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CfatenJon (pviee ^ivUe 
 
 P E RS I U S 
 
Bonbon 
 
 HENRY FROWDE 
 
 Oxford University Press Warehouse 
 Amen Corner, E.C. 
 
 (Pew Sotft 
 
 MACMILLAN & CO., 112 FOURTH AVENUE 
 
THE SATIRES 
 
 OF 
 
 A. PERSIUS FLACCUS 
 
 WITH A TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY 
 
 JOHN CONINGTON, M.A, 
 
 LATE CORPUS PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD 
 
 TO WHICH IS PREFIXED 
 A LECTURE ON THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PERSIUS 
 
 DELIVERED AT OXFORD BY THE SAME AUTHOR, JANUARY 1855 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 H. • NETTLESHIP, M.A. 
 
 CORPUS PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD 
 
 THIRD EDITION, REVISED 
 
 0>;fotr6 
 
 AT THE CLARENDON 'PRESS 
 1893 
 
O;i:for& 
 
 PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 BY HORACE HART. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY 
 
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION 
 
 BY THE EDITOR 
 
 For the third edition of this volume the text and commen- 
 tary have been revised. In place of the notes from the Gale 
 manuscript, formerly printed at the foot of the page, I have 
 inserted the apparatus critkus of Jahn's edition (1868) as re- 
 vised and reprinted by Biicheler in 1886. In explanation of 
 the apparatus I have added a few words on the text of Persius 
 (pp. xxxvii and xxxviii). 
 
 I have carefully studied the ancient scholia, and especially 
 the selection from them printed by Biicheler at the foot of his 
 text (1886). In the general study of Persius' age and 
 surroundings, I have derived invaluable assistance from Pro- 
 fessor J. E. B. Mayor's recent edition of Juvenal, as well as 
 from Friediander's editions of Martial and Petronius' Cena Tri- 
 malchionis. I. wish also to express my obligation to Pro- 
 fessor Gildersleeve's edition (New York, Harper, 1875), and also 
 to three short treatises dealing especially with Persius. These 
 are, (x) by Dr. J. Bieger, De Auli Persii Codice Pithoeano C 
 recte aestimando, Berlin, 1890 ; (a) by Dr. J. van Wageningen, 
 Persiana, Groningen, 1891 ; (3) by Dr. J. H. Ovink, Adversaria 
 ad Persii Prologum et Satiram Primam, Leyden, 1886. The 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 Prologue, or rather Epilogue, I have now printed at the end 
 of the Satires, in deference to the authority of the best MS. 
 
 Plautus and Terence are quoted not by act and scene, but 
 by single lines, as numbered in the edition of Plautus by Goetz 
 and Scholl, and in that of Terence by Umpfenbach. Proper- 
 tius is cited according to Baehrens ; Pliny according to the 
 small sections in Jan and Detlefsen ; the Latin grammarians 
 according to Keil ; the Latin-Greek and other glossaries 
 according to Goetz and Gundermann. 
 
 All additions of my own are indicated by square brackets 
 
 [ ]■ 
 
 HENRY NETTLESHIP. 
 
 Oxford, _/k^' 27, 1892. 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 
 
 BY THE EDITOR 
 
 Most of the late Mr. Conington's friends and pupils will 
 remember his lectures on Persius, which were perhaps the 
 most generally popular of all that he gavp during hi.s tenure 
 of the chair of Latin at Oxford, owing to the sympathetic 
 humour with which he caught the peculiar force ^md flavour 
 of his author's manner, as well as to the nerve and spirit of 
 his translation. The lecture prefixed to the commentary and 
 translation now published was among the first-fruits of his 
 professorial labours. I have ijo means of knowing how far he 
 considered it a final exposition of hip views oi> Persius ; but its 
 interest and merit are such that I need not, I am sure, apologize 
 for having it priijted exactly as it was delivered. The com-- 
 mentary and translation were writtep for delivery as lectures. 
 For this purpose they wgre left pretty nearly complete ; but 
 some references had to be filled in, and m^ny, I found as I 
 went on with the revision of the notes, required correction. I 
 verified and corrected a great many for the first edition, and 
 for the second edition I have examined a considerable number 
 more which I had previously taken on trust. A fresh revision 
 of the commentary has convinced me that Mr. Conington ■ 
 would not have considered it complete as a written work, nor 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 is it always possible to know how he would have finally de- 
 cided in doubtful cases of reading or of interpretation, or in 
 what form he would have put the last touch to the less finished 
 portions. I have, in several instances, added to the notes a 
 reference to works now recognized as of standard authority, 
 which had not appeared at the time when the commentary was 
 written. Some parallel passages and illustrations I added for 
 the first edition, and have increased their number for the 
 second, enclosing all additions in square brackets [ ]. The 
 references to Lucilius, Lucretius, Catullus, and Propertius 
 have been altered (where necessary) to suit Lucian Miiller's, 
 Munro's, Ellis', and Paley's editions respectively. 
 
 The text adopted by Mr. Conington as a basis for his notes 
 was Otto Jahn's of 1843. In 1868, however, Jahn published 
 a new text, which differs in many places from his earlier one. 
 I do not know how far, if at all, Mr. Conington would have 
 followed him in his alterations, and have therefore been guided 
 by the translation in fixing the reading to be adopted where 
 doubt would have arisen. It will thus be found that the pre- 
 sent text approximates, on the whole, more nearly to Jahn's 
 of 1843 than to that of 1868. 
 
 Mr. Conington collated, or had collated for him, seven MSS. 
 of Persius, two of which are in the Gale collection in the 
 library of Trinity College, Cambridge. One of these is known 
 as Bentley's Codex Galeanus, and is lettered y by Jahn in 
 his edition of 1843. ' It is,' says Mr. Conington in his de- 
 scription of it, 'a small vellum MS. of the 8vo or lamo size. 
 It contains Horatii Opera, Persii Satirae, Theoduli Eclogue, 
 Cato de Moribus, and Aviani Fabtdae. Collations of the 
 Avianus, the Persius, and the Cato, were published in the 
 Classical Journal, vol. 4, the former at pp. 120 foil., the two 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 latter at pp. 353 foil., by M. D. B. The Persius collation is 
 very scanty and not always accurate : but it appears to be the 
 only one known to Jahn. Mr. Bradshaw refers the MS. to 
 the twelfth or thirteenth century, almost certainly the former.' 
 The other MS. in the Gale collection is referred by Mr. 
 Bradshaw to the ninth or tenth century, and is the most valu- 
 able of the seven MSS. collated. It consists of one hundred 
 and ten folios in quires of eight, beginning on the second folio 
 of the first quire, and contains Juvenalis Satirae i, Annotatio 
 Cornuti 93, Per sit Satirarum Proemium 94 verso. Per sit 
 Satirae 95. ' It appears ' (I quote from Mr. Conington) ' to 
 be written throughout in the same hand, the glosses being 
 written in a much smaller character. The only doubt is about 
 certain glosses on the margin of the first four pages of the 
 Persius (fol. 94 verso to fol. 96), where the letters are tall and 
 thin, not, as generally, broad and flat. The characters, how- 
 ever, appear to be the same. There are other glosses, appa- 
 rently written at the same time as the text and in the same 
 hand, some between the lines, some towards the margin, evi- 
 dently earlier than those just spoken of, which in one place 
 leave a space in the middle of a hne for an intrusive word of 
 the earlier gloss written out of the straight line. These earlier 
 glosses are much less copious than the later : they extend, 
 however, somewhat further, to folio 98, the end of Sat. i, 
 after which they almost disappear, scarcely averaging one in 
 a page ^.' The chief peculiarity of the writing of this MS. 
 (which I have myself collated with Jahn's text of 1868) is the 
 shape of r, which is so formed as to be easily confused with n. 
 1 initial is often written tall, so that in Sat. 4. 35 it is not at 
 
 1 A full account of this and of the in the Classical Review, 1890, pp. 
 Bodleian MS., and of their relations to 17-19, 241-248. 
 each other, is given by Mr. G. R. Scott 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 first sight easy to decide whether the reading is in mores or hi 
 mores. As regards orthography, this MS. is much freer from 
 mistakes than the MS. of Juvenal bound in the same cover 
 and apparently written by the same hand, in the tenth satire 
 of which I found such misspellings as gretia for Graecia, 
 canicies for canities, contentus for concentus, sotio for socio, and 
 thomatula for tomacula. This confusion between c and t is 
 almost unknown to the MS. of Persius : patritiae (Sat. 6. 73) 
 being perhaps the only instance of it. In Sat. i. 116, how- 
 ever, it is difficult to make out whether the scribe has written 
 mjiti or muci. The chief confusions of consonants which this 
 MS. exhibits are between b and / {obtare for optare, rapiosa 
 for rabiosa) : between g and gu [pingue for pinge, longtios for 
 longos) : between s and ss (ammisus, asigna : cassiam, recusso 
 for casiam, recuse, etc.) : between m and mm, p and //, c and 
 cc {imitere for immittere, ammomis for amomis, suppellex for 
 supellex, quipe for quippe, peccori for pecori, etc.). Among the 
 vowels, a and are occasionally confused, as centurianum, 
 Salones for centurionum, Solones : so with and u [fumusa, 
 furtunare iox fumosa,fortimare ; sopinus, conditor for supinus, 
 conditur) : to say nothing of the interchange, common in such 
 MSS., of ae and e, y and /. The monosyllabic prepositions 
 are almost invariably joined with their nouns {etumulo, in- 
 luxum, etc.) and sometimes even assimilated. The same is 
 often the case with monosyllabic conjunctions {cumscribo, non- 
 coda, sivocet, etc.). In words compounded with in, the prepo- 
 sition is sometimes assimilated, sometimes not ; thus we find 
 inprimit, inprobe, conpossitum by the side of implerunt, impulit, 
 compossitus. Ad, on the other hand, is generally assimilated : 
 arrodens, afferre, assit, etc. 
 
 ' It is doubtful,' says Mr. Conington, ' whether this MS. was 
 
PREFACE. ^ xi 
 
 known until lately, as it was generally classed simply as a 
 MS. of Juvenal.' I have therefore thought it worth while 
 to give a fuller account of it than is required by the others, 
 and have had its various readings printed in italics under the 
 text, though they add little or nothing to the materials col- 
 lected in Jahn's elaborate apparatus criticus of 1843 ^- 
 
 The other MSS. are — 
 
 (i) In the Library of the British Museum (Royal MSS. 15, 
 B. xix. f. Ill), assigned to the earlier part of the tenth century. 
 It is lettered p by Jahn, who apparently only knew it through 
 a collation made by Bentley, and published in the Classical 
 Jmirnal, xviii. p. 63 foil. (Jahn, Prolegomena to edition of 1843, 
 p. ccxiii). A much fuller collation of it was made for Mr. 
 Conington by Mr. Richard Sims, of the MS. Department of 
 the British Museum. The orthography of this MS. is not so 
 good as that of the one last mentioned. 
 
 (2) In the Library of the British Museum (Add. MSS. 15601). 
 Assigned to the end of the tenth or beginning of the eleventh 
 century. Collated by Mr. Sims. 
 
 • (3) In the Bodleian Library (799 Arch. F. 58). Assigned 
 by Mr. Coxe to the early twelfth century. Collated by Mr. 
 Conington. 
 
 (4) In the Library of the British Museum (Add. MSS. 
 1 1672). Assigned to the thirteenth century. Collated by 
 Mr. Sims to the fifty-sixth line of Sat. 2. 
 
 (5) In the Library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. This 
 MS. contains Juvenalis, Persius cum notis, Dionysii Periegesis 
 ex versione Prisciani, Anonymus de Tropis et Figuris, Ciceronis 
 Orationes in Catilinam cum commentario. The Persius was 
 collated by Hauthal (who finally assigned the MS. to the end 
 
 > In the third edition these readings are omitted. 
 
xii PREFACE. 
 
 of the fourteenth century) in 1831, and subsequently by Mr. 
 Conington. Hauthal communicated the results of all his 
 collations to Jahn (Jahn, Prolegomena, p. ccxiv). 
 
 My thanks are due to Mr. Evelyn Abbott of Balliol College 
 for his kindness in assisting me to revise the proof-sheets of 
 the second edition. 
 
 H. NETTLESHIP. 
 
 Oxford, April 24, 1874. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PACE 
 
 Lecture on the Life and Writings of Persius . . xv 
 
 [On the Text of Persius] . . .... xxxvii 
 
 Satire I 2 
 
 11 34 
 
 III 50 
 
 IV 74 
 
 V 86 
 
 VI 122 
 
 Epilogue 138 
 
 Index 143 
 
LECTURE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PERSIUS 
 
 Delivered at Oxford, January 24, 1855. 
 
 It is my intention for the present to deliver general lecttires from time 
 to time on the characteristics of some of the authors whom I may 
 select as subjects for my terminal courses. To those who propose to 
 attend my classes they will serve as prolegotnena, grouping together 
 various matters which will meet iis afterwards as they lie scattered up 
 and down the course of our expository readings, and giving the point 
 of view from which they are to be regarded : to others I trust they may 
 not be without their use as Sketches Historical and Literary, complete 
 in themselves, in which an attempt will be Inade to bring out the 
 various features and circumstances of each author into a broad general 
 light, and exhibit the interest which they possess when considered 
 independently of critical minutiae. 
 
 The writer of whom I am to speak to-day is one who, as it seems 
 to me, supplies ample materials both for detailed study and for a more 
 transient survey. It is a very superficial criticism which would pretend 
 that the reputation of Persius is owing simply to the labour which has 
 been spent upon him : still, where the excellence of an author is un- 
 doubted, the difficulties of his thought or his language are only so 
 many additional reasons why the patient and prolonged study of him 
 is sure to be profitable. The difficulties of Persius, too, have the- 
 advantage of being definite and unmistakable — like those of Aeschylus, 
 not like those of Sophocles — difficulties which do not elude the grasp, 
 but close with it fairly, and even if they should be still unvanquished, 
 
xvi LECTURE ON THE 
 
 are at any rate palpably felt and appreciated. At the same time he 
 presents many salient points to the general student of literature ; his 
 individual characteristics as a writer are sufficiently prominent to strike 
 the most careless eye ; his philosophical creed, ardently embraced and 
 realized with more or less distinctness, is that which proved itself most 
 congenial to the best parts of the Roman mind, the Stoicism of the 
 empire : while his profession of authorship, as avowed by himself, 
 associates him not only with Horace, but with the less known name of 
 Lucilius, and the original conception of Roman satire. 
 
 The information which we possess concerning the personal history 
 o/ Persius is more copious than might have been expected in the case 
 of one whose life was so short and so uneventful. His writings, 
 indeed, cannot be compared with the ' votive tablets ' on which his two 
 great predecessors delighted to inscribe their own memoirs : on the 
 contrary, except in one famous passage, the autobiographical element 
 is scarcely brought forward at all. We see his character written 
 legibly enough in every line, and there are various minute traces of 
 experience with which the facts of his life, when ascertained, are per- 
 ceived to accord ; but no one could have attempted to construct his 
 biography from his Satires without passing even those extended limits 
 within which modern criticism is pleased to expatiate. But there is a 
 memoir', much more full than most of the biographical notices of that 
 period, and apparently qiiite authentic, the authorship of which, after 
 being variously assigned to his instructor and literary executor Cornu- 
 tus, and to Suetonius, is now generally fixed, agreeably to the testimony 
 of the best MSS., on Valerius Probus, the celebrated contemporary 
 grammarian, from whose commentary, doubtless an exposition of the 
 Satires, it is stated to have been extracted. Something has still been 
 left to the ingenuity or research of later times to supply, in the way of 
 conjectural correction or illustration, and in this work no one has been 
 more diligent than Otto Jahn, to whom Persius is probably more in- 
 debted than to any other editor, with the single exception of Casaubon. 
 I have, myself, found his commentary quite invaluable while preparing 
 my own notes, and I shall have to draw frequently upon his Prolego- 
 mena in the course of the present lecture. 
 
 Aulus Persius Flaccus was born on the 4lh of December, a.d. 34, 
 little more than two years before the death of Tiberius, at Volaterrae 
 in Etruria, a country where antiquity of descent was most carefully 
 cherished, and which had recently produced two men well known in 
 
 ' [The memoir is printed in BUcheler's edition of John's Persius (Berlin, 1886), 
 PP- 54-56.] 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PERSIUS. xvii 
 
 the annals of the empire, Maecenas and Sejanus. His father was of 
 equestrian rank, and his relatives included some of the first men of his 
 time. The connection of the family with his birth-place is substantiated 
 by two inscriptions which have been discovered there *, as its memory 
 was long preserved by a tradition professing to point out his residence, 
 and by the practice of a noble house which was in the habit of using 
 his name. That name was already not unfamiliar at Rome, having 
 been borne by a contemporary of Lucilius, whose critical judgment 
 the old poet dreaded as that of the most learned man of the age, as 
 well as by a successful officer in the time of the Second Punic War. 
 Persius' early life was passed in his native town, a time to which he 
 seems to allude when he speaks of himself in his third satire as 
 evading the lessons in which he was expected to distinguish himself 
 by his admiring father, and ambitious only of eminence among his 
 playmates. When he was six years old his father died, and his 
 mother, Fulvia Sisennia, a genuine Etruscan name, found a second 
 husband, also of equestrian rank, called Fusius, who within a few 
 years left her a second time a widow. At twelve years of age Persius 
 was removed to Rome, where he studied under Remmius Palaemon 
 the grammarian, and Verginius Flavus the rhetorician. Of the latter, 
 we only know that he had the honour of being banished by Nero — 
 on account, so Tacitus says, of the splendour of his reputation — in 
 the burst of jealous fury which followed the conspiracy of Piso ; that 
 he wrote the treatise on rhetoric, to which Quintilian so repeatedly 
 refers with respect'', and that he made a joke on a tedious rival, 
 asking him how many miles long his speech had been. Of the 
 former an odious character is given by Suetonius, who says that his 
 extraordinary memory and facility of expression made him the most 
 popular teacher in Rome, but represents him as a man of inordinate 
 vanity and arrogance, and so infamous for his vices that both Tiberius 
 and Claudius openly declared him to be the last man who ought to be 
 trusted with the instruction of youth. The silence with which Persius 
 passes over this part of his experience may perhaps be regarded as 
 significant when we contrast it with the language in which he speaks 
 of the next stage in his education. It was, he tells us, when he first 
 laid aside the emblems of boyhood and assumed the toga — ^just at the 
 time when the sense of freedom begins, and life is seen to diverge 
 into different paths— that he placed himself under another guide. 
 
 1 [In Gori's collection. Quoted by Jahn Turin, C. I. L. 5. 7101.] 
 (1843), Prolegg. p. iv. A T. Persius is = [Institutio Oratoria 3. i. 21, 3. 0. 45, 
 
 mentioned in an inscription found at 7.4. 24, 11. 3. 126.] 
 
 b 
 
xviii LECTURE ON THE 
 
 This was Annaeus Cornutus, a Stoic philosopher of great name, who 
 was himself afterwards banished by Nero for an uncourtly speech,— 
 a man who, like Probus, has become a sort of mythical critic, to 
 whom mistake or forgery has ascribed writings really belonging to 
 a much later period. The connection thus formed was never after- 
 
 / wards broken, and from that time Persius seems to have declared 
 himself a disciple of Stoicism. The creed was one to which his 
 antecedents naturally pointed, as he was related to Arria, daughter 
 of that ' true wife ' who taught her husband how to die, and herself 
 married to Thrasea, the biographer and imitator of the younger Cato. 
 His literary profession was made soon after his education had been 
 completed. He had previously written several juvenile works — a 
 tragedy, the name of which has probably been lost by a corruption 
 in the MS. account of his life; a poem on Travelling (perhaps a 
 
 /'record of one of his tours with Thrasea, whose favourite and frequent 
 companion he was) in imitation of Horace's journey to Brundisium, 
 and of a similar poem by Lucilius ; and a few verses commemorative 
 of the elder Arria. Afterwards, when he was fresh from his studies, 
 the reading of the tenth book of Lucilius diverted his poetical ambition 
 into a new channel, and he applied himself eagerly to the composition 
 of satires after the model of that which had impressed him so strongly. 
 The later Scholiasts ^ a class of men who are rather apt to evolve facts, 
 as well as their causes, partly from the text itself which they have to 
 illustrate, partly from their general knowledge of human nature, tell 
 us that this ardour did not preclude considerable vacillation: he 
 deliberated whether to write or not, began and left off, and then 
 began again. One of these accounts says that he hesitated for some 
 time between a poetical and a military life — a strange but perha^ not 
 incredible story, which would lead us to regard the frequent attacks 
 on the army in his Satires not merely as expressions of moral or 
 constitutional antipathy, but as protests against a former taste of his 
 own, which may possibly have still continued to assert itself in spite 
 of the precepts of philosophy. He wrote slowly, and at rare intervals, 
 so that we may easily imagine the six Satires which we possess — an 
 imperfect work, we are told — to represent the whole of his career 
 as a professed author. The remaining notices of his life chiefly, 
 respect the friends with whom his philosophical or literary sympathies 
 led him to associate. The earliest of these were Caesius Bassus, to 
 whom his sixth Satire is addressed — himself a poet of some celebrity, 
 
 1 [The Scholia to Persius have been Kurz, in three programmes, dated i8?B, 
 edited, after the Berne MSS., by Dr. E. 1888, and 1889.] '* 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PERSIUS. xix 
 
 being the only one of his generation whom Quintilian could think of 
 including with Horace in the class of Roman lyrists — and Calpurnius 
 Statura, whose very name is a matter of uncertainty. He was also 
 intimate with Servilius Nonianus, who would seem from an incidental 
 notice to have been at one time his preceptor — a man of consular 
 dignity, distinguished, as Tacitus informs us, not merely by high 
 reputation as an orator and an historian, but by the polished elegance 
 of his life. His connection with Cornutus, who was probably a 
 freedman of the Annaean family, introduced him to Lucan ; and 
 dissimilar as their temperaments were, the young Spaniard did ample 
 justice to the genius of his friend, scarcely restraining himself from 
 clamorous expressions of rapture when he heard him recite his verses. 
 At a later period Persius made the acquaintance of Seneca, but did 
 not admire him. Two other persons, who had been fellow-students 
 with him under Cornutus, are mentioned as men of great learning and 
 unblemished life, and zealous in the pursuit of philosophy — Claudius 
 Agathemerus of Lacedaemon, known as a physician of some name, 
 and Petronius Aristocrates of Magnesia. Such were his occupations, 
 and such the men with whom he lived. The sixth satire gives us 
 some information about his habits of life, though not more than we 
 might have been entitled to infer from our knowledge of his worldly 
 circumstances and of the custom of the Romans of his day. 3¥e'"^'ee 
 him there retired from Rome for the winter to a retresit^on itM6 bay of 
 Luna, where his mother seems to have lived since her second marriage, 
 and indulging in recollections of Ennius' formal announcement of the 
 beauties of the scene, while realizing in his own person the lessons of 
 content and tranquillity, which he had learned from the Epicureanism 
 of Horace no less than from the Stoicism of his philosophical teachers. 
 ■This may probably have been his last work — written, as some have 
 thought from internal evidence, under the consciousness that he had 
 not long to live, though we must not press the language about his 
 heir, in the face of what we are told of his actual testamentary dis- 
 positions. The details of his death state that it took place on the 
 24th of November, a.d. 62, towards the end of his twenty-eighth year, 
 of a disease of the stomach, on an estate of his own eight miles from 
 Rome, on the Appian road. His whole fortune, amounting to two 
 million sesterces, he left to his mother and sister, with a request that 
 a sum, variously stated at a hundred thousand sesterces, and twenty 
 pounds weight of silver, might be given to his old preceptor, togethet 
 with his library, seven hundred volumes, chiefly, it would seem, works 
 of Chrysippus, who was a most voluminous writer. Cornutus showed 
 
 b2 
 
XX LECTURE ON THE 
 
 himself worthy of his pupil's liberality by relinquishing the money 
 and accepting the books only. He also undertook the office of 
 reviewing his works, recommending that the juvenile productions 
 should be destroyed, and preparing the Satires for publication by 
 a few slight corrections and the omission of some lines at the end, 
 which seemed to leave the work imperfect — perhaps, as Jahn supposes, 
 the fragment of a new satire. They were ultimately edited by Caesius 
 Bassus, at his own request, and acquired instantaneous popularity. 
 The memoir goes on to tell us that Persius was beautiful i^ person, 
 gentle in manners, a man of maidenly modesty, an excellent son, 
 brother, and nephew, of frugal and moderate habits. This is all that 
 we know of his life — enough to give the personal interest which 
 a reader of his writings will naturally require, and enough, too, to 
 furnish a bright page to a history where bright pages are few. 
 Persius was a Roman, but the only Rome that he knew by experience 
 was the Rome of Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero — the Rome 
 which Tacitus and Suetonius have poiirtrayed, and which pointed 
 St. Paul's denunciation of the moral state of the heathen world. 
 /Stoicism was not regnant but militant — it produced not heroes or 
 statesmen, but confessors and martyrs ; and the early death which cut 
 short the promise of its Marcellus could not in such an age be called 
 unseasonable. 
 
 It was about two hundred years since a Stoic first appeared in 
 Rome as a member of the philosophic embassy which Athens de- 
 spatched to propitiate the conquering city. Like his companions, he 
 was bidden to go back to his school and lecture there, leaving the youth 
 of Rome to receive their education, as heretofore, from the magistrates 
 and the laws ; but though the rigidity of the elder Cato triumphed for 
 a time, it was not sufficient effectually to exorcise the new spirit. 
 Panaetius, under whose influence the soul of Stoicism became more 
 humane and its form more graceful, gained the friendship of Laelius, 
 and through him of Scipio Aerailianus, whom he accompanied on the 
 mission which the conqueror of Carthage undertook to the kings of 
 Egypt and Asia in alliance with the republic. The foreign philosophy 
 was next admitted to mould the most characteristic of all the produc- 
 tions of the Roman mind — its jurisprudence, being embraced by a long 
 line of illustrious legists ; and the relative duties of civil life were 
 defined and limited by conceptions borrowed from Stoic morality. It 
 was indeed a doctrine which, as soon as the national prejudice against 
 imported novelties and a systematic cultivation had been surmounted, 
 iWas sure to prove itself congenial to the strictness and practicality of the 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PERSIUS. xxi 
 
 old Roman character ; and when in the last struggles of the common- 
 wealth the younger Cato endeavoured to take up the position of his 
 great ancestor as a reformer of manners, his rule of life was derived not 
 only from the traditions of undegenerate antiquity, but from the precepts 
 of Antipater and Athenodorus. The lesson was one not to be soon lost. 
 At the extinction of the republic. Stoicism lived on at Rome under the 
 imperial shadow, and the government of Augustus is said to have beeni- 
 rendered milder by the counsels of one of its professors ; but when 
 the pressure of an undisguised despotism began to call out the old 
 republican feeling, the elective afiBnity was seen to assert itself again. 
 This was the complexion of things which Persius found, and which he 
 left. Thafsect, as the accuser of Thrasea reminded the emperor, had 
 produced bad citizens even under the former regime : its present ad- 
 herents were men whose very deportment was an implied rebuke to the 
 habits of the imperial court ; its chief representative had abdicated his 
 official duties and retired into an unpatriotic and insulting privacy ; and 
 the public records of the administration of affairs at home and abroad 
 were only so many registers of his sins of omission. There was, in 
 truth, no encouragement to pursue a different course. Seneca's attempt 
 to seat philosophy on the throne by influencing the mind of Nero, had 
 issued only in his own moral degradation as the lying apologist of 
 matricide, and the receiver of a bounty which in one of its aspects was 
 plunder, in another corruption ; and though his retirement, and still more 
 his death, may have sufficed to rescue his memory from obloquy, they 
 could only prove that he had learned too late what the more consistent 
 members of the fraternity -knew from the beginning. From such a 
 government the only notice that a Stoic could expect or desire was the 
 sentence which hurried him to execution or drove him into banishment. 
 Even under the rule of Vespasian the antagonism was still unabated. 
 At the moment of his accession, Euphrates the Tyrian, who was in his 
 train, protested against the ambition which sought to aggrandize itself 
 when it might have restored the republic. Helvidius Priscus, following, 
 and perhaps deforming, the footsteps of his father-in-law Thrasea, 
 ignored the political existence of the emperor in his edicts as praetor, 
 and asserted his own equality repeatedly by a freedom of speech 
 amounting to personal insult, till at last he succeeded in exhausting 
 the forbearance of Vespasian, who put him to death and banished 
 the philosophers from Italy. A similar expulsion took place under 
 Domitian, who did not require much persuasion to induce him to 
 adopt a policy recommended by the instinct of self-preservation no less 
 than by Nero's example. Meantime the spirit of Stoicism was gradu- 
 
xxii LECTURE ON THE 
 
 ally undergoing a change. The theoretic parts of the system, its 
 physics and its dialectics, had found comparatively little favour -with the 
 Roman mind, and had passed into the shade in consequence : but it was 
 still a foreign product, a matter of learning, the subject of a voluminous 
 literature, and as such a discipline to which only the few could submit. 
 It was still the old conception of the wise man as an ideal rather than a 
 reality, a being necessarily perfect, and therefore necessarily super- 
 human. Now, however, the ancient exclusiveness was to be relaxed, 
 and the invitation to humanity made more general. ' Strange and 
 shocking would it be,' said Musonius Rufus, the one philosopher 
 exempted from Vespasian's sentence, ' if the tillers of the ground were 
 incapacitated from philosophy, which is really a business of -few words, 
 /hot of many theories, and far better learnt in a practical country life than 
 in the schools of the city.' In short, it was to be no longer a philosophy 
 but a religion. Epictetus, the poor crippled slave, as his epitaph pro- 
 claims him, whom the gods loved, turned Theism from a speculative 
 dogma into an operative principle, bidding his disciples follow the divine 
 service, imitate the divine life, implore the divine aid, and rest on the 
 divine providence. Dependence on the Deity was taught as a corre- 
 lative to independence of external circumstances, and the ancient pride 
 of the Porch exchanged for a humility so genuine that men have en- 
 deavoured to trace it home to a Christian congregation. A Stoic thus 
 schooled was not likely to become a political propagandist, even if the 
 memory of the republic had been fresh, and the imperial power had 
 continued to be synonymous with tyranny — much less after the assas- 
 sination ofDomitian had inaugurated an epoch of which Tacitus could 
 speak as the fulfilment of the brightest dreams of the truest lovers of 
 freedom. Fifty years rolled away, and government became continually . 
 better, and the pursuit of wisdom ' more and more honourable, till at 
 last the ideal of Zeno himself was realized, and a Stoic ascended the 
 throne of the Caesars, and the philosophy of political despair seemed to 
 have become the creed of political hope. The character of Marcus 
 Aurelius is one that is ever good to dwell on, and our sympathies 
 cling round the man that could be rigorously severe to himself while 
 tenderly indulgent to his people, whose love broke out in their fond 
 addresses to him as their father and their brother : yet the peace of 
 his reign was blasted by natural calamities, torn by civil discord, 
 and tainted by the corruption of his own house, and at his death 
 the fair promise of the commonwealth and of philosophy expired 
 together. Commodus ruled the Roman world, and Stoicism, the 
 noblest of the latter systems, fell the first before the struggles of 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PERSIUS. xxiii 
 
 the enfeebled yet resisting rivals, and the victorious advances of a 
 new and living faith. 
 
 It is not often that a poet has been so completely identified with a 
 system of philosophy as Persius. Greece had produced poets who 
 were philosophers, and philosophers who were writers of poetry ; yet 
 our first thought of Aeschylus is not as of a Pythagorean, or of 
 Euripides as of a follower of the Sophists; nor should we classify 
 Xenophanes or Empedocles primarily as poets of whose writings only 
 fragments remain. In Lucretius and Persius, on the other hand, we 
 see men who hold a prominent place among the poets of their country, 
 yet whose poetry is devoted to the enforcement of their peculiar philo- 
 sophical views. The fact is a significant one, and symptomatic of that 
 condition of Roman culture which I have noticed on a former occasion. 
 It points to an age and nation where philosophy is a permanent, not 
 a progressive study — an imported commodity, not an indigenous 
 growth, — where the impulse that gives rise to poetry is not so much 
 a desire to give musical voice to the native thought and feeling of the 
 poet and his fellow-men, as a recognition of the want of a national 
 Uterature and a wish to contribute towards its supply. At first sight 
 there may seem something extravagant in pretending that Persius can 
 be called the poet of Stoicism in the sense in which Lucretius is the 
 poet of Epicureanism, as if there were equal scope for the exposition 
 of a philosophy in a few scholastic exercises and in an elaborate 
 didactic poem. On the other hand, it should be recollected that 
 under the iron grasp of the Roman mind. Stoicism, as was just now 
 remarked, was being reduced more and more to a simply practical 
 system, bearing but a faint impress of those abstruse cosmological 
 speculations which had so great a charm for the intellect of Greece 
 even in its most sober moments, and exhibiting in place of them an 
 applicability to civil hfe the want of which had been noted as a defect 
 in the conceptions of Zeno and Chrysippus\ The Ubrary and the 
 lecture-room still were more familiar to it than the forum or the 
 senate ; but the transition had begun : and though Persius may have 
 looked to his seven hundred volumes for his principles of action, as he 
 did to Horace for information about the ways of the world, the only 
 theory which he strove to inculcate was the knowledge which the 
 founders of his sect, in common with Socrates, believed to be the sole 
 groundwork of correct practice. Using the very words of Virgil, he 
 calls upon a benighted race to acquaint itself with the causes of things ! 
 
 1 Cic. Legg. 3. 6. 
 
xxiv LECTURE ON THE 
 
 but the invitation is not to that study of the stars in their courses, of 
 eclipses, and earthquakes and inundations, of the laws governing the 
 length of days and nights, which enabled Lucretius to triumph over 
 the fear of death, but to an inquiry into the purpose of man's being, 
 the art of skilful driving in the chariot-race of life, the limits to a desire 
 of wealth and to its expenditure on unselfish objects, and the ordained 
 position of each individual in the social system. Such an apprehension 
 of his subject would naturally lead him not to the treatise, but to the 
 sermon — not to the didactic poem, but to the satire or moral epistle. 
 But though the form of the composition is desultory, the spirit is in the 
 main definite and consistent. Even in the first satire, in which he 
 seems to drop the philosopher and assume the critic, we recognize the 
 same belief in the connection between intellectual knowledge and 
 practice, and consequently between a corrupt taste and a relaxed 
 morality, which shines out so clearly afterwards when he tells the 
 enfranchised slave that he cannot move a finger without committing 
 a blunder, and that it is as portentous for a man to take part in life 
 without study as it would be for a ploughman to attempt to bring a 
 ship into port. It is true that he follows Horace closely, not only in 
 his illustrations and descriptions of manners, but in his lessons of 
 /morality — a strange deference to the man who ridiculed Crispinus and 
 Damasippus, and did not even spare the great Stertinius ; but the evil 
 and folly of avarice, the wisdom of contentment and self-control, and 
 the duty of sincerity towards man and God, were doctrines at least as 
 congenial to a Stoic as to an Epicurean, and the ambition with which 
 the pupil is continually seeking to improve upon his master's felicity 
 of expression shows itself more successfully in endeavours to give 
 greater stringency to his rule of life and conduct. In one respect^^ 
 certainly, we may wonder that he has failed to represent the views of 
 that section of the Stoics with which he is reported to have lived on 
 jferms of familiar intercourse. There is no trace of that political feeling 
 ''which might have been expected to appear in the writings of a youth 
 who was brought into frequent cqntact with the revolutionary enthu- 
 siasm of Lucan, and may probably have been present at one of the 
 banquets with which Thrasea and Helvidius used to celebrate the 
 birthdays of the first and the last of the great republican worthies. 
 The supposed allusions to the poetical character of Nero in the first 
 satire shrink almost to nothing in the light of a searching criticism, while 
 the tradition that in the original draught the emperor was directly 
 satirized as Midas receives no countenance, to say the least, from the 
 poem itself, the very point of which, so far as we can apprehend it, 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PERSIUS. xxv 
 
 depends on the truth of the reading given in the MSS. The fourth 
 satire does undoubtedly touch on statesmanship : but the tone through- 
 out is that of a student, who in his eagerness to imitate Plato has 
 apparently forgotten that he is himself living not under a popular but 
 under an imperial government, and the moral intended to be conveyed 
 is simply that the adviser of the public ought to possess some better 
 quaUfication than those which were found in Alcibiades — a topic about 
 as appropriate to the actual state of Rome as the schoolboy's exhorta- 
 tion to Sulla to lay down his power. Thus his language, where he 
 does speak, enables us to interpret his silence as the silence not of 
 acquiescence or even of timidity, though such times as his might well 
 justify caution, but rather of unworldly innocence, satisfied with its . 
 own aspirations after moral perfection, and dreaming of Athenian 
 licence under the very shade of despotism. On the other hand, it is 
 perfectly intelligible that he should have seen little to admire in 
 Seneca, many as are the coincidences which their common philosophy 
 has produced in their respective writings. There could, indeed, have 
 been but little sympathy between his simple earnestness and that 
 rhetorical facility — that Spanish taste for inappropriate and mere- 
 tricious ornament — that tolerant and compromising temper, able to 
 live in a court while unable to live in exile, which, however compatible 
 with real wisdom and virtue, must have seemed to a Stoic of a severer 
 type only so many qualifications for effectually betraying the good 
 cause. So, again, he does not seem to exhibit any anticipation of the 
 distinctly human and religious development which, as we have seen, 
 was the final phase of Stoicism. His piety is simply the rational piety 
 which would approve itself to any Roman moralist — the piety recom- 
 mended by Horace, and afterwards by Juvenal — pronouncing purity 
 of intent to be more acceptable in the sight of Heaven than costly 
 sacrifice, and bidding men ask of the gods such things only as divine 
 beings would wish to grant. In like manner his humanity, though 
 genial in its practical aspect, is still narrowed on the speculative side 
 by the old sectarian exclusiveness which barred the path of life to 
 every one not entering through the gate of philosophy. In short, he 
 is a disciple of the earlier Stoicism of the empire — a Roman in his 
 predilection for the ethical part of his creed, yet conforming in other 
 respects to the primitive traditions of Greece — neither a patriot nor a 
 courtier, but a recluse student, an ardent teacher of the truths which he 
 had himself learnt, without the development which might have been 
 generated by more mature thought, or the abatement which might 
 have been forced upon him by a longer experience. 
 
xxvi LECTURE ON THE 
 
 We have already observed that the character of Persius' opinions 
 determined his choice of a poetical vehicle for expressing them. With 
 his views it would have been as unnatural for him to have composed 
 a didactic treatise, like Lucretius, or a republican epic, like Lucan, as 
 to have rested satisfied with multiplying the productions of his own boy- 
 hood, tragedies and pilgrimages in verse. And now, what was the 
 nature and what the historical antecedents of that form of composition 
 which he adopted as most congenial to him ? 
 
 The exploded derivation of satire from the Greek satyric drama is 
 one of those infrequent instances where a false etymology has pre- 
 served a significant truth. There seems every reason to believe that 
 the first beginnings of satire among the Romans are parallel to the 
 rudimental type from which dramatic entertainments were developed 
 in Greece. ' When I am reading on these two subjects,' says Dryden, 
 in his admirable essay on Satire, ' methinks I hear the same story told 
 twice over with very little alteration.' The primitive Dionysiac festivals 
 of the Greek rustic populations seem to have answered with sufficient 
 exactness to the harvest-home rejoicings of agricultural Italy described 
 by Horace, when the country wits encountered each other in Fescennine 
 verses. Nor did the resemblance cease at this its earliest stage. Im- 
 provised repartee was succeeded by pantomimic representation and 
 dancing to music, and in process of time the two elements, combined 
 yet discriminated from each other, assumed the form of a regular play, 
 with its alternate dialogues and cantica. Previous to this later develop- 
 ment there had been an intermediate kind of entertainment called 
 the satura or medley, either from the miscellaneous character of its 
 matter, which appears to have made no pretence to a plot or story, 
 or from the variety of measures of which it was composed — a mofe 
 professional and artistic exhibition than the Fescennine bantering- 
 matches, but far removed from the organized completeness of even the 
 earlier drama. It was on this narrow ground that the independence of 
 the Roman genius was destined to assert itself. Whether from a wish 
 to take advantage of the name, or to preserve a thing, once popular, 
 from altogether dying out in the process of improvement, a feeling 
 which we know to have operated in the case of the exodia or interludes 
 introduced into the representation of the Atellane plays, Ennius was 
 led to produce certain compositions which he called satires, seemingly 
 as various both in character and in versification as the old dramatic 
 medley, but intended not for acting but for reciting or readmg — in 
 other words, not plays but poems. All that we know of these is com- 
 prised in a few titles and a very few fragments, none of which tell us 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PERSIUS. xxvii 
 
 much, coupled with the fact that in one of them Life and Death were 
 introduced contending with each other as two allegorical personages, 
 like Fame in Virgil, as Quintilian remarks, or Virtue and Pleasure in 
 the moral tale of Prodicus. Little as this is, it is more than is known 
 of the satires of Pacuvius, of which we only hear that they resembled 
 those of Ennius. What was the precise relation borne by either to the 
 later Roman satire with which we are so familiar can but be conjec- 
 tured. Horace, who is followed as usual by Persius, ignores them both 
 as satirists, and claims the paternity of satire for Lucilius, who, as he 
 says, imitated the old Attic comedy, changing merely the measure ; 
 nor does Quintilian mention them in the brief but celebrated passage 
 in which he asserts the merit of the invention of satire to belong wholly 
 to Rome. This silence may be taken as showing ^hat neither Ennius 
 nor Pacuvius gave any exclusive or decided prominence to that element 
 of satire which in modern times has become its distinguishing character- 
 istic — criticism on the men, manners, and things of the day ; but it can 
 scarcely impeach their credit as the first founders of a new and original 
 school of composition. That which constitutes the vaunted originality 
 of Roman satire is not so much its substance as its form : the one had 
 already existed in perfection at Athens, the elaboration of the other 
 was reserved for the poetic art of Italy. It is certainly not a little 
 remarkable that the countrymen of Aristophanes and Menander should 
 not have risen to the full conception of^amiliar compositions in verse 
 in which the poet pours out desultory thoughts on contemporary sub- 
 jects in his own person, relieved from the trammels which necessarily 
 bind every dramatic production, however free and unbridled its spirit. 
 That such a thing might easily have arisen among them is evident 
 from the traditional fame of the Homeric Margites, itself apparently 
 combining one of the actual requisites of the Roman medley, the mix- 
 ture of metres, with the biting invective of the later satire— a work 
 which, when fixed at its latest date, must have been one of the con- 
 comitants, if not, as Aristotle thinks, the veritable parent, of the earlier 
 comedy of Greece. In later times we find parallels to Roman satire 
 in some of the idylls of Theocritus, not only in those light dialogues 
 noticed by the critics, of which the Adoniazusae is the best instance, 
 but in the poem entitled the Charites, where the poet complains of the 
 general neglect into which his art has fallen in a strain of mingled 
 pathos and sarcasm which may remind us of Juvenal's appeal in behalf 
 of men of letters, the unfortunate fraternity of authors. But Greece 
 was not ordained to excel in everything ; and Rome had the oppor- 
 tunity of cultivating a virtually unbroken field of labour which was 
 
xxviii LECTURE ON THE 
 
 suited to her direct practical genius, and to her mastery over the arts 
 of social life. There can be no question but that the conception of 
 seizing the spirit of comedy — of the new comedy no less than the old 
 — the comedy of manners as well as the comedy of scurrilous bur- 
 lesque — and investing it with an easy undress clothing, the texture of 
 which might be varied as the inward feeling changed, was a great 
 advance in the progress of letters. It would seem to be a test of the 
 lawful development of a new form of composition from an old, that the 
 latter should be capable of including the earlier, as the larger includes 
 the smaller. So in the development of the Shaksperian drama from 
 the Greek, the chorus is not lost either as a lyrical or as an ethical 
 element, but is diffused over the play, no longer seen indeed, but felt 
 in the art which heightens the tone of poetry, and brings out the moral 
 relations of the characters into more prominent relief. So in that 
 great development which transcends as it embraces all others, the 
 development of prose from poetry, the superiority of the new form to 
 the old as a general vehicle of expression is shown in the expansive 
 flexibility which can find measured and rhythmic utterance for the 
 raptures of passion or imagination, yet give no undue elevation to the 
 statement of the plainest matters of fact. And so it is in the genera- 
 tion of satire from comedy : the unwieldy framework of the drama is 
 gone, but the dramatic power remains, and may be summoned up at 
 any time at the pleasure of the poet, not only in the impalpable shape 
 of remarks on human character, but in the flesh-and-blood fulness of 
 actual dialogue such as engrosses several of the satires of Horace, and 
 enters as a more or less important ingredient into every one of those 
 of Persius. Or, if we choose to regard satire, as we are fully warranted 
 in doing, in its relation not only to the stage but to other kinds of 
 poetry, we shall have equal reason to admire it for its elasticity, as 
 being capable of rising without any ungraceful effort from light ridi- 
 cule to heightened earnestness — passing at once with Horace from a 
 ludicrous description of a poet as a marked man, to an emphatic 
 recognition of his essential greatness ; or with Juvenal from a sneer at 
 the contemptible offerings with which the gods were commonly pro- 
 pitiated, to a sublime recital of the blessings which may lawfully be 
 made objects of prayer. This plastic comprehensiveness was realized 
 by the earlier writers, as we have seen, by means of the variety of their 
 metres, while the latter were enabled to compass it more artistically by 
 that skilful management of the hexameter which could not be brought 
 to perfection in a day. But the conception appears to have been 
 radically the same throughout ; and the very name satura already con- 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PERSIUS. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 tains a prophecy of the distinctive value of Roman satire as a point in 
 the history of letters. 
 
