ar 13117 PRESS. (New York 'ocket Cyclopedia OK Protection ContaininiC Facts and Figures , on Ia ry Pha the Tariff Crmt rt)M.r'-\ BY JOHN FORD. PRICF, TKN CENTS. THE GIFT OF )4..T!^,j^..o:yx>i.x v(^..[JfMM^yxX. A----H:.l-f.l-7. ^lU'Jlh..... arVUlir^''^' ""'"erslty Ubrary oHn,anx ^^^4 031 492 097 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tile Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031492097 POCKET CYCLOPEDIA OP PROTECTION. AGRICULTURE Under Free-Trade.— Mr. Clay states the average depression in value of property under the state of things which existed before the [fi-otectivej TarifE of 1824 came to the rescue of the country a,t 50 per cent. The revulsion of 1837 produced a far greater havoc than was experitoced in the period above mentioned. The ruin came quick and fearful. There were few that could save them.selves. Property of every description was parted with at prices that were astounding, and as for the currency, there was scarcely any at all. In some parts of Pennsyl- vania the people were obliged to divide bank notes into halves, quarters, eighths, and so on, and agree from neces- sity to use them as money. In Ohio, with all her abund- ance, it was hard to get money to pay taxes. The sheriff of Muskingum County, as stated by the Guernsey Times in the summer of 1843, sold at auction one four-horse wagon at $5.50 ; ten hogs at 6J^ cents each ; two horses (said to be worth |50 to $75 each) at $3 each ; two cows at $1 each ; a barrel of sugar at $1.50 and a store of goods at that rate. In Pike County, Mo., as stated by the Hannibal Journal, the sheriff sold three horses at $1.50 each ; one large ox at ISJ^ cents ; five cows, two steers and one calf, the lot at $3.35 ; 20 sheep at 13W cents each ; 24 hogs, the lot at 35 cents ; one eight-day <3ock at $2.50 ; lot of tobacco, seven or eight hogsheads, at $5 ; three stacks of hay, each' at 25 cents, and one stack of fodder at 35 cents. — Colton's Life of Henry Clay, Vol. 1 AGRICULTURE in England iJm'ned. — The Lon- don Financial Times, referrmg to the report of the Koyal Commission on the State of British Agriculture, says: " On every page there was proof from all classes of witnesses connected with the cultivation of the land of failing rents, of the rapidly diminishing produce raised on English farms, and an enormous acreage for which no tenants could be found on any terms, and which was either taken into the landlord's hands or thrown out of cultivation altogether. Farms which a few years ago were in the highest state of cultivation are given up to weeds, and the homesteads, once the pride of the country side, are falling in almost every county into ruin. The commission had no difiBculty whatever in finding a satis- factory explanation for this disastrous condition of things. It was only the inevitable result of our system of Free- Trade." There are few classes of workmen who in many respects are so thoroughly wretched as the English agricultural" laborers. They are in many respects so miserably poor that if they were converted into slaves to-morrow it would be to the interest of their owners to feed them far better than they are fed at present. Throughout large agricultural districts not a single agricultural laborer will be found who has saved so much as a week's wages. A life of toiling and incessant industry offers no other prospect than a miserable old a.g&.— Henry Fawcett. Since 1876 the value of lands in England and the income from farms have fallen from 30 to 50 per cent., but the interest on the mortgage remains the same. The losses of English landownershave been £300,000,000 (equal to $1,459- 800,000 in United States money), and the losses of tenants 1600,000,000. Hundreds of thousands of acres have gone out of cultivation within ten years, and 300,000 persons annually migrate from the country to the towns. AGBICULTUBAIi PRODUCTS, Their Increased Purchasing Power. Prices of Farm Products. Increase. Per 1816. 1890. Am't. cent. Wheat, per bushel $0.44 $1.05 $0.61 140 Oats, per bushel 15 .44 .39 193 Com, per bushel 30 .53 .33 160 Butter, per pound 13 .34 .13 100 Cows, per head 15.00 40.00 25.00 166 Hay, per ton 5.00 10.00 5.00 100 Farm labor, per month. .. 8.00 30.00 13.00 150 Average increase 144 Prices of Manufactures. Decrease. Per 1816. 1890. Am't. cent. Nails, per 100 pounds $13.00 $3.00 $10.00 83 Broadcloth, per yard 16.00 3.75 13.35 76 Woolen blankets, per pair.. 15.00 4.00 11.00 73 Cotton cloth, per yard 30 .06 .24 80 Calico 25 .05>^ .19}^ 74 Salt, per barrel 6.00 .50 8.50 91 Average decrease i 793^ Purchasing Power of Farm Products. 1816. 1890. lOObushels wheat would buy pounds nails. 350 5,250 100 bush, corn would buy yds. broadcloth IJ 14 lOOlbs.butterwouldbuyprs.woolenblankets f 6 1 cow would buy yards cotton cloth 50 666 ~ 1 ton hay would buy yards calico 20 183 1 month farm labor would buy bbls. salt. .. IJ 40 4 AGKICITLTURAL PRODUCTS. Their Purchas- ing Power under Free-Trade and Protection. Refined Standard Cotton Salt, sugar, prints, cloth, Cut iiails, barrels, pounds, yards, yards, pounds. One bushel vi heat would buy : In 1850 75 15.00 14.08 25.00 40.00 In 1892 1.90 21.10 17.27 31.66 57.00 One bushel corn would buy: lul850 38 7.60 7.15 12.66 20.00 Inl892 1.15 12.75 10.43 19.13 a5.00 Tea pounds butter would buy: In 1850 1.00 20.00 18.83 33.33 54.'00 In 1892 2.90 32.22 26.36 4^.33 88.00 Ten pounds cheese would buy: In 1850 47 9.40 8.85 15.66 25.00 In 1892 1.80 20.00 16.18 30.00 54.00 One pound medium washed wool would buy: In 1850 19 3.85 3.62 6.41 10.00 In 1892 72 8.00 6.54 12.00 22.00 AGRICTJLiTURAL Implements Higher Abroad than at Home. — The Farm Implement News oi Chicago says : "It is well known that American implements are sold to for- eign farmers at much higher prices than to American farmers. We have frequently called the attention of our readers to this fact; but in order to show more clearly the difference, we will quote the retail prices of 1890 on the following machinery and implements, giving highest fig- ures for all sections east of the Missouri River : "Twine binders, standard size, retail, United States, about $145; England, $225; France, $240; in Italy and other countries at still higher prices. " Mowers, standard size, retail, United States, about $50 ; in England, $70 to $80 ; in Prance, $80 to $90. ' ' Sulky hay rakes, retail, United States, $18 to $25, accord- ing to size and qtfality ; same rakes in France, $40 to $50 ; nearly as high in England. " Hay presses, steam power, retail, United States, $450 ; in England, $750 ; in France, $800. " Hay presses, horse power, standard reversible style, re- tail. United States, $285 ; in France, $500 ; in Argentine Bepublic, about $560. "No. 40 Oliver plow,with wheel and jointer, retail,United States, $14 _; in England, $16 to $18 ; in other foreign coun- tries still higher. Other plows and other makes of plows are sold abroad at proportionate advances over home prices. " Grain drills, nine-hoe, retail, United States, aUout $60 ; in Prance and Italy, $140. " In this way we might go through the whole list of agri- cultural implements exported to foreign countries. In every case the implement brings higher prices abroad." 5 AGRICULTURAL Machinery JVices.— Prices agreed upon by Messrs. Kingsland & Douglas, successors to Kiu^land, Fergeson & Co.; Simmons Hardwaa-e Company and Mansur & Tibtetts Implement Company, all of St. Louis, Mo. ArtJcles. 1889. 1880. 1813. 1865. I860. One-horse steel plow, wood beam. . . . $3.75 $3.50 $6 UO $8.00 Two-horsesteelplow, wood beam... 12.00 15.00 80.00 26.00 One-horse iron plow, wood beam. 2.00 3.00 5.00 Two-horse iron plow, wood beam 8.00 10.50 13 00 Two-horse side hill reversible plow.. 10.00 12.00 18.00 20.00 One potato digger 7.50 12.00 20.00 25.00 . ... Old-fashioned tooth-harrow 6.50 10.00 15.00 20 0(1 One-horse cultivator 3.50 5.00 7.00 10.00 Two-horse com cultivator 15.00 25.00 28.00 35.00 One-horse mowing machine 45.00 70 00 85.00 in5.0O$120.0O Two-horse mowing machine 50.CO 75 00 90.00 y.u. 00 125.00 Horse-raie, sulky 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 Common hand-rake, horse 3.50 6.00 6.50 8 00 10.00 Common iron garden rakes, 10-tooth steel per dozen 3.?5 5.75 12.00 16.00 One-horse horse-power 25.00 35.00 45.00 60.00 Two-horse horse-power 35.00 60.00 65.00 80.00 . . . Reaper .- 75.00 85.00 95.00 120.00 140.00 Binder 135.00 300.00 325.00 Thrasher 400.00 475.00 475. PO Bagger 25.00 35.00 , Gorn-sheller, one hole 6.00 8.60 11.50 15.00 ... Fanning-mill 15.00,20.00 25.00 30.00 Common hoes, cast-steel socket, per dozen 3.50 5.75 6 50 8.00 ... . Common rakes, wood, per dozen. 2.00 2.75 3 00 4.00 American grass scythes, per dozen... 7.50 12.00 16.00 21.00 American grain scythes, p°r dozen... 9.50 16.50 2'.tl0 26.00 Patentsoythes,sneathB, per dozen.... 4.50 9 50 11.00 16.00 . ... Ames' shovels, per dozen 9.50 15.00 18 00 20.50 .... Ames' spades, per dozen 10. nO 16.00 18.50 21.00 Orow-bars, steel 06 .08 Crow-bars, iron... 05 .06 .10 .15 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, Prices in America and England. American - — • — Prices in England. > prices John G. J. & F. Samuel- Articles. (Chicago). Rollins. Howard, son & Co. One-horse steel plow $10.00 $14.85 $15.60 Two-horsesteelplow 20.00 25.29 Potatodigger 11.00 12.45 - 13.20 Two-horse mowing ma- chine 60.00 75.00 76.64 $72.80 Horse rake 26.00 39.49 38.40 Reaper 119.55 124.80 Reaper and binder 130.00 249.60 Haytedder 45.00 64 00 60.00 American prices have fallen considerably since this, table was compiled and probably the differences are now proportionally greater in favor of this country. AGRICULTURAL Products, Proportion Exported.— The proportion of all agricultural products exported is about 10 per cent., or exclusive of cotton and tobacco, 5 per cent. The exact figures would be these for 1886-87 : Percentage exported to total amount. 10 . 1 Percentage exclusive of cotton 5.7 Percentage exclusive of cotton and tobacco 5.3 6 AGBICULTUBAL Products Imported— It the hus- bandman in the field of American agriculture could induce the Congress of the United States to so increase the tariff on all domestic animals, and the product of domestic ani- mals, such as sheep_, goats, cattle, horses, and all agricul- tural products now imported, that they would be entirely excluded, it would require a hundred million acres of land additionail to that now in use, and a half million men in caring for and producing the increased products, which we now buy from foreign countries. - Let us figure up the amount of land needed to produce some of the farm products now imported : Acres needed for hay, pasture and feed for horses . 3,000,000 Hay, pasture and feed for sheep 40,000,000 Flax, hemp and fibers 30,000,000 Barley, potatoes and hay 877,000 Hops, peas, beans and buckwheat 133,000 Oranges, lemons, prunes and raisins 1,000,000 Total, acres 64,000,000 And this is saying nothing about the wheat, oats, corn, rye, cattle and vegetables that are imported annually. AUSTBALiIA, Protected Victoria vs. Unprotected New South Wales. — ^Victoria, with a Tariff for Protection, with but little more than one-fourth the area and but half the years of existence as a colony as compared with New South "Wales, which has always had Free-Trade, already far surpasses it in material and developed wealth ana equals it in population. Table of Manvfaetories, Works, &c., in the Two Colonies for the years 1889 and 1890. No. of No. of estab- hands em- Value of Colony. Year, lishments. ployed. plant. Victoria JISSO ^'^^ 59,181 £5,939,970 ^^'''^°"* J 1889 3,154 56,271 5,565,335 Increase 154 3,910 £374,645 New South Wales P^S^ ^'^'^'^ ^^■'^l* £5,805,894 JNew bourn waies-|jggQ gggg ^g^^g 5,463,581 Decrease 171 808 £343,313 — The Canadian Manufacturer. Note. — N. S. W. has now a Protective Tariff. BEET SUGAR, Its PossibUities.—lo produce the amount of sugar consumed in the United States from beets it would require 15,000,000 tons of beets, for which the farmer would receive $75,000,000, being pne-half of the total value of all the sugar consumed. If sufficient beets were raised in the United States to produce the amount of sugar that is annually imported, the value of the sugar produced from these beets would be |150,000,000 more than cereals produced on the same quantity of land. According to the latest United States statistical reports, there were over 3,800,000.000 pounds of sugar Imported during the fis- cal year of 1890, 'which, when refined, was worth over $200,000,000. To produce this sugar from beets would re- quire about 1,000,000 acres of land and about 300 beet-6Ugar factories of a daily capacity of 350 tons each, costing about $95,000,000, and an annual expenditure of over $300,000,000 for the purchase of beets and cost of manufacturing them into sugar. — E. H. Dyer, in California Fruit Grower, BALANCE OP TRADE. Imports in excess of ex- ports. CODNTBIES WITH WHICH WB HAD AN UNFAVORABLE TRADE BALANCE, 1891. Exports of Imports of domestic and Countries. merchandise foreign mer- into the cbaifdise from ' United States, the United Statrs. Germany *97,316,383 $92,79&,456 $4,520,937 France.. 76,688,995 60,693,190 15,995,805 Italy 21,678,208 16,046,9:ffl 5,631,283 Switzerland 14,118,805 49,317 14,069,488 Austria-Hungary .... 11,595,310 1,311,083 10,284,227 Kussia on the Black Sea 1,543,441 503,897 1,039,544 Turkey in Europe 1,854,675 37,031 1,817,644 Greece 1,378,338 159,445 1,218,888 Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Is- lands 95,495 900 94,595 , Mexico 37,295,992 14,969,620 13,326,373' Central American States 9,799,122 6,813,316 2,985,806 West Indies '§6,461,705 34,459,451 52,003,254 Brazil 83,230,595 14,120,246 69,110,349 Venezuela 13,078,541 4,784,956 7,293,585 Argentine Republic. . 5,976,544 3,830,035 3,156,509 Columbia 4,765,354 3,182,644 1,582,710 Guianas 5,653,916 2,268,679 3,385,237 Chile 3,448,290 3,145,635 302,665 Uruguay 2,356,739 1,076,575 1,380 164 ' China 19,331,850 8,701,008 10,630 842 British East Indies. . . 23,356,989 4,400,103 18,956 886 Japan 19,309,193 4,807,693 14 501505 Hawaiian Islands.... 13,895,597 5,107,212 8 000 385 Dutch East Indies. .. . 6,778,993 2,102,992 4 676 050 Philippine Islands.... 5,167,209 124,573 5,042,637 Portuguese East In- dies 278 278 Turkey in Asia. 2,810,393 93,803 3.fl7 491 Turkey in Africa 1,595,867 300,776 1 395'oqi All other Africa 1,207,183 547,355 659908 British Possessions, ' ' aU other'. 1,496,889 346,516 1,150,373 Total 1562,276,768 $285,669,370 $376,607,498 OUB FAVOUABLE TRADE BALANCE IN 1891. Imports of ri„„„4.„i„„ merchandise Countries. j„j„ ^^^^ United States. Great Britain and Ire- land $194,723,262 Belgium 10,945,672 Netherlands 12,422,174 Spain 6,033,481 Russia on the Baltic and White Seas .... 8,186,337 Sweden and Norway. 3,733,201 Portugal 1.618,252 Denmark 268,686 Gibraltar 83,829 Azore, Madeira, and Cape Verde Islands. 81,783 Roumania 51 British North Ameri- can Possessions 89,484,535 British Honduras. . . . 219,090 Miquelon, Lang ley, and Saint Pierre Islands 15,635 Peru 386,518 Ecuador 836.437 Bolivia 3,734 British Australasia. . . 6,239,021 Hongkong 563,275 French Possessions in Oceanica 319,307 Russia, Asiatic. 103,567 French East Indies ... 14 All other countries and ports in Asia. . 27,7g6 British Africa 959,401 French Africa...;... 390,953 Spanish Africa 89,537 Liberia 13,513 Portuguese Africa. . . 713 All other islands and ports. 50,686 Total $282,639,428 Exports of domestic and foreign mer- chandise from the United States. Exports in excess of imports. ' $445,414,026 27,540,424 24,113,977 14,619,335 $2,50,690,764 16,594,752 U,691,803 8,585,854 7,260.115 4,943,180 4,987,138 3,317,137 480,105 4,073,778 1,219,979 3,368,886 3,048,451 397,276 474,904 50,462 89,443,755 462,839 400,148 1,399,991 903,159 6,880 13,017,132 4,768,697 373,885 161,580 188,629 329,854 3,141,799 609,919 180,486 55,161 22,501 145,832 443,133 50,411 9,230 84^,749 384,513 1.013,473 66,722 2,646 6,778,111 4.205,422 53,578 58,013 188,615 302,088 2,li>2,398 218,966 140,949 41,649 31,78B 95,136 $519,811,540 $316,173,112 BECAPITHLATION OF FOREGOING TABLES. Countries. Imports. Exports. Europe $459 305.372 $704,71)8,047 North America.. 163.228,079 96,549,129 South America... 118,736,668 33,708,290 Asia and Ocean- ica 97.893.356 44,175.109 Africa 4,207,146 4,757,897 All other coun- tries 1,547,575 492,338 Total $844,916,196 $884,480,810 Q Excess of imports. $6M76,gs6 85,028,378 53,718,247 1,055,239 Excess of exports. $245,492,675 550,751 $39,564,614 BINDING TWINE, Free Materials.— THie reductions •in the duties on fibers made by the McKinley Act will be indicated by the following table : Old law. New law. Sunn and sisal grass $15 a ton. Free. Manila 35 " Istle or Tampico fiber 15 " " BOOTS AND SHOES. Best and Cheapest in Amer- ica. — A special correspondent of the London Boot and Shoe Record, sent to America in 1891 to investigate the Ameri- can boot and shoe trade, said : " I have before me a pair of gentleman's whole-golosh laced boots [shoes], which would retail to the public in America at two dollars — say eight shillings a pair. They are machine sewn, and, though light, they are but little inferior in value to what is known in the trade as a half-guinea (3.56) boot." BOOTS Cheaper in America than in England. — The Lon- don Times of February 8, 1893, quotes from the testimony given before the Labor Commission by Mr, J. Ingle, secre- tary of the Leeds Boot Manufacturers' Association, the following statements: "During the past 13 months 36 firms in the shoe trade in Leeds had failed. He knew one place in Leeds where thousands of pounds' worth of mar chinery was not allowed to be worked owing to the trade unionists declining to work it at a profit to the employers. Ever since 1874 they had been importing from America men's strong boots suitable for workingmen, and selling them at 4 shillings 8 pence a pair, or 8 pence less than they could sell an English-made boot of the same quality. We were 30 or 80 years behind the United States in shoemak- ing." BUNTING.— All through the war of ihe rebellion no bunting was made in this country. It could not be made ; it was not made. We depended upon Great Britain. There was no Tariff on bunting except the very ordinary Tariff of that class of goods, for another purpose, and we were pay- ing from $25 to $35 for the different grades of bunting ; and no soldier or sailor fought in the great war under a yard of American bunting. Well, at the request of the Secre- tary of the Navy, I undertook, with some of my young friends up in Lowell, to see if bunting could be made here. We found out how to make it ; sent a man over to Eng- land to learn, and we started it with 13 looms, and there was a 40 per cent. Tariff put on the bunting. What was the effect of that ? I would not, if I could have had my own way, had more than 10 per cent, put on it. Everybody said: " Oh, General Butler put a great deal of Tariff on the bunting." I knew too much for that. What was the ef- fect of that ? The Tariff was so high that within 18 years there were 13,000 looms weaving bunting in the United States, and the bunting now has come down so that the very best that can be made on earth may be got for $18 a piece, instead of $30 and $35. And so it is with every arti- cle.— (?en. B. F. Butler. 10 CARPET Prices Under the McKinley Law. Price in Price in January, March, 1890. 1893. Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Co. : per yd. per yd. Axminster $1.80 $1.20 Extra gobelin moquette 1 .70 1 .30 Moquette 1.35 \.\%]4 Extra velvets 1.20 1 .10 Extra tapestry (10 wire) 75 .67"^ Best tapestry 70 Lowell Carpet Co. : Super three ply 77J^ .75 Extra super ingrain 60 -571^ Wiltons, five frame 2.10 2.00 Body Brussels, five frame 1 . 30 1 . 073^ Hartford Carpet Co. : Moquette. 1.35 1.12>^ Wiltons, five frame 2.10 .2.00 Brussels, five frame 1.20 1.03J^ Three plys 11)4 .75 • E. S. Higgins&Co.: Axminster 1 .30 1 .25 Wilton velvets 1.15 1.13>^ Moquette velvets 1.15 1 . 123| Imperial velvets 90 .85 CliOTHLNG, Its Cost Here and Abroad.— The truth is that the only item in which there is any considerable advantage in the workingman's cost of living in this country [England] is in the matter of rent. In plain clothing for men, women and children thero is scarcely any advantage, if.indeed, thereis any atall. . . As good a suit of clothes can be purchased in that city (Chicago) for $10 as can be obtained in this country for the same money. — U. S. Con- sul E. E. Lane, Tunstall, England. Everything made to order in the way of clothing, ex- cept shirts, perhaps, is considerably cheaper here, while machine-made or factor-made goods show disappearing differences only. . . In workmanship and finish I find corresponding articles of the wholesale process of manu- facture superior in the United States. This is true of clothing as well as of collars, cuffs and like articles. — U. S. Consul Schoenkof[Free-Trader\, Tunstall, England. COAL Production and Prices. Anthracite. Bituminous. 1880. 1890. 1880. 1890. Product, tons, 3000 pounds.. 38,640,819 45,544,970 18,435,163 36,174,089 Average price per ton at mines $1.47 |1.44 $1.08 $0.77 11 COBDEN CLUB'S Methods.— It is strenuously denied by Free-Traders that the Cobden Club interferes in American legislation. The following extract from a speech by the President of the club at the Annual Convention in London, ought to be suflQcient proof that it does: "It is somewhat disappointing to find that there is so little dis- position on thepa,it of foreign nations to follow our example in the direction of Free-Trade, and at present they do not appear inclined to do so. We are rather powerless to put pressure upon them. We can only use arguments to induce them to believe that it is in their interests to follow our lead in this matter. There is something we can do, and that is, when a Tariff is ufder revision, we can send over competent authorities, and endeavor to make the conditions as beneficial, or as little injurious Jo our trade as may be." COBDEN CliUB'S Sphere.— nere is what a com- mittee of the Cobden Club reported to the club after look- ing over the field in 1888 : "Your committee continues to afford all the assisti-^ce in their power to those who are laboring in the Free-Trade cause in foreign countries. In America in the course of political events there is great promise The result of the turning of public attention in this direction is seen in the fact that revenue reform is becoming a leading question in the Presidential contest, and is on the winning side." Years before the London Times of July 13, 1880, had declared : "How Free- Trade will come some day to the United States must be left to the Cobden Club and to its twelve Cabinet Ministers in their unofiicial capacity to decide. . . . . It is to the New World thatthe club is chiefly looking as the most likely sphere for its vigorous foreign policy. It has done what it can for Europe, and is now turning its eyes westward and bracing itself for the struggle which IS to come. . . . So it will go on until reason has destroyed Protection in the great stronghold [United States] in which it has intrenched itself We intend to break down the Protecting system in the United States and to substitute the British system. That done, our victory is complete and final." COTTON TIES— Under date of February 26, 1893, Messrs. J. Painter & Sons Company of Pittsburgh, Pa., gave the following striking information concerning the prices of cotton ties in this country during 1889, 1890 and 189 1 : " Before the passage of the McKinley act, there were only about 400,000 bundles, or 10,000 net tons, manufact- ured in the United States, or about one-fourth of the re- quirements. After the passage of the above bill, the manu- facture of ties was stimulated in Ohio, Pennsylvania, In- diana, Georgia, Tennessee and Texas, and from careful fig- ures we believe that over 1,600,000 bundles, or 40,000 net tons, were made in 1891, which aided in giving employ- ment to' fully 11,000 men. 1« As to prices, we have gone over our books and find that the average price at our mill for standard arrow cotton ties was, in : Per bundle. 1S89 11.18 1890 1.161^ 1891 (under McKinley duty) 1.095^ COTTON BAGGING.— Previous to 1870 we made no haggling in this country at all, but imiwrted our entire supply from Calcutta, where the Italian Jute Manufact- urers' Association, a trust of the most approved Free-Trade type, controlled the output and, of course, raised prices to suit itself, as appears from the following table : Prices of Gunny Bagging, Standard Weight. [From New York Financial Chronicle. 1 Year. Price, sq. yd. 1866 $0.36 1867 24 1868 21 1869 23 1870 31 In 1870, with the help of an adequate Protective duty, the battle against this trust, which controlled our market, commenced, and it has resulted in a victory for the Amer- ican industry, which now furnishes the entire supply of cotton bagging used in the United States, at prices that (as will be seen from the subjoined table) hjCve been continu- ally falling, and are now lower than ever before : Prices of Cotton Bagging, Standard Weight. [From New York Financial Chronicle.] Year. Price, sq. yd. 1871 10.18 1875 13^ 1880 12 1885 .11 1890 09J^ 1891 0814 1893 07J^ Has the duty resulted in the formation of a trust in this country ? No. Our supply of cotton bagging is furnished by 20 mills, distributed from Massachusetts to Texas, and operated by 18 independent companies. COTTON Manufacturing Under Free-Trade and Pro- tectum.—The Textile Manufacturing World, an American publication, says • " In 1880, according to the tenth census, there were in this country 10,931,147 cotton spindles, and in 1891, according to the biennial reports published by C. A. Dockham & Co., the number had increased to nearly 15,500,000, being, in fact, 15,497,303, an increase of over 41 per cent, in 11 years, while in Great Britain the rate per 13 cent, of increase has been only 8M> while the actual in-' crease would seem to be 3,500,00ff spindles, against over 4,576,000 in the United States." The Textile World, an English paper, finds that in the 13 years from 1877 to 1890 the consumption of raw cotton in- creased as follows : Increase, per cent. Geat Britain 25 Continent of Europe 71 United States 85 DEPOSITORS and amount of Deposits in Savings Banks in European Countries. Number of Amount of - Countries. depositors. deposits. Austria 1,850,000 $613,000,000 Belgium and Netherlands 310,000 82,000,000 France 4,150,000 559,000,000 Germany ; 5,000,000 Great Britain 3,715,000 536,000,000 Italy 1,970,000 346,000,000 Prussia.... 720,000,000 Russia 200,000 36,000,000 Scandinavia 1,600,000 220,000,000 Spain 10,000,000 Switzerland 1,600,000 118,500,000 DRAWBACK AND TARIFF TAX.— Besse- mer pig iron now [March, 1892] sells in England at 48 shillings, or $11.68, a ton ; with ocean freightage added, say |13 a ton. The American plow manufacturer imports it at this price and pays the duty, $6.73 a tori, which brings its cost up to $19.73. After it has been manufactured into the plows destined for the foreign market and the plows entered for export, the Government refunds to him 99 per cent, of the duty paid, which would be $6.65 aton, making the net cost of his pig iron $13.07 a ton. It is charged that this refund is in effect an acknowledg- ment that at least 99 per cent, of the duty is a tax. Not so. Why? Because, as we have seen, the English pig iron would have cost $13 a ton if admitted free of duty. The manufacturer can buy Bessemer pig to-day in Pitts- burgh at $14.75 a ton. The difference, $1.75 a ton, is the utmost limit of the " Tariff tax," as figured out by the most approved " reform " method. DUTIES on Farm Products.— Rsttes of duty on farm products. Articles, Barley Buckwheat Corn Oats Wheat Law of 1883, 10c. per bushel 10 per cent. 10c. per bushel 10c. per bushel SOc. per bushel 14 Democratic Mins bill. lOo. per bushel 10 per cent. lOc. par bushel lOc. per bushel SOc. per bushel Rep. TariflE of 1890. SOc. per bushel 15c. per bushel 15c. per bushel 15c. per bushel 2Sc. per bushe^ Butter Cheese Beans Eggs Hay Hops Potatoes Flaxseed, &o Garden seeds Bacon and hams Beef, mutton, &c Wool, 1st class Wool, 8d class Wool, 3d class , Wool, 3d class Leaf tobacco , stemmed Not stemmed All other stemmed. . . Flax Plums and prunes 4o. per pound 4c. per pound 10 per cent free $8 per ton 8c. per pound ISc. per bushel 30o. per bushel 80 per cent. ac. per pound Ic. per pound 10c. per pound 18c. per pound aKc per lb. 5c. per pound $1 per pound 75e. per pound 40c. per pound S20 per ton Ic. per pound 4c. per pound 4c. per pound free , free $8 per ton 8c. per pound 15c. per bushel 10c. per bushel free 3c. per pound leper pound free free" free free ^ $1 per pound 75c. per pound 4^c. per pound free free 6o. per pound 6c. per pound 40o. per bushel 5c, per dozen $4 per ton 15c. per pound 85c. per bushel 30c. per bushel SO per cent. 5c. per pound 2c. per pound lie. per pound 13c. per pound 38 per cent. 50 per cent. $3.75 per phid $3 per pound 50 per cent. Ic. per pound 8c. per pound DUTIES, Who Pays Tliem ?— The Dry Ooods Chrmiide of October 3, 1891, pointed out that Chemnitz (Germany) cot- ton hosiery was selling more cheaply in this country under the higher duties than under the lower duties of the old law, and gave the following table : Cost prices per dozen of Chemnitz hosiery at New York. Class. 1890. 1891. 1. Ladies' plain fast black, fine $2.50 $3.25 2. Ladies' plain fast black, fine 2.25 2.00 3. Children's ribbed, sizes 6 to 9 2.35 2.15 4. Men's brown half hose 1,40 1.02 5. Ladies' fine fast black, lowest grade 2.00 1.85 6. Ladies' fancy lisle 4.60 3.50 The new duties are 50 cents per dozen, and 30 per cent. ad valorem on the first five classes, 75 cents a dozen and 40 per cent on the last. The old duties were 40 per cent, ad valorem on all six classes. From these figures as a basis we get a second interesting table showing_ with mathemat- ical accuracy just who pays the increase in duty : Reduction McKinley Price if Real price made by increase increase under Mc- foreign raass. in duty. were added. Kinley law. manufr. 1 ....$0.33 $2.83 $2.25 $0.58 2 34 2.59 2.00 .59 3 33 2.68 2.15 .53 4 . ; . . .40 1.80 1.03 .78 5 36 2.36 5.34 1.85 3.50 .51 6 ...; .74 1.74 Thus we see that where we put our Tariflf 33 cents a dozen higher, the foreigner sold his goods 58 cents a dozen cheaper ; where we put it 34 cents a dozen higher, he dropped 59 cents in his price. On class 3 we advanced the duty 33 cents a dozen, but he came down 53 cents ; on class 15 4 we went up 40 cents, he came down 78 cents, and on 5 and 6 he dropped 51 cents and $1.74 a dozen, respectively, so soon as our Tariff went up 36 cents and 74 cents respect- ively. Who pays the duty ? DITTIES Collected, Percentages of Free and Dutiable Goods, Average Bate per cent, and .amount per capita Col- lected upon Imports entered for eonsumption each year, 1791 to 1891. Averaf^ M ad- . Year end- Per cent, of Free. Amounts of Valorem rates of duty on— ing- duty collected. , ,Duti- Free and able, dutiable.' ei4i Sept. 30- Dollars Per ct. Per ct. Dols. ■B 1791.... 6,494,325.53 33 24 1.61 s* 1793.... 4,938,074.66 15.68 i.iy "S 1793. . . . 6,598,445.81 21.22 1.54 !r>-« 1794.... 8,588,382.98 24.82 1.95 a.S 1796.... 9,238,455.43 ■ • > • 13.96 8.03 ITSfi.... 12,581,163.12 15.45 2.68 1797.... 12,866,984.69 17.07 8.66 .S"S 1798. . . . 11,402,185.17 16.63 2.28 1799. . . . 15,251,952.68 19.29 2.96 % 1800.... 16,003,779.77 17.54 8.01 ^ 1801.... 29,594 396.42 26.57 5^40 Dols. 1802. . . . 14,843,132.91 19.45 8.63 7.17 1803.... 14,365,346.48 32.06 2,45 8.76 1804.... 19,888,622.50 23.40 8.30 8.10 1805.... 22,299,968.59 18.49 3.59 10.86 1806. . . . 24,285,.'^92.]0 19.18 8.88 10.79 1807.... 25,530,989.99 18.43 3.86 11.94 1808.... 10,662,507..59 18.71 1.56 6.46 1809.... 10,84 ,75H. 40 18.26 1.54 5.50 1810. . . . 15,368,356.40 17.88 3.19 8.43 1811.... 9,880,8fi8.09 18.55 1.33 5.02 1818.... 14,373,782.46 18.66 1.87 8.93 .1813.... 7,200,583.28 . t . . . 32.72 .91 2.43 1814. . . . 4,241,482.06 32.73 .52 1.58 1815.... 38,050,760.87 33.66 4.55 ;3.73 1816.... 32,829,923.48 22.83 3.81 : 5.09 1817.... 22.134,078.46 32.30 3..'^0 9.01 1818- • ■ • 25,860,387.64 31.24 2.84 11.31 1819.... 21,345,915.76 24.50 3.27 7.24 1820..:. 16,591,215^)3 23.39 1.73 5.84 1831..,. 3.97 18,883,253.36 35.97 34.64 1.90 4.40 1822... 5.20 34,(195,336.87 31. T3 30.17 3.36 6.69 18.-3.... 6.12 32,416,277.19 33.71 30.93 3.13 4.87 1824.... 5.72 25,515,966.48 37.53 35.86 8.36 4.97 18a.... 5.59 81,683,096.15 37.10 35.13 3.84 5.95 1826.... 8.07 26,108,254.74 36.06 33.43 2.28 5.03 1827.... 5.26 27,963,145 43 41.35 39.20 2.38 4.65 1828.... 6.00 39,966,473.33 39.36 36.99 3.46 5.51 1839..;. 6.36 37,769,769.(13 44.30 41.39 2.-33 4.. 38 1830.... 7.09 28,417,0,55.96 48.88 45.31 2.21 3.85 1831.... 6.65 36,623,070.48 40.81 38.19 2.77 6.36 1882.... 9.29 29,356,056.74 33.83 80.86 2.16 5.54 1833.... 24.al 24,196,108.67 31.96 23.95 1.73 5.97 1834.... 45.67 18,987,952.77 33.67 17.48 1.32 6.05 1835.... 47.37 25.931,233.16 36.04 18.95 1.75 8.25 1836.... 44.15 30,991,510.93 31.65 17..55 1.04 10.44 1837.... 41.99 18,191,605.31 35.36 13.94 1..6 7.24 1« Av'ge ad. val \'ear end- Per cent.-of Free. Amounts of rates of duty on S « ii.(f- duty collected. Duti- Free and 3 S Id able dutiable. Q c Sep. 31- Dollars Per ct. Per ct. Dols. Dols. 1838.... 44.09 19,998,861.98 37.8420.84 1.24 5.37 1839.... 44.76 3.5,631,888.13 29.90 16.38 1.55 8.79 1840.... 48.83 15.178,975.46 80.37 15.45 .88 5.05 1841.... 49.73 19,941,090.29 .33.20 16.22 1.13 6.53 1JW3.... 26.53 16,686,341.93 34.00 17.37 .91 4.&5 June ;^0 — 1843... o 31.03 7,508,627.19 35.73 17.70 .40 1.99 1M4.... 17.31 29,395,762.56 86.13 28.65 1.53 5.00 1845.... 14.83 30,978,558.44 33.57 27.37 1..56 5.31 1846. . . . 16.94 30,484,716.34 31.45 25.85 1.48 5.37 1847.... 13.63 28,137.923.86 26.86 22.98 1.33 5.05 1848. .. 10.63 33,034;306.09 34.97 23.22 1.51 6.45 1849.... 10.34 31,027,772.46 24.73 21.97 1.38 5.89 1850 ... 9.74 ,40,181,813.04 25.85 33.16 1.73 7.07 1851 ... . 8.93 48,626,600.08 25.44 23.07 3.03 8.35 1852. . . . 11.08 47,577,63;^. 19 25.9,2.7 56 2,006,257.61 Articles. J891. Values. Ordinary duties collected. Jewelry and precious stones. Futs, and manufactures of. . . Breadstufls Fish, not elsewhere specified. Paper, and manufactures of . Lead, and manufactures of . . Cement, Roman, Portland and all other Ctoal and coke Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products Books, maps, engravings, etch- ings. Sec Clocks and watches, and parts of Animals, not elsewhere speci fled Buttons and button forms Marble and stone, and manu- factures of Hops Seeds, not elsewhere snecitied . . Gunpowder, and all explosive substances Musical instruments Paints and colors Salt Oils, animal, mineral and vege- table, not elsewhere speci- fied Art works, not elsewhere spec- ified Straw, and manufactures of . . Brushes $13,174,372: «, 781,741. 