Round Island, 110 miles, lies in a country rich in iron ore, 
 coal, and fire-clay, and carries on lumbering largely. The 
 scenery about this place is very fine ; and near it is a waterfall 
 twenty-four feet in height. 
 
 SiNNEMAHONiNG, 117 miles, is the first station in Cameron 
 County. It contains a select school, a town-hall, a machine- 
 shop, a saw-miU, and two good hotels. 
 
 Deittwood, 120 miles, is the junction of Beimett's Branch 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 373 
 
 Extension of Alleghany Valley Eailroad, commonly called the 
 " Low-grade Eailroad." It was built by the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad Company's aid, to facilitate traffic in freight between 
 the east and the west. Along its line are remarkably fine 
 deposits of bituminous coal, and large quantities of iron ore. 
 In the village are four hotels, one public and two select schools, 
 and two churches. 
 
 Stirling, 129 miles, has a grist-mill, a shingle-mill, a plan- 
 ing-mill, and several steam saw-mills, also a steam tannery, 
 employing seventy-five men. Coal-mining is carried on exten- 
 sively, and iron ore is found in the surrounding region. It has 
 two churches and two pubhc halls. 
 
 Cameeok, 133 miles, has a large lumber and coal business : 
 one hundred and twenty-five men are employed in the latter, 
 and sixty thousand tons of coal are annually shipped ; one 
 hundred more are engaged in lumbering. There are in the vil- 
 lage a public hall, a church, and two hotels. 
 
 Emporium, 139 miles, is the seat of justice of Cameron 
 County, which was formed from parts of Elk, Potter, McKean, 
 and Clinton, by act of March 29, 1860, and named for Gen. 
 Simon Cameron. It is on the plain between the Susquehanna 
 and Alleghany Rivers, and consists of thick forests of valuable 
 timber. Its principal business is mining and lumbering. De- 
 posits of iron ore and bituminous coal are extensive in this 
 county. 
 
 Until the completion of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad to 
 this place, in 1864, Emporium was of no importance ; but, since 
 that time, its growth has been rapid. It was iucorporated as a 
 borough in this year, the 13th of October, and now has many 
 fine buildings. It does a large business in lumber, and has an 
 extensive mercantile trade. It contains grist and saw mills, 
 a steam-tannery, a sash-and-door-manufactory, good schools, a 
 public haU, and fine hotels. Population 898. 
 
 St. Maht's, 159 miles, 'is an enterprising borough in Elk 
 Coimty. It was settled about 1840, by a German Catholic 
 colony, under the charge of the St. Benedictine Society, and, 
 before the building of the railroad, was composed exclusively 
 of Catholics : since that time, the population has become more 
 
374 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 mixed, although they still predominate. There is a very fine 
 monastery located here, with which St. Gregory's College, a 
 nunnery, and an academy, are connected. The country in the 
 ■vicinity of this place is well cultivated, and has deposits of 
 bituminous coal, of which about one million tons are mined and 
 shipped annually, and in mining which two hundred men are 
 employed. Lumberiag is an important trade, and a thriving 
 mercantile trade is induced by these industries. It has a plan- 
 ing-mill, six breweries, two wagon-manufactories, two founderies 
 and machine-shops, two furniture-factories, and three grist- 
 mills. The town contains five public halls, three churches, a 
 bank, good public schools, and a number of hotels. Popula- 
 tion 1,084. 
 
 Daguscahohda, 165 miles. The chief business is coal- 
 mining and lumbering ; and in the latter sixty men are em- 
 ployed, while the former ships about one hundred and fifty tons 
 per day, and employs seventy men. 
 
 RiDGBWAT, 169 miles, is the seat of justice of Elk county, 
 formed from portions of McKean and Clearfield by act of 
 April 18, 1843. It is situated upon the ridge between the 
 Atlantic coast and the Mississippi valley. Its soil is not par- 
 ticularly rich, but yields to cultivation. It is . covered with a 
 thick growth of hemlock. The county received its name from 
 a mountain in its southern part, so called from the great number 
 of elks roaming over it. ' The first settlements were made 
 about 1820. 
 
 The town of Ridgeway lies on the head-waters of the Clarion 
 River. It was settled in 1840 by lumbermen, mostly from New 
 England and New York, and was named for Jacob Ridgeway, a 
 merchant of Philadelphia, who owned large tracts of land 
 there. It has two tanneries, employing many men ; and it also 
 carries on lumbering. There is a good mercantile trade ; and 
 the town contains a bank, four churches, three hotels, two 
 public halls, one high and other public schools, and county 
 buildings. Population 800. 
 
 Wilcox, 184 miles, is noted for having the largest tannery 
 in the United States, which employs one hundred and fifty 
 men. The same number is employed in the lumber-business. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 375 
 
 There are two churches, a graded public school, a public hall, 
 and a good hotel. Population about 1,000. 
 
 Sergeant, 189 miles, is the first station in McKean County, 
 which was organized March 27, 1824. It was named for 
 Thomas McKean, a former chief justice and governor of Penn- 
 sylvania. It is covered with thick growths of birch, pine, 
 maple, and hemlock, and other hard woods ; and it has a moist 
 soil, which under cultivation gives good crops. Coal and iron 
 ore are abundant. Population 8,825. 
 
 Kajstb, 193 miles, was settled about the time the Philadelphia 
 and Erie Railroad was completed, upon land owned by the 
 family of Judge Kane of Philadelphia. It is surrounded by 
 forests, through which flow purling streams, and is much 
 resorted to by sportsmen who hunt the deer and other game. 
 To accommodate these visitors, the Thomson House has 
 been erected upon a park of one thousand acres, two thousand 
 feet above the level of the ocean ; and at this height the air is 
 unrivalled for purity and spicy odors from the forests around. 
 The business of Kane is lumbering principally ; and it has six 
 steam saw-mills, employing about two hundred men. The 
 machine-shops of the railroad employ about one hundred more. 
 Population 2,000. 
 
 Waeeen, 222 miles, is the seat of justice of Warren County, 
 formed from part of Lycoming by act of March 12, 1800, and 
 named for Gen. Warren ; but, not having sufficient population 
 to sustain a separate organization, it was in 1805 joined to 
 Venango county, not being re-organized until the 16th of 
 March, 1819. Its growth at first was very slow ; but since 1830 
 it has progressed rapidly, and at present it ranks among the 
 first counties of the State. Its surface is undulating, and, as 
 it nears the streams, becomes rugged. Portions of it are very 
 fertile and well cultivated. The southern part is comprised 
 within the great oil-field of Pennsylvania ; and borings made in 
 it soon after the discoveries in Venango were the means of 
 adding much to its population and wealth. 
 
 The town of Warren is beautifully situated on the Alleghany 
 River, at its junction with the Conewango. Its principal busi- 
 ness is lumbering ; and it also has a sash-factory, iron-works, 
 
376 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and planing-mills. It is a charming place of residence, and 
 offers great attractions to the tourist. Many of its public and 
 private buildings are tasteful in design and surroundings. It 
 has three banks, eight churches, good schools, several hotels, 
 county buildings, and three public halls. Population 2,014. 
 
 Ikvinbton, 228 miles, is built upon land taken up by Gen. 
 William Irvine of Revolutionary fame ; and his son, in 1795, 
 erected a cabin upon the site of the village. The present town 
 was laid out about 1840, by Dr. WUliam Irvine, son of the 
 general. It has a saw-mill, a stave-mill, grist-mill, woollen-mill, 
 two churches, and four hotels. Population about 350. 
 
 CoEET, 251 miles, is the first station in Erie County, situated 
 on Oil Creek, and was developed from the oil speculation, and in 
 the early days of the " oil-fever." Corry was subjected to all the 
 ups and downs attendant upon this fever, but proved an excep- 
 tion to the rule when cities and towns collapsed with the burst- 
 ing of the petroleum bubble, as it maintained a steady and 
 upward course. Her position favors this result, being upon an 
 elevation nearly fifteen hundred feet above the ocean-level, and 
 more than eight hundred above Lake Erie, thus making it a 
 remarkably healthful location. The surrounding country is 
 fairly productive. Iron and coal are easily obtained ; timber is 
 plentiful ; and it is brought into communication with all impor- 
 tant business-places by railroads radiating from it to all points 
 of the compass. It has a great number of industries, among 
 which are manufactories of furniture, wooden-ware, boring- 
 machines, fork and spade handles, sashes and blinds, brushes, 
 agricultural implements, steam-engines, and many other 
 articles : it has also large oil-works, iron-works, steam, flour, 
 and saw mills, breweries, cooper-shops, tanneries, shingle-mills, 
 railroad-shops. It contains three banks, six public halls, nine 
 churches, seven hotels, an academy of music, a very fine city 
 hall, and has superior educational facilities, both of a public 
 and private character. Population 6,809. 
 
 Union, 261 miles, is situated on French Creek. It is an 
 enterprising borough, and contains wooden-pump, furniture, 
 and oil-barrel manufactories, employing about three hundred 
 men. The country around it is well adapted to grazing. It 
 
HIST0R7 OF PENNSYLVANIA. 377 
 
 has two public halls, an opera-house, three hotels, three banking 
 institutions, six churches, and graded public schools. Popula- 
 tion 1,500. 
 
 Wateepokd, 269 miles, is an active borough upon Le Bcsuf 
 Lake and Creek. The settlement about this town is very old, 
 being made by the French before the English came hither. 
 The town was laid out in 1794, by Andrew Ellicott ; and its 
 name was changed from Le Bceuf to Watertown in 1795. It 
 was largely engaged in the salt-trade at one time, supplying the 
 settlers in the Ohio valley ; but, after the discovery ^ the salt- 
 wells on the Kiskiminetas, this trade fell off, and the town 
 suffered from the effects ; and it was not until the construction 
 of the railroad that it began to assume any importance, since 
 which time its growth has been rapid. Among its manufac- 
 turing establishinents are one of boots and shoes, and one of 
 firkins and tubs. There is some lumbering here, and dairy 
 business is extensive. It contains four public halls, an academy, 
 four churches, one bank, and three hotels. Population 790. 
 
 Jackson's, 275 miles, is near the elevation separating the 
 Ohio River from the rivers flowing into Lake Erie. 
 
 Ekie, 288 miles, is the seat of justice of Erie County, formed 
 from a portion of Alleghany County by act of March 12, 1800, 
 but which was not fully organized until the 2d of April, 1803. 
 Its surface is rendered uneven from the low ridge which runs 
 parallel with the lake shore, about eight or ten miles from it, 
 lying between the tributaries of the lake and the Alleghany 
 River. 
 
 This whole region was nearly an unexplored country down 
 to 1750. The entire southern shore of the lake was occupied 
 by a tribe of Indians called the Eries ; and from them the lake 
 and the county were named. A bitter hostility existed be- 
 tween this tribe and the Five Nations for many years, which 
 finally terminated in the extermination of the Eries. Many of 
 the first settlers in this county were from New York and the 
 New England States ; and, though some came from the south- 
 ern parts of Pennsylvania, still the population more resembled, 
 in general characteristics, that of the Eastern States than of 
 oiu: State, in which it is located. Many years elapsed before 
 
378 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the resources of the land were much developed, or Erie became 
 of its present commercial importance. " Erie County now 
 takes a prominent rank among her sisters of the great Key- 
 stone Commonwealth. The town of Erie was laid out in 1795, 
 by Gen. William Irvine and Andrew EUicott, under authority of 
 the State. . . . The city contains a large number of elegant 
 private residences ; and among its public edifices are seventeen 
 churches (representing all Christian denominations), an excel- 
 lent academy, an opera-house, an academy of music, five 
 pubhc halls, several private, and a superior system of public 
 schools. It has ten banking-institutions, two hospitals, an 
 orphan-asylum, six cemeteries, two public libraries, a number 
 of superior hotels, and, in short, possesses all the requisites of 
 metropolitan life and enjoyment. Population 19,646."* 
 
 LEWISBtJEG, CENTEB, AWD SPBTJCE CKEEK BBANCH. 
 
 This is a branch of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, and 
 the point of intersection is at Montandon. 
 
 Lewisbtxrg, li miles, is the seat of justice of Union County. 
 This county was formed by act of March 22, 1813, and consists 
 of limestone valleys in a high degree of cultivation, and pre- 
 senting beautiful scenes. The first settlers were German, and 
 the larger proportion of the present inhabitants are their de- 
 scendants. The town is on the west bank of the Susquehanna 
 Eiver, and was laid out by a German, named Louis Derr, and 
 at first was known by the name of Derr's town. It is joined 
 to Montandon by a fine substantial bridge. It contains a plan- 
 ing-mill, a boat-building yard and saw-mill united, and a manu- 
 factory of agricultural implements, which together employ 
 about two hundred men. Population 3,121. 
 
 MrPELiNBinRG, 11 miles, is a pleasantly located and thriving 
 borough in Buffalo valley. It has carriage-manufactories, a 
 foundery, a steam grist-mill, a planing-miU, two steam tanneries. 
 There are two banks, four churches, a public hall, two hotels, 
 and good public schools. Population 911. 
 
 ' Sipes's Pennsylvania Eailroad, pp. 245-247. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 379 
 
 DANVILLE AND HAZLETON BEANCH. 
 
 Philadelphia and Eeib Junction is the point of inter- 
 section with the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad. 
 
 Danville, 12 miles, is noted for its production and manu- 
 facture of iron, the works in operation employing more than 
 two thousand men. Limestone and iron are found very abun- 
 dantly in the adjacent region. It is the seg,t of justice of 
 Montour County, separated from Columbia by act of May 3, 
 1850. Jt contains seventeen churches, two national banks, a 
 fine opera-house, and three good hotels. Population 8,436. 
 
 Catawissa, 21 mUes, is a delightfully situated borough in 
 Columbia County, on the left bank of the Susquehanna. It 
 was laid out in 1787 by William Hughes, a Quaker from Berks 
 County, and was for many years under the control of that sect. 
 These were superseded by Germans ; and in 1816 an iron fur- 
 nace was erected by one of these latter settlers near the town. 
 It is not important as a business-place, but is justly noted for 
 beauty and sublimity of scenery, causing it to be much resorted 
 to. The chief business now is merchandising and railroading. 
 It has a public hall, two hotels, six churches, and a deposit 
 bank. Population 1,614. 
 
 ToMHiCKEN, 45 miles, is the terminus of this road, and point 
 of connection with Wilkesbarre Railroad, running to Hazleton, 
 at which place a junction is formed with the Lehigh Valley 
 Railroad. 
 
 Having now noticed most of the important places on the 
 Pennsylvania road and its western branches, we return to 
 the branches from New Jersey owned by the Pennsylvania. 
 The places on these roads do not come within the limits of this 
 history, except where they enter and pass through towns and 
 villages in this State. The Camden and Amboy road enters 
 Philadelphia at the Walnut Street Ferry ; and the Camden and 
 Atlantic, at the Vine Street Ferry. On starting from the West 
 Philadelphia Depot, the traveller goes thirty miles to the Dela- 
 ware River, where the road crosses a long bridge, and enters 
 Trenton, N.J. On this route of thirty miles are several villages, 
 most of which are included within the city limits. Bristol, a 
 
380 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 pleasant town in Bucks County, on the Delaware River, nine- 
 teen miles above Philadelphia, lies on this road. This was the 
 first seat of justice of the county, and is stiU the largest town. 
 It contains several churches, a town-hall, a bank, and a mineral 
 spring. It was settled as early as 1697. Population about 
 3,000. 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 CITIES AND T0W5TS ON THE HEADING AND OTHER KAIL- 
 
 BOADS. 
 
 Net-work of Railroads — Afford Facilities for Historical Description — Beading 
 Eoad — Consholiocken — Norristown — Valley Forge — Phoenlxville — Potts- 
 town — Reading — Port Clinton — Auburn — Schuylkill Haven — Pottsville 
 — Mount Carbon — Eavino Gap — Lebanon — Mabanoy Plane — Northern 
 Pennsylvania — Gwynedd — Lansdale — Sellersville — Landis Eidge — Heller- 
 town — Lehigh Valley Eailroad — Bethlehem — AUentown — Catasauqua — 
 Hokendauqua — Slatington — Lehigbton — Weinport — Packertown — Mauch 
 Chunk — Mount Pisgah — Summit Hill — Burning-Mine — Glen Onoko — 
 Chameleon Falls — Onoko Falls — Terrace Falls — Nesquehoning Bridge — 
 Penn Haven — Stony Creek — Eockport — Tannery — White Haven — Free- 
 mansburg — Eedington — Glendon — Easton — Delaware, Lackawanna, and 
 Western Railroad — Delaware Water Gap — Philadelphia, Wilmington, and 
 Baltimore Eailroad — Chester — West Chester Eailroad — West Chester. 
 
 THE railroads of Pennsylvania form almost complete inter- 
 lacings, penetrating every portion of the State ; and 
 hence, by following out these roads, the traveller passes 
 through the three great regions into which the Commonwealth 
 is divided ; and by this means he is enabled to survey and 
 explore all her cities, towns, and hamlets. As these three great 
 divisions of the State are drained by the tributaries of three 
 great rivers, running through their several valleys, so the whole 
 surface of the State comes under the eye of him who follows 
 these immense tracks through the river-beds. Thus the valley 
 of the Susquehanna affords the natural avenue for these great 
 thoroughfares from north to south. Next the Upper Dela- 
 ware, Lehigh, and SchuylkiU with its tributaries, afford a 
 passage for the roads through all the north-eastern portion of 
 the State, to the vast coal deposits in these regions. The 
 north-western parts — the oil-regions — are alike accessible by 
 
 381 
 
382 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the head-waters of the Alleghany or Ohio River ; and, finally, 
 aU of the courses, with the mountains between them, are inter- 
 sected by the great Pennsylvania Railroad, running east and 
 west through the entire length of the State, which territory 
 the reader has already travelled. 
 
 As this offers the most feasible way of reaching the vast 
 mineral fields, as well as the agricultural portions of the State, 
 and showing its natural scenery, so, also, it is the most proper 
 and easy way of arriving at all that is of the greatest historical 
 interest ; and thus every thing most conducive to a full history 
 of Pennsylvania can readily be set before the reader. 
 
 Pursuing this plan, we now take the Philadelphia and 
 Reading Railroad with its branches, the second in extent in 
 the Commonwealth. The Reading road proper begins at 
 Philadelphia, and takes its name from Reading, its original 
 termination, a distance of fifty-eight miles only ; but, with its 
 branches and connections, it extends over fifteen hundred miles, 
 and is justly considered of great importance for its transporta- 
 tion of immense quantities of coal and iron from points along 
 its route to Philadelphia. Starting from the depot, a spacious 
 edifice at Broad and Callowhill Streets, the road passes through 
 the built-up part of the city, by the eastern end of Fairmount 
 Park, and along the Schuylkill, until Columbia Bridge is 
 reached, which it crosses. The first station beyond is Belmont ; 
 and now the banks of the river are followed, taking Tom 
 Moore's cottage. Falls Village, Manayunk, which are in- 
 cluded in the city limits. The next station, Conshohocken, 
 thirteen miles from Philadelphia, is a village in Montgomery 
 County. It is a thriving place ; and iron-working is largely 
 carried on. It contains a large blast-furnace and foundery, in 
 which gas and water pipes are made, and sent to all parts of 
 the Union. It has also several machine-shops, and one large 
 rolling-mill in operation, and two blast-furnaces across the 
 river. Norristown is the next point ; and the station is known 
 by the name of Bridgeport, situated on the opposite side of the 
 river, with which it is connected by a bridge. It is a very 
 handsome town, the capital of Montgomery County, and com- 
 mands an elevated and delightful situation on the left bank of 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 383 
 
 the Schuylkill River. The Reading Railroad is upon the 
 Bridgeport side ; and the Chester Valley Branch is its terminus ; 
 while the Norristown Branch is ended at Norristown. The 
 town is regular, and contains many fine buildings, mostly of 
 brick and stone. Chief among these is the Court House, of a 
 light-gray native marble. It has also a fine county prison, 
 banks, a public library, ten churches. There are flourishing 
 boarding-schools here, two of which have elegant buildings, 
 located upon rising ground. The trade of the town is increasing, 
 being facilitated by the improved navigation of the river. The 
 great water-power of the river is employed in large cotton- 
 factories (employing several hundred hands), and several 
 rolling-mills and nail-factories. 
 
 Now we arrive at Valley Forge, twenty-three miles from 
 Philadelphia, on the right bank of the Schuylkill. It is at the 
 mouth of Valley Creek ; and it will be remembered this was 
 where Washington encamped during the winter of 1777-78. 
 Perkiomen Creek, just above this point, empties into the river. 
 There is a road, called the Perkiomen Creek Branch following 
 the creek, terminating at AUentown, fifty-one miles from 
 Philadelphia. PhoenixvUle, the next stopping-place, is twenty- 
 seven miles from Philadelphia, and the terminus of Pickering 
 Valley Branch. It is in Chester County, on the right bank of 
 the Schuylkill, at the mouth of French Creek, which flows 
 through a very fertile valley. It is one of the most populous 
 towns in the county, and has large manufactures of cotton and 
 iron. One of the largest roUing-miUs in this country, that of 
 the Phoenix Iron Company, is located here ; and a large 
 quantity of railroad iron and nails is made annually, the 
 material being obtained in the vicinity, and of a superior 
 quality. After leaving this place, the road passes into a tunnel 
 two thousand feet in length, upon emerging from which we 
 cross the river to the bank opposite the one the road has fol- 
 lowed since leaving Belmont, and soon arrive at Pottstown, 
 which is in Montgomery County, at the mouth of Manatawny 
 Creek, forty miles from Philadelphia. This is a neatly-built 
 town, its houses being principally upon one street, very broad 
 and attractive, from the great number of shade-trees and 
 
384 
 
 B I STORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 pleasant grounds. The scenery about the town is beautiful, as 
 the river winds in and out in a charmingly picturesque manner. 
 Just stopping at Douglasville, we follow the beautiful river in 
 its many turnings, cross the Manatawny and Monocacy Creeks ; 
 
 VALLEY FOKGE. 
 
 and now the views become bewilderingly bewitching. The 
 river sparkles out into golden sunlight, anon hides herself 
 behind hills, and in this capricious mood does she manifest, 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 385 
 
 until, as if repenting, she straightens out, and presents Reading. 
 It is pleasantly located upon a plain emerging from the river, 
 and is surrounded by three hills so large as to be almost 
 mountains, called Mount Penn, Mount Washington, and Mount 
 Neversink. It was founded in 1748, by William and Richard 
 Penn, and is regularly laid out. The town has a thrifty appear- 
 ance; and its well-paved streets and handsome houses and 
 stores indicate wealth and prosperity. In manufactures it 
 takes the third rank in the State, and in population the fourth. 
 It has furnaces, mills, raih-oad-shops, employing about twelve 
 
 SCHUYLKILL BELOW BEADING. 
 
 hundred men. There are in the town twenty-three churches, 
 two opera-houses, and several banks. It is from Reading that 
 the numerous branches which make the great line of road 
 comprehended under the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad 
 diverge ; and the depot at this place receives and sends out all 
 trains going over these branches. This depot is said to be the 
 handsomest in the State, and has in its tower a large electrical 
 clock, which communicates the time to every clock inside the 
 depot, the standard being Philadelphia. The works for the 
 
 25 
 
386 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 „»„<iact„xe of gaa used in the depot and »„ »e located 
 r,^:X^"T8/ Itt re„t....t ..e. .o„ P.n. 
 
 SCHUYLKILL ABOVE FORT CLINTON. 
 
 '"'rV'"' tTShuTllirH^en are the ne.t important sta- 
 «„tt * IS'rie "tter heing »ost deUghtfolly located on 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANU. 387 
 
 the bank of the river. Now we arrive at Pottsville, ninety- 
 three miles from Philadelphia, the present terminus of the 
 road. It is situated upon the border of the coal-basin, formed 
 by the Schuylkill breaking through Sharp Mountain. It 
 received its name from John Pott, who in 1827 built Green- 
 wood Furnace ; and it was in digging the foundation for this 
 furnace that the coal was discovered which has rendered this 
 
 MOUNT CARBON AND SHARP MOUNTAIN. 
 
 valley so famous. This town is still peopled -with his descend- 
 ants, who have become wealthy from the fact of owning land, 
 and retaining it until it rose in value. Its streets are very pic- 
 turesque ; and the drives about the city are fine, having beau- 
 tiful views. Small lines of railroads emerge from Pottsville, 
 spreading in all directions, as new coal-mines are opened ; and 
 all along their lines are villages and towns, which are made up 
 
388 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 of intelligent and enterprising people. The Philadelphia and 
 Reading Railroad Company have commenced a very important 
 work in the vicinity of Pottsville. In order to reach and work 
 the extensive white-ash coal-veins of the southern basin, two 
 perpendicular shafts have been sunk ; and the longest one has 
 already reached a depth of 1,128 feet, and from this a bore-hole 
 
 iiioij Uiiu j^iiu-iiimoth 
 vein, reaching to a distance 
 of 1,954 feet fi-om the surface 
 of the ground. Mount Car- 
 bon, one mile short of Potts- 
 ville, at the foot of Sharp 
 Mountain, is noted for its 
 hotel, owned by the rail- 
 road company, which is well 
 kept, and much resorted to in summer. It is the junction of 
 numerous branches leading into the middle and lower coal- 
 fields. We append a very good view of this place and Sharp 
 Mountain. 
 
 The Ravino Gap, near Pottsville, is remarkable for the beauty 
 and wildness of its scenery ; and, as the traveller passes through 
 
 HAVING GAP, NEAR POTTSVILLE. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 389 
 
 it, his eyes are feasted with a succession of pictures, each more 
 beautiful than the preceding one. 
 
 From Pottsville, we will proceed to some of the places on 
 the branches of this road. The Lebanon Valley Branch goes 
 from the main line at Reading, through the Lebanon Valley, 
 ending at Harrisburg, and thus runs through Lebanon County, 
 
 
 
 MAHANOT PLANE, LOOKING UP. 
 
 the chief town cf ^i^^p-^ 
 
 which is Lebanon. 
 
 It lies in a fertile 
 
 limestone valley, and 
 
 is twenty-five miles 
 
 east of Harrisburg. 
 
 Passing on towards the coal-regions, we go through Mahanoy 
 City, Mahanoy Plane, Ashland, Gordon, and Shamokin, to 
 Hemdon. At Mahanoy Plane is the inclined plane, from which 
 it takes its name, used in raising coal-cars from the valley to the 
 top of the mountain, whence they run on a down grade to 
 Mount Carbon. This plane is 2,410 feet long, 354 feet high ; 
 
390 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and the top is 1,478 feet above tide-water. The object of this 
 plane may be readily seen, when it is stated that the head of it 
 is only twelve miles from Pottsville by rail. A fine view of the 
 plane is given in the accompanying cut. 
 
 Our limits do not permit us to dwell longer upon the numer- 
 ous branches and places, along their routes, of the Philadelphia 
 and Reading Railroad ; and we will therefore return to Philadel- 
 phia, and start by the Northern Pennsylvania Railroad for the 
 coal-regions of the Lehigh Valley. The depot of this road is 
 on the corner of Berks and American Streets. Its course for 
 fifteen miles is in the limits of the city ; and the first station of 
 importance beyond it is Gwynedd, a Welsh settlement, with 
 over two thousand inhabitants. Near this place the road passes 
 through a large tunnel, a single mile costing over three hundred 
 thousand dollars. Lansdale, the next stopping-place, is the junc- 
 tion of the branch railroad to Doylestown ; and at Sellersville, ten 
 iniles beyond, Landis Ridge is reached, which separates the Dela- 
 ware and Schuylkill. From tliis Ridge a magnificent view is had 
 of Limestone Valley and the surrounding country. Hellertown, 
 fifty miles from Philadelphia, is the last station before arriving at 
 Bethlehem, where the Lehigh Valley Railroad forms a junction, 
 and on which we continue our journey through this beautiful 
 and valuable stretch of country. Bethlehem is a quaint old 
 spot ; and the tourist, in rambling through its quiet streets, will 
 feel as if he were put back in the march of time. It received 
 its name from Count Zinzendorf, to commemorate the first 
 Christmas-eve service held by the Moravians in 1741. The old 
 buildings of this sect are still standing; and the Sisters' and 
 Widows' houses, in their interior, present the same appearance 
 as of old, — flagged pavements, small windows, broad oaken 
 staircases, and low ceiliDgs. It has an additional historic inter- 
 est, from the fact that Washington located his hospital here, and 
 sent supplies, after the passage of the Delaware ; and the sick 
 and wounded were tenderly cared for by these charitable 
 Moravians. It has a number of extensive manufacturing 
 establishments, the largest of which is the Bethlehem Iron 
 Foundery, turning out thirty thousand tons of iron per annum. 
 There is also a large establishment belonging to the Lehigh Zinc 
 
B I STORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 391 
 
 Company, which employs some seven hundred men, and pro- 
 duces annually thirty-five hundred tons of white oxide. The 
 town has water and gas, and is rapidly increasing in population. 
 The Lehigh University, founded by Hon. Asa Packer of Mauch 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 w 
 
 Chunk, is located here ; and at this institution the tuition is 
 entirely free. 
 
 Allentown, the next place beyond Bethlehem, is at the junc- 
 tion of the Lehigh and Little Lehigh and Jordan Creek. It 
 is a beautiful city, buUt upon high ground. It has extensive 
 manufactures, and lies in the midst of a fine agricultural 
 
392 
 
 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANFA. 
 
 region. The Allentown Rolling-Mill is celebrated for its man- 
 ufacture of rails. It has a female college, finely located in the 
 north-eastern part of the town, and among other public build- 
 ings are the County Jail, an Opera-House, Odd-Fellows' and 
 Masonic Halls. The present population is fifteen thousand. Its 
 
 LEHIGH GAP. 
 
 accessibility to deposits of limestone, iron ore, cement, zinc, &c., 
 is a good assurance of its increasing importance. Leaving 
 Allentown, and passing Catasauqua and Hokendauqua, both 
 important manufacturing places (the latter being the location 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 393 
 
 of the Thomas Iron Works, said to be the largest and most 
 complete in the United States, which consume over a hundred 
 thousand tons of coal per annum), we reach Slatington, the next 
 place of any note. It is called thus from being in the largest slate 
 region ever discovered, the various quarries of which employ- 
 over six hundred men. Now we are at Lehigh Gap, formed 
 from the Lehigh River forcing itself through the Blue Moun- 
 tains ; and the scenery in this vicinity is magnificent and sublime. 
 The cut shows the course of the road through this gap. The 
 boroughs of Lehighton and Weinport are now passed, cele- 
 brated for being the resort of the fugitives from Wyoming 
 when their village was destroyed by the Indian marauders ; and 
 many are the legends still related of their sufferings and pri- 
 vations. It was here that the Moravian mission among the 
 Indians, called Gwadenhutten, was established in 1746. 
 
 Now we are at Mauch Chunk, just glancing at Paokertown, 
 where are located the shops of the Lehigh Valley Railroad 
 Company, which employ over five hundred men. Mauch 
 Chtmk, meaning, in Indian language " Bear Mountain," is one 
 of the most romantically situated towns in this country ; and 
 the scenery around it is unsurpassed in grandeur and sublimity. 
 It is on the Lehigh River ; was settled in 1815 ; and for many 
 years has been the centre of coal operations for the Lehigh 
 region. It is encompassed with mountains, which rise from 
 seven hundred to one thousand feet, and has spread itself out 
 to such an extent, that it could only be enlarged by excavating 
 from the precipitous rocks. About two hundred feet above 
 the main tovni, there is a plain of several hundred acres, thickly 
 settled, and knovm by the name of Upper Mauch Chunk. In 
 the cut is presented a view of the town, and Mount Pisgah in 
 the background. 
 
 This town is quaint in the extreme. It has but one street ; 
 and the valley is so narrow, that the houses are crowded closely 
 against the hillsides, their gardens above the roofs. It is called 
 the " Switzerland of America ; " and, during the summer and 
 autumn, is much resorted to by pleasure-seekers, and lovers of 
 Nature. It has a very extensive and complete hotel, — the 
 Mansion House, having rooms for four hundred and fifty 
 
sSt 
 
 - * 
 
 
 
 
 1/ '^*--' 
 
 7"^ 
 
 
 ^&^i 
 
 MAUCH CHUNK, 
 
 3 ilM^ ^ 
 
 
EI8T0RY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 395 
 
 guests, and a dining-hall capable of seating nearly five hundred 
 persons. 
 
 There are many fine residences at Mauch Chunk, among 
 which may be noticed those of Hon. Asa Packer and John 
 Leisenring, conspicuous for elegance of design, and beauty of 
 surroundings. The town is supplied with gas and water of the 
 purest quality. It is full of the enterprise and industry which 
 
 r_ 
 
 * * I c :- fir * • * 
 
 MOUIJT PISGAH PLANE. 
 
 several collieries, and the offices of the two railroad companies, 
 create, and supports two national and one savings bank. Its 
 population is about 7,000. We shaUbe forced, not very unwill- 
 ingly, to linger some time, in order to visit the many beautiful 
 spots in the vicinity of Mauch Chunk ; and, as Mount Pisgah 
 seems to beckon us up to explore its summit, we will take 
 
396 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 that first. But how can we climb that steep height ? We need 
 not do this, but simply avail ourselves of the Switchback, or 
 gravity road, which, though planned especially for the coal-cars, 
 has been arranged for the comfort of travellers ; and, in future, 
 this mode of ascending to the summit of the mountain is to be 
 given up to the excursionists who visit Mauch Chunk, while the 
 
 by tun- 
 fesquehoning 
 way in which 
 jelled up and 
 is this : The 
 tneans of an 
 inclined plane, with a station- 
 ary engine at the top, the 
 ascent being 700 feet in 2,340 : they then, over a downward 
 grade, descend by their own weight. The distance from the 
 foot to the summit is 2,822 feet ; and a double track has been 
 laid over the plane with great care. 
 
 •THE FLAGSTAFF," MAUCH CHUNK. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 397 
 
 Now let US pause, after the exhilarating and exciting ride 
 upon the Switchback, and rest upon this clump of rocks, far 
 above the town, — so far, that the train below looks like a child's 
 mimic toy, and as we lazily gaze upon our stars' and stripes, 
 floating out in the breeze from the flagstaff, go over again, 
 in imagination, the wild race we have had. Our starting-point 
 was at Upper Mauch Chunk ; and, after the summit of the moun- 
 tain was gained, we crossed a piece of trestle-work over a deep, 
 wild ravine, which made us shudder as we gazed down into its 
 depths ; then, alighting, we followed a winding footpath to a 
 yet higher point, called the Pavilion, where is an observatory, 
 the view from which is sublime beyond description. To the 
 south, through Lehigh Gap, we catch glimpses of the blue, 
 hazy outline of Schooley's Mountain, sixty-five miles off. At 
 the north of Lehigh Gap is Wind Gap, whose horizon is 
 bounded by blue hills and verdant fields. Then we entered the 
 cars, which, by their own power of gravitation, ran a distance 
 of six miles (the descent being three hundred and two feet), 
 arriving at the base of another inclined plane (Mount Jeffer- 
 son), 2,070 feet long, and 462 high, from whence we were 
 drawn up to the top in the same manner as before, holding our 
 breath as the earth seemed to be receding from us ; and, the 
 summit gained, we were hurried along to the mining- village of 
 Summit Hill, 9,075 feet above the Lehigh, with a population 
 of 2,000. It is a curious place, with rambling streets and old 
 buildings, and has a stone arsenal, with turrets and loop-holes, 
 in which are stored arms enough for a company's use, should 
 trouble arise among the miners. Near this place is another 
 road, the original Switchback, leading, by a long descent, to 
 the Panther Creek Valley ; and here, also, is the " burning- 
 mine," in whose depths a fire has been raging for the last thirty- 
 two years. And now we started on the continuous down grade 
 to Mount Pisgah's base, our starting-point. One turn of the 
 brakes, and on we sped, faster and faster, until we could com- 
 pare it to nothing but the flight of a bird ; and we did not feel 
 it possible to ever be able to stop at Mauch Chunk, which we 
 began to descry in the distance, when suddenly we found our- 
 selves stationary at the platform. One of the many views from 
 the trestling is given. 
 
398 
 
 BISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Two miles farther on, we arrive at Glen Onoko ; and this is 
 indeed fairyland, — cascades and rocks, deep shadows and 
 broken rifts, through which the light comes dancing and quiver- 
 ing. Chameleon Falls, one of the greatest charms of the glen, 
 is fifty feet high ; and the stream rushes over down into a half- 
 
 VIEW NORTH FROM THE TRESTLING, MOUNT PISGAH. 
 
 square basin, densely overshadowed with foliage. A little far- 
 ther on we come to Onoko Falls, ninety feet in height ; and if 
 the spray is not feared, and we venture in behind this misty 
 veil, the beauties we shall find will well repay us. Still on, up 
 this wondrous glen, squeezing through a passage between two 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 399 
 
 birch-trees, properly called the " Fat Man's Misery," Terrace 
 Falls and Cave Falls are reached, the latter taking its name 
 from a rocky recess close at hand, where the Indians are said to 
 have hidden ; and it is believed that through this glen was an 
 old war-trail from the Susquehanna to the Delaware, through 
 which Gen. Sullivan and his soldiers passed in 1778, after the 
 Wyoming massacre. Of the former, the following is a cut, 
 
 CHAMELEON FALLS. 
 
 showing the dainty tripping from rock to rock of the sparkling 
 white stream. Before we continue our trip from Mauch Chunk 
 on this road, we will take the Nesquehoning Valley Branch 
 Railroad, from thence to Tamanend. On this trip we pass over 
 a bridge, said to be the highest in the country. It is 1,100 
 feet long, and 168 feet above the Little Schuylkill, over which 
 it is built, from one mountain to another. The view from this 
 
400 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 bridge is magnificent ; and though, from its great height, it 
 would seem as if there were danger in running trains across it, 
 yet it is built with so much care and regard for security, that 
 one may give himself up to the enjoyment of the scene with- 
 out fear for his safety. The illustration gives a very good idea 
 of the strength and compactness of this bridge. 
 
 Now we resume our journey from Mauch Chunk through 
 
 ONOKO FALLS. 
 
 scenery so wild and grand and lonely, that it seems almost 
 desecration to penetrate it, arriving at Penn Haven Junction, 
 from which three branches — the Beaver Meadow, Hazleton, 
 and Mahanoy — run to important coal centres, distant sixty- 
 six, seventy, and eighty-one miles. Penn Haven was founded 
 in 1838, and now has an immense coal-business. Near this 
 place is Stony Creek, which is named from a trout-stream in 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 401 
 
 its vicinity. Rockport, the next point, is a village situated in 
 a romantic gorge in Buck Mountain. Passing Tannery, a lum- 
 ber-station, we come next to White Haven, noted for its lum- 
 ber-business, of which it is the chief depot on the Lehigh. It 
 was settled in 1835, and named for Josiah White, the superin- 
 tendent of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. Its 
 present population is about 1,500. Here the Nescopec Railroad 
 
 TERRACE FALLS, GLEN ONOKO. 
 
 emerges for the Upper Lehigh ; and, after a ride of nine miles, 
 a coal-breaker is reached (one of the best in the anthracite 
 region, shipping five thousand tons of coal a week) ; a good 
 hotel, and a number of miners' houses, comprising the entire 
 population. From this point, we ramble through the woods for 
 half a mile, strike into a small footpath leading up to the top 
 of Prospect Rock ; and well does the scene repay for the toil- 
 
402 
 
 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 some ascent. Miles and miles of vaUeys stretch out before us ; 
 some partly cleared, some still filled with the growth of the 
 primeval forest. Opposite this rock is another, called Cloud 
 Point, justly named thus, as its top is often veiled in filmy 
 vapor, indescribably beautiful, as the sun tinges it with roseate 
 hues. A thunder-storm seen from this point is one of the 
 
 
 
 '- li 
 
 ' I 
 
 -1 
 
 -i< 
 
 
 NESQtTEHONING BEIDGE. 
 
 grandest spectacles in Nature ; and, as the forked lightning 
 cuts across the lurid sky, the glen between Prospect Rock and 
 Cloud Point seems one blaze of fire. 
 
 With a long, lingering glance at all these beauties, which we 
 are so loath to leave, we return to Bethlehem, and proceed to 
 Easton, where the road terminates. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 403 
 
 Freemansburg is the first station, situated on an eminence, 
 which commands a view of one of the most picturesque spots 
 on the railroad line, called the Gem of the Valley, resorted to 
 by picnic parties ; and we present a view of this charming little 
 
 VIEW ON STONY CREEK. 
 
 spot, with a small company gathered upon its plateau on the 
 top of the hill. 
 
 The next point is Redington, also noted for its charming 
 
 scenery. At this point, the Coleraine Iron Company have 
 
THE NESCOFEC VALLEY. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 405 
 
 erected two furnaces, capable of working five hundred tons per 
 week, and employing nearly two hundred men. 
 
 Glendon, the next place of interest, is the location of the 
 
 works of the Glendon Iron 
 Company, whose annual pro- 
 duction of pig-iron is about 
 fifty-seven thousand tons. 
 
 Easton is the capital of 
 Northampton County, situ- 
 ated on the Delaware River, 
 immediately above the Le- 
 high. It is built on a point 
 of land at the junction of 
 the Lehigh River and Bush- 
 kill Creek with the Delaware ; and from its location commands 
 a delightful view of the surrounding countrj'-, which is rich and 
 highly cultivated, abounding in limestone and iron ore. It is a 
 flourishing city, well laid out, and amply supplied with water 
 
 CLOUD POINT. 
 
406 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and gas. It has extensive manufactories, among which are 
 flouring-mills, oil-mills, saw-mills, iron-founderies, cotton-facto- 
 ries, and rifle-works. Population is 10,000. At Easton we 
 take the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad, for 
 the Delaware Water Gap, one of the most beautiful spots 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 l-l 
 
 6 
 
 M 
 B 
 P3 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 ■< 
 
 CS 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 a 
 
 1^ 
 
 W 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 in Pennsylvania, formed by the waters of the Delaware plun- 
 ging through rocks at the base of the Kittatinny Mountain. 
 It is about two miles long ; and the rocks between which it 
 passes are some sixteen hundred feet in height. At the south- 
 eastern end, the defile is so narrow, that there is scarcely 
 room for the raUroad to pass. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 407 
 
 Returning again to Philadelphia, we -take the Philadelphia, 
 Wilmington, and Baltimore road. Starting from the depot at 
 Broad Street and Washington Avenue, passing through Darby 
 in the city, Sharon Hill (a new town), Glenolden, a quiet 
 
 v>vr4^■*5«^^^^;*flJ 
 
 I ■ 
 
 retreat of great beauty and comfort, Ridley Park, and Crumm 
 Lynne, we arrive at Chester, the oldest town in the State, it 
 having been settled some thirty years before Philadelphia. An 
 account has already been given why this town received the 
 
4:08 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 name of Chester. It is now an enterprising, thrifty place, with 
 many industrial works, among which is an extensive shipyard 
 of twenty-three acres, where the largest ships are built. It has 
 good common schools, and a Military Institute, and is the seat 
 of the Crozier Theological Seminary. 
 