 If, however, the praise of having originated satire cannot be refused 
 to Ennius, it must be confessed as freely that the influence exercised 
 over it by Lucilius entitles him to be called its second father. It 
 belongs to one by the ties of birth— to the other by those of adoption 
 and education. Unlike Ennius, the glories of whose invention may 
 well have paled before his fame as the Roman Homer and the Roman 
 Euripides, Lucilius seems to have devoted himself wholly to fostering 
 the growth and forming the mind of the satiric muse. He is thought 
 to have so far departed from the form of the old medley as to enforce 
 a uniformity of metre in each separate satire, though even this is not 
 certainly made out ; but he preserved the external variety by writing 
 sometimes in hexameter, sometimes in iambics or trochaics, and also 
 by a practice, seemingly peculiar to himself, of mixing Latin copiously 
 with Greek, the language corresponding to French in the polite circles 
 of Rome. It is evident, too, both from his numerous fragments and 
 from the notices of the early grammarians, that he encouraged to a 
 large extent the satiric tendency to diversity of subject — at one moment 
 soaring on the wing of epic poetry and describing a council of the 
 gods in language which Virgil has copied, the next satirizing the fashion 
 of giving fine Greek names to articles of domestic furniture, — compre- 
 hending in the same satire a description of a journey from Rome to 
 Capua, and a series of strictures on his predecessors in poetry, whom 
 he seems to have corrected like so many school-boys ; — now laying 
 down the law about the niceties of grammar, showing how the second 
 conjugation is to be discriminated from the third, and the genitive 
 singular from the nominative plural ; and now talking, possibly within 
 a few lines, of seizing an antagonist by the nose, dashing his fist in his 
 face, and knocking out every tooth in his head. But his great achieve- 
 ment, as attested by the impression left on the minds of his Roman 
 readers, was that of making satire henceforward synonymous with free 
 speaking and personality — he comes before us as the reviver of the 
 Fescennine licence, the imitator of Cratinus and Eupolis and Aristo- 
 phanes. There seems to have been about him a reckless animal 
 pugnacity, an exhilarating consciousness of his powers as a good hater, 
 which in its rude simplicity may remind us of Archilochus, and cer- 
 tainly is but faintly represented in the arch pleasantry of Horace, the 
 concentrated intellectual scorn of Persius, or of the declamatory indig- 
 nation of Juvenal. Living in a period of political excitement, he 
 plunged eagerly into party quarrels. The companion of the younger 
 
XXX LECTURE ON THE 
 
 Scipio and Laelius, though a mere boy, and himself of equestrian rank, 
 he attacked great consular personages who had opposed his friends : 
 as Horace phrases it, he tore away the veil from private life and 
 arraigned high and low alike — showing no favour but to virtue and the 
 virtuous — ^words generally found to bear a tolerably precise meaning 
 in the vocabulary of politics. It was the satire of the republic, or 
 rather of the old oligarchy, and it was impossible that it could live on 
 unchanged into the times of the Empire. But the memory of its day 
 of freedom was not forgotten : the ancient right of impeachment was 
 claimed formally by men who intended no more than a common 
 criminal information; and each succeeding satirist sheltered himself 
 ostentatiously under an example of which he knew better than to 
 "attempt to avail himself in practice. 
 
 It was to Lucilius, as we have already seen, that Persius, if reliance 
 is to be placed on the statement of his biographer, owed the impulse 
 that made him a writer of satire. Of the actual work which is related 
 to have produced so remarkable an effect on its young reader, the 
 tenth book, scarcely anything has been preserved ; while the remains 
 of the fourth, which is said to have been the model of Persius' third 
 satire, comparatively copious and interesting as they are, contain no- 
 thing which would enable us to judge for ourselves of the degree of 
 resemblance. Hardly a single parallel from Lucilius is quoted by the 
 Scholia on any part of Persius : but when we consider that the ag- 
 gregate of their citations from Horace, though much larger, is utterly 
 inadequate to express the obligations which are everywhere obvious to 
 the eye of a modern scholar, we cannot take their omissions as even a 
 presumptive proof that what is not apparent does not exist. On the 
 other hand, the Prologue ' to the Satires, in scazon iambics, is supposed, 
 on the authority of an obscure passage in Petronius, to have had its 
 prototype in a similar composition by Lucilius ; and it is also a plau- 
 sible conjecture that the first line of the first satire is taken bodily from 
 the old poet — two distinct proclamations of adhesion at the very outset, 
 in the ears of those who could not fail to understand them. There is 
 reason, also, for believing that the imitation may have extended further, 
 and that Persius' strictures on the poets of his day, and in particular 
 on those who affected a taste for archaisms, and professed to read the 
 old Roman drama with delight, may have been studied after those 
 irreverent criticisms of the fathers of poetry, some of which, as the 
 Scholiasts on Horace inform us, occurred in this very tenth book of 
 
 ' [Rather, the Epilogue : see Preface to the Third Edition, p. v.] 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PERSIUS. xxxi 
 
 Lucilius. On the ethical side we should have been hardly prepared to 
 expect much similarity: there is, however, a curious fragment of 
 Lucilius, the longest of all that have come down to us, containing a 
 simple recital of the various constituents of virtue, the knowledge of 
 duty no less than its practice, in itself sufficiently resembling the 
 enumeration of the elements of morality which Persius makes on more 
 than one occasion, and showing a turn for doctrinal exposition which 
 was sure to be appreciated by a pupil of the Stoics. So there are not 
 wanting indications that the bold metaphors and grotesque yet forcible 
 imagery which stamp the character of Persius' style so markedly may 
 have been encouraged if not suggested by hints in Lucilius, who was 
 fond of tentative experiments in language, such as belong to the early 
 sta.ges of poetry, when the national taste is in a state of fusion. The 
 admitted contrast between the two men, unlike in all but their equestrian 
 descent, — between the premature man of the world and the young 
 philosopher, the improvisatore who could throw off two hundred verses 
 in an hour, and the student who wrote seldom and slowly, — may 
 warrant us in doubting the success of the imitation, but does not dis- 
 credit the fact. Our point is, that Persius attempted to wear the toga 
 of his predecessor, not that it fitted him. 
 
 The influence of Horace upon Persius is a topic which has, in part, 
 been anticipated already ^- It is a patent fact which may be safely 
 assumed, and I have naturally been led to assume it as a help towards 
 estimating other things which are not so easily ascertainable. Casaubon 
 was, I believe, the first to bring it forward prominently into light in an 
 appendix to his memorable edition of Persius ; and though one of the 
 later commentators has endeavoured to call it in question, cautioning 
 us against mistaking slight coincidences for palpable imitations, I am 
 confident that a careful and minute study of Persius, such as I have 
 lately been engaged in, will be found only to produce a more complete 
 conviction of its truth : nor can I doubt that an equally careful perusal 
 of Horace, line by line and word by word, would enable us to add 
 still further to the amount of proof. Yet it is curious and instructive 
 to observe that it is a point which, while established by a superabund- 
 ance of the best possible evidence, that of ocular demonstration, is yet 
 singularly deficient in those minor elements of probability to which we 
 
 ' [Perhaps owing to this fact, or per- is quoted as Horace by Charisius, ac- 
 
 haps because of the identity of their cording to the Neapolitan MS., p. 202, 
 
 cognomen Flaccus, Horace and Persius and by Consentius, p. 348 ; conversely, 
 
 were sometimes confused by the gram- Horace is quoted as Persius by Servius 
 
 marians. Persius is called simply on Georgic 3. 363.] 
 Flaccus by Diomedes, p. 327 Keil. He 
 
xxxii LECTURE ON THE 
 
 are constantly accustomed to look in the absence of anything more 
 directly conclusive. The memoir of Persius mentions Lucilius, but 
 says not a word of Horace : the quotations from Horace in the com- 
 mentary of the pseudo-Cornutus are, as I have said, far from numerous : 
 while the difference of the poets themselves, their personal history, their 
 philosophical profession, their taste and temperament, the nature and 
 power of their genius, is greater even than in the case of Persius and 
 Lucilius, and is only more clearly brought out by the clearer know- 
 ledge we possess of each, in the possession of the whole of their 
 respective works. The fact, however, is only too palpable — so much 
 so that it puzzles us, as it were, by its very plainness : we could Under- 
 stand a less degree of imitation, but the correspondence which we 
 actually see makes us, so to speak, half incredulous, and compels us to 
 seek some account of it. It is not merely that we find the same topics 
 in each, the same class of allusions and illustrations, or even the same 
 thoughts and the same images, but the resemblance or identity extends 
 to things which every poet, in virtue of his own peculiarities and those 
 of his time, would naturally be expected to provide for himself With 
 him, as with Horace, a miser is a man who drinks vinegar for wine, 
 and stints himself in the oil which he pours on his vegetables ; while 
 a contented man is one who acquiesces in the prosperity of people 
 whose start in life is worse than his own. The prayer of the farmer is 
 still that he may turn up a pot of money some day while he is plough- 
 ing : the poet's hope is still that his verses may be embalmed with 
 cedar oil, his worst fear still that they may furnish wrapping for 
 spices. Nay, where he mentions names they are apt to be the names 
 of Horatian personages : his great physician is Craterus, his grasping 
 rich man Nerius, his crabbed censor Bestius, his low reprobate Natta. 
 Something is doubtless due to the existence of what, to adopt a term 
 applied by Colonel Mure to the Greek epic writers, we may call 
 satirical commonplace, just as Horace himself is thought to have taken 
 the name Nomentanus from Lucilius ; or as, among our own satirists, 
 Bishop Hall talks of Labeo, and Pope of Gorgonius. So Persius may 
 have intended not so much to copy Horace as to quote him — advertis- 
 ing his readers, as it were, from time to time that he was using the 
 language of satire. But the utmost that can be proved is, that he 
 followed prodigally an example which had been set sparingly, not 
 knowing or not remembering that satire is a kind of composition 
 which of all others as kept alive not by antiquarian associations, but 
 by contemporary interest — not by generalized conventionalities, but 
 by direct individual portraiture. We can hardly doubt that a wider 
 
LIFE AND writings' OF PERSIUS. xxxiii 
 
 worldly knowledge would have led him to correct his error of judg- 
 ment, though the history of English authors show us, in at least one 
 instance, that of Ben Jonson, that a man, not only of true comic genius 
 but of large experiences of life, may be so enslaved by acquired learning 
 as to satirize vice and folly as he reads of them in his books, rather 
 than as he sees them in society. 
 
 But time warns me that I must leave the yet unfinished list of the 
 influences which worked or may have worked upon Persius, and say a 
 few words upon his actual merits as a writer. The tendency of what 
 has been advanced hitherto has been to make us think of him as more 
 passive than active — as a candidate more for our interest and our 
 sympathy than for our admiration. But we must not forget that it 
 is his own excellence that has made him a classic — ^that the great and 
 true glory which, as Quintilian says, he gained by a single volume, has 
 been due to that volume alone. If we would justify the award of his 
 contemporaries and of posterity, we may be prepared to account for it. 
 It was not, as we have seen, that he was an originating power in philo- 
 sophy, or a many-sided observer of men and manners. He was a 
 satirist, but he shows no knowledge of many of the ingredients which, 
 as Juvenal rightly perceived, go to make up the satiric medley. He 
 was what in modern parlance would be called a plagiarist — a charge 
 which, later if not sooner, must have told fatally on an otherwise un- 
 supported reputation. I might add that he is frequently perplexed in 
 arrangement and habitually obscure in meaning, were it not that some 
 judges have professed to discover in this the secret of his fame. A 
 truer appreciation will, I believe, be more likely to find it in the distinct 
 and individual character of his writings, the power of mind and depth 
 of feeling visible throughout, the austere purity of his moral tone, 
 relieved by frequent outbreaks of genial humour, and the condensed 
 vigour and graphic freshness of a style where elaborate art seems to be 
 only nature triumphing over obstacles. Probably no writer ever 
 borrowed so much and yet left on the mind so decided an impression 
 of originality. His description of the wilful invalid and his medical 
 friend in the third satire owes much of its colouring to Horace, yet the 
 whole presentation is felt to be his own— true, pointed, and sufficient. 
 Even when the picture is entirely Horatian, like that of the over- 
 covetous man at his prayers, in the second satire, the effect is original 
 Still, though the very varieties which discriminate it may be referred to 
 hints in other parts of Horace's own works. We may wish that he 
 had painted from his own observation and knowledge, but we cannot 
 deny that he has shown a painter's power. And where he draws the 
 
 C 
 
xxxiv LECTURE ON THE 
 
 life that he must have known, not from the descriptions of a past age 
 but from his own experience, his portraits have an imaginative truth, 
 minutely accurate yet highly ideal, which would entitle them to a dis- 
 tinguished place in any poetical gallery. There is nothing in Horace 
 or Juvenal more striking than the early part of the third satire, where 
 the youthful idler is at first represented by a series of light touches, 
 snoring in broad noon while the harvest is baking in the fields and the 
 cattle reposing in the shade, then starting up and calling for his books 
 only to quarrel with them — and afterwards as we go further the scene 
 darkens, and we see the figure of the lost profligate blotting 'the back- 
 ground, and catch an intimation of yet more fearful punishments in 
 store for those who will not be warned in time — punishments dire as 
 any that the oppressors of mankind have suffered or devised — the be- 
 holding of virtue in her beauty when too late, and the consciousness of 
 a coiroding secret which no other heart can share. Nor would it be 
 easy to parallel the effect of the sketches in the first satire, rapidly 
 succeeding each other, — the holiday poet with his white dress and his 
 onyx ring tuning his voice for recitation ; a grey and bloated old man, 
 giving himself up to cater for the itching ears of others ; the jaded, 
 worn company at the table, languidly rousing themselves in the hope 
 of some new excitement ; the inferior guests at the bottom of the hall 
 ready to applaud when they have got the cue from their betters — all 
 flung into a startling and ghastly light by the recollection carefully 
 presented to us that these men call , themselves the sons of the old 
 Romans, and recognise poetry as a divine thing, and acknowledge the 
 object of criticism to be truth. Again we see the same pictorial skill 
 and reality, though in a very different style, toned down and sobered, 
 in those most sweet and touching lines describing the poet's residence 
 with his beloved teacher, when they used to study together through 
 long summer suns and seize on the first and best hours of the night for 
 the social meal, each working while the other worked and resting while 
 the other rested, and both looking forward to the modest enjoyment of 
 the evening as the crown of a well-spent day. Persius' language has 
 been censured for its harshness and exaggeration : but here, at any 
 rate, he is as simple and unaffected as an admirer of Horace or Virgil 
 could desire. The contrast is instructive, and may perhaps suggest a 
 more favourable view of those peculiarities of expression which are 
 generally condemned. The style which his taste leads him to drop 
 when he is not writing satire, is the style which his taste leads him to 
 assume for satiric purposes. He feels that a clear, straightforward, 
 everyday manner of speech would not suit a subject over which the 
 
LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PERSIUS. xxxv 
 
 gods themselves might hesitate whether to laugh or to weep. He has 
 to write the tragi-comedy of his day, and he writes it in a dialect where 
 grandiose epic diction and philosophical terminology are strangely 
 blended with the talk of the forum, the gymnasia, and the barber's 
 shop. I suggest this consideration with the more confidence, as I find 
 it represented to me, and, as it were, forced on me by the example of 
 a writer of our own country, perhaps the most remarkable of the pre- 
 sent time, who, though differing as widely from Persius in all his 
 circumstances as a world-wearied and desponding man of the nine- 
 teenth century can differ from an enthusiastic and inexperienced youth 
 of the first, still appears to me to bear a singular resemblance to him in 
 the whole character of his genius — I mean Mr. Carlyle. If Persius 
 can take the benefit of this parallel, he may safely plead guilty to the 
 charge of not having escaped the vice of his age, the passion for 
 refining still further on Augustan refinements of expression, and lock- 
 ing up the meaning of a sentence in epigrammatic allusions, which in 
 its measure lies at the door even of Tacitus. 
 
 I have exhausted my time and, I fear, your patience also, when my 
 subject is stUl far from exhausted. I am glad, however, to think that 
 in closing I am not really bringing it to an end, but that some of my 
 hearers to-day will accompany me to-morrow and on future days in 
 the special study of one who, like all great authors, will surrender the 
 full knowledge of his beauties only to those who ask it of him in 
 detail. 
 
 C a 
 
THE TEXT OF PERSIUS' 
 
 [To judge from the praise bestowed upon him by Quintilian and 
 Martial^, and from the numerous quotations made from him by the 
 grammarians, Persius must have had a considerable number of readers 
 in the first four centuries after Christ. The palimpsest of Bobbio ' 
 (now No. 5750 in the Vatican Library), a fragment of which still 
 exists, must have belonged to this early period. 
 
 In A.D. 402 Flavius Julius Tryfonianus Sabinus, a young man of 
 high rank, attempted, as he tells us in a subscriptio now preserved at 
 the end of the two best manuscripts, to correct the text of Persius : 
 'Flavius Julius Tryfonianus Sabinus, v.c, protector domesticus, 
 temptavi emendare sine antigrapho meum et adrtotavi Barcellone, coss. 
 dd. nn. Arcadio et Honorio V.' It is important to observe that in the 
 Latin of this period, ' emendare ' implies not conjectural emendation 
 as we understand it, but bare correction of such obvious errors as 
 abounded in most manuscripts, even the oldest, at that time. ' Adno- 
 tatio ' probably means the insertion of critical and explanatory notes. 
 The corrector generally made use of another copy (' antigra,phon ') 
 with which to compare his own ; but Sabinus is careful to tell us that 
 his work was performed without one. 
 
 At the time of the Carolingian revival, and during the succeeding 
 centuries, many copies of Persius were made, and many still exist, 
 From these Jahn, who gave the readings of a great number in 1843, 
 selected three as the basis of his text of 1868. The three are, (i) No. 
 212 in the Library of the Medical School at Montpellier (A), collated 
 for Jahn by Adolf Michaelis in 1857; (2) No. 36 H in the Vatican 
 Library (B), first carefully collated by Dr. J. H. Wheeler in 1879. (A) 
 
 ' For the main facts here mentioned libro numeratur Persius uno | Quam 
 
 I am indebted to Jahn and Biicheler. levis in tota Marsus Amazonide.' 
 
 ^ Qnintilian 10. i. 94 'multum et ^ Recently edited by Goetz :/«»«- 
 
 verae gloriae quamvis uno libro Persius nalis et Persii fragnienta Bobiensia 
 
 meruit.' Martial 4. 29. 7 'Saepius in edita a Georgia Goetz, Jena, 1884. 
 
xxxviii THE TEXT OF PERSIUS. 
 
 and (B) are assigned to the tenth and the ninth centuries respectively. 
 (3) No. 125 in the Library of the Medical School at Montpellier (C). 
 This manuscript, which is assigned to the ninth century, once belonged 
 to Pierre Pithou, and contains also the celebrated Piihoeanus of Juvenal. 
 It was again collated by Rudolf Beer in 1885. The two first MSS., (A) 
 and (B), are evidently copied directly from one lost original (a), while 
 (C) represents a different recension. Jahn and Biicheler give, I think 
 rightly, a general preference to (a); but their decision has been recently 
 impugned in some points by Dr. J. Bieger, whose essay I have men- 
 tioned in the Preface to the Third Edition. 
 
 Each of these three manuscripts has been corrected by a second 
 hand, which is indicated by the letters (a), (b), and (c) respectively. 
 The other manuscripts are indicated by the letter r. 
 
 The variants of the Bobbio palimpsest, the fragment of which con- 
 tains only vv. 53-104 of the first satire, I have given with all possible 
 minuteness. I have also added a few references to the grammarians 
 which are not to be found in Bucheler's edition. 
 
 A glance at the apparatus crilicus will show how seriously the text 
 of Persius had been corrupted before it was copied anew in the 
 Carolingian era. H. N.] 
 
XXXIX 
 
 [EXPLANATION OF THE LETTERS USED IN THE 
 APPARATUS CRITICUS. 
 
 Fragm. Bob. 
 
 — 
 
 fragraentum palimpsesti Bobbiensis (nunc 
 Vaticanus 5750). 
 
 a 
 
 = 
 
 consentiens lectio codicum A et B. 
 
 A 
 
 = 
 
 codex Montepessulanus 212. 
 
 B 
 
 := 
 
 codex Vaticanus 36 H. 
 
 C 
 
 = 
 
 codex Montepessulanus 125. 
 
 a 
 
 = 
 
 manus altera codicis A. 
 )> )j )) ■^' 
 
 „ c. 
 
 D 
 C 
 
 = 
 
 r 
 
 = 
 
 codices alii.] 
 
A. PERSII FLACCI 
 SATURARUM 
 
 LIBER 
 
SATURA I. 
 
 ' O CURAS hominum ! O quantum est in rebus inane ! 
 Quis leget haec ? 
 
 'Min tu istud ais? Nemo hercule.' 
 
 Nemo? 
 ' Vel duo, vel nemo.' 
 
 Turpe et miserabile! 
 
 ' Quare ? 
 ne mihi Polydamas et Troiades Labeonem 
 
 An attack on the corruptions of lite- 
 rature, as symptomatic of corruption in 
 morals, intended as introductory to the 
 Satires, as would seem from the latter 
 part. He is disgusted with the taste of 
 his day, and would have his reader s 
 mind formed on the old models. 
 
 The form is that of a dialogue, 7nore 
 or less regularly sustained, between Per- 
 sitts and a friend, who lectures him. very 
 much as Trebatius does Horace. No- 
 thing can be decided about the time of 
 the composition of this Satire from its 
 subject. The mention of Pedius, if it 
 proves anything, only proves that pas- 
 sage to have been written late. \The 
 connection between intellectual and 
 moral vigour would naturally be sug- 
 gested by the Stoic doctrine {Sat. 5), 
 that virtue consists in correct know, 
 ledge. With the whole Satire comp. 
 Sen. Ep. 114. 
 
 1-12. P. ' Vanity of vanities 1 ' F. 
 
 You will get no readers if you write like 
 that. P. ' I want none — every one at 
 Rome, princes and people, is — ij^ay I 
 say what?' .^. Certainly not. P. ' But 
 I must have my laugh somehow.' 
 
 1. [The Scholia say that this line is 
 from the first book of Lucilius.] But in 
 rebus inane is found in Lucr. i. 330, 
 382, 611, 569, 655, 660, 742, 843; 
 5. 365 (most of them quoted by 
 Jahn), with reference to the Epicurean 
 theory ; and it is at least as likely that 
 Persius was alluding to this. ' How 
 great a vacuum (human) nature ad- 
 mits ! ' 
 
 2. The friend says, Q,uls leget haeo? 
 as Hor. i S. 4. 22 Complains of finding 
 no readers. Persius says, Min tu istud 
 ais ? apparently expressing surprise at 
 the address. ITenio herpule ! ' Read- 
 ers ? I want none.' (Jahn. Others give 
 ' Nemo hercule ' to the friend, ' Nemo ' 
 to P.; 
 
SATIRE I. 
 
 Persitts. ' O the vanity of human cares ! O what a huge vacuum 
 man's nature admits ! ' 
 
 Friend. Whom do you expect to read you ? 
 
 P- ' Was your question meant for me ? Nobody, I assure you.' 
 
 F. Nobody? 
 
 P. ' Well — one or two at most.' 
 
 F. A most ignominious and pitiable catastrophe. 
 
 P- 'Why? are you afraid that Polydamas and the Trojan ladies 
 will be setting their own dear Labeo above me ? Stuff ! If that 
 
 3. Persius repeats his disclaimer, 
 ' One or two, which is as good as none.' 
 Casaubon refers to the Greek phrases, 
 1) 6\lyoi ^ oAS«s and ^ ris ij oiSeis. ' A 
 most lame and impotent conclusion to it 
 all,' retnms the friend. 'Why?' asks P. 
 
 4. ne connects the sentence not with 
 'turpe et miserabile,' but with some- 
 thing similar implied by ' Quare.' ' For 
 fear that Polydamas,' etc. ' Nae,' which 
 Heinr. prefers, with some of the old 
 commentators, would destroy the sense, 
 the ironical assertion showing that he 
 doubted the fact, and ' ne praetulerint,' 
 ' suppose they were not to prefer,' would 
 be equally inappropriate here, though 
 idiomatic. For ' Polydamas,' two MSS. 
 have ' Pulydamas,' representing Homer's 
 IIotiAuSd^jaj. The reference is to II. 22. 
 100, 105, the former of which is quoted 
 by Aristot. Eth. 3. 8, and both of them 
 more than once by Cicero (Ep. Att. 2. 
 5. I ; 7. I. 4; 8. 16. 2), who applies the 
 name Polydamas to Cato, and also to 
 Atticus himself Here the expression is 
 particularly pointed ; ' Polydamas and 
 the Trojan ladies' of course stand for the 
 
 bugbears of respectability, the influential 
 classes of Rome : the pride of the Ro- 
 mans as 'Troiugenae' is glanced at (Juv. 
 I. 100; 8. 181; II. 95), while the 
 women are dwelt on rather than the 
 men, 'AxaiiSfs, ovKir' 'Axaioi [comp. 
 (with Mr. Pretor on Cic. ad Att. i. 12) 
 Cicero's Tevxpis, in all probability a 
 nickname for C. Antonius.] To crown 
 all, there is an allusion to Attius Labeo 
 [see Teuffel, Geschichte der Romischen 
 Literatur, § 307. 6, fifth edition, Warr's 
 translation] as the author of a trans- 
 lation of the Iliad, of which the Schol. 
 has preserved one line, ' Crudum man- 
 duces Priamum Priamique pisinnqs' (II. 
 4. 35), as if he had said, ' l^est Labeo's 
 interest with Polydamas and the Trojan 
 ladies should get them to prefer him to 
 me.' The story perhaps only rest?! on a 
 statement by Fulgentius (see Jahn), but 
 the internal evidence is very strong, and 
 it is much more probable than the sup- 
 position that ' Labeo ' is merely used as 
 a Horatian synonym for a madman 
 (Hor. I S. 3. 82), to which Jahn in- 
 clines. Prolegomena, pp. 72, 73. 
 
 B a 
 
PERSII 
 
 praetulerint ? nugae^ non, si quid turbida Roma 
 elevet, accedas examenquejmproburnjn ilia 
 castiges trutina, nee te quaesiveris extra, 
 nam Romae quis non — ? a, si fas dicere — 'Sed fas 
 turn, cumjid canitiem_pt nostrum_^tud vivere triste 
 aspexi ac nueibus facimus quaecumque relictis, 
 cum sapimus patruos. Tunc, tunc ignoscite.' 
 
 Nolo. 
 ' Quid faciam ? sed sum petulanti splene cachinno. 
 [5. praetulerunt B. 
 
 6. examenue C. 
 ac a C. at 
 
 5. nugae. 'Nugas' is used similarly 
 as an exclamation in Plant. Most. 1088, 
 Pers. 718. [Non si elevet aooedas is of 
 the same stamp as ' non, si me satis au- 
 dias, Speres,' Hor. i Od. 13. 13; 'non si 
 solvas invenias,' ib. i S. 4. 60 : ' nee si 
 cartes concedat,' Virg. E. 2. 57, Mr. 
 Yonge, in the Journal of Philology for 
 1873. Add Ov. I Pont. 7. (6.) 24, ' non 
 agites, si qua coire velis.'] 
 
 turbida, 'muddled,' like Aeschy- 
 lus' onixa livwiihov (Supp. 394), in 
 keeping with the metaphor which fol- 
 lows from weighing in a balance. 
 
 6. elevet, 'makes light of,' suggest- 
 ing the metaphor of a balance. 
 
 improbum, ' unfair,' ' not telling 
 truth .' Not unlike is ' merces improbae,' 
 Plant. Rud. 374. [The trutina was a 
 pair of scales for weighing large ob- 
 jects, ' aequa ponderum lances . . . facta 
 propter talenta et centenaria appen- 
 denda': Isid. Orig. 16. 25. 4. 'Ad ea 
 probanda quae non aurificis statera, sed 
 populari quadam trutina examinantur,' 
 Cic. de Or. 2. 38. 'Examen' is the 
 string which held the beam : ' filum 
 medium quo trutinae statera regitur et 
 lances aequantur,' Isid. 16. 25. 5 ; so 
 the Scholia here: Serv. on Aen. 12. 
 725, Paulus, p. 80, MUUer.] 
 
 7. The construction is ' Non accedas 
 castigesque, nee quaesiveris extra te,' 
 ' Nor ask any opinion but your own.' 
 
 8. Most MSS. insert 'est' before 'quis 
 non,' the transcribers not seeing that 
 Persius here breaks off what he after- 
 wards completes in v. 121. The stoli- 
 dity of Rome is treated as a secret, like 
 the ass's ears of Midas, and kept till 
 the end of the Satire, when it breaks 
 out. 
 
 7. qttaesiverit a, 8. romae est a C. 
 vel ah ?■.] 
 
 a, si fas, four MSS. and two others 
 from a correction, most of the others 
 ' ac,' a few ' at ' or ' et,' none of which 
 would be equally appropriate. ' If I 
 might only say it — but I feel I may, 
 when — .' 
 
 9. canitiem. The reproach of old 
 age runs through the Satire, vv. 22, 26, 
 56 ; an unhonoured old age, produced 
 partly by luxury (v. 56), partly by use- 
 less sedentary pursuits (here and v. 26), 
 and instead of teaching wisdom, employ- 
 ing itself with corrupting the taste of 
 youth (v. 7g), and aping youthful senti- 
 mentalism. [Comp. perhaps Lucilius 15. 
 4 ' senium atque insulse sophista.'] 
 
 nostrum istud vivere triste. 
 The austerity of affected morality, such 
 as is lashed by Juvenal (S. 2), dreary 
 fretting over study, and genuine peevish- 
 ness. Persius is very fond of the use of 
 the inf. as a regular subst. ' scire t^um ' 
 V. 27 ; ' ridere meum ' v. 122 : ' pappare 
 minutum' 3. 17 ; 'mammae lallare' ib. 
 18; 'velle suum ' 5. 53; 'sapere- nos- 
 trum ' 6. 38. [Wolfflin, in the Archiv 
 fiir Lateinische Lexicographie, vol. iii. p. 
 70 foil., has a paper on the subject of 
 the substantival infinitive, the results of 
 which may be summed up as follows. 
 There are no instances of the construc- 
 tion in Cicero's speeches, in Caesar, or 
 in Livy, a fact which stainps' it as col- 
 loquial ; but (i) the infinitive is used as 
 an accusative after prepositions in Cic. 
 Fin. 2. c. 13 ' inter opUme valere et 
 gravissime aegrotare ' : Hor. 2 S. 5. 69, 
 ' praeter plorare ' : Ov. Her. 7. 164 
 'praeter amasse." (2) The infinitive is 
 used as a neuter substantive with a pro- 
 noun or an adjective in the colloquial 
 Latin of the classical period, and gen- 
 
SAT. I. 5 
 
 muddle-headed Rome does make light of a thing, don't you be 
 walking up and correcting the lying tongue in that balance of 
 theirs, or asking any opinion but your own — for who is there at 
 Rome that has not — if I might only say it! But surely I may, 
 when I look at these gray hairs of ours, and this dreary way of 
 living ; and, in short, all our actions from the time of flinging our 
 toys aside, when we take the tone of uncles and guardians. Yes, 
 you must excuse me, then! 
 
 F. No, I won't. 
 
 P. 'What am I to do? but I am constitutionally a great laugher, 
 with a saucy spleen of my own. 
 
 erally in post- Augustan Latin, e.g. 
 Plant. Cure. 28 'tuom amare' : Bacch. 
 158 'hie vereri perdidit' : Cic. Att. 13. 
 21. 3 'inhibere illud tiium': 13. 28. 2 
 ' cum vivere ipsum turpe sit nobis ' : 
 Fam. 15. 15. 2 'ut ipsum vinci eontem- 
 nerent ' : Brat. 37 ' ipsum Latine loqui ' ; 
 De Or. 2. 6 'hoc ipsum nihil agere' ; 
 Hor. I Ep. 7. 28 'reddes dulce loqui, 
 reddes ridere decoram': Petronius 52 
 •meum enim intellegere nulla peeunia 
 vendo ' : Pliny 7. 187 'ipsum cremare' : 
 Quint. I. I. 28 'scribere ipsum.' In 
 Cicero's philosophical dialogues it is 
 safer to assume that the constraction is 
 a conscious imitation of the Greek t(5 
 with inf. Fin. 1. 1 ' totum hoc displicet 
 philosophari ' : Tusc. 4 20 'ipsum illud 
 aemulari': ib. 5. 11 'totum hoc beate 
 vivere ' : Parad. Stoicorum 3. i , (20) 
 'ipsum illud peecare': Fin. 2. 27 
 ' beate vivere vos in voluptate ponitis ' : 
 2.6 'hoc non dolere ' ^ 3. 13 'sapere 
 solum ipsum.' This passage of Persius 
 and 'hoc ridere meum' v. 122 below 
 are noticed as peculiar by Quint. 9. 3. 
 9, and Julius Rnfinianus, p. 58. 10 
 (Halm). (3) The infinitive as a sub- 
 stantive with a genitive case is found in 
 Val. Max. 7. 3. 7 ' cuius non dimicare 
 vincere fuit': Sen. Ep. loi. 13 'quid 
 autem huius vivere est ' : Cons, ad 
 Polyb. 1 6. 2 'hoc fuit eius lugere' ; and 
 in later Latin.] 
 
 10. aspioere ad, an archaism, used 
 by Pacnvius and Plantus (Freund). 
 
 nueibuB . . . reliotis = Horace's 
 'abiectis nugis' (2 Ep. 2. 141). Ca- 
 tuU. 61. 131 'Da nuces pneris, iners 
 Concubine : satis diu Lusisti nucibus.' 
 Hor. 2 S. 3. 171 'talos nueesque.' Suet. 
 Aug. 83 : talis aut ocellatis nucibusque 
 
 ludebat cum pneris minutis.' Comp. the 
 poem ' de Nuce,' also 3. 50. [' Tristis 
 nucibus puer relietis' Martial 5. 84 i. 
 See generally Servius on Virg. Eel. 8. 
 
 30-] 
 
 11. cum, referring to 'nucibus relie- 
 tis,' not in apposition to ' cum ' preceding. 
 
 sapimus may have a double sense. 
 The Romans probably acknowledged no 
 such sharp distinction between the dif- 
 ferent meanings of the same word as we 
 do, being less conscious and critical. 
 ' Sapere ' with ace. of the flavour or of 
 the thing abotit Which one is wise is 
 common enough, and here ' patruos,' 
 though a person, is equivalent to a 
 thing, so that we may compare such 
 expressions as 'Cyclopa moveri.' [Som, 
 Der Spraehgebrauch des Satiriker Au- 
 lus Persius (Laibach, 1890), notices the 
 following uses of intransitive verbs with 
 cognate ace. in Persius : ' demorsos sapit 
 ungues ' I. 106 : ' oscitat hestemum ' 3. 
 59 : ' sonat vitium '3.21: ' plorabit 
 verum ' i. 91 : ' spirare surdum ' 6. 35 : 
 ' dicenda tacendaque calles ' 4. 6 : ' so- 
 lidum crepare '5. 25 : 'crassum ridere' 
 5. 190: 'mendosum tinnire' 5. 106: 
 ' acre despuere ' 4. 34 : ' quid victuri 
 sumus ' 3. 67.] 
 
 patruos, ' patruae verbera linguae ' 
 Hor. 3 Od. 12. 3, 'ne sis patrnus mihi' 
 2 S. 3. 88. 
 
 nolo is said by the friend, ' I won't 
 admit the excuse,' 'tunc tunc ignoscite ' 
 being only another way of saying ' fas 
 est tunc' 
 
 12. quid faoiam, etc., imitated from 
 Hor. 2 S. I. 24, who asks the same 
 question, and appeals similarly to his 
 temperament and tastes. Laughter was 
 attributed to the spleen by the ancient 
 
PERSII 
 
 Scribimus inclusi, numeros ille, hie pede liber, 
 grande aliquid, quod pulmo animae praelargus anhelet. 
 scilicet haec populo pexusque togaque recenti 15 
 
 et natalicia tandem cum sardonyche albus 
 sede leges celsa, liquido cum plasmate guttur 
 mobile collueris, patranti fractus ocello. 
 hie neque more probo videas nee voce sj 
 
 [14. quo a. 15. pexus {que om.) a. 17. legens a C, Pprghyr. Hor. 2 S. 2. 21. 
 
 i&. fraetus a.] 
 
 physiologists. Pliny 1 1. 205 ' Sunt qui 
 putent adimi simul lisum homini, intem- 
 perantiamque eius constare lienis ma- 
 gnitudine.' Serenus Sammonicus 426 
 [Baehrens] ' Splen tnmidus nocet, et 
 risum tamen addit ineptum.' 
 
 12. 'petulantes et petulci appellan- 
 tur qui protervo impetu et crebro petunt 
 laedendi alterius gratia' Fest. p. 206 
 Mull. [' Secundum physicos dicit, qui 
 dicnnt homines splene ridere, felle irasci, 
 iecore amare, corde sapere.' Schol. 
 = Isid. Orig. 11. 1. 127.] 
 
 oaohiimo, according to the Schol. 
 a noun, like ' gluto ' 5 . 1 1 2, ' palpo ' ib. 
 176. Lucilius appears to have been 
 fond of words of this kind, no doubt as 
 being in use among the common people, 
 as ' lurco,' ' comedo,' .<;. 29: 'conbibo' 
 26. 53, ' mando' Inc. 128, 'catillo' 28. 
 31. [' Comedo ' also in Varro Modius 
 fr. 13 Biicheler, 16 in Riese's ed. of the 
 Saturarum Menippearum Reliquiae.] 
 Hermann, following Heindorf, makes 
 ' cachinno ' a verb, taking ' ignoscite . . 
 splene ' as a parenthesis — ' Excuse me, 
 I am sorry to do it, but I cannot help 
 my spleen;' but this would be awk- 
 ward : and though • cachinno,' as a noun, 
 is found nowhere else, the evidence of 
 the Schol. is enough to show that its 
 existence was not thought impossible at 
 the time when Latin was still a living 
 language. 
 
 13-23- The attack begins. P. 'A 
 composition is produced with intense 
 labour. It is then recited in public by 
 the author, dressed in holiday attire, 
 with the most effeminate intonation ; and 
 the descendants of Romulus are tickled, 
 and feel their passions excited. Shame 
 that an old man like that should so dis- 
 grace himself ! ' 
 
 13. The form of the verse was pos- 
 
 sibly su^ested by Hor. 2 Ep. i. 117 . 
 ' Scribimus indoctl,' etc. 
 
 inolusi points the satire — 'a man 
 shuts himself up for days and days, and 
 this is the upshot.' Jahn compares Ov. 
 Trist. I. I. 41 ' Carmina secessum scri- 
 bentis et otia quaerunt.' Juv. 7. 28 
 'Qui facis in parva sublimia carmina 
 cella.' Markland ingeniously but need- 
 lessly conjectures ' inclusus numeris ille.' 
 
 pede liber opposed to ' numeros,' 
 apparently .= ' solnta oratio,' as no kind 
 of verse could be well contrasted with 
 ' numeri,' even Pindar's dithyrambics 
 being considered 'numeri lege soluti.' 
 The stress, however, is laid throughout 
 the Satire on poetical recitations, as in 
 Juv. S. I and 7 ; and rhetoric is merely 
 introduced (v. 87) with reference to the 
 courts of law. 'Pede liber ' = ' pede 
 libero.' 
 
 14. grande aliquid, in apposition 
 to 'numeros' and to the notion con- 
 tained in ' pede liber.' ' Res grandes ' 
 V. 68, 'grande locuturi' 5. 7. 'GrAidis' 
 seems to have been a cant term at Rome 
 in Persius' time. [Sen. Ep. 48. 11 ' Quid 
 descenditis ab ingentibus promissis, et 
 grandia locuti effecturos vos,' etc. 
 ' Grande aliquid et par prioribus ' ib. 
 79. 7. ' Aliquid grande temptanti ' ib. 
 114. II.] Comp. 5. 10 'Tu neque an- 
 helanti, coquitur dum massa camino, 
 Folle premis ventos.' Heinr. quotes 
 Cic. de Or. 3. ii 'Nolo verba exiliter 
 animata exire, nolo inflata et anhelata, 
 gravius.' 
 
 quod pulmo, etc. 'for the pur- 
 pose of mouthing it." [Jahn, in his text 
 of 1868, adopts 'quo' from a, and so 
 Bucheler, 1886.] 
 
 praelargus, a rare word. ' Largus 
 animae' occurs Stat. Theb. 3. 603 for 
 prodigal of life, perhaps from Hor. i 
 
SAT. I. 7 
 
 ' We shut ourselves up and write, one verse, and another prose, 
 all in the grand style to be panted forth by the lungs with a vast 
 expenditure of breath. Yes— you hope to read this out some day, 
 got up sprucely with a new toga, all in white with your birthday 
 ring on at last, perched up on a high seat, after gargling your 
 supple throat by a liquid process of tuning, with a languishing 
 roll of your wanton eye. At this you may see great brawny sons 
 
 Od. 13. 37 'animaeque magnae prodi- 
 gum.' 
 
 15. haeo, emphatic. ' This is what 
 is to be delivered with pompous ac- 
 companiments and with effeminate arti- 
 culation.' Compare 2. 15 'haec sancte 
 ut poscas.' 
 
 populo, 'a public recitation.' 
 'Ventosae^/d^wsuffragia' Hor. i Ep. 19. 
 37 ' lactam cum fecit Statins urbem . . . 
 tantaque libidine vul^ Auditur' Juv. 7. 
 83. 5. Horace elsewhere has ' populi 
 suffragia ' (2 Ep. 2 . 103) . 
 
 pexus. 'lUe pexus plnguisque 
 doctor' Quint, i. 5. 14, or perhaps = 
 'pexis vestibus.' Hor. i Ep. i. 95 
 ' pexae tunicae.' [Sen. Ep. 115. 2 con- 
 nects overcare in dress with an effeminate 
 style in writing.] 
 
 16. The Schol. doubts whether the 
 ring is called natalicia as a birthday 
 present, or as worn on birthdays. Casau- 
 bon, who remarks, ' utro modo accipias 
 pili non interest unius,' quotes Plant. 
 Cure. 656 ' Hie est [anulus] quem ego 
 tibi misi natali die;' Hor. 2 S. 2.00 
 ' lUe repotia, nalales, aliosve diemm 
 Festos albatus celebret,' which Persius 
 seems to have had in view, supports the 
 latter. Compare Juv. i. 28 'aestivnm 
 aurum,' 7. 89 'semestri auro.' Rings 
 were worn on occasions of public dis- 
 play. Juv. 7. 140 foil. 
 
 tandem, ' at last, when the " ex- 
 pectata dies " has come.' 
 
 sardonychie. ' Primus autem Ro- 
 manomm sardonyche usus est Africanus 
 prior . . et inde Romanis gemmae huius 
 auctoritas ' Plin. H. N. 37, 85, quoted 
 by Mayor on Juv. 7. 144. 
 
 albus, ' obviously' = ' albatus,' Hor. 
 1. c. The notion of paleness [suggested 
 by the Schol. and Porphyrion on Hor. i 
 S. 2. 21 and] adopted by Hemr., is here 
 quite out of place. 
 
 17. leges . . ooUueris is probably 
 the true reading, though all MSS. but 
 
 two, one of the nth century, have 
 ' legens,' and a considerable majority 
 ' colluerit.' Jahn remarks that the 2nd 
 and 3rd persons are frequently inter- 
 changed in the MSS. of Persius. If 
 ' legens ' and ' colluerit ' be adopted, a 
 comma must be put after ' ocello.' 
 
 sede celsa, ' ex cathedra,' like a 
 lecturer. Heinr. refers to Wyttenbach 
 on Plut. I, p. 375, for a similar de- 
 scription of the Greek rhetoricians. 
 
 liquido . . plasmate, 'modula- 
 tion.' Gr. TrAtiTTtw tpoivriv, ' Sit autem 
 imprimis lectio virilis . . . non in canti- 
 cum dissoluta, nee plastnate, ut nunc a 
 plerisque fit, effeminata ' Quint, i. 8. 2, 
 quoted by Jahn, who compares ' liquido' 
 with ' eliquat,' v. 35. Otherwise we 
 might have followed the Scholiast's in- 
 terpretation of a. 'gargle,' as such a 
 custom was undoubtedly in use on these 
 occasions. 
 
