LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF HOME ECONOMICS CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA, NEW YORK 2 IO37.AIBT9" ""'*'*''^"l' Lfbrary IMlSwMS"' "'^'<«-"P Of a Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014491272 THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN EDUCATION No. 4 EDITED BY EDWARD F. BUCHNER THE EFFECT OF THE PHYSICAL MAKE-UP OF A BOOK UPON CHILDREN'S SELECTION BY FLORENCE EILAU BAMBERGER BALTIMORE THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 1922 THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN EDUCATION Edited by EDWARD F. BUCHNER The Studies will include monographs presenting the results of investigations conducted at the University or elsewhere which, because of their importance, should appear as separate units and at once. "The Correlation of Abilities of High School Pupils" (lOO pp., $1.25), by Dr. David Emrich Weglein; "Experimental Study of Motor Abilities of Children in the Primary Grades'' (62 pp., 75 cents), by Dr. Buford Jennette Johnson and "Studies in Experi- mental Education" (87 pp., $1.25), by Dr. Bird T. Baldwin and others. Numbers I, 2 and 3 respectively, of the Studies, have appeared. lUiiiuilA VAN KEWSSELAbK iiAU LIBRARY THE' EFFECT OF THE PHYSICAL MAKE-UP OF A BOOK UPON CHILDREN'S SELECTION Copyright 1922 by The Johns Hopkins Press Baltiuore, Mo. ZU &oxi tion 26 II. Determination of a Numerical Value for Rating ; Books 37 m. Comparability of Values from One Experiment to Another 39 IV. Summary of Values assigned the Different Editions 43 Chapter IV. Editions Children Prefer 47 I. Experiment I : Story of Cinderella 47 II. Experiment II: Story of Sleeping Beauty... 48 III. Experiment III : Story of Peter Rabbit 49 IV. Experiment IV: Story of Little Black Sambo. 51 V. Experiment V: Story of the Night Before Christmas 53 VI. Summary of Factors from All Five Experi- ments .' 55 VII. General Conclusions 55 I vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Chapter V. The Physical Characteristics of the Pre- ferred Books 57 I. External Factors 57 II. Internal Factors 72 Chapter VI. Grade and Sex Dififerences in the Choice of Books 36 I. Grade Differences 86 II. Sex Differences 97 Chapter VII. Additional Investigations no I. Subjective Reasons of Children for Book Pref- erences 1 10 II. Adult Opinions of What Books Children Pre- fer 112 III. Need for Open Shelves in Schools and Libra- ries 128 Final Conclusions 131 Score Cards and Evaluating Books 133 Bibliography 153 Appendix 155 INTRODUCTION Too little attention is paid, as a rule, to the form and appearance of the books we give children to read. The cover, the pictures, the very look of the page, the size and thickness of the volume may influence the child in his choice of a book. Librarians who have worked exclusively in the children's department have noticed the influence of the out- ward form of the book upon children's selection, but the schools have paid little heed to this as a factor entering into the reading problem. The authors of a study entitled " The Use of Books and Libraries " say in regard to this question : Any teacher may easily try the experiment of putting two different editions of the same book in the classroom library. The little dull- colored, small-type Robinson Crusoe with a text-book air will stand on the shelf, while the edition with a bright cover, large type and plenty of pictures will be snapped up at once as a desirable prize. Qiildren's librarians will tell you of the little-used book, that on returning from the bindery in a fresh red cover, starts out on a career of popularity. Cover and pictures alone will not make a book popular, but a dull looking exterior will certainly cause many a treasure to lie undiscovered.' Frances Jenkins Olcott who also has had a great deal of experience with children's reading in connection with her library work has come to this same conclusion with regard to children's taste in regard to the physical make-up of a book. She says : The outward form of a book, its effect on the eye, has much to do with arousing or depressing a child's interest in it. The writer has made many experiments which help to prove this fact. The placing on the shelf of the public library of a classic in text-book or other dull cover, and printed in small close-set type insures that the classic will carry out the saying : " Be good and you'll be lonesome." It is rarely stolen, and rarely worn out : two proofs of unpopu- larity. But place on the shelf the same work in a gayly covered edition, illustrated in color, printed in clear attractive type, and presto ! the book disappears, legitimately or oth<"riyise. And often a child wh-o reads thi": att'^active voli-.m j will tell other children about ^1 .y-Eaton, Instruction in the Use of Books and Libraries, p. 375. 2 INTRODUCTION the story, and behold, the formerly despised, homely volume becomes fashionable. A child's idea of an attractively bound book is not according to the aesthetic taste of the literary connoisseur. The book that fills a child with keen longing to read or to own it for himself, and which frequently induces him to steal from the library shelves, is the one with a bright cover — red, preferably — illustrated with story-telling pictures, and rich with gilding. A classic in such guise can well hold its own against the highly decorated modern juvenile that drives the text-book cover classic into humble shadow.^ In another place she remarks, children, especially young children, " show a deep-rooted distaste for text-books." In order to discover the validity of these statements, the writer first attempted to make an analysis of what are the sensory factors that enter into the physical make-up of a book and which might have an influence upon children's choices. Then, by experimentation, it was sought to determine : First, do these sensory factors have any influence at all upon determining children's choices? Second, how many and what factors are the potent ones influencing choices ? By experimentation, then, answers to the following ques- tions were sought: First, does the physical make-up of a book, its general, outward appearance, have any influence at all in causing children to desire it? Second, what are the factors in the general make-up of a book that are potent in pleasing children in the first three grades of the priman- school ? Such factors as the size of the book, the number and char- acter of illustrations, the amount of stories contained in a given volume, were considered. In addition to these, an attempt was made to discover if a very good text-book in reading was as apt to be chosen voluntarily by children as an interesting book not gotten up in text-book form. The writer did not attempt to experiment with size of print, nor the qualit)' and texture of paper as there are certain definite hygienic requirements in regard to these par- ticulars which prevents the consideration of any childish preference in regard to thtr.-.. 'Olcott, F. J., The Children's Reading, p. 148. INTRODUCTION 3 There was also no attempt to discover what content was pleasing to children in the first, second, and third grades. Through the courtesy of Dr. Dunn,^ Teachers' College, Co- lumbia University, there were available results of the latter's careful experiments along this line. In the present experi- ment upon the physical make-up of a book, material was selected as far as content was concerned that Dr. Dunn found to be appealing to children. Dr. Dunn found also that children are indifferent to the literary style of the stories they read. If this be so and children are indifferent to literary style, a story with literary merit will be as acceptable to them as one with- out it. It behooves educators, then, to supply them with material in their field written with a high degree of literary style. Provided the content pleases, they may like it, and perhaps thus early may be established, unconsciously, a taste for good style. The relation of this study to the modern methods of read- ing instruction is obvious. The analysis of what constitutes a " reading habit " discloses at least two factors : a strong desire to read coupled with a fair degree of ability to read rapidly and silently. While the drudgery of the first mastery of symbols is being undertaken in the lower primary grades, it is not always an easy matter to keep alive a keen desire for reading. If any sensory appeals in the physical make-up of the book have power to awaken or augment such a desire, surely it is valu- able enough to bear investigation. ' Dunn, F. W. : Interest Factors in Primary Reading Material. CHAPTER I. PROBLEM AND MATERIALS L The Problem The following problems, therefore, the writer determined to investigate. Does the outward form of a book have any influence at all upon a child's desire to read? If so, what sort of books will arouse in a child a desire to read? What are the factors that influence choice in the selection of books ? After a careful consideration of these questions, it was decided to discover, if possible: first, what influence is ex- erted by the general attractiveness of a book from merely a casual inspection. Then to discover if this influence persists or does it change after more critical examination ? Next, how much does size and thickness influence choices ? Do the illustrations add greatly to the desire to read a book ? Does the color of the binding and the design upon the cover exert any influence upon choices ? Do boys and girls find the same thing attractive in a book, or are there sex differences ? Do children in the first grade care for the same sort of a book as children in the second grade? Do the second and third grade children like the same thing in books ? Do they differ or agree with the first grade in their preferences ? II. Materials for the Experiment In order to answer these questions the following material was selected. Stories that had been told tothe children and for which they had expressed a fondness were used. Dif- ferent editions of these stories had next to be secured. The editions must differ in size, in thickness, in illustrations, in the color of the cover and the design upon it. They must differ, too, in the number of stories contained in any one volume. Some should contain but one or two stories. Others must contain a greater number of favorite stories of children. Unfortunately, the story which was perhaps one of the greatest favorites of the primary children, " The Elephant's 5 6 PROBLEM AND MATERIALS Child," by Kipling, could not be used in this experiment, because of the impossibility of procuring a number of editions that contained it, and which differed in the qualities cited above. In fact, it took a great deal of time and effort before editions answering to these needs and containing at least five favorite stories of the children could be found. It was highly important that the stories used in the experiment be universal favorites; and that the children, even the first grade ones, know them before starting the experiment. Otherwise the elements of novelty and of curiosity in the story itself would be additional factors to be taken into account. After a long, hard search, the following stories were selected because they fulfilled the two requirements. In the first place, they were favorites, and were very familiar to the children. Secondly, they could be found in at least five different editions varying in size, in binding, in type of illus- trations, and in amount of content. The five stories finally qualifying were : Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Black Sambo, Peter Rabbit, and The Night Before Christmas. There were really five experiments carried on. All were conducted in the same general manner but with different stories. The story used in the first experiment was Cinder- ella ; in the second experiment. Sleeping Beauty ; in the third, Peter Rabbit ; in the fourth. Black Sambo ; in the fifth. The Night Before Christmas. The experimenter, as indicated in the directions,* told tlie story to the class up to a given point of suspense definitely located in the directions. She then asked the children if they would like to finish it for themselves. Eagerly they expressed such a desire. The experimenter, then placed upon the frame of the board, where all could see, each of the five editions containing the story, arranged in the order of their size. This order was ' Directions are printed in the following cliapter. PROBLEM AND MATERIALS 7 varied from time to time to prevent a position error. The volumes were numbered from one to five beginning with the smallest book. The number was written upon the black- board directly above the volume it indicated. Each child had previously prepared a slip of paper upon which he had written his name, school, grade, age in years, sex, the title of the story (copied from the board). The children came close to the place where the books were exhibited in order that they might inspect them carefully. They were asked to decide upon which one of the five books, thus displayed, they would care to take back to their seats in order to finish reading the story. Upon the slips of paper, they wrote the number which indicated their choices. The teacher promised them this book later on. The children were cautioned against telling any one what book they chose, or of talking to others about their choices for the present. Careful supervision was maintained on this point. After the papers containing the registered choices by in- spection had been collected the children were then given a complete set of the books. A set consisted of all the five different editions containing the story which had just been told them. The following table presents the books used in the five experiments : Experiment I THE STORY OF CINDERELLA Editions Title Publisher Illustrator No. 1 Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty. . Reilly & Britton, Chicago.. John R. Neill " 2 All About Cinderella Cupples Leon & Co., N. Y. John B. Gruelle " 3 Cinderella Reilly & Britton John R. Neill " 4 Elson Reader (3rd) Scott, Foresman & Co " 5 Stories That Never Grow Old. ... Reilly & Britton John R. Neill Experiment II THE STORY OF SLEEPING BEAUTY Editions Title Publisher Illustrator No. 1 Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty.. Reilly & Britton John R. Neill " 2 Sleeping Beauty and Blue Beard. The John Lane Co., N. Y.. Walter Crane " 3 Little Red Riding Hood Reilly & Britton John R. Neill " i Elson Reader (3rd) Scott, Foresman Co " 5 Stories That Never Grow Old.... Reilly & Britton John R. Neill 8 PROBLEM AND MATERIALS Experiment III THE STORY OF PETER RABBIT Editions Title Publisher Illustrator No. 1 The Story of Peter Rabbit Reilly & Britton John R. Neill " 2 The Tale of Peter Rabbit Henry Altemus & Co " 3 Peter Rabbit Reilly & Britton John R. Neill " 4 The Tale of Peter Rabbit Hurst & Co " 5 Stories That Never Grow Old Reilly & Britton John R. Neill Experiment IV THE STORY OF LITTLE BLACK SAMBO Editions Title Publisher Illustrator No. 1 Little Black Sambo Reilly & Britton John R. Neill *' 2 The Story of Little Black Sambo. Frederick A. Stokes, N, Y.Helen Bannerman " 3 The Story of Little Black Sambo. Reilly & Britton John R. Neill " 4 The Story of Little Black Sambo. Saalfield Publishing Co Helen Bannerman " 6 Stories That Never Grow Old. ... Reilly & Britton John R. Neill Experiment V THE STORY OF THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS Editions Title Publishers Ill-ustrator No. 1 The Night Before Christmas Reilly & Britton John R. Neill " 2 The Night Before Christmas Henry Altemus & Co " 3 The Night Before Christmas Reilly & Britton John R. Neill " 4 The American Third Reader Ginn & Co., N. Y " 5 The Child's First Book of Poetry. American Book Co., N. Y.. CHAPTER II. CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT I. Selection of Children Five schools were selected in which to carry on the exper- iment. In order to secure a wide range of opinions the schools differed as much as possible in character of the cJiildren attending. Horace Mann School connected with Teachers' College was one of the schools. Here are found children coming from wealthy and intellectual homes. The second school, number 73 of Baltimore City, is in the immigrant section, and the children are all foreign-born themselves or of foreign-bom parentage. The larger per- centage are Russian Jews, although there are a great many Italians attending there. The third school, number 15 of Baltimore City, consists of children from typical American homes of the lower middle class. The last two schools used are those in Westminster, Mary- land. This is a typical suburban town located in the wealthy farming region of Carroll County, Maryland. There is little foreign population here. Most of the children that attend the public schools have American-bom parents of the middle and the lower middle class. The experiment was tried only in the first, second, and third grades. It was impossible for any one person to con- duct the experiment in all the different schoolrooms. The writer personally visited each of the schools and started the experiment herself in one grade with one group of children in order to show exactly the conditions under which it was to be conducted. Before proceeding to demonstrate the manner of conducting the experiment, a duplicate set of directions and a score sheet such as the experimenter was using, was given to each teacher, in order that she might lO CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT follow carefully the technique of procedure. It was arranged that all the teachers who were going to carry on the experi- ment with their children see this demonstration. Each re- ceived a set of directions. These directions had been carefully planned, and had been previously tried out with different teachers in various schools to see if they were definite and clear. The experiment was carried on with small groups of ten children each day. This necessitated the purchase of only ten copies of the five differ- ent editions containing the five stories selected. If forty copies of each of the five editions of the five different stories had been bought, it would have expedited the work consider- ably. At the same time it would have augmented the cost of the experiment enormously. Following is a copy of the directions and of the score sheet that was furnished each teacher carrying on the experiment. These directions show explicitly the manner of conducting the study. II. Directions to Teachers Read the directions over carefully, before starting the experiment. CINDERELLA For the purpose of unf ormity, it is urgently requested that the following directions be carried out exactly as here de- signated, and nothing done that is not specified here. The purpose of this experiment is to find out children's prefer- ences for books, without in any way constraining their choices. These directions have been carefully thought out with this point in view. We believe, if implicitly carried out, we may obtain knowledge of what children really like in the way of books. Read from this paper all the directions to the children. Do not attempt to give them from memory. I. Five editions of the story of Cinderella are being sent to you to try out. Edition I. The small red one — Cinderella and Sleep- ing Beauty. CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT II Edition II. The small neutral colored one — All About Cinderella. Edition III. The larger red one — Cinderella. Edition IV. A text-book in reading — Elson Reader. Edition V. An ordinary story book — Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. 2. Ten copies of each edition are furnished you. Divide your class into 4 groups of 10 children each, if 40 are enrolled. If the class contains less than 40, divide it into 4 groups of nearly equal size. Let no group be larger than 10. If the class contains more than 40, experiment with only 40 children divided into 4 groups of 10 each. Ex:plain to the children not participating in the experiment that there is a scarcity of books, and later on an opportunity will be given them to examine and to read the books. After working with one group of 10, proceed directly with another. Try, if possible, to finish with an entire class before dismissing it for recess or for going home. Impress upon the children the im- portance of not telling any one the book they selected. 3. Use the small red edition of Cinderella and the Sleeping Beauty in reading to the class. 4. Cover the book in the ordinary cover board 8 by 11. Find it enclosed with the material sent you. Be careful the children do not see which book you place in this cover, as oftentimes the sight of a book in a teacher's hand does induce the child to adopt that book. If he is unable to see the book the teacher is reading from it leaves him utterly free to select that book which he personally prefers to all the others. 5. Give to every child a small piece of paper and ask him to write his name upon it. If the first grade children are unable to write their names as yet, supply them with a piece of paper having their names already written upon it. 6. On page 7 of the volume of Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty — read the title Cinderella and all of pages 7, 8, 9, 10, II, 12, 13. Stop on page 14 at the end of the phrase. 12 CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT ' " Don't you wish you were going to the ball? " said one of them.' Then say to the class : 7. " Do you like the story? Would you like to finish it? The same story is finished in each of these five books I have here. It is nearly exactly alike in all of them. It is not a bit longer in the larger books, and not a bit shorter in the small one. I am going to place them here on the frame of the board. This small red one is ' i ' (teacher places book on frame of blackboard and writes a large Arabic ' i ' above it). This small green one is ' 2 ' (number ' 2 ' is put on the frame of the board next to ' i ' and ' 2 ' written above it.) " This large red one is ' 3.' Again the teacher places book ' 3 ' next to ' 2 ' and writes ' 3 ' above it. This brown one is ' 4.' In the same manner, this too, is put on the frame of the board and marked ' 4.' This large book is '5.' (Place it in the same way on the frame of board as were the others.) If you want number ' i ' write it on your paper, if you want number ' 2 ' write it on your paper, if you want number ' 3 ' write it on your paper, if you want number ' 4 ' write it on your paper, if you want number ' 5 ' write it on your paper." (In case the children cannot write the number of their prefer- ences, let them come to the teacher, secretly whisper the number and she will write it for the pupil.) Let the children come close to the frame of the blackboard where they can inspect the books carefully. They must not touch them, however. 8. The teacher then says " Look at these books and choose the one you like the best of all, and would rather have to finish the story. On the piece of paper directly under your name, write the number that stands for the book you like best of all." Give about three minutes for this inspection. Five minutes should be the maximum. Be sure to have every child make a decision. 9. Collect all the slips of paper, and later when the children are reading enter each child's choice upon the record sheet by placing the number, corresponding to the edition, opposite his name in the column marked " choice by inspection." CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT 1 3 10. Now arrange the books in separate piles. Each pile is to consist of the five different editions containing the story. Arrange as many piles as are needed to give each child one pile (usually there will be lo such). 11. Say to the pupils of a group " I shall place one pile of these books upon each of your desks. Do not touch them until told to do so." Place upon each child's table or desk, a pile of the five editions. See that every child has a com- plete pile before starting on the next step. 12. "I will give you time to examine the books carefully. Look through every one of them, before making your choice. Do not tell any one what is your choice, it is to be a secret. Keep it and tell it to me only." 13. Say to the group, " As soon as you are sure which book you want, bring all the books to me here at the desk. Do not come if anyone else is at the desk. Wait your turn." 14. When the child is at the desk ask him to point to the book from which he would rather read. After he has shown his preference have him return to his place and leave all the books upon the teacher's desk. Assure each child that his favorite book will be returned to him as soon as all the other children in the class have indicated their choices. While the child is telling his choice to the teacher, be careful to have him stand in such a position as will prevent any other child from perceiving his selection. (This is to prevent the undue influencing of the more deliberate children by those who choose very rapidly and then eagerly display their selection.) Be sure to have every child make a decision. Record this choice by placing the number of his choice in the column headed " choice after examination." Be sure this appears under the correct numeral. 15. The teacher then records the child's second choice. In case it differs from his first choice, she says to him. " You have not selected the same book you did before when you saw them on the frame of the board. What made you take that one the first time ? What made you select a different one this time ? " Write the child's initials upon the reverse 14 CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT side of his record sheet, and the answers he gives to these questions. Try to make it as full as the child's own answer. i6. Later record their ages in the column designed for that purpose on the record sheet. Also rank the children accord- ing to their ability to read. The child who in the teacher's opinion is the best reader in the class is ranked " i " on the record sheet in the column marked " rank in reading ability." 17. Proceed in like manner with the remaining groups. 18. Parcel post all the books and records as soon as pos- sible to Florence E. Bamberger, Johns Hopkins University, Homewood, Baltimore, Maryland. The postage expended will be returned to you. Thank you ! SLEEPING BEAUTY Follow the same directions as were given you for Cinder- ella, with the exceptions that when reading to the class use the book entitled " Little Red Riding Hood." Place it in the same cover that you used in the Cinderella reading. Be sure the children do not detect from which book you are reading. Read the title and all of pages 37, 40, 41. Stop on page 42 with the phrase " feared she would give her some unlucky gift." Edition I. Small red one. Edition H. The Sleeping Beauty and Blue Beard by W. Crane. Edition HL Little Red Riding Hood — Larger red one. Edition IV. Elson Third Grade Reader. Edition V. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. PETER RABBIT Follow the same directions as were given to you for Cin- derella. Read to the class from the small red edition entitled " The Story of Peter Rabbit." Place it in the same cover that you used for Cinderella. Be sure the children do not detect which book you are reading from. Read the title and all of pages 11, 12, 13, and end on page 14, with the phrase CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT 1 5 " now run along and don't get into mischief. I am going out." Edition I. The small red one. Edition II. Peter Rabbit— A small blue book. Edition III. The Story pf Peter Rabbit— Larger red one. Edition IV. The Tale of Peter Rabbit— A grey book- Hurst & Co. Edition V. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. LITTLE BLACK SAMBO Follow the same directions as were given you for Cinder- ella. Read to the class from the small red edition entitled " The Story of Little Black Sambo." Place it in the same cover that you used for Cinderella. Be sure the children do not detect which book you are reading from. Read the title and all of pages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 14. Stop on page 16 with this sentence : " So he put on all his fine clothes and went out for a walk in the jungle." Edition I. The small red one. Edition II. The Story of Little Black Sambo — Little yellow book. Edition III. The Story of Little Black Sambo — Larger red one. Edition IV. The Story of Little Black Sambo — Larger blue one. . Edition V. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS Follow the same directions as with the previous stories. Read from the Altemus Wee Book Series (small blue book) the title on page 5, the stanza on page 6, the stanza on page 8 and then end with the stanza on page 10, the last phrase, " for a long winter's nap." The books for the Night Before Christmas are the following : Edition I. The small red one. Edition II. The small blue book (Altemus Wee Book) . l6 CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT Edition III. The larger red book. Edition IV. The American Third Reader. Edition V. The Child's First Book of Poetry. Sample of Record Sheet Sent to Each Teacher School Grade Name of teacher Date Editions selected Editions selected Name of pupils by inspection ^ by examinatio n ^^^ Rankm 12345 12345 III. Description of the Editions used in Experiment I THE story of CINDERELLA The first book used is a part of the Christmas Stocking Edition, published by Reilly & Britton Company of Chicago in 1905. Six of these small volumes are packed in a small pasteboard box representing a trunk. The books are small, four inches long, three inches wide and one-half inch thick. They are bound in bright red. In the center of the cover is a small colored picture of the hero and heroine of one of the tales. Surrounding the picture on all four sides is a border of dark green holly leaves. Above the picture, in a rectangular space, appears the title of the book printed in fair-size dark green type. Internally the books are equally attractive in appearance as externally. There are many illustrations, some in bright colors, some in black and white. The pictures are small necessarily, in order to fit these tiny booklets. Each one of the little books contains two stories. CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT 1 7 The printing is good size, but in some of the volumes in blue type. The paper is thick, unglazed white. The lines are usually two inches in length, but in some of the books they are not uniform as a picture is crowded beside the print. This is undesirable from the standpoint of the cultivation of correct motor habits of eye movements for rapid silent read- ing. Another objection from the standpoint of habit forma- tion is the fact that the pages are not numbered at the top but at the bottom. In cultivating habits of study these non- important essentials in the make-up of a book come to have real significance. One of these volumes was used with each of the stories. The books of this edition differed only in such details as would be necessitated by a different story. The general points in the physical make-up are identical. The second edition used with Cinderella is a book entitled " All About Cinderella," published by Cubbies & Leon Com- pany of New York in 1906. The story is edited by John B. Gruelle and contains copious illustrations, some in color, some in black and white. The book is bound in a bright green. The title is lettered in a darker tone of green in the center of the cover. Above and below the title are colored illustrations in rectangular spaces. The printing is of fair size and clear deep black. The lines are two and one-half inches in length, but there is no uniformity in their length. Often a liiie is cut to seven- eighths of an inch in order to place a picture opposite the text. This interferes with the cultivation of correct habits of eye movements in reading as has already been commented upon. The paper is of good quality, white but slightly glazed, another undesirable feature from the standpoint of the hygiene of the eye. The third edition used in the Cinderella experiment is known as the Red Book Series, published by the Reilly & Britton Company in Chicago from a copyright edition in 1908. The books are seven inches long, five and one-half l8 CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT inches wide, and three-eighths of an inch thick. They are bound in a strikingly vivid but crude shade of pinkish red. Upon each cover there is a highly colored picture of the hero or heroine of one of the stories. The title is printed at the top in glaring white letters about three-eighths of an inch in height. A crude design in white stenciling ornaments the cover. The inner binding and the fly-leaf form a double page, this contains a border of vividly colored pictures dealing with the various scenes and characters in the stories. The print is of good size and in clear black type. The lines are uniform in length and measure three and one-quarter inches. The illustrations are numerous in quantity, but cheap and gaudy in quality. A few artists, asked to rank in order of merit some pictures taken from children's books, refused to consider these at all, because they said they lacked all artistic merit. They do show well selected detail, however, and are of a good size. Each volume contains two stories. There was one of this edition used in all five experiments. They differ in no general features of physical make-up. The only changes were in those details made necessary by change of content. The fourth edition containing this story is a school reader. Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty both were found in the same text-book, Elson Third Reader, published by Scott, Foresman and Company. The color of the binding of this edition of Elson is a low orange or tan. The cover is decorated with a dull-colored picture. The type is fair, the lettering clear. The illustra- tions are small. Some of them are in black and white and some are colored prints in tones of orange or green. The lines are of uniform length, nearly four inches. The reader is the usual size text, seven and one-half inches long, five and one-quarter inches wide, and three-quarters of an inch thick. The fifth edition used in this experiment is entitled " Children's Stories That Never Grow Old." In addition to CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT 1 9 the Story of Cinderella, it contains a number of children's classics adapted by Mary Stone, published by the Reilly Lee Company, 1905. Among the contents are found four of the five stories used in these experiments. Hence, this book was used more often than any other single book. The children used this book, in all, four times. It is a large book seven and three-quarter inches long, six inches wide, and one and one-quarter inches thick. It is bound in an attractive yellow cover. In the center there is a design of a large tree bearing upon its branches, brightly colored figures. These represent the main characters in the book. Many of the costumes are painted red. This lends additional vividness to the general appearance. The title of the book, in red letters, is printed in a shield design in the center of the cover. The book contains twenty of the children's favorite stories. These are profusely illustrated by John R. Neill. The pic- tures are cheap prints in crude colors, uniformly full-page in size. In spite of their cheap coloring, they are full of life and action and the details are selected with high regard for the interests of the children. These are the same cheap, gaudy illustrations as are used in the Red Book Edition, and which artists declared lacked all merit. The internal appearance of the book is made additionally attractive by the marginal arrangement as well as the size of the print. Each page has wide margins at the sides, at the top, and at the bottom. These margins vary from an inch to an inch and one-half. The lines are uniformly three and one-quarter inches. The print is clear and black. The paper is clear unglazed white and of fair quality. IV. Description of the Editions Used in Experiment II THE STORY OF SLEEPING BEAUTY The first edition containing this story was the same volume of the Christmas Stocking Series entitled " Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty '' as was used in Experiment I. This has been previously described. 20 CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT The second edition containing this story is entitled " Sleep- ing Beauty and Blue Beard." This volume is one of the Walter Crane publications known as the Crane Pictures Book, published in London. The cover is in dull gray but hardly any of it is visible as over the entire surface, with the exception of a quarter of an inch margin to the right, is a brightly colored illustration by Walter Crane of the knight riding to the rescue of Sleep- ing Beauty. The title, " The Sleeping Beauty " is in large red type and is printed below the picture, with the name of the editor and illustrator. The printing is very good size, the type a clear black, and the paper a thick creamy white. The illustrations are all beautifully colored, some of them being large enough to occupy two pages. The lines are uniformly three and one- eighth inches in length, except where necessary indentations occur. There are more indentations in this book because it is in verse form. The third edition containing this story is another volume of the Red Book Series entitled " Little Red Riding Hood." It contains " Sleeping Beauty " as well. This series has been previously described in Experiment I. The fourth edition containing the story is the Elson Third Reader. This also was described in Exi)eriment I and needs no further description here. The fifth edition containing this story is " Children's Stories That Never Grow Old " that was used in the previous experiment. V. Description of the Editions Used in Experiment III THE story of peter RABBIT The first edition containing this story is another one of the Christmas Stocking Edition entitled " The Story of Peter Rabbit." The second edition containing this story is a tiny gift book with easy reading and colored pictures. It belongs to a popular series. Some of the other volumes are Benjamin CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT 21 Bunny, The Tailor of Gloucester, and Mrs. Tiggly-Winkle. The edition is published by the Henry Altemus Company of Philadelphia in 1904 and entitled the " Wee Book for Wee Folk." The printing is in clear black ink of good size, upon white paper of sufficient thickness. The lines are uniformly two and one-half inches long. The minimum number of lines to a page is two, while the maximum is fifteen. The illustrations are all in primary colors and full of action. The cover is a bright blue. At the top is an illustra- tion from the story. Below the picture, the title " Peter Rabbit " is printed in bold red type, one-half inch tall. The third edition used is the Red Book, previously described. The fourth edition containing this story is a publication of the Hurst Company, New York, entitled, " The Tale of Peter Rabbit." This book is seven inches long, five and one-half inches wide, and one-half inch thick. It is bound in a neutral gray cover, having a small oval illustration in bright colors in the center. It contains numerous illustrations in bright primary colors. These are crude, inartistic, but are full of action and humor. The paper is thick creamy white of poor quality. The lines are about three and a quarter inches and are not uniform. The fifth edition containing the story is the same book, " Children's Stories That Never Grow Old," that was used in the two previous experiments. VI. Description of the Editions Used in Experiment IV THE STORY OF LITTLE BLACK SAMBO The first edition containing the story was still another Christmas Stocking Series entitled "Little Black Sambo." The second edition containing the story is a popular picture book with the story of Little Black Sambo presented to the children in the original edition planned by Miss Bannerman, the authoress, herself. The illustrations are by her, also. This edition is published by Frederick A. Stokes Company, 22 CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT New York. It is of the same size as the others, used as the second edition in the previous experiment. The printing is large and clear in bold black type upon a dull white paper of sufficient thickness. The lines are uni- formly two and one-quarter inches long except for the necessary indentations. The illustrations in primary colors are original designs by the authoress herself, and are simple and full of action. The cover is of bright greenish-yellow. In the center is a colored picture of Black Sambo. Above the picture in clear black type is the title " The Story of Little Black Sambo." Below the picture appears the name of the author. The third edition is another of the Red Book Series entitled " Little Black Sambo." The fourth book is an edition of Black Sambo eight inches long, six and one-half inches wide and one-quarter of an inch thick. It has a pale blue cover ornamented in the center with a vividly but attractively colored illustration of the hero of the tale. The volume is profusely illustrated, a picture upon every page. Some of these are as attractively colored as is the cover. Some are in black and white. The print is very large and black. The letters are nearly an eighth of an inch in height, the capitals, a little larger. The lines are five inches in length, but are not uniform. Pictures are fre- quently inserted in such a manner as to break up the uniform- ity of the line length. The edition is evidently intended as a holiday offering by Saalfield, Chicago, the publishers. The fifth edition containing this story is again the " Children's Stories That Never Grow Old " used now for the fourth and last time. VII. Description of the Editions Used in Experiment V THE STORY OF THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS The first edition containing the story is another of the Christmas Stocking series entitled "The Night Before Christmas." CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT 23 The second edition containing the story is another of the Wee Book series entitled "The Night Before Christmas." This edition was previously used in the Peter Rabbit experi- ment, and was there described. The third edition containing the story is another of the Red Book series entitled " The Night Before Christmas." The fourth edition containing the story is another text- book, seven and one-half inches in length, five and one-half inches in width, and seven-eighths of an inch in thickness. It is bound in a blue of low intensity, having a patriotic design on the cover. The print is large and clear. The paper is of a dull white and of sufficient thickness. The illustrations are attractive and there are a fair amount of them. All are in black and white. The book contains fifty selections. It is published by Ginn and Company and is called the New American Reader, Book Three. The fifth and last edition of the story is a book con- taining a number of children's favorite poems by Emilie Kip Baker, published in 191 5 by the American Book Com- pany. It is seven and one-half inches long, five and one- half inches wide and about three-quarters of an inch thick. It is bound in an intense blue. The cover is ornamented at the top with a picture of a feudal castle. Below the picture in a rectangular space, printed in a darker blue, appears the title " The Children's First Book of Poetry." The book contains a hundred or more poems by the best authors of children's poetry. They are printed upon white, thick unglazed paper, pleasant to the touch as well as to the sight. Some of the poems are illustrated in black and white. On the whole the book contains few pictures. The printing and type fulfill all hygienic requirements. The lines neces- sarily cannot be uniform in length but vary with the metric feet of the poems. VIII. — Description Title Internal characteristics 0(J . o OS Illustrations Characteristics and detail Saalfield, Black Sambo. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. Hurst Edition, Peter Rabbit. Cbil'dren's First Book of Poetry. Wee Book, Night Before Christmas Cmean of two books). Red Book, Night Before Christmas (mean of five books). Crane Edition, Sleeping Beauty. New American Reader, Book Three. All About Edition, Cinderella. Christmas Stock- ing Edition, (mean of four books). Stokes Edition, Black Sambo. Elson Primary Reader, Book Three. 224 135 (poems) 67 63 21 (20 rhymes). 4S (stories and poems). 48 280 67 27 63% 76 26% 24 38% 27 14% 27 46% 16 28% 14 44% 94 32% 8 full- page, 16 small ones. 60% 18 26% 26 61% 77 28% Full-page 18 sq. in. Full-page 35 sq. in. Average 8.75 sq. in. oc- cupying about 8% of page. Full -page 8.75 sq. in. Full-page 18 sq. in. Full^page 26 sq. in., some 15.75 sq. in. About 12 sq. in. occupy- ing about 30-50% of page. Averages. 75 sq. in. Average 8.75 sq. in. Full-page 20 sq. in. Average 10 sq. in. oc- cupying 15-30% of page. Humorous, story-tell- ing, full of action, appeal to children's interests. Humorous, contains animals, story-tell- ing, appeal to chil- dren's interests. Humorous, full of action, story-telling, appeal to children's interests. Lack emotional ef- fects, more land- scapes, do not appeal- to children. Conventional Christ- mas ideas, pictures, appeal to children's interests, large cen- tral figure predomi- nates. Humorous, even far- cical, suggest stories, full of action, many animals, appeal to children's interests. Classical effects in dress, furnishings, do not appeal' to chil- dren's interests, little humor, digni- fied, some story-tell- ing. Slightly humorous, some story-telling, fair amount of action. Little action, bold central figure on full page, lack emo- tional appeal to chil- dren. Too small to give any impression of any sort, no large out- standing figure. Pleasing to children, lively , humorous, full of action, story- telling. Maike slight emotional appeal, lack humor and liveliness. 24 3 IN Tabular Form ce of page M •4-1 0) % °S a o ft a *-> r* u >;3 < < External characteristics Size Color of cover il 3 e p B Q' Illustra- tion Lettering 5 inches, not uni- form. Si Not uni- form. Vary (poetical form). Vary (poetical form). 3i, uni- form. Not uni- form. 4,uniform. Irregular, pictures are in- serted. 2, not uni- form. 2i 31 16 Not uni- form. Not uni- form. n 65. 11 so 46.5 n 5J. Si 6i 7 5i 41. 2S 23.38 I 35.76 11 51 n 7-12 10 22 4i 5i H 5i n 5i 12.5 58 19.25 20.63 Blue 13.75 Yellow. Grey. BHue. Blue. 41.25 22 38.38 Red. Picture grey border. Blue. 8.78 28.79 Medium. Medium. High. High. Medium, High. Low. Low. Medium. Low. High. High. Medium. 85% 73% 24% High. 37% 27% 80% Vividly colored. Intense, vivid, primary. High con- trasting effects. Dark blue not in strong contrast. Creamy white. Dull tones, not strik- ing. Beautiful attractive contrast. Green. Red. Yellow- green. Brown, Low. Low. 44% Dark blue, f Medium. High. High. Medium Medium. Medium. Low. Low. 25% 25% 64% Red and blue. Vivid red. Black. Dark blue. Bright orange. White. Red, pleas- ing tones. Dark blue. In fine contrast, yellow and low orange. Vague, in- distinct, pale. Red and blue. Dull brown, red. i Very dark green. Green. Black. Dark brown. 25 CHAPTER III. THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS I. Difference Between Inspection and Examination In order to discover what are the sensory factors in a book which appeal to children, opportunities were afforded them to select a book by its sheer externality alone. This was done by placing before the children at one time five different editions of the same story. They were permitted to come quite close to the books, to read their titles and to see the pictures and other decorations ufK>n the covers. They were not permitted to touch them, however, nor in any way to see inside of them. The term " Inspection " is used throughout the study to indicate this mere external scrutiny. Later on the children were given an opportunity to take all five editions at one time to their seats and to look inside of each one as carefully as they desired. They examined them minutely, turning over the leaves, reading through the table of contents, gazing as long as they desired at the pic- tures or at any other features of the book that attracted their attention. The term "Examination" is used throughout the study to indicate this careful scrutiny of the book both internally and externally. Tables i, 2, 3, entitled " Number of Times and Per Cent of Times Each Edition Was Chosen in Each of the Five Ex- periments," indicate the number of times each edition was chosen first by inspection and later by examination. It also combines the number of inspection with the niunber by examination. 26 THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS 27 Table i gives this information for the first grade. Table 2 for the second grade. Table 3 for the third grade. The tables should be read horizontally across the page in this manner. By inspection: in Experiment I, of the 115 children given the story of Cinderella in the 5 different editions : edition i was chosen 21 times; edition 2, 12 times; edition 3, 9 times; edition 4, 16 times ; edition 5, 57 times. Edition i was chosen by 18^ of the children ; edition 2, by 10^ ; edition 3, by 8^; edition 4, by 14^; and edition 5, by 50^. Each line gives these facts for one of the experiments. In the same manner, reading line by line, horizontally across the paper in Table 2 and Table 3, like information for grades 2 and 3 will be obtained. TABLE 1 Number of Times and Pek Cent of Times Each Edition was Chosen in Each of the Five Experiments GRADE ONE BY INSPECTION t. Editions Editions SS gl Story 12 8. 4 5 T2S45 §•5 sS Times chosen Per cent chosen W ^ r ' > I -^ \ I. 115 Cinderella 21 12 9 16 57 18 10 8 14 50 II. 93 Sleeping Beauty 9 4 15 10 65 10 4 16 11 59 III. 90 Peter Rabbit 12 6 7 31 34 13 7 8 34 38 IV. 88 Black Sambo 16 17 7 28 20 18 19 8 32 23 V. 76 Night Before Xmas 8 11 12 17 28 11 15 16 22 37 BY EXAMINATION I. 115 Cinderella 15 10 9 10 71 13 9 8 9 62 II. 93 Sleeping Beauty 9 5 17 6 56 10 5 18 6 60 III. 90 Peter Rabbit 14 7 7 26 36 16 8 8 29 40 IV. 88 Black Sambo 18 12 8 30 20 20 14 10 34 23 V. 76 Night Before Xmas 9 16 25 11 15 12 21 33 15 20 BY INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION I. 230 Cinderella 36 22 18 26 128 16 10 8 13 55 II. 185 Sleeping Beauty 18 9 82 16 111 10 5 17 9 60 III. 180 Peter Rabbit 26 13 14 57 70 14 7 8 32 39 IV. 176 Black Sambo 34 29 16 58 40 19 17 9 33 23 V. 152 Night Before Xmas 17 27 37 28 43 11 18 24 18 28 28 THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS TABLE 2 GRADE TWO BY INSPECTION ^^ Editions •i- SI'S , « . Sg flS Story 12 3 4 6 g^E gs Times chosen W Z ' * > I. 100 Cinderella 18 8 14 8 62 II. 129 Sleeping Beauty 9 28 16 16 60 III. 130 Peter Rabbit 6 17 12 66 30 IV. 130 Black Sambo 12 IS 11 65 39 V. 128 Night Before Xmas 13 34 19 23 39 BY EXAMINATION I. 100 Cinderella 14 12 11 5 68 II. 129 Sleeping Beauty 3 32 18 11 63 III. 130 Peter Rabbit U 25 7 69 28 IV. 130 Black Sambo 10 9 17 56 38 V. 128 Night Before Xmas 10 47 17 26 28 BY INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION I. 200 Cinderella 32 20 25 13 110 II. 258 Sleeping Beauty 12 00 34 27 123 III. 260 Peter Rabbit 16 42 19 125 68 IV. 260 Black Sambo 22 22 28 111 77 V. 256 Night Before Xmas 23 81 36 49 67 Editions 12 3 4 5 Per cent chosen 18 8 14 8 62 7 22 13 IS 46 4 IS 9 SI 23 9 10 9 43 30 10 27 15 18 31 14 12 11 5 68 3 23 14 9 61 9 19 5 45 22 8 7 13 43 29 8 37 13 20 22 16 10 13 7 55 6 23 13 11 49 6 16 7 48 22 8 8 11 43 30 9 32 14 19 26 TABLE 3 GRADE THREE BY INSPECTION i,_ Editions Editions Sg gtS Story 12 345 12S45 ^ E 3 ii Times chosen Per cent chosen W K / * 1 / * V I. 102 Cinderella 19 14 8 6 65 19 14 8 6 64 II. 95 Sleeping Beauty 10 28 18 2 37 11 30 19 2 39 III. 92 Peter Rabbit 10 12 11 34 26 11 IS 12 37 27 IV. 91 Black Sambo 9 13 15 36 IS 10 14 17 40 20 V. 86 Night Before Xmas 10 21 15 20 20 12 24 18 23 23 BY EXAMINATION I. 102 Cinderella 12 16 16 2 66 12 16 16 2 56 II. 95 Sleeping Beauty 4 27 17 47 4 28 18 49 III. 92 Peter Rabbit 5 29 12 84 12 6 82 13 37 IS IV. 93 Black Sambo 10 10 9 49 15 11 11 10 53 16 V. 86 Night Before Xmas 13 22 22 17 12 16 26 26 20 14 BY INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION I. 204 Cinderella 81 30 24 8 121 15 16 12 4 54 II. 190 Sleeping Beauty 14 55 35 2 84 7 29 18 1 44 HI. 184 Peter Rabbit 15 41 23 68 37 8 22 12 87 20 IV. 184 Black Sambo 19 23 24 85 S3 10 18 13 46 18 V. 172 Night Before Xmas 23 43 87 37 S2 IS 26 22 21 19 THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS 29 The graphs indicate the difference in the per cent of children choosing a book by mere inspection and by more careful examination. In some instances it will be noted that a book is chosen more often when merely inspected than when carefully examined. In cases of this sort, it seems logical to argue, that the external appearance of the book promised more than the content, pictures, and other internal factors fulfilled. For example, we note that the bright blue edition, The Children's First Book of Poetry by Baker, must have been fairly seductive to children from the external, physical side. For by mere inspection, we find 37^ of all the first grade children choosing it, 31^^ of all the second grade children, and 23^ of all the third grade children. After ex- amination, however, we note that only 20^ of the first grade children, 22^ of the second grade children, and 14^ of the third grade children chose it. This means, therefore, that internally the book presented less charm than externally. FIRST GRADE. EXPERIMENT I: STORY OF CINDERELLA Percent Percent ,00 'oo 95 90 as eo eo ss so JO 2S 00 as so 70 as eo ss so A3 *o 35 30 Z5 SO /5 COiTIOf^ I Z J < 5 The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edi- tion by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edition after examination. All five editions lost by examination excepting Edition 3 iVhich received the same number each time, and Edition B which gained considerably upon examination. Edition i Z .3 '^ -S The per cent of choices for each edition combining inspection and ex- amination. It is quite obvious that Edition 5 was more appealing than the others. FIRST GRADE. PeRCENT 100 &s 30 65 BO EXPERIMENT II: STORY OF SLEEPING BEAUTY Percent /oo 9o 6S so £'£HTfOf^3 / S 3 -f- S The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edi- tion by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices after examination. Editions 3 and 6 gained by examination. The others remained practically the same. 70 es bo SS SO 15 to JJO S5 SO 13 lO s £r£)/riONi3 / Z 3 ■* s The per cent of choices for each edition by combininf>; inspection and examination. It is quite obvious that Edition 5 was more appealing than the others. FIRST GRADE. Percent 9o eo EXPERIMENT III: STORY OF PETER RABBIT PeRCEUT too SS 90 as eo 65 eo so -»o 30 E^Dirior^s I ^ ^ -^ S The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edi- tion by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edition after examination. Editions 1 and 6 gain a little after examination. The others remain practically the same. 65 eo S3 SO -US -»0 SS ■so as so £^Dirior^3 t £ ~s ■* S The per cent of choices for each edition by combining inspection and examination. It is quite obvious that Editions 4 and 5 were more appeal- ing than the others. 30 FIRST GRADE. EXPERIMENT IV: STORY OF BLACK SAMBO P'EPceis Percelnt AS so 70 eo s50 «5 eo so 45 40 J£ so -JD/TlON^ / The per cent of choices for each edition by combininR inspection and examination. Editions 4 and 6 ap- pealed more strongly than the others. ^Dirtof^s / ^ J ■* o The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edi- tion by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edition after ^camination. Editions 1, 4, and 5 gain upon exami- nation. flRST GRADE. EXPERIMENT V: STORY OF THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS P'ERCENT Percent A5 6Q 75 es eo s^ so ■*5 40 ■35 30 BzftTiOf^S / n: J -4- £ The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices after examina- tion. Editions 1, 2, and 3 gain by ex- amination. Editions 4 and 5 dropped noticeably after examination. 55 50 S5 ■SO ss zo E^ot-TioMs I s -^ ^ ■£ The per cent of choices for each edition by combining; inspection and examination. Editions 3 and 5 ap- pealed a little more than the others, although there is a fairly uniform distribution throughout. The fairly uniform distribution among the five editions indicates that there was no edition exerting great attraction. All but Edition 1 appear to approxi- mate average attraction. Edition 1 has not even average charm. 31 SECOND GRADE. EXPERIMENT I: STORY OF CINDERELLA Percent ■AS The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edi- tion by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edition after examination. Editions 2 and 5 gain upon examina* tion. All the others lost upon ex- amination. SECOND GRADE. EXPERIMENT II: OS 7^ £ai rioi\js f X J ^ s The per cent of choices combininK inspection and examination. It is quite obvious that Edition 5 was more appealing; than the others. STORY OF SLEEPING BEAUTY f^ERCElNT lOO &s eo 75 33 SO ■♦5 JO £oi riQf>fS / jC v5 -* 5" The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edi- tion by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edition after examination. Editions 2, 3, and 5 srain upon ex- amination. The rest drop sliRhtly. i>S eo S3 30 J5 ZS SO The per cent of choices for each edition by combining inspection and examination. It is quite obvious that Edition 5 was more appealinR than the others. 32 SECOND GRADE. too ^£> 5 SO A3 •CO J3 JO ZS ZO ^Dinor^s 4 S .J <■ S The per cent of choices for each edition by combining inspection and examination. Editions 4 and 5 are more appealing than the others. SECOND GRADE. EXPERIMENT IV: STORY OF BLACK SAMBO PETRCENr 65 eo JO so EDirioHS / The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edi- tion by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edition after examination. Editions 1, 2, and 3 show slight gain upon examination. Editions 4 and 5 remain practically the same. J5- JO fTDtrto/^s I 2 s -^ s The per cent of choices for each edition by combining inspection and examination. Editions 4 and 5 ap- pealed more strongly than the others. 33 SECOND GRADE. EXPERIMENT V: STORY OF THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS PERCrN r f^CRCE-NT 70 55 SO ■40 33 zs ^Cfiriof^ts The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices after examina- tion. Edition 2 gained upon exami- nation. All the others lost. Z5 zo ^Dtr/oNS / -s »3 ■*■ ^ The per cent of choices for each edition by combininj; inspection and examination. Editions 2 and 5 appeal a little more than the others. THIRD GRADE. EXPERIMENT T: STORY OF CINDERELLA PERCENT PERCENT ,oo ICO 9S BO AS GO 93 90 as GO The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edition after examination. Editions 2. S, and 6 Rained slishtly upon examination. El>tTiOf>fS f S. 3 A- s The per cent of choicer for each edition by combining inspection and examination. It is quite obvious that Edition 5 was more appealing than the others. 34 THIRD GRADE. EXPERIMENT II: PSRCENT iOO STORY OF SLEEPING BEAUTY PencENT G5 JO <3 Editions / £ J •♦ *! The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edition after examination. Edition 5 is the only one that gained upon examina- tion. The others dropped slightly. 60 S3 so -#o 35 JO Z5 ZO E^ZilTio/^3 / e ^ ■*■ ^ The per cent of choices for each edition by combining; inspection and examination. It is auite obvious that Edition 5 was more appealinj; than the others. THIRD GRADE. RCFiCENT EXPERIMENT III: STORY OF PETER RABBIT F*£KCENT 90 so 65" £0 so -ft5 ss .30 £DirioNS / £ J -^ s The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edi- tion by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices after its examination. Edition 2 gains considerably upon examina- tion. All the rest drop slightly. so ss JO zs ZO ^Dinof^s / S: ^ ■* S The per cent of choices for each edition by combining inspection and examination. It is auite obvious that Edition 4 makes a much greater ap- peal than the others. 35 THIRD GRADE. PeRCENT lOO as 90 es BO /3 70 65 60 S5 SO IS -*o JO EXPERIMENT IV: STORY OF BLACK SAMBO PsnCENT /OO ^DiTiof^a I s J * s The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edi- tion by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edition after examination. Editions 1 and 4 eain upon examina- tion. The rest drop slightly. 90 as so 65 bo ss so *5 AO 3S 30 ZS zo IS lO 5 Coitions i Z -3 4 6 The per cent of choices for each edition by combining inspection and examination. Edition 4 obviously ex- erted a much greater appeal. THIRD GRADE. EXPERIMENT V: STORY OF THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS fERCZNT as ss so BO SS SO SoiriOf^S I z ^ ^ s The uninterrupted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edi- tion by inspection only. The dotted line indicates the per cent of choices for each edition after examination. Editions 1, 2, and 3 eain sliKhtly upon examination. Editions 4 and 6 lost a Kreat deal. SoiT 36 The per cent of choices for each edition by combinine inspection and examination. All editions seem to atert about the same attraction with the exception of Edition 1. The al- most uniform distribution indicates that, there was not one of the five An''°i.