 Now back once more to Philadelphia, we take the West 
 Chester Railroad from its depot in West Philadelphia, and are 
 carried on through lovely valleys and towering hills in Chester 
 and Delaware Counties, until we come to West Chester, twenty- 
 two and a half miles from Philadelphia, beautifully situated on 
 elevated ground. It has very fine buildings, public and private, 
 and many excellent schools. It is the seat of a Normal School, 
 of which we shall speak hereafter. 
 
 We have now followed out the principal railroads of Penn- 
 sylvania, starting from Philadelphia, and given such a descrip- 
 tion of the towns, boroughs, and cities through which they 
 pass, as the limits of this work wiU allow ; and the only place 
 to be described hereafter is this city, the great commercial mart 
 of the Commonwealth. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 HOSPITALS AKD OTHEK INSTITTJTIONS. 
 
 Pennsylvania Hospital — Insane Department — Stephen Girard — Sick Seamen 
 — Lying-in Department — Dispensary — Hospital Property taxed — Penn's 
 Bust — Kirkbride Hospital — Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania — 
 Lunatic Hospital, Harrisburg — Insane Hospital, Danville — Insane Hospi- 
 tal, Warren — Insane Hospital, Dixmont — German Hospital — Lackawanna 
 Hospital — Wilkesbarre Hospital — Anthracite Hospital — Reform School — 
 Pennsylvania Training School — Deaf-Mutes — Sheltering Arms — Western 
 Penitentiary. 
 
 IT was near the close of the year 1750 that measures "were 
 set on foot for the establishment of a hospital in Philadel- 
 phia. Dr. Thomas Bond, the originator of the movement, was 
 at that time one of the most distinguished physicians of the 
 city. He began by soliciting subscriptions ; and, in furthering 
 this plan, he was much assisted by Franklin, who, through the 
 newspapers, prepared the public mind, and thus they were suc- 
 cessful in obtaining the number desired. But it was soon found 
 that it must be placed upon a legislative basis to insure com- 
 plete success ; and a memorial was therefore presented to the 
 Provincial Assembly, showing the need of such an establish- 
 ment, and requesting that a charter should be granted to the 
 contributors, and also for pecuniary assistance. This was pre- 
 sented Jan. 23, 1751 ; but it was not until the 7th of February, 
 that the bill was passed, incorporating " the Contributors to the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital," and appropriating two thousand pounds 
 currency to establish a suitable building, which sum would be 
 paid when an equal amount should be subscribed by individ- 
 uals. The opposition to this memorial, at first felt, was prin- 
 cipally from country members of the Assembly, who feared 
 that the city would be exclusively benefited ; but one of the 
 
 409 
 
410 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 provisions of the charter was, that patients should be received 
 from any part of the Province without partiality ; and so well 
 satisfied were the people with the charter, that, in a short time 
 from its publication, considerably more than was required was 
 raised, and their first Board of Managers chosen, which, ac- 
 cording to one of the provisions of the charter, consisted of 
 twelve men from among the contributors, — Joshua Crosby, Ben- 
 jamin Frankhn, Thomas Bond, Samuel Hazard, Richard Peters, 
 Israel Pemberton, jun., Samuel Rhodes, Hugh Roberts, Joseph 
 Morris, John Smith, Evan Morgan, and Charles Norris. John 
 Rynell was elected Treasurer. 
 
 Immediately upon their election, the managers sent to Thomas 
 and Richard Penn, then proprietaries of the Province, a fuU 
 account of what had been done, asking them for a grant of land 
 on which to erect a hospital. They also wrote to Thomas 
 Hyam and Sylvanus Bevan to bespeak their intercession with 
 the proprietaries, and mentioned as a suitable spot for their 
 purpose the unappropriated portion of the square on the south 
 side of Mulberry, between Ninth and Tenth Streets. The pro- 
 prietaries were favorable to their petition, and sent out a 
 complete charter, and an order to their lieutenant-governor, 
 James Hamilton, conveying to the corporation a lot of ground 
 on the north side of Sassafras Street, between Sixth and 
 Seventh, being a portion of the grounds now known as the 
 Franklin Square, with this condition, that, if there should not 
 be constant succession of contributors to meet and choose 
 managers, the land thus conveyed should revert to them, or 
 their heirs. In view of this provision, and, moreover, deeming 
 the site offered too damp and low to be healthful, they declined 
 the grant of the proprietaries, but addressed another letter to 
 them, urging their plea. 
 
 In order to carry into effect the object of the subscribers, 
 the private mansion of Judge John Kinsey, situated on the 
 south side of Market, west of Fifth Street, which, with the 
 grounds, occupied about one-third of the square, was hired by 
 the managers for forty pounds a year, and immediately occupied 
 as a temporary hospital, and continued to be thus used for four 
 years. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 411 
 
 In February, 1752, the first two patients were received. The 
 physicians and surgeons appointed at this time were Lloyd 
 Zachary, Thomas and Phineas Bond, Thomas Cadwallader, 
 Samuel Preston Moore, and John Redmand. 
 
 Not receiving any donation from the Penns, the managers 
 resolved upon purchasing a lot suitable for the permanent loca- 
 tion of the hospital ; and in December, 1754, they bought the 
 whole square, except a depth of sixty feet on Spruce Street, for 
 five hundred pounds, on which the old hospital now stands. 
 Ten years later, the Penns gave the sixty feet, and also an 
 annuity of forty pounds. This lot was then far out of town ; 
 and, to get to it, people had to travel through the fields for a 
 considerable distance. The next thing was to erect a suitable 
 building ; and the east wing, facing Eighth Street, was first 
 built. May 28, 1755, the corner-stone was laid, with an inscrip- 
 tion prepared by Dr. Franklin. In 1872, in making repairs, 
 and when digging in front of this wing, this corner-stone was 
 uncovered, and the inscription found in a state of perfect 
 preservation, which is as foUows : — 
 
 nj THE TEAR OF CHRIST 
 
 MDCCLV., 
 
 GEORGE THE SECOND HAPPU-T EEIGNDSTG 
 
 (for HE SOUGHT THE HAPPINESs'OF HIS PEOPLE), 
 
 PHILADELPHIA FLOURISHING 
 
 (for ITS INHABITANTS WERE PUBLIC SPIRITED), 
 
 THIS BUILDING, 
 
 BT THE BOUNTY OF THE GOVERNMENT 
 
 AND OF MANY PRIVATE PERSONS, 
 
 WAS PIOUSLY POUNDED, 
 
 FOR THE RELIEF OF THE SICK AND MISERABLE. 
 
 MAY THE GOD OF MERCIES 
 
 BLESS THE UNDERTAKING. 
 
 Patients were first admitted to this building December, 1756. 
 At that time PhUadelphia contained less than thirty thousand 
 inhabitants. The measure was exceedingly popular, and sub- 
 scriptions came in readdy. WiUiam Allen, Chief Justice of 
 the Province, gave two hundred and fifty pounds. 
 
 Franklin, " our great statesman, philosopher, and economist," 
 
412 HISTORY OF PENNSTLYANIA. 
 
 suggested that twelve tin boxes should be made, and marked 
 " Charity for Hospital" and that one of these be kept in each 
 manager's house. Legacies were soon bequeathed to the hos- 
 pital. Matthew Kophn, a German, gave a lot of ground, 
 lying north of the city, to the institution. Donations were also 
 sent from the West Indies, and from many of the Society of 
 Friends in England. 
 
 " Among the important results of the interest felt in Eng- 
 land was the receipt of a large sum of money, consequent upon 
 the settlement of the concerns of a joint-stock partnership, 
 denominated the " Pennsylvania Land Company in London." 
 In the year 1760 an act of Parliament was passed, vesting in 
 trustees the estates of that company in Pennsylvania, New Jer- 
 sey, and Maryland, in order that they might be sold, and the 
 proceeds distributed. But as it appeared probable, that, for a 
 considerable portion of these proceeds, no just claimant would 
 be found, the insertion of a clause in the act was procured by 
 the friends of the hospital, granting to that institution all the 
 money which might remain unclaimed in the hands of the 
 trustees upon the 24th of June, 1770. Thomas Hyam appears 
 to have been chiefly instrumental in bringing about this impor- 
 tant event for the hospital ; and the counsel and aid of Dr. 
 Fothergill and David Barclay, in connection with Dr. Franklin, 
 then in England, were very usefully resorted to in the \iltimate 
 settlement of the business. Nearly thirteen thousand pounds, 
 or about thirty-four thousand dollars, accrued ultimately to the 
 institution from this source, though the last portions of the 
 sum were not received until after the close of the Revolutionary 
 War."'' 
 
 The iasane, as well as the sick, were admitted into the hos- 
 pital. The second year after it was opened, there were fifty- 
 three patients ; and, in the year preceding the Revolution, the 
 number had increased to four hundred and thirty-five. Con- 
 siderable suiqs were received from the friends of the insane 
 patients ; and it was in a prosperous condition at the timei Inde- 
 pendence was declared. 
 
 " Such were the regulations, and such the condition of the 
 
 1 "Wood's Historical and Biographical Memoirs, &c., p. 127. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 413 
 
 hospital, at the breaking-out of the Revolutionary War. It had 
 been established on a firm foundation ; had matured its arrange- 
 ments by an experience of many years ; and was in a condition 
 to expand with the growing means of the Province, and the 
 accumulation of material for its beneficent operation. It had 
 passed its period of development, had escaped the dangers of 
 infancy, and was in a vigorous youth, with every promise of a 
 noble maturity. 
 
 " But it was now to stand a severe trial of its stability. A 
 storm had long been gathering in the political atmosphere of 
 the Provinces, which broke out at length into the fury of civil 
 and revolutionary war. It swept over the whole land. Social 
 habits and relations, with their beautiful verdure and bloom, 
 were crushed to earth beneath the blast, or torn and scattered 
 by its violence ; the arts and business of life, the noble erec- 
 tions of skill and industry, tottered upon their foundation, and 
 stood roofless in the storm ; the deepest rooted institutions of 
 science and benevolence were uptorn or broken, and the frag- 
 ments of their tempest-tossed limbs strewn over the country. 
 When the rage of contest had ceased, and peace again shone 
 out upon the land, the people, recovering from their stupefac- 
 tion, began to look around them, to examine what had escaped 
 destruction, to gather up the scattered fragments of their insti- 
 tutions, and to restore the beauty and beneficence of order to 
 society once more. , 
 
 " What at this time was the state of our institution ? It had 
 not come unscathed out of the tempest. 'In the excess of 
 party bitterness, four of its most efficient managers, were ban- 
 ished to the wilds of Western Virginia.' " ' 
 
 In January, 1792, another application was made to the Legis- 
 lature for aid. A joint memorial, signed by the managers, 
 treasurer, and physicians, giving an historical sketch of the 
 institution, and stating how much it had been favored by the 
 Assembly in former times, was sent to that body, praying for 
 aid to complete the building. The Assembly granted the 
 hospital the sum of ten thousand pounds, and, in addition, the 
 unclaimed dividends of bankrupts' estates, amounting in all to 
 nineteen thousand dollars. 
 
 » See "Wood, p. 134. 
 
414 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 In April, 1796, twenty-five thousand dollars more were appro- 
 priated by the Assembly. By these appropriations, the west 
 wing was so far completed as to be occupied in the same year. 
 The wife of Stephen Girard was for twenty-five years and one 
 month the inmate of the insane department of the hospital. 
 A few months after entering the hospital, she gave birth to 
 her only child, which soon died, in consequence of which the 
 orphans of Philadelphia became his heirs. Mr. Girard was 
 always a friend to the hospital, and made many donations to 
 it. The following anecdote of him may be related in this 
 connection. The hospital was in want of funds ; and the 
 venerable and good Quaker, Samuel Coates, one of the directors, 
 said he would see if he could get a donation from Mr. Girard. 
 Meeting him in the street, Mr. Coates said, " Stephen, we want 
 some money for the hospital." Mr. Girard replied, "Well, 
 come to my house to-morrow morning at eight o'clock." Mr. 
 Coates went at the appointed time, and found Mr. Girard at 
 breakfast. He asked him to take a cup of coffee, which invita- 
 tion Mr. Coates accepted. After breakfast Mr. Coates said, 
 " Now, Stephen, we will proceed to business." — " "Well, what 
 do you want ? " said Mr. Girard. " Just what thee pleases, 
 Stephen," said Mr. Coates. Girard then drew a check for two 
 thousand dollars, which Mr. Coates took, and put into his pocket 
 without looking at it. Mr. Girard said, " What, you not look at 
 my check ? " — " Oh, no, Stephen ! " said Mr. Coates : " beggars 
 must not be choosers." — " Give it back to me, then," said Mr. 
 Girard. " Oh, no, Stephen ! " said the shrewd old Quaker : 
 " one bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." At which 
 Mr. Girard said, " By George ! you have taken me on the right 
 tack." He then drew a check for five thousand dollars, and, 
 handing it to Mr. Coates, said, " Will you look at that?" — 
 " Well," said Mr. Coates, " if it pleases thee, Stephen, I will." 
 — " Now give me back the other," said Mr. Girard, which Mr- 
 Coates did. The old Quaker perfectly understood the man 
 with whom he was dealing. 
 
 In 1799 George Latimer, the Collector of the Port of Phila- 
 delphia, requested that sick and disabled seamen, both of the 
 public and private service, might be received into the hospital, 
 
EISTORT OF FBNNSTLVAN/A. 415 
 
 for a compensation to be paid by the United States Govern- 
 ment. His petition was granted, and led to an arrangement by 
 which the seamen of the merchant service were admitted for a 
 certain weekly sum deducted from their wages, and where they 
 were retained until cured, or dismissed by the collector. 
 
 In January, 1803, a lying-in department was established for 
 poor and deserving married women. The First Troop of Phila- 
 delphia Cavalry donated a sum derived from their pay for 
 services in the Revolutionary War, the annual income of which 
 was between five and six hundred dollars. 
 
 In 1807 a dispensary was established for out-door patients ; 
 and physicians were appointed, at a small salary, to attend 
 them. 
 
 Up to 1808 the hospital property had remained imtaxed ; but 
 in this year it was assessed. The Board of Managers made an 
 unsuccessful attempt to have the property exempted in January, 
 1809. Similar attempts were made, and met with the same ill 
 success, for many years, till at length, by bringing in the popular 
 aid of the voters, the act was finally repealed, and the whole 
 property of the hospital .was declared free from taxation. 
 
 In June, 1802, a marble bust of William Penn, believed to 
 be the first executed in this country, was presented by James 
 Traquair ; and the leaden statue in front of the hospital, of 
 the same noble man, was presented by his grandson, John 
 Penn, in September, 1804. Among many other donations was 
 that of Stephen Girard, which in July, 1832, amounted to 
 129,250. 
 
 The accommodations for the insane becoming too narrow, 
 and the room which they occupied being wanted for other 
 patients, the contributors instructed the managers to propose a 
 suitable site for a separate asylum at a future meeting. In 
 1832, and subsequently in 1835, the vacant grounds east, west, 
 and south-west of the hospital were authorized to be sold to 
 defray the expense of the new bmlding. The site selected was 
 two miles west of the city ; its corner-stone laid June 22, 1836 ; 
 and the house received patients Jan. 1, 1841. 
 
 From this period until Oct. 27, 1859, the male and female 
 insane occupied the same bmlding. At this time, a new edifice 
 
416 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 having been erected on the same grounds, the males were 
 removed to it; and now the Pennsylvania Hospital for the 
 Insane consists of two separate departments, — one for males, 
 the other for females. Dr. Thomas S.Kirkbride was appointed 
 Superintendent of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, at 
 the opening of the institution, and has so remained until the 
 present time ; and under his supervision it is one of the best 
 conducted of its kind in our country. 
 
 From the opening of the Pennsylvania Hospital, to the year 
 1841, there were 4,336 insane patients admitted; and from 
 that year, when the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane was 
 estabhshed, the number was 3,360 down to the close of 1859, 
 making, from the first opening of the Pennsylvania Hospital to 
 the end of 1859, a total of 7,696 insane patients. 
 
 The Hospital op the University of Pennsylvania 
 is situated in West Philadelphia, on the Darby Road, due 
 south of the main building of the university, the site on which 
 it stands having been given by the city, upon the condition 
 that it maintain fifty free beds. An illustration of this hospital 
 comes properly in this place from the grant of two hundred 
 thousand dollars by the State Legislature to carry on this noble 
 charity. The design of the hospital comprises a central build- 
 ing with six pavilions, each to cost one hundred thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 The State Lttnatic Hospital, Harrisburg, in 1874 showed 
 an average of 395.1 patients ; the highest number during the 
 year being 419, the least 376. The average cost per head 
 was $286.03, or a weekly cost of 15.50. It has 131 acres of 
 land ; and its estimated value, including buildings, is $298,300. 
 Its personal property is f30,000. It gives accommodation to 
 two hundred of each sex. New floors were laid in the north 
 wing of the hospital ; old doors and window-frames were 
 replaced by new ones ; coats of lime and cement were put upon 
 the walls, from which the old plastering was removed, which pro- 
 duced a decided change in the atmosphere. It was also relieved 
 from the pernicious effects of overcrowding, as the Danville 
 hospital was in sufficient order to allow the admittance of all 
 the patients of the Northern district. The main building waa 
 
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418 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 found by the inspectors in good order, and also the laundry, 
 and other outdoor buildings. The gas-works are nearly com- 
 pleted. Its officers are efficient and competent, and, with its 
 superintendent, are constantly making efforts to extend its 
 usefulness, with every possible economy, and with a prospect 
 of success. 
 
 State Hospital foe the Insane, Danville, is an institu- 
 tion of very recent growth, being first occupied some time in 
 1873. It had, Sept. 30, 1874, accommodations for 240 patients, 
 or 120 of each sex. The average number for the j^ear ending at 
 this time was 198 males ; females, 79 : the largest number had 
 been 141 males, 97 females ; the least, 100 males and 62 females. 
 The average cost per head was $262.60, or a weekly cost of 
 f5.05. 
 
 It has 250 acres of land ; and its value, including buildings, 
 is $670,000 ; the personal property, $40,000. It has no funds 
 or investments. Its receipts for the year were $52,151.21 ; viz., 
 from State, $14,504.17 ; from county authorities for indigent 
 patients, $29,746.48; from private patients, $7,900.56. The 
 expenditures were $52,238.19. 
 
 This edifice, when it shall be completed, will not be surpassed 
 by any in the country for general arrangement and space. The 
 north wing is now nearly done ; and, when the corresponding 
 south wing is ready for occupancy, from six hundred to seven 
 hundred patients can be cared for. 
 
 The State Hospital for the Insane, Warren, is not 
 yet completed ; but work was commenced for the foundation 
 April 8, 1874. The outer walls of the building, and part of 
 the walls of the air-shafts, and the arches to close them in, 
 were laid by Sept. 16 of that year. Its corner-stone was laid 
 by his Excellency, Gov. J. F. Hartranft, Sept. 10, 1874. It is 
 to consist of a large central building, and six continuous 
 wings, to be subdivided into three lateral, and three transverse 
 wings upon each' side of the main central building. The build- 
 ing is to be of large size, and will contain all modern improve- 
 ments. The property contains 330 acres, and cost $33,000. It 
 is an admirable location, fronting Conewango River, and in the 
 rear has high ground, covered with wood, on which is also 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 419 
 
 sufficient stone for the hospital building, of a good quality, 
 easily worked, and of a light, cheerful color. 
 
 Of other institutions, which, though not State institutions, 
 are aided by it, is the Westeek Hospital eor Lsts-ane, at 
 Dixmont. It owes its origin to the benevolent citizens of 
 Alleghany County, who made contributions to found a public 
 hospital for the insane and afflicted, as well as the sick, helpless, 
 and infirm. 
 
 Their means not being found sufficient, they appealed to the 
 Legislature, who added a supplement to the charter in May 8, 
 1855, appropriated funds to extend accommodations for the 
 insane, and also empowered the authorities of the respective 
 counties of the Western district to send their indigent insane to 
 it in the ratio of their population. A further supplement was 
 approved March 19, 1866, extending aid to construct additional 
 buildings to the one already in existence, for the special 
 accommodation of the insane of Western Pennsylvania. 
 Accordingly, a tract of land on the right bank of the Ohio, 
 seven miles below Pittsburg, was chosen for the purpose, and 
 buildings erected, which have culminated in the present edifice 
 at Dixmont, through the liberal appropriations of the Legis- 
 lature, from time to time. 
 
 There has been but one instance in which the State has been 
 represented in the board of managers ; the Assembly being fully 
 satisfied with the management of the institution, and content 
 to manifest its approval by regular annual appropriations for 
 its support. 
 
 Its officers are a president, two vice-presidents, a secretary 
 and treasurer, twenty-one managers chosen by the contributors 
 under the provisions in the charter, three managers appointed 
 by the governor and nineteen managers for hfe, being so from 
 donations of a thousand dollars each. 
 
 This establishment is always found in the best condition; 
 and under the excellent care of Dr. Reed, and the intelligent 
 board of managers, conduces much to the benefit and improve- 
 ment of the class for which it provides. 
 
 The appropriation in 1874 amounted to thirty-two thousand 
 dollars, for the following purposes ; viz., salaries, wages, and 
 
420 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 support of the house, twenty-five thousand dollars ; insurance, 
 two thousand dollars ; grading, improvement of grounds, and 
 protecting building from threatened land slide, ten thousand 
 dollars ; total, thirty-seven thousand dollars. Of the latter 
 item, the amount appropriated for 1875 was fifteen thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 The German Hospital, Philadelphia, is another institu- 
 tion aided by the State. It was organized to afford relief to 
 the indigent sick and disabled ; and is supported by contribu- 
 tions from members of the corporation, donations, and receipts 
 from pay patients. The Legislature of 1873 appropriated twenty 
 thousand dollars to enlarge and improve its building, on con- 
 dition that the same amount should be raised by private contri- 
 bution, and that the Commonwealth should have a lien, secured 
 by mortgage, which shall be collected if the said property shall 
 be used for other purposes. 
 
 Its building, at the corner of Girard and Corinthian Avenues, 
 was formerly a private residence ; and there is now an exten- 
 sion being added, which will increase its accommodations from 
 forty beds to one hundred and twenty-five. Its officers are 
 very efficient ; and every attention, both ordinary and medical, 
 is given to the sick. 
 
 Lacb:a'W"Aijna Hospital, at Scranton, also receives aid 
 from the State ; and, at the regular session of the Legislature 
 for 1873, an appropriation of ten thousand dollars was made, 
 to be used for the purchase of real estate for the said hospital ; 
 the Commonwealth to be secured in a first lien upon premises 
 so purchased. 
 
 An additional appropriation of ten thousand dollars was 
 made in the session of 1874, to be expended in the payment 
 of a mortgage of four thousand dollars, and in the repairing, 
 improving, maintenance, and support of the institution for 
 that year. 
 
 WiLKESBAEKB HOSPITAL and State Beneficiary was organ- 
 ized in 1872. It has about twenty beds. It had always been 
 supported by voluntary contributions from the citizens, when, 
 impressed by the importance of the services it rendered, the 
 Legislature of 1874 passed an act appropriating five thousand 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 421 
 
 dollars for its maintenance for the current year, and for its 
 further extension. A corps of physicians give their services 
 "without compensation. 
 
 The Anteleacite Hospital Association was formed, and 
 fifteen thousand dollars were appropriated, upon condition that 
 the court grant the charter applied for, and that a like sum 
 of the funds of the association has actually been invested in 
 the purchase of ground, or the erection of buildings, or build- 
 ing, for the gratuitous care and cure of persons injured in the 
 mines, or in the transporting of coal over the railroads of this 
 Commonwealth. 
 
 HotrsB OF Repug-b of Western Pennsylvania, now 
 known as the Pennsylvania Reform School, is located at Alle- 
 ghany. Its charter bears date April 22, 1850. The cost of 
 the buildings, as near as can be ascertained, was a hundred 
 and fifty thousand dollars, of which the State provided ninety- 
 three thousand five hundred dollars. There are thirteen acres 
 included in the ground, originally costing ten thousand dol- 
 lars. The present estimated value of the real estate is two 
 hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; and the personal property, 
 fifty thousand dollars. 
 
 The constantly increasing numbers render extended accom- 
 modations necessary ; and, it not being practicable to extend the 
 buildings at Alleghany, a new location on the Chartiers Road, 
 about eighteen miles from Pittsburg, has been chosen, consist- 
 ing of five hundred acres, at a cost of $88,621. The corner- 
 stone of a new building was laid July, 1873, by Gov. Hart- 
 ranft and Senator Scott. The family system has been adopted ; 
 and six of the buildings for boys are now under roof ; and sev- 
 eral of those designed for girls are far advanced towards com- 
 pletion. 
 
 There is to be a change of discipline in the new institution, 
 the prison idea to be entirely abolished. The system of labor 
 pursued is the congregated one. Superintendent Avery, in the 
 performance -of his difficult duties, is pre-eminent. The last 
 State appropriation was $119,500. 
 
 Pennsylvania Tkaining-School fob Feeble-minded 
 Childebn was organized Feb. 10, 1853, by a few benevolent 
 
422 HISTORY OF PENNSTLVANIA. 
 
 gentlemen, at the office of J. J. Barclay, Esq., in Philadelphia, 
 and in April 7th of that year was incorporated and endowed. 
 At first rooms were rented on Schoolhouse Lane, near Ger- 
 mantown ; and in July it opened with eight children. Owing 
 to lack of funds, for a long time its success seemed doubtful ; 
 but two successful appeals to the Legislature, backed by the 
 public, so far encouraged them, that in February, 1855,- a house 
 and lot in Germantown, on Woodbine Avenue, were purchased 
 for sixteen thousand doUars ; and the Legislature, to aid in 
 payment of this purchase, donated ten thousand dollars, upon 
 condition that the same amount be raised by subscription. 
 
 This location did not prove a desirable one ; and in 1857 the 
 site upon which the present building is located, one mile from 
 Media, in Delaware County, was purchased ; and the institution 
 was formally opened Nov. 2, 1859. 
 
 There are in all about eighty-nine acres, one-eighth of 
 which is occupied by the main buildings, children's play- 
 grounds, and a grove on the north and west. There is a truck- 
 garden of six acres, and forty acres of good arable and graz- 
 ing land. The remainder is yet uncultivated. It is estimated 
 at $14,414, donated by friends of the institution. The main 
 building is two hundred and fifty-six feet front, with wings at 
 each end one hundred feet deep, and a central extension in the 
 rear one hundred and twenty-two feet. One hundred feet south 
 of this is a building fiftjr-six feet by sixty feet, two stories high, 
 in which are the laundry, heating-apparatus, and shops. The 
 total cost of these buildings was $169,618, of which the State 
 appropriated $97,500, and $83,918 were donated by friends of 
 the institution in Philadelphia, Delaware, Chester, and Alle- 
 ghany Counties. 
 
 The management of this institution, under Dr. Kerlin and 
 his assistants, is admirable ; and the objects aimed at have been 
 very successfully realized. The average number of inmates for 
 1874 was two hundred and twenty-two. 
 
 In addition to the usual appropriation from the . State, appli- 
 cation will be made for ten thousand dollars to erect a building, 
 which is estimated to cost thirty thousand dollars, for asylum 
 cases. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 423 
 
 Home pok the Deaf-Mutes, at Pittsburg, had granted to 
 it by the Legislature of 1873 the sum of two thousand dollars, 
 towards the maintenance and education of its inmates. 
 
 Shblteeing Aems, Pittsburg, is not yet completed; but 
 an application for five thousand dollars was granted by the 
 Legislature at its session of 1873. Ground has been donated 
 worth twenty thousand dollars ; and a building costing twenty 
 thousand dollars has been erected. 
 
 The State Penitesttiabt foe the Western District 
 OF Pennsylvania, at Alleghany, was first organized by an 
 act of Assembly, passed March 3, 1818. A Board of Commis- 
 sioners was appointed May 20, 1818, who selected a site, and 
 proceeded to the construction of buildings, which, as originally 
 planned, were finished November, 1827, although the first pris- 
 oner was received July 21, 1826. 
 
 The land was donated by the town of Alleghany, on condi- 
 tion that five hundred thousand dollars should be expended by 
 the State, in constructing such an institution at this place. The 
 prison lot contains 6^^^ acres, as by survey of city engineer. It 
 is all enclosed, the cell buUdings being surrounded on three 
 sides by a wall of cut stone, plastered inside, all originally thirty 
 feet high ; but, by grading of streets, it is somewhat less on one 
 side. 
 
 The front building is three stories, with a basement. It is 
 about one hundred and fifty feet long by thirty feet deep, and 
 is now occupied for offices, store-rooms, and warden's resi- 
 dence. Three blocks of ceUs diverge from the middle of the 
 rear of the centre building. They are two stories high, and 
 contain three hundred and twenty-four cells, and, up to 1863, 
 had cost $445,066.54, which has since been increased for 
 repairs and boilers, $13,300. Another block (D) has recently 
 been added, separate from the others, parallel with the east wall, 
 also two stories high. It contains twenty-four cells, and is now 
 occupied as a female ward, hospital, dispensary, bath-rooms, 
 laundry, library, store-rooms, dungeons, receiving-cells, and a 
 chapel, and wUl accommodate six hundred and fifty persons. 
 Its cost was $85,471.92, of which the Legislature appropriated 
 $82,013.24. All the buildings are of cut stone, with the excep- 
 
424 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 tion of this block, which is of hard brick. The front building 
 is enclosed by a wooden paling fence on the sides, and an iron 
 one on the front. 
 
 The land, being granted from the public common ground for 
 a special purpose, cannot be properly appraised as real estate ; 
 but, if it were divided into small lots, it would bring over 
 two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The estimated value, 
 Jan. 1, 1870, of personal property, was : utensils, $4,163.95 ; 
 furniture, $1,919.68 ; subsistence, $4,113.54; manufactured 
 goods and materials, $18,992.04 ; total, $29,189.21. 
 
 The average size of the cells on the first floor is 11 feet 10 
 inches high, 15 feet 2 inches long, 7 feet 10 inches wide : on 
 the second floor, they are 11 feet 7 inches high, 11 feet 6 inches 
 long, 7 feet 7 inches wide. They each have a window, the 
 average size of which is 2 feet 5 inches by 4 inches ; ventilator 
 in outside wall, 2 feet by 4 inches-; ceiling ventilator, 6 inches 
 diameter. Each cell has two doors : the outside doors of one 
 block are of iron, all the others being heavy wooden ones, 
 which in hot weather are open for ventilation, at other times 
 kept locked. The inside cell-doors are fastened with heavy 
 bolts : the outside doors have each a heavy lock. 
 
 The cells were built for the separate system, but are larger 
 than any yet built for a congregate system, and with some 
 alterations of doors and steam-pipes, which would place the 
 occupants under more rigid surveillance than is now practicable, 
 would make model cells for a congregate prison. 
 
 Nearly all the cells have but one occupant ; and, as far as 
 possible, they are kept separate, except when associated for 
 " work, learning, or religious exercises." Each prisoner is 
 furnished with wooden trestles and bed-boards, or a hammock, 
 table, stool, shelf, bucket, broom, tin-cup, plate, molasses can, 
 two pans for coffee and soup, spoon, knife, salt-box, vinegar 
 bottle, comb and dirt-box; hydrant and waste-pipe in each 
 cell ; gas in all the cells, from six to eight and a half, p.m. 
 The gas is sometimes required to be lighted in the daytime by 
 the weavers and shoemakers. 
 
 In the female ward, the cells are rather larger than the 
 others, and have wooden floors ; all th5 others being of stone. 
 
BISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 425 
 
 These cells, twelve in number, have inside iron slat doors : all 
 others are solid, with a slide, five by eight inches, in each door, 
 through which food is delivered. The shde is left down in day- 
 time for ventilation. 
 
 The bedding consists of a tick, made in the penitentiary, 
 filled with rye or oat straw, three blankets in winter, two in 
 summer, one sheet, one straw pillow ; the sheet washed every 
 two weeks, blankets twice a year, bedding changed three times 
 a year. All the clothing is made in the prison, of Kentucky 
 jean, half cotton, half wool, pattern gray and black bars. 
 Each prisoner is supplied with one pair of pants (many with 
 two pairs), one vest, one jacket, two cotton checked shirts, 
 two pairs of woollen socks, one pair of coarse, low-cut shoes, 
 averaging two pairs yearly. Men whose work requires it are 
 furnished with extra clothes. 
 
 Dr. D. N. Rankin, the physician, resides near the peniten- 
 tiary. He makes an ofl&cial visit of the cells once a week, and 
 at any other time, when asked by any officer, visits prisoners, 
 whether previously sick or not. It is his duty to examine and 
 report on food, clothing, condition of cells and prisoners. He 
 has charge of the hospital, and in person makes up many of his 
 prescriptions in a dispensary attached thereto. He performs 
 all the surgical and most of the dental operations. He also 
 is required to keep a full record of prescriptions, directions, 
 diseases and their treatment. 
 
 Great pains are taken that every prisoner shall be made 
 acquaiated with the rules and regulations of the prison, as far 
 as they relate to himself. A copy is placed in every cell ; 
 and, if any prisoner is unable to read readily, they are read to 
 him by an officer, soon after his entrance. 
 
 All the prisoners attend religious exercises in the chapel 
 on Sunday morning ; and about one hundred and forty attend 
 Sunday school in the afternoon. They are divided into fifteen 
 classes, in charge of teachers from the outside. Every cell has 
 a Bible ; and every prisoner has opportunity to obtain religious 
 instruction. 
 
 A copy-book, spelling-book, and arithmetic are supplied to 
 any who will make use of them ; and other books of an educa- 
 
426 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 tional character may be bought by the prisoners or their friends. 
 They may also subscribe to religious weekly papers, without 
 regard to their denominational character. The chaplain gives 
 secular instruction during the week, in various parts of the 
 prison. Ministers of any denomination can visit prisoners 
 whenever desired ; and Catholic priests make weekly visits to 
 members of that church. 
 
 Every prisoner whose conduct is satisfactory is allowed to 
 write a letter once a month, and also to receive one in the same 
 time. These privileges are taken from them for some trivial 
 offence ; if more serious, a few hours or days in a partially 
 darkened cell, on bread and water. In very rare cases, 
 shackles upon hands and feet are used ; but months sometimes 
 elapse without severe measures being resorted to. 
 
 The library contains nearly two thousand volumes, embra- 
 cing history, biography, religion, travels, novels, and miscellane- 
 ous works. A book is given to each prisoner every two weeks ; 
 but if a book is injured, or for any breach of rules, the favor 
 is suspended. 
 
 The principal occupations are weaving cotton and check shirt- 
 ings and rag-carpet, manufacture of boots and shoes, cigars, and 
 cigar-boxes. The most remunerative work is weaving, which 
 has long been a specialty in this institution. An "over-work" 
 system has been in operation several times ; and, although 
 it does not as yet amount to much, it is to be presumed that 
 it win be an effectual aid to discipline, shoxild it ever become 
 general, as many seem anxious to engage in it, to assist them 
 when discharged, or to enable them to send money to their 
 families. 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 tTNIVEESITIES, COLLEGES, AND OTHER LITERARY INSTITXT- 
 
 TIONS. 
 
 University of Pennsylvania — Western University of Pennsylvania — Lafay- 
 ette College — Other Colleges in the State — Normal Schools — High Schools 
 — Private Schools — Business Colleges — Provisions of the New Constitu- 
 tion — City School Systems — Of Philadelphia — of Pittsburg — Of Alle- 
 ghany. 
 
 rj^IHE University op Pennsylvania was formerly located 
 -L in Philadelphia, on Ninth Street, between Market and 
 Chestnut Streets. It was established in 1750, as a charity 
 school and academy, on Fourth Street, owing its formation 
 largely to the enterprise of Franklin ; extended to a College in 
 1755, and to a Uniyersity in 1779, which was then removed to 
 Ninth Street. As an Academy, there was one school for Latin, 
 one for English, and one for mathematics, all under the care of 
 three masters, with assistant ushers, the principal master taking 
 the title of rector. The charity department gave instruction 
 to the children of poor citizens gratis. The schools prospered 
 so abundantly, that in July 13, 1753, a charter was granted to 
 the trustees by the proprietors ; and they were incorporated as 
 the " Trustees of the Academy and Charitable School in the 
 Province of Pennsylvania." Soon after this, to the branches 
 already taught were added logic, rhetoric, natural and moral 
 philosophy. The Rev. William Smith, who afterwards became 
 so famous, was the teacher of these sciences. The study of 
 Greek was joined to that of Latin; and, as their course of 
 instruction now did not differ materially from that pursued in 
 colleges, it only remained for them to assume the title, and the 
 privilege of confening degrees upon the students. In pursu- 
 
 427 
 
428 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ance of this plan, the teachers recommended to the board of 
 trustees, that application should be made for additions to their 
 charter, investing them with the rights of a collegiate body. 
 The application was successful, and the proprietors granted an 
 additional charter June 16, 1755, giving to the board the name 
 of " The Trustees of the College, Academy, and Charitable 
 School of Philadelphia." This condition, however, was imposed, 
 that the trustees and professors should subscribe the customary 
 oaths or affirmations of allegiance to the king of Great Britain. 
 The first commencement of the college was on the 17th of 
 May, 1757, when its honors were conferred on seven young 
 men. 
 
 From this period the institution grew rapidly, and so admi- 
 rably was it conducted, that it secured the patronage of the 
 distant colonies, and even the West Indies, as well as the imme- 
 diate neighborhood. The exercises of the college were sus- 
 pended during a portion of the Revolutionary War, and com- 
 menced again September, 1778, immediately after Philadelphia 
 was evacuated by the British. 
 
 Towards the close of the Revolution, the Assembly abrogated 
 the old charter ; and, under the new one which they granted, 
 the name of the University of Pennsylvania was adopted. The 
 new trustees met for the first time in December, 1779, organ- 
 ized themselves into a board, and appointed Joseph Reed 
 president. 
 
 The university has been removed to West Philadelphia, on 
 the Darby Road, and consists of three elegant buildings on 
 Academical Hill; viz., "Hospital," "Medical Department," 
 and " Department of Arts and Science." A plate and descrip- 
 tion of the first have already been given in the chapter upon 
 hospitals. Of the second we shall speak hereafter. The last 
 and main building of the university has a front of two hundred 
 and sixty feet, is three stories in height, exclusive of the base- 
 ment. The wings are each one hundred and two feet deep. 
 The exterior walls are of serpentine stone, with coping, but- 
 tresses, and gables of Ohio stone, surmounted by highly orna- 
 mental towers. The main entrance is through an ornate Gothic 
 porch in the middle of the front, supported by columns of 
 
430 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 highly polished Aberdeen granite. Its former location, at the 
 corner of Ninth and Chestnut Streets, is now the site of the 
 new Post-Office of Philadelphia. 
 
 The Western Univeesitt op Pennsylvania was char- 
 tered in 1822, and immediately commenced its operations as a 
 literary college. It was located at Pittsburg, and buildings 
 erected in 1830. Previous to 1845, it had graduated over one 
 hundred students, at which time it was destroyed by fire. It 
 was revived about 1860, has since received large donations, and 
 is now in a flourishing condition. Dr. Woods, its present 
 chancellor, is an efiicient and able man. A prominent feature 
 in this institution is the training young men for industrial 
 pursuits. 
 
 Laeayette College, at Easton, received its charter in 
 1826. Its presidents have been Junkin, Youmans, McClane, 
 and McPhail. Rev. William C. Cattell, D.D., and twenty-six 
 professors and tutors, are at present its efficient faculty. It was 
 at first intended that military tactics should occupy a large 
 place in the instruction of the college ; but this purpose was 
 soon abandoned. The college received its name in honor of 
 Lafayette, who visited this country, the second time, the year 
 it was chartered. The classes of the college were first organ- 
 ized in a humble building on the southern bank of the Le- 
 high. The Rev. George Junkin, D.D., was inaugurated presi- 
 dent. In 1833 a more eligible site was procured ; and the 
 corner-stone of the main college building was laid July 4 of 
 that year. In 1841 Dr. Junkin resigned. Dr. CatteU was 
 chosen in August, 1863. Under his administration, it has been 
 wonderfully prospered. 
 
 Mr. A. Pardee gave twenty thousand dollars to endow the 
 chair of mathematics in the college. Pardee Hall was dedicated 
 Oct. 21, 1873, and, with its scientific equipment, cost more than 
 two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, all of which was th& 
 munificent gift of him whose name it bears. 
 
 The dedication of this hall was an epoch in the history of 
 this college. The address was delivered by Rossiter W. Ray- 
 mond, Ph. D., professor of mining engineering in the college. 
 This address is thoroughly scientific. It was followed by 
 
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 H 
 
 a 
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432 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 speeches from Ex-Got. James Pollock, president of the board 
 of trustees, by Gov. Hartranft, and several others. 
 
 One of the most pleasing features of the day was the pres- 
 entation of the keys by Mr. Pardee to the president, and his 
 reply. The former said, with that modesty characteristic of 
 Mr. Pardee, "The completion of this building makes it my 
 very pleasant duty, on behalf of the Building Committee, and 
 myself as the donor, to formally present it to you as- the repre- 
 sentative of the Trustees and Faculty of Lafayette. The build- 
 ing itself speaks of the skill and taste of the architect, the 
 faithfulness of the builder, and the care with which it has been 
 supervised during its erection. Our responsibilities have not 
 been small ; but on you, sir, and on the students who shall go 
 out year by year from these halls, rests a far larger responsi- 
 bility, — the reputation of the institution. But, looking to the 
 future by the light of the past, we rest the responsibility on 
 you with no misgiving. I have the honor, sir, of now pre- 
 senting you with the keys of the hall." 
 