 18. coUueris explained by ' liquido,' 
 the modulation having, as it were, the 
 effect of rinsing the throat. 
 
 fraotus = ' dissolutus.' Here ' frac- 
 tus ocello ' seems to be a translation of 
 KKaSapoftiMTos, The Greeks also talked 
 of tceK\aiT/i4vTj (pajvfj, [^'Pvd/jtos KfKKaff' ' 
 fi4vos \6yqj Kol aeffo^Tjfi^vos Longinus 
 41. 1. 'Ilium (animum) non esse sin- 
 cerum et habere aliqaii/racti ' Sen. Ep. 
 115, 2.] Compare too BpvirreaBai. 
 ' Fragilis ' is similarly used of effemi- 
 nacy, Hor. I. S. 8. 39. The meaning 
 of patranti is doubted, but we shall 
 probably be right in rendering it 
 ' wanton.' [' Patratio est rei veneriae 
 consummatio ' Schol.] 
 
 19. hio is probably 'hereupon,' as in 
 v. 32, where see note, though Konig 
 explains it ' illo loco ubi recitatur.' 
 
 probus = ' pudicus,' with which it 
 was constantly coupled. ' Saltare ele- 
 gantius quam necesse est probae^ Sail. 
 Cat. 25. 
 
 Serena = composita. 
 
PERSII 
 
 ingentis trepidare Titos, cum carmina lumbum 
 intrant, et tremulo scalpuntur ubi intima versu. 
 tun, vetule, auriculis alienis coUigis escas, 
 auriculis, quibus et dicas cute perditus olie ? ' 
 
 Quo didicisse, nisi hoc fermentum et quae semel intus 
 innata^st rupto iecor^xierit caprificus? 
 
 'En pallor seniumque! O mores! usque adeone 
 scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter?' 
 
 At pulchrum est digito monstrari et dicier hie est I 
 ten cirratorum centum dictata fuisse 
 
 25 
 
 \2i.tuncZ. 2Z. perditosoai a. 24. ^SBc. 2'j.sidrea. 
 bonum est Priscian i. p. 226, 342 Keil.] 
 
 28. sed 
 
 20. ingentis . . Titos, like ' celsi 
 Rhamnes' Hor. A. P. 342, only that 
 ' ingentis ' refers to the physical size of 
 these sons of old Rome (like ' ingens 
 Pulfennius ' 5. 190, ' torosa inventus ' 3. 
 86, ' caloni alto ' 5. 95), to show the 
 monstrousness of the effeminacy to 
 which they are surrendering themselves. 
 [The Schol. say that 'titus' meant a 
 wild pigeon. Biicheler, in the Archiv 
 fur Lateinische Lexicographic, compares 
 the Sardinian word tidu, tidone, or tu- 
 done, = columbaccio, falombo, and Pho- 
 tius, Lex. p. 592 Porson, Ttri's, fifay)i 
 opviSiov.'] 
 
 trepidare like ' exsultat,' v. 82, 
 ' they cannot keep their posture.' Virgil's 
 ' stare loco nescit.' 
 
 21. tremulo seems to express the 
 movement of the line. 
 
 22. vetule, note on v. 9. ' Do you 
 lend yourself to pampering the ears of 
 others 1 ' Casaubon compares the Greek 
 phrases elojx^ and Iffrmffets d.Koav, 
 
 23. ' When, after all, you are sure to 
 be tired before they are satisfied.' 
 [Madvig, in the second volume of his 
 Adversaria, conj. articuHs.^ 
 
 cute perditus = ' cute perdita,' like 
 ' pede liber ' = ' pede libero.' It is vari- 
 ously explained. The early commen- 
 tators seem divided between [three inter- 
 pretations, 'emaciated by midnight 
 study,' 'pale with old age,' 'so diseased 
 as to show it even externally'], several 
 of them quoting Juvenal's 'deformem 
 pro cute pellem.' Casaubon, followed 
 by Jahn, understands it as = dropsical, 
 though he thinks it may denote cuta- 
 
 neous disease. Konig accepts neither 
 view, but supposes the point intended to 
 be inability to blush, however produced. 
 Heinr. thinks it refers to the parched 
 skin of high fever. May it mean, ' You 
 will at least have to cry Hold when you 
 burst ' ? [In support of the third ex- 
 planation we may perhaps compare the 
 language of Seneca, Ep. 122. 4, aboxA 
 people who feast all night and sleep 
 all day : ' quippe suspectior illis quam 
 morbo pallentibus color est : langnidi 
 evanidi albent, et in vivis can morti- 
 cina est.'''\ 
 
 ohe. Hor. 1 S. 5. 12 ; 2. 5. 96, in 
 which latter passage the first syllable is 
 short. [Ovink quotes Mart. 4. 89. i, 
 ' Ohe, iam satis est, ohe, libelle.'] 
 
 24-27. F. What is the good of 
 study, unless a man brings out wl^t he 
 has in him ? P. ' Hear the student I 
 as if knowledge did no good to the 
 possessor unless he were known to pos- 
 sess it I ' 
 
 24. Quo is read by a few MSS. 
 Most of the others have ' quid,' which 
 seems to make no sense. ' Quo tibi, 
 Tilli, Sumere depositum clavum fierique 
 tribuno 1 ' Hor. i S. 6. 24. 
 
 25. iecore seems to mean little more 
 than the breast (like ' fibra,' v. 47 ; 5. 
 29). In 5. 129 it probably denotes the 
 liver as the seat of passion, as in Hor. I 
 Od. 13. 4. 
 
 caprificus. ' Ad quae Discutienda 
 valent sterilis mala robora fici ' Juv. 10. 
 145, The harshness of the expression 
 is probably Peisius' own, not an attempt 
 to ridicule the style he condemns. 
 
SAT. I. 9 
 
 of Rome all in a quiver, losing all decency of gesture and com- 
 mand of voice, as the strains glide into their very bones, and the 
 marrow within is tickled by the ripple of the measure. What ! 
 an old man like you to become caterer' for other men's ears — ears 
 to which you will be fain to cry Enough at last when bursting 
 yourself? ' 
 
 F. What is the good of past study, unless this leaven — unless 
 the wild fig-tree which has once struck its root into the breast 
 break through and come out? 
 
 P. ' So much for pale looks and austerity ! Alas for our national 
 character ! Is this knowing of yours so utterly of no account, un- 
 less some one else know that you are knowing ? ' 
 
 F. But it is a fine thing for men to point one out and say, 
 
 26. pallor, of study, v. 124; 3. 85 ; 
 5.62. 
 
 senium. Hor. i Ep. 18. 47 'in- 
 humanjie senium depone Camenae.' 
 Whether it refers here to actual old age 
 or to moioseness may be doubted. 
 Comp. note on v. 9. The latter is 
 Horace's sense. ' Here is the true 
 student character for you ! ' [Jahn 
 (1868) gives 'En pallor seniumque' to 
 the friend, and so Bucheler.] 
 
 O mores ! Cicero's famous excla- 
 mation (Cat. I. I. 2 ; Verr. 4. 25. 56). 
 
 usque adeone. 'Usque adeone 
 mori miserum est?' Virg. Aen. 12. 
 644. ' Usque adeo nihil est ' Juv. 3. 84. 
 
 27. The Schol. quotes from Lucilius, 
 ' Ut me scire volo dici mihi conscius si 
 sum, Ne damnum faciam. Nescit, nisi 
 alios id scire scierit ; ' [' " Moechnm 
 scire volo." " Dicemus, consciu' sum 
 mi : at Ne damnum faciam, scire hoc 
 sibi nesciat is me " ' L. Miiller, Lucilius, 
 p. 141. Calvus, quoted by Quint. 6. 
 I. 12, 'factum ambitum scitis omnes, 
 et hoc vos scire omnes sciunt.'] Suet. 
 Ner. 20 says that Nero was fond of 
 using a Greek proverb (T^s KavBavoiarjs 
 ftovaiKTJs oiSels \6yos Gell. 13. 30. 3), 
 ' occnltae musicae nullum esse respec- 
 tum,' as a reason for exhibiting his 
 musical talents in public. [Aer Si irdv 
 
 ovToi 0\iirfiv Koi ■npaaativ, Siart 
 
 tA kic T^s Tcpi ixaaTOiv imaT^firis avBaSh 
 aii^effSai KavSavov, oixl Kpv7n6tiivov 
 M. Aurelius 10. 9.] 
 
 28-43. F. But the reputation I You 
 may be ' canonized as a classic ' by the 
 
 aristocracy. P. ' To be sure : they 
 talk poetry after dinner; an exquisite 
 gets up and drawls out a poem : the 
 illustrious audience applauds, and there 
 is posthumous fame for you.' P. Snarl 
 as you will, there is something in writ- 
 ing a poem that the world will not let 
 die. 
 
 28. ' Quod monstror digito praeter- 
 euntium ' Hor. 4 Od. 3. 22. So Soktv- 
 \odctKTftv. 
 
 dicier, an archaism, like ' fallier ' 
 
 3- 5°- 
 
 hio est refers to the story of De- 
 mosthenes' elation at hearing a poor 
 woman say OStos iKftvos. Juv. I. 161 
 imitates Persius. [Mart. 5. 13. 3 ' sed 
 toto legor orbe frequens, et dicitur Hie 
 esi.'] 
 
 29. Hor. I Ep. 20. 17 gives the con- 
 temptuous side of the picture, ' Hoc 
 quoque te manel ut pueros elementa 
 docentem Occnpet extremis in vicis 
 balba senectus.' (Comp. Juv. 7. 226.) 
 Persius takes not only higher schools 
 but higher lessons, ' dictata ' being pas- 
 sages from the poets read out by the 
 master (for want of books) and repeated 
 by the boys. ' Sic iterat voces, et verba 
 cadentia tollit, Ut puerum saevo credas 
 dictata magistro Keddere ' Hor. i Ep. 
 18. 12. In I S. 10. 74, Horace asks 
 ' An tua demens Vilibus in ludis dictari 
 carmina malis ? ' as if such popularity 
 were an actual evil, and proved that the 
 poet had not sought to please the few. 
 Statius thinks differently, saying trium- 
 phantly of his Thebaid (Theb. 12. 815) 
 
lO 
 
 PERSII 
 
 pro nihilo pendas? 
 
 ' Ecce inter pocula quaerunt 30 
 
 Romulidae saturi, quid dia poemata narrent. 
 hie aliquis, cui circa umeros hyacinthia laena est, 
 rancidulum quiddam balba de nare locutus, 
 Phyllidas Hypsipylas, vatum et plorabile si quid, 
 eliquat ac tenero supplantat verba palato. 35 
 
 adsensere viri : nunc non cinis ille poetae 
 felix? non levior cippus nunc inprimit ossa? 
 laudant convivae : nunc non e manibus illis, 
 nunc non e tumulo fortunataque favilla 
 nascentur violae ? ' 
 
 \jp. fendes C. ^i. saiuli a. quis . . . narret a. },2. circumC. H- vanumC. 
 
 aut pro et Eutyches p. 480 Keil. prorabile a. quis C. 36. illi a. 
 
 37. cijius B. 38. de B. 39. ei o.] 
 
 ' Itala iam studio discit memoratque iu- 
 ventus.' 
 
 29. oirratorum apparently denotes 
 no more than ' puerorum.' Jahn cites 
 Mart. 9. 30. 7 ' Matutini cirrata caterva 
 magistri,' and mentions that in the 
 representation of a school at Pompeii 
 the boys wear their hair long. [So 
 they are called 'capillati' Mart. 10. 62. 
 2.] But the descriptive epithet naturally 
 points to boys of the better classes. 
 
 30. Scce introduces a narrative in 
 the heroic style. 
 
 inter pocula. 'Intervina' 3. 100, 
 ' inter scyphos ' Cic. Fam. 7. 22, ' media 
 inter pocula ' Juv. 8. 217; 'in poculis ' 
 is used similarly Cic. Sen. 14 : ' during 
 drinking,' 'over the wine,' rather than 
 ' in the intervals of drinking.' Persius 
 probably mistakes Hor. 2 S. 2. 4 ' Dis- 
 cite, non inter lances mensasque ni- 
 tentes,' as the thing satirized is the 
 wretched dilettante conception of litera- 
 ture as an accompaniment to a dining- 
 table ; and so in the next line, ' saturi ' 
 is strongly contrasted with Horace's 
 ' ijnfransi disquirite.' 
 
 31. Homulidae, like 'Titi,'v. 20. 
 quid . . narrent, a phrase, ' What 
 is the news 1 ' Plant. Pars. 498 ' quid 
 istaec (tabellae) narrant ? ' referring pro- 
 bably to the subject-matter of the poems 
 — 'What are they about?' 'What 
 have they to tell ns?' Nebrissensis 
 rightly explains ' quid dicant et conti- 
 
 neant.' The rest of the commentators 
 and the Schol. apparently take ' dia 
 poemata ' as the ace. after ' narrent ' = 
 ' recitent.' [' Dins ' a rare and in this 
 context an affected word.] 
 
 32. h.io, ' hereupon,' ' extremely sel- 
 dom,' says Freund, referring to Ter. 
 And. 389, Virg. Aen. I. 728 ; but in 
 Virgil, at any rate, it is not unfrequent : 
 see Aen. 2. 122, 533 ; 3. 369, etc. 
 ' Hie aliquis ' occurs again, 3. 77. The 
 use of the ' laena ' for the ' toga ' was a 
 mark of luxury. ' Coccina laena ' Juv. 
 3. 283. Jahn. So of Aeneas, Virg. 
 Aen. 4. 262 ' Tyrio ardebat muiice laena 
 Demissa ex umeris.' Robes of the colour 
 of the ' suave rubens hyacinthus ' are 
 mentioned by Athenaeus 12, p. 525 D. 
 Jahn. 
 
 33. rancidulum. ' Rancide ficta 
 verba' Gell. 18. 11. 2, like ' putidus,' 
 ' mawkish.' The diminution, of course, 
 heightens the contempt. [Diminutives 
 are common in colloquial Latin. Van 
 Wageningen notices the following in 
 Persius: (i) adjectives: 'horridulns' 
 1. 64 ; ' beatulus ' 3. 103; ' rubellus ' 5. 
 147 ; 'vetulus' i. 22. (2) substantives : 
 'ocellus' I. 18; 'auricula' I. 22; 
 'aqualiculus ' i. 57 ; 'popellus' 4. 15 ; 
 'elegidia' i. 51; 'canicula' 3. 49; 
 'pellicula' 5. 116; 'plebecula' 4. 6; 
 ' cuticula' 4. 18 ; ' seriola' 4. 29 ; ' tes- 
 serula' 5. 74.] 
 
 balba de nare, ' lisping and snuf- 
 
SAT. I. 
 
 II 
 
 ' There he goes I ' Do you mean to say that you don't care to 
 become the dictation-lesson of one hundred curly-headed urchins ? 
 
 ' Listen. The sons of Rome are sitting after a full meal and 
 enquiring in their cups, What news from the divine world of 
 poesy? Hereupon a personage with a hyacinth-coloured mantle 
 over his shoulders brings out some mawkish trash or other with 
 a snuffle and a lisp, something about Phyllises or Hypsipyles, 
 or any of the many heroines over whom poets have snivelled, 
 filtering out his tones, and tripping up the words against the roof 
 of his delicate mouth. The heroes have expressed approval — now 
 is not the poet happy in his grave ? Now does not the stone press 
 on his bones more Hghtly? The humbler guests follow with their 
 applause — now will not a crop of violets spring up from those 
 remains of his — from the sod of his tomb, and from the ashes so 
 highly blest?' 
 
 fling.' The former at least implies an 
 affectation of tenderness. ' Cum balba 
 feris annoso verba palato ' Hor. 2 S. 3. 
 374, wliich Persius liad in view, as ap- 
 pears from V. 35. 
 
 34. Phyllidaa, plural indicative of 
 contempt, XpvarjtSajv /jLclKiyfLa ruiv in' 
 'I\l(ji Aesch. Ag. 1439. Sentimental 
 subjects from mythology, such as those 
 celebrated by Ovid in his Heroides. 
 
 vatam et plorabile si quid. Ca- 
 saubon and Jahn compare Claud. Eutrop. 
 I. 261 ' verbisque sonat plorabile quid- 
 dam Ultra nequitiam fractis.' These 
 accusatives are constructed with ' locu- 
 tus,' not with ' eliquat.' 
 
 35. elicLuat, ' strains ' or ' filters.' A 
 natural extension of the metaphor which 
 calls a voice ' liquid.' Comp. ' collue- 
 ris' V. 18. Heinr. and J^hn com'pare 
 Apul. Flor. 15. 54 'Cantrcum videtur 
 ore tereti semihiantibus in conatu label- 
 lis eliqitare' 
 
 supplantat. A word from wrest- 
 ling or running, translated from Greek 
 xmoamiS^oi., as would seem from Non. 
 36. 4 ' Supplantare dictum est pedem 
 supponere : ' Lucilius, ' supplantare aiunt 
 / Graeci,' so that Persius must have had 
 Lucilius in his view. ' Trips up his 
 words,' i. e. minces them. Comp. 
 Horace, referred to on v. 33. [' Immu- 
 tatis accentibus curtat ' Schol.] 
 
 /' 36. adsensere viri is in the heroic 
 strain, like Juvenal, ' consedere duces ' 
 jr. 115. Jahn compares Virg. Aen. 2. 
 
 130 ' ad sens ere omnes' Ov. M. 9. 259; 
 14. 592 ' a'dseilSfel'e dei.' For the effect 
 of praise after death on the bones of the 
 deceased, comp. Virg. E. 10. 33 'O 
 mihi turn quam moUiter ossa quiescant, 
 Vestra meosolimsifistuladicat amores ! ' 
 (quoted also by Casaubon). [ ' Veteres 
 dixerunt praegravari corpora eorum qui 
 corpori tantum studentes nihil memoia- 
 bile reliqnerunt ' Schol.] 
 
 37. cippus, 'a pillar.' Hor. i S. 8. 
 12. The formula S. T. T. L. (' sit tibi 
 terra levis ') was frequently engraved on 
 the pillar. 
 
 38. oonvivae, as in Hor. i S. 10. 80, 
 I Ep. 13. 15 ; Juv 7. 74 ; 9. 10, most 
 of which Jahn compares ; the inferior 
 guests as distinguished from ' viri,' the 
 great men who sit with the giver of the 
 feast. We must suppose a large enter- 
 tainment, at which there is a recitation, 
 not of the patron's verses, but of those 
 of some deceased poet whom he admires. 
 laudant may be meant to be stronger 
 than ' adsensere,' as the humbler sort 
 would be less measured in their appro- 
 bation. 
 
 manibus. Jahn compares Prop. 
 2. 13. 31 'Deinde ubi suppositus cinerem 
 me fecerit ardor, Accipiat manes parvula 
 testa meos,' and the use of 'cineribus' 
 in inscriptions as synonymous with ' Dis 
 manibus.' So also Virg. Aen. 4. 34 ' Id 
 cinerem aut manes credis curare sepul- 
 tos?' 
 
 39. fortunata favilla = ' felix cinis.' 
 
12 
 
 PERSII 
 
 Rides, ait, et nimis uncis 40 
 
 naribus indulges, an erit qui velle recuset 
 OS populi meruisse et cedro digna locutus 
 linquere nee scombros metuentia carmina nee tus? 
 
 'Quisquis es, o, modo quem ex adverse dicere feci, 
 non ego cum scribo, si forte quid aptius exit, 45 
 
 quando hoc rara avis est, si quid tamen aptius exit, 
 laudari metuam, neque enim mihi cornea fibra est ; 
 sed recti finemque extremumque esse recuso 
 euge tuum et belle, nam belle hoc excute totum : 
 quid non intus habet? non hie est Ilias Atti 50 
 
 ebria veratro? non si qua elegidia crudi 
 
 [40. ast a. 42. hos a. 44. dicere fas est a. 45. conscribo a. w. 46, 47 
 invert, a. 46. haec 'i. 47. mihi om. a. 51. sique legidia a.] 
 
 tated Virg. Aen. 6. 662 ' Phoebo digna 
 locuti.' 
 
 43. soombros, ' mackerel,' is an image 
 borrowed from Catull. 95. 7 'Volusi 
 annales' Padnam morientur ad ipsam, 
 Et laxas scombris saepe dabunt tnnicas,' 
 as tus is from Her. 2 Ep. i. 269 
 'Deferar in vicnm vendentem tus et 
 odores Et piper et quicquid chartis ami- 
 citnr ineptis.' [Bieger comp. Mart. 3. 
 50. 9, 4. 86. 3 'quod si non scombris 
 scelerata poemata donas ' : ' nee scom- 
 bris tnnicas dabis molestas.' Add ib. 
 3. 2. 5 ' vel turis piperisve sis cucnllus.'] 
 
 ^\-^2. Persius, 'I quite admit the 
 value of honest praise well deserved. 
 I should not be human if I did net feel 
 it ; but I protest against measuring 
 excellence by this fashionable standard 
 of yours — a standard which accommo- 
 dates itself to trash like Labeo's and all 
 the mawkish jtufF which great folks 
 write when they ought to be digesting 
 their dinners. The praise given in your 
 circles is ntot disinterested — it is simply 
 payment for patronage received. You 
 are not blessed with the eyes of Janus— 
 so you will need pains to discriminate 
 between what is said to your face and 
 what is said behind your back.' 
 
 44. Persius is disputing not with any 
 definite antagonist, but with the spirit 
 of the age, as Passow and Jahn remark. 
 
 mode, 'just now,' referring espe- 
 cially to V. 40, and generally to the 
 whole preceding part. 
 
 40. Konig refers to a Greek inscrip- 
 tion [fragm. adesp. 705, in Jacobs' 
 Anthologia Graeca] aAA.' ta koX aa.11- 
 ^X^ '^"^ vSaTiVTj vdpKiffffos, OveiPie, real 
 nepi ffov TTavTa yevotro ^65a, The friend 
 interrupts, telling Persius that this is 
 mere buffoonery, which leaves the reason 
 of the case untouched. [Van Wagenin- 
 gen quotes the expression ' dies violaris,' 
 the day when violets were offered at 
 tombs, from Fabretti Inscr. 443, 724.] 
 
 Eides, ait is from Hor. I Ep. 19. 
 
 43- 
 
 nimis with ' indulges. TTncis na- 
 ribus is Horace's ' naso adunco,' ' na- 
 ribus' being probably used to give an 
 additional notion of fastidiousness, like 
 ' acutis naribus ' Hor. i S. 3. 29, where 
 Bentley suspects 'aduncis,' though 
 ' acutis ' is evidently opposed to another 
 expression of Horace, 'naris obesae.' 
 'Naribus uti' Hor. i Ep. 19. 45. 
 
 41. velle recuset. ' Recusem minui 
 senio'6. 15. Jahn. ' Will you find any 
 man to disclaim the desire of deservedly 
 becoming a household word ? ' 
 
 42. 'In ore esse' or 'in ora venire,' 
 ' abire,' eta was a phrase : comp. ' volito 
 vivus per ora vimm ' Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 
 I. 15. 34, imitated by Virg. G. 3. 9. 
 ' Romana breyi venturus in ora ' Hor. 1 
 E. 3. 9. For the use of the perf. inf. 
 Jahn comp. vv. 91, 132; 2. 66; 4. 7, 
 17; 5- 33; 6.3, 17,77. 
 
 cedro, ' cedar oil.' 'Linenda cedro' 
 Hor. A. P. 332. Persius probably imi- 
 
SAT. I. 
 
 13 
 
 F. Ah, you are laughing (says he) and letting your nostrils curl 
 more than they should. Will you ever find a bard who will dis- 
 own the wish to earn a place in the mouths of men, to deliver 
 utterances worthy of cedar oil, and leave behind him poems which 
 need not fear the contact of mackerel or spices i* 
 
 P. ' Whoever you are, my imaginary opponent, I am not the man 
 if in writing I chance to hatch anything good — for that is a phoenix 
 indeed — but if I do hatch anything good, I am not the man to 
 shrink from praise— no — my heartstrings are not of horn. But I 
 utterly deny that the be-all and end-all of excellence is your Bravo 
 and Exquisite — for just sift this Exquisite to the bottom, and 
 what do you not find there? Is there not Attius' Iliad dead- 
 drunk with hellebore ? Are there not all the sweet little love poems 
 ever dictated by persons of quality after their meals — in a word, 
 
 45. [Cic. Plane. 14 ' et quia, ut fit in 
 multis, exit aliquando aliquid si non 
 perfacetum, attamen fortasse non rusti- 
 cum': Quint. 12. 10. 26 'et si quid 
 numeris exierit aptius (fortasse non pos- 
 sit, sed tamen si quid exierit' . . .)] 
 exit probably has a double reference — 
 to a vessel turned out by tbe potter, as 
 Hor. A. P. 22 'urceus exit,' and to a 
 bird hatched from an egg, Plin. 10. 38 
 'exire de ovo a cauda,' as 'rara avis' 
 seems to show. 
 
 46. QLuando used as ' since ' only in 
 poetry and post-Ang. prose. Freund. 
 [But Madvig on Cic. Fin. 5. 8. 21, 23. 
 67 allows it in Cicero.] 
 
 rara avis, seemingly a proverbial 
 expression, imitated by Juv. 6. 165. 
 Jerome adv. Jovin. t. i. 4. 2, p. 190 
 Ben. (Jahn). ' A black swan ' Juv. 1. c. ; 
 'a white crow' ib. 7. 200. 
 
 47. cornea is applied by Pliny (31. 
 102) as an epithet to the bodies of 
 fishermen ; [comp. also his observation 
 7. 81, ' quibus natura concreta sunt ossa, 
 qui sunt rari admodum, cornei vocantur.'] 
 Heinr. and Jahn refer to Sidon. ApoU. 
 Epp. 4. I ; 8. II. The Stoics, as Ca- 
 saubon shows, did not altogether exclude 
 fame from consideration, but regarded 
 it as one of the d5id(/)opa which were 
 irpojiyftiva : they however differed among 
 themselves as to whether it was desirable 
 for its own sake or for any advantage 
 which it might bring, Chrysippus taking 
 the latter view. 
 
 fibra, 5. 29. 
 
 48. finemque extremumquei 'the 
 
 standard and limit.' Jahn comp. Cic. 
 Fin. 2. 2. 5 'Nam hunc ipsum sive 
 finem, sive extremum, sive ultimum 
 definiebas id esse quo omnia, quae recte 
 fierent, referrentur.' 
 
 recusare, with an object-clause not 
 common. ' Maxime vero quaestum esse 
 manipretio vitae recusabant ' Plin. 29.16. 
 
 49. euge tuum et belle. Like ' suum 
 Xar^c' Prol. 8. Hor. A. P. 428, a 
 passage which Persius had in view, 
 makes the ' derisor ' exclaim ' Pulchre, 
 bene, recte.' [Cic. de Or. 3. 26 
 ' quae bene et praeclare nobis saepe 
 dicatur ; belle 'et festive nimium saepe 
 nolo.' Mart. 2. 7. i ' Declamas belle, 
 causas agis, Attice, belle .... Nil bene 
 cum facias, facias tamen omnia belle. 
 Vis dicam quid sis ? ' So that even 
 ' belle' is a doubtful compliment.] 
 
 excute, 5. 22 'Excutienda damns 
 praecordia.' Met. from shaking out the 
 folds of a robe. ' Excutedum pallium ' 
 Plaut. Aul. 646. ['Nemo nostrum quid 
 veri esset excussit' Sen. Ep. no. 5.] 
 
 50. 'What rubbish does it not con- 
 tain ? ' ' What is there not room for in 
 it ? ' Atti ' Labeonis,' v. 4 note. 
 
 51. veratrum was the Latin name 
 for hellebore. ' Nobis veratrum est acre 
 venenum ' Lucr. 4. 640. Hellebore was 
 taken, according to Pliny (25. 51), not 
 only to cure madness, but to clear the 
 heads of students. Thus it will satirize 
 the artificial helps used for study, as 
 well as the madness which requires deep 
 and intoxicating draughts of hellebore 
 to cure it. 
 
14 
 
 PERSII 
 
 55 
 
 dictarunt proceres ? non quidquid denique lectis 
 scribitur in citreis? calidum sris pntiere sumen. 
 scis comitetn horridulum trita donare lacerna, 
 et ' verum ' inquis ' amo : verum mihi dicite de me.' 
 qui pote ? vis dicam ? nugaris, cum tibi, calve, 
 pinguis aqualiculus protenso sesquipede extet. 
 o lane, a tergo quem nulla ciconia pinsit, 
 nee manus auriculas imitari mobilis albas, 
 nee linguae, quantum sitiat canis Apula, tantum ! 
 vos, o patricius sanguis, quos vivere fas est 
 f occipiti caeco, posticae occurrite sannae ! 
 
 [53. cereis a. 54. trito a. laconna a. 56. nugares fragm. Bob. 57. pro- 
 tenso fragm. Bob. o. Hieron. adv. Jovin. 2. t. 4. 2, p. 214 Ben. profenso C protento 
 Priscian i p. 251 Keil. exitet fragm. Bob. s^- pincsit a. ' Est apnd Persium 
 
 ambiguum a tergo ciconia pisat an pinsit legendum sit ' Diomedes p. 373 Keil. 
 59. imitata est a. 60. linquae fragm. Bob. tantae fragm. Bob. a C. 61. bivere 
 fragm. Bob. ius est C] 
 
 60 
 
 5 1 . elegidia, a contemptuous diminu- 
 tive; [see note on v. 33.] ' Exiguos elegos' 
 Hor. A. P. 77. Comp. Juv. I. 4. 
 
 crudi. ' Crudi tumidique lavemur ' 
 Hor. I Ep. 6. 61. 
 
 52. Jahn comp. Hor. 2 Ep. I. 109 
 'pneri patresque severi Fronde comas 
 vincti cenant et carmina dictant.' 
 
 53. For writing in a recumbent pos- 
 ture, comp. Prop. 3. 6. 14 'Scriniaque 
 ad lecti clausa iacere pedes.' Augustus 
 retired after supper to his 'lecticula 
 Incubratoria ' Suet. Aug. 78. The rich 
 man in Juvenal (3. 241) reads or writes 
 in his litter. 
 
 citreis. Citron wood, used for 
 couches here, as for tables Cic.Verr. 4. 37. 
 
 ponere. [Varro Res Rust. 3. 6. 6 
 'primus pavones Q. Hortensius . . . 
 posuisse dicitur.'l 3. iii 'positum est 
 algente catino Durum holus,' 6, 23 
 ' rhombos libertis ponere lautus.' Imi- 
 tated from Hor. A., P. 422 'unctum 
 recte qui ponere possit ' the thought in 
 the two passages being the same. 
 
 svunen. 'Vulva nil pulchrius 
 ampla' Hor. i E. is. 41. ['Altilia et 
 sumina leporemque Petronius 36. Ac- 
 cording to Pliny 8. 209, it was Publilius 
 Syrus who first used the word ' sumen ' 
 in this sense.] Comp. Juv. 11. 138. 
 For the custom of entertaining clients 
 that they might applaud their host's 
 
 poetry, comp. Hor. i Ep. 19. 37 'Non 
 ego ventosae plebis sufFragia venor Im- 
 pensis cenarum et tritae munere vestis^ 
 
 54. Hor. I.e. Juvenal (1. 93) imitates 
 this passage ' horrenti tunicam non red- 
 dere servo,' though with a different 
 meaning, as he is thinking of a master's 
 duty to clothe his slaves. 
 
 oomitem, as in Juv. i. 46. 119, etc. 
 horridulom, dimin. expressing in- 
 feriority ; [see on v. 33.] 
 
 55. Casaubon comp. Plant. Most. 181, 
 where a girl questions her waitingmaid 
 about her beauty, saying, 'Ego verum 
 amo, verum volo dici mihi, mendacem 
 odi.' Jahn comp. Mart. 8. 76 'Die 
 verum mihi, Marce, die amabo : Nil 
 est quod magis audiam libenter . . . Vero 
 verius ergo, quid sit, audi : Verum, 
 Gallice, non libenter audis.' 
 
 dioite, Jahn, from the majority of 
 MSS., instead of 'dicito.' The host 
 seems to be addressing his dependants 
 en masse. 
 
 56. qui pote, supply probably ' sunt 
 verum dicere.' ' Pote ' seems rather an 
 abbreviated form of ' potis,' which is 
 itself of all genders and both numbers, 
 than a neuter, as is shown by such pas- 
 sages as Prop. 4. 7. 9 'Et mater non 
 iusta piae dare debita terrae. Nee pote 
 cognatos inter humare rogos.' ' s' is 
 elided before a consonant, and ' i ' con- 
 
SAT. I. 
 
 15 
 
 all the verse that is produced on couches of citron? You know 
 how to serve up a sow's paunch smoking hot — you know how to 
 present a poor shivering dependant with a cast-ofF cloak— and 
 you say, 'Truth is my idol — pray tell me Truth about myself.' 
 Truth — how can you expect to hear it? Well, will you have it, 
 then? You're a twaddler, you old baldpate, with your bloated 
 stomach projecting a good half yard before you. O lucky Janus, 
 never to have a stork's bill pecking at you behind — or a hand 
 that can imitate by its motion a donkey's white ears, or a length of 
 tongue protruded Uke an Apulian dog's in the dog-days 1 But you, 
 my aristocratic friends, whom Nature has ordained to live with no 
 eyes behind you, turn round and face this back-stairs gibing. 
 
 seqnently becomes ' e,' as the final ' i ' 
 in Latin would not be short. So 'magis' 
 and ' mage.' 
 
 nugarl is used elsewhere, as in 
 Hor. 2 Ep. I. 93, for graceful trifling in 
 art and literature ; here it has the force 
 of the bitterest contempt — ' You are a 
 wretched dilettante.' 
 
 calve, note on v. 9. 
 
 57. aqualiculus is used by Sen. Ep. 
 90. 22 for the ventricle or ulterior 
 stomach — ' Cibus cum pervenit in ven- 
 trem, aqualiculi fervore coquitur.' The 
 transference to the exterior stomach or 
 paunch is probably Persius' own. The 
 Schol. and Isidorus (Orig. 11. i. 136) 
 say that it is properly a pig's stomach. 
 [' Aqualiculum ventriculum,' Gloss. Vat. 
 p. 19. 35 G.] 
 
 The sentiment, as the Scholia say, 
 is the same as that of the Greek proverb, 
 quoted by Galen 5. p. 878 K, Troxfio 
 7affT^/> \finhv ov ti'ktci voov, probably 
 with the additional notion that the 
 would-be poet is a bloated debauchee, 
 'pinguis vitiis albusque ' (Hor. 2 S. 2. 21). 
 
 58. These three ways of making game 
 of a person behind his back appear to 
 be mentioned nowhere else, except in 
 an imitation by Jerome, though the 
 second, the imitation of an ass's ear, is 
 still common in Italy. 
 
 oiconia. The fingers seem, ac- 
 cording to the Schol., to have been 
 tapped against the lower part of the 
 hand, so as to imitate the appearance 
 and the sound of a stoic's bill. Jerome, 
 however (E. 4. t. 4, 2. p;"776 Ben.) hasr 
 ' ciconiarum deprehendes post te yColla 
 curvari.' 
 
 piusit is explained by the Schol., 
 
 (who makes it the perf. of a supposed 
 ' pindo,') ' assidue percnssit.' Whether 
 it denotes simply the effect of the 
 mockery, like ' vellicare,' or anything 
 in the manner of it, is not clear. Plant. 
 Merc. 416 has ' pinsere flagro.' 
 
 59. imitari mobilis, like 'artifex 
 sequi' Prol. ir. 
 
 albas distinguishes the ears as be- 
 longing to an ass. Ov. Met. 11. 174 
 says of the transformation of Midas, 
 'Delius aures . . . villisque albentibus 
 implet Instabilesque imo (a/, illas) facit, 
 et dat posse moveri,' which Persius may 
 have thought of, comp. v. 121 (Nebr.), 
 and the choice of the epithet is quite in 
 the mannerof Persius, so that we need not 
 embrace the reading of one MS. ' altas.' 
 
 60. sitiat, where a prose writer would 
 have said ' sitiens protendat.' Britanni- 
 cus says, ' deest cum, ut sit cum sitiet! 
 
 The drought of Apulia is a familiar 
 image from Hor. Epod. 3. 16 ' siticulosae 
 Apuliae.' 
 
 Jahn reads tantae with the best 
 MSS. ; but ' tantum,' which is supported 
 by most copies, is much neater, and 
 ' tantae ' may have been introduced, 
 carelessly or intentionally, in order to 
 agree with ' linguae.' 
 
 61. Hor. A. P. 291 'Vos, O Pompi- 
 lius sanguis.' ' Whom Providence, has 
 ordained to live.' 
 
 62. Sail. Jug. 107 calls the back 
 'nudum et caecum corpus.' 
 
 posticus generally used of a 
 building. 
 
 ooourrite, 'turn round and face.' 
 sanna, 5. 91. Gr. h&kos or ixvk- 
 Tr)fuaii6s. ' Sannio ' is a character in 
 Terence, ' a buffoon.' The general sense 
 
i6 
 
 PERSII 
 
 ' Quis populi sermo est ? ' quis enim, nisi carmina molli 
 nunc demum numero fluere, ut per leve severos 
 ecfundat iunctura^nguis ? gn't tpndprp vprqiiiT| 65 
 
 non secus ac si oculo rubricam derigat uno. 
 sive opus in mores, in luxum, in prandia regum 
 dicere, res grandis nostro dat Musa poetae. 
 
 ' Ecce modo heroas sensus adferre videmus 
 nugari solitos graece, nee ponere lucum 70 
 
 artifices nee rus saturum laudare, ubi corbes 
 et focus et porci at fumosa Palilia faeno, 
 
 [64. lebe fragm. Bob. severo fragm. Bob. 65. etfundat fragm. Bob. vaesis 
 fragm. Bob. 66. dirigat fragm. Bob. 69. heroos 9". docenms fragm. Bob. 
 
 docemus vel videmus C. 70. Graeci fragm. Bob. 72. fumusa fragm. Bob.] 
 
 is equivalent to Hor. A. P. 436 ' si 
 carmina condes, Nunquam te fallant 
 animi sub vulpe latentes.' 
 
 63-68. Persins resumes his description 
 — ' What is the opinion of the public ? ' 
 asks the patron. ' Oh ! they say, we 
 have got a poet at last, able to write 
 smoothly, and equal to any kind of 
 composition.' 
 
 63. The rich man addresses his de- 
 pendants, as in V. 55. 
 
 populi, note on v. 15. 
 
 enim, used in an answer to a ques'- 
 tion. Plant. Poen. 854 'Quomodo? 
 Ut enim, ubi mihi vapulandum est, tu 
 corium sufferas.' ' What ? Why, what 
 should it be, but.' 
 
 64. nunc demum, ' now at last, the 
 coming poet has come.' 
 
 numero, sing., ' like in numerum ' 
 Lucr. 2. 630. ' Arma gravi numero 
 violentaque bella parabam Edere' Ov. 
 I Am. I. I. 
 
 per leve, imitated from Hor. 2 S. 
 7. 86 'teres atque rotundus, Extemi ne 
 quid valeat/«/- leve morari.' The image 
 is that of a polished surface which the 
 nail could run along without being stop- 
 ped. Whether the image is the same in 
 Horace's ' factus ad unguem ' (i S. 5. 
 32), ' castigavit ad unguem' (A. P. 2941, 
 is not clear. Jahn in the latter passage 
 would derive it from a workman mould- 
 ing images in wax or clay (comp. Juv. 7. 
 237, Pers. 5. 39), quoting from Plut. 
 Symp. Qu. 2. p. 636 orav iv Svvx' * 
 iri]\6s yevriTai. Orelli on Hor. i S. 5. 
 32 quotes Columella II. 2,13 'materiam' 
 dolare ad un'guem.' We need not think 
 
 of any ' iunctnra ' as actually existing in ' 
 the thing to which the verses are com- 
 pared. Persius merely says that the ! 
 verses are turned out so smooth, that \ 
 there is no break or sense of transition I 
 from one foot to another. i 
 
 65. ecfundat, stronger than 'sinat 
 perlabi.' [' Ecfundi verba, •aanfigi ' of 
 a flowing style. Sen. Ep. 100. i. The 
 spelling ' ecfundat ' is from the reading 
 of fragm. Bob. ' et fundat.'] 
 
 tendere refers to the length and 
 completeness of the verse. ' He can 
 make his verses as straight as a mason's 
 line.' 
 
 66. The mason shuts one eye to make 
 sure of getting the line straight. Konig 
 comp. Lucian. Icaromenipp. 14 ewei kSl 
 Tovs T^/CTOvas TToWaKLS €(upaKevai aoi Soica; 
 Baripq) tSjV 0(p6aXiMiiv diiHvov Trpbs roijs 
 Kavdvas dnevOvvovTOs Tci ^iXa. The 
 ' rubrica ' or ruddled cord was stretched 
 along the wood or stone, jerked in the 
 middle, and let go. 
 
 67. ' He is equally great too in 
 satire.' 
 
 sive in the sense of ' vel si ' without 
 ' si ' preceding. See Freund in v. [Van 
 Wageningen would read ' etsi.'] In 
 with the ' ace' may mean simply ' upon ; ' 
 but the expressions ' in mores,' ' in 
 luxum ' seem to show it means ' against.' 
 To describe the rich poet as a satirist 
 himself gives the finishing touch to the 
 picture. 
 
 mores, v. 26. 
 
 prandia regum, then will be ' the 
 feasts^ of the great,' ' reges ' having a 
 peculiar signification in the mouth of 
 
SAT. I. 
 
 17 
 
 • What does the town say ? ' What should it say — but that now 
 at last we have verses which flow in smooth measure, so that the 
 critical nail runs glibly along even where the parts join. He can 
 make a long straight line, just as if he were ruling it with a 
 ruddle cord, with one eye shut. Whatever the subject — the character 
 of the age, its luxurious habits, the banquets of the great, the Muse 
 is sure to inspire our poet with the grand style. 
 
 * Yes — lo and behold ! we now see heroic sentiments heralded forth 
 by men who used merely to dabble in Greek, not artists enough to 
 describe a grove or to eulogise the plenty of a country life, with all 
 its details, baskets, and a turf-fire, and pigs, and the smoking hay on 
 
 dependants, as in Hor. i Ep. 7. 33 ; 17. 
 43 ; A. P. 434 ; Juv. 1. 136 ; 5. 161 ; 8. 
 i5i (Hor. 2 S. 2. 45 'epulis regum.') 
 'Public entertainments given by the 
 great' were common at Rome, and 
 called 'prandia,' Suet. Jul. 38 ; Tib. 20, 
 and possibly these may be referred to as 
 a further stroke of irony. 
 
 68. res grandls = ' grandia.' ' Bene 
 mirae eritis res 'v. iii. ' grand is ' ex- 
 presses the literary aualito . which is the 
 great object of ambition : see on v. 14. 
 
 , 69-82. Persius drops his irony, and 
 talks in his own person. ' Every kind 
 of composition ! Yes, we now see 
 heroics written by men who cannot com- 
 pose a simple rural piece without intro- 
 ducingsome heterogeneousjumble. Then 
 there is the mania for archaisms — the 
 affectation of studying the old poets — 
 as if anything but corrupt taste and re- 
 laxed morality would be the result ! ' 
 
 69. mode, apparently referring to time 
 just past, and so nearly = ' nunc' 'Modo 
 
 dolores (mea tu) occipiunt' Ter. Ad. 289, 
 where Donatus says, ' Evidenter hie 
 modo temporis praesentis adverbium est.' 
 
 heroas, used as an adjective. 
 ' Heroas manus ' Prop. 2. i. 18 (Jahn). 
 
 sensus, ' thoughts ' or ' sentiments.' 
 ' Communes sensus ' is used by Tac. Or. 
 3 1 for ' common places.' [' Inconditi 
 sensus ' ?^. 2 1 : ' sensus audaces et fidem 
 egressi' Sen. Ep. 114. i. The usage is 
 also common in Quintilian.] An anti- 
 thesis is intended between ' heroas 
 sensus ' and ' nugari.' 
 
 adferre probably in the sense of 
 • ' bringing news.' ' Attulerant quieta 
 omnia apud Gallos esse' Livy 6. 31. 
 Comp. ' narrent ' v. 3 1 . For ' videmus ' 
 Casaubon and Heinr. adopt 'docemus' 
 [see critical tiote], supposing that Per- 
 
 sius is speaking of the compositions of 
 boys at school ; but there seems no 
 reason to believe that education is re- 
 ferred to before v. 79. 
 
 70. nugari, v. 56 note. ' Who used , 
 to confine themselves to dilettante efforts 
 in Greek." Hor. i S. 10. 31 tells us how 
 he once tried composing in Greek. 
 
 ponere artifices, like ' artifex se- 
 qui ' Prol. 1 1 . 
 
 ponere. Prop. 2. 3. 42 ' Hie do- 
 minam exemplo ponat in arte meam,' 
 and Paley's note. ' Sollers nunc homi- 
 nem ponere, nunc deum ' Hor 4 Od. 8. 
 8, which perhaps Persius imitated. 
 \^Pone Tigellinum ' Juv. i. 155, where 
 Mayor quotes Ov. A. A. 3. 401 ' si Vene- 
 rem Cous nunquam posuisset Apelles.'] 
 
 lucum is one of the commonplaces 
 instanced by Hor. A. P. 16, who evi- 
 dently intends a description of scenery, 
 not, as Juv. i. 7, a mythological picture. 
 
