Huntington Free Library Native American Collection % ^.-iKSW-J %- ~**^ " 'isB- "i- A- ■ -■? , ■." - : CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY CORNELL UNIVERSITY LnRAHY 924 104 094 lillil 094 119 '/M ^^1 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924104094119 ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF JHE GOLLEOTIONS OBTAINED FROM THE PUEBLOS OP ZUNl AND WOLPI DURING THE FIELD SEASON OF 1881 JAMES STEVENSON I EXTRACT I'EOK THE THIRD.ANNlfAl REPORT OE THEBUREA^T OP ETHNOLOGY] WASHINGTON GOTEKNMENT PBINTINa OPPIGB 18 85 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED FHOM THE PUEBLOS or ZUSTl, NEW MEXICO, AND WOLPI, ARIZONA, IN 1881. JAMES STEVENSON. 511 CONTENTS. Page. Lettee of Tkansmittal 517 Introductory 519 Collections from ZuBi, N. Mexico 521 Articles of stone 521 Axes 521 Metates 521 Mortars 522 MuUers 524 Miscellaneous objects 525 Hunting and war amulets 527 Articles of claiy 531 Water jars 531 Water bottles 533 Canteens and water jugs 538 Pitchers 543 Drinking cups and cup-shaped vessels 545 Bowls and baskets 54G Cooking pots 564 Dippers, ladles, and spoons 566 Condiment vessels 569 Paint pots 570 Effigies and figures 574 Vegetal substances 575 Eating spoons and ladles 575 Basketry 576 Loom implements 580 Implements of war and the chase 581 Gambling implements 581 Dance implements 582 Miscellaneous objects 582 Animal substances 586 Miscellaneous objects 586 Collections from Wolpi, Arizona 587 Articles of stone 587 Articles of clay 587 Vegetal substances 588 Basketry 588 Gourds, bows, rattles, &c 589 Head dresses, dance ornaments, images, &c 590 Implements for weaving 593 Animal substances 593 Horn and bone 593 Feathers 593 Woven fabrics 594 Skin or leather 594 3 ETH 33 513 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate XL. — Polishing pottery 5'i6 XLI. — Zuni vases aud canteen 538 XLII. — Drilling turquoises 582 XLIII. — Moki method of dressing hair 583 XLIV. — Moki method of spinning 590 515 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Washington, D. G., August 28, 1882. SiB: I have the honor to present herewith an illustrated catalogue of archseologic and ethnologic collections, made under your direction in Arizona and^ew Mexico, during the field season of 1881. In connection with these collections, I am indebted to Mr. Frank H. Gushing for the preparation of the field catalogue for the collection from Zuni. His thorough knowledge of the Zuni language enabled him to obtain the Indian name of most of the articles procured, which names are given in this catalogue. I have also to thank him for valuable assistance in making the collection. I also take pleasure in expressing thanks to Mr. Victor Mindeleff for his aid in making the collection, in which labor he rendered faithful assistance. Col. L. P. Bradley, commandant of Fort Wingate, extended us many courtesies' and material aid, for which I am pleased to extend thanks. Hoping the collections of the season form a contribution equally valu- able with those previously procured from the southwest, I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, JAMBS STEVENSON. Prof. J. W. Powell, Director Bureau of Ethnology. 