 Pres. Cattell responded as follows : — 
 
 " In receiving from you the keys of the building for the 
 scientific department of the college, which you have so munifi- 
 cently endowed, I can find no words adequate to express my 
 own thanks, or the thanks of my colleagues in the faculty, for 
 this grand addition to their means of attractive and thorough 
 teaching, and of their own scientific researches, or the thanks 
 of the trustees and patrons and friends of the college, alike 
 interested in her welfare, or the thanks of all friends of educa- 
 tion who see in such a large and unselfish use of wealth for the 
 benefit of mankind the noblest use to which it can be applied. 
 And I know you, sir, so well, that I am sure the less I say to 
 you on an occasion so public, the better you will be pleased. I 
 shall, therefore, only assure you, that our hearts are full of 
 gratitude for your munificent gift, and for your wise and judi- 
 cious counsels, under which the college has grown and pros- 
 pered ; and that we and our children will not cease to cherish 
 and honor your memory ; and that our heartfelt prayer to the 
 Giver of every good and perfect gift is for his richest blessings 
 to rest ever upon you and yours." 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 433 
 
 This college has a board of trustees, of which Ex-Gov. 
 James Pollock is chairman, amply sufficient to recommend it 
 to all who have sons to educate ; and a faculty of unsurpassed 
 ability to do the work. So that all who send their children 
 here may be well assured, if- they fail of a good and thorough 
 education, the fault wUl be neither in the facilities for instruc- 
 tion, nor in the want of fidelity on the part of the instructors. 
 
 Beaver College is located at Beaver, the capital of Beaver 
 County, Penn. It is a college and a Musical Institute. The 
 course of study is both classical and English. The English 
 course, omitting the Latin and French languages, occupies three 
 years. The Greek, Latin, German, and Italian languages will 
 be pursued systematically, when classes desire it. This college 
 
 BEAVER COLLEGE, BEAVER. 
 
 receives as pupils both males and females ; and the Greek may 
 be substituted for the French by gentlemen, and German for 
 the Latin by ladies. Instruction in music is a prominent 
 branch, as its name implies, in this college. The building is 
 pleasantly situated on the bank of the Ohio River, twenty-five 
 miles below Pittsburg, and is easy of access by rail from 
 several directions. 
 
 The following account of the other colleges, except the last, 
 in Pennsylvania, is taken from the annual report of the United 
 States Commissioner of Education for 1874. "Alleghany 
 College, Meadville (Methodist Episcopal), has classical, scien- 
 tific, and biblical departments, each with a four-years' course, 
 
434 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the completion of either of which course secures the degree of 
 A.B. Ladies may be admitted to the college classes, subject to 
 the same examination as gentlemen. Corps of instruction, six ; 
 number of students, a hundred and fifty-four. 
 
 DiCKiisrsoK College, Carlisle (also Methodist Episcopal), 
 has established a. scheme of ten departments of study, and 
 proposes to carry it out on the university principle of elective 
 courses ; those students who wish to obtain degrees devoting 
 the earlier portion of their course, as heretofore, to classical and 
 mathematical studies, and having large opportunity for selec- 
 tion in the later portion of it. There is a scientific course, 
 students in which are allowed to substitute chemistry for the 
 Latin and Greek of the junior and senior years ; and a biblical 
 course, in which Hebrew and New Testament Greek come in 
 place of equivalent studies in those years. Corps of instruc- 
 tion, six ; number of students, seventy-nine. 
 
 Feanklik and Marshall College, Lancaster (Reformed), 
 claims, on the contrary, to be a college in the old American 
 acceptation of the term ; has no optional courses, no irregular 
 students, and no provisional or mixed classes. Corps of instruc- 
 tion, eleven ; number of students, one hundred and forty-eight. 
 
 Haverfoed College, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, nine 
 miles from Philadelphia (Friends), has classical, mathematical, 
 and English departments, with special classes in Hebrew, Italian, 
 Spanish, and analytical chemistry. Corps of instruction, four; 
 number of students, forty-eight. 
 
 LebajStoit Valley College, Annville (United Brethren), 
 presents a classical course, issuing in the degree of A.B.; a 
 ladies' course, which issues in that of artium magistra ; and a 
 scientific course, which brings no degree. Corps of instruction, 
 nine ; number of students, one hundred and seventy-one. 
 
 Lincoln Univebsity, Lower Oxford (Presbyterian), is espe- 
 cially, though not exclusively, designed for the instruction of 
 the colored race. Its students have the choice between a col- 
 legiate, a normal, and a commercial course; while faculties of 
 theology, law, and medicine, afford facilities for professional 
 training, additional to the collegiate course. Corps of instruc- 
 tion, nine ; number of students, one* hundred and seventy-five, 
 with ten unclassified ones, as reported in 1873. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 435 
 
 La' Salle College, PhiladelpMa (Roman Catholic), is 
 under the direction of the Christian Brothers, and unites reli- 
 gious with secular instruction in its primary, academic, or 
 preparatory commercial and collegiate departments. Corps of 
 instruction, nine ; number of students, one hundred and seventy- 
 six, as by report of 1873. 
 
 Lehigh Univeesitt, South Bethlehem (Protestant Episco- 
 pal), mainly devoted to scientific training, has yet classical and 
 English courses, and is enabled by the liberality of its founder, 
 Hon. Asa Packer, to make its tuition entirely free. Corps of 
 instruction, seven ; number of students, one hundred and three. 
 
 MuHLEKBUKG COLLEGE, Allentown (Lutheran), offers to 
 students a three-years' training in an academic course preparatory 
 to the regular collegiate course of four years. Arrangements 
 are also made for those who desire to pursue partial studies in 
 the college course. Corps of instruction, eight; number of 
 students, one hundred and two. 
 
 Pennsylvania. College, Gettysburg (Lutheran), also with 
 a regular course of four years, includes German in the course, 
 and devotes especial attention to English language and Htera- 
 tuxe. Chaucer, Spenser, Shakspeare, MUton, and Bunyan* are 
 used as text-books in the class-room, with analysis of the text, 
 examination of idioms, and investigation of the laws and history 
 of word-growth. Corps of instruction, twelve; number of 
 students, one hundred and forty-five. 
 
 Lutherans have ever believed in education and a learned mia- 
 istry. The faculty and trustees say of this College, " It has 
 been founded as the institution through which we may do our 
 part of the great work of Christian education for the country, 
 and especially that we may provide for the educational needs of 
 the church, and develop its power." 
 
 The coUege has existed forty-one years. It has ever been in 
 want of funds. By constant effort, without much pecuniary 
 means, it has risen to an honorable position among the colleges 
 of the country. It will be seen, by the following statistics, that 
 it has been of great value to the church. The whole number 
 of students that have pursued a full course, and been regularly 
 graduated, is 555, of whom 305 have been for the ministry. 
 
436 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Three of these have entered the foreign missionary field. Be- 
 sides the graduates, about 1,419 others, taking a partial or select 
 course. Of this class, 110 have entered the ministry. The 
 whole number educated in the Pennsylvania College is over- 
 2,000. At the least_ calculation, 415 have entered the ministry. 
 
 The whole faculty of the college, with a single exception, 
 are now from its graduates. All the professors of the Theologi- 
 cal Seminary are graduates of the Pennsylvania College. Other 
 colleges have sprung from this. Wittenberg College, Roanoke 
 CoUege, North Carolina College, Newbury College, and Carthage 
 College, are all outgrowths or children of Pennsylvania College. 
 The graduates of this college have iilled many of the most hon- 
 orable positions in the ministry, in law, in medicine, in journal- 
 ism, and in all the positions of secular life. 
 
 Palathstate College, Myerstown (Reformed), offers a choice 
 of seven special courses, besides the regular college course. Ele- 
 mentary drawing is taught gratuitously, and the more advanced 
 study of it, with vocal and instrumental music, may be carried 
 through all the coturses. Corps of instruction, nine ; number of 
 students, two hundred and eight. 
 
 The ■ Pennsylvania Militaby Academy, Chester (unde- 
 nominational), adds to its English and scientific courses one 
 answering to a moderate collegiate course. Corps of instruction, 
 twelve ; number of students, one hundred and twenty-one. 
 
 St. Vestcent's College, Latrobe (Roman Catholic), is an 
 appendage to St. Vincent's Abbey ; is under the direction of the 
 Benedictine Fathers, and adds an ecclesiastical course, for such 
 as wish to enter the order, to the classical and commercial ones. 
 Attendance on instruction in Christian doctrines is obligatory 
 on students, and on instruction in German, French, Italian, 
 Spanish, as also in music, painting, and drawing, is optional. 
 Corps of instruction, twenty-four ; number of students, four 
 hundred and sixty-nine, reported in 1873. 
 
 Swathmobe College, Delaware County (Friends), is on the 
 railroad from Philadelphia to "West Chester; has excellent build- 
 ings, admits both sexes, and furnishes to both, besides a regu- 
 lar classical and scientific course, the opportunity of selection 
 among various elective studies. Corps of instruction, twenty- 
 one ; number of students, two hundred and sixty-four. 
 
438 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Thibl College, Greenville (Evangelican Lutheran), is a 
 new enterprise ; held its first commencement June 25, 1874, and 
 dedicated on the same day a second college building, containing 
 recitation-rooms and chapel. Corps of instruction, eight ; num- 
 ber of students, sixty-three. 
 
 The Untvbesity at Lewisbueg (Baptist) unites with its 
 scientific and classical curricula a course for ladies in the Uni- 
 versity Female Institute, under the same presidency with the 
 college, but with a lady principal besides, and a corps of eight 
 lady teachers. Corps of instruction, nine ; number of students, 
 one hundred and thirty-eight. 
 
 ViLLAi^^ovA College, Delaware County (Roman Catholic), 
 conducted by the Augustinian Fathers, with the now almost 
 universal classical and scientific courses, has the commercial 
 course, which is also becoming common. Corps of instruction, 
 eighteen ; number of students, one hundred and sixty. 
 
 Westminster College, New Wilmington (United Pres- 
 byterian), has the same courses, save the last. Corps of 
 instruction, eight ; number of students, one hundred and seven- 
 ty-four, with fourteen students unclassified. 
 
 Washington and Jefeeeson College, at Washington 
 (Presbyterian), has a corps of instruction, eight; number of 
 students, one hundred and sixty-one. 
 
 As these two colleges are now united under the name here 
 given, the following gives an account of their origin : — 
 
 Jefferson College was located at Canonsburg, in Washington 
 County, eighteen miles south-west from Pittsburg. This col- 
 lege, like several others in this State, grew up from an academy. 
 The first ministers that were settled in Western Pennsylvania 
 were learned men, and gave much time to educating their chil- 
 dren ; and several of them opened schools, in which were taught 
 not simply the English branches, but, also, Greek and Latin, and 
 the higher mathematics. It was from these schools that Jefi"er- 
 son College came into being. Among the early pastors who 
 planted these schools were Rev. John M'Millan, Joseph Smith, 
 and Thaddeus Dod. 
 
 Canonsburg Academy was commenced in 1771, by Col. Canon, 
 Judge Allison, M'Dowell, and others. David Johnson, a gradu- 
 
442 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ate of the University of Pennsylvania, was the first principal, aided 
 by Prof. Samuel Miller. For eleven years it prospered under 
 these and other competent instructors. While only an academy, 
 it sent out several eminent men, among whom were James Car- 
 nahan, afterwards president of Princeton College, and John 
 Watson, afterwards the first president of Jefferson College. In 
 1802 it was chartered by the Legislature as a college, and was 
 the first in the State west of the Alleghanies. It existed and 
 prospered as a college until 1865, when it was united with 
 Washington College, graduating their first class ' in conjunction, 
 1866. 
 
 Washington College, like Jefferson, also came up from an 
 academy, which was chartered by the Legislature in 1787, only 
 five years after the town of Washington was laid out, and six 
 years after the estabhshment of Washington County, which was 
 the first county formed in the State after the Declaration of 
 Independence, and second only to Westmoreland, the oldest 
 county of Western Pennsylvania. It went into operation in 
 1789, under the guidance of Rev. Thaddeus Dod, who had 
 opened in 1782 what is claimed " the first classical and scientific 
 school in the West." In 1806 the Legislature chartered it vmder 
 the name of Washington College, under which title it prospered, 
 and issued diplomas, until 1865, when it became united, as stated 
 above, with Jefferson College. 
 
 As these were rival colleges, near together, their union was 
 talked of by the trustees long before it was consummated. In 
 1865 Rev. Charles C. Beatty, D.D., LL.D., of SteubenvUle, O., 
 offered fifty thousand dollars to these colleges, upon condition 
 that they should become united. Under this stimulus they 
 finally became one college, but not without litigation was the 
 matter finally settled. Under the name of Washington and 
 Jefferson College, the institution is now prosperously con- 
 ducted. 
 
 Two full four-years' courses are now established in the college, 
 — a classical and a scientific course. Those who complete the 
 classical course receive the degree of bachelor of arts; and 
 those who complete the scientific course receive the degree of 
 bachelor of science. Both these courses are full and thorough. 
 
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444 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and the advantages of this college wlII compare favorably with 
 those of any other in the Commonwealth. 
 
 Washington is reached by the Chartiers Valley Railroad 
 from Pittsburg, and by the Wheeling, Pittsburg, and Baltimore 
 Railroad from Wheeling. It is a very healthy location ; and the 
 scenery is beautiful and picturesque. 
 
 NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 There are eight of this class of schools in the State, the 
 special object of which is to educate teachers. The one which 
 went into operation the earliest is at Millersville, and was 
 recognized in 1859. A new building, used for chapel and reci- 
 tation-rooms, has been erected between the two buildings used 
 respectively by the males and females ; but it does not interfere 
 with them as to light or ventilation. The drawing depart- 
 ment has been extended so that all graduating may become 
 teachers of that art. Attendance for the year 1874 was eight 
 hundred and twenty-six. Of thirty-five graduates, all but one 
 became teachers. 
 
 Edinboeo', the next in order, was recognized in 1861 ; and 
 the attendance in 1874 was seven hundred and thirty-three. 
 All the graduates, sixteen in number, went out as teachers ; 
 and four hundred of the remainder pledged themselves to be 
 teachers. 
 
 Mansfield, the third in order, was recognized in 1862; 
 and in 1874 a new building was dedicated. A mineralogical 
 cabinet has been purchased, as also a conchological collection, 
 which, with gifts from the Smithsonian Institution, WasHng- 
 ton, bring its specimens to over six thousand. There is like- 
 wise a set of the Smithsonian publications in the library. 
 
 KxJTZTOWN", the fourth in order, was recognized in 1866 ; and 
 the attendance in 1874 was over five hundred ; the graduates 
 numbering eighteen in the elementary and one in the scientific 
 course. Five of the faculty are college graduates, and three 
 of the normal school scientific course. 
 
 Bloomsbueg, the fifth in order, was recognized in 1869, and 
 had two hundred and seventy-two pupils for the year 1873-74, 
 double the number for the preceding year ; had an ample supply 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 445 
 
 of water introduced, and purchased two cabinet organs for the 
 use of pupils, which were paid for from funds resulting from 
 literary entertainments. 
 
 Wesi Chesteb, the sixth in order, was recognized in 1871 ; 
 and for the year 1874 had an attendance of three hundred and 
 thirty pupils, all of whose graduates are teaching. The wash- 
 ing, wringing, and mangling is done by machiaery, since the 
 iutroduction of a steam-engine. Improvements have been made 
 ia the walks, lawns, and decorations in front of the building ; 
 and the attractiveness of the place has been added to by 
 the planting of trees. The heating-apparatus has also been 
 much improved ; a very good transit, surveying, and other 
 instruments added to the apparatus for instruction ; large 
 additions of geological and mineralogical collections, with three 
 hundred volumes to the library. 
 
 Shippensbukg, the seventh in order, was recognized in 
 1873, and seven hundred and eighty-six students were enrolled 
 during the year; the first graduating class numbering twenty- 
 four, of whom twenty-two took schools, two returning to the 
 school to continue their studies in a higher course. 
 
 Sagamoke, formerly known as California, the eighth in 
 order, was recognized June 1, 1874. It was founded and 
 chartered in 1865, but for want of means its completion was 
 delayed. It, however, did much good in this unfinished state, 
 and was known as the South-western Normal College. It 
 consists of two buildings, — a central one and dormitory. The 
 central one, in the form of a cross, is three stories ; one hun- 
 dred and forty-six feet for the whole front, and in the central 
 extension is one hundred and ten feet deep. At the angles of 
 the front projection are two massive towers, eighty-five feet 
 high. The dormitory is one hundred and three by forty-four 
 feet, and three stories above the basement, in which are the 
 dining-room and kitchen. 
 
 HIGH SCHOOLS. 
 
 According to the report of the United States Commissioner 
 of Education, it is not definitely known how many of these 
 schools there are in the State, or how many pupils are taught 
 
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HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 447 
 
 in them, or whether there is any uniform course in the method 
 of teaching ; but from Dr. Wickersham's report, as quoted by 
 him, he gives 1,534 schools in which the higher branches are 
 taught, 1,860 as the number where drawing comes in, and 
 3,064 that in- which vocal music forms a part of the course; 
 Taking twenty as the average number of pupils in the higher 
 branches, it makes 30,680 of the State schools thus engaged. 
 
 The high school at Pittsburg has the finest common school 
 building in the State, with a large, weU-selected library and 
 apparatus, much of it imported specially for the school, and is 
 worth about ten thousand dollars. Of the school in its aca- 
 demic, normal, commercial, and drawing departments, Dr. 
 Wickersham thus speaks, " It is the best development of the 
 common-school system in the Commonwealth." The number 
 of pupils for the school-year of 1873-74 was four hundred and 
 ten, of whom two hundred and thirty-one were in the academ- 
 ical department, seventy-five in the normal, and one hundred 
 and four in the commercial, with seventeen teachers all told. 
 The graduates for that year numbered sixty-four. 
 
 The Central High School at Philadelphia has six hundred 
 and eleven pupils. It has a full course in Latin, the higher 
 mathematics, natural sciences, mental and moral philosophy, 
 drawing, fi:om its elementary stages up to mechanical and 
 engineering work ; thus fitting its pupils for the various pursuits 
 of industry, as well as for college. 
 
 At the Allentown High School, German has been introduced, 
 while drawing and penmanship have been discontinued. At 
 Carbondale, the high school and grammar are very deficient in 
 illustrative apparatus. At Chester there are not many pupils, 
 but their progress has been very satisfactory. At Harrisburg 
 there is to be a consolidation of the high schools, now separated, 
 and they are " gradually and surely working their way up, both 
 in efficiency and in public favor." At Lock Haven the number 
 of pupils of both sexes now in the same school is one hundred; 
 when five years ago, in two separate institutions, it was only 
 forty. At Norristown the union of the two sexes was consum- 
 mated September, 1873, and has proved very successful. At 
 Potts ville, in the mining-region of the Schuylkill, the high 
 
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EISTOnr OF PENNSYLVANIA. 449 
 
 school has sent several of its pupils to college ; and, in the case 
 of a young man entering Harvard, he was found upon a par 
 with students from Exeter, after a very thorough examination. 
 This school compares favorably with' any training-school in the 
 land. At Reading pupils are fitted for college, and a number 
 of the graduates enter yearly. The course is mathematics, 
 astronomy, chemistry, physiology, and classics. At Scranton 
 " the curriculum is algebra, geometry, trigonometry, rhetoric, 
 general history, chemistry, natural philosophy, physiology, 
 botany, political economy, astronomy, geology, intellect?ual 
 philosophy, physical geography, and Latin. The one at Titus- 
 ville has, in addition to Latin, French, German, and Greek. It 
 has about one hundred pupils ; and twelve of them, in 1874, 
 completed the full course of three years. At Williamsport 
 zoology, English language and literature, Grecian and Roman 
 history, were added in 1874 to the high-school studies, which 
 were so arranged, that the pupils could have a choice from four 
 courses, of about four years each. Its philosophical and chemi- 
 cal apparatus was also increased. The number of pupils for 
 that year was sixty-one : its graduates numbered five. Of the 
 one at York the superintendent thus speaks, " Our high school 
 has never been more satisfactory than in the results of the past 
 year. The verdict of popular approval has been given to it 
 almost from the first ; and never has our press been so emphatic 
 as now in sustaining this institution of the people." 
 
 Having thus given a sketch of all the high schools of which 
 an account can be found, a statistical report of schools below 
 this grade will be all that our space will allow ; and first in 
 order, as being nearly, if not altogether, up to the standard of 
 studies pursued in the high schools, come the 
 
 PEIVATB SCHOOLS, 
 
 which in 1874, by reports to the Bureau of Education, num- 
 bered 485 instructors and 6,317 pupils: of the latter, 8,369 
 were engaged in English studies ; 1,195, in classical ; and 1,055, 
 in modern languages ; 411 preparing for a classical collegiate 
 course; for a scientific course, 454. In fifty-five of these 
 schools, drawing was taught; in fifty-three, vocal music; in 
 
 29 
 
450 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 forty-seven, instrumental music ; thirty-three had chemical 
 laboratories ; and thirty-eight, philosophical apparatus. In most 
 of them were libraries containing from a hundred to five thou- 
 sand volumes. 
 
 BUSINESS COLLEGES. 
 
 In 1874 there were ten of these very useful schools, having 
 2,015 scholars (eighty-three of whom were women), and forty- 
 one teachers in all. Twenty-eight pupils were studying 
 French, thirty German, and one Spanish. There were three 
 libraries, with from a hundred to a thousand books. In addi- 
 tion to these colleges are technical schools, as adjuncts to the 
 high schools, which are in successful operation in Philadelphia, 
 Pittsburg, and Erie. There is also at Pliiladelphia a public 
 school for artisans, holding its sessions in the evening, which 
 has six hundred students, many of them over twenty years of 
 age, and representing nearly all the mills and workshops in the 
 city. 
 
 The number of public graded schools is 5,586, more than 
 three times as many as in 1866 ; and there are also seventy-three 
 separate schools for colored children, having about twenty-five 
 hundred pupils ; and at Cornplanter Village there is a school- 
 house for the handful of red men located there. The salary 
 of the teacher is three hundred dollars. 
 
 " ' The Pennsylvania School Journal,' in its issue for April, 
 1874, states, that under the clause of the new constitution, 
 making women eligible to school offices, two were elected 
 school directors in Philadelphia, six or eight in Delaware 
 County, and about as many in Chester County. Among the 
 latter was a sister of the State superintendent of instruction. 
 Here and there a lady was chosen in other parts of the State ; 
 enough, perhaps, to test the expediency of the new provision." 
 Thus it appears, from the preceding statistics, that Pennsylvania 
 is making commendable effort, and expending vast sums of 
 money, to educate her children and youth, so that they may be 
 thoroughly quahfied to fiU. with ability the places now occupied 
 by their parents. It further appears, from the adoption of her 
 new constitution, that she purposes in future to do still more 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 451 
 
 than she has done in the past, or is doing at present, as will be 
 seen from the educational provisions of the constitution, as 
 stated and commented upon by the United States Commissioner 
 of Education, which well deserve a place in a history of the 
 State, and to be read by all her citizens. 
 
 (1.) The new constitution establishes a broad and substantial 
 foundation for a system of public schools, in the following 
 words : " The General Assembly shall provide for the mainte- 
 nance and support of a thorough and efficient system of public 
 schools, wherein all the children of this Commonwealth, above 
 the age of six years, may be educated." The expression " thor- 
 ough and efficient," if liberally interpreted, comprehends all 
 that is needed in a system of public schools. It will enable 
 such a system to reach both high and low, and give to all parts 
 of its work the greatest degree of perfection. No constitu- 
 tional objection will hereafter stand in the way of the establish- 
 ment of schools of the highest grade, and none to the enactment 
 of measures drawing to places of safety and instruction the 
 friendless and neglected children of the Commonwealth. 
 
 (2.) It provides for the appropriation of a liberal sum of 
 money for school purposes. This sum must be at least one 
 million of dollars annually, — an amount much larger than it 
 has been customary for the State to appropriate. 
 
 (3.) It requires all school laws to be of a general character. 
 In future, when any legislation shall take place in reference to 
 school affairs, it must be made to apply equally to the whole 
 State ; which provision will accomplish much good. The school 
 laws are now a mass of fragments ; and, in most respects, the 
 school system of Philadelphia has no connection with that of 
 the rest of the State. Nearly all the cities, and some of the 
 smaller towns, have special enactments relating to their school 
 affairs. 
 
 (4.) It recognizes normal schools as a part of the public- 
 school system, and grants them special favors. " Normal schools 
 established by law for the professional training of teachers for 
 the public schools of the State " can receive appropriations upon 
 the same conditions as the most favored recipients of the bounty 
 of the Commonwealth, a recognition they have long sought for. 
 
452 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 (5.) It makes the school department co-equal with the other 
 departments of the State government, making the State super- 
 intendent one of the eight officers constituting the executive 
 department. 
 
 (6.) It invests the office of superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion with special privileges. The office is an appointed one, as 
 heretofore ; but an appointment cannot be made, except " by 
 and with the advice and consent of two-thirds of all the mem- 
 bers of the senate." Of the three heads of departments ap- 
 pointed in this way, the superintendent of public instruction is 
 the only one appointed for a fixed period, and the only one who 
 cannot be removed " at the pleasure of the power " by which 
 they are appointed ; and there is no limitation to the length of 
 time he can serve. These provisions were embodied in the new 
 constitution, with the hope that they would at least measurably 
 guard the office of superintendent of public instruction from 
 the contamination of mercenary party polities. It is under- 
 stood, also, that, in changing the title of the office from su- 
 perintendent of common schools to superintendent of public 
 instruction, the convention meant to open the way for the en- 
 largement of its duties. The head of the department will here- 
 after do the work now done by the superintendent of common 
 schools, and, in addition thereto, perform such other services as 
 may be required by law. This action will, in all probability, in 
 due time, unify and harmonize all the educational agencies of 
 the State, — a result long hoped for by the most thoughtful 
 friends of education among us. 
 
 (7.) It forbids the appropriation of public-school moneys to 
 sectarian schools or purposes. 
 
 (8.) It makes women eligible to any office under the school 
 laws of the State. State Report, pp. 15—18. 
 
 CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 
 
 Philadelphia is the first school district, and is under the con- 
 trol of a board of education of twenty-nine members, — one from 
 each ward, with local boards in the wards, known as school 
 directors. These members are appointed by the judges of the 
 court of common pleas and the district court, and hold office for 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 453 
 
 three years. They determine the number of schoolhouses to 
 be erected, and limit the expenses thereof, and provide books 
 which they deem suitable for the use of pupils. They also 
 decide upon the number of teachers to be employed, and fix 
 their salaries. 
 
 There is no city superintendent, which is a defect in the city 
 system, as the responsibility which accrues to such an officer is 
 lacking ; the secretary of the board of education being limited 
 in his supervisory powers. The central high school and girls' 
 normal school are under special committees of the board. 
 
 There were in 1874, according to the report of the board, a 
 central high school, a girls' normal school, 60 grammar schools, 
 29 consolidated schools, 121 secondary schools, 212 primary 
 and 41 night schools, with a total of 108,631 pupils and 1,991 
 teachers. The amount appropriated by city councils for use of 
 the board for 1874 was $1,631,811.89 ; the amount expended, 
 $1,607,736.91. The schoolhouses are in the main good, but 
 deficient in ventilation ; and the number is insufficient for the 
 school population, notwithstanding eleven new buildings were 
 added this year. The present value of the school buildings, 
 lots, and furniture, is estimated by the board at $4,837,336. ' 
 
 Of the night schools there are twenty-one for young men, nine 
 for young women, seven for white men and women, and four for 
 colored men and women, making forty-one in all. They are 
 doing great good by allowing from thirteen thousand to eighteen 
 thousand persons, whose occupations during the day prevent 
 theii- attending the day schools, opportunity for study. 
 
 At Pittsburg there is a central board of education, consist- 
 ing of thirty-six members, with sub-district boards and a city 
 superintendent. 
 
 The schools are primary, intermediate, grammar, and high, 
 with evening schools for boys and girls, an evening mechanical 
 school (which, though originally designed for young men, 
 admits young women, among whom are many school-teachers, 
 devoting themselves especially to freehand drawing), and a 
 school for mutes. The high school is divided into academic, 
 normal, and commercial departments. The buildings are one 
 high school, and fifty-two district schools, of which thirty-nine 
 
454 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 are brick, thirteen frame, and one stone. The number of teachers 
 is 382, of whom 55 are males, 327 females, with salaries ranging 
 from three hundred dollars (the lowest for assistants in prima- 
 ries) to sixteen hundred dollars for principal of grammar school, 
 and twenty-seven hundred dollars for principal of high school ; 
 men and women receiving equal salaries for equal work. In 
 1874 the whole number of pupils admitted was 21,009 ; the 
 average monthly enrolment, 15,614 ; the daily, 12,873. Re- 
 ceipts for the year, $704,791.98; expenditures, $601,710.08; 
 leaving a balance on hand of $103,081.90. 
 
 The progress in the schools is illustrated by a table, which shows 
 that from June 1, 1856, to the same date in 1874, the number of 
 teachers went from 109 to the 382 above noted ; the enrolment 
 of pupils, from 6,724 to 21,009 ; the average attendance, from 
 4,354 to 12,783 ; the amount paid for teaching, from $39,394.75 
 to $238,375.27. This progress is most marked and decided from 
 the year in which the present energetic superintendent entered 
 on his duties, the enrolment and attendance almost doubling 
 that year, while the expenditure for teaching went up in nearly 
 corresponding ratio ; and since that time there has been a steady 
 advance. 
 
 Drawing and music are taught in the city schools ; the even- 
 ing mechanical school is said to have proved of great advan- 
 tage ; and the high-school course is both well arranged and 
 well carried out. 
 
 From Alleghany, the report shows for 1874 a total enrolment 
 of 11,650, an average monthly enrolment of 8,392, and an 
 average daily attendance of 7,216. The school buildings are 
 large and commodious. The course of study has been revised;- 
 so that a more complete grading is the result. The method of 
 instruction in music has also been improved. This branch is 
 taught by the regular teachers, under the supervision of two 
 special music-teachers. In the report of the committee on 
 particular instruction, we find the following : " Drawing is the 
 only special branch not properly provided for ; yet, in view of 
 its importance, we would recommend its continuance, and sug- 
 gest that such measures be introduced as will enable all the 
 pupils who may desire it to make themselves thorough draughts- 
 men, and to do so without leaving our public schools." 
 
BISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 455 
 
 The evening schools were in session sixty-five nights, and since 
 the previous year there was a decided improvement ; and such a 
 measvire of success attended them as to warrant their continu- 
 ance. The total enrolment was 1,015 ; average attendance, 
 503 ; cost of maintaining them, $2,657.27. 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 HISTOEICAIi SOGIETT, ETC., AND GOVEENOKS OE PENK- 
 SYIiVANIA. 
 
 Why so long delayed — Variety of Nations — Mr. Burke's Statement — Muni- 
 cipalities — Organization of the Society — Original Members — First Officers 
 — Place of Meeting — Various Committees — Progress — Library — Brad- 
 ford's Prayer-Book — Freedom of the Press — Other Societies — United 
 States Hospitals in the City — Union League — Politics of tbe Common- 
 wealth — Names of Governors of the Province and State of Pennsylvania. 
 
 IT was not till 1824 that measures were taken to form a his- 
 torical society of Pennsylvania. This was late, compared 
 with the organization of similar societies in several of her 
 sister States ; and it might seem as though this State had 
 but little interest in her own history, especially as she was 
 early settled. There were, however, ample reasons for this 
 apparent delay, a prominent one of which was to be found in 
 the diverse character of her early population. Plymouth in 
 Massachusetts was settled by the Puritans; Boston, by the 
 Pilgrims ; and, though these two classes have often been con- 
 sidered one and the same, yet there were many characteristic 
 differences between them : but this is not the place to consider 
 them, as they do not come into a history of this State. Vir- 
 ginia was settled by loyalists ; Maryland, by Lord Baltimore 
 and his Catholics. All these were essentially English, and of 
 one religion. 
 
 Pennsylvania was settled first by Finns or Swedes. Then 
 came the Hollanders, who conquered the Swedes ; then the 
 British fought and conquered the Hollanders ; then came 
 William Penn, with his Great Charter and his Quakers. Thus 
 the early settlers of our State being from different nations, as 
 
 456 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 457 
 
 the Swedes, Hollanders, English, and soon after the Scotch- 
 Irish, all had some fighting propensities. Among such hostile 
 emigrants, little time and less unanimity were found for a gen- 
 eral or State historical society. Though it may seem strange 
 to many who have always understood that our State was first 
 settled by the Friends, — a non-fighting people, — to offer as 
 reasons why a State historical society was not founded early, — 
 the fighting propensities and the diverse religious views of the 
 settlers, — nevertheless, such are the facts; and a historian is 
 bound to state facts, " though the heavens fall." 
 
 There is no doubt but that William Penn and his colony 
 were pacific men. But when it is considered, as just stated, 
 that, in the very first settlements of this State, three different 
 nations were upon our soil, and that soon after the Scotch- 
 Irish Presbyterians, and many members of the Church of Eng- 
 land, came hither ; and, furthermore, taking into the account 
 the state of feeling then existing between Catholics and Prot- 
 estants ; and, further still, the persecutions then existing among 
 the English Church for non-conformitj^, — there seems ample 
 cause for the neglect of a Pennsylvania historical society. 
 
 Tbese views are confirmed by the following statements of 
 Mr. Burke, in his " Account of the European Settlements in 
 America," published as early as 1761.^ Mr. Wallace says of 
 Mr. Burke, " This variety of nations and religions was the 
 feature which struck him [Burke] most when he described 
 our Province. He [Burke] says, ' Pennsylvania is inhabited 
 by upwards of 250,000 people, half of whom are Germans, 
 Swedes, or Dutch.' " Wallace continues, " That same wonder- 
 ful observer, who notes, that in 1750 there emigrated to our 
 Province 4,317 Germans, while of British and Irish but 1,000 
 arrived here, and admits that it was a right policy to encour- 
 age the importation of foreigners into the colony, yet complains 
 that foreigners were still left foreigners, and were likely to 
 continue so for many generations ; for that they had schools 
 taught in their own language, with books and even newspapers 
 so printed. And he inferred ' that there Was no appearance of 
 their blending, and becoming one people, with the subjects of 
 Great Britain.' 
 
 1 President "Wallace's Address to Historical Society, 1872. 
 
458 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 " Nor did our diversities in religion strike him less. ' Here 
 you see,' he says ' Quakers, Churchmen, Calvinists, Method- 
 ists, Menists, Moravians, Independents, Anabaptists, and 
 Dumplers, a sort of German sect that live in something like a 
 religious society, wear long beards, and a habit resembhng that 
 of friars. In short,' he says, 'the diversity of people, reli- 
 gions, nations, and languages here, is prodigious.' To crown 
 the whole, we had a municipal organization alike widespread 
 and disintegrated. From 1701, when Philadelphia was incor- 
 porated, we had one ' city,' its limits small and fixed, around 
 which, till 1854 (when all were consolidated), ' districts,' 
 ' boroughs,' and ' townships,' were growing ; twenty-eight 
 municipal corporations, I think, in all; all, in good degree, 
 separated from each other, and all from it, — some near, some 
 far off, some populous, some occupied still by farms. 
 
 " Thus it was ; and less than ' mountains interposed ' made, 
 so far as consociation for our objects was concerned, enemies of 
 people who had else, perhaps, ' like kiadred drops been mia- 
 gled into one.' 
 
 " Indeed, to those of us born here, and familiar with the 
 national, religious, and municipal complexion of Philadelphia, 
 these striatures in our society were quite visible, I think, till 
 within a few years. The large influx of new elements, the 
 consolidation of our various local governments, and the mixture 
 and changes brought about by marriages and new generation, 
 have in this day largely obliterated them, though some of their 
 effects still remain." 
 
 Whether these were the true causes, or not, it is a fact that 
 no State historical society was formed till 1824. Doubtless 
 many had thought of some such society; and it is recorded, 
 that, as far back as 1815, the American Philosophical Society 
 appointed a Historical and Literary Committee, in addition to 
 their other work; but not much historical information was 
 derived from it." 
 
 Such societies existed and were in operation in New York, 
 Massachusetts, and in several other States, at this time. The 
 second day of December, 1824, at the house of Thomas I. 
 Wharton, a few gentlemen, natives of Pennsylvania, were 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 459 
 
 present, and talked over the matter of organizing a society for 
 gathering up and preserving the historical events of the State. 
 Roberts Vaux was appointed chairman, and George Washington 
 Smith secretary, of this meeting. The following named seven 
 gentlemen were present: Roberts Vaux, Thomas I. Wharton, 
 Dr. Benjamin H. Coates, Stephen Duncan, Wilham Rawle, jun., 
 Dr. Caspar Wistar, and George Washington Smith. 
 
 The object of the meeting, and the importance of the subject, 
 having been stated and discussed, on motion of Mr. Wharton 
 the following resolutions were adopted: — 
 
 Resolved, That it is expedient to form a society for the pur- 
 pose of elucidating the history of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Resolved, That a committee be appointed to prepare a consti- 
 tution and by-laws for the government of the said society. 
 
 Whereupon, Thomas I. Wharton, Dr. Benjamin H. Coates, 
 and George W. Smith were appointed the committee. The 
 meeting was then adjourned to assemble again on the 27th of 
 December. 
 
 The next meeting was held at the time adjourned to. The 
 committee submitted a draft of a constitution and by-laws, 
 which were adopted ; and the next meeting was appointed to be 
 the 29th of January, 1825. This meeting was held according 
 to appointment. The record says, " A list of the names of gen- 
 tlemen desirous of joining this society was read ; and, on motion, 
 the persons applying for membership were elected, and placed on 
 the Secretary's roll." The following " nineteen members, all of 
 them citizens of Philadelphia," and all honorable and well- 
 Imown persons, were then the members of the society. 
 
 William Rawle. • George Washington Smith. 
 
 Roberts Vaux. Gerard Ralson. 
 
 Joseph Hopkinson. William Mason Walmsley. 
 
 Joseph Reed. William M. Meredith. 
 
 Thomas C. James. Daniel B. Smith. 
 
 John Sergeant. William Rawle, jun. 
 
 Thomas I. Wharton. Charles I. Ingersol. 
 
 Thomas White. Edward Bettle. 
 
 Caspar Wistar, 2d. Thomas McKeen Pettit. 
 Benjamin H. Coates. 
 
460 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 William Rawle was elected the first president, Feb. 28, 1825. 
 Roberts Vaux and Duncan were elected vice-presidents. Daniel 
 B. Smith was chosen corresponding secretary, and O. G. Smith 
 recording secretary. 
 
 The first place in which the society held its regular meetings 
 was in the rooms of the American Philosophical Society, on the 
 west side of Fifth Street, below Chestnut. The society pro- 
 ceeded in its work in a gradual and quiet way for about twenty 
 years. Its work was important and well done. Books were 
 collected ; old manuscripts were looked up and preserved ; and 
 committees were appointed to do particular work, — one on the 
 national origin, early difficulties, and domestic habits of the first 
 settlers ; another on the biography of the founder of Pennsyl- 
 vania, his family, and the early settlers ; another on biographi- 
 cal notices of persons distinguished among us in ancient and 
 modern times ; another on the aborigines of Pennsylvania, their 
 number, names of their tribes, intercourse with Europeans, their 
 language, habits, characters, and wars ; another on the princi- 
 ples to which the rapid population of Pennsylvania may be 
 ascribed ; another on the revenues, expenses, and general polity 
 of the Provincial Government ; another, on the juridical history 
 of Pennsylvania; another on the literary history of Pennsyl- 
 vania ; another on the medical history of Pennsylvania ; an- 
 other on the progress and present state of agriculture, manufac- 
 tures, and commerce of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Thus early in the history of this society, and when its num- 
 bers were comparatively small, did it take cognizance of, and 
 direct attention to, every thing that had a tendency to instruct 
 the rising generation, and hand down to posterity a record of 
 the fathers, and of all that pertained to the welfare and honor 
 of this great commonwealth. Too much praise will not be 
 likely to be given to these benefactors of our State for their 
 noble deeds. 
 
 Mr. Wallace, already referred to in the note, in his discourse 
 delivered at the inauguration of the society's new hall, March 
 11, 1872, further describes its progress : " The first volume of 
 our published ' Memoirs,' deemed of late by us worthy of repub- 
 lication, filled as it chiefly is with addresses and papers made or 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSTLVANTA. 461 
 
 presented within the first two years of our existence, shows 
 with what effect our early members labored. 
 
 " During the twenty years that our members remained under 
 the protecting shadow of the American Philosophical Society, 
 we enjoyed all the advantages which the spacious and well-filled 
 apartments of that institution could afford us. But we were 
 near the Hall of Independence. The spirit of 1776 began to 
 rise. Inferior relation of any sort was not agreeable to some of 
 our members; and in 1844 we departed from the ancient pre- 
 cincts in which our infancy and youth were passed. Our new 
 quarters were in a room, now 211 South Sixth Street, much 
 humbler than our former ones ; and our arrangements were upon 
 the modest scale suited to our quarters. The committee who 
 obtained the room were 'directed to procure a bookcase of 
 size sufficient to hold the collection of books, &c., and to put 
 the room in a proper state for being occupied, provided that the 
 cost did not exceed one hundred dollars.^ 
 
 " As I look around," continues this excellent address, " at 
 these beautiful and well-filled rooms, and remember that we 
 have laid out fifteen thousand dollars, I exclaim, ' Excellent 
 Committee, if you accomplished on these terms the duties with 
 which you were intrusted ! ' 
 
 " We have six hundred members, a library of twelve thou- 
 sand volumes, a collection of near eighty thousand pamphlets 
 (of which seventy thousand, the bequest of Mr. Fahnestock, lie 
 carefully stored in boxes till such time as we can bind, arrange, 
 and display them), a gallery of sixty-five portraits, and of twelve 
 historical pictures, numerous engravings, and manuscripts, I 
 may say innumerable, including the collections of William Penn 
 and of several of his descendants, at Stoke, in England, recently 
 presented to us by some of our liberal members, who had secured 
 them at a price of four thousand dollars. Our building-fund 
 amounts to $12,775 ; our publication-fund, to $17,000 ; our 
 binding-fund, to $3,500 ; our life-membership fund, to $7,000." 
 