 71. saturum, 'fertile.' ' Saturi pe- 
 tito longinqua Tarenti ' Virg. G. 2. 197. 
 
 laudare, ' to eulogize.' Hor. i Od. 
 7. 1 ' Laudabunt alii claram Rhodon aut 
 Mitylenen.' 
 
 corbes, part of the farm furniture 
 — baskets for gathering fruits. Cato 
 R. R. 136. Varro R. R. i. 50. i 
 (Freund). Since Wordsworth, there 
 would be nothing incongruous in intro- 
 ducing these details (except perhaps the 
 pigs) into a poem of country life ; but 
 though he may have done service in 
 breaking down the rule of conventional 
 description, it does not follow that poets 
 in Persius' time were justified in offend- 
 ing against the taste of their day, as in 
 them it probably argued a want of per- 
 ception of any kind of propriety in writ- 
 ing, whether great or small. 
 
 72. focus. Casaubon reffers to Virg. 
 
1 8 
 
 PERSII 
 
 unde Remus , sulcoque terens dentalia, Quinti, 
 
 quern trepida ante boves dictatorem induit uxor 
 
 et tua aratra domum lictor tulit — euge poeta ! 75 
 
 'Est nunc Brisaei quem venosus liber Atti, 
 sunt quos Pacuviusque et verrucosa moretur 
 Antiope, aerumnis cor lu ctificabil e fulta. 
 
 [73. sulcosque fragm. Bob. dentialia C, dentilia c. 74- ?2/eOT . . . dictatorem 
 fragm. Bob. a C ; cum axAcui T. dictaturam C. ' Quintius Cincinnatus cum sunm 
 agrum araret et sereret, dictatura ei a populo Romano delata est ' Schol. unde lec- 
 tiones cum et dictaturam ortae videntur. 7^- ^cci fragm. Bob. 77' Pc^uius 
 fragm. Bob. 78. Antiope fragm. Bob., Antiopa o C] 
 
 E. 5. 69, 7. 49, to which add G. 2. 528. 
 We may observe that, in E. 7- 49) the 
 only place where sitting round the fire 
 is dwelt on, Virgil implicitly condemns 
 the choice of the subject by putting it 
 into the mouth of Thyrsis, in contrast to 
 Corydon's description of summer and 
 out-door life. 
 
 72. fuiuosa Palilia faeno. Compare 
 Prop. 4. 4. 73-78 ' Urbi festus erat : 
 dixere Palilia patres : Hie primus coepit 
 moenibus esse dies : Annua pastorum 
 convivia, lusus in urbe, Cum pagana 
 madent fercula deliciis, Cumque super 
 raros faeniflammaiitis acervos Traicit 
 immundos ehria turbo, pedes^ [' Varro 
 sic ait : Palilia tarn privata ijuam pub- 
 lica sunt, et est genus hilaritatis et lusus 
 apud rusticos, ut congestis cum faeno 
 stipulis ignem magnum transiliant, quod 
 Pali faciunt earn se expiare credentes.' 
 Schol.] 
 f 73- The poet appears to have intro- 
 duced a reference to the rural glories of 
 Roman history. Remus is introduced 
 partly on account of the ' Palilia,' which 
 were on the anniversary of the founda- 
 tion of Rome (Prop. 1. c), partly as 
 having himself led a country life, ' Hanc 
 olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini, Hanc 
 Remus et frater ' Virg. G. 2. 533. This 
 seems better than to understand ' unde ' 
 ' after these antecedents he comes to 
 write of Remus.' 
 
 sulcoque terens dentalia. Per- 
 haps imitated from Virg. Aen. 6. 844, 
 ' vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem.' Com- 
 pare also G. I. 46 'sulco attritus splen- 
 descere vomer.' 
 
 dentalia, 
 172 note. 
 
 ' share-beams.' G. i. 
 
 For the story of L. Quinctius Cin- 
 cinnatus, see Livy 3.26. For the change ^ 
 from the third person to the second, 
 comp. Virg. Aen. 7. 684 ' quos dives 
 Anagnia pascit, Quos, Amasene pater.' 
 
 74. [Conington read 'cum,' but the 
 best MSS. decidedly support 'quem': see 
 critical note.] Casaubon remarks that 
 ' cum ' is better than ' quem,' as fixing 
 the time of thfe investiture, in connexion 
 with 'terens.' 
 
 75. The contrast Is heightened by 
 making the lictor act as a farm-servant. ' 
 Persius hurries over the particulars, so 
 as to increase the impression of incon- 
 gruity, and winds up with the ' euge ' 
 which the poet expected. 
 
 76. [Like Luciiius, Persius dislikes 
 the antique harshness of Pacuvius and ( 
 Attius. 'Tristls contorto aliquo ex 
 Pacnviano exordio ' Luciiius 29. 63.] 
 Est quem . . . sunt quos : compare 
 Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 182 'Sunt qui non ha- 
 beant, est qui non curat habere.' Attins, 
 not Labeo, but the old tragedian 
 (coupled with Pacuvius by Hor. 2 Ep. 
 I. 65 ' aufert Pacuvius docti famam se- 
 nis, Attius alti,' and by Mart. 11. 90. 5 
 
 ' Attonitusque legis terrai frugiferai, 
 Attius et quicquid Pacuviusque vomunt') 
 is called ' Brisaeus ' from ' Briseus,' a 
 name of Bacchus, Macrob. Sat. i. 18, 
 probably with reference to the Diony- 
 siac beginnings of tragedy, so that the 
 notion intended would be ' antiquated,' 
 and also perhaps to remind us of 
 Horace's theory (i Ep. 19) that all the 
 old poets were wine-drinkers. 
 
 ' Briseis,' a conjecture of Scoppa, 
 approved by Casaubon, is found in one 
 MS., but though ' Briseis' would go well 
 
SAT. I. 
 
 19 
 
 Pales' holiday — out of all which comes Remus, and thou, Quin- 
 tius, wearing thy ploughshare bright in the furrow, when in hot 
 haste thy wife clothed thee dictator in presence of the oxen, and 
 the lictor had to drive the plough home — Bravo, poet ! 
 
 'I know a man who hangs over that shrivelled volume of the 
 old Bacchanal Attius. Nay, I know more than one who cannot 
 tear themselves from Pacuvius and his Antiope, the lady with the 
 warts, whose dolorific heart is stayed on tribulation. When these 
 
 with 'Antiope,' there is no reason for 
 supposing that the former was ever a 
 subject of tragedy, whether Greelc 01 
 Roman. 
 > venosus again implies old age ; 
 the flesh shrunk, and the veins conse- 
 quently standing out. Heinr. and Jahn 
 compare Tac. Or. 2 1 (speaking of Asi- 
 nius PoUio) ' Pacuvium certe et Attium 
 non solum tragoediis, sed etiam orationi- 
 bus expressit : adeo dums et siccus est. 
 Oratio autem, sicut corpus hominis, ea 
 demum pulchra est, in qua non eminent 
 venae, nee ossa numerantur, sed tempe- 
 ratus ac bonus sanguis implet membra 
 et exsurgit toris, ipsosque nervos rubor 
 tegit et decor commendat.' [Perhaps 
 the same thing is intended by P'ronto 
 (ad Verum i, p. 114 Naber) when he 
 says that Attius is ' inaequalis.' Vel- 
 leius 2. 9. 2 goes in the opposite direc- 
 tion, praising Attius as having 'plus 
 sanguinis' than the Greeks.] 
 
 liber, of a play. Quint, i. 10. 18 
 ' Aristophanes quoque non uno lidro 
 demonstrat.' Prop. 3. 21. 28 ' Libro- 
 rumque tuos, docte Menandre, sales.' 
 Jahn. 
 
 77. verrucosa, warty,' opposed to 
 a smooth clear skin, and hence rugged ; 
 the epithet being accommodated to the 
 heroine, who was confined in a loath- 
 some dungeon, as ' venosus ' was to the 
 author. 'Verrucosus' was a nickname 
 of Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator. 
 Freund. 
 
 moretvir. Hor. A. P. 32 1 ' Fabula 
 . . . Valdius oblectat populum meliusque 
 moratur! 
 
 78. Antiope, imitated from a lost 
 play of Euripides (Ribbeck, Fr. Lat. 
 Tr. pp. 278 foil.). Cic. Fin. i. 2 asks, 
 'Quis Ennii Medeam et Pacuvii Anti- 
 opam contemnet et reiciat ? ' In Pacuv. 
 Fr- S (9)) ed' Ribbeck, she is described 
 
 as ' perdita inluvie atque insomnia. 
 Compare also Prop. 3. 15. 12 foil., 
 where the sufferings of Antiope are 
 related at some length. [Comp. per- 
 haps Plant. Pseud. 772 'parvis mag- 
 nisque miseriis praefulcior,' where 
 Acidalius alters ' miseriis ' into ' mini^ 
 steriis.'] 
 
 Words seemingly taken or adapted 
 from the tragedy itself. [' Aerumna ' is 
 found in the fragments of Pacuvius and 
 Attius, as well as in Plautus, and the 
 fragments of Ennius and Caecilius ; it is 
 also put into Caesar's mouth by Sallust 
 (Cat. 51) and used by Lucretius (3. 50).] 
 Cicero uses it several times in order to 
 designate by one word the many modi- 
 fications and shadings of the condition 
 of mental suffering. Freund. ' Maeror 
 est aegritudo flebilis : aerumna aegri- 
 tndo laboriosa: afe/o?- aegritudo crucians' 
 Cic. Tusc. 4. 8. t8. ['Maiores nostri 
 labores non fugiendos tristissimo tamen 
 verbo aerumnas etiam in deo nomi- 
 naverunt,' says Cic. Fin. 2. 35.] It 
 was, however, obsolete in the time of 
 Quintilian, who explains it by ' labor.' 
 [Quintil. 8. 3. 23 : but the reading is 
 doubtful.] 
 
 luotiflcabile is another archaism, 
 like ' monstrificabile ' in Lucil. 26. 42. 
 
 fulta, pressed on all sides, and so 
 apparently supported. Compare Prop. 
 I. 8. 7 ' Tu pedibus teneris positas,/^/- 
 cire pruinas 1 ' where nothing more than 
 treading on is meant; and the use of 
 ipeidio, as in Aesch. Ag. 64 yovaros 
 Koviaiaiv eptiSon^vov, which Statins 
 seems to have translated (Theb. 3. 326) 
 ' stant fulti pulvere crines.' [Lucilius, 
 26. 31, has two lines, ' Squalitate summa 
 ac scabie summa in aerumna obrutam, 
 Neque inimicis invidiosam neque amico 
 exoptabilem,' which L. Miiller thinks 
 may refer to Antiope.] 
 
 C 3 
 
20 
 
 PERSII 
 
 hos pueris monitus patres infundere lippos 
 
 cum videas, quaerisne, unde haec sartago loquendi 80 
 
 venerit in linguas, unde istuc dedecus, in quo 
 
 trossulus exsultat tibi per subsellia levis ? 
 
 ' Nilne pudet capiti non posse pericula cano 
 pellere, quin tepidum hoc optes audire decenter? 
 "^Fur es" ait Pedio. Pedius quid? crimina rasis 85 
 
 librat in antithetis : doctas posuisse figuras 
 laudatur "bellum hoc!" hoc bellum? an, Romule, ceves? 
 
 [81. istut C. 84. tepidum os hoc fragm. Bob. 85. at is Pedio fragm. Bob. 
 qui fragm. Bob. rosis a. 86. potuisse fragm. Bob. 8;^. laudatis a, laudaius 
 fragm. Bob. C. bellum hoc hoc bellum fragm. Bob., bellum hoc bellum a, bellum 
 hoc bellum est 'j. cebes fragm. Bob., cevis Plotius Sacerdos p. 487, 489 K : ceves 
 ut ftiturum citat Probus p. 37 Keil.] 
 
 79. ' When you see purblind fathers 
 recommend these as models of style to 
 their children.' Hos monitus appa- 
 rently for ' monitus de his.' ' Nee du- 
 biis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris' 
 Virg. Aen. 2. 171, 'Hie nostri nuntius 
 esto ' 4. 237. 
 
 infundere is the same metaphor 
 as Hor. i Ep. 2. 67 ' Nunc adbibe puro 
 Pectore verba puer.' 
 
 lippos, as in 2. 72, expressing pro- 
 bably partly physical blindness brought 
 on by excess, partly mental blindness. 
 Hor. I S. 1 . 1 20 ' Crispini scrinia lippi,' 
 also ib. 3. 25. 
 
 80. sartago, a kettle or frying-pan. 
 Juv. to. 64 and Mayor's note : called so 
 from the hissing of its contents, accord- 
 ing to Isidor. 20. 8. Jahn, who com- 
 pares Eubnl. ap. Athen. 7. p. 229 A 
 A.oiras iratpXa^ti ^ap^dpqj \a\^fiaTi. Not 
 very dissimilar is Horace's (i S. 10. 20 
 foil.) ridicule of the practice of inter- 
 larding Latin with Greek. 
 
 81. venerit in linguas instead of 
 ' in mentem.' Compare ' in buccam ve- 
 nire.' 
 
 dedecus conveys the notion of a 
 scandal both to taste and morals. Hier. 
 in Jov. i. t. 4. a. p. 145 Ben. ' Rogo, 
 quae sunt haec portenta verborum, quod 
 dedecus descriptionis ? ', Jahn. 
 
 in quo may either mean ' at which 
 (over, about which),' like ' laborantes in 
 uno Penelopen vltreamque Circen ' Hor. 
 I Od. 17. 20, or 'during which.' 
 
 82. trossuluB, an old name of the 
 
 Roman knights, originally a title of 
 honour, afterwards a nickname, as in 
 Varro, compared by Casaubon, ' Sesqui- 
 ulixes ' (ap. Non. s. v. ' trossuli,' ' Nunc 
 emunt trossuli nardo nitidi vulgo Attico 
 talento ecum.') Sen. Ep. 87. 9 ' O quam 
 cuperem illi [Catoni] nunc occurrere ali- 
 quem ex his trossulis in via divitibus.' 
 [' Trossuli et invenes ' ib. 76. 2.] Per- 
 sius probably has both references in 
 view. [Pliny 32. 35, quoting Junius 
 Gracchanus, says that the name ' tros- 
 sulus ' remained in use till after the time 
 of C. Gracchus. From the words of 
 Junius Gracchanus it would seem that 
 some slur attached to the expression.] 
 
 exsultat, like ' trepidare,' v. 20. 
 Jahn compares Quint. 2. 2. 9 ' At nunc 
 proni atque succinct! ad omnem clausu- 
 1am non exsurgunt modo verum etiam 
 excurrunt, et cum indecora exsultcUiont 
 conclamant,' as Casaubon had already 
 compared Plut. de And. 5 tAs xpavycts 
 teal rovs Bopi^ovs /cat rd TrrjSTffiaTa tuv 
 vap6vToiv. Compare also di'ain^Sai' ray 
 opx';"'™'' /'SAAoi'. Dion. Chrys. p. 378 
 (680) {itphs 'kKf^avSpfh) quoted by 
 Sewell, Plato p. 336. 
 
 subsellia, benches occupied during 
 a recitation. Juv. 7. 45, 86 ; not, as 
 Jahn thinks, the seats in court, as 
 nothing is said about a trial till the 
 next paragraph, though such a hybrid 
 style may very likely have crept into 
 oratory. Compare Tac. Or. 21 above 
 cited. 
 
 levis = ' levigatus ' — opposed to the 
 
SAT. I. 
 
 21 
 
 are the lessons which you see purblind papas pouring into their 
 children's ears, can you ask how men come to get this hubble- 
 bubble of language into their mouths ? What is the source of the 
 scandal, which puts your eflfeminate grandees, along the benches, 
 into such ecstasies of motion? 
 
 'Are you not ashamed not to be able to plead against perils 
 threatening your gray hairs, but you must needs be ambitious of 
 hearing mawkish compliments to your " good taste " ? The accuser 
 tells Pedius point blank. You are a thief. What does Pedius do? 
 Oh, he balances the charges in polished antitheses — he is de- 
 sei-vedly praised for the artfulness of his tropes. Monstrous fine 
 that ! That monstrous fine ? What, old Romulus, you turning 
 
 'hlspida membra' of the old Romans : 
 so that ' trossulus levis ' may be a kind 
 or oxymoron. 
 ' 83-91. Persiuscontinues, 'This miser- 
 able affectation of fine writing besets 
 even our criminal courts — even trials for 
 life and death. The defendant studies 
 the requirements of rhetoiic, and lays 
 traps for applause — which he gets. We 
 shall have starving beggars turning . 
 rhetoricians next.' 
 
 83. [With this criticism of the style 
 prevalent in the law-courts comp. Tac. 
 de Or. 26.] 3. 31 ' Non padet? ' 
 
 capiti more probably the dative, 
 whether explained as an ethical dative, 
 or as originally convertible with the abl., 
 than a rare form of the abl., for which 
 Jahn compares Catull. 68. 123, TibuU. 
 I. I. 72. [See Neue, Formenlehre d. 
 Lat. Sprache, i. § 57.] Jahn cites Virg. 
 E. 7. 47 ' Solstitium pecori defendite.' 
 ' Caput canum ' are frequently found 
 together. See Freund. 
 
 cano, V. 9 note. 
 
 84. tepiduinnearly='frigidum.' Gr. 
 ifivxpov. ' Ceteros eiusdem lentitudinis 
 ac teporis libros ' Tac. Or. 21. 
 
 deoenter, like 'euge and belle.' 
 ' What admirable taste ! ' 
 
 85. Fur es is put as plainly as pos- 
 sible, to contrast with the elaboration 
 of the reply. 
 
 Fedius seems to be a mixture of 
 ^he advocate named by Hor. i S. 10. 
 28, seemingly in connexion with the trial 
 of Petillius for 'furtum' and 'Pedius 
 Blaesus,' who was tried and condemned 
 under Nero for extortion from the Cyre- 
 nians two years before Persius' death. 
 Persius probably refers to the passage 
 
 in Horace, the gist of which, is an appeal 
 to the apes of Lucilius, who interlarded 
 their poetry with Greek. ' Would you 
 do so if you had to plead in a criminal 
 trial for a great criminal, with the 
 famous Pedius against yon, putting out 
 all the powers of his mother tongue ? ' 
 So here Persius may mean, ' Even the 
 eloquence of the bar, to which Horace 
 would point as a genuine unaffected 
 thing, has caught the taint — even our 
 Pediuses talk like schoolboys or pe- 
 dants.' 
 
 crimina . . . librat, not that he 
 balances the charges against each other, 
 but that he makes each the subject of 
 balanced antitheses. 
 
 rasis = ' teretibus.' 
 
 86. antithetis. ' Semper haec, quae 
 Graeci avriSeTa nominant, cum contrariis 
 opponuntur contraria, numerum orato- 
 rium necessitate ipsa faciunt, et eum sine 
 industria' Cic. Orator. 50. 
 
 'doctus,' which Scaliger proposed 
 for dootaa, is adopted by Plaut., Ne- 
 briss., and Heinr., the latter of whom 
 puts a full stop after ' figuras.' 
 
 posuisse . . . laudatuT = ' laudatur 
 quod posuit,' the inf. being really the 
 cognate ace. expressing the praise re- 
 ceived. See Madvig, § 400, though he 
 does not mention this instance, which 
 is more remarkable than any there 
 given. 
 
 figura, Gr. axvi'"^, [an artificial ex- 
 pression whether grammatical or lite- 
 rary] Cic. de Or. 3. 53, Or. 39, Quint. 
 9. I. Freund. 
 
 87. Komule, like ' Titi,' 'Romu- 
 lidae,' ' TrossuluS.' 
 
 eeves, like ' trepidare,' ' exsultare, 1 
 
22 
 
 PERSII 
 
 men moveat quippe, et, cantet si naufragus, assem 
 protulerim? Cantas, cum fracta te in_trabe pictum 
 ex umero portes? verum, nee nocte paratum 90 
 
 plorabit, qui me volet incurvasse quereUa.' 
 
 Sed numeris decor est et iunctura^ddita crudis. 
 claudere sic versum didicit Berecyntius Attis 
 et qui caeruleum dirimebat Nerea delphin 
 sic cos tarn longo subduximus Appemtino. 95 
 
 [88. motteai a. mo/ieai ira.gm. Boh. go. portes vel ^orlas C. 91. guerel/as 
 fragm. Bob. 92. cruris a. 93. clttdere a, daiuiere fragm. Bob. C. si a. 
 
 dedicit a, didici C. 94. quae fragm. Bob. delphi a. 95. si a C] 
 
 but with a further notion of moral de- 
 basement. 
 
 88. ' men moveat cimex Pantilius ? ' 
 ' Hor. I S. 10. 78. The sentiment is the 
 
 same as Hor. A. P. 202 ' Si vis me 
 flere, dolendum est Primum ipsi tibi,' 
 coiipared by Lnbin. Compare also 
 Hot. I S. 10. 25 ' Cum versus facias, te 
 ipsnm percontor, an et cum Dura tibi 
 peragenda rei sit causa Petilli 7 ' which 
 forms part of the context of the passage 
 referred to on v. 85, as being in Persius' 
 mind. The' subject of ' moveat ' here 
 is 'naufragus.' From this we may 
 infer that the custom of beggars 
 singing ballads was not unknown at 
 Rome. 
 
 89. Draws out the image of the ship- 
 wrecked sailor. ' Si fractis enatat ex- 
 spes Navibus acre dato qui pingitur' 
 Hor. A. P. 20. Compare 6. 32 'ne 
 pictus oberret Caerulea in tabula,' and 
 Juv. 14. 302. 
 
 pictum in trabe and 'pictum in 
 tabula' are very different, the one ex- 
 pressing the manner of the painting (' in 
 trabe ' constructed closely with ' te '), the 
 other the material on which the painting 
 is made. The question may be raised 
 whether ' fracta in trabe ' is for ' in nau- 
 fragio ' (compare ' trabe rupta ' 6. 27, 
 ' fractis trabibns' Juv. 14. 296, 'fractis 
 navibus ' Hor. 1. c), or ' on a broken 
 plank ' ? Jahn thinks from Martial 1 2. 
 57. 12 'fasciato naufragus loquax 
 trunco,' that the painting may be actu- 
 ally on the plank. 
 
 90. verum . . . paratum are neuters, 
 but the construction is that of a cognate 
 
 nocte paratum may be illustrated 
 by a beautiful passage in Lucr. i. 140 
 ' Sed tua me virtus tamen, et sperata 
 voluptas Suavis amicitiae, quemvis suf- 
 ferre laborem Suadet, et inducit nodes 
 vigilare sennas' So Juv. 7. 2 7 ' vigi- 
 lataqa& proelia dele.' Compare the use 
 of ' lucubro." Persius taunts the pleaders 
 with their labour, while, in v. 106, he 
 taunts the poets with their want of 
 labour, choosing the sneer which seems 
 most appropriate in each case, probably 
 without much regard to absolute consis- 
 tency. 
 
 91. plorabit . . . volet in the sense 
 of ' ploret . . . velit.' ' Ibit eo quo 
 vis, qui zonam perdidit ' Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 
 40. 
 
 incurvare is used in this metapho- 
 rical sense more than once in Seneca, 
 e. g. Ep. 71 ' hoc, nt opinor, succidere 
 mentem, et incurvari, et succumbere.' 
 So Hor. 3 Od. 10. 16 ' Nee tinctus viola 
 pallor amantium . . . Curvat; ' A. P. 
 110' Aut ad humum maerore gravi de- 
 ducit et angit.' 
 
 92-106. The distribution of these 
 lines is difficult. Casaubon's plan, which 
 is really that of the early editors, and 
 has been followed by most of the later, 
 gives v. 92 to the objector, vv. 93-5 
 to Persius, who takes him up, ' as for 
 instance in these specimens ; ' v. 94 to 
 the objector, who defends the despised 
 lines by the example of Virgil ; v. 95 
 to Persius, who shows that Virgil sup- 
 plies no parallel ; v. 96 to the objector, 
 who opens another line of defence, and 
 the rest to Persius, who retorts as before 
 by quoting specimens, on which he in- 
 
SAT. I. 
 
 23 
 
 spaniel? Am I to be touched forsooth and pull out a penny, if 
 a shipwrecked man begins singing me a song? You sing, when 
 you have actually got yourself painted in a wreck to carry on 
 your shoulders? No— a man's tears must come from his heart 
 at the moment, not from his brains overnight, if he would have 
 me bowed down beneath his piteous tale.' 
 
 F. But they have given grace and smoothness to our unpolished 
 Roman numbers. Thus it is a point gained to round a verse 
 with Berecynthian Attis and the dolphin that was cutting through sea- 
 green Nereus, or We have fetched off a rib from the long sides of 
 Appenninus. 
 
 dignantly comments. Jahn, however, 
 seems right in giving w. 92-95 to the 
 objector, as nothing is there said ipso 
 facto disparaging to the poets, and in 
 giving vv. 96, 97 to Persius ; but he 
 would have done better by assigning 
 V. 98 not to the objector but to Persius, 
 who asks for a fresh specimen. 
 
 F. Well, they have at any rate suc- 
 ceeded in giving polish to our poetry, as, 
 for instance, ... P.' Shade of Virgil ! 
 what frothy, fungous trash ! Oblige me 
 by another specimen of the tenderer 
 sort.' F. gives one. P. ' And this is 
 manly poetry — mere drivelling, poured 
 out involuntarily from an idiot's lips, 
 not wrung with toil from an artist's 
 brain.' 
 
 92. iunctura, as in v. 64, is the weld- 
 ing of the different parts of a verse to- 
 gether so that there may be no roughness. 
 This roughness is expressed by Orudis, 
 though through a different metaphor. 
 With ' crudis ' compare 5. 5 ' quantas 
 robusti carminis offas Ingeris.' 
 
 93. claudere . . . versura ('conclu- 
 dere versum ' Hot. i S, 4. 40), as Jahn 
 remarks, is not merely to conclude a 
 verse, but to compose it, or to express 
 it in metrical compass. Hor. 2 S. 
 I. 28 'me pedibus delectat claudere 
 verba.' 
 
 Bereoyntius Attia would seem to 
 be the nom. to ' didicit,' as Heinr. takes 
 it. ' So Berecyntian Attis is taught to 
 round the measure." The point of 
 ridicule appears to be the rhythm, 
 which the poet doubtless thought 
 excellent, a long sweeping word like 
 ' Berecyntius ' being a great point 
 gained. Thus there is no occasion to 
 read ' Attin ' with three MSS., so as to 
 produce a jingle with ' delphin.' For 
 
 Attis, see Catullus' poem. Dio says of 
 Nero ImtfapySijo-e re Attii/ tivA. ^ B&Kxas 
 (61. ao). 
 
 94. qui . . . delphin is another nom. 
 to ' didicit.' Perhaps the expression is 
 meant to be ridiculed as well as the 
 rhythm, as the image of the dolphin 
 cleaving Nereus is nearly as grotesque 
 as Fuiius ' of Jupiter spitting snow on 
 the Alps (Hor. 2 S. 5. 41), or as Alpi- 
 nus' of the muddy head of the Rhine 
 {ib. I S. 10. 37). Valerius Flaccus, 
 however (i. 450, quoted by Jahn), has 
 'remo Nerea versat.' The dolphin in 
 question may be Arion's, as the Schol. 
 say. Stat. Theb. 5. 482 has 'Spumea 
 porrecti dirimentes terga profundi.' 
 
 95. Both expression and rhythm seem 
 to be ridiculed here. The rhythmical 
 trick evidently is the spondaic ending 
 with the jingle in the middle, like Virgil's 
 (Aen. 3. 549, quoted by the Schol.) 
 'Cornua velatanmi obvertimus anten- 
 narum.' The sense is extremely obscure. 
 We can fee the absurdity of the image 
 of ' fetching off a rib of the Apennine,' 
 as if by the process of carving (compare 
 Juv. II. 142 ' Nee frustum capreae sub- 
 ducere nee latnsAfraeNovit avis noster'), 
 but it is not easy to understand what 
 was the original reference of the line. 
 The Schol. see in it a metaphor [refer- 
 ring to the two previous lines ; ' thus 
 have we emasculated the Latin language 
 by an intermixture of Greek terms J. 
 Ascensius and Plautius understand it of 
 Hannibal : Nebrissensis of the convul- 
 sion which separated Sicily from Italy. 
 Gifford seems to have no authority for 
 asserting that ' subducere ' is a military 
 term, meaning to occupy a position by 
 forced marches, as Kkiinfiv isnot parallel. 
 The construction appears to be 'Sic 
 
24 
 
 PERSII 
 
 ' Arma virum ! nonne hoc spumosum et cortice pingui, 
 ut ramale vetus vegrandi subere coctum ? 
 quidnam igitur tenerum et laxa cervice legendum ? ' 
 
 Torva mimalloneis inplemnt cornua bombis, 
 et raptum vitulo caput ablatura superbo loo 
 
 Bassaris et lyncem Maenas flexura corymbis 
 euhion ingeminat, reparabilis adsonat echo. 
 
 'Haec fierent, si testiculi vena ulla paterni 
 viveret in nobis? summa delumbe saliva 
 
 [97- praegrandi fragm. Bob., a C : vegrandi Servins Aen. ii. 553, Porphyrion Hor. 
 I S. 2. 129. 99. Torbam mallonis fragm. Bob., o. Torva mimalloniis inflatur 
 ftWo ^flmto Diomedes p. 499 K. 100. nz^am fragm. Bob. a/to«?-a fragm. Bob. 
 corimpis a. loi. lycem fragm. Bob., licet a. 103. venulla fragm. Bob. 
 
 104. summe a.] 
 
 costam . . . Apfennino [' claudere 
 versum didicit ']. 
 
 96. Arma virum, rightly understood 
 by Meister as an ejaculation. Persius 
 compares Virgil with these poetasters, 
 as Hor. A. P. 141 contrasts the open- 
 ing of the Odyssey with 'Fortunam 
 Priami cantabo.' Persius does not say 
 'bellnm hoc' (v. 87), but 'nonne hoc 
 spumosum.' 
 
 spumosum. Compare 5. 19' bul- 
 latis ut mihi nugis Pagina turgescat.' 
 
 cortice pingui. ' Aridus ' and 
 ' siccus ' are teiins of reproach in style, 
 and Persius carries out the metaphor by 
 comparing these verses to a dried-np 
 branch with a large puffy bark. \^\oiai- 
 lil% = puffy, of style, Longinus 3. 2. See 
 Wyttenbach on Plutarch, p. 81 B.] 
 
 97. ramale, 5. 59. Jahn refers to 
 Theophr. Hist. Plant. 4. 18, 3. 16, Pliny 
 17. 234, to show that the swelling of the 
 bark withers the bough of the cork tree, 
 which has occasionally to be stripped of 
 its outer bark to preserve its vitality. 
 
 vegrandis is well explained by 
 Jahn, after Festus and Nonius, as 'male 
 grandis,' so as to include the two senses 
 attributed to it by Gell. 5. 12, 16. 5, of 
 small and too large, the former of which 
 is the more common, the latter being only 
 found in this passage and Cic. Agr. 2. 34. 
 93 ' hominem vegrandi macie torridum.' 
 Compare 'vepallida' Hor. 1 S. i. 129, 
 where the meaning is plainly very pale. 
 
 suber points specifically to tlie cork 
 tree, which has two barks, an outer and 
 an iimer. 
 
 ooctum. Compare Prop. 4. 5. 6l 
 ' Vidi ego odorati victura rosaria Paesti 
 Sub matutino cocta iacere Noto.' 
 
 98. igituT is common in interroga- 
 tions, as we use ' then.' ' If these are 
 your specimens of finished versification, 
 give us something peculiarly languishing.' 
 
 tenerum. ' Aut nimium teneris iu- 
 venenturversibusunquam'Hor.A.P. 246. 
 
 laxa cervice. Jahn refers to Mei- 
 neke, Fr. Com. Gr. 4. p. 612, and to 
 Quint. 9. 4. 31, who says that, in speak- 
 ing, the neck should not be bent in either 
 direction. ' Tereti cervice reposta ' Lucr. 
 
 '• 35- 
 
 99. These lines are commonly sup- 
 posed to be Nero's, on the authority of 
 the Schol., which, however, say elsewhere 
 that they are represented by others as 
 Persius' own. From Dio, quoted on 
 v. 93, it appears that Nero sang a poem 
 on the Bacchae to his harp. The~Kne 
 seems imitated from CatuU. 64. 263 
 ' Multis raucisonos efBabant cornua bom- 
 bos.' Lucr. 4. 544 ' Et revocat raucum 
 retro cita ("regio cita " Lachm.) barbara 
 bombum.' [' Bombus,' of a deep or 
 bass sound, Plin. 11. 20, 26; Apuleius 
 Florida i. 3. 12, ' acuto tinnitu et gravi 
 bombo concentum musicum miscuit.'] 
 
 Torva, transferred from aspect to 
 sound, as by Virg. Aen. 7. 399 ' torvnm- 
 que repente Clamat,' which the author 
 may have had in view, as Virgil is 
 describing Bacchanalian ravings. [Lncr. 
 6. 131 uses ' torvus ' of the sound of an 
 explosion. ' Voce hominis tuba radore 
 torvior,' Apul. Florid. 17. 79.] 
 
SAT. I. 
 
 35 
 
 P- 'Arms and the Man! Can one call /y^w- anything but frothy 
 and fluffy, like an old dried-up branch with a huge overgrown 
 bark upon it ? Well, what should you instance as soft and adapted 
 for being recited with a gentle bend of the neck ? ' 
 
 F. Their grim horns they filled with Mimallonean boomings—the 
 Bassarid, ready to tear the scornful calf's head from his shoulders, 
 and the Maenad, ready to rein in the lynx with ivy branches, 
 shout Evios again and again, and the redeeming power of Echo 
 chimes in. 
 
 P 'Would such things be produced if we had one spark of 
 our fathers' manhood alive in us? Nerveless stuff— it floats in 
 the mouth on the top of the spittle, and comes drivelling out 
 
 ' mimallonis ' occurs Ov. A. A. i. 
 641 for a Bacchante, and ' mimallones ' 
 Stat. Theb. 4. 660. 
 
 inplerunt, sc. the Bacchanals. 
 100. vitulo . . . Buperbo is from 
 Eur. Bacch. 743 ravpoi 3' vfipiaraX ikU 
 icepas Svnov/ifvoi Id Tip6a6ev «.t.\. The 
 Bacchanals overcome powerful bulls 
 and tear them to pieces. 
 
 ablatura . . . flexura. See Mad- 
 vig, §§ 424. 5, 425 a, b, 428. 3. The 
 participle originally denoted only future 
 time ; then it came to be used to ex- 
 press an intention, like the fut. part, in 
 Greek ; then to express a conditional 
 proposition, where the Greeks would 
 have used dv, so that it is sometimes 
 found in the abl. absol., a construction 
 unknown to the older writers. Here it 
 appears to be used attributively, and 
 almost as an adj., the future being 
 probably intended to express AaMt, as 
 in 2. 5 ' tacita libabit acerra.' 
 
 loi. Bassaris. Jahn compares Anth. 
 Pal. 6. 74 [Agathias 27. i, Jacobs, vol. 
 4. p. 13] Baaaapls Eipwiiirj aKOiriXo- 
 dpSfiOS, ij noTe ravpui/ UoKKd. TawKpaipajv 
 mipva x<i/>af<i/<^>'i7, 'H piifa Katcx&^ovaa 
 \.eovTO(p6vois M vUats, Tlatyviov drK^TOv 
 Bripbs ixovaa mpiq. ' Non ego te, can- 
 dide Bassareu, Invitum quatiam ' Hor. 
 1 Od. 18. II. The lynx was sacred to 
 Bacchus, as the conqueror of India. 
 ' Victa racemifero lynces dedit India 
 Baccho'Ov. M. 15. 413. 'Quid lynces 
 Bacchi variae?' Virg. G. 3. 264. Else- 
 where he is drawn by tigers, as in Hor. 
 3 Od. 3. 13. Virg. Aen. 6. 804 'Nee 
 opxpampineis victor iaga. Jlectit kabenis 
 Ijber, agens celso Nysae de vertice 
 
 tigres' where ' pampineis habenis ' ex- 
 plains ' coryrabis.' 
 
 102. euhion. Ei/ios is an epithet of 
 Bacchus, as invoked with the cry euof, 
 tv6,. Soph. Oed. R. 201 (quoted by 
 Jahn) oivwwa Bdxxo" fviov /uaii/aScui' 
 Sfi6aTo\ov. So that ' Euhion ' is pro- 
 bably intended here as a Greek ace. 
 
 reparabilis, actively, restoring the 
 lost sound. O v. M. I . n of the moon, 
 ' reparat nova cornua.' 
 
 adsonat. ' Plangentibus adsonat 
 Echo ' Ov. JM. 3. 505. 
 
 103. [Petronius 44 ' si nos coleos 
 haberemus, non tantum sibi placeret.' 
 Spartianus, Pescennius 3. 9, quotes 
 Severus as saying ' si uUa vena paternae 
 disciplinae viveret.' ' Hoc' (an effemi- 
 nate and artificial style) ' a magno 
 animi malo oritur : ... illo sano ac 
 valente oratio quoque robusta, fortis, 
 virilis est: si ille procubuit, et cetera 
 ruinam sequuntur' Sen. Ep. 114. 22.] 
 
 104. suinma . . . saliva, a stronger 
 version of ' summis labris,' which Seneca 
 uses (Ep. 10. 3) ' Non u. summis labris 
 ista venerunt : habent hae voces funda- 
 mentum,' apparently from the Greek 
 diri x*'^^"'') which Plut. Cato Maj. 
 12 opposes to dirij xapdias. Jahn, who 
 also compares Gell. i. 15 ' qui nullo 
 rerum pondere innixi verbis umidis 
 et lapsantibus diffluunt, eorum oratio- 
 nem bene existimatum est in ore nasci, 
 non in pectore ; ' and Quint. 10. 3. 2 
 ' sine conscientiaprofectus non a summo 
 petiti, ipsa ilia ex tempore dicendi 
 facultas inanem modo loquacitatem 
 dabit, et verba in labris nascentia^ 
 Compare v. 81 above, 'venerit in 
 
26 
 
 PERSII 
 
 hoc natat in labris^ et in udo est, Maenas et Attis, 105 
 
 ^nec pluteum caedit, nee demorsos sapit unguis.' 
 Sed quid opus teneras mordaci radere vero 
 auriculas? vide sis, ne maiorum tibi forte 
 limina frigescant: sonat hie de nare canina 
 littera. 
 
 'Per me equidem sint omnia protinus alba; no 
 
 nil moror. euge ! omnes, omnes bene mirae eritis res. 
 hoc iuvat? "hie" inquis "veto quisquam faxit oletum." 
 pinge duos anguis : pueri, sacer est locus, extra 
 meite ! discedo. secuit Lucilius urbem, 
 te Lupe, te Muci, et genuinum fregit in illis. 115 
 
 [105. ai/is a, 107. verio C. 108. sis om. a. 109. camaena a. 
 
 no. abba a. III. mtirore a, euge ovmes bene aQ. wo^. pinguedo sanguis a. 
 exita a. 114. met cedis {mercedis B) sevit cedo lucilius a.] 
 
 linguas.' [Comificius ad Herenninm 4. 
 1 1 ' eius generis quod appellamus Jluc- 
 tuans et dissolutum, eo quod sine nervis 
 et articulis fluctuat hue et illuc, nee 
 potest confirmate neque viriliter sese 
 expedire.'] 
 
 104. delumbis, a rare word. Cic. Or. 
 69 has ' concidat delumbetque sententias.' 
 Tac. Or. 18 'Ciceronem male audisse a 
 Bruto, ut ipsins verbis utar, tanquam 
 fractum atque elumbem.' 
 
 delumbe . . . hoc, like ' bellnm 
 hoc' 
 
 105. With natat Heinr. compares 
 Quint. 10. 7. 28 ' innalans ilia ver- 
 borum facilitas.' Heinr. puts a semi- 
 colon after ' natat." Jahn (1843), with 
 the rest, after ' labris.' Perhaps it 
 might be better to make 'hoc' the 
 nom. to both ' natat ' and ' est,' and 
 put ' Maenas et Attis ' in apposition 
 to it. 
 
 in udo est. Jahn compares iv 
 vypw kariv ff y\ama Theoph. ch. 8, of 
 a talkative man. 
 
 106. The Schol. seem right in ex- 
 plaining pliiteum here of the back- 
 board of the 'lecticula lucubratoria ' 
 (t. 53 note). ' Sponda est exterior pars 
 lecti, pluteus interior.' Suetonius Cal. 
 26 ' cenanti modo zApluteum, modo ad 
 pedes stare.' Prop. 4. 8. 68 ' Lygdamus 
 ad plutei fulcra sinistra latens.' The 
 man lies on his conch after his meal, 
 
 listlessly drivelling out his verses, with- 
 out any physical exertion or even move- 
 ment of impatience. 
 
 caedit, like ' caedere ostium ' 
 Lucil. 29. 35. Heinr. Greek Kumav. 
 ' Caedit ' rhetorical for ' caedere facit.' 
 Compare 2. 64 ' Haec sibi corrnpto ca- 
 siam dissolvit olivo : Haec Calabrum 
 coxit vitiate murice vellns.' 
 
 demorsos sapit unguis. Imitated 
 from Hor. i S. 10. 70, speaking of what 
 Lucilius failed to do, 'in versn faciendo 
 saepe caput scaberet, m'ves et roderet 
 ungues^ 
 
 107-123. F. Even if this be truth, 
 why tell it ? You will only 'offend 
 those whom it is your interest not to 
 offend. P. ' Very well, then — have it 
 your own way — put up a board against 
 nuisances, and I will leave you. But 
 Lucilius indulged his humour, and 
 Horace his, though in a quicker way — 
 is there no place where I may bury my 
 secret ? ' F. None. F. ' Well, I will 
 confide it to my book : listen — All the 
 world are asses. There, that is worth 
 all your Iliads.' 
 
 107. teneras . . . auriculas, ' moUes 
 auriculae' Hor. 2 S. 5. 32. 
 
 teneras . . . radere. 3. 113 'ten 
 latet ulcus in ore Putre, quod haud 
 deceat plebeia radere beta.' 
 
 mordaci. 5. 86 'aurem mordaci 
 lotus aceto.' 'Mordax verum,' like 
 
SAT. I. 
 
 27 
 
 involuntarily. Maenad and Attis— it involves no battery of the 
 writing-chair, and has no smack of nails bitten down to the 
 quick.' 
 
 F. But where is the occasion to let rough truths grate on tender 
 ears? Do take care that you are not frozen some day on a 
 great man's doorstep. Notice — human snarlers kept on the pre- 
 mises. 
 
 P. 'Ah, well — paint everything white from this day forward for 
 me — I won't spoil your game. Bravo, you shall be wonders of 
 the world, every one of you. Is that what you would Hke ? No 
 nuisances, say you, to be committed here. Draw a couple of snakes ; 
 young gentlemen, the ground is sacred: retire outside. I'm off. 
 Lucilius, though, bit deep into the town of his day, its Lupuses 
 
 'generostim honestum' 2. 74, 'opimum 
 pingue' 3. 32. 
 
 108. ' Vide sis signi quid siet ' Plaut. 
 Am. 787. vide shortened like ' cave ' 
 Hor. I Ep. 13. 19. 
 
 ^ maiorum, imitated from Hor. 2 S. 
 1 . 60 ' O puer, ut sis Vitalis metuo, et 
 maiorum ne quis amicus Frigore te 
 feriat.' 
 
 109. The coldness of the master is 
 transferred to the threshold, because the 
 door shut leaves the applicant in the 
 cold. Prop. I. 16. 22 ' Tristis et in 
 tepido limine somnus erit.' 2. 17. 15 
 ' Nee licet in triviis sicca requiescere 
 luna.' Hor. 3 Od. 10. 19 ' Non hoc 
 semper erit liminis aut aquae Caelestis 
 patiens latns.' 
 
 oanina littera. R. ' Inritata 
 canes quod homo quam planiu' dicit ' 
 Lucil. I. 27. So dogs were said 'hir- 
 rire.' The snarl is that of the great 
 man — 'ira cadat naso ' 5. 91, but the 
 image suggested is that of the dog at 
 the door. ' Cave canem.' 
 
 no. Per me. 'Per me vel stertas 
 licet ' Cic. Acad. 2. 29. 
 
 equidem, used, though the verb is 
 not in the 1st person, as in 5. 45 ' non 
 equidem dubites.' Here it is as if he 
 had said ' equidem concedo.' 
 
 protinua, ' from this day forward.' 
 
 alba, 'mark them with white (Hor. 
 2 S. 3. 246) and I will not blacken 
 them.' The sense is the same as Hor. 
 A. P. 442 ' Si defendere delictum quam 
 vertere malles, Nullum ultra verbum aut 
 operam insumebat inanem Qnln sine 
 rivali teque et tna solus amares.' 
 
 III. nil moror. Not ' I don't care ' 
 
 (Jahn), but 'I don't object ' = ' per me 
 nulla mora est.' 
 
 euge, v. 49. ' Yon shall all of you 
 be the marvels of creation.' [' Omnes 
 bene I mirae ' etc. BUcheler.] 
 
 With mirae res [evidently a col- 
 loquialism] we may compare such ex- 
 pressions as ' dulcissime rerum ' Hor. i 
 S. 9. 4, if they are to be explained as 
 partitive. [' Omnes etenim ' Jahn (1843), 
 ' omnes, omnes,' from some of his later 
 copies, Jahn (1868).] 
 