517 ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTIONS OF 1881. By James Stevenson. INTRODUCTOEY. The following catalogue contains a descriptive enumeration of the archseologic and ethnologic specimens collected in Arizona and New Mexico during the,season of 1881. These collections were all obtained from the pueblo of Zuni in Northwestern New Mexico, and the pueblos comprising the province of Tusayan, in Northeastern Arizona. The entire collection contains about four thousand nine hundred specimens. The articles of stone consist of. axes, in various conditions of preser- vation. Some are quite perfect, while many are more or less impaired by modern us^, for which they were not originally intended. In nearly all instances they are grooved, and a few are provided with double splitting or cutting edges ; but as a rule these axes were made with one end blunt for pounding or hammering, while the opposite end is pro- vided with an edge. The large pestles and mortars were designed for crushing grain and food, the small ones for grinding and mixing mineral pigments for ceramic or decorative purposes. Among the articles of stone are about one hundred and fifty hunting and war amulets. These objects present the most interesting features of the collection, and were among the most difQcult articles to obtain. The Indians prize them very highly as keepsakes, which they employ in war, the chase, and sacred ceremonies. Each specimen is specifically referred to in the catalogue, accompanied with some wood-cut illustra- tions of such specimens as possess the greatest significance. Mr. Frank H. Gushing has presented a full account of the history, traditions, and uses of these images or gods, in a paper entitled "Zuni Fetiches," in the Second Annual Keport of the Bureau for 1882, to which the reader is referred. In these collections, as in those of the two previous seasons, articles of clay predominate. They consist of Tinajas, or large, decorated, vase- shaped water- vessels. These vary in capacity from one to six gallons, and are the principal vessels used for holding and storing water for domestic purposes. These vases do not vary greatly in form, yet the colored designs with which they are ornamented present as many varia- tions as there are specimens. The causes for these variations, both in size and ceramic characters, as well as the method of manufacturing them, are quite fully explained in the notes accompanying my catalogue of collections from these same localities in the Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology for 1880-'81. 519 520 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. The collection also contains a large number of jug-shaped canteens, varying in capacity from one pint to three gallons. These vessels, like an ordinary jug, are provided with a small nozzle, and are used to carry water and to drink from. They vary in their decorative designs, but are seldom as elaborate or beautiful as the vases. In the collection are also clay spoons, ladles, and dippers of two or three kinds of ware, such as red, white, and black, of various sizes. Many of these are fancifully decorated. Also pitchers, mugs, and cups of different patterns, forms, and sizes, variously ornamented in red, black, and white. A very fine collection of meal or sacred pottery bas- kets was obtained. These are also of varied forms or types, some with handles, terraced and fluted edges or rims, usually decorated with figures of the tadpole and horned frog, and occasionally with the representation of the road runner, and frequently with the sacred butterfly. The condiment vessels form no small part of the collection. The forms and styles of these vessels can only be appreciated by reference to the specific descriptions and illustrations in the catalogue. A large number of cooking bowls and pots were obtained, but these are of less interest, as they are in all cases plain black vessels without ornamentation of any kind. They generally resemble the old-fashioned cast-iron cooking pot used by