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 Cornell U 
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 niversity 
 N. Y. 
 
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BRITISH PYRALIDE8, 
 
 INCLUDING THE 
 
 PTEROPHORIDv?:. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN HENRY LEECH, B.A., 
 
 F.Ii.S., F.Z.8., Etc. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 K. H. PORTER, 6 TENTERDEN STREET, W. 
 
 1886. 
 
£i\jr 
 
 Hos- C GS: 
 
 A-33V/0 
 /^CORNELLS, 
 
 V LIBRARY /> 
 
 raiNTED BY TAVLOR AND ifltAKCIS, 
 KED I.ION COnilT, FLEET STHEET. 
 
INTEODUCTION. 
 
 Whilst the history of Tortrices has been so ably 
 treated by Mr. Wilkinson and the Tiucina by Mr. 
 Stainton, the Pyralidse and their allies have been so 
 far somewhat negleeted in this country. The object of 
 this treatise is to set before the student an illustrated 
 list of the British examples of this group ; and, as far 
 as the writer's knowledge and research will cai-ry him, 
 the localities and conditions in which each species has 
 been found, the dates of their appearance, and also a 
 brief description of tlieir larvie and food-plants. 
 
 The life-history of these species is in many eases 
 founded on the personal experience of the writer, or 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 else compiled from the numerous books and magazines 
 referring to the subject by German and French as well 
 as English authors. References will be given in each 
 case where a fuller description may be found in English 
 periodicals. 
 
 The study of local fauna, even of such a puny 
 character as that with which the present work deals, 
 cannot be without interest even to the most casual 
 observer; whilst the elimination of error, in the sifting 
 away of doubtful information, no matter how feeble 
 the attempt may be, must always be welcomed and 
 encouraged by every scientific enthusiast. 
 
 In conclusion I beg to offer my best thanks to 
 
 Mr. C. G. Barrett, 
 Mr. Briggs, 
 Rev. BLOOMriELD, 
 Dr. Buchanan White, 
 Mr. W. H. IIarwood, 
 Mr. E. G. Meek, 
 Mr. Richard South, 
 Mr. Howard Vaughan, 
 Mr. F. 0. Walker, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 for the most valuable assistance and information they 
 have been kind enough to place at my disposal. 
 
 Of course it is impossible that a work of this 
 description can be entirely free from errors ; but if it 
 should stimulate collectors to fresh researches in the 
 distribution and habits of this branch of entomologyj 
 its end and object would be more than gained. 
 
N T E. 
 
 The methods used for collecting Lcpidoptera have 
 been so often and so exhaustively described that it is 
 unnecessary to refer to them. Suffice it to say, that 
 the author has always found it best to box every 
 specimen alive, and kill them on his return by placing 
 all the boxes with their contents in a large air-tight 
 tin canister, containing either crushed laurel-leaves or 
 pure ammonia on a piece of sponge. They will be 
 found in excellent condition for setting on the following 
 
 The Continental method of setting (i.e. with the 
 wint's flat, and the pin driven three-quarters of the way 
 through the insect, perpendicular to the plane of the 
 wings) will be found far preferable to the mode of 
 setting prevalent in this country (in which the pins are 
 found to be usually placed at varying angles and the 
 wings at difl'ercnt slopes). 
 
 The advantages of the former method are : — 
 
 (1) The shape of the wings is easier to see ; 
 
 (2) The fringes do not get damaged against the 
 
 bottom of the drawer ; 
 
(3) The specimens are safer from mites, dust, &c. ; 
 
 (4) There is room under each specimen for a ticket, 
 
 recording locality and date of capture, which 
 should never be omitted. 
 
 It is quite unnecessary to use the continental pins, 
 as the finer ones are inconveniently flexible, and they 
 are too long for English cabinet drawers. 
 
 This method is being adopted at the British Museum 
 of Natural History and by many of the leading 
 English entomologists. The enormous advantages of 
 this method of setting over any other are so obvious 
 that its general adoption in this country is only a 
 matter of time. 
 
 Setting-boards can be obtained at a very reasonable price 
 from Mr. Crockett. 
 
BRITISH PYRALIDES, etc. 
 
 AVENTIID^. 
 
 Aventia flexula, Schiff. 
 
 sinuata, Pb. 
 (Plate 2. fig. 3.) 
 Loc. Rugbyj Almoudsbury, Bath, Scarborough, 
 York, Norwich, Chedgrave, Merton, Neatishead, Horn- 
 ing, Bournemouth. 
 
 Frequents fir-woods in July. 
 
 This larva possesses only two pairs of abdominal 
 legs. According to Dr. O. Hofmanu it feeds from 
 the autumn till June on lichens growing on fir trees. 
 It is green, with black markings ; head grey. The 
 author's figure, however, is a purple larva with white 
 markings. Pupates in a slight cocoon. 
 
 HERMINIID^. 
 
 Rivula sericealis, Scop. 
 (Plate 1. fig. 9.) 
 Loc. Loehgoil, Arran, Exeter, Bristol, Ledsham, 
 
-i HERMINIID/E. 
 
 York, Norwich, Brooke, Surlingham, Aldebj', Merton, 
 Barton, Epping, Colchester, St. Osyth, Deal, Southend, 
 Galway, Pembroke. 
 
 This species frequents woods during June and July. 
 
 The larva, which feeds on Brachypodium sylvaticum 
 and other grasses, is velvety green, with a darker dorsal 
 and white subdorsal lines ; head dull green, with dark 
 hairs and markings ; tubercles shining green, with a 
 black apex and hair ; spiracles flesh-colour, ringed with 
 black ; legs green. It passes the winter in the larval 
 state, pupating about the end of the following May in 
 a blade of grass folded together by means of silk threads. 
 
 E. M. M. xix. 49. 
 
 Zauclognatha grisealis, Hb. 
 
 nemoralis, Fb. 
 
 (Plate 2. fig. 1.) 
 
 Loc. S.W. of Scotland, Devonshire, Easthara, 
 Wirral, Chester, Huddcrsficld, Richmond (York.), 
 Sheffield, Norwich, Aldeby, Merton, Colchester, Has- 
 tings, Suffolk, Southend, Pembroke, Kingstown. 
 
 Common in woods during June and July. 
 The larva, which feeds on oak, is pinkish grey, 
 slightly freckled with darker; the head and dorsal 
 plate dark brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines, spiracles, 
 and tubercles all of a darker shade of the ground- 
 colour ; abdominal surface paler. This larva pupates 
 in September between leaves spun together. 
 
 E. M. M. xiii. 110. 
 Ent. iii. 223. 
 
HERMINIID/1!. O 
 
 Zanclognatha tarsipeimalis, Tr. 
 
 tarsicrinalis, lib., Ilaw. 
 
 (Plate 1. fig. 12.) 
 
 Loc. S.W. of Scotland, Ayrshire, Bristol, Burton, 
 Holywell, Bramham, Huddersfield, Scarborough, Shef- 
 field, York, Norwich, Aldeby, Thetford, Lynn, Col- 
 chester, Hastings, Sufl'olk, Southend, Conway, Chat- 
 ham, Epping, Pembroke, Galway. 
 
 Common from May to July and again in September 
 in woods. 
 
 The larva, which feeds on Polygonum aviculare (knot- 
 grass) &c., is dull brownish grey, freckled with a 
 darker tint ; the head, plate on the second segment, 
 dorsal and subdorsal lines, and spiracles are darker than 
 the ground-colour. It pupates in a slight cocoon 
 amongst leaves &c. E. M. M. x. 101. 
 
 Zanclognatha emortualis, Schiff, 
 olivaria, Bork. 
 (Plate 1. fig. 8.) 
 Loc. Epping, Henley-on-Thames, Dorsetshire. 
 
 Hare from the end of May to July in woods. 
 
 The larva, which feeds on oak, preferring the dead 
 leaves, is brownish yellow, spotted with orange-brown ; 
 dorsal line brown ; on the back of each segment are 
 four black dots arranged quadrangularly, below which 
 occur on each side two black spots, from each of which 
 springs a single black hair ; head thick and round. The 
 
 b2 
 
HERMINIIOjG. 
 
 larva pupates in a white silk cocoon amongst leaves in 
 October. Treit. 
 
 Herminia cribralis, Hb. 
 
 (Plate 2. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Glastonbury, Diss, Morton, Ranworth, Horning, 
 Aldeby, Walton-on-the-Nazc, Suffolk, Wicken, South- 
 end. 
 
 This species, which occurs in fens and marshy fields, 
 is found in July. 
 
 The larva, which feeds on sallow {Carex syl- 
 vatica) and Luzula pilosa (wood hairy rush), is a 
 light greyish brown, freckled with ochrcous ; dorsal 
 line darker than the ground-colour, edged with paler ; 
 subdorsal line pale; spiracles black; belly pale. It 
 hybernates, and the following spring it spins a slight 
 cocoon amongst its food, &c. E. M. M. x. 103. 
 
 Herminia derivalis, Hb. 
 
 emortualis, Haw. 
 
 (Plate 1. fig. 10.) 
 
 Loc. Woolwich, Deal, Lewes, Colchester, Hastings, 
 Heme Bay. 
 
 In July and August in damp woods, very local. 
 
 The larva feeds on decaying oak -leaves; it is dark 
 velvety brown, pubescent ; dorsal and subdorsal lines 
 slightly darker than the ground-colour; spiracles ringed 
 with black ; the plate on the second segment is divided 
 by a paler line of the ground-colour ; abdominal surface 
 
HYPENID;^:. 5 
 
 somewhat paler. This larva hybernates, and pupates 
 the following June or July between leaves spun together. 
 
 E. M. M. X. 102. 
 
 Pechypogon barbalis, Clerck. 
 
 pectitalis, lib. 
 
 (Plate 1. fig. 11.) 
 
 Loc. Devonshire, Weston-super-Mare, Wakefield, 
 York, Foulsham, Cawston, Horning, Colchester, 
 Hastings, Suffolk, Southend, Ireland. 
 
 This speeies is generally common in woods from June 
 to August. 
 
 The larva, which feeds on birch-catkins, also on oak, 
 is deep reddish ochreous ; there is a pattern of diamond 
 markings on the back and sides; the dorsal line is 
 blackish ; spiracles black ; segmental divisions pale 
 ochreous ; head dusky ; skin soft and velvety. It 
 hybernates, and at the end of the following April spins 
 itself a cocoon amongst leaves, debris, &c. 
 
 E. M. M. X. 100. 
 
 HYPENID^. 
 
 Madopa salicalis, Schiff. 
 ohligtmta, Fb. 
 (Plate 1. fig. 1.) 
 Loc. West Wickham, Kent. 
 
 Occurs in May and June ; not common, amongst low 
 brushwood &c. ; comes to light. 
 
 The larva is velvet}' green, with yellow segmental inci- 
 
6 HYPENIDiE. 
 
 sions ; head and abdominal surface paler ; possesses only 
 three pairs of abdominal legs ; spiracles black. It feeds 
 on sallow and willow in July and August; forms a cocoon 
 of silk covered with debris. Treit., Guen., &c. 
 
 Bomolocha fontis, Thnb. 
 
 crassalis, Fb. 
 
 (Plate 1. fig. 4.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth^ Spitchwick, Dunsford, Clovelly, 
 Hastings, Suffolk, Haslemere, Dorking, Staffordshire, 
 Sevenoaks, South of Ireland, Leith Hill, Carrick-on- 
 Shannon. 
 
 Occurs from the middle of June to the middle of 
 July, usually amongst bilberry. 
 
 Var. terricularis, Hb. In this variety the wings are 
 nearly black, with white markings. 
 
 The larva is green, with three dark lines ; spiracles 
 black; pale spots on the segments. On heath (?), bil- 
 berry, nettle (?). It forms a cocoon among leaves in 
 the autumn. Treit., Hofmann, &c. 
 
 Hypena rostralis, L. 
 (Plate 1. fig. 3.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Almondsbury, Sheffield, Lynn, Nor- 
 wich, Thetford, Colchester, Hastings, Suffolk, Bromley, 
 Kent, Ireland. 
 
 In June, July, and again in September. Hybernated 
 specimens occur also in Ajml. 
 
HYPENIDiE. 
 
 Var. radiatus is redder, with dark veins. 
 
 The larva, which feeds iu May and June and again 
 in August and September on hops {Hamulus lupulus) 
 and nettle, is green, with a darker dorsal line and white 
 lateral stripes ; head brownish yellow ; tubercles black ; 
 the first pair of abdominal feet wanting. It pupates 
 amongst leaves. 
 
 Hypena obsitalis, Hb. 
 (Plate 13. fig. 7.) 
 Loc. Bloxworth (Dorset). 
 
 Occurs in June and again in September, many of the 
 later brood hybernating. Common in sheltered places 
 all over Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Madeira, 
 Canaries, &c. ; very variable, but always distinct from 
 any other species. 
 
 The larva is bright yellowish green, with a dark 
 dorsal and pale subdorsal lines ; feeds in May on Parie- 
 taria (pellitory). 
 
 Hypena proboscidalis, L. 
 
 (Plate 1. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (abundant), Rugby, Marlborough, 
 Plymouth, Bristol, Chester, Yorkshire, Lynn, Colchester, 
 Hastings, Suft'olk, Ireland, Pembroke, Carmarthen. 
 
 In June and July, sometimes again in autumn ; com- 
 mon on weedy banks. 
 
 The larva, which feeds in May and June on nettles 
 {Urtica urens), is bright green, with yellowish segmental 
 
O HYPENIDjE. 
 
 incisions; dorsal line darker, subdorsal lines yellowish ; 
 abdominal surface paler than back ; head and legs 
 green ; tubercles pale, each bearing a brown hair. 
 The larva forms a cocoon amongst leaves. 
 
 Hypenodes albistrigalis, Haw. 
 
 (Plate 1. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Exmouth, Barnstaple, Dartmouth, 
 Frome, Scarborough, Aldeby, Mertou, Guestling, Suf- 
 folk, Deal, Pembroke, Canterbury, Linton, Tilgate 
 Forest, Monkswood (Huntingdon). 
 
 This species occurs in woods in June and July, and 
 comes freely to sugar. 
 
 Hypenodes costsestrigalis, St. 
 
 acuminatis, Wit, 
 
 (Plate 1. fig. 6.) 
 
 Loc. Lochgoil Head, Barnstaple, Dartmouth, North 
 Devon, Bristol, Bidston, Chester, Askham Bog, Harrow- 
 gate, Scarborough, Sheffield, York, Mcrton, Cawston, 
 Horning, Hastings, Suff"olk, Bournemouth, Canterbury, 
 Epping, New Forest. 
 
 Frequents woods in July, comes also to sugar like 
 the preceding species. 
 
 The larva, which feeds on Thymus serpi/llum, is dark 
 purplish or crimson brown, shiny; dorsal and sub- 
 dorsal lines slightly paler; sides and ventral surface 
 also paler. This larva possesses only two pairs of 
 ventral legs, or twelve in all. It forms a cocoon in 
 which it pupates. E. M. M. vi. 216. 
 
pykalididjE. y 
 
 Tholomiges turfosalis, Wk. 
 humidalis, Dbl. 
 (Plate 1. fig. 7.) 
 Loc. Rannoch, Killarney, Keswick, Crewe, New 
 Forest, Norfolk, Chat Moss (Lancashire) . 
 
 This species flies during the eai'ly part of the evening 
 in damp situations on heaths, in July. 
 
 PYRALIDID^. 
 
 Cledeobia angustalis, Schiff. 
 
 bombycatus, Haw. 
 
 (Plate 2. fig. 10.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Minehead, Malthy Woods (York.), 
 Walton-on-the-Naze, Colchester, Tenby, Hastings, 
 Suffolk, Southend, Deal, Pembroke. 
 
 Occurs in June and July in dry sandy localities. 
 
 The larva, which feeds in galleries among moss 
 ( Hypnum cupressiforme) , is smoky black ; venti-al surface 
 paler ; head black, glossy ; frontal plate chocolate- 
 colour, glossy ; anal segment pale brown ; medio-dorsal 
 line black. It forms a cocoon among moss. 
 
 A variety of the larva occurs in which the ground- 
 colour is light chocolate, suffused with smoke-colour. 
 
 E. M. M. xxi. 124. 
 
 Aglossa pinguiualis, L. 
 (Plate 2. fig. 8.) 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Rugby, Plymouth, 
 
10 PYRALIDID^. 
 
 Bristol, Chester, Bradford, Bramhara, Huddersfield, 
 Leeds, Sheffield, Wakefield, York, Norfolk, Colchester, 
 Hastings, Suffolk, Outer Hebrides, Arran, Pembroke, 
 Ireland. 
 
 Occurs everywhere, in stables, outhouses, &c., in 
 June and July. A very variable species. 
 
 Var. Streatfieldii, Curt. Fore wings uniform grey, 
 with a dark basal and terminal band and a black 
 cellular spot. 
 
 The larva is black or dark brown ; legs drab ; belly 
 bronzy. It lives in a silken gallery covered with 
 particles of debris amongst its food, viz. the refuse of 
 barn-floors, &c. It hybernates, never leaving its gallery 
 until full-fed, when it seeks a convenient situation in 
 which to spin its cocoon, which is externally covered 
 with bits of its surroundings, mortar, rubbish, &c. It 
 has a great aversion to grease. E. M. M. xx. 193. 
 
 Aglossa cuprealis, Hb. 
 
 capreolattis, Haw. 
 
 (Plate 2. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Stapleton?, Huddersfield ?, Colchester, Suffolk, 
 Cambridge, Southend. 
 
 This species also occupies outhouses &c. in June and 
 July. The larva lives in the same manner as pinguina- 
 lis, in galleries, under the refuse of barn-floors, and 
 similar localities, feeding on chaff, bits of dried grass, 
 straw, &c. It hybernates. 
 
 The larva is brilliant bronze ; hind segments rather 
 paler ; head deep chestnut-red ; collar deeper red, edged 
 
PYRALIDID^. 
 
 11 
 
 in front with black; anal plate reddish. It spins a 
 ■white silken cocoon covered externally with particles of 
 straw and husks, amongst which it lives. 
 
 E. M. M. xxi. 75. 
 
 Pyralis costalis, Fb. 
 
 fimbrialis, Sc-bifl'. 
 (Plate 2. fig. 5.) 
 Loc. Bristol, York, Mei-ton, Cawston, Horning, 
 Colchester, Hastings, SuflFolk, Southend, Chingford, 
 London. 
 
 In July and August. 
 
 The larva is dull olive-brown ; along each side occur 
 two series of polished light spaces, the upper row with 
 a dark shining central spot emitting a hair, the lower 
 row of scpiarer spaces are more tumid and have two 
 black spots, one, smaller, below the other ; venter paler 
 than dorsum, with a row of dots bearing a fine hair on 
 each side ; legs the same colour as venter, the abdomi- 
 nals with a spot and hair exteriorly. This larva is very 
 variable in colour. It feeds on stacked clover, preferring 
 the lower and moister parts, living in a web. There 
 are several broods during the year. In some States of 
 America it is very injurious to crops. 
 
 Riley's Sixth Annual Report on the Injurious Insects 
 of Missouri, 1874. 
 
12 PYIIALIDID^. 
 
 Pyralis glaucinalis, L. 
 
 nitidalis, Fb., lib. 
 
 (Plate 2. fig. 7.) 
 
 Log. Marlborough, Stapleton, Clifton, Askham Bog, 
 Scarborough, Wakefield, Norfolk, Colchester, Hastings, 
 Suffolk, Southend, Deal, Bromley, Wieklow, Carring- 
 ton Moss. 
 
 In June, July, and August. 
 
 The larva feeds in the " uest-like bunches of twigs " 
 which grow on birch trees, also old thatch and the pith 
 of old raspberry-canes. The ground-colour is dark 
 bronzy green, becomiug paler along the spiracles, belly, 
 and legs; the head and the second and thirteenth 
 segments are also paler ; a fine black undulating line 
 runs along under the spiracles, which are inconspicuous. 
 It lives in a gallery, and s^nns a silken cocoon in April. 
 
 E.M. M. vi. 111. 
 
 Pyralis farinalis, L. 
 
 (Plate 2. fig. G.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (as far north as Aberdeen), Plymouth, 
 Devonshire, Bristol, New Ferry, Bradford, Bramham, 
 Huddcrsfield, Leeds, Wakefield, York, Norfolk, Col- 
 chester, Hastings, Suffolk, Bromley, Pembroke, Ireland, 
 
 Common everywhere from June to October about 
 houses. 
 
 The larva is bone-white, becoming whiter towards 
 the ventral surface ; head shining chestnut-brown ; 
 mouth blackish ; second segment pale brown ; anal 
 plate yellowish brown ; there is a blackish tinge over the 
 
PYRALIDlDiE. 13 
 
 anterior and po-sterior segments (distinguishing charac- 
 ter of the species) ; spiracles ringed with black ; legs 
 tipped with brown hooks. This larva lives through two 
 winters ; it inhabits long tubes of silk mixed with flour, 
 &c., in secluded situations about flour-mills, under 
 corn-bins, &c. It feeds, like Aglossa pi7iguinalis, on 
 mixed rubbish, and forms a cocoon of white silk covered 
 with rubbish. E. M. M. xxi. 248. 
 
 Pyralis lienigialis, Zell. 
 
 (Plate 7. fig. 1.) 
 
 This species has been taken at light during August 
 and September near Stony Stratford by Mr. W. Thomp- 
 son and other collectors. It is extremely rare in 
 collections, being only otherwise recorded from Finland 
 and LiTonia. 
 
 Scoparia cembrse, Haw. 
 
 cembralis, Gn. 
 
 (Plate 14. fig. 1.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed) , Radford, Devon- 
 shire, Bristol, Denhall, Bradford, Bramham, Iledcar, 
 Scarborough, Sheffield, Norwich, Aldcbj'^, Hunstanton, 
 Wootton, Colchester, Hastings, Suftblk, Teignmouth, 
 Pembroke, Howth, Southend, Deal. 
 
 This species occurs on fir-trunks, but also in fields. 
 
 Var. Zelleri, fVk. (Plate 14. fig. 2), is rather larger 
 than the type, and has the markings more distinct ; it 
 usually occurs in the same localities. 
 
14 PYRALIDIDiE. 
 
 Loc. Paisley, North Devon, Bristol, Huddersfield, 
 Carmarthen, Norwood, Teigumouth, Wolverton. 
 
 Var. scotica, White, E. M. M. viii. 169 (Plate 14. 
 fig. 3). The fore wings are grey with the markings 
 more distinct than in the type, the hind wings silky 
 white ; the fore wings are more triangular and broader. 
 
 Loc. Near Perth. Has been taken in company with 
 the type. 
 
 Scoparia basistrigalis, Knaggs. 
 
 (Plate 14. fig. 4.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Portbury, Edlington Wood, Doncas- 
 ter, Sclby, York, Norwich, Aldcby, Suffolk, Sussex, 
 Worcestershire, Haslemere, Tilgate Forest. 
 
 This species cannot be confounded with any other 
 except ambigualis, from which the greater width of the 
 fore wings, its deeper markings, and larger size at once 
 separate it, not to mention its entirely different shape. 
 
 A dark form of the female occurs. 
 
 Scoparia ambigualis, Tr. 
 
 duhita, Haw. 
 
 (Plate 14. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (Lowlands), Rugby, Plymouth, Devon- 
 shire, Bristol, Wirral, Chester, Yorkshire, Norwich, 
 Cawston, Lynn, Colchester, Hastings, Sufiblk, Shet- 
 land, Pembroke, Southend, Deal, Folkestone, Powers- 
 court (near Dublin). 
 
PYRALIDID^. 15 
 
 From June to August, at rest on trees, common 
 nearly everywhere. 
 
 The larva is said to feed on moss and lichen on oak 
 and beech trees. 
 
 Scoparia atomalis, Dbl. 
 
 (Plate 14. fig. 6.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (common on Highlands), DuntocLer, 
 Binglcy, Orkney, Isle of Unst (Shetlands). 
 