°^ *??Tf'"K » 'ery ereat charm. AU but Edition 1 seem to exert averaee attraction. THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS 3/ II. Determination of a Numerical Value for Rating Books Since there were five editions of any given story presented to the children at one time, it is quite obvious that if all the books exerted about equal attraction, approximately the same proportion of children would choose each of the five editions. That is to say, there would be a fairly uniform distribution among all the five editions ; or about ^ or 20^ of all the votes would be cast for each. If, on the other hand, there were any editions having greater attraction for the children, a greater number than 20^ of them would select them. Therefore, whenever there is a fairly uniform distribu- tion among the five editions ranging around the 20^ mark, we may conclude that among the five editions presented at that particular time, there was no one outstanding edition possessing more than average attraction. If 20^ of children, then, choose a certain edition, we judge that edition to have merely average attraction. If more than 20^ of the children select an edition, we judge that edition to have greater than average attraction. We calculate the amount of attracting power it has by subtracting 20^ from the actual per cent of votes it received. This deviation from the average was then assigned as the value for that particular edition. For example, 50^ of all the first grade children selected the fifth edition of the Cin- derella story ; we assign then a value of -|- 30 to that particular edition. 20^ of the second grade children selected the fifth edition of the Night Before Christmas story; we assign, therefore, a zero value to that edition, and conclude that it possesses but average attraction for primary children. A positive value, therefore, assigned to a particular edition signifies that more than 20^ of all the children selected it. A zero value indicates mere average attractions. On the other hand, if less than one-fifth or 20^ of all the children failed to select any particular edition, we conclude 38 THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS that that edition exerted less than average attraction. The difference between the actual per cent choosing it and 20^ will be a negative value assigned to that particular edition. For example, we find that only 8^ of the first grade children selected, by inspection, the third edition of the Cinderella story ; we therefore assign a negative value of — 12 to that particular edition. In the second grade, we find that only 13^ of the children selected, by examination, the third edition of the Black Sambo story; we therefore assign a negative value of —7 to that particular edition. Tables 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 indicate the values assigned each edition in the five experiments. TABLE 4 Assigned Values to Editions Used in the First Experiment the story of cindesella Editions: 12 3 4 5 Grades: 12 3123123123123 Inspection . . — 2 —2 —1 —10 —12 —6 —12 —6 —12 — 6 —12 —14 +30 +32 +34 Examination —7 —6 —8 —11 — 8—4 —12 —9 — 4 —11 —15 —18 +42 +38 +35 Inspection . . — 4 —4 —6 —10 —10 —5 —12 —7 — 8 — 7 —13 —16 +36 +36 +34 and Examination TABLE 5 Assigned Values to Editions Used in the Second Experiment the story of sleeping beauty Editions: 12 3 4 5 Grades: 123123123123 'l 2 3 Inspection . .—10 —13 — 9 —16 +2 +10 —16 —7 —1 — 9 — 7 —18 +39 +26 +19 Examination— ID —17 —16 —16 +3+8 —16 —6 —2 —14 —11 —20 +40 +31 +29 Inspection . .—10 —16 —13 —15 +3 + 9 —15 —7 —2 —11 — 9 —19 +40 +29 +24 and ^ Examination TABLE 6 • Assigned Values to Editions Used in the Second Experiment the story of peter rabbit Editions: 1 2 8 4 j Grades: 12 3123123128 1 Inspection . . —7 —16 — 9 —13 —7 — 7 —12 —11 —8 +14 +31 +17 +18 Examination —4 —11 —15 —12 —1 +12 —12 —15 —7 + 9 +26 +17 +20 Inspection.. —6 —14 —12 —13 —4 + 2 —12 —IS —8 +12 +28 +17 +19 and Examination 2 3 +3 +7 +2 —7 +2 THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS 2)9 TABLE 7 Assigned Values to Editions Used in the Fourth Experiment THE story of black SAMBO Editions: 12 3 4 5 Grades: 123128123123123 Inspection . . —2 —11 —10 —1 —10 —6 —12 —11 — S +12 +23 +20 +3 +10 0* Examination 0* —12 — 9—6 —13 —9 —10 — 7 —10 +14 +23 +33 +3 + 9 —4 Inspection . . —1 —12 —10 —3 —12 —7 —11 — 9 — 7 +13 +23 +26 +3 +10 —2 and Examination TABLE 8 Assigned Values to Editions Used in the Fifth Experiment THE story of THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS Editions: 12 3 4 5 Grades: 1 2 3123123123123 Inspection . . —9 —10 —8 —5 + 7 +4 — 4 —5 —2 +2 —2 +3 +17 +11 +3 Examination —8 —12 —5 +1 +17 +6 +18 —7 +6 —6 0" 0* 0* + 2 —6 Inspection . . —9 —11 —7 —2 +12 +5 + 4 —6 +2 —2 —1 +1 + 8 + 6 —1 and Examination * Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. III. Comparability of Values From One Experiment TO Another (a) The five volumes of the Christmas Stocking Editions compared. The first edition used in each of the five experi- ments was the very small red-backed edition known as the Christmas Stocking Edition. The value assigned this edition, by combining inspection and examination in the various grades, is given in table 9. TABLE 9 Assigned Values to the Books Used as Edition i in all Five Experiments (Christmas stocking edition) Grade Stories getnfBeautV.-}s-«'^°°k-{ Peter Rabbit Black Sambo Night Before Christmas Mean * Note the drop in values the second time this book was used. 1 2 3 — 4 — 4 — 5 —10 —IS _I3* — 6 —14 —12 — I — 12 —10 — 9 — II — 7 — 6 —II — 9 40 THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS We may, for comparative purposes, consider these four books of the same edition as a single series. They were identical in physical make-up, and dififered only in such de- tails as a difference in the content would render inevitable. For instance, the illustrations, done by the same artist, were very similar in general appearance but being illustrations of different stories would necessarily be different in detail. In like manner, throughout, the four tiny booklets differed only in such essential details. All general features remained the same. The series has a negative value in all three grades in all five experiments. There is no great variation in the assigned values in the five experiments. (b) The Wee Book Series, The Crane Book, and the All About Edition compared (identical in size) . The books used as the second edition in the five experiments were uniform in size. They differed, however, in some important details. In table lo is given the assigned values in all three grades by combining inspection and examination. TABLE 10 Assigned Values to the Books Used as Edition 2* in all Five Experiments Grades btories t *• ^ 12 3 Cinderella — All About — 10 10 s Sleeping Beauty— Walter Crane —15 + ^ J-q Peter Rabbit— Wee Book —13 —4+2 Black Sambo — ^Stokes 3 12 7 Night Before Christmas— Wee Book. — 2 +12 -j-s * Since there was no uniform edition used as a second book in all five experi- ments there is no possibility of obtaining a mean. These books were of uniform thickness and size. They had approximately the same number of pages to a volimie. Each book contained but a single story. The general appear- ance of the page was quite similar. However, they differed in the character of the illustrations. The All About Edition received negative value in all three grades. THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS 4I The Crane Edition received a negative value in the first grade, but a high positive value in the third grade, and a fair positive value in the second. This, from the standpoint of artistic appreciation, is rather interesting. Crane is a high-class illustrator and considered especially fine by ex- perts. We note the lack of appreciation of him in the first grade, giving place to an increased appreciation in the grades above the first, indicated by the greater number of children selecting the Crane book in grades two and three. This is a most encouraging symptom, indicating increase in artistic appreciation with increasing maturity. (c) The five volvunes of the Red Book Edition compared. The third edition used in each of the five experiments was the larger red book called the Red Book Series. These volumes were identical also in all general particulars, differing only in such details as a different story would make necessary. All but one of them contained just two stories. The Red Book Edition used in the fifth experiment not only contained the poem " The Night Before Christmas " but thirty other familiar Mother Goose rhymes. Table ii shows the values of these different volumes in the three grades, by combining values by inspection with values by examination. TABLE 11 Assigned Values to the Books Used as Edition 3 in all Five Experiments Grade Stories 1 ' 12 3 Cinderella —12 — 7 — ^ Sleeping Beauty — 15 -^ 7 — 2 Peter Rabbit —12 —13 —8 Black Sambo —11 — 9 —7 Night Before Christmas + A — 6 +2 Mean — 9 — 8 — 5 From table 1 1 it can be seen that this edition had a rather uniform negative value in all but the fifth experiment. Here, in the first grade, it received -I-4, and in the third grade +2. Although it received a rather low negative value in the second grade yet here, too, it ranked higher than any other one of the series. 42 THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS The cause of the increase in popularity of this special volume will be discussed later. (d) Elson Reader, Saalfield Edition, Hurst Edition, New- American Reader compared. The fourth edition used in each of the five experiments was not uniform in any respect but size. It was hoped to run this entire edition as a text- book series, but it was not possible to obtain these five stories in text-books. The Elson Reader, third book, contained Cin- derella and Sleeping Beauty, hence that was used in both the first and second experiments as the fourth edition. For the third experiment, since " The Story of Peter Rabbit " could not be found in any text-book, the only book of approx- imately uniform size was the Hurst Edition. The same was true of the fourth experiment with the story of Black Sambo, and the Saalfield Edition of that story had to be used, even though it is a little larger and considerably thinner. In the fifth experiment, it was possible to get another text-book, that of the New American Reader, third book. This con- tained the poem " The Night Before Christmas." In table 12 will be found the values for each of these editions in all three grades by combining inspection and examination. TABLE 12 Assigned Values to the Books Used as Edition 4* in all Frra Experiments Stories Editions Grades 12 3 Cinderella Elson Third Reader — 7 — 13 — 16 Sleeping Beauty Elson Third Reader — 11 — g — 19 Peter Rabbit Hurst Edition -|-i2 -I-28 -f-17 Black Sambo Saalfield Edition -f I3 +23 +26 Night Before Christmas. New American Reader (third book) — 2 — i -|-i * Since there was no uniform edition used as a fourth book in all five experi- ments there is no possibility of obtaining a mean. It seems rather obvious that text-books do not make as strong an appeal as do the other editions presented. Reasons for this will be discussed later. (e) Children's Stories That Never Grow Old and Children's First Book of Poetry compared. The fifth THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS 43 edition in each of the five experiments was again uniform as to size. There were but two books used in this edition, because the edition " Children's Stories That Never Grow Old " contained four of the five stories. The other volume used in the fifth edition was of the same size. It was Baker's " The Children's First Book of Poetry." Table 13 shows the values for these two editions, combin- ing inspection and examination in all five experiments in the three grades. TABLE 13 Assigned Values to the Books Used as Edition s * in all Five Experiments Stories Editions Grades 12 3 Cinderella Children's Stories +35 +35 +34 Sleeping Beauty Children's Stories +40 +29 +24 Peter Rabbit Children's Stories +19 +12 of Black Sambo Children's Stories + 3 +10 — 2 Night Before Christmas. Children's First Book of Poetry +8 +6 — i * Since there was no uniform edition used as a fifth book in all five experi- ments, there is no possibility of obtaining a mean. t Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. It will be noted that both these editions were favorably received by the children. The reasons for this favorable reception will be discussed later on. IV. Summary of the Values Assigned Different Editions TABLE 14 Mean Values in Grades Grades 1. The Christmas Stocking Edition (four different books used 12 3 five times) '• ^ 11 ^ 2. All About Edition (one book used once) —10 —10 — 5 3. Wee Book Edition (two different books used once' each) . . — 8 + i + i i. Walter Crane Edition (one book used once) —15 + S +9 5. Stokes Edition (one book used once) — 3 —12 — 7 6. Red Book Edition (five different books used once each) . . . —19 — 8 — 6 7. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (one book used four times) +27 +22 +U 8 Baker, Children's First Book of Poetry (one book used once) +8 +6 +1 9. Elson Reader (one book used twice) —9 —11 —18 10. Hurst Edition (one book used once) +12 +28 +17 11. Saalfield Edition (one book used once) +13 +23 +26 12. The New American Reader (one book used once) — 2 — 1 +1 44 THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS TABLE IS Editions Ranked by Grades in Order OF Preference First grade Second grade Third grade ValU£ ; Title Val-ue Title Value Title +27 Children's Stories +28 Hurst Edition. +26 Saalfield Edition. That Never Grow +23 Saalfield Edition. +17 Hurst Edition. Old. +22 Children's Stories +14 Children's Stories +13 Saalfield Edition. That Never Grow That Never Grow +12 Hurst Edition. Old. Old. + 8 Children's First + 6 Children's First + 9 Walter Crane Edi- Book of Poetry. Book of Poetry. tion. — 2 New American + 4 Wee Bock Edition. + i Wee Book Edition. Reader. + 3 Walter Crane Edi- + 1 Children's First — 3 Stokes Edition. tion. Book of Poetry. — 6 Christmas Stock- — 1 New American + 1 New American ing. Reader. Reader. — 8 Wee Book Edition. — 8 Red Book Edition. — 5 Red Book Edition. — 9 Elson Reader. —10 All About Edition. — 5 All About Edition. —10 All About Edition. —11 Christmas Stock- — 7 Stokes Edition. —15 Walter Crane. ing Edition. — 9 Christmas Stock- —19 Red Book Edition. —11 Elson Reader. ing. —12 Stokes Edition. —18 Elson Reader. TABLE 16 Editions Ranked in Accordance with the Mean Value from the Three Grades Rank Value Edition Coltor of cover 1 +21 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old.... Yellow 2 +20 Saalfield Edition, Black Sambo Blue 3 +19 Hurst Edition, Peter Rabbit Green-Grey 4 +5 Children's First Book of Poetry Blue 6 0* Wee Book Edition Blue 6 — 1 New American Reader Blue 7 — 1 Crane Edition, Sleeping Beauty Crane picture and grey border 8 —7 Stokes Edition, Black Sambo Green- Yellow 9 — 8 All About Edition, Cinderella Green 10 — 9 Christmas Stocking Edition Red 11 —1 Red Book Edition Red 12 —16 Elson Third Reader Low Orange * Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THESE DATA 1. Great differences in values appeared to be attached to different books by primary children. 2. Second and third grade children seem to agree rather closely in preferences for books. 3. First grade children differ more widely from second and third grade children in their choices. THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS 45 4. Certain books obviously make greater appeal than do others. Computation of the Mean Value Assigned Each Edition in all Grades : and Comparison of the Ranks Assigned Each Edition in the Different Grades (There were 12 editions ranked) children's stories that never grow old Grade Value 1 +27 2 +22 3 +14 Mean +21 Ranked first in the first grade, dropped two places in the second and third grades and was ranked third in both these grades. saalfield, black sambo 1 +13 Ranked second in the first and second grade, gained one 2 +23 place in the third and was ranked first. 3 +26 Mean +20 hurst, peter rabbit 1 +12 Ranked third in the first grade, gained two places in the 2 -j-28 second and was ranked first, gained one place in the 3 -[-17 third and was ranked second. Mean +19 + 8 + 6 + I Mean + 5 + I Mean — i — 3 — 12 — 7 children's first book of poetry Ranked fourth in the first and second grades ; dropped two places in the third and was ranked sixth. NEW AMERICAN READER Ranked fifth in the first grade, dropped two places in the second and third grades and was ranked seventh. STOKES, BLACK SAMBO Ranked sixth in the first grade; dropped six places in the second and was ranked twelfth or last ; and gained to tenth place in the third grade. Mean — 7 1 —6 2 — I 3 — 9 Mean — 8 4 CHRISTMAS STOCKING EDITION (Mean value of the four books of this edition) Ranked seventh in the first grade; dropped three places in the second grade and was ranked tenth ; and dropped one more place in the third grade and was ranked eleventh. 46 THE BASIS FOR EVALUATING BOOKS WEE BOOK EDITION (Mean value of the two books of this edition) 1 — 8 Ranked eighth in the first grade; gained three places in 2 +4 both the second and third grades and was ranked fifth. 3 +5 Mean o* * Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. ELSON THIRD GRADE READER 1 — 9 Ranked ninth in the first grade ; dropped two places in 2 — II the second grade and was ranked eleventh; dropped one 3 — 18 more place in the third grade and was ranked twelfth or last Mean — 16 ALL ABOUT EDITION, CINDERELLA 1 — ID Ranked tenth in the first grade; gained one place in the 2 — ID second and third grades and was ranked ninth. 3 — S Mean — 8 WALTER CRANE EDITION, SLEEPING BEAUTY 1 — IS Ranked eleventh in the first grade; gained five places in 2 +3 the second grade and was ranked sixth; gained two 3 +9 additional places in the third grade and was ranked fourth. Mean — i RED BOOK EDITION 1 — 19 Ranked twelfth and last in the first grade; gained four 2 — 8 places in both second and third grades and was ranked 3 — 5 eighth. Mean — li CHAPTER IV. EDITIONS CHILDREN PREFER I. Experiment I: The Story of Cinderella Submitted IN Five Different Editions TABLE 17 Inspection and examination Inspection Exiamination , ^ , , « , , « , Grades: Ed. 123 4S 1234S 1234S First —4 —10 —12 — Y +SS —2 —10 —12 — 6 +80 —7 —11 —12 —11 +42 Second .... —1 —10 — 7 —13 +35 —2 -12 — 6 —12 +32 —6 — 8 — 9 —16 +38 Third —5 — 5 — 8 —16 +34 —1 — 6 —12 —14 +34 —8 — 4 — 4 —18 +36 Mean —4 — 8 — 9 —12 +36 —2 — 9 —10 —11 +32 —7 — 8 — 8 —15 +38 (a) Table 17 gives the values assigned to the editions used in the first experiment: Edition i has a negative value in all three grades, both by inspection and examination. Also it dropped five points by examination. Edition 2 likewise received a negative value in all three grades, both by inspection and examination. In the second grade it gained four points by examination. In the third grade it gained two points by examination. Edition 3 received a negative value in all three grades by inspection and examination. In the third grade, however, it gained eight points after examination. Edition 4 received a negative value in all three grades by inspection and examination. It dropped five points after examination. Edition 5 received a positive value in all three grades both by inspection and examination. It dropped six points after examination. (b) Table showing the values and the rank in order of preference. (Inspection and examination combined.) Mean value (all three Rank Titles of editions grades) Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... +35 i Christmas Stocking Edition — 4 2 All About Edition — 8 3 Red Book Edition — 9 4 Elson Third Reader —12 5 47 48 EDITIONS CHILDREN PREFER (c) Books in Experiment I, exhibiting more than average attraction (more than 20^ choosing them) . ( 1 ) By inspection and examination combined : Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (in all grades). Value +35. (2) By inspection alone : Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (in all grades). Value +32. (3) By examination alone: Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (in all grades). Value +38. II. Experiment II: The Story of Sleeping Beauty Submitted in Five Different Editions TABLE 18 iDspection and examination Inspection Examination Grades: Ed. 12345 12345 1 2345 First —10 —15 —3 —U +40 —10 —16 —4 — 9 +39 —10 —15 —2 —14 +40 Second ....—15 + S —7 — 9 +29 —13 + 2 —7 — 7 +26 —17 + 3—6 — U +31 Tliird —13 + 9—2 —19 +24 — 9 +10 —1 —18 +19 —16 + 8—2 —20 +29 Mean —13 — 1 — 4 — 13 +Sl — 11 — 1 — 4 — 11 +28 — U — 1 —3—15+33 (a) Table i8 gives the values assigned to the editions used in the second experiment : Edition i received a negative value in all grades both by inspection and examination. In the second grade it dropped four points after examination. In the third grade it dropped seven points after examination. Edition 2 received a negative value in the first grade, but a positive value in the second and third grade both by inspec- tion and examination. Edition 3 received a negative value in all grades both by inspection and examination. Edition 4 received a negative value in all grades both by inspection and examination. It dropped four points after examination. Edition 5 received a positive value in all grades both by inspection and examination. It gained five points by examination. EDITIONS CHILDREN PREFER 49 (b) Table showing the value and the rank in order of preference. (Inspection and examination combined.) Mean value (air three Titles of editions grades) Rank Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +31 i Crane Edition — i 2 Red Book Edition — 4 3 Christmas Stocking Edition — 13 4.5 Elson Third Reader — 13 5.5 (c) Books in Experiment II exhibiting more than average attraction (more than 20^ choosing them). ( 1 ) By inspection and examination combined : Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (in all grades). Value +31. (2) By inspection alone: Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (in all grades). Value +28. Crane Edition (in grade two). Value +2. Crane Edition (in grade three). Value +10. (3) By examination alone : Stories That Never Grow Old (in all grades). Value +37. Crane Edition (in grade two). Value +3. Crane Edition (in grade three). Value +8. III. Experiment III: The Story of Peter Rabbit Submitted in Five Different Editions TABLE 19 Inspection and examination Inspection Examination Grades: Ed. 1284S 12S45 12345 First — 6 —13 —12 +12 +19 — 7—13 —12 +U +18 — 4 —12 —12 + 9 +20 Second ....-14 -4-13+28 + 2 -16 - 7 -11 +31 + 3-11-1 -15 +25 + 2 Third —12 + 2 — 8+17 0« — 9 — 7 — 8 +17 + 7 —16 +12 - 7 +17 — 7 Mean —10 — 6 -11 +19 + 7—11 — 9 —10 +21 + 9 -10 0* -11 +17 + 5 ' Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. (a) Table 19 gives the values assigned to the editions used in the third experiment : Edition i received a negative value in all three grades both by inspection and examination. so EDITIONS CHILDREN PREFER Edition 2 likewise received negative value in the first and second grades both by inspection and examination. In the third grade, -7 was assigned to it by inspection, but after examination it gained 19 points and received +12 for its evaluation. Edition 3 received negative values in all three grades both by inspection and examination. Edition 4 received positive values in all three grades both by inspection and examination. 34^ of all the first grade children, 51^ of all the second grade children, and 37^ of all the third grade children chose it by inspection. In the first grade it dropped 5 points by examination, in the second grade it dropped 6 points. The external sensory appeals of this book we judge to be more potent than the internal charms for the younger primary children. In the third grade the same value was assigned by inspection as by examination. Edition 5 in both the second and third grades received a positive value both by inspection and examination. In the third grade, however, it drops from a positive value of 4- 7 by inspection to a negative value of —7 after examination. The externality of the book would seem favorable for all grades. In the third grade, the drop after examination might be due to the fact that this is the third time the children have had this book presented to them, and they may have read all the stories that appealed to them. (b) Table showing the value and the rank in order of preference. (Inspection and examination combined.) Mean value (in all Titles of editions grades) Rank Hurst Edition +19 I Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... +7 2 Wee Book Series — S 3 Christmas Stocking Series — 10 4 Red Book Series — 11 5 (c) Books in Experiment III exhibiting more than aver- age attraction (more than 20^ choosing them). EDITIONS CHILDREN PREFER 51 ( 1 ) By inspection and examination combined : Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (in all grades). Value +7. Hurst Edition (in all grades). Value +19. Wee Book Edition (in grade three only). Value + 2. (2) By inspection alone: Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (in all grades). Value +9. Hurst Edition (in all grades). Value +21. (3) By examination alone: Wee Book Edition (in third grade only). Value + 12. Hurst Edition (in all grades). Value +17. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (in first and second grades only). Value +11. IV. Experiment IV: The Story of Black Sambo Submitted in Five Different Editions TABLE 20 Inspection and examination Inspection Examination Grades: Ed. 12345 12346 12345 First — 9 — 2 —11 +13 + 3—2 — 1 —12 +12 + 8 0» — 6 —10 +14 +3 Second . . . .—12 —12 — 9 +23 +10 —11 —10 —11 +23 +10 —12 —13 — 7+23 +9 Third —10 — 7 — 7+28 — 2 —10 — 6 — 3 +20 0* — 9 — 9 —10 +33 —4 Mean —10 — 7 — 9 +21 + 4-8-6 — 9 +18 + 4 — 7 — 9 — 9 +23 +8 * Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. (a) Table 20 gives the values assigned to the editions used, in the fourth experiment : Edition i received negative values in all three grades both by inspection and examination. Edition 2 received negative values in all three grades both by inspection and examination. Edition 3 received negative values in all three grades both by inspection and examination. 52 EDITIONS CHILDREN PREFER Edition 4 received positive values in all three grades both by inspection and examination. In the first grade it gained two points after examination, in the third grade it gained thirteen points after examination. In the second grade ex- actly the same value was placed upon it by inspection and examination. Edition 5 received positive values in both first and second grades. In the third grade, it was valued just as average (20^ choosing it) by inspection. It dropped to —4 after examination (only 16^ choosing it) . The cause for this drop after examination has been suggested in the previoiis experi- ment. This is the fourth time this identical volume has been given to the children. Externally it was promising, but ex- amination, no doubt, revealed the fact that all the material had been previously read. (b) Table showing the values and the rank in order of preference. (Inspection and examination combined.) Mean value (all three Titles of editions grades) Rank Saalfield Edition -|-2i i Oiildren's Stories That Never Grow Old. .. -\- 4 2 Stokes Edition — 7 3 Red Book Series — 9 4 Christmas Stocking Series — 10 S (c) Books in Experiment IV exhibiting more than aver- age attraction (more than 20^ choosing them). ( 1 ) By inspection and examination combined : Saalfield Edition (in all grades). Value -I- 21. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (in first and second grades) . Value + 7. (2) By inspection alone : Saalfield Edition (in all grades). Value -t-i8. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (in all grades). Value +4. (3) By examination alone : Saalfield Edition (in all grades). Value +23. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old (in first and second grades). Value -|- 6. EDITIONS CHILDREN PREFER 53 V. Experiment V: The Story of The Night Before Christmas Submitted in Five Different Editions TABLE 21 Inspection and examination Inspection Examination Grades: Ed. 123451 234~612S45 First — 9 — 2 +4 —2+8 — 9—5—4 +2+17 — 8 + 1+13 —5 0* Second ....—11+12 —6 —1 +6—10 +7 —5 —2+11—12+17 — 7 0» +2 Third — 7 + 5 +2 +1 —2 — 9 +4 —2 +3 + 3 — 5 + 6 + 6 0* —6 Mean — 9 + 6 0* —1 +4 — 9 +2 —4 +1 +10 — 8+11 + 4 —1 —1 * Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. (a) Table 21 gives the values assigned to the editions used in fifth experiment : Edition i received negative values in all three grades both by inspection and examination. Edition 2 received negative value in grade one by inspec- tion, but gained 6 pyoints by examination and received a value of +1. In the second and third grades this edition received positive values both by inspection and examination. In the second grade, it gained 10 points after examination, and in the third grade, 2 points. Edition 3 received a negative value in the first grade by inspection, gained 17 points by examination and received a value of +13. In the second grade it received a negative value both by inspection and examination. In the third grade it received a negative value by inspection but gained 8 points by examination and received a value of +6. Edition 4 received a positive value in the first grade by inspection but dropp)ed 7 pnaints by examination and received a value of —5. In the second grade it received a negative value of —2 by inspection but reached zero or average value after examination. In the third grade, it received positive value of +3 by inspection but dropped to zero (average attraction, 20^ choosing it) by examination. Edition 5 received + 17 in the first grade by inspection but dropped 17 points to zero value (average attraction, 20^ choosing it) after examination. In the second grade it 54 EDITIONS CHILDREN PREFER received positive value both by inspection and examination, although it dropped 9 points after examination. In the third grade it received positive value by inspection but dropped 9 points to negative value after examination. (b) Table showing the values and the rank in order of preference. (Inspection and examination combined.) Mean value (in all Titles of editions grades) Rank Wee Book Series +S i Children's First Book of Poetry +4 2 Red Book Series *o 3 American Reader — i 4 Oiristmas Stocking Series — 9 S * Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. It will be noted that in this fifth experiment there is a fairly uniform distribution of choices, clustering around 20'f,. This is due to the fact that there was no volume used in this experiment that appeared to intrigue the interest of the children greatly. Being compelled to make a choice, they did so, rather indifferently. We find, therefore, a fairly uniform distribution. (c) Books in Experiment V exhibiting more than average attraction (more than 20^ choosing them) . ( 1 ) By inspection and examination combined : Wee Book Edition (in second and third grades). Value +5. Children's First Book of Poetry (in first and second grades). Value +4. (2) By inspection alone : Wee Book Edition (in second and third grades). Value +2. Children's First Book of Poetry (in all grades). Value +10. (3) By examination alone: Wee Book Edition (in all grades). Value +11. Red Book Edition (in first and third grades). Value +4. EDITIONS CHILDREN PREFER 55 VI. Summary of Facts from all Five Experiments BOOKS in all five EXPERIMENTS RECEIVING POSITIVE VALUES Expert' ment I, II, A. BY INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION COMBINED III Mean Titles value Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... +35 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. . . +31 Crane Edition -j- 6 Hurst Edition -(-19 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. . . + 7 Wee Book Edition 4-2 IV. Saalfield Edition +21 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... +7 V. Wee Book Edition -f S Children's First Book of Poetry +4 Red Book Edition + 3 B. BY INSPECTION ALONE I. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... +28 II. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... +28 Crane Edition -j- 6 III. Hurst Edition +21 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... -j- 9 IV. Saalfield Edition +18 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... + 4 V. Wee Book Edition + 2 New American Reader + i Children's First Book of Poetry -j-io I. II. III. IV. C. BY EXAMINATION ALONE Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... +38 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. . . +33 Crane Edition +6 Wee Book Edition +12 Hurst Edition +17 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... +11 Saalfield Edition +23 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... +6 Wee Book Edition +11 Red Book Edition +4 Children's First Book of Poetry +2 Grades 1,2,3 1,2,3 2,3 only 1,2,3 1,2,3 3 only 1,2,3 1, 2 only 2,3 only 1, 2 only I, 3 only only 1,2,3 1,2,3 2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 2,3 only I, 3 only 1,2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 only 3 only 2,3 2 2,3 2 2,3 3 2 only only only only VII. General Conclusions 1. It is quite obvious that all the books did not make the same appeal to the children, and that some books were much more preferred than were certain others. 2. Those books which received a high positive evaluation by inspection alone, must have certain external pleasing features. 56 EDITIONS CHILDREN PREFER 3. Books which after examination received a high positive value must have certain internal pleasing features. 4. Books losing after examination, yet receiving a positive value by inspection, pleased because of external physical characteristics. 5. Books gaining after examination, and receiving a nega- tive value by inspection, pleased by certain internal qualities. In the next chapter an attempt will be made to discover what are the pleasing factors, both external and internal, in the physical make-up of the books that influence selection. CHAPTER V. THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PREFERRED BOOKS I. External Factors In order to determine whether the general appearance of the book influenced in any respect the children's choices, the following experiment was conducted: All the books used in the five experiments previously des- cribed were covered uniformly in tan paper. The five ex- periments were repeated with these covered books in pre- cisely the same manner, in the same schools, and in the same grades of these schools although in different classes. The books, therefore, externally, had but a single variant in these later experiments, that of size. These later experiments were given in the same schools in order not to introduce a novel condition in the social status of the children registering choices of books. Different classes of the first, second, and third grade children were used, however, because it was thought that if the same children were used in the second set of experiments, they might have remembered something of the character- istics of the books from their former contact with them. This might prevent them making unbiased choices. The books were placed before the pupils just as in the previous experiments and the children after inspecting them designated from which one of the five tan-paper-covered books they chose to finish reading the story which the ex- perimenter had started. Table 22 gives the values assigned to each edition used in the five experiments when covered in tan paper. 57 58 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS VALUE OF EDITIONS WHEN COVERED IN TAN PAPER TABLE 22 EXPERIMENT i: THE STORY OF CINDERELLA SUBMITTED IN FIV DIFFERENT EDITIONS Value Edition Grades: 1 2 1. Christmas Stocking Edition — 6 —11 2. All About Edition —IS + i 3. Red Book Edition + 1 +5 4. Elson Third Reader +9 +" 5. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. . +17 +15 Mean — 9 — 7 + 3 +10 +15 EXPERIMENT II : THE STORY OF SLEEPING BEAUTY SUBMITTED IN FIVE DIFFERENT EDITIONS 1. Christmas Stocking Edition — 8 —10 —13 —10 2. Crane Edition —9 —H —10 —11 3. Red Book Edition —11 — " +1 —7 4. Elson Third Reader +7 +8 +5 +7 5. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. . +20 +43 +I4 +26 EXPERIMENT III: THE STORY OF PETER RABBIT SUBMITTED IN FIVE DIFFERENT EDITIONS 1. Christmas Stocking Edition —20 —20 — 13 — 18 2. Wee Book Edition — 8 —20 —12 —13 3. Red Book Edition +12 +6 —3 +5 4. Hurst Edition — 2 — 6 — 5 — 4 5. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old.. + 2 +40 +33 +25 EXPERIMENT IV : THE STORY OF BLACK SAMBO SUBMITTED IN FIVE DIFFERENT EDITIONS 1. Christmas Stocking Edition — 5 — 8 +1 — 4 2. Stokes Edition — 4 — ^20 — 7 — 10 3. Red Book Edition +11 — 9 — 3 of 4. Saalfield Edition -(-13 — 17 — 10 — 5 5. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. . -j-is +53 +19 +29 EXPERIMENT V : THE STORY OF THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS 1. Christmas Stocking Edition — 2 — 12 — 10 — 8 2. Wee Book Edition +14 -|- i — 2 +4 3. Red Book Edition -\- 3 — 10 — 11 — 6 4. New American Reader, Book Three — 10 +3 — 4 — i 5. Children's First Book of Poetry — 5 -j-i -\- y -j-i * Because of administrative difficulty in arranging tlie schedule, it was not possible to try this experiment in the third grades. t Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 59 Evaluation of the Influence Exerted by the General Appearance of the Cover The difference between the values assigned an edition by inspection when covered in tan paper and the value assigned to that same edition when inspected in its original cover was found. The difference in these values would indicate either positively or negatively the amount of attraction exerted by the cover. In tables 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27 will be found the values assigned the five editions used in each of the five experiments. Column one gives the values assigned by inspection in origi- nal covers ; column two gives the values assigned by inspec- tion when covered with tan paper. TABLE 23 experiment i: story of Cinderella submitted in five different editions Value in original Value in tan paper cover covers , ' > , « , Edition Grades: 12 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean 1. Christmas Stocking Edition —2 —12 —1 —2 —6 —11 ..* —9 2. All About Edition .^—10 —12 —6 —9 —15 —1 .. —7 3. Red Book Edition —12 —6 —12 —10 + 1 + 6 .. +3 4. Elson Third Reader —11 —15 —18 —15 +9 +11 .. +10 6. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +30 +32 +34 +32 +17 +15 .. +16 * Owing to some administrative difficulty with regard to the third grade schedule, it was impossible to get a free period to try this experiment. Among these editions it will be noted that Children's Stories That Never Grow Old dropped 21 points when covered in tan paper. The original cover evidently exerted a strong positive attraction. The Red Book and the Elson Third Reader on the other hand gained considerably when covered in tan paper. The obvious conclusion here is that the original covers had exerted negative ' attraction. ' By negative influence is meant a relative negative influence ; relative to the mean attraction of the entire group of five books. 6o PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS The other editions were evaluated negatively in nearly every instance both in the original covers and when in tan paper covers. Therefore, their covers could have had little attracting power. TABLE 24 EXPERIMENT II : STORY OF SLEEPING BEAUTY SUBMITTED IN FIVE DIFFERENT EDITIONS Value in Value in tan original cover paper cover I '' > I " > Edition Grades: 12 3 Mean 12 3 Mean I.Christmas Stocking Edition —10 —13 —9 — U —8 —10 —13 —10 2. Crane Edition —16 +2 +10 —1 —9 —14 —10 -11 3. Red Book Edition —4 —7 —7 —6 — U —11 +1 —7 4. Elson Third Reader —9 —7 —18 —11 +7 +8 +5 +7 6. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +39 +26 +19 +28 +20 +43 +14 +26 In this experiment, again, the Children's Stories That Neyer Grow Old received a sUghtly higher value in the original cover than when covered in tan paper. Our former conclusion concerning the attraction of the cover seems valid. Again the Elson Reader gained considerably in value when covered. The original cover evidently exerted a negative influence. The Crane Edition received a value of — i, practically average attraction, in its original cover and dropped lo points to — II when covered in tan paper. If the second and third grades only were taken into account it would have received a positive value of +6 in its original cover, with a drop of i8 points to — 12 when covered. In the first grade it was negatively valued both times. It would seem that this cover, which consists almost entirely of a Crane illustration of the hero discovering Sleep- ing Beauty, is attractive to older primary children and not to the younger. This same fact concerning the Crane illus- tration was found to be true in the previous experiment. The other two editions, Christmas Stocking and Red Book, are negatively valued in both cases in all three grades. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 6l TABLE 25 EXPERIMENT III : STORY OF PETER RABBIT SUBMITTED IN FIVE DIFFERENT EDITIONS Values in VaMes in tan original cover paper cover I * \ I ' > Edition Grades: 12 3 Mean 12 3 Mean 1. Christmas Stocking Edition —7 —16 —9 —11 —20 —20 —13 —18 2. Wee Book Edition —13 —7 —7 —9 —8 —20 —12 —13 3. Red Book Edition —12 —11 — 8 —10 +12 +6 — 3 +5 4. Hurst Edition +14 +31 +17 +21 — 2 — 6 — 5 — 4 6. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +18 +S +7 +9 +2 +40 +33 +25 In this third inspection, the edition of the Children's Stories That Never Grow Old, while receiving a high positive value in its original cover, gains i6 points when covered in tan paper. The conclusion suggested here is that the children seeing the book for the third time judged they had exhausted its contents and selected it less widely ; but when not able to recognize it in its tan cover, the book, from mere size, seemed to invite inspection. The Hurst Edition received a positive value of +21 in its original cover by inspection and but —4 when covered in paper. The original cover evidently had attractive character- istics. The Red Book Edition received a negative value of — 10 when inspected in its original cover and + 5 when inspected in tan paper. The original cover, therefore, exerted a nega- tive influence. The Christmas Stocking Edition and the Wee Book Edi- tion were negatively evaluated throughout. TABLE 26 EXPERIMENT IV : STORY OF BLACK SAMBO SUBMITTED IN FIVE DIFFERENT EDITIONS Values in Values in tan original cover paper cover Edition Grades: 12 3 Mean 12 3 Mean I.Christmas Stocking Edition — 2 —11 —10 —8 —5 —8 +1 —4 2. Stokes Edition — 1 —10-6—6—4—20+7 +10 3. Red Book Edition —12 -11—8—9+11—9—3 0* 4. Saalfield Edition +12 +23 +20 +18 +13 —17 —10 —6 6. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +3 +10 0* + 4 +16 +53 +19 +29 * Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. 5 62 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS In this fourth inspection of Children's Stories That Never Grow Old the same thing occurred as had in the previous experiment. The book still received a positive value in its original cover, but this is not nearly so high as when covered in tan paper. Again it seems due to the realization upon the part of the children that because of its very familiar appear- ance, they had exhausted its contents. While when covered in tan paper, not being able to recognize it as the same book, its size apparently intrigued their interests. Saalfield Edition received a value of + 18 when inspected in its original cover and a value of —5 when covered in paper. The original cover evidently exerted attractive qualities. The Red Book Edition is negative in its original cover but gains 1 1 points when covered in tan paper. The cover evi- dently exerted a negative influence. The other two editions were negatively valued throughout. TABLE 27 EXPERIMENT V : THE POEM OF THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS SUBMITTED IN FIVE DIFFERENT EDITIONS Values in Values in tan original cover paper cover I " N t * > Edition Grades: 12 3 Mean 12 3 Mean I.Christmas Stocking Edition —9 —10 —8 —9 —2 —12 —10 —8 2. Wee Book Edition +6 +6 +4 +5 +U +1—2 +4 S. Red Book Edition — 4 —5 —2 —4 +3 —10 —11 —6 4. New American Reader +2 +2 +3 +2 —10 +3 +4 — 1 5. Children's First Book of Poetry. +17 +11 +13 +14 — 5 +1 +7 +1 The Children's First Book of Poetry received a value of + 14 when inspected in its original cover and dropped 13 points to + 1 when covered in tan paper. The cover evidently exerted positive attraction. The New American Reader was valued at +2 in its origi- nal cover and dropped 3 points to — i when covered. This cover exerted some attraction. The Wee Book Edition was valued at -I- 5 in its original cover and dropped to +4 when covered. Assuming that this small difference is not due to mere chance, the original cover evidently exerted some slight attraction. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 63 The Christmas Stocking and Red Book Editions were negatively valued throughout. summary of the data presented above Mean Values of Books Used More Than Once I. mean value assigned children's stories that never grow old (prom the four times it was used) Value in Value in tan Experiment original cover paper cover I +32 +16 II +28 +26 III +9 +25 IV +4 +29 Mean +18 +24 2. mean value assigned to CHRISTMAS STOCKING EDITION * Value in Value in tan Experiment original cover paper cover I — 2 — 9 II —II —10 III —II —18 IV — 8 — 4 V —9 —8 Mean — 8 — 10 3. MEAN VALUE ASSIGNED TO RED BOOK EDITION * Value in Val^e in tan Experiment original cover paper cover I —10 + 3 II —6 —7 III —10 + 5 IV — 9 ot V —4 — 6 Mean — 8 — i 4. MEAN VALUE ASSIGNED ELSON THIRD READER Val>ue in Value in tan Experiment original cover paper cover I —IS + I II —IS + 7 Mean — IS + 4 S. MEAN VALUE ASSIGNED TO WEE BOOK EDITION Value in Value in tan Experiment original cover paper cover III — 9 — 7 V +5 +4 Mean — 2 — i • The five books used, one for each experiment were alike in physical char- acteristics. The only difference among the five books was due to necessary changes owing to differing content. t Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. 64 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS A. Editions Whose Original Covers Exerted a Positive Attraction Value in Value in tan Title original cover paper cover Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. . +i8 +24 Hurst Edition +21 — 4 Saalfield Edition +18 — S Children's First Book of Poetry +14 + i New American Reader, Third Book -\- 2 — i B. Editions Whose Original Covers Exerted a Negative Attraction (Those which Gained by Inspection When Covered in Tan Paper) Value in Value ia tan Gain when Title original cover paper cover covered Red Book Edition — 8 — i 7 points Elson Third Reader —13 +4 17 " C Editions Negatively Valued Both When in Original Cover and When Covered in Tan Paper Value in Value in tan Title original cover paper cover Wee Book Edition — 2 — i Christmas Stocking Edition — 8 — 10 All About Edition —9 — 7 Crane Edition — 9 — 11 Stokes Edition — 6 — 10 The editions in the C group appear to have had a rather neutral effect upon the children, the external appearance exerting a little less than average attraction. The Wee Book Edition, however, practically exerted aver- age attraction. There is a great difference in the grades selecting this particular edition showing it to receive a posi- tive value in certain grades and a negative in another. This difference reduced it to the " neutral group." The grade differences will be discussed in a subsequent chapter. conclusions I. There appears to be statistical proof that the external appearance of a cover does exert a rather strong influence upon the selection of books by primary children. Size as a Factor Influencing Choices In table 28 will be found listed those books which when covered in tan paper received a positive value. These books S 1-1 -M Is MO H < 3 > Inch. Inch. Inch. Sa. in. Cu. in n 6 li 46.52 68 7 ^ 38.52 19.25 7i 64 41.26 20.63 74 54 41.25 36 74 5i 39.38 28.79 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 65 were selected by inspection, when covered in a uniform paper cover and differed solely with respect to size. TABLE 28 Value in j< tan paper g cover 0^ Title Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +24 1 Hurst Edition +5 2 Children's First Book of Poetry... + 4 3.6 New American Reader, Book Three + 4 3.6 Elson Third Reader +3 5 CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING SIZE 1. From the above data it seems clear that size is a factor in the physical make-up of a book which influences children's selection. 2. Judging from the data presented in table 28, the opti- mum size for primary children is one averaging 7J inches long, 6 inches wide, and ij inches thick, having a mean area approximately 46.52 sq. in. and a mean volume approxi- mately 58 cu. in. These conclusions, however, are necessarily tentative awaiting results from further experimentation with larger books. Since the largest books used in these experiments received the highest values, it would be necessary to try even larger books than these in order to determine if the children might not favor them. It does, however, seem to settle the question as to the children's preference for diminutive books quoted earlier in the study. Other things being equal, the tiny book does not appear to be best preferred. Influence Exerted by the Color of the Cover The books which received a higher positive value in their original covers than when covered in tan paper must have done so by virtue of the attractiveness of the cover. 66 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS books grouped by similarity of color (a) blue Value in Titl'e original cover C3iildren's First Book of Poetry +14 New American Reader, Book Three + 2 Saalfield Edition +I9 Wee Book Edition (Mean) — i Mean Value +10 (b) red Christmas Stocking Edition (Mean) — 8 Red Book Edition (Mean) — 8 Mean Value — 8 (C) GREEN All About Edition — 10 (d) yellow Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +18 Stokes Edition (Greenish-yellow) — 6 Mean Value + 6 (e) grey Hurst Edition (Greenish-grey) -)-2i Crane Edition — 11 Mean Value -{- 5 (f) low orange Elson Third Reader — 9 EDITION RANKED IN ORDER OF COLOR PREFERENCES Color Blue , Yellow Grey Red Low Orange Green Value Rank - -10 I - - 6 2 - - S 3 — 8 4 — 9 s - -ID 6 The selection of color by these children in these experi- ments does not agree with the report of C. W. Valentine. He reports, " An experiment in Antwerp upon many school children showed that red was the most popular color with children from four to nine years of age, whilst after that age blue was the most popular." ' ^C. W. Valentine: An Introduction to the Experimental Psy- chology of Beauty, p. 15. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 67 The ages of the children in the experiments just described were from five and one-half years, the youngest, to fourteen years, the oldest. Winch made experiments upon 2000 school children in London, ages seven to fifteen years, asking them to write the following colors — white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue, in the order in which they liked them. With the younger children (Standard i) red was the most popular, as it was in Standard 2, 3, 4 in one of the boys' schools. Yellow gen- erally dropped from second or third place with the youngest to fourth or even fifth place with the oldest. Blue, after the first standard, usually takes the first place and green moves from its usual position of fourth place or even fifth with the youngest children to third or even second place with the older children. Mr. Winch gives as the average girl's order of preferences : blue, red, white, green, yellow, black. For the boy's : blue, red, green, yellow, white, black. A second check upon color preferences therefore was made. Twelve books had no pictures or any designs upon the back covers. These were so arranged that their backs only could be inspected, thus preventing the picture design, the lettering, or any other decorative device from influencing choices. The children after inspecting these were directed^ to write, upon slips of paper furnished them, the color they liked best. Table 29 indicates these preferences of ninety (90) second and third grade children. TABLE 29 Number Per cent Rank in of times of times in order of Color chosen chosen preferences Blue 38 42 I Red 24 27 2 Yellow 10 II 3 Green 8 9 4 Pink (a pale red) 3 3 S Grey (a dirty white) 2 2 6.5 Violet (a pale blue) 2 2 6.5 Purple (intense blue) i i 9 Orange (Elson) I i 9 Brown (Elson) I i 9 Total 90 68 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS From the data presented in table 29, there seemed an indi- cation that shade and saturation might have something to do with choice of colors. Some of these blues, yellows, and reds might have been somewhat unpleasant shades, others might have been particularly pleasing. It might be, for example, that if a diiTerent shade of tan or low orange had been used, it might have received greater preferences. In order to determine whether this were true or not, an additional check on color preferences was devised. Instead of asking the children to write the name of the color they liked best, they were asked to write the number of the book they thought had the prettiest color. (Each book had a small number in chalk written in the upper left comer.) There were 161 first, second, and third grade children included in this experiment. Table 30 presents the facts obtained. TABLE 30 First grade Second grade Third grade Times Times Times selected selected selected v ^ ".2'M»i!M?.a« =2" o." 00.- oo.-o o2« BO Hmo HP-OH u a, 1. Stories That Never Grow Old 5 S 8 7 6 13 2 1 3 24 15 2. Elson Third Reader 11250502296 3. Red Book Series 000101S3674 4. New American Reader 30310120263 6. All About Cinderella 00010121342 6. Wee Book, The Night Before Christmas 2 2 7 4 11 4 5 9 22 11 7. Wee Book, Peter Rabbit... 437000123 10 7 8. Christmas Stocking, Cinder- ella and Sleeping Beauty. 1 4 5 6 5 11 6 7 13 29 18 9. Stokes Edition 3 1 4 2 2 2 2 8 5 10. Crane Edition 2 2 2 2 4 6 S 11. Baker Book of Poetry 1 9 10 2 2 4 3 12 15 29 19 12. Hurst Edition 2 2 1 6 6 8 5 20 23 43 32 17 49 26 43 69 161 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 69 TABLE 30.— Cont'd Degree of Color* Shades brightness Rank 1. Yellow Rather intense Medium 3.5 2. Orange Rather low degree of intensity Medium 6 3. Red Rather low degree of intensity Very high ... 9 4. Grey-blue Low degree of intensity Low 10.5 5. Green Fair degree of intensity High 12 6. Blue Rather intense Very high ... 4 7. Blue Intense (purply tone) Medium 5 8. Red Rather intense Medium 1,6 9. Greenish-yellow Very low degree of intensity Very high 7.5 10. Grey Medium degree of intensity Medium 10.5 11. Blue Intense High 1.5 12. Tannish-grey Very low degree of intensity Very high 7.5 * Since there is such a wide discrepancy in names assigned various tints and shades of the same color, the writer asked three students who had recently worked upon color combinations in the psychology laboratory to name these, accepting those names that were agreed upon by the threer. " Low orange " was the color designation bestowed by them upon the Elson Reader which is popularly called tan. They also gauged the intensity and degree of brightness. CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING COLOR 1. Not only color but its shade and saturation are affec- tive factors. 2. Rather intense shades and with a fair degree of bright- ness seem preferred. 3. Blue, red, yellow are the favorite colors. 4. Blue appears to be the chief favorite. 5. Red and yellow alternate between second and third places. 6. The rank of green cannot be obtained from these data. There are too many conflicting reports. Sex and grade differences in color selection will be con- sidered in a subsequent chapter. EFFECT OF TITLES It was thought that perhaps the title of a book might have an influence upon the selection of the children. News- paper reporters, playwriters and the writers of fiction all maintain this to be true concerning adults. In order to find out if a title exerts influence with children, ten different titles were sent to first, second, and third grade children. 70 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS These titles, not real existing ones, were originated for this purpose. They were modeled closely, however, upon existing popular books for children. These ten titles were written upon the board, and the children were asked to choose the one story they would like Santa Claus to bring them at Christmas. (It was the week before Christmas when this experiment was carried on.) Table 31 gives the results. There were 810 children who registered judgments upon these ten titles. 280 first grade pupils 150 boys 130 girls 290 second grade pupils. . . 150 boys 140 girls 240 third grade pupils 120 boys 120 girls Total 810 420 boys 390 girls TABLE 31 Grade I Grade II Grade III S S « S g S ° S o " c" cbSbu c^a MM ajojto ttj «(l>a,<" 4* «maj OJ >, U V'u " rt O O 5 >. O 4)" y .B.g s E-a £ -g-S s; Bi fe .|-a s Abbey Readers 12 8 16 12 2Y 11 4 3 7 6 Book of Poetry 7 5 8 6 15 6 12 8 17 12 In a Toy Shop 60 S3 47 36 97 35 24 15 33 23 Golden Haired Letty.... 19 12 16 12 35 14 11 7 32 22 Stories Ever Fresh 1166743232 Fine Tales 7 6 S 2 10 5 6 4 2 2 Brown Tom 3 2 1 1 4 1 7 5 6 5 Fairy Tales 12 8 12 9 24 10 38 26 25 18 Stone Arrow 6 4 4 SIO 5 13 9 3 2 The World on Wheels.. 33 22 18 14 51 19 32 31 12 8 Total 150 130 280 150 140 TABLE 32 Rank of Titles by Grades Entire First group grade boys and boys and girls girls Abbey Readers 7.5 4 Book of Poetry 5 6 In a Toy Shop i i Golden Haired Letty 4 3 Stories Ever Fresh 10 9 Fine Tales 9 7,5 Brown Tom 7.5 10 Fairy Tales 2 5 Stone Arrow 6 7.5 The World on Wheels. ... 3 2 a s ~^ n S V a Hr «> J3 .^j J3 .^ far ** ■n «i B a e ■fl u u ^ u ^ u ft .?.^ .a-a u 4) n V H PL| H d, H Ck H Pi 11 4 3 3 3 3 6 » 29 10 4 4 6 5 10 4 67 20 30 25 28 23 68 24 43 15 3 3 25 20 28 U 6 2 2 2 3 3 6 2 8 3 1 1 4 4 6 8 13 4 10 8 12 9 22 « 63 22 26 20 29 24 65 23 16 5 22 18 3 3 25 10 44 15 19 16 7 6 26 U 120 240 Second Third grade grade boys and boys and girls girls 7.5 8 5 7 2 I 3-5 3 10 95 9 95 7.S 6 I 2 6 S 3-5 4 Third grade Bays Girls 8.S Q 6.5 6 I 2 6.5 ^ 8.5 9 10 7 5 4 2 I 3 9 4 5 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 7 1 TABLE 33 Rank of Titles by the Two Sexes First grade Second grade Boys Girla Boys Girls Abbey Readers 4.5 3.5 9 6 Book of Poetry 6.5 6 5.5 4 In a Toy Shop i i 3 i Golden Haired Letty 3 3.5 5.5 2 Stories Ever Fresh 10 7 10 8.5 Fine Tales 6.5 9 8 10 Brown Tom 9 10 7 7 Fairy Tales 4.5 5 i 3 Stone Arrow 8 8 4 2 The World on Wheels.. 22 25 SUMMARY In a Toy Shop was the title which ranked first with the entire group. Fairy Tales came second. The World on Wheels third. Golden Haired Letty fourth. Book of Poetry fifth. The Stone Arrow sixth. Brown Tom and Abbey Readers tied for seventh place. Fine tales ninth. Stories Ever Fresh tenth. There are some grade and sex differences that will be dis- cussed later. General characteristics of preferred titles: Title indicating a favorite place won first rank. Fairy tales came second. Title indicating a favorite sport ranked third. Title of heroine came fourth. Title indicating kind of content won fifth place. Title of a favorite toy won sixth place. Title of hero tied for last place with title containing the term " Reader " and a title descriptive of content. The conclusions concerning titles is that with young pri- mary children a title does directly influence children to select a book. The data here are too limited in extent to arrive at "^2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS any definite conclusions as to what sort of titles would exert strongest positive influence and what sort would have strongest negative influence. However, it does appear that titles of favorite activities and sports rank high. " Fairy Tales " appears to win favor as a title. Titles descriptive of content or containing the term " Reader " do not appear to be popular with primary children. II. Internal Factors Affecting Choices The children selected the editions first by mere inspection. Later they selected them after careful examination, scrutiniz- ing the illustrations, looking through the table of contents, and reading the printed page. The difference between the values assigned an edition by inspection and the value assigned to that same edition when more carefully examined was found. This difference in value indicates the positive or negative effect of the internal arrangement. TABLE 34 Value of Editions by Inspection and Examination experiment i : the story of cinderella submitted in five different editions Values by Valnies by inspection examination Edition Grades: 12 8 Mean 12 3 Mean Christmas Stocking Edition —2 —2 —1 —2 —7 —6 —8 —7 All About Edition —10 —12 —6—9 —11 -8 —4 —8 Red Book Edition — 2 — 6 —12 —10 —12 — 9 — 4 — 8 Elson Third Reader — 6 —12 —14 —11 —11 —15 —18 —15 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +30 +32 +34 +32 +42 +88 +85 +38 Christmas Stocking Edition dropped five points by exami- nation and received negative value in both instances. The All About Edition gained one point by examination but received a negative value in both instances. The Red Book Edition gained two points by examination but is negatively valued in both instances. Elson Reader, Book Three, lost four points by examination but received a fairly low negative value in both instances. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 73 The Children's Stories That Never Grow Old gained six points by examination and received a high positive value in both instances. EXPERIMENT II: THE STORY OF SLEEPING BEAUTY SUBMITTED IN FIVE DIFFERENT EDITIONS Values by Values by inspection examination Edition Grades: 12 3 Mean 12 3 Mean Christmas Stocking Edition —10 —13 —9 —11 —10 —17 —16 —11 Crane Edition —16 +2 +10 —1 —15 +3 +8 —1 Red Book Edition — 4 — 7 — 1 — 3 — 2 — 6 — 2 — 3 Elson Third Reader —9 —7 —18 —11 —14 —11 —20 —16 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +39 +26 +19 +28 +40 +31 +29 +34 The Christmas Stocking Edition gained nothing by exami- nation, and a second time did this edition receive a fairly low negative value in both instances. The Crane Edition gained nothing by examination and received nearly average value (20^ of all the children's votes). The second and third grade gave it a positive valua- tion, but the first grade children rated in negatively. This will be discussed later on in grade differences. The Red Book Edition gained one point by examination but in both instances received a negative value. The Elson Reader, Book Three, lost four points by exami- nation, and in both instances received a negative value. The Children's Stories That Never Grow Old again gained six points by examination and received a high positive value in both instances. EXPERIMENT III: THE STORY OF PETER RABBIT SUBMITTED IN FIVE DIFFERENT EDITIONS Values by Vailuesby inspection examination Edition Grades: 12 3 Mean 12 3 Mean Christmas Stocking Edition — 7 —16 — 9 —11 — 4 —11 —15 —10 Wee Book Edition —13 —7 —7 —9 —12 —1 +12 0* Red Book Edition -12 -U —8 -10 -12 -15 -7-11 Hurst Edition +14 +31 +17 +21 +9+25 +17 +17 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +18 +3+7+9 +20+2—7+6 * Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. 74 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS The Christmas Stocking Edition gained one point by ex- amination but again, the third time, did this edition receive a low negative value. The Wee Book Edition gained nine points by examination, gaining from —9 by inspection to o (average attraction) by examination. Most of this gdn was in the third grade. This will be discussed later under grade differences. The Red Book Edition lost one point by examination and received again, this third time, a rather low negative value. The Hurst Edition lost four points by examination, but in both instances received high positive values. The Children's Stories That Never Grow Old lost four points by examination but again, in this third experiment, received positive values in both instances. EXPERIMENT IV: THE STORY OF BLACK SAMBO SUBMITTED IN FIVE DIFFERENT EDITIONS Values by Values by inspection examination Edition Grades: 12 3 Mean 12 8 Mean Christmas Stocking Edition — 2 —11 —10 — 8 0* —12 — 9 — 7 Stokes Edition — 1 —10 — 6 — 6 — 6 —18 — 9 — 9 Red Book Edition —12 —11 —3—9 —10 —7 —10 —9 Saalfield Edition +12 +23 +20 +18 +U +23 +33 +23 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old + 3 +10 0*+4 +3+9—4+4 * Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. The Christmas Stocking Edition gained one point by ex- amination but again for the fourth time did this edition re- ceive a negative value in both instances. The Stokes Edition lost three points by examination and received a negative value in both instances. The Red Book Edition when examined for the fourth time received the same negative value in both instances. The Saalfield Edition gained five points by examination and received a high positive value in both instances. The Children's Stories That Never Grow Old received the same positive value both by inspection and examination. This is the fourth time this edition was rated positively. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 75 EXPERIMENT V : THE STORY OF THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS SUBMITTED IN FIVE DIFFERENT EDITIONS Values by Values by inspection examination A A Edition Grades: 12 3 Mean 12 3 Mean Christmas Stocking Edition —9 —10 —8—9 —8 —12 —5—8 Wee Book Edition —5 +7+4+2 +1+7+8+8 Red Book Edition — i — 6 — 2 — i +13 — 7 +6 +4 New American Reader +2—2+3+1 — 8 0» 0*— 2 Children's First Book of Poetry. +17 +11 + 3 +10 0* +2 — 6 — 1 • Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. The Christmas Stocking Edition gained one point by ex- amination but again at the fifth trial did the edition receive a negative value in both instances. The Wee Book Edition gained six points by examination and received a positive value in both instances. The Red Book Edition gained eight points by examination, going from —4 by inspection to +4 by examination. Most of this gain was in the first grade, and will be discussed later. The New American Reader lost three points by examina- tion dropping from -|-i by inspection to —2 by examination. The Children's First Book of Poetry lost eleven points by examination dropping from -f-io by inspection to — i by examination. BOOKS THAT RECEIVED A HIGHER POSITIVE VALUE BY EXAMINATION Experi- ments Titles Value I-IV. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +20* II. Crane Edition of Sleeping Beauty of III. Wee Book Edition of Peter Rabbit ot IV. Saalfield Edition of Black Sambo -I-23 V. Wee Book Edition of Night Before Christmas -j- 5 V. Red Book Edition of Night Before Christmas 4-4 BOOKS RANKED IN ORDER OF PREFERENCES 1. Saalfield Edition of Black Sambo. 2. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. 3. Wee Book Edition of the Night Before Christmas. 4. Red Book Edition of the Night Before Christmas. 5.5. Crane Edition of Sleeping Beauty. 5.5. Wee Book Edition of Peter Rabbit. * This number was the mean obtained by averaging the values by examination of the four experiments. t Assigned value (average) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. 76 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS :^ pq rt W H U; h rt rn <; u J H ID m S <; H 'i < a J < ^ ■i* ft 9UIJ J3d 01 qiSasi ^B 03 d CO S 04 ^ aEsjM 3 10 9S«d j3d (O to >;i. Si" -S-^i "»■=" £»a '^^o s2 £-£u- 2rt03 to 'C u 5-- SI2--S S«.5 ill .5 -u u 2i3M^ 09 CJ C M -OJ .22 »S p5 c *-♦- 00 *w >> It n s ■J 312 0. C . s Sg tt tS .S«{"S2 «s s ^rt ■t^i^ 3 .t; M c E c •SE Ss ^ 1^-2 a> as »■§> c a ^ft 03 ~3 »-t PQ OT M ^a* 00 ' ft 00 ^-g'g, 4 M-t rtScO s^ «-5^ ^ m s M « u o fe § fti V) < bi J P PQ s < ,^^ H n u :^ ^ ^; t— 1 H H H *0U UB3J\[ jsjno jairai iuo4}oa dox =E"a °SvS 04 04 S.M >. -6 ■J IS ^3 o o . SEf5 U OJ 4> r;3 ■-• Co ■o o c ^ c'-S 3 -C C 'ttJ y 603 g J; M 11 - s -9S jo '0^ •S33«d C o i_ ^ « „ °| fe iH Vi< C , o bocfl H ^,5 o"a Ss to ffc " CO E ' 3-^ ►-"" M. ci*ca tn o. -*-S.2 ^ ^ S 4> 3<33 B B S ■a. n VJ4 ■ss^ s E=3 H 3 o < ft " .11 OS ^ O ^ o J3CQ PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 8l SUMMARY OF THE INTERNAL FACTORS COMMON AMONG THE BOOKS NOT PREFERRED BY EXAMINATION 1. The average number of pages is i66. From this study it is impossible to determine what would be the least favorite number. 2. Three out of these editions or 50^ of them contained one or two stories only. The other 50^ contained a large number of selections. These three, however, consisted of two text-books and one edition containing poetry only. 3. The median per cent of book space devoted to illustra- tions is 27^. This is just one-half the amount of the space liju^^ that was devoted to illustrations by the more popular editions. '- '- 4. Only two of the six, the All About Edition and the Red Book Edition, had pleasing colored illustrations with a rather high degree of saturation. Two were in blade.., ajid_jvhite. Two were prints colored slightly in tones of pale green or pale red or pale orange. 5. In five of the six editions pictures were placed on the printed page either at the top or at the bottom. This is true even in the two books, All About Edition and Christmas Stocking Edition, that had some full-page pictures. These two editions ofifended by having some pictures inserted so as to break the uniform length of line. In but one edition. The Red Book Edition, do we find full-page illustrations only with no pictures placed upon the printed pages. _^..^ 6. In the main the details in the illustrations were small and crowded together. In a great many instances the pic- J tures were descriptive rather than narrative. Often, too,/ they lacked emotional appeal. 7. The median size of the illustrations is 3^ by 2J inches or 8.7s square inches. The median size of the favorite books is 4i by 4 inches or 18 square inches. 8. The median width of margins is for the top i inch; for the bottom i inch ; for the inner ^ inch ; for the outer | inch. The median margin width for the favorite books is for the top ij inches ; for the bottom i| inches ; for the inner i inch ; for the outer | inch. 82 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 9. The median number of lines per page is approximately 16. For the favorite book it was the same. AN ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF ILLUSTRATING An attempt was made to discover the amount of influence exerted by illustrations. A set of the books covered in uniform covers of tan paper had in addition all the pictures hidden beneath tan paper. It would have been too tedious an affair to have treated all of the books this way, so one of each of the five different sizes was selected as a type. Those selected were : a volume of the Qiristmas Stocking Edition containing Peter Rabbit ; one of the Wee Book Edi- tion containing Peter Rabbit ; one of the Red Book Edition containing Peter Rabbit ; the Children's Stories That Never Grow Old and the Elson Third Reader. To one hundred first, second, and third grade children the stories of Cinderella, Peter Rabbit, and Sleeping Beauty were told. They were then given all five of the covered books, with covered illustration and told to select the one in which they would care to reread these stories or to read others just as good. After they had selected the desired volume, they were instructed to bring all the books to the teacher and indicate their preference to her. This the teacher recorded. The following table indicates the values assigned these books first with the pictures exposed and then with pictures covered : Children's Stories Elson Third That Never Reader Grow Old . " . , " , , ■ > , * . _ Grades: 1 Pictures exposed.. — 7 Pictures covered.. — 5 The Christmas Stocking Edition was uniformly negative. Neither by illustration nor other internal arrangement did it appear to attract. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 83 The Wee Book Edition lost considerably in every grade when its illustrations were covered. In the first grade there was a loss of lo points, 22 points in the second, and 17 points in the third. This would seem to indicate that the illustra- tions of this series were influential in attracting children. The Red Book Edition was negative throughout. The illustrations here could not have had strong attracting qualities. Elson Third Reader was negative in all three grades, but the third grades, with the pictures covered, valued it at +11, a gain of 17 points. In comparison with the other editions with attractive pictures, Elson failed to receive anything but a low negative value. When, however, attractive pictures were removed from all books, Elson Reader received a fair positive value in the third grade. It would appear, there- fore, that the content of the book is suitable for the grade for which it was planned, but that the pictvires and other physical factors are distasteful. It also seems to be an argu- ment to make text-books physically more attractive. The Children's Stories That Never Grow Old also received a higher value when all pictures of all books were covered. This, also, is probably due to the fact that the content and other internal factors are more potently attractive than the illustrations, although there is evidence showing the pictures to be attractive. When the pictures of all the books were uncovered this edition received a mean value of -I-5 by examination, showing that content, illustrations, and other internal factors were pleasing. However, when the illus- trations of all the editions were covered, Children's Stories That Never Grow Old gained 10 points in the first grade, 35 in the second, and 14 in the third, receiving a mean value of +2^. It would, therefore, appear that other internal factors besides the illustrations would account for the popu- larity of this edition. It is interesting to note that this evidence confirms that of the previous experiment. Otherwise there must not be too great a reliance placed upon these findings. In the first place. 84 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS but a few books, five in all, were used. In the second place, the books were so swollen and ungainly looking from pasting paper over the pictures that they ceased to make a "book appeal." In the third place, the fact that paper was pasted over the pictures aroused the curiosity of the children to a high pitch. They inserted finger-nails and even pins beneath the paper coverings, endeavoring to catch a glimpse at the hidden pictures. Hence, an artificial interest was stimulated in the books. CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING INFLUENCING FACTORS 1 . The number of selections and pages contained in an edition appear to affect choice. What the most popular number of pages and the amount of selections for children should be, this study is unable to determine. It does point out, however, that more than one or two selections are preferred. 2. The amount of illustrations appears to be a factor influ- encing choices. Approximately more than a quarter of the book space should be devoted to pictures. 3. The size of the illustrations appears to make a differ- ence. Full-page pictures, about 4^ inches long and 4 inches wide and containing 18 square inches seem to be a favorite size. 4. The color of illustrations seems to be another potent factor. Pleasing colors of rather a high degree of saturation are preferred. Black and white and faintly tinted prints do not seem to be acceptable. 5. Pictures containing bold central groups, few but strik- ing and well-selected details, that contain action and humor or other emotional qualities, and that tell a story are favored. 6. Illustrations while accounting in part for the popularity of an edition are not the only influential internal factor. 7. Too many lines to a page are a displeasing factor. About twelve or thirteen lines to a page would appear to be fairly satisfactory. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFERRED BOOKS 85 8. The length of line does not appear important from the child's standpoint. But for the hygiene of the eye and for the cultivation of good motor habits of eye-movements, the length of line is fixed by experimental study. Children's books should adhere to these standards. " The Une should be short, preferably about three inches, the margins wide, and the print large." ' Experimental studies also fix the correct height of the letters. The size of the print is not a matter for preference, but is a matter to be considered in terms of the hygiene of vision. Minimum standard for first year : size of type at least 2.6 millimeters and width of leading 4.5 millimeters. Minimum standard for second and third grade : letters not smaller than 2 millimeters, with a leading of 4 millimeters. Minimum standard for fourth grade: letters at least 1.8 millimeters, with leading 3.6 millimeters.'' *Huey, E. B. : The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading, 1908, pp. 387-431. " Terman, L. M. : The Hygiene of the School Child, 1914, pp. 277-278. CHAPTER VI. GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS I. Grade Differences in Selection of Editions The following tables present the values assigned each edition by the different grades : TABLE 35 Experiment I : Story of Cinderella Inspection and exami- Inspection Examination nation , A A * Titles of editions Grades: 123 123123 Christmas Stocking Edition — 2 — 2 — 1 — 7 — 6 — 8 — 4 — i — 5 All About Edition —10 —12 — 6 —11 — 8 — 4 —10 —10 — 5 Red Book Edition —12 —6 —12 —12 —9 —4 —12 —7 —8 Elson Third Reader — 6 —12 —14 —11 —15 —18 — 7 —13 —16 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +30 +32 +34 +42 +38 +35 +35 +35 +34 RANK, BY GRADES, OF THE FIVE EDITIONS Inspection and exami- Inspection Exlamination nation , ' > , * > , ' s Grades: 123 123 123 Children's Storie's That Never Grow Old Ill 111 111 Christmas Stocking Edition 222 224 22 2.5 Elson Third Reader 3 4.5 6 3.6 5 2.5 S 5 5 All About Edition 4 4.5 3 3.5 3 2.5 4 4 2.5 Red Book Edition 534 645 534 - ^ i!j Z ji! ! \ ^. I ..-^ I ,5 " ^;^; zo [Editions / Z 3 4 S r 2 3 < S First Grade. >SE:cottD Grade ThiudOkade 86 GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS 87 The general conformity of these curves is very marked. Both by inspection and examination the children of the three grades valued the editions in approximately the same way. TABLE 36 Experiment II : The Story of Sleeping Beauty Inspection and Inspection Examination examination Titles of editions Grades: 12S12312S Christmas Stocking Edition.... —10 —IS —9 —10 —17 —16 —10 —15 —13 Crane Edition —18 +2 +10 —16 + S + 8 —16 +8+9 Red Book Edition —4 —7 —1 —2 —6 —2 -8 —7 —2 Elson Tliird Reader — 9 — 7 —18 —14 —11 —20 —11 — 9 —19 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +39 +28 +19 +40 +31 +29 +40 +29 +24 RANK, BY GRADES, OF FIVE EDITIONS Inspection and Inspection Examination examination I * 1 ( * > I * \ Grades: 1 2312812 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old 111111111 Red Book Edition 2 8.5S23S23S Elson Third Reader 3 3.6 5446445 Christmas Stocking Edition.... 454354364 Crane Edition 622522522 40 , 3S ! j ^ / I ^ I! I ill I z A // /\ // £Dir/on3 I S S ■* £ / S J> 4. S nffar Gr/ipe Second Grade Third Grade The general conformity of these curves is marked writh a single exception. The second and third grades agree substantially in evalua- tion of these five editions. The first grade assigned a nega- 88 GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS tive value to edition two, Crane Edition, which both the other grades gave a positive value, both by inspection and exami- nation. In the other respects there is rather close agreement. The text-book externally appeals a little more to the young primary children in the first grades, than to the older pupils. TABLE 37 Experiment III : The Story of Peter Rabbit Inspection and Inspection Examination examination , * V , « < , » > Titles of editions Grades: 12 312312S Christinas Stocking Edition —7 —16 —9—4 —11 —15 —6 —14 —12 Wee Book Edition —13 —7—7 —12 —1 +12 —13 —4 +2 Red Book Edition —12 -11 — 8 -12 —15 — 7 —12 —13 — 8 Hurst Edition +14 +31 +17 +9 +25 +17 +12 +28 +17 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +18 +3+7 +20 +2—7 +19 +2 0* ' Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for the edition. RANK, BY GRADES, OF THE FIVE EDITIONS Inspection and Inspection Examination examination f A ^ f aI ^ * ^ Grades: 123123123 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old 1 2 2 1 2 3.5 1 2 3 Hurst Edition 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 Christmas Stocking Edition 366345356 Red Book Edition 4 4 4 4.5 6 3.6 4 4 4 Wee Book Edition 533 4.5 32532 40 33 A . '! ^ i \ 1/ \\ /3 / I \ Coitions i s 3 ■^^ £' ' ^ -3 -4 S nRsr Grade Second Gf^Aoe Th/rd Grade There appears rather general conformity again in this ex- periment. The children in the first grade evaluate more GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS 89 highly the Children's Stories That Never Grow Old the third time than do the older children. The younger children in the first grade, rank the tiny edition, The Christmas Stocking Edition, higher than do the second and third grades. TABLE 38 Experiment IV : The Story of Black Sambo Inspection and Inspection Examination Examination Titles of editions Grades: 123123123 Christmas Stocking Edition. . . — 2 —11 —10 0* —12 — 9 — 1 —12 —10 Stokes Edition — 1 —10 — 6 — 6 —IS — 9 — S —12 — 7 Red Book Edition —12 —11 —3 —10 —7 —10 —11 —9—7 Saalfield Edition +12 +23 +20 +14 +23 +33 +13 +23 +26 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +3 +10 0« + 3 + 9 — 4 + 3 +10 — 3 * Assigned value (average attraction) means that 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. RANK, BY GRADES, OF THE FIVE EDITIONS Inspection and Inspection Examination Examination A jt A Grades: 128123128 Saalfield Edition 111111111 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old 222222222 Stokes Edition 3 4 4 4 6 3.5 4 4.5 3.6 Christmas Stocking Edition.... 4 5 6 3 4 3.5 3 4.5 6 Red Book Edition 53353563 3. 5 A 35 30 25 2 ./AN zo rmsr Gkadc 3cco'^d Gdaoc Thikp Gkadi: go GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS Again, general conformity is seen in the curves. The greatest difference lies in the third grade's negative value assigned the Children's Stories That Never Grow Old by examination. The tendency is again shown for the first grade pupils to rank the small editions slightly higher than the older ones. TABLE 39 Experiment V: The Stoky of the Night Before Christmas Inspection and Inspection Examination examination ' ' . I * > , « ^ Titles of editions Grades: 123123123 Christmas Stocking Edition — 9 —10 — 8 — 8 —12 — 5 — 9 — 11 — 7 Wee Book Edition —5 +7 +4 +1 +17 +6—2 +12 +6 Red Book Edition —4 —5 —2 +13 —7 +6 +4 —6 +2 New American Reader (3d book) +2—2+3—5 0* 0»— 2— 1+1 Children's First Book of Poetry +17 +11 +3 0* +2— 6+8+6- 1 * Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. RANK, BY GRADES, OF THE FIVE EDITIONS Inspection and Inspection Examination examination ^ , . ' V < ' > , ' V Grades: 12 3123123 Children's First Book of Poetry 11 2. 5 326124 New American Reader 2 3 2.5 4 3 3 3.5 3 3 Red Book Edition 3 4 4 14 1.5 2 4 2 Wee Book Edition 4 2 1 2 1 1.5 3.5 1 1 Christmas Stocking Edition 6 5 5 5 5 4 6 6 6 40 J5 30 Z5 zo 10 5 O // /\A 15 20 SiDiriOHS I e s 4 5 ' a J 4. s /^«yr OffADe second CrtAoe Fh/rd Crape The curves of this experiment are not so uniform. GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS 9 1 The Wee Book Edition was given a position value in the second and third grades by inspection, but a negative value by the first grades. By examination all three grades gave it a positive value. The New Amencan Reader received a negative value in the first grades by examination and approx- imately the average mark in grades two and three. The Children's First Book of Poetry, Edition 5, dropped by examination in all three grades. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING GRADE DIFFERENCES IN BOOK SELECTION In the main, the first three grades of the primary school agree with regard to the values assigned the different editions, the older children preferred the Crane Edition. Experts judge the Walter Crane Books to be excellent material for children. In the volume " The Use of Books and Libraries," by Fay and Eaton, the authors say this of Walter Crane : Walter Crane's illustrations are always decorative in effect and some people think them confusing for children. Others, while admit- ting this decorative and formal quality, maintain that with it Crane combines other characteristics which make him particularly appealing to children. Mr. White says of him, " He is a true artist of fairyland, because he recognizes its practical possibilities, and yet does not lose the glamour which never was on land or sea." It is true of him as of Arthur Hughes that "his work is evidently conceived with the serious make-believe that is the very essence of the child's imagina- tion." Mr. G. H. Chesterton recognized this same taste in children in criticising another artist, in the London Nation, he speaks of a " certain mixture of solid impossibility'and exact detail which is the thing children love most." Crane's Picture Books are very popular, at any rate, in the library and are soon worn out by eager little children.^ Walter Crane's Picture Books consist of seven cloth-bound volumes of the most popular nursery tales, together with some nursery rhymes, illustrated in color warm and rich published also in twenty parts in paper covers. Austin Dobson says that " Walter Crane has produced specimens of nursery literature, which for refinement of coloring and beauty of ornament, cannot easily be surpassed." " There seems to be increasing appreciation of artistic merit with increasing maturity. The art instruction in the grades might be responsible for some of this increase although in ' Fay-Eaton : Instruction in the Use of Books and Libraries, p. 361. 'Frances J. Olcott: The Children's Reading, p. 65. 92 GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS the suburban schools tested there is little if any of regular art instruction in the elementary schools. From the values given to the Crane volume in this ex- periment, it can be seen that it did not appeal to the young, first grade children. The age of the second grade children vary from seven to nine years, nine to eleven in the third grade. Perhaps this is the age which appreciates Crane more keenly. It is interesting to note that the Crane book when inspected in its original cover was rated very low by the first grade children and rather highly by the second and third grade children. The cover is decoi'ated by an attractive Crane picture of the Prince finding the Sleeping Beauty. A second evidence is here furnished of the opinion of the younger children with regard to these Crane pictures. The second and third grade children agree fairly well in this instance. A rather interesting contrast is noted concerning the effect of the illustrated cover. When the volume was covered with tan paper, in the second grade, it was valued at only — 14 ; in the original cover it was valued at + 3 ; a diflference of 17 in favor of the original cover. In the third grade, it was valued, when covered in tan paper, at — 10 ; in the original cover at + 10 ; a difference of 20 in favor of the original cover. There is a very striking similarity in judgments between the second and third grade children. In Experiment II, Elson Third Reader and the Christmas Stocking Edition change places. In the second grade, Elson is given fourth place and the Christmas Stocking Edition, fifth. The third grade ranks are just the reverse. In Experiment III, the second grade children place Hurst Edition first, Children's Stories That Never Grow Old, second, and the Wee Book Edition, third. The third grade children place Hurst Edition first. Wee Book Edition, second, and Children's Stories That Never Grow Old, third. In Experiment IV there is again almost total agreement. In the fifth experiment, the second grade children placed Children's First Book of Poetry second GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS 93 and the Red Book Edition fourth. The third grade placed the Children's First Book of Poetry fourth and the Red Book second. There were 25 rankings in all, by inspection and examina- tion, in 17 of these the second and third grades agreed or in 68^ of the cases they agreed. Between the first grade children and the second grade ones there is a rather high agreement. Out of the 25 judgments, the first and second grades are alike in 12 or 50^ of times. Out of the 25 cases, the first and third grades agree in but 9 or 36^ of cases. TABLE 40 Grade Differences in Titles Selected Rank in the different grades Titles Grades: 12 3 Abbey Readers 4 7-5 8 Book of Poetry 6 S 7 In a Toy Shop i 2 i Golden-Haired Letty 3 3-5 3 Stories Ever Fresh 9 10 9.5 Fine Tales 7-5 9 9-5 Brown Tom 10 7-S 6 Fairy Tales 5 i 2 Stone Arrow 7-S 6 5 The World on Wheels 2 3.5 4 In the ten rankings the first and second grade agreed in one or 10^ ; the first and third grade agreed in three or 30^ ; and the second and third agreed in five or 50^ of the time. Fairy Tales was fifth with the first grade, while it was first with the second grade and second with the third grade. The World on Wheels was fourth with both the second and third grade, but with the first grade it was second.. Abbey Readers was fourth with the first grade children, dropped to eighth rank with the second and third grade. " Readers " appear better appreciated by the younger primary children than by the older. Brown Tom was tenth in the first grade, sixth in the third, and seventh in the second. It is, perhaps, significant, that Fairy Tales as a title did not rank high with the first grade children. The young first grade child, in the writer's opinion, is not yet equipped to read 7 94 GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS Fairy Tales. His aim at this time is to sort out his frag- mentary experiences and get control over his world. The introduction into a second and a mystical world before he has found himself in his real one, is simply to confuse him and delay him in establishing order in the jumble of his ex- periences. This may be the unconscious reason the first grade children ranked Fairy Tales fifth, while it was first in the second grade, and second in the third grade. Conclusions : Fairy Tales is not a popular title in the first grade, but is popular in the second and third grades. Titles of childish activity, World on Wheels, is more popular with the first grade. Titles containing " Readers " are more popular with the young, first grade pupils. Grade Difference in Color Selection Times selected Per cent Rank Editions Grade: 1231231 23 1. Children's Stories That Grow Old 8 13 4 19 26 6 2 1 6.5 2. Elson Third Reader 2 5 2 5 10 3 7.5 4 11 3. Red Book 016028119 4.5 4. New American Reader 31272S69U 6. All About Edition 013025119 8.5 6. Wee Book Edition 2 11 9 4 21 IS 9 2.5 3 7. Wee Book Edition 7 3 16 6 3 11 8.5 8. Christmas Stocking Edition. 