Europeans. Occasionally one is found which is provided with legs, in imitation probably of the skillet or pots used by the Mexicans of that country. The vegetal substances comprise utensils and implements of all kinds. Among these are baskets, trays, water-jugs, corn-planters, bows, arrows, sieves, gaming-blocks, &c. The basketry is worthy of inspec- tion for the ingenuity and skill displayed in the manufacture of such articles. These consist of fine meal baskets or trays of all sizes, many of which are curiously ornamented in bright colors. The coarser bas- kets, which are constructed and shaped to suit the service for which they are employed, are used as sieves and for conveying corn and fruit from the farms. In addition to the objects above referred to, hundreds that are not mentioned will be found described or illustrated in their proper places in the catalogue. Most of the plates presented in this Catalogue are designed to show the manner in which the Zuni and Moki Indians use certain implements in some of their arts and industries, such as the polishing stone; rotary, stone-pointed drill; the manner of combing and dressing the hair; the spindle whorl, showing the mode of preparing the woof for weaving. COLIiECTIONS FROM ZUSl, NEW MEXICO. ARTICLES OF STONE. AIE8. 65890. Stone axe, small, doable- grooved. 0-la k'l-le, kwil A-kwi-ai-e. 65891, 65892, 65893, 65894, 65895, 65896, 65897, 65898. Ditto, single- grooved. 65868, 65855. Ditto, large. 65854. Ditto, large and broad. 65876. Ditto, very broad. 65869. Ditto, very large, and showing use as peckiug-stone. 65856, 65870, 65877, 65857, 65871, 65858, 65878, 65879. Ditto, large. 65872. Ditto, ftery thin-bladed. 65859. Ditto, flat. 65860. 65880. Ditto, showing use as maul. 65861. Ditto, double-grooved. Kwil d-kwi-ai-e. 65862. Ditto, double-grooved, handsomely finished. 66045. Ditto, double-grooved, handsomely finished. K'l k'iathl-thla- nal-e. 66882, 65874. Very large ungrooved ancient stone axes or celts. O-la k'i-thlana, kwa-ak'-wam-me. 65853, 65851. Axe, grooved and highly finished. O la k'i k'iath-thlS-na yd-ni-shi. 65852. Ditto, very large. 65883, 65884, 65885, 65886, 65911, 65912, 65899, 65863, 65864, 65900, 65887, 65901, 65902, 65903, 65875, 65865, 65904, 65905, 65906, 65907 65908, 65866, 65909, 65910, 65889. Ditto, very crude. No. 65886 is distinguished by raised square at butt to facilitate hafting. M-pu-li-e. 65867. Ditto, made in imitation, for barter. 66306. Ditto, unfinished. Ola k'il ^-a-le. 65913. Ditto, small. 65922, 65923,65921, 65914, 65919, 65917, 65924, 65925, 65920, 65915, 65916. Stone axes with handles, some made in imitation, others pre- served as heir-looms from ancient times. O-la k'i-thla-shi-we. 65918. Small, grooved, stone axe. O-la k'i tsa-na. HEIAIE8. 66324. Metate for reducing coarse corn-meal to flour. 0-tsa-k'ia-na-kia- d-k'e. 66320, 66313. Ditto, for grinding paint for decorating pottery. T6 tsi- na-k'ia he-lin 6n-a-k'ia. 521 522 COLLECTIONS OF 1881 ZOTL 66316, 66318, 66319, 26317. Ditto, for reducing cracked corn to meal. Tchii ok-na-ki'a d-k'i. 66326. Ditto, a coarse, unfinished metate. A-k'e, kwa-yd nam-o-na. 66312. Ditto, ancient, very rude. 1-no-to-na dk'e. 66311. Modern paint metate. He-lin 6-na-kia. 66322, 66315, 66321, 66314. Modern metates for reducing corn and other cereals. Ok-na-lf'ia ^-k'e-we. MORTARS. 1935. Mortar made of a concretion. Mu-to-pa al' a-k'e. 1964. Ditto, made from muller. 1966. Ditto, small. Tii-lin-ne. 2119. Ditto, ( ine-grained stone, used as a paint-mill for preparing sa- crea decoration colors. Tethl-na h6-lin o-na-kia d shok-ton-ne. 2141, 2142, 2144. Ditto, very small. A-tsa-na. 1961. Ditto, round. K'iii-mo-li-na. 66196, 66233. Eude paint mortars. He-lin on-a kia d-shok-to d-tsana. 