 Common in the north of England. 
 
 It can be easily sejjaratcd from ambigiialis, its nearest 
 ally, by its smaller size, darker markings, straighter 
 costa, and more triangular fore wings. 
 
 Scoparia conspicualis, Hodgn. 
 
 (Plate 14. fig. 7.) 
 
 Loc. Doncaster, Windermere, Sandburn, Upper 
 Wharfedale, Wilsden (York.). 
 
 This species occurs in June, July, and August. It 
 can be recognized from any other species by the pale 
 basal and marginal areas. The female is usually 
 greyer than tlie male. 
 
 Scoparia ulmella, Dale. 
 
 (Plate 14. fig. 8.) 
 
 This species is distinguished from dubitalis by the 
 
 slender conformation of the wings ; also the characters 
 
 of the first line, arched coneavely towards the base of 
 
16 PYRALIDID^E. 
 
 wing, in which the stigmata are scarcely visible ; the 
 very characteristic renal stigma, filled in with ochreous ; 
 and the apical markings of the fore wings. 
 
 The only three known examples of this species were 
 taken by Mr. Dale, on tlic 13th of July, 1844, on a 
 wych-elm tree, in a thick wood at East Meon. 
 
 E. M. M. iii. 217. 
 
 Scoparia dubitalis, Hb. 
 
 pyralella, lib. 
 
 (Plate 14. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Plymouth, Devon- 
 shire, Bristol, Ledsham, Puddington, Bramham, Har- 
 rowgate, Iluddcrsfield, Richmond (York.), Norwich, 
 Roydon, Colchester, Pembroke, Hastings, Ireland, 
 Southend. 
 
 Common in June and July in damp situations. 
 Easily distinguished from other Scopariee by the shape 
 of the stigmata, filled-in with buff. 
 
 Var. ingratella, Zell. (Plate 14. fig. 10), is a larger 
 and paler insect, with fewer markings. It has a habit 
 of resting on lumps of chalk. 
 
 It occurs at Folkestone, Plymouth, Brandon, Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 The larva feeds on moss and lichens on oak and 
 beech trees in March and April. Hartm. 
 
 Scoparia trancicolella, Sta. 
 mereurieltus, Zinck., Tr. 
 (Plate 14. fig. 11.) 
 Loc. Perthshire, Inverness-shire, Glasgow, Ply- 
 
PYRALIDID^. 17 
 
 mouth, Exeter, Bristol, Wirral, Grassington, Croydon, 
 Leatherhead, Brandon, Iluddcrsficld, Scarborough, 
 Sheffield, Norwich, Horsford, Cawstou, Mayo. 
 
 This common species occurs in July and August. It 
 is at once distinguished from murana by its smaller 
 size, paler and more olive colouring, and the absence of 
 black markings. 
 
 The larva feeds in common moss, which usually 
 grows among short grass. It lives in silken galleries 
 through the winter, and pupates in moss the following 
 spring. Ground-colour dark olive-brown; head dark 
 brown, dorsal line darker ; legs and tubercles black. 
 
 E. M. M. xviii. 106. 
 
 Scoparia murana, Curt. 
 
 muralif:, Gil. 
 
 (Plate 15. fig. 1.) 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Gadder, Miln- 
 gavic, Langside, Exeter, Wirral, Bradford, Hudders- 
 field, Richmond, Sheffield, Outer Hebrides, Belfast. 
 
 This species is common nearly everywhere in June 
 and July, and again in August. The markings on the 
 fore wings are far darker than in any other Scoparia. 
 
 The larva is generally to be found under moss on old 
 walls, rocks, and stones in April. It feeds on Bryum 
 capillare and Hijpnum cupressiforme, in silken galleries. 
 The ground-colour of the larva is brown, tinged with 
 ochre, grey, or purple, becoming paler towards the 
 ventral surface ; dorsal line dark brown, also tubercles 
 and dorsal plate; head and plates shining, the anal 
 plate paler brown. It pupates about the end of May. 
 
 Eut. XV. 133. 
 C 
 
18 PYIIALIDIDjD. 
 
 Scoparia resinea, Haw. 
 
 resinalis, Gn. 
 
 (Plate 15. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Exeter, Bristol, Almondsbury, Lynd- 
 hurst, Vcntnor, Folkestone, Scarborough, Sheffield, 
 Norwich, Lundy Island, Powerscourt, Wieklow. 
 
 In July and August. Can be distinguished by the 
 triangular and pointed fore wings and the dark costal 
 blotch near the apex of the fore wing. 
 
 The larva is said to feed on the lichens on ash trees. 
 
 Scoparia mercurella, L. 
 
 frequentdla, Sta. 
 
 (Plate 15. fig. 3.) 
 
 Loc. Perthshire, South-west of Scotland, Plymouth, 
 Norwich, Devon, Bristol, Ness, Puddington, Askham 
 Bog, Huddersfield, ShefiSeld, Yarmouth, Horsford, 
 Colchester, Hastings, Suffolk, Pembroke, Ireland. 
 
 Generally common at rest on stones, walls, &c. It 
 differs from crata^ydla in its browner and general 
 darker colouring. 
 
 Scoparia cratsegella, Hb. 
 
 crata:galis, Gn. 
 
 (Plate 15. fig. 4.) 
 
 Loc. Perthshire, Aberdeen, Glasgow, Ayrshire, Edin- 
 burgh, Plymouth, Cadder, ]\lilngavie, Bristol, Lynd- 
 
PYRALIDID^. 19 
 
 hurst, Binglcy, Brandon, Bramham, Richmond (York.), 
 Sheffield, Norwich, Cawston, Howth. 
 
 Common amongst whitethorn during July and 
 August. It is paler and greyer thau the preceding 
 species. 
 
 The larva is yellowish green, with large shining 
 tubercles, each bearing a hair. Head shining dark 
 brown ; dorsal plate divided by an indistinct line. 
 Occurs in May under moss on trees, in a tubular 
 silken gallery. 
 
 Scoparia phaeoleuca, Zell. 
 
 portlanclica, Dale. 
 
 (Plate 15. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Brandon, Portland. 
 
 In July and August. The white basal and marginal 
 bands of the fore wing separate it from every other 
 species. 
 
 Scoparia lineolea, Curt. 
 
 lineohlis, Gn. 
 
 (Plate 15. fig. 6.) 
 
 Loc. Perthshire, Ayrshire, Plymouth, Exeter, Bristol, 
 Doncaster, Rcdcar, Norwich, Galway^ Howth, Folke- 
 stone, Isle of Man, Worthing, Lymmington. 
 
 In July and August. This species can be easily 
 distinguished from cratmjvUa by the narrower fore 
 wings, with their squarcr hind margin and straighter 
 costa ; also by their paler ground-colour, which causes 
 the markings to appear much more distinct. 
 
 The larva feeds on lichens on old fences, trees, and 
 
 c2 
 
20 
 
 PYRALlDlDiE. 
 
 rocks, forming a slight web. Ground-colour dark 
 olive-green ; on each segment are two pale streaks, on 
 which- are situated the tubercles, which appear to divide 
 them into sections ; head, frontal plate, tubercles, and 
 spiracles shining black ; ventral surface and legs paler 
 olive. There is a black spot on the outer side of each 
 proleg. The larva pupates in June, in a slight web. 
 
 E. M. M. xxi. 101*. 
 
 Scoparia aagrnstea, St. 
 
 coarctalia, Gn. 
 
 (Plate 15. fig. 7.) 
 
 Loc. Edinburgh ?, Outer Hebrides, Perthshire, Shet- 
 land, Milngavie, Ardrossan, Plymouth, Exeter, Bristol, 
 Wirral, Redcar, Huddevsfiold, Scarborough, Norwich, 
 Hastings, Dublin, Howth, Folkestone. 
 
 This widely-distributed species is found in August 
 and September; also in May in the south of England, 
 where the species appears to be double-brooded. 
 
 Larva light reddish grey, with shining tubercles, 
 each bearing a hair; head round and black; dorsal 
 plate dark brown. In galleries, under moss on walls. 
 
 Scoparia alpina. Bale. 
 
 pare/la, Zell. 
 
 (Plate 15. fig. 8, S ^.) 
 
 Loc. Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, Orkney, Shetland, 
 Inverness. 
 
 This species occurs at high elevations in July. 
 * Erroneously described as Scoparia crat<egalis. 
 
PYRALIDIDiE. 21 
 
 Var. gracilalis, Dbl., is a form occurring at the same 
 localities, iu which the markings are more developed 
 and darker. 
 
 Loc. Perthshire, Milngavie. 
 
 Scoparia pallida, St. 
 
 pallidululk, Gii. 
 
 (Plate 15. fig. y.) 
 
 Loc. Isle of Unst, Edinburgh, Braunton Burrows, 
 Devonshire, Ashley Hill, Stapleton, Bidston Marsh, 
 Brandon, Askham Bog, Scarborough, Norwich, Aldeby, 
 Rauworth, Horning, Lyndhurst, Pembroke, Sandwich, 
 Southend, Deal, Folkestone. 
 
 This species occurs only in marshy situatiens in July 
 and August ; usually plentiful where it occurs. 
 
 Nomophila noctuella, Schiff. 
 
 hybiidalk, lib. 
 
 (Plate 7. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (common in the south-west), Dunoon, 
 Ardrossan, Luss, Marlborough, Plymouth, Devonshire, 
 Bristol, Chester, Hastings, Suttblk, Askham Bog, Flam- 
 borough Head, Richmond (York.), Sheffield, Norfolk, 
 Colchester, Pembroke, Glamorgan, Carmarthen, Deal, 
 Folkestone, Ireland. 
 
 In July, August, and September. Common every- 
 where. Variable both in size and colour. 
 
 The larva feeds on Polygonum aviculare (knot-grass) 
 in July. Ground-colour warm oUve-drab j head dark 
 
22 PYRALIDIDili. 
 
 reddish brown; dorsal line dark olive-drab, bordered 
 with paler ; on each side of the back is a row of large, 
 round, polished, plate-like, black marks, encircled with 
 pale drab ; there is also a pale whitish waved stripe 
 below the spiracles, which are black encircled with 
 grey; ventral surface dark olive. The larva forms a 
 tough white cocoon amongst its food-plant. 
 
 E. M. M. xiv. 161. 
 
 Odontia dentalis, Schiff. 
 (Plate 3. fig. 4.) 
 Loc. Tavistock, Hastings, Folkestone, Deal. 
 
 This species occurs in July and August. 
 
 The larva feeds on the stems and leaf-stalks of Echium 
 vulyare (viper's bugloss). It has the appearance of a 
 full-fed maggot. On the second segment is a broad 
 dorsal plate, on each side of which are two scabrous 
 spots ; there is another plate on the thii'teenth segment. 
 The ground-colour is yellowish white, covered with 
 black tubercles, each emitting a bristle ; colour of head 
 and plates black. It pupates between leaves of its 
 food-plant spun together. Ent. iv. 159. 
 
 Pyrausta aurata, Scup. 
 
 punicealis, Schiff. 
 
 (Plate 2. fig. 11.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland, Coombe, Portishead, Bramham, 
 Huddersficld, Richmond (York.), Sheffield, York, Col- 
 chester, Hastings, Suffolk, Folkestone, Deal, Isle of 
 Wight, Ireland. 
 
PYRALIDIDyE. 23 
 
 Generally common on grassy banks in Slay, July, 
 and August. 
 
 The larva feeds in May and September on calamint 
 and various speeies of Mentha, under a web. Larva : 
 back dull green ; dorsal stripe of the same colour edged 
 with yellow; spiracular stripe broad and yellowish ; head 
 and second segment pale brown, freckled with black ; 
 below the spiracles is a double greenish line ; ventral 
 surface pale yellow, dots shining black, ringed with 
 yellow. 
 
 A uniform green variety occurs ; also a variety -with 
 a yellow blotch on the back of the twelfth and thir- 
 teenth segments. E. M. M. xi. 66. 
 
 Pyrausta purpuralis, L. 
 
 (Plate 2. fig. 13.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed?), ArranjWotton, 
 Brocklcy, Lcdsham, Ysceifiog, Rugby, Marlborough, 
 Plymouth, Aldeby, Ketteringham, Booton, Horsford, 
 Pembroke, Ireland, Hastings, Suffolk, Iluddersfield, 
 Bramham, Sheffield, Colchester, Colwyn. 
 
 Usually common on railway-banks, slopes, &c., in 
 May and July. 
 
 The larva feeds on Mentha arvensis and aqiiatica in 
 June and August. Head bi'owu ; grouud-colour grey, 
 with black spots, surrounded by white ; dorsal and 
 subdorsal stripes yellow. 
 
 A variety of the larva occurs of a uniform dark 
 brown. 
 
24 pyralidid;e. 
 
 Pyrausta ostrinalis ?, Hb. 
 
 jmnkcalis, Haw. 
 
 (Plate 2. fig. 13.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Bristol, Huddersfield, Richmond 
 (York.), Scarborough, Biddleston, Irelaud, Scotland? 
 
 Occurs in June and again in August ; it frequents 
 many of the same localities as purpuralis, of which 
 it is probably only a variety. Although the ex- 
 treme forms of purpuralis and ostrinalis are distinct 
 enough, yet all tlie intormcdiato grades occur commonly, 
 and it is impossible to say where purpuralis ends and 
 ostrinalis begins. The late Professor Zeller had a large 
 series in which some specimens were laheWed purpuralis, 
 others ostrinalis, evidently not thinking it wise to 
 separate them. 
 
 The extreme specimens of ostrinalis differ from pur- 
 puralis in the pale yellow baud not being divided into 
 spots. 
 
 Bhodaria sanguinalis, L. 
 
 cnientalin, Scriba. 
 
 (Plate 3. fig. 1.) 
 
 Loc. Troon (Ayrshire) ?, Wallasey sandhills, llhyl, 
 Galway, Cheshire sandhills, New Brighton. 
 
 Occurs in May (?) and August on sandhills. 
 
 Some specimens are much suffused with pink. The 
 larva is red with a white dorsal line ; it feeds on 
 Thymus serpyllum in a web, devouring the flowers by 
 preference. 
 
PYKALlDlDiE. 25 
 
 Herbula cespitalis, Schiff. 
 
 aordidalis, lib, 
 
 (Plate 3. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Ardrossan, Arran, 
 Shetland, Orkney, Kugby, Marlborough, Plymouth, 
 Bristol, Wirral, Loggerheads, Hastings, Suffolk, Bram- 
 ham, Riehmond (York.), Sheffield, Aldeby, Norwich, 
 Merton, St. Osyth, Pembroke, Ireland, Folkestone, 
 Southend. 
 
 A common coast-insect in May and August. The 
 females are smaller and stronger marked than the males. 
 The larvse, which are gregarious, live in a web on the 
 lower leaves of Plantago lanceolata and major, also on 
 Salvia. 
 
 Ground-colour of larva dull smoky brownish black ; 
 head and second segment wainscot-brown, freckled with 
 dark brown ; dorsal line dark, edged with grey ; spira- 
 cular stripe dingy ochreous ; tubercles polished, black, 
 encircled with grey ; spiracles black, with minute white 
 centres ; ventral surface and prolegs paler than the 
 dorsal area ; the anterior legs tipped with dark brown 
 and encircled with black at the base. The larva pupates 
 in a stiff white cocoon. E. M. M, xxi. 30. 
 
 EnnycMa cingulata, L. 
 cingulalis, Schiff. 
 (Plate 3. fig. 3.) 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Dumbarton, Ply- 
 mouth, Bristol, Clevedon, Wallasey sandhills, Logger- 
 
26 PYRALIDIDiE. 
 
 heads, Llandrillo, Richmond (York.), Pembroke, Box 
 Hill, Folkestone. 
 
 This species occurs in dry meadows, flying in the 
 sunshine, in May and July. 
 
 EnnycMa nigrata, Scop. 
 
 mif/uimdis, Hb. 
 
 (Plate 3. fig. 4.) 
 Loc. Worcombe, Clevedon, Folkestone, Galway. 
 
 Occurs during May and August in dry situations 
 amongst rank herbage. 
 
 The larva feeds on Mentha arvensis and Thymus ser- 
 pyllum. Ground-colour dull purple, covered with large 
 black spots, each bearing a fine hair; head bright olive- 
 green, shining, marked with black ; second segment the 
 same, the plate freckled with black ; spiracles black ; 
 anterior legs green ; the ventral and anal legs are trans- 
 lucent and almost colourless. It forms a cocoon of white 
 silk amongst its food-plants. E. M. M. xix. 77. 
 
 Ennychia octomaculata, Fb. 
 
 octoniucuhdis, Tr. 
 
 (Plate 3. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (West and N.W.), Hebden Bridge, 
 Hastings, Suffolk, Saundersfoot, Battle, Ireland, Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 In June and July in woods and also on rough ground. 
 The larva feeds on Solidago viryaurea (golden rod) in a 
 slight web under the leaves. 
 
 The head is whitish brown, having a few light brown 
 
PYUALlDIDyE. 27 
 
 freckles and black ocelli ; back cream-colour ; dorsal 
 line green ; the cream-colour extends lower down the 
 side of the last half of each segment than the first half ; 
 near the lower margin of this cream-colour is a fine 
 yellowish-green line. It spins a white cocoon among 
 the leaves of its food-plant, in which it passes the winter, 
 pupating the following spring. E. M. M. xviii. 57. 
 
 Agrotera nemoralis, Scop. 
 
 erosalis, Fb. 
 (Plate 3. fig. 6.) 
 
 Loc. Hastings, Ilolmbush, Sussex, Heme, Battle, 
 Folkestone. 
 
 This species occurs in June and August, and may be 
 taken by beating hornbeam. 
 
 The larva feeds on hornbeam. Head pale orange- 
 brown ; ocelli black ; back brownish olive-green ; dorsal 
 line darker ; the lower parts of the sides, belly, and 
 legs are of a imiform tint of very pale wateiy olive- 
 green. It forms a slight cocoon amongst its food-plant. 
 
 E. M. M. xii. 232. 
 
 Endotricha flammealis, Schiff. 
 
 (Plate 3. fig. 7.) 
 
 Loe. Plymouth, Clifton, Bristlington, Lundy Island, 
 Colchester, Saundcrsfoot, Hastings, Lowestoft, South- 
 end, Folkestone, Galway. 
 
 Common in woods during June and July ; difficult to 
 take on account of its shyness. 
 
 The larva feeds on hazel, Lotus major, sallow, horn- 
 beam, &c. It hyberuates and pupates in May, enclosed 
 
28 pyralididjE. 
 
 in a cocoon covered witli particles of mud, dead leaves, 
 and debris, half sunk in the earth. 
 
 Larva : head dark browu ; back chocolate-colour; plate 
 on the second segment blackish brown ; belly brownish 
 ochreous ; legs pale greyish drab ; anal plate blackish ; 
 the front and side margins paler. E. M. M. xix. 149. 
 
 Enrrhypara nrticata, L. 
 
 tirtiealis, Schift'. 
 
 (Plate 3. fig. 8.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (Mid. and S.W.), Rugby, Marlborough, 
 Plymouth, Monkton, Devon, Bristol, Chester, Leeds, 
 Richmond (York.), Sheffield, Wakefield, Norfolk, Col- 
 chester, Southend, Deal, Folkestone, Ireland, Pem- 
 broke, Glamorgan, Carmarthen. 
 
 Common everywhere in June and July. 
 
 The larva, which feeds in rolled-up leaves of nettle, is 
 of a dirty pale yellow, rather transparent ; dorsal stripe 
 green, on each side of which is a yellowish-white line ; 
 head black, with white marks on each side; dorsal plate 
 greenish, with black markings ; spiracles black ; legs 
 the same colour as the body. This larva forms a cocoon 
 in October in any convenient situation in which to pass 
 the winter, changing to pupa in the following April or 
 May. 
 
 Scopula alpinalis, Schiff. 
 
 (Plate 3. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (generally distributed at great eleva- 
 tion), Rannoch, Luss, Ardeutinny,Invergarry,Inverness, 
 Ross. 
 
PYRALIDIDiE. 29 
 
 In June and July. 
 
 Tliis is an alpine species, occurring only at high ele- 
 vations in Scotland, where it is usually very common. 
 It is easily disturhed by day, flying a short distance and 
 settling again. 
 
 The larva is pale yellow, with four shining black spots, 
 each bearing a hair on each segment ; head finely 
 freckled ; abdominal legs finely streaked ; anterior legs 
 black. Feeds in June in leaves of a large species of 
 Senecio rolled together. Pupates in the earth. 
 
 E. Hofmann. 
 
 Scopula lutealis, HI)., Haiv., Gn. 
 
 pascualiK, Zell. 
 
 (Plate 3. fig. 10.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (common to Orkney), Possil Park, 
 
 Rugby, Marlborough, Cathcart, Devonshire, Clifton, 
 
 Chester, Yorkshire, Kettcringham, Norwich, Suffolk, 
 
 Lynn, Cawston, Croydon, Pembroke, Howth. 
 
 A common species in July and August. 
 
 The larva feeds on dock, bramble, and thistle. Head 
 pale yellowish brown, with a few dark brown dots ; 
 ground-colour pale green ; dorsal stripe broad, dark 
 green, edged with greyish white from segments two to 
 six; spiracular line narrow, greyish white, tubercular 
 spots dark green ; belly pale greyish green ; second seg- 
 ment green ; anal flap yellowish. This larva spins a 
 slight cocoon amongst its food. 
 
 Lutealis larva is distinguishable from prunalis by the 
 absence of black spots on the second segment. 
 
30 PYRALIDID.B. 
 
 Scopula olivalis, Schiff. . 
 umbralis, lib. 
 (Plates, fig. 11.) 
 Loc. Scotland (South-cast), Kenmuir Bank, South- 
 end, Rugby, Marlborough, Plymouth, Devon, Bristol, 
 Chester, Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Colchester, 
 Hastings, Ireland, Pembroke. 
 
 Common everywhere in June and July about hedge- 
 rows. 
 
 The larva feeds on Sambucus nigra, Stachys sylvatica 
 (hedge-woundwort), Urtica dioica, and Huinulus lupu- 
 lus (hop). It hybernates between leaves spun together 
 and continues feeding the following spring. 
 
 Ground-colour of the larva pale greenish grey ; head 
 and dorsal plate marked with black ; dorsal line dark 
 green ; spiracularstrij)es greyish ; spots black, arranged 
 four on the back of each segment, and a row of trian- 
 gular ones above the spii'acular stripe ; legs black. 
 
 E. M. M. xvi. 228. 
 
 Scoptila pnmalis, Schiff. 
 
 leucophceuUs, lib. 
 
 (Plate 3. fig. 12.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Kenmuir Bank, 
 Dunoon, Rugljy, ]\Iarlborough, Plymouth, Devon, 
 Bristol, Wirral, Hastings, Suffolk, Loggerheads, York- 
 shire, Norfolk, Colchester, Southend, Pembroke, Ire- 
 land. 
 
 Common in June and July in hedgerows. 
 
PYRALIDID^. 31 
 
 The larva feeds on Stachys sylvatica, Teucrium sco- 
 rodonia, Lychnis, marjoram, elder, Veronica officinalis, 
 &c. Larva : head opaline ; back and sides deep trans- 
 parent green ; subdorsal strijjes broad, white ; legs and 
 abdominal surface paler than the back. Pupates between 
 leaves spun together. 
 
 This larva is distinguishable from lutealis by the dis- 
 tinct black spot on each side of the second segment. 
 
 E. M. M. xvi. 209. 
 
 Scopula ferrugalis, Hh. 
 
 (Plate 4. fig. 1.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (South-west), Ardrossan, Plymouth, 
 Exeter, Barnstaple, Dartmouth, Bristol, Chester, Col- 
 chester, Hastings, Suffolk, Rock Ferry, Bidston, Har- 
 rowgate, Scarborough, Norwich, Merton, Cavvston, 
 Scilly Isles, Isle of Wight, Heme Bay, Folkestone, 
 Dublin, Pembroke. 
 