 112. hoc iuvat, interrogatively, as 
 in Hor. i S. i. 78. Jahn. The decree 
 is couched in legal phrase. 
 
 113. anguis, as the genii of the 
 place. Virg. Aen. 5. 95. There are 
 some remains of a similar painting and 
 inscription on a wall at Rome which 
 once formed part of Nero's golden 
 
 ' palace, where Titus' baths were after- 
 wards built. (A. deRomanis, 'Le antiche 
 Camere Esquiline,' Rome, 1822. Osann. 
 Syll. p. 494. 45, referred to by Jahn.) 
 
 114. discedo implies that Fersius 
 takes the warning to himself. 
 
 secuit is applied to any kind of 
 wound. 'Ambo (postes) ab infumo 
 tarmes secat' Plaut. Most. 825, 'gnaws.' 
 Here we might take it for ' secuit fla- 
 gello.' but for 'genuinum.' Hor. i S. 
 10. 3 says of Lucilius, 'sale multo 
 Urbem defricuit.' [Ovink quotes Ti- 
 buUus I. 9. 22 'corpus et intorto ver- 
 bere terga seca.'] 
 
 1 15. Lupus and Muoius were ene- 
 mies of Scipio, Lucilius' patron. 
 
 Lupus is said by the Schol. on 
 Hor. 2 S. I. 68 'Famosisve Zu/o 
 cooperto versibus' to have been P. 
 
a8 
 
 PERSII 
 
 omne vafer vitium ridenti Flaccus amico 
 tangit et admissus circum praecordia ludit, 
 callidus excusso populum suspendere naso : 
 me muttire nefas ? nee clam, nee cum serobe ? ' 
 
 Nusquam. 
 'Hie tamen infodiam. vidi, vidi ipse, libeller 121 
 
 auriculas asini quis non habet? hoc ego opertum, 
 hoc ridere meum, tam nil, nulla tibi vendo 
 Iliade. Audaci quicumque adflate Cratino 
 
 [118. collidus a. 
 
 119. me a C, men c T. scribe a. 
 133. afflante cradina a.] 
 
 121. auricula a. 
 
 Rutilius Lupus, who was consul a. u. c. 
 664 with L. Julius Caesar, but as 
 Lucilius had then been dead thirteen 
 years, it seems more likely to have been 
 L. Lentulus Lupus, who was consul 
 with C. Marcius Figulus a.u.c. 597, 
 which is the opinion of Tarentius in loc. 
 Hor. 
 
 115. Mucius. P. Mucins Scaevola, 
 consul 621. ' Quid refert dictis ignoscat 
 Mucitts an non ? ' Juv. 1. 154. 
 
 genuinuiu fregit, perhaps with 
 reference to the story of the viper and 
 the file, alluded to by Hor. 2 S. i. 77, 
 though the image here is meant to be 
 to the honour of Lucilius, who fastened 
 on his enemies without caring for the 
 consequences. ' Animasque in vulnere 
 ponunt' Virg. G. 4. 238. Contrast the 
 different ways in which Hor. U. cc. and 
 Juv. I. 165 characterize Lucilius with 
 the present passage. 
 
 116. omne . . . vitiam. Compare 
 such passages as Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 205 
 ' Non es avarus : abi. Quid ? cetera iam 
 simul isto Cum vitio fugere ? ' The re- 
 mark is more true of Horace's later than 
 of his earlier works, though the word 
 ridenti expresses a principle laid down 
 more than once in the Satires, e. g. i S. 
 I. 24, 10. 14. 
 
 vafer seems to answer to our 
 ' rogue.' ' Alfenus vafer' Hor. i. S. 3. 
 1 30. ' Surrentina vafer qui miscet faece 
 Falema' 2 S. 4. 55. Horace is so 
 called because he takes his friend in. 
 
 amico is opp. to 'populum.' 
 Horace takes his friends playfully to 
 task for their weaknesses, but is more 
 contemptuous in speaking of men in 
 general, and mentions obnoxious indi- 
 
 viduals even with bitterness. Possibly 
 ' amico ' may refer more particularly to 
 the Epistles. 
 
 117. admissus, ' into the bosom.' 
 praecordia is emphatic — he plays, 
 
 but it is with the innermost and most 
 sensitive feelings. 
 
 118. caUidus . . . suspendere, 
 Prol. II. 
 
 exousso. ' Nares inflare et movere 
 . . . et pulso subito spirilu excutere' 
 Quint. II. 3. 80, si lectio certa. ' Sur- 
 sum iactato,' Heinr., who compares ' ex- 
 cussa bracchia' Ov. M. 5. 596. [It is 
 more probable that Persius is thinking 
 of Horace's ' emunctae naris,' applied 
 ( I S. 4. 8) to Lucilius, and explained by 
 iPorphyrion ' tersus, atque eleganter 
 dicens et ridens.' The Scholia here 
 explain ' excusso ' as = ' emuncto,' add- 
 ing ' ut e contraiio qui stulti sunt mu- 
 cosi dicuntur.'] 
 
 populum. See note on v. 116, and 
 compare such passages as Hor. 1 Ep. i. 
 70 ' Quod si me populus Romanus forte 
 roget,' etc. 
 
 suspendere naso, v. 40 note. 
 
 119. muttire. Colloquial word, used 
 by Plautus and Terence. See Freund. 
 
 muttire . . . clam, opp. to ' mut- 
 tire palam ' Enn. Fr. Teleph. apud Fast, 
 (p. 145 Mull.), who says that 'muttire' 
 there = ' loqui : ' but the passage will 
 bear the ordinary sense. 
 
 neo (fas). 
 
 cum sorobe, because the hole in 
 the ground is the supposed partner of 
 the secret. The allusion, of course, is 
 to the story of Midas. [' Nee clam nee 
 cum serobe, nusquam?' Jahn, 1868.] 
 
 120. infodiam, as Madan remarks, 
 
SAT. I. 
 
 «9 
 
 and Muciuses, and broke his jaw-tooth on them. Horace, the 
 rogue, manages to probe every fault while making his friend laugh ; 
 he gains his entrance, and plays about the innermost feelings, with 
 a sly talent for tossing up his nose and catching the public on it. 
 And is it sacrilege for me to mutter a word ? May it not be done 
 in confidence between myself and a ditch?' 
 
 F. In no place or circumstance whatever. 
 
 P. ' Well, I will dig a hole and bury it here. I have seen it, my 
 dear book, I have seen it with my own eyes. Who is there thai 
 has not the ears of an ass ? This dead and buried secret, this joke 
 of mine, trumpery as it seems, I am not going to sell you for any 
 of your Iliads. 
 
 ' To all who draw their inspiration from the bold blasts of Cra- 
 
 is more applicable to the ancient than 
 to the modem manner of writing. 
 
 vidi was the fonu of giving evi- 
 dence. Juv. 7. 13, 16. 30. 
 
 libelle. ' I, puer, atque meo citus 
 haec subscribe libello' Hor. i S. 10.92. 
 Feisius chooses his book as his con- 
 fidant, as Horace, of whom he was 
 thinking, says Lucilius did (2 S. i. 30), 
 ' lUe velnt fidis arcana sodalibus olim 
 Credebat libris.' 
 
 121. Casaubon changed quis non 
 habet into ' Mida rex habet,' on the 
 authority of the Life of Persius, which 
 says that Persius left 'Mida rex,' but 
 Cornutus, in revising the work for post- 
 humous publication, thought it better to 
 suppress so obvious a reflection on 
 Nero, and altered it into ' quis non.' 
 ' Quis non,' however, is clearly re- 
 quired by the satire as we now have it, 
 the fact that everybody has ass's ears 
 being the secret with which Persius has 
 been labouring ever since v. 8 ; and the 
 whole tone of the preceding part of the 
 poem makes it much more likely that 
 
 I ttie sarcasm, as intended, should be 
 universal than particular. 
 
 ' Oferla recludit ' Hor. i Ep. 5. 1 6. 
 
 122. hoc ridere mevun, v. 9 note, 
 tam nil. ' Usque adeo nihil est ? ' 
 
 Juv. 3. 84. 
 
 vendo is not only ' I sell,' but ' I 
 offer for sale,' (venum do) 'quoniam 
 vendat, velle quem optime vendere ' 
 Cic. 3 Off. 1 2. ' 
 
 123. Iliade, v. 50, note on v. 4. 
 123-134. Persius concludes. 'Let 
 
 my readers be the few that can relish 
 
 the old comedy of Greece, not the idle 
 loungers and senseless buffoons of the 
 day — they may kill time in a more con- 
 genial manner.' 
 
 123. An answer to ' Quis leget haec,' 
 v. 2. He has already disclaimed the 
 reading public which his friend values ; 
 and now, after repeating that he values 
 his own joke, slight as it is, infinitely 
 higher than Labeo's Homer, which he 
 foresaw from the first would be his 
 rival, he sketches the reader whom he 
 really wishes to attract. Thus the end 
 of the poem corresponds io the begin- 
 ning. It is evidently modelled on the 
 latter part of Hor. i S. 10. Horace 
 intends bis words to apply to the whole 
 book of which they form a conclusion : 
 whether Persius means his to apply 
 merely to this Satire, or to the whole 
 book, is not clear : probably the latter, 
 if we suppose the Satire to be intro- 
 ductory—designed to clear the ground 
 by sweeping away the popular trash of- 
 the time before he asks attention for his 
 own more manly strains. The appeal 
 to the old comedians as his masters is 
 from Hor. i S. 4. i foil. 
 
 audaoi, ' bold-spoken.' Jahn re- 
 fers to Platon. de Com. p. 27 oi 7^/) 
 fiffTTcp & ' ApiUTOcpivrjs kmTpix^iv rfjv 
 Xnpii' TOif aK&iiitaai voiet . . . dK\' 
 dvrXSs Kal icaTcL T^y irapoi/iiav yv/iv^ 
 Ke<pa\^ HBrjat tAs PKaatprqiuas KarA tSiv 
 di^apTavSvToiv, and to Anon, de Com. 
 p. 29 yiyove 8i votyrtKi^aros Kara- 
 <riceva(aiv els rbv klax^^ov xapt^'Tripa. 
 
 adflate, like ' adflata numine ' 
 Virg. Aen. 6. 50. Jahn. Possibly also 
 
3° 
 
 PERSII 
 
 iratum Eupolidem praegrandi cum sene palles, 
 
 aspice et haec, si forte aliquid decoctius audis. 125 
 
 inde vaporata lector mihi ferveat aure : 
 
 non hie, qui in crepidas Graiorum ludere gestit 
 
 sordidus, et lusco qui possit dicere 'lusce,' 
 
 sese aliquem credens, Italo quod honore supinus 
 
 fregerit eminas Arreti aedilis iniquas ; 130 
 
 nee qui abaco numeros et secto in pulvere metas 
 
 scit risisse vafe r, multum gaudere paratus, 
 
 si cynico barbam petulans nonaria vellat. 
 
 [127. cratorum laudere A, oratorum audere B. 128. es K,possis a, 
 129. sei^ue C. 131. ^ui in abato a. secto Jiuhere a.] 
 
 with a reference to the Epigram on 
 Cratinus, TaSr' iKc^fv, Aionxre, ital 
 etrveev, otx ^^^^ dffKov Kparivos, aWci 
 Travrbs iiSwSiis mSov Anthol. Pal. 2. 
 P- 543- [Nicaenelus 4. 3, Jacobs i. 
 p. 206.] ' Adflate ' voc. for nom. like 
 ' millesime, trabeate '3.38,9. ' Qaibus 
 Hector ab oris Exfectate venis 1 ' Virg. 
 Aen. 2. 282. 
 
 124. iratum. Jahn quotes Anon, de 
 Com. 1. c. ^i]\aiv Kparivov iroAiJ yi 
 \oiSopov ent<l>aiP€i, Persius expressly 
 wishes to imitate the old poets in their 
 licence of invective. 
 
 praegrandi cum sene, as Jahn 
 remarks, must refer to Aristophanes, 
 who is called ' praegrandis ' in respect of 
 his genius, as Cic. Brut. 83. 287 calls 
 Thucydides 'grandis,' 'senex' in respect 
 of his antiquity as one of the ancients, 
 as Horace calls Lucili-us, who died at 
 forty-four, • senex' (2 S. 1. 34). Heinr. 
 (who thinks Lucilius himself is meant) 
 compares Hor. 1 Ep. i. 55 'Aufert 
 Pacuvius docti famam senis, Attius 
 alti.' 
 
 palles. The paleness which Persius 
 attacks (v. 26) is that of debauchery 
 and dilettante study; but he is ready 
 to sympathize with the paleness of the 
 genuine student, 3. 85, 5. 62. Possibly 
 some connexion may be intended here, 
 as in V. 26, between 'pallor' and 
 'senium' — the student poring so long 
 over the ancients that he catches their 
 colour. At any rate ' Eupolidem pal- 
 lere' is to be explained as a cogn. ace, 
 like ' sapimus patruos ' (v. 1 1) = ' pallere 
 
 pallorem Eupolideum.' ' Multos pal- 
 lere colores' Prop. i. 15. 39. 'Sab- 
 bata palles' (5. 184) is a different con- 
 struction. 
 
 125. ' Hanc etiam, Maecenas, aspice 
 partem ' Virg. G. 4. 2. ' Tamen aspice, 
 si quid Et nos, quod cures proprinm 
 fecisse, loquamur' Hor. i Ep. 17. 4. 
 
 decoctius opp. to 'spumosus' v. 96, 
 Virg. G. I. 295 ' Aut dulcis musti Vul- 
 cano decoquit nmorem, Et foliis 
 undam trepidi despumat aeni.' 
 
 126. Possibly vaporata . . . aure 
 may be intended as a continuation of 
 the metaphor. 
 
 ferveat opp. to 'tepidus,' v. 84, 
 frigid dilettantism. Ears were cleansed 
 by steaming as well as by washing with 
 vinegar. Jahn. 
 
 127.' Not.the low wit that laughs at 
 national peculiarities and personal in- 
 firmities. Compare the English foot- 
 man in Dr. Moore's Zeluco, quoted 
 by Macaulay in his Essay on Johnson. 
 Jealousy was felt of the Greek dress, 
 the ' pallium ' and ' crepidae,' as likely 
 to encroach on the Roman, the ' toga ' 
 and 'calcei;' and one of the things 
 which tended to bring Tiberius into 
 contempt during his early residence 
 at Rhodes was his adoption of this 
 costume (Snet. Tib. 13, referred to by 
 Konig). It would be unpopular too 
 as associated with the professors of 
 philosophy. 
 
 ludere in, a very rare construction. 
 'Who loves to have his joke at.' 
 Heinr. remarks of this and the follow- 
 
SAT. I, 
 
 31 
 
 tinus, and owe their paleness to the indignant Eupolis and the 
 third of those ancient giants, I say, Cast a look here too, if you 
 have an ear for something which has lost its first froth. Let my 
 reader come with the glow of their strains still in his ears. I don't 
 want the gentleman who loves to have his low fling at the slip- 
 pers of the Greeks, and is equal to calling a one-eyed man Old 
 One-eye, thinking himself somebody forsooth, because once, stuck 
 up with provincial dignity, he has broken short half-pint measures 
 officially at Arretium; nor the man who has the wit to laugh at 
 the figures on the slab and the cones drawn in sand, ready to 
 go off in ecstasies if a woman pulls a Cynic by the beard. To 
 
 iilg lines, ' Schilderung der damaligen 
 Tomischen Philisterwelt.' 
 
 128. sordidus. Frequently in Cicero 
 applied to a person in the sense of base 
 or mean — opposed to generosity or 
 liberality of mind. Jahn makes the 
 opposition between the refinement of 
 the elegant Greek and the vulgarity of 
 the low Roman — the eternal feud be- 
 tween good clothes and bad. 
 
 possit after ' gestit,' like ' deceat ' 
 (3, 71) in the middle of a number of 
 indicatives. Here the force may be, 
 ' Who would be able on occasion,' etc. 
 ' He knows that the man has only one 
 eye, and can tell him so.' Jerome 
 (c. Jovin. 2. t. 4. 2 p. 214) says, 'Quid 
 prodest luscum vocare luscum ? ' Schre- 
 velius quotes Arist. Eth. 3. 5 Tors 5id 
 ipvaiv alaxpots oiSeh imrifia. 
 
 129. aliquem, an expression common 
 in Greek and Latin. Theocr. 11. 79 
 (Jahn), Acts 5. 36, Juv. i. 74, Cic. ad 
 Att. 13. 15. 8, opposed to oiiSeis or 
 ' nuUus.' 
 
 Italo, provincial, opposed not to 
 Greek, but to Jfeman, to the magistracies 
 ('honores') of the metropolis. 
 
 Eupinus here = ' superbus,' only 
 more graphic, 'head in air.' Haec et 
 talia dum refert su/inus' Mart. 5. 8. 
 10. 
 
 130. Imitated by Juv. 10. 101 ' Quam 
 de mensura ius dicere, vasa minora Fran- 
 gere pannosus vacuis aedilis Ulubris,' 
 where see Mayor's notes. The same 
 duty devolved on the aediles at Rome. 
 In the 'municipia' the aediles ranked 
 among the chief magistrates, ' sufficiunt 
 tunicae summis aedilibus albae ' Juv. 3. 
 179. Horace (1 S. 5. 34 foil.) laughs 
 
 at the provincial importance of the 
 praetor of Fundi. 
 
 emina, half a sextarius, both dry 
 and liquid measure. 
 
 131. ' Nor the man who laughs at 
 philosophy simply because he cannot 
 understand it.' The ' abacus ' was a 
 slab of marble or some other material 
 used by mathematicians, and covered 
 with sand for the purpose of drawing 
 figures and making calculations. Jahn. 
 Heinr. quotes Apul. Apol. 16. 426 'si 
 Don modo campo et glaebis, verum etiam 
 abaco et pulvisculo te dedisses.' Others, 
 like Casaubon, separate the ' abacus ' 
 from the ' pulvis,' making the former an 
 arithmetical counting-board— the latter 
 the sand on the ground on which geo- 
 meters described their diagrams, as 
 Archimedes, called by Cic. Tusc. 5. 23 
 ' homunculus a pulvere et radio' (Konig), 
 was doing at the time of his murder. 
 Cicero (N. D. 2. 18) speaks of ' eruditus 
 pulvis.' Casaubon. The original mean- 
 ing of ' meta ' is ' a cone.' See Frennd. 
 ' Gallicum genus buxi in nietas emittitur ' 
 Plin. 16. 70. 
 
 132. seit risisse, v. 53, ' has the dis- 
 cernment to laugh.' 
 
 vafer, v. 116. ' Laudare paratus' 
 Juv. 3. 106, who is fond of the cou- 
 structioui ' he has learnt his lesson and 
 is primed and ready to go off.' 
 
 133. Vellunt tibi barbam Lascivi 
 pueri' Hor. i S. 3. 133, speaking to a 
 Stoic. 
 
 nonaria, seemingly only found 
 here, so called because not allowed 
 to appear in public before the ninth 
 hour, the time of dining (Hor. i Ep. 
 7- 71)- 
 
3a PERSII 
 
 his mane edictum, post prandia Calliroen do.' 
 [134. farandia a. Calliroen do om. o.] 
 
 134. Persius probably thonght of 
 Horace's edict (1 Ep. 19. 8) 'Forum 
 putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adi- 
 mam cantare sevens,' as Casaubon 
 observes. 
 
 ediotum seems best taken as the 
 ' play-bill,' as in Sen. Ep. 117. 30 
 (qnoted by Marcilins) ' Nemo qm ob- 
 stetricem parturient! filiae soUicitus 
 arcessit, edictum et ludorum ordinem 
 
SAT. I. 
 
 33 
 
 these I allow the play-bill for their morning's reading and after 
 luncheon Calliroe.' 
 
 perlegit.' The ' edictura ' of the praetor 
 would be less interesting to this class of 
 idlers, and besides cannot have been a 
 daily object of curiosity. 
 
 Calliroe, a poem of the Phyllis 
 
 l/and Hypsipyle stamp (v. 34), which 
 
 would be recited after dinner. The 
 
 Schol. says that one Asinius Celer 
 
 wrote a puerile comedy (?) on the sub- 
 ject. The context seems to require 
 some literary trash, as a set off against 
 Persius' own productions. The spelling 
 ' Calliroen ' is adopted by Jahn from the 
 MSS. There is no such form as ' Cal- 
 lirhoe,' the choice being between KcA- 
 Kippirj and Ka\Kip6-q. 
 
 I) 
 
SATURA II. 
 
 HuNC, Macrine, diem numera meliore lapillo, 
 
 qui tibi labentis apponit candidus annos. 
 
 funde merum genio. non tu prece poscis emaci, 
 
 quae nisi seductis nequeas committere divis ; 
 
 at bona pars procerum tacita libabit acerra. • 
 
 [Ad Macrinum de vitae honestate a. Ad Plotium Macrinum de bona mente C. 
 2. quid a. apponet C. 3. murumC. 5. ad C' libamtC.'\ 
 
 On right and wrong prayers to the 
 gods. A birthday poem to Macrinus. 
 
 Comp. generally Plato's Second Alci- 
 biades, Juv. Sat. 10. The subject was 
 one comnronly discussed in the schools 
 of the philosophers. Jahn. 
 
 1-16. ' Enjoy your birthday freely , my 
 friend, and propitiate the power that 
 governs your happiness. Your prayers 
 are sure to be acceptable, unlike those 
 of most of our great men, who dare not 
 express their wishes openly. They pray 
 selfishly for money, and for the death of 
 those who stand between them and their 
 enjoyment— aye, and think they shall be 
 heard, as they have gone through all 
 the ritual forms.' 
 
 I. Plotius Macrinus, the Schol. 
 say, was a learned man who loved 
 Persius as his son, having studied in the 
 house of the same preceptor, Servilins. 
 He had sold some property to Persius 
 at a reduced price. Birthday gifts were 
 common at Rome. Authors used to 
 send their works as presents 'natalicii 
 titulo.' Censorinus de Die Nat. i. 5, 
 referred to by Casaubon. 
 
 meliore lapillo. [Martial 9. 52. 
 S ' diesque nobis Signandi meliorihus 
 lapillis!\ 'O lucem candidiore nota' 
 Catull. 107. 6. ' Qnem lapide ilia diem 
 candidiore notat ' ib. 68. 148. ' Cressa ne 
 
 careat pulchra dies nota ' Hor. i Od. 36. 
 10, commonly explained by a story of 
 Pliny's (H. N. 7. 131) that the Thracians 
 used to lay aside a white or black stone 
 for every day of their lives, accordingly 
 as it was lucky or unlucky, like the 
 pebbles used in voting on criminal 
 trials ; and so doubtless it was under- 
 stood by Pliny the younger (Ep. 6. 11. 
 3) and Martial (12. 34. 5 foil.), who use 
 the word ' calculus.' [Mart. 8. 45. 2 
 speaks in this connection of ' lactea 
 gemma;' and so 11. 36. 2 : in jo. 38. 5 
 of ' caris litoris Indici lapillis.'] But it 
 may be doubted (comp. Hor. 1. c. with 
 2 Sat. 3. 246) whether ' lapis candidior' 
 in Catull. means anything more than 
 chalk, and whether Persius has not 
 copied him, nsing ' numero' as equiva- 
 lent to ' nolo.' With the general 
 sentiment comp. Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 210 
 ' Natales grate nnmeras ? ' 
 
 2. labentis apponit. The years, as 
 they glide away unobserved (Hor. 2 Od. 
 14. 2), are kept in check by the birth- 
 day, which adds each to the account. 
 ' Apponit ' contains the notion of gain 
 (' lucre appone' Hor.-i Od. 9. 15), each 
 year being looked upon as so much 
 more pleasure realized. Comp. Hor. 2 
 Od. 5. 13 'Currit enim ferox Aetas, et 
 illi quos tibi demserit Apponet annos,' 
 
SATIRE II. 
 
 This day, Macrinus, mark with a stone of more auspicious hue, 
 the white day, which adds to your account each year as it glides 
 away. Pour the wine to your Genius. You are not the man to 
 make higgling prayers, asking the gods for things which you can 
 only confide to them when you have got them in a corner. Mean- 
 time, the mass of our upper classes will go on making libations 
 from a censer that tells no tales. It is not every one who is 
 
 though there the thought turns on the 
 gradual diminution of the disparity of 
 years between an old man and a young 
 woman. 
 
 candidus. Jahn comp. Tib. I. 7. 
 63 ■ At tu, Natalis, multos celebrande 
 per annos, Candidior semper candi- 
 diorque veni.' 
 
 3. ' Scit Genius, natale comes qui 
 temperat astrum, Naturae deus hu- 
 manae, mortalis in unum Quodque 
 caput, vultn mutabilis, albus et ater' 
 Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 187. The Genius was 
 the deification of the happier or im- 
 pulsive part of man, so that an offer- 
 ing to it implied that the day was to 
 be spent in real enjoyment. ' Cras 
 genium mero Placabis, et porco bi- 
 mestri' Hor. 3 Od. 17. 10; 'vinoque 
 diurno Placari genius festis impune 
 diebus ' A. P. 209 ; ' piabant Floribus 
 et vino genium, memorem brevis aevi ' 
 2 Ep. I. 144, where the last words 
 may be compared with the city mouse's 
 exhortation to the country mouse, 2 S. 
 6. 96 ' Dum licet, in rebus iucundis vive 
 beatus, Vive memor quam sis aevi bre- 
 vis.' By conneeting fnnde merum 
 genio with what follows, Persius seems 
 to say that Macrinus may indulge his 
 inclinations safely, and be sure that the 
 gods will grant them. Censorinus [2. 
 
 D 
 
 2] tells us, on the authority of Varro, 
 that the Romans offered only wine to 
 the Genius on their birthday, 'ne die 
 qua ipsi lucem accepissent, aliis de- 
 merent:' but Jahn refers to Hertzberg 
 de Dis Rom. Patrlis, p. 24, to show that 
 this was not an invariable rule. 
 
 emaoi, ' fond of bargaining,' ' hig- 
 gling.' V. 29 ' qua tu mercede deorura 
 Emeris auriculas?' Casaubon comp. 
 Hor. 3 Od. 29. P9 ' ad miseras preces 
 Decurrere, et voHs facisci.' Jahn comp. 
 Plato Euthyph. p. 14 E tiinopiicij dpa 
 Tis &v ciT] t4x>"I ^ d<ri6Tris BfoTs ual av- 
 Opdjirois Trap d,}0<TjXo3v. 
 
 4. seduotis. 6. 42 ' pauUum a turba 
 sedtictior audi.' Casaubon refers to 
 Sen. Ep. 41 for the statement that 
 worshippers used to get the temple- 
 keeper to allow them access to the ears 
 of the statues, that they might be able 
 to be heard better. 'Facis rem opti- 
 mam et tibi salutarem, si, ut scribis, 
 perseveras ire ad bonam mentem, quam 
 stultum est optare, cum possis a te im- 
 petrare. Non sunt ad caelum elevandae 
 manus, nee exorandus aeditnus ut nos 
 ad aures simulacri, quasi magis exaudiri 
 possimus, admittat.' 
 
 5. ' At bona pars hominum ' Hor. i 
 S. I. 61. 
 
 libabit, is used to do, and therefore 
 
3.6 
 
 PERSII 
 
 haut cuivis promptum est murmurque humilisque susurros 
 
 tollere de tempHs et aperto vivere voto. 
 
 ' Mens bona, fama fides ' haec clare et ut audiat hospes ; 
 
 ilia sibi introrsum et sub lingua murmurat 'o si 
 
 ebuUiat patruus, praeclarum funus ! ' et ' o si lo 
 
 sub rastro crepet argenti mihi seria dextro 
 
 Hercule ! pupillumve utinam, quern proximus heres 
 
 inpello, expungam ! namque est scabiosus et acri 
 
 bile tumet. Nerio iam tertia ducitur uxor.' 
 
 [6. aut a. mwynur humilisque a ; murmur, susurros ova. C. 7. aperte a, 
 a perito C. 10. ebullit pairui a : ebullet T ; patru . . . C. apud Servium 
 
 Aen. 6. 187 varie praebent codices ebulliat, ebullit, ebullat. li. crepat a. 
 
 12. quam a. 13. expungas u. nam et est a, nam est C, namque est 'T. 
 14. conditur aO,, ducitur T, Serv. Georg. 4. 256.] 
 
 will do, will be found to do. Jahn 
 comp. Juv. 8. 182 'quae Turpia cerdoni, 
 Volesos Brutumque decebunt^ * Farre 
 pio et plena supplex veneratur acerra ' 
 Virg. Aen. 5. 745. 
 
 6. ' Non cuivis homini contingit' 
 Hor. I Ep. 17. 36. ' Formam optat 
 viodico pueris, maiore puellis murmure ' 
 Juv. 10. 289. Clem. Alex. Strom. 4. 36. 
 § 173 is referred to by Casaubon as 
 giving the Pythagorean rule /^erd <^>mirp 
 
 7. ' Nee voto vivitur nno ' 5. S3, vi- 
 vere refers to daily prayers for daily 
 blessings. 
 
 8. Imitated from Hor. I Ep. 16. 57 
 foil. The secret prayer in Persius is 
 more 'bona fide,' and consequently 
 more disguised than in Horace, who 
 apparently merely means that while 
 the worshipper asks the gods for one 
 thing his heart is set on another. 
 Possibly Mens bona, fama, fides 
 are not things prayed for, but persons, 
 like Janus and Apollo, Hor. 1, c. Casau- 
 bon refers to Prop. 3. 24. 19 'Mens 
 Bona, si qua dea es, tua me in sacraria 
 dono,' [and inscriptions ' Menti Bonae ' 
 are given in the Berlin Corpus Inscrip- 
 tionum,' i. nos. 1167, 1168, 1237. See 
 Preller's Romische Mythologie, p. 628, 
 note 2. ' Quod rarissimum est, amas 
 bopam mentem,' Petronius 3. The 
 opposite is ' mala mens ; ' Catull. 40. i, 
 15. 14: Tibnll. 2. 5. 104.] Against 
 this may be urged that no gods are 
 
 particularised in the secret prayer, like 
 Lavema Hor. 1. c, with the incidental 
 exception of Hercules. What 'mens 
 bona' is is explained by Sen. (quoted 
 by the Delphin editor and Jahn) Ep. 
 10 ' Roga bonam mentevi, bonam vale- 
 tudinem animi, deinde tunc corporis' 
 (nearly Juvenal's ' mens sana in corpore 
 sano' 10. 356), Ep. 16 ' Perseverandum 
 est et assiduo studio robur addendum, 
 donee bona mens sit, quod bona volun- 
 tas est,'—' health of mind.'. [With the 
 whole comp. Sen. Ep. 10. 5 'Nunc 
 enim quanta dementia est hominum : 
 turpissima vota dis insusurrant : si quis 
 admoverit aurem, conticescunt. Et quod 
 scire hominem nolunt, deo narrant." 
 Ben. 2. I. 4 'vota homines parcius 
 facerent, si palam facienda essent ; 
 adeo etiam deos, quibus honestissime 
 supplicamus, tacite malumus et intra 
 nosmetipsos precari.' Petronius 88 ' ac 
 ne bonam quidem mentem aut bonam 
 valetudinem petunt, sed statim, ante 
 quam limen Capitolii tangant, alius 
 donum promittit si propinquum divitem 
 extulerit, alius si thesaurum effoderit, 
 alius si ad trecentiens sestertium salvns 
 pervenerit' Mart. i. 39. 6 ' nihil arcano 
 ' qui roget ore deos.'] 
 
 hospes, ' a stranger,' ' so that any 
 one may hear.' 
 
 9. sub lingua is compared by Casau- 
 bon to uir' obhvTa, 
 
 10. ebuUiat is restored by Jahn and 
 Heinr. for ' ebullit/ the reading of most 
 
SAT. II. 
 
 37 
 
 ready to do away with' muttering and whispering from our temples; 
 and live in the use of prayers to which all may listen. ' Sound 
 mind, good report, credit'— so much is said aloud even in a 
 stranger's hearing, the rest he mutters to himself under his breath. 
 ' O that my uncle would go off in a splendid obituary. O that 
 I could hear a crock of silver chinking under my harrow, by the 
 blessing of Hercules — or that I might strike out my ward, on 
 whose heels I tread as next in succession, so full of scrofula and 
 acrid bile as he is already! There is Nerius actually marrying 
 his third wife!' It is to make prayers like these piously, that 
 
 MSS., which used to be explained as a 
 contraction of ' ebulllerit.' [The syni- 
 zesis is questioned by Lucian Miiller, 
 De Re Metrica, p. 256.] The full ex- 
 pression is ' ebullire ( = efflare) animam ' 
 (Sen. Apocolocynt. 4, [Petronius 42, 
 62]). 
 
 patruus Orelli, Heinr., Jahn, from 
 some MSS. The majority have ' patrui,' 
 which seems to be a correction made by 
 those who did not understand ' ebul- 
 liat.' 
 
 praeclarum funus is meant to 
 bear the double sense ' a glorious (wel- 
 come) death ' and ' a splendid funeral.' 
 Jahn comp. Prop. 1. 17. 8 'Haeccine 
 parva nieum funus harena teget?' 
 Virg. Aen. 9. 486, 7 ' nee te tua funera 
 mater Produxi.' Heinr. makes ' funus ' 
 cogn. ace. to 'ebuUiat.' Comp. Juv. 6. 
 566, where the wife asks the astrologer 
 'quando sororem Efferat A patruos.^ 
 
 11. 'O si urnam argenti fors quae 
 mihi monstret . . . dives amico Her- 
 cule' Hor. 2 S. 6. 10. Casanbon makes 
 a distinction between Hermes as the 
 bestower of windfalls found on the way, 
 and Hercules as the patron of treasures 
 that are sought for. There was a custom 
 at Rome [Preller, Romische Myth. p. 
 652] to consecrate a tenth part of gains 
 to Hercules. 
 
 12. 'Non fraudem socio, puerove in- 
 cogitat uUam Pupillo' Hor. 2 Ep. I. 
 122. The man here does not compass 
 his ward's death, but only prays for 
 it. The Twelve Tables provided that 
 where no guardian was appointed 
 by will, the next of kin would be 
 guardian, and be would of course be 
 heir. • Agnatus proximus tutelam nan- 
 citor.' 
 
 13. inpello, V. 29, 'unda inpellitur 
 unda' Ov. M. 15. 181, equivalent to 
 ' urgeo,' ' insto,' ' premo.' Jahn comp. 
 Lucan i. 149 'inpellens quidquid sibi 
 summa petenti Obstaret.' 
 
 expungam from the tablets of the 
 will. He wishes he may have the plea- 
 sure of striking the name out, as that of 
 a person deceased. 
 
 aori bile. Spijiita xoXii, Casau- 
 bon, referring to Chrysost. Horn, in 
 Matth. 63. ' It is not much to 
 grant, a great part has been done al- 
 ready; the gods in fact seem to have 
 contemplated his death, and it would 
 be such a release ! ' Casaubon quotes 
 Juv. 6. 565 ' Consulit ictericae lento de 
 funere matris.' 
 
 14. tumet. ' turgescit vitrea bills ' 3. 
 8 ; 'mascula bilis Intumuit' 5. 145. 
 
 Iferius is the usurer mentioned by 
 Hor. 2 S. 3. 69. Persius borrows not 
 only his images but his names from 
 Horace, e.g. Pedias i. 85, Craterus 3. 
 65, [Natta 3. 31,] Bestius 6. 37 ; not 
 unnatural in a young writer and probably 
 a recluse, who must have formed his 
 notions of life as much from books as 
 from experience. 
 
 For duoitur the best MSS. give 
 ' conditur,' perhaps, as Jahn thinks, 
 from a confusion of this passage with 
 Mart. 10. 43. Serv. on Virg. G. 4. 256 
 explains ' ducitur ' ' is carried out to 
 burial,' but ' ducitur uxor ' can only 
 have one meaning, and the words pro- 
 perly understood express the sense 
 which ServiuskWishes, only with more 
 skill. ' Neitas is just marrying a 
 third time (has just buried his second 
 ■wife).' ['Conditur' is adopted by 
 BUcheler.] 
 
38 
 
 PERSII 
 
 haec sancte ut poscas, Tiberino in gufgite mergis 
 mane caput bis terque et noctem flumine purgas. 
 
 Heus age, responde — minimum est quod scire laboro — 
 de love quid sentis ? estne ut praeponere cures 
 hunc — ' Cuinam ? ' cuinam ? vis Staio ? an scilicet haeres ? 
 quis potior iudex, puerisve quis aptior orbis? 
 hoc igitur, quo tu lovis aurem inpellere temptas, 
 die agedum Staio, 'pro luppiter! o bone' clamet 
 ' luppiter ! ' at sese non clamet luppiter ipse ? 
 ignovisse putas, quia, cum tonat, ocius ilex 
 sulpure discutitur sacro quam tuque domusque ? 
 an quia non fibris ovium Ergennaque iubente 
 triste iaces lucis evitandumque bidental, 
 idcirco stolidam praebet tibi vellere barbam 
 
 IS 
 
 [i^. foscat a. mergit a. i6. node a. purgat a. 18. est tit a. tg. hunc 
 cuinam vis aC, hunc cuiquam cuinam vis T. 23. ad aC. 26. obvium C] 
 
 1 5. haec, emphatic. ' It is to ask 
 for this with pure lips.' 
 
 Tiberino foil. ' Illo Mane die quo 
 tu indicis ieiunia, nudus In Tiberi 
 stabit' Hor. 2 S. 3. 290. ' Ter matu- 
 tino Tiberi mergetur, et ipsis Vorticibus 
 timidum caput abluet' Juv. 6. 523. 
 
 16. ' Ac primnm pura somnum tibi 
 discute lympha ' Prop. 3. 10. 13. Comp. 
 Virg. Aen. 8. 69, where Aeneas on 
 rising dips his bands in the Tiber. 
 
 noctem . . . purgas, like 'totum 
 semel expiet annum' Juv. 6. 521. 
 
 17-30. [The Stoical doctrine of an 
 all-seeing Deity, expounded frequently 
 in Epictetns.] ' Let them only try the 
 experiment of taking the least divine of 
 their acquaintance and saying to him 
 what they say to Jupiter, he would at 
 once cry shame on them. The gods 
 indeed do not take vengeance im- 
 mediately, but that is no proof that 
 such prayers are forgiven, unless we are 
 to suppose that the sacrifice — what a 
 sacrifice ! — makes the difference, and 
 acts as a bribe.' 
 
 17. scire laboro, Hor. i Ep. 3. 2, 
 'nosse laboro' 2 S. 8. 19. 
 
 18. est ut = ' perhaps.' 'Est ut viro 
 vir latins ordinet Arbusta sulcis' Hor. 
 3 Od. I. 9. 
 
 19. The inferior MSS. give 'cui- 
 quam,' which was the reading of the 
 old editions, and is recalled by Heinr., 
 who points ' Hunc cuiquam ? ' ' Cuinam 
 vis ? ' ' Staio.' The Schol. wrongly 
 identify 'Stains' with Staienus, who 
 was one of the judges in the trial of 
 Oppianicus (Cic. pro Cluent.); the old 
 commentators, taking the hint, confound 
 him with Oppianicus himself. Jahn, 
 who rejects the story, supposes Persius 
 to have meant some respectable^man of 
 the day, but v. 20 looks very like a 
 sarcasm not only on the worshipper, 
 who is assumed to have qualms, but on 
 Stains himself. [The name Stains is 
 fotmd several times in inscriptions of 
 Northern Italy : see C. I. L. 5 : at 
 Nemi, C. I. L. 14. 4203 'Staia L. L. 
 Quinta : ' C. I. L. 2. 120 (Evora in 
 Portugal): 2. 4975-60 (Madrid) : 12. 
 5145 (Narbo).] 
 
 scilicet. ' Do you mean to say 
 that you have any hesitation ? ' 
 
 20. The meaning may either be 
 'Who can be a better judge, or more 
 suitable guardian ? ' or ' Who can be 
 better or more suitable as a judge in 
 a case between orphans and their 
 guardian ? ' Plaut. amusingly explains 
 orbis ' orbus proprie dicitur qui lumen 
 
SAT. II. 
 
 39 
 
 you duck your head every morning twice and three times in the 
 Tiber, and wash off the night in the running water. 
 
 Come, now, tell me, the question is the merest trifle: What is 
 your view of Jupiter? May I assume that you would think of 
 putting him above — ' Above whom ? ' Whom ? Oh, shall we say 
 Staius? You hesitate? as if there could be a better judge or a 
 more desirable guardian for orphan children? Well, then, just 
 say to Staius the prayer which you wish to have an effect on the 
 ear of Jupiter. ' Jupiter,' he would call out, ' gracious Jupiter ! ' 
 And won't Jupiter call out his own name, think you? Do you 
 suppose he has ignored all, because, when it thunders, the sacred 
 bolt rives the oak rather than you and your house? or because 
 you are not this moment lying in that forest, by order of Ergenna 
 and the sheep's liver, a sad trophy of vengeance for men to turn 
 
 ocalornm amisit, qnasi amissis orbibus 
 propter rotnnditatem oculoram.' 
 
 21. inpellere = ' percntere.' 'Mater- 
 nas inpttlit auris Luctus Aristaei ' Virg. 
 G. 4. 349. 'Arrectasque inptUit aures 
 Confusae sonns urbis' Aen. 12. 618. 
 Jahn and KOnig. 
 
 23. 'Agedum concede' Lncr. 3. 963. 
 •Agedum, sume hoc ptisanarium oryzae ' 
 Hor. 2 S. 3. 155. 
 
 die . . . clamet = ' si dices, clamabit ' 
 Heinr. 
 
 33. 'Maxime, qnis non, luppiter, ex- 
 clamat simul atqne andivit ? ' Hor. i. 
 S. 2. 17. Persius may also have been 
 thinking of i S. I. 20 'Quid canssae 
 est, merito quin iUis luppiter ambas 
 Iratns buccas inflet, neque se fore post- 
 hac Tain facilem dicat, votis ut praebeat 
 aurem ? ' 
 
 24. The details intended to be pre- 
 sented appear to be these. The guilty 
 worshipper is in a sacred grove during 
 a thunderstorm ; the lightning strikes 
 not him, but one of the sacred trees; 
 and he congratulates himself on his 
 escape, — without reason, as Persius tells 
 him. The circumstances are precisely 
 those used by Lucretius to enforce his 
 sceptical argument, 6. 390 'Cur quibus 
 incantum scelus aversabile cumque est 
 Non feciunt (sc. X)lvi) icti flammas ut 
 fulguris halent Pectore per&xo, documen 
 mortalibus acre?' ib. 416 'Postremo, 
 cur sancta Deum delubra, suasque 
 Discutit infesto praeclaras fulmine 
 sedes ? ' [The text taken by Persius is 
 
 fully treated by Plutarch 'De Sera 
 Nnminis Vindicta.'] 
 
 35. ' Aetherioque nocens fumavit sul- 
 pure ferrum ' Lucan 7. 160. 
 
 domus. The family of the cri- 
 minal share his fate, Sttiiimp^as iK4irft 
 yeve^v, Kal oIkov arravTa Oracle Hdt. 
 6.86. 
 
 26. Prop. 4. I. 104 'Aut sibi com- 
 missosyjira locuta Deos.' 
 
 lirgenna, an Etruscan name like 
 Porsenna, Sisenna, Perpenna, Heinr. 
 'Prodigiosa fides et Tuscis digna libellis'' 
 Juv. 13. 63 ( = ' digna procuiatione ') 
 Mayor's note. Konig is wrong in saying 
 that this line in construction follows 
 ' evitandum.' Peisius, to make the 
 picture more vivid, fixes not on the mo- 
 ment of death, but on the time when the 
 corpse is lying dead and the augur pro- 
 nouncing on it. The corpse and the 
 place where it fell, which was railed off 
 and held sacred, are identified. ' Homi- 
 nem ita exanimatum cremari fas non 
 est, condl terra religlo tradidit' Plin. 2. 
 
 145- 
 
 27. ' Triste bicUntal Movent incestns ' 
 Hor. A. P. 471. 
 
 lucis. ' Tn parum castis inimica 
 mittes Fulmina lucis' Hor. i Od. 12. 60. 
 See Freund v. ' bidental.' 
 
 28. vellere barbam, 1. 133. Comp. 
 the storj' of the Gaul and Papirius. The 
 images of the gods had beards, v. 58. 
 There may also be an allusion to the 
 mode of supplication by taking hold of 
 the beard (U. 10. 454). 
 
4° 
 
 PERSII 
 
 luppiter ? aut quidnam est, qua tu mercede deorum 
 emeris auriculas ? pulmone et lactibus unctis ? 30 
 
 Ecce avia aut metuens divum matertera cunis 
 exemit puerum frontemque atque uda labella 
 infami digito et lustralibus ante salivis 
 expiat, urentis oculos inhibere perita ; 
 
 tunc manibus quatit et spem macram supplice voto 35 
 
 nunc Licini in campos, nunc Crassi mittit in aedis. 
 ' hunc optet generum rex et regina ! puellae 
 hunc rapiant ! quidquid calcaverit hie, rosa fiat ! ' 
 ast ego nutrici non mando vota : negato, 
 luppiter, haec illi, quamvis te albata rogarit. 40 
 
 [29. mercedeorum a. 34. expica A, exspica B. 35. quant A, quarit B. 
 