66203. Ditto, chipped. Sho-k'wis-na-k'ia. 66166, 66180. Ditto, pecked. Tok'-nai-e. 66175. Ditto, ground. 66197. Ditto, large, worn and ground. T6n-nai-e. 66226. Ditto, square and handsomely polished. N<5-k'iathl-o-na. 66204. Ditto, split. Sh6k'wish-nai-e. 66178. Ditto, pecked, small. 66158, 66245, 66172. Ditto, pecked, slag. i.-k'win. 66154. Ditto, small, pecked. C6198. Ditto, with round depression, ground. Pi-tsu-lia w4 shokt-ai-e. 63168. Ditto, square, pecked. 66228. Ditto, with groove around the edge. I'-tu-thlan-ah-nai-e. 66205, 66227, 66131, 66132. Ditto, small, pecked, and ground. 66111, 66206. Ditto, cup-shaped. A'-shok-ton-ak'-tsa-na. 66207. Ditto, with elongated cavity. A-k'i tas'h-sha-na. 66135. Ditto, pecked and ground. 66251. Ditto or trough of the malpais for grinding chili and preparing a sauce called K'iathl-k'o-se=K'ol h6-akia 4-shok-ton-ne. 66234. Ditto, crude. 66159. Ditto, small. 66246. Ditto, large and thick. 66244. Ditto, well pecked. 66236, 66190. Ditto, much worn. 66235. Ditto. Eectangular. 66157. Ditto, very small. 66177, 66250. Ditto, of finished sandstone. 66186. Ditto, very deep. 66252. Ditto, very large. 66208. Grinding-stone for colors used in decoration of vessels, in form of mortar. Te' tsi-na-k'ia ^-shok-ton-ne. 8TEVEK80N.] ARTICLES OF STONE 523 66254. Ditto, with double concavity for red and black colors. Thlup- tsi-na k'win l-pa-tchi-e. 66160, 66163. Ditto or paint-mill for preparing colors for decoration of the sacred dances. K^-k^-awa he-lin o-na-kia 4shok-ton-ne. 66179. Ditto, long, pecked. 66184, 66165, 66187, 66188. Ditto, finished by pecking. 66219, 66229. Ditto, square. 66191, 66192. Ditto, pecked and chipped. 66176. Ditto, beautifully finished, long. 66171. Ditto, rectangular, beautifully finished, and long. 66209. Ditto, polished irregularly, rectangular. 66170. Ditto, handsomely finished by pecking and grinding. 66121. Ditto, crude, small. 66213, 661.'53. Ditto, made of a concretion. Mu-to-pa &i a-k'i. 66115, 66220, 66127. Ditto, slag. 66128, 66202, 66182. Ditto, round. 66181. Ditto, round and thick. K'ia'-mo-lia. 60193. Ditto, round. 66194. Ditto, rude. 66130, 66162, 66122, 66222. Ditto, hammer-stone form. 60114. Ditto, polished. 65939, 66230, 66125. Ditto, rectangular. 66210, 06231, 66195, 66212. Ditto, finished by grinding. 66121, 66152. Ditto, finished. 66189, 66211, 66185. Ditto, round. K'ia'-mo-lia. 66232. Ditto, with small muller. Tu-lin i-hi-kia. 66248, 66214. Paint mortars for reducing the paint for masks and pot- tery. He-lin 6-na-k'ia d-shok-to-we. 66237, 66215, 66240, 66241, 66238, 66243, 66242. Mortar, of slag, used in making the sauce described above, and reducing chili. K'iathl-k'o-se k'ia-na-kia 4-shok-ton-ne. 66201. Ditto, for children. A-tsan d-wa. 66223. Ditto, for reducing paint used in decorating pottery. Na'-he-lin o-na-kia a'-shok-ton-ne. 66216. Ditto, square. 66183. Ditto, very deep and finished by pecking. 66249, 66253. Ditto, shallow. 66255. Ditto, unfinished. 66161. Ditto, very rude and small. 66224. Ditto, larger. 66225. Ditto, with small round concavity ; hammer-stone form. 66137, 66155, 56139, 66140, 66111, 66174, 66164, 66167, 66144, 66120, 66123, 66147, 66138, 66173, 66145, 66117, 66151, 66143, 66136, 66149. Paint-mills of fine-grained stone for preparing sacred decoration colors. Tethl-na he-lin o-na-kia d-shok to-we. 524 COLLECTIONS OP 1881 — ZUNI. 66113, 66129, 66112, 66148, 66118, 66142, 66146, 66119. Ditto, very small. A-tsa-na. 66116. Ditto, for common uses. Kwam-as-tin-dk'ia-ni. 66247. Ditto or unfinished mortar of the malpais for grinding chili and other ingredients for sauce. K'ol 6k-na-k'ia 4 shok-ton-ne. 66134, 66231, 66124, 66133. Ditto, finished by pecking. MClIiEBS. 