 Such was the condition of this society the 11th of March, 1872, 
 according to the statement of John William Wallace, president. 
 
 I am sure the same commendable progress has been made 
 during the last four years ; and I am informed by Mr. John 
 
462 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Jordan, jun., who has devoted his time, talents, and money to 
 the interests and progress of this society, that at least two thou- 
 sand volumes have been added to the library since 1872. 
 
 The writer of this history has enjoyed the privilege of a mem- 
 bership of this society. Greatly was he pleased, upon recently 
 visiting the library, to find every thing so neat and trim, and all 
 affording such marks of progress and usefulness. 
 
 This society has received no aid from State appropriations ; 
 and, though some large bequests have been made to it, yet most 
 of its wealth has come from the steady assistance of its individual 
 friends. Thus it appears, though it did not start in the early 
 settlement of the State, for reasons already assigned ; yet, since 
 its birth, it has grown lustily, until it has become stalwart and 
 strong, and will bear a favorable comparison with any of its 
 cousins that have sprung up in sister commonwealths. The 
 time will come when the labors of the first members and their 
 successive coadjutors of this society will be more renowned and 
 greatly honored than they have yet' been ; for posterity cannot 
 but see and appreciate the greatness of the work here com- 
 menced, and so successfully carried forward for more than fifty- 
 two years. 
 
 As this society is located in Philadelphia, and as all its meet- 
 ings are held here, and as, in one sense, Philadelphia is Penn- 
 sylvania, that is, as having vast influence throughout the 
 Commonwealth, therefore some things may be brought into our 
 history here which will be omitted when we come to describe 
 this city. 
 
 Mr. Wallace further says, " And certainly I need not recall 
 to this assemblage, that from this region [Philadelphia] the 
 light of letters first shone forth to all the middle colonies, in 
 the establishment of the Printing Press." ^ 
 
 This seems to refer to an order given to William Brad- 
 ford, from Trinity Church, New York, to defray the expense of 
 his printing a Prayer Book, commonly called and known as 
 "Bradford's Prayer Book." This order was as early as 1714; 
 and the Avork must have been issued about the same time. As 
 some doubt had been ex-pressed whether such a book had ever 
 
 I Address, page 17, of President "Wallace. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 463 
 
 been printed, and as a consequence, if it had not, this claim 
 of priority in diffusing " light " must fail, efforts Avere made to 
 find this book ; and in 1870 Mr. John W. Jordan found a copy 
 of it in the Moravian Church in this city. It was shown to 
 the doubters, and produced conviction that the book had a real 
 existence, and, consequently, that '* light " flashed to New 
 York and elsewhere from William Bradford's Printing Press. 
 This same book was presented to the Historical Society, 13th 
 of June, 1870, by Mr. John Jordan, jun. 
 
 It seems to be, also, justly claimed that the freedom of the 
 press, which England did not arrive at till a late date, was first 
 achieved in this country in Philadelphia. So it seems — with- 
 out encroaching upon the rights of others, or plucking laurels 
 from others — Pennsylvania, and, indeed, this good city of 
 Philadelphia, sent forth to the Middle Colonies the " light " 
 of the printing-press, and to all the colonies and " the round 
 world " the right to a free press. 
 
 The Gallery of Portraits and Engravings will be noticed in 
 the chapter on Artists and Fine Arts. 
 
 There are other historical societies in Pennsylvania that 
 might claim a place in this history, did its limits allow. There 
 are several such societies, of different religious denominations, 
 which deserve much credit for the zeal and labor they have 
 manifested in gathering up such large collections of books and 
 other ancient materials. The Presbyterian Historical Society 
 is one of this class, and Samuel Agnew has done much for it in 
 collecting books, manuscripts, &c. 
 
 The Baptists also have a historical society of no small 
 importance ; and their collections are large. Rev. Howard 
 Malcolm, D.D., LL.D., has given some twenty years of his 
 valuable life to this work, — a monument of praise to him in 
 coming time. Other denominations have similar societies ; but 
 it was determined not to go into a description of religious 
 denominations in this work, any further than some general 
 description of their tenets. So, also, it will be seen, that, among 
 the numerous illustrations, there are nOne of churches. This 
 omission is to be ascribed to the want of room ; for to have 
 inserted plates of the churches of one denomination, and not of 
 
464 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 another, would have appeared invidious : hence, necessity com- 
 pelled that the work should be greatly enlarged, or the churches 
 wholly omitted ; and, as the former could not be done, the 
 latter has been. 
 
 UNITED STATES HOSPITALS IK PHILADELPHIA DTJEING THE 
 
 LATE WAB. 
 
 As the hospitals of Pennsylvania have been already described, 
 and as the record of them is read, some of the present genera- 
 tion will be likely to ask, " "Where is the history of the United 
 States hospitals located here during the late war?" Though a 
 historj'- of these hospitals belongs rather to the United States 
 than to us, yet it is proper to give some account of them in 
 this place, especially, as they have been omitted under the 
 hospitals of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Early after the commencement of the rebellion, the " War 
 Department," of the government showed its wisdom and fore- 
 thought in selecting Philadelphia, as one of the chief resorts for 
 the sick and wounded soldiers. Its healthy and comfortable 
 climate, being that of a medium between the extreme heat of 
 the South and the cold of the North ; and its vast extent of 
 territory, being much larger than any other city in the Union, 
 interspersed with large tracts of elevated and unoccupied land; 
 together with the comparative cheapness of fuel, and articles 
 of living, — rendered it highly conducive to the comfort and 
 returning health of the sick and wounded. 
 
 There were at one time nineteen or twenty of these hospitals 
 located in or very near this city. One of them was at West 
 Philadelphia, which everybody here knows is west of the 
 Schuylkill. It was near Forty-fourth and Pine Streets, on 
 elevated land, overlooking all the surrounding country. Its 
 sanitary condition could scarcely be other than good. It num- 
 bered twenty-eight wards, each one hundred and sixty-seven 
 feet long, and twenty-four wide, and designed to accommodate 
 seventy patients. There were fourteen wards in each, of two 
 rooms, twenty feet apart, which communicated with each other, 
 and also with the medical hall in the centre, by means of two 
 corridors, which were used for dining-rooms; and each was 
 
 30 
 
UNION LEAGUE. 
 
466 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 seven hundred and seventy-five feet long. There were large 
 buildings for kitchens, store-houses, and laundry purposes, com- 
 municating with the eastern end of each corridor. The ap- 
 paratus of the soldiers, consisting of baggage, knapsacks, and 
 such like, were in separate buildings. There were also nume- 
 rous other outbuildings ; and, in addition to these buildings, 
 there were a hundred and fifty large tents, the united capacity 
 of which accommodated nine hundred soldiers. Thus this hos- 
 pital, including the tents, had room for nearly four thousand 
 sick and wounded soldiers. 
 
 A still larger hospital was erected at Chestnut Hill, also 
 within the city limits. The citizens of Philadelphia, and 
 especially the women, did every thing" in their power to pro- 
 mote the comfort and health of the soldiers while they remained 
 in these hospitals. So assiduous and indefatigable were some 
 of the women in this work, that many of them injured their 
 health, and some lost their lives, in consequence of over-action 
 and fatigue. In all kinds of weather, and at all hours of the day, 
 these messengers of mercy, like the good Samaritan, were con- 
 veying flowers, sweetmeats, jellies, and every thing that was 
 calculated to soothe, comfort, and refresh these disabled soldiers, 
 who were wont to exclaim, " What should we do but for these 
 angelic women ! " Even little girls, with baskets of new ripe 
 fruit in its season, and various kinds of refreshments, visited 
 those dear men, now disabled, who had stood between the 
 bayonets of the rebels and our own bosoms. The writer once 
 asked two of these little girls, as they came out of a hospital, 
 how often they made these angel visits. The reply was, 
 "Everyday." 
 
 Philadelphia, during the war and ever since, has been highly 
 and justly praised by the soldiers who passed through the city, 
 either to or from the battlefield. Never, by day or by night, 
 did a single company march through her streets without finding 
 warm and comfortable quarters, and enough to eat and drink 
 at the various " Refreshment Rooms," " Cooper's Shop," &c. 
 
 The Union League was an outgrowth of the war, and 
 though a Philadelphia institution as to location, yet belonged 
 to the United States as to its action and utility. It was organ- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 467 
 
 ized to do duty for the defence of the Union ; was composed 
 of some two thousand, or more, of the most wealthy and patri- 
 otic citizens of this city and State. It organized, equipped, 
 and sent at its own expense, ten full regiments to the war, and 
 contributed liberally in many other ways to aid the good cause 
 of freedom. It published several pamphlets and papers of great 
 value, and distributed them liberally and gratuitously through 
 the country. The late Stephen Colwell, a name dear to many, 
 was the Chairman of the Publishing Committee, and revised 
 and corrected the publications. The writer was made a mem- 
 ber by the courtesy of the League, when their meetings were 
 held in Chestnut Street, at what had been the residence of that 
 good man, Matthias Baldwin, and addressed them several times. 
 Afterwards they erected the fine edifice on Broad Street, which 
 may be seen in the plate. This building is still retained as a 
 club-house, or place of resort for the members. 
 
 The politics of Pennsylvania have been various. In the early 
 history of the State, Federalists and Republicans were the 
 names of the two most prominent parties These gave place 
 to those of Whigs and Democrats. The Whigs were followed by 
 Republicans again, while the Democrats have still held the same 
 name. On the whole, this Commonwealth has favored democ- 
 racy, or the rights of the people generally, to the exclusion of a 
 few privileged persons. Although William Penn, the founder 
 of the State, and the first governor of the Province, belonged 
 to a patrician, or privileged family in England, yet the govern- 
 ment which he established in America was so far democratic 
 that it drew emigrants from almost every European nation. 
 Free toleration for all religious denominations, freedom of 
 speech and of the press, in a word, all the privileges that a 
 free people could demand, have generally been granted to the 
 citizens of Pennsylvania from its early history. This is seen 
 in the simple fact, that the property-owners pay the taxes ; the 
 poll-tax being lighter in this State than in most others of the 
 Union. 
 
 The governors of this Commonwealth have represented the 
 varying views of their constituents, especially since having 
 been elected by the people. Here follows a list ; — 
 
468 
 
 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 GOVERNORS OF THE PROVINCE AND STATE OF PENN- 
 SYLVANIA, FROM 1681 TO 1873. 
 
 TJNDEE THE PBOPEIETAEY 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Capt. William Markham, 
 Deputy Governor from Oct. 
 10, 1681, to Oct 27, 1682. 
 
 William Penn, Proprietary 
 and Governor, Oct. 27, 1682, 
 to Aug. 12, 1684. 
 
 Thomas Lloyd, President 
 of Provincial Council, and ex 
 officio Deputy Governor, Aug. 
 12, 1684, to Dec. 18, 1688. 
 
 Capt John Blackwell, Dep; 
 uty, Dec. 18, 1688, to Feb. 1, 
 1689-90. 
 
 Thomas Lloyd, President 
 of Provincial Council, and ex 
 officio Deputy Governor, Feb. 
 1689-90, to April 26, 1693. 
 
 UNDER THE BRITISH CROWN. 
 
 Col. Benjamin Fletcher, Gov- 
 ernor, Col. William Markham 
 Lieutenant - Governor, April 
 26, 1693, to March 26, 1695. 
 
 .TTNDER THE PROPRIETARY 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Col. William Markham, 
 Deputy, March 26, 1695, to 
 Dec. 3, 1699. 
 
 William Penn, Proprietor 
 and Governor, Dec. 3, 1699, 
 to Nov. 1, 1701. 
 
 Andrew Hamilton, Deputy, 
 Nov. 1, 1701, to April 20, 
 1703. 
 
 Edward Shippen, President 
 of Council, and ex officio Dep- 
 uty, April 20, 1703, to Feb- 
 ruary, 1703-4. 
 
 John Evans, Deputy, Feb- 
 ruary, 1703-4, to February, 
 1708-9. 
 
 Charles Gookin, Deputy, 
 March, 1709, to May 31, 1717. 
 
 Sir William Keith, Lieu- 
 tenant - Governor, May 31, 
 1717, to June 22, 1726. 
 
 Patrick Gordon, Lieutenant- 
 Governor, June 22, 1726, to 
 Aug. 5, 1736. 
 
 James Logan, President of 
 Provincial Council, and ex 
 officio Deputy Governor, from 
 Aug. 5, 1736, to Aug. 7, 1738. 
 
 George Thomas, Lieutenant- 
 Governor, Aug. 7, 1738, to 
 June 6, 1747. 
 
 Anthony Palmer, President 
 of Provincial Council, and ex 
 officio Deputy Governor, from 
 June 6, 1747, to Nov. 23,1748. 
 
 James Hamilton, Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor, Nov. 23, 1748, 
 to Oct. 3, 1754. 
 
 Robert Hunter Morris, Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor, Oct. 3, 1754, 
 to Aug. 20, 1756. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 469 
 
 Capt. William Denny, Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor, Aug. 20, 
 1756, to Nov. 17, 1759. 
 
 James Hamilton, Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor, Nov. 17, 1759, 
 to Oct. 31, 1763. 
 
 John Penn, Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, Oct. 31, 1763, to May 6, 
 177L 
 
 James Hamilton, President 
 Provincial Council, and ex 
 officio Deputy Governor, May 
 6, 1771, to Oct. 16, 177L 
 
 Richard Penn, Lieutenant- 
 Governor, Oct. 16, 1771, to 
 Aug. 30, 1773. 
 
 John Penn, Proprietary and 
 Governor from Aug. 30, 1773, 
 to July 3, 1775. 
 
 UNDER THE COMMITTEE OF 
 SAFETY. 
 
 Thomas Wharton, jun., Pres- 
 ident from July 3, 1775, to 
 Dec. 6, 1777. 
 
 "UNDER THE CONSTITUTION 
 OF 1777. 
 
 Thomas Wharton, jun., Pres- 
 ident of the Supreme Execu- 
 tive Council and of the State, 
 March 5, 1777, until his death, 
 May 23, 1778. 
 
 Georcre Brvan, late Vice- 
 President, acting President, 
 May 23, 1778, to Dec. 1, 1778. 
 
 Joseph Reed, President, Dec. 
 1, 1778, to Nov. 14, 1781. 
 
 William Moore, President, 
 Nov. 14, 1781, to Nov. 7, 
 1782. 
 
 John Dickinson, President, 
 November, 1782, to Oct. 18, 
 1785. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, Presi- 
 dent, Oct. 18, 1785, to Nov. 5, 
 1788. 
 
 Thomas Mifflin, President, 
 Nov. 5, 1788, to Dec. 20, 1790. 
 
 GOVERNORS UNDER THE CON- 
 STITUTION OF 1790. 
 
 Thomas Mifflin (Democrat), 
 Dec. 20, 1790, to December, 
 1799. 
 
 Thomas McKean (Demo- 
 crat), December, 1799, to De- 
 cember, 1808. 
 
 Simon Snyder (Democrat), 
 December, 1808, to December, 
 1817. 
 
 William Findlay (Demo- 
 crat), December, 1817, to De- 
 cember, 1820. 
 
 Joseph Heister (Democrat), 
 December, 1820, to December, 
 1828. 
 
 John Andrew Shulze (Dem- 
 ocrat), December, 1828, to De- 
 cember, 1829. 
 
 George Wolf (Democrat), 
 December, 1829, to December, 
 1835. 
 
 Joseph Ritner (Anti-Ma- 
 sonic), December, 1835, to De- 
 cember, 1838. 
 
470 
 
 nr STORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 David R. Porter (Demo- 
 crat), December, 1838, to De- 
 cember, 1844. 
 
 Francis R. Shunk (Demo- 
 crat), December, 1844, until 
 his resignation, July 10, 1848. 
 
 Wm. F. Johnston (Whig), 
 Speaker of the Senate, and 
 acting Governor, July 10, 1848, 
 to December, 1848. 
 
 Wm. F. Johnston (Whig), 
 December, 1848, to December, 
 1861. 
 
 Wm. Bigler (Democrat), 
 December, 1851, to December, 
 1854. 
 
 James Pollock (Whig), De- 
 cember, 1854, to December, 
 1857. 
 
 William F. Packer (Demo- 
 crat), December, 1857, to Jan- 
 uary, 1861. 
 
 Andrew J. Curtin (Repub- 
 lican), January, 1861, to Jan- 
 uary, 1867. 
 
 J5hn W. Geary (Republi- 
 can), January, 1867, to Janu- 
 ary, 1873. 
 
 John W. Hartranft (Repub- 
 lican), elected 1872 to serve 
 from January, 1873, to Janu- 
 ary, 1876. 
 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 ARTISTS AND PESrE ARTS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Benjamin West — Charles Wilson Peale — Kembrandt Peale — Thomas Sully 
 — James Hamilton — Thomas Buchanan Read — Adolph Ulric WertmuUer — 
 Paul Weber — John Neagle — Peter F. Eothermel — Margaret M. George — 
 Thomas A. Scott — School of Design for Women — The Academy of Fine 
 Alts. 
 
 IN her artists, Pennsylvania has been peculiarly fortunate. It 
 is believed that not one of all her numerous sister States 
 can vie with her in this respect. At the head of this class 
 stands Benjamin West. Moses was exposed to death in the 
 " ark of riishes ; " Philip Doddridge was laid away for dead at 
 his birth ; John Wesley came near perishing when an infant 
 in the conflagration of his father's house ; and Benjamin West, 
 by a premature birth. But Providence had a work for each of 
 these to do. 
 
 Benjamin West was the youngest son of John West and 
 Sarah Pearson. He was born the 10th of October, 1738, in 
 Chester County, Pennsylvania. His parents were Quakers. 
 Everybody knows that it is as unnatural for a Quaker to 
 encourage the fine arts, or painting at least, as it is for one of 
 this denomination to sing ; and, in the early days of Quakerism, 
 it would have been as unnatural to hear a Quaker sing as to 
 see a mole above ground. 
 
 The first effort of West, showing the natural bent of his 
 talent, is related by one of his biographers in the following 
 language: " In the month of June, 1745, one of his sisters, who 
 had been married some time before, and who had a daughter, 
 came with her infant to spend a few days at her father's. 
 When the child was asleep in the cradle, Mrs. West invited her 
 
 471 
 
472 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 daughter to gather flowers in the garden, and committed the 
 infant to the care of Benjamin during their absence, giving 
 him a fan to iiap away the flies from molesting his little charge. 
 After some time, the child happened to smile in its sleep ; and 
 its beauty attracted his attention. He looked at it with a 
 pleasure which he had never before experienced ;and observing 
 some paper on a table, together with pens, and red and black 
 ink, he seized them with agitation, and endeavored to delineate 
 a portrait, although at this period he had never seen an engrav- 
 ing or a picture, and was only in the seventh year of his age." 
 
 Hearing the return of his mother and sister, he attempted to 
 conceal what he had done ; but, as he appeared confused, the 
 old lady inquired what he was about, and requested him to 
 show her the paper. He did so, and asked her not to be 
 angry. She looked at the picture for some time, and then said to 
 her daughter, with evident pleasure, " I declare, he has made a 
 likeness of little Sally! " and kissed him. Thus encouraged, he 
 told her, if it would please her, he would make pictures of the 
 flowers she held in her hand. 
 
 As above said, the Quakers had seen so much tinsel and false' 
 glare among the Catholics and Episcopalians in England, that 
 they wished to cut loose from every thing that had the least 
 appearance of patronizing what they considered the works of 
 the world, if not the works of the DevU. They had about the 
 same objection to paintings, that the Puritanic Society of Wey- 
 mouth had to lawyers, whom they considered at least " a 
 useless and unnecessary class," if not worse, and hence objected 
 to the daughter of their minister. Parson Smith, marrying John 
 Adams, because he was a lawyer. From the antipathy of the 
 Quakers to every thing of the nature of art, no place on earth 
 seemed more unlikely to produce an artist than Pennsylvania. 
 
 At the first school young West attended, he was allowed to 
 draw with pen and ink. A party of Indians came to pay their 
 annual visit to the place of his school, and, being pleased with 
 the sketches of the birds and flowers that the boy showed them, 
 they taught him to prepare the red and yellow colors by which 
 they painted their ornaments. His mother gave him a piece of 
 indigo for blue ; and thus he possessed the three primary colors. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 473 
 
 His drawings attracted the attention of his neighbors ; and 
 some of them expressed regret that he had no pencils, where- 
 upon he inquired wl^at kind of things those were. He was 
 told they were small brushes, made of camel's hair fastened in a 
 quill. Here the little artist was in a dilemma. There were no 
 camels in America, and what could he. do ? As " necessity is the 
 mother of invention," he noticed that the tail of his father's black 
 cat would furnish him with what he wanted : so he cut off the fur, 
 carefully preserving her tail. With this he made a brush ; but 
 it was soon worn out, and another must be had. So the black 
 cat came into requisition again. Bat this time the fur was cut 
 from her back. This was soon noticed by the father, who, sup- 
 posing that the cat was diseased, was about to prescribe a 
 remedy, when little Ben, who, like little George Washington and 
 his hatchet, would not lie, or allow his father to be deceived, 
 frankly confessed what he had done. Seeing his contrition, 
 and pleased with the tact of the little son, the Quaker father 
 readily forgave him. Those who remember the many anecdotes 
 told us by Xenophon, of the little Cyrus when a boy, and see 
 how they paved the way for Cyrus the great general and 
 king, may treasure up this story of the black cat, and call it 
 to mind when they find Benjamin West as he appears here- 
 after. 
 
 Soon after this event, a Mr. Pennington, a merchant from 
 Philadelphia, and a relative of the West family, visited Mr. 
 West. Being also a Quaker, he was not a little surprised to 
 see little pictures all about the house, — a new thing under the 
 sun to be found in the house of a Quaker. But, when told 
 that these were the work of little Benjamin, his surprise gave 
 place to admiration of the boy who could make such beautiful 
 drawings. He thought them wonderful productions ; and, on 
 being informed of the scanty and imperfect materials, by 
 which they were produced, his admiration grew to wonder and 
 astonishment. He promised to send the little artist a box of 
 paints and pencils, and, on his return home, fulfilled his 
 promise. 
 
 The arrival of this box and its contents was an epoch in the 
 life of the young artist. Upon opening the box, he discovered 
 
474 BISTORT OF FENNSTLVANIA. 
 
 all that he wanted, — pencils not made from the cat's fur, but 
 from real camel's hair, colors, oils, canvas ; but, above all, his 
 admiration knew no bounds when he found six engravings 
 which the good friend had carefully placed in the box. 
 Never had he seen an engraving ; and he did not know that such 
 a thing existed. The boy was in an ecstasy of joy. He looked 
 over the articles with intense delight. 
 
 The next day, on the first dawn of light, he took the box 
 into the garret, — a place renowned among old English poets, — 
 spread his canvas, and commenced imitating the' engravings. 
 So intense was his application, that the hour for school was 
 forgotten ; and at dinner he made his appearance, without 
 telling the family what he had been doing. For several days, 
 he retired to his garret, and devoted his time to painting. 
 The schoolmaster sent to know why he was absent. The 
 young artist seemed to take no notice of the message. His 
 mother had seen him go up to the garret, and, supposing that 
 the box had engrossed his attention, went to his room, and 
 found him engaged in painting. She observed his picture 
 with great admiration, which was an exquisite one ; and so 
 captivated was she with it, that she would not allow him to 
 finish it, lest he should spoil what he had already done. Sixty- 
 seven years after, this unfinished picture was shown in the 
 same room with the artist's sublime painting, Christ rejected. 
 West alwaj^s said there were touches of art in this first juve- 
 nile eifort which he was never able to surpass. 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte said he always had a " presiding star ; " 
 and Stephen Girard declared he had a " lucky star : " but neither 
 of these equalled West in this respect. From the trimming of 
 the black cat ; standing before Provost Smith ; in the assembly 
 of Quakers, debating whether he should continue painting or 
 not ; visiting the Eternal City, and presented to the best Italian 
 artists by Cardinal Albani, who first inquired, when introduced 
 to an American, whether he were black or white ; and when 
 upon being shown the statue of Apollo, and asked what he 
 thought of it, he exclaimed, " My God, how like it is to a young 
 Mohawk warrior ! " or painting the royal family of George the 
 Third in the palace, — West always came out, as the common 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 475 
 
 expression is, " first best." At whatever disadvantage he might 
 have appeared at the start, or in the first introduction, upon 
 further proceedings and explanations he always gained the 
 admiration and applause of his companions. The single case 
 of his comparing the statue of Apollo to a Mohawk Indian may 
 explain the whole. When West uttered his exclamation, the 
 Italian artists Avere astonished, and extremely mortified, to find 
 the god of their idolatry compared to an American savage. 
 When Mr. Robinson, the companion of West, and his interpre- 
 ter, described to them the Mohawk Indians, their peculiar edu- 
 cation, their wonderful dexterity with the bow and arrow, how 
 their active life in the chase broadened and expanded their 
 chests, and gave them their robust and hpalthy appearance, and 
 consciousness of vigor, — all of which were so grandly depicted 
 in the Apollo, — these same Italians were delighted, and de- 
 clared that they had never heard a better criticism pronounced 
 upon it. 
 
 One of his biographers says, " Domestic sorrow mingled with 
 professional disappointment. Elizabeth Shewell — for more 
 than fifty years his kind and tender companion — died on the 
 6th of December, 1817; and West, seventy-nine years old, felt 
 that he was soon to follow. His wife and he had loved each 
 other some sixty years, had seen their children's children ; and 
 the world had no compensation to offer. He began to sink; 
 and, though still to be found at his easel, his hand had lost its 
 early alacrity. It was evident that all this was to cease soon ; 
 that he was suffering a slow and a general and easy decay. 
 The venerable old man sat in his study, among his favorite pic- 
 tures, a breathing image of quiet and contentment, awaiting 
 calmly the hour of his dissolution, without any fixed complaint. 
 His mental faculties unimpaired, his cheerfulness uneclipsed, 
 and with looks serene and benevolent, he expired the 11th of 
 March, 1820, in the eighty-second year of his age. He was 
 buried beside Reynolds, Opie, and Barry, in St. Paul's Cathe- 
 dral. The pall was borne by noblemen, ambassadors,, and acade- 
 micians. His two sons and grandson were chief mourners, and 
 sixty coaches brought up the splendid procession."' West's 
 
 1 Allan Cunningham's British Painters, p. 65. 
 
476 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 portrait of Rev. William Smith, D.D., may be seen at the His- 
 torical Society rooms. It was the glory of Pennsylvania, that 
 she ever produced such a son. He painted and sketched in oil 
 more than four hundred pictures, chiefly of a religious and his- 
 torical character, and left more than two hundred original 
 drawings in his portfolio. 
 
 Chaeles Wilson Peale, was born in Charlestown, Md., in 
 1741. He was a pupil of West in England, and, after his return, 
 settled in Philadelphia, and gained a high reputation as a por- 
 trait-painter. He formed a museum of natural curiosities in that 
 city, which was named for him. He was also one of the found- 
 ers of the Academy of Fine Arts, for which he painted numerous 
 pictures. He died in ^827. 
 
 Rembkandt Peale, son of the preceding, was bom in Bucks 
 County, Pennsylvania, in 1778 ; studied painting under West, 
 locating at Paris, where he engaged in portrait-painting. Upon 
 his return to Philadelphia, he painted, among other works, the 
 Court of Death, and the Roman Daughter. He died in 1860. 
 At the Historical Society gallery may be seen a portrait of 
 Edmund Pendleton Gaines, major-general U. S. A., by him. 
 
 Thosias Sully, an eminent painter, was born in Lincolnshire, 
 Eng., in 1783. He emigrated to America in 1792, studied at 
 Charleston, S.C., then Avith Stuart, and afterwards applied 
 Jiimself to portrait-painting at Richmond, New York, and Phila- 
 delphia. Some of his best productions are portraits of Jefferson, 
 Lafayette, Commodore Decatur, George Frederick Cooke as 
 Richard TIL, and Queen Victoria, also several historical pic- 
 tures, among which was Washington crossing the Delaware. 
 He spent the greater part of his long life in Philadelphia, where 
 he was much esteemed as a citizen, and admired as an artist. 
 
 A person who visited his studio in 1870 gave a description 
 of the visit, from which the following is selected : " This vener- 
 able and distinguished artist is one of the most genial, kind- 
 hearted gentlemen that I have ever met. He is now in the 
 " sear and yellow leaf." There is in his countenance a mixture 
 of elevation and sweetness, of simplicity and energy; is very 
 communicative ; still active, hopeful, and happy." 
 
 The same visitor gives a full description of his art-gallery, 
 which was richly adorned with his own paintings. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 477 
 
 The author was favored with the following biographical 
 sketch of Mr. Sully, soon after his decease, by a young artist of 
 PhiladeliDhia, who was personally acquainted with him : — 
 
 " In 1801 he began painting in oil, his effort being a copy of 
 a painting by Angelica Kauffman. He achieved a success that 
 encouraged him to further efforts. 
 
 " His soul was ever awake to the beautiful. He always 
 feared he would not receive proper instruction. Being in Rich- 
 mond, Va., he applied to a Frenchman, who was considered the 
 best teacher, but was, in reality, a man of ignorance and 
 self-conceit. He became his pupil, but happily his .pupilage 
 did not long continue. One evening, after admiring a very 
 gorgeous sunset, he turned to his instructor, and said, ' How 
 would you paint such a picture ? ' 
 
 " ' How would I paint such a picture ! Young man, the 
 Academy would tell you to use such and such colors.' 
 
 " ' Ah,' said the artist, as he related this to me, giving his 
 head a shake, 'never shall I forget the chill to my enthusiasm! ' 
 
 " Mr. Sully remained in Richmond until 1806, when, at the 
 solicitation of Peter Cooper, he came to New York ; at which 
 time John Trumbull was the leading artist. It has been stated 
 John Trumbull was inaccessible, and far from being communi- 
 cative. Such was not the case : I have it from Mr. Sully's own 
 lips, and will give the account as related. 
 
 " ' I went to see Mr. Trumbull, whom I commissioned to paint 
 a portrait of my wife. The artist began the portrait : I sta- 
 tioned myself behind his chair, watching how he proceeded. 
 After he had painted a part of it, he remarked that he never 
 saw any one so much interested in a picture, and inquired 
 whether, at any time, I had studied painting. 
 
 " ' Ah ! ' thought I, ' shaU I disclose myself ? ' which I finally 
 did. 
 
 " ' Oh ! ' said Mr. Trumbull, laughing, ' had I known what 
 yoixr intentions were, I would have worked very differently. I 
 shall have to begin the picture anew.' 
 
 " In 1807 Thomas Sully formed the acquaintance of Gilbert 
 Stuart, then the leading portrait-painter of Boston, from whom 
 he received valuable instruction. He highly appreciated the 
 
478 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 beauty of Gilbert Stuart's portraiture. A deep sympathy existed 
 between these two artists. 
 
 "In 1809 Mr. Sully came to our 'City of Brotherly Love.' 
 After a brief stay, he determined to go abroad, for the further 
 prosecution of his studies. He received several commissions 
 from Philadelphia, for copies of eminent works, and sailed from 
 our city for Liverpool, at which port he arrived July 13, 1809. 
 He remained in London until March, 1810, a close student, 
 receiving instruction from Benjamin West and Sir Thomas 
 Lawrence. 
 
 " On his return to Philadelphia, he became the leading artist 
 in portraiture. It is probable he painted portraits of a greater 
 number of famous people than any of his contemporaries. His 
 concep)tions of children are exquisite in grace and loveliness. 
 He painted many ideal portraits of the female characters of 
 Shakspeare. 
 
 " His portrait of George Frederick Cooke as Richard III., 
 and a life-size portrait of Samuel Coates, were painted shortly 
 after his return from England. The former was presented to 
 the Academy of Fine Arts, and the latter to Pennsylvania 
 Hospital. 
 
 " The artist's next production was an historical subject, — 
 Washington crossing the Delaware. He also painted an 
 equestrian portrait of George Washington, and full-length 
 portraits of the following, — Dr. Benjamin Rush, Commodore 
 Decatur, Thomas Jefferson, and Charles Carroll. 
 
 " When Lafayette visited the United States, in 1824, Mr. 
 Sully secured a sitting, and gave us his life-size portrait, which 
 is now to be seen at Independence Hall. 
 
 " In 1837 St. George's Society of Philadelphia commissioned 
 Mr. Sully to paint a portrait of Queen Victoria shortly after 
 her coronation. In the artist's charming salon the writer saw 
 his first study for this portrait, and would say, ' May time spare 
 this portrait of Queen Victoria ! ' for it was one of the artist's 
 treasures, and also one of his loveliest representations of woman- 
 hood. 
 
 " During the artist's sojourn in London, when painting this 
 picture, it was a period of the most refined enjoyment. His 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 479 
 
 former pupil, Charles Leslie, and the choicest intellects of the 
 British metropolis, — men famous in literature, art, science, poli- 
 tics, — and his own cultivated nature, mingled in a congenial 
 atmosphere. Of late years Mr. Sully enjoyed an intense 
 delight in recalling that happy period of London life. 
 
 " Although born in England, he was an American at heart, 
 who loved our great men. Our institutions, and the early history 
 of our country, together with tlie actors of that period, were to 
 him a prolific theme. He revered the character of George 
 Washington and the greatness of Benjamin Franklin. Once, 
 when speaking of the last named, he said, ' Tliere have been 
 individuals who wished to look back after their departure from 
 this world ; and Benjamin Franklin wished to look back a 
 hundred years after his departure, to see the advance in im- 
 provements and knowledge. Well,' added the artist, ' I, too, 
 should like to look.' 
 
 " Mr. Sully formed a connecting link between the earliest 
 artists of America and the artists of the present day, and wit- 
 nessed with great happiness the gradual but steady develop- 
 ment of taste for art in America. 
 
 " In Philadelphia this development is due to the members 
 of the legal profession. The initiation of our Academy of Fine 
 Arts was promoted principally by members of the har. Of the 
 seventy who signed the parchment of December, 1805, forty- 
 one were lawyers. Tlie only surviving one was a friend and 
 patron of the late Thomas Sully, who painted his portrait many 
 years since. This gentleman is the venerable Horace Binney, 
 sen., now in his ninety-third year. 
 
 " Shortly before the death of" Rembrandt Peale, our citizen, 
 Joseph Harrison Peale, jun., a patron of art, commissioned 
 Thomas SuU}'- and Rembrandt, each to paint the other's portrait. 
 These two venerable artists were the honored guests when these 
 portraits were shown to a choice company assembled at Mr. 
 Harrison's mansion. This occasion will ever be remembered by 
 those honored by an invitation to the reception. 
 
 " Thomas Sully was a gentleman of the old school, and led a 
 happy life, surrounded by his family, friends, and pictures. 
 Until recently he spent several hours daily in his charming 
 
480 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 studio, at his easel. But a fall last winter, by which the bone 
 of his arm was fractured, produced a serious effect upon his 
 aged and debilitated system. Mr. Sully passed peacefully away 
 Nov. 5, 1872, amid the constant and loving attention of his 
 children." 
 
 The following paintings by Sully may be seen in the Fine 
 Art Room of the Historical Society : copy of George Washing- 
 ton, Andrew Jackson, and Stephen Decatur. 
 
 James Hamilton was born in Ireland about 1820, and came 
 to America in infancy. He is distinguished for his success in 
 marine views, and acquired much distinction by his illustra- 
 tions of Dr. Kane's " Arctic Explorations." Among his other 
 noted works are Capture of the Serapis, and Old Ironsides. 
 
 Thomas Buchanan Read, born in Chester County, Penn- 
 sylvania, in 1822, is better known as a poet than an artist, 
 though his pictures have much merit. His group of Long- 
 fellow's Children is thought one of his best. There is in the 
 Historical Society a portrait of Thomas Sergeant, third presi- 
 dent of the society. 
 
 Adolph Uleic Wertmuller was a native of Stockholm, 
 Sweden, and came to Philadelphia in May, 1794. He died in 
 1812, and was buried, it is thought, in the ground of the Old 
 Swedes' Church in Swanson Street. He painted a portrait of 
 George Washington in 1795, which may be seen in the rooms 
 of the Historical Society. 
 
 Paul Weber, born in Germany about 1820, came to Amer- 
 ica early in life, and practised his art many years in Phila- 
 delphia. His paintings of Fort Necessity, Braddock's Grave, 
 Braddock's Field, or the Monongahela, are to be seen at the 
 Historical Society rooms. The charm of his works is in the 
 indescribable softness and harmony of tints. He returned to 
 Germany several years since, and established himself at Darm- 
 stadt. 
 
 John Neagle, born in Boston in 1799, was known princi- 
 pally as a portrait-painter. He practised in Philadelphila, 
 where he married a daughter of Sully. He died in 1865. 
 Among his works are portraits of Washington and Henry Clay. 
 There are also, at the Historical Society rooms, several portraits 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 481 
 
 of Indians painted by him ; one of which, The Knife, chief 
 of the Pawnee Loups, called the Bravest of the Braves, was 
 taken from life, and presented to the society in 1861, by the 
 artist. The two heads, Big Kansas, and Sharitarishe, chief of 
 the Grand Pawnees, were also painted from life, and presented 
 by him to the society. 
 
 Peter F. Rothbemel was born in Luzerne County, Penn- 
 sylvania, in 1817. Among his chief works are De Soto dis- 
 covering the Mississippi, Columbus before Isabella the Cath- 
 olic, Christabel, and the Christian Martyrs, finished in 1864, 
 and exhibited at the great Sanitary Fair held in Philadelphia 
 in June and July of that year. His Battle of Gettysburg 'has 
 gained for him a lasting fame. At the Historical Society 
 rooms there is a life-size head of Anthony Wayne by him. 
 
 Margaret M. George has given some fine specimens of 
 the art of painting in water-colors. 
 
 Aside from the galleries of the Pennsylvania Historical 
 Society, the Presbyterian and Baptist Historical Societies, and 
 others, with the Academy of Fine Arts, hereafter to be 
 described, there are many private gentlemen in Philadelphia, 
 whose dwellings are adorned with costly a,nd elegant paintings ; 
 and, from personal inspection, the writer can testify that no 
 finer or more elegant specimens are to be found in any public 
 gallery than are contained in the residences of Thomas A. 
 Scott, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and James L. 
 Claghorn. 
 
 Amonsr the institutions devoted to art or instruction in its 
 various branches may be mentioned (of paramount importance 
 in extending the sphere of woman's usefulness), the School 
 OE Design for Women, the first institution of the kind in 
 America. It was founded in 1850, under the patronage of the 
 Franklin Institute, greatly aided by Mrs. Peter ; incorporated 
 in 1853. The new edifice is on the corner of North Merrick 
 and Filbert Streets. Miss E. Croasdale is the Principal of the 
 School ; and in it designs for all varieties of mechanical draw- 
 ing are taught gratuitously. 
 
 The Academy op Fine Arts was founded in 1805, and 
 incorporated in 1807. Its new magnificent gaUery is on Broad 
 
 31 
 
482 
 
 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Street, just above Arch. It has a front of one hundred feet on 
 Broad Street, and two hundred and fifty-eight feet on Cherry 
 Street. The chief froiit, on Broad, is two stories in height, 
 ornamented with colored tiles, terracotta ware, and light stone 
 dressings. Over the chief entrance there is a large Gothic 
 window, traced with stone. The front on Cherry Street 
 is of similar materials, relieved by a colonnade, supporting 
 a number of arched windows, in the rear of which will be 
 a transept, with a pointed gable. The edifice cost three hun- 
 dred thousand dollars. It has lecture-rooms, life-class rooms, 
 retiring-rooms, on the first floor, with galleries for casts from 
 
 NEW ACADEMY OF FINE AETS. 
 
 sculpture : the grand gallery, seventy-five by forty feet, is on 
 the second floor. The Gilpin Gallery contains the rich bequest 
 of Henry D. Gilpin, comprising a hundred thousand dollars' 
 worth of art treasures ; and this, together with a number of 
 smaller exhibition-rooms, measures ninety-five by forty-two 
 feet. This is a noble institution ; its object being to improve 
 and refine public taste for works of art, and to cultivate and 
 encourage our native genius by " providing elegant and approved 
 specimens of the Arts, for imitation." This society gave its 
 first exhibition in 1811, when more than five hundred speci- 
 mens of the skill of both painter and sculptor were exhibited. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 483 
 
 The art collections of this academy are said to be the most 
 valuable in this country. Among them are contained the 
 masterpieces of Stuart, West, AUston, Sully, Neagle, and 
 Wittcamp. The gallery of casts from antiquarian relics is very 
 instructive. 
 
 This academy is under the patronage and management of 
 such men of wealth, taste, and refinement, that no pains will be 
 spared to render it an institution worthy of the Quaker City. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 MEDICAL SCHOOLS AST) WEITEES, JOTJENALS AND JOTJENALISTS. 
 
 William Sliippen — Adam Kulm — Benjamin Kusli Thomas Bond — Ameri- 
 can Metropolis of Education — Medical Scliool united -witli the University 
 
 — New Edifice — Jefferson Medical College — The Pennsylvania Medical 
 College — Philadelphia College of Medicine — Homoeopathic College, cfec. — 
 Female Medical College — Philadelphia College of Pharmacy — College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons — Benjamin Eush — James Bush — Kathaniel 
 Chapman — Philip Syng Physick — Samuel Jackson — Eobley Dunglison — 
 Ei chard J. Dunglison — Benjamin Smith Barton — "William P. C. Barton — 
 John Bartram — William Bartram — John Syng Dorsey — William Potts 
 Dewees — John Godraan — William E. Homer — J. M. Allen — Thomas C. 
 James — John Eberle — George McLellan — Charles Delucena Meigs — 
 John Forsyth Meigs — Samuel George Morton — Henry Stuart Patterson — 
 Henry H. Smith — Alfred Stille — W. W. Gerhard — Thomas D. Mitchell 
 
 — John Bell — Thomas Mutter — Eobert E. Kogers — Samuel D. Gross — 
 George B. Wood — Journals and Journalists. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA has the honor of having established the 
 first medical school in America. It originated in a course 
 of lectures delivered by Dr. William Shippen, who was 
 appointed Professor of Anatomy and Obstetrics. Dr. John 
 Morgan was appointed Professor of the Institutes and Practice 
 of Medicine ; Dr. Adam Kuhn was made Professor of Botany ; 
 Dr. Benjamin Rush, Professor of Chemistry ; and Dr. Thomas 
 Bond, Professor of Clinical Medicine. This school, thus found- 
 ed, early obtained the first rank in eminence ; and its succes- 
 sors have well maintained the honor which it acquired under 
 its original faculty. Under such medical men as Rush, 
 Physick, Barton, Jackson, Chapman, James, Wistar, Dewees, 
 Dorsey, McLellan, Gibson, Dunglison, Horner, Eberle, Revere, 
 Patterson, Smith, Meigs, Godman, Morton, and others, Phila- 
 delphia became entitled to the well-knovTn and well-merited 
 
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486 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 appellation of " The American MetropoKs of Medical Educa- 
 tion." This school became incorporated as an integral part of 
 the University of Pennsylvania in 1791 ; and, under the charter 
 of the institution, its medical diplomas have always been given. 
 Its new edifice is similar to the main building of the university, 
 akeady described in chapter twenty-fifth, although it has 
 dinstinctive architectural features. In the basement is the 
 laboratory ; on the first floor, two large lecture-rooms ; on the 
 second, a general museum, and an amphitheatre for six himdred 
 students ; and, on the third, room for the study of operative 
 surgery, and for dissection. 
 