6 11 13 11 21 18 4 2.5 2 9. Stokes Edition 4 2 2 10 4 3 5 6.5 11 10. Crane Edition 2 4 4 6 11 6.5 6.5 11. Children's First Book of Poetry 10 4 15 23 8 22 1 4 1 12. Hurst Edition 2 6 5 8 7 11 4.5 Ed. Color Shade Degree of brightness 1. Yellow Rather intense Medium 2. Orange Rather low degree of intensity Medium 8. Red Rather low degree of intensity Very high 4. Grey-blue Low degree of intensity Low 6. Green Fair degree of intensity High 6- Blue Rather intense Very high 7. Blue Intense (purply tone) Medium 8. Red Rather intense Medium 9. Green-yellow Very low degree of intensity Very high 10. Grey Medium degree of intensity Medium 11. Blue Fairly intense High 12. Tannish-grey Very low degree of intensity Very high GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS 95 COLOR RANKING FOR THE FIRST GRADE Ages syi to 9 years 1. Blue, rather intense, high degree of brightness. 2. Yellow, rather intense, medium degree of brightness. 3. Blue a fair degree of intensity, medium degree of brightness. 4. Red, medium intensity, medium degree of brightness. 5. Greenish-yellow, very low, high degree of brightness. 6. Grey-blue, very low, low degree of brightness. 7.5. Low orange (tan) very low, medium degree of brightness. 7.5. Tannish-grey, very low, very high degree of brightness. 9. Blue, dark, purply tone, medium degree of brightness. II. Green, fair degree of intensity, medium degree of brightness. II. Grey, 80% Crane illustration, medium degree of brightness. II. Pinkish-red, very high degree of brightness. COLOR RANKING FOR THE SECOND GRADE Ages 7 to II years I. Yellow, rather intense, medium degree of brightness. 2.5. Blue, a fair degree of intensity, medium degree of brightness. 2.5. Red, medium intensity, medium degree of brightness. 4. Blue, rather intense, high degree of brightness. 5. Low orange (tan), very low, medium degree of brightness. 6.5. Grey, 80% Crane illustration, medium degree of brightness. 6.5. Greenish-yellow, very low, high degree of brightness. 8.5. Grey-blue, very low, low degree of brightness. 8.5. Green, fair degree of intensity, medium degree of brightness. II. Pinkish-red, very high degree of brightness. II. Blue, dark purply tone, medium degree of brightness. II. Tannish-grey, very low, very high degree of brightness. COLOR RANKING FOR THE THIRD GRADE Ages 8 to 13 years 1. Blue, rather intense, high degree of brighthess. 2. Red, medium intensity, medium degree of brightness. 3. Blue, a fair degree of intensity, medium degree of brightness. 4.5. Pinkish-red, very high degree of brightness. 4.5. Tannish-grey, very low, very high degree of brightness. 6.5. Yellow, rather intense, medium degree of brightness. 6.5. Grey, 80% Crane illustration, medium degree of brightness. 8.5. Green, fair degree of intensity, medium degree of brightness. 8.5. Blue, dark, purply tone, medium degree of brightness. II. Low orange (tan), very low, medium degree of brightness. II. Grey-blue, very low, low degree of brightness. II. Greenish-yellow, very low, high degree of brightness. Here again the data indicate that shades and tones of color are important factors in color selection. Table 41 shows the different colors, omitting tones and brightness, chosen by each grade. The Crane Edition has been omitted, because of the illustration occupying almost the entire area of the cover. 96 GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS TABLE 41 First grade Second grade Third grade I Blue Yellow Blue 2 Yellow Blue Red 3 Red Red Pinkish-red 4 Greenish-yellow Orange (tan) Tannish-grey S Grey-blue Greenish-yellow Yellow 6 Orange (tan) Grey-blue Green 7 Tannish-grey Green Orange (tan) 8 Green Pinkish-red Grey-blue 9 Pinkish-red Tannish-grey Greenish-yellow Ranh e ^ ^~^^^ ■■\ s \ ^ ?!""~^ / \^^^^ .-^ ,-••. J ■ ^^. ^^"V^ '-' e "■^>' •^.z 7 ^,--*' \~^^--^^^ e ----'' kl \ ^^^---, 9 *._,.---' 1 V'' hi 1 lu :^ ki ::) 1 K 5 i q 5 $ 1 kJ y 15 - FiRsr GffADE $ — Second Grade 5i: • Third Grade GRADE DIFFERENCES IN COLOR SELECTION Blue, the first and third grades agree in placing first. The second grade ranks it second. Yellow, the second grade ranks first, the first grade second, while the third grade ranks it fifth. Red, the first and second grades agree in placing third, while the third grade ranks it second. Greenishr-yellow is ranked fourth by the first, fifth by the second and ninth by the third. Grey-blue is ranked fifth by the first grade, sixth by the second, and eighth by the third. Low orange (tan) is ranked sixth by the first grade, fourth by the second, and seventh by the third grade. Tannish-grey is ranked seventh by the first grade, ninth by the second, and fourth by the third grade. GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS 97 Green is ranked eighth by the first grade, seventh by the second, and sixth by the third. A pale pinkish-red is not as well received as a more intense, vivid red with the young primary children. Generally, however, the more vivid and intense shades with a medium or high degree of brightness seem the favorite tones. II. Sex Differences in Selection of Editions Table 42 gives the values assigned by the boys and girls to the various editions used in the five experiments by inspection and examination. TABLE 42 Experiment I: The Story of Cinderella Values assigned Values assigned by inspection by examination , • . , , Titles of editions Boys Girls Boys Girls Christmas Stocking Edition —2 0* —8 —5 All About Edition —13 —6 —13 —2 Red Book Edition —11 —9 —10 —6 Elson Third Reader —13 — 9 —14 —15 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old.. +39 +22 +46 +28 ' Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. / .30 li L ., If/ to " ■ / s o *' a lO eo Eoiriona i s ^ ■* ° -So r If^SPEC TiON Soy Examina tion GiRlTNSPECTION ClBL CjfAMINATIOH 98 GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS There seems a rather general sex agreement with regard to book selection. The girls valued all editions slightly above the boys, except the Children's Stories That Never Grow Old, both by inspection and examination. The boys ranked it higher than did the girls. The All About Edition was ranked higher by the girls than by the boys. TABLE 43 Experiment II : The Story of Sleeping Beauty Values assigned Values assigned by inspection by examination I -* > I * ^ Titles of editions Boys Girls Boys Girls Christmas Stocking Edition —12 —11 —16 —14 Crane Edition — 9 +1 — 7 +5 Red Book Edition —6 —3 —3 —3 Elson Third Reader —14 —9 —16 —14 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old.. +36 +21 +41 +27 -A> 35 30 ZS zo 15 10 ■S .----. s y :>''^' 10 y^ ■ . . IS V '^ ^ ■ zo EiDiriorta 1 z -Soy INSPECTIOI^ GlftL TNSPECTIOIV - Boy Examimatioh ■ Girl CxAf^iNAT/ON Again there seems a rather general agreement between boys and girls in regard to choice of books except with regard to the Crane Edition. The girls valued it + 5 by examina- tion and the boys valued it 12 points below, at —7. Bv inspection the girls valued it at +1 and the boj^s valued it GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS 99 ID points below, at —9. The boys again assigned a higher value to the edition of the Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. TABLE 44 Experiment III : The Story of Peter Rabbit Values assigned Val'ues assigned by inspection by examination I -* \ I * » Titles of editions Boys Girl's Boys Girls Christmas Stocking Edition - — 7 — 10 — ^11 — 9 Wee Book Edition —14 — 6 — 7 +5 Red Book Edition —3 —8 —12 —11 Hurst Edition +22 0* +18 +16 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old.. +15 +22 +11 —1 * Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. Boy fnspecTioN Bov Examination (S//?i Inspection Gmu Examination "A rather general agreement prevails between the boys' and girls' evaluation again in this experiment. The girls rated the Wee Book higher than the boys by inspection and exam- ination. The boys placed a higher value on Children's Stories That Never Grow Old by examination than did the girls. It fell considerably after examination by the girls, a drop of 23 points. lOO GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS TABLE 45 Experiment IV: The Story of Black Sambo Values assigned Values assigned by inspection by examination Titles of editions Boys Girls Boys Girls Christmas Stocking Edition —12 — 4 — 9 —6 Stokes Edition —10 — 4 —10 — 9 Red Book Edition —9 —8 —8 —8 Saalfield Edition +24 +12 +24 +21 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old.. +4 +4 +5 0* • Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. -Soy fAtSP^crron/ — G/Rl. iNaPECTION Boy EXAMI/^ATION GifU. Examination There is practically no difference between the sexes in regard to selection here. GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS lOI TABLE 46 ExpEMMENT V : The Story op the Night Before Christmas Values assigned Values assigned by inspection by examination Titles of editions Boys Girls Boys Girl's Christmas Stocking Edition ; —11 —8 —11 —7 Wee Book Edition —4 +7 +12 +9 Red Book Edition — 5 —3 0* +9 New American Reader +6 —i +5 —8 Children's First Book of Poetry +U +8 +1 —3 * Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the ▼otei were cast for that edition. 40 33 30 SS ZO tS ^^ ; ^:^>— ^ "^ 15 ao Editions i e 3 4 s Bor Inspection Box Examination Girl Inspection G/rl Examination The girls valued Wee Book positively both by inspection and examination. The boys valued it negatively by inspection and agreed with the girls after examination. The New American Reader was assigned a positive value by the boys both by inspection and examination. After examination the girls gave it a negative value. Both the boys and the girls valued the Children's First Book of Poetry^ positively by inspection. It dropped 13 points after examination by the boys, and 11 points by the girls. Poetry does not seem popular with either sex. I02 GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS EDITIONS EVALUATED BY SEXES Table 47 gives the values assigned to the same edition as it was used in two or more of the experiments. TABLE 47 Stories that Never Grow Old Inspection Examination , • , , •■ ^ Boys Girls Boys Girts Experiment I. Cinderella +39 +22 +46 +28 " II. Sleeping Beauty +36 +21 +41 +27 " III. Peter Rabbit +15 +22 +11 —1 IV. Black Sambo +4 +4 +5 0* Mean value +24 +17 +33 +14 Boys valued this edition more highly than did the girls. Christmas Stocking Edition Inspection Examination f A ^ ^ A Boys Girls Boys GirU Experiment I. Cinderella — 2 0* — 8 — 5 " II. Sleeping Beauty —12 —11 —16 —14 III. Peter Rabbit —7 —10 — n —9 IV. Black Sambo —12 —4 —9 —5 " V. Night Before Christmas. —11 — 8 —11 — 7 Mean value — 9 — 7 — 11 — 8 With regard to this edition the girls and boys agree rather well. Both by inspection and examination did it receive a rather low negative value. Red Book Edition Inspection Examinaflion I "• N , • V Boys Girls Boys Girls Experiment I. Cinderella —11 — 9 — 10 — 6 " II. Sleeping Beauty — 6 — 3 — 3 — 3 " III. Peter Rabbit —13 — 8 —12 —11 " IV. Black Sambo — 9 — 8 — 8 — 8 " V. Night Before Christmas. — 5 — 3 o* +9 Mean value — 9 — 6 — 7 — 4 * Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. A marked similarity in judgment appears with regard to the Red Book Edition. It received negative values in everj- instance except in the fifth experiment, when just 20^ of all the boys chose it by examination, giving it a value of o. GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS IO3 while 29^ of all the girls chose it, giving it a value of +9. This is the value of the edition containing the familiar Mother Goose rhymes in addition to the Night Before Qiristmas poem. The girls display a slightly greater fond- ness for Mother Goose than do the boys. Wee Book Edition Inspection Examination , ' > , « , Boys Girls Boys Girls Experiment III. Peter Rabbit — 9 +1 — 7 +5 V. Night Before Christmas. — 4 +7 +12 + 9 Mean value —7 +4 +3 +7 This edition is more popular with the girls than with the boys. With both boys and girls it gained by examination. The Night Before Christmas gained i6 points by examina- tion, going from —4 to -1- 12 in value. It was this book which contained the illustrations that was so highly valued. Elson Third Reader Inspection Examination I * \ I *■ 1 Boys Girls Boys Girls Experiment I. Cinderella —13 —4 —14 —16 " II. Sleeping Beauty —4 —9 —16 —14 Mean value — 9 — 7 —15 —IB Sex agreement is rather marked here. Values assigned editions used but once. Crane Edition Inspection Examination t ^ f "* Boys Girls Boys Girls Experiment II. Sleeping Beauty —9 +1 —7 +5 Girls valued this more highly than did the boys. This better type of illustrations does not appear to appeal to the boys. All About Edition Inspection Examination Boys Girls Boys Girls Experimentl. Cinderella —IS —6 —IS —2 A greater preference for this edition is shown by the girls. i04 grade and sex differences in choice of books Childrek's First Book of Poetry Inspection Examination t * ^ t * — r — ^ Boys Girl's Boys Girls Experiment V. Night Before Christmas... +14 +8 +1 —3 Externally it appealed more to the boys than to the girls, although both valued it rather highly by inspection. It received a positive value of + 14 by the boys by inspection and +8 by the girls. In both instances it lost considerably by examination. Poetry does not appear to be very popular with either sex. It received +1 value from the boys and — 3 from the girls by examination. Saalfield Edition Inspection Examination Boys Girls Experiment IV. Black Sambo +24 +12 Boys Girls +24 +21 Stokes Edition Inspection Ex-amination Boys Girls Experiment I. Black Sambo —14 — S Boys Girts -7 +5 The girls ranked this positively by examination. It was valued negatively in both instances by the boys. Hurst Edition Inspection Examination < * \ , » V Boys Girls Boys Girl's Experiment III. Peter Rabbit +24 +12 +24 + 2 Greater preference is shown by the boys for this book. New American Reader Inspection Examination Boys Girls Boys Girls Experiment V. Night Before Christmas.. +6 — 4 +6 —8 This text-book was valued positively by the boys and negatively by the girls. GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS lOS Summary of rankings of all editions : Inspection and ex- Inspection Examination amination Rank Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girl's Boys Girls Christmas Stocking Edition — 9 —7 —11 —8 —10 —8 8 11 Red Book Edition —9 —6 —7—4 —8—7 6.5 9 Wee Book Edition —7 +i +3+7 —2+6 6 4 Stokes Edition -14 -5 —7 +6 -11 0* 9 7 Hurst Edition +24 +12 +24+2 +24+7 2.5 3 New American Reader + 6—4 +6—8 +6-6 4 9 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old +24 +17 +33 +14 +29 +16 1 2 Crane Edition —9 +1 —7+6 -8-3 1.5 6.5 All About Edition —13 —5 —13—2 — 13 — 4 11 8 Children's First Book of Poetry. +14+8 +1—3 +8+3 3 5.5 Elson Third Reader —9 —7 —15 —16 —12 —11 10 12 Saalfield Edition +24 +12 +24 +21 +24 +17 2.5 1 * Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. TiANK I Z s s 6 7 6 9 SomoMa ^i£ Oo5 ''Jfic GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ,1. Se>? differences are very slight. There appears to be no great differences between the sexes with regard to book selection. I06 GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS 2. Girls appreciate the artistic illustrations of Crane better than do the boys. 3. Girls display a slightly greater preference for Mother Goose than do boys. 4. A book of poetry does not appeal to either sex in the primary school. SEX DIFFERENCES IN TITLES Per cent chosen Rank /^ A Titles Boys Girls Boys Girls Abbey Readers S 7 7.5 6 Book of Poetry 6 8 6 i In a Toy Shop 24 27 i i Golden Haired Letty 7 18 5 2 Stories Ever Fresh 2 3 10 9 Fine Tales 3 3 9 9 Brown Tom S S 7.5 7 Fairy Tales 10 3 4 9 Stone Arrow 18 17 3 3 World on Wheels 20 9 2 4 Boya OiRLa The sex differences with regard to title selection are very slight. Yet these slight differences may be rather significant. Both boys and girls chose " In a Toy Shop " first. The boys chose " The World on Wheels " second, while the girls placed " Golden Haired Letty " in the second rank. The girls placed " The World on Wheels " fourth. Both put " Fairy Tales " third. The boys placed " The Stone Arrow " GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS IO7 fourth, while the girls ranked it ninth or in the next to the last rank. It would seem that girls show greater interest in a person, the heroine, than do boys. This supports the contention of the novelists that women are more interested in personalities than are men. The boys placed the tjtles indicating an interesting imple- ment (Stone Arrow), and a congenial activity (skating) before the titles suggesting personality. The title " Brown Tom " was ranked low by both sexes. The title was suggested from one of their favorite stories " Black Sambo." It was an unfortunate selection, however. To the children it suggested the colored race, which aroused race prejudice in some. SEX DIFFERENCES IN COLOR All the twelve differently colored editions were arranged in a row before the children, their backs only on view. By this arrangement the cover illustrations were hidden ; color was the isolated factor for inspection. They were asked to select the book that had the prettiest colored cover ; the one whose color they liked the best. Table 48 gives the per cent of times each sex chose a color and the rank of the colors by the boys and girls. TABLE 48 Times chosen A Color Boys Girls 1. Yellow 20 II 2. Blue 28 41 3. Red 27 IS 4. Green 4 7 5. Grey 7 S 6. Violet I I 7. Orange i o 8. Brown 5 3 g. Pink i 3 10. Purple o I Total 94 87 Per cent Ra nk Boys Girls Boys Girls 21 13 3 3 31 47 I I 29 18 2 2 4 9 6 4 7 6 4 s I I 8 8-5 I 8 10 S 3 S e-.s I 3 8 6..S . I 10 8.5 I08 GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS Rank Bora OlRUS There is a very slight difference in color selection because of difference of sex. Both ranked hlue first, red second, and 'fellow third. Green was ranked fourth by the girls and sixth by the boys. Pink and brown tied for sixth place with the girls. The boys ranked grey fourth, brown fifth, and pink eighth. Orange was ranked eighth by the boys and tenth by the girls. The difference in shade and tone were disregarded in this experiment. The children wrote the number of the book they liked best, and wrote below this number, its color. This precaution was taken, because, oftentimes, esf)ecially with the young primary children, the names of colors are not properly known. This was quite true here. The edition. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old was numbered one. Number one was as often called " brown and not too bright " as it was called yellow. In recording and calculating, however, this was considered with the yellow preferences. The blue most often selected was book two, The Children's First Book of Poetry, the vivid, bright, lighter shade of blue. Next in preference was the still lighter but vivid and bright shade of the Wee Book Edition of Peter Rabbit. GRADE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE OF BOOKS IO9 The dark, purply blue, of the Wee Book Edition, of the Night Before Christmas was marked 6, and was very infre- quently selected. It was designated as purple in some in- stances. Again this is evidence to the fact that tint and tone are affective factors. Book ten, the grey cover of the Crane Edition, was ranked fourth by the boys and fifth by the girls. By several of the girls it was named " dirty-white." General Conclusions on Sex and Grade Differences 1. There are very slight differences due to either grade or sex. 2. The older girls appear to care more for the titles of heroines than titles indicating activities and things, than do the younger children. 3. Girls as a whole care more for titles of heroines than do the boys. 4. Boys and girls agree in color preferences. They chose practically the same colored editions. 5. The older children liked the classical Crane illustrations more than the younger ones. 6. The second and third grade children agree more com- pletely than do the first grade with the older children in regard to books. CHAPTER VII. ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS I. Subjective Reasons of Children for Book Preferences An additional check upon the children's preferences for books was taken. After the children had inspected the five books of any given experiment, they indicated their prefer- ences. The examiner recorded their choices and the reasons they gave for such selection. They were then given a chance to examine, in a rather careful fashion, these same five books, and again to select the one preferred above the others. These choices, too, were recorded. If a child had made a change in selection after examination, he was asked why he had made a change, and what did he like about this new book. In table 49 will be found a tabulation of these subjective reasons. It seems fair to conclude that favorable factors are pic- tures, more than two stories to a volume, the size of the book and the size of the print. Just what size is the most preferred again is not indicated. Approximately an equal amount of judgments were for the large book as were for the small one. On the other hand a book which contains a fair assortment of selections cannot be very small. Then, too, when the children were given an opportunity, they selected larger books. no ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS III Reasons TABLE 49 Grade I Grade II Grade III ToUl Total Like a big book Like a small book.... Like a medium book. . Had no reason (because) Book has more stories in Contained familiar story or stories All one story Short stories Long stories Like rhymes Easier print to read (big) Easy to handle Liked pictures Funny pictures Funny stories Had no pictures Little on page (print) Can turn pages quickly (thickness of paper) Easier to read (words not so hard) Nice smooth pages . . . Because it is hard Stories easy to find (index) Because it is our reader Like outside, all nice. . Too babyish New one, never seen before Thick with lots of Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Girls 24 17 24 19 19 16 57 52 109 14 22 22 ID 24 14 60 46 106 00641377 14 23 23 pages . Total 12 20 14 18 49 61 no 24 17 16 20 31 46 71 83 IS4 73 60 64 100 1 2 I 2 2311 I I 7 2 39 6 36 13 61 8 o o I 12 3 75 198 235 433 0808 6 2 10 12 0347 9 9 12 21 52 46 98 10 22 32 17s 134 124 133 136 139 435 406 841 5 I I I 1 2 I II o I 000 000 I O I 10 II O O 17 I 4 2 12 29 I 2 I 5 I 3 SOS I o I 000 III 1 O I 2 2 2 2 O O I O O O O O I 1000 1000 2000 Subjective Reasons Listed in Order of Preferences Number of Reasons judgments 1. Liked the pictures 841 2. Stories in a familiar field (frequently these pre- ferred stories were named) 433 3. Book has more stories in 154 4. Large book 109 5. Small book 106 6. Easier print to read (big) 98 7. Easier to handle (good size) 32 8. Fimny pictures 29 Per cent of judg- ments 42 22 8 5 5 4 2 I 112 ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS II. Adtjlt Opinions of What Books Children Prefer Sixty-five teachers in the elementary schools, 15 men and 50 women, who were taking courses in elementary education at the Johns Hopkins University were asked to indicate the one book in the first experiment, Story of Cinderella, they thought the children in the primary schools would prefer above all the others. They were asked to select the book, just as were the children, first by inspection, later by ex- amination. Table 50 gives the results of the teachers' opinion of what primary children Hke in the way of books. TABLE SO Results of Teachers' Judgments upon the Books Chiuxren Would Select I. teachers' selection of the book they thought primary children would select Experiment I : Story of Cinderella Inspection Examination Men Women Men Women m u H Ph Christmas Stocking Edition 1 7 All About Edition 2 13 Red Book Edition 10 67 Elson Third Reader 2 13 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old "is 60 15 60 This table should be read in the following manner: In experiment one, Story of Cinderella i man, or 7^ of all the men, and 7 women, or 14^ of the women, selected the Christ- mas Stocking Edition by inspection as the preferred one; while I man, or 7^ of the men, and 9 women, or 18^ of the women, selected Christmas Stocking Edition by examination as the preferred one. E H V E H <£ E H 7 14 1 7 9 18 1 2 1 7 3 8 33 6S 3 20 26 62 2 4 2 IS 4 8 7 14 S 63 8 16 ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS "3 II. COMPARISON OF TEACHERS* OPINION WITH THE ACTUAL SELECTION BY THE CHILDEEN By inspection First grade , » , Per cent of times chosen Rank Second grade Third grade Per cent Per cent of times of times chosen Rank chosen Rank Titles of editions M 1. Red Book Edition 10 2. Elson Third Reader 13 3. All About Edition 4. Christmas Stocking 14 6. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old 57 63 43 1 1 68 42 1 1 Total Per cent of times chosen Rank 1 Boys 9 Girls 11 11 15 20 43 Boys 3 4.6 4.5 2 1 Girls 4.5 7 4.5 3 7 3 18 2 5 59 1 First grade Per cent of times chosen Rank By examination Second grade Third grade Per cent Per cent of times of times chosen Rank chosen Rank Titles of editions M 3 tq O 1. Red Book Edition 5 11 5 3.5 2. Elson Third Reader 9 8 3 5 3. All About Edition 6 11 4 3.5 4. Christmas Stocking IS 14 2 2 5. Stories That Never Grow Old 67 66 1 1 66 60 1 1 65 39 1 Total /-. Per cent of times chosen A Boys Girls 1 10 14 2 6 5 3 V 18 4 12 15 5.' 65 57 Rank Boys Girl's 3 4 5 5 4 2 2 3 1 1 114 ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS III., men's judgment compared with the selection by inspection OF THE boys Rank- Rank- ing of ingof Ranking of men boys boys Titles of editions Grades: 12 3 Red Book Edition • i 3 4 3 4 Elson Third Reader 3-5 45 3 4 S All About Edition 3-S 4-5 S S 3 Christmas Stocking 2 2 2 2 2 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old 5 i i i i I eomoNS P£D Clson All Christmas Childkcn'^ Book Reader About Stocking stories MEN Boys — fiRsr Grade Second Grade Third grade It is rather marked the difference between the opinions of the men concerning what boys like and the actual preferences of the boys. The fairly close agreement existing between the different grades is marked. A. Men's judgments compared with the selection by inspection of all the boys. In one instance or 2Qfjo of the time the men judged correctly what edition the boys would choose by inspection. The median displacement in the other four rankings is two places. B. Men's judgments compared with the selection by inspection of the first grade boys. In two instances or 40J< of the time the men judged correctly as to what edition the boys in the first grade would select by inspection. The median displacement in the other three rankings was two and one-half places. C. Men's judgments compared with the selection by in- spection of the second grade boys. In one instance or 7a ^^ Reader About Stocking SroRica Women BOY3 riRST Grade Second Grade Third Grade 124 ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS A. Women's judgment compared with the selection by examination of all the boys. In one instance or 20^ of the time the women judged correctly what edition the boys would choose by examination. The median displacement in the four other rankings is one and one-half places. B. Women's judgment compared with the selection by examination of the first grade boys. In one instance or 20^ of the time the women judged correctly what edition the boys of the first grade would choose by examination. The median displacement in the other four rankings is one and one-half places. C. Women's judgment compared with the selection by examination of the second grade boys. In three instances or 60^ of the time the women judged correctly what edition the boys of the second grade would choose by examination. The median displacement in the two other rankings is two places. D. Women's judgment compared with the selection by examination of the third grade boys. In not one instartce did the women judge correctly what edition the third grade boys would choose by examination. The median displace- ment in the five rankings is one and one-half places. Conclusion : The median per cent of all the correct judg- ments is twenty. The median displacement in the rankings is one and one-half places. ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS 1 25 X. women's judgments compared with the selection by EXAMINATION OF THE GIRLS Rank- Rank- Ranking ingof ing of of women girls girl's Titles of editions Grades: 1 2 S Red Book Edition 14 3-543 Elson Third Reader 4 5 5 5 5 All About Edition 5 2 3.5 2 2 Christmas Stocking Edition 232 34 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. .311 11 Rank Editions Red Eison Ai.u Christmas ChildkenTS Booh Reader About Stocking Stories Women Girl^ First Grade Second Grade Third Grade A. Women's judgment compared with the selection by examination of all the girls. In not a single instance did the women judge correctly what edition the girls would select by examination. The median displacement in the five rank- ings is two places. B. Women's judgment compared with the selection by examination of the girls of the first grade. In one instance or 20^ of the time the women judged correctly what edition the girls of the first grade would select by examination. The median displacement in the four other rankings is one and three-quarters places. C. Women's judgments compared with the selection by examination of the second grade girls. In not a single instance did the women judge correctly what edition the girls of the second grade would select by examination. The median displacement in the five rankings is two places. 126 ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS B. Women's judgment compared with the selection by examination of the third grade girls. In not a single instance did the women judge correctly what edition the girls of the third grade would select by examination. The median dis- placement in the five rankings is two places. Conclusion : The median per cent of all the correct judg- ments is zero. The median displacement is two places. The judgment of women upon what books are pleasing to children of the primary grades from the internal arrange- ment is totally unreliable. Boys' and girls' rankings of the five editions by examina- tion compared with the men's and women's judgments upon what they would choose. Rank I £DITIONa ALU About Christmas Childrsn!