 36. lini a. hedis a. 37. optent C. 40. haec om. u. rogabit a.] 
 
 29. Qnidnam est ea merces, qua, etc. 
 aut puts another case, like ' aut ego 
 fallor ' = ' nisi fallor.' 
 
 30. Jahn explains emere auriculas 
 on the analogy of ' praebere ' or ' dare 
 aurem,' to which he might have added 
 ' commodare ' Hor. 1 Ep. i . 40. 
 
 pulmone, etc. Comp. Juv. 10. 354 
 ' Ut tamen et poscas aliquid, voveas- 
 que sacellis Exta et candiduli divina 
 tomacula porci,' 13. 115 'Aut cur In 
 carbone tuo charta pia tura soluta Poni- 
 mus, et sectum mtuli iecur albaque porci 
 Omenta ? ' where the details are men- 
 tioned contemptuously as here. 
 
 lactibus. ' Ab hoc ventriculo 
 lades in homine et ove, per quas labitur 
 cibus : in ceteris hillae' Plin. 11. 200. 
 
 31-40. ' No better are the silly 
 prayers of old women for new-bom 
 children — that the darlings may be rich 
 and marry princesses. They know not 
 what they ask.' 
 
 31. Ecce, I. 30. 
 
 metuens divum, a translation of 
 SetaiSaifiav. ['Metuo'is a favourite word 
 in this connection ; Plaut. Pseud. 269 
 'metuere deos : ' Ter. Hec. 772 'nee 
 deos metuont istae ' : Hor. i Od. 35. 
 13 'te .... purpurei metuunt tyranni, 
 Iniurioso ne pede proruas Stantem co- 
 lumnam:' Ov. Fast. 6. 259 'quo non 
 metuentius ullnm Numinis ingenium 
 terra Sabina tulit : ' Met. I. 323 ' aut 
 
 ilia metuentior uUa deorum :' C. I. L. 
 5. I. 88 ' religionis ludaicae metuenti : ' 
 Seneca Ben. 3. 17. 3 ' testes ingratornm 
 animorum deos metuit.'] ' Mater de- 
 lira . . . Quone malo mentem concussa? 
 timore deorum ' Hor. 2 S. 3. 295. 
 
 matertera. 'Amita est patris so- 
 ror; matertera est matiis soror' Paul. 
 Dig. 38. 10. 10. 4. 
 
 33. infami = ' medio.' ' Medinm- 
 que ostenderet unguem ' Juv. 10. 53 
 Mayor's note. The ' infamis digitus ' 
 was chosen as having more power 
 against fascination on that very account. 
 Jahn. I 
 
 lustralibus. The eighth day, if 
 the child were a girl, the ninth if a boy, 
 was called ' dies lustralis ' or ' Instricus : ' 
 the infant was then purified and named. 
 Festus, p. 120 Miill. Comp. Suet. 
 Nero 6. 
 
 salivis expiat. [Plin. 28. 35 'si- 
 mili modo' (i. e. usu salivae) 'fascina- 
 tiones repercutimus.'] ' Mox turbatum 
 sputo pulverem anus medio sustulit 
 digito frontemque repugnantis signat' 
 Petr. 131. Comp. the custom of spitting 
 into the lap to avert fascination. Juv. 7. 
 Ill Mayor's note. 
 
 34. ' Nescio qnis teneros oculus mihi 
 fascinat agnos ' Virg. E. 3. 103. ' Non 
 istic oblique oculo mea commoda quis- 
 quam Limat ' Hor. i Ep. 14. 37. 
 
 urentis is rightly explained by the 
 
SAT. II. 
 
 41. 
 
 from, is that a reason why Jupiter is to give you his stupid beard 
 to pull? or what is the price you pay for the ears of the gods? 
 a dishful of lungs and greasy chitterlings? 
 
 Look here— a grandmother or a superstitious aunt has taken 
 baby from his cradle, and is charming his forehead and his slavering 
 lips against mischief by the joint action of her middle finger and 
 her purifying spittle; for she knows right well how to check 
 the evil eye. Then she dandles him in her arms and packs off 
 the pinched little hope of the family, so far as wishing can do it, 
 to the domains of Licinus or the palace of Crassus. ' May he be 
 a catch for my lord and lady's daughter I May the pretty ladies 
 scramble for him! May the ground he walks on turn to a rose- 
 bed ! ' But / will never trust a nurse to pray for me or mine ; 
 good Jupiter, be sure to refuse her, though she may have put on 
 white for the occasion. 
 
 Delph. ed. as 'withering' or ' blasting.' 
 Jahn comp. Pint. Quaest. Sympos. 5. i 
 ■yiyviia/coiiiv ycLp av9pinrm>s t& KaTa0Ki- 
 iTciv TO. iraiSla frnXiara PXdiTTOvTas, hypS- 
 TfjTt T^s Ideals xal daSevfia rpewoiiivTjs 
 in ai)TWV ual Kivovfievrjs eirl to x^^pov, 
 
 35. manibus quatit. Casaubon comp. 
 Horn. II. 6. 474 avTcLp oy hv <pi\ov vim 
 eirei icvae ii^Ke re xV'''. ETttci' inev^i- 
 /^Evof Ati'T dWoiaivre 0eor<ri. 
 
 spem macram, etc. Comp. Juv. 
 14. 146 ' Nocte boves macri lassoque 
 famelica collo lumenta ad virides huius 
 mittentur aristas.' She speeds him 
 thither by the force of her wish, and 
 then turns him loose to fatten himself. 
 The Delph. ed. comp. Virg. Aen. 11. 
 46 ' Cum me complexus euntem Mitte- 
 ret in magnum imperium.' 
 
 With voto . . mittit comp. Hor. i 
 Ep. 14. 41 ' Horum tu in numerum voto 
 mis ? ' 
 
 36. ' Quorum nomina cum Crasso 
 Licinoque numerantur ' Sen. Ep. 1 20. 20. 
 Comp. Juv. I. 109 Mayor's note, li. 14. 
 305 foil., and see Diet. Biogr. 
 
 37. [Haupt, in Hermes vol. |^, p. 11, 
 suggests that in this passage Fersius was 
 alluding to current popular fables about 
 kings and queens, girls and roses.] 
 'Multi ilium pueri, multae optavere 
 puellae' Catull. 62. 42, referred to by 
 Konig. 
 
 optet is restored by Jahn from the 
 Ijest MSS. instead of the vulg. ' optent,' 
 
 which may be a correction, though it is 
 perhaps as probable that the singular is 
 a blunder, 
 
 rex et regiua is explained by Jahn 
 from I. 67, where see note: but the 
 words in tlie mouth of an old woman 
 are more likely to be general, though 
 there were no 'king and queen' at 
 Rome. 
 
 38. rapiant seems to imply that the 
 tables are to be turned, and that instead 
 of his running off with them, they are 
 to run off with him. Casaubon comp. 
 the similar use of d^Trdfe ic and of ' diri- 
 pere.' 'Editum librum continuo mirari 
 homines et diripere coeperunt' Life of 
 Persius. 
 
 quidquid, etc. Casaubon comp. 
 Claud. I Seren. 89 ' Qnocunque per her- 
 bam Reptares, fluxere rosae.' 
 
 39. ' Quid voveat dulci nutricula 
 mains alumno,' etc. Hor. i Ep. 4. 6 
 foil. Horace regards the prayers of a 
 nurse more approvingly than Persius, 
 having a higher opinion of her good 
 sense. Seneca (Ep. 60, quoted by Ca- 
 saubon) agrees with Persius, ' Etiamnum 
 optas quod tibi optavit nutrix, aut pae- 
 dagogus aut mater ? Nondum intellegis 
 quantum mali optaverint?' comp. ib. 
 Kp. 32, Juv. 14. 208. 
 
 40. ' Though she ask it with every 
 requisite form,' v. 15. albata. ' Casta 
 placent superis : pura cum veste venite ' 
 TibuU. 2. I. 13. 
 
42 
 
 PERSII 
 
 Poscis opem nervis corpusque fidele senectae. 
 esto ; age ; sed grandes patinae tuccetaque crassa 
 adnuere his superos vetuere lovemque morantur. 
 
 Rem struere exoptas caeso bove Mercuriumque 
 arcessis fibra. ' Da fortunate Penatis, 45 
 
 da pecus eit gregibus fetum ! ' quo, pessime, pacto, 
 tot tibi cum in flammas iunicum omenta liquescant? 
 et tamen hie extis et opimo vincere ferto 
 intendit 'iam crescit ager, iam crescit ovile, 
 iam dabitur, iam iam ! ' donee deceptus et exspes 50 
 
 nequiquam fundo suspiret nummus in imo, 
 
 \j^i. poscit a. i,2. pingens (A. grandes C 43. miraniurC 45. accessis a, 
 accersis Priscian. i.p. 433 Keil. fibram C. de a. 48. at tamen a, et tamen C. 
 festo a. 49. aser a.] 
 
 41-51. ' One man prays for health 
 and long life — a blessing doubtless — 
 but one which he cannot have, being a 
 glutton. Another actually ruins himself 
 by the costliness of his sacrifices, while 
 all the time his object is to obtain an 
 increase to his possesions — and goes on 
 spending and hoping to the last.' 
 
 41. Poscis opem is a common 
 enough phrase, and nervis is added as 
 the party for whom the blessing is 
 sought. 
 
 senectae may either be constructed 
 with ' poscis,' like ' nervis,' or with 
 * fidele,' which is Casaubon's view — 
 'corpus cui suae vires permaneant ad 
 seneclam usque." 
 
 42. ' Grandes rhombi patinaeque 
 Grande ferunt una cum damno dedecus,' 
 Hor. 2 S. 2. 95. 'grandes ' Jahn, from 
 the best MSS., vulg. ' pingues.' [' Gran- 
 dis ' of plate, Plant. Cure. 368, Cic.Verr. 
 2. 4. 21.] 
 
 tucceta. Amobius 2. 42 talks of 
 ' glacialia conditione tncceta,' and the 
 word has been introduced conjecturally 
 by some editors in 7. 24 of the same 
 author. The Scholia make 'tnccetnm' 
 a Gaulish word, of the same origin 
 with the proper name • Tucca,' and 
 describes it as beef steeled in a thick 
 gravy, which enables it to keep a year. 
 [The word occurs also in Apuleius Met. 
 2. 1; 7. II. ' Tuccetum ftu/tds iraxtis,' 
 Gloss. Lat. Grace, p. 202. 53.] 
 
 43. adnuere with the dative of the 
 thing countenanced. ' Audacibus adnne 
 coeptis ' Virg. G. i. 40. 
 
 vetuere implies that the restraining 
 cause had anticipated the prayer, and 
 prevented its taking effect. Diog. Laert. 
 6. 2. 28, quoted by Jahn, relates of Dio- 
 genes the cynic, iicivti mnbv ri Bvav 
 ToTs flfofr ii-nif v-fit'uis, hi hut-J SJ tJ 
 fluiri'oi Kar^ tii^ lytfias Sfinveiv. 
 
 44. Kem struere ' to increase your 
 wealth,' ' acervo quern struit ' Hor. 1 S. 
 I- 35. 
 
 Merourium, note on v. 11., 6. 62. 
 
 45. arcessis stronger than ' vocas,' 
 ' summon,' as Implying a command, and 
 one that will be obeyed, so that here it 
 is used rhetorically, to express the con- 
 fidence of the worshipper. The reference 
 is to the presence of the gods, as Jahn 
 remarks. 
 
 fibra (v. 26) is said in the same 
 spirit as ' pulmone et lactibus unctis ' 
 V. 30. 
 
 fortuuare is used absolutely, as in 
 Afranius ap. Non. sub v., quoted by 
 Jahn, ' Deos ego omnes ut fortunassint 
 precor,' the subj. to 'fortunare' being 
 I penates.' ' Fortuno,' as Jahn remarks, 
 is a ' vox soUemnis ' in prayers, being 
 invariably used of the gods. 'Tu 
 quamcunque Deus tibi foriunaverit 
 horam Grata sume manu' Hor. i Ep. 
 II. 22. 
 
 Penatis, as gods of the ' penus. 
 
SAT. II. 
 
 43 
 
 You ask reinforcement for your physical strength, and a body 
 to stand you in stead in old age. So far so good — go on; but 
 your great dishes and thick gravies have laid an injunction on 
 the gods not to grant it, and clog the gracious purposes of 
 Jupiter. 
 
 You aim at increasing your wealth by sacrificing oxen, and serve 
 a summons on Mercury in the shape of liver. 'Grant that my 
 household gods may prosper me : grant me cattle and a teeming 
 season for my flocks ! ' On what terms, pray, most wretched of 
 creatures, when the fat of so many of your bullocks is melting 
 into the fire? Yet the man strains every nerve to gain his end 
 by entrails and rich puddings. ' Now my lands are getting 
 broader; now my fold is widening; now I shall get it — now — 
 now : ' till at last, disappointed and despairing, the solitary coin 
 sighs unavailingly at the bottom of the chest. 
 
 the domestic store. 'Cura penum 
 strnere et flammis adolere petiatis ' Virg. 
 Aen. I. 704. 
 
 46. ' Si fetura gregem suppleverit ' 
 Virg. E. 7. 36. ' Quo pacto, pessime ' 
 Hor. 2 S. 7. 22. 
 
 47. Imitated from Catiill. 90. 6 
 ' Omentum in flamma pingue liquefa- 
 ciens.' 
 
 iuniz ('iuvenix,' 'iuvencus ') = ' iu- 
 venca.' Plaut. Mil. 304. 
 
 48. ['At tamen ' Biicheler.] 'He 
 strains every nerve to win,' increasing 
 bis sacrifices as his means decrease, 
 extis et. . ferto contemptuously, w. 30, 
 45. Jahn explains ' fertum ' from Festus 
 sub V. and Cato R. R. 134, 141 as a kind 
 of cake, which was frequently offered 
 ('obmovebatnr') in sacrifice, coupled 
 with ' strues ' in the tables of the 
 Fratres Arvales 221, 222, 225, p. 135 
 Henzen. ' A ferendo ' Schol. 
 
 49. Juv. 5. 166 'Ecce dabit iam Se- 
 mesum leporem atque aliquid de cluni- 
 bus apri : Ad nos iam veniet minor 
 altilis.' 
 
 50. Jahn, following [one interpretation 
 offered by the Scholia], ingeniously 
 changes the punctuation, ' donee decep- 
 tus et exspes, Nequiquam fundo, suspi- 
 ret, Hummus in imo 1 ' ' deceptus ' being 
 the man, and ' Nequiquam fundo num- 
 mus in imo ! ' ( = ' nequiquam profudi 
 opes meas') the words of his lament. 
 But the old stopping is at once more 
 obvious and more spirited, the last 
 
 coin (' nummus ' = ' sestertius ') having 
 been cheated into parting with its 
 brethren by the promise that it should 
 see them again and many more besides, 
 and now sighing to find itself left quite 
 alone without any more hope. Casau- 
 bon compares Hesiod's Works and 
 Days 369 8«iX^ 8' ivl irvB/iivt tpiiSii 
 (imitated by Sen. Ep. i. 5 'Sera parsi- 
 monia in fnndo est') ; a parallel rather 
 imfavourable to Jahn's punctuation, 
 which calls attention more to the mo- 
 ney expended than to the remainder. 
 'Nummi' are similarly personified 5. 
 1 49 ' Quid petis ? ut nummi, quos hie 
 quincunce modesto Nutrieras, pergant 
 avidos sudare deunces ? ' 
 
 51-75. ' To receive a present of gold 
 or silver is the summit of human plea- 
 sure. Thence men conclude that the 
 gods must value it too, and accordingly 
 gild the statues of those whom they find 
 most propitious — so that now gold su- 
 persedes everything else in our temples. 
 Miserable blindness of earthly grovel- 
 lers ! as if pampered flesh were a mea- 
 sure of the desires of heaven ! Luxury 
 may be excused for her refinements, 
 though they are so many sins against 
 nature : at any rate she has the enjoy- 
 ment of them : but will .-my priest tell 
 me that the gods can care for such 
 things? No, give me that which no 
 wealth can buy, — an honest, pure, and 
 generous heart; and the cheapest obla- 
 tion will suffice.' 
 
44 
 
 PERSII 
 
 Si tibi creterras argenti incusaque pingui 
 auro dona feram. sudes et pectore laevo 
 excutiat guttas laetari praetrepidum cor. 
 hinc illud subiit, auro sacras quod ovato 
 perducis facies ; nam ' fratres inter aenos 
 somnia pituita qui purgatissima mittunt, 
 praecipui sunto sitque illis aurea barba.' 
 aurum vasa Numae Saturniaque inpulit aera 
 
 55 
 
 [c,2. creterras a, craterasC. incusasqueC. t,^. laeioC. li^. praetepiduma.. 
 creterram argenti sudabit praetrepidum cor Priscian. i. p. 219 K. 55. subit aC. 
 56. perducit a. 57. purgantissima C. 58. sit illis a. 59. auri a.] 
 
 52. [Servius on Aen. i. 724 says that 
 the Latin form of Kparjip is ' haec cra- 
 tera:' but 'creterra' is attested by 
 Paulns, p. 53 Miiller, Nonius, p. 547, 
 and Gloss. Vat. p. 33. 1 1 Goetz ' creterre 
 crateres.' In Cic. Fam. 7. i. 2 the 
 Medicean MS. has ' creterrarum ; ' and 
 so the old Blandinian MS. in Hor. 2 S. 
 4. 80. The form is also supported by 
 Porphyrion, and by respectable MS. 
 authority, in Hor. 3 Od. 18. 17.] 
 
 iucusa is a translation of finraiara 
 (Casaubon), liiTratariK^ "^^X^V being the 
 art of embossing silver or some other 
 material with golden ornaments (' cru- 
 stae ' or ' emblemata '). Hence ' creter- 
 ras argenti incusaque dona ' is probably 
 a hendiadys. 
 
 pingui, opposed to 'levi' or 
 'tenui,' as the thickness of the gold 
 would constitute its value. Can there 
 be a reference to ' pingui munere ' Hor. 
 2 Ep. I. 267? 
 
 53. dona feram, Virg. G. 3. 22, 
 CatuU. 64. 34. 
 
 Budes. Casaubon refers to Aspasia 
 ap. Athen. 5. 219 C rcdyut o-nas ijKovaa 
 Xa/Jay ijTTO aaifia Xitrodvaj *lSpuiTt. 
 
 pectore laevo, 'laeva parte ma- 
 millae Nil salit Arcadico iuveni ' Juv. 7. 
 
 159- 
 
 54. ' excutias ' was preferred by Jahn 
 in his edition of 1843, but he has since 
 adopted excutiat which is supported 
 by one of the oldest MSS. and by some 
 others, and seems required by the rela- 
 tion between ' laevo pectore ' and ' cor.' 
 
 guttas, ' tears ' or ' sweat ' 1 Heinr. 
 says the latter, and it seems simpler. 
 Juv. 1. 167 ' tacita sudant praecordia 
 culpa^ 
 
 laetari, construed with praetre- 
 pidum, ' overhasty to rejoice,' Hor. 2 
 Od. 4. 24 ' Cuius octavum trepidavit 
 aetas Claudere lustrum.' CatuU. 46. 7 
 ' lam mens praetrepidans avet vagari.' 
 Compare ' praelargus ' i. 14. 
 
 55. ' Hence it is that it has occurred 
 to you to,' etc., 'subiit can genitoris 
 imago ' Virg. Aen. 2. 560. ' animum 
 (mentem) ' or ' animo ' sometimes ex- 
 pressed after ' subiit,' sometimes omitted. 
 Compare ' succurrit ' Aen. 2. 317. 
 
 illud subiit quod, otherwise ex- 
 pressed by the impersonal with an infi- 
 nitive, ' misereri sortis humanae subit ' 
 Plin. 25. 23. Compare Ov. Trist. 3. 8. 
 38 ' Quid sim quid fuerimque subit.' 
 [The final syllable of the third person 
 perf. sing, of the compounds of 'eo' 
 ('abiit,' 'adiit,' etc.) is frequently 
 lengthened by the poets, especially by 
 Ovid.] . 
 
 sacer, used of the gods themselves, 
 not merely of things consecrated to 
 them; 'sacrae Vestae' Prop. 3.4. II, 
 ' sacrae Cybelae' 3. 22. 3 [si 1. c.]. 
 
 auro ovato, like ' triumphatum 
 aurum' Ov. ex Ponto 2. i. 41. Jahn. 
 The epithet may mark the unjust acqui- 
 sition of the gold offered to heaven, as 
 Madan thinks, Juv. 8. 100. 
 
 56. perducis. ' Quo totum nati cor- 
 pus perduxit ' Virg. G. 4. 416. For the 
 custom of gilding statues compare Juv. 
 13. 151 ' Radat inauraii iexaut Herculis, 
 dLfaciem ipsam Neptuni, qui bratteolam 
 de Castore ducat.' [' Hoc (aurum) 
 suspiciunt, hoc suis optant, hoc dis velut 
 rerum humanarum maximum, cum grati 
 videri volunt, consecrant. Nihil illis 
 (divitiis) melius nee dare videntor di 
 
SAT. II. 
 
 45 
 
 If I were to present you with cups of silver, chased with orna- 
 ments of thick gold, you would be all perspiration, and your heart 
 in a flutter of joy would force out heart-drops from your left breast, 
 This it is which has suggested it to you to give the faces of the 
 gods a coating of triumphal gold. 'Among the brazen brethren, 
 let those who send us dreams of nights most free from gross 
 humours rank first in honour, and have a golden beard given 
 them.' Yes, gold has driven out Nuraa's crockery and the brass 
 
 immortales posse nee habere' Sen. Ep. 
 115. II, 12.] 
 
 fratres . . . aenos is understood by 
 Jahn of the gods generally, after Lubin 
 and Famaly. The traditional explana- 
 tion attributed by the Scholia to Acron, 
 that the brethren are the sons of Ae- 
 gyptus, statues of whom stood in the 
 open air opposite to those of the 
 Danaides in the portico of the Palatine 
 Apollo, breaks down from want of 
 evidence of the existence of any such 
 statues (those of the Danaides being 
 frequently mentioned, as by Prop. 2. 31. 
 4, who narrates the opening of the por- 
 tico), as well as from the absence of any 
 reason why they should preside over 
 dreams. The Scholiast's other fancy, 
 that Castor and Pollux are meant, is 
 refuted by the words of the passage, 
 which clearly points, as Casaubon ob- 
 serves, to more than two. 
 
 57. ' Dulcia se in bilem vertent, sto- 
 machoque tumultum Lenta feret pittiita ' 
 Hor. 2 S. 2. 75. Persius doubtless 
 means that those dreams which are freest 
 from the gross humours of the body are 
 likely to be truest — possibly he may 
 also mean that those which are traceable 
 to excess are ipso facto discredited as 
 divine communications. Cicero how- 
 ever (De Div. 2. 58 foil.) and Lucretius 
 (4. 907 foil.), in accounting for dreams 
 naturally, make no use of this argument. 
 Possibly there may be some point in 
 'pituita' in the mouth of a Stoic. 
 Cicero 1. c. says, ' Stoici autem tui ne- 
 • gant quemqnam nisi sapientem divinum 
 esse posse, and goes on to explain 
 Chrysippus' views of the matter : while 
 Horace reminds the Stoic (i Ep. 1. 108) 
 that phlegm is a drawback to the perfect 
 sanity of the ' sapiens.' It does not ap- 
 pear that Persius refers particularly to 
 the custom of sleeping in temples with 
 a view to procure dreams. Jahn. 
 
 58. Cic. N. D. 3. 34 tells of Dionysius 
 ' Aesculapii Epidaurii barbam auream 
 demi iussit, neque enim convenire bar- 
 batum esse filium, cum in omnibus fanis 
 pater imberbis esset.' 
 
 59. These vasa UTumae were called 
 ' capedines ' and ' simpuvia.' Cic. Parad. 
 I. 2 'Quid? Numae Pompilii minusne 
 gratas Dis immortalibus capedines ac 
 
 fictiles umulas fuisse quam filicatas 
 aliorum pateras arbitramur ? ' Juv. 6. 
 343 ' Simpwvium ridere Numae ni- 
 grumque catinum, Et Vaticano fragiles 
 de monte patellas.' They appear to 
 have been bowls or dishes of some 
 kind. 
 
 Saturnia . . . aera. The Scholia, 
 followed by Casaubon and Jahn, explains 
 this of the use of brass coin, which was 
 supposed to be connected with the early 
 reign of Saturn in Italy ; Janus, the first 
 coiner, according to the legend, having 
 stamped one side of the coin with his 
 own head, the other with a ship, to com- 
 memorate the landing of Saturn (Macrob. 
 Sat. l) : a connection further pointed to 
 by the fact that the aerarium was in the 
 temple of Saturn (Varro L. L. 5. i83\ 
 The 'vasa Numae,' however, would 
 rather have led us to expect that the 
 'Saturnia aera' were temple furniture 
 of some kind : and so the words are 
 explained by the older commentators, 
 who however are evidently merely 
 guessing from the context. With the 
 general sentiment compare Prop. 4. i. 5 
 ' Fictilibus crevere deis haec aurea tem- 
 pla.' Juv. II. 115 'Hanc rebus Latiis 
 curam praestare solebat Fictilis et nullo 
 violatus luppiter auro! [Euripides 
 Philoctetes (fragm. 792 Nauck) : (ipas 
 Ji) ctrr Kav Beoiai KfpSaiveiv Ka\6v, &av- 
 /idfeTOi 8' o irKdarov iv i/aofs ix<^v 
 'X.pvaov.'] 
 
 inpulit, 'has pushed out,' v. 13, 
 note. 
 
46 
 
 PERSII 
 
 Vestalisque urnas et Tuscum fictile mutat. 60 
 
 o curvae in terris animae et caelestium inanis! 
 
 quid iuvat hoc, templis nostros inmittere mores 
 
 et bona dis ex hac scelerata ducere pulpa? 
 
 haec sibi corrupto casiam dissolvit olivo, 
 
 haec Calabrum coxit vitiato murice vellus, 65 
 
 haec bacam conchae rasisse et stringere venas 
 
 ferventis massae crudo de pulvere iussit. 
 
 peccat et haec, peccat ; vitio tamen utitur ; at vos 
 
 dicite, pontifices, in sancto quid facit aurum? 
 
 \6o. facile B. 61. terras Lactantius I. D. 2. ;:. 18. 62. hoc aC. 63. ex 
 om. a. 65. el calabrum C. 66. vacam C 67. missaea. 68. J>ec- 
 
 caethaec o.] 
 
 60. The Vestals used urns of pottery. 
 Kbnig compares Ov. F. 3. 11 foil., Jahn, 
 Val. Max. 4. 4. 11. 
 
 Tuscum fictile. ' An quia ex 
 Etruriae figulinis Romam afferretur t ... 
 an eo respicit, qnod pleraque ad reli- 
 gionem spectantia habuerunt Romani 
 ab Etrascis?' (Casaubon). Why not 
 both? 
 
 61. [For ' in terris,' which is the better 
 attested reading, comp. perhaps Liicr. 3. 
 647 ' in studio deditns ; 4. 8 1 5 ' in rebus 
 deditus;' CatuU. 61. loi ' deditus in 
 adultera ; " Persius 4. 33 ' figas in cute 
 solem.*] Jahn compares Hor. 2 S. 2. 77 
 ' Afiigit humo divinae particulam aurae : ' 
 but the language rather suggests such 
 passages as Ov. Met. i. 84 ' Pronaque 
 cum spectant,' etc., which the old com- 
 mentators compare. 
 
 inanis, with genitive. [Plant. 
 Stich. 526 ' omnium me exilem atque 
 inanem fecit aegritudinum ; ' Cic. Mur. 
 1 2 ' inanissima pradentiae reperta sunt, 
 fraudis autem et stultitiae plenissima ; ' 
 De Or. I. 9 ' plena consiliorum, inania 
 verborum.' Hor. 3 Od. 11. 26 'inane 
 lymphae Dolium;' Ov. M. 2. 6n 
 ' corpus inane animae.'] The expression 
 ' caelestium inanis ' resembles ' Heu 
 steriles veri ' 5. 75- [' O^s iroC jSXcVcis ; 
 071 fis 7^v yqv, oTi ctff rh fidpaOpoVj on 
 eis rovs TaKanrdjpovs Toirovs vd/xovs rSiv 
 viKpSiv ; fls Si Toiis tSiv OtSiv ov 0\i-nets 
 Epictetns i. 13.] 
 
 62. nostros . . . mores, 'misce Ergo 
 aliquid nostris de moribus' Juv. 14. 
 
 322. ' Mores,' as used by Roman 
 authors, is a. very characteristic, and, 
 almost by consequence, untranslatable 
 word, answering more or less to several 
 distinct though connected notions in 
 English ; ' national character,' ' institu- 
 tions,' ' traditions,' ' spirit of the age,' 
 and the like. Here we may perhaps 
 render it views. 
 
 templis . . . inmittere is the opp. 
 to ' toUere de templis ' v. 7. 
 
 63. bona dis, to be taken together. 
 'Campos militi Romano ad proelium 
 bonos ' Tac. Ann. 2. 14. Here it seems 
 to stand for ' ea quae dis bona videntur.' 
 
 duoere, ' to deduce, infer ; ' ex 
 qnatuor temporum mutationibus om- 
 nium . . . initia caussaeque ducuntnr' 
 Cic. N. D. 2. 19. 
 
 pulpa is a remarkable word, coin- 
 ciding as it does with the Christian lan- 
 guage about the flesh, especially when 
 coupled with the epithet ' scelerata ; ' 
 ' caro mollis et enervis,' Jahn, who com- 
 pares Anson. Epist. 4. 93 ' Nee fas est 
 mihi regio magistro Plebeiam numeris 
 docere pulpam,' as if they were so much 
 animal matter. [Epictetus ;i. 8. 2 tis 
 dhv oi/ffta Qeov ; Sa/)£ ; Mil yivotro. This 
 use of ffopf is, according to Zeller 
 (Philosophic d. Griechen 3. i. p. 405), 
 first due to Epicurus. In a letter of 
 Epicurus quoted by Diogenes Laertius 
 (rd/)f occurs several times (1 37, 140, 144, 
 145), being opposed in one passage to 
 ipvxfi, in another to Si&voia. The ex- 
 pression is quite common in Epictetus 
 
SAT. II. 
 
 47 
 
 of good old Saturn; it supersedes the Vestal urns and the Etrus- 
 can pottery. O ye souls that cleave to earth and have nothing 
 heavenly in you! how can it answer to introduce the spirit of the 
 age into the temple-service, and infer what the gods like from 
 this sinful pampered flesh of ours? The flesh it is that has got 
 to spoil wholesome oil by mixing casia with it — to steep Calabrian 
 wool in purple that was made for no such use; that has made 
 us tear the pearl from the oyster, and separate the veins of the 
 glowing ore from their primitive slag. It sins — yes, it sins; but 
 it takes something by its sinning ; but you, reverend pontiff's, tell 
 us what good gold can do in a holy place. Just as much or 
 
 1. 3- 5 ™ S^ffTTjvd fiov ffapiciSia : i. 29. 6 
 (drrc(\crs) 6Kqt T^ ffapKiSity ; id. I. 20. 17, 
 
 2. 23. 20; comp. M. Aurelius 10. 7. 24. 
 'Sedquidvis potinshomo quam caruncula 
 nostra' Varro Sat. Men. Rel. p. 102 
 Riese. Epicurus, according to Zeller, 
 drew a. distinction between udp^ and 
 aw/ia. Seneca is not so precise ; ' nun- 
 quam me caro ista compellet ad metum 
 . . . nunqnam in honorem liuius corpus- 
 ta/j mentiar " Ep. 65. 22.] 
 
 64. ' Alba nee Assyrio fucatur lana 
 veneno, Nee casia liquidi corrumpitur 
 usus olivi' Virg. G. 2. 465. 
 
 sibi, to gratify itself^pointing the 
 contrast with ' bona dis.' 
 
 65. Calabrum. Jahn quotes Colu- 
 mella 7. 2 ' Generis eximii Milesias, 
 Calabras, Apnlasque (lanas) nostri 
 existimabant, earumque optimas Taren- 
 tinas.' 
 
 vitiate, ' spoiled,' because changed 
 from its proper use. The evil done is 
 brought out more forcibly when it is as- 
 serted that both the natural products 
 suffer from the violation of their natures. 
 In Horn. II. 4. 141, to which Jahn refers, 
 liiaivav probably only means to stain, 
 though Virgil in his imitation (Aen. 
 12. 67) has 'molaverit ostro.' [Van 
 Wageningen would read ' vitiatnm.'] 
 
 66. bacam, a common word for a 
 pearl ; ' diluit insignem bacam ' Hor. 2 
 S. 3. 241, here used perhaps to indicate 
 the relation of the pearl to the shell, as 
 that of a berry to a tree. So orudo de 
 pulvere implies an interference with the 
 processes of nature for the sake of 
 luxury. ' Aurum inrepertum et sic me- 
 lius situm, Cum terra celat ' Hor. 3 Od. 
 
 3- +9- . , ,. 
 
 66. rasisse implies violence, such as 
 
 was necessary to separate the pearl. 
 
 ' Crassescunt etiam in senecta conchis- 
 que adhaerescunt, neo his avelli queunt 
 nisi lima ' Plin. 9. 109, quoted by 
 Lubin. , 
 
 stringere, ' to strip or tear,' like 
 ' stringere folia, gladium,' etc., a stronger 
 word here than ' solvere ' would be. 
 Jahn remarks that this use of ' stringere ' 
 has nothing to do with the ' strictura 
 ferri ' (ffTcS/iioKrij) or hardening mentioned 
 by Virg. Aen. 8. 421, Plin. 34. 143. 
 ' Strigilis ' occurs Plin. 33. 62, as a 
 Spanish term for a small piece of native 
 gold — whether with reference to either 
 of these uses of ' stringo ' does not 
 appear. 
 
 67. massae, 5. 10, Virg. Aen. 8.453, 
 a lump of ore, containing both the 'vena ' 
 and the ' pulvis.' 
 
 orudus apparently expresses the 
 natural state of the slag or scoria, as 
 opposed ■ to ' coquere,' the process of 
 fusing the metal. Plin. 33. 98 ' argenti 
 vena in summo reperta criidaria appel- 
 latur.' 
 
 68. utitur, 'gets the benefit of,' 
 nearly synonymous with 'fruitur,' with 
 which it is often coupled. ' Utatur suis 
 bonis opOrtet et fruaiur, qui beatns fu- 
 turus est,' Cic. N. D. I. 37. 103. So 
 'utar ' 6. 22. 
 
 69. ' Keciepontijices compellat, penes 
 quos omnium sacrorum cura, et a quibus 
 sacerdotum omnium collegia pendebant.' 
 Casaubon. Lampridius (a.d. 293) quotes 
 the passage, Alex. Sev. 44 'in Sanctis 
 q. f. a.' ' Sacrum sacrove commendatum 
 qui clepsit rapsitve parricida esto ' Cic. 
 Leg. 2. 9, where ' sacro 'appears to mean 
 a temple, like Up6v. 
 
 69. qiaid faoit ' what is its business ? ' 
 almost = ' quid prodest,' like ' plurimum 
 facit ' Quintil. 6. 4. 8. [Comp. a similar 
 
48 
 
 PERSII 
 
 nempe hoc quod Veneri donatae a virgine pupae. 70 
 
 quin damus id superis, de magna quod dare lance 
 
 non possit magni Messallae lippa propago : 
 
 conpositum ius fasque animo sanctosque recessus 
 
 mentis et incoctum generoso pectus honesto. 
 
 haec cedo ut admoveam templis et farre litabo. 75 
 
 [70. a om. a. 72." messalae C, messala a. 73. animimo B, animos C, 
 
 a«2>»j 5", Lact. I. D. 2.4. II. "n. honesium a. 75. ai{moneam'B,admoveantC.'\ 
 
 thought Sen. Prov. 5. 2 'Non sunt 
 divitiae bonum; itaque habeat illas et 
 Elius leno, ut homines pecuniam, cum 
 in templis consecraverint, videant et in 
 fomice.' Petronius 88 ' ipse senatns, 
 recti bonique praeceptor, mille pondo 
 anri Capitolio promiltere solet, et ne 
 quis dubitet pecuniam concupiscere, 
 lovem quoque peculio exomat.'] 
 
 70. ' Solebant enim virgines antequam 
 nuberenl quaedam virginitatis suae dona 
 Veneri consecrare ; hoc et Varro scribit ' 
 Scholia. Jahn compares 5. 31 ' bulla- 
 que succinctis Laribus donata pependit,' 
 Kbnig Hor. i S. 5. 66 ' Donasset iamne 
 catenam Ex vote Laribus.' So the sailor, 
 Hor. I Od. 5. 16, hangs up the clothes, 
 and the lover, 3 Od. 26. 3 foil., the harp, 
 etc., with which he has now done. 
 
 71. ' Quin tu desmis '4. 14. 
 
 de magna, etc. Jahn compares 
 Ov. Ep. 4. 8. 39 'Nee quae de pan'a 
 
 dis pauper libat acerra Tura minus 
 grandi quam data lance valent' ' Lan- 
 cibus et pandis fumantia reddimus exta ' 
 Virg. G. 2. 194, probably the kind of 
 offering glanced at by Persius. With 
 the ironical repetition ' magna — magni ' 
 compare Hor. i S. 6. 72 ' Magni Quo 
 pueri, magnis e centurionibus orti.' 
 [' Porrectum magna magnum spectare 
 catino Vellem ' Hor. 2 S. 2. 39.] 
 
 72. MessaUa« lippa propago. 'Cot- 
 tam Messalinnm dicit, qui tam vitiosos 
 oculos in senectute habuit, ut palpebrae 
 eius in exteriorem partem verterentur. 
 Fuit enim et multis deditus vitiis ' 
 Scholia. L.'Aurelius Cotta Messalinus 
 was son of M. Valerius Messalla Cor- 
 viuus (Hor. i S. 10. 85, A. P. 371), and 
 was adopted by his maternal uncle, L. 
 Aurelius Cotta. He is mentioned more 
 than once by Tacitus, who calls him 
 (Ann. 6. 7) 'nobilis quidem, sed egens 
 
SAT. II. 
 
 49 
 
 as little as the dolls which a young girl offers to Venus. Give 
 we rather to the gods such an offering as great Messalla's blear- 
 eyed representative has no means of giving even out of his great 
 dish — duty to God and man well blended in the mind, purity in 
 the shrine of the heart, and a racy flavour of nobleness pervading 
 the bosom. Let me have these to carry to the temple, and a 
 handful of meal shall win me acceptance. 
 
 ob luxum, per flagitia infamis,' and is 
 enumerated by Plin. lo. 52 among 
 famous epicures, so that Persius doubt- 
 less gives him the epithet ' lippus ' in 
 order to note his excesses. 
 
 73. conpositum seems to mean 
 harmonized or adjusted, so that each 
 takes its proper place in the mind. 
 
 'Fas et iura sinunt' Virg. G. i. 
 269, divine and human law. 
 
 sanctos, apparently a predicate, 
 ' the recesses of the mind unstained.' 
 
 recessus mentis, (ppev&v livxos, 
 Theocr. 2q. 3, Jahn. ' Ex adyto tan- 
 quam cordis responsa dedere ' Lucr. i. 
 
 "7- . . , ,^ . . 
 
 74. iiiooctuin = 'imbutum. 'Coxit 
 
 V. 65. 
 
 honestum is Cicero's translation of 
 TO koKSv, defined by him. Fin. 2. 14, 
 ' honestum id Intellegimus, quod tale est 
 ut, detracta omni utilitate, sine uUis prae- 
 miis fructibusve per se ipsum possit iure 
 laudari,' here used with an epithet, as in 
 Lucan 2 . 389 ' rigid! servator honesti ' 
 quoted by Jahn. [With the whole de- 
 
 scription comp. M. Aurelius 3. 4 'O y&p 
 Tot dvftp & ToiovTos . . . Upevs Tis Kal 
 v-novpybs 6eaiy, xp*^A**^05 f^^^ "^^ evSov 
 iSpvfjtevq/ avTOVj b irapex^Tot tov avOpoi- 
 •Kov axpavrov ijSovwv . . . StKatoowri 0e- 
 Pa/^fievov els ^d$os «.t.X.] 
 
 75. cede. ' Cedo ut bibam ' Plant. 
 Most. 373, ' cedo ut inspiciam ' id. Cure. 
 
 654- 
 
 admovere, a sacrificial word. 'Nee 
 nos sacrileges tetnplis admovimus ignes ' 
 Tib. 3. 5. J I. ' Admovitque pecus fla- 
 grantibus aris' Virg. Aen. 12. 171 ; Tac. 
 Ann. 2. 69; Suet. Cal. 32; Lucan i. 
 608, where see Cortius' note (Jahn), 7. 
 165. ' Obmovere ' was also used in the 
 same sense : ' obmoveto pro admoveto 
 dicebatur apud antiquos' Fest. p. 202, 
 Miill. 
 
 farre litabo, after Hor. 3. Od. 22. 
 19 ' Mollivit aversos Penates Farre pio 
 et saliente mica,' i.e. with the ' mola 
 salsa.' ' Mola tantum salsa litant qui 
 non habent tura ' Plin. praef. 1 1 . 
 (Freund.) [' Boni etiam farre ac fitilla 
 religlosi sunt' Sen. Ben. 1. 6, 3.] 
 
SATURA III. 
 
 ' Nempe haec adsidue ? lam clarum mane fenestras 
 
 intrat et angustas extendit lumine rimas : 
 
 stertimus indomitum quod despumare Falernum 
 
 sufficiat, quinta dum linea tangitur umbra. 
 
 en quid agis? siccas insana canicula messes 5 
 
 iam dudum coquit et patula pecus omne sub ulmo est.' 
 
 unus ait comitum. ' verumne ? itane.? ocius adsit 
 
 hue aliquis ! nemon ? ' turgescit vitrea bilis : 
 
 ' findor ' — ut Arcadiae pecuaria rudere dicas. 
 
 \Increfatio desidiae humanae C. I. sefe A, seppe B. haec a C, Prise. 2. 
 
 p. 85 K : hoc T. 7. idanoocius a, ita nee ocius C. 8. ftemo A. tigescit a. 
 
 9. oridas C, credos ?", Eutyches p. 471 K.] 
 
 An appeal to the young and well-to-do, 
 against sloth and for earnestness — said 
 by the Scholiast to be imitated from the 
 ^th book of Lucilius. 
 
 1-9. 'Eleven o'clock, and still sleep- 
 ing off last night's debauch, while every- 
 thing is broiling out of doors ! ' ' Is it 
 so late ? I'll get up — here, somebody ! ' 
 He gets into a passion because no one 
 comes. 
 
 I. A young man of wealth is wakened 
 by one of his companions — ' comites,' a 
 wide term, including tutors (Virg. Aen. 
 5. 545 ' Custodem . . comitemque,' 9. 
 649 ; Suet. Tib. 1 2 ' comitis et rectoris 
 eius '), as well as associates of the same 
 age (Virg. Aen. 10. 703 ' Aequalem 
 comitemque ') : they seem, however, in 
 both cases to have been selected by the 
 youth's relatives, and to have been 
 themselves of inferior rank. ' Comes ' 
 1. 54 is quite different. 
 
 olarummane. 'Dum mane novum' 
 Virg. G. 3. 325. ' Mane,' a substantive, 
 more commonly used adverbially, ' Ad 
 ipsum mane' Hor. i S. 3. 17. ['Pro- 
 prium nobis et peculiare mane fiat,' Sen. 
 Ep. 122. 9. With the whole comp. 
 ' "Turpis, qui alto sole semisomnus iacet, 
 cuius vigilia medio die incipit .... Sunt 
 qui ofilicia lucis noctisque perverterint, 
 nee ante diducant ocnlos heslema graves 
 crapula, quam adpetere nox coepit,' ib. 
 I, 2.] 
 
 i. rimas, 'the chinks' between the 
 shutters, which are made longer or en- 
 larged to the eye by the light coming 
 through them. 
 
 3. stertimus, like 'scribimus' I. I.^, 
 the speaker including himself when he 
 really is only meaning others. 
 
 indomitum. Falemian was a very 
 strong and heady wine, called ' ardens ' 
 Hor. 2 Od. II. 19, ' sevemm' i Od. 27. 
 
SATIRE III. 
 
 •Is this always the order of the day, then? Here is full morn- 
 ing coming through the window-shutters, and making the narrow 
 crevices look larger with the light ; yet we go on snoring, enough 
 to carry off the fumes of that unmanageable Falernian, while the 
 shadow is crossing the fifth line on the dial. What do you mean 
 to do ? The mad dog's star is already baking the crops dry, and 
 the cattle have all got under cover of the elm.' The speaker is 
 one of my lord's companions. ' Really ? you don'f mean it ? 
 Hallo there, somebody, quick ? Nobody there ? ' The glass of 
 his bile is expanding. ' I'm splitting ' — till you would think all 
 the herds in Arcadia were setting up a bray. 
 
 9, ' forte ' 2 S. 4. 24, ' indomitum ' again 
 by Lucan 10. 163 'Indomitum Meroe 
 cogens spumare Falemum.' 
 
 despumare = ' coqnere,' 'to digest,' 
 note on I. 125. 
 