 The Jeffebson Medical College was established and 
 chartered in 1825, after a long and sharp contest with the 
 special friends of the Medical Department of the University 
 of Pennsylvania, the bitterness and agony of which need not 
 here be repeated. Dr. George McLeUan, the eminent surgeon, 
 was the principal agent in founding this school. It soon be- 
 came very prosperous ; and its pupils outnumbered those of the 
 university. The college building, on Tenth Street, between 
 Chestnut and Walnut, has been several times enlarged to 
 accommodate its great number of students. A museum con- 
 nected with this school stands in the rear of the college, amply 
 provided with material for illustrating the various branches. 
 
 The PEiTN'svLVAiaA Medical College was erected in 
 1849. The design was by the architect of Girard College. It 
 is a beautiful and spacious edifice, situated near the Pennsyl- 
 vania Hospital, on Ninth, near Locust Street. It was given 
 up, for want of patronage, about 1860. 
 
 Philadelphia College op Medicine was chartered in 
 1847, with all the rights, privileges, and immunities granted to 
 other medical colleges in the State. It prospered for a time, 
 but finally became the property of a single professor, who em- 
 ployed the other lecturers. It died in 1855. 
 
 These four old-school, regularly chartered medical colleges 
 were in operation in Philadelphia at the same time. There 
 existed also, at that period, an indefinite number of medical 
 colleges, under a variety of names, among which were, the 
 
 " HOMCEOPATHIG COLLEGE," the " ECLECTIC COLLEGE," the 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 487 
 
 "Thomsoniak College," the "Penk Medical College," 
 the "Penn Medical Univeesity," &c. Some of these 
 schools have been recently charged with selling diplomas to 
 persons not qualified to practise medicine ; and it is said their 
 charters have been abrogated. 
 
 The Female Medical College op Pennsylvania was 
 founded in 1849. It is a regularly chartered college, embracing 
 all the various branches of medical science, and authorized to 
 confer the degree of Doctor in Medicine upon all women who 
 have taken a full course of lectures, and sustained a regular ex- 
 amination. The faculty of this coUege, comprised of both men 
 and women, are regularly graduated from medical schools, and 
 competent to fill the chairs in any medical college in our land. 
 The course of instruction, from the commencement, comprised 
 six branches ; viz.. Anatomy and Physiology, Principles and 
 Practice of Medicine, Obstetrics, and Diseases of Women and 
 Children, Surgery, and the Institutes of Medicine, Materia 
 Medica, Pharmacy, and Chemistry. 
 
 The Philadelphia College op Pharmacy was estab- 
 lished in 1811, and incorporated in 1822, "to obviate a departure 
 from the correct customs and established principles of the drug 
 and apothecary business, to direct attention to the qualities of 
 articles brought into the drug market, to secure the discussion 
 of subjects relating to the business, and communicate informa- 
 tion beneficial and interesting to the trade, and to create a 
 school of pharmacy, .in which lectures should be delivered 
 expressly for the instruction of druggists and apothecaries." 
 
 The College op Physicians and Suegeons is located 
 at the north-east corner of Thirteenth and Locust Streets. 
 Thomas Mutter, M.D., LL.D., late Professor of Surgery in 
 Jefl^erson Medical College, donated to this College a sum suffi- 
 cient to erect this building, together with his library. The 
 college was chartered 1789, for the purpose, as stated in the 
 document, " to advance the science of medicine, and therefore 
 lessen human misery, by investigating the diseases and remedies 
 peculiar to this country." It is composed of fellows, or mem- 
 bers, who are practitioners in the city, and such associates as 
 they may elect without the limits of the city, or from abroad. 
 
488 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 They publish a quarterly, which is esteemed a very valuable 
 work by the profession. Their meetings are entertaining, and 
 discussions useful. 
 
 MEDICAL WBIXBES. 
 
 Bekjamin Rush, M.D., was one of the earliest, if not the 
 earliest, of these. His principal works were collected into seven 
 volumes, by his direction, and have been of much service to 
 the medical world. 
 
 Jajnies Rush, son of the preceding, was noted for his work 
 on " The Human Voice." 
 
 Nathaniel Chapman, M.D., published two octavo volumes, 
 entitled " Elements of Therapeutics and Materia Medica ; " 
 also five volumes, octavo, of select speeches, &c. 
 
 Philip Syng Physick, M.D., was a student of the celebrated 
 John Hunter, and a graduate of the University of Edinburgh. 
 He published many articles in the various physical and medical 
 journals of the day. His son-in-law, J. Randolph, M.D., pub- 
 lished a biographical sketch of Dr. Physick, in 1839. 
 
 Samuel Jackson published " Principles of Medicine," an 
 octavo volume, in 1832, " Discourse commemorative of Nathan- 
 iel Chapman," and occasionally medical essays. 
 
 RoBLEY DuNGLisoN, M.D., LL.D., was Professor of the 
 Institutes of Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence in Jefferson 
 Medical College, from 1836 to 1858. His contributions to medi- 
 cal literature were many and valuable ; and his " Phj^siology " 
 and " Lexicon " take rank as medical classics in our language. 
 
 Richard J. Dunglison, M.D., his son, has arranged and 
 edited, and Lindsay and Blakiston have published, " A History 
 of Medicine from the Earliest Ages to the Nineteenth Cen- 
 tury," originally written by Robley Dunglison. 
 
 Benjamin Smith Bakton, an eminent physician, botanist, 
 and philologist, was born at Lancaster, Penn. He obtained his 
 medical degree at Gottingen ; became connected with the Uni- 
 versity in 1789, and continued to occupy the chair of Natural 
 History and Botany until his death, in 1815. At the death of 
 Dr. Rush, in 1813, he was appointed his successor to the chair 
 of the Practice of Physic. He was taught to draw by Major 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 489 
 
 Andr^, while that officer remained a prisoner in Lancaster. At 
 the age of sixteen, lie composed an essay on the " Vices of 
 the Times." He published " Observations on Some Parts of 
 Natural History," to which is added an account of several 
 remarkable vestiges of antiquity which have been discovered 
 in different parts of North America, " Papers relative to 
 American Antiquities " in quarto, " Collections for an Essay 
 towards a Materia Medica for the United States," " Frag- 
 ments of the Natural History of Pennsylvania," " Memoir con- 
 cerning the Fascinating Quality ascribed to the Rattlesnake," 
 " Supplement to the Same," " Some Account of the Siren La- 
 certina and Other Species of the Same Genus of Amphibious 
 Animals," " Elements of Botany." He furnished many " Con- 
 tributions to the Transactions of the American Philosophical 
 Society." 
 
 WiULiAM P. C. Barton, M.D., nephew of the above named, 
 and his successor as Professor of Botany in the University of 
 Pennsylvania, published " Florae Philadelphiae Prodromus," 
 quarto ; " Vegetable Materia Medica of the United States, con- 
 taining a Botanical, General, and Medical History of the Medi- 
 cinal Plants Indigenous to the United States, illustrated by 
 colored engravings ; " "A Compendium Florae Philadelphise ; " 
 "Flora of North America, illustrated by colored figures drawn 
 from Nature," three volumes quarto ; " Materia Medica and 
 Botany," two volumes; "Medical Botany," two volumes; 
 " Hints to Naval Officers cruising in the West Indies ; " " Plan 
 for Marine Hospitals in the United States." 
 
 John Bahtkam, M.D., born at Marple, Delaware county, 
 Penn., became so famous in Botany, that Linnaeus pronounced 
 him the greatest natural botanist in the world. He was 
 appointed botanist to George the Third, and held the office 
 until his death, September, 1777. He published " Observa- 
 tions on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil, Divers Productions, 
 Animals, &e., made in his Travels from Pennsylvania to Onon- 
 dago, Oswego, and Lake Ontario ; " " Account of East Florida 
 on a Journey to St. Augustine." 
 
 WHiLiAM Baktram, M.D., inherited the botanical zeal of his 
 father. He travelled through several of the Southern States 
 
490 BISTORT OF FENNSTLVANIA. 
 
 to examine the medicinal plants of the country. His collec- 
 tions were forwarded to Dr. Fothergill. These were published, 
 embellished with copper plates, in 1792 ; translated into French 
 in 1801, in two volumes. 
 
 John Syng Doesbt, M.D., an eminent physician of Phila- 
 delphia, published " Elements of Surgery," two volumes ; 
 " Cooper's Surgery, with Notes," and contributed largely to 
 periodicals. 
 
 William Potts Ditwees, M.D., Professor of Midwifery in 
 the University of Pennsylvania, published two editions of 
 "Inaugural Essays," "Medical Essays," "System of Mid- 
 wifery" (twelve editions), a " Treatise on the Physical and 
 Medical Treatment of Children," a " Treatise on the Diseases 
 of Females, and a "Treatise on the Practice of Medicine." 
 
 John D. Godmait, M.D., a distinguished practitioner for a 
 time in Philadelphia, published an "American Natural His- 
 tory," " Anatomical Investigations," " Rambles of a Natural- 
 ist," " Bell's Anatomy with Notes," also many addresses, which 
 were delivered on public occasions. 
 
 William E. Hoenee, M.D., Professor of Anatomy in the 
 University of Pennsylvania, published " Special Anatomy and 
 Histology," two volumes, with over three hundred illustra- 
 tions, which passed through eight editions ; " United States 
 Dissector, or Lessons in Practical Anatomy," five editions. 
 
 J. M. Allen, Professor of Anatomy in the Pennsylvania 
 Medical College, Philadelphia, published the " Student's Guide 
 in the Dissecting-Room." 
 
 Thomas C. James, M.D., a native of Philadelphia, was 
 appointed Professor of Midwifery in the University of Penn- 
 sylvania. He was an accomplished scholar, and contributed 
 much to the Philadelphia " Portfolio." 
 
 John Ebeelb, M.D., published "Lectures on the Theory 
 and Practice of Medicine," " Treatise on the Diseases and 
 Physical Education of Children," " Treatise on Materia 
 Medica and Therapeutics," two volumes. 
 
 George McLellan, M.D., graduated at the University of 
 Pennsylvania ; was one of the founders of the Jefferson Medi- 
 cal College, and of the Pennsylvania Medical College. He 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 491 
 
 was Professor of Surgery in Jefferson Medical College ; and lie 
 very frequently contributed to the medical journals ; was the 
 author- of a work, published after his death, entitled " Princi- 
 ples and Practice of Surgery." 
 
 Chaeles Delucena Meigs, M.D., was Professor of Mid- 
 wifery in Jefferson Medical College. He was an eminent 
 medical writer, and published a " Series of Letters to his 
 Class," " Philadelphia Practice of Midwifery," " Science and 
 Art of Obstetrics," " Spasmodic Cholera," &c. 
 
 John Foesyth Meigs, M.D., published a " Treatise on the 
 Diseases of Children," and has contributed papers to " The 
 American Journal of Medical Sciences " and to " The Medical 
 Examiner." 
 
 Samuel Geoege Moetok, M.D., was Professor of Anatomy 
 in the Pennsylvania Medical College. He published many 
 valuable works on geology and palaeontology, among which 
 were " Analysis of Tabular Spar from Bucks County," " Crania 
 Egyptiaca," "Crania Americana;" and to the latter he owes 
 his rank among the most eminent physiological ethnologists. 
 
 Heney Stuabt Patteeson, M.D., was Professor of Mate- 
 ria Medica in Pennsylvania College. He published a " Me- 
 moir of Dr. Morton," also " Lectures Introductory to the 
 course of Materia Medica." He promised to attain great emi- 
 nence, but died young. 
 
 Heney H. Smith, Professor of Surgery in the University of 
 Pennsylvania, published a " Treatise on Minor Surgery," an 
 "Anatomical Atlas," "Principles and Practice of Surgery," 
 " A System of Operative Surgery," " Treatment of Ununited 
 Fractures by Means of Artificial Limbs," " A Professional 
 Visit to London and Paris," " Syllabus of Lectures on the 
 Principles and Practice of Surgery," " The Medical, Literary, 
 and Social Influence of the Alumni of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania," &c. 
 
 Aleeed Stille, M.D., is Professor of Theory and Practice 
 of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania. He published 
 " Medical Instruction in the United States," " Elements of 
 General Pathology," "The Unity of Medicine," "Therapeu- 
 tics and Materia Medica," " Systematic Treatise on the Actions 
 
492 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 
 and Uses of Medicinal Agents, including their Description and 
 History," " Epidemic Meningitis, or Cerebro-Spinal Menin- 
 gitis," &c. 
 
 W. W. Gbehaed, M.D., is Lecturer on Clinical Medicine in 
 the University of Pennsylvania. He has published " The Clini- 
 cal Guide," " Lectures on the Diagnosis, Pathology, and Treat- 
 ment of the Diseases of the Chest," and contributed much to 
 " The American Journal of Medical Science," " Medical Exam- 
 iner," &c. 
 
 Thomas D. Mitchell, M.D., is Professor of the Theory and 
 Practice of Medicine in the Jefferson Medical College. He 
 published a very valuable work on " Materia Medica and The- 
 rapeutics," "Elements of Chemical Philosophy," an edition 
 of Dr. John Eberle's " Treatise on the Diseases and Physical 
 Education of Children," with Notes. 
 
 John" Bell, M.D., a graduate of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, was a lecturer for many years on the Institutes of 
 Medicine in the Philadelphia Medical Institute, and also Pro- 
 fessor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Medical 
 College of Ohio. He published " Baths and Mineral Waters," 
 " Regimen and Longevity," " Baths and the Water Regimen," 
 " Mineral and Thermal Springs of the United States and 
 Canada." 
 
 Thomas Muttee, M.D., late Professor of Surgery in Jeffer- 
 son Medical College, was one of the best lecturers on 
 Medical Science. He published an edition of Listen's Lectures 
 with additions, and contributed to many of the leading medical 
 journals of the United States. 
 
 ROBEET E. Rogers is Professor of Chemistry in the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania. He is the editor of George E. Day's 
 translation of the second edition of C. G. Lehman's " Physio- 
 logical Chemistry," two volumes octavo, with nearly two hun- 
 dred illustrations. 
 
 Samuel D. Geoss is Professor of Surgery in the Jefferson 
 Medical College. He has published many works, among which 
 are " General Anatomy," " Anatomy and Diseases of the Bones 
 and Joints," " Operative Surgery," " Obstetrics," " Wounds of 
 the Intestines," " Pathological Anatomy," " Foreign Bodies in 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 493 
 
 the Air-Passages," " Diseases of the Urinary Bladder," " Re- 
 sults of Surgical Operations in Malignant Diseases," " A System 
 of Surgery," &c. 
 
 Paul B. Goddaed, an eminent physician of Philadelphia, 
 published " Plates on the Arteries," also on the " Nerves," " The 
 Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of Human Teeth." Edited 
 Wilson's " Anatomy, Modified, and Arranged," by P. B. G. ; 
 also " Practical Treatise on Midwifery," and several other 
 medical works. 
 
 Fbancis D. Conde, a graduate of the Medical University 
 of Pennsylvania, published an abridged edition, with notes, of 
 Thomas's " Practice of Medicine," " Course of Examinations for 
 the Use of Medical Students," " The Catechism of Health," 
 " A Treatise on Epidemic Cholera," " Practical Treatise on the 
 Diseases of Children," &c. 
 
 Fkanklin Bache, M.D., great-grandson of Benjamin Frank- 
 lin, was Surgeon of the United States army, Professoi of 
 Chemistry in the Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania, also in 
 the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy ; in conjunction with Dr. 
 George B. Wood, author of " The Dispensatory of the United 
 States ; " editor of " Ure's Dictionary of Chemistry," with 
 many other works. 
 
 Robert Haee, M.D., an eminent chemist, Emeritus Pro- 
 fessor of, in University of Pennsylvania, made some wonderful 
 discoveries in chemistry when very young, contributed more 
 than one hundred and fifty Papers to various publications. 
 
 Joseph Leidt, M.D., studied with Prof. James McClintock 
 and Paul B. Goddard. He is Professor of Anatomy in the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, and has contributed many essays to 
 medical literature, among which are " Several Important Points 
 on the Anatomy of the Human Larynx," " Researches into the 
 Comparative Structure of the Liver," " On the Intimate Struc- 
 ture and History of the Articular Cartilages," " On Some Pecu- 
 liar Bodies observed in the Human Subject." He has devoted 
 much attention to science, and contributed much to the various 
 scientific journals upon the literature of medicine, zoology, and 
 botany. 
 
 Geoege B. Wood. We have only room to add the name of 
 
494 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 this illustrious physician, last, but by no means the least, among 
 the medical writers of Pennsylvania. For many years Pro- 
 fessor of Materia Medica and Theory and Practice of Medicine 
 in the University of Pennsylvania, — a man to whom the 
 profession in America is probably more indebted for valuable 
 medical literature than to any other writer. Among his works 
 are " The Dispensatory of the United States," " Treatise on 
 the Practice of Medicine," " Treatise on Therapeutics, and 
 Pharmacology or Materia Medica," " Lectures and Addresses 
 on Medical Subjects before the Classes of the University 
 of Pennsylvania," " Biographical Memoirs, Addresses," &c. 
 
 JOURNALS AND JOUENAilSTS. 
 
 From 1719 and 1728, when the " Amebican Weeexy Mek- 
 
 CUEY, THE InSTEUCTOR IN ALL AETS AND SCIENCES," and 
 
 " Pennsylvania Gazette," the first two papers ever pub- 
 lished in this Commonwealth, the last named edited by Benja- 
 min Franklin — from that day to this, Pennsylvania has been 
 fortunate in her journals and journalists. While it might be 
 pleasing and instructive to give the names of all the news- 
 papers and their editors, that have ever been published in this 
 State, the limits of our history confine us to some of those of 
 the present time ; nor, indeed, can we give more than the names 
 of many of these. 
 
 " The North American and United States Gazette " is per- 
 haps the oldest as well as the largest newspaper in Philadelphia. 
 Its archives are stored with much of the newspaper talent that 
 has existed in oxix city. To turn over its numerous volumes, 
 and read its enormous pages, is to become acquainted, not only 
 with the local news of the City and ^ State, but also with the 
 vast transactions of our Nation. It is always dignified and 
 decorous, never light and trifling. Its integrity and substan- 
 tiality always remind us of the Golden Age of the Republic ; 
 and we rarely scan its vigorous columns without recalling the 
 names of Washington, Jefferson, and other patriotic fathers of 
 the nation. Hon. Morton McMichael, one of the best mayors 
 of Pliiladelphia, and who has honorably filled many offices of 
 trust in the State and the Nation, is the editor and publisher, 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 495 
 
 combining in otie person both offices, as did Franklin, bis illus- 
 trious predecessor. Our readers can have the daily for ten 
 dollars a year. 
 
 " The Public Ledger " (and " Daily Transcript"). In des- 
 cribing this paper, we are naturally led back to the period when 
 the first penny paper of our city was started, about 1830. Dr. 
 Christopher C. Conwell published a small sheet, entitled " Lb 
 Cent." He was an educated, enthusiastic young man, and a 
 better poet than editor. His paper soon shared the fate which 
 hundreds of others have since ; viz., it failed. In 1835 WUliam 
 L. Duane, as he said, " for the purpose of feeling the pulse of 
 the public on the subject of a daUy penny paper," published a 
 fewnumbers of " The Daily Transcript." March 25, 1836, Messrs. 
 Swain, Abell, and Simmons published the first number of " The 
 Public Ledger." This paper, though small in size, was bold in 
 purpose, and from its first issue seemed to say, " I have come 
 to stay." The gentlemen just named employed Mr. Russell 
 Jarvis, a native of Massachusetts. He possessed every quali- 
 fication necessary for a successful editor. He probed every sore 
 in the city, uncovered every corrupt fountain, and opened its 
 contents to the public gaze. In a single week after its birth, 
 the " Ledger " had shown its teeth to such an extent, that a " vil- 
 lanous and cowardly attack was made upon its office, demolish- 
 ing several panes of glass, and inflicting somewhat more serious 
 injury to the interior." In a word, its independence has made 
 " The Public Ledger" what it is, — the most popular paper, if 
 we take into account its vast circulation, perhaps in America. If 
 a man were arrested for the murder of his paramour, and 
 through family influence and bribery went " unwhipped of jus- 
 tice ; " if medical students became uproarious in the street, and 
 committed deeds of atrocity at which desperadoes ought to 
 tremble ; if peaceable men could not assemble, and quietly 
 discuss the subject of slavery, without having the building 
 torn down over their heads by mobocratic violence ; if Native 
 Americans must be set upon by the minions of Popery ; and if 
 Catholic churches were to be burned by a mob, that vengeance 
 might be reaped upon the transgressors, — in each and all of 
 these misdemeanors, "The Ledger" publicly denounced the 
 
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HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 497" 
 
 moekeryof justice, the heinousness of crime under college patron- 
 age, tlie insecurity of law-abiding citizens, and the total failure 
 of our civilization. 
 
 Thus, from the start, " The Public Ledger " was a success ; but 
 under the ownership and supervision of George W. Childs, 
 whose life has been so graphically described by Col. J. W. 
 Forney, it was enlarged, expurgated of its objectionable adver- 
 tisements, and every way improved, until it has become one of 
 the most veritable and successful organs of the present age, as 
 demonstrated by its daUy circulation of a hundred and twenty- 
 five thousand copies, the employment of three hundred and 
 nine persons in its establishment (exclusive of the newsboys), 
 and the erection of the splendid edifice, as seen in the accom- 
 panying illustration. Everybody bears testimony to the kind- 
 ness, good character, enterprise, and success of George William 
 Childs. No better proof can be given of the truth of this 
 statement than is to be gathered from the fact that Col. Forney, 
 the publisher of a newspaper in the same city (where too often, 
 in such cases, rivalship shows itself in bitter words), paid the 
 following tribute to him: "In his fifteenth year he came to 
 Philadelphia, like Benjamin Franklin, without a friend or a 
 dollar. His only capital was industry, perseverance, and a stout 
 heart; and with these resistless weapons he fought his way 
 through inconceivable obstacles, until he has become the living 
 illustration of that noble characteristic, so rare among men of 
 affluence, the accumulation of riches, not for himself alone, hut 
 to make others happy during and after his life. No charity ap- 
 peals to Childs in vain, — ^no object of patriotism, no great enter- 
 prise, no sufferer from misfortune, whether the ex-Confederate 
 or the stricken foreigner. He made his money himself, not by 
 speculation or office, and got none by inheritance. He coins 
 money like a magician, and spends it like a man of heart. He 
 likes society, and lives like a gentleman. He is as temperate as 
 ever Horace Greely was, and yet he never denies his friends a 
 generous glass of wme. His habits are as simple as Abraham 
 Lincoln's ; and yet his residence is a gem bright Avith exquisite 
 decorations, and rich in every variety of art. He gives a 
 Christmas dinner to newsboys and bootblacks, and dines trav- 
 
 32 
 
■ 498 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 elling dukes and earls with equal ease and familiarity. He 
 never seems to be at work, goes everywhere, sees everybody, 
 helps everybody ; and yet his great machine moves like a clock 
 under his constant supervision." 
 
 Foenby's Pbess. Col. John W. Forney, a native of Lancas- 
 ter, was born in 1817. He seems to have been born an editor 
 and a politician, and has been equally successful in both of these 
 professions. He first edited a newspaper in his native city, 
 in 1838. In 1845 he removed to Philadelphia, where he edited 
 the Pennsyltanian, a daily Democratic journal. In 1857 he 
 established the Peess in this city. As Minerva came forth 
 full grown from the brain of Jupiter, so this paper burst forth 
 upon the community in full-orbed strength and vigor. During 
 the late war, no newspaper in the city was more eagerly sought 
 after, or more eagerly and carefully perused, than the Peess. 
 Col. Forney also established the Cheohicle, an enterprising 
 and successful paper, in Washington, D.C. As a writer, his 
 style is lucid and strong : his biographical sketches exhibit 
 great keenness and insight, and vivid description of character. 
 His " Anecdotes of Public Men " are so amusing and instructive, 
 that they have been, and will continue to be, read with zest and 
 pleasure by coming generations. His personal appearance is 
 fine, his eye bright and piercing, and his conversational powers 
 admirable. As a political man, he has held many offices of 
 trust and emolument, and always discharged the duties of them 
 creditably to himself, and satisfactorily to the public. 
 
 The Philadelphia Inquieee is one of the old estab- 
 lished, highly respectable papers of the city. William W. 
 Harding is the editor and publisher ; and its price is six dollars 
 per annum. Under Mr. Harding's management, it has become 
 so much improved, that the readers of the original specimens 
 would scarcely be able to recognize their old friend and com- 
 panion. 
 
 The Age, the old and tried friend of the Democrats, fills the 
 place in their families which the " Press " and the " North 
 American " occupy among the Republicans, over whom it keeps 
 a sharp watch. 
 
 The Bulletin, the oldest of the evening papers, has enjoyed 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 499 
 
 a long career of merited prosperity, and been wisely and ably 
 edited. 
 
 The Evening Telegeaph. This paper, though of more 
 recent date than the preceding, has, nevertheless, had a snccess- 
 ful career. A Philadelphia publication says of it, " It is the 
 most successful of modern attempts to render a double-sheet 
 newspaper financially successful. By keeping its readers fully 
 posted in the news, through facilities peculiar to itself in after- 
 noon journalism, by the independence of its editorials, by the 
 special feature of reproducing regularly the leading articles of 
 important newspapers in other sections of the country, and by 
 vigorous business management, it has gauied a solid footing 
 among its contemporaries, and a strong hold upon the public." 
 — Well-deserveid compliment. 
 
 The Item, a younger brother among the evening papers, 
 than the preceding ; a most indefatigable and industrious jour- 
 nal, is ably and brilliantly edited by Fitzgerald & Sons, and 
 has achieved considerable success. 
 
 The Evening Stae, a bright star indeed, is a penny paper, 
 and has been very successful. 
 
 The Evening Chronicle, Bee, and Heeaid are also penny 
 papers, and earnestly compete for their share of patronage. 
 
 The Day, and Lettee-Sheet and Peice-Cueeent, are also 
 in the field, suing for daily patronage. 
 
 The Public Eecoed, published by William J. Swaiu, a son 
 of the Swain who was one of the founders of the " Public 
 Ledger," has reproduced almost a facsimile of the original 
 " Ledger," published by his father and his coadjutors. It con- 
 tains a less number of advertisements, and more news, than 
 were to be found in the old " Ledger." 
 
 The GEEMAif Dbmoceat is under the control of Dr. 
 Morwitz, and has achieved greater success than any other 
 paper hitherto published by any of our citizens from the 
 " Faderland." Its building is an ornament to the city. There 
 are three other German papers in the city, — the Philadelphia 
 Abend Post, the Philadelphia Feeib Peesse, the Phila- 
 delphia VOLKSBLATT. 
 
 The Tri- Weeklies are the Noeth American, and United 
 
500 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 States Gazette, and the Pkess ; the former $5.00 per annum, 
 the latter, $4.38 per annum. 
 
 The only semi-weekly paper is the Letter-Sheet and Pkice- 
 CuREENT, which is $2.00 per annum. 
 
 The Weeklies are the Christian Recorder, edited by Rev. 
 B. T. Tanner, and published by Rer. W. H. Hunter; the 
 Commercial List and Price-Ctxrrent, published by Stephen 
 N. Winslow & Son ; the Episcopal Register, published by 
 McCalla & Stavely ; the Episcopalian, edited and published 
 by Rev. Charles W. Quick; the Friend, published by John 
 S. Stokes ; the Friends' Intelligencer, published by Emmor 
 Comly ; the Friends' Review, edited by W. J. Allison, and 
 published by Alice Lewis ; the Germantown Telegraph, 
 edited and published by Philip R. Freas ; the Harness and 
 Carriage Jottenal, published by Dexter & Co. ; the Key- 
 stone, published by the Masonic Publishing Co. ; the Local 
 Intelligencer, published by J. M. Power Wallace ; the 
 L'Italia, published by L. G. Contri ; the Literary Society, 
 published by a society of the same name ; the Lutheran and 
 Missionary, published by the Lutheran Bookstore ; the Lu- 
 theran Observer, published by Rev. F. W. Conrad ; the Medi- 
 cal AND Surgical Reporter, edited by Dr. D. G. Brinton ; 
 the Methodist Home Journal, edited and published by Adam 
 Wallace ; the National Baptist, edited by Rev. H. L. Way- 
 land ; the Neue Welt, published by H. S. Grossheim ; the 
 Petroleum Circular; the Philadelphia Sonntags Blatt, 
 published by F. W. Thomas & Sons ; the Philadelphia 
 Southern and Westeeit Trade Jourstal, published by 
 Southern and Western Publishing and Printing Company; 
 the Presbyterian,' published by Mutchmore & Co., which has 
 been the standard paper of the denomination for many years, 
 and has grown better and stronger, exerting a wider influence 
 with its increasing age ; the Press ; the Railway World, 
 published by the U. S. Railroad and Mining Register Co. ; the 
 Reformed Church Messenger, pubUshed by the Reformed 
 Church Publication Board ; the Republikansche Flagge 
 (German), pubhshed by F. W. Thomas & Sons ; the Satur- 
 day Evening Post, published by R. J. C. Walker, a very 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 501 
 
 able and successful journal ; the Satxjedat Night, published 
 by Davis & Elverson ; the Shoe ajstd Leather Repoetee, 
 published by Dexter & Co. ; the Sunday City Item, published 
 by Fitzgerald & Sons ; the Sunday Dispatch, published by 
 Everett & Hincken, an ably edited and widely circulated 
 paper; the Sunday Mekcury, published by Messer & Co.; 
 the Sunday Peess, published by the Herald Publishing 
 Company ; the Sunday Republic, published by Dunkel, Hales, 
 & Co. ; the Sunday School Times, published by John Wana- 
 maker; the Sunday Times, published by J. H. Taggart & 
 Son ; the Sunday Teansceipt, published by E. W. C. 
 Greene ; the Sunday Teebune, published by William Moran ; 
 the United Pkesbyteeian and Cheistian Insteuctoe; 
 the United States Jouenal, published by Z. Fuller; the 
 Veeeinigte Staaten Zeitung (German), edited by Gottlieb 
 Kellner, published by Morwitz & Co. ; the Weekly Notes of 
 Cases ; the Young Folks' News, published by Alfred Mar- 
 tein. 
 
 The Semi-Monthlies are the Child's Woeld, published by 
 the American Sunday-School Union ; the Knights oe Pythias 
 Journal, published by WiUiam Blanebois; the Petbeson's 
 Counteeeeit Detectoe and National Bank-Note List, 
 published by T. B. Peterson & Brothers ; the Philadelphia 
 Intelligencee, published by George C. Helmbold ; the Reeoe- 
 mxete Kiechen Zeitung, edited by Rev. N. Gehr, and man- 
 aged by C. J. Heppe ; the Young Reapee, published by the 
 Bible and Publication Society; The Youth's Evangelist, 
 published by James M. Ferguson & Co. 
 
 The monthlies are the Ameeican Exchange and Review, 
 published by Fowler & Moon; the Ameeican Jouenal oe 
 HoMCEOPATHic Matbeia Medica, published by the Homoeo- 
 pathic Medical College ; the Ameeican Law Registee, pub- 
 lished by D. B. Canfield & Co. ; the Aethue's Home Maga- 
 zine, published by T. S. Arthur & Sons; the Baptist 
 Teachee, published by the Bible and Publication Society ; the 
 Busy Bee, published by the Lutheran Association ; the Chil- 
 deen's Houe, published by T. S. Arthiu- & Sons ; the Child's 
 Teeasuey, published by the Reformed Church Publication 
 
502 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Board ; the Child's Would, published by the American Sun- 
 day School Union ; the Eclectic Medical Joitenal, published 
 by the Eclectic Medical College ; the Gaedenek's Monthly, 
 published by Charles H. Marot ; the Good Woeds, published 
 by J. B. Lippincott & Co. ; the Guaedian, published by the Re- 
 formed Church Publication Board; the Guaedian Angel, 
 published by Gillin & McGuigan ; the Home Ciecle, published 
 by Jos. M. Horton; the Jouenal op Applied Chemistey, 
 published by Dexter & Co. ; Lady's Book, L. A. Godey pub- 
 lisher, Sarah J. Hale editor, "from the time that the memory 
 of man runneth not to the contrary" almost, and as young 
 still and vigorous as ever ; Lady's Feiend, Deacon & Peter- 
 son, publishers ; LrppiNCOTT's Magazine, published by J. B. 
 Lippincott & Co., an excellent periodical; Ou"e Monthly, 
 Alfred Martien, publisher ; Peteeson's Lady's Magazine, 
 Charles J. Peterson, publisher; Peesbyteeian Monthly 
 Recoed, published by Board of Presbyterians ; Sunday Maga- 
 zine, published by J. B. Lippincott & Co. ; Sunday School 
 WoELD, Rev. Richard Newton, D.D., editor, one of the best 
 writers for children the world ever saw. Quarterlies, — Bap- 
 tist, H. G. Weston, D.D., editor; Dental Times, Pennsyl- 
 vania College of Dental Surgery. No space for the other Pub- 
 lications in the State. 
 
CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 STEPHEN GIEAED AND HIS ORPHAN COLLEGE. 
 
 Birthplace of Girard — Cabin-Boy — Capt. Eandall — Begins to speculate — 
 Comes to Philadelphia — Marriage — Removes to Mount Holly — Returns to 
 Philadelphia — Partnership with his Brother — Dissolution — "Wife's Insani- 
 ty — Massacre in St. Domingo — Death of his Brother — His Nieces — Names 
 of his Ships — Smoking — Serwce in the Yellow-Fever — Softens with Age — 
 Capt. Guligar — One Cent — His Dress — Dr. Staughton — Gives to the 
 Methodists — Cancels Donation — Widow's Visit — Girard Bank — Hard- 
 ware Merchant — Rope-Maker — Iron Work — Noble Plan of his College — 
 His Will — Explanation of Prohibitory Clause — Opening of the Will — Gi- 
 rard College — Note from Dr. Allen. 
 
 IT is well that Philadelphia should be fragrant with the name 
 of Stephen Girard. We have Girard Street, Girard Ave- 
 nue, Girard Bank, Girard Hotel, Girard Insurance Company, 
 and last, but not least, Girard College. 
 
 The life of simply a rich man is not of much consequence. 
 Many such die every year, and are soon forgotten, and it 
 would apparently have been just as well for the world if they 
 had never lived. Simple wealth may raise the unpleasant 
 passion of envy, but there is nothing in it to cause veneration 
 or esteem. Miser is his name, and miserable is the definition. 
 
 Stephen Girard was born in France, in the environs of Bor- 
 deaux, May 24, 1750. Of his parents we know nothing. It 
 is reasonable to presume that his early education was very 
 limited. Reading, writing, and some knowledge of arithmetic, 
 comprised all his education. 
 
 He is supposed to have left France at about the age of ten 
 years, in the capacity of a cabin-boy, in a vessel bound to the 
 West Indies. What caused him thus early to leave his home, 
 and come to a new country, is not known. Soon he came to 
 
 603 
 
504 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 New York, and continued to sail from that port as cabin-boy, 
 in the employ of Capt. James Randall. His conduct was so 
 becoming, and he was so faithful, that Capt. Randall was ac- 
 customed to call him my Stephen. He never forfeited the 
 esteem of the captain ; and, when he ceased going to sea, he 
 promoted Stephen to the ofBce of mate, in which capacity he 
 made several voyages to New Orleans and other ports, to the 
 entire satisfaction of his employer. 
 
 We find a curious fact illustrated in the life of Girard ; to 
 wit, that those who are early made to rely upon themselves 
 succeed the best in life's voyage. This fact was prominent in 
 the case of Franklin, and in hundreds of others. 
 
 He was always grave, self-reliant, steady, and contemplative. 
 Though a Frenchman by birth, yet he was republican in prin- 
 ciple. The disposition ever to perform his duty was the secret 
 of his fortune. 
 
 He was a self-taught man. I have already said his education 
 was of a limited character. Soon after Capt. Randall's death, 
 he began to speculate. He was always distinguished for his 
 good fortune, or good judgment, or both. He always said he 
 had a lucky star. After he grew rich, he was accustomed to 
 say, " I began life with sixpence, and a man's industry, always 
 his best capital." 
 
 He first came to Philadelphia in 1769. No one knew why 
 he came, or what his business was. Indeed, no one knew him. 
 Speculation or trade probably brought him here ; for he soon 
 established himself in Water Street, and was esteemed a thriv- 
 ing man. He was remarkably serious, and was no doubt then 
 meditating on the banker he was afterwards to become. 
 
 As the sun of his prosperity rose higher, Girard showed that 
 he was neither a monk nor a celibate. He was now twenty- 
 four years of age ; and, releasing himself from the cares of 
 business, he became enamoured with a beautiful girl of sweet 
 sixteen. This was the only passion, except a passion for wealth 
 and fame, that ever entered his heart ; and, from its unfortu- 
 nate results, it is doubtful whether he ever really loved. She 
 was the daughter of a calker, who had been an old ship- 
 builder, of the name of Lum, living, at the time, in Water 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 505 
 
 Street, above Vine. Mary, or Polly, Lum, as she was called, 
 was a most beautiful girl ; and, when Girard first saw her, she 
 was engaged as a servant in the family of Col. Walter Shee. 
 He was first attracted by her charms in seeing her go to the 
 pump barefooted, with her rich black and glossy hair hanging 
 in dishevelled curls about her neck. She was a modest, rosy 
 brunette. The visits of such a man, so much her superior in 
 years and fortune, were suspected of not being honorable, and 
 were forbidden. Whereupon, he immediately proposed to 
 marry her ; and the next year (1770) she became his wife. Her 
 meek, modest, and exemplary deportment, added to her supe- 
 rior charms, soon introduced her into some of the most re- 
 spectable families. This proved a most unhappy marriage, — 
 whether from the fact that she was ignorant and vulgar, or 
 from the domineering, intolerant, and arbitrary will of the 
 husband, or both, it is not easy to decide. It is beheved Girard 
 was not guided in this choice by that wisdom and prudence 
 which usually characterized his business transactions. He was, 
 moreover, ill qualified by nature and by practice to brook 
 opposition. On the other hand, the wife had but little of the 
 grace, amenity, and polish of refined life ; and though, in all 
 probability, she was not inferior to him in most respects which 
 render men and women comfortable in society, yet the two 
 were so unequally yoked, that they could not be happy. 
 
 Had Girard had children, it might have changed the whole 
 current and tenor of his life. But as he had no child, except 
 a daughter which died in infancy, — no sons to establish in 
 business, no daughters to educate and endow, and really no 
 wife to love, she having spent the last twenty-five years of her 
 life in the Department for the Insane in the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital, — he had nothing to divert all his energies from the 
 accumulation of wealth. It is more than probable that a family 
 of children would have improved the virtues of the man, as, 
 where the ordinary and natural course is broken up, human 
 sympathy is apt to be more or less perverted. 
 
 The Revolutionary War drove him from commerce to store- 
 keeping, and with his store he opened an establishment for 
 lottling claret and cider. At this he made money, but soon 
 
oOG HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 sold out in Philadelphia, and removed to a small farm which he 
 had purchased at Mount Solly. Here he still carried on the 
 bottling business. A gentleman who knew him at this time 
 describes his personal appearance as an}' thing but prepossess- 
 ing. He had but one eye ; was ignorant, rough, and vulgar. 
 Young merchants shunned him as a disgrace to the trade ; but 
 those who inspected him more closely were inspired with es- 
 teem for his worth. He seemed to understand that he was not 
 prepossessing, and often bore taunts with the meekness and 
 patience of a philosopher. 
 
 In 1779, as soon as the British left Philadelphia, he removed 
 from Mount Holly to the city. He was never a fighting man ; 
 and the nearest he was ever known to come in aiding the Rev- 
 olution was to assist on one occasion in raising a liberty-pole. 
 He afterwards adopted the republican principles of Jeiferson, 
 and also his scepticism. 
 
 The real beginning of his fortune was leasing several build- 
 ings for ten years of a Mr. Stiles, with a proviso that he should 
 have them ten years more if he wished to. He rented them 
 low, had the lease renewed, and, near the close of his life, ac- 
 knowledged that this was really his first start in business on 
 the road to wealth. 
 
 About 1780 his brother, Capt. John Girard, came to this 
 country ; and the two brothers went into business in company. 
 But two men were never less alike ; and, although they made 
 money, they were both uncomfortable, and soon separated. 
 John was then found to be worth sixty thousand dollars, and 
 Stephen thirty thousand dollars. But forty-one years after, 
 Stephen died possessed of ten millions. 
 
 In 1790 his family trials came to a climax ; and his wife was 
 admitted, in May of that year, as a lunatic in the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital. Here she gave birth to her only child, seven months 
 after she was admitted ; and here she died, and in the j'-ard of 
 the hospital she was buried. As soon as she was dead, he vis- 
 ited the hospital, gave directions about her funeral ; and at the 
 close of the day, when the sun had retired, the remains of the 
 once beautiful Mary Lum were carried forward in silence to 
 their last resting-place. The Friends had the management of 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 507 
 
 the hospital ; and the funeral was conducted after their formt?. 
 Girard leaned over the grave, looked upon the cofQn, and, as he 
 turned to go away, said to Samuel Coates, " It is well." Upon 
 the death of his wife, Girard gave to the hospital three thou- 
 sand dollars, having previously given $1,227.31. 
 