} ■STOCKiNe SvoRiea Women Men Boys ■ OiRi-a It is evident that men and women differ considerably in their judgments upon what editions children would choose. It is clear also that there is less difference between the boys' and girls' selection than exists between the opinions of adults about their choices. General Conclusions Men's Judgment by inspection SO^i of the time men judged correctly what edition boys would select. 40^ of the time men judged correctly what edition girls would select. ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS 1 27 35;^ of the time men judged correctly what edition girls and boys would select. BY EXAMINATION 40^ of the time men judged correctly what edition boys would select. 40^ of the time men judged correctly what edition girls would select. 40^ of the time men judged correctly what edition boys and girls would select. Women's Judgment by inspection 50^ of the time women judged correctly what edition boys would select. 30^ of the time women judged correctly what edition girls would select. 40^ of the time women judged correctly what edition girls and boys would select. BY EXAMINATION 20<^ of the time women judged correctly what edition boys would select. Zero per cent of the time women judged correctly what edition girls would select. 10^ of the time women judged correctly what edition boys and girls would select. Adult judgments upon what sort of a book from external appearance appeals to boys and girls is not very reliable. Three and one-half times out of ten were the men cor- rect for the boys. Four times out of ten were they correct for the girls. Four times out of ten were the women correct for the boys. One time out of ten were the women correct for the girls. Adult judgments concerning what inside of a book is attractive to children is also not very reliable. 128 ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS Four times out of ten were the men correct for the boys. Four times out of ten were they correct for the girls. Twice out of ten times were the women correct for the boys. Not a single time out of ten were they correct for the girls. The women's judgments were better than the men's as to what book from its outward appeal the boys would select. The men's judgments were considerably better concerning the internal characteristics of a book that appeal to both boys and girls. III. Need for Open Shelves in Schoolrooms and Libraries Librarians have been urging for some time the need of open shelves for their patrons. The amount of help in book selection furnished by the open shelf can be estimated by the account published in the magazine on " Public Libraries." A word concerning the open shelf. One of the largest and pleasant- est rooms in the library, intended originally for registration only, had been utilized for the open shelves. Here are kept some 2500 books, most of them selected. Statistics of 1906 show that this room controlled one-fourth of the entire circulation for the year. During 1907 this percentage increased to more than one-third. Sir John Lubbock's list was taken as foundation, though some were excluded as unfit for our purpose. This was added to considerably from the acknowledged classics of all countries. Finally, about 150 really great books appeared on the open sheves with a sign calling attention to them. Now for the result. Mahzoni's Betrothed, circulated 18 times in one year as opposed to four times the previous year. Pascal's Thought, which had left the library once the year before, was taken 10 times from the open shelves. We may even mention the Koran as an instance. This journeyed twice only in one year before it appeared here. Last year it was taken out 11 times. This whole collection was such a success and circulated so many books which had previously seemed fairly rooted to the shelves, so seldom were they disturbed, that we concluded to make a collection of the greatest fiction of all countries. The new sets before mentioned were ordered for this purpose. There were nearly 200 books in this collection, which made their appearance with a sign bearing the following inscription : " Some novels which have stood the test of time." You have heard the result with Jane Austen's books. They are no exception, but only one example of many which might be mentioned of successful circulation.^ ' Public Libraries, Vol. 13 — October, 1908 — No. 8, pages 294-296. ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS 129 Comparison Between Values Assigned by Inspection and by Examination experiment I : the story of aNDERELLA Grade I Grade II Grade III B Editions g. B Christmas Stocking — 2 1 Examination . Gain by ex- amination* £§B PI 1—2 ' Examination . Gain by ex amination ^ Loss by ex- amination . ' Inspection s « a M — 8 ^g .s'b 5" ^ l< a " "i 7 All About Edition —10 —11 .. 1 —12 — 8 4 .. — 6 — 4 9. 3 —12 3 —14 — 4 -IS 8 Elson Third Reader.... —6 —11 .. 5 —12 —16 .. 4 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old.... +30 +42 12 .. +32 +38 6 .. +34 +35 1 EXPERIMENT II : THE story of SLEEPING BEAUTY Christmas Stocking —10 —10 .. —13 —17 .. 4 —11 —16 5 Crane + 6 —15 .. 21 +21 + 31 .. —10 — 8 2 Red Book — 4 — 22 .. — 7 — 6 1 .. — 1 — 2 1 Elson Third Reader. ... — 9 —14 .. 5 -7 —11 .. 4 —18 -20 2 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old.... +39 +40 1 .. +26 +31 5 .. +19 +29 10 EXPERIMENT III: THE STORY OF PETER RABBIT Christmas Stocking — 7 — 4 3 . . —16 —11 5 . . — 9 —15 . . Wee Book —13 —12 1 . . — 3 — 1 2 .. — 7 +12 19 Red Book —12 —12 . . —11 —15 . . 4—8—7 1 Hurst +14 + 5 .. 9 +31 +23 .. 8 +17 +17 .. Children's Stories That Never Grow Old.... +18 +20 2.. +3+9 6.. —7— 7.. EXPERIMENT IV : THE STORY OF BLACK SAMBO Christmas Stocking .... — 2 0* 2 . . —11 —12 . . 1 —10 — 9 Stokes — 1 — 6 .. 5 —10 —13 . . 3—6—9 Red Book —12 —10 2 . . —11 — 7 4 . . — 3 —10 Saalfield +12 +14 2 .. +23 +23 .. +20 +33 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old.... + 3 +3 .. +10 +9 .. 1 0* — 4 EXPERIMENT V : THE STORY OF THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS Christmas Stocking .... — 9 — 8 1 . . —10 —12 . . 2—8—5 3 . . Wee Book — 5 +1 6 .. +7 +17 10 .. +4 +6 2 .. Red Book —4 +13 17 .. —5 —7 .. 2 —2 —6 8 .. New American Reader. +2—5.. 7—2 0* 2.. +3 0*.. 3 Children's First Book of Poetry +17 0* .. 17 +11 +2.. 9+3—6.. 9 * Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. I30 ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS Books Gaining by Examination experiment i Points Gained Grades: 1 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old 12 All About Edition Red Book Edition EXPERIMENT II Red Book Edition 2 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old i Crane Edition EXPERIMENT III Christmas Stocking Edition 3 Wee Book Edition Children's Stories That Never Grow Old 2 Red Book Edition EXPERIMENT IV Christmas Stocking Edition 2 Red Book Edition 2 Saalfield Edition 2 EXPERIMENT V Christmas Stocking Edition i Wee Book Edition 6 Red Book Edition 17 New American Reader 10 2 3 I 2 8 19 I I II There were five books used in each of the five experiments. Therefore, there were twenty-five opportunities for the children to change their judgments concerning the books they selected by inspection. In eleven of the instances in all three grades did books gain by examination, that is, in forty-five per cent of the cases, books were retained by a greater number of children after an opportunity for examination had been afforded them. This result coincides with the librarians study and points to the necessity for open shelves. FINAL CONCLUSIONS BASED UPON ENTIRE STUDY 1. The physical make-up of a book does exert influence ^ upon children's selections. 2. Size appears to be a factor in book selection. The small, diminutive volume does not appeal as strongly as a larger book. The size most acceptable to the children in the primary grades appears to be about seven and one-half inches long by five inches wide and one inch thick. There needs to be further experimenting, however, to decide if a larger book would be more acceptable than this. These experi- ments had no book larger than the above. 3. The cover appears to be a factor in determining chil- dren's selection. The color of the cover exerts an influence. Brightness is a pleasing factor for children. Blue, red, and yellow are the favorite colors for cqvers. 4. Titles are an additional factor influencing book selection. 5. The internal arrangement of books also influences choices, (a) Numerous illustrations make a book acceptable to cjiildren. 25^ of the book space seems the minimum amount of space to be devoted to pictures to make a book acceptable for little children. Large, full-paged pictures are preferred to smaller ones inserted irregularly in the text, (b) Colors preferred by the younger children are rather crude and elementary, having a high degree of saturation and a great deal of brightness. Older children gradually grow into a preference for softer tints and tones, (c) Humor and action in pictures make an appeal to primary children, (d) Pictures that have story-telling qualities have a high attraction, (e) A fair number of stories in a familiar field attract children to a book. 131 132 FINAL CONCLUSIONS BASED UPON ENTIRE STUDY 6. The short interest span of primary children seems to be a psychological explanation for their preference for not many lines to any one page. For the same reason a wide margin appears to be attractive, an average width of at least one inch should be used. 7. There were very few sex differences observable. Girls show a slightly greater appreciation of more artistic illustrations than do the boys. Small books are better liked by girls than by the boys. In examining the subjective reasons given by the children, very slight sex differences can be noted. The name of the heroine of a story appealed to the girls more than to the boys. This seems to bear out the conclusion that the feminine sex is more interested in people than in things. The name of an implement, the Stone Arrow, appealed more strongly to the boys than to the girls. 8. There are some slight grade differences. The first grades differ from the older children rather considerably in lack of artistic appreciation of pictures ; in greater fondness for diminutive volumes ; in greater fondness for crude, primary colors. The second and third grades exhibit very similar tastes with regard to books. 9. Adults appear to estimate children's book preferences most inaccurately. Men's judgment concerning what chil- dren like in the way of books are slightly better than are the women's judgments. ID. Titles appear to exert an influence with all the children. The word " reader " in a title appears to exert a negative influence upon the older primary children. More pleasing and suggestive titles on text-books might make them more acceptable to the patrons for whom they are designed. II. The physical make-up of the text-book seems to be of a kind to exert a negative rather than a positive appeal. The Elson Reader was ranked very low and the New Amer- ican Reader, while placed a little better, still came out towards the bottom of the list. A SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING THE VARIOUS FACTORS IN THE PHYSICAL MAKE-UP OF A BOOK FOR PRIMARY CHILDREN A. Method Employed for Evaluating Items in Score Card The problem as to the relative importance of the items on the score card was very early suggested. Naturally, no adult could decide this question, when it was demonstrated that adult judgments concerning children's tastes in books are extremely unreliable. Modern statistical methods indicate that the composite opinion of a large number of reliable judges is a reasonably safe guide. It is certainly obvious that the only reliable judges concerning what sensory appeals affect children are the children themselves. Therefore, in computing the score card, the two thousand subjective reasons why they like a book given by the children themselves were used as the basis for computation. The value of each heading was determined by its, percentage of the two thousand reasons. These were then weighted in accord- ance with the findings from the actual choices of the children as indicated in the study. Each item under each heading was calculated and weighted in this manner. All of the books used in the experiment were then rated numerically by applying the score card, in order to see if they perserved the same ranking by quantitative markings as they did by the children's selections. This was found to be so. B. Use of Score Card Should an objective quantitative measurement of the jihy- sical factors of a book prove desirable, the score card will provide an instrument for this purpose. 133 134 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS The numerical values in the vertical columns at the right of each item are to be assigned for corresponding items in the physical make-up of the book for which an objective quantitative value is desired. For example, in order to assign a numerical value to a certain blue book, by consulting the values assigned to the items on the score card, it is seen that a cover, color blue, is assigned a value of lo points ; if the saturation is very high it is assigned an additional value of 2 points ; if it has a medium amount of brightness, it receives an additional i point ; therefore, it receives a total value of 13 points, out of a possible 14, for item A, " Color," under heading II, " Cover." In this manner, the book to be evalu- ated must be measured and compared, item for item, with the score card, and its final numerical value obtained by adding all the assigned values together. SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS 1 35 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING THE VARIOUS pACTORS IN THE PHYSICAL MAKE-UP OF A BOOK Total FOR PRIMARY CHILDREN p^'oinu I. Size 10 ij.g tn o. ?.5 tn a H .5 mo. <.S tn a > 3 mo, 8.6-7.5 1-1.6 8-6 1-2 2- 1.25 1.6-2 68-46, 5 1.6-2 132-69.75 1.6-2 7.5-7 1.6-2 6-6.5 1.5-2 1.25- 1 2-1.6 46. 6-38.6 2-1.5 69.75-38.5 2-1.5 7-6 2-1.5 5.5-4.5 2-1 1. 6 1.5-1 38. 5-27 1.6-1 38. ,')-17.6 1.6-1 6-5 1.5-1 4.6-3.5 1-.6 .5-i .5 27-17. 5 1-.5 17. 5-8.75 1-.5 6-4 1-.5 3.5-3 .5-0 under 8 17-5-12 .5-0 S.75-6 .5-0 under 4. 5-0 under 3 Maxi- Total mum value points II. Cover 20 A. Color (Shade) 10 1. Blue 10 2. Red 6 3. Yellow 3 4. Green 2 5. Pink 1 6. Grey 75 7. Tan 5 B. Saturation 2 1. High degree 2-1.5 2. ]\tedium degree 1 .5-1 3. Low degree 6-0 C. Brightness 2 1. High degree 2-1.5 2. Medium degree 1.5-1 3. Low degree 5-0 D. Illustration of Cover 1. Percentage of entire cover space devoted to picture. 3 (a) 85^-65% of cover space devoted to picture 3-2.5 (b) 68%-45% of cover space devoted to picture 2.5-1.75 (c) 45%-26% of cover space devoted to picture 1.76-1 (d) Less than 19% over space devoted to picture .^ 2. Color 2 (a) Colored, complementary or in other pleasing contrasting colors 2-1.5 (b) Not in such sharp or pleasing contrast. .1.6-1 (c) Faint tints, slight contrasting effect....!-. 75 (d) In black or in extreme dull colors 75-. 6 (e) Very faint 6-0 3. Lettering 1 (a) Colored in complementary or in pleasing contrasting colors 1-.5 (b) Size i-inch to J-inch tall 1-.5 (c) Less than 1-incb tall 5-0 136 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS Maxi- mum III. Title 1. An interesting place, event or activity (in a Toy Shop) 5 2. Title containing term "Fairy Tales" i 3. An interesting action (The World on Wheels) 4 4. Name of heroine 3 6. Name of implement (Stone Arrow) 3 6. Name of hero 3 7. Containing term "Reader" 1 8. Describing content (stories ever fresh) 6 IV. Amount of Content A. Number of pages 5 1.350-400 0-1 2.300-350 1-3 3. 250-300 4-5 4. 200-250 3-4 6.160-200 2-3 6.100-160 1-2 7. 60-100 0-1 8. Below 50 zero B. Number of stories 5 1. Over 120 1-zero 2.120-70 2-1 3.70-35 4-2 4. 35-20 4-5 6.20-5 5-2 6.6-2 2-1 7.2-1 5 C. Per cent of Stories in Familiar Field 10 1. 100%-75% 10-7 2. 769{r60% 7-4 3. 50%-26% 4-1 4. From 25%-10% l-zero V. Illustrations A. Per cent of entire book space 7 1. More than 60% 7 2. 50%-35% 6-4 3. 35%-20% 4-3 4. 20%-9% 3-1 5. Less than 3% 1-zero B. Size of Illustration 3 1. Full-page area, 35 sq. in.-24.75 sq. in 3-2.6 2. Full-page area, 24.76 sq. in.-14.75 sq. in 2.6-2 3. Full-page area, 14.76 sq. in.-10.76 sq. in 2-1.5 4. Full-page area, 10.75 sq. in.- 5.6 sq. in 1.5-.75 6. Full-page area, below 5.6 zero 6. Not full-paged area, 30 sq. in.-20 sq. in 1.6-1 7. Not full-paged area, 20 sq. in.-lO sq. in 1-.5 8. Not full-paged area, 10 sq. in.- 6 sq. in 6-iero 9. Not full-paged area, below 6 sq. in zero 10. Insertions between printed lines zero C. Color of Illustration 20 1. Soft, pleasing tones and tints, well saturated and bright 20-16 2. Vivid color, well saturated, fair degree of bright- ness, pleasing contrasts 16-12 Total value paints 5 20 38 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS 1 37 Total Maxi- value mum points 3. Intense, primary, well saturated, high degree of brightness, not gaudy 12-10 4. Intense, gaudy, well saturated, high degree of brightness 10-5 5. Dull colors, low saturation, pale contrasts 6-3 6. Colored prints in one' or two tones of same color. . 3-1 7. Black and white 2-zero D. Details in Illustrations 5 1. Few, large, striking, well arranged, strong in appeal to children's interests 6-3 2. Few, large, containing animals 3-2 3. Few, small, strong in appeal to children's interests 2-1 4. Few, small, well arranged, fair in appeal to chil- dren's interests 1-0 5. Many, not striking, small, small appeal to chil- dren's interests 1-0 6. Few, not striking, weak in appeal to children's interests 1-0 E. Characteristics of Illustrations 3 1. Humorous, contain animals, tell a story, full of action 3-2 2. Full of action, suggest story 2-1 3. Slight or no humor, very dignified, some suggest stories 1- . 75 4. Without any emotional, story-telling qualities, mere landscapes 75-0 VI. Appearance of page A. Per cent of marginal space 2 1. Above 65% 1-0 2. 65%-60% 2-1 3. 60%-40% 1-.75 4. 40%-30% 75-. 5 5. Below 30% zero B. Marginal space 1 ~ 1. Average top and bottom each, 1 inch or over 5 2. Average inner and outer each, 1 inch or over 5 C. Average number of lines to page 2 1.22 or above 5-0 2. 20-15 1.5-1 3. 15-13 1.75-1.5 4. 12-10 2-1 . 75 5. 10-7 1 . 75-1 6. Below 7 and not uniform number to page 6-zero D. Average length of line 2 1. Above 4i 75-0 2. 3^4* 75-1 3. 2-3 1-2 4. Shorter than 2 inches 75-0 Note.—" School books should be made of white paper, without gloss; the lines should be short, preferably about three inches, the margins wide and the print large." Terman, the Hygiene of the School Child, p. 277. These are fundamental requirements and no book should be considered worthy of evaluation that violates them. 138 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS Book One: Black Sambo. Saalfield Publishing Company Score Total points points I. Size 5.75 Length, 8 in : 1.0 Width, 6J in 1.5 Thickness, i in 75 Area, 60 sq. in 1.75 Volume, 12.5 cu. in 75 Total 5.75 IL Cover 15.50 A. Color: Hue of blue 10.00 Saturation low 0.5 Brightness- medium 1.0 B. Illustration on cover: 30% of entire space 1.0 Vividly colored, high contrasting eflfects 2.0 Color of letters, red and blue 0.5 Size of letters, J in. tall 0.5 Total 15.50 in. Title 3.0 Name of hero 3.0 IV. Amount of content 13.5 Number of pages, 43 4.0 Number of stories, 1 0.5 Per cent of story in a familiar field, 90 9.0 Total 13.5 V. Illustrations 33 .0 63% of entire book space 7.0 Size: many full page — area 35 sq. in., 24.75 sq. in 3.0 Color: some black and white, some highly saturated, bright primary colors 15.0 Details in pictures: few, large, appeal to child's interests 5.0 Characteristics of pictures: humorous, story telling, action, etc., contain animals 3.0 Total 33.0 VI. Appearance of page 5.5 Amount of marginal space, 64% 2-0 Average number of lines to page, 6 0.75 Average length of line, 5 in., not uniform 75 Inner and outer margin: more than 1 in 1.00 Top and bottom margin: more than 1 in 1.00 Total 5.60 Total value in score points 76.25 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS 1 39 Book Two: Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. Reilly & Lee, Publishers Score Total points points I. Size 8.65 Length, 7J in 1.4 Width, 6 in 2.0 Thickness, IJ in 1.75 Area, 46.5 sq. in 2.0 Volume, 58 cu. in 1.5 Total 8.65 II. Cover 10.75 A. Color: Hue, yellow 3.0 Saturation, medium 1.0 Brightness, medium 1.0 Total 5.0 B. Illustration on cover: Size: per cent of entire cover space, 85 3.0 Color: intense, vivid, complementary, primary 2.0 Lettering, color of: vivid red 0.5 Lettering, size of: I in 0.25 Total 5.76 III. Title 1.00 Description of contents 1.0 IV. Amount of content 20.00 Number of pages, 312 6.0 Number of stories, 20 6.0 Per cent of stories in a familiar field, 100 10.0 Total 20.0 V. Illustrations 19.0 Per cent of entire book space, 25 3.0 Size: full page area— 18 sq. in 2.0 Color: intense; primary colors well saturated 8.0 Details: large?, appeal to child's interests 3.0 Characteristics: humorous, contain animals, tell a story 3.0 Total 19.0 VI. Appearance of page 5*50 Amount of marginal space, 59% 1-0 Average number lines to page, 16 1.6 Average length of line, SJ in 1.0 Inner and outer margin: more than 1 in 1.0 Top and bottom margin: more than 1 in 1.0 Total 6.6 Total value in score points 64.90 140 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS Book Three: The Tale of Peter Rabbit. Hurst and Company, Publishers Score Total points points I. Size 6.75 Length, 1 in 2.0 Width, 6i in 1.5 Thickness, ^ in 1.0 Area, 38.6 sq. in '. . 1.5 Volume, 19.25 cu. in 0.75 Total 6.75 II. Cover 12.00 A. Color: Hue, grey 0.75 Saturation, low degree 0.5 Brightness, high degree 2.0 B. Illustration on Cover: Size: per cent of entire space, 73 3.0 Color: highly contrasting effects, pleasing...' 4.0 Lettering, color of: black, bold striking 75 Lettering, size of: | in. tall 1.00 Total 12.00 IIL Title S.OO Name of the hero 3. DO IV. Amount of content 6.5 Number of pages, 101 1.0 Number of stories, 1 0.5 Per cent of story in familiar field, 50 5.0 Total 6.5 V. Illustrations 30.0 Per cent of entire book space devoted to, 38 4.0 Size: full-page, 35 sq. in 3.0 Color: bright, primary, well saturated, pleasing to children.. 15.0 Details: few, large, appeal to childish interests 5.0 Characteristics: humorous, full of action, suggest stories.... 8.0 Total SO.O VI. Appearance of page 4.6 Amount of marginal space, 68% 1.5 Average number of lines per page, no uniformity 0.0 Average length of line, no uniformity 1.0 Inner and outer margin: more than 1 in 1.0 Top and bottom margin: more than 1 in 1.0 Total 4.5 Total value in score points 82.75 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS I4I Book Four: The Night Before Christmas, Wee Books for Wee Folks. Altemus Co., Publishers Score Total points points I. Size 4.00 Ltnigth, 6^ in 1.0 Width, 4i in 1.0 Thickness, |-in 76 Area, 23.88 sq. in 0.75 Volume, 8.78 cu. in 0.5 Total 4.00 II. Cover 16.00 A. Color: Hue, blue 10.0 Saturation, high degree 2.0 Brightness, medium degree 1.0 B. Illustration on Cover: Size: per cent of entire cover space, 37 1.0 Color: creamy white, making strong contrast 1.0 Lettering, color of: bright orange 5 Lettering, size of: J in. tall 5 Total 16.0 III. Title 5.00 An interesting event 5.0 IV. Amount of content 12.0 Number of pages, 59 4.0 Number of stories, 1 0.5 Per cent of story in familiar field, 75 7.5 Total 12.0 V. Illustrations 20.00 Per cent of entire book space devoted to, 46 4.5 Size: full-paged, area 8.75 1.5 Color: intense, bright, primary 8.0 Details: hardly any, large central figure predominates 3.0 : Characteristics: conventional Christmas ideas pictured, that appeal strongly to children, stories suggested 3.0 Total 20.0 VI. Appearance of page 3.0 Amount of marginal space, 89% 0.0 Average number of lines per page, not uniform 0.5 Average length of lines, metrical form 0.5 Inner and outer margin : more than 1 in , 1.0 Top and bottom margin: more than 1 in 1.0 Total 3.0 Total value in score points 60.00 10 142 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS Book Five: The Children's First Book of Poetry. Selected by Emilie K. Baker. Published by American Book Co. Score Total points points I. Size 8.00 Length, 7i in 1.75 Width, 5i in 2.00 Thickness, i in 1. 00 Area, 41.26 sq. in 1.75 Volume, 20.63 cu. in 1.50 Total 8.00 II. Cover 18.00 A. Color: Hue, blue 10.00 Saturation, high degree 2.00 Brightness, high degree 2.00 B. Illustration on cover: Size: per cent of entire cover space, 24 1.00 Color: not in strong contrasts, dark blue 1.50 Lettering, color of: dark blue 1.00 Lettering, size of: i in 0.50 Total 18.00 III. Title 2.00 Description of contents 2.00 IV. Amount of content 13.50 Number of pages, 224 4.00 Number of stories, 135 poems 2.00 Per cent of poems in familiar field, 75 7.50 Total 13.50 V. Illustration 7.25 Per cent of entire book space devoted to, 20 2.75 Size: average 8.75 sq. in. occupying about 8% of a page 50 Color: black and white 2.00 Details: small, insignificant, non-appealing to children 1.00 Characteristics: without emotional qualities, mere landscape effects 1 .00 Total 7.25 VI. Appearance of page 6.25 Amount of marginal space, 3Si 0.76 Average number of lines per page, 20 1.60 Average length of line — vary because of poetical form 2.00 Inner and outer margin: more than 1 in 1.00 Top and bottom margin: more than 1 in 1.00 Total 6.25 Total value in score points 55.00 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS I43 Book Six: The Night Before Christmas, Red Book Series. Reilly & Lee Co. Score Total points points I. Size , , 6.00 Length, 7 in 2.0 Width, 6i in 1.76 Thickness, | in , 0.75 Area, 36.76 sq. in 1.00 Volume, 13.75 cu. in 50 Total 6.00 II. Cover 8.W) A. Color: Hue, red (pinkish) , 4.00 Saturation, medium degree 0.50 Brightness, high degree,., 1.00 B. Illustration on cover: Size: per cent of entire cover space, 27 1.00 Color: dull tones, not clear nor striking 60 Lettering, color of: white 60 Lettering, size of: f in , 60 Total 8.00 III. Title 6.00 Interesting event to children 5.00 IV. Amount of content , 12.40 Number of pages, 57 40 Number of stories, 1-20, Mother Goose rhymes 2.00 Per cent of content in familiar field, 100 10.00 Total 12.40 ■ V. Illustrations 18.00 Per cent of entire book space devoted to, 28 3.00 Size: full-paged, area 18 sq. in 2.00 Color: bright, intense, primary 8.00 Details: large, few, many animals, appeal to children's interests 3.0O Characteristics: humorous, even farcical, suggest stories, full of action 2.00 Total 18.00 VI. Appearance of page 6-BO Amount of marginal space, 60% 1.00 Average number of lines per page, 10 1.50 Average length of line— uniformly Si in 1.00 Inner and outer margin: more than 1 in 1.00 Top and bottom margin: more than 1 in 1.00 Total 5.50 Total value in score points 64.90 144 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS Book Seven : The Sleeping Beauty and Blue Beard by Walter Crane. Lane Publishing Co., London Score Total points points I. Size S.7S Length, 6i in 0.75 Width, 4i in 1.00 Thickness, | in 0.75 Area, 23.38 sq. in 0.75 Volume, 8.78 cu. in 50 Total 3.75 II. Cover 9.25 A. Color: Hue, dark grey border 75 Saturation, high degree 2.0 Brightness, low degree 1.0 B. Illustration on cover: Size: per cent of entire cover space, 80 3.0 Color: beautiful, attractive contrasts 2.5 Lettering, color of: red, pleasing tones 0.0 Lettering, size of: i in 0.0 Total 9.26 HI. Title 3.00 Name of hero and heroine 3.00 IV. Amount of content 11.00 Number of pages, 53 4.00 Number of stories, 2 1.00 Per cent of content in familiar field, 60 6.00 Total 11.00 V. Illustration 23.00 Per cent of entire book space devoted to, 44 4,00 Size: largest area 26 sq. in., smallest area 15.75; full-paged... 3.00 Color: soft, bright, pleasing tints and tones 14.00 Details: classical effects in dress, furnishings, not childish in appeal 1.00 Characteristics: little humor, dignified, stately, some story- telling suggestions 1 .00 Total 23.00 VI. Appearance of page 4.25 Amount of marginal space, 39% 0.60 Average number of lines per page, 11 1.75 Average length of lines, not uniform — poetry 1.00 Inner and outer margin: more than 1 in 1.00 Top and bottom margin: less than 1 in 0.00 Total 4.26 Total value in score points 54.25 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS I4S Book Eight: New American Reader, Book Three. Ginn and Company, Pubushers Score Total points pointa I. Size T.26 Lengtli, 7i in 1.76 Width, 6i in 1.60 Thickness, J in 1.60 Area, 11.25 sq. in 1.60 Volume, 86 cu. in 1.00 Total 7.26 II. Cover 14.50 A. Color: Hue, blue 10.00 Saturation, low degree 0.50 Brightness, low degree 0.60 B. Illustration on cover: Size: per cent of entire cover space, 44 1.00 Color: dark blue, slight contrasting effects 0.50 Lettering, color of: dark blue 1.60 Lettering, size of: | in 0.50 Total 14.60 in. Title 1.00 New American Readers 1.00 IV. Amount of content 14.60 Number of pages, 290 4.00 Number of stories and poems, 46 3.50 Per cent of content in familiar Held, 80 7.00 Total 14.60 V. Illustrations 13.26 Per cent of entire book space devoted to, 32 3.50 Size: average area 12 sq. in., occupying between 30%-50% of page area 75 Color: black and white 2.00 Details: few, simple, bold, some humorous, many animals.... 4.00 Characteristics: suggest stories, many slightly humorous, a fair amount of actiom in many 3.00 Total 13.26 VI. Appearance of page 3.25 Amount of marginal space, 44% 0.76 Average number of lines per page, 20 1.00 Average length of line, uniformly 4 in 0.50 Inner and outer margin: less than 1 in 0.00 Top and bottom margin: more than 1 in 100 Total 3-25 Total value in score points 53.76 146 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS Book Nine: Peter Rabbit, Wee Book Series (See Book Foxjr) Score Total points points I. Size 4.00 Length, 5J in 1.00 Width, 4i in 1-00 Thickness, |-in 75 Area, 23.38 sq. in -. 0.75 Volume, 8.78 cu. in 0.50 Total 4.00 11. Cover 14.00 A, Color: Hue, blue 10.00 Saturation, high degree 1.00 Brightness, medium degree 0.00 B. Illustration on cover: Size: per cent of entire cover space, 55 1.50 Color: dark blue, dull red 0.50 Lettering, color of: dull orange 0.50 Lettering, size of: i inch 0.50 Total 14.00 III. Title S.OO Name of hero 3.00 'IV. Amount of content 9.60 Number of pages, 63 4. 00 Number of stories, 1 0.50 Per cent of story in familiar field, 50 5.00 Total 9. 50 V. Illustrations 16.50 Per cent of entire book space devoted to, 46 4.00 Size: full-page 8.75 sq. in, area 1.6O Color: bright, soft, attractive 7. 00 Details: very few, animals often used 2.00 Characteristics: some humor, a great deal of action, suggest stories 2.00 Total 16.50 VI, Appearance of page 6.50 Amount of marginal space, 64% 2.00 Average number of lines, 12 2.00 Average length of line, uniform 2i in 0. 