3.838,039. 4,323,663. 3,086,273. 1,688,561. 3.986,066. 3,704,452. 1,973,499. 2,486,696. 2,284.382. 2,470,983. 2,158,186. 1.316,962. 1,706,824. 2,356,750. 483,000. 1,411,478. 1,437.952. 927,650. 1,491,889.18 .43 .93 .58 1,704,^7.' 840,121.! 858,821.1 Carriages, and parts of Gold and silver, manufactures of Bristles Soap All other dutiable articles... 501,670.49 613,909.50 1,502.827.00 f.78,768.83 8,759,502.14 $1,503,803.07 1.409,711.31 894,647.68 893,967.00 874.828.68 832,364.82 830,311.48 804,844.55 636,087.99 621,605.82 604,626.43 589,001.51 585,934.2? 561,232 05 543,109.80 520,027.40 484,028.60 475,202 86 439.717.46 408,789.83 367,996.18 287,807.19 251,884 69 313,372.23 209,290.97 165,451.15 156.528.3» 2,493,5t>9.01 Total dutiable Total free of duty Additional and discriminating duty 466,4.^5,172.66 388,064,404.45 215,790,686.05 al.095,015.18 Total. 884,519,577.11 216,885,701.23 a Duty the equivalent of internal-revenue tax payable when do- mestic spirits and tobacco, subject to such tax, are consumed in the United States, having been exported and returned. DUTIES, Who Pays Them 9— The Dry Goods Chronicle of Octobers, 1890, thus explained how foreigners took the increase in Tariff out of their own prices: "In order to retain onr trade the manufacturers of Chem- nitz have made a reduction in prices of low-priced goods of 35 to 40 per cent, below those of a year ago. They reduced the wages of factory hands to an extremely low rate, and also the wages of case (box) makers, cotton spinners and label makers. The fall in the price of cotton helped them to 19 obtain the raw material at a much lower rate, especially the lower grades. But apart from all these conditions, they have been willing to accept a profit of only IJ^ to 2 per cent, instead of 8 to 10 per cent, as formerly." DUTY COLLECTED Under Specific and Ad Va- lorem Sates. — The "amounts of revenue collected from specific rates of duty and ad valorem rates, respectively, during the year 1883 and the six years ending June 30, 1891, have been as follows: Years. Value of dutiable merchan- dise. Ordinary collected. Collected under specific rates. Collected under ad valorem rates. 1883 18S6...... 1887 1888 Dollars. 493,916,384 413,778,055 450,326.322 468.143,7-4 484,856.768 507.571.764 466,455,173 Dollars. 209,659,699 188,379,397 212,032,424 213,509,802 218,701,774 825,428,888 215,790,686 Percent. 56 60.5 61.3 58.6 60.3 58.71 58.15 Per cent. 44 39.5 38.7 41 4 1889 1890 39.7 41.21 1891 41.85 It will be observed that the Tariff act of 1890 has not materially changed the ratio of duties collected from ad valorem rates and specific rates; respectively, the rela- tive per cent, being in 1891 about tfie same as in 1890 under the act of 1883. EGGS.— In 1890 we imported 11,963,752 dozen eggs, valued at $1,584,089; in 1891 we imported 4,263,375 dozen eggs, valued at $533,497 ; difEerence, 7,699,377 dozen ; difference in value $1,050,592. ENGLAND'S FORMER Protective Policy.— Lord Stanhope, in the thirty-fourth volume of the En- glish Parliamentary Debates, page 178, says : " We have now 977 acts of Parliament protecting our woolen indus- tries, 964 acts protecting the fisheries, 460 acts protecting our tobacco manufactures, 283 acts protecting our cur- rency and 440 acts regulating the wages of labor ;' 194 of these acts are entirely prohibitory." John Wade (in " Black Book ; or. Corruption Unmasked ") declares that within his own recollection " the English Parliament i>assed 200 acts protecting the manufacture of alcoholic liquors, 54 acts protecting her cotton manufactures and 22 acts pro- tecting iron, steel, lead, copper, tin, &c., which were scat- tered over and nearly filled 1000 volumes of Parliamentary Reports." ENGLAND Hoped to Reconquer America Through Free-Trade. — Fox, the illustrious English statesman, in a speech in Convent Garden, London, April 9, 1844, when the location of the boundary between Oregon and British America threatened to lead to war with Great Britain, 20 said of the territory in dispute : "When man has occupied it -when the itocky Mountains are tunneled and rail and canal have united the Atlantic and Pacific, .... why, then will be the time to talk of the Ore- gon Territory ; then, without a regiment or line-of -battle ship, without bombarding any town whatever, Free-Trade will conquer the Oregon Territory for us, and will conquer the United States for us also as far as it is desirable either for us or for them that there should be any conquest what- ever in the case. Free-Trade will establish there all the insignia of conquest. When their products come here, and those of our industry return, there will be scarcely a laborer upon the pine forest that he is clearing but will wear ^on his back, to his very shirt, the livery of Manchester. The knife with which he carves his game will have the mark of Sheffield upon its blade as a testimony of our supremacy. Every handkerchief waved upon the banks of the Missouri will be the waving of an English banner from Spitalfields. . . . . Why, they will be conquered, for they will work for us ; and what can the conquered do more for their masters ? They will grow corn for us, they will grind it and send us the flour, they will fatten pigs for us upon the peaches of their large wooded grounds ; they will send us whatever they can produce that we want, and without asking us to put our hand in our pocket in order, by taxa- tion, to pay a governor there for quarreling with their representatives, or soldiery to bayonet their multitudes." [Applause.] ENGLAND Prohibited Manufacturing in the Colonies. —In 1733 Parliament prohibited the exportation of hats from province to province, and in 1750 the erection of any iron mill under a penalty of $1000 for each offense ; but pig iron could be exported to England, duty free, in order that it might be manufactured there and returned to the Colonies. Later, Lord Chatham declared that he would not permit the Colonists to make even a hob-nail or a horse- shoe for themselves, and his views were subsequently car- ried into effect by the absolute prohibition in 1765 of the export from England of artisans ; in 1781, of woolen ma- chinery ; in 1783, of cotton machinery and artificers in cotton ; in, 1785 of iron and steel-making machinery, and workmen in those departments of tra^ 33 4- 31 1^ 33 j^ The Hague, Holland... m% 53i| 393^ 33% Total 743^ 491 J^ 40-5^ 332jV Average abroad... 74.3 49.1 40.5 33.3 LiOWEB DUTIES on the Average, than Utpder the Old Law. — So far from a prohibitory Tariff has the new law proved itself in actual operation that the average rate of duties under it is the lowest since 1860, under the Free- Trade Tariff. The amount of duty collected in the last fiscal year has not yet been ascertained, but comparing the 13 months ending March 31, when the first complete year under free sugar ended, with the three corresponding peri- ods inunediately preceding, a Treasury report gives the fol- lowing results : Average ad valorem per cent, on— Per free Teai; cent, of and ending March 31 Free of Duty value Duti- duti- . duty. Dutiable. collected. free. able, able. 1889 .8254,313,819 $476,110,487 8216,818,618 34.81 45.54 29.69 1890 258,793,634 498,239,213 218,957,716 34.19 43.95 28.92 1891 322.964.178 552,056,691 236,037,024 39.15 47.01 28.60 1893 460,562.153 363,649,727 170,226,354 55.88 46.81 - 20.65 Where does the Chinese wall feature appear in this 30.65 per cent, average Tariff rate ? Why , the average rate under the first Tariff, signed by George Washington, was 33.34 per cent. liUftlBER UTider the New Tariff.— In. the course of some objections to the workinar of the McKinley bill, the Canadiam, Manufacturer quotes Dr. Spohn, M. P. for Esist Simcoe, as follows: "The McKinley bill put a duty on lumber of $3 per thousand, the immediate result of which was to bring the [Canadian] Government to their knees. They asked pardon and took off the export duty on logs. 38 The effect of taking off this duty was that many of the saw mills on the Georgian Bay were closed up, and the lumber that used to be exported to the United States is now being sent there in the log. The northern part of Ontario is be- coming depopulated, and the money that should be legiti- mately spent in manufacturing saw logs at the different ports of Georgian Bay is spent in Michigan. . . This dollar duty upon lumber induced the mill owners to take their logs to the United States and manufacture them there. . . In the town of Tonawanda, New York, the mills employ 5000 hands in planing and handling lumber." The explanation of the difference between "a duty on lumber of $3 per thousand" and "this dollar duty upon lumber," is that the Canadians having put an export duty on logs, the McKinley bill, which admitted logs free, raised the duty on sawn lumber to $3 while there was an export duty on logs, but reduced it to $1 when the export duty should be repealed. MACHINERY, American, Abroad. — Here are Ameri- can manufacturers of silk machinery actually sending their product over to Europe, orders for Knowles looms having been received from London, Zurich and other places in the old country. An attempt to manufacture the looms in London did not prove successful, although they were made after the American patterns, and the result is that the manufacturers are now turning them out here for shipment to Europe. The next thing will be for this country to supply Europe with silk. — Paterson Press. In the manufacture of different kinds of machinery the Americans can beat us in price. Wages in the United States are about 50 per cent, higher than in this country ; materials are from 35 to 50 per cent, dearer; yet the finished machinery can be put on the market cheaper. — London Iron and Steel Trade Journal. American a^cultural machinery is the best and, quali- ity considered, the cheapest in the world. Clumsy, mis- shapen machines made in foreign countries, compared to those our farmers buy and use, in the language of a consular report on the subject, " look like the work of a backwoods blacksmith tMrty or forty years ago." No American farmer could be hired to use them. To quote again from the report, " he would be ashamed to be seen in their company." It is this superiority of Yankee farm implements which finds a market for them abf oad, not be- cause manufacturers grant exceptional discounts for export. There can be no robbery in the Tariff on agricultural m'achin- ery tmless there are cheaper machines made in foreign countries, which our farmers would buy if it were abolished. But the facts cited show how ridiculous is the charge that the Tariff shuts them off from cheap machines. They would not take the heavy, inferior plow or reaper of Ger- many or England as a gift, and they already buy absolutely the cheapest implements in the world. 89 ^1 ^1 c5'o"o'crooc SOOOOOOQOC 30000 0Q00C »"o oo'oo'ci cro"c 300000 000C 300000000= 3010 iOC *CQr gOOOQQC OQQOOC 5000000C 1888 SSSf oiooiAOOousintoooc COCOCO tH — 400r-l —i ® Q s^ MANDFACTURING Industries liaise Farmers' Prices. — I have gone to considerable pains to ascertain the average home prices of farm products in eight farming States and eight manufacturing States. The farming States selected are Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Min- nesota, Iowa, Kansas and Nebi-aska. The manufacturing States are Vermont, Massachusetts, Bhode Island, Con- necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Mary- land. The following table shows the prices of seven dif- ferent products in December, 1889 : FARMINO STATES. MANUPACTUBING STATES. Per Busbel. ■ Per Bushel. Per Cent. More. 51 cents 113.6 91 cents : 38 60 cents 76 35 cents 94 60 cents 54 .58 cents 121 $11.24 per bale Ill Com 24 cents Wheat 66 cents Rye 34 cents Oats...< 18 cents Barley 38.5 cents Irish potatoes 3.5.5 cents Hay $5.30 per bale The average selling price of these products is eighty- three per cent, more in manufacturing States than in agri- cultural States. — Robert P. Porter. McKINLEY INDUSTRIES, Their Fa^Me.— The village of Boston Falls, Quebec, voted a bonus of $35,000 in aid of a hosiery factory, conditional on the employment of 100 hands the first year and 150 hands afterward. The town also undertakes to provide a site. McKINLEY liAW, Changes Made by it. Bate not Schedule. changed. Chemicals 59 Metals 49 Wool and woolens Silk and Silk Goods. . . 4 Books, Papers, &c 6 Cotton Goods 17 Sundries 30 Flax, Hemp, Linen, &c 4 Marble and Stone 5 Earths, Earthenware and Glassware 8 Agricultural Products. 10 Sugar 3 Wood and Manufact- ures of 11 5 3 19 Totals 305 143 188 635 Recapitulation : Total items or groups of articles 635 Same as in old law .^ 305 Decreased or made free 143 Bates increased 188 —The Manufacturer, December 16, 1890 41 rease. Increase. Total. 44 11 - 114 50 19 118 34 34 , , 3 6 1 3 9 6 27 50 14 24 68 8 15 37 3 1 8 4 15 37 3 45 67 6 8 McKINLEY Protection for Our Farmers. McKinley Imports, Imports, Articles. Late duty. duty. 1889. 1891, Horses 20 per cent. . .$30 per head. . $8,053,346 $1,073,879 Cattle 20 per cent... $10 per head.. 808,979 12,857 Barley 10(8 per bush.. 300 per bush.. 6,358,297 1,681,543 Oats ]O0perbush..l50perbush.. 8,538 7,816- Oatmeal Ji* per ft . . . . 10 per ft 59,010 28,533 Eggs Free 50perdoz.. . 2,071,614 533,497 Hay $3pertoD....$4perton.... 1,183,192 431,822 Hops ....8(5perft 150perft.... 1,165,601 1,085,076 FlEOiseed and linseed ..... 200 pe; bush . . 800 per bush . . 4,186j736 865,409 r750perft...$2per ft...] Leaf tobacco.. 1||«r,\;:f5Y^per^'^: 13,773,710 8,298.619 1.200 ijer ft . .500 per ft . . J ^??fi'« "i^i?^" J «8-50 per ft $4.50 per ft I „ qi7 nsu a 749 as.'i chOTOots.?. I ^°"^^^!^-- and&^..j- 3,917,034 3,742,286 Totals $34,835,057 $16,780,835 Larger market for American farmers $18,054^,222 McKINLiEY IJAW, Foreign Comment.— Ohio, In-, deed, which at the election for Congress last year appar- ently revolted against the Protectionist policy and threw out Mr. McKinley, the author or sponsor of the new Tariflf , has returned to its first love. . . We regret Mr. McKinley's return, which, as President Hairrison's . con- gratulatory message shows, will give renewed confidence to the Protectionists. — The London Times, November 5, 1891. There is a somewhat general idea in this country that the McKinley Tariff bill will be repealed before long,, or, at all events, be so much modified that the sting will be taken out of those clauses most objectionable to British manufacturers ; and it is for this reason that the hopes^ of the Democrats for the approaching Presidential, election are so largely shared in this cotmtry. — London Engineer- ing, April 8, 1892. The statement made this week that the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives had deter- mined to recommend the passing of the bill recently intro- duced into that branch of the Legislature, with a view to getting rid of the duty of 2}^ cents per pound on imports of tin plates, is one that will come as a great relief to a very important branch of the iron trade of Great Britain. — In- dustries, Londoh, April 1, 1892. If the report which has been received from New York with regard to the latest phase of the tin plate question in the United States can be relied upon, it is almost the best piece of news which could reach the steel trade of this country. ... In another column we record the fact that one member of the ^Congress will shortly introduce a bUl reducing the duty [on tin plate] to 1 cent per pound. — London Iron, 1892. If five years ago we had let the Americans know that we expected real reciprocity, Cleveland would have been 42 in power now, and no McKinley Tariff bill threatening us at the present moment.— S/ieffie/d (Enq.) Telegraph, Aiigust 16,1890. . . . . We hear that millions of dollars have already been invested in plant, and that tin-plate making is about to boom in Yankeeland Time alone is want- tog to build up the industry, but it is feared that the Welsh manufacturers axe deceivmg themselves if they imagme that a decade must elapse before any impression can be made on their busmess by rivals across the water. A year or two, however, will certainly mtervene before the competition can be really dangerous. Long ere that time it is to be hoped that the American people will have torn up the McKinley law root and branch, or at least have pruned it judiciously, and signs are not wanting that this will come about. The Welsh manufacturers have some strong-sidmg champions in Chicago and elsewhere. — London Financial Times, May 13, 1891. " The fact that the American government is proceeding constitutionally, and voting the money year by year, does not affect my argument, which remams unanswered and, I believe, unanswerable ; viz. : That the big announcements of the admiralty last year have given the Protectionist party in America a plausible pretext for appropriatmg prospective surpluses of the American revenue for years to come, and thus defeating that Tariff Reform which means millions of money to British artisans." — A. F. Channing, M.P., in London Times, March 19, 1891. A meeting of Belfast linen merchants has been held for the purpose of formmg an association to render opposition to legislation so hostile to the trade as the new American Tariff bill dealing with the linen trade. After the custom- ary acknowledgment had been made by the new ofScers, a motion was made and carried asking the President to appomt a committee to look after the obnoxious Tariff legis- lation. — Northern Whig, Belfast, Ireland. London, July 14, 1890. — ^At Sheflleld to-day the Mayor of that city , presided over a meeting attended by 12,000 persons, tfie meeting having been arranged for last week, its object being to protest against the McKmley Tariff bill as seriously affecting Sheffield's manufacturing interests. — . Press Dispatch. MUililON AIRES, How They Got Rich.— Free- Trader Thomas G. Shearman names seventy persons who, he says, own |3,700, 000,000. His statement has been used by Free-Traders all over the country as evidence of how ftotection was massing wealth in the hands of a few per- sons. Careful investigation as to the manner in which the fortunes named by him were made shows that very few, and they of the lesser class, have been amassed in Pro- tected industries. Here are the names he gives, the amounts he credits to each, and the source whence the money came : 1150,000,000 : J. J. Astor, fur trade and real estate ; Trin- ity Church, real estate, 43 $100,000,000 : C. Vanderbilt, railroads ; W. K. Vander- bilt, railroads ; Jay Gould, railroads ; Leland Stanford, railroads ; J. D. Eocke- feller, st-andard oil. 170,000,000 : Estate of A. Packer, coal mining and rail- roads. $60,000,000: John I. Blair, railroads and banking; Es- tate of Charles Crocker, railroads. $50,000,000 : Wm. Astor, real estate ; W. "W. Astor, real estate. $50,000,000 : ' Enssell Sage, railroads and speculation ; B. A. Stevens, real estate ; Estate of Moses Taylor, railroads and trade; Estate of Brown & Ives, trade, real estate; and cotton manufacturing. $40,000,000 : P. D. Armour, provisions ; F. L. Ames, railroads, principally ; Wm. Rockefeller, standard oil ; H. M. Flagler, standard oil ; Powers, &Weightman, chemicals ; Estate of P. Groelet, real estate. $35,000,000 : C. P. Huntington, railroads ; D. O. 'Mills, railroads ; Estate of T. A. Scott, railroads; Estate of J. W. Garrett, railroads. $30,000,000 : G. B. Boberts, railroads ; Charles'Pratt,'rail- roads ; Boss Winans, railroads and engi- neering ; 0. B. Cox, coal and mining ; Claus Spreckels, Hawaiian sugar ; A. Bel- mont, banking; B. J. Livingston, real estate ; Fred. Weyerhauser (?) ; Mrs. Mark Hopkins, railroads ; Mrs. Hetty Green, speculation and banking ; Estate of S. V. Harkness, Railroads; Estate of B. W. Coleman, manufacturing (?) ; Es- tate of I. M. Singer, patents. $35,000,000 : A. J. Drexel, banking ; J. S. Morgan, bank- ing ; J. P. Morgan, banking ; Marshall Fields, dry goods trade ; David Dows, flour and speculation ; J. G. Fair, rail- roads and silver ; E. T. Gerry, real estate ; Estate of Governor Fairbanks, patents ; Estate of A. T. Stewart, dry goods ; A. Schermerhorn, real estate. $23,500,000 : O. H. Payne, oil ; Estate of F. A. Drexel, banking ; Estate of I. V. "Williamson, real estate and general trade ; Estate of W. F. Weld, trade, commerce and real es- tate. $30,000,000 : F. W. Vanderbilt, railroads ; Theo. Have- meyer, sugar refining; H. O. Havemeyer, sugar refining ; W. G. Warden, standard oil ; W. P. Thompson (?) ; Mrs. Schenley, real estate; J. B. Haggin, speculation; H. A. Hutchins (?) ; Estate of W. Sloane, retail carpet trade; E. S. Higgins, real estate, principally ; Estate of C. Tower, coal land speculation ; Estate of Wm, 44 Thaw, railroads ; In, Hostetter, pa- tent medicine; Wm. Sharon, railroads and speculation ; Peter Donohue (?). Reliable information is not now at hand as to the man- ner in which five of these fortunes were amassed ; hut care- ful examination reveals the fact that out of the other 65 not more than four were made in protected industries, the remaining 61 having been piled up in trade, speculation, railroads, oil and other industries, which are in no way- affected by the Tariff. NATIONAL DEBT Decreased Under Protection. 1869 1879 National debt $3,433,771,873 f ]„996,414,905 Debt per capita $64.43 $40.86 Interest per capita 3.33 1.71 1889 1891 National debt $975,939,750 - $851,913,751 Debt per capita $15.93 $13.33 Interest per capita .53 .37 In 1880 the London Times remarked : " The finances of the United States may excite the envy not only of Eng- land, but of Europe." As further warrant for the Times' appreciation of Amer- ican financial policy may be given the following statement of the Nationsfl indebtedness of various European countries in 1865 and 1890 (reduced to. gold standard), as compared with like statement for the United States in 1865 and 1890— to wit : States 1865 1890, Germany $610,470,000 $1 ,956,317,017 Austria-Hungary 1,473,320,000 3,866,339,539 France 2,646,560,000 4,446,793,398 Great Britain 3,848,460,000 3,350,719,563 Russia 980,080,000 3,491,018,074 Italy 871,080,000 2,324,826,329 Spain...' 999,600,000 1,351,453,696 Netheriands 414,130,000 430,589,858 Belgium 119,000,000 380,504,099 Denmark 45,330,000 33,004,733 Sweden 31 ,430,000 64,330,807 Norway 9,044,000 13,973,753 Portugal 190,400,000 490,493,599 Greet! 34,510,000 107,306,518 Turkey, Europe, 338,480 000 ) 821,000,000 Turkey, Asia 952,000) ' Switzerland 714,000 10,912,935 Totals $13,503,330,000 $32,039,373,896 1865 1890 United States $3,756,431,571 $915,962,112 In 1880 the National debt of the United States was $38.33 per capita j the average for all foreign countries was $35.62, $2.71 less than ours. In 1890 our debt was only $14.34 per capita ; that of the rest of the world was $32.88, more than twice as large as ours. 45 NUMBER Our Imported Manufactures Keep Out of Employment. Total Imports, numbe^ Kind of goods. 1891. " persons/ Silks $33,159,404 35,322 Woolen goods 34,010,543 18,319 Cotton manufactures 36,751,990 34,030 Iron and tin plate 25^900,305 48,081 Earthen and china ware 8,753,134 10,461 Glass and manufactures 8,363,818 9,44S Gloves 5,871,313 6,132 Corsets 4,654,934 6,390 Paper 3,166,313 1,403 Musical instruments 1,104,677 5,133 Furs 7,287,117 *50,fl00 Total $158,921,546 204^ Now, if the importation of $158,921,546 worth of forei^ ^oods kept out of employment 304,554 persona, we aije 3ustified in inferring that our total dutiable imports d i- prived of similar work in the United States nearly 550,0( people. It is evident fro mthese figures that the chea p foreign goods kept 550,000 persons out of a job. But thfe is only the direct result. The employment of 550,00^ people at good wages in this country would have caused an increased demand for all kinds of goods ; more clothes, more shoes, more agricultural products would have been consumed, and consequently more labor would have been needed to produce these articles. It is safe to say that at least once again as many persons would have found employ- ment at making the articles consumed by these 550,000 people ; so that directly and indirectly 1,000,000 laborers were kept out of work last year by the "cheap foreign goods." — N. A. Elsberg. PAPER, Albumenized. — Twenty years ago, when the dutyon albumenized paper was 35 per cent., it was albu- menized in this country, and none was imported. When the Tariff was reduced to 35 per cent., and later to 15 per cent., gradually the industry was destroyed, so that last year (1890) the production in this country was 1000 reams out of 30,000 consumed. The agents of the foreign manufacturers used every possible means to drive the American manu- facturers out of the business, even selling at reduced rates to photographers who would sign an agreement to use only the imported albumenized paper. It took 12,000,000 eggs to albumenize the paper used in this country last year, and those eggs were all purchased in Germany, where the work was done at less than half -the labor cost in this country. Under the McKinley bill the industry is again starting up in this country, and as a result albumen paper is being offered at $4 a ream less than the old rates. — Boston Journal, 1891. * Estimated to be employed in Europe. 46 PATENTS Ohder rtevenue anu, x.o^ective Tariffs. ^umber of patents granted under Revenue Tariff, 1846-60. . 86,284 Number of patents eranted under Protective Tariff, 1861-75, 127,345 Number of patents granted under Protective Tariff. 1875-89, 836,955 PAUPERISM in ^Bjigrifand.— Dr. Rhodes stated at the Social Science Congress held at Leeds in September, 1890 : "There are in England to-day a safficient number of pau- pers to form a procession four deep of over a hundred miles loig, their cost in poor law relief last year being no less than £8,440,821, or 6d. per head of the entire population." PAUPERISM in Foreign Countries in 1890.— FaW-c paupers in England and Wales, 787,545 ; Ireland, 107,774 ; Fr»nce, 890,000 ; Germany, 320,000 ; Russia, 350,000 ; Aus- tria, 290,000 ; Italy, 370,000. PAUPERS IX ALMSHOUSES in the United States in 1890. No'thAtlantic States 81,143 Sotth Atlantic States 8,100 North Central States 25,615 South Central States 5,649 Wsstem States 3,138 Total United States 73,045 PAUPERISM in America and Oreat Britain. — There is no fairer test of the relative prosperity of two periods than to compare the extent of their pauperism. ; To-day, by census bulletin dated January 13, 1892, New York (State) has 10,372 paupers in a population of 5,997,853, being 1 pauper to 583 persons. In 1859 the aimaal report of .the Secretary of New York to the legislature of the paupers relieved in the several counties at the public expense (same classification essentially as the census)gave 261,155 paupers in a population of 3,500,000, being one pauper to every 13}^ persons, or 45 paupers at the close of 14 years of Free- Trade to every one pauper after 30 years of Protection. The thirteenth annual report of the New York Associa- tion for Improving the Condition of the Poor made in 1859, compares the pauperism of England and Wales with that then existing in New York State as follows : Population. Paupers. England and Wales 19,045,000 885,000 Scotland 3,035,000 115,213 Ireland 6,500,000 56i910 New York State 3,500,000 261,155 " In other words," says the report, "the pauperism of England and Wales is in the ratio of four and six-tenths per cent, of the whole population ; in Scotland, three and nine-tenths per cent. ; in Ireland, about nine-tenths of one per cent., while in the great State of New fork, which is foremost in population, extent and resources, the ratio is seven and four-tenths per cent.; that is, in proportion to population, five paupers in New York to one in Ireland." 47 While the increase of population in the preceding twen^ years has been 61 per cent., the increase of pauperism, says the report, "has been 706 per cent." " In 1831 ^' (after foir years of Protection) "there was," says the report, ' ' 1 psra- perto every 123 persons. In 1841 (after eight years' of 'freer trade') there was," says the report, "1 to evervSO persons. In 1851 (after five years of freer trade) there was 1 to every 34 persons, and this year (1856) there iS 1 toe/ery 17 persons. Let the same ratio continue 15 years longer snd there will be one pauper to every 5 persons ; that is, every 5 persons in the State must support one pauper .n , This being equal to the proportion of persons to a vaer, there would have been as many paupers as voters had Bree- Trade ruled fifteen years longer. ' / The same report showed that we could not charge all this pauperism to immigration, since, " of the 261,155 State paupers, 104,744, or 41 per cent, of the whole number, Were natives of the United States." — Denslow. PAWNSHOPS IN" ENGLAND.— The aggr^e number of visits to pawnshops in England average for each year from 8 to 10 for every living soul in the land PEABL BUTTONS.— Mr. Henry Graham was for- merly an importer of pearl buttons in New'York. Atter the enactment of the McKinley law he gave up imporfing and went to manufacturing, employing 85 persons \i2 Newark, N. J. He has been in the latter business only a few months (April, 1892), but already has invented a pvo\ cess for decorating pearl buttops which enables thim to, cut the former retail price of $125 a gross for a certain class of imported buttons down to $30 a gross for an equally good domestic product. Pearl button making was started in this country 50 years ago, but, unfortunately, did not thrive, and those who in- vested their money in the enterprise had to succumb to adverse circumstances, for they learned to their loss that they could not make or sell as good articles as those that were imported equally as low. Many attempts have been made from time to time to reviye the industry, but they all proved fruitless up to 1890, when the present Tariff law was enacted. Impressed with this view of the surroundings, numerous pearl works have been erected during the last nine or ten months in and around New York and Brooklyn", New Jersey, Connecticut and Pennsylvania, which are now in full operation, with no less than 5000 hands employed, earning good wages— from $17 to $32 a week— and skilled workmen and cutters of fine work from $24 to $80 a week. -^Dry Goods Economist (Tariff " reform"), Aiigust22, 1891. In Newark, N. J., alone, there are 25 pearl button factories employing 3000 hands. Before the new Tariff passed, only five small factories paying wages averaging from $8.50 to $13 a week claimed an existence there. 48 PIECEMEAt PLAN was Formerly Gobden's Plan. —When the Tariff " reformer "protests that the present policy of the Democratic majority does not mean Free- Trade, because it does not provide for the abolition of all protective duties, point out to him that the method of at- tack it has chosen is the direct road and the only practi- cable one to Free-Trade, and that Cobden himself, if he was on earth, would not recommend any other. It was precisely the plan by which Protection was overthrown in England and Cobden did actually advise Napoleon III to employ it as a means of attaining to Free-Trade in France. Here are the great Free-Trader's own words as recorded in his diary : ' ' Louis Napoleon said he had a majority of his Chambers quite opposed to Free-Trade, and that they would not pass a decided measure ; that by the constitution he could alter the Tariff by a decree. He then inquired what I would advise him to do in regard to the French Tariff. I said I should attack one article of great and uni-\ ver sal necessity, as I had done in England, when I confined all my efforts to the abolition of the Corn Laws, knovnng that when that clef de voute [keystone of the arcn] was re-' moved the whole system would fall. In France the primary want was cheap iron, . . . and I should begin by abolishing the duty on iron and coal, and then I should be in better condition for approaching the other industries. " — Morlejfs Life of Cobden, p. 475. PIG IRON Production — United States, United King- dom, Germany. — Mr. Jeans, the secretary of the British , Iron Trade Association, reports the British make of pig iron for 1891 as 7,238,496 gross tons. The production in three principal iron-making countries for the past ten years was as below, the United States and the United Kingdom in tons of 2,340 pounds, that of Germany (including Lux- emburg) in tons of 3,304 pounds : United United States. Kingdom. Germany. 1883 4,623,323 8,493,387 3,380,805 1883 4,595,510' 8.490,224 3,469,719 1884 4,097,868 7,538,966 3,600,613 1885 4,044,526 7,297,295 3,687,433 1886 5,683,329 6,870,665 3,538,658 1887 6,417,148 7,441,927 4,032,953 1888 6,489,738 7,898,634 4,337,121 1889 7,603,643 8,345,336 4,387,504 1890 9,202,703 7,875,130 4,637,239 1891 8,379,733 7,228,496 4,452,019 The three chief iron producing countries increased their output 21 per cent. In 1882 England was making over 51 ^er cent, of the aggregate, this country 28, and Germany 20 per cent. Last year this country made 41 per cent., the tlnited Kingdom 36, and Germany 22 per oent.— Be port of Secretary for Iron Trade Association, PIG- IRON jRKces Under British Free-Tradei.—" When the domestic producer of pig iron had been blotted out, 49 he and his wife and children reduced to want and beggary,, a raikoad-building period came and with it a demand £ot iron, which could not be supplied by American production! the price of pig iron, which had throughout 1843, '44, '45 and '46 averaged $38.19 per ton, advanced throughout I8Sa, '54, '55 andse to an average of $34.98 perton,or an average of $6.09 per ton more under four years of British Ffee- Trade than for the same period under Protection. Here is statesmanship of the Cleveland-Mi'll'j.-Vance varietyl " — Henry Carey Baird. ' ' PIG IRON Under Revenue and Protective Tariffs. — In each of four consecutive months in 1891, the first year under the new Tariff, we produced more pig iron than in the whole of each of the corresponding revenue Tariff years from 1857 to 1860, taken in the order of time. Prices were higher in the Free-Trade period. The figures are : Pig-iron Production in the United States, in Oross Tons. Ap'proximate by Average Absolute by Average months, 1891. price. years. price. July 753,337) $17.50 1857. .. .713,640 $26% August .... 767,818 ( to 1858 .... 639,548 SSJ^ September.. 763,946 I 18.00 1859. .. .750,560 33% October. . . .839,653 ) 1860. . . .831,323 33£ PL.ATE GLASS Under Protection. New works Works Capacity and addi- started. Firms. in pots, tional pots. 1870. . . .De Pauw Plate Glass Com- pany, New Albany. . 