 This comrnon species occurs in August, September, 
 and October, plentifully at ivy-bloom. 
 
 The larva feeds on Eupatorium cannabinum (hemp- 
 agrimony), Stachys palustris, strawberry, &e., between 
 leaves spun together. It pupates in October. 
 
 Larva: head pale drab, freckled with brown; dorsal 
 stripe dark green, bounded on each side by a broad 
 creamy wliite strijic, commencing from the thoracic 
 segments, narrowing towards the extremities; this stripe 
 is followed alternately by green and white stripes ; legs 
 pale green ; on each side of tiie second segment are two 
 velvety black spots. E. M. M. xiv. 200. 
 
32 PYRALIDID^. 
 
 Scopula decrepitalis, H.-S. 
 
 (Plate 4. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland, Pertlishii'e, Inverness-shire, Ai'gyle- 
 shii'e, Sutherland, Ardentinny. 
 
 Very rare ; specimens have occurred in May, June, 
 July, and August. It is an alpine species. 
 
 Mecyna polygonalis, Hb. 
 
 limbalis, Tr. 
 (Plate 4. fig. 3.) 
 Loc. Bury St. Edmund's, south coast of Kent. 
 
 This very rare species has occurred at the above- 
 named localities in August. It is extremely common 
 all round the Mediterranean in April, frequenting 
 grassy slopes, and easily disturbed by day. The fore 
 wings are very variable in colour. 
 
 Larva feeds on Cytisus laburnum, also on Cythisus, 
 Genista, and Spariium, in June and July. Evidently 
 double-brooded. Ground-colour of the larva ashy grey, 
 with rich yellow lateral stripes ; three large black tuber- 
 cles in a triangle and one above (viz. on each segment) j 
 spiracles, head, and prolegs black. In June and July. 
 
 Tr. 
 Mill. 
 Botys nnbilalis, Hb. 
 hipulinalis, On. 
 (Plate 4. fig. 4.) 
 Loc. Isle of Wight, south of London. 
 Very rare ; occurs in May and June. 
 
pvealidid;e. 33 
 
 The larva feeds in the stems of hop {Humulus lu- 
 pulus), Punicem mileaceus, and allied plants. Ithyber- 
 nates and tui-ns to pupa the following spring. 
 
 Larva : head dark brown ; ground-colour dirty white, 
 with three shining black tubercles on each segment ; 
 thoracic plate yellowish, freckled with dark brown, and 
 traversed by a white streak ; dorsal and spiracular lines 
 dark ; ventral surface paler than the ground-colour. 
 
 Note. — nubilalis is easily separated from pandalis by 
 the deeper indentations of the second line, the larger 
 size, and the brown colouring of the males, which occurs 
 also sometimes in the females. 
 
 Botys pandalis, Hb. 
 
 verhascalis, Hb. 
 
 (Plate 4. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Marlborough, Almondsbury, Weston-super- 
 Mare, Sheffield, York, Merton, Suffolk, Southend, 
 Gal way. 
 
 Common everywhere during June in lanes, hedge- 
 rows, and fields. 
 
 The larva feeds in a case, formed of a leaf rolled up, 
 on Teucrium scorodonia and brambles [Rubus coryli- 
 folius). The colour of the back and sides of the larva 
 is dark grey ; the dorsal line darker, bordered with pale 
 grey; head grey, marked with black ; doi-sal plate dark , 
 divided by a pale hue. Two pale longitudinal lines, one 
 situated on each side of the third and fourth segments. 
 The tubercular spots are large, black, and glossy; spi- 
 
34 PYRALIDID.'E. 
 
 racks black ; ventral surface greenish grey, spotted 
 with brown. It pupates in its case in September. 
 
 E. M. M. xvii. 28. 
 Note. — This species is double-brooded on the con- 
 tinent. 
 
 Botys flavalis, Schiff. 
 
 (Plate 4. fig. 6.) 
 
 Loc. Halvergate, Cawston, Isle of Wight, Dover. 
 
 This insect occurs in July, and is fond of dry pas- 
 tures. 
 
 The larva is said to feed on nettle (Urtica wens) and 
 hrdstraw [Galium vemm) . 
 
 Botys hyalinalis, Hh. 
 
 (Plate 4. fig. 7.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Wotton, Clifton, Merton, Thetford 
 Box Hill. 
 
 Common in July in open places in woods. 
 
 The larva feeds on Centaurea nigra during the 
 autumn, then hybernates, and pupates in the following 
 May in a slight cocoon. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is opaque white ; head 
 pale red with four black dots; belly yellowish white; 
 spiracles black ; thoracic legs rich brown ; tubercles 
 shining, with a black dot at the apex. 
 
 E. M. M. xxi. 99. 
 
PYRALIDIDyE. 35 
 
 Botys Turalis, Scop. 
 
 verticalis, Schiff., D. L. 
 
 (Plate 4. fig. 8.) 
 
 Loc. Perthshire, Aberdeen, Seotland (S.E.), Norfolk, 
 Southend, Deal, &c. 
 
 Common in June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds on nettles (Urtica urens), rolling up 
 the leaves, in which position it eventually pupates in a 
 slight eoeoon. It is shining green, rather transparent, 
 covered with small dark tubercles bearing a single hair ; 
 dorsal line darker than the ground-colour ; on each 
 side of the dorsal plate is a black spot ; head olive- 
 brown. 
 
 Botys fuscalis, Schiff. 
 
 cinernlix, lib., Haw. 
 
 (Plate 4. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland, Paisley, Ardrossan, Clober, Marl- 
 borough, Plymouth, Devon, Almondsbury, Merton, 
 Ketteringham, Cawston, Colchester, Hastings, Wirral, 
 Loggerheads, Bradford, Harrowgate, Richmond, Pem- 
 broke, Ireland. 
 
 Usually common in June and July ; a variable 
 species. 
 
 The larva feeds on the flowers and seeds of Melatn- 
 pyrum pratensc in webs. It forms itself a cocoon in 
 August, away from its food-plant, but docs not change 
 to a pupa until the next spring. The ground-colour of 
 the larva is dark greyish brown, becoming paler towards 
 
 d2 
 
36 PYRALIDIDJJ. 
 
 the abdominal surface ; head and plate on the second 
 segment glossy brown ; the dorsal line is darker than 
 the ground-colour ; tubercles shining dark brown ; anal 
 plate brown, freckled with black ; spiracles black ; ven- 
 tral spots light brown. E. M. M. xvi. 161. 
 
 Botys terrealis, TV. 
 
 borealis, Curt. 
 
 (Plate 4. fig. 10.) 
 
 Loc. Kirkcudbright, Dunoon, Grange, Lynmouth, 
 Clovelly, Puddington, Loggerheads, Scarborough, 
 Saundersfoot. 
 
 This widely distributed species occurs in July. 
 
 It differs from fuscalis in the darker colouring, 
 especially the dark margin round all the wings, and 
 the more pointed apex of the fore wing. The larva 
 feeds in September on Solidayo virgaurea (golden rod), 
 devouring everything but the stalk. It forms a strong 
 web-like cocoon, in which it passes the winter, pupating 
 in spring. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is ritjh reddish pink 
 or green ; head and anal segment yellowish brown, the 
 former marked with dark brown ; the alimentary canal 
 shows through as a dark dorsal stripe ; sides variegated 
 witli a darker shade of the ground-colour ; ventral sur- 
 face pale ; prolegs tipped with a black dot on the 
 outside. E. M. M. xii. 209. 
 
 ■ Ent. iii. 184. 
 
PYRALIDID*. 87 
 
 Botys asinalis, Hb. 
 
 characteralis, Frr. 
 
 (Plate 4. fig. 11.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Dartmouth, Instow, Bristol, Clifton, 
 Isle of Wight, Pembroke. 
 
 In June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds on Rubia peregrina (madder). 
 Ground-colour yellowish brown, rather transparent, 
 becoming paler towards the ventral surface ; dorsal and 
 subdorsal lines reddish brown, between which is a broad 
 baud of olive-brown ; head straw-colour, with dark 
 brown markings ; spiracles and spots black. It forms 
 a slight cocoon in July, and is sometimes double- 
 brooded. E. M. M. ii. 135. 
 
 Eut. xi. 1 90. 
 
 Ebnlea crocealis, Hb., Tr. 
 
 ochrealis, lib. 
 
 (Plate 4. fig. 12.) 
 
 Loc. Plymout\i, Rothesay, Devon, Bristol, Flam- 
 borough Head, lledcar, Hastings, Suffolk, Scarborough, 
 Sheffield, Norwich, Gillingham, Hunstanton, Col- 
 chester, Southend, Deal, Folkestone, Northfleet, Pem- 
 broke, Dublin, Wicklow, Galway, Ilowth. 
 
 Common in damp situations in June and July. 
 
 The larva is dirty yellowish green ; doi'sal and sub- 
 dorsal lines dark green ; head black, with a few greyish- 
 white hairs; plate on the second segment dirty white, 
 marked with black ; ventral surface paler than the 
 ground-colour ; tubercles and spiracles black. It feeds 
 
38 VYRALimiiM. 
 
 on Inula dijsetiterica (fleabane) in May, and pupates 
 among leaves of its footl-plant in a slight cocoon. 
 
 Ent. ix. 88. 
 
 Ebulea verbascalis, Schiff. 
 arcualis, lib. 
 (Plate 5. fig. 1.) 
 Loc. Wotton, Folkestone, Sheffield, Norwich, St. 
 Faith's, Colchester, Suffolk. 
 
 This species frequents dry meadows in June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds on Teucrium scorodonia ; ithybernates 
 in a cocoon, pupating the following spring. 
 
 Larva : head pale drab, freckled with darker ; second 
 segment the same colour, with a conspicuous long black 
 mark on each side ; dorsal stripe dark green, bordered 
 with white ; sides green ; spiracular stripe whitish 
 yellow ; spiracles black ; ventral surface pale green. 
 
 E. M. M. XV. 102. 
 
 Ebulea sambucalis, Schiff. 
 
 (Plate 5. fig. 3.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland ?, Rugby, Marlborough, Plymouth, 
 Sidmouth, Bristol, Birkenhead, Chester, Colchester, 
 Hastings, Suffolk, Askhara Bog, (roole, Bradford, 
 Halifax, Leeds, Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn, South 
 London, Ireland, Pembroke. 
 
 Common nearly everywhere in June and August. 
 
 The larva feeds in a slight web on the underside of 
 the leaves of Sambucus nigra and convolvulus ; it 
 pupates in a slight cocoon. 
 
PYRALIDID/E. 39 
 
 Larva : head pale watery green ; second segment 
 similar, but with a broad triangular green mark; 
 dorsal stri^je dark green, between two wide paler green 
 stripes ; segmental folds yellowish ; spiracles black ; 
 belly and legs watery green ; on each side of the front 
 part of the third and fourth segments is a velvety black 
 spot ; skin dull, with the exception of the head and 
 secoiul segment. E. M. M. xiii. 133. 
 
 Note. — The larva oi sambucalis can always be sepa- 
 rated from that of stachydalis by the black lateral spot, 
 which always occurs on the third and usually on the 
 fourth segment, and the less glassy appearance. 
 
 Ebulea stachydalis, Zinck. 
 
 (Plate 5. fig. 3.) 
 
 Loc. Colchester, Ashford, Kingsbury, Freshwater 
 (Isle of Wight) , Brighton, Carmarthen, Pembroke. 
 
 Occurs in June amongst Stachys. 
 
 It differs from sambucalis in its deeper colouring, 
 smaller and yellower spots, smaller size, and deeper fore 
 wings. The larva feeds on Stachys sylvatica (hedge- 
 woundwort) in August, spinning the sides of the leaves 
 together. The head and second segment are whitish ; 
 on the back of the latter is a broad triangular green 
 mark; dorsal, line green, bordered with white; seg- 
 mental folds pure white ; sides green ; belly and legs 
 paler; spiracles black. The whole skin of the larva 
 is lustrous ; it spins a cocoon in September, away from 
 its food-plant, in which it passes the winter, pupating 
 in the following spring. E. M. M. xiii. 133. 
 
40 PYRALIDfll*. 
 
 Spilodes sticticalis, L. 
 
 fusculis, lib. 
 
 (Plate 5. fig. 4.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland, Fifeshire, Pertlisliire, Aberdeen, In- 
 stow, Ilfracombe, Dartmouth, Clifton, Wallasey, Suffolk, 
 Bramham, Halifax, Redcar, Merton, Thetford, Brandon, 
 Colchester, Folkestone, Howth. 
 
 Occurs on rough ground and uncultivated fields, 
 during July and August. 
 
 The larva, which feeds in June on Artemisia vulgaris 
 (mugwort), is dull grey ; head and dorsal plate polished, 
 black ; dorsal line darker, bordered by a pale line on 
 either side ; subdorsal lines paler ; spiraeular stripe 
 pale sulpluxr-yellow, intersected by a dark grey line ; 
 dorsal spots black, with a pale centre ; spiracles black ; 
 belly pale olive-grey. Pupates under ground. 
 
 E. M. M. iii. 260. 
 
 Note. — This larva is liable to variation in colouring. 
 
 Spilodes paJealis, Schiff. 
 
 (Plate 5. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Thetford, Colchester, Hastings, Suffolk, Folke- 
 stone, Slieerness, Brighton, Sidmouth, Darenth Wood, 
 Uartford, Southend. 
 
 This species flies in June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds in September on the umbels of the 
 wild carrot {Daucus carota) in a web, which it leaves 
 when full-fed. It forms an oval cocoon in some con- 
 venient situation, in which it passes the winter, not 
 pupating until the following June. 
 
PYRALIDID^E. 41 
 
 Larva : ground-colour of the dorsal surface dull diugy 
 green marbled with black ; dorsal stripe dark green ; 
 tubercles large, black, encircled with yellow ; spiraeular 
 region yellow ; spiracles black ; ventral surface yellow- 
 ish white; legs black. E. M. M. iii. 2G0. 
 
 Spilodes verticalis, L. 
 cinctalis, Tr., D. L. 
 (Plate 5. fig. 6.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Devon, Bristol, Stapleton, Chester, 
 Bingley, Bishops Wood, Suffolk, Goole, Huddersfield, 
 Wakefield, Norfolk, Colchester, Folkestone, Brandon, 
 Pembroke, Ireland, Southend, Deal. 
 
 Occurs in clover-fields in July and August. 
 
 The larva is pale green, with three black warts on 
 each segment ; head pale brown, marked with darker 
 brown. It feeds on Spartium scoporium and Cirsium 
 arvense in May and June. Pupates in a strong thick 
 cocoon covered with grains of sand. Nolk. 
 
 Psamotis pulveraJis, Hb. 
 (Plate 5. fig. 7.) 
 Loc. Eanworth, Folkestone, Isle of Wight. 
 
 This species occurs in July and August in marshy 
 places where reeds, sedges, and rushes grow ; it is 
 easily disturbed by day. The best loeaHty (viz. at 
 Folkestone) has disappeared owing to the encroach- 
 ment of the sea. 
 
 The undescribed larva is said to feed in August on 
 Mentha aquatica. 
 
*« PYRALIDID^E. 
 
 Pionea forficaJis, L. 
 
 (Plate 5. fig. 8.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland, Kirklee, Aidrossaiij Dimoon, Rugby, 
 Marlborough, Plymouth, near London, Bristol, Devon, 
 Chester, Yorkshire, Norfolk, Colchester, Hastings, 
 Suffolk, Pembroke, Ireland. 
 
 Common everywhere in May, June, and again in 
 August. 
 
 The larva feeds on cabbage, horse-radish, and other 
 garden plants ; often very destructive. It is yellowish 
 green, M'ith darker longitudinal lines and spots, between 
 which are fine white lines ; segmental divisions white ; 
 head light brown. It is double-brooded. Treit. &c. 
 
 Orobena extimalis, Scoj). 
 
 erucatis, lib. 
 maryaritalis, Scbifi'., Fb. 
 
 (Plate 5. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Redlands, Beaehamwell, Cambridge, Wicken, 
 Folkestone. 
 
 In June and July, frequenting the flowers of the 
 food-plant. 
 
 The larva feeds on Sinapis a/ha (white mustard) and 
 Sinapis arvensis (charlock) in July, under a sort of 
 web, three or four living together and coming out at 
 night to feed on the seed-pods. 
 
 Larva : head black, marked with white ; a white 
 ring round the neck ; the medio-dorsal surface of the 
 second segment is also white ; dorsal stripe yellow, 
 succeeded alternately by dingy purple and yellow 
 
PYRAHDIDiE. 43 
 
 stripes ; tubercleSj spiracles, and dorsal plate black ; 
 ventral surface and legs smoky flesh-colour. It forms 
 a cocoon of silk covered with particles of earth, in which 
 it hybernates, pupating the following May. 
 
 Ent. iii. 224. 
 
 Orobena straminalis, Hb. 
 
 eiutalis, lib. 
 
 (Plate 5. fig. 10.) 
 
 Loc. Lundy Island, Norwich, Wooton, Cawston, 
 Coltishall, Horsford, Colchester, Hastings, Suffolk, 
 Cavan, Killarney, Ranworth, Red Hill. 
 
 This insect frequents damp meadows, grassy places 
 in woods, &c., iu June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds on Barbarea vulgaris, Sinapis 
 arvensis, and other plants in August. 
 
 Larva : head black, upper lip bright green ; back 
 olive-green ; spiracular stripe deep yellow, followed by 
 a paler stripe; spiracles black, ringed with light brown ; 
 belly dirty green, paler than the back ; along the back 
 and sides are two series of longitudinal white marks ; 
 tubercles black ; side margins of the plate on the second 
 segment black. In September it forms a cocoon covered 
 with particles of earth, iu which it hybernates, pupating 
 the following spring. E. M. M. xix. 127. 
 
u 
 
 PYRALIDID*. 
 
 Perinephele lancealis, Schiff. 
 
 ylahralis, lib. 
 
 (Plate 5. fig. 11.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Exeter, Barnstaple, Dartmouth, 
 Wotton, Folkestone, Alcleby, Barton, Bendish, Beach- 
 amwell, Colchester, Hastings, Suflfolk. 
 
 Very local ; occurs in May and June. 
 
 The larva feeds on Eupatorium cannabinum (hemp- 
 agrimony) in a web during July and August. It forms 
 a cocoon and hybcrnates, pupating iu the spring. 
 
 Larva : head drab, glossy, speckled with dai-k brown ; 
 the second segment is glossy green above, with a series 
 of black dots ; dorsal stripe dark green, bordered on 
 each side with white stripes, followed by a broad green 
 stripe, margined below by a narrow white line; spi- 
 racles black ; ventral surface and legs watery green ; 
 the whole skin shining and semitransparcnt. 
 
 E. M. M. xii. 277. 
 
 Margarodes imionalis, Hh. 
 
 (Plate 5. fig. 12.) 
 
 Loc. Dartmouth, Torquay, Scilly Islands, Gravesend. 
 
 Of very unusual occurrence in this country. Com- 
 mon in Southern Europe in June and July, where the 
 larva feeds in autumn on the olive. It is yellowish 
 green, with green stripes and a yellowish-green head. 
 
 Mill. 
 
STENIIAD^E. 45 
 
 STENIIAD^. 
 
 Diasemia liter ata, Scop. 
 
 literulis, Scliiff., 1). L. 
 
 (Plate 6. fig. 1.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Bristol, Pembroke, Glamorganshire, 
 Carmarthen, Sufifolk, Exeter, Hampshire. 
 
 Occurs in June and again in the middle of August. 
 The second brood arc smaller than the first. This 
 species is found on rough ground, where it is easily 
 disturbed, settling again after a short flight. 
 
 Diasemia ramhurialis, Dup. 
 (Plate 6. fig. 2.) 
 Loc. Lewes, Folkestone, Dover, Cornwall. 
 
 This rare species is occasionally taken in June and 
 again in September and October. In Europe it is 
 recorded from Corsica and Austria. 
 
 It ditt'ers from literata in the darker and less brown 
 ground-colour, the basal silvery band which crosses 
 both wings, the great difference in the pattern of all 
 the markings, the deep hollow in the outer margin of 
 the hind wings. 
 
 Antigastra catalaunalis, Dup. 
 
 (Plate 6. fig. 3.) 
 
 Loc. Near London, near Dover. 
 
 In August and September. Occurs in Spain, South- 
 ern France, Central India, Canary Islands. 
 
46 STENIIAD^E. 
 
 Easily disturbed by day from herbage on dry rocky 
 ground. 
 
 The larva is pale greenish yellow, with reddish lines 
 and black tubercles ; head small, polished, black ; 
 shoulder-plate marked with two black spots. It feeds 
 in spring on Linaria spuria. Mill. 
 
 Note. — In the Canary Islands this species must be 
 double-brooded, as fresh specimens occur in April and 
 May. 
 
 Nascia cilialis, Hb. 
 amttalis, Ev., Gn. 
 (Plate 6. fig. 4.) 
 Loc. Cambridge Fens. 
 
 Appears in May and June. 
 
 This species frequents boggy places, and often comes 
 to light. 
 
 Stenia pnnctalis, Sckiff. 
 
 rftnaalis, Dup. 
 
 (Plate 6. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Sydmoutb, Exmouth, Weston-super- 
 Mare, Sheffield, Hastings, Pett, Ventnor, Brighton, 
 Dover. 
 
 This species occurs in June and again in August. 
 
 The larva feeds on Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot 
 trefoil), clover, knapweed, and plantain in the autumn. 
 It hybernates in a slight web amongst its food-plant, 
 and pupates the following May in a tough cocoon 
 covered with bits of leaves &c. 
 
 Larva : skin shiny ; ground-colour pale yellowish 
 
STENIIADyE. 47 
 
 stone-tint ; dorsal area ashy grey, traversed by a dark 
 line; head reddish chestnut ; collar dark brown, divided 
 by a paler line ; spiracles ringed with brown ; dots 
 black, placed on large shining warts. 
 
 E. M. M. xxi. 121. 
 
 Cataclysta lemnata, L. 
 
 lemnalis, Scliill., I). L. 
 
 (Plate 6. fig. 6, cJ ? .) 
 
 Loc. Rugby, Axminster, Fossil Marsh, Devon, Bris- 
 tol, Chester, Bramham, Suffolk, Hastings, Huddersfield, 
 Wakefield, Norfolk, Colchester, Tenby, Ireland, South- 
 end, West of Scotland. 
 
 Usually common during June and August in the 
 neighbourhood of water. 
 
 Larva aquatic ; feeds on Lemna minor ; inhabits a 
 case formed out of duckweed &e. It lives through the 
 winter, and pupates in May. 
 
 Ground-colour of the larva dull olive; head pale 
 olive-brown ; plate on the second segment shining 
 black; dorsal line black; spiracles black; anterior 
 legs pale olive. E. M. M. xii. 102. 
 
 Paraponyz stratiotata, L. 
 
 stratiolata, Fb. 
 
 (Plate 6. fig. 7, <? ? .) 
 
 Loc. Rugby, Frome, Stapleton, Bidston Marsh, Ness, 
 Chester, Hastings, Suffolk, Askham Bog, Bradford, 
 Scarborough, Sheffield, Norfolk, Colchester, Red Hill, 
 Ireland, Higligate, Deal. 
 
48 STENlIADiE. 
 
 Occurs in June and August near water. 
 
 The aquatic larva feeds on Anacharis ahinasti-vm, 
 Straliotes aloides, &c. 
 
 The larva is furnished with eight rows of " hranchiiP," 
 composed of fleshy filaments of unequal leu'jth, tapering 
 to a point. Ground-colour pale yellowish olive, marked 
 with a few small purplish freckles ; dorsal stripe 
 darker ; head brown, with darker markings ; spiracles 
 black ; branchiffi pale gi-ey. It forms a cocoon 
 amongst its food, and is double-brooded. 
 