 4. quinta is made to agree with 
 ' umbra,' though it more properly be- 
 longs to ' linea,' just as in Aesch. Ag. 
 504Se/:aTy (re (p4yyei twS' d<l>t«6firjv erous, 
 it is the tenth year that is really meant. 
 
 linea, of the sun-dial, 'Nee con- 
 gruebant ad horas eins lineae' Plin. 7. 
 214. The fifth hour was the time of 
 ' prandium.' ' Sosia, prandendum est : 
 qnartam iam totus in horam Sol calet : 
 adjuintamflectitur umbra notam ' Aus. 
 Eph. L. O. C. 1 foil, quoted by Gilford. 
 
 5. ' En quid ago ? ' Virg. Aen. 4. 534. 
 siccas with ' coquit.' 
 
 insana canioula, with an allusion, 
 of course, to the madness of the animal. 
 •Iam Procyon furit, Et Stella vesani 
 Leonis' Hor. 3 Od. 29. 18 'rabiem 
 Cams et momenta L^onis, Cum semel 
 
 E 
 
 accepit solem /uribundus acutum' I Ep. 
 10. 16. 
 
 6. 'Iam pastor umbras cum grege 
 languido Rivumque fessus quaerit ' Hor. 
 3 Od. 1. 1. ' Nunc etiam pecudes umbras 
 et frigora captant ' Virg. E. 2. 8. 
 
 8. ' Nemon oleum feret ocius? ecquis 
 Audit ? cum magno blateras clamore 
 furisque ' Hor. 2 S. 7. 34, Konig. Jahn 
 well remarks, ' qui ipse desidiosus tem- 
 pus suum perdidit, excandescit cum non 
 statim accurrit servus.' 
 
 vitrea bills, a translation o{ia\6>- 
 Si;r xo\ti, the expression in the Greek 
 medical writers (Casaubon), ' splendida 
 bills' Hor. 2 S. 3. 141. Casaubon 
 quotes a Stoic definition, x^^"^ iarir 
 dpyij diotSovffa. 
 
 9. findor ut was restored by Casaubon 
 for 'finditur,' and is recalled by Jahn, 
 though doubtfully, as he confesses its 
 difficulty, and apparently inclines to 
 Hauthal's conj. ' findimur.' ' Findor,' 
 ' I am bursting,' is supported by Hor. I 
 
52 
 
 PERSII 
 
 lam liber et positis bicolor membrana capillis 
 inque manus chartae nodosaque venit harundo. 
 tunc querimur, crassus calamo quod pendeat umor, 
 nigra sed infusa vanescat sepia lympha ; 
 dilutas querimur geminet quod fistula guttas. 
 o miser inque dies ultra miser, hucine rerum 
 venimus? a, cur non potius teneroque columbo 
 et similis regum pueris pappare minutum 
 poscis et iratus mammae lallare recusas? 
 ' An tali studeam calamo ? ' Cui verba ? quid istas 
 succinis ambages? tibi luditur, ecfluis amens, 
 
 [12,14. g«erimus a. 13. vanescitC. 14. quoC. 15. huncineC 
 
 16. a cur a, ant cur C, at cur 'z. palumbo a, columbo Servlus Aen. 5. 213. 
 20. etfluis a C] 
 
 S. 3- 135 ' Rumperis et latras' (quoted 
 by Heinr. who himself reads 'finditur'). 
 The remainder of the verse is thrown in 
 by the narrator abruptly, but not un- 
 naturally, as we have only to supply 
 ' clamat ' or some such word. 
 
 9. Arcadiae ; for the asses of Arcadia 
 Casaubon refers to Varro R. R. 2. i. 14, 
 Brodaeus, on Juv. 7. 160, to Plant. Asin. 
 
 333- 
 
 pecuaria, ' herds,' Virg. G. 3. 64. 
 
 riido, long only here, and in the 
 imitation by Auson. Epig. 5 (76) 3 (p. 
 313 Peiper), used particularly of the 
 braying of asses. See Freund. 
 
 dicas most MSS., vulg. ' credas.' 
 10-18. ' He affects to set to work, 
 but finds the ink won't mark. Wretched 
 creature ! better be a baby again at once !' 
 
 10. bioolor, variously explained : by 
 the early commentators, Casaubon, and 
 Heinr., of the two sides of the skin, one 
 yellow, though cleared of hair, the other 
 white — by Jahn of the custom of colour- 
 ing the parchment artificially. 'Quod 
 neque cum cedroflavus nee pumice levis ' 
 Ov. Trist. 3. 1. 13. The latter, however, 
 seems to belong rather to copies of 
 books than to parchment for ordinary 
 writing — unless the touch is intended to 
 show the luxury of the youth. 
 
 capillis = 'pilis.' 
 
 11. chartae, ' the papyrus.' 
 
 12. The ink is too thick at first — 
 water is poured in — then he finds it too 
 
 pale, [querimur, Jahn (186S) — by 
 far the better attested reading] 
 
 13. nigra, emphatic. 'Sepia pro 
 atramento a colore posuit, quamvis non 
 ex ea, ut Afri, sed ex fuligine ceteri confi- 
 dant atramentum ' Scholia. So Casau- 
 bon, who refers to Plin. 35. 41, and 
 Dioscorides 5 ad fin. Jahn, however, 
 on the authority of the present passage, 
 and Auson. Epist. 14 (4) 76, p. 248 
 Peiper, 1 5 (7) 54, p. 252 Peiper, believes 
 that the liquor of the cuttle-fish was 
 actually used for ink at Rome. [So too 
 Marquardt, Rom. Alt. 7 p. 801 notes.] 
 
 14. The ink when diluted runs from 
 the pen in drops. 
 
 fistula, like ' calamus,' is ft syno- 
 nyme of ' harundo.' 
 
 15. ultra has the force of a compa- 
 rative, and is consequently followed by 
 ' quam,' ' Ultra quam satis est ' Cic. 
 luv. I. 49 (Freund), Hor. i Ep. 6. 16. 
 
 miser, vv. 66, 107. 
 
 hucine and words connected with 
 it seemingly archaic — used later collo- 
 quially, as in Plautus and Terence, 
 Cicero, and Horace's Satires. ' Sicine ' 
 is found in an impassioned passage of 
 Catullus (64. 132, 134), and in Silius (9. 
 25), but not in Virgil or Horace. 
 
 16. columbo is explained by Konig 
 and Jahn after the Scholia, as an epithet 
 of endearment for children, so as to be 
 synonymous with ' regum pueris : ' but 
 this is very harsh, and it seems better to 
 
SAT. III. 
 
 5i 
 
 Now he takes the book into his hand, and the parchment, which 
 has had the hair taken off and shows two colours, and the paper, 
 and the jointed reed. Next we begin to complain that the ink is 
 thick and clots on the pen; and then, when water is poured in, 
 that the blackness of the liquor is ruined, and that the implement 
 makes two washy drops instead of one. Poor creature! poorer 
 and poorer every day! is it come to this? Had you not better 
 at once go on like pet pigeons and babies of quality, asking to 
 have your food chewed for you, and pettishly refusing to let 
 mammy sing you to sleep? 
 
 ' Can I work with a pen like this ? ' Whom are you trying to 
 take in? What do you mean by these whimpering evasions? It 
 is your game that's playing, you are dribbling away like a simpleton 
 
 explain it with Casanbon of a pet dove, 
 
 such as was commonly brought up in 
 
 houses. [' Ut albulus columbus ' CatuU. 
 
 29. 8. Seneca Epist. 96. 3 uses 'tur- 
 
 turilla ' in the same way.] If we read 
 
 'palumbo,' which is found in most MSS., 
 
 including some of the best, and approved 
 
 by Bentley on Hor. i Od. 2. 10, we 
 
 may explain it with the Delphin ed. of 
 
 the wood;pigeon fed by its mother from 
 
 her own crop. 
 
 17. regum pueris Hor. 2 Od. 18. 34, 
 
 where it is contrasted with the ' sordidi 
 
 nali ' of the poor man. ' Reges ' used 
 
 generally for the great, see note on i . 67. 
 pappare, a child's word for to eat. 
 
 ' Novo liberto opus est quod pappet ' 
 
 Flaut. Epid. 727. 'Cum cibum ac 
 
 potionem buas ac /a//3j decent {vocent 
 
 Britann. dicunt Cas.) et matrem mam- 
 mam, patrem tatam ' Varro ' Cato vel 
 
 de liberis edncandis' fr. ap. Non. 81. 4. 
 
 Persius here uses the infinitive as a 
 
 noun (note on 1.9) for the actual food, 
 our ' pap.' [The spelling pappare, not 
 papare, is preferred by Goetz in his pre- 
 face to Plautus' Epidicns, p. xxiv. Gloss. 
 Lat. Or. p. 141. Cfipappat iiaaa.Tm.'] 
 
 miuutum is explained by the 
 .Scholia 'commanducatos cibos,' chewed 
 apparently by the nurse (Lubin), but it 
 may be only ' broken up.' 
 
 18. mammae, used for nurse, Inscr. 
 ap. Vise. Mus. Pio-Clem. t. 2. p. 82, 
 being in fact the child's name for any 
 one performing a mother's offices. 
 
 lallare is interpreted by the Scho- 
 lia as a verb formed from the nurse's 
 cry lalla, which meant either ' go to 
 sleep ' or 'suck.' Auson. Epist. 12 (16) 
 
 90, p. 242 Peiper, ' Nutricis inter lem- 
 mata LallmjWi somniferos modos,' as 
 well as our lullaby, is in favour of the 
 former. The construction is not ' iratus 
 mammae,' as some of the old com- 
 mentators, Casaubon and Heinr. have 
 thought, but ' mammae lallare,' which 
 is Plautius' interpretation. So it was 
 understood by Jerome (Ep. 5 (i) T. 4. 
 2 p. 7 Ben. quoted by Jahn),' ' Forsitan 
 et laxis uberum pellibus mater, arata 
 rugis fronte, antiquum referens mammae 
 lallare congeminet.' lallare reousas, 
 then, is like ' iussa recusal ' Virg. Aen. 
 
 5- 749- 
 
 19-34. ' My pen won't write.' ' Non- 
 sense — don't bring your excuses to me. 
 You are going all wrong — just at the 
 age, too, when you are most impressible. 
 You have a nice property of your own — 
 but that is not enough — no, nor your 
 family either. Your life is virtually 
 like Natta's, except that you can feel 
 your state, while he cannot.' 
 
 19. 'Culpantur frustra calami ' Hoi. 
 2 S. 3. 7. 
 
 Btudeam, absolutely, in our sense 
 of study, post Aug., see Freund. Plin. 
 ^P- 5- 5- 5 ^^^ ' compositus in habitum 
 studentis,' as if the participle had come 
 to be used as a noun. 
 
 oui verba (das), the verb omitted 
 as in V. 30. 
 
 20. suGoino, ' to sing second,' Hor. 
 I Ep. 1 7. 48. ' Agricultura succinit pas- 
 toiali vitae, quod est inferior ' Varro 
 R. R. I. 2. 16 ; hence ' to sing small.' 
 
 ambages, ' beating about the bush,' 
 opp. to direct narrative, Virg. G. 2. 
 46, Aen. I. 342, hence any evasive ex- 
 
54 
 
 PERSII 
 
 contemnere : sonat vitium percussa, maligne 
 
 respondet viridi non cocta fidelia limo. 
 
 udum et moUe lutum es, nunc nunc properandus et acri 
 
 fingendus sine fine rota, sed rure paterno 
 
 est tibi far modicum, purum et sine labe salinum — 35 
 
 quid metuas? — cultrixque foci secura patella. 
 
 hoc satis? an deceat pulmonem rumpere ventis, 
 
 stemmate quod Tusco ramum millesime ducis, 
 
 censoremve tuum vel quod trabeate salutas ? 
 
 [21. cocyta a. 22. est B. 24. rupe a. 26. patella est C. 29. cen- 
 
 soremve C, Priscian. 2 p. 208, 211 K, Servius (Dan.) Aen. 3. 382 ; censoremque a.] 
 
 cuse which avoids the point. ' Quando 
 pauperiem, missis ambagibus, horres' 
 Hot. 2 S. 5. 9. Tiresias to Ulysses. 
 [Thus in colloquial Latin it means ' non- 
 sense:' Ter. Heaut. 313 'quas, malum, 
 ambages mihi Narrare occepit ? ' Comp. 
 Plin. 7. 188 ' manium ambages : ' 10. 
 137 'immensa yitae ambage circa 
 auguria : ' cf. 30. 7 ' fabulam complexam 
 ambages feminarum detrahentium lu- 
 nam. ] 
 
 20. tibi luditur, not ' te ipse illudis ' 
 Schol., Heinr., as if it were a direct 
 .inswer to 'Cui verba?' (for then we 
 should hardly have had the imper- 
 sonal), but ' the game is yours (and no 
 one's else) ' 'you are the player ' (Mad- 
 '*''&' § ^5° *). metaphor from dice = 
 ' tua res agitur.' 
 
 ecfiuis, ' you are dribbling away.' 
 ' Ecfluere ' used not only of the liquor 
 but of the jar which lets it escape, like 
 'mano.' Petr. 71 ' amphoras gypsatas, 
 ne ecfluant vinum,' quoted by Jahn. 
 
 21. contemnere, ' haec ab Horatio ' 
 (2 S. 3. 13), 'male translata intempes- 
 tiva sunt : Invidiam placare paras, 
 virtute relicta, Contemnere miser' 
 Scholia. Perhaps we may say that 
 Persius added 'contemnere,' the scom 
 of which is in itself sufficiently effective, 
 without intending to continue the meta- 
 phor of ' ecfluis,' but afterwards changed 
 his mind, 
 
 [The simile of a vessel seems to 
 have come from Epicurus : Lucr. 6. 16 
 ' intellegit ' (Epicurus) ' ibi vitium vas 
 efficere ipsum . . . Partim quod fluxum 
 pertusumqne esse videbat, &c. Hor. 
 I Ep. 2. 54 ' sincerum est nisi vas, 
 
 quodcunqne infundis acescit.' Usener, 
 Epicurea, p. 263.] 
 
 sonat vitium, like ' nee vox homU 
 nem sonat ' Virg. Aen. i. 328, quoted by 
 the Scholia. The same image from 
 striking earthenware to judge of its 
 soundness by its ring is repeated, with 
 some variation, 5. 24 ' Pulsa, dignoscere 
 cautus Quid solidum, crepet' which is 
 the opposite of 'sonat vitium' and 
 'maligne respondet;' so 5. 106, 'men- 
 dosum tinniat.' Jahn compares Lucr. 
 3. 873 ' sincerum sonere.' Casaubon 
 refers to Plato Theaet. 179 D, where 
 aaSpbv fpOiyyiff&ai is opp. to vyth 
 (p9eyyeff6ai, 
 
 maligne, ' grudgingly,' opp. to 
 ' benigne ; ' ' landare maligne ' Hor. 2 
 Ep. I. 209. 
 
 22. respondet. Stat. Ach. 2. 174 
 has ' respondentia tympana.' Compare 
 Hor. A. P. 348 'Nam neque> chorda 
 sonum reddit quem vult manus et mens, 
 PoscentiK^s gravem persaepe remittit 
 acutum.' 
 
 viridis = ' crudus,' opp. to ' coctus,' 
 with a reference also to the natural 
 colour of the clay, not browned by the 
 baking. 
 
 23. Persius steps back, as it were, 
 while pursuing the metaphor. ' In fact, 
 you are really clay at this moment in 
 the potter's hands,' imitating Hor. 2 
 Ep. 2. 8 ' argilla quidvis imitaberis uda.' 
 Possibly there may be some reference 
 to the story of Prometheus as the maker 
 of men. Hor. i Od. 16. 13, Juv. 14. 35. 
 
 properandus et . . . fingendus = 
 ' propere fingendus.' Casaubon, quoting 
 Plant. Aul. 270 ' Vascula intus pure 
 
SAT. III. 
 
 55 
 
 as you are. You will be held cheap— the jar rings flawed when 
 one strikes it, and returns a doubtful sound, being made, in fact, 
 of green ill-baked clay. Why, at this moment you are moist soft 
 earth. You ought to be taken instantly, instantly, and fashioned 
 without end by the rapid wheel. But you have a paternal estate 
 with a fair crop of corn, a saltcellar of unsullied brightness (no 
 fear of ruin surely!) and a snug dish for fireside service. Are 
 you to be satisfied with this ? or would it be decent to puff your- 
 self and vapour because your branch is connected with a Tuscan 
 stem and you are thousandth in the line, or because you wear 
 purple on review days and salute your censor? Off with your 
 
 propera atque elue,' where 'pure ' seems 
 plainly to belong to ' elue,' so that 
 ' propera atque ' would seem to be 
 thrown in, 8ia /iiaov, as we might say in 
 English. ' These are the things which 
 I told him to make haste and wash,' 
 [Wagner ad loc. however doubts the 
 genuineness of the reading.] ' Prope- 
 rare' is used actively, as inVirg. G. i. ipfi. 
 
 24. sed rure paterno. Persius 
 takes the words out of the youth's 
 month, as the half-slighting words 
 ' modicum ' and ' patella ' show. ' Rure 
 paterno' is from Hor. 1 Ep. 18. 60 
 ' interdum nugaris rure paterno.' ' Rus ' 
 for a part of the country, an estate. 
 ' Laudato ingentia rura, Exiguum colito ' 
 Virg G. 2. 412. So Hor. 3 Od. 18. 2, 
 I Ep. 15. 17. 
 
 25. far, a quantity of corn, 5. 74. 
 The salinniu was generally silver (Val. 
 Max. 4. 4. 3, Plin. 33. J53, referred to 
 by Jahn), whence Horace's ' patemum 
 splendet in mensa tenui salinum ' (2 Od. 
 16. 13), and perhaps pnrum et sine 
 labe here, though these words also 
 denote moral respectability. The purity 
 of the salt, ' concha salis pnri ' Hor. i 
 S. 3. 14, may also be intended. The 
 ' salinum ' and the ' patella ' are men- 
 tioned as the two simplest articles of 
 plate— the general sense being, ' You 
 are the inheritor of a moderate and 
 respectable property.' ' When the ne- 
 cessities of the state obliged the senate 
 to call for a general sacrifice of the gold 
 and silver of the people, the saltcellar 
 and the paten were expressly exempted 
 from the contribution.' Stocker, who 
 refers generally to Laevinus' speech in 
 Livy 26. 36. 
 
 26. quid metuas expresses the feel- 
 ing of the youth as anticipated by 
 
 Persius. The object of fear is poverty, 
 which it would require strenuous exer- 
 tion to avoid. Hor. i Ep. 1. 42 foil. 
 
 cultrix, possibly in a double 
 sense, ' inhabitant ' and ' worshipper,' 
 as the ' patella ' was used for offerings 
 to the household gods. ' I'atellae 
 vasnla parva picata sacris faciendis apta ' 
 Fest. pp. 248, 9 Miill. 
 
 seoura, both as an epithet of ' cul- 
 trix,' and as expressing the ease and 
 comfort of the competency, with re- 
 ference to ' quid metuas.' 
 
 27. pulmonem rumpere ventis, 
 for ' inflatum esse,' Scholia ; ' pulmo 
 animae praelargus ' 1. 14. 
 
 28. ' The imagines themselves, 
 together with the lineae which connect 
 them, constitute the stemma at pedi- 
 gree' Becker Rom. Alt. 2. 1, p. 220 
 foil, referred to by Mayor on Juv. 8. i. 
 
 stemma is properly the garland 
 hung on the ' imagines ' (Freund) . 
 
 Tusoo, like Maecenas, Hor. 3 Od. 
 29. 1, I S. 6. 1, Prop. 3. 9. I, and like 
 Pqrsius himself. 
 
 ramus = ' linea,' Mayor. 
 
 millesime, voc. for nom. i. 123, 
 but with a rhetorical force. Jahn-refers 
 to Suet. Galba 2, who tells us that 
 Galba had a 'stemma ' in his ' atrium,' 
 showing his descent from Jove by the 
 father's side, from Pasiphae by the 
 mother's. There may be also a hint 
 that this long descent tells against as 
 well as for a man, as in Savage's ' No 
 tenth transmitter of a foolish face.' 
 
 29. Niebnhr (Rhein. Mus. 1 p. 354 
 foil.), followed by Jahn, explains this 
 line of the ' municipales equites.' " Be- 
 cause you are a great man m your own 
 provincial town ; ' compare i. 129. In 
 any case the allusion is to the annual. 
 
56 
 
 PERSII 
 
 ad populum phaleras ! ego te intus et in cute novi. 
 non pudet ad morem discincti vivere Nattae? 
 sed stupet hie vitio et fibris increvit opimum 
 pingue, caret culpa, nescit quid perdat, et alto 
 demersus summa rursum non bullit in unda. 
 
 Magna pater divum, saevos punire tyrannos 
 haud alia ratione velis, cum dira libido 
 moverit ingenium ferventi tincta veneno : 
 virtutem videant intabescantque relicta. 
 anne magis Siculi gemuerunt aera iuvenci, 
 
 [31. districti a. 34. rursus a. 37. moverat a.] 
 
 ' transvectio ' of the ' equites ' before the 
 censor, who used to review them ('re- 
 cognoscere ') as they defiled before him 
 onhoiseback. Suet. Aug. 38 says that 
 Augustus revived the practice, which 
 had fallen into desuetude, but with 
 certain modifications — abolishing the 
 custom of making those objected to 
 dismount on the spot, permitting the old 
 and infirm to answer his summons on 
 foot, and send their horses on, and allow- 
 ing all above thirty-five years of age 
 who chose to give up their horses. If 
 oensorem is understood of Rome, 
 tuiim will imply that the youth is 
 related to the Emperor, like Juvenal's 
 Rubellius Blandus 7. 41 : otherwise it 
 means, ' Your local censor.' 
 
 29. ve . . . vel is apparently an unex- 
 ampled tautology. Many MSS. have 
 ' censoremque,' which does not help the 
 sense, and is itself les > likely. One has 
 * censoremne,' which Casaubon wished 
 to read, explaining it ' vel eone tibi 
 places, quod.' Heinr. conj. ' censorem 
 fatuum,' which he thinks may stand for 
 Claudius. 
 
 trabeate, because the ' equites ' ap- 
 peared in the 'trabea' on these occa- 
 sions. 
 
 30. phalerae, contemptuously to an 
 ' eques," as the word is peculiarly used 
 of a horse's trappings, while it means 
 also a military ornament. ' Multo pha- 
 leras sudore receptas ' Virg. Aen. 9. 458. 
 ' Equiles donati /Aa/«m ' Livy 39. 31. 
 
 ego te intus et in cute novi. 
 ' I know what lies under those trap- 
 pings.' Compare 4. 43 'ilia subter 
 Caecum vulnus babes : sed lato baltens 
 auro Praetegit.' Heinr. compares iv XPV- 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 31. ad morem, more commonly 'in 
 morem,' ' ex more,' or ' more.' 
 
 discincti, ' discinctus aut perdam 
 nefos'' Hor. Epod. i. 34. 
 
 Ifatta is another character from 
 Horace (i S. 6. 124), where he appears 
 not as a reprobate, but as a man of 
 filthy habits. [In Tacitus Ann. 4. 34 
 Natta appears as a cognomen of the 
 Pinarian gens. There may then be 
 something in a view mentioned by the 
 Scholia, ' Nattam fuisse quendam luxuri- 
 osnm, qui . . . nobilitatem suam male 
 vivendo exturpaverit.'] 
 
 32. sed, apparently used to show 
 that the parallel does not now hold 
 good, being rather in Natta's favour. 
 Persius could not seriously think Natta's 
 case better than that of the man whom 
 ' a little grain of conscience makes 
 sour,' any more than mortification is 
 better than acute disease — indeed his 
 description shows that he is fully alive 
 to the horror of the state of moral 
 death : but it is his object to enforce 
 the stings of remorse, so, without 
 drawing any direct comparison, he 
 exhibits the former briefly, and then 
 proceeds to dwell more at length on 
 the latter. 
 
 stupet . . . vitio, like 'stupere 
 gaudio' Caelius in Quint. 9. 3. 58 
 (^Freund). ["En roin^ Sia\eyoimi ; xal 
 •noiov avT^ nvp, ^ iroTov avToi oiSrjpov 
 TTpoerayaj, '/j/ cutrOrjTtu 6ti VfV^KpaToi 
 K.T.A.. Epictetus i. 5. 7.] 
 
 fibris increvit, 'has overgrown 
 his heart,' i. 47 ; 5. 29. Madan com- 
 pares Psalm 119. 70 'Their heart is 
 as fat as brawn.' So S. Matth. 13. 15 
 tiraxvvBi] yip f/ xapSia tov Xaofl tovtov. 
 
SAT. III. 
 
 57 
 
 trappings to the mob ! I can look under them and see your skin. 
 
 Are you not ashamed to live the loose life of Natta? But he is 
 
 paralyzed by vice ; his heart is overgrown with thick collops of 
 
 fat; he feels no reproach; he knows nothing of his loss; he is 
 
 sunk in the depth and makes no more bubbles on the surface. 
 
 Great Father of the Gods, be it thy pleasure to inflict no other 
 
 punishment on the monsters of tyranny, after their nature has been 
 
 stirred by fierce passion, that has the taint of fiery poison — let 
 
 them look upon virtue and pine that they have lost her for ever! 
 
 Were the groans from the brazen bull of Sicily more terrible, or 
 
 S. John 12. 40 rreir6ipaiieev airSiv rijv 
 Kapblav, 
 
 opimus is a synonyme of ' pinguis,' 
 
 33. pingue is here used substantively, 
 as Virg. G. 3. 124 ' Impendunt ciiras 
 denso distendere pingui. The appli- 
 cation is analogous to that of ' pingue 
 ingenium,' fat causing dullness of per- 
 ception, though of course the sense here 
 thought of is the moral sense. 
 
 caret culpa, a translation of dfcd- 
 AaffTos ian ? or implying that his dead- 
 ness has virtually deprived him of 
 responsibility ? Such sentiments as 
 Meiiander fvS))),. jioviaT. 430, quoted 
 by Casaubon and Jahn, t ia\i\v tlSiis 
 oiSir i^aiiaprivft, are scarcely in point, 
 as the ayvom here is dyvoia KaBoKov or 
 (V tJ irpoaipiau (Arist. Eth. N. 3. i). 
 
 34. bullit, not ' struggling, sends a 
 bubble to the top,' as Gifford renders 
 it, as it VFOuld be quite impossible that 
 a body plunged in water should not 
 do so, however unresisting, but 'rises, 
 and makes bubbles at the surface by 
 struggling,' as Casaubon, Jahn, and 
 Heinr. understand it — and so perhaps 
 the Scholia, though they confuse 
 matters by supposing the image to be 
 that of a man absorbed by a ' caenosa 
 vorago.' Casaubon quotes Philo on rb 
 Xftpov IC.T.K. p. 142 D, — speaking of 
 the flood of sensible objects that pours in 
 on the mind — totc ycLp eyuapnaiOeis 6 vow 
 TOffoiJTtjt tcKvSavi 0ij$ios etpiffKerat, fJtrfS' 
 oaov ivavii(aa6ai xal vTrepuiipai Swi/ievos. 
 
 35-43- 'No torture that can be in- 
 flicted on the sinner can be worse than 
 that in the moment of temptation he 
 should see virtue as she is, and gnash 
 his teeth that he cannot follow her. 
 The bull of Phalaris, the sword of 
 Damocles, are as nothing compared 
 with the daily " sense of running darkly 
 to ruin " from the effect of concealed sin.' 
 
 35. tyrannos, as inventors of tortures 
 for others, and therefore deserving the 
 worst tortures themselves, probably with 
 reference to the historical allusions 
 which follow, vv. 39-41. Persius doubt- 
 less thought of Hor. i Ep. 2. 58 ' Invidia 
 Siculi non invenere tyranni Mains tor- 
 mentum,' ' intabescant ' referring to ' in- 
 vidia' (compare ' macrescit ' v. 57). Juv. 
 apparently imitates both (13. 196), 
 'Poena autem vehemensac multo saevior 
 illis Quas et Caedicius gravis invenit aut 
 Rhadamanthus.' 
 
 36. libido moverit ingenium, ' ut 
 ingeniu?n est omnium Hominum ab la- 
 bore proclive ad libidinem " Ter. Andr. 77. 
 
 37. ferventi . . veneno, ' Occultum 
 inspires ignem, fallasque veneno ' Virg. 
 Aen. 1. 688, compare 7. 354-356, Lucan 
 9. 742. 
 
 38. [videant. Comp. Plato s lan- 
 guage abouti/>/)(ii'ij(rif,Phaedrus p. 25 iD.] 
 
 intabescant seems taken from 
 Ovid's description of envy (M. 2. 780), 
 ' infabescitqae videndo Suecessus homi- 
 num.' 
 
 reliota, abl. abs. Compare Virg. 
 Aen. 4. 692 ' Quaesivit caelo lucem in- 
 gemuitque reperla,' Though ' relicta ' 
 here stands not for ' postquam,' but for 
 ' gtwd earn reliquerunt.' The line, as 
 Jahn remarks, has more force, expressed 
 as it is in the form of a prayer, than if it 
 had been regularly connected with the 
 preceding sentence, 'hand alia ratione 
 quam ut.' The sentiment is Ovid's 
 ' Video meliora,' etc. 
 
 39. gemuerunt, because the groans 
 of the victims passed for the bellowings 
 of the bull. ' Gemere ' might possibly 
 be used of the animal itself, as it is 
 applied by Luor. 3. 297 to the lion— but 
 it is doubtless substituted here for 
 ' mugire,' not only as adding to the 
 poetry of the passage by combining the 
 
58 
 
 PERSII 
 
 et magis auratis pendens laquearibus ensis 40 
 
 purpureas subter cervices terruit, ' imus, 
 imus praecipites' quam si sibi dicat et intus 
 palleat infelix, quod proxima nesciat uxor ? 
 
 Saepe oculos, memini, tangebam parvus olivo, 
 grandia si nollem morituri verba Catonis 45 
 
 discere, non sano multum laudanda magistro, 
 quae pater adductis sudans audiret amicis. 
 iure : etenim id summum, quid dexter senio ferret, 
 scire erat in voto ; damnosa canicula quantum 
 
 [45, 46. tnorituro verba Catoni Dicere C ; morituri Catonis a, Schol. dicere 
 Schol. ' ne Catonis deliberativam orationem recitarem.' 46. et insano a, non 
 
 sano C : utramque agnoscunt Scholia. 48. summo a. fervei a.] 
 
 images of the bull and the victim, but 
 for the sake of the comparison, which is 
 to illustrate human suffering. 
 
 40. This reference to the story of Da- 
 mocles is probably imitated from Hor. 
 3 Od. I. 17 'Destrictus ensis cui super 
 impia Cervice pendet, non Siculae dapes 
 Dulcem elaborabunt saporem.' 
 
 41 . purpureas . . cervices, a bolder 
 expression than ' purpurei ( = purpurati) 
 tyranni ' Hor. i Od. 35. 12, from which 
 it is doubtless taken. The epithet so 
 chosen suggests the notion not merely 
 of splendour, but of the splendour of a 
 tyrant, so as to be virtually equivalent 
 to Horace's ' impia cervice.' [' Cer- 
 vices ' is usual for ' cervix.'] 
 
 42. imus praecipites. ' Peccatis in- 
 dulgens praecipitem amicum ferri sinit ' 
 Cic. de Amic. 24. The Delph. ed. and 
 Jahn refer to the celebrated opening of 
 Tiberius' letter to the Senate (Tac. Ann. 
 6. 6, Suet. Tib. 67) ' Quid scribam vobis, 
 P. C., aut quomodo scribam, ant quid 
 omnino non scribam hoc tempore, Di 
 me Deaeque peius perdant quam perire 
 fne quotidie sentio, si scio : ' but they 
 omit Tacitus' comment, which is at 
 least as much to the point: 'Neque 
 frustra praestantissimus sapientiae fir- 
 mare solitus est, si recludantur tyran- 
 norum mentes, posse adspici laniatns et 
 ictus : quando ut corpora verberibus, ita 
 saevitia,libidine, malis consuetis, animus 
 dilaceretur.' 
 
 [intus palleat, perhaps 'blenches 
 at heart,' an outward physical effect 
 being supposed to be produced within. 
 Gildersleeve quotes Macbeth 2. 2, 'My 
 
 hands are of your colour, but I shame 
 To wear a heart so white^ Juvenal 
 I. 166 carries the idea still further, con- 
 fusing his metaphors : ' rubet auditor, 
 cmfrigida mens est Criminibus, tacit a 
 sudant praecordia culpa' The only 
 other alternative seems to be to take 
 ' intus ' as = ' at home : ' the man has 
 a skeleton in his cupboard. Comp. 
 Cic. de Sen. 4 ' nee vero ille in luce 
 atqne oculis civium magnus, sed intus 
 domique.' Professor Housman con- 
 jectures ' ulcus ' for ' intus,' Classical 
 Review, May 1889. For 'palleat' Van 
 Wageningen would read ' calleat.'] 
 
 43. palleat . . quod nesciat is the 
 ace. of the object, as in 5. 184 'recuti- 
 taque sabbata palles,' not the cogn., as 
 in I. 124 note. 
 
 proxima . . uxor, ' the wife of his 
 bosom ; ' compare the use of * pro- 
 pinqnus.' 
 
 44-62. ' I remember my school days, 
 which were unprofitable enough. I used 
 to shirk recitation-lessons, because all 
 my ambition was to excel in games of 
 chance or skill — but you have had an in- 
 sight into what wisdom is, and have 
 learnt something of the excellence of 
 virtue. Dropping off again — nodding 
 and yawning? Have you really no 
 object in life ? ' 
 
 44. tangebam, the reading of the 
 best MSS. for ' tingebam,' is supported 
 by Ov. A. A. I. 661 'Si lacrimae . . 
 Deficient, uda lumina tange manu ' 
 (Konig, Jahn,) and by the Scholia 
 'Oculi oleo tacti perturbantur ad tem- 
 pus.' The object of the application, 
 
SAT. III. 
 
 59 
 
 did the sword that hung from the gilded cornice strike more 
 dread into the princely neck beneath it than the voice which 
 whispers to the heart, ' We are going, going down the precipice,' 
 and the ghastly inward paleness, which is a mystery, even to the 
 wife of the bosom ? 
 
 Often, I remember, as a small boy I used to give my eyes a 
 touch with oil, if I did not want to learn Cato's grand dying 
 speech, sure to be vehemently applauded by my wrong-headed 
 master, that my father might hear me recite in a glow of perspir- 
 ing ecstacy with a party of friends for the occasion. Reason good, 
 for the summit of my scientific ambition was to know what that 
 lucky sice would bring me, how much that ruinous ace would 
 
 however, as most of the old commen- 
 tators, Heinr. and Jahn perceive, was 
 not to produce irritation or anything 
 which had the appearance of it, but to 
 make believe that his eyes were weak 
 by his use of the remedy. ' Cum tua 
 pervideas oculis mala lippus inunctis ' 
 Hor. I S. 3. 25. 'Non tamen idcirco 
 contemnas lippus inungi ' i £p. i. 29. 
 
 parvus, ' when a child.' 'Memini 
 quae plagosum tnihi parvo Orbilium 
 dictare' Hor. 2 Ep. i. 70. 
 
 45. grandja; a dying speech made 
 for Cato, like the oration to Sulla, Juv. 
 I. 16, and the 'suasoria' made for 
 Hannibal, id. 7. 161 foil. See Tac. Or. 
 35. Here the speech seems not the 
 boy's own composition, but that of some 
 one else, perhaps the master, and learnt 
 by the boy. [Bieger defends the reading 
 of C, ' morituro verba Catoni Dicere,' ' to 
 dictate a speech to Cato.' He compares 
 the beginning of Annaeus Seneca's 
 second Suasoria, where Alexander is 
 told what to say. On the other hand 
 comp. Petronius 5 ' grandiaque indomiti 
 Ciceronis verba minentur.'] 
 
 46. non sane expresses Persius' scorn 
 for the whole system of education — the 
 choice of such subjects for boys, and the 
 praise given to contemptible efforts — 
 perhaps on account of the father's 
 presence. There is much to the same 
 effect in Tac. 1. 1. 
 
 laudanda = ' quae laudaret,' after 
 the analogy of 'tradere, curare, etc., 
 faciendum,' a use belonging to later 
 Latin. Madvig, § 422. 
 
 47. The recitation was weekly, but 
 the father does not seem to have at- 
 tended so often. Juv. 7. 165, 6, 
 
 STidans, from pleasure and excite- 
 ment. 2. 53. Jahn, who refers, after 
 Casaubon, to Statius' words in his funeral 
 poem on his father Silv. 5. 3. 315 foil. 
 ' Qualis eras, Latios qnotiens ego carmine 
 patres Mulcerem, felixque tui spectator 
 adesses Muneris! heu quali confusus 
 gaudia fletu Vota piosque metus inter 
 laetumque pudorem ! ' 
 
 48. iure : as a boy turning away 
 from distasteful and injudicious teaching, 
 fond of boyish amusements, and not 
 able to appreciate the higher pursuits 
 which would engage him afterwards. 
 'lure' forming a sentence by itself: 
 ' iure omnes ' Hor. I S. 2. 46. So 
 'merito,' i S. 6. 22. 
 
 id summum . . . erat in voto. 
 ' Esse in voto ' or ' votis ' means to be 
 included in a person's prayers. ' Hoc 
 erat in votis ' Hor. 2 S. 6. i. So 'venire 
 in votum' 1 Ep. 11. 5. Compare Cic. 
 N. D. I. 14 'Dens qui nunquam nobis 
 occurrit, neque in precibus, neque in 
 optatis, neque in votis' 
 
 senio, ' the sice ' (compare ' temio,' 
 ' unio '), stands, as Jahn and Heinr. think, 
 for three sices, Tfh ef, the highest throw 
 with the 'tesserae' ('Venus,' or 'iactus 
 Venereus'). The highest throw with 
 the ' tali,' which were four in number, 
 was when all four turned up differently 
 (Lucian.Am.p.4i5,Ov.A.A. 2.204foll., 
 Tr. 2. 471 foil.). See Frennd v. ' alea.' 
 
 quid . . . ferret = 'quem fructum 
 ferret.' Boys played games of hazard as 
 well as games of a more harmless sort. 
 'Puer . . . ludere doctior Seu Graeco 
 iubeas trocho, Seu malis vetita legibus 
 alea' Hor. 3 Od. 24. 55 foil. 
 
 49. 'Me qnoque per talos Venerem 
 
6o 
 
 PERSII 
 
 raderet ; angustae collo non fallier orcae ; 50 
 
 jieu quis callidior buxum torquere flagello. 
 haud tibi inexpertum curves deprendere mores, 
 quaeque docet sapiens bracatis inlita Medis 
 porticus, insomnis quibus et detonsa iuventus 
 invigilat, siliquis et grandi pasta polenta : 55 
 
 et tibi quae Samios diduxit littera ramos, 
 surgentem dextro monstravit limite callem. 
 stertis adhuc, laxumque caput conpage soluta 
 
 [c,i. caliduor a. torquaeret a. 52. hie quartam saturam incipit C. cfi.de- 
 
 duxit a C. 57. collem a C, callem T, Schol., quae limitem interpretantur.] 
 
 quaerente secundos Semper a'awwuj'z sub- 
 siluere canes'' Prop. 4. 8. 46, i.e. in the 
 game with ' tali,' when all four fell alike, 
 in the game with * tesserae,' which is 
 here meant, when all three were aces, 
 
 Tp^ll KVtiOL. 
 
 50. raderet, opp. to ' ferret.' Freund 
 makes the ' orca ' equivalent to the 
 'phimus' (Hon 2 S. 7. 17) or box into 
 which the dice were thrown, quoting 
 Pompon, ap. Prise, i. p. no Keil, 
 * interim dum contemplor orcam taxillos 
 ( = talos) perdidi ; ' but it does not appear 
 that throwing the dice with accuracy 
 into the box constituted any part of the 
 skill of the game, and the Schol. seem 
 right in supposing Persius to allude, as 
 Pomponius doubtless did, to the game 
 with nuts ('nuces'), called in Greek 
 Tp6ira (Pollux 9. 7. 103), which was 
 frequently performed with ' tali ' {darpa- 
 ■ya\oC), the point being to throw them 
 into a hole [PoSpos), or, as here, into a 
 jar, so as not to count those which fell 
 outside. The narrowness of the neck 
 (' collo angustae orcae ' = ' collo angusto 
 orcae') would of course increase the 
 difficulty. 
 
 51. ' Et (erat in voto) ne quis callidior 
 (esset).' 
 
 buxum, 'the top,' as in Virg. 
 Aen. 7. 382 'Tolubile buxum,' which 
 Persius probably imitates, as no other 
 instance is quoted where the word is 
 so applied. 
 
 52. curves = 'pravos,' apparently 
 from Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 44 ' Scilicet ut 
 possem curvo dignoscere rectum,' which 
 is used, as here, as a synonyme for 
 higher education— a young man's as 
 
 opposed to a boy's. Persius nearly 
 repeats himself 4. 1 1 ' rectum discemis 
 ubi inter Curva subit, vel cum fallit 
 pede regula varo ' (referred to by Jahn). 
 Comp. also 5. 38 'Adposita intoftos 
 extendit regula mores,' which Casaubon 
 quotes. 
 
 63. We must either suppose a zeugma, 
 borrowing ' cognoscere ' or some such 
 word from 'deprendere,' or make the 
 construction,' neque inexperta sunt quae,' 
 etc., just as ' scire ' and ' neu quis ' are 
 two subjects connected willi the same 
 predicate ' summum erat in voto.' 
 
 sapiens . . . portious, like 'sapien- 
 tem barbam' Hor. 2 S. 3. 35, 'erudi- 
 tus pulvis' Cic. N. D. 2. 18. The 
 porch is personified as in Hor. 2 S. 3. 
 44 ' porticus et grex Autumat.' The 
 ■noiKiKt] aroa, where Zeno and his 
 followers used to resort, was adorned 
 with paintings by Polygnotus, one of 
 them representing the battle of Mara- 
 thon. Laert. 7. 5; Pans. i. 15, referred 
 to by Casaubon. Whether the walls 
 were themselves painted or merely hung 
 with paintings is not clear, and not 
 settled, as Jahn remarks, by the word 
 ' inlita,' which cannot be pressed, as it is 
 used improperly, and probably expresses 
 some contempt. 
 
 bracatis. 'Tela fugacis equi, et 
 bracati militis arcus' Prop. 3. 4. 17. 
 
 54. et detonsa was restored by Tur- 
 nebns, whom Casaubon and later editors 
 follow, from most MSS. for the old 
 reading 'indetonsa.' The Stoics let 
 their beard grow, but cut their hair 
 close (' snpercilio brevior coma ' Juv. 2. 
 15, quoted by the Delph. ed. Konig 
 
SAT. III. 
 
 61 
 
 sweep off — never to be balked by the narrow neck of the jar, 
 or to let any one be cleverer at whipping the top. But you 
 have had some practice in detecting deviations from the rule of 
 right, and in the doctrines of the philosophic porch where the 
 Medes are painted in their trowsers : doctrines which form the 
 nightly study of close-shaven young men, dieted on pulse and vast 
 messes of porridge : and the letter which spreads into Pythagorean 
 ramifications has set your face towards the sleep path which rises 
 to the right. Snoring still ? your head dropped, with the neck- 
 joints all loose, yawning off yesterday, with your jaws starting 
 
 also refers to Luc. Vit. Auct. 20, Hermot. 
 18) — a practice, as Jahn remarks, com- 
 mon to them with athletes, mourners, 
 and misers (Theophr. Char. 10), in op- 
 position to the fashionable and luxurious 
 habits of the Ko/iSivres. 
 
 55. invigilat, rather tautological 
 after ' insomnis.' ' Nee capiat somnos 
 invigiletque malis.' Ov. F. 4. 530. 
 
 siliquis, ' pulse.' Hor. 2 Ep. i. 
 1 23, speaking of the poet, 'vivit siliquis 
 et pane secundo.' 
 
 polenta, a\(ptTa, ' pearl-barley,' a 
 Greek, not a Roman, dish (' videtur 
 tam puis ignota Graeciae fuisse, qnam 
 Italiae polenta^ Pliny 18. 84), men- 
 tioned as a simple article of diet by 
 Attains, Seneca's preceptor (Sen. Ep. 
 no. 18, quoted by Jahn) 'Habemus 
 aquam, habemus polentam, : lovi ipsi 
 controversiam de felicitate faciamus : ' 
 called 'grandis.' asVirg. E. 5. 36 speaks 
 of 'grandia hordea' — perhaps, as Ca- 
 saubon thinks, with a further reference 
 to the abundance of the meal and its 
 fattening effects. ['Grandis' was ap- 
 parently applied specially to agricultural 
 products : corap. the old ' carmen ' 
 quoted by Festns p. 93 (MUller) ' Hi- 
 bemo pulvere, vemo luto grandia farra, 
 camille, mett s : ' so Cato, R. R. 108, 
 has 'grandi polenta,' and 141. 2 has 
 ' virgulta.' Here it may perhaps mean 
 'coarsely ground,' 'ground into large 
 fragments:' Pliny 18. 112 ' ita fiimt 
 alicae tria genera, maximum ac secun- 
 darinm ; grandissimum vero aphaerema 
 appellant : ' so too 115.] 
 