40 1875.... Crystal City 68 1884. . . .Pittsburgh Plate Glass Com- pany, Creighton 40 1886....Tarentum, Pa 60 1886 .. . Standard, Butler, Pa 40 1889. .. .Howard Plate Glass Com- pany, Duquesne 40 1890.... Ford City, Pa 100 100 1890. . . .Diamond Plate Glass Com- pany, Kokomo, Ind 72 1891....Elwood, Ind 80 1891 . . . .Charleroi Plate Glass Com- pany, Pa 80 1891 Pennsylvania Plate GJass Company, Irwin 60 Totals.- 460 330 Fifteen years ago plate glass was selling at an average "price of about $3.50 per square foot (and the manufacturer lost money at that), but to-day the average price per foot is about sixty cents. PRICE of Clothing Here and Abroad.— I believe that clothing similar to that which English operatives wear 50 can be purchased in the United States at about the same prices. There is a great deal of misleading sentiment about this fact, for the reason that the cost of clothing worn by American work people is known to be more than that paid by operatives here, but sufficient importance is not given to the superior quality and make up of the former. Give the same styles, make, and quality, and we can equal the En- glish in cheapness, if not undersell them. Surprising as this will appear, a visit to a great ready-made clothing house in New York will abundantly verify the statement here made. — B^ort of Consul Shaw, Manchester, England. PKICE of Coal in England and ATnerioa. — Bitum- inous coal, "Tariff taxed" J75 cents a ton, is sold on an average 33 per cent, cheaper at the mines in this country than the Free-Trade coal of Great Britain sells at the mines in England. PRICES IiOWEB, Duties fltgrAer.— Bleached shirt- ings and sheetings upon which the McKinley bill increased the duty, but which are cheaper under the new than the old law. Compiled from price-lists of Dry Goods Economist : QQEtj °Q . *i S^ a ^ a d >, Seh- S cS ■g s^ an ^ Trade name of fabric. MS M^ >, 0? m (0 S a 1 s-=s sl u t) p:'^ &^ o s Blackstone A A Elsmere Favorite Fruit of the Loom 5-4. . Golden Rod Great Bepublic Knight's Cambric Magic ■■■ Magic 3-4 . .- Our Reliance Our Own Pride of the West Pocahontas ... Sagamore C Utica Steam Nonpareil. Wauregan lOO's •• . Wauregan Cambric. . . ■ Cts. 8 8J^ 8M 7Ji 7K 8K 5 4 13 7^^ 5 10% lOK 10 PRICES o/ Cotton and Cottons Compared.— " Cotton has fallen 30 per cent, within the past two years. Why 51 have not cotton goods fallen 30 per cent, also ? " According to the tenth census, $86,945,725 represented the cost of raw cotton -used in 1880 in the cotton mills of the United Stat^sf Produced from it were goods tothe value of $192,090,ll(%i Only 45 per pent, of this covered the raw cotton. To put it in another way, for every $100 in goods produced the manufacturer paid $45 for raw cotton. The balance ($55) represents wages, supplies, wear and tear of machinery, interest on investment, insurance, taxes, and so on Now, merely because the amount paid for cotton falls 30 per cent. ($13.50), or fi;om $45 to $31.50, he cannot, there- fore, reduce his selling price 80 per cent.^that is, from $100 to $70. The cost of producing the goods has been re- duced only $13.50, and should now be $86.50 instead of $100, a fall of 13.5 per cent, instead of 30 per cent. This ought to be perfectly clear to any one who has t^vo lobes to his brain. As a matter of fact, most kinds of cottons have fallen a great deal more than the fall in raw cotton would warrant. PRICES Under BetJmue Ton/awdiVow.— The follow- ing figures were takeh from an ancient book kept in Boonesboro during the year 1854. The items were taken hap-hazard and compare with prices given by our mer- chants. They show an average reduction that is startling, and when the prudent housewife compares the two sets of figures she will feel that she is willing to live under Repub- lican regime and pay 5 cents for a tin cup that in 1854 cost four times as ranch. But here are the figures. Study them out carefully : 1854. 1890. Salt, per barrel $11.00 $1.25^ Indigo, per ounce 13J^ .05 Candles, per pound 20 - .20 Loaf sugar 15 .06, Eggs ; 08 .12^ Tea, per pound ; 1.00 .25 Salt, per half bushel 75 .25 Salt, per pound '. 03 .01 Molasses, per quart 30 .121^ Tin cup 30 .05 Hoe 50 .45 Washboard '. 40 .25 Broad axe ; 4.00 2,50 Washtub ;.. 1,00 .75 Three tined fork 1.25' .50 Shot, per pound 12J^ .10 Nails, per pound 10 .08}^ Smoothing iron .70 .35 Coffee pot 40 .15 Fryingpan 55 .35 Powder, per pound 50 .30 File 75 .35 Rope, per pound 35 .15 Toweling .18J^ .08 Paper pins 10 .03>^ 53 Frenchprint 80 .10 Ticfing 20 A2i4 Cabco 15 .05 Cottonade 40 .20 Jean 50 .25 Lining 24 .15 Gingham 20 .08 Muslin 15 .08 Shirt buttons, dozen '. .10 .01 Black silk cravat 1.25 .50 On the 17th of October, 1854, a bill of goods was sold to Jesse C. "Williams, which is set out as follows : To 4 bushels salt $6.90 13 pounds coffee 2.00 ' 1 pound tea 1.00 2 pounds nails 20 3K yards calico at 25 cents 63J^ 4>| yards calico at 15 cents 67j| 4 yards flannel at 55 cents 2.20 3 yards flannel at 40 cents 1.30 1 yard muslin 15 1 yard gingham 20 10 pounds sugar 1.00 1 scoop shovel 1.00 1 spade 1.65 3 pair drawing chains at 75 cents 1.50 1 curry comb 15 S^ yards linsey at 30 cents 2.63i^ ^ pound cotton batting 10 Mr. Williams is now living on section 34, Marcy town- ship, and if he should come to town to-day to purchase these same articles we guarantee that his $37 14}^, to which his bill amounts, would purchase two bills like the forego- ing. These are the figures of the good old Democratic daj^s — the days of low prices for grain aifd stock, and high prices for all the farmer bought — and we are of the opinion that the farmer will not be willing to return to them of his own accord. These are the days when the school teacher taught six days in the week, eight hours per day and 26 days for a month, at $13 to ,$15 per month. Farm hands received $13 to $14 per month. Hogs were sold dressed never to exceed 4 cents, and from that down to 1 cent per pound. When there was a good crop of com it was valueless, and all other grain sold at very low figures. ^Boone (Iowa) Mepubliean. PRFCES Have Gone Doum, Wages Dp.— The Senate committee, appointed soon after the passage of theMcKin- ley measure, to investigate its effect on prices and wages reported, with the following results : During the 38 months from June 1, 1889, to September 1, 1891 (the act took effect October 6, .1890), average retail prices of 314 articles of common consumption among .the people declined 0.64 per cent. ; wholesale prices of the same 53 articles declined 0.33 per cent.; prices of agricultural- products advanced 18.67 per cent., and wages advanced on the average 0.75 per cent. The figures for retail prices in detail are as follows ; Averageprice Average' Number during June, price-- of July and Sept. 1^- articles. August, 1889. 1893. Food 60 100.00 100.53 Clbthee and clothing 61 100.00 99.65 Fuel and lighting 6 100,00 98.69 Metals and implements. . . 34 100.00 97.49 Lumber and building ma- terials 14 -100.00 98.38 Drugs and chemicals...... 7 100.00 95.96 House-furnishing goods. . . 37 100.00 99,83 Miscellaneous 5 100.00 100.53 Totals, and general av- erages 214 100.00 99.36 Relative Retail Prices for 28 Months by Groups of Articles Date. tab .9 i 1 S ! 1 a -5 1 Q CD 1 1 ■a a a 93 3 i 2 Si a P ir,'^ CS Vm Gd a t o o M. 1 1 If S3 « 1 S o 1 1 £ D ft s 3 P Hi g o , 1889— .Tune.... 1"0.81 lOO.CO 99.98 99.96 99.97 99.98 100.00 99.97 100.22 July. .. 1110.37 100.00 100.00 99.98 99.97 100.02 100.00 100.00 100.10 August 99 61 99.98 100.04 99.98 100.07 100.01 100.00 100.04 99.89 Sept. . . . 99.47 99.99 100 22 99.99 100 211 99.93 99.96 100.05 99.88 October 10 M8 100.02 100.57 99^7 100.29 99.91 99.98 100.04 100.07 Nov. ... I00.6B 100.02 100.93, 99.921(10.41 99.92 99.98 100.02 100.23 Dec 101.54 100.03 101.23 99.90 100.40 99.85 99.97 100.04 1011.48 1890— Jan 103.62 99.84 101.25 99.80 100.54 99.48 99.86 1(10.09 100.69 Feb 103.76 99.80 101 07 99.89 100.56 99.30 99.8ii 100.12 101.01 March 103.81 99.78 101.06 99.77 100.58 99.31 99.77 100.14 100.98 April... 103. U 99.74 100.6. 99.82 100.62 99.23 99.67 100.10 100.76 May.. .. 103.10 99 67 99.98 99.54 100.41 99.08 99.70 100.15 100.66 June.... 103 26 99.60 99.03 99.39 100.16 98.87 99.5- ll'0.12 100.34 July.... 101.71 99.57 99.61 99.37 100.20 98.68 99.47 100.11 100.15 August 101.01 99.53 99 46 99.21 99.80 98.11 99 '52 100.15 99.88 Sept.... 101.28 99.55 99.56 99.11 99.87 97.95 9950 100.32 99.94 Oct. .. 101. 5S 99.t-K 99.74 99.22 100.05 97.83 99.61 100.46 100.10 Nov.... 1112 46 99.78 100 21 99.or 100.22 97 56 99.58 100.49 loo.as Dec... 104.06 99.85 1011.55 98.96 100.26 97.60 99.59 100.48 100.84 1891— Jan... 105.41 99.78 100.88 98.80 100.08 .97.25 99.56 1U0.28 101.15 Feb 105.96 99.80 100.69 98.58 99.92 96.96 99.63 ICO .38 101.27 March. . 106.0B 99.90 100.34 98.37 99.86 96.82 99.70 100.32 101. a8 April... ro7.on 99.82 99.84 98.14 99.75 96.68 99.71 100.37 101.46 May.... 105.ro 99.72 99.19 97.77 99.56 96.47 99.88 100 38 100.99 June.. . . 103.88 99.68 98.92 97.54 99.17 96.39 99.74 100 40 100 38 July. .. 102.49 99.66 98.64 97.42 98.79 96.35 99.88 1' 0.46 99.95 August 100.73 99 61 98. OT 97.14 98 35 96.181 99.83 100.51 99.36 Sept .. 100.53 99.6S 98.69 97.46 98.28 9>.96 99.82 100.58 99.36 54 Prices of AgrtctMiiraL.Proiiiu)t»i AveraKe price during June, July Price ^ , nnd August, 1889. Sept. 18»1. Barley 100.00 138.89 Corn 100.00 147.a7 Oats 100.00 123.09 Wheat 100.00 117.33 Potatoes 100.00 88.44 Beeves 100.00 99.88 Meat, lamb 100.00 99.40 Meat, sheep 100.00 108.61 Meat, swine 100.00 108.68 Butter 100.00 134.17 Eggs 100.00 131.36 Cotton 100.00 75.80 Flaxseed 100.00 81.63 Belative Wages in General Occupations for 28 Months Average wages during June, July Wages and August, lb89. Sept. 1891. Bakers 100.00 100.00 Blacksmiths 100.00 100.68 Bricklayers 100.00 101.03 Cabinet-makers 100.00 100.26 Carpenters 100.00 100.91 Common laborers 100.00 100.22 Farm laborers 100.00 99.81 Machinists 100.00 100.75 Masons 100.00 100.99 Molders, iron 100.00 100.79 Painters 100.00 100.16 Plumbers 100.00 103.97 Stone cutters 100.00 101.51 Tailors... 100.00 100.83 Tinsmiths 100.00 100.43 General average of wages, 15 occupations 100.00 100.75 Belative Wages in Special Industries for 28 Months. Average waaes during June, July Wages and August. 1889. Sept. IHOl. Bar iron 100.00 99.68 Boots and shoes 100.00 99. 99 Cotton goods 100.00 100.44 Cotton and woolen goods ... 100. 00 100. 00 Crucible steel 100.00 100.00 Flint glass 100.00 100.00 rtreen class 100.00 99.74 L^mbef ................. 100.00 95.00 Machinery 100.00 100.16 KKiron ..;... 100.00 103.90 Stfel ingots 100.00 97.65 Steel blooms 100.00 100.00 Wimdow Glass 100.00 101.17 Wo-jlen goods 100.00 107.01 55 'Comjaai^ow. of Enal isTi and American Wages. Occupations. Per- American rate English rate. English compared with American. Baiters Blacksmiths — Cabinet maimers Week. Day. do. dj. do. do. do. do do. $12.?5 2.10 2.41.7 2.75 1.71 2.71.4 2.65 2.82.5 3.48.7 $7,25 9 1.60.4 1.03.8 1.62 5 .88.3 1.50.8 1.65.2 1.43.8 1 70 59.29 76.38 42.95 59.09 Laborers, common. . Machinists MOlders, iron Painters Plumbers 51.64 55.56 62.34 52.67 48.75 508.64- 56.52 These are the results obtained and unanimously accepted by Senators Aldrich, Allison, Hiscock and. Jones for the Eepublicans, Senators Harris and Carlisle for the Demo- crats. The details of the investigation were conducted by Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of the Department of Labor at Washington, D. C. ; Gen. Francis A. Walker, - Prof. Henry C. Adams, Edward Atkinson, Prof. Edmund J. James and William Grosvenor. Of these assistants the first is independent on the Tariff question, the next threes are pronounced Free-Traders, and the last two are Pro- tectionists. Dr. Boland P. Falkner, Professor of Statistics in the IJniversity of Pennsylvania, was the statistician of the committee who analyzed the data collected from all sources, and obtained the results presented in the report. All are men of unquestionable probity and of a world-wide reputation as economists and statisticians. PRICES and Cost of Living. BUDGET OF A ST. LOUIS FAMILY. Condition— Family of five — ^parents, son aged ten years, two daughters aged 9 and 4 years. Occupy their own house. Earnings. Husband $840.00 Meat Bacon and ham Lard Flour Bread Butter Milk Cheese CoflEee Tea Potatoes Vegetables . Saur kraut. Vinegar $72.00 6.80 13.00 36.00 33.40 16.50 18.35 14; 00 18.30 .60 7.00 19.75 2.60 2.40 Total 840.00 $14.00 7.00 26.40 7.00 18.00 Cost of Living. Fuel ! Light Taxes Property insur- ance Life insurance, husband 56 Earnings. Clothing for husband. . . Clothingforwife Clothing for children Furniture and ntensils Soap and starch Charity Labor organiza- tions Books and news- papers Sickness Amusements . . . Sundries Exp. other than food 56.00 28.00 48.00 14.00 8.40 2.00 18.00 16.80 6.50 18.00 7.60 $295.70 Baking powder . . Sugar Ice Beer Miscell . . . . Cost of food Total in- come . . . Total ex- pense. . . Snrphis , 1.35 18.00 15.00 26.00 6.50 $315.45 840.00 611.15 $238.85 Paid $300 incumbrance on house. — Report of Missouri Bureau of Labor Statistics 1890. SHEFFIELD (ENGLAND) FAMILY BUDGET. Condition— Family of five— wife and three children. Man not the best paid, nor by any means the worse, earning $6.07 a week. Earnings. Husband $315.64 Total $315.64 Cost of Living. Bent, including taxes and water supply $50.44 Fuel and light 18.73 Clothing and boots and shoes 44.30 School pence 6.34 Trade society • ■ 12.48 Friendly society 6 24 Tobacco 6.24 Expenses other than food Groceries — sugar, tea., coifee, &c $31.20 Butcher's meat • 50.44 Potatoes and other vegetables 18.73 Bread 50-44 Beer 18.73 Cost of food. Total income . Total expense. $144.56 169.53 $315.64 315.08 Surplus $1-56 — From Report of Consul Webster of Sheffleld, 57 PRISON- MADE WAKES in the McKinley Law.— That all goods, wares, articles and merchandise manufact- ured wholly or in part in any foreign country by convict labor, shall not be entitled to entry at any of the ports of the United States, and the importation thereof is hereby prohibited, and the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to prescribe such regulations as may be necessary for the enforcement of this provision.— Seeiion 49 of the McKinley TcLviff A.ct, ' PKOCESSES, AMERICAN, Superior.— A Scotch- man who had jnst visited the Homestead Works of Car- negie, Phipps & Co. said : "HI were to go back to Scot- land and tell them there what, I have seen to-day they would tell me very quickly that I was ' gaflng' them. You roll just four plates while we roll one in the old country." PRODUCTS of America must feed England.— The United States furnish England with 30 per cent, of all her imported wheat, 62 per cent, of her corn, 66 per cent, of her bacon, 88 per cent, of her hams, 96 per cent, of , her lard, 71 per cent, of her beeves and 93 per cent..,of her im- ported fresh beef. Bread and meat would cost high in England if John Bull should refuse to import American farm products.— T/ie Manufacturers' Gazette, October 35. PROFITS, American and English. — No one except the Tariff " reformer" can find any evidence of exorbitant profits in our protected industries. Mr. "William Col- quhoun read a paper in 1891 before the South Wales Institute of Engineers, which was based upon observations made during the visit of the British Iron and Steel Institute to this country. He gave the following table of profits de- rived from English and American blast-furnace plant, consisting of two blast furnaces and auxiliaries : AMERICAN. Two furnaces making 3,600 tons per week for 350 weeks (7 years, say 1,360,000- tons at 3 shillings perton profit) £189,000 Deduct : Relining twice at a cost each time of £4,000 £16,000 Loss of make during relining (S months) at 3 shillings '. 17,280 Ten per cent, interest and depreciation on outlay of £150,000 105,000 138,280 Profits £50,730 Or 4.83 per cent, per annum. ENGLISH. Two furnaces making 1,600 tons per week for 7 years, 560,000 tons, at 3 shillings per ton profit. £84,000 Deduct : Seven per cent, interest and depreciation on out- lay of £100,000 49,000 Profits £35,000 Or S per cent, per annum. 58 Readers will remember that Mr. Gladstone also de- nied that profits were larger in protected than in unpro- tected industries, since, as he asserted, in our "protected trades profits are hard pressed by wages." PROFITS, Immense, in Manufacturing Under Free- Trade.— The London Iron and Steel Trades Jwimal said of the Consett Iron Company (Limited) recently : " The share- holders' capital is a few sovereigiis short of £700,000 (13,500,000), and on this sum dividends are to be paid, which, with the interim distribution of profits, make 33J^ per cent, for the year 1890. The actual net earnings in the 12 months amounted to £366,409 14s (about $1,830,000) or more than 50 per cent, on the shareholders' capital." PROFITS of Our " Robber Barons."— The Boston Transcript stated in March, 1891, that the quarterly re- turns of the Fall River mills showed that 35 corporations, representing |14,410,000 capital and operating 46 mills, paid an average of 1.64 per cent. Ten concerns, with capital of $4,508,000 and 11 mills, paid no dividends. PROFITS in E'ngrZand.-- At the third "ordinarjf gen- eral meeting " of Brown Bajrley's steel worts, held in the beginning of 1891, at Westminster Palace Hotel, London, the chairman announced a dividend of 25 per cent., the same as the year before, and thought the prospect was good for a continuance through the present year of dividends at the same rate. PROSPERITY /or Wheat Growers Coming. January, 1894, a population of 73,000,000 will require in staple crops an area of. 236,800,000 acres. Area now employed in growing such crops. .311,000,000 acres. Additions to be made to such area in four years 13,000,000 acres. 333,000,000 acres. Average deficit January, 1894 3,800,000 acres. This deficit should be sufficient to neutralize any possi- ble underestimate of the area now in cultivation. Does not the evidence adduced show that before this decade is half spent all the products of the farm will be required at good prices, that lands will appreciate greatly in value, and that the American farmer will enter upon an era of prosperity, the unlimited continuance of which is assured by the exhaustion of the arable areas ?— 0. Wood Davis. PROTECTION Defined.— I should define Protection as the policy which, by the collective action of the nation, seeks to divert a part of its capital into a channel in which it would not flow otherwise, and which experience shows to be for the general benefit.— iVo/. B. E. Thompson. 59 PROTECTION Atway» a Farw£r*s Policy. —The meo who made the first great Protective Tariff law, signed by Gteorge Washington on the Fourth of July, 1789, were the farmers of the United States. 'Then, again, take the TariflE of 1834. It passed the House — ayes, 107 ; nays, 103— only two members being ab- sent. In Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Bhode Island, Connecticut and Vermont there were 15 votes in favor of the bill and 33 against it ; 1 vote in Massachusetts for it and 11 against it ; 1 in Maine for and 6 against it ; 1 in New Hampshire for and 5 against ; New York, Pennsyl- vania, New Jersey, Delaware, Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, Indiana and Illinois voted almost solidly for its passage. There were 36 votes in New York for^the bill and only S against it ; 14 in Ohio for and none against it ; 11 in Ken- tucky for the bill and none against it. Missouri, Indiana and Illinois voted for the bill. The opposition came from New England, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina. South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama and Louisiana. The majority for that early act of Protection was almost exclusively from the agricultural States, and the opposition came, as I have already said, . from the ex- treme East and South. — MeKinley. PROPHETS of Calamity in Olden Times.— The Tariflf of 1890 was by no means the first in our history to prove the utter unreliability of Free-Trade predictions of evils to come upon the country under its operation. Here is a quotation from our old friend the New York Evening Post relative to the Protective Tariff of 1834. Placed beside it is the simple statement of the facts revealed by eight years' actual experience under that Tariff, and stated by Henry Clay in a speech in the Senate: Pass the Tariff as reported by the committee and you palsy the nation. Pass it, and where will yon any longer find occupants tpr your costly piles of stores and dwelling houses? Pass it, and who will be exempt from its grinding operation ? The poorer classes, especi- ally, must feel its effect in paying an additional price for every article of clothing they and their families wear, and every mjuthful they eat or drink, save cold water ; and to that they will ere long be reduced. — New York Evening Post, July, 1834 On a general survey we behold cultivation extended; the arts flourishing; the face of the country improved; our people fully and profit- ably employed ; the public countenance exhibiting tran- quillity, contentment and happiness; its public debt of two wars nearly redeemed; and, to crown all, the public treasury overflowing. If the term of seven years were to be selected of the greatest prosperity which this people has enjoyed since the estab- lishment of their preseift Constitution, it would be exactly that period of seven years which immediately followed the passage of the Tariff of 1824..— Henry Clay, speech in the Senate, 1833. 60 PUBLIC DEBTS PAID Under Protection.— the total or all debts— national, State," county, miinicipal and school— has been reduced from 3275 millions in 1870 to 2019 millions in 1890, the ratio per head of population being in 1870, $84.94 ; in 1880, $60.73, and in 1890, $32.25. The following table shows the amount of the various forms of debt, per head of population, at each of the three decennial periods : ^^ . , 1870. 1880. 1890. United States $62.41 $38.33 $14.24 States, Territories and District of Columbia 9.15 5.93 3.66 Counties 4.86 2.47 2.27 Municipalities 7.03 13.64 11.48 School districts 1.48 .35 .60 PURPOSE of England in Adopting Free -Trade.— Years asro Lord Goderich publicly declared in the English Parliament : ■' Other nations know that what we English mean by Free-Trade is nothing more or less than by means of the ^eat advantages we enjoy, to get the monopoly of all the markets of other nations for our manufactures ; and to prevent them (the foreign nations) one and all from ever becoming manufacturing nations." Q U ININE.- That the removal of the duty from quin- ine had nothing to do with the fall in its price is shovm by the fact that quinine did not become cheaper immedi- ately after the duty was abolished, but only when, owing to purely natural causes, its price had fallen throughout the whole world. In 1879, the year when it was placed on the free list (the duty having previously been 20 per cent, ad valorem), quinine sold in the London market at $3.96 per ounce. To-day the price is 40 to 65 Cents per ounce. How could the removal of the American duty of 20 per cent, lower the London price 87 per cent.? The supposition is evidently absurd. "The fact is that simultaneously with a great fall in the world's price of quinine, the American price has naturally also fallen, the reasons for this cheap- ening being easily explained. Quinine, technically called sulphate of quinine, is made from the bark of the cinchona trte, originally found only in the Peruvian Andes. The stripping oflE of the bark kills the tree, and it therefore became necessary, as time passed, to penetrate deeper and deeper into the dense mountainous forests of the country to procure the bark. Difficulties in- creased with each succeeding year, the bark became more and more scarce and the price of quinine kept steadily ris- ing. At last, in the year 1861, experiments began to be made in India, Java and Ceylon with a view to raising cinchona trees from the seed'. These experiments proved so successful that by the year 1870 bark commenced to be exported from Ceylon. The supply has gone on increasing ever since, until in 1887 (the latest figures at hand) the combined exports of India, Ceylon and Java amounted to 8118 tons. Here we have the whole explanation in a nut- shell. The supply of cinchona bark has been increasing^ the price has gone down, and with it also has fallen the 61 price of quinine. It cakes the refined lying of the Free- Trade "reformer" to ascribe all this to the removal of a 20 per cent. duty. KA.GS Imported into Great Britain. Tons. Value. 1889 31,335 £669,438 1890 34,659 716,375 1891 • 51.639 RAPACIOUS ENG-IiAND'S Method of Crushing Rivals. — The method employed by foreign manufacturers to strangle competing industries, is confessed to by David Syme, an English Free-Trader, who said: " The manner in which English capital is used to main- tain her manufacturing supremacy is weU understood abroad. In any quarter of the globe where a competition shows itself as likely to interfere with her nionopoly, .im- mediately the capital of her manufacturers is massed in that particular quarter, and goods are exported in tege (jxiantities and sold at such prices that outside competition is effectually counted out. English manufacturers have been known to export goods to a distant market and sell them under cost for years, with the view of getting the market into their own hands again." Niles, in his history, says : "It is notorious that great sums of money were expended [after the Tariff of 1816J by the British to destroy our flocks of sheep, that they might thereby riiin our manufactories. They bought up and im- mediately slaughtered great numbers of sheep ; they bought our best machinery and sent it oflf to England, a,nd hired our best mechanics and most skillful workmen, simply to get them out of this country, and so hinder and destroy our existing and prospective manufactures." RAW MATEBIALS Will Not Give Us the Markets of the World. Exports of 18B0. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1890. Cotton goods. .-..$4,734,424 $10,934,796 $3,787,282 $10,467,651 $9,B99,?77 Boots and sboes.. 193,598 782,525 419,612 441,069 662,974 Upper leather:;! _674.309_» ^» \^^ Total $4,928,022 $12,391,630 $4,313,206 $16,653,080 $21,331,495 Xotal Increase for the years giren over ten years previous. $7,463,608 $8,078,424 $13,339,874 $4,678,115 Incr'seperoaplta. 34 cents 24 cents. 7 cents. Woolen goods $124,159 $775,962 $437,479 Now, win the Free-Traders tell us why, if we exported of cotton goods, boots and shoes, sole leather, upper leather, and all made with free raw material from the beginning to the end, the increase has gone down from 34 cents per capita to 7 cents a head, what reason have you to think, with our labor cost twice that of England, why, I say, do you think we can ta^e the markets of the world on woolen goodiai— Congressman Walker of Massachusetts, 63 BAW_ MATERIALS and Markets of the World.— Four articles — cotton, hides, paper stock and silk — ^mate- rials for as many industries— are all on the free list. How nave free raw materials operated in their case? Importation of Exportation of Raw materials. manufactured manufactured Duty free. goods, 1890. goods, 1890. Cotton 133,912,359 $11,113,431 Hides 12,563,183 13,275,470 Paper stock 2,898,448 1,239,420 Silk 41,085,990 65,011 Thus we see that, instead of capturing the markets of ^ the world with free materials, the capturing has been on the other side. We have impoited more than we exported of the finished products of these free raw materials. KECIPROCIT V Will JHwrnpfe.— The business results of the reciprocity measures of Mr. Blaine are already dis- cernible in the trade of the United States. Even English companies, operating in Brazil, are now purchasing their supplies largely in the United States to secure the benefit of the reduction of 25 per cent, in duties. — South American Journal. London. BECIPKOCITY, How Our Sales to the Countries with which Treaties have been Negotiated have Increased. ,— Year ending June 30—, Country. 1885. 1891. Increase. British Honduras.... $359,730 $457,549 $97,819 Guatemala 523,640 1,971,001 1,447,361 Salvador 470,541 1,134,995 664,454 Nicaragua 471,671 1,592,013 1,120,342 Brazil 7,258,035 14,049,273 6,791,238 Santo Domingo 962,428 986,826 24,398 Cuba 8,719,195 11,929,605 3,210,410 Puerto Rico 1,533,177 2,112,334 579,157 British West Indies.. 6,963,219 9,546,058 2,582,839 British Guiana 1,680,608 1,761,350 130,742 Totals 28,892,244 45,541,004 16,648,760 — The Manufacturer. RECIPROCITY Scores Again.— The British Consul at Maranham, Brazil, has recently completed the compila- tion of a comparative table of the percentages of the imports from the different countries to the total import trade of that port. The following table is taken from the report : 1889-90. 1890-91. Countries. Percentage. Percentage. Great Britain 71.00 59.11 United States 8.50 14.49 The consul attributes Great Britain's loss of trade and the gain of the United States to the operation of the reciprocity treaty between this country and BrazU. 63 BBCIPKOCIT Y Section of the New Tariff Law.-Ihe following is the text of the Reciproeity Section of the new McKinley Tariff Act of 1890': Section 3. That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with the countries producing the following articles, and for this purpose, on and after the first day of July, 1892, whenever and so often aa the President shall be satisfied that the Government of any coiantry producing and export- ing sugars, molasses, coffee, t^'a and hides, raw and tin- cured, or any of such articles, imposes duties or other ex- actions upon the agricultural or other products of the United States, which in view of the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea and hides into the United States, he may deem to be reciprocally unequal and un- reasonable, he shall have the power and it shall be his duty to suspend, by proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating to the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea and hides, the production of such country, for such time as he shall deem just, and in such case and during such suspension, duties shall be levied, collected and paid upon sugar, molasses, coft'ee, tea and hides, the products of or exported from such designated country, as follows, namely : All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on their polariscopic tests as follows, namely : All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms, syrups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete and concen- trated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above 75 degrees, seven-tenths of one cent per pound ; and for every additional degree or, fraction of a degree shown by the jHDlariscopio test, two hundredths of one cent per pound additional. ■ , All sugars above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall be classified by the Dutch standard of colore, and pay duty as follows, namely: All sugar above number thirteen and not above number sixteen Dutch standard of color, one and three-eighths cents per pound. All sugars above number sixteen and not above number twenty, Dutch standard of color, one and five-eighths cents per pound. All ^sligars above number twenty, Dutch standard of color, two cents per pound. Molasses testing above 'fifty-six degrees, four cents per gallon. Sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test. On coffee, three cents per pound. On tea, ten cents per pound. Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted or pickled, Angora goat skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufact- ured, asses* skins, raw or unmanufactured, and skins, ex- cept sheep skins with the wool on, one and one-half cents per pound. 64 REVENUE TARIFF Is Free- Trade —The term "Free-Trade," altbongh much discussed, is seldom rightly defined. It does not mean the abolition of custom houses, nor does it mean the substitution of direct for indirect taxation, as a few American disciples of the school have supposed. It means such an adjustment of taxes on im- ports as will cause no diversion of capital from any channel into which it would otherwise flow into any other channel opened or favored by the legislation which enacts the customs. A country may collect its entire revenue by duties on im- ports and yet be an entirely Free-Trade country so long as It does not lay its duties in such a way as to lead any one to undertake any employment or make an investment he would avoid in the absence of such duties. Thus the cus- tom duties levied by England, with very few exceptions, are not inconsistent with her professions of being a country which believes in Free-Trade. — Prof. Wm. G. Sumner. RKVEVUF2 TARIFF, Who Pays It f—Accai&vas to the British statistician Mulhall, the £19.376,000 collected under Great Britain'^ Free-Trade Tariff in 1883 was paid by the British people in the following proportion : The rich paid £1.301,000, the middle class £5,608,000, the work- ing class £11,367,090. Do our working people want that kind of aTariflE? REVENUE TARIFF, Pictures from its " Golden Days." SOME PREDICTIONS MADE IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE PASSAGE OF THE WALKER FREE-TKADB TARIFF. The country -will be flooded with foreign goods, many manufactories will be stopped,, and others will work at half price ; the home market now being built up will be injui-^, ruinously low prices of agricultural products will follow, and the day laborer will be required to work for reduced wages. The consequence of such excessive importations will cause a balance of trade against us exceeding the amount of specie within the country, which must be sent abroad, followed perhaps by a derangement of our monetary system. — The New York Courier and Enquirer, July 30, 1846., Wherever the news will go, it will sound a death knell in the ear of industry and enterprise. No sadder tidings for many a year have reached all branches of labor, and the outcry, therefore, is general.— TTie New York Express, July 30, 1846. A reduction of the prices of labor is one of the inevitable effects of the repeal of the American Tariff act of 1843 and the substitution of McKay's British Tariff bill. The latter deliberately takes away the sure Protection to American labor which the act of 1842 had so happily and wisely thrown aroimd it.