 E. M. M. xii. 161. 
 
 Hydrocampa nymphaeata, L. 
 nympha:alis, Scliitt., D. L. 
 (Plate 6. fig. 8, c? ? .) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Hugby, Marl- 
 borough, Plymouth, Possil Marsh, Devon, Bristol, 
 Chester, Hastings, Suflblk, Bradford, Scarborough, 
 Shefi&eld, Wakefield, Norfolk, Lyndhurst, Epping, 
 Deal, Pembroke, Ireland. 
 
 This species is found in June, and again towards the 
 end of July and August, in the neighbourhood of 
 water. 
 
 The larva, which is aquatic, lives in a floating case 
 formed of leaves of its food-plant, viz. CaUitriche 
 verna (starwort) or Fotnmogeton nataiis. It usually 
 pupates under water amongst its food-plant, but some- 
 times above the surface or on some neighbouring 
 vegetation. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is light olive-brown ; 
 dorsal plate darker. The plate ou the second segment 
 
ACENTROPODIDyE. 40 
 
 is light olive, marked with dark brown ; head light 
 olive ; ventral surface and legs paler than the ground- 
 colour. Double-brooded. E. M. M. xii. 210. 
 
 Ent. iii. 368. 
 
 Hydrocampa stagnata, Don. 
 
 stagnalis, On,, D. L. 
 
 (Plate 6. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Rugby, Possil 
 Marsh, Axmiuster, Bristol, Chester, Bramham, Hast- 
 ings, Sufi'olk, Goole, Iluddcrsfield, Sheffield, Norfolk, 
 Colchester, Deal, Pembroke, Ireland. 
 
 Common in most places near water in June, July, 
 and August. 
 
 The acjuatic larva feeds on Sparganium simplex, 
 mining the reeds in its early stages, and after hyberna- 
 tion feeding between the leaves united by silk. The 
 ground-colour of the larva is either bright transparent 
 yellow or olive-yellow; the head pale brown; second 
 segment yellow, marked with brown. It pupates 
 between two fragments of leaf spun together, cither 
 partially or entirely submerged, and moored to a 
 floating leaf. E. M. M. xiv. 101. 
 
 ACENTROPODIDtE. 
 Acentropus niveus, Oliv. 
 
 $ . kansoni, St. 
 cf. nivosa, St. 
 
 (Plate 6. fig. 10.) 
 
 Loc. Fifeshire (locally abundant) , Loch Leven, York, 
 
50 PTlillOPHORIoyE. 
 
 Brandon, Merton, llanworth, Colchester, Hastings, 
 Aldborough, Haslemcrc, Sheerness, Peckbam, Hamp- 
 stead, Hyde Park, llingwood. 
 
 Occurs in July and August, flying just over the 
 water at dusk ; at rest on the underside of leaves, 
 posts, &c. over water during the day. 
 
 The female is semiapterous. 
 
 The larva, which is light green, feeds under water on 
 Potamoyeton hcteruphyllus, perfoliatus, pectinatus, and 
 lucens. When full-fed, in June and July, the larva 
 may be found in silken cocoons, mixed with bits of 
 leaves &c., in submerged leaf-axils of Potamoyeton. 
 
 Ent. vi. 153. 
 
 PTEROPHORI. 
 
 PTER0PH0RIDJ5. 
 
 Agdistis Bennetii, Curt. 
 (Plate IG. fig. 1.) 
 
 Loc. Redcar, Maiden, St. Osyth, Southend, Canvey 
 Island, Shoeburyness, Sheerness. 
 
 This species frequents salt marshes in June and 
 August. 
 
 The larva feeds on the sea-lavender {Statice limo- 
 nium) in July, and the second brood in September, 
 which hybernates and continues feeding in the spring. 
 The pupa is suspended by the tail from the food-plant. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is green, thickly 
 sprinkled with small white dots ; the second segment 
 has several horny spikes protruding from the middle in 
 a horizontal direction, the tips and bases of which are 
 
PTEROPHORID^. 51 
 
 rosy ; the anal segment is yellowish green on the sides, 
 and violet-brown on the back ; on the twelfth segment 
 is a rosy horn ; the head is yellowish green, with rosy 
 markings; spiraeular stripe yellow. Eut. xvi. 27. 
 
 Cnaemidophorus rhododactylus, Fb. 
 
 (Plate 16. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. North Kent, Chattcnden, Kingsbury, Mill Hill, 
 Finchley. 
 
 This sluggish species occurs in July and August ; it 
 sometimes comes to light, and may also be beaten out 
 of rose-bushes. 
 
 The larva feeds on the buds of the dog-rose at the 
 end of May and beginning of June ; the pupa is attached 
 by the tail to the flower-stem, between the bud and a 
 leaf, united by silken threads. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is yellowish green ; 
 dorsal line reddish violet, most distinct from the second 
 to the sixth segment, and from the eleventh to the 
 thirteenth ; head yellowish green, freckled with brown, 
 and a large black spot on each cheek ; tubercles whitish, 
 bearing a white hair; spiracles reddish brown, ringed 
 with \vliite ; prologs blackish ; ventral legs green, tipped 
 with brown; the whole body is covered with short 
 whitish bristles. Eut. xviii. 275. 
 
 Platyptilia ochrodactyla, lib. 
 
 dichrodacfyluA; Miiblig. 
 
 (Plate 16. fig. 4.) 
 
 Loc. Perthshire, Exeter, Huddersfield, Scarborough, 
 
 e2 
 
52 PTEROPHORIDjiE. 
 
 Lundy Island, Homing, Wallasey, Tranmcre, Pud- 
 dington, Colchester, Darlington, Howth. 
 
 Occurs amongst rank herbage in June and July. 
 The larva feeds in the stems of the tansy [Tanacetum 
 vulffo-e), and pupates suspended by the tail from a leaf 
 of its food-plant. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is green ; dorsal stripe 
 whitish, traversed by a dark green line ; head shining 
 yellowish green ; ocelli black ; mouth brown ; plates on 
 the second and anal segments yellowish green ; sub- 
 dorsal and spiracular lines whitish, interrupted at the 
 segmental divisions; tubercles black, each bearing a 
 white hair ; spiracles dark brown ; legs semitrans parent, 
 tipped with brown. Ent. xv. 146. 
 
 E. M. M. xii. 233. 
 
 Var. Bertrami, Rossi, [ochrodactylus, Tgstr.), (Plate 
 IG. fig. 3), is a smaller and paler form, with the tips of 
 the fore wings less produced. 
 
 Loc. Hendon, Mill Hill, Ventnor, Eolkestone, 
 Brandon, Norwich, Thetford, Cawston, Colchester, 
 Hastings. 
 
 The larva resembles the type, but feeds on yarrow 
 {Achillea millefolium and Achillea ptarmica) . 
 
 Platyptilia isodactylus, Zell. 
 monodactyla, Haw, 
 (Plate IG. fig. 5.) 
 Loc. Teignmouth, Exmouth, Norwich, Pembroke, 
 Killarney, Cullunamore. 
 
PTEBOPIIORIDiE. 53 
 
 Occurs in June and August in marshy places. 
 
 This species differs from gonodactyla in the less 
 distinct costal triangle, the more uniform ground-colour 
 of the fore wings, and the very minute patch of black 
 in the third feather of the hind wing. 
 
 The larva feeds in the stems of Senecio aquaticris in 
 May and July, and pupates in its burrow. 
 
 The ground-colom' of tiie larva is watery-green, the 
 dorsal vessel showing through ; subdorsal stripe dark 
 green, bordered above with white; two white stripes 
 occur along each side ; head, anterior legs, tubercles, 
 and plates black ; the dorsal plate divided by a line of 
 the ground-colour. E. M. M. viii. 154. 
 
 Platyptilia gonodactyla, Schiff. 
 triyonodaclyla, Haw. 
 (Plate 16. fig. 6.) 
 Loc. West and South-west of Scotland, Perthshire, 
 Sidmouth, Bishops Wood, Cawston, Walton-on-the- 
 Naze, Clacton-ou-Sca, Hastings, Brandon, Braniliam, 
 Flamborough Head, Goolc, Cheshire, Southend, Graves- 
 end, Howth, Pembroke. 
 
 This species is found amongst coltsfoot in June and 
 August. 
 
 The larva occurs in April and May in the flower- 
 heads of coltsfoot [Tussilagofarfara) ; the second brood 
 of larvai probably feed on the underside of the leaves in 
 June and July. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is whitish ; dorsal and 
 subdorsal stripes rosy brown; head and dorsal plate 
 shining black ; a few black tubercles, each bearing a 
 black hair, are scattered over the dorsal and subdorsal 
 
54 PTEROPHORID^, 
 
 areas, also a row of black warts along the spiracuiar 
 line. Ent. xv. 33. 
 
 Flatyptilia Zetterstedti, Zell. 
 (Plate 16. fig. 7.) 
 
 Loc. Folkestone, Lynmouth (North Devon). 
 
 Occurs in June and July. 
 
 The larva probably feeds in the stems of Solidago 
 virgaurea. 
 
 This species is distinguished from yonodactyla by its 
 more slender appearance, by the broken dash of dark 
 brown colour along the inner margin of the fore wing, 
 and the broad pale posterior edging of the costal 
 triangle. 
 
 Var. tseniadactylus, South. (Plate 16. fig. 8.) 
 
 This variety occurs in June and July at Lynmouth 
 (North Devon) ; it flies at dusk ; differs from the type 
 by the narrower wings, the darker brown digital fascia, 
 and the black cilia. Ent. xv. 34. 
 
 Amblyptilia acanthodactyla, Hb. 
 
 caloditdyla, Fb., St., Ilaw. 
 
 (Plate 16. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. South and South-west of Scotland, Perthshire, 
 Dunoon, Devon, Exeter, Huddersfield, Richmond, Sear- 
 borough, York, Norwich, Aldeby, Cawstou, Cromer, 
 Bidston, Tranmere, Colchester, Hastings, Pembroke, 
 Dover, Eolkestone. 
 
 Widely distributed in June ; easily disturbed by day. 
 
PTEROPHORIDiE. 55 
 
 The larva feeds in autumn and May on rest-harrow 
 (Ononis), hedge- woundwort [Stachys sylvatica), wild 
 basil [Calamintha clinopodium) , Mentha, Sic. It pupates 
 suspended from the stem of its food-plant. 
 
 The larva is pale green, with two white dorsal and one 
 lateral stripe, plentifully covered with hairs and bristles ; 
 head yellowish ; mouth darker. Dr. Ilofmann. 
 
 The following is a description of a larva bred by Mr. 
 South at Ventnor on Stachys sylvatica, feeding on the 
 flowers and unripe seeds ; they produced in September 
 an intermediate form between acanthodactyla and cos- 
 modactyJa, which Mr. South considers to be identical 
 with the Plume bred by Prof. Frey from the same plant 
 and named by him cosmodudyla, var. stachydalis. 
 
 Description of larva referred to above : — Head pale 
 olive-green ; crown and cheeks freckled with blackish ; 
 mandibles reddish brown. Ground-colour darkisii 
 gi'cen ; alimentary canal darker. Dorsal tubercles four 
 on each segment, from each of which two bristles of 
 unequal length are emitted ; subdorsal, two warts on 
 each segment, the anterior with two and the posterior 
 with one whitish hair ; spiraeular, one dark green wart 
 with two whitish hairs on each segment; there are 
 minute blackish bristles scattered over the entire dorsal 
 and ventral areas ; dorsal and subdorsal warts seated on 
 linear patches of a yellowish colour ; prolegs blackish ; 
 anal claspers scmitransparent, with greenish tinge. 
 
 Pupa attached by the tail to stem of food-plant, 
 generally near the flower-whorl; it is at first of a 
 greenish colour, but changes to an obscure reddish 
 brown ; the leg-eases are detached from the abdomen ; 
 head truncate; two conspicuous points on back. R. S. 
 
56 PTEROPHORlDvE. 
 
 Amblyptilia cosmodactyla, Hb. 
 
 pundidactylus, IIiiw. 
 
 (Plate 16. fig. 10.) 
 
 Loc. Dunoon, Eotlisbire,Braemar, Perthshire, Exeter, 
 Lynmouth, Dorsetshire, Cardiganshire, Killarney. 
 
 Occurs iu July and October. 
 
 The larva feeds in June and July on the seeds of 
 columbine {Aquilegia vulgaris), meadow crancsbill(Ge- 
 ranium pratense) , Siachys sylvatica, &c. 
 
 The larva is dirty green, with a dark grecu dorsal 
 line, and two interrupted white lateral stripes ; tubercles 
 small; head light brown, with darker spots; prologs 
 black ; abdominal legs of the ground-colour. Prey. 
 
 In the E. M. M. vol. xxii. p. 149, Mr. Porritt gives 
 t\)'0 descriptions of larva; which he reared on Slachys 
 sylvatica, and which produced both acanthodactyla and 
 cosmodaciyla ; he was unfortunately unable to discover 
 which form of larva; produced acanthodactyla and which 
 cosmodaciyla; but considering that Mr. Porritt ob- 
 served larva; intermediate betwecTi the two forms which 
 he described, and that Mr. South bred the intermediate 
 forms of the perfect insects, one would conclude that 
 acanthodactyla and cosmodactyla are forms of the 
 same species. 
 
 Ozyptilus distans, Zcll. 
 Icetus, D. L. 
 (Plate 16. fig. 11.) 
 Loc. Norfolk, Folkestone, MertoD,Thetford, Brandon. 
 Occurs in July and August. 
 
FTEROPHOKIDyE. 57 
 
 Var. laetus, Zell. (Plate IG. fig. 12.) 
 
 The insect known in this country as Imtus, ZcU., is a 
 pale variety of distans. 
 
 The larva is bone-coloured, hairy, with a small 
 blackish head and divided dorsal plate ; feeds in July 
 on the flower of Andryala sinuata. Mill. 
 
 Oxyptilus pilosellae, Zell. 
 
 didactyla, Zctt. 
 (Plate 17. fig. 1.) 
 Loc. Mickleham (Surrey), Belfast. 
 
 Occurs in July and August. 
 
 Hieracii is said to be darker and with more distinct 
 markings than pilosellte ; but neither in British nor 
 foreign specimens is there any sufficiently distinguish- 
 able character by which to separate them. The de- 
 scriptions of the larva; and their food-plant are almost 
 identical. 
 
 The larva feeds on Hieracium pilosellx and umbella- 
 tum, generally in a company. The ground-colour of 
 the larva is dirty yellow or greenish, covered with 
 knobbed bristles and long white hairs ; on the back of 
 the abdominal segments is a double row of red or brown 
 longitudinal marks ; head honey-yellow. Frey. 
 
 Oxyptilus Teucrii, Greening. 
 (Plate 17. fig. 2.) 
 Loc. Yarmouth, Brandon, Box Hill, Folkestone, War- 
 rington, Tilgate Forest. 
 
58 PTEROPHORID^E. 
 
 Local, bu{ plentiful where it occurs ; it flies over 
 wood-sage in the sunshine in July. 
 
 This species is larger than pilosellm ; it can be recog- 
 nized hy the broad fascia-like markings of the fore 
 wings, and the larger patch of black on the inner digit 
 of the hind wing. 
 
 The larva feeds in May and June on Teucrium scoro- 
 donia (wood-sage) . 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is green or yellowish 
 green ; head yellowish green, with dark brown markings ; 
 dorsal line faint pink ; subdorsal line broader, pale rosy ; 
 tubercles brown, bearing short white bristles ; spiracles 
 ringed with violet-brown ; legs yellowish green, mottled 
 with violet-brown. Ent. xvi. 73. 
 
 E. M. M. iv. 16, 39, & viii. 155. 
 
 Oxyptilus parvidactylus. Haw. 
 mierodadt/lus, St. 
 (Plate 17. fig. 3.) 
 Loc. Ventnor, Bo.x Hill, Folkestone. 
 
 Occurs in May and June, flying in the sun on chalk 
 downs. 
 
 This species differs from any other in its smaller size 
 and darker colour. 
 
 The larva feeds in April in the young leaves of 
 Stachys alpina ; in autumn in the heads of Mamibium. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is dirty pale green ; 
 on each segment are four black warts, bearing a star- 
 shaped tuft of bristles ; head and dorsal plate black ; 
 the latter divided by a pale line. Frey. 
 
pterophoiiid;e. 59 
 
 Mimaeseoptilus phseodactylus, Hb. 
 
 Innadacfi/his, Haw. 
 
 (Plate 17. fig. 4.) 
 
 Loc. Exmouth, Teignmouth, Epsom, Leathcrhead, 
 Micklchanij Box Hill, Folkestone, Maidstone, Caterham 
 Valley, Croydon, Dover. 
 
 This species occurs in July ; it flies about dusk, but 
 is easily disturbed by day. 
 
 The larva feeds in June and July on Ononis spinosa 
 and repens, eating the terminal leaves. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is green ; segmental 
 divisions paler; dorsal line bluish green; head whitish 
 green, marked with black ; tubercles black, with a tuft 
 of short white bristles and a long grey hair; legs semi- 
 transparent, dotted with grey. Ent. xvi. 75. 
 
 Mimaeseoptilus bipunctidactyla. Haw. 
 
 serotinus, Zell. 
 
 (Plate 17. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Glasgow, Possil Marsh, Milngavie, Devon, Bram- 
 ham, Grassington, Redear, Sheffield, Norwich, Merton, 
 Cawston, Ranworth, Wallasey, Brandon, Folkestone, 
 Dover, llowth, Belfast, Pembroke. 
 
 Generally distributed in July and August. 
 
 Var. aridus, of British collections, is a pale ochrcous 
 form of bipunctidactyla. 
 
 The larva feeds in May and September upon the 
 terminal leaves of Scabiosa arvensis and Galium mollugo. 
 
60 PTEROPHORIDiE, 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is green, with white 
 hairs ; dorsal stripe wide, purplish ; head yellowish 
 green, marked with black ; mouth browu ; auterior legs 
 black. Frey. 
 
 Note. — This description of the larva seems to agree 
 with the larva oi plagiodactylus, which is only a variety 
 of bipunctidactyla. Eut. xviii. 9y. 
 
 Mimseseoptilns zophodactylus, Dup. 
 
 loewii, Zell. 
 
 (Plate, 17. fig. 6.) 
 
 Loc. Bramham, Sandburn, Norwich, Merton, Ness, 
 Burton, Ilitchin, Lancashire, Isle of Wight, Tilgate 
 Forest, Saffron Walden, Pembroke. 
 
 Occurs in August, probably also in June. Hodgkin- 
 soni, Greg., is only a slight variety of this species. 
 
 The larva feeds from July to September in the green 
 seed-eapsules oi Erythrata centaur v am, which it hollows 
 out, living well concealed in the interior ; it leaves the 
 plant in September to pupate. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is yellowish green ; 
 dorsal and subdorsal stripes dark ; segmental divisions 
 deeply cut ; head dusky, with two black spots ; larva 
 covered with light brown hairs. A. Schmid. 
 
 The following note was kindly sent me by Mr. South ; 
 it seems to apply to this larva : — 
 
 "In September 1881, I had a Plume-larva sent me 
 from Sussex ; it was feeding in the flowers of Erythra'a 
 centaureum, but I failed to rear the imago. 
 
 " Length 5 Hues, tapering towards anal extremity ; 
 head shining yellowish green, smaller than second scg- 
 
1 
 
 rTEllOPHORID>€. 61 
 
 merit. Ground-colour yellowish green, with a broadish 
 violet dorsal stripe from the third to thirteenth segments 
 inclusive ; numerous short pale grey hairs arranged in 
 four lines along the dorsal and lateral areas, hut no 
 perceptible warts. Spiracles dark hrown." R. S. 
 
 Mimsseoptilus pterodactylus, L. 
 
 fitscus, Retz. 
 (Plate 17. fig. 7.) 
 
 Loc. Glasgow, Perthshire, Ayrshire, Ardrossan, 
 Exeter, Boroughhridge, Bramham, Doncaster, York, 
 Norwich, Merton, Cawston, St. Faith's, Wallasey, Col- 
 chester, Hastings, Suffolk, Folkestone, Southend, Pem- 
 broke, riowth. 
 
 This widely distributed species occurs in July and 
 September. 
 
 The cinnamon-brown colour and somewhat larger 
 size sufficiently distinguish this species from bipuncti- 
 dadyla ; and from similar coloured forms of monodac- 
 tylus, its smaller size and narrower wings at once 
 separate it. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is green; the seg- 
 mental divisions yellowish green ; head whitish green, 
 spotted with blackish ; mandibles brown ; dorsal line 
 dark olive-green ; subdorsal and spiracular lines whitish; 
 tubercles whitish, with tufts of hair ; legs scmitrans- 
 parent light green ; tbe prolegs spotted with brown ; 
 the abdominal legs tipped with black. 
 
 The larva feeds on the flowers of Veronica chamadrys 
 and, according to Schmid, on Convolvulus arvensis. 
 
r 
 
 G2 PTEROPIIORIDVE. 
 
 (Edematophorus lithodactylus, Tr. 
 
 septudaclyla, Tr. 
 
 (Plate 17. fig. 8.) 
 
 Loc. Flamborough Head, Redcar, Scarborough, Hun- 
 stanton, Colchester, Hastings, Suttblk, Graveseud, 
 Southend, Deal, Pembroke, Gahvay. 
 
 Occurs in July and August ; it is rather sluggish by 
 day. 
 
 This species can at once be distinguished from mono- 
 dactylus by the costal spur. 
 
 The larva feeds in June on the leaves of Inula dysen- 
 terica (fleabauc) and Conyza squamosa. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is yellowish green; 
 head pale brown ; mandibles and freckles reddish brown, 
 and a black spot on each check ; dorsal strij)e pinkish, 
 approaching violet towards the edges and bordered with 
 whitish, divided by a yellow line; tubercles pinkish, 
 bearing pale hairs ; legs semitransparent greenish. 
 
 Ent. XV. 104. 
 
 Pterophorus monodactylus, L. 
 
 2)teroductyla, llh., Haw., 1). L. 
 
 (Plate 17. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Doncaster, Huddersfield, Marsdcn Moor, Kent, 
 Pembroke. 
 
 Generally distributed in July, and from September to 
 April; often found at rest on palings. 
 
 The larva is found from June to September on 
 various specie of Convolvulus, feeding on both leaves 
 
PTBKOPHOillDA. 63 
 
 and flowers ; it pupates attaehcd by the tail to its food- 
 plant. There are probably two or more broods in the 
 course of the year. 
 
 The ground-colour of tiie larva is dingy green, 
 streaked and spotted witli whitish, and slightly suffused 
 with reddish brown ; head pale brown ; mandibles 
 brown ; on each cheek is a black spot ; dorsal stripe dark 
 green or reddish brown, dilated on the crest of each 
 segment ; tubercles paler than the ground-colour, with 
 tufts of pale brown hairs ; legs pale greenish brown. 
 
 Ent. XV. 278. 
 
 Ent. xviii. 277. 
 
 This species may be recognized by the brush-like 
 
 tufts of appressed scales on the uppcrside of the hind 
 
 feet. Ptcr. of California, p. 40. 
 
 Leioptilns lienigianus, Zell. 
 melinodactylus, II. -S. 
 (Plate 17. fig. 10.) 
 
 Loc. Norwich, llingland. Horning, Colchester, Ips- 
 wich, Deal, Yentnor, Dover. 
 
 Occurs in July amongst its food-plant. 
 
 The larva feeds on the terminal leaves of Artemisia 
 vulgaris in May and June ; the pupa is attached anally 
 to the underside of a leaf of its food-plant. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is pale green ; dorsal 
 line darkei', divided by a pale line ; subdorsal line yel- 
 lowish, interrupted at the segmental divisions ; head 
 shining greenish brown, marked with darker brown; 
 tubercles whitish, crowned with white hairs ; legs paler 
 than the ground-colour, with dark brown markings. 
 