 It has always been alleged by some, that she was never 
 insane, and never would have been confined in that institution 
 if Stephen Girard had been a poor man. On the other hand, 
 it is said that such men as Samuel Coates, and others who had 
 charge of the hospital, could never have been bribed. 
 
 All the events of her life and death conspire to fill one with 
 sadness. Her portrait, beautiful as she was in early life, can 
 now be seen, and has been seen, among the effects of Girard, at 
 Girard College. One may look at it, and say, Alas ! what is 
 human life ! She was lovely, doubtless amiable. Had she mar- 
 ried some poor man, in all probability she would have been 
 as happy as is the ordinary lot of woman. 
 
 Now, freed from his brother, alone in business, Stephen 
 Girard made rapid strides in wealth. His natural elasticity 
 returned, and he prospered in all that he did. He continued 
 the West India trade, in which he had previously been engaged. 
 At the negro insurrection at St. Domingo, vast sums of money 
 and valuables were put on board one of his vessels ; and the 
 owners of it, returning to their homes, were butchered by their 
 slaves. Whole families were thus extinguished. It is said 
 that at least fifty thousand dollars came into his possession, for 
 which no heirs could possibly be found. No one blamed him 
 for this; for all admitted that no pains were spared to find the 
 heirs. 
 
 Some years after the dissolution of the partnership, John 
 died in the West Indies, and made Stephen his executor. He 
 left several daughters, who were educated by their uncle 
 Stephen ; and the same secrecy which characterized all his busi- 
 ness matters was still kept up as it respected his nieces. They 
 never knew any thing about their father's estate, and always- 
 supposed they were indebted to their uncle for their support. 
 It was surmised that Girard kept them in this ignorance for 
 their good, as he doubtless thought they would spend more, 
 
508 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and be more restless, if they were assured that their father had 
 left them property. When the eldest was married to Mr. 
 Hempwell, he gave her her fortune, which was sufficient to 
 show that her father died rich. It was the motto of Girard to 
 make every one about him wholly submissive to his will. His 
 wife, his nieces, his captains, his clerks, all who had any thing 
 to do with him, must implicitly oley him. 
 
 In 1791 and '92 he commenced building some splendid ships, 
 the names of which sufficiently indicate his leaning towards 
 French scepticism. They were " Montesquieu," " Helvetius," 
 " Voltaire," and " Eousseau." 
 
 Now without a son, as was Absalom, like him, his whole 
 object seemed to be to perpetuate a name. Ambition allows no 
 rival to exist : so it was with him. 
 
 " This master passion in his breast, 
 Like Aaron's serpent, swallowed up the rest."" 
 
 His mind was energetic in its actings. His passions were pow- 
 erful ; his desire to live in posterity, all absorbing. His physi- 
 cal nature bowed to smoking, the then, as now, universal altar 
 upon which the Philadelphians do sacrifice. But even this 
 finally yielded in him to the one idea of his life, — the desire 
 to live in posterity. His one ambition smote down every other 
 feeling of his nature. 
 
 He pursued riches as an object of his life, with an industry 
 that never tired, and a perseverance that never wavered. But 
 it was not to do as most men do with their wealth. It was not 
 to have a gorgeous palace, a retinue of servants, or a splendid 
 equipage, or to decorate his wife with the gems of Eastern 
 mines, or to adorn himself in purple and fine linen. He never 
 boasted of his wealth, his ships, his bank-stocks. All he ever 
 said upon such matters was, " My deeds must be my life. 
 When I am dead, my actions must speak for me." 
 
 The general tenor of his life was never to be moved by the 
 distress or suffering of his fellow-men. " Friends, relations, 
 old companions, confidential agents, or the general family of 
 mankind, might sicken and die around him, and he would not 
 part with his money to relieve and save one of them, but stood 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 509 
 
 unmoved, like tlie eternal rock of death, with the waves of 
 human misery beating at his feet." 
 
 His pity, his charity, his benevolence, were all for posterity ; 
 and it will appear in the sequel, that never man succeeded bet- 
 ter in this one ambition of his life. But here it is but just to 
 his memory to say, that, when the yellow-fever prevailed most 
 terrifically in 1793, his habits entirely changed ; and no man in 
 the city of Philadelphia was found more ready to do the kindest 
 and tenderest offices to relieve his fellow-creatures than Stephen 
 Girard. 
 
 The great plague in London did not produce more consterna- 
 tion than did this fever in the city of Philadelphia. Most of 
 those who could fled from the city. Men who never smoked 
 before, and women and children, smoked then, as a prevention 
 of the disease ; and a stranger in the city would now judge, as 
 far as smoking is concerned, that the yellow-fever had prevailed 
 ever since, and just at this present raged terribly. 
 
 In the midst of such general consternation as I shall not 
 attempt to describe, when none were found to care for or 
 nurse the sick, Stephen Girard offered his personal service, was 
 accepted, and, during the whole reign of terror, performed the 
 most difficult and menial labors that any man could perform. 
 Some of these more than heroic deeds would touch a heart of 
 stone ; but time wiU not allow me to recount them. 
 
 Such were the discrepancies in the life oi this wonderful man. 
 The iron foot of the world had been upon him ; and he resisted 
 it with an almost superhuman stoicism, and resisted till he 
 threw it off. But nature had given him large and warm af- 
 fections ; and, as he advanced towards the decline of life, he 
 softened 'into the mildness of childhood. He had gained the 
 summit of the hill which he strove to ascend ; and, when we 
 take into consideration all the circumstances of his life, we are 
 rather surprised that he gave away so much, than that it was 
 no more. 
 
 He was the Napoleon of commerce ; and he must be absolute 
 in his own way. It was of no manner of use to oppose him. 
 This was seen in the following case. Capt. Guhgar had been 
 in his employ for many years as first officer. He sailed in that 
 
5:10 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 capacity to Batavia. Here the captain died. Guligar brought 
 the ship home, having made a good voyage. For some reason, 
 he did not wisli to return thither ; and he said to Mr. Girard, 
 " If he had no objection, he would prefer taking the command 
 of such a ship, naming her, which Girard was then building for 
 a port in Europe. Girard made no reply, but ordered Robenjot, 
 his chief clerk, to make out the account of Capt. Guligar, and 
 discharged him the same day, saying to him, I do not make 
 voyages for my captains, but for myself." Surely every well- 
 bred man would say he was no gentleman. 
 
 He never employed any man from a feeling of regard or 
 friendship, but merely for his own profit ; and, when he had 
 paid him his stipulated wages, there all obligation with him 
 ended. Dollars and cents were the Alpha and Omega of all his 
 business dealings. 
 
 Girard was careful to get every cent that was his due. A 
 gentleman from Europe who visited this country purchased in 
 London a bill of exchange upon Girard to defray his expenses. 
 The bill was duly honored, and one cent remained in favor of 
 Girard. It so remained until the eve of his departure from this 
 country, when Girard informed the traveller that he owed him 
 one cent. The gentleman tendered him a fourpence halfpenny 
 (6|- cents), and demanded the change. Girard replied, that the 
 Government had made no provision for the change of a quarter 
 of a cent. " I demand it," said the traveller. Girard saw he 
 was caught, and joined, for once, in the laugh. 
 
 Girard was a just man ; but it was according to his own 
 measure of justice. This was seen in his half-bushel. At one 
 time he sold salt by the bushel, and conceiving that his half- 
 bushel was too large, in order to regulate it himself, he took 
 a half-gallon (liquid measure), went to the Delaware, put in 
 the requisite number of gallons, made a chalk-mark, and had it 
 cut down to meet it. 
 
 In his personal dress he was extremely frugal, and would 
 wear one coat for five or six years. He was in the habit of 
 boasting of one of his threadbare great-coats, that he had worn 
 it fourteen years. A gentleman who saw him every day for 
 twenty years says, " I never remember to have seen a new arti- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 511 
 
 cle of dress upon him but once." He seemed to act upon the 
 maxim, that "birds that sing the best are never gayl}^ dressed." 
 
 On one occasion he sold poor hemp to a rope-manufacturer, 
 who had it all made into cordage, which he sold to Girard. 
 Thus, sometimes, was the biter bitten. 
 
 He was an early riser, and at one time, when building a 
 large ship, was at the yard some time before any of the work- 
 men. When they came, he broke out in such a tirade of abuse, 
 that the workmen gathered up their tools and departed, saying 
 they would never drive another nail into his ship ; and, although 
 Girard relented, they never did. 
 
 He was made for business ; and he knew how to shorten 
 visits. He gave nothing to beggars, said nothing ; and they 
 soon departed, and seldom returned. Of his donations, he was 
 the sole judge. If approached aright, he would give largely; 
 but if dictated to, or entreated unduly, he would not give at 
 all, or even cancel what he had given. This peculiarity is illus- 
 trated by the anecdote related in Chap. xxiv. Rev. Mr. Staugh- 
 ton, in his day one of the most prominent Baptist ministers of 
 Philadelphia, did not understand Girard as well as Mr. Coates 
 did. When they were about building their meeting-house in 
 Sansom Street, he called on Mr. Girard for aid. Girard received 
 him, as he did others, coldly but courteously, and presented 
 him a check for five hundred dollars. Dr. Staughton received 
 it with a low bow, but, upon examining it, expressed his aston- 
 ishment, and added, " Only five hundred dollars, Mr. Girard ! 
 Surely you will not give us less than a thousand dollars." — 
 " Let me see the check, Mr. Staughton," said Girard. " Per- 
 haps I have made one mistake." The doctor returned the 
 check. With the utmost sang froid Girard tore it into frag- 
 ments, observing, " Well, Mr. Staughton, if you will not have 
 what I give, I will give nothing." The doctor left him exceed- 
 ingly mortified. 
 
 He would give no more to one sect than to another. He 
 gave to build churches merely for the improvement of the city, 
 not to multiply churches ; for he never visited them. The 
 Methodists wished to build a church in Tenth Street, just 
 north of Chestnut. Thomas Harking, a merchant, and a near 
 
512 niSTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 neighbor of Girard, called upon him, and urged his suit for aid 
 in very modest terms. Girard replied, " I approve of your 
 object," and presented him a check for five hundred dollars. 
 The Methodist society failed ; and the house was bought by the 
 Episcopalians, who wished to alter it into the splendid Gothic 
 house, now called St. Stephen's Church. A committee waited 
 upon Mr. Girard, told him of their plan, and asked his aid. He 
 gave them a check for five hundred dollars. They were disap- 
 pointed, and said, " Why, you gave the Methodists five hundred 
 dollars for their little church, and we are going to build a more 
 splendid edifice ; and you surely will give us something com- 
 mensurate with the grandeur of our design. Have you not 
 omitted a cipher ? " They returned the check, asking him to 
 make it five thousand. Girard tore it in pieces, and added, " I 
 will not give you one cent. Your society is rich. The Method- 
 ists are poor. You remind me of the rich man in the gospel. 
 He would pull down, and build greater. Profit by his fate. 
 Gentlemen, I have nothing to give for your splendid church." 
 
 These anecdotes illustrate his character. He was inflexibly 
 obstinate ; and at this period of his life so morose and invinci- 
 ble was he, that few ventured to approach him for aid. A 
 benevolent old widow, however, once ventured to do so for 
 some private charity. She was one of those charitable ones 
 who are ever doing good to others, and in this case, having 
 exhausted her other means, went to Girard. She found him at 
 home, but engaged. She waited patiently full two hours, and 
 then saw him, and related all the minute circumstances of the 
 case. Girard, as she proceeded, began to walk the room ; and 
 when, at length, she found a little pause, and looked him in the 
 face, expecting to see the tear of compassion in his eye, without 
 a throb of sympathy or agitation, he said, " If yoa will promise 
 never to trouble me again, I will give you something. Will 
 you promise me never to come again ? " She replied, " Why, 
 Mr. Girard, I will, if you say so." — " Well, tJien, never come 
 again, and I will give you thirty dollars." She kept her word, 
 and never after asked charity for any one of Stephen Girard. 
 
 The Girard Bank was one of the important works of his life, 
 and that by which he was, perhaps, the most useful to his 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 513 
 
 fellow-men. This bank originated in a speculation in the stocks 
 of the United States bank, called in those days, familiarly, 
 Nick Biddies, or Old Nicks. It was just before the old charter 
 expired, when Gen. Jackson, the only man in America who 
 had the daring to do so, peremptorily refused to renew the 
 charter. At this crisis Girard established his bank, which was 
 of incalculable value to commerce, and a large means of his 
 wealth. 
 
 An old Quaker has given the following anecdotes : A man 
 who had just set up in the hardware business, and who had been 
 a clerk where Girard had traded, applied to him for a share of 
 his patronage, which he bestowed upon him. And when the 
 young man brought in his bill, Girard said, "Casks of nails, 
 which I was offered elsewhere so and so, you have charged so 
 much more for, and you must take it off." — "I can't do it," 
 said the young merchant. " You must do it," said Girard. " I 
 can not and will not," said the merchant. Girard rushed out 
 of the store, apparently in a rage, but soon afterwards sent a 
 check for the whole bill. The young man began to relent, 
 and to say to himself, that " perhaps he was offered the nails 
 at the price he said, and his trade would have been of great 
 value to me. But it is aU over now. I am sorry I did not 
 reduce the bill, and get it out of him on something else." 
 
 By and by Girard came again, and gave him another order. 
 The young man was very courteous, and said, " I am almost 
 sorry I did not reduce your bill." — " Reduce a bill," said Girard. 
 " If you had done it, I would never have traded with you 
 again." 
 
 A ropemaker wanted two packages of hemp; but he had 
 only money to pay for one. He went to Girard, and told him 
 his wish. " No," said Girard : " I wiU let you have what you 
 can pay for, and no more." The man paid for one package. 
 " Where shall I send it ? " said Girard. " You need not send it. 
 I will come and take it to-night, after work." Accordingly he 
 went with his wheelbarrow to get it. Girard saw him take it, 
 and, stepping up to him, said, " I will trust you for any amount 
 of hemp that you want." 
 
 He employed a man to do the iron- work for one of his large 
 
 33 
 
514 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 stores, agreeing to pay him daily, as he put it up, at so much a 
 pound for the iron doors. The man went on, and called for no 
 pay until he had done. Girard said, " I won't pay your bill : you 
 have cheated me in the weight of the doors." The man said, 
 " I would have weighed them before you ; but you see now I 
 can't." — " But you shall," said Girard; and, calling his men 
 and carpenters, he said, " Take out those doors ! " It was done, 
 and, upon weighing them, they fell short considerabl3% Thus, 
 though at great expense to himself, he would not be cheated ; 
 and he was always sure to gain his point. 
 
 Girard was never heard to speak of or magnify his wealth. 
 He was a wonderful exhibition of a silent, active man of busi- 
 ness, a perfect contrast to the prattling, boasting, scheming, 
 empty pretender. Flocks of such parrots fell around him 
 every year without exciting any emotion, save that of silent 
 . contempt. Like the bird of yore, his course was always up- 
 ward, and certainly onward to his fixed goal, — the accumula- 
 tion of wealth to gratify his ambition. 
 
 The Philadelphians, generally, never understood Girard. 
 They saw his littleness, his miserable exterior, the deformity 
 and angularity of his person ; but they knew little of the real 
 object of his life. His plans were too big for them to compre- 
 hend. Apparentl3rbut the mere shell of a man, his mind soared 
 to a great height of noble virtue and benevolence towards those 
 who had none to care for them. 
 
 In his grand plan of an Orphan College^ there was an effort 
 to correct the evils of society by educating poor children. 
 His far-seeing mind would as soon have thought of erecting 
 one of his vast granite stores by laying the first stone aloft in 
 the air, as to correct social evils by commencing at the wrono- 
 end. Charity might furnish a momentary relief by donating 
 to the poor. But he saw it was not money they needed to 
 make them useful and happy, but education, and habits of 
 industry. 
 
 The man who judges of Girard by the abstract, or upon some 
 one general principle, will never appreciate his benevolent 
 motives, and deep-laid scheme for benefiting the race, for ele- 
 vating and improving society in Republican Government. 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 515 
 
 From the day that he touclied our American shores, when a 
 cabin-hoy at ten years of age, until the day he died, in his 
 eighty-second year, in a back-room of his humble dwelling in 
 Water Street, he pursued his quiet, unobtrusive course of mak- 
 ing money with the grand end of utility to his fellow-men in 
 view. His last Will is a practical illustration of his noble life. 
 His plan was as far superior to that of the benefactors who give 
 their treasure to endow an alms-house or a jail, as is the soar- 
 ing flight of the eagle to that of the will-o-the-wisp. In the 
 former case, he opened a perennial fountain, sending forth 
 streams to fertilize, in a moral sense, our land, and to improve 
 and bless society until the end of time : in the latter, he 
 would only have held out a premium to crime, and a tempta- 
 tion to laziness. 
 
 Suppose he had endowed with eight or ten millions some 
 family, and thus established an aristocracy ?■ But when he gave 
 the greatest part of his property to promote the education, 
 morality, and general well-being of the young, of the poor 
 unfortunate orphan-child, who shall dare condemn that charity ? 
 Admit, that, in accumulating his immense fortune, he had in 
 view the transmission of his own name to coming ages (and 
 it is very probable this was a main object with him) ; yet 
 who ought not to rejoice that he took this mode of letting the 
 use of the money flow out to elevate and benefit the poor 
 orphans ? 
 
 The Will of Stephen Girard is one of the most carefully 
 planned and well-drawn documents on record. It shows very 
 conclusively that the one great object of his life was to endow 
 the Girard College, and, while he thus did good to the world, 
 to perpetuate his name to the latest posterity. 
 
 The following clause in his Will — "I enjoin and require that 
 no ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister, of any sect whatsoever, 
 shall ever hold or exercise any station or duty whatsoever in 
 the said college ; nor shall any such person be admitted for any 
 purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises appropriated to said 
 college " — has given a very different phase to the Will of the 
 donor from what would otherwise have been given. But no 
 one can say that he had not a right to give his bounty upon 
 such conditions as he pleased. 
 
516 HISTORr OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The above-quoted article of the Will is immediately followed 
 by this explanation : " In making this restriction, I do not mean 
 to cast any reflection upon any sect or person whatsoever ; but 
 as there is such a multitude of sects, and such a diversity of 
 opinion among them, I desire to keep the tender minds of the 
 orphans who are to derive advantage from this bequest, free 
 from the excitement which clashing doctrines and sectarian 
 controversy are so apt to produce." Instead of finding fault 
 with his Win, Christians ought to be more charitable, and less 
 sectarian. 
 
 While the old man lay dead in his house in Water Street, 
 the public out of doors were curious to learn what he had done 
 with his money ; but a greater curiosity raged among a smaller 
 number within the house. They were the relatives of the 
 deceased. They invaded the cellars, and, bringing up bottles 
 of the old man's choice wine, kept up a continual carousal. 
 They surrounded Mr. Duane, who was present at Girard's 
 death, and remained to direct his funeral. They demanded to 
 know if there was a Will. To silence their indecent clamor, he 
 told them there was, and that he was one of the executors. On 
 hearing this, the desire to learn its contents rose to a fury. In 
 vain the executors reminded them that the Will would not be 
 opened until after the funeral. They threatened legal proceed- 
 ings if the Will were not immediately produced; and at length, 
 to avoid public scandal, the executors consented to have it read. 
 In the presence of these aifectionate relatives, assembled in the 
 parlor of the house in which their benefactor lay, the Will was 
 taken from the safe by one of the executors. 
 
 As he opened it, before he commenced reading, he looked 
 over the top of the document at the company before him. No 
 artist that ever held a brush could depict the passion of curi- 
 osity, the frenzy of expectation, expressed in that group of 
 pallid faces. Every individual among them expected to leave 
 the apartment the conscious possessor of millions ; for no one 
 had dreamed of the probability of his leaving the bulk of his 
 estate to the public. If they had ever heard of his saying that 
 no one should be a gentleman on his money, they had forgotten 
 or disbelieved it. The opening paragraphs of the Will all 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 517 
 
 tended to confirm their hopes ; since the bequests to existing 
 institutions were of small amount. But the reader soon 
 reached the part of the Will which assigned to ladies and gen- 
 tlemen present such trifling sums as five thousand dollars, ten 
 thousand, twenty thousand ; and he arrived ere long at the 
 sections which disposed of millions for the benefit of great 
 cities and poor children. Some of them made not the slightest 
 attempt to conceal their disappointment and disgust. Men 
 were there who had married with a view to share the wealth of 
 Girard, and had been waiting years for his death. Women 
 were there who had looked to that event as the beginning of 
 their enjoyment of life. The imagination of the reader must 
 supply the detaUs of a scene which we might think dishonored 
 human nature, if we could believe that human nature was 
 meant to be subjected to such a strain. It had been better, 
 perhaps, if the rich man, in his own lifetime, had made his 
 kindred partake of his superabundance, especially as he had 
 nothing else that he could share with them. They attempted, 
 on grounds that seem utterly frivolous, to break the Will, and 
 employed the most eminent counsel to conduct their cause, but 
 without effect. They did, however, succeed in getting the 
 property acquired after the execution of the Will; which 
 Girard, disregarding the opinion of Mr. Duane, attempted, by a 
 postcript, to include in the Will. " It will not stand," said the 
 lawyer. " Yes, it will," said Girard. Mr. Duane, knowing his 
 man, was silent ; and the courts have since decided that his 
 opinion was correct. 
 
 Girard College was designed by its founder for the gratui- 
 tous instruction and support of destitute orphans. It is one 
 of the most beautiful structures erected in modern times, when 
 considered only as a work of art ; and when regarded in its 
 beneficial results to the cause of education, and as a monument 
 of private munificence, it surpasses any thing in the United 
 States, and perhaps in the world. The corner-stone was laid 
 on the 4th of July, 1833. The buildings were completed 1847 ; 
 and the institution went into operation Jan. 1, 1848, with one 
 hundred pupils. The general plan of the main building is that 
 of a Greek temple ; and the order of architecture of the ex- 
 terior is the Corinthian. 
 
518 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 William H. Allen, LL.D., President of the College, has 
 kindly furnished the foUowing statement : " Applicants must 
 be poor, white, male orphans (fathers) between six and ten 
 years of age. Orphans born in the city of Philadelphia must 
 be received before others. Next, those born in other parts of 
 Pennsylvania. Thirdly, those born in the city of New York. 
 Fourthly, those born in New Orleans. Heretofore all vacancies 
 have been filled by orphans born in this city and State. The 
 average time spent in the college is eight years. The number 
 now present and under instruction is five hundred and fifty. 
 Cost of board, clothing, lodging, and instruction, including 
 books, stationery, apparatus, care of grounds, and repair of 
 bmldings, is about three hundred dollars for every boy each 
 year. 
 
 " The value at the present time of the Girard estate, of which 
 the city of Philadelphia is trustee, can only be estimated by 
 the income derived from it. The revenue last year was up- 
 wards of seven hundred thousand dollars. I suppose this 
 would represent, or be the exponent of, a value of from ten to 
 twelve millions. 
 
 " Hon. Joel Jones w^s elected the first president, and held 
 the office about a year and a half. I was president from Jan. 1, 
 1850, to Jan. 1, 1863 (thirteen years), and from Nov. 15, 
 1867, to the present time ; in all, a little over twenty-one 
 years. The presidency, after I resigned (Jan. 1, 1863), was 
 filled by Richard Somer Smith, until Nov. 15, 1867, when I 
 was re-elected." 
 
 I have given so much space to a sketch of the life of Stephen 
 Girard and of his Orphan College, because no man has done so 
 much for the welfare of Pennsylvania, and especially for the 
 city of Philadelphia, as he through his munificent donation. 
 
2 
 
 ■>■ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Advantages of Philadelphia — Building and Loan Associations — Consolidation 
 of the City — Topography of the City — Its Buildings — Manufactures — 
 London Coffee-House — Carpenter's Hall — State House — Independence 
 Square — United States Mint — Eastern State Penitentiary — County Prison 
 — Houses of Refuge — Wills Hospital — Deaf-and-Dumb Institution — In- 
 stitution for the Blind — Blockley Almshouse — Wagner Institute — Poly- 
 technic College — Franklin Institute — Guaranty Trust and Safe Deposit 
 Company — Hotels — Masonic Temple — Academy of Natural Sciences — 
 City Hall — Callow-hill Street Bridge— Water-Works — Laurel Hill Ceme- 
 tery — The Park. 
 
 "YTTHAT ancient Jerusalem was to the Jew, what Mecca 
 VV is to the Mussulman, what Paris is to France, and Bos- 
 ton to New England, Philadelphia is to Pennsylvania. Hither 
 are brought her coal, her iron, her oU, and her agricultural pro- 
 ductions, the latter especially rendering her markets the best 
 and richest in the Union. Here, too, are brought the products 
 of foreign climes. Here congregate her best artists, manufac- 
 turers, merchants, jurists, statesmen, and wisest philosophers. 
 
 The laying-out of the city has already been described. The 
 place selected by her wise Founder was well suited for the site 
 of a great city, which was constructed upon a grand scale, in 
 which no improvement could well be made, except that some 
 of its streets are too narrow. Especially is this the case with 
 Chestnut Street, the great promenade avenue of the city. Un- 
 like Boston, where half the land on which the city is built 
 has been rescued from the Ocean, Philadelphia had an excel- 
 lent territory on which to build, and enough of it. Unlike 
 Boston, again, where millions have been spent to straighten 
 and widen streets, Philadelphia, having been properly laid out, 
 
 620 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 521 
 
 has probably never expended a thousand dollars for that pur- 
 pose. Her two great streets, Broad and Market, — the former 
 running north and south, the latter east and west, — were the 
 glory and beauty of the city, which have both been marred by 
 the erection of the new county edifice. Another of the excel- 
 lences in the plan of Philadelphia consisted in reserving breath- 
 ing-spaces for her population, which comprise her numerous 
 ornamental squares, such as Rittenhouse, Independence, Frank- 
 lin, Logan, and others. Under the large and shady trees which 
 adorn these squares, her citizens find comfort and shelter from 
 the scorching rays of the summer sun, and are fanned by gen- 
 tle zephyrs. 
 
 Another advantage which Philadelphia possesses over other 
 cities consists in her having more dwelling-houses, according 
 to her population, than any other large city in the United 
 State. Although her population is less than that of New York, 
 yet her dwellings considerably outnumber those of that me- 
 tropolis ; and while, in that city, several families occupy the 
 same house, in Philadelphia nearly every family has a house to 
 itself. This happy state of things resulted from the plan 
 adopted early in the settlement of the city, called ground-rents. 
 The plan was this: The proprietors at first, and afterwards 
 societies called " Building and Loan Associations," rented the 
 land for building-lots. The person who rented the lot was ' to 
 pay so much to the owner, annually, as rent-money ; and, when 
 he was able to pay for the land, he was to have it for a certain 
 sum stipulated in the contract. Thus every individual who 
 could raise a small amount was enabled to secure a home of 
 his own. After the proprietary government ceased in the Prov- 
 ince, some of the large land-owners pursued the same course. 
 Then followed the plan of associations with the above na'me. 
 They were not, however, buUding associations in any respect, 
 as they erected no houses, but simply loaned money. They 
 have been well termed " Banks without vaults, moneyed con- 
 cerns without expensive buildings or highly-paid officers ; and 
 no stockholders, aside from depositors, stand ready to devour 
 the lion's share of the profits. There is no great fund of money 
 to tempt the thieving president, or the burglars, his brothers. 
 
522 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 A two hundred dollar safe will hold the company's assets and 
 books; and a slender bank-account represents the capital." 
 Each depositor becomes a shareholder by paying one dollar a 
 month. The association becomes virtually to them a kind of 
 savings bank, in which they place entire confidence. The 
 middling class of people, both men and women, become share- 
 holders in these associations. The money thus paid in monthly 
 by the depositors is freely offered to the highest bidder, 
 whether man or woman. Any member can borrow on his 
 share, if he has been connected with the association but a sin- 
 gle month. The system is carried on with great simplicity. 
 Vast numbers of the houses that line the streets of Philadel- 
 phia have been erected by people of small means, through the 
 instrumentality of these associations. This plan has generally 
 worked well, and contributed largely to the comfort and health 
 of the citizens of Philadelphia. In these days of extravagance 
 and failure, when thieves creep into all bodies, occasionally one 
 of these associations, through mismanagement, has become 
 bankrupt ; but, in the main, they have been safe and successful. 
 
 Philadelphia, as above described, steadily increased in growth 
 until the limits fixed in the original charter had been over- 
 leaped, and the portions of country beyond filled with beautiful 
 residences. Soon these became separate municipalities, pos- 
 sessed of regular charters, and entitled to all the rights and 
 privileges of the original city, which was bounded on the north 
 by Vine Street, and on the south by South Street, reaching 
 from river to river. One of these new cities was on the south, 
 divided from old Philadelphia by South Street ; others on the 
 north ag^in, separated from the old city by Vine Street. This 
 was unfortunate for all these cities, and led to many difficul- 
 ties, mobs, and fightings, as the law-breakers in one city had 
 only to cross a street into the next, when they became beyond 
 the reach of the police of the municipality where the offence 
 was committed. These quarrels prevailed especially amono- the 
 firemen of the different cities, and gave an unenviable reputa- 
 tion to Philadelphia, especially abroad, as being a disorderly 
 and moboeratic city. 
 
 These evils were remedied by Act of the Assembly, Jan. 1, 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 523 
 
 1854, which extended the boundaries of the city, so that they 
 embraced all the other cities, suburbs, and districts in the 
 county of Philadelphia. The present city extends from Darby 
 Creek to Poquesink Creek, and is bounded on the north-east by 
 Bucks County, on the north-west by Montgomery County, and 
 on the south-west by Delaware County. The territory included 
 within these boundaries comprises one hundred and twenty- 
 nine and one-eighth square miles, or about eighty-three thou- 
 sand square acres. It is twenty-three and a half miles in 
 length ; and its average breadth is about five and a half miles. 
 Many creeks flow from it into the large rivers, as Pennypack, 
 Poquesink, Frankford, Darby, Cobbs, and Wissahickon. Re- 
 specting the beautiful scenery and original inhabitants upon the 
 latter, novelists have given us a number of romances. These 
 streams afford much water-power, which has been utilized by 
 many industrial estabhshments. The topography of the city 
 is much diversified. The southern portions are nearly level, 
 while the northern abound in hills and dales. The population 
 of the city in 1780 was but thirty thousand, and it is now esti- 
 mated at over eight hundred thousand. The assessed valua- 
 tion of taxable property is more than six hundred million 
 dollars, affording more than ten million dollars annual income. 
 Its paved streets would reach more than six hundred miles in a 
 straight line, and are lighted by ten thousand lamps, and under- 
 laid by one thousand miles of gas and water mains. 
 
 To a stranger arriving in Philadelphia, the buildings present 
 a very peculiar and unique appearance. His first idea would 
 be, that they are magnificent and splendid police-stations, or 
 miniature prisons. They are chiefly marble fronts, or of 
 pressed brick, especially up to the second story, with marble 
 steps. The windows have strong, heavy wooden shutters 
 painted white, which are so constructed as to be securely 
 barred on the inside. Thus the peculiarity of the exterior is 
 more than compensated by the safety and protection afforded 
 to the inmates against burglars and robbers. No city in the 
 Union opposes such substantial barriers to the nightly depreda- 
 tions of these light-fingered and gentlemanly assassins as does 
 Philadelphia. A short stay in the city convinces a stranger, 
 
524 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 that the dwellings which line our long, straight streets, are very- 
 beautiful, as well as safe and commodious. 
 
 Philadelphia is essentially a manufacturing city ; nearly 
 every thing that can be produced by manual labor or machinery 
 being made here. Especially is this the case with all the arti- 
 cles in which coal and iron are brought into requisition. More 
 umbrellas and parasols are manufactured in Philadelphia than 
 in all the rest of the United States. The numerous artistical 
 and mechanical industries are a chief source of the wealth and 
 rapid increase of her population, and account for her vast un- 
 precedented number of houses, which are added to at the rate 
 of six thousand annually. Vast quantities of woollen and cot- 
 ton goods are produced in this city. 
 
 Having made the preceding remarks respecting the general 
 characteristics of the city, this is the proper place to describe 
 some of her public and associational edi- 
 fices, ancient and modern, with Illustra- 
 tions. Among the former is the LoNDOii 
 Coffee-House, on the corner of Front 
 and Market Streets. It was erected in 
 1702, and occupied as a public house in 
 1754, and for many years was a noted place 
 of resort for strangers. It was used as an 
 auction-mart for horses, carriages, produce, 
 &c. ; and even men, women, and children 
 COFFEE-HOUSE. ^^^^ g^^^j ^^^^ slavcry here. It is now 
 
 occupied, the lower story as a tobacco-store, and the upper as 
 a barber's shop. 
 
 Carpenters' Hall, a plain, unobtrusive building, which 
 must ever be cherished as a sacred relic, from being the place 
 where the first Congress of the United Colonies was held, — that 
 meeting of all those great souls who were then beginning to be 
 fired with plans and resolves by which the yoke of British 
 tyranny should be forever removed from the necks of our 
 oppressed forefathers, — was originally erected by the Associa- 
 tion of House Carpenters, in 1770. It is of brick, two stories 
 in height, surmounted by a cupola. The fagade is the Roman 
 style of architecture. Its principal entrance leads directly to 
 
HTSTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 525 
 
 the Assembly Room, in which Congress first met. The Carpen- 
 ters' Association still retain it as their property, refusing either 
 to sell it, or have any alteration made in it. 
 
 The State House, or Independence Hall, is, and must 
 always be to every true American, a consecrated place ; for it was 
 here that the immortal Declaration of Independence was passed 
 by Congress, July 4, 1776. This building was commenced in 
 1729, and completed in 1734. The two wings were erected in 
 1740. Although it has many times been renovated, in general 
 appearance it is the same as in 1776. It was in the east room of 
 
 CARPENTERS HALL. 
 
 the fiirst floor that this Declaration was drawn up and signed ; 
 and some of the incidents connected with it have already been 
 stated in a former chapter. The west room, on the same floor, 
 was for many years occupied by the Court of Common Pleas, 
 but is now a museum of national relics, among which are the 
 ale-mug of David Paul Jones ; a china cup, with Washington's 
 effigy made previous to Braddock's defeat ; a flag of the First 
 Regiment Pennsylvania Militia, lost and recaptured at Brandy- 
 wine • James Logan's chair, first owned by William Penn, on 
 
526 
 
 BISTORT OF FENNSTLVANTA. 
 
 which is inscribed, " Fruitful of recollections : sit and muse ; " 
 the chairs of the colonial justices; Franklin's bedside table; 
 relics of the battle of Germantown ; the original stamp imposed 
 under the celebrated " Stamp Act " of Great Britain, in March, 
 1765; and William Penn's original charter of Philadelphia. 
 In the next story is the " Lobby," which in colonial days 
 echoed with the mirth and good cheer of many a feast. The 
 large room toward the west was occupied by the first Senate. 
 The rooms toward the east, fronting Chestnut Street, were used 
 by the Committees of Congress of 1776, in preparing their 
 
 c "^ i: ? r ' 
 
 c r 
 
 Ir' 
 
 ■f. . -.^ 3C} U 
 
 X<r4,''ta: 
 
 INDEPENDENCE HAII.. 
 
 various reports. The Hall, in which the Declaration was 
 signed, still presents, as far as has been possible to retain it, 
 its original appearance. The walls are embellished by the por- 
 traits of the signers of the Declaration ; and the portraits of 
 these historic patriots are perpetuated by the skill of the emi- 
 nent artists, — Stuart, Peel, Inman, and Sully. In a dais at the 
 eastern end stands John Hancock's chair, and the table on 
 which the immortal document was signed ; the north-west cor- 
 ner contains Rush's fine statue of Washington ; and from the 
 centre of the ceiling hangs the old chandelier used by the 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 527 
 
 Continental Congress. It is hoped, that, when the new county- 
 buildings are finished, the whole of this ancient edifice, purified 
 from its present desecration, as the Temple of Jerusalem was 
 by the expulsion of the money-changers, will be restored to its 
 primitive simplicity and grandeur, and preserved forever, not 
 
 LIBERTr BELL. 
 
 to Philadelphia only, but to the nation, as a valued relic of her 
 pristine glory and patriotism. 
 
 The famous old bell, cast, and imported from England in 
 1752, purposely for the State House, was cracked in testing it. 
 Isaac Norris, a member of the Colonial Assembly, recast it, and 
 inscribed upon it, " Proclaim liberty throughout aU the land, 
 unto aU the inhabitants thereof." This old bell did, on the 
 
528 
 
 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 afternoon of the memorable 4th of July, 1776, proclaim that 
 liberty which the Colonial Assembly had just declared. Subse- 
 quently this bell was fractured, and is now sacredly preserved 
 as an invaluable relic of our early national existence, in the 
 very room where the Declaration of Independence was signed. 
 
 Upon the eastern wall of the building is a tablet with this 
 inscription : — 
 
 IN THIS BUILDING MET THE 
 
 FIRST SENATE, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 FIRST HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ; 
 
 AND HEREIN GEORGE WASHINGTON WAS INAUGURATED 
 
 PRESIDENT, MARCH 4, 1793. 
 
 AND CLOSED HIS OFFICIAL CAREER; 
 
 WHEN, HEREIN ALSO, 
 JOHN ADAMS WAS INAUGURATED THE 
 SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 MARCH 4, 1797. 
 
 Independence Square, in the rear of the State House, 
 derived its name from the fact that here, on the 8th of July, 
 1776, the Declaration of Independence was read to a vast crowd 
 of the citizens, by John Nixon, amid the loud shouts and 
 plaudits of the people, who, roused to the highest pitch of 
 patriotic enthusiasm, rushed into the building, tore down the 
 King's Arms, and burned them in public, thus destroying every 
 emblem of British authority. 
 
 In the burying-ground .of Christ Church are interred many 
 of the distinguished men of that day, 
 among whom are Peyton Randolph, Pres- 
 ident of the First Continental Congress, 
 Francis Hopkinson, and Major-Gen. 
 Charles Lee, whose final resting-place 
 cannot now be found. In the portion of 
 the ground on Second Street may be seen 
 the tombs of Robert Morris and Bishop 
 White. At the corner of Arch and Fifth 
 Streets is the resting-place of Benjamin 
 Franklin, which was not visible from 
 
 FEANKLIN S GRAVE. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSTLVANIA. 529 
 
 the street until 1858, when a portion of the brick wall was 
 removed, and an iron railing substituted. The inscription upon 
 the tomb is according to the direction of his will, which was 
 as follows : " I wish to be buried by the side of my wife, if it 
 may be, and that a marble slab shall be made by Chambers, 
 six feet long, four feet wide, plain, with only a small moulding 
 around, and this inscription : — 
 
 " BENJAMIN ] 
 
 AND V FRANELIN." 
 
 DEBORAH J 
 178— 
 
 The stone is carved, as he desired, save the date, which is 
 1790. The companion-stone to that upon the philosopher's 
 grave covers the remains of his daughter Sarah, and her hus- 
 band, Richard Baghe. After the death of Franklin, this epi- 
 taph, written by himself, was found among his papers : — 
 
 " THE BODY 
 
 OF 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 
 
 PRINTER 
 
 (like the COVER OF AN OLD BOOK, 
 
 ITS CONTENTS TORN OUT, 
 
 AND STRIPPED OF ITS LETTERING AND GILDING,) 
 
 LIES HERE, FOOD FOR WORMS ; 
 
 BUT THE WORK SHALL NOT BE LOST, 
 
 FOB IT WILL (as HE BELIEVES,) APPEAR ONCE MOKE 
 
 IN A NEW AND ELEGANT EDITION, 
 
 REVISED AND CORECTED 
 
 BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR." 
 
 This would have been used, if his will had not provided for 
 another. 
 
 The United States Mint. The nation has but one mint. 
 This is located in this city, on Chestnut Street, near Broad. 
 All the other so-called mints are merely branches of this one. 
 The Act of Congress, establishing this institution, was passed 
 April 2, 1792. In 1829, an additional act was passed, by which 
 its operations were much enlarged ; and in that year the corner- 
 
530 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 stone of the present building was laid. It is built of brick 
 faced with marble ashlar, and is of the Ionic order, copied from 
 a Grecian temple at Athens. It has a front of a hundred and 
 twenty-two feet, divided into a portico sixty-two feet long ; and 
 two wings thirty feet each. The portico is supported by six 
 beautiful pillars, twenty-five feet high, and three feet in diame- 
 ter. The act creating the mint, among other provisions, author- 
 ized the appointment of a Director as its chief officer, whose 
 duty it was to direct and control its operations, manage its 
 affairs, and superintend the officers and persons therein em- 
 ployed. In accordance with this provision, immediately upon 
 its organization in July, 1792, Pres. Washington appointed 
 David Rittenhouse, LL.D., as its first Director. The second 
 Director of the Mint was Henry William Saussure, a native of 
 South Carolina. Its third Director was Elias Boudinot, LL.D., 
 born in Philadelphia May 2, 1740. The fourth Director was 
 Robert Patterson, LL.D. He was born in the province of 
 Ulster, Ireland, May 30, 1743. The fifth Director was Samuel 
 Moore, M.D. He was born at Deerfield, Cumberland County, 
 N.J., the 8th of February, 17'J4. The sixth Director was Rob- 
 ert Maskell Patterson, M.D., born in Philadelphia, March 3, 
 1787. The seventh Director was Dr. George Eckert. The 
 eighth Director was Thomas M. Pettit, appointed the 4th of 
 April, 1853, who died the 30th of May of that year. The 
 ninth Director was Hon. James Ross Snowden. The tenth 
 Director was James Pollock, LL.D., who still fills the office, 
 though there has been an interregnum since his first appoint- 
 ment. A beautiful book was presented to the author, entitled 
 " The Washington Medals," by Hon. James Ross Snowden. " It 
 was proposed, during the administration of Washington, to 
 place his effigy on the coins of the United States ; and with 
 that view, in 1791 and 1792, before the mint was regularly in 
 operation, several experimental dies were prepared, with his 
 portrait upon the obverse or principal side. It is said, that, 
 when several specimens of that description were exhibited to 
 him for his inspection and approbation, he indignantly ordered 
 the dies to be destroyed, and expressed his desire that there 
 should be placed on the coins an ideal head of Liberty. Al- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 531 
 
 though the head of Washington does not appear upon the coin- 
 age, there seems a disposition everywhere to supply this omis- 
 sion, by placing it on a great variety of medals, medalettes, and 
 tokens. The legends and inscriptions show, that for him, the 
 vocabulary of affection and gratitude is vrell-nigh exhausted. 
 The following are a few examples : ' The Hero of Freedom ; ' 
 ' the Father of Constitutional Liberty ; ' ' the Pride of his 
 Country ; ' ' the Ornament of Human Nature ; ' ' Millions yet un- 
 born will venerate his memory ; ' ' Providence caused him to be 
 childless, that the nation might call him Father ; ' ' Time in- 
 creases his fame ; ' ' He is in glory, the world in tears.' " ^ 
 
 In describing the State institutions in a former chapter, we 
 reserved some which the State owned or has aided, because they 
 were located in Philadelphia. Principal among these is the — 
 
 Eastern State Penitentiary, situated on Coates Street. 
 It occupies an area of eleven acres, and is surrounded by a 
 wall thirty feet high. The front is in castellated style, built 
 of dressed stone, and contains the apartments of the officers of 
 the prison. In the centre of the grounds is an octagonal build- 
 ing, from which radiate wings, with a row of cells on each side, 
 and passage-ways which traverse the whole length of each wing. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Institution foe the Deaf and 
 Dumb is located at the corner of Broad and Pine Streets. It 
 was established in 1820, in Market Street, above Pine; the 
 Rt. Rev. William White, D.D., being one of its originators. It 
 was incorporated by the Legislature in 1821, and a certain sum 
 was allowed for the students annually received. In 1824 the 
 present site was purchased ; and the original building, much en- 
 larged, was completed in 1825. Two additional wings were 
 erected in 1854. Its front is of cut stone, with a portico sup- 
 ported by pillars of the Tuscan order, and two wings, giving a 
 length of two hundred feet on Broad Street. It has fine school 
 and working rooms, and is surrounded by spacious yards. 
 