— The Baltimore American, July 30, ''^- 65 The Tariff bill of Walker and McKay has passed both hoTises of Congress, and has doubtless ere this received the signature of the President. It takes effect December 1, and, as the law of the land, it is henceforth to be obeyed by all. We believe the change just made entirely wrong — flagrantly, grievously wrong— yet we shall studiously avoid "panic making." When the crisis has been met with manful resolution, we apprehend that there will be quite disaster enough, Buffering enough, because of this great national mistake. We fear that thousands upon thousands who would have been steadily employed and comfortably situated during the ensuing winter, if this bill had not passed, vrill now be destitute of employment and dependent upon charity for bread, — New York Tribune, July 39, 1846. THEIK FULFILLMENT. [From the New York Tribune, December 18, 1854.] We publish, to-day, a collation of facts obtained ex- pressly for the ZW&Mwefrom the various classes of me- chanics and tradesmen of this city regarding the imme- diately dreary and prospectively desperate condition of industry and commerce. IRON WORKS. In a recent tour through the foundries and machine shops we learned that, upon the average, not more than, one half of the men are now employed, and the anticipa-' tions for the future hold out still gloomier prospects. PRINTING. Many of the leading offices have! discharged two-thirds of their employees, and have reduced the remainder to two- thirds of a day's work, STEEEOTYPEKS. This business, as a consequence, exhibits much the same state of depression as pervades that of printing. Not more than one-third of the stereotypers are employed. TYPE FOUNDERS. In this branch scarcely anything is doing. We are in- formed that one house alone in this city, for the past month, showed a decline of business to the extent of some 40,000 pounds of type. BOOK BINDING. Of the 1000 men engaged in this branch of industry, be- tween 200 and 300 are out of work. BUILDING. The builders have scarcely anything under way. A large contracting msison says that not more than 1000 of the 5000 to 7000 masons usually employed in New York are now at work. House carpenters are among the principal sufferers. In the nine shipyards of Greenpoint and Wil- 66 hamsburgh, employing on the average, in good seasons, aH aggregate of 1000 persons, only 237 are at work. The de- pression in this branch of industry necessarily affects large numbers of operatives in other professions, as ropemakers, blockmakers, curriers, riggers and a host of others. ^ Of the 1300 plasterers usually employed not more than one- sixth, or 300, are now at work, while of the 1500 plumbers it is estimated that not more than one half are employed. We have received reports of a like tenor from the jewelers, piano makers, billiard-table makers, cabinet makers, manufacturers of hardware, picture frames, look- ing glasses, clocks, artificial flower makers and boot and shoe makers. The Erie Railroad has reduced the wages of laborers em- ployed in loading freight and repairing the tracks from $1 to 80 cents per day, [From the New York Tribune, January 15, 1855.] Who is hungry ? Go and see. You that are full-fed and know not what it is to be hungry — perhaps never saw a hungry man — go and see. Go and see thousands, men and women, boys and girls, old and young, black and white of all nations, crowding and jostling each other, almost fighting for a first chance, acting more like hungry wolves than human beings in a land of plenty. It is only by the continuous efforts of two policemen that the crowd can be kept in order or made to wait till the food is ready for distribution. Such a scene may be seen every day between 11 and 3 o'clock around the comer of Orange and Chatham streets, where charity gives a dinner to the poor, and soup and bread to others to carry to their miserable families. On Saturday we spent an hour there at the hour of high tide. We have never seen anything like it before. Upward of a thousand people were fed with a plate of soup, a piece of bread and a piece of meat, on the premises, and in all more than 1600. On the same day 1130 portions of soup were dealt out from Stewart's " soup kitchen," in the rear of the great store, corner of Beade street and Broadway. At the rooms on Duane street for the relief of the poor, on the same day, they gave food to 3356. In the Sixth Ward alone over 6000 persons were fed by charity on Saturday, January 13. And this is only one day in one ward. Mean- while, scenes of a like nature are being enacted all over the city. A procession of several thousand persons kept marching about the streets yesterday, with flags and ban- ners which bore such inscriptions as " Hunger is a Sharp Thorn," "The Last Recourse," "Live and Let Live," " We Want Work," &c. Such are the scenes that are being enacted daily before our eyes, while the cry of hard times reaches us from every part of the country. The making of roads is stopped, factories are closed and houses and ships are no longer being built. Factory hands, road makers, carpenters, bricklayers and laborers are idle, paralysis is rapidly em- bracing every pursuit in the country. The cause of all 67 this stoppage of circulation is to be found in the steady outflow of gold to pay foreign laborers for the cloth, the shoes, the iron and the other things that could be produced by American labor, but which cannot be so produced under our present revenue system. The convulsion would have come Upon us sooner but for the extraordinary demand in Europe for breadstuffs, growing out of huge famines and big wars, and but for the dazzling and magnificent dis- covery of gold mines in California, by which hard money, sufficient to buy an empire, has been called into existence and exported to Europe. If we could stop the import of the foreign articles, the gold would cease to flow out to pay for them, and money would then again become more abund- ant j labor would then again be in demand, shoes, clothing and other commodities would then again be in demand, and men would then cease to starve in the streets of otir towns and cities. If it be not stojiped, thel gold must con- tinue to go abroad, and employment must become from day^o day more scarce, until where there are now many thotisands we shall see tens of thousands of men every- where crying: " Give me work I Only give me work I Make your own terms — ^my wife and children have noth- ing to eat." BUTBTED AGRICULTURE in England.— I speak my unfeigned convictions when I say I believe there is no in- terest in the country which will receive so much benefit from the repeal of the Corn Laws as the farm tenant interest in this country.-i-iJ*c/!,ard Uobden, 1844. False prophecy. The depreciation in land values has in the last 14 years alone been, says the president of the Surveyors' Institution : In 13 county divisions in England, over 50 percent.; in 14, over 40 per cent. ; fa 33, over 30 per cent. ; in 59, over 20 per cent.; in 41, over 10 per cent.; while tenants will not in many districts take farms rent free, and the agri- cultural returns show that in 20 years two million acres of land, three-fourths of which had carried wheat, have been thrown out of arable cultivation, and 80,000 agricultural laborers, mostly heads of large families, thereby deprived of rural employ, have swollen the labor competition in the towns. SALT and Protection. — In 1861 there was no tariff on salt. Little was made in this country, and we imported the most that we used from Liverpool, England. In order to encourage our people to manufacture it a duty of 64 cents a barrel was placed upon foreign made salt. At this time the customary price for a barrel of salt at retail was $3.50. In 1868 it sold at $1.25 and in 1873 $1.10 per barrel, and then the tariff was reduced to 33 cents per barrel, and it remains at that now. You can now buy salt at whole- sale for 50 cents a barrel — ^barrel and all. The barrel costs 20 cents ; the duty is 33 cents. The barrel and the duty make 53 cents. Now, if you can purchase a barrel of 280 pounds for 50 cents, this would be 3 cents lower than the duty and the cost of the barrel, consequently the man who makes 68 the salt gives it away and pays 2 cents extra for the privi- lege of doing it. We produeed daring 1890 over 5,000,000 barrels of salt in the United States. SWINGS in New York State.— According to the re- port of the bank commissioners, savings bank deposits in New York State increased, during the past ten years, from $387,836,891 to $588,425,430. The per capita deposits in- creased from $76 in 1880 to alm;ost $100 in 1890, a gain of about $33 for every man, vfoman and child in the State. SAVINGS 1890-91: BANKS Deposits in the United States, States and Number of Amount of Territories. depositors. deposits. Maine 140,521 $47,781,166 New Hampshire 166,864 69,531.024 Vermont 73,70i 21,630,803 Massachusetts 1,0SH,8I7 353,592.937 RhodelJand 1.31,652 63,719,491 CJonneotiout 305,863 116,406,675 New York 1,477,819 574,669,973 New Jersey 125,073 32,462,603 Pennsylvania 236,812 62.150,893 Delaware 16,7.52 3,602,469 Maryland 135,004 38,916,597 District of Columbia 10,231 70»,266 West Virginia 9.894 875,440 North Carolina a5,834 264,348 South Carolina 17,494 8,286,155 Georgia 3,533 477,487 FloriSa 1.078 181,630 Alabama 1,770 65,816 Louisiana 4.366 l.^g?.™ Texas 4.309 384 183 Tennessee 11,169 1,445.834 Ohio 788N5 81,8.58,086 Indiana 14,884 3,5.52.099 niiaoU a6i;i03 16,362,302 Michigan 150,326 89.887.761 "Wisconsin 726 94,b8i Wisconsin ^^^ 20,82l',495 Minnesota a30,391 7,688.677 Nebraska 86.896 3,508.751 Californfa . . . al36 497 114 lrt4.523 Montaui ^aSJ »344,599 New Mexico £il,062 16-.,426 Utah «'!'.994 1,6S3.040 Washington 6,850 8 34,815 Total i^,'il7 $1,623,079,749 a JPartially estimated. * For 1889-90. SAVINGS in the United States. Total savings bank deposits. 1887 $1,335,247,371 JsfiS ■ 1,364,196,550 1800 1,524,844,506 1891 . '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1 ,623,079,749 Average due each depositor in 1891 Average to each depositor. $340.03 418.19 897.88 826.24 483.99 380.58 888.86 2.59.55 263.00 215.05 888.26 68.73 37.94 45.31 187.84 188.50 168.49 37.18 335.42 89.16 129.44 896.84 ^38.65 267.78 198.82 130.42 864.35 852.99 130.45 836.89 *106.59 155.76 310.41 121.87 $358.04 No. of Depositors. 8,418,018 3,838,291 4,358,8fl3 4,5.'53,217 "104 SHIPPING, Its Decline.— Ihe following table Ehows the values of the imports and exports of the United States carried respectively in American and foreign vessels during each fiscal year from 1856 to 1891 : Per cent. Year ^ in ending In American In foreign American June 30. vessels. vessels. vessels. 1856 $482,268,274 $159,336,576 75.2 1857 510,331,027 218,519,796 70.5 1858 447,191,304 160,066,267 73.7 1859 465,741,381 229,816,211 66.9 1860 507,247,757 255,040,793 66.5 1861 881,516,788 203,478,278 &5.3 1862 217,695,418 218,015,296 50.0 1863 241,872,471 343,056,031 41.4 1864 184,061,486 48.5,793,548 27.5 1865 167,402,872 487,010,124 27.7 1866 325,711,861 685,226,691 33.3 1867 297,834,904 581,330,403 33.9 1868 297,981,573 550,546,074 35.1 1869 289,956,773 586,493,013 33.1 1870 352,969,401 638,927,488 35.6 1871 353,664,173 755,822.576 81.3 1872 345,331,101 839,346,362 28.5 1873 346,306,593 966,732,651 25.8 1874 350,451,994 939,206,106 26.7 1875 314,257,792 884,788,517 25.8 1876 311,076,171 818,854,987 27.3 1877 816,660,281 859,920,586 26.5 1878 313,050,906 876,991,129 25.9 1879 373,015,692 911,369,382 23.6 1880 258,846,577 1,334.265,434 17il8 1881 250,586,470 1,269,002,983 16.22 1883 227,229,745 1,212,978,769 15.40 1883 240,420,500 1,258,506,934 15.54 1884 233,699,035 1,127,798,199 16.60 1885 194,865,748 1,079,518,566 14.76 1886* 197,349,503 1.073,911,113 15.01 1887 194,356,746 1,165,194,508 13.80 1888 190,857,473 1,174,697,321 13.44 1889 208,805,108 1,317,063,541 13.70 1890 202,4.51,086 1,371,116,744 12.39 1891 206,439,925 1,450,101,087 11.D4 SHIPPING Question in a Nutshell. — The disadvan- tages against which American vessels in the foreign trade have to contend are fourfold. First. — Liberal postal and naval subsidies, and building and sailing bounties paid by chief shipping nations. Second. — Lower wages to mechanics in foreign ship- yards, machine shops and dry docks, and lower wages to oflBcers and seamen, and lower cost of maintenance on shipboard. Third.— Hostile discrimination of British Lloyds in re- spect to inspection and classification, and of English under- writers in regard to the insurance of cargoes in American built ships, compelling vessels under our flag to wait long- est for charters and to receive always the lowest rates of freight. 70 Fourth. — Competition of the severest kind with all the shipping of the world, in consequence of the free shipping pohcy of our own Government since 1838,* and no atten- tion given by Congress nor any action taken to secure equal footing and fair play to our shipping under the un- equal and destructive competition which it has invited, and which has subordinated our shipping service to the will and caprice of our rivals and enemies, driven our people and our flag from the high seas and crippled our right arm of national defence.-:- Wm. W. Bates. SHEEP. — Their number, average price and value on farms in the United States : Pounds of wool grown. From the annual reports of the CommiB- Bioner of Agriculture. Dept. of Aerrl- culture. 1867 to 1885 estimated by- James Lynch, N. Y. ; 1886 to 1891, by J. P. Truitt, Phlla. Date of Report. Number. Ave'age. price. Value. Pounds. Pounds. 1810 . . . 10,000.000 13,000,000 14,100,000 17,829,000 35,802,114 53,-516,969 60,364,913 160,000,000 168,000,000 180,000,000 163,000,000 160,000,000 150.000,000 158,000,000 170,000,000 181,000,000 193,000,000 200.000.000 308,250,000 311.000,000 333.500,000 340,000,000 373,000,000 290,000,000 300,000,000 303.000,000 302,000,000 285,000,000 369,000,000 365,0 0,000 276,000,000 285,000,000 1830 1830 1840 1850 19,311,000 31,723,000 23,471,275 39.385,386 38,991,912 37,724,279 40,853,000 31,851,000 31,679,300 33,002,400 33.938,300 33,783,600 35,935.300 35,804.300 35,740,500 38.133,800 40,765,900 43,576,899 45,016.334 49,237 291 50,636,636 50,360,343 48,333,331 44,759,314 43,544,755 42,599,079 44,336,072 43,431,136 44,938,365 1880 1867 1868 1869 . 1870 1871 1872 ... 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 .... 1883 1883 1884 1885 1886 . ... 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1893. "sis?" 2.52 2.17 2.28 3.33 3.80 2.96 2.61 2.79 3.60 2 27 2.25 2.07 3.21 2.39 2.37 2.53 2.37 2.14 1.91 2.01 2.05 2.13 2.27 2.51 2.58 '$i32V774i666 98,407,809 82,139,979 93.364,433 74,035,837 88,771,197 97,932,350 88,690,569 94,330,6,53 93,666,318 80,893,683 80,603,063 79,023,984 90.230,537 104,070,759 106,595,954 124,365,835 119,902,706 107,960,650 92,443,867 89,872,839 89,379,926 90,640,369 100,659,761 108,397,447 116,121,370 160.000,000 177,000,000 162,250,000 163,000,000 146,000,000 160,000,000 174,700,000 178,000,000 193,000,000 198,250,000 208,250,000 311,000.000 333,500,000 284,000,000 290,000,000 300,000,000 320,400.000 337,500,000 . 329,600,000 323,031,026 302,169,950 301,876,121 295,779,479 309,474,856 307,101,507 * Though this policy was adopted in 1828, its operation was confined to the smaller maritime powers untU 1850. The exten- sion of the provision of this act to Great Britain at the commence- ment of that year Is the cause of our loss of maritime position. 71 SHEEP.— Number in Australia in 1871, 49,773,584 ; 1881, 78,063,426 ; 1889, 98,135,953 ; 1891, 114,628,301, SE A.Ii P LUSHES.— The manufacture of seal plushes has made such rapid advances of late that it has now as- sumed very large proportions. It was anticipated that the present TarifE would have the effect of considerably en- hancing the price of this fabric, but no increase whatever has so far taken place. Better goods can now be had for the same price than were obtainable before the present Tariff came into force. The consunier can now obtain a very serviceable fabric at a reasonable price, say $1.75 a yard, which heretofore cost importers $3, if not more, to land. The fact is now demonstrated beyond question that seal plushes can be made in this country as good and as cheap as anywhere else. — Dry Goods Chronicle, January 23, 1892. SHODDY Manufacture in fhe United States : 1880. Number of mills 73 Total capital |1,165,100 Hands employed 1,382 Total amount paid it) wages $400,336 Miscellaneous expenses.' Number cards , Cost of materials $3,366,650 Sboddy and Mungo : Pounds Value Value of all other products Total value of all products .$4,989,615 1890. 93 $4,091,207 • 2,366 $840,259 $334,327 470 $5,875,383 35.502,054 $5,r35,934 $l,8f7§.781 $7,711,715 SHODDY Jmporte— Quantity and value of im- ports of shoddy, mungo, rags, flocks and waste from 1880 to 1891 : Quantity. Duty per Year. Pounds. "NSalue. lb. Cents. 1880 1,388,233 $297,196 13 1881..., 470,873 138,353 12 1882 1,097,641 358,386 12 1883 974,963 438,750 10 1884 1,316,083 564,694 10 1885 700,231 287,254 10 1886 3,059,214 1,036,896 10 1887 4,834,636 1,843,833 10 1888 4,488,325 1,719,154 10 1889 3,662,209 3,447,201 10 1890 4,980,327 2,052,078 10 1891 (calendar year). 215,714 58,637 30 on shoddy. SHODDY m England.— ^hoidy is utilized abroad to an extent undreamed of and un approached by our own manufacturers. The quantity of shoddy 6onsumed by the British manufacturers is vastly in excess of the quantity used by our own, while both use nearly the same amount 73 of wool. They have attained a skill in concealing its pres- ence, in utilizing wastes we still throw away, and in com- bining tnem with fresh material, that no mills in this country can equal. There were in Great Britain in 1889 (see ofScial returns under the " Factories and Workshops act") 135 shoddy mills, employing 4503 persons, as com- pared with "the 2266 persons employed in our 93 shoddy mills in 1890. No ofScial return is made of the product of these mills, but from other data accessible it is estimated to exceed by four times the total consumption of shoddy in all the woolen mills of the United States. — Memorial to Congress of the National Association, of Wool Manufact- urers. David A. Wells, in the " Annual of Scientific Discovery," says of the manufacture of shoddy as carried on at Dews- bury between Huddersfield and Leeds : " The dung of hogs is largely employed in this purifying x>rocesB, as well as human urine, which is extensively used in the blanket manufacture of Yorkshire. ... It [shoddy] is mixed in with new wool in such proportion as its quahty will per- mit without deteriorating the sale of the material. . . . The mungo is used in nearly ajl the Yorkshire superfine cloths, and in some very extensively. ... So great is the competition in the English markets, that as soon as a rise takes place in the price of new wool, the small manu- facturers, instead of raising their prices, commonly regu- late their expenditures by using a larger proportion of the old material, and they are thus enabled to compete, in price at least, with the larger manufacturers, who can lay m a larger stock of new wool when the price is low." SILR Industries of the United States.— The year 1882 showed the largest total of imports of silks into this country. The annexed table is interesting, as showing the steady prog- ress made by domestic looms since 1883 : Domestic silks. Foreign silks. 1883 $35,102,020 $57,951,051 1888 87,214,290 48,857,854 1884 84,444,770 46,786,392 1885 36.893,662 85,381,115 1886 54,941,036 41,733,395 1887 56,439,185 46.093,815 1888 57,388,433 47,906,187 1889 58,66d,780 50,645,574 SILK Industries of England.— J-ast previous to the re- duction of the TarifE in 1861, and which has since been en- tirely abolished, the product of the.silk mills was valued at $80,000,000, while the imports of silk goods amounted to scarcely $11,000,000. These figures were nearly reversed in 1889, when the production was valued at $7,500,000, and the imports over $55,000,000. SODA ASH.— Prior to 1884 no soda ash was made in this country, though we used 175,000 tons a year. In 1883 Congress placed on it a duty of $5 a ton. The price prior 73 to that time was $48 per ton. American consumers have been paying but $28 a ton for it of late and have kept $3,500,000 a year at home. In making that soda ash at home we consumed annually 70,000 tons of coal, 100,000 tons of limestone, 10,000 tons of coke and 100,000 tons of salt, and pay $800,000 a year in wages and $152,000 a year in freights. STEEL BAILS, Why a Duty o/$13.44 on Them.—Jn January and February, 1890, English steel rails cost £7. 5s., or about $35 per ton, delivered on board vessels ; in May the quotation was £4. 178. 6d. , or about $33.75, a fall of more than $11 per ton in three months. In August, 1888, En- glish steel rails were quoted at £3. 13s. 6d., or $17.63 per ton, and from May to August, 1886, they were regularly quoted at £3. 7s. 6d., or $16.43. The quotations in 1886, and again in 1888 were doubled in the early part of 1890. We do not need Protection against British steel rails at $35 per ton, but against sted rails at $16.43 per ton. — Swank. STEELi BAITiS. — ^Duty, production and prices since the beginning of their manufacture in the United States in 1867: Product Price in in gross cur- Tears, tons. rency. 1867 3,877 $166,001 1868 6,451 158.50 ' 1869 8,619' 132.25 1870 30,357 100.75 1871 34,1,53 103.50 1878.... 83,991 113.00 1873 115,198 120.50 1874 129,414 94.25 1875 259,699 68.75, 1876 368,269 59.25' 1877 385,865 45.50 1878 491,427 43.25 1879 610,683 48.33 1880 858,196 67.50 1881 1,187,770 61.13 1883 1.194,800 48.67 1883 1,148,709 37.75 1884 996,983 30.75 1885 959,471 88.50 1886 1,574,703 34.50 1887 8,101,904 37.08 1888 1,386,277 39.83 1889 1,510,057 39.25- 1890 1,867,837 31.75 1891 , 89.98 STEEL BAILS Cheaper in New York than in London- Price of Price of steel rails steel rails , 1890 in New York, in London. Januarys $35 $35.89 " 15 35 35.29 „ ," 39 35 35.29 February 13 35 35.29 " 19 34.50@35 35.39 74 Duty 45 per cent. Duty 138 per ton. .Duty $25 per ton. Duty $38 per ton. DuSytW per ton. STRIKES in the United States and in England. — According to figures furnished by the CommisBipner of- Labor of the United States, the number of strikes' in the whole country has been as follows : Employes Number striking of and Years. strikes, involved. 1880 610 1881 471 129,531 1883 454 154,674 1883 478 149,763 1884 443 147,054 1885 645 243,705 1886 1,411 499,489 1887 872 345,073 1888 679 211,016 1889 643 177,398 1890 798 201,682 Available statistics show that in Great Britain, the para- dise of Tariff " reformers," 3164 strikes occurred in 1889, The British Board of Trade officially report 1038 strikes in 1890, with 392,981 persons involved in 738 of these. It will be seen by a comparison of the relative number and importance of strikes in the United States and in Great Britain for the year 1890 that the number was much greater in the latter country, and that the number of per- sons involved was more than three times as great in pro- portion to the number of persons engaged in useful occu- pations in the respective countries. In the recent strike in the Durham (English^ district, 100,000 coal miners went out and remained idle from March 12 to June 1, when they accepted a reduction of 10 per cent, in wages. SUGAR, BEET, Under a Bounty.— Progreaa of beet sugar production in Germany : Quantity of raw Quantity of Raw sugar Molasses produced. sugar pro- beets raised Year. of all kinds duced from per hectare — produced. every 100 About 2K kilograms acres. of beets. '< Kilograms — 100 kilos— Tons. Tons. About 2 'A pounds. About 220 pounds. 1871-72... 186,442 63,893 8.28 ■304 1879^80. .. 409,415 131,371 8.5a 253 18S9-90. .. 1,213,689 240,797 12.36 329 Exports increased from 130,103 tons in 1879-80 to 718,- 985 tons in 1889-90. 75 SUGAR. — ^Under free sugar our consumption has grown from- 54.56 pounds per capita in 1890 tp 67.46 pounds in 1891. March 31, 1893, marked the close of the first twelve months of free sugar. Results: Increase in free imports from 1309,860,699 for the similar preceding period to 1461,473,523 for the period ending March 81 last; de- crea-^e in dutiable imports in same periods from $536,399,- 665 to $875,585,063. TAILORING in London. — So gentlemen go over to London with a limited supply and prepared to refurnish at a London tailor's. Prices are low. &ine material is worked up in business suits for about $18, and a dress suit can be had for $35 or $30. But the suits I These same gentlemen would annihilate an American tailor who would offer them similar ones for $10. They never are finely finished. The coats have a "baggy" back, or if they chance to fit well at first, in a week's time they are out of shape, with hnings sagging, and the whole suit a disgrace to the wearer. — Vhicago Herald, TARIFFS of the United States. When Went into passed. effect. July4i 1789 Augusts, 1789 August 10, 1790 January 1, 1791 May 3, 1793 July 1, 1793 June 7, 1794 July 1, 1794 May 13, 1800 July 1, 1800 May 36, 1804 July 1, 1804 July 1, 1813 , July 1, 1813 April 37, 1816 July 1, 1816 May 33, 1834 , July 1, 1834 May,i9. i838{;::;;;:;::::;:::S«p*em^-f.i|8 July 14, 1833 March 4, 1833 March 3, 1833 .January 1, 1834 August 30, 1843. August 30j 1843 July 30, 1846 December 1, 1846 March 3, 1857 July 1, 1857 March 3, 1861 .April 3, 1861 July 14, 1863 August 3, 1863 June 30, 1864 July 1, 1864 March 3, 1867 March 3, 1867 June 6, 1873 August 1, 1873 March 3, 1875 March 3, 1875 March 3, 1883 July 1, 1883 October 1, 1890 October 6, 1890 TARIFF of Great Britain.— Formerly almost every article imported into the United Kingdom, whether manu-: faoturedor-raw material, was in the Tariff. In 1843 the Customs Tariff numbered no fewer than 1,800 articles. Now it contains but 19. The following are the duties on importations : 76 £ s d Beer, mum and spruce, the original specific gravity not exceeding 1215 per barrel of 86 galls 16 " exceeding 1315° per barrel of 86 galls 110 6 " and ale, worts of which were before fer- mentation of a specific gravity of 1055° perbarrelof 26 galls 6 6 And so in proportion for any difference in grav- ity. Cards, playing per doz. packs Chiccory, raw or kiln-dried cwt. " roasted or ground ft. " and coffe mixed " Chloral hydrate '' Chloroform " Cocoa " " husks and shells cwt. " or Chocolate, ground, prepared, or in any way manufactured ft CofiEee (raw) cwt. " (kiln-dried, roasted or ground) ft Collodion gall, Bther, acetic ft " butyric gall. " sulphuric " Ethyl, Iodide of " Fruit (dried) : Currants cwt. " Figs, E'runes, Baisins " Naphtha or methylic alcohol (puri.) proof. . .gall. Soap, transparent, in the manufacture of which spirit has been used ft Spirits, or strong waters ptoof gall. " perfumed spirits and colcgae -^ water liquid gall. 17 3 " Liqueurs, Cordials and other preparations containing spirit in bottle, if not to be tested for ascertaining the strength liqaidgall. 14 8 Tea ••» 4 Tobacco, unmanuf., containing 10 percent, or < more of moisture 5fc 8 2 " containing lessthan 10 per cent " 3 6 Cigars " 5 " Cavendish or Negrohead " 4 6 " Snuff not more than 13 lbs. (in 100 lbs.) i moisture ...lb. 4 6 " cont. more than 13 lbs " 8 9 " other manufactured " 4 " Cavendish or Negrohead manufactured in bond from unmanufactured to- bacco »>• 4 Varnish (cont. spirit), same as spirits. Wine, not exceeding 30° proof spirit gall. 10 •' exceeding 30*^bnt not exceeding 42°.. "02b 77 8 9 13 8 2 2 1 3 8 1 2 2 14 2 1 5 1 10 15 8 1 6 2 13 7 2 7 10 10 3 10 10 Wme, for each additional degree of strength be- £ s d yond42° gall. 3 Sparkling Wine imported in hottle " 2 6 " when: the market value is proved not to exceed 15 shillings per gall gall, 1 These duties are in addition to the duty in respect of alcoholic strength. There are drawbacks' for roasted coflfee shipped as stores and for tobacco and snult manufactured in the United Kingdom. The receipts from customs in the United Kingdom, year ending March 31, 1890, was £30,424,000, or about $100,000,- 000. The total revenue of the Government from all sources was £89,304,316, so that the receipts from customs were about 22 per cent . The other sources of revenue were : Trom excise, £34,160,000 ; from stamps, £18,060,000; from income and property tax, £13,770,000; from post ofSce, £9,450,000; from telegraph service, £3,320,000. The re- mainder from land tax, house duty, crown lauds and mis- cellaneous. Itemized, the receipts from customs were : From tobacco, £9,061,984 ; from tea, £4,490,505 ; from rum, £2,217,171 from brandy, £1,331,269; from other spirits, £1,133,784 from wine, £1,303,160; from currants, £315,679; from coffee, £172,833 ; from raisins, £163,004 ; from other articles, £337,889. TARIFF, What the McKinley Act' Affected Most.— The articles most affected by the last Tariff act were sugar and molasses and textiles. The aggregate value of the free and dutiable imports for consumption of those articles [1891] was as follows : Sugar, molasses and confectionery : $87,603,908 in 1890, and $103,836,903 in 1891, an increase of . $15,333,994; textile grasses and fibrous vegetable sub- stances, $30,483,714 and $24,432,370 in 1891, an increase of $3,949,556.— Srocfc. « TAXES " of the " Beform " MUls BUI Higher than MoKinley' s " Tasoes." Cotton cloth not exceeding 50 threads to the square inch, count- ing the warp and filling : Not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted or printed, and valued at not over 6J^ cents per square yard ...... Valued at over 63^ cents per square yard Bleached, valued at not over 9 cents per square yard Valued at over 9 cents per square yard ; 78 "Taxes" levied by MoKinley. Per cent, ad val. "Taxes "in "reformer's " Mills bill. Per cent. ad val. 31 40 35 40 38 40 35 40 Dy^d, colored, stained, painted or printed, and valued at not over 12 cents per square yard 33 40 Dyed, colored, stained, painted or printed, and valued at over 13 cents per square yard 35 40 Cotton cloth, exceeding 50 and not exceeding 100 threads to the and filling : Not bleached, dyed, colored. stained, painted or printed, and valued at not over 63^ cents, square yard 34 40 Valued at over 6^ cents per square yard 35 40 9 cents per square yard 33 40 Valued at over 9 cents per square yard 35 40 Dyed, colored, stained, painted and printed, and valued at not over 13 cents per square yard 33 40 Valued at over 13 cents per square yard 35 40 Manila cables and cordage, un- tarred 13 35 Hemp cables and cordage, un- tarred 19 35 Other cables and cordage, un- tarred 11 35 ipinding twine of istle, Tampico fiber, sisal grass or sunn 6 15 Binding twine of manila 6 35 Gunpowder and all explosive sub- stances used for mining, blasting, artillery or sporting purposes : Valued at 30 cents or less per pound 31 37 Valued above 30 cents per pound 7 9 Sole leather 10 35 15 Boots and shoes of leather 30 Plush for making hats 10 15 Oil or essence of bay rum 35 35 46 Oil of bay leaves 56 Iodoform 44 34 59 Chloroform 48 — Figures compiled by J. A. Lindquist of " Reform" Club 79 THREE of a Kind in the Order of Time. Nuttijieation and Free IVadfe.— Whereas, the Congress o£ the United States, by various acts, purporting to he acts laying duties and imposts on foreign imports, but in reality intended for the protection of domestic manufactures, &c hath exceeded its just powers under the Constitution We» therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States purport- ing to be the laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities, &c., .■. . . are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof, and are null, void, and no law. — Ordinance of Nullification passed by South Carolina, through delegates assembled in General Convention, November 27, 1833. Seeession and Free-Trade. — The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties and excises for revenue only necessary to pay the' debts, provide for the common defense and carry on the Government of the Confederate States ; but no bounty shall be granted from the treasury ; nor shall any duties or taxes on im- portations from foreign nations be laid to promote or roster any branch of industry. — Article 1 of Confederate Constitution, Adopted March 11, 1861. Democratic Tariff Plank. — We denounce Republi- can Protection as a fraud, a robbery of the great ihajority of the American people for the benefit of the few. We declare it to be a fundamental principle of the Democratic party that the Federal Govemmeiit has no constitutional power to impose and collect Tariff duties, except for the purpose of revenue only, and we demand that the collection of such taxes shall be limited to the necessities of the Government when honestly and economically administered. — Democratic Platform of 1892. TIN PIiATES, Why Not Made in the. United States Before. — A number of Ohio capitalists met in Cleveland on Oct. 14, 1891, for the purpose of organizing a cottipany for the manufacture of tin plates. J. L. Morris, who has been connected with former attempts to start this industry in the United States, gave a description of the #rst trial at the business. The Leader and Herald reported him as fol- lows : " At the time I commenced the manufacture," said Mr. Morris, " there was no Tariff upon tin plate. I made the first experiments in Pittsburgh. I bought a couple of tons of iron, and, although it was ' scaled,' we made it up into very fair tin plate. The goods sold readily, and I set about organizing a stock company. The town of Wells- ville offered us the best terms, and we located there. I sold a trial order of three hundred boxes to the iPenn&yl- vania Railroad Company, and the manager assured me that if the goods were satisfactory they would give us all 80 their orders. They found the tin plate equal to the En- glish, ~%nd we sold them otlier consignments at $11 a box. A short time afterward a large firm of importers asked the company why they had stopped buying tin plate of them, and the manager said : ' The American Tin Plate Company' of Wellsville supplies all we want.' Word was immediately sent across to England, and within two weeks foreign tin plate was selling at $7 per box. and it con- tinued to drop until it reached the price of $4.75. We could not stand the ruinous competition, and with the panic of 1873 and the labor troubles the American Tin Plate Company was soon a thing of the past. After the domestic tin plate was driven out of the market, the foreign article immediately began to increase in price." TIN-PLATE Importg Have Fallen. — The ex- ports from Great Britain to the United States for the last four years have been as follows, amounts stated in gross tons : Tons. Tons. 1889. 331,673 1891. 442.306 1890 296,318 1892 203,941 TlN-PIiATE INDTTSTRy, Number of Persons It Will Employ. — W. C. Cronemeyer is authority for the following estimate of the number of persons that will find employment in this country making the tin and teme plat's hitherto imported : Material required to produce the 350,000 tons tin plate, of teme plate, taggers tin and taggers iron annual^ imported. 