65946. Muller made from a small piece of hematite, used as source at once and muller of pottery paint. T6 tsi-na-kia d-k'win d-a-le. 66007. Ditto, slag, originally a maul. 66036. Ditto, of true form, originally a maul. Tchish-na-k'ia 4-pi-tsu- li-a. 66015. Ditto, originally a maul. 66037. Ditto, of true form. 66200. Ditto, for grinding sauce of onion, chili, coriander, salt, and water. K'ol h6-ak'ia 4-mu-luk-ton-ne. 66043. Ditto, handsomely finished in the form of a pestle. 66009. Ditto, regular form. 60156. Ditto, hammer-stone form. 66042. Ditto, crusher form. 65984. Ditto, for polishing, &c. A k'ia-thia-k'ia-na-k'ia 4-a-le. 66091, 66029, 66030, 66038, 66031, 66039, 65987, 65986, 65976, 65977, 65978, 65979, 65980. Ditto, used for preparing sauce. 66071, 66085, 66014, 66103, 66025, 66086, 66006, 66012, 66001,66011, 66019, 66023, 66041, 66025, 66008, 66016, 66017, 66021, 67005, 66070, 66004. Ditto, mauls and mullers of slag for grinding chili and other ingredients of the sauce known as kia'thlk'o- se. H6-a-kia 4-mu-lok-to-we. 66088. Ditto, granite. 66024. Ditto, of granite, for preparing ingredients to form paste for pottery. Sa-to 6k-ua-k'ia-na-kia 4 k'ia-mo-li-an-ne. 66102, 66094, 66101, 66071, 66089, 66013, 66096, 66107, 66090, 66087, 66091, 66106, 66003, 66092, 66095, 65873. Mullers, grooved maul form. Ok'-na-k'ia o-la k'i kia-mo li-a-we. 65881. Ditto, round. 66054. Ditto, for reducing paint used in pottery decoration, and for pol- ishing. K'ia'thiana-k'ia 4-a-le. 66027. Ditto, in the form of a paint mortar. He-lin ou-ak'ia d-tsa-na, kwil-li-muk-te h6-k'o-pa. 66150. Ditto, with rounded bottom, enlarged middle and small concav- ity on apex. He-k'o ya'thl-tai-e. 66109, 65952. Ditto, regular form. 65953, 65954, 65955, 65981, 65956, 65957, 65958, 65991, 65959, 65960, 65961, 65962, 65963. Small paint stones or mullers. He-lin o-na-kia d-k'ia-mo-li-a-we. 8TEVEX80S.] AETICLES OF STONE. 525 66032, 66033, 66035, 66034, 65994, 66026, 65995, 66049, 65996. Mullers for polishing or smoothing cooking stones, &c. A. k'ia-thla-k'ia- na-k'ia-d-we (plu.) 66256, 66257, 66276, 66285, 66266, 62258, 66273, 66263, 66264, 66274, 66286, 66271, 66272, 66259, 66261, 66270, 66267, 66293, 66288, 66287, 66290, 66289, 66291. Ditto, or rubbing-stones, used in con- nection with fine metals for grinding corn and meal. Tchfl ok-na-k'ia yal-li-we. 62298. Ditto, very large. 66275. Ditto, broken. 66269, 66294, 64299, 66300, Ditto, very broad and flat. Tchfi ok-na-k'ia. Yal-li k'i^-pa-we. 66297, 66295, 66301, 66303, 66304, 66302, 67305. Ditto, ancient. I no-to- na-awa ya'1-li-we. 66284. Ditto, modern, for making coarse meal. 66307. Ditto, large, for grinding chili. K'ia'thl-he-a-kia A-thla-na. 66296. Ditto, veuy broad, flat, and ancient, for grinding flour. I-no- te-kwe awen ya'1-lin-ne. 1982. Muller for reducing pottery colors. 1986. Ditto, maul form. 2154, 2163. Mauls and mullers of slag for grinding chili and other ingredients of the sauce known as kiathl k'o se = Kia'thl- he-a-kia ^-mu-luk-ton-ne. 2159, 2108, 2171, 2173. Small paint stones or mullers. He-lin o-na-k'ia a-k'ia-mo-lia-we. 2167. Muller, very large. 2267. Ditto, or rubbing-stone, used in connection with fine metates for for grinding corn meal. Tch6 ok-na-kia yal-lin-ne. 2275. Ditto, unfinished. Kwa-yA-nam-o-na. 2338. Small chili muller. 2356. Polishing muller. 