 Ent. XV. 105. 
 E. M. M. viii. 157. 
 
64) PTEROPHORID^E. 
 
 Leioptilus tephradactylus, Hb. 
 (Plate 17. fig. 11.) 
 
 Loc. Huddersfield, Scarborough, Sheffield, Hastings, 
 Folkestone, Lynmouth, Lake-district, Witherslack. 
 
 This species occurs in shady places in woods during 
 July. 
 
 It can be separated from lienigianus by the absence 
 of costal spots and its smaller size. 
 
 The larva feeds in May and June on the golden rod 
 [Solidago virgaurea) — when young mining the stems, 
 afterwards eating holes in the leaves; it pupates sus- 
 pended by the tail from its food-plant. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is yellowish green ; 
 head shining, pale yellowish brown, with reddish-brown 
 mandibles and a black spot on each cheek ; dorsal stripe 
 whitish, darker towards the centre ; subdorsal line in- 
 terrupted, yellowish ; tubercles whitish, with tufts of 
 pale hairs ; legs yellowish green. Ent. xv. 106. 
 
 Leioptilus osteodactylus, Zell. 
 
 microdacft/his, Zett. 
 (Plate 17. fig. 12.) 
 
 Loc. Devon, Huddersfield, Scarborough, Sheffield, 
 Tenby, Hastings, Folkestone, Lynmouth, Lake-district, 
 Plymouth, North Wales. 
 
 Occurs in July ; may be taken at flowers of the wood- 
 sage at dusk. 
 
 Mr. South has kindly sent me the following descrip- 
 tion of a larva which he takes to be osteodactylus : — 
 
PTEKOPHOKIDyE. 65 
 
 Larva in seed-heads of golden rod {Solidago viry- 
 aurea) in October. Length 4-5 lines, plump, tapering 
 towards eaeli end. Head smaller than second segment, 
 light brown ; with reddish-brown mandibles, and a black 
 spot on each cheek. 
 
 Ground-colour whity brown with greenish tinge, and 
 thickly dotted with minute black dots; dorsal sti-ipc 
 and subdorsal line pale rosy pink ; tubercles incon- 
 spicuous, hardly raised above the surface of the skin, 
 dorsal two rows (two on each segment) each emit a 
 single brownish hair of moderate length. These hairs 
 on the third, fourth, and fifth segments curve forwards, 
 those of other segments backwards ; lateral series con- 
 sist of one wart on each segment with a moderately long 
 hair; spiracles black ; prolegs pale brown. E.. S. 
 
 Leioptilus microdactylus, Hb. 
 
 (Plate 18. fig. 1.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (S.E.), Scarborough, Ranworth, Mcr- 
 ton, Hastings, Folkestone, Cambridge, Pembroke. 
 
 In May and June amongst its food-plant. 
 
 The larva feeds on hemp-agrimony {Eupatorium can- 
 nubinum), mining the flower-stem, in which it hybcr- 
 nalos, pupating in the cavity the following spring. 
 
 Tiie ground-colour of the larva is yellowish white; a 
 series of quadrate dark brown markings forms the 
 dorsal stripe, another row of black dots occurs along 
 the spiracular region; head pale brown, with darker 
 freckles and mandibles, also a black spot on each cheek ; 
 prolegs tipped witli brown, and the upper portion of the 
 anal claspers spotted with black. Ent. xv. 102. 
 
 E. M. M. xii. 23J... 
 
66 pterophoridjE. 
 
 This species is not unlike osteodactylus, but is much 
 smaller, and has always one, sometimes two, black spots 
 on the eosta. 
 
 leioptilus brachydactylus, TV. 
 
 atodactyltts, Dup. 
 
 (Plate 18. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Glen Tilt (Perthshire), Norfolk, Westmoreland, 
 Folkestone, Deal. 
 
 This extremely rare species has been taken in July. 
 
 The larva feeds on the undersides of the leaves of 
 Prenanthes purpurea, also on Lactuca muralis, in May 
 and June. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is pale dirty green ; 
 dorsal stripe darker, on each side of which is a row of 
 tubercles bearing dark bristles, followed by another row 
 bearing one dark bristle and a few small white hairs ; a 
 third row occurs lower down, crowned with white 
 bristles. Frey. 
 
 Aciptilia galactodactyla, Hb. 
 (Plate 18. fig. 3.) 
 Loc. Devon, Norwich, Spirham, Colchester, Ipswich, 
 St. Osyth, Hastings, Folkestone, Chattenden, Wicklow. 
 
 This species occurs amongst burdock, ^bout the 
 borders of woods, in July. 
 
 The larvae feed in a company on the undersides of 
 the leaves of burdock {Arctium lappa) . 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is pale green, seg- 
 mental divisions paler; the broad dorsal stripe is 
 whitish, bisected by a fine line of the ground-colour; 
 
PTER0PH0R1D«. 67 
 
 the head is whitish greeu, with light brown mandibles 
 and a black spot on each cheek ; tubercles crowned 
 with pale hairs. Ent. xv. 147. 
 
 Aciptilia spilodactyla, Curt. 
 
 obsohtitH, Zell. 
 
 (Plate 18. fig. 4.) 
 
 Loc. Lundy Island, Freshwater, Ventnoi', Brandon. 
 
 Occurs amongst its food-plant in July and August. 
 
 The larva feeds on the leaves of the white horehound 
 
 {Marrubium vulgare) in June and July, it also eats the 
 
 garden variety ; pupates attached by the tail to the 
 
 upper surface of a leaf of its food-plant. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is green, sprinkled with 
 minute black dots ; tubercles whitish, with star-like 
 tufts of white hairs ; legs semitransparent green, tipped 
 with brown. Ent. xvi. 28. 
 
 Aciptilia baliodactyla, Zell. 
 t.ridactylus, St. 
 
 (Plate 18. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Folkestone, Dover, Bristol, Ventnor, Box Hill, 
 Caxton. 
 
 This species occurs in July and August. 
 
 The larva feeds in June on Origanum vulgare (mar- 
 joram), eating the terminal leaves ; it pupates attached 
 by the tail to its food-plant. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is dingy green ; seg- 
 mental divisions and dorsal line yellowish green ; head 
 yellowish green, with brown mandibles and black 
 cheek-spots ; tubercles whitish, with tufts of white 
 hairs ; legs transparent yellowish green. Ent. xvi. 26. 
 
 f2 
 
68 PTEROPHOHID/E. 
 
 Aciptilia tetradactyla, L. 
 
 leucodactyla, lib. 
 
 (Plate 18. fig. 6.) 
 
 Loc. Renfrewshire, Doiicaster, Richmond (York.), 
 Scarborough, Gal way, Dover, Folkestone. 
 
 This species flies at dusk in July and August ; it 
 can be easily distinguished i'rom baliodactyla by the 
 dark fringes and costal margin. 
 
 The larva feeds in May and June on Thymm ser- 
 pyllum, Puhnonaria officinalis, Origanum, &c. 
 
 The larva is light green, covered with white hair, 
 
 th blackish markings and spots on each segment; 
 spiracular stripe yellow ; head yellowish brown. Treit. 
 
 Aciptilia pentadactyla, L. 
 
 tridadijla, Scop. 
 
 (Plate 18. fig. 7.) 
 
 Loc. Devon, Bramham, Wakefield, Goole, Yoi-k, 
 Norfolk, Wallasey, Tranmere, Ness, Burton, Hastings, 
 Suflblk, Pembroke, Wicklow, Cork. 
 
 This species, which is generally distributed, flies at 
 dusk in June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds in May and June on convolvulus 
 (Calystetjia sepium) , eating both leaves and flowers. It 
 pupates attached by the tail to a leaf or stem of its 
 food-plant. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is green ; the dorsal 
 area margined by narrow white lines commencing at 
 the third segment and terminating at the end of each 
 
ALUCITIDiE. 69 
 
 succeeding segment in a triangular yellow spot ; on the 
 ninth segment these spots coalesce, forming a yellow 
 blotch ; head shining yellow ; face pale greenish ; 
 mandibles pale brown ; cheek-spots dark brown ; the 
 dorsal and subdorsal tubercles are black, the remainder 
 are of the ground-colour, bearing tufts of hairs ; legs 
 semitransparent, tipped with brown. Eut. xvi. 27. 
 
 Aciptilia palndam, Zell. 
 (Plate 18. fig. 8.) 
 Loc. Cambridge fens. 
 Occurs in June. Flies at dusk, 
 
 ALUCITID^. 
 
 Alucita hexadactyla, L. 
 
 poli/dacti/la, lib. 
 
 (Plate 18. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Glasgow,Dunoon, 
 Bothwell, Devon, Bramham, Doncaster, Huddersfield, 
 Sheffield, Scarborough, Lundy Island, Norwich, Merton, 
 Lynn, Cheshire, Colchester, Hastings, Blarney, Wick- 
 low, Pembroke. 
 
 This species occurs from July to April, hybernating 
 in outhouses &c. 
 
 The larva feeds on the flowers of the honeysuckle in 
 June. It leaves the food-plant when full-fed and 
 pupates in the ground. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is reddish pink, be- 
 
70 CHILID^. 
 
 coming paler when nearly full-fed ; dorsal and anal 
 plates somewhat shining; head pale pinkish brown, 
 spotted with darker brown ; mandibles dark brown; a few 
 short bristles are scattered over the body. Ent. xvi. 74. 
 
 CHILID^. 
 
 Chilo cicatricellus, Hb. 
 
 slrij/elhin, Tr. 
 
 (Plate 7. fig. 3.) 
 Loc. Dover. 
 
 Extremely rare in July. 
 
 The larva is dirty white, rather reddish above. The 
 interrupted dorsal lines are blood-red ; head and dorsal 
 plate yellow ; anterior legs white, tipped with brown 
 hooks. It feeds during May and June in the lower 
 parts of Scirpus lacustris. Tr. 
 
 Chilo phragmitellus, Hb. 
 
 gigantcUus, St. 
 
 (Plate 7. fig. 5, cJ ? .) 
 
 Loc. Perth ?, Bidston Marsh, Askham Bog, Norwich, 
 Merton, Cawston, Barton Turf, Ketteringham, Hastings, 
 Suffolk, Southend, Plumstead, Folkestone, Cambridge 
 and Norfolk fens. 
 
 Frequents marshes in June and July. 
 The larva feeds in the stem of Arundo phragmites 
 just below the surface of the ground. 
 
 The colour of the back is pinkish grey or light brown, 
 
CHILII)^. 71 
 
 the sides flesh-colour, and the belly white ; dorsal line 
 narrow, darker than the back ; subdorsal stripes paler ; 
 head yellowish brown ; plates on the second and anal 
 segments pinkish brown ; tubercles and spiracles black. 
 Lives through the winter, pupating in spring. 
 
 E. M. M. vi. 188. 
 
 Ent. xvi. 64. 
 
 Schoenobius forficellus, Thnh. 
 (Plate 7. fig. 6, c? ? .) 
 Loc. St. Davids, lledland, Brockley, Stapleton, Bid- 
 ston Marsh, Toxton, Little Neston, Burton, Chester, 
 Askham Bog, Huddersfield, Norwich, Aldeby, Brandon, 
 Horniug, Tenby, Hastings, Gravesend, Folkestone, Deal, 
 Killarney. 
 
 Common in marshes in June and July. 
 
 The larva is greyish green, with darker dorsal stripes ; 
 head black ; a black spot on the dorsal plate. It feeds 
 in May and June in the young stems of Arundo, Carex, 
 and Poa sjjectabilis. In Carea^ it rolls the leaves to- 
 gether; in Poa it feeds in the thin parts of the stems of 
 the former year, which it bites up and uses for a case. 
 It pupates in a cocoon. Zk., Tr. 
 
 Schoenobius mucronellus, Schijf. 
 
 straminella, Hb. 
 
 (Plate 7. fig. 7, S ? .) 
 
 Loc. Kirkcudbright, Norwich, Cawston, Barton Turf, 
 Ranworth, Becily, Braemar, Wieken, Galway. 
 
72 CRAM Bin.?!. 
 
 Flies feebly at dusk in marshes and damp situations. 
 It is double-brooded, the first brood appearing in June 
 and July, the second in August. 
 
 The larva is undescribed, but stated to feed, like the 
 preceding species, in stems oi' Arundo phragmites. 
 
 Schoenobius gigantellus, Schiff. 
 
 gigantalis, Tib. 
 (Plate 7. fig. 8, c? ? .) 
 Loc. Diss, Barton Turf, Homing, Hanworth, South- 
 end, Folkestone. 
 
 Occurs in marshy situations in July. 
 
 The larva is loamy yellow, vrith shining grey transverse 
 wrinkles ; head and dorsal plate shining yellowish brown. 
 In captivity the colouring often becomes olive-green. 
 
 It lives in May and June in the young stems of 
 Arundo phragmites, which often break and wither away 
 in the parts under water. Pupates in a coeoon. 
 
 Tr., Zk. 
 
 CEAMBID^. 
 
 Calamotropha paludella, Hb. 
 
 ohitisellus, Sta. 
 
 (Plate 7. fig. 4.) 
 
 Loc. Ranworth, Horning. 
 
 Occurs in moist situations in July. 
 The larva is shining, with a dark dorsal line caiised 
 by the alimentary canal showing through, and dark 
 
ciiAMniD^. 73 
 
 spots on the sides of the first segments ; head small and 
 brown. 
 
 It feeds in Jnnc and Jnly in the strong outer leaves 
 of Tijphu latifoUa, eating its way between the cells of 
 the leaves down to the roots. It pupates in this eavity. 
 
 Platytes cerussellns, Schiff. 
 
 injijimeus, St., Curt. 
 (Plate 8. fig. 1, c? $ .) 
 Loc. Merton, Brandon, Wootton, Hastings, Suffolk, 
 Plymouth, Gravesend, Southend, Deal, Isle of Wight, 
 Worthing, Portland. 
 
 Frequents fields in June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds amongst the roots of a short stiff' 
 spoeies of grass. The skin is glossy, but variable in 
 colour, being usually flesh-colour, greyish brown, or 
 olive-green ; th(! head is also variable in colour, usually 
 yellowish brown with darker markings ; plates on second 
 and anal segments darker. E. M. M. x.xi. 86. 
 
 Crambns alpinellus, Hb. 
 
 (Plate 8. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Yarmouth, Deal sandhills, Southsea. 
 
 This species frequents sandy places in fir-woods, also 
 coast sandhills in July and August. It is not an alpine 
 insect as its name would imply. It occurs regularly 
 every season, but sparingly. 
 
74, 
 
 CRAMBID^. 
 
 Crambus falsellus, Scfiiff. 
 
 abruptetla, Thnb. 
 
 (Plate 8. fig. 3.) 
 
 Loc. Perth, Edinburgh, Fifeshire, Aberdeen, Ply- 
 mouth, Stapletou, Ness, Eraudon, Cawston, Eanworth, 
 Hastings, SuflFolk, Southend, Haslemere, Lewes, Dover, 
 Brighton. 
 
 Occurs in July and August. 
 
 The larva lives in silken tubular galleries in thick 
 moss {Barbula muralis and Anmctangium ciliatum) 
 which grows on rocks, walls, &e. It pupates in its 
 gallery. 
 
 The larva is pale grey and wrinkled, with small 
 dark grey tubercles clothed with fine hair, situated on 
 shining, pale grey, oval spots ; the head is shining 
 brown, paler at its hind margin; dorsal plate yellowish 
 grey, sometimes brownish, and shining ; anal plate 
 polished, of a darker shade of the ground-colour ; spira- 
 cles small and black ; legs and abdominal surface paler 
 than the back. Tr. 
 
 Crambus verellus, Zinck. 
 (Plate 8. fig. 4.) 
 Loc. Folkestone, Cambridge. 
 
 Occurs in July and August. 
 
 It differs from falsellus iu the absence of a white 
 streak below the costa and its general darker appearance. 
 
 The larva, according to A. Schmid, feeds iu moss on 
 old fruit-trees. 
 
CRAMBID.'E. 
 
 75 
 
 Crambus pratellus, L. 
 
 jnatorum, Fb. 
 
 (Plate 8. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (common), Shetland, Outer Hebrides, 
 Rugby, Plymouth, Devon, Bristol, Chester, Yorkshire, 
 Norfolk, Pembroke, Carmarthen, Ireland, Hastings, 
 Suffolk, Deal, Folkestone, Southend. 
 
 A very common species from May to August. 
 
 The males are paler than the females. It can be 
 distinguished from other species by the narrow dull 
 white subcostal and central streaks. 
 
 Var. alfacarellus. In this variety the fore wings 
 are rather broader, the second line is less angulated, 
 and the ground-colour is white. 
 
 The larva feeds amongst roots of grass [Aira flexuosa) 
 in silken galleries. The ground-colour is dingy brown ; 
 head brown marked with darker ; tubercles dark olive- 
 brown ; anterior legs black ; spiracles black ; plates on 
 the second and anal segments polished. The tubercles 
 give the skin a rough and uneven appearance. 
 
 The larva hybcrnates, and pupates in spring in a 
 slight cocoon among the roots of grass. 
 
 E. M. M. xxi. 62. 
 
 Crambus dometellus, Hb. 
 
 pratella, Hb. 
 
 (Plate 8. fig. 6.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (east), Bristol, Wallasey sandhills, 
 York, Blubberhouses, Hastings, Pembroke, Box Hill. 
 
76 CRAMBID.'E. 
 
 Occurs during June and July on dry hill-slopes. 
 
 The distinguishing features of this species are the 
 short costal streaky the long fore wings, and the white 
 central streak. 
 
 The females of this species have yellower fore wings 
 and darker hind wings than the males. 
 
 Crambus ericellus, Hb. 
 
 (Plate 8. fig. 7.) 
 
 Loc. Perthshire, Sutherlandshire, Inverness-shire 
 (common atlnvergarry), Ross, llannoch, Spean Bridge. 
 
 This species occurs during July on moors at an eleva- 
 tion of ahout a thousand feet above the sea. It can be 
 easily distinguished by its dark colouring, the pure 
 white central streak, and the narrow dirty yellowish- 
 white streak along the inner margin of the fore wings. 
 
 Crambus sylvellus, Hb. 
 
 adipelhts, Tr. 
 (Plate 8. fig. 8.) 
 Loc. Horning, Ran worth, Killarney. 
 
 Occurs in bogs and marshy meadows from June to 
 August. 
 
 Distinguishing character : the white spot which fol- 
 lows the central streak is continuous to the hind 
 margin. 
 
 The females are larger and have much darker hind 
 wings than the males. 
 
CRAMBIDyE. n 
 
 Crambus hamellus, Thnb. 
 
 ensiycrella, lib. 
 
 (Plate 8. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Exmoutli, Chester, Scarborough, Haslcmere, 
 Weybridge, New Forest, Canterbury, Killarney. 
 
 Frequents saudy situations and heatlis in July and 
 August. 
 
 Distinguishing charaeter : the continuous white 
 central streak, toothed at its lower margin. 
 
 Crambus pascuellus, L. 
 
 (Plate 8. fig. 10.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (local), Rugby, Plymouth, Exeter, 
 Bristol, Bidston Marsh, Claughton, Ness, Burton, 
 Bramham, llcdcar, SheflScld, Lundy Island, Norfolk, 
 Hastings, Deal, Southend, Suffolk, Pembroke, Ireland. 
 
 Frequents damp meadows, woods, and moors in June 
 and July. 
 
 Distinguished by the pale head and thorax bordered 
 on each side with brown, the broad white central streak, 
 and the produced tip of the fore wing. 
 
 Crambus uliginosellus, Zell. 
 
 (Plate 8. fig. 11.) 
 
 Loc. Devon, Bristol, Norwich, llauworth, Horning^ 
 St. Faith's, Lyndhurst, Deal, Dartford. 
 
78 CBAMBIDiiE. 
 
 Occurs in damp meadows in June and July. 
 Distinguished by the white hind wings, and the 
 broad white central streak, which is often divided. 
 
 Crambns furcatellus, Zett. 
 
 radieltus, Curt. 
 
 (Plate 8. fig. 12.) 
 
 Loc. Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, Inverness - shire, 
 
 Lake-district, Wales, Ross-shire, Invergarry, Rannoch, 
 
 Killin, on Helvellyn and Scawfel. 
 
 Frequents grassy mountain -slopes in July and 
 August. 
 
 The larva is pale whitish yellow ; head ashy grey. 
 It feeds under the club-moss, which grows plentifully 
 wherever furcatellus occurs. E. M. M. xx. 189. 
 
 Crambns margaritellus, Hb. 
 (Plate 8. fig. 13.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Invergarry, 
 Outer Hebrides, Bishopton Moss, Exmouth, Salterton, 
 Thome Waste, Lowestoft, Deal, Galway. 
 
 Occurs in woods during June, July, and the beginning 
 of August. 
 
 This species differs from furcatellus in its larger size 
 and much broader central streak. 
 
 Var. anglicanuB has much paler fore wings. 
 
79 
 
 Crambus pinellus, L. 
 
 pinetclla, L., I). L. 
 
 (Plate 9. fig. 1.) 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed, but not common), 
 Dumbarton, Strathglas, Dunkeld, Plymouth, Possil, 
 Cadder, Exeter, Bristol, Colwyn, Sheffield, Doncaster, 
 Norwich, Surlingham, Headley, Beccles, Merton, 
 Hastings, Suffolk, Bournemouth, New Forest, Epping, 
 Croydon, Blcan Woods, Folkestone, Pembroke, Kil- 
 larney, Gal way. 
 
 Occurs in July and August; but does not fly so 
 readily in the daytime as many species of Crambus. 
 It is best sought for at night, with a lantern, in situa- 
 tions where it is known to occur. 
 
 The larva feeds in a silken web amongst the tufts of 
 grass on which it feeds, viz. Eriophonim vaginatum, 
 Aira cmspitosa, &c. After hybernation it pupates in a 
 cocoon amongst its food. 
 
 The larva is reddish slate-colour; the head, plates 
 on the second and anal segments, tubercles, and spira- 
 cles are shining black. E. M. M. x. 1G3. 
 
 Crambus myelins, Hh. 
 
 co7Jc!iellus, Tr. 
 
 (Plate 9. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Glen Tilt (Perthshire), Braemar, Aberdeen- 
 shire, Rannoch. 
 
 This species is found in June and July, and has 
 probably the same habits as pinellus. It is distin- 
 
80 CRAMIUD^. 
 
 guished from that species by tlie central streak being 
 twice divided, aud by its deeper colouring. 
 
 The larva feeds in silken galleries under moss on 
 stones, in which galleries it hybernates, pupating the 
 following May. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is earthy brown; 
 head dark brown ; plate on the second segment dark 
 brown, traversed by a pale line ; tubercles black-brown, 
 situated on raised spots of the ground-colour; spi- 
 racles black ; aual plate the same colour as the back, 
 but shining. IVeit. 
 
 Crambus latistrius, Haiv. 
 
 kdckelhts, Ziuck. 
 (Plate 9. fig. 3.) 
 
 Loc. Teignmouth, Exeter, Norwich, Cawston, Yar- 
 mouth, Brandon, Blean Woods, Folkestone, Haslemere, 
 Canterbury, Wcybridge, New Forest. 
 
 Occurs on damp heaths and coast sandhills in July 
 and August. 
 
 This species cannot po.ssibly be confounded with 
 any other. 
 
 Crambus perlellus, Scop. 
 
 dcalbcUa, Tliiib. 
 
 (Plate 9. fig. 4.) 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Rugby, Plymouth, 
 Exeter, Bristol, Bromborough, Puddington, Windsor, 
 Inoe, Askham Bog, Jlicbmond (York.), Thome Waste, 
 
CRAMBIDyE. 81 
 
 Isle of Man, Norfolk, Hastings, Suffolk, Folkestone, 
 Deal, Southend, Pembroke, Ireland. 
 
 Occurs in fields from May to August. 
 