3,000,000 tons of coke and coal 1,000,000 tons of iron ore 450,000 tons of -pig iron 15,000 tons of Dakota block tin 3000 tons of lead 6500 tons of tallow or palm oil 20,000 tons of sulphuric acid 30,000,000 feet of box lumber. , . , . , To turn pig iron into fine sheet iron, 50 men to every 1000 tons To turn fine sheet iron into tin plate, terne plates, &c. to every 1000 tons five women To every thousand tons seven men . . .... To keep machinery in repair and produce packing, lubricatmg oils and mill supplies Bailroad carriage to transport these mate- rials from place to place Total 39,800 Persons re- quired to produce such ma- terial in one year. 2,000 men. 1,200 " 4,500 " 5,000 " 300 " 750 " 750 " 600 " 17,500 " 1,750 women 2,450 men. 2,000 " 1,000 " 81 These men so employed will in turn again give employ, ment to about 300 Preachers, 2000 Teachers, 300 Lawyers, 1000 Farmers, 800 Physicians, 300 Butchers, 300 Grocers, 300 Shoemakers, 300 Tailors and Dressmakers, 300 Carpenters, 300 Masons, 2000 State, County and Municipal employes, Total 8000 These 48,000 people will provide a livelihood for about 240,000 people and these 240,000 people thus employed, be- ing 4-10 per cent, of the present population of the United States, will increase the general consumption of all com- modities by about 4-10 per cent., $1,200,000,000 at least. TIN PIiATE, Actual Production. — During the quarter ending September 30, 1891, there were produced in this country, by five manufacturers, who had then but recently begun practical operations, or who began during the quarter : Pounds. Tin plates 152,489 Terne plates 674,433 Total. 826,923 During the quarter ending December 31, 1891, eleven manufacturing firms produced : Pounds. Tin plates 215,911 Terne plates 1,193,910 Total 1,409,821 During the quarter ending March 31, 1892, nineteen manufacturers produced": _,. Pounds. Tm plates 1,099,656 Terne plates 1,904,431 Total 3,004,087 The total product for the nine months ending March 31. 1892, was : Pounds. Tm plates 1,468,056 Terne plates 3 773 774 Total ..; 5,240,830 —Qfflddl Report of Treasury Agent Ira Ayer, TlN-PIiATK Production in the United States.— The sworn statements of manufacturers show a production during the CLuarter ending June 30, 1892, of over 8,000,000 pounds of tin and teme plates, as against 3,004,087 pounds during the previous quarter. The production of the year Toy quarters is as follows : Quarter ending September 30, 1891 826,932 Quarter ending December 31, 1891 1,409,821 Quarter ending March 31, 1893 3,004,087 Quarter ending June 30, 1893 8,000,000 Total production for year 13,340,830 Of the more than 8,000,000 pounds produced during the last quarter of the fiscal year, over 5,000,000 pounds were made from American black plates, the remainder being made from foreign plates. In addition to the foregoing, I have to report that the production of American sheet iron or steel into articles and wares tinned or terne coated dur- ing the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893, as shown by the sworn statements of manufacturers, was in excess of 3,000,000 pounds, but these returns are as yet incomplete. — Special Report of Treasury Agent Ira Ayer. TIN-PIiATE DUTIES, Whom Do They " Oppress 9" — The Tin Plate Consumers' Association, opposed to the McKinley Tariff, addressed questions in 1893 to prominent manufacturers of tinware and others who buy tin plate at wholesale, as to the effect pf the McKinley duty, and re- ceived replies as follows : Louisville, Ky. — " It has decreased our profits." Indianapolis, Ind.—" To reduce our profits." Washington. — " The effect has been to reduce our profits." Baltimore.—" A decrease in profits." Baltimore. — " A great addition to the cost of manufact- ure, which is mostly a dead loss to us, as prices are no better." Philadelphia.—" To decrease profits." Boehester. — " Increased cost of raw material, with no advance for manufactured goods." New York City.—" To increase the cost without giving or enabling us to get an increase in the selling price." These and not the purchasers of tinware paid whatever increase occurred in tin-plate prices. TTS CANS Cheaper Under the New Tariff.— I will read from a letter that I have received from Norton Bros., tin-plate makers, of Chicago : "We have shipped during the past ten days more than 100 carloads of No. 3 and No. 3 cans, such as are used in canning factories. The No. 3 are for com, the No. 3 for tomatoes. The prices have in no cases exceeded $3.15 per hundred for No. 3 and $3.90 for No. 3. In September, 1890, we sold the same cans exactly —or rather, exactly the same size, kind and quality— at $3.15 to $3.25 for No. S and $4 to $4.25 for No. 8, and these were the regular market prices both here and in the East a year ago." — Major McKinley at Delphos, Ohio, 1891. TIN-PLATE MAKING, What Wales thinks of the American Industry.— ^Lt:. J. H. Bogers, managing partner of the extensive South Wales Tin Plate Works, Llanelly, and the Cwmbwrla Tin Plate Works, Swansea, and chair- man of the Welsh Tin Plate Makers' Association, is re- ported by the South Wales Daily Aews of March 24, 1893, as follows : "I will not enter into details at the present moment, but simply point out how the pig iron, steel rail, machinery and other trades have left this country so far as supplying the requirements of those countries which now consume most of our tin plates, and there is no reason why tin plate should not follow the same natural law. No one having a knowledge of machinery and of the tin- ning of black plates and the ingenuity of our American cousins can seriously doubt that shortly the work will be done automatically without either tinman or washman." TIN PLATE AND TERNE PLATE Distin- guished. — Terne plates are used for roofing and not for making kettl&s, pans, &c., which are manufactured from tin plate, notwithstanding the fact that the tin an^d teme plates, to the novice, look much alike. Terne plates, are dipped in a bath o£ lead and tin, principally lead. TIN-PLATE PROPHET Who Was Fooled.— There never was anything whatever in those Pittsburgh stories of tin-plate factories. Nobody ever thought' of in- vesting a dollar in a tin plate factory anywhere in this country. The Tim^ has repeatedly stated this fact, &c. — A'ew York Times, November 10, 1891. TIN AND TERNE PLATES, ManufactwHng Companies in the United States, April 23, 1892. . [a In artual operation. ft Buildjna;. e Enlarging workB. * Making or preparing to make black plates.] Names in Italics organized only. American Tin and Terne Plate Com- pany a Philadelphia, Fa. American Tin Plate Company 6 El wood, Ind. Anderson Tin Plate Company a Anderjion, Ind. Apollo Iron and Steel Company * ae... Apollo, Pa. Britton Rolling Mill Company * 6 Cleveland, Ohio. Blairsville Boiling Mill and Tin Plate Company * 6 Blairsville, Pa. Cincinnati Corrugating Company a Piqija, Ohio. Cleveland Tin Plate Company a Cleveland, Ohio. Coates & Co. * a ^ Baltimore, Md. Columbia Tin Plate Company a Piqua, .Ohio. Coming Steel Company * b Hammond, Jnd. Cumberland Rolling Mill and Tin Plate Company * 6 Ciuuberland, Md. Embreville Iron and Tin Plate Com- pany Embreville, Tenu . Falcon Iron and Nail Company Niles, Ohio. Griffiths & Cadwalader a... Pittsburgh, Fa. 84 Iron Clad Mfg. Company' a New Tork, N. Y. John Hamilton a , Fittsburgb, Pa. Keystone TJin Plate Company a Philadelphia, Pa. Kiechk'fer firos <& Co Milwaukee, Wis. LewistoQ Tin Plata Works * 5 Jolift, 111. Marshall Bros. & Co.* a Philadelphia, Fa. Matihai, Ingram & Co. a. Baltimore. Md. MeDiniel £ Harvey Company Philadelphia, Pa. McKloley Tin Plate Company a Pittsburgh, Pa. Merchant & Co. a Philadelphia, Pa. New Hhilcutelphia Iron and Steel Com- pany New Philadelphia, Ohio. N. & G. Taylor Co.* ae Philadelphia, Pa. Norton Bros.* ae Chicago, 111. New Castle Tin Plate Company * b New Castle, Pa. P. H. Laufman & Co.* ae Apollo, Pa. Pioneer Tin Hlate, Company. Joliet, ill. Pittsburgh Electro Plating Company a. Apollo, Pa. Fittsburi;h Tin Plate Works * ae New Kensington, Fa. Record Mfg. Company a Conneaut. Ohio, Savernnke tin fiate Company Milford, Va. Scott & Co., Jas. B , a Pittsburgh, Pa. St. Louis Stamping Company* ae St. Louis. Mo. Somerton Tin Plate Works * 6 Brooklyn, N. Y. Union Tin and Terne Flate Company.. Allegheny, Pa. n. S Iron and Tin Plate Mfg. Com- ■pany * a e Demmler, Pa. Wallace Banfield & Co.* a e Irondale, Ohio. Welsh American Tin Plate Company. Philadelphia, Pa. Western Tin Plate Company Joliet, lU. William T. Simpson & Co. a Pittsburgh, Fa . Number of companies organized April 33, 1893 44 Number of companies manufacturing April 'ii, 1893. 26 Number of companies building April 83, 1892 8 Number of companies operations not begun April 33, imz i 10 Number of companies enlarging works April 33, 1893. 8 Number of companies making or preparing to make black plates AprU 33, 1893 17 Total estimated investment $3,193,000 Total estimated yearly capacity, pounds 880,000,000 — Official report of Treasury Agent Ira Ayer. TOBACCO Growers' Gain. — The census of the tobacco crop published by the New England Homestead on Septem- ber 5, showed that the crop of 1891 was 13 per cent. larger than that of 1890, and 35 per cent. larger than that of 1889, and yet it commanded much higher prices. The produc- tion in cases and the average price for certain of the States were : New York. Production, 1891 26,197 Production, 1890 80,046 Production, 1889 18,630 Average price, 1891. . . .17.3 cents. Average price, 1890 13.1 cents. Average price, 1889 9.0 cents. 85 Con- Massa- necticut. chusetts. 31,931 8,653 17,453 6,373 17,750 6,690 18.6 cents. 18.0 cents. 13.1 cents. 13.7 cents. 13.1 cents. 13,1 cents. TRUCK FARMING in the United Stoies.— Upward of $100,000,000 are invested, in this industry, the annual products reaching a value of $76,517,155 on the farms after paying freights and commissions, realized upon 534,440^ acres of land. There are employed in this industry ai#,=v.- 765 men, 9,254 women and 14,874 children, aided by 75,§66: horses and mules and $8,971,306.70 worth of implements.. TRUSTS Cannot lAve in America.— The New York Daily Commercial Bulletin, an exceptionally frank free- Trade paper, commenting on the collapse of the steel beam combination, says: " The collapse of this combination illustrates very clearly the danger which every such combination has to confront, and before which nearly every one of them goes_ down. The exceptional profits realized are a powerful induce- ment to other manufacturers and capitalists to engage in the same business. . . . The only way to keep such a combination alive, by whatever name it may be called or under whatever legal forms it may be organized, is to sup- ply a product to the public at such a price as to discourage all competition. The trusts or corporations which have consistently done this have prospered. All others have been preparing disaster for themselves, though in many cases it has been long deferred." The Free-Trade papers were unanimous in stigmatizing the new TariflE law as the father of all trusts, yet since it passed they have been recording the death, one after another, of the very combinations out of which they made campaign capital in the past. Hardly had the law passed when the linseed oil trust went to pieces. The oat- meal trust followed suit, then the agricultural imple- ment trust, the steel beani trust, the salt (alleged) trust, collapsed in sticcession. The sugar trust got into diffi- culties which it has been unable to get out of as yet and the Protectionist atmosphere of these Tariff-walled United States has _ finally become too hot even for the great Standard Oil trust, and it disorganized. America is to-day the most unwholesome spot on earth for these combina- tions. TRUSTS IN ENGLAND, Salt.-The Salt Trust has just declared only the modest dividend of 8 per cent. The business of the, coming year is expected to yield a profit justifying a 30 per cent, dividend. During the past year the trust sold 1,689,000 tons of salt, or 80,000 tons more than the previous year, and the price increased by about seven pence and a halfpenny per ton. There is reason to believe the trust will soon buy up the few remaining pri- vate salt firms, so that the outlook is cheerful indeed, ex- cept to the users of salt.— Xondon Correspondent of The Sun, February 33, 1891. CAemicaZs.^-It is estimated that there are about fifty large chemical manufacturers in England, and out of this number forty odd have combined to form a syndicate for 8Q Ij the purpose of forcing up prices. — London Manufacturer and Inventor, August 20. 1891. The capital of the Chemical Union, according to the proof prospectus, is to be eight and a half millions sterling, of -which seven millions is set against works, plant, land and buildings, the balance representing stocks and work- ing capital. Forty-eight of the' principal firms, or con- siderably over 90 per cent, of the whole number engaged in the trade, have joined the union, and the preliminary arrangements contemplated the acquisition of their work on and from Saturday, November 1. » » * * * * The formation of the union has already greatly enhanced the price of chemicals, especially those used in the manu- facture of paper, " bleach" having risen from £5 to £6 per ton and caustic soda from £6. 10s. to nearly £11. — London Financial Times, October 31, 1890. It is interesting to note the imports of these chemicals i. e., used in our manufacture of soap, glass, paper, &c., lut controlled by the chemical trust], and see the large sums of money we annually pay into the pockets of the English monopolists. Tabulating the quantities imported, values and duties paid on these articles during 1889 and 1890 the following appears: FISCAL TBAB 1889. Rate of Founds. Value. duty. Bleaching powder (chlorate of lime) 104,115,003 $1,659,473 Free. Caustic soda 76,691,819 1,270,669 1 c. per ft. Soda ash 286,103,275 2,762,864 3^ c. per ft. Total 466,910,097 $5,693,006 FISCAL TEAR 1890. Rate of Founds. Value. duty. Bleaching powder 99,212,346 $1,385,080 Free. Causticsocfa 79,481.973 1,444,938 1 c. per ft. Soda ash 299,441,652 3,243,001 3^ c. per ft. Total 478,135,971 $6,073,019 The paper makers feel that by reason of the operation of the monopolistic "United Alkali Company" their inter- ests are subjected to a menace which they repel. They ^assert that the foreign alkali combine has placed the sale of all their chemical products in the United States for this year in the hands of one New York firifa, and that all deal- ers or consumers must buy from them or sub-agents whom they have appointed. — The Manufacturer, 1891. VALUE of Farms Increasing. — Within the last eight months I have traveled extensively through the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illi- nois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska. In conver- sation with hundreds of farmers and business men in each 87 one of these States; I have learned that the verdict isneaphr unanimous that land has been increasing in value steamly for nearly two years past.— iS. O. Horr, July, 1892. WAGES, their Rise injEngland and the United States Compared— ConsnUt Reports on Labor in Europe (Re- ports of 1884) furnish the basis of the following table com- piled by the State Department : Table Showing Average Weekly Wages in England and Chicago. Englatid. Chicago. Occupations. 1878. 1884. 1878. 1884 Building trades : Bricklayers..... $8.18 $7.56 $8.50 $24.00 Masons 8.16 768 13.50 24.00 Plasterers 8.10 7.80 12.00 87.00 Slaters 7 90 7.10 14.00 15.00 Plumbers 7.75 7.90 15.00 ; 22.50 Carpenters.. 8.25 7.66 9.75 1650 Gas-fitters.... , 7.25 7.66 11.00 18.00 Other trades : Bakers 6.50 6.17 10.00 12.00 Blsieksmiths ; 8.12 7.37 10.50 15.00 Bookbinders 7.88 6.77 14.50 16.50 Butchers , 7.23 5.60 15.00 16.50 Brass founders 7.40 7.47 16 50 15.00 Cabinetmakers 7.70 7.68 11.00 15.00 Coopers 7.30 750 10.50 18.00 Cutlers 8.00 7.00 Engravers 9.72 8.88 16.00 16 50 Horseshoers 7.20 632 17.00 18 00 Laborers, porters, &c 5.00 4.70 7.00 10.50 Millwrights ,. 7.50 6.97 16.00 Printers I. 7.75 7.17 14.00 18.00 Saddle and harness makers 6.80 6.63 9.00 18.00 Sailmakers Tailors 6 50 7.40 10.00 Tinsmiths 7.30 6.56 11.50 12.72 WAGES, Amalgamated Association Discusses them. — The Amalscamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers of the United States thus petitioned Congress not to pass the Mills bill : " Our condition, as worJringmen, is such that requires legislation for our betterment, not for our detriment, vsrhich the legislation of the Mills bill will make possible. Some will argue that our employers will reduce our wages- anyway, even though the Tariff remains as it is. We ask you toleave that to us, and, we will endeavor to take care of ourselves. As is customary in all branches of business:, we have our little family quarrel?, but we dislike outsiders to in- terf&re in the settlement thereof. " While every member in our organization is free to and does exercise his political preference, we are Proteetionisfy, and have unanimously dedared ourselves su^h as an organ- ieation at almost every recurring annual convention," WAGrE Throughout the WorW.— Compiled by the De- partment of State from Consular reports based upon pecial investigations by United States Consuls in the arious countries in 1884: GENERAL TRADES. Comparison of the Average Weekly Wages Paid in th» General Trades in Europe ivith those paid in Himilar Trades in New York and Chicago. Occupations. BUILDINO TBAOES. Bricklayers Hod carriers, Masons Tenders... Plasterers .. Tenders — Slaters Roofers Tenders ... Flnmbers. ... Assistants.. Carpenters.. . Gasfitters ... OTHER TRADES. Bakers Blacksmiths Strikers Bookbinders. .. Brickmakers. . . . Brewers Butchers Brass founders . Cabinet makers. Confectioners. . . Cif^armakers — Coopers — , Cutlers Distillers Drivers Draymen and teamsters . . . Cab and car riage Street railways Dyers Sngrayers — Furriers Gardeners Hatters Uorseshoers Jewelers Laborers, porters, &c UtboKraphers. . . '5'° S 756 494 7 507 780 527 710 735 424 790 4 7 7 617 737 63U an *7 00 685 550 7 47 7^ 684 607 7S0 700 53: 515 609 618 838 t8 52 580 610 633 8 76 470 707 $ 4 21 2 92 4 07 315 443 2 91 4 20 428 281 426 2 72 411 408 400 2 94 420 3^8 332 438 4 25 343 363 397 390 356 296 321 344 345 612 420 3 78 436 361 &21 311 659 s 5 74 313 533 323 634 323 665 565 364 610 3 61 620 607 s 456 322 522 309 466 302 4 98 497 328 546 293 4 07 500 5 81 4 72 517 532 443 6 '54 614 485 4 658 616 706 4 5 57 4 4 47 483 735 700 511 550 689 624 393 707 5 329 535 425 446 4 31 603 566 503 628 517 528 500 395 377 615 642 635 391 4^ 5S2 684 377 5 s 355 208 3 73 192 4 01 182 400 420 280 411 2 41 610 609 1455 14 72 318 315 410 620 6 87 350 360 440 s'do 364 300 300 220 400 368 380 4 77 8 67 385 1120 ■13 48 380 s 480 8 480 400 400 400 400 5 21 299 527 350 603 340 435 299 318 518 4 80 2 80-.. 4 8014 74 560504 480 480 360 400 320 600 3 400 4 440 400 480 e'do 500 440 250 440 3 60 800 400 3 400 '440 384 491 635 463 383 384 465 35 300 320361 6 93 4 80 5 51 432 245 872 288 4 61 55 420 3 75 260 432 230 330 3 76 388 520 443 4 443 3 78 4 4 5 59 584 330 4 78 493 402 $ 24 00 10 50 24 00 1050 27 00 1500 2100 16 50 10 50 22 50 5 70 16 50 18 00 292 3 72 2 72 342 280 406 2 91 420 5 76 336 680 366 3 91 400 350 3 60 360 295 316 466 366 39U 510 3 75 415 s 20 00 1100 1800 1000 18 00 10 00 14 00 1200 900 16 00 1000 1400 1200 12 00 15 00 1050 1650 17 40 mm 15 00 1500 12 00 18 00 12 00 1200 1350 1650 2400 1500 1260 1800 1350 2881080 900 4 88 1200 700 13 00 900 14 00 1000 500 800 1000 1200 ii-is 12 00 10 00 90O 10 00 900 1100 13 00 16 00 13 00 900 13 00 1300 1100 Millwrights Nailmakers 6Q7 t^ 717 mm § 7 70 663 7 03 '8 44 638 740 7 65 656 6 31 418 812 3 60 ■\Z 369 28S 2 95 5 70 (485 1380 3 41 511 355 S79 460 482 452 6 74 4 81 4 78 664 700 5 70 604 290 672 [518 502 692 546 323 500 310 480 6 30 264 417 5 93 520 3 30 365 5 76 5 76 960 510 2 59 1800 1200 1500 1400 Potters Printers 486 5 94 . 74 5 51 4 56 436 5 81 558 635 440 3 95 317 485 8 47 380 380 7 '40 415 403 6 76 3 70 315 'eoo 6 40 "'480 400 10 00 1300 Teachers public j schools. 1 Saddle and har- ness niakers — Sail makers Shoemakers . . . Stevedores Tanners.. .'. 11300 1100 1200 ITdfl 288 4 90 342 655 296 296 1800 1272 is'oo 1200 1800 moo 400 500 660 400 3 60 492 6 36 i'io 3 05 7-1!^ Telegraph oper- ators Tinsmiths Weavers (outside of mills) Machinists 1200 1100 1000 ♦ About. + With board. * Men. S Women. WAGES and Living in the United States and in Eng- land. — Here is the teetimony of an Englishman who came to this country to work in a plush factory brought to Bridgeport, Conn., by the McKinley Tarlfif. He had left similar employment in the old country, and wrote a letter home in the summer of 1891, which was printed in the Manchester Factory Times. It said : "I assure you there is a better prospect of gaining an honest living here than ever there was in old Manningham, even with the old rate of pay. As a comparison, let me say we are receiving 26 cents per yard for what we, at Messrs. Lister's, were paid 11 cents — more than double the price. Living here is not much dififerent to living in England — that is, if you have your own home." WAGES OF Agneultural Labor. — A report just is- sued by the Secretary of Agriculture relative to the. com- pensation of laborers on farms in different sections of the United States draws an interesting comparison between the wages of such laborers in Sections exclusively devoted to agriculture and those in which manufacturing indus- tries ha,ve also been established. From this report we learn that the average monthly wages of farm labor at the pres- ent time are as follows : Average, Monthly Wages of Farm Labor. ^V acres f Eastern States $36.46 Middle States 33.83 Western States 23.61 Southern States 14.86 Massachusetts 39.70 Rhode Island 29,00 Iowa 36.20 Minnesota 26.00 South Carolina 13.50 90 o u 02- « s WAGES in Wales and in the United States of Tin- Plate Workers. — Mr. Wilkins Frick, formerly secretary of the Wales Tin-Plate Makers' Association of Swansea, gives the rates of wages paid to labor in tin-plate making in Wales and in the United States, as follows : English U. S. rates, rates. Roller and catcher (combined), per day $3.14 |8.05 Doublers, per day 1.93 3.85 Furnacemen, per day 1.75 3.50 Opener, per day ^ .53 1.75 Shearer and assistants (paid for product of ' four mills in both countries), total earn- ings per day 10.13 33.00 Oremen, per week 7.30 35.00 Boys, rolling, per day 40 1.35 Catching, per day 38 1.10 Greasing, per day 20 .75 Foreman and roll turner, per week 14.40 25.00 Mason, bricklayer, per day 1.44 3.00 Blacksmith, per day 1.32 2.75 Millwright, for repairs 1.44 3.00 WAGES Must Come Doien, says the Free-Trader. — The only possible final settlement will be found in such permanent conditions as will give to American manufacturers wages, raw materials, and all other elements of the cost of production on at least as low a basis of cheapness as can be found among the most successful manufacturing nations ; and that basis we affirm to be inevitable. — Commercial Bul- letin, New York, June 3, 1889. On another occasion, while the McKinley Tariflf was under discussion, some one asked the BwHeWw what would happen if the Free-Traders should prevail, and this country should adopt a revenue Tariff. Its answer was unusually frank for a Free-Trade paper. It said: "Upon the introduc- tion of the conditions supposed [i. e. , revenue Tariff con- ditions], the manufacturer would De required to produce at prices as low as any at which foreign manufacturers could sell their products in our markets. In case of his using raw materials which had paid duty, the repealof such duties would correspondingly reduce the cost of his products, and in many branches of industry that saving alone would go far toward qualifying us to compete with foreign productions. For the remaining necessary reduction in the costs of pro- duction, not only in this class of cases but also in the cases where domestic raw materials alone are used, recourse must be had to such reductions of wages as each particular branch of production might need to bring its cost of pro- ducing dovm to the lowest foreign standards." WAGES Under Protection.— "Movehead, Bro. & Co. of Allegheny, Pa., in a circular to their employees give the following tables of wages paid in their mills : 91 TeibU of BelativeWages Paid Per Day on Ov/r Various MilU, also to Puddler and Helper. Boiler. Plate mill $34.88 NailmiU 7.73 Bar mill 7.59 Guide mill 10.88 Muck mill 4.39 First Second First Second rougher. rougher. catcher. catcher $8.83 $6.21 $7.03 $5.51 3.78 4.73 8.1S 4.23 6.37 3.51 4.04 4.04 • • ■ ■ 2.61 2.51 1.93 Puddler $3.62 Helper 3.50 Table of Daily Wages Paid Plate Mill Crmo, also Daily Wages of Puddler and Helper. EoUer $34.88 Shearman. 10.35 First roiigher 8.83 Second " 6.31 First catcher 7.03 Second " 5.51 Hoister 5.51 Screwman. $5,51 Buggyman 4.14 Scrap hoy 3.03 Heater's helt)er. 3.84 Puddler....... 3.63 Helper...... .'. 3.50. The plate-mill roller alone was paid last year $10,394.32. The Pittsburgh Dispatch says. of the amalgamated scale for the year 1891 : " A puddler's wages on 3500 pounds of muck iron at the present rate, $5.50 per 3340 pounds, is $6. 14. Of this, one third and 5 per cent, goes to his helpier. The heaters, who are among the lowest paid of the finishers, earn from $6 to $7 per day at 70 cents a ton, teutons to a furnace being the average day's work. The heater has not to divide "with any one. '• In comparison to these figures are the wages earned by the roUers on large trains where heavy plate and struct- ural iron is rolled. In 1888, at 80 cents"a ton, two such rollers received $9605 for their year's work. In the same two mills the average wage of the puddler was aboi^t $840. "In another mill where four rollers work on 18 and 30 inch trains, they received last' year over $26,000. A bar roller, at 70 cents a ton. and taking twenty tons as an average day's work, makes $14 a day. But of this he pays his rougher-up 31 cents aton and another man $3.25 a day, which leaves him $7 for the day's work." WAGES of Iron Wor&ers.— The Ameriaan Manufact- urer ot July, 1892, gives the net earnings of the hands called rollers in 13 iron and steel establishments in the Pittsburgh districts as follows : Output and Earnings of Boilers at Pittslmrgh Bar Mills, Net earnings of roller Mill No. per day. 1 :. $8.40 2 9. 88 93 b 8.40 4 13.30 5 8.99 6 17 69 14.63 i 'l 19.95 8 9.16 9 21.00 l"t -. 23.27 11 -. 13.96 12 23.29 These are the aipounts actaally received by the indi- vidual workmen after deducting pay of helpers and others. WAGES Fell in England Under Free-Trade.— It is a mis- take to suppose that wages rose in England after the adop- tion of Free-Trade, as Mr. Gladstone represents. "Wages of coal miners, representing a primary industry, will furnish a good illustranon. The average daily rates in South Staf- fordshire were, according to London Industriea of March 4, 1892: liowest. Highest. Average. Period. * s. d. s. d. s. d. Before Free-Trade, 1831 to 1840. 3 6 4 9 4 3 After Free-Trade, 1851 to I860.. 3 3 4 6 3 llj^ I Free-Trade was adopted in 1846. So that wages actually fell during the first 10 years of that policy. In the February (1892) issue of the British Warehouse- man we find the following statement: "The present wages of silk weavers are fully 30 per cent, below those of 1860. At Macclesfield the average weekly wage of a silk weaver is 13 shillings" ($3.16). Wages in Iron and Steel Manufactures. — Wolverhamp- ton and JVeighborhood. FREE-TEADB WAS ADOPTED BETWEEN THE YEARS 1841-51. Bates of wages. 1831 to 1841 to 1851 to 1840. 1850. 1860. Description of occupation. Per ton. Per ton. Per ton. Iron puddling : s. d. s. d. s. d. Puddler 7 6 7 1 7 2 Plate rolling : Roller ;....3 4 3 18 2 Fumaceman ' 1 2 1 IJ4 ;?* Secorid fumaceman 1 2 1 1^ 1 IJ^ Sheet Rolling : Roller 4 8 4 5 4 6 Fumaceman 2 11 ^ ?J^ ? i? Shearer 3 11 2 9>^ 2 10 93 WAGES according to the Peck Beport. {From Ninth Annual Report of New York State Bureau of Statistics of Labor.} — The data upon which the report has been made Table Showing Increases and Decreases of Wages and Amount of Production, 1891 over 1890. Industries. . Wages. Product. Wages. 308,m4] Product. 1,948,703.88 63.017.9E 1,263.0C 48,464.25 330,838.85 1,143.00 Arttflcal teeth 61,662.« 25,085.28 AwninRS, flags, sails. 11,000.95 Boots and shoes 252,796.83 ■■"30,563.83 425,69ft20 Brick, tile and sewer pipe Brooms and brushes. . . Building 101,597.36 "96,^9 J6 93,946.32 ■l72,28il43 49,444.54 Burial eases, caskets, cof- fins, &o 2,477.'48 240,143.29 73,759.67 53.119.98 44,541.89 348,772.35 1,881,738.83 270,303.50 Cement, lime, plaster, &c. 219,124.66 Chemicals, acids, &c ]68,391.4Z ■ 351,771.17 Clocks, watches, &c 7,'566,'390"27 164,769.33 107,249.90 48,725.79 89,8^.51 439,831.37 143.128.71 556,662.11 35,573.03 24,089.71 ClothiDg 2,705,202.21 210,311.56 24,572.28 21.101.33 33,765.05 37,563.48 ■■■4','525!26 5,088.14 Oookingr and heating ap- paratus ♦ Cordage and twine Corks, cork soles, &o Crayons and pencils. . . . i '. ". Drugs and medicioes. . . Dye stuffs and chemicals 3,709.40 Earthen and stoneware. . Electrical apparatus and appliances ■. . ■■■moo ■■■5i,b33.77 4,168.07 Emery ore : 4,331.48 Fancy articles Fertilizers 34,778.99 68.688.23 201,115.54 29,898.23 27,726.00 2,017,880.69 1.601,367.05 51,888.04 544,193.16 598.623.51 342,598.14 4,640.00 Fire works and matches. Flax, hemp and jute goods 9,0'78,77 Food preparations 190,523.61 157,9i57.44 1,116.65 315,680.56 130,122.68 Gas lighting Glass........ GiOTBS, mittens, &c Glue, wax and starch ■■■■8,292;64 ■8,2Kl.i6 11,672.40 Hair work (animal and human)...' Ittk, mucilage and paste. 540.00 ■■7,Z8'l.59 Ivory, bone, shell, horn goods, &c 169,630.32 369,261.59 6,000.00 leather and leather goods 78,361 61 550.00 Linen Liquors and beverages (not spirituous) 49,421.14 ■ ■107,421.80 79,881.17 i;ii2,i59.55 . 23,770.83 Liquors, malt, distilled Lumber 104,458.15 2,305,498.44 Machines and machinery Metals and metallic goods 374,094.65 518,026.98 3,379.616.46 Molds, lasts and patterns 25,274.68 ^^^^1 46966.43 Musical instruments and materials. . .' , Oils and illuminating fluids ." 118.467.99 22,191.05 15,147.20 2,781,478.18 taints, colon and crude materials 1,113,971.91 978,943.76 126,109.50 330,877.30 101,225.99 781,990.01 1,459,343.66 159,490.81 248,654.37 79,595.30 7,182.11 Paper and paper goods . . Perfumes, toilet articles. 581,817.19 10,360.73 Photographs and photo- graphic materials Polishes and dressing 34,113.69 88,070.02 103,843.14 136,790.17 18,442.53 74,430.01 70,166.48 Printing, publishing and bookbinding Railroad equipment Bubber and elastic goods Salt .. "ll2,mi5 15,139.65 180,689.77 42,154.79 and appliances . Shipbuilding ■3i0,29t'.80 145,864.18 119.476 76 Sporting and athletic goods Stone, marble, &c TaUow, candles, soap and grease l,053,64r.0S Toys and games (chll- disn's)... 1,545.00 447,147.68 9,160.69 1,629.70 4,379,050.28 Tobacco, cigars, cigar- ettes, &o • Trunks and valises Whips, lashes and stocks ■■■i3,4fl9'.6a 46,016.40 86,363.43 177.933.34 758,791.01 7,571.666.37 37,342,227.83 1,193,74! .28 5,927,097.15 Net 6,377,925.09 31,315,130.68 was for the year commencing September 1, 1889, tip to and including August 31, 1890, and the year commencing September 1, 1890, up to and including August 31, 1891. (Continued on page 143.) ^ WAGES of English Farm iafeor.— London Fair Trade, 1891, gives the rates of wages per year, as shown by the an- nual hirings at four principal agricultural centers in Eng- land, as follows : At Berwick— Men,$40to$55; women, $30 to$35; young men, $15 to $37. 50. At Carlisle— Headmen, $80 to $85 ; good plowmen, $60 to $75 ; young men, $35. At Whitby— Young men, $35 to $50; girls, $35 to $50 ; men, $85 to $100 ; young women, $60 to $70. At Thirsk- Good managing farm men, $113 to $150 ; good plowmen, $80 to $90 ; good plowboys and farm boys, $43.50 to $60 ; good girls, fit to manage farmhouse, taking care of poultry and dairy, $80 to $100. Good kitchen girls average $45 to $50, and upper girls, capable of general housework, from $60 to $70. WAGES Under Free-Trade and Protection.— U. G. Hood, an English-bom mechanic living in Philadelphia, " When I came to this country and commenced work as a mechanic, living in a similar way to what I did in Eng- land, I found that Instead of saving at the rate of $100 per year, I could save at the rate $500 per year, and live just as well in every particular. After I had paid my board and laid a reasonable amount away to procure clothing and sundry articles which every youhg man requires, with a little to spend, / had more left than I received for wages m England." ^^ WAGES of Iron and Steel Workers. Height of Wages per day of Year. Tariff on iron and steel. machiniste. 1850. . . . 28.8 per cent, ad Talorem $1.66 185S. . . . 28.e 1.68 I860 22.4 " " 1.68 1867. . . . 45.9 " 1.95 1873. . . . 41.4 2.38 1877. . . . 36.8 2.19 1882. . . . 44.8 2.35 1887i... 40.9 2.45 , — statistical Abstract and X Census. Wages were higli when Tariff was. high, low when Tariff was low. WAGES in the Woolen Industry. -^J]i\dier a low tariff on wool mannfactures, wages of .weavers were low. When the tariff was put np, wages followed : Average ad val- '• orem rate of du- Average ties on wool and dail^r ' its manufact- wages of Year. nre. weavers. 1850 27.7percent. $0.61 1860 ; 21.5 " .88 1870 62. " 1.00 1880 58.8 " 1.14 1887 58.8 " 1.18 — Statistical Abstract and X Censiis. WAGES of Cotton Workers. Yards of standard sheet- Average Tariff Wages of i n g a d a y's on cottons. weavers wages would Year. Per cent. per day. buy. 1850 25 $0.68 8 6 1855 24 .75 9.9 1860 22 .84 9.7 1877 40 1.01 12.5 1882 89 1.10 13.6 1887 40 1.21 16.8 — Statistical Abstract and X Census. Low wages and dear cottons accompanied low Tariffs. High wages, high Tariff and cheap cottons are found together. WATCHES, American, Best and Cheapest.— One oi the leading watch manufacturers of England in a recent speech made this admission : "If you think I exaggerate, let me ask you to compare the manufacture of watches at it existed in England twenty years ago -with the same as is 96 exists in Waltham to-day. All materials, labor, prestige and experience were in our favor and we ought to have re- tained the trade. Nevertheless. English consumers are to- day buymg American watches in large quantities and bet- ter ones for the money than can be made here."— The Avierican Mail and Export Journal, June, 1891. WAGES at the Homestead works (Carnegie Steel Com- pany, Limited).— Here are the wages that would have been earned in the Homestead, Pa., mills under the new scale proposed by the company at the time of the labor troubles there. > Slabbing Mill, Twelve Hours. Heater $6.67 Screwman 6.41 Heater, 1st helper .