 It has a principal, thirteen instructors, a matron and two 
 assistants, a steward, superintendent of shoe-shop, also one of 
 tailor's shop. This is one of the neatest and best conducted 
 institutions either in Philadelphia or in the State. 
 
 1 James Koss Snowden's ■Washington Medals, p. 14. 
 
532 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Institution por the Instruction 
 OP the Blind, founded in 1833, is at the corner of Twentieth 
 and Race Streets. It is a plain, large, and commodious edifice, 
 and has recently had many improvements made m its interior. 
 There is an average attendance of nearly two hundred pupils, 
 many of them from other States, who pay liberally for their 
 support. There are literary, musical, and work departments ; 
 and pupils are instructed according to their bent. They have 
 a cabinet organ and sixteen pianos ; and the Wednesday after- 
 noon concerts exhibit the great skill of the students. 
 
 The officers are a principal, prefect, two principal instructors 
 in literature and science, with eight assistants ; one principal 
 instructor in music, with seven assistants ; a master and mis- 
 tress of handicraft, with six assistants and two saleswomen ; a 
 matron and assistant ; two attending physicians, and dentist. 
 
 The Philadelphia County Prison is in the Moyamensing 
 district, and is in the Tudor style of English Gothic. Its front 
 is of Quincy granite, and exceedingly massive. Adjoining it is 
 the female department, with a front of sandstone in the Egyp- 
 tian style. The male department has four hundred and eight 
 separate cells, and the female one hundred, besides an infirmary, 
 and apartments for the keepers. It is used for a penitentiary, 
 as well as a county-jail and work-house. 
 
 Houses oe Refuge. These consist of two buildings, fur- 
 nished with most of the improvements desirable in such edi- 
 fices, situated near Girard College. One is for white children, 
 and will accommodate iive hundred : the other, for colored, has 
 a capacity for two hundred and fifty. 
 
 Wills Hospital, in a recess from the line of Race Street, 
 looks upon the south front of Logan Sc[uare. It originated 
 from a donation of $108,396, by James Wills, to found an insti- 
 tution for the cure of diseases of the eye and limbs. The 
 building was erected in 1834, is of stone, forty by eighty feet. 
 Since its erection, 51,440 patients have been treated. Its loca- 
 tion is admirable, and it has fine grounds. 
 
 Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane has already 
 been described in a former chapter. It is within the chartered 
 limits of the city, and therefore we here insert the cut. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 533 
 
 Blockley Almshouse is south of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, consisting of four buildings, each five hundred feet 
 long, and three stories high, so arranged as to enclose a square. 
 Its main front faces the south-east, and has an elegant portico 
 of the Tuscan order. It has a v/ell-cultivated farm of one 
 hundred and thirty acres. The inmates average three thousand ; 
 six hundred being in the insane department, and two hundred 
 in the children's asylum. This institution costs the city of 
 Philadelphia four hundred thousand dollars annually. 
 
 ■Si:juf£scsai> 
 
 INSANE ASYLUM. 
 
 This vast number of paupers, costing the city this immense 
 sum, is chiefly manufactured by and graduated from the dram- 
 shops of Philadelphia. 
 
 There are several other benevolent and charitable institutions 
 in the city, as, Pkeston Retebat, House of Industey, 
 Widows' Asylum, Oephans' Society of Philadelphia, 
 Teaining School foe Feeble-minded Childeen, &e. 
 
 The Wagnee Febe Institute of Science well deserves a 
 place among other educational and technological institutions. 
 
■634 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Prof. Wagner is a gentleman of varied talent, great experience, 
 and benevolent proclivities. A pupil in his youth of Stephen 
 Gixard, he afterwards travelled abroad, A-isiting Europe, Asia, 
 Africa, and distant portions of America, during which time he 
 collected vast quantities of minerals, shells, plants, and organic 
 remains. On his return to Philadelphia, he conceived the plan 
 of a scientific college, and commenced courses of lectures in a 
 building on his own grounds. Having lectured here for several 
 years, he, with other scientific men, completed his plan for a 
 popular institution, which was incorporated by the State Legis- 
 tuxe in 1854. The city recognized the importance of the move- 
 ment, and placed at his disposal the spacious rooms of the 
 Spring Garden Hall, where the Institute remained' for four 
 years. He has since erected a college edifice, to which he has 
 contributed his collections, instruments, and several lots and 
 houses, thus richly endowing the college. Six free courses of 
 lectures are delivered every week, by six professors ; Prof. 
 Wagner himself occupying the chair of geology and paleon- 
 tology. 
 
 The Polytechnic College fronts the new City Hall, and 
 is an elegant and spacious edifice. It is a private institution, 
 established upon the plan of the industrial colleges of France 
 and Germany, and has achieved a brilliant and well-merited 
 success. The late Matthew Newkirk, one of the most success- 
 ful " merchant-princes " of Philadelphia, was, for several years, 
 both the patron and president of this College. 
 
 Feanklik Institute, the last to be named, but by no 
 means the least, of the scientific and mechanical institutions, is 
 on the east side of Seventh Street, above Chestnut. It was 
 incorporated March 30, 1824, and named for the eminent 
 statesman and philosopher, Benjamin Franklin. It was exceed- 
 ingly prosperous from its commencement. Within a year after 
 its incorporation, it had one thousand sixty-five members ; and 
 within two years it erected a building sixty feet front by one 
 hundred feet deep, with ample accommodations for the Insti- 
 tute. In the second year of its existence, it commenced " The 
 Franklin Journal," a volume of three hundred and eighty 
 pages, which is said to be the oldest mechanical paper extant 
 
ETSTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 535 
 
 in America. The course of instruction from its early start, 
 consisted of regular lectures on chemistry, mechanics, and 
 natural history. At that early period it established two 
 schools, — one for mathematics, the other for drawing, both 
 of which were well patronized. The first annual exhibition 
 was only measurably successful ; but the second gave a display 
 of American manufactures of such a variety of splendid, taste- 
 ful, and well-executed goods, as had never before been exhibited 
 on such an occasion in this country. 
 
 The Guaranty Tkust and Safe Deposit Company has 
 a beautiful building on Chestnut Street, next above the Bank 
 of North America. It has a front of fifty-seven feet, and a 
 depth of one hundred and ninety-eight feet ; is built of pressed 
 brick, ornamented with Ohio stone and colored tiles. It was 
 erected in 1874, and combines novelty and beauty of design 
 with great security against fire and theft. 
 
 The New Yoek MtrTUAL LrFE-lNStrnANCB Company have 
 a magnificent granite edifice on the north-west corner of Tenth 
 and Chestnut Streets. The building is perfect in every respect; 
 is entirely fireproof, and admirably arranged for its purposes. 
 All the offices of the corporation are within its walls. 
 
 The Exchange is one of the old buildings, and the city long 
 since should have had a new and better one. 
 
 Hotels. The Colonnade, the last erected, at the corner of 
 Chestnut and Fifteentli Streets ; the Bingham, at the corner 
 of Eleventh and Market Streets ; the venerable Mekchants, 
 on Fourth Street, below Arch; the Amekican, fronting 
 Independence Hall ; the Gieaed, at the corner of Ninth and 
 Chestnut Streets ; the Continental, on the opposite corner of 
 the same streets, with* several others, — are all substantial build- 
 ings, and admirably managed, at which travellers may always 
 find good homes. For several years, the last-named stood at 
 the head of the Philadelphia hotels. 
 
 The Masonic Temple, directly north of the new City Hall, 
 thought to be the most imposing building of the order in this 
 country, was erected in 1873 ; and it was judged that at least 
 fifty thousand of the order were present at its dedication. Per- 
 haps in no State of the Union has the Masonic fraternity been 
 
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 o 
 
 CM 
 
 m 
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 P 
 
 P 
 
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 E- 
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 O 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 537 
 
 more prosperous than in the State of Pennsylvania. This im- 
 posing structure has two fronts, — the west one on Broad Street • 
 the south, on Filbert. They are unlike any thing else in the 
 
 
 ■" -&.? 
 
 MUTUAL LIFE-INSUEANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK. 
 
 city, both being perfect specimens of Norman architecture. It 
 is impossible to express in words the massive magnificence which 
 the windows and lofty stories, the recesses and towers, of 
 
538 
 
 B I STORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 this bvdlding exhibit. The stone of which it is built was so 
 thoroughly and accurately quarried, and every part made to fit 
 so exactly to its destined place, that it might almost be said of 
 it, as was of Solomon's Temple, " There was neither hammer 
 nor axe, nor any tool of iron, heard in the house while it was in 
 building." The foundations for it were sunk forty feet below 
 the pavement ; and the grand tower is two hundred and fifty 
 feet high. The temple is one hundred and fifty feet long (one 
 Philadelphia publication says it is one hundred and fifty feet 
 
 EXCHANGE. 
 
 long: another declares it to be twd hundred and fifty feet). 
 The interior is thus described: "Within, the Temple presents 
 a varied picture of architectural splendor. The grand staircase, 
 the Grand Lodge Hall and Grand Chapter Hall, the Egyptian 
 Hall, with its massive elephantine columns surmounted by the 
 peculiar capitals of the ancient temples of the Nile, of Luxor, 
 and of Karnak ; the Ionic and Norman Halls ; and the Oriental, 
 with all the airy proportions and ornaments of tlie Alhambra, 
 and Mosques of Arabia, — each apartment embodying a distinct 
 
t^^T^ 
 
 ; I' t 
 
 \ 1"" i!' 
 Vf ^i/A. g lit*' A 
 
 !« fiifl^ lit*** i[ .: 
 
 11* 
 
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 p:ii?-^;;tii;a»>«'^^ 
 
 _^>yw^^i^ Li] 
 ^- V L 
 
 iMi 
 
 
 r^.=^^ 
 
 NEW MASONIC TEMPLE, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
540 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 type of architecture, — form together a scene of magnificence 
 Ayhich needs the brusli rather than the pen to even imperfectly 
 reproduce. The cost of the Temple was one million three 
 hundred thousand dollars ; and five years were occupied in its 
 erection." Surely the external architecture, and internal 
 finish and furniture, of this wonderful edifice, indicate that the 
 Anti-Masonic excitement of 1828-30 is among the things of 
 yore. 
 
 The Academy op Natural Sciences was founded in 1812, 
 and incorporated in 1817. The old building, nearly opposite 
 
 -1, «■"-- « > 3 
 
 
 ■ i. 
 
 
 
 
 ^'^. 
 
 CONTINENTAL HOTEL*. 
 
 Samson Street, on Broad, thought to be very large when it was 
 erected, some thirty years since, became entirely inadequate to 
 the necessities of the institution. It has the largest collection 
 of natural curiosities in the United States, and has published 
 eight octavo and seven quarto volumes, entitled " Journal of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia ; " also twenty- 
 four octavo volumes, entitled " Proceedings of the Acadeniy 
 of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia." These volumes contain, 
 on an average, four hundred pages each. Tlie library has 
 about twenty-five thousand volumes. The institution has six 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 541 
 
 thousand minerals, nine hundred rocks, sixty-five thousand 
 fossils, seventy thousand species of plants, one thousand species 
 of zoophytes, two thousand species of crustaceans, five thousand 
 species of myriapods and arachnidians, twentj'-five thousand 
 species of insects, twenty thousand species of shell-bearing 
 mollusks, two thousand species of fishes, eight hundred species 
 of reptiles, thirty-seven thousand birds, two hundred birds' 
 
 NEW ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 
 nests, and eggs of fifteen hundred species, one thousand mam- 
 mals, and nine hundred skeletons and pieces of osteology. 
 Most of these species are represented by four or five specimens 
 each. The new building, at the corner of Nineteenth and Race 
 Streets, a representation of which may be seen in the cut, is 
 designed to contain all these, and more than have been 
 described. 
 
 The New City Hall, occupying the whole of what was 
 once Penn Square, will, when completed, be the largest single 
 permanent building on this continent. Its dimensions are four 
 hundred and seventy feet from east to west, and four hundred 
 and eighty-six feet and a half from north to south, covering an 
 area, exclusive of the court-yard, of nearly four acres and a 
 half. 
 
 The superstructure consists of a basement-story eighteen feet 
 in height, a principal story thirty-six feet in height, and an 
 upper story of thirty-one feet, surmounted by another of fifteen 
 feet. The small rooms opening upon the court-yard are each 
 
542 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 subdivided in heigiit into two stories, for the purpose of utilizing 
 all space. Access to the several stories will be by four large 
 elevators, placed at the intersections of the leading corridors, 
 making easy the approach to courts, public offices, and depart- 
 ments of city government. 
 
 There will be a grand staircase in each of the four corners 
 of the building, and one in each of the centre pavilions on the 
 north, south, east, and west fronts. 
 
 This structure is to be built of white marble ; and the walls 
 facing the yard are to be of light blue marble, which combina- 
 tion will be extremely pleasing. It will contain five hundred 
 and twenty rooms,, fitted with every possible convenience, 
 including heat, gas, and ventilation ; and it is said the whole 
 will be fire-proof and indestructible. When ready for occu- 
 pancy, it will contain the following offices : the mayor will 
 require for his use, for his officers and for the police, at least 
 twelve commodious rooms ; the city council chambers and their 
 officers, fifteen ; city comptroller, five ; city treasurer, three ; law 
 department, six ; water department, seven ; highways, bridges, 
 and sewers, four ; survey department, four ; markets and city 
 property, two ; building inspectors, two ; health office, six ; fire 
 department, four ; receiver of taxes, five ; police and fire-alarm 
 telegraph, two ; guardians of poor, three ; port warden, two ; 
 city commissioners, six; coroner, four; Girard estate, two 5 
 comptrollers of public schools, six ; gas-office, one ; park com- 
 missioners, one ; board of revision, four ; collector of delinquent 
 taxes, three ; recorder of deeds, four ; register of wills, four ; 
 sheriff, four; courts, thirteen, with accommodations for the 
 prothonotaries and clerks, for the law library, witness and jury 
 rooms, and district attorney. 
 
 It is computed the entire cost of this building, will be up- 
 wards of ten millions of dollars. 
 
 The city of Philadelphia, in the construction and beauty of 
 her bridges, may cherish a just pride. She has had some of 
 the best bridge-builders in our country. For several years the 
 Market Street Bridge was the only one leading across the 
 Schuylkill from the old settled part of the city to West Phila- 
 delphia. This bridge was a strong, well-constructed, and per- 
 
544 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 manent one, much used, but possessed few characteristics of 
 beauty. Several other bridges have since been constructed 
 across this river ; the most elegant and costly one being the 
 Chestnut Street Bridge, a view of which may be seen in 
 the illustration. 
 
 Callowhill Street Bridge has recently taken the place 
 of the old celebrated " wire-bridge " at the Fairmount Water 
 Works. It is what is termed " double-deck," meaning an upper 
 and lower roadway and sidewalks ; and is one of the most 
 superb structures of its kind in the Union. It was designed 
 by J. H. Linville, and built by the Keystone Company. The 
 entire length of the superstructure is 1,274 feet; and the large 
 span crossing the river, 350 feet. The upper roadway is thirty- 
 
 CHESTNUT STREET BRIDGE. 
 
 two feet above Callowhill Street, and connects Spring Garden 
 Street with Bridge Street. The lower passageway unites Cal- 
 lowhill Street with Haverford Street. 
 
 The Fairmount Water Works, situated on the east bank 
 of the Schuylkill, just above the old boundary line of the city 
 proper, at which place a water-power was obtained by the erec- 
 tion of a dam in 1819, were planned by Mr. Frederick Graeff. 
 The dam is thirteen hundred feet long, and in some places 
 sunk to a depth of thirty feet below low-tide mark. A range 
 of marble pumping-houses was constructed at the foot of Fair- 
 mount ; and breast-wheels were introduced, which, driven by 
 water, raised the water to the basins upon the hills. A consid- 
 
546 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 erable portion of this has been superseded by extended 
 improvements, at a vast outlay to the city. Additional pump- 
 ing-houses have been erected at Belmont, Roxborough, and 
 other points on the Schuylkill and Delaware ; and now the 
 whole department is of huge proportions. The main pipes 
 extend 585|- miles, and are being constantly added to. Some 
 of the engines are of tremendous capacity and make ; the lead- 
 ing one, at Spring Garden, throws up' ten million gallons every 
 twenty-four hours. During the year 1873, the amount of water 
 pumped was over fourteen billion gallons, the average supply for 
 the city being more than forty million gallons per day. The 
 annual receipts from water-rents are about one million dollars, 
 while the expenditures are half a million more. An immense 
 storage reservoir, capable of holding seven hundred and fifty 
 million gallons, is now being constructed in the East Park, 
 which will cost two millions of dollars. 
 
 Latjeel Hill Cemeteby. This is the leading cemetery of 
 Philadelphia, in size, location, and beauty. It is on the side 
 of a hill bordering on the east bank of the Schuylkill. The 
 grounds are very extensive, and skilfully laid out. They are 
 divided into three sections. North, South, and Central. This 
 site, so beautifully situated by Nature, has been adorned by an 
 elegant entrance, constructed of brown stone in the Doric style ; 
 a Gothic chapel ; a residence for the superintendent ; a spacious 
 receiving-vault ; an observatory, commanding a charming view 
 of the river and opposite shore; a hot-house, where plants, 
 shrubs, and flowers, of every variety, are cultivated; a multitude 
 of splendid monuments, and many other embellishments. This 
 entrance on Ridge Avenue presents a bold, commanding, and 
 rich appearance, as may be seen by the accompanying plate. 
 
 The Paek did lie on the north-west of the city ; but the 
 streets have already reached out on both sides of it, and so 
 crowded upon its boundaries, that it is almost surrounded with 
 buildings. It extends from the Fairmount Water Works on 
 both sides of the Schuylkill, a little beyond the junction of that 
 river with the Wissahickon ; then, leaving the Schuylkill, it 
 follows the course of the Wissahickon for six miles, occupying 
 both banks of this stream. The larger portion of the park is 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 547 
 
 on the west side of the Wissahickon. It contains nearly three 
 thousand acres, thus being the largest park in America. It 
 received its name from " Faire Monte." For utility, health, 
 and beauty, it might well have been considered the abode of 
 
 the fairies. It abounds with hill and dale, forest-trees, beautiful 
 
 drives, &c. , . ,, _ 
 
 An exceUent view of the Park may be seen in the accom- 
 panying plate from the Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge connect- 
 ing the two banks of the river, or the Park. 
 
548 
 
 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Lemon Hill, a beautiful eminence in the Park, was origi- 
 nally called " The Hills," and is celebrated for having been the 
 residence of Robert Morris, .the great financier in the early- 
 history of the country. Here the great men of those days 
 
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 H 
 
 P 
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 s 
 
 were received with lavish hospitality. The trees and shrubbery 
 still exhibit the taste with which the old grounds were 
 decorated. 
 
 At the foot of this hill is Gieaed Avenue Bridge, which 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 549 
 
 connects the East and West Parks. This bridge was opened 
 for travel July 4, 1874. It is a thousand feet long by a hundred 
 feet wide, -and fifty-two feet above mean water mark. It has 
 five spans, constructed of Pratt trusses. The roadway is of 
 
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 a 
 
 G 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 G 
 H 
 
 granite blocks, and is sixty-seven feet and a half wide. The 
 sidewalks, each sixteen feet and a half wide, are paved with 
 slate, with encaustic tile borders. The balustrade and cornice 
 
550 ETSTonr of Pennsylvania. 
 
 are ornamented with bi'onze panels, representing birds and 
 foliage. Under this bridge passes a carriageway, leading to 
 the north-eastern portion of the Park. 
 
 The Avenue, the two parts of which are connected by this 
 bridge, like every thing else bearing the name of Girard, is one 
 of the broadest and most magnificent in the city. 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL 
 
 Our Eepublic — Small in the Beginning — How it increased — Planted by Noble 
 Men — Slavery, a Eotten Plank in the Constitution — Its Fate — The Old 
 "Thirteen" — Increase of Territory — Productions — Men and Women — 
 Literature — Century — Pennsylvania and Philadelphia — Sister States and 
 Cities — Foreign Nations — One Regret — The Change as to Knowledge 
 and Discoveries — The Future of the Nation — History proclaims a Moral 
 Governor — Perpetuity and only Safety of the Nation in Obedience to Him 
 — The Centennial Grounds and Buildings. 
 
 "TXT'E now approach the grand Jubilee of our nation, the 
 V V Centennial Celebration. What was the jubilee of the 
 Hebrews, whose whole territory was comprised in a little 
 garden-spot less in area than our State of Texas ? what were 
 the Greeks, their " games and olympiads," whose whole nation 
 was less than our " Golden Gate," California? what was the 
 kingdom of the Pharoahs, 
 
 "On the land of Nile"? 
 
 the glory of the Old World, — when contrasted with the domin- 
 ion of the United States of America? These were great in 
 their day, and figure largely in the history of our planet, but, 
 when placed by the side of this Republic, dwindle into com- 
 parative insignificance. 
 
 What, indeed, were we, when, in 1776, " a nation was born in 
 a day " ? A little handful, some three millions only, a colony 
 of poor, feeble people, scattered along, the shore of the wide 
 Atlantic, consisting of " Thirteen, States," most of whose ter- 
 ritory was a hard, rugged coast, and a sterile and barren soil. 
 England, our unnatural mother, which was bound by every tie 
 
 631 
 
552 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 of justice, religion, and consanguinitj-, to be our protector, had 
 done her best and her worst to suck away our life's blood, and 
 break every bone in our body-politic. All that lust of power, 
 avarice, bribery, treachery, could do, she had done to strangle 
 us in our cradle. Hessian mercenaries she hired to shoot 
 down her American sons, the most docile and obedient children 
 she ever had. The American savages she excited to tomahawk 
 and scalp her truest sons and daughters. 
 
 Under this adverse and cruel treatment, how was it that the 
 nation, born in yonder Hall, July 4, 1776, ever lived ? The God 
 of nations, " who ruleth among the kingdoms of earth," the 
 God of justice, and the God of battles too, was on our side. 
 He had reserved this territory " from the foundation of the 
 world " for a chosen seed. He had sifted all the nations of the 
 Old World for the choicest of the wheat, with which to sow it. 
 In this field, thus preserved, he determined to plant a people, 
 destined to suj)plant the aborigines, and fill it with a Christian 
 nation. All his dealings with those who opposed this people 
 have said to them, " Touch not mine anointed, and do my 
 prophets no harm." For the defence of this people, he raised 
 up a Washington ; and at the very time, and in the very place, 
 where he was most needed, " and could do the most good," 
 then, and there. He put him. In the same manner he raised up 
 Witherspoon and Franklin and Adams and Henry, and sent 
 them to that first Congress that assembled in our State, to 
 .usher into being a nation, at whose birth, and new accession to 
 existence, if " the morning stars did not sing together," all the 
 patriots of America " shouted for joy," and all the good men of 
 the land praised the Lord. 
 
 There was one seed early planted in this country, not by 
 God, but by England, which all good men abhorred, and which 
 all the seers of America foresaw would prove either the de- 
 struction of the nation, or the nation the destruction of it. It 
 was slavery. The forbearance of the Almighty was long, 
 while the storm for its destruction was gathering ; but the final 
 bursting of the tempest was predicted by wise men and patriots 
 as sure. It came. The shock was terrible, the sacrifice of 
 blood and treasure vast. God said, " Let my people go : break 
 every yoke, let the oppressed go free." 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 553 
 
 The nation even then said, "Naj. This is a war for the 
 Union ; " and the nation was beaten in battle. God repeated, 
 " Let my people go." The nation said, " White men will not 
 fight by the side of black men ; " and the nation would not put 
 them into the field, and we made no progress. Again God 
 said, " Let my people go ; " and the proclamation of the ruler 
 came, declaring "liberty throughout all the land;" and the 
 tide turned. The nation prevailed ; and the Union was 
 strengthened. Now the South, as well as the North, rejoices 
 
 " To see the curse removed." 
 
 And even Gov. Henry A. Wise, with thousands of other South- 
 ern statesmen, consider the destruction of slavery the best 
 boon that Heaven ever bestowed upon the nation. 
 
 At the birth of this noble Plercules, we had thirteen States, 
 many of them of small dimensions : now we have some forty, 
 more or less ; for one can scarcely keep count of the increasing 
 number, so fast is their accession. Then, as said above, we 
 merely lined the Atlantic coast: now we extend from Canada 
 on the north to the warm Gulf on the south ; now we have 
 scaled the Rocky Mountains, and have stretched from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Then we ■ had some three, now 
 forty millions. Then we were almost in a starving condition : 
 now, by the acquisition of the rich farms of our broad prai- 
 ries, we are the grain country of the world, not relieving Ire- 
 land alone in her famine, bat supplying the market of nearly 
 every kingdom of the Old World with " the staff of life." Now 
 a single city in the interior (once the Far West) slaughters swine 
 enough in a single year to supply a continent with pork ; and 
 Texas, in the " sunny South," produces beef enough for half 
 the globe. 
 
 Then our manufactures were nowhere ; and what our few 
 and sparsely scattered citizens would have produced in this 
 line were prohibited by England, our darling mother. Now 
 the city of " Brotherly Love " alone, in which the nation first 
 breathed, sends forth coal and iron enough for half the conti- 
 nent, makes locomotives sufficient for a hundred railroads, 
 shows a market stocked with butter and cheese, meats, vegetar 
 
554 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 bles, and fruits, that call forth the admiration and astonishment 
 of all who have visited her in time past, and will of the millions 
 that are to worship at her shrine the present year ; yea, more, 
 she produces umbrellas, parasols, perfumery, oUs, soaps, lotions, 
 and all that ladies use to beautify and adorn their persons, 
 sufficient for the world. 
 
 The grandest of all our productions has been that of men 
 and women. The world has produced no nobler specimens for 
 nearly six thousand years than has this nation in the century 
 that closes this year. Washington, Franklin, Hamilton, Jeffer- 
 son, the two Adamses, Henry Clay, Judges Marshall and Story, 
 John C. Calhoun, Abraham Lincoln, Sargent, the Websters 
 (not Noah only, but Daniel), Charles Sumner, Binney, David 
 Paul Brown, of our own city, and hundreds of others, which 
 time would fail me to name — what country ever produced 
 more able statesmen, more thorough patriots, more lasting 
 monuments of greatness ! Where will you find men that out- 
 shone these ? 
 
 Our women, too, those of Revolutionary memory — first, 
 though not greatest, Martha Washington, Mary Smith, the wife 
 of John Adams, the daughters of Thomas Jefferson, Mrs. Sigour- 
 ney, Sarah J. Hale, Lucretia Mott of this city, and a multitude 
 of others, as true patriots, as excellent wives and mothers, as 
 the world ever saw. 
 
 In literature, too, what has the last hundred years produced ? 
 Literature ! We have been taunted as without a literature ? 
 " Who reads an American book ? " has been flimg at us by the 
 same country that tried to strangle us when the cradle of liberty 
 first rocked in Independence Hall. Yet we have a literature 
 not to be laughed at or frowned down. Our colleges and oiu: 
 schools are planted in every commonwealth. Our statesmen, 
 our clergymen, our physicians, yea, all our citizens, are educated. 
 We have authors. Why, the whole world resounded with the 
 praise of Dr. Samuel Johnson, who made a dictionary; but 
 that bears no comparison with Noah Webster's, or Joseph E. 
 Worcester's. As historians, we have Bancroft, Palfrey, Greeley, 
 Goodwin, Stephens, Duponceau, Hildreth, Ramsay, and a host 
 of others. Of authors, Jefferson, Webster, Carey, the Ed- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 555 
 
 wardses, Emmons, Grif&n, Day, Adams, Mrs. Stowe, Hale, 
 Howe, and numerous others. Of poets, Bryant, Holmes, Long- 
 fellow, T. Buchanan Read, &c. Already I have given the 
 names of the most prominent medical writers of Pennsylvania ; 
 and it must not be expected, that, in a history of this State, 
 much can be said about all the authors of the United States. 
 Those here named out of this State are referred to simply in 
 connection with the Centennial, which is a national affair. 
 
 No nation in its first century ever produced so many eminent 
 statesmen, generals, lawyers, physicians, clergymen, philoso- 
 phers, inventors, artisans, professors, and eclucators, as have 
 these United States. No people upon the face of the earth have 
 given to the world so many works on Agriculture, Physics, 
 History, Biography, Architectm-e, Fiction, Poetry, and Theol- 
 ogy, with many other subjects, as has this American Union. 
 
 At the formation of the Government, there were prophets 
 and Tories who predicted its speedy downfall. Their taunts, 
 sarcasm, and ridicule were equal to those of Tobiah and.San- 
 ballat to the Jews, when about to reconstruct Jerusalem : 
 " What do these feeble Jews ? Will they fortify themselves ? 
 Will they sacrifice ? Will they make an end in a day ? Even 
 that which they build, if a fox go up, he shall even break down 
 their stone wall." Such were the predictions of Lord North 
 and his co-adjutors in England. They were re-echoed by 
 Benedict Arnold and his associate Tories in America. 
 
 But the patriots built. They framed a government for all 
 time. They were wise, long-headed, and shrewd men. Frank- 
 lin, Jefferson, Patrick Henry, the Adamses (Samuel and John), 
 Washington, Witherspoon, all the throng who signed the im- 
 mortal instrument in yonder Hall one hundred years ' ago, were 
 such men of intellect and principle as the world had rarely 
 seen. As there were croakers and false prophets then, so they 
 knew they would continue to live, and propagate their ignoble 
 species : hence they laid their foundation deep, and built the 
 walls of this government strong. They expected every wind 
 of sham patriotism to blow, and every tempest of demagogism 
 to break, and every billow and sea of toryism to strike, upon 
 the noble ship, the old Constitution, which they so strongly 
 
556 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and wisely built. They saw and felt that they had inserted a 
 rotten plank, " not willingly, but by constraint," in this ship ; 
 but they hoped to so manage it by calking and mending it, that 
 it would not sink her in coming time. Jefferson, who wrote 
 the Declaration of Independence, and others, foresaw that 
 slavery, if continued, would strand this ship, the Constitution. 
 But what took place when the shock came ? When it was 
 intimated that a " Sovereign State could not be coerced," what 
 was the response ? The result of the late war tells the story ; 
 and the whole world was astonished at the strength and mighty 
 power of our government. No other nation in the wide world 
 could have put down such a powerful and well constructed 
 rebellion ; and now what a future is before us ! Re-united 
 North, South, East, and West, vidth a territory vast almost 
 beyond conception, possessing every variety of climate, and 
 capable of producing all that is beautiful to behold with the 
 eyes, " and good for food " is ours. 
 
 On this grand Jubilee, Pennsylvania, long and justly called 
 the " Keystone State," invites her numerous sisters, though not 
 quite so many as " Hecuba's daughters," to come home, and 
 make a household visit, and look into the old homestead, the 
 original birthplace of the whole family. She says to this 
 beloved sisterhood, " Come : from the snowy hills and pines of 
 Maine, and the White Hills of New Hampshire, from the sunny 
 vales of Elorida and Texas, and the vast gold-fields of Califor- 
 nia, come." Philadelphia, always the city of " Brotherly Love," 
 says to all her brothers and sisters, from Portland to New 
 Orleans, and from New York to San Francisco, " Come ! " 
 
 Do we of this State and city say, " Come and see our com- 
 monwealth and our city "? No : this is not it. We say, " Come ! " 
 only as being on the ground. Come and view your possessions, 
 your birthright, your growth, your productions. They are all 
 yours, as much as they are ours. As our commonwealth is but 
 one arch in the great edifice of the Republic, as our city is but 
 one of a numerous progeny, so you, one and all, are joint heirs and 
 co-partners in everything. The vast edifice — first constructed, 
 it is true, on our soil, in one sense ours — are all yours, your 
 own these buildings. These numberless contents, these speci- 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 557 
 
 mens of art, these utensils of husbandry, these wonders and 
 beauties, are yours. They have been produced by j^our intellect, 
 your brain, your hands. All of us, like the heads of Israel's 
 tribes, are "one man's sons," and all born at once in Independ- 
 ence Hall, one hundred years ago. 
 
 Now, all united under one banner, we, the children of the 
 Republic, assembled at home, invite our other relations, the 
 nations of the earth, to come and share our hospitality and our 
 family gathering, our old-fashioned Thanksgiving. England, 
 with your laborers, your lords, your earls, your princes, above 
 all, your illustrious Queen, come all. Yes, 
 
 " England, with all thy faults, we love thee still." 
 
 We have forgiven the past ; and from the heart of America, 
 assembled on this Centennial Jubilee, we bid thee welcome. 
 Come also from your " Green Isle," ye Celts, and see how your 
 sons and your daughters have improved and prospered on these 
 shores. From Scotland, the land of Knox and Scott, come, and 
 witness your Stuarts, Stewarts, your McCosh, your Black- 
 woods, with your ponderous theological lore. Come and see 
 your brethren. 
 
 Come, ye Gauls, ye Frenchmen. You have been our friends 
 from the first. Your Lafayette was the brother of our Wash- 
 ington. Your Napoleon sold us no inconsiderable part of our 
 territory. Come, then, with your philosophers, your men of 
 science, your fluent talkers, and graceful women. We welcome 
 you as our earliest and tried friends. 
 
 Come, ye " Norsemen," ye " Scandinavians," ye subjects of 
 King Olaf, once worshippers of " Thor " and " Odin," ye first 
 discoverers of our country ; come and behold what your " Vine- 
 land the Good " has produced. Ye were the original discoverers 
 of this land of the Delaware. Come, then, and behold what 
 specimens of men and Avomen, what wonders in art, invention, 
 and agriculture, your " Vineland " has to show you as the 
 growth of a hundred years. 
 
 Come, ye Russians, ye dwellers near the " Northern Bear : " 
 ye, too, have ever been our allies. We welcome you, not the 
 son only, heir to the throne, but the Czar himself. We bid you 
 
558 HISTORY OF PENNSTLVANIA. 
 
 and yours a hearty welcome. Come, ye Germans : many of your 
 sons are already here. They form the best of our merchants, 
 our mechanics, our farmers, our literati, our statesmen. Come, 
 then. Emperor William, Prime-Minister Bismarck, and Chief 
 Gen. Moltke,with your numerous citizens : we welcome you all. 
 
 There is but one thing we have now to regret: that this 
 nation has not at present more of the self-denying, patriotic 
 feeling of Washington and his co-adjutors in integrity, unself- 
 ishness, and unwillingness to be eminent at the detriment and 
 expense of the Eepublic. Too many of oux public servants and 
 private citizens have not exhibited that moral, high-minded, 
 unimpeachable integrity and uprightness, which characterized 
 the Fathers of the Nation. From this centennial year, it is 
 hoped every voter, who is also a sovereign, will take a new 
 departure toward that spirit manifested by those Fathers. 
 
 On retrospection, it has already been stated we were small 
 in numbers, and poor in purse, though rich in principle, honor, 
 and integrity; and much that we now possess was then un- 
 known, undiscovered, and consequently unavailable. The 
 vast quantities of coal underlying our fields were then con- 
 cealed from our knowledge ; and, if it had been discovered, we 
 knew not how to use it to any good purpose. When " Black 
 Hawk," the celebrated Indian chief, visited us, hfe said, among 
 other strange things that he saw, " They burn stones for wood." 
 A long time was it, however, before this was done. Then we 
 knew not the power of steam. Not a steamboat navigated o\ir 
 waters ; and within the memory of the writer. Dr. Lardner, as 
 wise a scientific lecturer as some who now visit us, came all the 
 way from England to tell us " a steamboat could never cross 
 the Atlantic, never ; " and an English lord had then just said, in 
 closing a sagacious speech in his place in the House, " My 
 lords, a steamboat can never compete with a canal-boat ; never, 
 my lords, never." 
 
 How is it now ? How many of us have seen these predic- 
 tions falsified? Then we had no telegraphs. How now? 
 Who would then have believed that we should converse with 
 men across this same Atlantic, almost as a man talks with his 
 fellows face to face ? Seeing what has been done during the 
 
BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 559 
 
 last century, who can predict what may transpire in the next 
 hundred years ? 
 
 Casting forward a look into this vast unknown, I seem to see, 
 in vision, this whole Western Continent, one people, one vast 
 Republic, under one government, and that the best on which 
 the sun ever shone. I see a nation, consisting of five hundred 
 States, inhabited by hundreds of millions of educated, intelli- 
 gent Christian citizens, of all colors, races, and climes, a homo- 
 geneous, free people, possessing equal rights before the law, and 
 equal privileges throughout the western world. Then, as Eng- 
 land once was, — 
 
 " 'Ere her griefs began, 
 When every rood of ground maintained its man," 
 
 all our citizens shall sit, every one under his own vine and fig- 
 tree, and none shall make them afraid. Yes, the time is to 
 come in the future, when this country, comprising every degree 
 of climate, and every variety of soil, shall outnumber the teem- 
 ing millions of China and India. 
 
 History, plainer than any thing else save revelation, pro- 
 claims the hand of an Almighty Ruler among the kingdoms of 
 this world. " He setteth up and removeth kings. He planteth 
 and plucketh up nations." He judges nations as nations. The 
 fate of the ancient nations is well known. Where are the 
 Jews, under David and Solomon the wonder and admiration of 
 the world ? Where now is this once mighty kingdom ? Where 
 now these Jews? Scattered and peeled, and a by-word among 
 all the nations of the earth. Why? Because her kings and 
 their subjects rejected and disobeyed the good advice of David 
 to Solomon : " Keep the charge of the Lord thy God, to walk 
 in his ways, to keep his statutes, and his commandments, and 
 his judgments, and his testimonies." " Know thou the God of 
 thy Father, and' serve him with a perfect heart and with a will- 
 ing mind." " If thou seek him, he will be found of thee ; but, 
 if thou forsake him, he will cast thee off forever." What 
 overturned the Chaldsean empire, which, under Nebuchadnezzar, 
 was the most powerful on earth ? The impious feast of Bel- 
 shazzar, his son, tells the story. What destroyed Rome, the 
 
MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING. 
 
 AKT GALLEKV. 
 
 MACHINEKY HALL. 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 561 
 
 mistress of the world? Rottenness and moral corruption. 
 "Pride, fulness of bread, and abundance of idleness," have 
 ruined, not Sodom only, but all the once flourishing nations of 
 the world; and in their destruction is seen the very "finger 
 of God." 
 
 If our nation, so prosperous for the past century, so glorious 
 in this centennial year, is to continue and increase, and be the 
 guiding - star of the world, if it is to be in the future, as in 
 the past, the asylum for the oppressed of all lands, the freest, 
 the best educated, the happiest, of republics, it will be only by 
 acknowledging, reverencing, and obeying the statutes of the 
 Most High, " the God of our Fathers." 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 
 
 Passing up the Schuylkill from Columbia Bridge, on leaving 
 the old Concourse Road, leading by the base of Belmont Reser- 
 voir, and winding up a steep ascent, we arrive at the summit of 
 George's Hill, two hundred and fifty feet above tide-water. 
 Here a tract of land, comprising eighty-three acres, was pre- 
 sented to the city by Jesse and Rebecca George, long the home 
 of their ancestors. At the foot of this hill is a broad meadow 
 or plain, on which it is proposed to hold the grand exhibition 
 of a hundred years' progress of the United States. 
 
 Philadelphia, the birthplace of the nation, was the appropri- 
 ate place selected for this anniversary ; and the site chosen is 
 well adapted to the purpose. These Centennial grounds cover 
 four hundred and fifty acres, extending from the base of George's 
 Hill almost to the Schuylkill River, and northerly to Colum- 
 bia Bridge and Belmont mansion. Upon this level plain, known 
 as the " Landsdown Plateau," at the intersection of Elm and 
 Belmont Avenues, the principal exhibition edifices are erected. 
 
 The main building, in the form of a parallelogram, is eighteen 
 hundred and eighty feet long, four hundred and sixty-four feet 
 wide, seventy feet high, and has a central tower of a hundred 
 and twenty feet in height. This building, with its towers and 
 projections, covers an area of twenty-one acres and a half. It 
 is built of iron and glass, and, in the interior, presents one 
 grand haU seventy feet high, with a central pavilion ninety-six 
 
562 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 feet in height. Through the centre there is an avenue, a hun- 
 dred and twenty feet wide, running the entire length of the 
 building. There are also two side avenues of the same length, 
 each a hundred feet wide. These are intersected by three cross 
 avenues of the same width, dividing the plan into nine open 
 spaces, free from columns ; the whole covering an area of four 
 hundred and sixteen feet square. There are smaller aisles, 
 forty-eight feet in width. The arrangement of the goods is 
 such, that all the products of this country are placed in a line, 
 side by side with similar products of all other countries. 
 