 Var. warringtonellus (Plate 9. fig. 5) is a local variety 
 oiperlellus, all the intermediate stages occurring. 
 
 The larva feeds in perpendicular tubular galleries on 
 Aira flexuosa and other hard grasses. It hybernates 
 and pupates the following spring in a cocoon half sunk 
 in the earth. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is dirty greyish green, 
 paler on the belly. The head and plate on the second 
 segment are light brown marked with darker; spots 
 dark brown, lighter on the sides than the back ; spi- 
 racles black. E. M. M. xviii. 129. 
 
 Crambus selasellus, Hb., St. 
 
 ohtiisclluK, St. 
 
 (Plate 9. fig. 6.) 
 
 Lac. Bristol, Cheshire, Puddiugton, Askham Bog, 
 Scarborough, Norwich, Surlingham, Gilliugham, 
 Cawstou, Ran worth. Horning, Hastings, Suffolk, 
 Canvey Island, Pembroke, Belfast. 
 
 Common in damp meadows in July and August. 
 
 This species can easily be distinguished from tristellus 
 by its broader and shorter fore wings, its ochreous 
 colour, and the absence of the hind line. 
 
 The larva feeds upon Poa mnrUima and other coarse 
 grasses, inhabiting a green frass-covercd gallery, in 
 which it finally pupates, first spinning up the end. 
 
 The larva is brown, becoming paler towards the belly ; 
 
82 
 
 CRAMBIDiE. 
 
 head black j plate on the second segment blackish brown 
 traversed by a paler line; spots large, shining dark 
 brown, becoming paler towards the belly ; anal plate 
 light brown; spiracles black. E. M. M. xvi. 41. 
 
 Crambus tristellus, Fb. 
 fentiffittella, Thnb. 
 (Plate 9. fig. 7.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (abundant), Plymouth, Devon, Bristol, 
 Chester, Yorkshire, Norfolk, Hastings, Suttblk, Folke- 
 stone, Deal, Pembroke, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, 
 Ireland. 
 
 This very common species occurs nearly everywhere 
 in July and August. It is extremely variable in colour. 
 
 The larva feeds on Ai7-a flexuosa and other grasses in 
 a vertical silken tube ; pupates amongst the roots after 
 hybernating. 
 
 The larva is light brown ; the head, plates, spots, and 
 spiracles are glossy black. E. M. M. xiii. 14. 
 
 Crambus fascelinellus, Hb. 
 
 aridcllus, Zell. 
 
 (Plate 9. fig. 8.) 
 
 Loc. Yarmouth (coast sandhills and also inland). 
 
 This species occurs in July on sandhills, and is ex- 
 tremely sluggish. 
 
 The larva, which feeds on Triticumjunceiim, lives in a 
 silken gallery under the sand, pupating in a cocoon 
 amongst the roots of grass. 
 
CRAMBID.E. 83 
 
 The larva is shining pearly grey ; the fore part of 
 each segment broadly banded with darker grey ; head 
 shining dark brown; plate on the second segment 
 shining brown, traversed by a pale line, and margined 
 at the back witli darker brown ; tubercles blackish 
 brown ; dots and spiracles black ; anal plate brown j 
 legs and ventral surface paler than the dorsal area. 
 
 E. M. M. vii. 160. 
 
 Crambus inquinatellus, Schiff. 
 arhustella, Sclirli. 
 (Plate 9. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (S.W.), Perthshire, Plymouth, Bristol, 
 Scarborough, Saiulburn, York, Norfolk, Saundersfoot, 
 Hoistings, Suffolk, Folkestone. 
 
 Frequents dry fields and heaths in July and August. 
 It can be distinguished from, fascelinellus by its smaller 
 size and narrower fore wings. It is extremely variable 
 in colour and markings. 
 
 The larva feeds on the surface of the ground in silken 
 galleries, upon various species of grass. The ground- 
 colour is purplish brown or greyish green ; head dark 
 brown; plate on the second segment paler; dorsal line 
 dark j tubercles large and darker than the ground- 
 colour; spiracles black. E. M. M. xx. 155. 
 
 Crambus contaminellus, Hb. 
 
 riKpiititifclld, lib. 
 
 (Plate 9. fig. 10.) 
 Loc. Plymouth, Exeter, Sea IMills (Bristol), Dee 
 
84^ CRAMBID,^. 
 
 Marsh, Puddington, Denhall, Milford Haven, Hastings, 
 Sheerness, Tilgate Forest, Southend, Gravesend, Deal. 
 
 Frequents dry fields and salt marshes in July and 
 August. 
 
 Distinguished by its dull colour, narrow fore wings, 
 and few markings. 
 
 The larva feeds on Poa maritimn and other grasses, in 
 a silken gallery under stones, surrounded by its food. 
 
 The colour of the larva is light earthy grey ; dorsal 
 line darker ; head greyish brown, marked with darker, 
 also the plate on the second segment, both glossy ; spots 
 light brown and glossy ; spiracles black ; a few dark 
 dots are scattered over the shining anal plate; legs 
 tipped with brown hooks. E. M. M. xv. 38. 
 
 Crambus geniculeus, Haw. 
 
 inquiiiatcdliis, St. 
 
 (Plate 9. fig. 11.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland ?, Plymouth, Devon, Bristol, Wallasey, 
 Christleton, Colwyn, Redcar, Norwich, Brandon, Caw- 
 ston, Horning, Hastings, Suflblk, Folkestone, Pembroke, 
 Dublin (coast). 
 
 Occurs in July and August. 
 
 Distinguished by its small size and the acutely angled 
 transverse lines. 
 
 The larva lives on grasses in a silken tube on the 
 surface of the ground. It pupates in a cocoon. 
 
 Tlic ground-colour of tlie body is reddish grey, darker 
 on the thoracic segments, paler towards the belly ; head 
 shining black, with paler markings ; dorsal plate shining 
 
CRAMBID^. 85 
 
 black, traversed by a grey line ; dorsal line dark brown ; 
 tubereles dark brown and glossy; anal plate brown; 
 spiracles black. E. M. M. xv. 20G. 
 
 Cramlbus culmellus, L. 
 
 striyclla, l''b. 
 
 (Plate 9. fig. 12.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (abundant), Shetland, Hebrides, 
 liugby, Plymouth, Devon, Bristol, Chester, Yorkshire, 
 Norfolk, Suffolk, Hastings, Deal, Folkestone, Gla- 
 morgan, Carmarthen, Pembroke, Ireland. 
 
 Occurs everywhere in fields from June to August. 
 
 The larva lives in upright silken tubes among the 
 tufts of grass on which it feeds {Festuca duriuscula &c.) 
 and forms a cocoon in its tube for pupation. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is pale flesh-colour ; 
 the head, plates, and spots are of a liglit glossy cinna- 
 mon ; the spots arc less conspicuous than in most of 
 the genus ; each tubercular spot bears two dark brown 
 dots furnished with haii's ; spiracles black. 
 
 E. M. M. .Kvii. 91. 
 
 Crambus chrysonuchellus, Scop. 
 
 campelta, lib. 
 
 (Plate 9. fig. 13.) 
 
 Loc. Clifton, Henbury, Merton, Thetford, Brandon, 
 Deal, Bo.K Hill. 
 
 Occurs in May and June. Fairly common in the 
 south of England. 
 
86 CRAMBIDyE. 
 
 The larva feeds in a tubular gallery amongst the 
 I'oots of Festuca ovina, pupating the following spring in 
 its gallery. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is earthy brown; 
 tubercles darker, each bearing a hair ; head honey- 
 yellow, with a few scattered hairs ; dorsal plate of the 
 ground-colour, narrow, and divided by a pale line. 
 
 Giirt. 
 Stettin, e. Z. 
 
 Crambus craterellus. Scop. 
 
 rorella, L. 
 
 (Plate 9. fig. 14.) 
 
 Loc. South of England, Folkestone, Brighton. 
 
 Very rare, in June and July. 
 
 Var. cassentiniellus. In this variety there are only 
 eight browii streaks between the hind line and the hind 
 margin, whereas in the type there are nine. 
 
 Crambus hortuellus, ///;. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 1.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (common), Rugby, Plymouth, Exeter, 
 
 Bristol, Chester, Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Pembroke, 
 
 Glamorgan, Carmarthen, Hastings, Deal, Folkestone, 
 
 Southend, Ireland. 
 
 Very common in June and July. Rather variable 
 in colouring. 
 
 The larva occurs amongst the roots of grass in fields, 
 inhabiting a silken tubular gallery. 
 
PHYCIDyE. 87 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is pui-plish brown ; 
 head and dorsal plate light brown ; the tubercles, which 
 are dark brown, are very prominent ; spiracles black. 
 The colouring of this larva varies considerably in 
 intensity. E. M. M. xvi. 162. 
 
 Eromene ocellea, Haw. 
 
 cyrilli, Costa. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Dumfries (September), Glamorgan (March), 
 Folkestone (August), Cheshire (February). 
 
 This species occurs along the Mediterranean coast. 
 I have taken it at Tangier, flying at dusk on the coast 
 sandhills, February 1885. It can be easily recognized 
 by the row of four metallic dots along the hind margin 
 of the fore wings. 
 
 PHYCID^. 
 
 Anerastia lotella, Hb. 
 
 minionclla, Tr. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 3.) 
 
 Loc. Exmouth, Redcar, Yarmoutli, Brandon, Mala- 
 hide, Portmarnock, Hastings, Suffolk, Deal, Southend, 
 Bournemouth. 
 
 Occurs in June and July, in sandy places. 
 The larva feeds in tufts of grass {Ammophila arenaria, 
 &c.), living in a silken gallery just below the surface of 
 
88 PHYCiDii:. 
 
 the sand. It pupates in a silken cocoon coated with 
 sand. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is pale yellow ; head 
 pale chestnut; dorsal liue faint, reddish; there arc 
 also two faint reddish transverse bars on the back of 
 each segment ; the plates on the second and anal seg- 
 ments are polished ; spiracles of the ground-colour. A 
 few pale hairs occur on the tubercles, also at the 
 extremities of the larva. E. M. M. xi. 186. 
 
 Epischnia farrella. Curt, 
 lafawyella, Constant. 
 (Plate 10. fig. 4.) 
 Loc. Yarmouth (sandhills), Lowestoft, Deal. 
 
 This species occurs in July, on sandhills. 
 The larva is said to feed, in a sand-eovered gallery, 
 on Anthyllis vulneraria. 
 
 Ilithyia semirubella. Scop. 
 
 canit'lla, L. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Exmouth, Horning, Folkestone, Isle of Wight, 
 Dover, Box Hill, Sevenoaks, 
 
 Var. sanguinella, Hb., is without the pale costal 
 streak. 
 
 The larva feeds in a slight web on Lotus corniculatus, 
 
 and spins a cocoon amongst its food after hybernation. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is bronzy black ; the 
 
PHYCiDyE. 89 
 
 head and second segment black ; lines alternate green 
 and black, indistinct; tubercular dots and spiracles 
 black, ringed with paler ; hairs from the tubercles and 
 the extremities of the larva light brown ; ventral legs 
 pinkish. E. M. M. xvi. 167. 
 
 Myelophila cribrum, Schiff. 
 
 ciibrumella, lib. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 6.) 
 
 Loc. Merton, Thetford, Brandon, Southend, Graves- 
 end. 
 
 Occurs in July and August. 
 
 The larva feeds in the stems of thistles. It forms a 
 cocoon, in which it pupates the following spring, inside 
 the excavated stem. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is greyish olive- 
 green ; head and plates on the second and anal seg- 
 ments brownish black; dorsal stripe dark, bordered 
 with white; subdorsal stripes white; spiracles, tubercles, 
 and hairs black. E. M. M, xv. 258. 
 
 Trachonitis pryerella, Vuughan. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 7.) 
 
 Of this species there are only three known specimens 
 — one taken by Mr. Ecdlcs, one by Mr. Pryer (after 
 whom it was named), and one by Mr. Howard Vaughan. 
 All three specimens were taken in London in August or 
 September. 
 
90 
 
 Myelois cirrigerella, Zinck. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 8.) 
 
 Occurs in dry sandy localities in July. 
 Very rare in this country. 
 
 Myelois ceratoniae, Zell. 
 
 ccratoniella, Inscli. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 9.) 
 Loc. Dover, London, Greenwich. 
 
 Occurs in grocery warehouses in June. 
 
 The larva feeds on the pods of the locust-bean, dried 
 figs, chestnuts, and other fruits. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is reddish white, 
 covered with reddish-brown tubercles ; head brown ; 
 dorsal and anal plates with brown warts. F. R. 
 
 Nyctegretes achatinella, Hb. 
 (Plate 10. fig. 10.) 
 Loc. Deal, Yarmouth, Lowestoft, Folkestone. 
 Occurs among " rest-harrow " in July. 
 
 Homoeosoma sinnella, Fb. 
 
 sinuatiis, Fb. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 11.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Exmouth, Teignmouth, Tenby, Suf- 
 folk, Brighton, Folkestone, Sevenoaks, Dover, Southend, 
 St. Margaret's Bay, Gravcsend, Pembroke, Howth. 
 
 Occurs in June and July. 
 
PHYCfD^E. 91 
 
 The larva feeds in the root-stocks of the ribwort 
 plantain [Plantago lanceolata) , pupating in a tough black 
 coeoon in its gallery. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is white, with a faint 
 bluish tinge when full-grown, darker between the seg- 
 ments. The head and plates on the second and anal 
 segments are pale brown ; the anterior feet black. 
 
 E. M. M. XV. 180. 
 
 Homoeosoma nimbella, Zell., Dup. 
 
 nehdella, Dup. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 12.) 
 
 Loc. Exmouth, Wallasey (sandhills), Flamborough 
 Head, Scarborough, Yarmouth, Tenby (quai'ries), Pem- 
 broke, Malahidc, Howth, Wicklow. 
 
 Common among thistles in May and June ; also in 
 August. 
 
 The larva feeds in October on the flower-heads of 
 Aster chinensis and other plants. Pupates in a white 
 web. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is yellow or greenish 
 white, with five broad pale violet stripes ; head brownish 
 yellow; dorsal plate with two blackish-brown lateral 
 spots. Tr. 
 
 Fischer. 
 
 Homoeosoma saxicola, Vaughan. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 13.) 
 
 Loc. Kirkcudbright (coast), Clifton, Isle of Man, 
 Dover, Folkestone. 
 
92 
 
 Occurs in June and July. 
 
 This species differs from nimbella in the longer and 
 narrower fore wiiigs^ the costal streaky and the more 
 conspicuous longitudinal white lines ; from senecionis 
 by its smaller size, narrower wings, smaller dots, darker 
 colouring of the fore wings, bifurcating costal streak, 
 and by the absence of the second dotted line. 
 
 The larva feeds in September on the flower-heads of 
 chamomile. It is greenish, with darker spots and 
 markings. It passes the winter in a cocoon, pupating 
 the following spring. E. M. M. vii. 132. 
 
 E. M. M. viii. 68. 
 
 Homoeosoma nehulella, Hb. 
 
 (Plate 10. fig. 14.) 
 
 Loc. Exeter, Bristol, Flamborough Head, Scar- 
 borough, Norwich, Brandon, Merton, Horning, 
 Yarmouth, St, Margaret's Bay, Malahide, Howth, 
 Wicklow. 
 
 Occurs in July and August. 
 
 Can easily be distinguished from bincevella by the 
 indistinctness and lesser number of the spots on the 
 fore wing. 
 
 The larva feeds in the heads of asters, thistles, and 
 other Compositie. It passes the winter in a cocoon, 
 away from its food-jilant, and pupates the following 
 spring. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is yellow or whitish 
 green, with five pale violet stripes ; head and dorsal 
 plate yellowish brown, the latter with a black spot on 
 each side. — Treit, (referred to nimbella by Stainton). 
 
phycidjE. 93 
 
 Description of larva by G. T. Porritt (Ent. xvii. 143) 
 is almost identical. 
 
 Baron v. Nolken describes the larva as dirty reddish 
 brown, with a shining blackish-brown head and divided 
 dorsal plate ; in flowers of Tanacetum vulgare. ' 
 
 Homceosoma binaevella, Hb. 
 
 pdreUa, II.-S. 
 
 (Plate 11. fig. 1.) 
 
 Loc. Exeter, Bristol, Merton, Brandon, Tenby, 
 Hastings, Southend, Folkestone, Pembroke, Howth. 
 
 Common in the south of England in July. 
 
 The larva feeds in the seed-heads of thistle {Carduus 
 lanceolatus) . When full-fed it leaves its food-plant and 
 spins a tough brown cocoon in which it hybcrnates, 
 pupating in the following spring. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is pale green, be- 
 coming paler towards the ventral surface ; dorsal and 
 subdoi'sal stripes pink ; spiracular stripe also pink but 
 interrupted; head bright chestnut; dorsal plate greenish 
 in front, pale brown behind; anal plate blackish. 
 
 E. M. M. XV. 181. 
 
 Homceosoma senecioniSj Vaughan. 
 
 (Plate 11. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Stapleton, Norwich, Folkestone, Southend, 
 Dover, Chattenden. 
 
 Occurs in May and July. 
 
 This species is distinguished from nebuIeUa by its 
 
94 PHYCIDiE. 
 
 much smaller size. Fi'om bincevella the straight dotted 
 second line, independently of other characteristics, at 
 once separates it. 
 
 The larva mines the stems of the ragwort {Senecio 
 jacobcea). 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is deep purplish 
 brown, the ventral surface slightly tinged with olive; 
 the head and plate on the second segment are deep 
 blackish brown and brightly polished ; the rest of the 
 body is rather shiny, with a faint violet gloss. 
 
 E. M. M. vii. 131. 
 
 Ephestia elutella, Hb, 
 
 elutea, Haw. 
 
 (Plate 11. fig. 3.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Exeter, Bristol, Wirral, Hudders- 
 field, York, Tenby, Norwich, London, Bromley, Dover,- 
 Pembroke, Ireland. 
 
 Occurs commonly in grocers' warehouses, also can be 
 beaten out of thatch in June and July. This species is 
 extremely variable. 
 
 The larva feeds on grocery stores, dog-biscuits, cloth, 
 &c. Pupates in any couveuieut spot away from its 
 food. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is pale flesh-colour 
 without gloss ; the head, dorsal and anal plates ai'c 
 shining reddish brown ; tubercles similarly coloured ; 
 on each side of the third and twelfth segments is an 
 ocellated dark brown spot with a white centre. 
 
 E. M. M. X. 213. 
 
95 
 
 Ephestia passulella, Bar. 
 (Plate 11.%. 4.) 
 Loc. London and Dover. 
 
 Occurs in large numbers in grocers' warehouses in 
 June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds on dried fruits, oilcake, &c. It 
 pupates in a cocoon externally covered with fi-ass, &c., 
 about its food. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is brownish pink ; 
 head reddish brown and glossy; dorsal plate shining 
 black and brown, divided by a pale line ; tubercles dark 
 brown and shining ; anal plate dark brown ; tubercles 
 and dots dark brown ; on each side of the third and 
 twelfth segments occurs a black spot with a white 
 centre. E. M. M. xix. 104. 
 
 Ephestia flcella, St., Dougl. 
 
 (Plate 11. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Glasgow, Leeds, York, Norwich, Dover, Lon- 
 don, Dublin. 
 
 Common in August and September in cork ware- 
 houses. 
 The larva feeds on cork. 
 
 Ephestia flculella. Bar. 
 (Plate 11. fig. 6.) 
 Loc. London, and probably many seaport towns. 
 Common iu grocei's' warehouses in August. 
 
96 PHYCID^. 
 
 This species can be readily distinguished from ficella 
 by its smaller size and rounded costa. 
 
 The larva feeds on dried figs, raisins, &c. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is flesh-colour j the 
 head and plates are glossy dark brown ; the dorsal, 
 subdorsal, and spiracular lines are pink ; the spiracles 
 and large shining raised tubercles are very dark brown ; 
 ventral surfaces greyish white ; legs tipped with brown. 
 
 E. M. M. xvii. 44. 
 
 Ephestia semirufa, St., Haw. 
 (Plate 11. fig. 7.) 
 Loc. Exeter, Redland, Norwich, Witherslaek. 
 
 This species occurs in June and July. It has been 
 beaten out of ivy and holly, and also found in grocers' 
 warehouses. It lias not yet occurred out of England. 
 
 By some this is considered only a variety of elutella. 
 
 Euzophera pinguis, Haw. 
 
 Jischeri, Zell. 
 
 (Plate 11. fig. 8.) 
 
 Loc. Bristol, Balby, Sheffield, York, Norwich, Caw- 
 ston, Hastings, Suffolk, Regent's Park, Henley-on- 
 Thames, Hackney. 
 
 Occurs in July and August. 
 
 The larva feeds on the bark of tlie ash, eating out a 
 cell in which it afterwards pupates in a cocoon. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is deep dull flesh- 
 colour, becoming paler towards the ventral surface 
 
97 
 
 the interrupted dorsal line is piulc ; head chestnut, 
 marked witli darker brown; thoracic plate pale brown, 
 blotched at the hind margin with darker ; anal plate 
 chestnut; ou each side of the third and twelfth seg- 
 ments is a chestnut spot with a pink centre; anterior 
 legs chestnut, E. M. M. xv. 162. 
 
 Euzophera cinerosella, Zell. 
 
 artemisiella, St. 
 
 (Plate 11. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Devon, Staplcton, Norwich, Tenby, Pembroke, 
 Isle of Wight. 
 
 Occurs in June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds in the stems and root-stocks of 
 Artemisia absinthium (wormwood) ; it forms a cocoon in 
 its cell, in which it pupates. 
 
 The ground-colour of tlie larva is white ; dorsal line 
 greyish brown ; head dark brownish red; dorsal plate 
 brownish red, darker at the hind margin and divided by 
 a pale line ; on each side of the third and twelfth seg- 
 ments is a grey islj- brown spot with a white centre ; anal 
 plate and anterior legs greyish brown. 
 
 E. M. M. ix. 143. 
 
 Cryptoblahes bistriga. Haw. 
 
 rulilclla, Zell. 
 
 (Plate 11. fig. 10.) 
 
 Loc. Devon, Bristol, Portbury, Bidston, Birkenhead, 
 Doncaster, Huddersfield, York, Horning, Hastings, 
 
 H 
 
98 phycidjE. 
 
 Suffolk, Southend, Folkestone, Lyndhurst, Darenth 
 Wood, Witlierslack. 
 
 Occurs in June and July in Avoods. 
 
 The larva feeds on oak-leaves, which it rolls up. It 
 pupates in a brown web. 
 
 The head and back of the larva are light brown 
 marbled with darker; the dorsal and subdorsal lines are 
 dark brown, the latter followed by a pale line, then by 
 a broad stripe of dark brown, below which is a broad 
 band of cream-colour traversed by a brown line ; belly 
 and legs drab; tubercular dots black; on each side of 
 the third and twelfth segments is a brown spot with a 
 black centre. E. M. M. xiii. 111. 
 
 Plodia interpunctella, Hb. 
 
 (Plate 11. tig. 11.) 
 
 Loc. Devon, Clifton, York, Norwich, London, Dover, 
 Dublin. 
 
 This species occurs commonly in grain-warehouses 
 and on board ship. I have taken it in mid-Atlantic. 
 
 The larva feeds on grain, dried fruits, &c. It pupates 
 in a loose silken cocoon. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is pale straw; the 
 dorsal stripe darker; head and dorsal plate rich brown; 
 mandibles and tips of fore legs dark brown. 
 
 E. M. M. xvi. 2G1, 
 
 Alispa angustella, Hb. 
 (Plate 11. fig. 12.) 
 Loc. Devon, Ilcdland, Grcenhitlic, Lcathcrhead. 
 
PHYCID.-E. 99 
 
 Tliis species occurs in Juuc and August. 
 