< .... 4.75 Heater, 2d helper 2.37 Craneman 2.06 Boll Engineer 3.24 Roll Tableman 2.47 Sweepers $1.86 Shear Tongsman 1.94 Stamper 2.06 Shearman 4.00 Shear Tableman ....... 2.27 Buggyman 1.94 Boiler ...$8.20 Screwman 6.45 Tableman 4.69 Hooker 4.11 Sweeper, front 2.93 Sweeper, back 2.93 Plate Mill, Eight Hours. Shearman, 1st $6.45 Shearman, 2d 4.69 Leader, 1st 3.52 Leader, 2d 2.93 Heater 6.45 Heater's Helper 3.52 Open-Hearth Furnace, Eight Hours. Ladleman, 2d $2.66 Pitman, 1st 3.26 Pitman, 2d 2.66 Pitman, 3d 2.45 Melter's Helpers, 1st.. .$3.26 Melter's Helpers, 2d. . . 2.66 Charging Machine 2.86 Ladleman, 1st 3.26 WEALiTH, Its Cfrowth in the United States. — It would be impossible to find in history a parallel to the progress of the United States in the last ten years. Every day that the sun rises upon the American people it sees an addition of $2,5000,000 to the accumulation of wealth in the Republic, which is equal to one-third of the daily accumulation of all mankind outside of the United States. — TTse Noted English Statistician Michael O. Mulhall, in his work the " Balance Sheet of the World." WEAIiTH of the United States.— Vor the decades ending with 1860, 1870 and 1880, the estimated true value of all property and the value of real estate and personal property as assessed, also the assessed valuation as re- turned in 1890, was as follows : Assessed Estimated true ■ Years. valuation. valuation. I860 $12,084,560,005 $16,159,616,068 1870 14,178,986,732 30,068,518,507 1880 ■. 16,902,993,543 43,642,000,000 1890! '.'.'.'. ; 24,651,585,465 [63,648,000,000] 97 From the summary it will be seen that the assessed raltie of all property, excluding railroad property except in the States named, has increased from $16,902,993,543 m 1880 to $34,651,585,465 in 1890, an increase during the decade of $7,748,591,932, or 45.84 per cent. Should it be found' upon the completion of the inquiry in relation to the true value of all property in the United States that the same relation exists in 1890 between the assessed valuation and true valuation as existed in 1880, the ajasolute wealth of. the United States, according to the Eleventh Census, may be es- timated at $63,^8,000,000. or more than $1,000 [just $i;Q11] per capita, as against $514 per capita in 1880, $780 per capita in 1870, and$870pej^ crtpiiain 1880. ^C«n.sMs iZeport WHEAT FYoduction and Prices. Production. Price; cents Bushels. per bushel. 1880 498,549,868 95.1 ^ 1881 383,280,090 119.3 ' ' 1883 504,185,470 88.8 1883. 431,086,160 91.1 1884 513,765,000 64.5 1885 357,113,000 77.1 1886 457,318,000 68.7 1887 ■...}.... . 456,329,000 68.1 1888 415,868,000 98.6 1889 '......... 490,560,000 69.8 1890... ..399,262,00a 83.8 This table establishes that the price of the wheat of our farmers depends most of all upon themselves — that is, the amount they raise. It wjll be observed how unerringly the price realized responds to the amount of product. ,, WHEA.T Exports Under Free-Trade.— Fiom'n^O to 1861, a period of 71 years, our entire export of wheat was 80,869,030 bushels, which is less than the annual export of the years 1881, 1883( 1883, 1885, 1887, 1898. We exported during the low-Tariff period from 1846 to 1861 about 65,- 440,173 bushels, which is, less than our exportalSo!i,( every year from 1881 to 1892. except four years. ,'' WHEAT, Russian Competition.-^Tbe grain-producing area of Russia comprises about 450,000 square miles. The most important tract, the garden spot of the empirfe, is "the black lands zone," extending from Poland far inlio Siberia. Consul-General Way thus describes it in an ofift- cial report from St. Petersburg : "It is a fine, disintegrated soil, evidently the bottoms of long-forgotten seas or lakes of fresh water, fat as the delta* of the Nile or the bends of the Mississippi. In all its length and breadth it is doubtful if a solitary specimen of a peb- ble as large as a barley com could be found. It nee^SiUO manure — no fertilizers. Year after year enormous ef ops are raised upon its surface, only one-tenth of which, is cultivated, and the only reason that can be given fqr the parsimonious utilization of this surface is the lack of trans- portation. A judicious system of railroads penetrating this zone ■would enable its cultivation to overreach every cereal-growing community in the world." He further says : "It is not a question of quantity. Bussia could,with effi- cient transportation, from her black lands alone (lands re- quiring no fertilizers) supply and feed the world." WHEAT, Exports of the U. 8. ami Production of the World. Our exjwrts of wheat form an insignificant part of the world's supply. Here is the comparison : 1889. 1890. 1891. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. World's production 2,041,075,637 2,203.889,553 3,538,345,081 Our total exports.. 92,639,385 100,309,133 106,181,316 The simple fact of the matter is that on a pinch the world could get along without any wheat from the LTnited States. Our only hope of selling to Europe is to sell lower than the Hindoo and the Russian. WINE. Imported "Wines ydnes Year ending of domestic entered for Total, June 30. product. con- sumption. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. 1840 124,734 4,748,363 4,873,096 1850 221,249 6,094,622 6,315,871 I860 '. 1,860,008 9,199,133 11,059,141 1870" 3,059,518 9,165,549 13,325,067 1880' ' 33,398,940 5,030,601 28,329,541 189o' 24,306,905 5,000,000 *29,306,905 * Estimated. WIKB NAILS Under P^-ofecfion.— Output of wire nails in the United States from the commencement of their manufacture in 1875 to the present time : Number of Cents per Vpar kegs. i)ound. 1875' 1.000 10 1876. 2,000 10 187? 3,000 9.50 |s78 5,000 9.00 1079 10,000 7.95 1880 20,000 7.98 1881 30,000 8.35 1882 50,000 8 33 i883;;;::;;:v so.ooo s.ss 99 Tariff. Cents per pound. 1 ^ >^ 1 * Le s a p. 4 < 1884 130,000 7.44 4 1885 200,000 6.09 4 1886 300,000 4.64 4 1887 500,000 3.81 4 1888 1,000,000 3.20 4 1889 2,200,000 2.96 4 1890 3,500,000 3.85 3 1891 4,114,385 3.05 3 In 1892 wire nails have been selling in large lots at 1.55 cents per pound. Before 1883, the Tariff was ad valorem, wOOlj Production and Number of Sheep in the United Kingdom. Number of Sheep in the TTnited Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. Wool Production. 1873 33,982,404 34,837,597 33,491,948 33,363,579 33,320,067 32,571,018 32,337,958 30,239,620 27,896,273 27,449,500 28,347,560 29,376,787 30,086,300 38,955,340 39,401,750 28,938,716 29,484,774 31,667,195 33,533,988 Pounds. 165,350,473 167,043,379 161,783,536. 155,835,330 152,172,010 151,700,736 153,333,696 148,729,061 138,574,673 129,006,659 128,338,115 133,410,620 136,130,383 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 136,544,876 133,809,883 133,623,281 1887 1888 1889 133,773,300 137,734,700 147,474,338 1890 1891 WOOL Was Free Then.— Between 1800 and 1830, when wool was practically on the free list, our annual production increased from 8,000,000 to 14,000,000 pounds, a gain of 6,000,000 pounds. By 1830 a Protective Tariff had been placed on wool. Mark the result. From 18,000,000 pounds in 1830 our annual wool production had. jumped to 90,000,- 000 pounds in 1850, a gain of 73,000,000 pounds. WOOL PRICES Fell More in England than in This Country. — ^According to the London Economist of January 4, 1890, and July 3, 1893, prices of wool in the London mar- ket fell on an average 31 per cent. According to the Bos- ton Commercial Bulletin ot the same dates, American prices of wool show an average decline of only 11% per cent, be- tween those dates. The McKinley Tariff alone prevented the fall in this country from being as great as in London. ' 100 WOOIj prices in Liverpool. 3. li. BOWEB & BRO. Prices. CIjOthinq Wool (Fine). Fall as Average Janu- Decem- Decrease compared for ten ary 1, ber 31, in with aver- years. 1891. 1891. 1891. age for ten years. Pence. Pence. Pence. Percent. Per cent. Port Philip, un- washed, good.... 11.97 11^ 10!^ 8.69 12.28 Netr Zealand, un- washed, good. . . 10.62 10 9 10.00 15.25 Buenos Ayrea, un- washed, average- 6.57 ' 6}^ 5H 19.23 i 20.10 ■ CiiOiHiNa ■Wool (Coarse). Peruvian, washed, average Lima, unwashed, average Abudia, unwashed, aveiage 9.05 9 IH 13.88 7.22 7M 6M 13.97 6.30 6^ 5M 11.54 14.36 13.43 8.73 COMBENO WOOIi. Lincoln, hog fleeces. Lincoln, wether Kent wether fleecps Sussex, Down fleeces, flocks Alpaca. Islay fleece, average good. ... Alpaca.Callao fleeee average . ........ Mohair, Turkey fleece, average fair 11.15 loa 9^ 8.53 10.40 10.95 i?S m 954 4.06 7.14 13.52 13 12 Same. 14.92 15 12>i 18 68 10 47 10 9 10.00 16.77 14 12% 8.93 15.92 14.66 10.96 11.25 16.22 14.04 23.97 WOOIi PRODUCTION of the World 1860-91. Th^ Figures Prior to 1891 are the Estimates of the London Board of Trade. Countries. United Kingdom Continent of Europe .... I860. mmion pounds 1^ 110 :60 28 43 76 1870. MiUion pounds 150 485 176 175 197 69 1880. Million pounds 149 450 270 308 60 256 133 1889. Mtllion pounds 134 -450 33U 450 70 360 1.56 189i; ' Founds 147,475,000 639,917,000 319,100,000 Australasia • Cape of Uood Hope River Plate... Other Countries 550,000,000 128.681,600 376,700,000 294,900,000 9,^5 1,295 1,626 1,950 2,456,773,600 101 WOOIi, Prices of Ohio Fine, Medium and Coarse Washed Fleece Clothing Wool in the Markets of New York and Philadelphia (1824-91). (Currency prices from 1863 to 1878.) — Mauger & Avery's Annual Wool Circular. -Oetoljer. Medium. ( OpfnTipT* "■■ ■ Year. Fine. joarse. Year. Fine. Medium. Coarse. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 1834. 60 40 30 1858. 66 41 36 1835. 50 42 36 1859. 60 50 43 1836. 43 37 33 1860. 50 45 40 1837. 43 32 35 1861. 47 48 50 1828. 48 40 33 1863. 60 60 63 1839. 37 30 37 1863. 85 80 76 1830. 70 60 48 1864. 103 95 100 1831. 70 60 50 1865. 75 75 65 1832. 50 40 30 1866. 63 60 56 1833; 65 55 45 1867. 48 46 40 1884. 62 50 40 1868. 48 48 45 1835. 65 60 45 1869. 48 48 46 1836. 70 6o 50 1870; 48 48 44 1837. 49 40 31 1871. 63 63 58 1838. 56 48 37 1873. 66 60 57 1839. 60 j55 44 1873. 54 53 47 1840. 46 38 33 1874. 54 54 47 1841. 48 42 33 1875. 48 50 43 1843. 38 31 35 1876. 45 40 33 ■1843. 36 32 36 1877., 48 44 36 1844. 50 40 33 1878. 35 37 33 1845. 38, 35 38 1879. 41 43 38 1846. 36 30 33 1880. 46 48 43 1847. 47 40 30 1881. 43 46 36 1848. 33 30 24 1882. 43 45 34 1849. 42 36 30 1883. 39 40 34 1850. 46 40 35 1884. 35 34 30 1851. 45 40 35 1885. 33 35 53 1852. 50 43 37 1886. 35 38 34 1353. 55 50 48 1887. 33 36 34 1854. 43 36 30 1888. 31 34 31 1855. 52 41 36 1889. 33 37 31 1856. 60 55 45 1890. 33 37 31 1857; 38 30 35 1891. 31 35 30 wool), Ohio Democrats Want It Protected. — In the caimpaign of 1883 in Ohio, the Democrats circulated a pamphlet condemning the reduction of wool duties hy the Republican Congress in that year. Extracts from it are given below : " The Republican President, Tariff Commission and Con- gress, at the bidding of the monopolists of New England, wantonly and wickedly reduced the duty on wool so as to enable foreign producers to compete advantageously with native growers." " With the reduction of 18 per cent, the abandoment, to a 103 great extent, of sheep raising must inevitably follow if the pernicious course designed by the Republican party is al- lowed to be carried out." " The Democratic party, as the facts show, have been steadily and earnestly opposed to the perpetration of this great wrong against the people." " To state the consequences in a practical manner, the farmer whose flock produced 500 pounds of wool per year wUl get $36 less this year, estimating upon the maximum price last year, and estimating upon the minimum price of last year he will get $31.50 less than he would had the duty not been removed." Ohio Democrats Against Free Wool. — After the reduction of wool duties by a Republican Congress in 1883, the Democrats of Ohio made denunciations of this legislation the principal feature of the campaign conducted in the following autumn, and succeeded, on the strength of their professed friendship for Protection, in electing the Democratic State ticket and a Democratic Legislature. That Legislature, about the first thing it did, passed ihe following resolution, which they numbered " 1:" [House Joint Resolution No. 1.] JOINT RESOLUTION In reference to Tariff on "Wool. Whereas, The Forty-seventh Congress reduced the TarifiE on imported wool, against the protest of every wool grower of the State of Ohio and the United States; and Whereas, The said reduction of Tariff on imported wool discriminates against the wool growers of the West, in favor of the manufacturers of the East, thereby compelling the wool growers of the West to compete with cheap wool of foreign countries, to their very great injury; and Whereas, That Tariff was reasonable and not too high before the reduction, and stands now at a rate so low as to injuriously affect that large and respectable class of people who have devoted themselves to wool growing; and Whereas, An Ohio Congressman has already introduced a bill in the House of Representatives of the Forty-eighth Congress to restore the Tariff on wool as it stood prior to the recent reduction, which should be passed at the earliest time possible; therefore, be it Resolved, by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That our Senators in Congress be and hereby are instructed, and our Representatives requested, to use all honorable means and vote for the biU to restore the Tariff on wool as it stood prior to the recent reduction, and that the Governor be requested to send a' copy of this resolution to each of our Senators and Representatives at Washington. A. D. Mahsh, • Speaker of the House of Representatives. John G. Warwick, Adopted January 23, 1884. President of the Senate. —Ohio Laws, Vol. 81, page 379, Laws of 188j^. 103 WOOIi, Comparative Valus of Domestic and Imported Wool Manufactures, with Per Capita Value and Per- centage of Total Consumption. Domestic manufactures. Importations. i Value. Value per capita. Per- centage of total con- sumption. Value. Value per capita. Per- centage of total con- sumption. 1820. U,oa,m $0.46 38 $7,238,954 $0.75 62 ll<3(). a'^'raS 0.88 64 8,290,062 0.75 36 1840. 0.82 m 13,950,772 0.94 40 1850. tii'^'fi^ 1.88 77 13,005,852 0.65 23 18B0. 65,996,361 2.09 68 31,333.273 1.16 32 1870. 177,495,689 4.60 85 33.046,521 0.94 15 1880. 267,252,913 5.34 87 39,537,694 090 13 1890. 338,231,109 5.40 86 54,165,422 0.86 14 WOOIi BILL, Its Effects if Paa^sed.— Last year we imported 43,000,000 dollars' worth of wool manufactures. At the decreased rates fixed in the Springer bill — they av- , erage about 36 per cent, on last year's imports as a basis — we should have to import 115,000,000 dollars' worth, an in- crease of $72,000,000 over 1891, in order to make up $86,000,- 000 deficiency in revenue. This Mr. Springer himself says would take place. What eifect would this increase in imported goods have on domestic industry f First, as to the farmer : There would be imported of manufactures, of wool ; Pounds. $43,000,000) last year's amount, representing of raw wool 139,000,000 Plus $73,000,000, Mr. Springer's increase, repre- senting of raw wool 216,000,000 There would be imported of raw wool: Clothing and combing, last year's amount 38,000,000 Carimt wools, which we must import 86,000,000 Total imports of wool 464,000,000 Total demand for wool in United States 600,000,000 Difference, to be supplied by American farmers 136,000,000 But they raised last year 303,000,000 Difference, or shrinkage in domestic demand. . 167,000,000 Here would be 167,000,000 pounds of American farmers' wool left on their hands after the home market had been fully supplied. What would they do with it ? There is but one answer. They must sell it for what it would bring — low enough to undersell the cheapest wool in the world. 104 "WOOL Manufacturing in America, 1840-1890, l-*>-i|-^>-tMl--i oe-Qito ■:?:a: cnco ^9 o o gg. coOQ OS CA EDO 03^ s h9 o o-ga (BO EL go CO 00 go CO 00 MUM f» J^i-*i5pOBCn 3SoS SS5»r •:SS s§g S85E2S BODOCe SS§: SI go (ft-O OSS Bo >0 ,0 T^m ED SB O ■ o" o o I- go S.t°B SB ^ a —Census Reports. WOOIi, Average Weight of American Fleece.— In 1840 the average weight o£ the fleece was barely 1.9 pounds ; in 105 1850 it was 3.4 pounds ; 1860, 3.7 pounds ; 1870, 3.5 pounds ; 1880, 4.8 pounds ; 1887, 5.1 pounds ; 1891, 5.5 pounds. WOOLS, Average Weight of Australian Fleece.— \Wi, 3.94 pounds persheep of greasy, 1.70pouiids of washed wool;; 1870, 3.53 greasy, 2.39 washed; 1880, 4.29 greasy, 2.36 washed ; 1890, 5.75 greasy, 3 pounds 2 ounces washed, WOOL GROWERS in Australia are for Cleve- land,— rAa regards Free-Trade, it seems that the Democrats' are iiiclined to alter th^ir tactics, and instead of demanding wholesale TarifiE changes to ask for the^ redress cf griev- ances in detail. The battle will rage as before [in 1888] about Australian wool, The manufacturers are declaring that they want Australian wool . . . and they put in the plea of light taxes on raw materials. The Democrats are' glad of this assistance, as they argue that if the woolen manufacturers wilt help them in this campaign, the sheep fairmers mil he on their side in reducing charges [Tariff on woolen goods] a little later on [at next election for mem- bers of Congress]. . . . We are, quite able to under- stand the value to Australia of a Democratic victory^. — Mel- bourne Argus, May 14, 1893. WOOL GROWERS as Bobber Barons.— For years these rapacious wool growers have set up the impudent pretension that they have the right to compel the people of the country to pay higher prices for their clothing in order that they may raise a few sheep on land where shee;p raising is naturally unprofitable. They have alVays been the noisiest of all beneficiaries of the Tariff in demanding increasing duties on their products.— Ofeieatfo. Herald, [Free-Trade} April 14. 1892. W^OOL EXPORTS from Australasia 1881-83 to 18m-91.—Dalgety & Co. Total. Increase .over previous year. 1881-83 1883-83 1883-84 1884-85 Bales. 1,306,701 1,038,963 1,103,593 1,113,603 1*140,831 1,184,273 1,373,489 1,354,650 1,428,533 1,564,639 Bales. " " 23,26l' 74,630 9,010 28,329 43,442 89,316 81,161 73,883 136,097 1885-86 1886-87 ; 1887-88 1888-89 1889-90 1890-91....,;.... 106 woo L, American vs. Australian. — There seems to be a general impression here that American wools are not equal in strength, fineness and luster to those grown in Australia, and especially in Western Victoria and the Riverina district. The samples of American wools, and especially those grown in the State of Ohio, sent to the Melbourne International Exhibition, did much to lemove the false impression in regard to American wools. These samples were admitted by experts to be far superior to anything of the kind ever grown in these colonies. — Report of U. S. Consul Qrifflnfrom, Sydney, New South Wales. WOOIi CoTisumption in Great Britain. — The people of the United States consume more wool per capita than the English or any other people. They consume less shoddy per capita than the English or any other people. The amount of wool growli in the United Kingdom in 1889 was 132,772,300 pounds, of which there was ex- ported 31,768,000 pounds, leaving for home consumption 111,004,300 pounds (see tables of the Bradford Observer, 1891). The amount of imported wool retained for home comsumption in 1889 was 358,366,000 pounds. The total wool consumption of the British manufacturers was 469,- 370,300 pounds. "The Statistical Abstract of the United Kingdom" shows that the imports of woolen and, worsted manufact- ures into iGreat Britain for 1889, including yarns, were valued at £13,307,511, or |59,084,353, ofwhich amount £810,333 were re-exported, leaving the net value of woolen imports |55,163,346. The exports for the same year were as follows: Exports of British Wool Products. Clothes and coatings, &c £10,604,348 Flannels, blankets, &c 1,135,932 Stuffs, mixed and unmixed 6,546,636 Carpets and di*uggets 1,371,506 Of all other sorts 1,767,569 Yams 4,341,514 Total £25,666,406 $134,335,405 So that the exports exceeded in value the im- ports by the sum of $69,063,059 Great Britain exported 307,189,176 pounds of wool manu- factured in her mills in excess of the quantity imported in the manufactured form. This amount must be sub- tracted from the total consumption of. her manufacture, to ascertain the per capita consumption of her people. The actual consumption of wool by the British people was therefore 263,081,034 pounds. The population of Great Britain in 1890 was about 38,000,000, and the per capita consumption of wool by these millions was therefore 6.9. pounds instead of 10 pounds.T-S. N. D. North. 107 WOOL Consumption in the United States. Imports Home Production Total Imports Year. ot of Wool and Home Produc- Wool. Preceding Year. tion of Wool. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 1840 9,S98,740 35,803,114 4.5,700,854 1850 18,695,394 52,516,969 71,313,263 1860 26,282,955 60,364,913 86,.547,868 1870..... 38,634,067 163,000,000 200,634,067 1880 99,372,440 832,500,000 331,873,440 ' 1890 109,902,106 295,779,479 405,681,585 Imports of Wool # Manufactures Total Consumption. Per Capita allowing 3 lbs of Wool to the $1 in Consumption.'of Wool. value. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 1840 31,095,376 76.796,130 4 49/100 1850. .... 58,178,613 139.390,8^6 5 58/100 1860 128,497,923 215,045,791 6 84/100 1870 105,289,432 305,923,489 7 93/100 1880 95,503;641 427,376,081 8 52/100 1890 162.496,269 • ■ 568,177,854 9 7/100 WOOL, Comparison of Prices of Ohio and Australian. Price in London of Price of Austra- Difference fine Ohio lian aver- between fleece, age fleece, the two Year. scoured. scoured. prices. 1881 $0.95J^ $0.53 $0.4a>^ 1883 90J^ .53 .37K 1883 86 .51 .35 1884 801^ .48 .33}^ 1885 71Ji .41 .301^ 1886 74 .41 .33 . 1887 731^ .42 .31}^ 1888 68 .42 .36 1889 731^ .48 .351^ 1890 73i^ .44 .39^ 1891 703^ .40 .SOU 1893 62M .33 .30^ Average difference for the twelve years, 33 cents. The prices for Ohio fleece are furnished hy Messrs. Mauger & Avery of Boston, Mass., and the London prices are furnished by Helmuth, Sohwartze & Co., the well- Jknown London wool brokers. 108 WOOL AND COTTON Manufacturing Compared. THE FREE R4.W MATERIAL INDUSTRY VS. THE PROTECTED RAW MATERIAL INDUSTRY. r-Wool.— I ^Cotton.-^ Years. Value Value Value, per capita. Value, per capita. 1820 $1,413,068 |0.46 $33,000,000 $2.49 1830 14,528,166 .88 46,350,458 2.71 1840 20,696,999 .82 65,501,687 2.82 1850 43,207,545 1.86 115,081,774 3.68 1860 65,596,364 3.09 1870 177,495,689 4.60 177,489,730 4.00 1880 267,252,913 5.34 193,000,110 3.83 1890 338,331,109 5.45 The industry where raw materials are protected out- stripped that where raw materials were free. YANKEE CONSUMPTIVE CAPACITY.— This country has about one- twentieth of the world's population, but consumes 28 per cent, of the world's crop of sugar, 80 per cent, of the world's coffee, one-third of the world's iron, a third of the world's steel and copper, more than a quarter of the world's cotton and wool, a third of the india rubber of the world and more than half of the world's supply of tin and 40 per cent, of all the coal from the world's mines. TLN PLATE Duty Did Not Increase Prices of Galvan- ized Iron. — It is alleged that an advance of 1 cent per pound in the price of galvanized sheet iron followed closely upon the imposition of the additional tin-plate duties of 1.2 cents per pound. The following list of prices, furnished by the McDaniel & Harvey Company, one of the largest manu- facturers of galvanized sheet iron in the country, disposes of the charge : Average Price of Galvanized Sheet Iron, No, 34 Ga/uge. [The same proportion holds good for all other gauges.] Net price per pound. Discount. Cent. 65 and 5 per cent 4.32^ &ri4 and 2 per cent. . . 4.13 67)4 per cent 4.38>^ 67}^ and 5 per cent. . . . 4.01>| 70 and 10 per cent 3.78 PRICES OF TIN" PLATE.— The Welsh manufact- urer who is selling his tin plates at present low prices coHji* toU the American Free-Trade "reformer" a thing os ik: 109 Year. 1888 List price per pound. Cents. 13 1889 13 1890 13 1891 13 1893 (up to July)... 14 about who pays the duty. Tlie, Ameriep,n Manyfactu'^er furnishes the following comparison of ptices : Prices of Bessemer Steel Coke Finish I. C. Tin Plate ,.f-o.b., Liverpool. 1892. 1891. 1890. s. d. s. d. 8. d. Jan., 1st weejc ...12 6 17 6 16 3 (( 2d 13 17 9 16 6 (( 3d 18 16 6 <( 4th 13 9 18 16 6 (( 5th 1st .". , 13 9 18 18 16 6 Feh., 12 6 16 3 2d ; 12 6 18 16 3 ii 3d ....13 6 18 16 3 ii 4th 12 6 18 16 3 Miarchj , 1st . 12 6 18 15 u 2d 12 6 17 9 15 ' 1< 3d 4tli .. 13 6 17 9 17 9 15 it ; ..-.1? 6 15 6 tc 5th ....12 6 ' April, iRt .12, 6 17 6 15 6 It 2d 12 3 17 6 15 6 ti 3d 12 17 3 14 9 " 4th 13 17 3 14 fl May, . 1st 12 0,. 17 0. 13 9 3d 3d 13 16 3 16 3 13 9 t( 12 13 9 Now, the MoKinley increase in duty was $1.30 a box, and. we find the plates selling $1 to $1.25 less than a year ago. The .foreigner pays that much of the Tariff by lowering prices, to majke allowances ifor it to the American buyer. When a Jewimore American tin mills get undfer way, he will pay it all. . In the following table is compiled, from quotations in the Iron Age, the wholesale prices, per box, of eoke Besse- mer bright tin plates, IC, 14 by 20, at New Y()rkj from 1890 to 1892 : Months. Price. 1890. Jantiary $4.73 February 4.61 March 4.46 April. May June July. August September 4.43 4.42 4.43 4.49 4.66 5.17 October 5.4 Months. . Price. November ....$5.44 December. .....; 5.84 1891. January 5.35 February 5.47 March 5;36 AiprUu.. 5.36 i&y 5.17 June,. .; 5.35 July..:. 5.28 August. 5.39 Months. , . Price. Septeniber. . ...$5.43 October..*.; .V. 5.37 November.. ..-. 5.31 December. . . ... 5.30 1893. January. ,. . . ... 5.30 February, . . ... 5.30 March ... 5.30 April , ... 5.30 HOW "WE Were Bled Once Upon a Time.—7^n-plate Prices since the McKinley Tin-plate Tariff took effect, July 1891. — Following is given a comparison in paralM columiis between the New York prices of IC coke plates for the six , 110 month j immediately preceding and for the six months im- medii^tely succeeding that event : New York Prices of IC Coke Tin Plates in 1891. Per box. Per box. January |5.40 July |5.35 February 5.45 August 5.35 March 5.35 September 5.45 April 5.25 October 5.35 May 5.20 November 5.30 June 5.35 December 5.30 It will be observed that the price in July, the first month after the new duty was levied, shows no advance over the quotation from the month before, notwithstanding the ad- vance of $1.30 a box in the Tariff. Who paid the increase ? The following comparison of prices of tin plates in Liver- pool during the same months answers the question: Highest Price Paid per Box of IC Bessemer Steel Coke Tin Plates Delivered at Liverpool for Each Month o/1891, according to Ryland's Iron Trade Circular : January 3 $4.14 July 4 $3.71 February 7 4.32 August 1 3.22 March 7 4.32 September 4 3.22 April 4 4.32 Octobers 3.22 May 23 3.77 November 7 3.22 June6 3.71 Decembers 3.22 That is, the price to the foreigner was forced down after the increased duty was levied. Last December he was sell- ing for $3.23 a box, plates upon which the duty was $2.37; whereas in April he had sold similar plates, upon which the duty was $1.08, for $4.32 a box. In other words,, when the duty was raised $1.30 a box, his price dropped $1.10— a way foreigners have of paying our Tariffs. FREIGHT KATES redttced under Protection.— la addition to the great reduction in the last 20 years in the cost of agricultural production is an equal reduction in the cost of transportation, as seen in the following table : Annual average freight rates per bushel of wheat for trans- portaticm from Chicago to New York for each year from 1857 to 1891, inclusive. [Prepared by Mr. J. C. Brown, Btatistician New York Produce Exchange.l Average rates per bushel. By lake and ' Calendar year. canal. Cents. 1Q57 ...25.29 iis:::::::::. 16.28 1859 17-59 Hi By lake By all and rail. rail. Cents. Cents. i860 34.83 1861 , 36.55 1862 26.33 1863 22.91 • 1864 28.36 1865 36.63 1866 29.61 1867 32.36 1868 32.79 29.0 43.6 1869 25.13 25.0 35.1 1870. 17.10 22.0 33.3 1871 20.24 25.0 31.0 1872 24.47 28.0 33.5 1873 19.19 26.9 33.3 1874 14.10 16.9 28.7 1875 11.43 14.6 24.1 1876 9.58 11.8 16.5 1877 11,24 15.8 20.3 1878 9.15 11.4 17.7 1879 11.60 13.3 17.8 1880 12.37 ' 15.7 19.9 1881 8.19 10.4 14.4 1882 7.89 10.9 14.6 " 1883 8.37 11.5 16.5 1884 6.31 9.55 13.125 1885 5.87 9.02 14.00 1886 8.71 13.00 16.50 1887 8.51 12.00 615.74 1888 5.93 11.00 614.50 1889 6.89 68.70 15.00 1890 5.85 8.50 14.31 1891 ■ 5.96 8.53 15.00 a Including canal tolls nntil 1883, but not Buffalo transfer charges. 6 Averages of ofScially published Tariffs. VIEW Foreigners Take of Our Tariff. We are, therefore, forced to conclude that, just as in the case of crude iron, steel and certain descriptions of man- ufactured iron, the United States -will shortly be inde- pendent of us in other respects. That market-^Taltiable as it undoubtedly was a few years since — ^is becoming of less importance to us day by day. Protection, which, it was thought, would only impede the progress of the Ameri- can iron industry, has proved to be the very ' ' rock of its sal- vation." And much as we may regret the result for our own sake, the American people, it must be admitted, have shown a much keener appreciation of what was essential to their progress than our own Free-Trade doctrinaires would be willing to admit. — London Iron and^.Coal Trade Review, Jan. 31, 1890. Owing to the depression in English manufactures, due to the new American Tariff, prices have fallen lower than ever before, and the finer class of goods are selling at the bare cost of manufacture to get them into the American market. — Paris Moniteur de la Mode. 113 It is obvious that an awkard condition of affairs may be brought about before long, if the Welsh makers and their financial supporters deem it necessary to recommence pro- duction on a large scale. If the plates are made, they will have to be sold without much delay, and as the United States market is the largest consumer, efforts may be made to push sales there through usual or unusual channels at prices which will allow for the McKinleyduty, and below the figures for which the American vendors of the stocks now on hand are holding out. We do not assert that this will be the case, simply because the issue is not yet raised, but we think it is very probable. — London Ironmonger. FKBE-TK ADERS Disagree. Both Speeches Made on Same Day. Our Tariff is closing the The trade between these foreign markets against us. States is larger by thousands We must have access to the of millions of dollars than people who want our farm could ever exist between products. Sixty-six millions this and all the other coun- of consumers is a good mar- tries of the world if we had ket, but 660,000,000 is 10 absolute Free-Trade.— Sena- times better. — JRogir Q. tor Carlisle in Debate on Mills, Speech in Iowa, 1&90. McKinley Tariff, 1890. MOKE TJBUTH ABOUT PRICES.— Our readers will remember how we squelched McKinley price liars some months ago by our compilation of comparative prices of common necessities used by the people. We showed that almost everything they bought was cheaper in 1891, under the new Tariff, than in 1889, before it passed, and very much cheaper than the same things sold for in 1857 under a Tariff for revenue only. Well, since then we have noticed that prices of manufactured goods have continued to fall, so we sent to our thousands of agents in all parts of the country for later reports on prices. They have aU come in now and we have compiled a new comparison showing not only that prices were lower in October, 1891, than in October, 1890, but that they are lower now than in 1891. It clinches the lie on the prices liar right down to date. Below is presented this last exhibit of the retail market prices which the great majority of the American people have paid and do pay for what they buy. They were gathered in every instance by a reliable and reputable per- son from the books and daily transactions of retail stores throughout the Union. The average of all the reports for each article is shown in the table : Oct., Oct., July, Articles. 1857. 1889. 1890. 1892. Axe li.ei^y.oo $i.ooyi„ so.osyu $o.8i^v,oo Binding twine, lb .22«'/>»» -ISV'" -IS"/"" .13"/ioo Blankets 6.03 4.48 3.99 3.25 Blue shirting, y'd .2083/100 .12«/.oo .ll'V"" ■Oi^'/i'o Boots ......5.50 3.61V,o 3.07 2.79 Calico, yard isy^o .O?"/"" .0687.00 .05»/i«o 113 Carpets — ingrain, yard. .1.58'// .77"/,(,o .69"/io6 -59 Brussels, yard. 1 8486/100 1.32Vxoo 1.03'»/iob .96"/rtt, Cotton gloves . . . .43"/io(. .28"/ioo .24«V.oo .19"/ioo Cotton knit goodsl.03y,o .52*yio» .47»Yj«,o .SS'y.oo Cotton thread, - . ' ', spool iiVioo .oh'y.oo .O4'y,oo .o4syioo Crowbar, pound. .12'y,„o .07"Aoo .O6V100 .05'y,„„ Drawing chains.. 1.38"/ja .73'y,oo .63»yioo .51Vioo Farm wagons.. 132.98 74.80 66.17 55.90 File 58^100 .29y,oo .2a»yioo • .19=y,.o Fork, 3 tined (}-doz) ....... 1.13y,„ .63»y.„o .56«Ao. .46'yioo Flannel, yard 75"Ao. A\^/^m .37"/ioo .32«y,oo Fruit jars, doz... 3.11^100 1.14«yi»o 1.05"/,o» .93'yioo Gingham, yard.. .26y, .ll"/ioo .lOV.oo .08«yioo Handsaw 2.60 1.62 1.48 1.29 Hoe 96 .54»yioo .45"yio'> -36™/ 100 Hemp rope, lb... .27"/! 00 il5"/.oo .W^y.oo .12«y,tf„ Linen, yard .91«»/,oo .52»y,oo .47y8 .37y,oo Mowing mach'el50. 63 63.87 55.16 46.77 Nails, wire, n>. . .17»/ioo .OS^y.oo .04sy,„o .OS"/.,, Nails, iron, lb.... .O9'y,oo .04Vioo .03"/>ad .03yjo/' Oilcloth, yard... .87"/ioo .39«'/,oo -.338yVoo .28 Overalls 1.48 »898y,„o .79»yioo .70=y,„, Pearl but'ns, doz .86'yioo .13'y,od- .12"/,oo .I2V100 Pins, paper 13'yioo .O7'yioo .05'yioo .04«y.oo Plow (two-horse) 23.82 13.94 12.52 11.11 Rake (horse) ... . 40.77 24.07 21.13 19.55 Reaper 260.41 147.43 128.63 112.06 Rubber boots!.. 5. 32«/"» 3.43 3.05'y,oo 2.65«/,oo Salt, barrel...... 3. 3iy,. 1.76*yioo 1.53 1.34>yio« Shoes 4.37y, a.52«yioo 3.32«/ioo 1.99"/,„, Sheeting, yard. . .19"A„o .ll^Aio " .08«A„„ .07"Ao« i Shovel .1.55yu .91=y,oo .82«y,„o .7oy,„„ Spade 1.50'y,„o .94iyioo .85«Aoo .76«A„. Starch, pound... .15"Aoo •09V'oo .08*8/100 .07«'A„„ Straw hat, good. l.SOViod 1.15"Aoo 1.05"Aoo .81"Aoo Straw hat, com'n .61*yi„„ .34"/i„j .■.27'yi„o .203y,.o Sugar, granu- lated, pound.. .22™/i„„ .09»y,„o .08"/ioo .053«A„/ Sugar, brown, ft .20V.o„ .07»yioo .07y,„„ .04*y,„^. Scythe 1.62™Aoo 1.02»y.oo .86^.00 .75'y.„„ Tin dipper, 1 qrt. .27sy.„„ .n^/,^,- .12'yioo .09'yioo Tin milk pail, 12 quart,. .9233/100 .54mA,o ,45'yioo . .383»A„. pan, 6 quart. . . .51"Aoo .22«yioo .19"Aoo .17«Aoo Ticking, yard 43"/ioo .206yioo .18«Aoo .isy. . Washboard, zinc. .57«yioo .86^100 ,a6"A„o -23»y.o, - ■Washtub,medi'ml.36y,oo .85'yioo - M^/.m ■72«>A ' Wheelbarrow.... 3. 37>y,. 