 The Art Gallery, or Memorial Building, stands about three 
 hundred feet north of the main building, on a parallel line. 
 This is designed to be a permanent structure, and is built of 
 granite, iron, and glass, being thoroughly fire-proof. It is three 
 hundred and sixty-five feet long, two hundred and ten feet 
 wide, and fifty-nine feet high. It has a central dome a hundred 
 and fifty feet in height, on which stands a figure of Columbia. 
 It has a bell of enormous size. At each corner of the base of 
 the dome are colossal figures, typifying the four quarters of the 
 globe. The interior has a central hall, with galleries extending 
 east and west, the whole making one grand Hall two hundred 
 and eighty-seven feet long, eighty-five feet wide, and thirty-five 
 feet high, rising in the centre, at the dome, to eighty feet. 
 This spacious hall will contain eight thousand persons. There 
 are many other halls, galleries, and studios in this building. 
 
 The HoETicuiTUKAL BuiLDrN"G is designed to be permanent, 
 and is a fine, ornate, and convenient one, and will be a lasting 
 ornament to the Park. It is located just north of the Main 
 Building and Art Gallery, affording a good view of the Schuyl- 
 kill River, and of the north part of the city. The Conserva- 
 tory, of which the angles are adorned with eight fountains, is 
 230 by 80 feet, and 55 feet high, with a lantern 170 feet long, 
 20 feet wide, and 14 feet high. 
 
 The Ageicultueal Building is north of the Horticultural 
 Building, and is made of wood and glass. The nave is 820 feet 
 in length by 120 feet in width, with a height of 75 feet from 
 the floor to the point of the arch. The central tramsept is of 
 the same height, with a breadth of 100 feet ; and the two end 
 transepts are 70 feet high, and 80 feet wide. 
 
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HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 565 
 
 The Machinery Btjilding is 542 feet from the west front 
 of the main Exhibition Building. The north front will be 
 upon the same line as that of the main Exhibition Building, 
 presenting a frontage, in all, of 3,824 feet from the east to the 
 west ends of the Exhibition Buildings. 
 
 Here we end our history for the first century of our existence 
 as a nation, and also from the first discovery and settlement 
 of Pennsylvania. If any State can show a better record, or 
 any city, than Philadelphia, we shall rejoice on this Centennial 
 that some members of our great family have been so prosperous 
 and thriving, and hope, at the close of the next century, we 
 shall be full sharers in the prosperity of our Republic. 
 
B 
 
 n 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Academy, Pennsylvania Military, 436; 
 Canonsburg, 438; of Fine Arts, 481- 
 483; of Natural Sciences, 540, 541. 
 
 Adams, W. T., 288. 
 
 Adolphus, Gustavus, 20. 
 
 Agnew, Samuel, 4(33. 
 
 Alleghanies, pure air of, 326. 
 
 Alleghany Junction, 364. 
 
 Alleghany City, 365. 
 
 Allentown, 383, 391. 
 
 Allen, WilliaiTi, Chief Justice, 411. 
 
 Allen, J. M., i'M. 
 
 Allen, William H., 518. 
 
 Almshouse, Blockley, 533. 
 
 Altoona, 266, 325, 326. 
 
 America, Discovery of, 15; description 
 of country, 54, 55; measuring lands, 
 102. 
 
 America, Confederate States of, organ- 
 ized, 251. 
 
 Anne, Princess, succeeds to the throne, 
 145; queen orders militia, 148. 
 
 Apollo, city of, 363. 
 
 Aqueduct, 315. 
 
 Ararat, 327. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict, 242. 
 
 Arsenal, Philadelphia, 281. 
 
 Ashland, 389. 
 
 Assembly, Colonial laws passed by, 
 95, 96; yields, 140; remonstrance to 
 Fletcher, 141 ; answers Great Britain, 
 180; appoints army officers, 188. 
 Associations, Building, 521, 522. 
 Association, Anthracite Hospital, 421. 
 Auburn, 386. 
 Avenue, Girard, 503. 
 
 Baohe, Franklin, 493. 
 Bald Eagle, 353. 
 
 Baldwin, Matthias, 467. 
 
 Baltimore, Lord, founder of Maryland, 
 
 56, 150, 453, 456. 
 Bank, Girard, 503, 512, 513. 
 Baptists, the, 200. 
 Barclay, J. J., 422. 
 Barnston, 346. 
 
 Bartou, Benjamin Smith, 488. 
 Barton, "William C, 489. 
 Bartram, John and "William, 489. 
 Beatty, Eev. Charles C, 442. 
 Bedford, 3.51. 
 Bell, John, 492. 
 Belief on te, 354. 
 Belmont, 382. 
 Bethlehem, 390, 391. 
 Berkeley, Lord, patentee, 53. 
 Black Lick, 339. 
 Blackwell, Capt. John, 137, 138. 
 Blairsville, 361. 
 Bonaparte, maxim of, 35. 
 Bond, Dr. Thomas, 409, 484. 
 Boston port closed, 162. 
 Bondinot, Got., 16. 
 Bouquet, Col., 156. 
 Boyd, D. M., jun., 295. 
 Braddook, Gen., defeat of, 153, 338. 
 Bradford, Andrew, 459. 
 Bradford, WUliam, prayer-book of, 426. 
 Brainerd, David, 315. 
 Brenner, Prof , 18. 
 Bridge, Chestnut-street, 544; Callow- 
 
 hill-street, 544, 545; Girard-avenue, 
 
 648, 550. 
 Bristol, 34. 
 
 British conquer the Hollanders, 456. 
 Broadhead, Col., 340. 
 Buchanan, James, 250; home of, 305. 
 Buckingham, 104, 141. 
 
 567 
 
568 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bull ■Run, battle of, 252. 
 
 Bunker Hill, battle of, 177. 
 
 Burke, 457, 458. 
 
 Burlington, Quaker settlement, 53. 
 
 Butler, 365. 
 
 Byllynge, Edward, 53. 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian, discovers Virginia, 19. 
 
 Cameron, Simon, 251. 
 
 Cameron, 373. 
 
 Canal, Pennsylvania, 296. 
 
 Canasatego, speech of, 126. 
 
 Canon, Col., 438. 
 
 Carnahan, James, 442. 
 
 Carpenter, Samuel, 144. 
 
 Carpenter's Hall, 524. 
 
 Carroll, Bishop, 331. 
 
 Cartaret, Sir John, embraces religious 
 freedom, 53. 
 
 Catasauqua, 392. 
 
 Catawissa, 379. 
 
 Catholics, Roman, abhorred, 199; gain 
 a foothold, 200. 
 
 Cattell, Eev. William C, 430, 432. 
 
 Cemetery, Laurel Hill, 546. 
 
 Centennial, the, 551; grounds and 
 buildings, 560, 562. 
 
 Chad's Ford, 254. 
 
 Chapman, John, 104; Nathaniel, 448. 
 
 Charles 11., King, 38, 44, 61, 75, 76, 80- 
 82. 
 
 Charter, when granted, 61 ; its clauses, 
 61-75; conditions of, 76. 
 
 Chester, why named, 95, 407; West, 408. 
 
 Chigwell grammar school, 37. 
 
 Childs, George W., 497. 
 
 Christ's Church, 38. 
 
 Christiana, the Swedish Queen, 23. 
 
 Christiana, 303. 
 
 Church, Donegal Presbyterian, 309. 
 
 Civil war, 248. 
 
 Claghoru James L., 481. 
 
 Claremout, 364. 
 
 Clarkson the biographer, 93, 100, 148. 
 
 Claypole, James, 129. 
 
 Clearfield, 356. 
 
 Clinton, Sir Henry, 241. 
 
 Cloud Point, 402, 405. 
 
 Coal, anthracite, 266; in Lehigh dis- 
 trict, 367, 368; area of, 269, 270; how 
 mined, 270, 278; bituminous, 278. 
 
 Coaquonnoc, 97. 
 
 Coates, Samuel, 414, 507, 611. 
 
 Coatesville, 302. 
 
 Coffin, Charles Carleton, 253. 
 
 College, Log, 301. 
 
 Colleges, Beaver, Alleghany, 433; Dick- 
 inson, Franklin, and Marshall, Haver- 
 ford, Lebanon Valley, 434; La Salle, 
 Muhlenburg, Pennsylvania, 435 ; Wit- 
 tenberg, Eoanoke, North Carolina, 
 Newbury, and Carthage, Palatinate, 
 St. Vincent's, Swathmore, 436; Thiel, 
 ViUanova, Westminster, 438; Wash- 
 ington and Jefferson, 438-444; Penn- 
 sylvania Medical, 486; Philadelphia 
 of Medicine, 486; Homceopathic, Ec- 
 lectic, Thomsoniau, Female Medical, 
 486, 487; Polytechnic, 534; Business, 
 450. 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, discovers 
 America, 18. 
 
 Columbia, 307. 
 
 Colwell, Stephen, 467. 
 
 Company, Girard Insurance, 503. 
 
 Company, Guaranty Trust and Safe- 
 Deposit, 535. ' 
 
 Company, New York Mutual Life In- 
 surance, 535. 
 
 Company, Pennsylvania K.K., 297. 
 
 Conde, Francis D., 493. 
 
 Congress, Continental, 168; resohitions 
 of, 169, 1 75 ; adjourns and re-assembles, 
 175; appoints Gen. Washington, 175; 
 appoints a committee, 177; resolves to 
 raise an army, 183; removes to Lan- 
 caster, 235. 
 
 Connellsville, 366. 
 
 Conshohocken, 382. 
 
 Constitution, State, 211, 229; amend- 
 ments to, 451, 452. 
 
 Cornwallis, Lord, 234. 
 
 Corry, 376. 
 
 CouncU, Provincial, disagreement in, 
 140. 
 
 Creek, Duck, 100. 
 
 Creek, Brandywine, 135, 234. 
 
 Creek, Little Chiques, 306. 
 
 Creek, Beach, 355. 
 
 Cresson, 266, 332. 
 
 Crisp, Stephen, 94. 
 
 Croasdale, Miss E., 481. 
 
 Croese, Gerard, an author, 39. 
 
 Currency, Continental, 243. 
 
 Curtin, Andrew J., 249. 
 
 Curtiu, name of place, 354. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 569 
 
 Daddow, quotation from, 284, 285. 
 
 Daguscahonda, 374. 
 
 Danville, 379. 
 
 Darby, 407. 
 
 Davis, Jefferson, 251. 
 
 Day, Sherman, historian, 100. 
 
 Deaf-mutes, home for, 423. 
 
 Delaware Bay, 19 ; Water Gap, 406. 
 
 Democrats, 467. 
 
 Denney, Gov., 152. 
 
 Dewart, 368. 
 
 Dewees, "W". Potts, 490. 
 
 Dickinson, John, 161. 
 
 Dispensary, the, 415. 
 
 Ditcher, Mary, 308. 
 
 Dod, Thaddeus, 438, 442. 
 
 Dorsey, John Syng, 490. 
 
 Douglasville, 384. 
 
 Downington, 301. 
 
 Doylestown, 390. 
 
 Driftwood, 372. 
 
 Duane, Mr., Girard's lawyer, 516, 517. 
 
 Dunkards, the, refuse to fight, 162; de- 
 scription of, 202. 
 
 Duncanuon, 315. 
 
 Dunglison, Eohley, 488; Eichard, his 
 son, 488, 489. 
 
 Duponceau, historian, 147. 
 
 Eagle, 299. 
 
 Eagleville, 355. 
 
 Easton, 405. 
 
 Ebensburg, 359. 
 
 Eberlee, John, 490- 
 
 Eckley, John, 128, 132. 
 
 Emporium, 373. 
 
 Ephratah, Baptists at, 280. 
 
 Erie, 377; Lake, settlements on, 246; 
 
 battle of, 247. 
 Eriksons, the, discoverers, 16. 
 Etna, 365. 
 
 Evans, John, Deputy Gov., 145, 146. 
 Everson, 366. 
 Exchange, the, 535. 
 
 Fairmount "Water-Works, 544-546. 
 Fall's Cave, 399; Chameleon, 398; Ter- 
 race, 399. 
 Fall's Village, 382. 
 Farrandsville, 371. 
 Federalists, the, 467. 
 Fenwick, John, 53. 
 Finney, William, 146. 
 
 Fletcher, Gov. George, 139, 140; reply 
 to council, 141. 
 
 Flowing Spring, 359. 
 
 Forges erected, 281. 
 
 Forney, Col., press of, 497, 498. 
 
 Pox, George, when bom, 28. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, emigrates to Phil- 
 adelphia, 149; visits London, 160; 
 returns to Philadelphia, and founds 
 library, 160; publishes " Plain Truth," 
 151; anecdotes of, 210; replies to 
 Lord Howe,'230, 231; states terms of 
 peace, 243; assists in founding hos- 
 pital, 409-411 ; his grave, 630, 5.31. 
 
 Frankstown, 359. 
 
 France acknowledges American inde- 
 pendence, 241. 
 
 Freemansburg, 403. 
 
 Freeport, 364. 
 
 French, the, extend their posts, and 
 build Fort Duquesne, 153. 
 
 French war, 150. 
 
 Friends, the, 28. 
 
 Furnaces, anthracite coal used in, 271; 
 iron, 280; charcoal, 282; Conemaugh, 
 334. 
 
 Furness, Thomas, 103-105. 
 
 Gallitzin, 329. 
 
 Gem of the Valley, 406. 
 
 George, Margaret M., 481. 
 
 George, Jesse and Eebeoca, 500. 
 
 Gerhard, W. W., 492. 
 
 German town, Washington encamped 
 at, 235. 
 
 Gettysburg, battle of, 253, 261. 
 
 Gilpin, Henry D., 482. 
 
 Giuter, Philip, discovers coal, 267. 
 
 Girard, Stephen, his wife, 414 ; donation 
 of, 415; his early life, 603; character, 
 504; marriage, 505; appearance, 506; 
 insanity of his wife, 500, 607; increase 
 of wealth, 507; his nieces, 507, 508; 
 ambition, 608; inconsistencies, 509; 
 his justice and dress, 510; anecdotes 
 of, 511-514; his will, 515, 516. 
 
 Girard College, 518. 
 
 Girard, Capt. John, 606. 
 
 Glendon, 405. 
 
 Glen Moore, 346. 
 
 Glenolden, 407. 
 
 Goddard, Panl B., 493. 
 
 Godman, John D., 490. 
 
570 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Gookin, Gov. Charles, 147, 149. 
 
 Gordon, Patrick, Gov., 149; dies, 150. 
 
 Gordon, the historian, 158. 
 
 Gordon, 389. 
 
 Goths, the, visit America, 16. 
 
 Government, proposed change in, 138. 
 
 Governors, council of, 144; portraits of, 
 
 312; names of council, 144. 
 Great Britain's debt, 160; sends com- 
 
 mis.sioners, 241 ; vrar of 1812, 246. 
 Greenland visited by Erikson, 16. 
 Greensburg, 336 ; Greenway, Robert, 
 
 captain sliip Welcome, 94. 
 Greuville, George, prime-minister, 160. 
 Gross, Samuel D., 492. 
 Grotins' belief upon the discovery of 
 
 America, 18. 
 Growdon, Joseph, 144. 
 Guest, John, 146. 
 Gwynedd, 390. 
 
 Hall, Independence, 175, 525, 526. 
 
 Hall, City, 541-544. 
 
 Hamilton, Andrew, 145; James, lieu- 
 tenant-governor of Pennsylvania, 
 150; James, artist, 480. 
 
 Hancock, John, signer of Declaration, 
 178; General, 256. 
 
 Harding, William W., 498. 
 
 Hare, Robert, 493. 
 
 Harking, Thomas, 511. 
 
 Harrisburg, 310; manufactures of, 313. 
 
 Hartranft, J. P., governor of, 418, 433. 
 
 Hellertown, 390. 
 
 Henrietta, 358. 
 
 Henry, Patrick, quotation from, 160. 
 
 Henry, Mr., mayor of Philadelphia, 248. 
 
 Hill, Richard, 146. 
 
 Hill, Chestnut, 465. 
 
 Hill, Lemon, 548. 
 
 History, lessons of, 559, 560. 
 
 Hites, 364. 
 
 Hokendauqua, 392. 
 
 Hollanders, the, visit America, 19 ; con- 
 quer the Swedes, 453. 
 
 HoUidaysburg, 357. 
 
 Holm, a Swedish historian, 16. 
 
 Holme, Thomas, surveyor for Penn, 
 101. 
 
 Homer, 359. 
 
 Hook, Marcus, 135. 
 
 Hooker, Gen., 252. 
 
 Horner, W. E., 490. 
 
 Hospitals, the Pennsylvania, 409-416; 
 of University of Pennsylvania, 416; 
 Lunatic, Harrisburg, 416; Insane, at 
 Danville, 416; Lying-in, 415; Insane, 
 at Warren, 418; Insane, at Dixmont, 
 419 ; German, Lackawanna, and 
 Wilkesbarre, 420; United States, in 
 Philadelphia, 464; Wills, 532; Penn- 
 sylvania, for Insane, 532, 533. 
 
 Hotel, Girard, 503. 
 
 Hotels, the, 535. 
 
 Howe, Lord, offers peace, 229; confers 
 with committee, 233. 
 
 Howe, Sir William, commands British 
 army, 234; possesses Philadelphia, 
 235 ; returns to England, 235. 
 
 Howard, 354. 
 
 Hyner, 372. 
 
 Independence, Declaration of, 177, 525; 
 HaU, 177, 525, 526. 
 
 Indiana, 360. 
 
 Indians, describe land, 63; welcome to 
 whites, 54; their corn, game, buffalo, 
 deer, 54; one custom, 97; agi'ee vrith 
 Penn, 100 ; complaint of, 106 ; plan of 
 measuring lands, 106, 107; described 
 by Penn, 111-113; their religion, 115; 
 feasts and government, 116; origin 
 of, 118; food and children of, 119, 
 120; employment of men, 121; diseases 
 of, 122, 123; of remedies, 123-125; 
 trouble with, 150 ; eastern treaty with, 
 154 ; worship of, 285. 
 
 Indies, West, 412. 
 
 Institute, Emmaus, 307. 
 
 Institute, Franklin, 480, 534, 535. 
 
 Institute, Military, 408. 
 
 Institution, Pennsylvania, for Deaf and 
 Dumb, 531; Instruction of the Blind, 
 532. 
 
 Iron, production and deposits of, 279, 
 280 ; manufactured by coke, 283. 
 
 Irvineton, 370. 
 
 Irwin, 338. 
 
 Jackson's, 377. 
 Jackson, Samuel, 488. 
 Jackson, Gen., 250, 513. 
 James H. , King, 139. 
 James, Dr., 267. 
 James, Thomas C, 490. 
 Jennings, Solomon, 106. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 571 
 
 Jersey, "West, 52, 53. 
 
 Jersey Shore, 370. 
 
 Jolmsto-wn, 332. 
 
 Johnson, David, 438. 
 
 Jones, Hon. Joel, 518. ^ 
 
 Jordan, John, jun., 463. 
 
 Junkin, Eev. George, 430. 
 
 Jury, verdict of, in Penn's trial, 50, 51. 
 
 Keating, 372. 
 
 Keimer, printer, 149. 
 
 "Keith, George, 139. 
 
 Keith, Sir "William, made governor, 149. 
 
 King, Indian, 136. 
 
 Kingsail, town and fort, 34. 
 
 Kinzers, 304. 
 
 Kirkbride, Dr. Thomas, 416. 
 
 Kittanning Point, 326. 
 
 Kittattiny Mountain, 386. 
 
 Knox, John, 178. 
 
 Kuhn, Dr. Adam, 484. 
 
 Lafayette arrives in America, 234. 
 
 Lafayette College, 430. 
 
 Lancaster, 154; manufactures of, 305. 
 
 Lansdale, 390. 
 
 Lardner, Dr., 558. 
 
 Latrobe, 336. 
 
 League, "Union, 466, 467. 
 
 Ledger, Public, 495, 496. 
 
 Lee, Gen., retreat of army of, 252. 
 
 Leechburg, 363. 
 
 Lehigh Gap, 393. 
 
 Lehightou, 393. 
 
 Leidy, Joseph, 493. 
 
 Lewisburg, 378. 
 
 Lewistown, 318; beautiful situation, 
 322; Narrows, 323. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, inauguration of, 
 248; his caU for troops, 249, 251. 
 
 Lloyd, Thomas, 129, 133, 134; dies, 142. 
 
 Lock, John, 38. 
 
 Lock Haven, 371. 
 
 Locomotives, construction of, 296. 
 
 Loe, Thomas, 38, 40. 
 
 Logan, James, 145; did not escape 
 odium, 147; governs the colony, 150; 
 contributes to war, 151 ; dies, 153. 
 
 Logan, the Mingo chief, 319; family 
 butchered, and his revenge, 320; his 
 plea for prisoner, 321 ; invited to coun- 
 cil, 321; his letter, 321, 322; is shot, 
 322. 
 
 Logan House, 325; name of place, 351. 
 
 London Coffee-House, 524. 
 
 London Company, 19. 
 
 Lord's Committee, petition to, 56-58; 
 
 petition favored, 59. 
 Lum, Mary or Polly, 505-506. 
 Lutherans, creed of, 201 ; their belief in 
 
 education, 435. 
 
 Madoc, discoverer of America, 18. 
 
 Mahanoy Plane, 389. 
 
 Malcolm, Eev. Howard, 463. 
 
 Malvern, 300. 
 
 Mann's, 351. 
 
 Mann's choice, 353. 
 
 Manor, 338. 
 
 Manyunk, 382. 
 
 Marietta, 309. 
 
 Markham, Col. "William, sails for Amer- 
 ica, 92; lands at New Castle, 94; ap- 
 points governor, 142. 
 
 Marshal, Edward, makes the famous 
 walk, 106. 
 
 Martha, 353. 
 
 Martinsburg, 358. 
 
 Marysville, 314. 
 
 Masonic Temple, 535-538. 
 
 Mason and Dixon's Line, 155. 
 
 Mass meeting held, 162; recommends 
 Continental Congress, and appoints 
 committee, 162; resolutions of depu- 
 ties, 163; instructs the assembly, 166, 
 167. 
 
 Mauch Chunk, coal of, 299; described, 
 393. 
 
 McKee's, 358. 
 
 McLellan, 490. 
 
 McMichael, Hon. Morton, 494. 
 
 Meade, Gen., 241. 
 
 Media, 422. 
 
 Meigs, Charles Delucena and John 
 Forsyth, 491. 
 
 Menewe, or Minuit, Peter, 21. 
 
 Menonists, the, refuse to fight, 152, 203. 
 
 Merion, 299, 
 
 Methodists, the, 511. 
 
 Middletown, 306. 
 
 Mifflin, 31T. 
 
 Mifflinburg, 378. 
 
 Milesburg, 353. 
 
 Millerstown, 317. 
 
 Mill Hall, 355. 
 
 MiUer, Prof. Samuel, 442. 
 
572 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Millroy, 351. 
 
 Milton, 368. 
 
 Mint, United States, 529-531. 
 
 Missionary, French, 318. 
 
 Mitchell, Thomas D., 492. 
 
 Mompesson, lloger, 146. 
 
 Monmouth, 241. 
 
 Montgomery, 368. 
 
 Moore, Nicholas, 95, 128, 130. 
 
 Moravians, the .settlements of , 156 ; de- 
 scribed, 235; of Wyalucing, 304; mis- 
 sions of, 390-393. 
 
 Morgan, Dr. John, 484. 
 
 Morris, Eobert, 152 ; plan of hank, 243. 
 
 Morristown, army quarters at, 234; 
 troops of, 243. 
 
 Morton, Samuel George, 491. 
 
 Mount Joy, 306. 
 
 Mount Union, 323. 
 
 Mount Dallas, 351. 
 
 Mount Carbon, 387. 
 
 Mount Pisgah, 393. 
 
 Mountain, Nesquehoning, 396. 
 
 Muncy, 369. 
 
 Munster, 34, 559. 
 
 Mutter, Dr. Thomas, 487, 492. 
 
 Nassau, Fort, built, 20. 
 
 Natrona, 364. 
 
 Neagle, John, 480. 
 
 Neshaminy, the river, 101. 
 
 New Castle, fort erected at, 147. 
 
 New Jersey, province of, 53, 54. 
 
 Newkirk, Matthew, 354. 
 
 Newport, 317. 
 
 Newspapers, 494-503. 
 
 Newton, Hamilton, 223. 
 
 Norris, Isaac, 529. 
 
 Norristown, 382. 
 
 North America, bank pf, 243. 
 
 North, Chief Justice, sets bounds, 59; 
 
 draws up Pennsylvania's charter, 61; 
 
 his measure in parliament, 180. 
 Northmen visit America, 16. 
 Northumberland, 367. 
 Nottingham, place where George Fox 
 
 was imprisoned, 28. 
 
 Oil, description of, 283; where found, 
 284; speculations in, 285-287, 293, 294; 
 boring for, 287, 292; transportation 
 of, 292, 293; production, 293. 
 
 Oil Creek, 287. 
 
 Onoko Glen, 398. 
 
 Osceola, 355. 
 Owen Griffith, 144. 
 
 Packer, Hon. Asa, 391, 435. 
 
 Packerstowh, 393. 
 
 Paoli, 299. 
 
 Paper money issued, 152. 
 
 Pardee, Mr, A., 430, 432. 
 
 Pardee Hall, 4.30, 431. 
 
 Park, Fairmonnt, 546, 547. 
 
 Parliament exports tea, 162. 
 
 Paxton Boys, the, 156. 
 
 Peale, Charles Wilson and Kembraudt, 
 476. 
 
 Pearson, a friend of Penn, 95. 
 
 Pemberton, Phineas, member of coun- 
 cil, 144. 
 
 Penitentiary, Eastern State, 531; West- 
 ern State, 423. 
 
 Penn, Admiral, Sir William, 34; a death- 
 bed request, 42; dying- words, 43. 
 
 Penn, Mrs. Hannah, mother of WU- 
 liam, 35-37; talk with the admiral 
 upon William, 41 ; removes the gov- 
 ernor of the province, 149. 
 
 Penn, William, birth of, 34; enters 
 Oxford, and is expelled, 38; is sent 
 to Paris, 39; to Dublin, and meets 
 Loe, 40 ; works of, 40 ; trial of , 40 ; sent 
 to Newgate, 52; petition to king, 
 56; petition granted, and charter 
 given, 61; receives deed for land, 75; 
 astonishment at name of territory, 
 76; wishes to change it, 76, 77; charac- 
 teristic letter, 77; his publication, 78, 
 80; farewell to king, and fitting out 
 ships, 80; colloquy with king, 80, 81; 
 leave of family, 83 ; letter to family, 
 83; letter to be read on arrival of 
 colony in America, 92, 93; death of 
 mother, 93; goes to America, 94; 
 takes formal possession, 95; speech 
 to Indians, 99, 100; returns to Eng- 
 land, 109; leaves letter, 129, 130; im- 
 proves Philadelphia, 142; mortgages 
 the province, 148; death of, 148; will 
 of, 149 ; statue of, 415. 
 
 Penn, John and Thomas, sons of Wil- 
 liam, 102. 
 
 Penn, John, grandson of William, 107; 
 arrival in province, 156; opinion of 
 congressional resolutions, 179; favors 
 the crown, 180. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 573 
 
 Penn, "William, jun., goes to province, 
 146. 
 
 Penn, Thomas, goes to province, 150; 
 leaves for England, 151; applied to 
 for assistance, 410. 
 
 Pennsylvania, town of, 338. 
 
 Penn Haven Junction, 400. 
 
 Pennsburg manor, 108. 
 
 Pennsylvania, administration of gov- 
 ernment in, and religions toleration 
 in, 199; financial system, 207, 208; 
 literature of, 208 ; first school, printing 
 press and newspaper in, 209; consti- 
 tution of, 211-228; part in Revolu- 
 tion, 229; warfare with Indians, 245; 
 quota of troops, 251; face of country, 
 262 ; geology of, 263 ; lakes and rivers, 
 264; climate, 265; politics of, 467; 
 governors of, 467-469; artists of, 471; 
 medical colleges, 484; journals and 
 journalists, 494 ; invitation to nations, 
 557, 558; regret of, 558. 
 
 Peringskiold, John, the antiquary, 16. 
 
 Perry, Commodore Oliver H., victory of 
 on Lake Erie, 247. 
 
 Philadelphia, relation to State, and 
 laying out of, 520, 521 ; advantages of, 
 520, 521 ; her squares, 521 ; increase in 
 growth, 522; extent of, 523; her build- 
 ings, 523-527; old bell in, 527, 528. 
 
 Phillipsburg, 355. 
 
 Phcenixville, 383. 
 
 Physick, Philip Syng, 488. 
 
 Pilgrims, the, 453. 
 
 Pittsburg, 339; institutions of, 344; 
 "Western "University of, 345. 
 
 Plough, introduction of the, 311. 
 
 PoUock, Ex-Go v., 432, 433. 
 
 Pontiac, the Indian sachem, 155, 336. 
 
 Portage, 332. 
 
 Port Clinton, 386. 
 
 Pottstown, 383. 
 
 Powtaxat, or Delaware Eiver, 23. 
 
 Pownall, Gov., 304. 
 
 Priestley, Dr. Joseph, residence of, 368. 
 
 Printz, John, 23. 
 
 Prison, Philadelphia county, 532. 
 
 Prospect Eock, 401. 
 
 Proud the historian, 135. 
 
 Province and territories divided into 
 counties, 109; judges of, 128. 
 
 Puritans, the, 456. 
 
 Pusey, Caleb, 144. 
 
 Quakers, the, description of, 28; tenets 
 of, 29; abuse of, 45; purchase land, 
 53; schism among the, 139; refuse to 
 fight, 152, 183; German protest, 196; 
 liberty of, 198; in the minority, 200: 
 views of war, 250. 
 
 Queen Anne orders militia, 148. 
 
 Eailroads, introduction of, 295, 296; 
 first in America at Quincy, 296 ; Penn- 
 sylvania finished, 298; Pennsylvania 
 branches, 298; Philadelphia and Erie, 
 379; Philadelphia and Eeading, 382; 
 Pickering Valley Branch, 383; Chester 
 "Valley, 383; Lebanon Valley Branch, 
 389 ; Northern Pennsylvania and Le- 
 high Valley Branch, 390; Beaver 
 Meadow, Hazleton, and Mahanoy, 
 400; Nescopec Valley, 401 ; Delaware, 
 Lackawanna, and Western, 406 ; Phil- 
 adelphia, "Wilmington, and Balti- 
 more, 407. 
 
 Bankin, Dr. D. M., 425. 
 
 Eaviuo Gap, 358. 
 
 Eaymond, Eosseter "W., 432. 
 
 Bead, Thomas Buchanan, 480- 
 
 Eeade, Charles, groundwork for nov-> 
 els, 308, 309. 
 
 Eeading, town of, 385. 
 
 Eecorder, the, in the trial of Penn, 47; 
 charge to the jury, 49. 
 
 Eedington, 403. 
 
 Eeedsville, 351. 
 
 Eenovo, 372. 
 
 Eepublicans, the, 467. 
 
 Eevolution, war of, foreshadowed, 163, 
 301. 
 
 Eidgeway, 374. 
 
 Eidge, Landis, 390; 
 
 Eidley Park, 407. 
 
 Eiots, the, of 1851, 303. 
 
 Eoaring Spring, 358. 
 
 Eob Eoy of Pennsylvania, 301. 
 
 Eochester, Lord, 141. 
 
 EockvUle, 314. 
 
 Eockport, 401. 
 
 Eodman, 358. 
 
 Eogers, Eobert E., 492. 
 
 Eothermel, Peter P., 481. 
 
 Bound Island, 372. 
 
 Eush, Dr. Benjamin, 118, 119, 125, 484, 
 488; 'James his son, 488. 
 
574 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sachem, a speech of 'a, 127. 
 
 Saltsburg, 363. 
 
 Sandy Eidge, 355. 
 
 Saxonburg, 3S5. 
 
 Schools, Reform, 421; forFeeble-Minded 
 Children, 421 ; Normal, Juniata Valley, 
 361; Edinborough, Mansfield, Kultz- 
 town, Bloomsbarg, 444; West Ches- 
 ter, 445, 446; Shippensburg, 445, 448; 
 Sagamore, 445; High at Pittsburg, 
 Central at Philadelphia, AUentown, 
 Carbondale, Chester, Harrisburg, 
 Lock Haven, ITorristo-n-n, Pottsville, 
 447; Beading, Scranton, Titusville, 
 "Willi amsport, York, 449; Private, 
 449, 450; of Design, for Women, 481; 
 systems in cities, 452-455; Evening, 
 453, Medical, 483,484. 
 
 Schooley's Mountain, 397. 
 
 Schuylkill Haven, 386. 
 
 Schwenkfelders, the, refuse to fight, 
 152 ; description of, 204. 
 
 Scotch-Irish, 310, 319, 369; Presbyteri- 
 ans, 454. 
 
 Scottdale, 3C6. 
 
 Scott, Thomas A., 481. 
 
 Sellersville, 390. 
 
 Semmary, Crozier Theological, 408. 
 
 Sergeant, 375. 
 
 Servants, pirovision for, 78. 
 
 Shackam axon, site of Kensington, 97. 
 
 Shamokin coal region, 367; town of, 
 389. 
 
 Sharon Hill, 407. 
 
 Sharp Mountain, 387. 
 
 Sharpsburg, 3G5. 
 
 Sheltering arms, 433. 
 
 Shippen, Edward, 144, 145; Dr. William, 
 484. 
 
 Shunk, Gov., 297. 
 
 Sidney, Lord, 141. 
 
 Simcoe, Gen. , spares the treaty tree, 244. 
 
 Simcock, F., 129. 
 
 Sinnemahoning, 372. 
 
 Sipes, William B., 295, 307. 
 
 Skralingaland, 16. 
 
 Slatington, 393. 
 
 Smith, Timothy, .sheriff of Buck's 
 county, 103, 105; Dr. George, 264; Dr. 
 William, 324; Eev. William, 427; 
 Joseph, 438; Henry H., 491; Bichard 
 Somer, 518. 
 
 Snowden, Hon. James Boss, 530, 531. 
 
 Societies, Pennsylvania Historical, why 
 delayed, 456; original members, and 
 resolutions of, 459; place of first 
 meeting, 460; next meeting- place, 
 461; bequest to, 461; art galleries of, 
 481; Presbyterian and Baptist, 463- 
 481 ; American Philosopliical, 153. 
 
 Somers, Lord, 141. 
 
 Sonman, 333. 
 
 South Carolina, under Gen. Jackson, 250. 
 
 Spencer, Bobert, friend of Penn, 38. 
 
 Square, Independence, 528. 
 
 Stamp Act, 160 ; repealed, 161.' 
 
 Stanwix, Fort, 369. 
 
 State House, 525. 
 
 Staughton, Bev. Mr., 511. 
 
 Steigel, William Henry, 280, 281. 
 
 Stephens, Alexander H., 251 ; Thaddeus, 
 251; home of, 305. 
 
 Stephenson, George, 296. 
 
 Stille', Alfred, 491. 
 
 Stirling, 373. 
 
 St. Mary's, 373. 
 
 Stony Creek, 400. 
 
 Story, Thomas, 144. 
 
 Street, Girard, 603. 
 
 Stuart, Gilbert, 477. 
 
 Sullivan, Gen. , taken prisoner, 232 ; de- 
 stroys Indian towns, 242. 
 
 Sully, Thomas, 476-480. 
 
 Summit Hill, 397. 
 
 Sumter, Fort, 251. 
 
 Suubury, 366. 
 
 Susquehanna, settlements on the, 155. 
 
 Swedes, the, visit America, 16; their 
 first church, 24; their manners and 
 customs, 25, 26; drinks of the, 27. 
 
 Switchback, the, 396. 
 
 Tamanend, 399. 
 
 Tannery, 401. 
 
 Taxation resisted by settlers, 53. 
 
 Tarentum, 364. 
 
 Taylor, Charles, 129. 
 
 Tea, tax on, 161; fate of all sent to 
 
 Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and 
 
 Charlestown, 162. 
 Thomas, Gov. George, offends the 
 
 Quakers, 150. 
 Tomhickon, 379. 
 Tom Moore's cottage, 382. 
 Tories, the, 189; join with Indians in 
 
 fighting, 242. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 575 
 
 Treaty of peace, 244. 
 
 Trenohard, Sir John, 142. 
 
 Trumbull the poet, 25. 
 
 Tunnel, the Alleghany Mountain, 229, 
 
 363. 
 Turner, Robert, 128, 129. 
 Tyrone, 324. 
 
 TTuion, 376. 
 
 Unionville, 353. 
 
 TJnited States, mint of, 531; original 
 number of States, 551; slavery, 552; 
 increase of States and territory, 553 ; 
 manufactures of, 553, 554; men, -svo- 
 raen, and literature of, 554, 555; pa- 
 triots, and their government of, 555, 
 550 ; invitation sent by Penu to the, 
 55G ; retrospective view of, 558 ; proph- 
 ecy, 559. ' 
 
 Universities, Pennsylvania, 153, 427- 
 430; Lehigh, 301, 435; Lincoln, 434; 
 Lewisburg, 43S; Western Pennsyl- 
 vania, 430. 
 
 Usseliug, William, 20. 
 
 Vail, 353, 
 
 Valley JTorge, 241, 383. 
 
 Van Bneuing, a Dutch ambassador, 204. 
 
 Vermont, boys of, 223. 
 
 Vespucius, Americus, 19. 
 
 Vessels sent out by Peun, 53. 
 
 Vineland the Good, 16. 
 
 Wagner Free Institute of Science, 533, 
 534. 
 
 Wallace, John William, 457, 461, 462. 
 
 Wallacetown, 35C. 
 
 Waynesburg, 346. 
 
 AVanstead, town of, 34. 
 
 War, Mexican, 312; the grasshopper, 317. 
 
 Warren, 375. 
 
 Washington, Gen., sent on mission, 153 
 appointed commander-in-chief, • 175 
 letter to Congress, 175; pew of, 199 
 replies to Lord Howe, 230; gains vic- 
 tory, 234; meets Lafayette, 234; re- 
 treats to Chester, 2.35; his mission, 
 552. 
 
 Watson, John, 105, 442. 
 
 Watsontown, 368. 
 
 Wayne, Anthony, 300. 
 
 Wayne, 370. 
 
 Weber, Paul, 480. 
 
 Weems, the historian, 100. 
 
 Weinport, 393. 
 
 Welch, William, 128. 
 
 Welsh, settlements of the, 330. 
 
 WereUus, Prof. O., 18. 
 
 Wertmaller, Adolph XJlric, 480. 
 
 West, Benjamin, tlie painter, birth, 471 ; 
 first attempt at his art, 472; his first 
 school, 472; improvises a paint-brush, 
 473; is presented with all materials 
 for painting, 473; visit and criticism 
 in Italy, 474; death of wife, followed 
 by his own, 475. 
 
 Wharton, Thomas I., 458. 
 
 Wliigs, the, 1R9, 4S7. 
 
 Whiskey Eebellion, 245. 
 
 White, Eev. William, 103. 
 
 Whitefield, George, 150, 310. 
 
 White Haven, 401. 
 
 Wichersham, Dr., report of, 447. 
 
 Wilcox, 374. 
 
 Wilkinsburg, 339. 
 
 William and Mary, 139. 
 
 Williamsburg, 359. 
 
 Williamsport, 3G0. 
 
 Wilson, a trader, 104. 
 
 Wineland, the Good, 16. 
 
 Wise, Gov. Henry A., 553. 
 
 Witherspoon, John, 177, 552. 
 
 Wolfsburg, 353. 
 
 Wood, Dr. George B., 493; William, 128. 
 
 Worden, Sir John, agent for tlie Duke 
 of York, 56; speech of, 5G-58. 
 
 Woman in the Wilderness, 204. 
 
 Wright, Susanna, 308. 
 
 Wi'ightstown, 103; meeting-house at, 
 106. 
 
 Wrightsville, 347. 
 
 Wyoming Valley, massacre at, 242. 
 
 Yates, James, 103; employed by the 
 
 governor, 106. 
 Yellow-fever at Phiadelphia, 509. 
 York, Duke of, 34, 94. 
 Y Switches, 357. 
 
 Zinzendorf, Count, 205, 390. 
 
AUTHORS CONSULTED FOR THIS HISTORY. 
 
 AcEELltJS, Israel. " History of New Sweden." 
 Adams, W. T. "Petrolia." ' 
 Ai-libone's "Dictionary of Authors." 
 Allen's, Thaddeus, " Inquiry into American Union." 
 Eancboft's "History of United States." 
 BowEN, Eli. "Pictorial SIvetcli-Book of Pennsylvania." 
 Childs, George W. "Ledger Almanac." 
 Clakkson's " Life of William Penn." 
 
 Coffin, Charles Caeleton (Carleton). "Four Tears of Fighting." 
 Cunningham, Allan. "British Painters." 
 Daddow's "Practical American Miner." 
 Day, Sherman. " Historical Collections of Pennsylvania." 
 Duponceatt. " Memoirs of Historical Society of Pennsylvania." 
 Fekkis's " Original Settlement of the Delaware." 
 Franklin Institute, Journal of. 
 
 Galt, John. " Life, Studies, and Works of Benjamin West." 
 Gordon's " Life of William Penn." 
 Greeley, Horace. "American Conflict." 
 Harris, Samuel. 
 
 Hazard, Samuel. " Annals of Pennsylvania." 
 JuMEAu's "History of the United States." 
 LossiNG, Benjamin. " Civil War." 
 Pkoud's "History of Pennsylvania." 
 SiPES, William. "Pennsylvania Railroad." i 
 Snowden's "Washington iNIedals." 
 
 " Statistics of Public Charities of Pennsylvania," 1870-71-74 
 " Statistics of Board of Education of Pennsylvania," 1874. 
 Sypheb's " School History of United States." 
 Van Buening, a Dutch ambassador. Extract from Work. 
 Wallace, John William. "Address before Historical Society of Pennsyl- 
 vania." 
 Wbbms's " Life of William Penn." 
 
 Whajrton, T. I. "Notes on Literature of Pennsylvania." 
 Wood, George B. "Historical and Biographical Memoirs." 
 
 Annie E. Giffokd has been the amanuensis, and given the author mucli 
 assistance in compiling this History. 
 
 1 The author has been much indebted to this book in preparing this History. See p. 295.