1998. Muller, used for preparing sauce. MI80ELLANEODS OBJECTS. 65940, 65941. Small stones used in polishing pottery. T6 k'iS, thM-k'ia- na-kia d-we. 65998, 65942. Polishing stones used for grinding sacred paint. 65988, 65998, 65943, 65974, 63944, 66010. Ditto, large. 65947, 65948, 65985. Small stones used in polishing pottery. Te-kia- thiakia-na-kia-d-we. 65967, 65946, 65975, 65997, 65973, 65950, 65981, 65965, 65966, 65951. Small stones used in polishing unburned vessels. T6 k'ia-pi na k'ia-thla-k'ia-na-k'ia d-we. 65983. Large stone for polishing baking slabs. A k'ia-thla-k'ia-na-k'ia d-a-le. 65982, 66000. Polishers. K'ia'-thla na-k'ia a-we. 526 COLLECTIONS OF 1881 — ZUNI. 65964. Small polishing stone. A' k'ia-thiakia-na-k'ia d-tsa-na. 66993. Ditto, larger. 66048, 66047. Ditto, flat. 66050. Ditto, large, flat. 65972. Small polisher for glazing and smoothing pottery. T6 k'ia-thla- kia-na-k'ia 4-tsa-na, for use of which see pi. xl. 66053, 65969. Ditto, rude. 65949. Small stone used in polishing unburned vessels. Te' k'ia-pi-na k'ia-thla-k'ia-na-k'ia-^-a-le. 66014, 66028, 66108, 66020. Pecking stones. A tok-na-k'ia a'-we. 66067, 6606C, 66065. Ornamented ancient pestles. I-no-to-na a-wa k'fj lu-lu-nakia d-tesh-kwi-we. 66218. Ornamented small paint pestle. H6-a-k'ia tti-lin-ne. 66260, 66277, 66278, 66279, 66268, 66280, 66265, 66281, 66282, 66283. Eub- bingstones used with a coarse metate for shucking and cracking corn. Tchu thlat-sa-k'ia-na-k'ia yal'-liwe. 65936. Ancient stone knife used in the ceremonial dance called the Hom'- ah-tchi, or war dance of the K§,-k9,. Hom-ah-tchi awen a- tchi-en-ne. 65934, 65933, 66310, 65937, 65931, 65932. Ancient war knives preserved for modern ceremonials. 3 Of the variety known as the ''Hd-mi-li-li ti-mush," or petri- fied wood-lance (archaric). 3 "Ti-mush shf-k'ia-na," or the black lance. 65929. Ditto, ground. 65930. Ancient rude stone knife. Ti-mush 4-tchi-en tsa-na. 66056. Thunder ball or stone used in the sacred ceremonial game of the priests. Ku-lu-lu-na-k'ia 4-a-le. 66064, 66063, 66060, 66058. Small stone balls used in the sacred game of the Hidden ball. I-an-k'o lo u-li-we. 66057. Small thunder ball used in the ceremonial game of the Hidden ball. Ku-lulu-na-k'ia 4-k'ia-mo-li-a tsa-na. 66061, 66059, Thunder ball, plain, small. 66055. Ditto, large, used as a weight in the dye-pot. 65970. Ditto, large, rude, or irregular. 66323, 66326, 66327. Stones for baking tortillas and corn griddle-cakes. H6 pa-tchish-na-kia a'- we. 66328. Ditto, for baking guyave or paper-bread. Hel'-ash-na-k'ia a-a-le. 66329. Ditto, small. 66044. Paint stone used as weight In dyeing. Thli-an-a-kia pd-u-li-k'ia d-a-le. 66068, 65928. Stones used as weights in the dye-pot. Thli-an A-k'ia pa wo lu-k'ia d-we. 66079, .66099, 66098, 66100, 66076, 66078. Sacred, ancient idol stones, concretions. A-thla-shi d-yal-up-na-we. 8TEVEK80N.) ARTICLES OF STONE. 527 6C080. Ancient stone idol found near the celebrated ruins in Eastern Tusayan, known as A-wat-ui, or Tala-ho-g'an. I-no-to-na-^ tablii-shi, hSb-i 4n-te-li-ah-nai-e. 66074,^6075, 66073. Small, disc-shaped stone quoits. Tan-ka-la-k'ia-na- k'ia d-we. 66052. Ditto, large. 65972. Stone for producing black paint of pottery, hematite. T6-tsi- na-k'ia d-k'win-ne. 66069. "Ancient stone." A-thla-shi. 66051,66084. Tufas for tanning skins. A she- a d- we. 69270. Concretion of sacred significance, or "old stone." A-thla-shi. 65935. Flat stone used as cover to cooking pot. Wo-le-a d k-os-kwi-ki'a. 66308, 66309. Pair of arrow-shaft raspers or grinders of sandstone. Sh6 tchish-ni-k'ia d-wi-patchin-ne. 66081, 66082, 6C083. Mauls for pounding raw-hide. I-k