2.28 2:05«>A66 1.8iy,on' Wooden pails.... .53'yi„„ .30«yioo .23»y„„ .19«A,oo 114 ■Ameriean Economist, OPINIONS OF EMINENT MEN. ADAMS, John Q.—As yet little addition of cost has even been experienced upon the article burdened with heavier duties by the last Tariff [of 1824]. The domestic manufacturer supplies the same or a kindred article at a diminished price, and the consumer pays the same tribute to the labor of his own countryman which he must have otherwise paid to foreign industry and toil. ATKINSON, Edward.— There has been during the 27 years since 1865, subject to temporary variations and fluc- tuations, a steady advance in the rates of wages, a steady reduction in the cost of labor per unit of product, and a corresponding reduction in the price of goods of almost every kind to the consumer. — In May Forum, 1892. ATKINSON ON CLEVELAND. THE DEUAGOaUE. THE INVESTIGATOR. At any rate, the consumer There has never been a has found life harder since Pf^^t '^t w ^!^!^ tL°*JM' ^, . „ r- ii. ■»«■ T7-- or any other country when this reform [i.e., the McKm- the general rate of wages ley Tariff] than before, and if was a high as it is to-day, there is a workingman any- nor a period when the work- X, _i,„v,„„i,„^ i,i„™o™o= man, in the strict sense of wherewhohashadhisvrages ^j^^ '^^^^^ ^^ ^^ j^j^ ^^^ increased by virtue of its cured to his own use and en- operation he has not yet made joyment such a steadily and himself known. — Graver progressively increasing pro- C/«.W. speeck at Provi- S^gVod^t^^^L^d dence, B. I., April 2, 1892- Atkinson, May Forum, 1892. BAYNESHAWE, Bemal.— Mr. Bemal Bayneshawe of the Leeds Forge Company, one of England's largest manufacturing concerns, after a protracted visit to this country, has no doubts about the effect of Protection on wages. He is quoted by the Boston Journal as follows : " An English manufacturer is bound to kick long and hard when he is excluded from so important a market as the United States ; but he is long-headed enough to know, after surveying industrial and manufacturing conditions in this country, that Protection is the very salvation of the United States. Englishmen of common sense would be ardent Protectionists if they lived in this country, and a 115 good many of them who have visited the United States in recent years are in favor of giving Protection a trial at home, notwithstanding the fact that it would materially increase the wages of artisans." BEACONS PIEIiD, JLord.^The time will come vr&m the working classes in England will come to you on bended knees and pray yon to remove your present [Free-Trade] legislation. — Speech made in 1853. BENTON", Thos. iT.— No price tor property [after 1816]; no sales except those of the sheriff and the marshal; no purchasers at execution sales except the creditor, or some hoarder of money; no employment for industry; no demand for labor; no sale for the products of the farm; no sound' of the hammer, except that of the auctioneer knock- ing down property. Distress was the universal cry of the people; relief, the universal demand, was thundered at the doors of all Legislatures, State and Federal. BISMABCK, Prince, 1891.— Up to the seventies I was, by conviction, an adherent of Free-Trade, and, so to speak, born and bred in it. Until the year 1870 I was so much occupied by foreign' affairs that I was not able to devote myself with energy to economic questions. After 1870 foreign affairs became quieter; and, when in the course of time I saw one blast furnace after another being put out and the national industry retrograding more and more, I became convinced that some change was necessary, — Quoted in Ediritmrgh Weekly Scotsman. ., The success of the United States in material development is the most illustrious of modern time. The American nation has not only successfully borne and suppressed the most gigantic and expensive war of all history^ but imme- diately afterward disbanded its army, found, work for all its soldiers and marines, paid off most of its debt,. gave labor and homes to all the unemployed of Europe sis fast as they could arrive within the territory, and still by a sys- tem of taxation so indirect as not to be perceivei; much less felt. Because it is my deliberate judgment that the 'prosperity of America is mainly due to its system of Pro- tective laws, I urge that Germany has now reached that point where it is necessary to imitate the Tariff system of the United States. — Speech in the Seiehstag, May 13, 1888. BLAINJB Compares Britain and America, — In 'I860 the population of the United States was in round numbers 31,000,000. At the same time the population of the United Kingdom was in round numbers 29,000,000. The wealth of the United States at that time was $14,000,000,000 ; the wealth of the United Kingdom was $39,000,000,000; The United Kingdom had therefore nearly the same popula- tion, but more than double the wealth of the United States, with machinery for manufacturing four-fold greater than that of the United States. At the end of 116 twenty years (1880) it appeared that the United States had added nearly $30,000,000,000 to her wealth, while the United Kingdom had added nearly $15,000,000,000, or about one-half. During this period of twenty years the United States had incurred the enormous loss of $9,000,000,000 by internal war, while the United Kingdom was at peace, enjoyed ex- ceptionai prosperity, and made a far greater gain than in any other twenty years of her history — a gain which dur- ing four years was in a large part due to the calamity that had fallen upon the United States. The United Kingdom had added 6,000,000 to her population during the period of twenty years, while the addition to the United States exceeded 18,000,000. By the compound ratio of population and wealth in each covmtry, even without making allowance for the great loss incurred by the Civil "War, it is plainly shown by the sta- tistics here presented that the degree of progress in the United States under Protection far exceeded that of the United Kingdom under Free^Trade for the period named. In I860' the average wealth, per capita, of the United Kingdom was $1,000, while in the United States it was but $450. In 1880 the United Kingdom had increased her ^er capita wealth to $1,230, while the United States had in- creased her per capita wealth to $870. The [Jnited King- dom had in twenty years increased her per capita wealth twenty-three per cent., while the United States had in- creased her per capita wealth more than ninety-three per cent. If allowance should be made for war losses the ratio of gain ii>the United States would far exceed one hundred per cent. Upon these results what ground has Mr. Glad- stone for his assertion ? — Reply to Gladstone. BRIGHT, John.— la. the city of Glasgow alone 41,000 out of every 100,000 live in homes having only one room, and, further, nearly one-third of the whole people dwell in homes of only one room, and more than two-thirds of the people of Scotland dwell in homes of not more than two rooms. We find poverty and misery. What does it mean when all these families are living in homes of one ro&m, to us who have several rooms and all the comforts of life ? It means more than I can describe and more than I will attempt to enter into ; and as need begets need, so poverty and misery beget poverty and misery. And so in all our great towns, and not a little in our small towns, there is misery and help- lessness, much as I have described. In fact, looking at the past, to me it is a melancholy thing to look at ; there is much of it which excites in me not astonishment only, but horror. The fact is, there passes before my eyes a vision of millions of families — not individuals, but families — fathers, mothers, children— passing, ghastly, sorrow-stricken, in never ending procession, from their cradles to their graves. BROUGHAM, Lord.— It is well worth while to incur a loss upon the first exportation, in order, by the 117 glut, to stifle in the cradle, those infant mannfactnrea in the United States, which the war has forced into exist- ence. BKYCE, Prof. James.— Vfiih. one interval of trade de- pression, it [the United States] has for twenty years been developing its amazing natural resources so fast as to-pro- duce an amount of wealth, which is not only greater, but more widely diffused throufeli the population, than in any other part of the world, and the people allow themselves luxuries such as the masses enjoy in no other country, — Anneriean Commonwealth. BUCHANAN, James.— 'WiVa. unsurpassed plenty in all the productions and all the elements of natural wealth, our manufacturers have suspended, our public works are retarded, our private enterprises of different kinds are abandoned, and thousands of useful laborers are thrown out rf employment and reduced to want. We have pos ■ sessed all the elements of material wealth in rich abund- ance, and yet, notwithstanditig all these advantages, our country, in its monetary interests, is in a deplorable condi- tion.— ^dwriMaZ Jlfessase . CARLiTLE, Thomas. — In Carlyle's opinion, . Free^ Trade " was the most intense nonsense that ever provoke^ human patience." " The people of Australia were quite right," said he, "to protect their industries and to teach their young men trades, in complete disregard, of Parlia- mentary and platform palaver. No nation ever^ot manu- factures in any other way." CHAMBEKLAIN, Jbsepi^.— The class of agricult- ural laborers of this country are never able to do more than make both ends meet, and have to look forward, in time of illness pr on the approach of old age, to the work- house as the one inevitable refuge against starvation. . . Children are stunted in their growth and dulled in their intellects for want of proper nourishment and propej; food. The houses of the poor are so scanty and so inefllcient that the most horrible immorality prevails, which seldom comes to the surface, but which is known to all those- who move among the poor, while the ordinary conditions of life, among the; large proportion of the population, are such that common decency is absolutely impossible.; 'and all this goes on in sight of the mansions of the rieli.. '. . Private charity of all forms and religious organizations can do nothing to remedy the evils which are so deep set in our social system. CHUKCHILL, Lord Randolph (1884.)— I suspect free imports of the murder of our industries much in the same way as if I found a man standing over a corpse- and plunging a knife intojt I should suspect that man of homi- cide, and I sbonld recommend a coroner's inquest and k trial by jury. 118 CliAY, Henry. — If the term of seven years were to be selected of the greatest prosperity which this people have enjoyed since the establishment of their present constitu- tion, it would be exactly that period of seven years which immediately followed the passage of the TarifE of 1824. In short, sir, if I were to select any term of seven years since the adoption of the present constitution which ex- hibited a scene of the most widespread dismay and desola- tion, it would be exactly that term of seven years which immediately preceded the establishment of the TarifE of 1«34. CLEVEIiAJfD'S "Bravery" and " Honesty."— Mr. Cleveland allowed three years of his old administration to pass before he declared himself. When other Democrats were struggling with the demon of darkness, he was silent. When he did speak out, he spoke well, but he was so skeptical of the issue he had himself precipitated that he sent Mr. Gorman and the late William E. Scott of St. Louis with a cut-and-dried platform, ignoring his own message, ignoring the Mills bill, and reasserting as the party law the straddle we had made in Chicago in 1884 — Henry Watter- SOi}. In 1888, when Mr. Gorman and the late William L. Scott came to the St. Louis convention with a cut-and-diied platform, containing the cut-and-dried platform of 1884, approved, as they stated, by Mr. Cleveland, the convention repudiated the movement, and I heartily indorsed its action. Not even Mr. Cleveland's name was potent enough to pull down the flag which he had placed at the masthead. —Senator Vest. Which Will He Stand By 'I THE "robbed" manufact- urer. The manufacturer who sees in freeraw materials a reduced cost of his products, resulting in an increased consumption and an exten- sion of his markets, and a constant activity and return for his invested capital, can' hardly trust the party who first resisted any reform in the TarifE, then juggled With it and last flatly refused him the relief he still needs. — Mr. Orov6r Cleveland, look- ing for office. Providence, R. I., Aprils, 1893. COBDEN, Richard (1844).— You have no right to doiibt that in ten years from the time when England inaugurates THE "robber" manufact- urer. We discover that the fort- unes realized by our riianu- f acturers are no longer ob- tained solely by reward of sturdy industry and en- lightened foresight, but that they result from the dis- criminating favor of the government, and are largely built upon undue exactions from the masses of the people. — President Grover Cleveland, in office, Wash- ington, D. C, December 3, lift the glorious era of commercial freedom, every civilized country ■will be Free-Traders to the backbone. COOPER, Peter.— We canTjuy nothing cheap of for- eign countries that must be bought at the expense of leav- ing our own good raw material unused and our own labor- ers unemployed. FILLMORE, Millard.— Ihe value of our exports of breadstnffs and provisions, which it was supposed the in- centive of a low Tariff and large importations from abroad would have greatly augmented, has fallen from $68,000,- 000 in 1847, to $21,000,000 in 1851, with almost a certainty of a still further reduction in 1852. The policy which dictated a low rate of duties on foreign merchandise, it was thought by those who established it, would tend to benefit the farming population of this country by increas- ing the demand and raising the price of our agricultural products in foreign markets. The foregoing facts, how- ever, seem to show, incontestibly, that no such result has followed the adoption of this policy.— Annual Message/ 1851. The destruction of our manufactures by the Tariff of 1846 leaves the foreigner without competition in our market, and he consequently raises the price of the articles sent here for sale, as is now seen in the increased cost of iron imported from England. — Annual Message, 1852. F BAKKIilN, Benjamin. — In England it is well known that whenever a manufactory is established which employs a number of hands, it raises the value of the land in the neighboring country all around it, partly by the "greater demand near at hand for the products of the land and partly by the increase of money drawn by the manufaot- uers to that place. It seems, therefore, to the interest of all our farmers and owners of land to encourage home manufactures in preference to foreign ones imported from different countries. GARFIELD, James A. — For the present the world is divided into separate nationalities, and that Divine com- mand still applies: "He that provideth not for his own household has denied the faith and is worse than an in- fidel." And till that era arrives described by the gentle- man from Virginia, patriotism must supply the place of ' universal brotherhood. For the present Gortchakoff'^n do more good for the world by taking care of Russia. The great Bismarck can accomplish more for his era by being, as h6 is, a German to the core and promoting the welfare of the German Empire. Let Beaconsfield take care of England and McMahon take care of France, and let Ameri leans devote themselves to the welfare of America. When each does his part for his own nation to promote pros- perity, justice and peace, all will have done more for the world than if all had attempted to be cosmopolitite^ rather than ];>atriot& 120 GIBBONS, Cardinal— The question of theTaritfis not merely a question of party supremacy or of an advan- tage of one country over another or over several others ; in its results it reaches far out and deep down to the very founda,tions of our social fabric. No man or few men can sound its depths or work it out to its ultimate and minute consequences ; but every voter should, as a strict and solemn public duty, test it and jjrobe and weigh it, in as far as his opportunities may permit, and thus cast his Dal- lot intelligently. GLADSTONE. W. E.—l think we most certainly must recognize — I hope you will forgive me for introduc- ing matters that are not those of congratulation — how much ground has been lost by the doctrines of Free-Trade within the last 35 years. It is a great and heavy disappointment. — Speech before the Cobden Club, May 13, 1890. "It the [Tariff] is in great part paid by the J^English] manufacturer. By its effect his profits are diminished and his power to pay wages was diminished. — Hansard, Vol. 66, pp. 503-4. In America it H. e. Protection] makes you [Americans] produce more cloth and more iron at high prices, instead of more cereals and more cotton at low prices Since most capitals find an unlimited field for employ- ment in cheap domestic production without Protection, it is demonstrated that Protection is not required in order to keep your capital at home. No adversary will, I think, venture upon answering this by saying that the profits are larger in protected than in unprotected industi-ies. First, because the best opinions seem to testify that in your protected trades profits are hard pressed by wages — a state of things very likely to occur, etc. — North American Review, Jan., 1890. GOMPERS, Samuel, President American Federation of Labor.— I believe that in this country everything neces- sary for every purpose can be built and manufactured. I believe that any law which stands in the way of the prog^- ress of American workingmen should be swept away, and if it is necessary to have a law to improve the condition of American workmen, then that law should be passed. We should protect ourselves from the miserable conditions and poverty prevailing elsewhere, and anything that will protect and advance the interests of the wage workers of America has my absolute approval. GKEELEY, Horace.— To all the fine words we hear about "the impossibility of counteracting the laws of nature," " trade regulating itself," etc.* we bow with due deference and wait for the sage to resume his argument. Whac we do affirm is this, that it is best for every nation to make at home all those articles of its ovm consumption that can just as well— that is, mth nearly or quite as little labor— be made there as anywhere else. 121 HAMILTON", Alexander.— But though it were true that the immediate and certain efiEect of regulations con- trolling the competition of foreign with domestic fabrics was an increase of price, it is universally true that the con- trary is the ultimate effect with every successful manufact- ure. When a domestic manufacture has attained to per- fectiob, and has engaged in the prosecution of it aijompe- tent number of persons, it invariably becomes cheaper. Being free from the heavy charges which attend the im- portation of foreign commodities, it can be afforded, and, accordingly, seldom or never fails to be sold cheaper, -in process of time, than was the foreign article for which it is a substitute. The internal competition which takes place soon does away with everything like monopoly^, and by degrees reduces the price of the article to the minimuin of a reasonable profit on the capital employed. This ac- cords with the reason of the thing and with experience. Whence it follows that it is the interest of the community, with a view to eventual and permanent economy, to en- courage the growth of manufactures. In a national view, a temporary enhancement of price must always be well compensated by a permanent reduction of it. — Report on Manufactures. HA-RRISON, President.-- Barely, if ever before,' in the history of the country has there been a time when the proceeds of one day's labor or the product of one farmed acre would purchase, bo large an amount of those, things that enter into the Uviug of the masses of the people.— Message to Congress, December, 1891. I cannot in this letter discuss the great issues that are now presented for debate ; but I venture to call your at- tention to the significant action of the Chicago Convention upon the subject of the tariff. The majority report seemed to recognize that some regard might be had in tariff legis- lation for the interests of our American workingmen ; that, in making tariff reductions, injury to our domestic indus- tries &onld be avoided, and that such changes should be regardful of the labor and capital connected therewith. All of these declarations were stricken out by an overwhelming vote of the convention ; and the resolutions adopted 'must, in the light of this vote, it seems to me, be construed to be an affirmative declaration that Democratic legislation upon the tariff will be without regard to its effect upon the wa^es of American workingmen and vyithbut any thought of its destructive effect upon American industries. . What was rejected and what was adopted upon this subject at Chicago seem to me to constitute a declaration more extreme and more destructive than has ever before been promulgated by the Democratic party. — Letter to Republican League of Clvbs, June 24, 1892. HARTER, Congressman. — I would abolish every cus- tom house in the land. I would rather vote for the establishment of an institution to spread the cancer or a field in which to propagate cholera, or a school in which to 122 teach vice and crime, rather than to vote for a Protective TariflE of any kind. HEWITT, Abram S.— The amount which I pay out for laoor, when I include every particle of- raw material begmninig at the ground— and I am a miner both of ore and coal— I have never, with all my anxiety to get it down, got it below 90 per cent on the value of the finished product. INGEBSOIili, Robert G.—lt Free-Trade could be adopted to-morrow, there would be an instant shrinkage of values in this country. Probably the immediate loss would equal $30,000,000,000— that is to say, one-third the value of the country. No one can tell its extent. All things are so interwoven that to destroy one industry crip- ples another, and the influence keeps on until it touches the circumference of human interests. JACKSON, Andrew. — Heaven smiled upon and gave us liberty and independence. That same Providence has blessed us with the means of national independence and national defense. If we omit or refuse to use the gifts which he has extended to us we deserve not the continua- tion of his blessings. .He has fiUed our mountains and our plains with minerals, lead, iron and copper, and given us a climate and soil for the growing of hemp and wool. These being the grand materials of our national defense, they ought to have extended to them adequate and fair protec- tion, that our own manufactories and laborers may be placed on a fair competition with those of Europe, and that we may have within our own country a supply of those leading and important articles so essential to wax.-^Letter to Dr. Coleman. April 26, 1834. JENKIKS, Sir John, who is one of the foremost manufacturers of the United Kingdom, said : " When Mr. Cleveland sent in his famous Tariff Message, I was asked, with other manufacturers, to give my opinion of it, and I unhesitatingly said such a poUcy would, be a grand thing for England. I think so still, of course, and for that reason, perhaps, we would not be sorry to see such a change again in American political life." JEFFERSON, rftomas.— Experience has taught me that manufactures are now as necessary to our independ- ence as to our colnf ort ; and if those who quote me as of a different oninion will keep pace with me in . purchasing nothing foreign, where an equivalent doinestic fabric can be obtained, without regard to difference of price, it will not be our fault if we do not have a supply at home equal to our demand, and wrest that weapon of distress from the hand which has so long wantonly wielded it.— Letter to Benjamin Austin, March 16, 1816. An equilibrium of agriculture, manufactures and com- merce is certainly become essential to our independence. Manufactures, sufficient for our own consumption, of 138 what we raise the raw material— and no more. Com- merce suflBcient to carry the surplus product of agriculture, beyond our own consumption, to a market for exchangmg it for articles we cannot raise— and no more. These are the true limits of manufactures and commerce. To go be- yond them is to increase our dependence on foreign nar tions and our liability to wax.— Letter to Oovenwr Jay. LiA-BOUCHERE, Henry.— I have never believed that the principles of political economy are of universal appli- cation. Free-Trade suits us, but if I had been an Ameri- can I should have been a Protectionist twenty years ago. —In New York Herald, September 32, 1891. lilNCOLK, Abraham.— I have long thought that if there be any article of necessity which can be produced at home, with as little or nearly the same labor as abroad, it would be better to protect that article of labor at its true standard of value.— Speec/i at Pittsburgh, February 15, 1861. lilZT, Frederie (Famous Oerman Professor).^-It is not true, then, as has been pretended, that Protection enhances the prices of domestic products by the amount of the Pro- tective duty. Duties may cause a temporary increase of prices, but in any country prepared for manufacturing, home competition soon reduces the prices below the rates at which they would have remained under the operation of Free-Trade. It is notorious that under the influence of manufacturing industry, property in land has increased from 50 to 100 per cent. ; that the wages of labor have also advanced ; that many routes of transportation and travel are perfected, or in course of construction, throughout the territories. MADISOK, James. — That the encouragement of manufactures was an object of the power to regulate trade, is proved by the use made of the power for that object in the first session of the First Congress under the Constitu- tion, when among the members present were so many who had been members of the Federal convention which framed the Constitution, and of the State conventions which ratified it ; each of these classes, consisting also of members who had opposed it and who had espoused the Constitution in its actual form. It does not appear from the printed proceedings of Congress on that occasion that the power was denied by any of them. And it may be remarked that members from Virginia in particular, as well of the Anti-Fedetalas of the Federal Party, the names then distinguishing those who had opposed and those who had approved the Constitution, did not hesitate to propose duties and to suggest even prohibitions in favor of the sev- eral articles of her production. By one a duty was pro- posed on mineral coal in favor of Virginia coal pits ; by another a duty on hemp was proposed, to encourage the growth of that article ; and by a third, a prohibition even 124 /lon^"®"^ ?®„®* "^^^ suggested as a measure of sound policy. (1S38)— FoZ. 3, ». 641, Offinal Papers and Cors. iii very President from General Washington to John uuincy Adams, inclusive, has recognized the power of a ^^\^ 111 favor of manufactures, without indicating a aoubt or that a doubt existed anywhere. (1821.)— Vol. 3, p. 513, Utters and Cors. -MANNING, Cardinal— There is no doubt that Free ixade, freedom of contract, buying in the cheapest market and selling in the dearest, are axioms of commercial pru- dence. They are hardly worthy of being called a science. V ^1 I ' ^^^^ freedom of trade has immensely multi- plied all branches of commerce and developed the ener- gies of all_ our industrial population. But it has cre- ated two things — the irresponsible wealth, which stagnates, and the starvation wages of the labor market. This cheap- est market is the market of the lacklands, penniless and helpless.— iVme^eewift Century, December, 1890. McAIiLISTER, Ward— This McKinley bill, if it is not repealed by the clamor our women will and must in Ivr 5^*^" f'^**"'^ raise against it, will add more than one- third to the amount each lady who wears imported dresses must pay for them. . . . If you apply to one of the best modistes she will frankly tell you, " This [imported] dinner dress I must charge |350 for ; if I copy it for you, using i?£, same materials of which it is made, it will cost you |350." McDONAIiD, Sir John A., late Premier of Canada.— Suppose I have 1000 bushels of barley on this [the Cana- dian] side, which I desire to sell in the United States. Under present law in America I must pay 15 cents [McKinley duty 80 cents] per bushel, or $130 in all +i?°?- ™^ ^^^ bushels, before I am permitted to cross the line with my barley, and when I do cross the Amer- ican line with it, how much do I get for it? Why, I get the American price, the same that barley is selling for over there. I don't add to that price the 15 cents per bushel that I paid in at the customs house. Therefore, " the Tariff is a tax," but unfortunately it is a tax upon our people, who ship their produce to the United States. McKTNLEY, William, Jr.— It is the high ad valorems that you gentlemen advocating Tariff " reform " keep be- fore your eyes. You shut your eyes to the diminishing prices. The favorite assault of the Democratic Free-Trader or revenue Tariff " reformer" is to parade these high per- centages and ad valorem equivalents to show the enormous burdens of taxation that we impose upon the people of the United States. Now, let us look at this for a moment while we are pass- ing. When steel rails were $100 a ton we had a duty on them of $38 a ton. What would be the equivalent ad valorem? Twenty-eight per cent. That is not enormous. My friend from Texas even would not hold that as top high 135 fin ad valorem equivalent. But the very instant v^e reduce the* price of steel rails to $50 a ton, because of that duty of $28, which encouraged our own producers to engage in this business— When the price went down to $50 a ton, the ad valorem equivalent went up to 56 per cent. ; for $28 a ton duty, with steel rails at $50 a ton, would be equivalent to 56 per- cent. They are troubled about the ad Valorem equivalent. They look to percentages ; we look to prices. We would rather have steel rails at $50 a ton and an ad valorem equivalent of 5(Xper cent, than to have steel rails at $100 a ton and an ad valorem equivalent of only 28 per cent. They pursue a shadow ; we enjoy the substance. What do we care about ad valorems ? But you will hear of high ad valorems in this debate from its beginning, to its close. MITiLiS, Boger Q. — We must exchange the things we do not want for those things we must have. To do this we must have absolute Free-l^ade. MITCHELL/, Sir Henry. — In a discussion at the Brad ford Chamber of Commerce, Sir Henrys Mitchell depre- cated discussion as yet on the McKinley Tariff, but said : "One effect of the Tariff was certainly to injure the trade of the Bradford district very seriously. It was impossible to export goods to America uAless they were prepared to take lower prices, and that meant less profits of manufact- urer? and less wages for workpeople." Here then is another witness to the controversy, "Who pays the Im- port Duty?"— iondon. Fair Trade, Ncwein^eir 14, 1890. MONKOE, Jamies. — Having formerly communiedlbd my views to Congress respecting the encouragement which ought to be given to our manufactures, and the priiK^le on which it should be if ounded, I have only to add that those views remain unchanged. I'recommend a review of the Tariff for the purpose of affording such additional pro- tection to those articles which we are prepared to manu- facture, or which are more immediately conniected with tie defense and independence of the country. — Seventh Annual Message. MOBIiEY, John. — It is an awful fact — ^it is really not short of awful — ^that in this country [Great Britain], with all its wealth, all its .yast resources, all its power, 45 per cent. — ^that is to say, nearly one-half — of the persons who reach the age of 60 are or have been paupers. I say that it is a most tremendous fact, and I cannot conceive any suhT jeet more worthy of the attention of the Legislature, more worthy of the attention of us a,ll. PHILIiIPS, Wendell.— 'The mainspring of our prog- ress is high wages — wages at such a level tliat the work- ingman can spare his wife to preside over a home, can command leisure, go to lectures, take a newspaper, and lift himself from the deadening level of mere toil. That dollar left after all the bills are paid on Saturday night 136 means education, indepenclence, self respect, manhood ; it increases the value of every acre near by, fills the town with dwellings, opens public libraries and crowds them, dots the continent with cities and cobwebs it with rail- ways. The one remaining dollar insures progress and guarantees millions to its owner, better than a score of statutes. It is worth more than a thousand colleges, and makes armies and police superfluous. RANDALli, Samuel J.— In the great and wealthy counties of Pennsylvania, farmers and mechanics alike — Democratic and Republican — ^believe with the great states- man leader of the Democratic party in that State— Hon. Samuel J. Bandall : 1. That no man can buy another man's labor until he can sell his own, 2. If he buys the labor of the English or German work- man, he cannot be certain they will buy his in return. 3. That the nearer the farmer and the skilled workman are to each other the more of each other's labor will they gel, and the easier and cheaper they exchange it. 4. That there is a law of compensation in all things ; the more wages the mechanic engaged in skilled diversified labor receives the more he buys of the farmer, and the more he pays and is able to pay for it. RAIfDOLiPH, John. — ^It is in such a climate [i.e., as England's] only that the human animal can bear without extirpation the corrupted air, the noisome exhalations, the incessant labor of these accursed manufactories. Yes, sir, accursed, for I say it is an accursed thing, which I will neither taste, nor touch, nor handle. If we were to act here on the English system we should have the yeUow fever at Philadelphia and New York, not in August merely, but from June to January and from January to June. The climate of this country alone, were there no other natural obstacles to it, says aloud — ^you shall not manufacture. ROGERS, J. H.