 Tlie larva feeds in the berries of the spindle ; it pupates 
 in a cocoon. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is dull green ; plates 
 darker, the dorsal being divided by a pale line, below 
 which on each side is a black spot ; dorsal stripe dark 
 green; between the dorsal stripe and the spiracular 
 region are several series of rust-coloured markings on 
 each segment ; ventral surface pale green. Varieties of 
 the larva occur of every shade of light brown and flesh- 
 colour, with corresponding darker markings. 
 
 E. M. M. vi. 143. 
 E. M. M. xvi. 65. 
 
 Five descriptions of this larva to which I have re- 
 ferred are all different. It appears to be extremely 
 variable. 
 
 Gynmancyla canella, Hb. 
 
 dcjwsi/el/a, Ziiick. 
 
 (Plate 11. fig. 13.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Hastings, Suffolk, Portsmouth, 
 Southend, Deal, Malahide. 
 
 This species frequents sandhills in July. 
 
 The larva feeds in September on Salsola kali, mining 
 the stems during its earlier stages, afterwards feeding 
 on the leaves in a slight web. It pupates under the 
 sand in a cocoon of silk mingled with sand. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is usually dark green, 
 sometimes reddish brown, becoming paler towards the 
 ventral surface ; dorsal line dark ; subdorsal lines paler 
 than the ground-colour ; head light brown, with black 
 
100 PHYCID^. 
 
 markings ; the occUated spot on each side of the third 
 and twelfth segments is black with a pale centre. 
 
 E. M. M. viii. 163. 
 
 Ent. V. 430. 
 
 Ent. xvii. 111. 
 
 Phycis betulae, Goze, 
 
 uhtunflla, Zinck. 
 
 (Plate 11. fig. 14.) 
 
 Loc. Clifton, Bramham, Sheffield, York, Hastings, . 
 "West Wickham, Folkestone, Epping Forest, Tilgate 
 Forest. 
 
 Occurs in August. 
 
 The larva feeds in May between leaves of birch spun 
 together. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is coffee-brown or 
 violet-brown ; dorsal stripe pale yellow, interrupted ; 
 subdorsal stripes yellow ; head light brown, with white 
 markings ; pupa black and shiny. 
 
 Phycis fusca, Haw. 
 
 carbonariclla, Fisch. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 1.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (widely distributed), Devon, Bidston, 
 Llynhclig, Blubberhouscs, Flamborough Head, Goole, 
 Saddleworth, Norwich, New Forest, Ilowth. 
 
 Abundant on burnt heaths in July. 
 
 The larva feeds on sallow (in captivity). Ground- 
 colour of the larva olive-black, becoming paler towards 
 the ventral surface; dorsal line black; head, dorsal 
 
phycid;e. 101 
 
 plato, and tubercles polished black; legs black. The 
 larva hybernates, pupating the following spring. 
 
 E. M. M. xix. 110. 
 
 Phycis adornatella, TV., Dup., Zell. 
 
 dilutctla, lib., I). L. 
 (Plate 12. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Box Hill, Devonshire, Dover, Galway, Howth. 
 
 Occurs in July. 
 
 This species differs from ornatella in the ground- 
 colour and in the strongly angulated interrupted second 
 transverse line, and from subornatella by tlie absence of 
 the pale fascia and generally less distinct markings. 
 
 The larva feeds on " wild thyme." 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is olive-black ; head 
 brown, marked with darker ; dorsal line smoky black, 
 edged with paler; subdorsal lines paler; head and 
 dorsal plate polished. Ent. xvi. 212. 
 
 Phycis subornatella, Dup., Zell. 
 
 serjnjlletorum, Zell. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 3.) 
 
 Loc. Devon, Perth, Henbury, Westbury, Pembroke, 
 Howth, Isle of Man. 
 
 Occurs in July and August. 
 
 This species differs from ornatella in the deeper 
 ground-colour and distinctness of the second transverse 
 line; from adornatdla by the white fascia and stronger 
 markings. 
 
 The larva feeds on the wild thyme in a silken web at 
 
102 PIIYCID>E. 
 
 the base of the plant; it pupates in a cocooa in its 
 web. 
 
 Ground-colour of the larva dull greenish grey, more 
 yellow on the back ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; 
 head, dorsal and anal plates dull black. 
 
 E. M. M. xvi. 162. 
 
 Phycis ornatella, Schiff. 
 crifitella,llh., Curt. 
 (Plate 12. fig. 4.) 
 
 Loc. Devon, York, Folkestone, Sevenoaks, 13o.\ Hill, 
 Brighton, Hovvth. 
 
 Occurs in July and August. 
 
 Larva said to feed on Thymus serpyllum. 
 
 Dioryctria ahietella, Zinck. 
 dccuriclla, lib. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, Ross, New Forest^ 
 Plymouth, Devon, Brocklcy, Coombe, York, Norwich, 
 Mertou, Cawston, Brandon, Bouniemoutli, llingwood. 
 
 Occurs on fir trees in June and July. 
 
 The larva lives in fir-cones in October; it leaves 
 them in November, and spins a cocoon on the surface 
 of the ground, iu which it passes the winter, pupating 
 in spring. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is cherry-red, on the 
 sides rather earthy brown ; tubercles black ; dorsal 
 plate shining black; head round, deep cherry-red. 
 
 Dr. Hofmann. 
 
PHYCID.E. 103 
 
 Nephopteryx spissicellaj Fb: 
 
 robtirella, Ziuck., D. L. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. (i.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Exeter, Bristol, Bishop's Wood, 
 Bramliam, Doncaster, York, Norwich, Merton, Hors- 
 ford, Plastiugs, Sufl'olk, Lyndhurst, Croydon. 
 
 Occurs commonly in July and August. 
 
 The larva is found in May in a tubular web on oak- 
 leaves, in which it afterwards pupates. 
 
 (jround-colour of the larva hrown, paler on the 
 sides; on each of the five central segments are two 
 wliite spots ; head reddish brown ; shoulder-plate dark 
 brown. Dr. Hofmann. 
 
 Nephopteryx rhenella, Zinck. 
 
 /ius/i/is,St. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 7.) 
 Loc. Worcester, Colchester, Darenth. 
 
 This species occurs in June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds on aspen [Populus tremula) in a 
 silken tube between rolled-up leaves, usually several 
 together ; it pupates in autumn in a slight cocoon. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is dingy olive-black ; 
 the dorsal stripe black; subdorsal stripes greyish 
 yellow; subspiiacular line dirty white; tubercles 
 blackish brown ; the ocellated spots on the third and 
 twelfth segments arc of the ground-colour ringed with 
 black; anterior legs black; ventral and anal legs of 
 the ground- colour. E. M. M. xvii. 177. 
 
104 
 
 Nephopteryx genistella, Duj), 
 
 ulicclla, II. -S. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 8.) 
 
 Loc. Isle of Wight (Freshwater), Dover, Portsea. 
 
 Occurs in August. 
 
 The larva feeds in a loose weh on furze. Larva : 
 dorsal stripe blackish hrown, bordered with pale drab, 
 followed by a ragged stripe of deeper reddish drab, 
 followed by a pale stripe bearing the black tubercles; 
 subdorsal stripe broad, dark brown, followed by two 
 narrow drab stri[)(;s divided by a ragged brownish 
 stripe; head pale drab, marked with dark brown; on 
 each side -of the third and twelfth segments is situated 
 an ocellatcd spot, whitish grey with a black centre; 
 spiracles whitish ; anterior legs reddish brown; ventral 
 legs spotted and tipped with dark brown. 
 
 E. M. M. X. 89. 
 
 Pempelia palumbella, Fb. 
 
 contvhnnctlu, ID). 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 9.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (S.W.), Plymouth, Bristol, Bidston, 
 Haddon, Ness, SlieflSeld, York, Brandon, Norwich, 
 Ilorsford, St. Faith's, Cawston, Hastings, Croydon, 
 Epping Forest, Bray (Wicklow). 
 
 Common in July and August on dry heaths. 
 
 The larva feeds during March and April on the 
 stems of Polygala chuinoibuxus in a web near the 
 ground ; it pupates in May in a white web. 
 
 The ground-colour of ihe larva is dark reddish brown, 
 
PHYCIDyE. 105 
 
 with olive lines bordered with paler and reddish-brown 
 stripes ; the segments after the fourth have two blaek 
 spots ; head round, shining black ; dorsal plate the 
 same. Dr. Hofmann. 
 
 Bliodophsea formosa, Haw. 
 
 perjluella, Zincic. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 10.) 
 
 Loc. Norwich, Cawston, Leytonstone, Lewishara, 
 Peckham, Plumstead. 
 
 In June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds on the leaves of elm and birch 
 between leaves rolled up or spun together. 
 
 The ground-colour is dark green freckled with 
 darker ; head the same ; dorsal and subdorsal stripes 
 dark green bordered with grey ; a grey line also occurs 
 between the dorsal and subdorsal lines, and two similar 
 lines about the spiracular region; ventral surface dull 
 green ; on each side of the third segment is a white 
 spot with a black centre ; tubercles black ; plate on the 
 second segment shining. 
 
 This larva is very variable in colour. 
 
 E. M. M. vii. 14. 
 Ent. xii. 206. 
 
 Ehodophsea consociella, Hb. 
 
 tiimidelta, Diip. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 11.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, E.\eter, Gully, Stapleton, Birken- 
 head, York, Scarborough, Rossington, Norwich, Mertou, 
 
106 
 
 ('awstoii, Ilampstcad, Highgate, Soutlisntl, Folkestone, 
 Pembroke. 
 
 Occurs in oak-woods in June and July. 
 
 Tiie larva is sulphur-yellow, with five brown lines 
 and small black tubercles ; head honey-yellow ; dorsal 
 plate the same, spotted with brown. It is found in 
 May and June in a tubular web between oak-leaves ; 
 pupates in a tough cocoon. Tr., Zell. 
 
 Rhodophaea advenella, Zinck. 
 
 palumbea, Haw. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 12.) 
 
 Loc. Pnrdown, Scarborough, Norwich, Cawston, 
 Hastings, Brandon, Southend, Ilampstead, Cambridge, 
 Pembroke, Scotland (S.W.). 
 
 Occurs in June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds in May and June on the flowers of 
 Cratmgus. Pupates in the ground in a slight cocoon. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is bright green with 
 reddish-brown lateral lines ; head reddish brown. 
 
 Zk., Tr. 
 
 Rhodophaea marmorea, Haw. 
 
 cjieli/della, Fiscli., Gu. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 13.) 
 
 Loc. Exeter, Southend, Gully, Clifton, Norwich, 
 Hastings, Brandon, New Forest, Whitbarrow, Cam- 
 bridge,, Epping Forest. 
 
PIIYCID/E. 107 
 
 In June and July. 
 
 The larva feeds on sloe in spring, spinning the 
 leaves together. It pupates in a cocoon amongst its 
 food-plant. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is dull chocolate ; 
 head and dorsal plate dingy red, marked with black, 
 shining ; on each side of the third and twelfth segments 
 is an ocellated spot, flesh-colour with a black centre ; 
 tlie tip of the anal segment is rather paler than the 
 ground-colour and shining; spiracles flesh-colour ; the 
 anterior legs marked with black ; ventral legs dingy 
 flesh-colour tipped with brown hooks. 
 
 E. M. M. X. 214. 
 
 Rhodopliffia suavella^ Zinck. 
 
 porphp-ea, Curt., St. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 14.) 
 
 Loc. Clifton, Norwich, Cawston, Ilorsford, Bran- 
 don, Southend, Epping Forest. 
 
 Generally distributed in the south of England in 
 July. 
 
 The larva feeds in May and June on stunted sloe 
 and hawthorn in silken galleries. It spins a cocoou in 
 June, cither on its food-plant or on the ground. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is chocolate-brown ; 
 head dark brown marked witii brownish grey ; plates 
 on the second and anal segments polished black ; ven- 
 tral legs semitransparent ; anterior legs spotted with 
 black; on each side of the third and twelfth segments is 
 an ocellated spot, brownish grey with a black centre ; 
 hairs dark brown. E. M. M. xii. 13. 
 
108 PHYciD.i:. 
 
 Rliodophaea tumidella, Zinck. 
 
 tuniidana, St. 
 
 (Plate 12. fig. 15.) 
 
 Loc. Plymouth, Exeter, Clifton, Portishead Woods, 
 Pen-y-maes, Holywell, Askham Bog, Sandburn, York, 
 Hastings, Hampstead, Southend, Folkestone. 
 
 Occurs in July. 
 
 The larva feeds in May and June on oak in a web. 
 It pupates on the ground. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is purple, with white 
 punctured lines ; subspiracular stripe broad, pale brown 
 marbled with white ; head and dorsal plate brown, 
 shining, with black freckles. Treit. 
 
 Ehodophaea rubrotibiella, Fisch. 
 tumidana, SchifK 
 (Plate 1.2. fig. 16.) 
 Loc. Forest Hill, Folkestone, Isle of Wight. 
 
 Occurs in July. 
 
 The larvae live together in a web on oak in June. 
 
 Kalt. 
 
 Oncocera ahenella, Zinck. 
 
 ceneella, Hb. 
 
 (Plate 13. fig. 1.) 
 
 Loc. Perth, South-cast of Scotland, Devon, Al- 
 mondsbury, Leigh Down (Somerset), Iluddersfield, 
 Merton, Brandon, Hastings, Pembroke (quarries), 
 .Deal, RiddJesdown. 
 
GALLERID/E. 109 
 
 This species oceurs usually amongst Hieracium pilo- 
 sella on rough ground in June and July. It is very 
 variable in colour. 
 
 The larva feeds in May on the lower leaves of 
 Helianthemum vulyare and Artemisia campestris, in- 
 habiting a tubular passage. It occurs in sandy places. 
 
 A. Schraid. 
 
 GALLERID^. 
 
 Galleria mellonella, L. 
 
 cereana, L. 
 
 (Plate 13. fig. 2.) 
 
 Loc. Devon, Leeds, Norwich, Thetford, Wootton, 
 Hastings, Suffolk, Ireland, Folkestone, Deal. 
 
 Common in July and August. 
 
 The larva feeds on the wax in beehives. It pupates 
 in a tough cocoon. 
 
 The ground-colour of the larva is dirty white with 
 very pale tubercles ; head small, heart-shaped, darker 
 than the ground-colour j plate on the second segment 
 honey-coloured. Trcit. 
 
 Aphomia sociella, L. 
 
 2 colonclla, L. 
 
 (Plate 13. fig. 3.) 
 
 Loc. Scotland (common), Norfolk, Plymouth, Lam- 
 lash, St. Thomas, Bristol, Wallasey, Burton, Pud- 
 dingtou, Ness, Colwyn, Brandon, Goole, Hastings, 
 
110 GALLERIDiE. 
 
 Leeds, Richmond (York), Slieffield, Pembroke, South- 
 end, Deal, Bromley. 
 
 In July and August. 
 
 The larva greatly resembles the last species; the 
 ground-colour is yellowish brown ; tubercles brown ; 
 plates on the second and anal segments brown ; head 
 red. It lives on wax in the nests of hornets and 
 bumble-bees, inhabiting long cells. Treit. 
 
 Melissoblaptes anellus, Schiff. 
 niiella, (in., I). L. 
 (Plate 13. fig. 4.) 
 Loc. Yarmouth, Ireland, Deal. 
 
 Occurs in July. 
 
 The larva is said to feed, like the former species, in 
 bees' nests. 
 
 Melissoblaptes cephalonica, S/a. 
 
 (Plate 13. fig. 5.) 
 
 Loc. Y'^ork, London, Dover. 
 
 This species, evidently imported, is to be found in 
 warehouses in the city in August. 
 
 Achroea grisella, Fb. 
 
 alvi'uria, Fb. 
 
 (Plate 13. fig. G.) 
 
 Loc. Perth (abundant), Bristol, Holywell, Hudders- 
 field, Leeds, Sheffieldj York, ThctCord, Hastings, Bury 
 St. Edmunds, Liverpool, Ireland, Deal. 
 
GALI-EHID.-E. Ill 
 
 Occurs in Juno and July (May and September, 
 lleaum.). 
 
 Tlie larva resembles Galleria mellonella, but is smaller; 
 it is bone-coloured, with a honey-coloured head. It lives 
 from September to March in beehives, being often 
 very destructive. In captivity it will eat nearly any- 
 thing — wood, cork^ &c. It pupates in a tough cocoon. 
 
 Keaum. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 abietella, Zinck 
 
 abruptella, Thnb.. =falsellus, Schiff. 
 
 acanthodactyla, Jib 
 
 achatinella, lib 
 
 acumiiialia, Wk., =co8tn;8trigalis, 6'/. 
 
 acufalis, Ev., On., =cilialis, lib. 
 
 adipctlliis, Ti:, =sylvellus, Hb. 
 
 addiiiatella, Tr., I)up., Zell 
 
 adveiiella, Zinck 
 
 aincella, lib., =alienella, Zinck. 
 
 ictnrealis, Dup., =pnnctali8, Schiff. 
 
 ii'tddaotylus, Dup., =brach)dac'tylus, Tr. 
 
 ahcnclla, Zinck 
 
 idln.^trifiralis, lluw 
 
 nlpiiia, Diilc 
 
 iilpiiialis, ISchiff. 
 
 alpiiu'lliis, lib 
 
 alvoaria, Fb., =grisolla, Fb. 
 
 aiiibij^iialis, Tr 
 
 i anclla, On., I). L. 
 
 \ aii.'lliis, Svliif. 
 
 aiifiiiiualin, llh., =nigrata, Neap. 
 
 au^ustalis, ficliiff. 
 
 aiijijui'tea, <ST! 
 
 angustella, Hb 
 
 ai'bu,stella, Sckrk., =inqiiinat('llii-i, Schtff. 
 
 arcualis, lib., =vei'basfiilis, Scliiff. 
 
 aridcllus, Z?W., =fa.«(;eliiu'llu8, lib. 
 
 arteinisicdla, St., =oinerosclla, Ziil. 
 
 asiiialia, llh 
 
 atoiualia, Dbl. 
 
 aurata, Scop 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 Pig. 
 
 102 
 
 12 
 
 r> 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 •JO 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 101 
 
 12 
 
 ■y 
 
 10(i 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 108 
 
 1.1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 ■i 
 
 •20 
 
 \r> 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 ;i 
 
 i) 
 
 7;i 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 o 
 
 110 
 
 1.'! 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 ir, 
 
 1 
 
 98 
 
 11 
 
 VI 
 
 37 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 (t 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 ^1 
 
lU 
 
 baliodactyla, 7a!U. 
 
 barbalis, Clerck 
 
 bn8i8tiiji;ali8, Knayy» 
 
 IJennetii, VtiH 
 
 Beltrami, JRiissl 
 
 betulo), Ooze 
 
 biiisevella, Ilh 
 
 bipunctidactyla, Haw 
 
 bistriga, Ilaiv 
 
 bombycatus, Haw., =angustali3, Schiff. 
 borealis, Ourt., =ten'ealis, Tr. 
 brachydactylus, Tr 
 
 calodactyla, Fb.,St.,JIaw., = acaiitluidactyla,7/ft- 
 camprella, 7/4., =chrysonuchellus, Hcup. 
 
 canella, lib 
 
 cnpieolatu3, Haw., =ciiprealis, 7/6. 
 
 cavbonariclla, Fisch,, =t'ii.sca, 77nj6'. 
 
 carnella, X., =semiiubella, Sfop. 
 
 cntalaunalis, Dup 
 
 J cembi'ffi, JIiiw 
 
 I cembralis, (in. 
 
 cephalonica, Uta 
 
 ) ceratouia, Xtil 
 
 \ ceratoniella, Fisvh. 
 
 cereana, L., =mpllonella, L. 
 
 CKY\\»»v\\\\s, Hc/iiff'. 
 
 ccspitalis, Schiff'. 
 
 characteralis, /•>)•., =asinnlifi, 7/i. 
 
 chrysonuchellus, Scop 
 
 cicatricelliis, Hh 
 
 cilialis, Hh 
 
 cinctalis, Tr., J). L., =verlicali.s, L. 
 
 cineralis, Hh., Hmv., =:fuscBli8, Schiff. 
 
 cinerosella, Zell 
 
 1 cingulalis, Schiff. 
 
 \ cingulata, L 
 
 cirrigorella, Zinck 
 
 coarctalis, On., =aiigustoa, St. , 
 
 colonella, L., =sociel!a, L. 
 
 conclicUus, Tr., =niyellus, Hh. 
 
 consociella, Hh 
 
 couspioualis, Hodi/n 
 
 contarainellus, Hh 
 
 contubernella, .Hi., =palumbella, Fb. 
 
 09 
 
 Plate. Fig. 
 
 18 
 1 
 14 
 16 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 45 G 
 13 14 
 
115 
 
 Page. Plate. Fig. 
 
 cosmodactyla, Hb 
 
 costssstrijralis, iSt 
 
 costalis, Fb 
 
 ci'ttssnlis, Fb., =fontis, Thnb. 
 \ cratffigalis, On. 
 j ciatiBgella, lib 
 
 craterellus, Scop 
 
 criln-alis, lib 
 
 \ cribruni, Schiff. 
 
 ] cribrumelia, lib. 
 
 criptella, ILb., Cwt., =ornatella, Schiff. 
 
 crocealis, Hb., Tr 
 
 cruentali.s, Scriba, = sanguinalis, L. 
 
 culmelliis, L 
 
 cupreali.s, lib 
 
 cyrilla, Costa, =o(;ellea, Haw. 
 
 dealbella, Thnb., =perlelliis, Scop. 
 
 decrepitalis, 7/.-<S'. 
 
 decunella, lib., =abietella, Zinck. 
 
 dentalis, Schiff. 
 
 dcpiisilcll!!, /inch., =canolla, lib. 
 
 dci'ivnlia, Jib 
 
 diclirodiictyliis, jV«/i%, =ochrndactyla, lib. 
 
 didactyla, Zftt.. =pilosella, Zell. 
 
 dilutclla,//*., /J. Z., = ad.irnatella, Ti:,Dup.,Zell. 
 
 diftana, Zell 
 
 dubita, Haw., =ambiguali8, Tr. 
 
 dubitalis, Hb 
 
 dumetellus, Hb 
 
 elutalia, Hb., =straminalis, Hb. 
 eliitea, Haw., =elutella, Hb. 
 
 elutella, Hb 
 
 emortualis, Schiff. 
 
 eiiioitiiiilis, Ilino., =derivali3, Hb. 
 enwf,rcri'llii, lib., =haraelliis, Thnb. 
 epolydclln, (In., Finch.?, =manuorea, Haiv. 
 
 ericellus, HI) 
 
 erosalis, Fb., =neinoralis, Scop. 
 erflcalis, Hb., =extimali8, Scop. 
 extimalis, Scop 
 
 falselliis, Schiff. 
 
 fariualis, L 
 
 32 
 
 10 
 
116 
 
 farrella, Curt 
 
 fa3celinellu8, lib 
 
 ferrugalis, lib 
 
 femigpinella, Thnb., =tri8tellu3, Fb. 
 
 ficella, St., DotKjl 
 
 ticulella, liar 
 
 fimbrialis, L., =costali3, Fb. 
 fisclieri, ZelL, =pinguis, Haw. 
 
 flanimealis, Schiff. 
 
 flavalis, Schiff. 
 
 flexula, Schiff. 
 
 fonti.s, Thnh 
 
 forticalis, L 
 
 forficellus, Thnb 
 
 formosa, Haw 
 
 freqiientella, Stit., =mercurella, L. 
 
 fureatellus, Zett 
 
 fusca, Haw 
 
 fuscalis, Hb., =sticticalis, L. 
 