50 Inner and outer margin : more than 1 in 1,00 Top and bottom margin: more than 1 in i,oo Total 6.50 Total value in score points 53.50 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS I47 Book Ten : Little Red Riding Hood of the Children's Red Book Series (See Number Six) Score Total points points I. Size 6.0 Length, 7 in 2.00 Width, 6i in I.75 Thickness, J in 0.75 Area, 36.75 sq. in 1.00 Volume, 13.75 cu. in 0.50 Total 6.00 II. Cover 8.00 A. Color: Hue, red (pinkish) 4.00 Saturation, medium degree 0.50 Brightness, high degree 1.00 B. Illustrations on cover: Size: per cent of entire cover space, 27 1.00 Color: muddy tones 0.50 Lettering, color of; white 0.50 Lettering, size of: g in 0.50 Total 8.00 III. Title 3.00 Heroine's name 3.00 IV. Amount of content 10.40 Number of pages, 57 0.4 Number of stories, 2 1.0 Per cent of stories in familiar field, 90 9.0 Total 10.4 V. Illustrations 17.00 Per cent of entire book spac6 devoted to, 46 4.00 Size: full-page, 15.75 sq. in 2.00 Color: bright, gaudy, intensely crude 8.00 Details: very few 2.00 Characteristics: full of action, suggest stories 1.00 Total 17.00 VI. Appearance of page 6.0O Amount of marginal space, 60% 1.00 Average number of lines per page, 12 2.00 Average length of line, uniformly 3i in 1.00 Inner and outer margin: more than 1 in 1.00 Top and bottom margin: more than 1 in 1.00 Total 6.00 Total value in score points 50.40 148 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS Book Eleven: The Story of Little Black Sambo. Stokes and Co., Publishers, N. Y. Score Total points points I. Size 4.25 Length, 5J in 1.00 Width, 4 in 0.75 Thickness, i in 1.00 Area, 22 sq. in 0.75 Volume, 11 cu. in 0.75 Total 4.25 II. Cover 7.50 A. Color: Hue, yellowish-green 2.50 Saturation, low degree 0.00 Brightness, high degree 2.00 B. Illustration: Size: per cent of entire cover space, 25 1.00 Color: bold contrasting, reds and blues 1.00 Lettering, color of: black 0.50 Lettering, size of: A in 0.50 Total 7.50 in. Title 3.00 Name of hero 3.00 IV. Amount of content 13.50 Number of pages, 66 4. 00 Number of stories, 1 0.50 Per cent of story in familiar field, 90 9.00 Total 13 . 50 V. Illustration 16.00 Per cent of entire book space devoted to, 46 4.00 Size: full-paged, area 20 sq. in 2.00 Color: very bright primary colors 6.00 Details: well selected, few, pleasing to children 2.00 Characteristics: lively, humorous, full of action, suggest stories 2.00 Total 16.00 VI. Appearance of page 4.50 Amount of marginal space, 61% 2.00 Average number of lines, 10 1.75 Average length of line, uniformly 2i in 0.75 Inner and outer margin : less than 1 in 0.00 Top and bottom margin: less than 1 in 0.00 Total 4. 50 Total value in score points 48.75 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS I49 Book Twelve: All About Cinderella. Cupples & Sons, Publishers, N. Y. Score Total points points I. Size 4.00 Length, 5i in 1.00 Width, 4i in 1.00 Thickness, | of an inch 0.75 Area, 23.38 sq. in 0.75 Volume, 8.78 ctl. in 0.60 Total 4.00 II. Cover 7.50 A. Color: Hue, green 2.00 Saturation, medium degree 1.00 Brightness, medium degree 1.00 B. Illustration on cover: Size: per cent of entire cover space, 16 0.50 Color: in fine contrast, yellow and low orange 2.00 Lettering, color of: very dark green 0.60 Lettering, size of: J of an inch 0.60 Total 7.60 III. Title 3.00 Name of heroine 3.00 IV. Amount of content 14.50 Number of pages, 48 4.00 Number of stories, 1 - 0.50 Per cent of stories in familiar field, 100 10.00 Total 14.50 V. Illustrations 1*60 Per cent of entire book space devoted to, 60 5.00 Size: averaging 8.75 sq. in., occupying tiny part of page, few full-paged ones 0.50 Color: some in black and white, some soft pleasing tones 7.00 Details: minute in style, too many, not especially appealing to children; large, bold central figure on full page 1.00 Characteristics: little action, lack emotional appeal for chil- dren, some humor, some tell a story 1.00 Total 14.50 VI. Appearance of page 4.00 Amount of marginal space, 64% 2.00 Average number of lines, from 7 to 12 1-00 Average length of line, irregular in length, pictures being inserted ^-^ Inner and outer margin : less than 1 in 0.00 Top and bottom margin : more than 1 in 1-00 Total t 4.00 Total value in score points 47.50 II ISO SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS Book Thirteen : Cinderella and the Sleeping Beauty, Christmas Stocking Series. Reilly & Brixton, Publishers, Chicago Score Total points points I. Size 3.00 Length, i in 0,5 Width, 3 in 0.5 Thickness, i in 1 .00 Area, 12 sq. in 0.50 Volume, 6 cu. in 0. 50 Total 3.00 II. Cover 11.50 A. Color: Hue, red 6.00 Saturation, medium degree 2.00 Brightness, high degree 2.00 B. Illustration of cover: Size : per cent of entire cover space, 25 0.75 Color: vague, indistinct, pale 0.25 Lettering, color of: black , 0.25 Lettering, size of: -} of an inch 0.25 Total 11.50 III. Title 3.00 Name of heroines 3.00 IV. Amount of content 12.50 Number of pages, 119 1.50 Number of stories, 2 1.00 Per cent of stories in familiar field, 100 10.00 Total 12.50 V. Illustrations 8-00 Per cent of entire book space devoted to, 26 2.75 Size: full-paged, area 5.5 sq. in 0.75 Color: cheap prints in red and green, black and white 3.00 Details: too minute — very few, no large outstanding figures.. 0.75 Characteristics: too small to give clear impressions of any sort 0.75 Total S .00 VI. Appearance of the page 5 .50 Amount of marginal space, 64% 2.0 Average number of lines, 12 2.00 Average length of line, not uniform 0.50 Inner and outer margin: less than 1 in 0.0 Top and bottom margin: more than 1 in 1.0 Total 5.50 Total value in score points 43.50 SCORE CARD FOR EVALUATING VARIOUS FACTORS 15I Book Fourteen : Elson Primary School Reader, Third Grade. Scott, Foresman Co. Score Total points points I. Size 6.60 Length, 7J in 1.50 Width, 5J in 1.50 Thickness, f of an inch 1 , 00 Area, 38.38 sq. in 1.5 Volume, 28.79 cu. in 1.0 Total 6.50 II. Cover 5.00 A. Color: Hue, tan (orange) 0.5 Saturation, low 0-0 Brightness, medium 1.0 B. Illustration on cover: Size: per cent of entire cover space, 64 2.0 Color: dull brown, red 0.5 Lettering, color of: dark brown 0.5 Lettering, size of: f of an inch 0.5 Total 5.0 III. Title 1.00 Primary school reader 1 . 00 IV. Amount of content U.OO Number of pages, 280 4.00 Number of stories and poems, 67 3.00 Per cent of stories in familiar field, 76 7.00 Total 14.00 V. Illustrations 8.50 Per cent of entire book space devoted to, 28 3.00 Size: average 10 sq. in., occupying from 15%-30% of page 0.50 Color: black and white; or pale orange tints or pale green tints 3.00 Details: small, few, well selected, make appeals to children.. 1.00 Characteristics: make slight emotional appeal, lack humor and liveliness 1-00 Total 8 . 50 VI. Appearance of page 3.00 Amount of marginal space, 334% 0.75 Average number of lines, 22 0.50 Average length of line, 3| in 0.75 Inner and outer margin: less than 1 in 0.00 Top and bottom: more than 1 in 1.00 Total 3.00 Total value in score points 38.00 BOOKS RANKED IN ORDER OF ASSIGNED VALUES- INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION COMBINED Inspec- Exami- Title tion nation Mean Rank +l8 +23 +21 I 18 +19 +19 2.5 +21 +17 +19 2.5 10 — I + 4 5 2 +11 + S 4 4+4 o* 7 Saalfield Edition, "Little Black Sambo"... Children's Stories That Never Grow Old... Hurst Edition, " The Tale of Peter Rabbit " The Children's First Book of Poetry Wee Book, " Night Before Christmas " Red Book, " Night Before Christmas " — I — I — 3 o* — 8 7 7 9 10.5 IS —II — 9 15 Crane Edition, " Sleeping Beauty and Blue Beard " — i New American Reader, Book Three + I Red Book, "Little Red Riding Hood" — 4 Wee Book, " Peter Rabbit " — 9 All About Edition, " Cinderella " — 9 Christmas Stocking, " Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty " — 7 Stokes Edition, "The Story of Little Black Sambo " — 6 Red Book, " Story of Little Black Sambo". . — 9 Christmas Stocking, " Night Before Christ- mas " — 9 Red Book, "Cinderella" —10 Christmas Stocking, " The Story of Peter Rabbit " —11 Red Book, " The Story of Peter Rabbit "... —10 Elson Primary School Reader, Book Three. . — 11 Christmas Stocking, " Little Black Sambo ". . — 8 * Assigned value (average attraction) means that just 20 per cent of all the votes were cast for that edition. — 9 — 9 —10 — 8 — 10 — II —IS — 7 — S — 9 — 9 — 9 — II — II —13 10.5 IS IS IS 18.5 I8.S 20 12 VALUES BY APPLYING SCORE CARD Values Point value based on from score children's Editions cards selection Saalfield, Black Sambo 76.25 +21 Children's Stories That Never Grow Old '64.90 +19 Hurst, Peter Rabbit 62.75 +19 Wee Book, Night Before Christmas 60.00 + 5 The Children's First Book of Poetry SS.oo + 4 Red Book, Night Before Christmas S4.90 o* Crane, Sleeping Beauty 54.25 o* New American Reader, Book Three 53-75 o* Wee Book, Peter Rabbit 53.50 — 4 Red Book, Little Red Riding Hood SO.40 — 5 Stokes, Black Sambo 48.75 — 5 AH About Cinderella 47.50 — 9 Christmas Stocking, Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty 43.50 — 9 Elson Third Reader 38.00 — 13 152 BIBLIOGRAPHY CoHN, Herman (1886). The Hygiene of the Eye. Midland Ed. Co., Birmingham, Eng. Deabborn, Walter S. (1906). The Psychology of Reading. The Science Press, N. Y. Dunn, Fannie W. (1922). Interest Factors in Primary Reading Materials. Teachers' College Publication, New York. Fay-E^ton (1919). Instruction in the Use of Books and Libraries. Faxon Co., Boston. Foster, W. E. How to Choose Editions, by A. L. A. Publishing Board. HuEY, Edmund B. (1906). The Psychology and Pedagogy of Read- ing. Macmillan. Hunt, C. W. (1910). Picture Books for Children Outlook. Vol. 96, PP- 739-745. JuDD, Chari^s H. Reading, Its Nature and Development. The Uni- versity of Chicago Press, p. 34 ff. KiRKPATRicK, E. a. Children's Reading. The Northwestern Monthly. January and March, 1899. Lowe, Oton (1914). Literature for Children. Macmillan. Olcott, Frances J. (1912). The Children's Reading. Houghton, Mifflin Co. — — (1912). Picture Books and Illustrations in Children's Reading, Ch. S. Public Library, Volume 13, Number 8. Shaw, Edward R. (igoi). School Hygiene. Macmillan. Skelchty, R. E. D. (1903). Some Children's Book Illustrators in English Book Illustrations of Today, Ch. 4. Taylor, Joseph S. (1912). Principles and Methods of Teaching Reading. Macmillan. Terman, Lewis M. (1921). Hygiene of School Children. Houghton, Mifflin. Tracy, Frederick (1896). The Psychology of Childhood. Heath. Valentine, C. W. The Experimental Psychology of Beauty. T. C. & E. C. Jack, London. VoLGATE, Henrich (1906). Von Kinderbuch. Teubner, Leipzig. Vostrovosky, Clara. The Interests of Children in Reading. Studies ■^ in Education, Stanford University, 1896-97. Pedagogical Semi- nary, Vol. 6, p. S23. Welsh, Charles A. Book of Nursery Rhymes. White, Gluson (1897-98). Children's Books and their Illustrators (Special winter number of the International Studies). Wissler, Clark. Interests of Children in Reading. Ped. Sem., Vol. S, P- 523- IS3 APPENDIX FIRST GRADE CHOICE OF CINDERELLA BY INSPECTION Boys Girls ' ' > ; " > Per cent Per cent No, times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen A A A iC Schools No. 12345 12345 No. 12346 12345 73 19 8 2 1 2 11 16 11 5 U 67 11 3 3 5 27 27 46 15 9 2 12 3 1 22 11 22 34 11 17 6 2 2 3 4 36 12 12 17 24 H. Mann ...13 40316 310 23 838 7 32101 43 29 14 14 Westmin. . . 22 1 2 19 6 9 86 17 3 1 2 11 18 6 12 64 Total 63 9 4 6 8 36 14 6 10 13 67 62 12 8 3 8 21 23 16 6 16 41 BY EXAMINATION 73 19 3 1 15 16 5 79 11 2 2 16 18 IS 9 66 15 9 112 14 11 11 22 11 44 17 6 2 3 16 29 12 17 6 36 H. Mann ... 13 22054 15 15 39 31 7 21013 29 14 14 43 Westmin. ..22 2010 19 9050 86 17 0111 14 0666 82 Total 63 8 4 3 6 42 13 6 5 9 67 52 7 6 6 4 29 14 11 11 8 66 ' BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination , !« ^ ^ » ^ 73 30 S 5 1 5 16 10 17 3 17 53 30 3 3 2 1 21 10 10 7 3 70 15 26 8 3 4 6 6 31 12 15 23 19 26 6 3 6 2 10 23 11 19 8 39 H. Mann ... 20 72416 36 10 20 6 30 20 43067 20 15 80 35 Westmin. ..39 3204 30 850 10 77 39 2121 33 535384 Total 115 2112 9 16 57 18 10 8 14 60 115 16 10 9 10 71 13 9 8 9 62 By inspection and examination A 73 60 6 8 3 6 87 ID 14 5 10 61 15 52 14 6 9 8 16 27 12 17 15 29 H. Mann ... 40 11 5 4 7 13 28 12 10 18 33 Westmin. ..78 532663 7426 81 Total 230 36 22 18 26 128 16 10 8 1165 N. B. — The above columns should be read in the following manner: In school 73 there were 19 boys. Three chose series 1, two chose series 2, one chose series 3, etc. iSS FIRST GRADE CHOICE OF SLEEPING BEAUTY BY INSPECTION Boys Girls J, A_ -J Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen , * , , ^ ^ , * V < '• Schools No. 12345 12345 No. 12345 12345 73 10 00109 00 10 090 6 11103 16 17 17 050 15 7 30202 44 028028 19 13258 5 16 112642 H. Mann ... 7 10222 14 02829 29 3 10101 33033034 Westmin. . . 22 1 4 1 16 5 7 6 73 19 1 2 2 14 5 11 11 73 Total 46 5093 29 10 20 7 63 47 446726 88131556 BY EXAMINATION 73 10 2 17 20 10 70 6 1110 3 17 16 17 50 15 7 2 2 3 29 29 42 19 2 3 2 3 9 10 16 1116 47 H. Mann ... 7 10222 14 29 28 29 3 10101 330 34 033 Westmin. ..22 1030 18 50 14 081 19 1140 13 5521069 Total 46 4093 30 8020765 47 558326 111117 655 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination ^ I. , I < , 73 16 1 1 2 12 6 6 13 75 16 1 1 3 1 10 6 6 19 6 63 15 26 4 3 4 5 10 16 12 15 19 39 26 4 3 4 3 12 15 12 15 12 46 H.Mann ...10 20323 20 030 20 30 10 20323 20030 20 30 Westmin. . . 41 2 6 3 30 5 14 8 73 41 2 1 7 31 5 2 17 76 Total 93 9 4 15 10 55 10 4 16 11 59 93 9 5 17 6 56 10 5 18 6 60 By inspection and examination K 73 32 22 5 1 22 6 6 16 369 15 62 8 6 8 8 22 15 1115 16 44 H.Mann... 20 4 6 4 6 20 30 20 30 Westmin. . . 82 4 1 13 3 61 5 1 16 4 74 Total 186 18 9 32 16 111 10 5 17 9 60 FIRST GRADE CHOICE OF PETER RABBIT BY INSPECTION Boys Girls K A Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen A A A ^ ^ A ^ Schools No. 12345 12345 No. 12345 12345 73 7 00025 0002971 7 20032 29004229 15 S 110 3 3 12 28 28 17 1 3 1 10 2 6 18 6 5S 12 H. Mann ...9 00054 000 56 44 1 10000 100 0000 Westmin. . . 23 4 2 3 4 10 17 9 13 17 44 18 3 3 4 8 17 17 22 44 Total 47 5 3 3 14 22 11 6 6 30 46 43 7 3 4 17 12 16 7 9 40 i> BY EXAMINATION 73 7 01033 14 043 43 7 20023 29002S43 15 8 2 3 3 25 38 37 17 15 7 4 6 29 41 24 H. Mann ...9 10035 11 00 33 66 1 00010 000 100 Westmin. ..23 4027 10 16 083244 18 41238 116 22 17 44 Total 47 6 1 5 13 21 15 2 11 27 45 43 7 6 2 13 15 16 14 5 SO 35 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination 73 14 2 5 7 14 36 50 14 '21056 14 7 36 4S 16 25 2 4 1 13 5 8 16 4 52 20 25 3 5 3 7 7 12 20 12 2S 2S H. Mann ... 10 10064 10 60 40 10 10045 10 40 50 Westmin. . . 41 7 2 6 8 18 17 5 15 20 44 41 8 1 4 10 18 20 2 10 24 44 Total 90 12 6 7 31 34 13 7 8 34 38 90 14 7 7 26 86 16 8 8 29 40 By inspection and examination , « , 73 28 4 1 10 13 14 4 86 46 15 60 5 9 4 20 12 10 18 8 40 24 H. Mann ... 20 20099 10 45 45 Westmin. ..82 15 3 10 18 36 18 4 12 22 44 Total 180 26 13 14 67 70 14 7 8 32 49 IS6 FIRST GRADE CHOICE OF LITTLE BLACK SAMBO BY INSPECTION Boys Girls ,- *^ ^ ^ A ^ Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen , » , , « , , >.^ ^ ^ <- , Schools No. 12S45 12346 No. 12345 12346 'S 7 11050 14 14 72 3 11010 34 33 33 15 9 3 2 4 33 22 46 19 6 4 2 6 1 31 21 11 31 6 H. Mann ... 7 11050 14 14 72 3 11010 34 33 33 Westmin. . . 19 4 4 3 8 21 21 16 42 21 2 2 3 3 11 10 10 14 14 52 Total 42 6 9 2 17 8 14 21 5 41 19 46 10 8 5 11 12 22 17 11 23 26 BY EXAMINATION 73 7 01033 14 43 43 3 01020 330670 15 9 4 5 45 65 19 B 3 2 8 1 26 16 10 42 6 H. Mann ... 7 01033 14 43 43 3 01020 330670 Westmin. . . 19 5 3 3 3 5 26 16 16 16 26 21 4 2 3 4 8 19 10 14 19 38 Total 42 9 5 3 14 11 21 12 7 34 26 46 9 7 5 16 9 20 16 11 34 20 BOYS AND GIBLS By inspection By examination A K 73 10 2 2 6 20 20 60 10 2 6 3 20 60 30 15 28 6 7 4 10 1 21 26 14 36 4 28 9 3 2 13 1 32 11 7 46 4 H. Mann ... 10 22060 20 20 60 10 02053 20 60 30 Westmin. . . 40 6 6 3 6 19 16 15 8 15 47 40 9 6 6 7 13 23 12 16 18 32 Total 88 16 17 7 28 20 18 19 8 32 23 88 16 12 8 30 20 20 14 10 34 23 By inspection and examination A 73 20 2 4 11 3 10 20 55 15 15 66 15 10 6 23 2 27 18 10 41 4 H. Mann ... 20 2 4 11 3 10 20 65 15 Westmin. . . 80 15 11 9 13 32 20 13 11 16 40 Total 176 34 29 15 68 40 19 17 9 33 23 FIRST GRADE CHOICE OF NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS BY INSPECTION Boys Girls I ' . , ' . Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen , * , , ^^ , , ' , , ' , Schools No. 12345 12345 No. 12345 12345 73 8 01034 13 37 60 3 00003 0000 100 16 7 10 6 1 14 72 14 12 5 2 2 3 43 16 16 26 H. Mann ... 7 21121 29 14 14 29 14 3 11100 34 33 33 Westmin. . . 19 3 14 2 9 16 6 21 11 47 17 2 14 3 7 12 6 23 18 41 Total 41 5 4 5 12 15 12 10 12 29 37 35 3 7 7 5 13 9 20 20 14 37 BY EXAMINATION 73 8 01133 13 13 37 37 3 00003 0000 100 15 7 00142 00 14 67 29 12 12711 8 26 59 88 H. Mann ... 7 12121 14 29 14 29 14 S 20100 67 33 Westmin. . . 19 2 7 8 2 11 36 42 11 17 3 4 6 13 18 23 35 6 18 Total 41 3 10 11 9 8 6 24 27 22 20 35 6 6 14 2 7 17 17 41 6 20 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination , * < ' r- ' ^ 73 11 10 3 7 9 27 64 11 113 6 9 9 27 65 15 19 6 2 7 4 32 10 37 27 19 12 8 5 3 6 11 42 26 16 H. Mann ... 10 3 2 2 2 1 30 20 20 20 10 10 3 2 2 2 1 30 20 20 20 10 Westmin. . . 36 6 2 8 5 16 14 6 22 14 44 36 6 11 14 1 5 14 31 39 2 14 Total 76 8 11 12 17 28 11 15 16 22 37 76 9 16 25 11 15 12 21 33 15 20 By inspection and examination A 73 22 2 1 6 13 3 9 6 27 59 15 38 1 8 10 12 7 3 21 26 32 18 H. Mann ... 20 64442 30 20 20 20 10 Westmin. . . 72 10 13 22 6 21 14 18 30 9 29 Total 162 17 27 37 28 43 11 18 24 18 28 157 SECOND GRADE CHOICE OF QNDERELLA BY INSPECTION Boys Girls C A . ^ Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen , — ' — , , — ' — , . — " — , , — ' — > Schools No. 12345 12345 No. 123*5 12S46 73 18 2 2 14 11 11 78 12 2 1117 17 8 8 8 59 15 13 2 12 8 15 8 15 62 15 6 4 3 12 33 27 20 7 13 H. Mann ... 6 10202 20 40 040 5 10103 200 20 060 Westmin. . . 12 3 10 2 6 26 8 17 50 20 2 2 4 2 10 10 10 20 20 50 Total 48 8 1 5 4 30 17 2 11 8 63 62 ID 7 9 4 22 19 13 17 8 43 BY EXAMINATION 73 18 2 1 1 14 11 6 77 12 112 8 8 8 17 67 16 13 1112 8 8 8 8 15 61 15 5 5 113 33 33 7 7 20 H.Mann... 5 00104 00 20 080 6 01004 20 0080 Westmin. . . 12 3 2 16 25 17 8 50 20 2 3 3 1 11 10 15 15 5 65 Total 48 8 1 5 4 30 17 2 11 8 63 62 10 7 9 4 22 19 13 17 8 43 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination , « , , ' ■ > 73 30 4 1 3 1 21 14 3 10 3 70 30 3 2 3 22 10 7 10 73 15 28 7 4 4 3 10 25 14 14 1136 28 6 6 2 3 11 21 21 7 11 40 H. Mann ... 10 20305 20 30 60 10 01108 10 10 80 Westmin. . . 32 5 3 4 4 16 15 9 13 13 50 32 5 S 6 2 17 16 9 16 6 63 Total 100 18 6 14 8 62 18 8 14 8 52 100 14 12 11 5 58 14 12 11 5 58 By inspection and examination 73 60 7 3 6 1 43 12 5 10 1 72 15 56 13 ID 6 6 21 23 18 11 11 37 H. Mann ... 20 2 1 4 13 10 5 20 65 Westmin. .. 64 10 6 9 6 33 16 9 14 9 52 Total 20O 32 20 25 13 110 16 10 13 7 55 SECOND GRADE CHOICE OF SLEEPING BEAUTY BY INSPECTION Boys Girls A K f » I \ Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen ^ A ^ ^ A. ^ ^ X. ^ ^ K ^ Schools No. 12345 12345 No. 12345 12345 73 17 2 3 1 11 12 18 6 64 13 2 4 7 15 31 54 15 12 12324 8 17 26 17 33 14 14720 7 29 50 14 H. Mann ...5 01004 20 00 80 5 03002 0600040 Westmin. ..12 00219 00 17 8 75 20 20369 10 15 3045 26 17 05039 29 18 63 14 16026 7430 14 36 Total 63 3 11 6 6 37 5 17 ID ID 68 66 6 17 10 10 23 9 26 15 15 35 BY EXAMINATION 73 17 1 2 2 12 6 12 12 70 13 1 2 ID 8 15 77 16 12 2 4 6 17 33 60 14 7 5 2 .50 66 14 H. Mann ... 5 01013 20 20 60 6 01004 20 0080 Westmin. . . 12 2 2 8 17 17 66 30 16 4 3 6 5 SO 20 15 30 26 17 5 3 9 29 D 18 53 14 4 12 7 29 7 14 60 Total 68 1 12 8 4 38 2 19 13 6 60 66 2 20 10 7 27 3 SO 16 11 41 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination f ■■ ^ ^ , _->s ^ 73 30 4 7 1 18 13 24 3 60 30 2 4 2 22 7 IS 7 73 16 26 2 6 10 4 4 82338 15 16 26 099 26 08535 723 H. Mann ... 10 04006 40 60 10 02017 20 D 10 70 Westmin. . . 32 2 5 7 18 6 16 22 56 32 1 8 6 S 14 S 26 19 9 44 26 31 1 11 6 14 S 36 16 45 31 9 1 5 16 29 3 16 52 Total 129 9 28 16 16 60 7 22 13 13 46 129 3 32 IS 11 65 3 23 14 9 51 By inspection and examination A 73 60 6 11 3 40 10 18 5 67 15 52 2 15 19 6 10 4 29 86 12 19 H. Mann ... 20 6 1 13 30 5 66 Westmin. . . 64 3 8 11 ID 32 6 12 17 16 60 26 62 1 20 1 10 30 2 32 21 6 48 Total 268 12 60 34 27 126 6 23 13 11 49 158 SECOND GRADE CHOICE OF PETER RABBIT BY INSPECTION Boys Girls , ' , , ' . Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times eacli each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen f A ^ ^ K * * Schools No. 12345 12345 No. 12345 12345 73 16 10 9 6 G 66 38 13 3 2 8 23 15 62 15 12 01083 0807 26 15 14181 7277 63 7 H. Mann ... 4 00013 000 25 75 6 00222 00 34 34 33 Westmin. . . 14 14 6 3 7 29 43 21 20 5 5 2 8 25 25 10 40 26 17 1 2 12 2 6 12 71 11 13 1 10 2 8 77 15 Total 63 1 5 4 36 17 2 8 6 67 27 67 4 12 8 30 13 6 19 12 45 20 BY EXAMINATION 73 16 10 9 6 6 66 38 IS 3 5 14 23 38 8 31 15 12 10 8 3 8 67 26 15 14 19 7 27 7 60 H. Mann ... 4 00013 000 25 75 6 21102 34 16 16 034 Westmin. . . 14 12 17 3 7 14 7 50 22 20 4 4 2 6 4 20 20 10 30 20 26 17 3 19 4 18 6 63 23 13 4 6 3 31 46 23 Total , .... 63 1 7 2 34 19 2 11 3 54 30 67 10 18 6 25 9 15 27 8 37 13 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination ^ _A ^ ^ K ^ 73 29 3 3 17 6 10 10 59 21 29 3 6 1 13 6 10 21 3 45 21 15 27 1 5 1 16 4 4 19 4 68 15 27 1 5 1 17 3 4 19 3 63 11 H. Mann ... 10 00235 20 30 50 10 21115 20 10 10 10 60 Westmin. . . 34 6 9 8 11 18 26 24 32 34 5 6 3 13 7 14 18 9 38 21 26 30 1 3 22 4 3 10 74 13 30 7 1 15 7 23 3 50 24 Total 130 5 17 12 66 30 4 13 9 5123 130 1125 7 59 28 9 19 5 45 22 By inspection and examination J \j^ ^ 73 68 6 9 1 30 12 10 16 2 61 21 15 54 2 10 2 33 7 4 18 4 61 13 H. Mann ... 20 213 4 10 10 5 15 20 60 Westmin. . . 68 5 12 12 21 18 7 18 18 31 26 26 60 1 10 1 37 11 2 17 2 61 18 Total 260 16 42 19 125 58 6 16 7 48 23 SECOND GRADE CHOICE OF LITTLE BLACK SAMBO BY INSPECTION Boys Girls r \ I ^ Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen , ' « , * > , ' V , ' , Schools No. 12345 12346 No. 12346 12346 73 17 10 7 69 41 12 13 15 2 8 25 8 42 17 15 10 118 10 10 SO 18 3 3 1 11 17 17 5 61 H. Mann ... 4 00112 00 26 25 50 6 20031 33 00 50 17 Westmin. . . 15 3 10 7 4 20 7 47 26 18 2 14 4 7 11 6 22 22 39 26 16 01348 06 19 25 50 14 13028 7220 14 57 Total 62 3 3 5 30 21 6 5 8 48 34 68 9 10 6 25 18 13 15 9 36 27 BY EXAMINATION 73 17 10 9 7 6 53 41 12 2 13 4 2 17 8 26 33 17 15 10 2 8 20 80 18 3 3 1 11 17 17 5 61 H. Mann ... 4 00211 00 50 26 25 6 20031 33 00 50 17 Westmin. ..15 2 3 7 3 13 20 47 20 18 12 4 6 5 5 11 22 33 '39 26 16 6 10 37 63 14 2 2 19 14 14 7 65 Total 62 2 1 7 31 21 3 2 11 50 34 68 8 8 10 25 17 12 12 15 36 25 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination , ^ > , >- , 73 29 1 3 1 15 9 4 10 3 52 31 29 2 2 3 13 9 7 7 10 45 31 15 28 3 4 2 19 11 14 7 68 28 3 3 3 19 11 11 11 67 H. Mann ... 10 2 14 3 20 10 40 30 10 2 2 4 2 20 20 40 20 Westmin. . . S3 5 2 4 11 11 16 6 12 33 33 33 3 2 7 13 8 9 6 21 40 24 26 30 1 4 3 6 16 3 14 10 20 63 30 2 2 7 14 7 7 23 63 Total 130 12 13 1165 39 9 10 9 43 30 130 10 9 17 56 38 8 7 13 43 29 By inspection and examination A 73 68 3 5 4 28 18 6 8 7 48 31 16 28 6 7 6 38 11 IS 9 67 H. Mann ... 20 4 3 8 5 20 15 40 25 Westmin. . . 66 8 4 11 24 19 12 6 17 36 29 26 60 1 6 5 IS 35 2 10 8 22 58 Total 260 22 22 28 11177 8 8 1142 30 IS9 SECOND GRADE CHOICE OF NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS BY INSPECTION Boys Girls , ^ , , « — > Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen , ' ^ I • . , * ^ I * ^ Schools No. 12345 12345 No. 12345 12345 73 11 2 3 6 18 27 55 16 3 8 4 1 19 50 25 6 15 16 4 16 6 25 6 38 31 13 2 6 2 3 16 46 15 24 H. Mann ... 4 10210 25 60 25 6 12111 17 34 16 16 17 Westmin. . . 14 2 14 7 14 7 29 50 18 3 3 13 8 17 17 5 17 44 26 16 1 3 1 11 6 19 6 69 14 5 3 3 3 36 21 21 22 Total 61 4 10 10 14 23 7 16 16 23 38 67 9 24 9 9 16 13 36 13 13 25 BY EXAMINATION 73 11 11 3 3 4 9 27 27 37 16 2 8 2 2 2 13 50 12 12 13 15 16 5 V 4 31 44 25 13 17 2 12 8 64 15 8 15 H.Mann... 4 10111 25 25 2526 6 02022 34 03333 Westmin. . . 14 2 6 3 4 14 36 21 29 18 2 5 5 4 2 11 28 28 22 11 26 16 16 2 7 6 38 13 43 14 6 2 2 4 43 14 14 29 Total 61 6 19 6 15 16 8 3110 25 26 67 5 28 111112 7 42 16 17 18 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination , « > , • > 73 27 3 10 7 6 1 11 37 26 22 4 27 3 11 5 6 2 11 41 18 22 7 15 29 2 10 1 8 8 7 34 3 28 28 29 1 12 2 8 6 3 42 7 27 21 H. Mann ... 10 22321 20 20 30 20 10 10 12133 10 20 10 30 Westmin. . . 32 5 4 5 3 15 16 12 16 9 47 32 4 10 5 7 6 13 31 15 22 19 26 30 1 8 3 4 14 3 27 10 13 47 30 1 12 4 2 11 3 40 13 7 37 Total 128 13 34 19 23 39 10 27 16 18 30 128 10 47 17 26 28 8 37 13 20 22 By inspection and examination , ' ■ — > 73 64 6 21 12 12 3 11 39 22 22 6 15 58 3 22 3 16 14 5 38 5 28 24 H. Mann ... 20 34454 16 20 20 25 20 Westmin. . . 64 9 14 10 10 21 14 22 15 15 34 26 60 2 20 7 6 25 3 33 12 10 42 Total 266 23 81 36 49 67 9 32 14 19 26 THIRD GRADE CHOICE OF CINDERELLA BY INSPECTION Boys Girls r ^ ^ r — * ^ „ . Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen ' ' ^ I '' V , * , , » , Schools No. 12345 12345 No. 12345 12345 73 12 03009 26 00 72 18 1221 12 6 1111 666 15 11441105 36 9 9 046 18 5 4406 2822 22 028 Westmin. . . 15 6 110 8 33 7 7 53 28 4 3 5 16 14 11 IS 57 Total 38 9 5 2 22 24 13 5 58 64 10 9 6 6 33 19 17 11 11 42 BY EXAMINATION 73 12 01119 0889 75 18 0041 13 00226 72 15 11 4 12 4 37 9 18 36 18 6 6 3 4 27 33 17 23 Westmin. . . 15 1 2 12 7 13 80 28 3 7 4 14 11 25 14 60 Total 38 4 3 5 1 25 10 10 13 2 66 64 8 13 11 1 31 16 24 20 2 39 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination 73 30 1 5 2 121 3 17 7 3 70 30 1 5 2 22 3 17 7 7S 15 29 9550 10 3117 17 035 29 97508 3124 17 028 Westmin. . . 43 9 4 1 6 24 21 9 2 12 56 43 3 8 6 26 7 19 14 60 Total 102 19 14 8 6 65 19 14 8 6 64 102 12 16 16 2 66 12 16 16 2 65 By inspection and examination I A ^ 73 60 1 6 7 3 43 2 10 11 6 72 15 58 18 12 10 18 31 21 17 31 Westmin. . . 86 12 12 7 6 60 14 14 8 6 68 Total 204 3130 24 8 111 15 16 12 4 54 i6o THIRD GRADE CHOICE OF SLEEPING BEAUTY BY INSPECTION Boys Girls , . , ^ _^ , Per cent Per cent No, times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen * k ^ K ^ ^ * Schools No. 12346 12345 No. 12345 12346 73 11 5 10 5 45 9 48 18 2 2 4 10 11 U 22 66 15 10 2 4 3 1 20 40 30 10 19 2 13 2 2 10 68 11 11 Westmin. . . 17 2 1 1 1 12 11 6 6 6 71 20 2 3 7 17 20 15 36 6 36 Total 38 4 10 5 1 18 10 16 13 2 47 57 6 18 13 1 19 10 32 23 2 33 BY EXAMINATION 73 11 2 9 18 82 18 4 4 10 22 22 66 16 10 13 6 1 10 30 60 10 19 2 13 2 2 10 68 11 11 Westmin. . . 17 3 2 12 18 12 70 20 1 2 4 13 5 10 20 66 Total 38 1 8 7 22 2 21 18 59 67 3 19 10 25 5 33 18 44 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination , * . , » . 73 29 2 7 5 15 7 24 17 62 29 6 4 19 21 14 66 15 29 4 17 5 3 14 69 17 10 29 3 16 7 3 11 66 24 10 Westmin. . . 37 4 4 8 2 19 11 11 22 5 51 37 1 5 6 25 3 13 16 68 Total 95 10 28 18 2 37 11 80 19 2 39 96 4 27 17 47 4 28 18 49 By inspection and examination K ^ 73 68 2 13 9 34 3 22 16 69 16 68 7 33 12 6 12 67 21 10 Westmin. . . 74 5 9 14 2 44 7 12 19 3 69 Total 190 14 55 35 2 84 7 29 18 1 44 THIRD GRADE CHOICE OF PETER RABBIT BY INSPECTION Boys Girls , < , , . , Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen A A A A Schools No. 12346 12346 No. 12345 12345 73 11 2 10 8 18 9 73 18 2 3 4 9 11 17 22 50 15 11 3 116 1 27 9 9 46 9 ■ 18 2 6 8 2 11 33 46 11 Westmin. . . 15 1 2 1 11 7 13 7 73 19 1 4 3 11 5 21 16 58 Total 37 6 2 3 14 12 16 6 8 38 33 66 4 10 8 20 13 7 18 15 36 24 BY EXAMINATION 73 11 3 6 2 27 65 18 18 1 2 5 10 6 11 28 55 15 11 16 2 3 9 46 18 27 18 9 17 1 60 6 38 6 Westmin. . . 15 3 2 2 3 6 20 13 13 20 34 19 8 2 6 4 42 11 26 21 Total 37 4 10 4 12 7 11 27 11 32 19 6 1 19 8 22 6 2 34 16 40 9 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination A K 73 29 4 4 4 17 13 14 14 59 29 1 5 5 16 2 . 4 17 17 56 7 16 29 6 7 1 13 3 17 24 3 45 11 29 1 14 3 10 1 4 48 10 34 4 Westmin. . . 34 1 1 6 4 22 3 3 17 12 65 34 3 10 4 8 9 8 29 12 24 27 Total 92 10 12 1134 25 1113 12 37 27 92 5 29 12 34 12 5 32 13 37 13 By inspection and examination ^ .A. , ^ 73 68 5 9 9 33 2 8 16 16 57 3 15 68 6 21 4 23 4 10 37' 7 39 7 Westmin. .. 68 4 U 10 12 31 6 16 16 18 46 « Total 184 15 41 23 68 37 8 22 12 37 20 l6l THIRD GRADE CHOICE OF LITTLE BLACK SAMBO BY INSPECTION Boys Girls t *■ - - ■ ■% * * — ^— — \ Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen , — * — , , — « — , , — * — < , — • — > Schools No. 12348 12345 No. 12345 12345 73 12 10182 808 67 17 15 11184 777 53 25 15 9 03240 033 22 45 19 64261 312111316 Westmin. ..15 12435 7 14 26 20 33 21 03576 14 243329 Total 36 2 5 7 15 7 6 14 19 42 19 55 7 8 8 21 11 12 15 15 38 20 BY EXAMINATION 73 13 020 10 1 15 77 8 16 100123 600 75 19 15 9 13060 11330 56 19 53281 26 16 11425 Westmin. ..15 21345 13 7 20 27 33 21 114 10 6 55 19 4823 Total 37 363 19 6 8 16 8 52 16 56 746 30 9 137U53 16 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination A -^ ^ A ^ 73 27 212 16 6 748 59 22 29 120224 440 78 14 15 28 6 7 410 1 22 25 14 36 3 28 6 6 213 1 2222 746 3 Westmin. . . 36 1 5 9 10 11 3 14 25 27 31 36 3 2 7 14 10 8 6 20 39 27 Total 91 9 13 15 36 18 10 14 17 40 20 93 10 10 9 49 15 11 11 10 53 16 By inspection and examination A. ^ 73 56 3 3 2 38 10 5 3 3 71 18 15 56 12 13 6 23 2 21 23 11 41 4 Westmin. . . 72 4 7 16 24 21 6 10 22 33 30 Total 184 19 23 24 85 33 10 13 13 46 18 THIRD GRADE CHOICE OF NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS BY INSPECTION Boys Girls . ' V , « , Per cent Per cent No. times times each No. times times each each edition edition was each edition edition was was chosen chosen was chosen chosen Schools No. 12345 12345 No. 12345 12345 73 12 11226 88 17 17 50 15 23433 13 20 272020 15 10 5 2 2 1 50 20 20 10 18 5 8 2 3 27 45 11 17 Westmin. . . 15 2 2 2 6 3 13 13 14 40 20 16 2 3 7 4 12 19 44 25 Total 37 3 8 6 10 10 8 22 16 27 27 49 7 13 9 10 10 14 26 18 2121 BY EXAMINATION 73 12 12342 8 17 25 33 17 15 21643 13 7338720 15 10 14221 10 40 20 20 10 18 67401 33392206 Westmin. . . 15 3 2 3 4 3 20 13 20 27 20 16 6 5 3 2 38 31 19 12 Total 37 6 8 8 10 6 13 22 22 27 16 49 8 14 14 7 6 16 29 29 14 12 BOYS AND GIRLS By inspection By examination 73 27 3 4 6 6 9 1115 22 19 33 27 3 3 8 8 6 11 11 30 30 28 15 28 6 13 4 2 4 18 46 14 8 14 28 7 11 6 2 2 25 39 22 7 7 Westmin. . . 31 2 4 5 13 7 6 13 16 42 23 31 3 8 8 7 6 10 26 26 22 16 Total 86 10 2116 20 20 12 24 18 23 23 86 13 22 22 17 12 16 26 26 20 U By inspection and examination ^ Zk 73 64 6 7 14 13 14 1113 26 24 26 16 66 12 24 10 4 6 21 43 18 7 11 Westmin. . . 62 6 12 13 20 12 8 20 21 32 19 Total 172 23 43 37 87 32 13 2S 22 21 19 162