— An interview with J. H. Rogers, chairman of the Welsh Tin Plate Makers' Association, and perhaps the largest manufacturer of tin plate in the world, was published in the South Wales Daily News of July 13, 1893, upon his return from America, whither he had come to look after a tin-plate plant which he is establishing here. The interview was in part as follows : " Are there any works in course of erection in America now?" " Yes, there are several. I only visited a few. The manu- facture of tin plate is, however, very rapidly taking root in the United States, and some very magnificent plants have been erected. One of the works which I visited was the finest which I have ever seen. An enormous steel and tin plate concern is being built in Chicago." ' ' Supposing Mr. CSeveland were elected, what do you think would be the effect of his policy?" " I think the result would be that the duties would be generally lowered, and that wages would consequently fall. 137 The working class would, of course, not be willing to re- main without work, and manufacturers would nave to reduce wages to enable them to compete successfully with other countries. Wages in America are at present double what they are here, but if America adopted iVee-Trade they would probably be reduced one-half, and become equal to the wages paid here. The question of Free-Trade or Pro- tection in America is, therefore, of far more importance to the working class of America than it is to any class in this country. In America th& working class earns high wages at present, and the cost of living out there is so little more than it is here that they have much greater comfort and are able to save more rapidly." RUSKIN", Jb/ire.— Though England is deafened with spinning wheels, her people have not clothes ; though she is black with the digging of fuel, they die of cold, and though she has sold her soul for grain, they die of hunger. SALISBUBY, Lord. — We live in an age of a wa» of Tariffs. Every nation is trying how it can, by agreement with its neighbor, get the greatest possible Protection for its own industries, and at the same time the greatest possible access to the markets of its neighbors. This kind of negotiation is continually going on. It has been going on for the last year and a half with great activity. I want to point out to you^ that what I observe is that while A is very anxious to get a favor of B and B is anxious to get a favor of C, nobody cares two straws about getting the commercial favor of Great Britain. [Cheers.] What is the reason for that ? It is that in this great battle Great Britain has deliberately stripped herself of the armor and the weapons- by which the battle has to be fought. You cannot do business in this world of evil and suffer- ing on those terms. If you go to market you must bring money with you. If you fight, you must fight with the wea|)ons with which those you have to contend against are fighting. It is not easy for you to say, " I am a Quaker ; I do not fight at all ; I have no weapon," and to expect that people will pay the same regard to you and be as anxious to obtain your good will and to consult your interests as they will be of the people who have retained their armor and still hold their weapons. [Hear, hear.] The weapon with which they all fight is admission to their own markets — that is to say, A says to B, "If you will make your duties such that I can sell in your markets, I will make my duties such that you can sell in my market." But we begin by saying we will levy no duties on any- body, and we declare that it would be contrary and^ dis- loyal to the glorious and sacred doctrine of Free-TraSe to levy any duty on anybody for the sake of what we can get by it. [Cheers.] 138 It may be noble, but it is not business. [Loud cheers.] On those terms you will g^t nothing, and I am sorry to have to tell you that you are practically getting nothing.— Speech at Hastings, England, May, 1892. TAYLOR, Richard {Ex-Confederate General).— We made two great mistakes. Had we avoided them we should have conquered you. The first was that we did not substantially destroy the protective features of the Tariff in the winter session of 185T and 1858 by an act which provided a rapid sliding scale to Free-Trade. . . . We could have passed such a law and held it tight on yon till it closed the furnaces, workshops, woolen and cotton mills and steel and bar-iron works of the whole North and West, and scattered your workmen over the prairies and Territories. When the war was ready for you you would not have been ready for the war. You could not have armed and equipped and put in the field a large army nor built a large navy. You would have been without supplies, machinery and workmen, and you would have been without money and credit. T AYIiOR, Zachary. — I do not doubt the right or duty of Congress to encourage domestic industry. I look to the wisdom and patriotism of Congress for the adoption of a system which may place home labor, at last, on a sure and permanent footing, and, by due encouragement of manu- factures, give new and increased stimulus to agriculture and promote the development of our vast resources and the extension of our commerce. — First Annual Message, 1849. TUPPER, Sir Charles.— At the Congress of " Cham- bers of Commerce of the Empire" held in London, June 28, 1893, Sir Charles Tupper, Canadian High Commissioner, said : " In 1890 England.took from the products in the United States of America £97,000,000 sterling without the imposition of 1 farthing of duty. How much did they take in return ? Thirty-two millions, so that two-thirds of what they sent to this country was required to be paid for by sending cash out of the country, as they would not make an exchange. They adopted a policy that, as I say, did not make a return of one-third to this country in the shape of products. Were they satisfied? Not at all. They sat down and constructed the McKinley Tariff. With what view ? To see how much they could reduce the paltry £33, 000,000 of the products of this country that they were re ceiving. [Cheers.] By a stroke of the pen they knocked ofif 10 per cent, of that paltry £32,000,000.,; Now, that does not appear to me to show any wonderful appreciation of the treatment that they were receiving in this country. But what more did they do ? They, like a great pctopus, threw their tenactles over, the whole of South America and tljie West Indies, with the determination to drive .British trade out of that country, and they are, going to do it. Read .the language of the British Cpnsul ip, Brazil,, and what does he tell you ? He tells the people, of this country : ' You must 139 make np yoiir minds to lose the 'Brazilian trade, because the United States has got hold of Brazil under the reci- procity clause." By doing that they have done that which I hold to he a greater crime — I will not use the word " crime " in relation to fiscal arrangements, I will say a greater wrong to this country — than their imxMsition of the McKinley Tariff and knocking down the small amount of the product of British industry sent into the United States, a greater wrong by throwing their tentacles around Brazil and the other South American countries, the Antilles and the West Indies, with a view to drive England and Canada completely out of the Southern Hemisphere." WASHINGTON, George.— The promotion of do- mestic manufactures will, in my conception, be among the first consequences which may naturally be expected to flow from an energetic government. I propose to demonstrate the sincerity of my opinion on this subject by the uni- formity of my practice in giving a decided preference to the products and fabrics of America whenever it may be done without involving unreasonable expense or very great inconvenience. — Letter dated April 18, 1779, to the Dela- ware Society for Promoting Domestic Manufa/stwres. WEBSTER, Daniel.— 1 defy the man in any degree conversant with the history, in any degree acquainted with the annals of this cotmtry from 1787 to 1789, when the Constitution was adopted, to say that Protection of Aoierican labor and industry was not a leading, I might almost say, the leading motive, South as well as North, for the formation of the new government. Without that provision in the Constitution it never could have been adopted. — Speech in Albany, 1844. But, sir, before I proceed 'fur- ther with this part of the case I will take notice of what appears to be some attempt, lately, by the republication of opinions and expressions, arguments and speeches of mine, at an earlier and later x)eriod of life, to plaice me in a condition of inconsistency on this subject of the protective XMjlicy of the country. . . . If it be inconsistency to hold an opinion to-day, even upon such a question, and upon the same question to hold a different opinion a quarter of a centmy afterward upon a more comprehensive view of the whole subject, with a more thorough investigation into the original purposes and objects of that Constitution, and. especially with a more thorough exposition of those objects and purposes by- those who framed it, and have been intrusted to administer it, I should not shrink even from that imputation. I hope I know more of the Consti- tution of my country than! did when I was twenty years old. I hope I have contemplated its great objects more broadly. I hope I have read with deeper interest the senti- ments of the great men Who framed it. I hope I have studied with more care the condition of the country when the convention assembled to frame it. — Speech in the Senate, Jitto 25 and 27, 1846. 130 I N E) BX. PAGE. Adams, John Qnincy, extract 115 Agricultural implements, their prices in 1865 and 188fl. 6 Agricultural implements, their prices here and abroad 5, 6 Agricultural implements, prices since 1857 113-114 'Agricultural imports decreased under new law 42 Agricultural prices under a Free-Trade Tariff 3, q Agricultural products, proportion exported 6 Agricultural products, duties on them 14 Agricultural produce, its price according to Senate re- . iwrt 55 Agricultural lands increasing in value 87 Agricultural prosperity coming 59 Agricultural labor in England 4 Agricultural products, their increased purchasing power , •. 4, 5 Agricultural products imported T Agricultural labor, its wages in the United States 90- Agricultural wages in England 95: Agriculture benefited by factories . . . , 41 Agriculture in England ruined by Free-Trade 3 Agriculture ruined in England 68 Albumenized paper 46 Alison, Sir Archibald, on Ireland's prosperity while she had Protection 34 Amalgamated Association on wages and Tariff 88 Atkinson on Cleveland 115 Atkinson, Edward, extract 115 Atkinson, Edward, on magnitude of internal commerce 33 Australia, Protection and Free-Trade there compared. 7 Australian wool growers for Cleveland 106 Australian wool, average weight of fleece IffJ , Australian wool exports 106 Average Tariff rates each year, 1791-1891 16-17 Baird, Henry Carey, on export of gold under Free- Trade 39 Balance of trade since 1844 ' 24 131 BaJance of trade, favorable and unfavorable, witb all countries 8-9 Bayneshawe, Bemal, extract 115 Beaconsfield, Lord, extract 116 Beet sugar, its possibilities 7 Benton, Thos. H., extract 116 Binding twine, its free materials 10 Bismarck, Prince, extracts. 116 Blaine, J. G., compares Britain and America 116 Boots and shoes, best and cheaspest in America 10 Bright, John, extract - 117 Britain, British, see England, English. Brougham, Lord, extract 117 Bryce, Prof. James, extract -. .... . 118 Buchanan, James, extract 118 Budgets of families here and abroad 56-57 Bunting, its manufacture in this country 10 Butler, B. F., on Bunting 10 Calamity profits of olden times 60 Canadian lumber and our Tariff. 38 Capit^ in wool manufacturing 105 Carlisle disagrees with Mills 113 Carlyle, Thomas, extract 118 Carpet prices before and after the McKinley law com- pared.... 11 Chamberlain, Joseph, extract 118 Changes made by new Tariff 41 Chatham, Lord, on manufacturing in America 21 "Cheapness" under Free-Trade , ." 52 Chemical Trust in England '. . 87 Chemnitz, Germany, pays the Tariff on hosiery. .... 15, 18 Churchill, Lord itandblph, extract ......... ..... 118 Clay, Henry, extracts .,. .,.-. 60, 119 Cleveland, Grover, vs. Bdwa.rd Atkinson. 115 Cleveland in parallel , ,... , 119 Cleveland's " bravery '' and " honesty ". 119 ~^othing inferior in England 76 Clothing, its cost here and abroad ... 11 Clothing, its price here and in England . . , ... . , ;... ,-> 50 Coal, free, no benefit to New England . . 34-25 Coal prices here and in England . ..: <..!.. .. 51 Coal .production and prices 11 Oobden Club's methods r 13 133 Cobden Club's sphere 13 Cobden, Richard, a TariflE " reformer " , 49 Cobden, Richard, extract , 119 Colonies prohibited from manufacturing by England 21 Colton's Life of Henry Clay, extract from it 3 Commercial Bulletin on Wages 91 Constitutionality of Protection 134, 130 Consumption of -wool in Great Britain . . 107 Consumption of wool in the United States 108 Consumptive capacity of America 109 Cooper, Peter, extract 130 Cost of living, Missouri report 56 Cotton and wool manufacturing compared 109 Cotton bagging, production and prices 13 Cotton manufacturing in England and the United States 13 Cotton prices and prices of. cottons compared 51 Cotton ties, domestic production, imports and prices 13 Cottons taxed more highly in Mills bill 78-79 Cronemeyer, W. C, on tin-plate industry 81 Debt, national, decreased under Protection 45, 61 Debts, national, of aU, nations 45 Debts, public, paid under Protection 61 Democratic TarifiE plank 80 Depositors in savings banks in European countries 14 Deposits in savings banks 69 Discounts for export only granted by English manu- facturers 31 Drawback provision of the new TariflE 14 Dtt/ Goods Chronicle tells who pays the TariflE 15, 18 Duties, amount collected in United Kingdom 78 Duty and duties, see TariflE. Eggs, imports decreased under new TariflE 80 England, amoimt she annually buys of us more than she sells to us '. • ■ • 31 England favors Free-Trade in America 36 England hoped to reconquer America through Free- Trade 30 England prevented manufacturing in the colonies 31 England wants Cleveland 133 England's agriculture ruined by Free-Trade 3, 4, 68 England's former protective policy 30 133 England's method of crushing rivals 63 England's purpose in adopting Free-Trade 61 England's Tariff in detail 76-78 England's wool consumption 107 English agricultural labor 4 English agricultural wages 95 English manufacturers and railroads grant discounts for export only 31, 32 English opinion of Protection 115 English papers on the Free-Trade victory of 1890 27-38 English press comment, Sheffield Telegraph 36 English sheep and wool production 100 European nations, their foreign trade 37 European wages 89 Exports and imports do not balance 31 Export discounts in England 31 Export of principal.,products 32 Exports of agricultural products 6 Exports of iron and steel 33 Factories make prosperous farms 28 Family budgets in St. Louis and Sheffield 56-57 Farmers always for Protection 60 Farm, see Agricultural. Fawcett, Henry, on English agricultural labor 4 Figs 33 PUlmore, President, describes the evils of Free- Trade 26, 180 Food prices here and abroad 38 Foreign comment on McKinley law 42 Foreign trade of U. K., Germany, France and TJ. S. . 37 Foreign trade since 1844 24 Foreign trade under Protection and Free-Trade 83 Foreign trade with all countries 8-9, 30 Fortunes, large, not due to Protection 43 Fox, the English statesman, on conquering America by Free-Trade ." 20 France's foreign trade 37 Franklin, Benjamin, extract 120 Free imports, their proportion to total imports, 1821- 1891 16-17 Free imports, 1893 38 Free-Trade and revenue Tariff synonomous 65 Free-Trade hard times 3 134 Free-Trade, its value to England. . 36 Free-Trade prices 52 Free-Trade reduced English wages 93 Free-Trade ruins agriculture 68 Free-Trade victory of 1890, what it cost the coun- try 37-38 Free wool, how it would work 104 Freight rates since 1857 111-113 French commissioner on American labor 36 Galvanized iron and tin plate prices 109 Garfield, James A., extract 130 German labor improving under Protection 29 Germany prospering under Protection 29 Germany's foreign trade 37 Gibbons, Cardinal, extract 131 Gladstone, W. E., extracts 121 Gold exports under revenue Tariff 39 Gompers, Samuel, extract 131 " Good old times " 53 Granite under the McKinley law 30 Greeley, Horace, extract 131 GriflSn, Consul, on superiority of American wool 106 Hamilton, Alexander, extract 132 Hard times under low Tariffs. 65, 68, 116, 119 Harrison, Benjamin, extracts 122 Harter, Congressman, extract 123 Hewitt, Abram S., extracts 133 Home market, its magnitude 33 Hood, R. G. , an English mechanic, on wages 95 Hosiery Tariff paid by Foreigners 15, 18 Immigration by principal countries 31 Immigration since 1875 30 Imported manufactures, number they keep out of work 46 Imports, amounts of different classes of merchandise imported 18-19 Imports and exports do not balance 31 Imports of agricultural products , 7 Imports of agricultural products reduced by new law. . 43 Imports of tin plate, 1889-93 81 Imports of wool, their value per capita 104 Imports per capita, 1803-1891 16-17 Imports, per cent, free, 1893 38 135 Imports, values of leading articles, 1890 and 1891 32 Imports, whence they come. 3 IngersoU, B. Or., extract 133 Invention stimulated by Protection •. 47 Ireland ruined by Free-Trade 34 Iron and steel exports 34 Iron manufacturing industry of Massachusetts not de- clining 35 Jackson, Andrew, extract 123 Jefferson, Thomas, extracts 133 ■Jenkins, Sir John, extract 183 Jute, when made free, becomes dearer 26 Laboiichere, Henry, extract 124 Labor in America, French commissioner discusses it 36 Land increasing in value 87 Lane, Consul E. E., on cost of clothing in England and [Jnited States 11 Lead, prices and Tariff 37 Lemons ....'. 33 Lincoln, Abraham, extract . . 124 Linseed oil, price and Tariff 36 List, Frederic, extract , 124 Living, its cost here and abroad 38, 56, 90 Living, its cost since 1857 113-114 London Economist on Free-Trade victory of 1890 ... 27 London Iron and Steel Trades Journal on Free-Trade victory of 1890 28 London Times on the mission of the Cobden Club 13 Lumber under the new Tariff 38 Machinery, American, abroad 39 Madison, James, extract -. . 124 Manning, Cardinal, extract 125 Manufacture of cotton and wool compared 109 Manufacture of wool, materials used. 105 Manufactures of all nations ■• 40 Manufactures of wool, their value, 1840-90 104, 105 Manufactures raise farmers' prices.. 41 Massachusetts, its iron manufacturing industry. .. . . 35 Materials, free, our experience with them '. 109 Materials used in wool manufacturing 105 McAllister, Ward, extract 125 136 McDonald, Sir John A., extract 125 McKinley industries, their value 41 McKinley law, changes made by it 41 McKinley law, foreign comment on it 43 McKinley prices 53-56 . McKinley Tariff, its principal changes 78 McKinley, William, Jr., extract 125 Melbourne Argus for Cleveland 106 Millionaires, how their money was made 43 Mills and Carlisle disagree 113 Mills bill imposed high " taxes" , 78-79 Mills, Roger Q., extract 136 Mitchell, Sir Henry, extract 126 Monroe, James, extract. 126 Morehead, Bro. & Co., high wages paid by them 91 Morley, John, extract 126 Morley's Life of Cobden, extract 49 Morris, J. L., on former attempts at tin-plate making. 80 Mortgages on land in England 23 Mulhall, Michael G., on wealth in United States 97 National debts of all nations 45 National debt decreased under Protection 45, 61 Navigation laws of England 21 New England would not be benefited by free coal 24-25 New South Wales and Victoria compared 7 Nullification ordinance 80 Number kept out of work by imported manufactures. . 46 Ohio Democrats against free wool 103 Oranges 23 Our balance of trade against England 31 Paper, albumenized 46 Pamell, Charles Stewart, a Protectionist 35 Patents, number granted under Free-Trade and Pro- tection 47 Pauperism in England 47 Pauperism in foreign countries , . 47 Pauperism in the United States 47 Pauperism under Free-Trade and Protection compared 47 Pawnshops in England 48 Pearl buttons, wages 48 Phillips, Wendell 126 137 Pig iron prices here and abroad compared 14 Pig iron prices and production under Free-Trade 49-50 Pig iron production here and abroad 49 Plate glass 50 Porter, R. P. , on value of factories to farms 41 Poverty when we had low Tariff ; 116 Predictions in 1846 and their fulfillment in 1854-55. .65-68 Prices of agricultural produce according to Senate re- port 55 Price of coal here and in England 51 Price of clothing here and in England 50 Price of cotton and cottons compared 51 Price of plate glass fell under Protection 50 Price of sheep in the United States, 1810-92 71 Price of sheeting under new laws 51 Price of wool in America and England compared 108 Prices and production of cotton bagging 13 -* Prices and production of cotton ties 15 Prices and wages according to Senate report 53-56 Prices in 1816 and 1890 compared 4 Prices in 1854 and 1890 compared. 52 Prices lower. Tariff higher 51 Prices of agricultural implements here and abroad. . ..55,56 Prices of agricultural produce raised by manufactures. 41 Prices of boots and shoes here and in England com- ^ pared 10 Prices of carpets before and after the McKinley Tariff. 41 Prices of coal II Prices of farm produce under a revenue Tariff 3-5 Prices of food here and abroad 38 Prices of 45 necessaries from 1857 to 1892 113-114 ' Prices of necessaries here and abroad 56-57 Prices of tin plate before and under the McKinley law 109-111 Prices of wool here and abroad 100 Prices of wool in Boston, 1824-91 102 Prices of wool in Liverpool 100 Prison-made wares in McKinley law ^ 58 Processes, American, superior 58 Production and prices of cotton bagging 13 Production and prices of cotton ties 13 Production of tin plate 82 Production of pig iron here and abroad 49 Production of wool in the world. ■ 101 138 Profits, American and English 58-59 Prophets of calamity in olden times 60 Prophet, tin plate, who was fooled 84 Prosperity for.farmers coming 59 Protection in England 30, 21 Protection defined 59 Protection always a farmer's policy 60 Public debts paid under Protection 61 Quinine 61 Rags imported into Great Britain 62 Bandall, Samuel J., extract 127 Randolph, John, extract 127 Raw materials, free, how they work sometimes 26 Raw materials will not give us the world's markets. .62, 63 Reciprocity as foreigners see it 129 Reciprocity section of the new Tariff 64 Reciprocity will triumphs 63 Resolution of Ohio Legislature against reduced wool duties 103 Revenue Tariff hard times 116, 119 Revenue Tariff is Free-Trade 49, 65 Revenue Tariff, pictures from its golden days 65-68 Revenue-Tariff prices 53 Revenue Tariff, who pays it .■ 65 Rogers, J. H., of Wales on American tin plate 84, 127 Rogers, J. H., of Wales on the Free-Trade victory of 1890 28 Rozton Falls wanted a factory 41 Ruskin, John, extract 128 Russia's wheat competition 98 Salisbury, Lord, extract 128 Salt, Tariff, production and prices 68 Salt trust in England 87 Savings bank depositors, their number in European countries 14 Savings in New York State 69 Savings in the United States 69 Schoenhof , Consul, on price of clothing in England and the United States , 11 Seal Plush, manufacture and price in U. S 72 Secession ordinance 80 Senate report on prices and wages 53-56 139 Sheep in the United States, number and value. 1810-92. . 71 Sheep, their number in the United Kingdom 100 Sheep, number in Australia, 1871-91 72 Sheetings cheaper under new law 51 Shipping, its decline 70 Shipping question in a nutshell 70 Shoddy consumption in "the United States 105 Shoddy imports, 1880-91 72 Shoddy in England 72 Silk in United States andEngland 73 Soda ash. Tariff, production and prices 73 Springer bill, its probable effects , 104 Steel rails, all about them 75 Strikes, number in United States and England 7^ Sugar consumption in United States 76 Sugar beet progress under German bounty laws 75 Sugar, beet, its possibilities. ., 7 Summer, Prof. W. G. , defines' Free-Trade 65 Syme, David, on England's commercial policy. 62 Tailoring in London .■ 76 Tariff, amount eoUectedi 1892 .' 38 Tariff, amount collected each year, 1791-1891 '. .16-17 Tariff,' amount collected on different classes of mer- chandise.,. 18-19 Tariff, amounts percentages collected under specific and ad valorem rates, 1883-1891 20 Tariff, average rate each year, 1791-1891 16-17 Tariff, average rate in 1892 38 Tariff, average rates^ on different classes of merchan- dise 18-19 Tariff changes made by new law 41 Tariff collected per capita, 1791-1891 16-17 Tariff higher, prices lower 51 Tariff of England in detail 76-78 Tariffs of United States, their dates 76 Tariff on agricultural products 14 Tariff on^Jiosiery, who pays it? 15, 18 Tariff " reform " is Free-Trade, Cobden says 49 Tariff, revenue, who pays it 65 Taylor, Richard, extract 129 Taylor, Zachary, extract 129 " Taxes " in McKinley and Mills bills. 78-79 Terne plate and tin plate distinguished 84 140 Thompson, Prof R. E. , defines Protection 59 Three of a kind in order of time 80 Times, N. Y., a fooled tin-plate prophet 84 Tin cans, prices under new Tariff 83 Tin plate, actual production 89 Tin plate and galvanized iron prices 109 Tin plate, capital invested in the manufacture 85 Tin plate duties paid by whom 83 Tin plate imports 81 Tin plate in America as seen from Wales "". . 84 Tin plate industry, number it will employ 81 Tin plate mills before and after McKinley law 109-111 Tin plate plants established, list of them 84-85 Tin plate, why not made free before 80 Tin plate, Welsh view of it 137 Tin plate workers' wages here and abroad 91 Tobacco, production and prices 85 Tribune, N. Y., on poverty under low Tariff " . .66-68 Truck farming 86 Trusts cannot live in America 86 Trusts in England 86-87 Tupper, Sir Charles, extract 139 Talue of the world's manufactures , . 40 ■ Value of wool manufactures, 1840-flO 105 Value per capita of wool imports 104 Value per capita of wool manufactures 104 Vest, Senator, on Cleveland 119 Victoria and New South Wales compared 7 Wages according to the Peck Report 94-95, 143-144 Wages paid in wool manufacturing 105 Wages,, agricultural 95 Wages and living in United States and England 90 Wages and prices according to Senate report .58-56 Wages, an English mechanic discusses them 95 Wages, examples of their height under Protection.. . .91-92 Wages in England fell under Free-Trade 93 Wages in Germany rising under Protection 39 Wages, list of increased 94 Wages must come down, says the Free-Trader 91 Wages of American agricultural- labcQ"'. .:...'... 90 Wages of iron, cotton and wooWii W'orkefs. ., . 96 Wages of tin plate workers here and abroad". 91 141 Wages, their rise in England and United States 88 Wages throughout the world 89 Washington, George, extract ' 130 Watches, American, best and cheapest 96 Watterson, Henry, on Cleveland 119 Wealth, its growth in the United States 97 Wealth, its growth here and in England compared ... 117 Webster, Daniel, extract 130 Wells, David A. , on shoddy in England 73 We need not buyin order to sell 31 Wheat,exportB and world's production 99 Wheat,exportB under Free-Trade 98 Wheat growers will have prosperity 59 Wheat, production and prices, 1880-90 97 Wheat, Russian competition 98 Wine production and importation 99 Wire nails, Tarifif, production and prices 99 Whitman, Wm., on free coal 34-25 Who pays the Tariff? 126 Wool, American, its ^ui)eriority over Australian wool 106 Wool, amoxmt of domestic and imported consumed. . . 105 Wool and cotton manufacturing compared 109 Wool, average weight of fleece 105 Wool, average weight of Ajistralian fleece 107 Wool bill, what it would cost 104 Wool, comparison of prices here and abroad 108 Wool consumption in Great Britain 107 Wool 'consumption in the United States 108 Wool exports from Australia ,:.. . 106 Wool growets in Australia for Cleveland ... 106 Wool imports, their value per capita 108 Wool manufacturing industry, number it employs.... 105 Wool manufactures, their value 104, 105 Wool manufacturing, capital employed 105 Wool manufacturing industry, wages paid 105 Wool manufacturing, materials used 105 Wool manufacturing mills, their number 105 Wool, Ohio Democrats wanted it Protected 103 Woolj prices in Boston, 1834r-91 103 Wool, prices in Liverpool .. 100 Wool prices, their fall here and abroad ; 100 Wool production and sheep of the United Kingdom. . . 100 Wool production in the United States, 1810-93 , 71 Wool production of the world , 101 Wool production when it was free 100 Wool, value of imported and domestic manufactures. . 104 Worlangmen discuss wages and Tariff 88 World's manufactures ; . . . 40 World's markets not captured by free materials ... .62, 63 World's wool production 101 143 (Continued from page 95.) Some eight thousand blanks were addressed and mailed to as many separate establishments throughout the State, and of this number 6000, or seventy-five per cent., were returned fully and correctly answered. The fibres con- tained iii the accompanying tables are based entirely upon returns furnished this bureau by over six thousand substan- tial, representative and leadmg busings firms of this State. It is needless to comment upon the separate figures or the totals included in the above table [page 04] ; they tell their own story and with absolute truth. It appears that there was a net increase in wages of $6,377,935.09 in the year 1891, as compared with the amount paid in 1890, and a net increase of production of $31,315,130.68 in the year 1891 over that of 1890. A simple analysis of this table further demonstrates the interesting , fact that of the 67 industries covered 77 per cent, of them show an in- crease either of the wages or product, or both, and that there were no less than 89,717 instances of individual in- creases of wages during the same year. A Comparative Table Showing the Increases and Decreases of the Average Yearly Earnings of Employes in the Year 1891 Over 1890. Industries. M Agricultural implements SAfmsand ammunition ZArtlfloialteeth 43 Artisans' tools 30 Awnings, flags, tents, sails, &c — 143Boot8and shoes 96 Brick, tile and sewer pipe 56 Brooms and brushes 136 Building 10 Burial cases, caskets, coffins, &c.. 22CarpetingB 180 Carriages , wagons, &c 22 Cement, lime, plaster, &c . . 25 Chemicals, acids, &o 11 Clocks, watches, &c 890Clottalng i7 Cooking and heating apparatus. . 7 Cordage, rope, twine, &c 3 Corks, cork solee, &c 4 Crayons and pencils 35 Drugs and medicines 4 Dye stufEs and chemicals 13 Earthen and stoneware 9 Blectrical apparatus, appliances, &c 10 Electric and gas lighting 1 Emery ore. . .. 16 Fancy articles BFertilizers 6 Fire works, matches and sulphur. Average yearly earnings. 1890 $664.30 492.42 192.00 456.96 451 .15 423.24 286.82 286.86 474.28 4S2.45 889.60 498.31 467.28 476.37 605.81 356.67 606.48 335.97 334.66 369.80 404.16 659.05 383.26 458.64 588.19 493.76 888.62 322.62 813.42 1891 (646.16 468.02 254.46 479.66 482.97 438.17 302.71 312.70 465.46 494.76 406.42 604.28 495.12 553.86 614.99 371.00 696.90 338.08 336.42 341.38 463.79 648.36 412.76 607.40 893.75 442.86 188.03 374.17 Increase or decrease. In- De- crease. crease. t8.14 24.40 (62.45 22.69 81.82 14.93 15.89 26.84 8.83 42.3*1 .. . . 15.92 6.97 27.84 77.48 918 16.33 90.42 2.06 1.77 18.42 59.68 13.69 89.67 45.79 19.21 100.00 64.88 189.49 60.75 148 234 227 19 36 79 9 2 13 18 145 1 20 142 126 649 12 44 52 224 15 11 10 131 14 17 9 8 29 48 £46 3 16 30 76 Max and hemp goods Pood preparations Furniture Gasligrhting Ql^ss GlOTes. mittens, &c Glue, starch and wax. Hair work (animal and human) . Ink, mucUag)*, paste and bluing.. Ivory, hone, shell, horn goods, &o Leather and leather goods Linen, &e Liquors and beverages (not spirit- uous) Liquors, malt, distilled and fer- mented - .. ... Lumber Machines and machinery Metals and metallic goods Molds, lasts and patterns Musical instruments and mate- rials Oils and illuminating fluids Paints, colors, varnishes, &c . . . Paper and paper goods Perfumes, toilet articles, &c Photographs and photographic materials Polishes, blacking, &c. , Printing and publishing Kailvay o&rs and equipments Rubber goods Salt Scientific instruments and ap- pliances Ship and boat building Sporting and atheletic goods Stone, marble, granite, &c . . . Tallow, candles, soap, grease, &c. Tobacco, snuff, cigars, &c . . Toys Trunks and valises — - Whips, canes, umbrellas, &c Woodengoods - 314 01 299.94 327.99 341.83 13 84 468.09 482.11 14.02 573.89 686.72 91.83 481.07 519.19 38.12 280.99 291.47 10.48 559.20 656.22 362.06 501.81 139.75 610.92 OT7.25 589.99 636 98 443.28 465 71 12.43 365 00 420.00 55.00 677.16 710 96 33.80 738.64 777.07 38.^ 402 46 420.40 17.94 533.95 694.r6 60 11 504.87 539.71 34.84 608.99 543.32 602.33 632.67 30.34 5(14 58 574.09 69.51 526.37 614.62 , 88.25 384. 3U 434.57 50.27 459.72 479.50 19.78 442.01 502.05 60.04 476.05 556.49 80.44 52199 550.17 28.18 5;!7.87 633.06 105.19 398.68 408.64 9:. 96 349.72 448.65 98.93 482.62 472.87 740.16 fc39.02 m.ss 334.34 241.59 405.01 394 89 479.12 490.16 11.04 395.16 424.05 28.89 242.62 213.12 472.91 531.44' 58.S3 425.31 459.86 34.S5 413.38 528.93 113.65 14 07 53.01 65.67 9.75 92.75 10.12 . 29.50 ■ The figures included in the above table seem to be, and they are, in strict harmony with the facts established by table No. 1. Of the 68 industries included, 75 per cent, of them show an Increased average yearly earning in the year 1891, while thetotal average increase of yearly earn- ings of the 385,000 employes was $33.11. The average increasfe of yearly earnings of the employes m the 51 trades showing an increase was $48.96 in 1891, as com- pared with 1890. In addition to the investigation of this special subject, the bureau has continued its aimnal in- vestigation of all labor disturbances oeeurting in the State during the past year. The total number of strikes r^orted ior thS^year 1891 was 4519, as against 6358 'occur- ring in the year 1890, a decreaseof 1740. -Of the total number 4519— 3S75„ or 53 per ceBt. i>t them, were in the building. trades, la ^act^'that, seenis, to fojlow;;, in natural sequence the results obtained in the special investigation of the " Effect, d' the: Tariff on Labor and WageS." , Charles F" ^■ECKj Qtmimissioner. 144 THE PRESS (NEW YORK) FO R 1 392. Ihi.-. Dai i.tUv I'iri.Tllalji ■•j:'**it»*#'^*»r.'.4-*J^, Weekly. Join- II. ll 3lis. A NEWSPAPEW-^FOR THE MASSES. Fouiidi-d l>-(>'iii!»^r l»t. !.S"7. CIRCULATION OVER 121,000 COPIES A I J X^ lnt i'Ri A^ \\ \I)\ I K^IISINTi /VIHDIITIVI Daily ami Biiriaay Siiiil I'.r 'I'm: 1' mw-<^mf:i^^^^ - i.OO B tno-Hlhrn^^^^K^^^Mj^^ :!.50 or«t>J^^^Bl|^^^UK i '^ i .uO 2.00 ^^^I^^^^^F I (10 ttme: press. 38 Park Row, Now York.