 I'uacalis, Schiff. 
 
 fuscus, llelz., =ptcr()dactvliis, L. 
 
 galactodactyla, Hb 
 
 geniculeus, Haw 
 
 genistelln, Dup 
 
 gigaiitalis, Hb., =gigantellus, Schiff. 
 
 gigantellus, Schiff. 
 
 gigantelliiM, St., =pliragmitplliis, Hb. 
 glabrialis. Hb., =liiiieoalis, Schiff. 
 
 glaiiciiialis, L 
 
 goiiDctaof via, Schiff. 
 
 graciliilis, J)bl 
 
 grisealis, Hb 
 
 gi'isella, Fb 
 
 liainellus, Thttb 
 
 liaiisoni, St., =ni\\'\\», Otic. 
 
 hoxadactyla, L 
 
 hortiinlliis, Hb 
 
 liostilis, St., =rhenella, Zinck. 
 humidalis, l)hl., = turfosalis, Wk. 
 
 liyalinnlis, Hb 
 
 hybridalis, Hb., =uoctuella, Schiff. 
 
 ingratella, Zell. 16 14 10 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 88 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 82 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 95 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 95 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 (i 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 71 
 
 7 
 
 G 
 
 105 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 78 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 100 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 fiO 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 84 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 104 
 
 12 
 
 f< 
 
 72 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 1-2 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 53 
 
 10 
 
 (i 
 
 '>1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 110 
 
 13 
 
 (i 
 
 77 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 fi9 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 86 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
117 
 
 inquinatella, Ilh., =contomineIlu8, lib. 
 inquinatellus, St., = geniculeiia, Haw. 
 
 inquinntellus, Sclnff. 
 
 interpunctella, Ili 
 
 isodactylus, Zell. 
 
 l8Btu8, Zell 
 
 laetus, D. L., =distans, Zf/l. 
 
 lafauryella, Conat., =faiTella, Curt. 
 
 lancealis, Schiff. 
 
 i latistrius, Haw 
 
 I leacliellus, Zinck. 
 
 I lemnalis, Schiff., I). L. 
 
 I lemnata, L 
 
 leucodactyla, Hb., =tetiadHCtyla, I,. 
 
 leucophccalis, //., =])runali8, Schiff. 
 
 lienigialis, Zell. 
 
 lienifjianua, Zell 
 
 limbalis, 7V.,=polygonalis, Hb. 
 j lineolalis, On. 
 
 I lineolea, Oitrt 
 
 I literalis, Schiff., D. L. 
 
 I literata, Scop 
 
 lithodactylus, Tr 
 
 loewii, Zell,, =zophodactylus, Dup. 
 
 lotella, Hb ■ 
 
 lunoodactylus, Haw., =plia;odactylus, Hb. 
 
 lupulinalis, On., D. L., =nubilali3, Hb. 
 
 lutealis, Hb., Haw., On 
 
 margaritalis, Schiff., Fb., =extimalis, Scop 
 
 mai'garitellus, lib. 
 
 niarmorea, Haw 
 
 melinodactylus, H.-S., =lienigianus, Zell. 
 
 mellonella, L 
 
 mercurella, L 
 
 mercuriellus, Zinck., =truncicolella, Sta. 
 microdactylus, St., =parvidactylus, Hatv. 
 
 microdactylus, Hb 
 
 miorodaptylus, Zftt., =08teodactylu8, Zclt. 
 miiiiosella, Tr., =:lotplla, Hb. 
 monodactyla, //«?«. ?, = isodactylus, Zell. 
 
 monodactylus, L 
 
 miicronellus, iSkhif. 
 
 57 
 
 10 
 
 oc 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 62 17 
 
 71 7 
 
 Fig. 
 
118 
 
 Pngc. Plate. Pig. 
 
 I imirali.s, Un. 
 I luui'ana, Vurt. 
 myelins, lib. . 
 
 nebulella, lib. ., 
 
 iiebulolla, Diij)., =Diinbella, ZelL, Diip. 
 
 nemoralis, Seop 
 
 neiuoralis, Fb., =griseali8, Hb. 
 
 nigrata, Scop 
 
 nimbella, Zcll. 
 
 iiitidalis, Fb., lib., ==glaucinalis, L. 
 
 J niveus, Oliv 
 
 j nivosa, 8t. 
 
 noctuella, Schiff. 
 
 iiubilalia, lib 
 
 ) nynipliceali.=, Schiff., I). L. 
 
 i nymphaeata, L 
 
 obliquata, Fb., =8alicalis, Schiff. 
 
 obsitalis, lib 
 
 obsoletus, jCelt., =spilodactyl'i, Curt. 
 
 obtusella, Zinck., =betiiliE, Giize. 
 
 obtu3ellu.s, Sta., =pnlii(lella, lib. 
 
 obtusullus, St., =selasollii8, lib., St. 
 
 ocellea, Haw 
 
 ochrealis, lib., =cvoeealis, Hb., Tr. 
 
 ochrodactyla, lib 
 
 Ofhrodactylus, Tjiatr 
 
 ) octomaculalis, Ti: 
 
 \ octomaoulata, Fb 
 
 olivalis, Schiff. 
 
 olivaria, Bork., =emortualis, Schiff. 
 
 ornatella, Schif 
 
 osteodactylus, Zcll 
 
 ostrinali.i, Hl> 
 
 palealis, Schiff. 
 
 j pallida, St 
 
 I pallidnlalis, Gn. 
 
 paludella. III) 
 
 pallidum, Zcll. 
 
 palumbea, Haw., =advenella, Zinck. 
 
 paUimbella, Fb 
 
 pandalis, Hb 
 
 parella, ZelL, =alpiiia, Dale. ■ 
 
 parvidaetylus, Haw 
 
 13 
 
 87 
 
 10 
 
 51 
 
 16 
 
 o-i 
 
 
 20 
 30 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 102 
 04 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 2 
 
 40 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 72 
 OS) 
 
 7 
 18 
 
 104 
 33 
 
 12 
 4 
 
 58 
 
 17 
 
119 
 
 pascunlis, Zell., =luteali8, Hb., &c. 
 
 pascuelliis, L 
 
 passiilella, Bar 
 
 pectitalit!, lib., =barbalis, Clerck. 
 
 pentadactyla, L 
 
 perfluella, Zinck., =forrao8a, Haw. 
 
 perlellus, Scop 
 
 petrella, U.S., =bin8evella, Hb. 
 
 phsBodaetylus, lib 
 
 phaeolcuca, Zi'U 
 
 pliragmitellus, lib 
 
 pilosellfe, Zell 
 
 j piiiellus, L 
 
 I pinetella, L. 
 
 pinguinalis, L 
 
 pinguis, Hutu 
 
 plagiodactylus, Sta 
 
 polydactyla, Hb., =hexadactyla, L. 
 
 polygonalis, Hb 
 
 porphyrea, Curt., St., =suavella, Zinck. 
 
 portlandica, Dale, = phfenleuca, Zell. 
 
 pratella, Hb., =dmiietellus, Hb. 
 
 I pratellus, X 
 
 (pratoi'um, Fb. 
 
 pioboscidalis, X 
 
 prunalis, Sc/ii/f. 
 
 pryevella, Vai((/lian 
 
 ptei'odactyla,7/A.,/fn!(;.,Z).X.,=monodactylus,X 
 
 pterodactylus, X 
 
 pulveralis, Hb 
 
 punctalis, Sc/iif. 
 
 punctidactylus, Haw., =cosmodactyla, Hb. 
 
 punicealis, Schiff., D. L., =aurata, Scop. 
 
 punicealis, Haw., = ostrinalis, Hb. 
 
 purpuralis, X 
 
 pygrnajua, St., Curt., =CL>vusf(ellus, Sv/tiJI'. 
 
 pyraJella, Hb., =dubitalis, Hb. 
 
 radiellus, Curt., = f urcatellus, Zctt. 
 
 ramburialis, Bup 
 
 ( resinalis, (fn. 
 
 ] resinea, Haiv 
 
 rhenella, Zinck. . 
 
 riiododactylus, Fb 
 
 roborella, D. L., Zinck., =spi9sicella, Fb. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 77 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 »5 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 08 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 80 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 59 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 1!) 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 70 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 57 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 06 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 (iO 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 30 
 
 80 
 
 61 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 3 
 10 
 
 17 
 o 
 
 2 
 12 
 
 7 
 7 
 5 
 
 •>3 
 
 2 
 
 V?. 
 
 45 
 
 18 
 103 
 
 
 
 15 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 51 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
120 
 
 rosella, L., D. L,, =craterella, Scop. 
 
 rostralia, L 
 
 rubrotibiella, Fiach 
 
 ruralis, Scnp 
 
 rutilella, ZelL, =bistiiira, Haw. 
 
 salicalis, Schlff. 
 
 aambucalis, tichiff. 
 
 sanguinnlis, L 
 
 sanguinella, Hh 
 
 saxciola, Vauyhnn 
 
 scotica, White 
 
 selasellus, Hb., St 
 
 semirubella, Scop 
 
 semirufa, St., Haw. ? 
 
 senecionis, Vmu/han 
 
 septodiictylus, Tr., =lithodactylus, Ti: 
 
 sericealis, Scop 
 
 serotinus, ZeU., =bipiinctidactyla, Jluu\ 
 
 serpylletorum, /cW., =subornatella, Z>"/>., ZcU. 
 
 siniinta, Fb., =llexula, Schiff. 
 \ sinuatus, Fb. 
 I siinu'Un, Fb 
 
 SDcii'Ua, L 
 
 sonlidalis, lib., =cespitali8, <SVAiy. 
 
 spilodaotyla, Curt 
 
 spis>icella, Fb. .' 
 
 stachjdalis, Zinck 
 
 ( stagiialis, Gn., D. L. 
 
 \ stagnatn, Don 
 
 stieticalis, L 
 
 slraminalis, lib 
 
 stramiiieUa, lib., = nuicronellus, Schiff. 
 \ stratiolata, Fb. 
 I stratiotata, L 
 
 Streatfieldii, Curt 
 
 strigella, Fb., =culmellus, L. 
 
 strigfUus, Tr., =cicatricelliia, lib. 
 
 suavella, Zinck 
 
 subDrnatella, Dup., ZeU 
 
 sylvellus, lib 
 
 tiBuiadactylus, South 
 
 I tarsicrinnlis, lib., llmo. 
 
 ] tarsipennalia, Tr 
 
 Pa«e. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 108 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 T) 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 5 
 
 •J 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 81 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 88 
 
 10 
 
 .5 
 
 Oli 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 03 
 
 11 
 
 ;> 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 00 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 100 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 67 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 103 
 
 12 
 
 () 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 r, 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 101 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 70 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 U 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
121 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plato. 
 
 Pig. 
 
 tephradac^liis, lib 
 
 C4 
 36 
 
 G8 
 
 57 
 
 82 
 
 le 
 
 ]08 
 
 n 
 
 77 
 IS 
 
 44 
 
 28 
 
 .38 
 74 
 41 
 
 81 
 
 13 
 54 
 60 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 18 
 17 
 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 8 
 5 
 
 n 
 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 
 11 
 10 
 6 
 2 
 
 7 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 4 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 7 
 6 
 
 terrealis, Tr 
 
 tetradnctyla, L 
 
 Teucrii, Greenint/ 
 
 tridactyla, ScopI, =pentadactyla, L. 
 tridactylua, St., =ljalio(lactylii, Zell. 
 trigonodactyla, Haw., =iroiiodactv)a, Schilf. 
 tristellas /i ;... " 
 
 truncicololla, Sta 
 
 tumidana, Schif., =rubrotibiella, Fisch. 
 tumidana, St., =tumideUa, /dnck. 
 tumidolla, Dup., =<;oiisociella, Hh. 
 tumidella, Zinck 
 
 
 ulicella, 77.-5., =geni8tella, Dup. 
 uliginosollus, Zell , 
 
 ulmella, Dale 
 
 umbralis, Hh., =olivali9, Schiff. 
 unioiialis, Hh 
 
 I urticalis, Schiff. 
 
 1 urticata, L 
 
 verbascalis, Hh., =pandali8, 77i. 
 verbascalis, Schiff. 
 
 
 verticalis, L 
 
 warringtonellus 
 
 Zelleri, TVk 
 
 Zetterstedti, Zell. 
 
 zopliodactylua, Dup 
 
 
 Printed by Tayloh AND Franois, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 
 
COEKECTIONS IN PLATES. 
 
 Plate 1. fig. 7, for Shrankia rea& Tholomiges. 
 
 7. „ 5, for phragmittdus read phragmitelhis. 
 
 9. „ 7, for prateUvs read tristeUvs. 
 
 11. „ 6, for picella To&ijicella. 
 
 13. „ 6, for Ochrcea read .4cArcEo. 
 
 14. „ 6, /or var. atomalis read Scoparia atomalis. 
 
 15. „ 1, for nunana read vmrana. 
 17. „ 6, for zophrodactyltts read zophodactylus. 
 
Bpi-LisliPyi'alides i^c. PlaLe 
 
 ^^J^^ 
 
 %H^ 
 
 9 
 
 1 ¥adopa sail calls. 7. Slirankiaturfosalis . 
 
 2 Hypeua. protosoidalis. 8. ZanclognatJia emortuaiis. 
 
 3 Hypena rostnalis . 9 Hivula sencealiB , 
 
 4 BoniolocKa -fonbis 10 Hennvma denvalis . 
 
 b Hypenodes albistngalis. 11 "Pechypogon tarbalis . 
 
 6. Hypeno^es costeesUngalis 12. ZaticlognatHa tarsiponrialia 
 
J^i'iUsh PyrcQides &.C 
 
 Plate ?. 
 
 Uriii^ifj^ 
 
 1. Zai\clognaLha. gpis! 
 
 2- Heraninia crabralis 
 
 3. Aventia -flexula. . 
 
 4. Odontia dentalis 
 B. Pyralis costalis 
 6 Pyralis fapinal^s 
 
 15. pypausfca ostnnalis 
 
 /. x'yi'alis glaucmalis . 
 8. Aglossa pmy\iiiiali3, 
 9 Aglossa cuprealis 
 
 10. Cledeobia angustalis. 
 
 11. Pyra.usba aiirata . 
 
 12. Pypaustapurpuralis . 
 
^Mir 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 ^Uff 
 
 vMff 
 
 Tfffsr 
 
 5 
 
 1. Kiodaria san^inalis 
 
 2. Herbula cespitalis . 
 
 3. EnnycKia ciiicjulata. 
 4 Etmyctaa rajfrata 
 
 5. Ennychia ootorriaculata 
 
 6. Acd'ober'a nemoralis 
 
 7. Endotnclia flaiTiTnealis. 
 
 8. EurrLypara urtioai.a . 
 
 9. Scopula alpmalxs 
 \Q. Scopula lubealis 
 
 11. Soopula ohvalis . 
 
 12. Scopula prunalis . 
 
idides i5cc 
 
 1. Scopula feripugalis. 
 
 2. Scopula dficrepibaJis. 
 3 Mecyna poTygoiieilis . 
 
 4. J3otye niibilalis .0*9 
 
 5. Botys pandaliE . 
 
 6. Bofcys -flavalis 
 
 7. Botys "hyalmaliE 
 
 8. Botys ruT>ans 
 9 Botys -fuse all s 
 
 ID. 13otys teiTealis 
 11 Botys aamalis 
 12. .liitulea cj'OcealiE 
 

 3 
 
 1 Ebijled vepbasoalis. 
 
 2 Ebulea sanibucalis . 
 
 3 Ebulea sba.oKydalis- 
 4'. Spilodes sticticalis . 
 5. Spilode3_palealls 
 
 6 Spilodes verticalis . 
 
 a 
 
 7 Psamotis pulvaralis . 
 
 8. Pionea forficalis . 
 
 9 Orobena extimalis . 
 
 10 Opoteiia sLraminalis. 
 
 11 PcpiiiepKele lancealis 
 
 12 Margavodes -unionalis 
 
BribisK Pyralides Icc. 
 
 Plate 6. 
 
 
 1 DiaseiTiia liberata . 
 
 2 Diasemia rambunalis. 
 
 3 AiiUgasbra catalaunalis 
 4. Nascia ciJialis . 
 
 0. Stenia punctaljs 
 
 6 Cabaolysta lemnata.cj. 9, 
 
 7 Papaponyx strabiotata.cf.p. 
 8. Hyi3rocampa nympTisaata i!'.9 
 9 Hydrocampa stagnata . 
 
 10 'AoenfcropuR niveus . 
 
 Hinlurt imp 
 
.ypalidef? kc 
 
 Plate 
 
 // --9<^ 
 
 1. Pyralislienigialis. 
 
 2 Homophila noctuella , 
 
 3 Chilo cicatricellus . 
 
 4^ Caloinotropha paludella . 
 
 5 Chilo phragmittBl-us. <?.§ 
 
 6, Schoendbius forficellus. d.j. 
 
 7, Schoenobius mucronellus. cJ.j, 
 
 8, Schoenobitis gigantelliis.d.^. 
 
-Britiah Pyralides &c 
 
 T1dt.e 8 
 
 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 
 1 Platytes cerusellus. cf.j 
 2, CpamlTQS alpmellus. 
 
 3. C 
 
 4. C 
 
 5. C 
 
 6. C: 
 
 falsellTis . 
 verellxis . 
 pT'ate]]"us . 
 dujnetelluE. 
 
 7 C enoellus . 
 
 8 C sylvellua . . 
 
 9 C, liamell-us, 
 TD. C: paa 011611113. 
 11 C: ulijinosellus 
 12. C furcatellus . 
 
 13. C: margantellus. 
 
 Haliliarb unf 
 
-Briunh ;■■. 
 
 Pla-f 
 
 ]. Opaiabus pmellus. 
 
 2.0: iTiyellns . 
 
 3. C : latistoni.-i . 
 
 4. C: perleilun . 
 
 5. C; yap wapriTigtonellus. 
 
 6. C; seldsellus . 
 
 7. C; pratellus . 
 
 ID, C 
 
 11 C 
 
 12. C: 
 
 13. C 
 
 fasceJiiiellus . 
 'j.iqmr.ntell'us. 
 contsTTinifiHus . 
 
 ouliiiellTis . 
 dipysanucliellus 
 
 14. C. crraterellus . 
 
rtr-tishPypalides (SCc. 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 ^^^__^ \ J ^ 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 ■/() 
 
 v^^^^ 
 
 5 
 
 1% 
 
 "w^' 
 
 ^ 
 
 1. CfaTrTbus Tiortuenii;: 
 
 2. Tromejic ocellea 
 
 3. Anarasbia lotdl.i 
 
 4. Epiaclinia farrella 
 
 5. Ihthi'ia semipiibollfi 
 
 6. ]4yalopliila nrib-pujn 
 
 7. Trdchoinlas JVyerella 
 
 :■ ¥yeloi.s CJPrjgerella ^ 
 
 9 Myelois OQPatomae . 
 
 10 Nyctegfetes adiatniella 
 n Hamoeosoma sinuella 
 
 12 Homoeosorna niTntella 
 
 13 KcBnoeosotnfi saxicola 
 'A. Honjoeosorna nebu.eila 
 
 H.r,)<.l'. m 
 
Bpiti sTi Pyralides *.c ?] ate 11 . 
 
 
 
 1. Homoeosomaliinasvana. 8. Euzophepa pmguis . 
 
 2. Hoinoeoso7na senecioiris. 9, EuzopTiera cineroseTla,. 
 
 3. Epjiestia elubella . ID. Crypbotlales Tjistinga . 
 
 4. Epliestia passulella 11 Ploi3ia mteppunctella . 
 
 5. EpKestin, picella . 12. Alispa angustella . 
 
 6. EpliesUa iioulella. 13. Gyrrmancyla ca-nella 
 
 7. Epliestia semirufa. 14. Phycis teiulae 
 
 "WPurkis.^ litK Hanlmi* imp 
 
'itishPyralidey t 
 
 1 Phycis fusca, 
 
 2. Phycis adomatella. 
 
 3. Phycis siibornatella 
 4 Phycis opTiat.ella. 
 
 5. Dioryctma atiebella 
 
 6. Nepliopteryx spissicella. 
 
 7, 'Nephoptepyx rhenella 
 
 8, NephopteT'yx iJemstell.i 
 
 WPurlo.. kk. 
 
 b). Pempslia paluiiibella . 
 
 10 Phocl.op}]a9a formsa 
 
 11 KhoolopliaEa consociella. 
 
 12, PlioGopViasa advenella . 
 
 13, Hhodoplioea iTiapTnopea 
 
 14, Wioclopliffla suavella 
 1?, "RhocbpliaBa tutnidella , 
 
 K hodopliSEia pubnobibiella 
 
 am nliArt •mp 
 
/ 
 
BritisTiPynalides &.C. Plate 13. 
 
 3 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1. Qncocera ahenella. 5. ¥elisso.blaptes oeplialoTiica 
 
 2. Gallena inellonella. 6. Oclircea grisella 
 
 3. Aphomia sociella, 7. Itypeiia otsitalis 
 
 4, Melissoblaptes anellus 
 
 •)i'?-,.i ,■.■•-. I.lii Hai.V.,.1. imp 
 
BritishPyralid^.'s kc . 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 Plate 14. 
 
 
 # 
 
 ?ff 
 
 1 Sooparia oeTnTiPoe. 
 
 2 foT: zellen . 
 3. I'a/': scotica . 
 
 4 Scopariaiasistngalis. 
 
 5. Scoparic*. ambigrualis . 
 
 5 I'ar. atomalis 
 
 7. Scopana conspicuali: 
 
 8 Scoparia ulmolla 
 
 9 Scoparia iJutiLalis . 
 ID ya.!- inonal-ella . 
 
 11 Scoparia tnuicicole! 
 
BrnbisL Pyralides fcc. 
 
 
 Plate '15 
 
 % 
 
 5 9 
 
 ] Scopana TTDnaTifl. 6. Scopapia Imeolce.. 
 
 2, Scopapia pesinea. V Scopa-pia angustea. 
 
 3 Scopana meTicrurena. 8. Scopa-pia alpina. J'j.. 
 
 4. Scopana cpaiasgella. & Scopana pallida . 
 5. Scopana phceoleuca . 
 
 "VOWLtuia iith . H«t3»«rb vap 
 
Sriksh Pyi^alides lioc . Plate 16. 
 
 7 
 
 I \ 
 
 9 
 
 Ik 
 
 -10 
 
 If 
 
 S -12 
 
 1 Agclist:s Isenetri. 7 TlatyptiHa zetiepsfccdti . 
 
 2. Gncemidophorus rihododactylus 8 var taeniaclactylus 
 
 o. var iDertr'arm , 9. Amblyptilia acanthodactyla 
 
 4. Platyptilia oci-podacLyla. ID Airiblypt-iHa cosmo3act.yla 
 
 5. Platypiilia isodactyliis. 11 Oxyptilus distans 
 
 6. Plabyptilia gonodactyla . 12. yar Isetvis 
 
Ik'ibish PyralicJes k,c . 
 
 Plate 17. 
 
 7V 
 
 If 
 
 V, J. ^- 
 
 1 Oxyptilus pilosellae. 7. Mimfflseopbilus ptepodadylus. 
 
 2. Oxypiiliis beucrii. 8. (EdematophopusTithodactylus. 
 
 3. Oxyptilus parvidactylus. 9. PteropKorus monodacbyltLS, 
 
 4. ¥imaeseoptilusp"hfflodactyliis. 10. Leiopbilns Tienigianus . 
 
 5. Mimaeseopbilusliipunctiddcbylus.il Leioptilua tephradactylus. 
 
 6. Mimaeseopbilus zophrodacbylus.E. Leiqptilus .osbeodaclylus . 
 
BmiisKPyralides k/j . 
 
 TlatelS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. Laoptilus miorodactylus 6, Adptjha tetraaactyla. 
 
 2. Leioptilus TsracKyclacLylus. 7. Aciptilaa penbadactyla. 
 
 3. Aciptika galactodactyla 8, AciptiKa paludum . 
 
 4. Acipi:lia spilodactyla 9. Alucita tiexadacfcyla. 
 
 5. Aciptilia Laliodactyla. 
 
.„. ^ CONSERVATION 
 
 M*^mi „viEw..5l;i«...