 56. The image of the two ways is as 
 old as Hesiod, W. and D. 287-292 tiiv 
 jxivToi Ka/cdrrjTa Kal IXaSSv imiv tXiaBai 
 'VrfCUms- \«>/ liiv bSus, jii.\a S' iytiei 
 vaUf T^s 8' dpeTrjs ISparra Oeol irporra- 
 poi6(v iBrjKav 'AB&vaTOi' iMxpis 5i Kal 
 
 opOiOi oJfios is awT^i' Kal Tprj\iis t^ TrpSi- 
 Tov, iir^v d' its dxpov i/crjTai, 'Ptj'CSItj 8^ 
 inena ireKei, ;^a\67ri7 -jrep kovaa. Pytha- 
 goras improved on it by choosing the 
 letter 4 {the older form of T or Y), 
 hence called Ais letter (Anth. Lat. 1076. 
 I Meyer), as its symbol, the stem stand- 
 ing for the imconscious life of infancy 
 and childhood, the diverging branches 
 for the alternative offered to the youth, 
 virtue or vice. Persius again refers to 
 this 5. 34 ' Cumque iter ambiguum est, 
 et vitae nescius error didncit trepidas 
 ramosa in compita mentes.' 
 
 Samius occurs Ov. F. 3. 153 as a 
 synonyme of Pythagoras. 
 
 ' deduxit ' most MSS., but diduxit 
 is clearly right, as Jahn remarks. The 
 two prefixes are constantly confounded, 
 and the point is just one on which MSS. 
 have no weight. 
 
 57. surgentem. Because the path 
 of virtue was arduous, opOios oT^os, and 
 hence represented by the straight limb 
 of the 4 (dexiro). 
 
 monstravit perhaps conveys a 
 similar notion, as if the letter itself by 
 its form suggested the path to the right, 
 that which went straight on. So limes 
 would naturally mean a straight cut 
 road, ' secto via limite quadret ' Virg. 
 G. ii. 278. 
 
 callis is properly a mountain path, 
 as defined by Isid. Orig. 15. J 6. 10 
 'callis est iter pecudnm inter montes 
 angustum et tritum.' Freund q. v. The 
 general meaning of the two lines then 
 is, 'You have arrived at the turning- 
 point of life, and have been told which 
 is the right way.' [BUcheler adopts 
 ' coUem : see critical note.] 
 
 58. stertis, v, 3, the effect of the 
 ' crapula.' 
 
 laxum, I. 98. 
 
6a 
 
 PERSII 
 
 60 
 
 oscitat hesternum, dissutis undique malis ? 
 est aliquid quo tendis, et in quod derigis arcum? 
 an passim sequeris corvos testaque lutoque, 
 securus quo pes ferat, atque ex tempore vivis? 
 
 Helleborum frustra, cum iam cutis aegra tumebit, 
 poscentis videas : venienti occurrite morbo, 
 et quid opus Cratero magnos promittere mentis? 
 discite, o miseri, et causas cognoscite rerum : 
 quid sumus, et quidnam victuri gignimur ; ordo 
 
 [60. in quo a. dirigis a C. 63. ii^s a. 66. disciteque Augustin. 
 
 Civ. D. i. 6: disciteque 0, discite et miseri causas ?": discite a a C, Schol. 
 67. gigtiimus a.] 
 
 65 
 
 58. oonpage, 'conpages humana 
 labat'Lucan 5. 119. 
 
 59. osoitat hesternum, like ' verum 
 plorabit' 1. 90; 'corpus omisXma Hes- 
 ternis vitiis ' Hor. 2 S. 2. 78. 
 
 undique, an intentional exaggera- 
 tion for ' utraque parte.' 
 
 60. Casaubon compares Arist. Eth. 
 N. I. I Sp"' oSi/ Kol TTpds t6v ^iov ij 
 yvwffis rod reKovs fieydXrjv ex^t ^ott^v, 
 Kal KaOdiTtp To^oTcu aKowbv exovres, [id\- 
 \ov hv Tvyx^vof-l^^v Tov Seovros ; [Seneca 
 de Brevitate Vitae 2. 2 'qulbusdam nihil, 
 quo cursnm derigant, placet, sed mar- 
 centes oscitantesque fata deprendnnt.'] 
 
 in quod is unquestionably the true 
 reading, not ' in quo.' The change, as 
 Jahn remarlcs, is one which might justi- 
 fiably have been introduced even if 
 totally unsupported, being demanded 
 by the language, and really countenan- 
 ced by the MSS., as 'd' has evidently 
 dropped out before ' derigis.' 
 
 61. passim, ' volucres hue illuc pas- 
 sim vagantes' Cic. de Div. 2. 38, 'at 
 random.' Comp. Aesch. Ag. 394 Si&icei 
 irais TioTavhv 6pvii/, and ths Greek pro- 
 verb TO -ntTOjxiva tiiiKuv. 
 
 testaque lutoque, 'the first mis- 
 siles that come to hand,' opp. to 'arcns.' 
 Casaubon. ' Sequi,' attempt to reach 
 with : ' teloque sequi, quem prendere 
 cursu Non poterat ' Virg. Aen. 12. 775. 
 Comp. ' pilo sequi ' Tac, H. 4. 29, ' ferro 
 sequi' Ov. M. 6. 665. 
 
 62. seeurus followed by a relative 
 clause. ' Quid Tiridaten terreat, unice 
 Securus' Hor. 1 Od. 26. 6: compare also 
 2 S. 4. 50, 2 Ep. I. 176. See 6. 12 note. 
 
 ex tempore, ' off-hand,' ' on the 
 
 spur of the moment ; ' ' versus fundere 
 ex tempore ' Cic. de Or. 3. 50 : so that 
 ' ex tempore vivere ' is ' to live by the 
 rule of impulse ; ' not, as Heinr. thinks, 
 equivalent to ' in diem vivere,' ' to live 
 from hand to mouth.' [With the whole 
 comp. Marcus Aurelius 2. 7 \tjpovai 
 ycip Kol Bid, TTpd^etuv ol KeKfajtcSres ev 
 to) jSty, Kol fiTj exovTfS tTK<m6v, l0' by 
 ■trdaav opp^v koX KoBdira^ (pavraalav 
 dw€v&wovfftv.] 
 
 63-76. ' There is such a thing as try- 
 ing to mend when it is too late. Be 
 wise in time — leam your duty — where 
 to bound your wishes — on what objects 
 to spend money — what is your mission 
 in life. Such knowledge will stand a 
 lawyer in better stead than all the wealth 
 his fees may be bringing him.' 
 
 63. helleborum. Black hellebore 
 was given in dropsies, Plin. 25. 54, after 
 Dioscorid. 4. 151, referred to by Jahn. 
 
 cutis aegra tumebit, w. 95, 98. 
 Observe Persius' frequent reference to 
 the dropsy, when he wishes to choose 
 an instance of disease, I. 23 (?) 55, 3. 
 63, 88 foil. ; apparently because it is 
 directly traceable to indulgence. In the 
 present passage he may have thought of 
 Horace, i Ep. 2. 33 'Uttelpsum serves, 
 non expergisceris ? atqui. Si noles sanus, 
 curres hydropicus.' 
 
 64. ' Principiis obsta : sero medicina 
 paratur, Cum mala per longas invaluere 
 moras' Ov. R. A. 91 foil., quoted by 
 Madan. 
 
 65. et quid is the reading of all the 
 MSS. but one, which has ' ecquid,' as 
 Orelli reads. Jahn (1843) seems right 
 in connecting the present line closely 
 
SAT. III. 
 
 63 
 
 asunder from all points of the compass ? Have you any goal ? any 
 mark at which you aim? or are you on a vague wild-goose chase 
 armed with broken pots and mud, not caring where you go, and 
 living by the rule of the moment? 
 
 It is too late to ask for hellebore, as you see men doing, when 
 the skin is just getting morbid and bloated. Meet the disease at 
 its first stage, and what occasion is there to promise Craterus 
 gold-mines for a cure? Be instructed, poor creatures, and ac- 
 quaint yourselves with the causes of things, — what we are, what life 
 we are sent into the woild to lead, what is the rank assigned us 
 at starting, where is the smooth turn round the goal and when to 
 
 with the preceding — ' Meet the disease 
 in its first stages, and what need will 
 there be ? ' ' et ' marking the conse- 
 quence. 'Die qnibus in terris, et eris 
 mihi magnus Apollo' Virg. E. 3. lo^^. 
 [In his last edition Jahn puts a full-stop 
 after ' morbo.'] 
 
 Craterus, Hot. 2 S. 3. 161. See 
 note on 2. 14. 
 
 magnos promittere mentis, a 
 proverbial phrase. Jahn compares Ter. 
 Phorm. 68 ' modo non montes auri pol- 
 licens,' Heinr., Sail. Cat. 23 ' maria 
 montesque poUiceri coepit,' from which 
 it appears that- the expression was va- 
 riously understood, some taking it of 
 mountains of gold, others of actual 
 mountains. [Comp. Plautus Stich. 25 
 ' Persarum Montes qui esse aurei perhi- 
 bentur:' ' argenti montes' id. Mil. 1065 : 
 and Varro Sat. Menipp. p. 103 Riese.] 
 ' You will not then be driven to the 
 frantic offers which patients in despera- 
 tion make to their physicians.' 
 
 65. disoite, o. The hiatus is like 
 that in Hor. 3 Od. 14. II 'male omi- 
 natis Parcite verbis,' if the reading is 
 correct. [Xldre dl (dn-oAaiifffis) rrjs i<p' 
 iicdaTov yvupiueiusj ri re effrl tear' ovaiay^ 
 Kai Ttva -jfitpav e^ei (v rw Kda/ioj K.T.K. 
 M. Aurelius 10. g ; comp. ib. 2. 9. Per- 
 sius' words contain a similar exhortation 
 applied directly to practice.] 
 
 causas cognoscite rerum is 
 doubtless from Virg. G. 2. 490 ; but 
 Virgil means the physical causes of na- 
 ture ; Persius the final cause of human 
 life, Juvenal's ' vivendi causas ' (8. 84). 
 67. Gumus, etc. The questions, 
 though really dependent, are put in 
 an independent form, except ' deceat ' 
 v. 71. Compare Prop. 3. 5. 25 foil. 
 The questions here proposed are Stoic 
 
 questions, and have been largely illus- 
 trated by Casaubon, though the whole 
 passage is apparently modelled on Hor. 
 I Ep. 18. g6 foil. ' Inter cuncta leges 
 et percontabere doctos, Qua ratione 
 queas tradncere leniter aevum,' etc. 
 
 quid sumus. Cic. Fin. 4. 10, 
 speaking of the points on which Stoics 
 and Academics agree. ' Sequitur illud ut 
 animadvertamus qui simus if si . . . Su- 
 mus igitur homines : ex auimo constamus 
 et corpore, quae sunt cuiusdam modi ; ' 
 from which he goes on to deduce the 
 end of life, ' secimdum naturam vivere,' 
 so as to illustrate Persius' second inquiry. 
 [Comp. Epictetus 2. 10. i aiti\pai ris tl 
 etc.; 1. 10. 10 irapcl.XpvffiinTov emaiciifiaaSai 
 Tis fffriv fj Tov ic6afiov SioiKTjffiSf Kai troiav 
 riva )(^pav iv air^ €X^t rd \oyiKdv ^wov 
 firifffcii/zai Si Kal ris eT (Tv. 1. 2. 6 Aici 
 Toiiro noKiffra muSeias SeiS^ieSa, Zare pa- 
 $€Tv TT^v Toi) ev\6yov Kot AXSyov TTpoXrjjj/ty 
 Tcus ^ttI p-epovs oiiaiais etpap/jLu^eLv avp- 
 ipdjvcus Ty <piaii. 2. 17. 31 ilbivai Tt /iot 
 TTphs dioi^ iari KaB^KOVj ri -np^s yovtis^ ri 
 Trpds dSeX^ow, Tt irp^s iraT/jiSa, Tt np(is 
 
 quidnam vioturi gignimur. Ca- 
 saubon also quotes Marc. Antonin. 8. 
 ^2 i Si piij tlSiis vpbs o ri itk(^vKiv, oiic 
 oTSev Sans laTiv oiSi ri eari icuanos. 
 
 quidnam = ' quam vitam.' 
 
 vioturi, not expressing time but 
 purpose. See note on i. 100. 
 
 ordo seems rightly explained by 
 ITeinr. and Jahn with reference to what 
 follows, of the position for starting in 
 the chariot race. Compare Soph. El. 
 710 ardvTes S' iv airoiis 01 Tfraypfvoi 
 PpaPets ViKfipoit tirriKav Kal KariaTrjaav 
 Si<ppovs. The word however is a Stoic 
 one, Ta(is and X'"/'o Epictet. i . 9. 24 ; 3.3 
 I. IS. 
 
M 
 
 PERSII 
 
 quis datus, aut metae qua mollis flexus et unde ; 
 quis modus argento, quid fas optare, quid asper 
 utile nummus habet, patriae carisque propinquis 70 
 
 quantum elargiri deceatj quern te deus esse 
 iussit, et humana qua parte locatus es in re. 
 disce, nee invideas, quod multa fidelia putet 
 in locuplete penu, defensis pinguibus Umbris, 
 et piper et pernae, Marsi monumenta clientis, 75 
 
 menaque quod prima nondum defecerit orca. 
 Hie aliquis de gente hircosa centurionum 
 
 [68. guam C. 69. argenti Augustin. Civ. D. 2. 6. 71. largiri a, 
 
 Angustin. 1. t. 74. defensus a. 75. om. a, in marg. add. t luentis C] 
 
 68. Most MSS. read ' quam,' which 
 CasauboQ retains ; but Orelli, Heinr., 
 and Jahn rightly prefer qua. The diffi- 
 culties of rounding the goal in a chariot 
 race are well known. See Horn. 11. 23. 
 306 foil., Soph. El. 720, Hor. i Od. 
 1.4. 
 
 metae . . , flexus, like ' flectere 
 metam' Stat. Theb. 6. 440. Jahn. ' In 
 flectendis promuntoriis ' Cic. Div. 2. 
 
 45- 
 
 mollis = ' facilis.' The turn must 
 not be too sharp or abrupt. KKiviffliai. 
 . . . ^tca. Horn. 1. c. 
 
 unde, whence to begin the turn. 
 The choosing of places and the fixing of 
 the goal are mentioned closely together. 
 Horn. II. 23. 358 arav 5e fieTaaToix^i' 
 arffijivc SI Tep/iar' 'Axi^AeiJs, imitated by 
 Virgil, Aen. 5. 129-132. 
 
 69. quis modus argento, probably 
 imitated from Lucil. ap. Lact. I. D. 6. 5. 
 2 ' Virtus, qnaerendae finem rei scire 
 modumque.' 
 
 quid fas optare carries us back to 
 Sat. 2. ' Quid sentire putas? quid credis, 
 amice, precari?' Hor. i Ep. 18. 106, 
 ' Nil ergo optabunt homines ? ' Juv. 10. 
 
 346- 
 
 asper . . . nummus, Suet. Nero 44 
 for new coin, rough from the die. Pos- 
 sibly Persius may mean, ' What is the 
 good of money hoarded up and not cir- 
 culated' [trittis) ? Compare Hor. i S. i. 
 41 foil., 73 ' Nescis quo valeat nummus? 
 quern praebeat usum ? ' 
 
 70. Lucil. 1. c. ' Commoda praeterea 
 patriae sibi prima putare Deinde pa- 
 
 rentum, tertia iam postremaque nostra.' 
 Persius however was thinking more of 
 Hor. 2 S. 2. 104 'Cur, improbe, carae 
 Non aliquid patriae tanto emetiris 
 acervo ? ' 
 
 carisque propinquis is from Hor. 
 I S. I. 83. Compare also Hor. A. P. 
 312 'Qui &\d.\<:\\. patriae quid debeat et 
 quid amicis,'' and Virg. G. 2. 514 ' Hinc 
 patr'iam parvosque penatis Sustinet.' 
 
 71. elargiri, a very rare word. 
 quern te deus esse iussit. ' Supra, 
 
 Discite quid sumus : sed aliud est ; nam 
 ibi natura hominis proponebatur inqui- 
 renda, hie personae qnalitas, ibi inquam 
 ipvfffois wepi agebatur, hie nepl ax^fffois.' 
 Casanbon. The words appear to be ex- 
 plained by those which follow, ' humana 
 qua parte locatus es in re,' and if so, 
 not to differ materially from ' orao quis 
 datus.' Thus, quem . . . es3e = 'quas 
 partes agere.' 
 
 72. humana . . . res, apparently on 
 the analogy of ' res Romana.' [' Sic 
 etiam in magno quaedam res publica 
 mundo est' Manilius 5. 737. The Stoical 
 doctrine that the universe is a great ttoAis 
 of which all men are ttoKitcu is well 
 known. Epictet. 2. 5. 26 ri yap iarir 
 dv9pajtros : i^epos noKfws trpwrov fiiv rrfs iic 
 diSjv KoX avOpdnroiV fifra ravTa Se t^s &i 
 eyyiffra \€yo/jiiv7js, rjTts Ian puKpov T$s 
 oKrjS pLLfirjpa.'] 
 
 locatus seems to be another equi- 
 valent of TCTaypivos, implying the notion 
 of a station or post which a man is 
 bound not to desert. [Comp. Socrates' 
 language in Plato's Apology, 17. 29.] 
 
SAT. III. 6s 
 
 take it, what should be the Umit to our fortune, what we may law- 
 fully wish for, what is the good of coin fresh from the mint, how 
 much ought to be spent on one's country and one's near and dear 
 friends, what part God has ordained you to bear, and what is your 
 position in the human commonwealth. Be instructed, and do not 
 grudge the trouble on the strength of the jars of good things turning 
 bad in your well-stored larder, your fees for defending your fat 
 friends from Umbria, or the pepper and hams, the remembrancer 
 of your Marsian client, or because you may not yet have come to 
 the last sprat of the first barrel. 
 
 Here we may suppose a gentleman of the unsavoury profession 
 of centurion to strike in, 'I know all I've any need to know. 
 
 ' Locum virtutis desernit ' Hor. i Ep. j6. 
 67. 
 
 73. Persius changes from ' discite ' to 
 disce, as he had changed from ' gigni- 
 mur'to ' locatus es.' It matters little 
 whether we connect ' disce ' with what 
 goes before, or make it begin a new 
 sentence. 
 
 invldeas (' discere ') as Jahn ex- 
 plains it. 'His te quoque iungere, 
 Caesar, Invideo ' Lucan 2 . 5 50. pAvBave, 
 liTjSi (pBofci. The lines which follow 
 must refer to the man whom Persius is 
 addressing, not to some other person, as 
 there is no sort of specification. We 
 must suppose then that Persius finally 
 leaves the youth to whom he has been 
 appealing at v. 62. He then delivers a 
 more general admonition, at last singling 
 out a person whom he chooses to describe 
 as a rich lawyer. ' Do not grudge me 
 your attention because your stores are 
 full.' 
 
 multa fidelia putet. The details, 
 and the word ' putet,' are meant to be 
 contemptuous. ' Your stores are so full 
 that you cannot eat the good things 
 while they are fresh.' ""Quod hospes 
 Tardius adveniens vitiatum commodius 
 quam Integrum edax dominus consume- 
 ret' Hor. 2 S. 2. 90. There is a coarse- 
 ness in fees paid in kind, as in Aristoph. 
 Clouds 648, where Strepsiades offers to 
 fill Socrates' trough with meal, though 
 the jiotion here Is that of rude plenty, 
 not as in Juv. 7. 119, Mart. 4. 46, of a 
 penurious truck-system. 
 
 74. ' Among your plenteous stores ; ' 
 penus comprehending all the contents 
 of the larder. ' Est enim omne quo 
 
 vescuntur homines penus ' Cic. N. D. 
 i. 27. 
 
 pinguibus, another touch of sar- 
 casm. Men who have to borrow your 
 wits and give you in return the sort of 
 produce in which they are most abun- 
 dant. 
 
 75. pernae. ' Siccus petasunculus et 
 vas Pelamydum ' form part of Juvenal's 
 list (1. c. Mayor's note). For the sim- 
 plicity of the Marsians, Jahn compares 
 Juv. 3. 169, 14. 180. 
 
 76. ' You have not yet finished the 
 first jar they sent you,' much less the 
 others. The ' mena ' was a common 
 sort of sea fish. ' Qui enim voluptatem 
 ipsam eontemnunt, iis licet dicere, se 
 acipenserem menae non anteponere ' Cic. 
 Fin. 2. 28. 
 
 orca. Hor. 2 S. 4. 66 'quam qua 
 Byzantia putuit orca,' from which Per- 
 sius probably got the word ' putet ' v. 
 
 73- 
 
 77-87. ' " Bah," says a soldier, " I 
 know what's what well enough. I don't 
 want to be one of your philosophers, 
 standing dumbfoundered and puzzling 
 how the world was made — a pretty 
 reason for losing one's colour and going 
 without one's dinner." A truly popular 
 sentiment I ' 
 
 77. The soldier is introduced after 
 the lawyer. Compare Hor. t S. i. 4 
 foil., where they are classed together. 
 Persius hates the- military cordially 
 (compare 5. 181-191) as the most per- 
 fect specimens of developed animalism, 
 and consequently most antjpathetic to a 
 philosopher. See Nisard, Etudes sur les 
 Poites Latins, i. 336-239. Horace 
 
66 
 
 PERSII 
 
 80 
 
 dicat ' Quod satis est sapio mihi. non ego euro 
 
 esse quod Arcesilas aerumnosique Solones, 
 
 obstipo capite et figentes lumine terram, 
 
 murmura cum secum et rabiosa silentia rodunt 
 
 atque exporrecto trutinantur verba labello, 
 
 aegroti veteris meditantes somnia, gigni 
 
 de nihilo nihilum, in nihilum nil posse reverti. 
 
 hoc est, quod palles? cur quis non prandeat, hoc est?' 85 
 
 His populus ridet, multumque torosa inventus 
 
 ingeminat tremulos naso crispante cachinnos. 
 
 [78. dicta a. quod satis est sapio mihi a. quod sapio satis est mihi C. 
 80. jingentis a. 84. di a. in nihilo nil a.] 
 
 merely glances at the education their 
 sons received, as contrasted with that 
 given to him by his father in spite of 
 narrow means, i S. 6. 72. Juvenal has 
 an entire satire on them (16), in which 
 he complains of their growing power 
 and exclusive privileges, but without any 
 personal jealousy. 
 
 77. de gente, ' of the clan,' used con- 
 temptuously, to imply that the soldiers 
 form a class by themselves. 
 
 hireosa, opp. to ' ungnentatus ' in 
 a fragm. of Seneca ap. Gell. 12. 2. n 
 ' ut licet scripti sint inter hircosos, possint 
 tamen inter unguentatos placere.' Com- 
 pare Hor. I S. 2. 27. The Stoic simpli- 
 city is meant to be contrasted with the 
 coarseness of the soldiery on the one 
 hand, as with the effeminacy of the young 
 aristocracy on the other — two different 
 modes of pampering the body at the ex- 
 pense of the mind. Compare 'hirsuta 
 capella' Juv. 5. 115, Mayor's note. 
 
 78. sapio mihi (juod satis est = 
 ' sapio mihi satis.' ' Quod satis est ' an 
 object clause. ' Sapimus patruos ' 1. 11. 
 
 mitii, emphatic. '1 am wise for 
 myself,' I know my own interest, like 
 ' minui mihi ' 6. 64. ' Dives tibi, pauper 
 amicis ' Juv. 5. 113. 
 
 79. Arcesilas, Diet. Biogr. 
 aerumnosi, like KaKoZaiiian/j Aris- 
 
 toph. Clouds (of Socrates) 105. 
 
 Solones, pi. contemptuously. See 
 I. 34 note. [Comp. perhaps Plant. 
 Asin. 598 ' nunc enim Negotiosum inter- 
 dius videlicet Solonem, Leges nt con- 
 scribat,' etc.] 
 
 80. obstipo capite, [Cicero Aratea 
 
 'obstipum caput'], Hor. 2 S. 5. 92. 
 ' Bent forward ' Frennd. 
 
 figentes lumine terram, a 
 stronger, and consequently m ore scornful, 
 expression than ' figentes Inmina in terra.' 
 Jahn quotes a parallel from Stat. Silv. 5. 
 I. 140 ' domum, torvo quam non haec 
 lumine figat. ' Casaubon compares Plato 
 Ale. 2. p. 138 A (Jiahei y4 rot iaKvBpai' 
 na/cevcu re koX €ts yrjv 0K€TTetVj us ti 
 
 ^VVVOOlifKVOS, 
 
 81. rabiosa silentia, ' a mad dog's 
 silence ' (Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 75), because mad 
 dogs do not bark, axpajvot Toviritrav elffi 
 . . . x<"fi's vXayiwS Paul. Aegin. 5. 3, 
 cited by Jahn. Compare Hom. II. 3. 
 217 foil., referred to by Jahn, araaiciv, 
 viral hi iSeffKe kotol x^ovds ofi/xara tttj^os, 
 ^KTJiTTpov d' ovT hwiao} ovre TipoTipj}v\s 
 kvijfjLa, 'AXA.' dffTffitpes ex^of^^v, ^pfi 
 tpatrl kotKii/s' ^airjs Kev ^a/cor^ Ttva 
 ^fifievat d(l>povd t avrojs. Persius may 
 have had the picture in his mind. 
 
 rodunt, ' biting the lips and grind- 
 ing the teeth.' Whether 'murmura' 
 and ' silentia ' are ace. of the object or 
 cognates is not clear. 
 
 82. exporrecto . . . labello. Jahn 
 compares Lucian Hermot. i. 1 Koi ret 
 X^^^V ht€(rd\(ves ^p4pa {nrorovdopv^av. 
 Casaubon compares Aristaenetus Ep. 2. 
 3 'Qpkpui raj X€i\T] KLV€i Kal arra S^ttou 
 TTpds eavrdv \f>i0vpi^€t, 
 
 trutinantur verba is copied no 
 less than five times by Jerome (for the 
 references see Jahn), who however mis- 
 takes the sense, as if Persius were speak- 
 ing of inflated talk, not of slow balanced 
 utterance. 
 
SAT. III. 
 
 67 
 
 I don't want to be like one of your Arcesilases or your poor louts 
 of Solons, stooping their heads and nailing the ground with their 
 eyes, as they stand grinding queer noises and mad-dog silence all 
 to themselves, and putting out their lips like a pivot for balancing 
 their words, lost in pondering over the dreams of some sick dotard 
 or other. Nothing can come out of nothing, nothing can go bach to 
 nothing. Is this a thing to get pale on? is a man to go without 
 his dinner for this? ' Aye, and folks are amused at him, and the 
 big brawny brotherhood send rippling waves of laughter again and 
 again through their curled nostrils. 
 
 83. [Vairo, Eumenides fragm. 15 
 Riese ' Postremo nemo aegrotus quic- 
 qnam somniat Tam infandiim, qnod non 
 aliquis dicat philosophus.'] ' Aegri som- 
 nia Hor. A. P. 7- Jahn explains 
 aeeroti veteris like ' aegri veteris ' Juv. 
 9. 16, one who has long been 111 — a 
 confirmed Invalid ; but it seems better to 
 suppose that Persius means to combine 
 the dctings of age with the wanderings 
 of disease. 
 
 84. ' Nullam rem e nilo gigni divinitus 
 unquam' is the first principle of the 
 Epicurean philoso phy, according to Lucr. 
 1 . 1 50 ; but it was common to various 
 schools. [SeeMunroadloc] Casaubon 
 quotes Marc. Anton. 4. 4 ohZ\v !« tou 
 fiTjSevds Spx^Tatj ajtrirep jiTjS^ fls to ovtc hv 
 infpxf'ai. 
 
 in nilum, etc. ' Hand igitur pos- 
 sunt ad nilum qnaeque reverti . . . Hand 
 igitur redit ad nilum res uUa : sed 
 omnes Discidio redeunt in corpore mate- 
 rial' Lucr. 1. 248 foil. Here the repeti- 
 tion is meant to be ludicrous, as in I. 27. 
 Jahn. 
 
 85. Casaubon quotes Sen. Ep. 48, who 
 exclaims seriously, ' O pueriles ineptias ! 
 in hoc supercilia subduximus ? in hoc 
 barbam demisimus ? hoc est quod tristes 
 docemus et pallidi 1 ' which seems to 
 show that ' quod palles ' is to be ex- 
 plained here as a cogn. ace. 
 
 our (juis non prandeat. ' //«- 
 pransi coTieptas voce ma^iri' Hor. 2 
 S- 3. 257. ' Prandium ' was peculiarly 
 a military meal, so it is mentioned here 
 feelingly. ' Medo jfirandenie' Jnv. 10 
 178. See De Quincey, Casuistry of 
 Roman Meals (Selections, vol. 3), who 
 mistakes the present passage, doubtless 
 quoting from memory, though right 
 in his geneial view. With the whole 
 line compare Juv. 7. 96 ' tunc utile 
 
 F 
 
 multis Pallere, et vinnm toto nescire 
 Decembri. 
 
 86. his ... ridet. Not a very com- 
 mon use of the dative. ' Dolis risit 
 Cytherea repertis' Virg. Aen. 4. 128. 
 Jahn compares Hor. 2 S. 8. 83, 
 
 multum, probably with 'torosa,' 
 as Jahn takes it. [' Socer huius vir 
 multum bonus est,' says Cicero, Leg. 
 Agr. 3. 3, ironically : so that there may 
 be a tinge of sarcasm in the idiom. Hor. 
 2 S. 3. 147 ' medicus multum celer atque 
 fidelis; ' Fronto Epist. 3. 15 'multum 
 necessarius.' Comp. ' bene mirae eritis 
 res' S. I. III.] 
 
 torosa, an epithet of the necks of 
 cattle, Ov. M. 7. 429. 
 
 torosa inventus contrasts with 
 ' insomnis et detonsa inventus ' v. 54, as 
 being naturally the approving audience 
 of the soldier's speech. 
 
 87. The description is not in the 
 best taste, as the minuteness is not in 
 itself pleasing, at the same time that it 
 does not contribute to the contempt which 
 the picture is meant to excite. The 
 grandiloquence of expression rather re- 
 calls such sea pieces as Catull. 64. 273 
 ' leni resonant plangore cachinni,' Val. Fl. 
 I. 311 'Alma novo crispans pelagus 
 Titania Phoebo.' 
 
 tremuloa seems intended to express 
 the appearance of the sneering laugh as 
 it runs down the nose, as well as its 
 sound. Freund says the intransitive use 
 of ' crispo ' is confined to the pres. parti- 
 ciple, of which he quotes two instances 
 from Pliny. The line is altogether a 
 strange one, suggesting the notion of 
 affected and effeminate laughter, such 
 as might be expected from a company 
 like that mentioned i. 19, not the 
 'crassum ridet' (5. 190) of a military 
 auditory. 
 
68 
 
 PERSII 
 
 ' Inspice ; nescio quid trepidat mihi pectus et aegris 
 faucibus exsuperat gravis alitus ; inspice, sodes ! ' 
 qui dicit medico, iussus requiescere, posquam 90 
 
 tertia conpositas vidit nox currere venas, 
 de maiore domo modice sitiente lagoena 
 lenia loturo sibi Surrentina rogavit. 
 
 ' Heus, bone, tu palles ! ' ' Nihil est.' ' Videas tamen istuc, 
 quidquid id est : surgit tacite tibi lutea pellis.' 95 
 
 ' At tu deterius palles ; ne sis mihi tutor ; 
 iam pridem hunc sepeli : tu restas.' ' Perge, tacebo.' 
 turgidus hie epulis atque albo ventre lavatur, 
 gutture sulpureas lente exalante mefites ; 
 sed tremor inter vina subit calidumque trientem 100 
 
 [90. posquam A. 91. videt C. 92. silente lagoaena a. 93. laturo C. 
 
 locupoa. rogabis a, rogavit C 94. qu. ^«om. o. fallens C. istud a. ^c^.hic 
 est A. 97. sefelii a, sepellitur istas C, tu restas c. 99. pulphereas a. exilante a. 
 TOO. in terra subiit a (i. c. interea ?) trientem a C, triental 5".] 
 
 88-107. ' A man feels ill — consults 
 his physician, who recommends quiet 
 and abstinence — obeys for three days — 
 then, finding himself better, procures 
 wine to drink after bathing. A friend 
 cautions him on his way to the bath, 
 but the advice is scorned — he bathes 
 upon a full stomach — drinks — is seized 
 with shivering — rejects his food — and 
 in course of time makes the usual end, 
 and is buried.' 
 
 88. A story of real disease — told to 
 show what indulgence and want of self- 
 command can do. ' Inspicere morbum,' 
 of medical examination. Plant. Pers. 
 316. 
 
 neseio quid, a cogn. ace. after 
 ' trepidat.' 
 
 89. fauoibus, ' from the throat.' 
 ' Aegris ' and ' gravis ' are the em- 
 phatic words, as there is nothing strange 
 in breath rising from the throat. 
 
 exsuperat neuter. ' Exsuperant 
 flammae ' Virg. Aen. 2. 759. 
 
 90. qui dioit is introduced just in 
 the same way, Hor. i Ep. 17. 46 foil. 
 ' " Indotata mihi soror est, paupercula 
 mater, Et fundus neque vendibilis nee 
 pascere firmus," Qui dicit, clamat 
 " Victum date." ' 
 
 requiescere. Comp. Celsus 3. 2 
 
 [p. 76 Daremberg] ' omnium optima 
 sunt quies et abstinentia.' 
 
 91. tertia . . . nox, a critical time 
 in attacks of fever, though the danger 
 was not over then, as the fever might be 
 a quartan. Schol. Nebriss. referring to 
 Celsus 3. 4 [p. 80 Daremberg.] 
 
 conpositas, predicate, taken with 
 ' currere.' 
 
 currere, said of the veins, as con- 
 taining blood. Jahi) refers to Celsus 
 3. 6 [p. 89 Daremberg], who speaks of 
 the veins as ' leniores ' or ' celeriflres.' 
 
 92. de maiore domo. ' Maiores ' 
 of the aristocracy,!. 108 note, 'Maxima 
 quaeque domus servis est plena superbis ' 
 Juv. 5. 66. The rich used occasionally 
 to make presents of small quantities of 
 expensive wines to sick friends. ' Car- 
 diaco numquam cyathum missurus 
 amico ' Juv. 5. 32, quoted by Casaubon. 
 
 93. lenia, ' mellowed by age,' opp. 
 to ' aspera.' ' Ad mare cum veni, 
 generosum et lene requiro ' Hor. i Ep. 
 
 15- i8- 
 
 loturo. For the custom of drink- 
 ing after bathing, Jahn compares Sen. 
 Ep. 122. 6 'Atqni frequens hoc adu- 
 lescentium vitinm est, qui vires ex- 
 colunt, ut in ipso paene balinei limine 
 inter nudos bibant, immo potent.' Com- 
 
SAT. III. 
 
 69 
 
 ' Examine me. I have a strange palpitation at heart. My throat 
 is amiss, and foul breath is rising from it. Pray, examine me.' 
 Suppose a patient to say this to his physician, and be told to keep 
 quiet, and then when the third night has found the current of his 
 veins steady, to have sent to a great house with a flagon of mode- 
 rate swallow for some mellow Surrentine before bathing. 'My 
 good sir, you look pale.' ' O, it's of no consequence.' ' You had 
 better attend to it, though, of whatever consequence it may be; 
 your skin is getting insensibly bloated and quite yellow.' 'I tell 
 you you're paler than I am ; don't come the guardian over me ; 
 I've buried him long ago, and now I've got you in my way.' ' Go 
 on, I'm dumb.' So our hero goes to his bath, with his stomach 
 distended with eating and looking white, and a vapour of sul- 
 phurous properties slowly oozing from his throat; but a shivering 
 
 pare also Juv. 8. 168 'thermarum 
 calices,' and Mayor's note. 
 
 93. Surrentina (Hor, 2 S. 4. 55) was 
 a thin light wine recommended for 
 invalids when recovering. Plin. 14. 24, 
 23. 33- Jahn. Pliny tells us that 
 Tiberius used to say the physicians 
 had conspired to raise the credit of Sur- 
 rentine, which was in fact only 'gene- 
 rous vinegar,' a name which Caligula 
 improved upon by calling it ' nobilis 
 vappa.' 
 
 94. A dialogue between the invalid 
 and a friend who meets him on his way 
 to the bath. 
 
 95. surgit and lutea emphatic, also 
 pellis, which is used instead of ' cutis,' 
 as in Hor. Epod. 17. 22, Juv. 10. 192, 
 to express the abnormal condition of 
 the skin, which looks as if it did not 
 belong to the man. With ' lutea ' Jahn 
 compares Hor. Epod. 10. 16 'pallor 
 luteus,' TibuU. i. 8. 52 'Sed nimius 
 luto corpora tingit amor.' 
 
 96. ne sis mihi tutor. Imitated 
 from Hor. 2 S.' 3. 88 ' ne sis patruus 
 mihi.' Britann. 
 
 97. Another imitation. Hor. i S. 
 9.28 '"Omnis conposui." "Felices I 
 nunc ego resto. Confice." ' If we may 
 trust Isid. Orig. 10. 5, quoted by Jahn, 
 ' Tutor : qui pupillum tuetur, hoc est, 
 intuetur : de quo in consuetudine vul- 
 gari dicitur, Quid me mones ? et tuto- 
 rem et paedagogum olim obrui^ Persius 
 seems to be repeating a piece of Roman 
 
 restas = ' superstes es,' ' you are 
 above ground,' ' I have you to bury.' 
 
 98. ' Crudi tumidique lavemur' Hor. 
 
 1 Ep. 6. 61. 'Poena tamen praesens, 
 cum tu deponis amictus Turgidus, et 
 crudum pavonem in balnea portas. 
 Hinc subitae mortes, atque intestata 
 senectus' Juv. i. 142 foil. 
 
 albo ventre, not coupled with 
 epulis, but answering to turgidus. 
 'Albo corpore' Hor. 2 Od. 2. 15, of 
 the dropsy ; ' pingnem vitiis albumque ' 
 
 2 S. 2. 21. ' Vides ut pallidus omnis 
 Cena desurgat dubia' ib. 76. 
 
 lavatuT, middle. 
 
 99. See v. 89. sulpureas is the 
 proper epithet of 'mefites.' ' Mefitis 
 proprie est terrae putor qui de aquis 
 nascitur sulpuratis ' Serv. on Virg. Aen. 
 7. 84, where the ' saeva mefitis ' spoken 
 of is u, vapour arising from the sul- 
 phureous spring Albunea, the source of 
 the Albula, of which the modern name 
 is la Solforata. Thus the whole line is 
 rather grandiloquent, like v. 87. 
 
 100. sed tremor. Imitated from 
 Hor. I Ep. 16. 22 foil. ' occultam 
 febrem sub tempus edendi Dissimules, 
 donee manibus tremor incidat unctis.' 
 [Plin. 14. 142, of the effecls of drunken- 
 ness, ' hinc pallor et genae pendulae, 
 oculorum ulcera, tremulae manus effun- 
 dentes plena vasa.'] 
 
 inter vina, i. 30 note. 
 
 calidum. The wine was heated, 
 being drunk to promote perspiration. 
 ' Sudorem quem moverunt potionibus 
 
7° 
 
 PERSII 
 
 excutit e manibus, dentes crepuere retecti, 
 uncta cadunt laxis tunc pulmentaria labris. 
 hinc tuba, candelae, tandemque beatulus alto 
 cpnpositus lecto crassisque lutatus amomis 
 in portam rigidas calces extendit : at ilium 
 hesterni capite induto subiere Quirites. 
 
 ' Tange, miser, venas et pone in pectore dextram, 
 nil calet hie; summosque pedes attinge manusque, 
 non frigent.' Visa est si forte pecunia, sive 
 Candida vicini subrisit moUe puella, 
 cor tibi rite sal it? positum est algente catino 
 durum holus et populi cribro decussa farina : 
 
 [loi. excidit a. loe,. ^orias a. caks A. io6. exferni a. 
 112. cribo K. decusaC] 
 
 107. dexira C. 
 
 crebris et ferventibui' Sen, Ep. 122. 
 6. 
 
 100. [' Trientem ' is right, not ' tri- 
 ental,' which Jahn read, followed by 
 Conington. Messala ap. Plin. 34. 137 
 ' Serviliorum familia habet trientem 
 sacrum ' etc. Mart. i. 106. 8, 10. 49 i 
 ' amethystini trientes.' ' Triental ' is not 
 found in good Latin.] 
 
 loi. exoutit (tremor). Compare 
 V. 115. 
 
 crepuere, because of the ' tremor.' 
 
 reteoti, because of the ' laxa labra.' 
 
 Compare Prop. 4. 8. 53 foil. ' Poculami 
 
 digitos inter cecidere remissos, Pal- 
 
 luerant ipso labra soluta mero.' 
 
 102. His jaw drops, and he rejects the 
 dainties he had lately gorged. 
 
 pulmentaria, properly ifi^oi' — any- 
 thing eaten with bread as a relish : ' tu 
 pulmentaria quaere sudando ' Hor. 2 S. 
 2. 20. Hence dainties. 'Veniet qui 
 pulmentaria condiat' Juv. 7- '^S- 
 ' Pulmentum ' or ' pulpamentum ' has 
 the same meaning. ' Pulmento utor 
 magis unctiusculo' Plant. Pseud. 220, 
 quoted by Casaubon. 
 
 103. hino, ' hereupon.' Freund s. v. 
 Persius hastens to the catastrophe, giv- 
 ing the funeral first, and then the death. 
 
 tuba. Hor. i S. 6. 42 foil, 'si 
 ])laustra ducenta, Concurrantque foro 
 tria funera, magna sonabit Cornua 
 quod vincatque tubas! The Twelve 
 
 Tables prescribed the number of trum- 
 peters. ' Decem tibicines adhibeto, hoc 
 plus ne facito.' Compare also Prop. 
 2. 7. 12, 4. II. 9, to which Kbnig refers. 
 
 candelae, ' wax lights.' ' Totiens in 
 vicinia mea conclamatum est, totiens 
 praeter limen immaturas exequias fax 
 cereusque praecepit' Sen. de Tranq. 11. 
 7. Some have supposed that 'funalia' 
 were used at ordinary funerals : ' cerei ' 
 or ' candelae ' where the death was an 
 untimely one, and Jahn seems to agree ; 
 but Casaubon rejects the inference. 
 
 beatulus, /micapiTTjs. Jahn com- 
 pares Amm. Marc. 25. 3. 21 ' quenj cnm 
 beatum fuisse Sallustius responaisset 
 praefectus, intellexit occisum.' The 
 dimin. of course indicates contempt. 
 ' The dear departed.' 
 
 alto, opp. ' humili,' to show his 
 consequence. Virg. Aen. 2. 2, 6. 603. 
 
 104. conpositus. Hor. i S. 9. 28 
 above quoted. 
 
 orassis, ' contemptuously.' ' Cras- 
 sum unguentum' Hor. A. P. 375: so 
 lutatus. 
 
 amomis. 'Amomo quantum vix 
 reddent duo funera' Juv. 4. 108 foil. 
 
 105. in portam. A custom as old 
 as Homer (II. 19. 212) KeiTai ava irp6- 
 0vpov TiTpafinivos. Hesych. 8<' l« 
 BvpSiv. Tous vtKpoiis ovroi (paalv idp&^eaOat 
 e^oj Tohs ir6Sas ix.^vTas Tiphs Ttis avKiKoy)$ 
 6vp6,s, 
 
SAT. III. 
 
 71 
 
 comes on over the wine, and makes him let fall his hot tumbler from 
 his fingers; his teeth are exposed and chatter; the rich dainties 
 come back again from his dropping jaws. The upshot is horn- 
 blowing and tapers; and at last the deceased, laid out on a high 
 bed and daubed with coarse ointment, turns up his heels stark and 
 stiff towards the door; and citizens of twenty-four hours' standing 
 in their caps of liberty carry him to the grave. 
 
 ' Poor creature yourself, feel my pulse and put your hand on 
 my chest, there's no heat there; touch my extremities, they're not 
 cold.' Suppose you happen to catch sight of a bit of money, does 
 your heart beat regularly then? Or say you have a tough vege- 
 table mess served up on a cold dish, with meal sifted through the 
 
 106. hesterni . . . Quirites. Slaves 
 just manumitted by the deceased's will, 
 or, as the Scholia and Heinr. think, 
 just before his death. The sneer at the 
 easy acquisition of citizenship is re- 
 peated and dwelt on 5. 75 ' Quibus una 
 Quiritem Vertigo facit.'' 
 
 capita induto. Manumitted slaves 
 used to shave their heads and assume 
 the ' pilleus.' ' Faxit luppiter ut ego 
 hie hpdie, raso capite, calvus capiam 
 pilleum !' Plant. Amph. 462. [Petronius 
 42 'tam bene elatus est, vitali lecto, 
 stragulis bonis. Planctus est optime ; 
 manu misit aliquot ; etiamsi maligne 
 ilium ploravit uxor.'] 
 
 subiere. [Virg. Aen. 4. 599 ' subiisse 
 umeris confectum aetate parentem.' Tac. 
 Ann. 6. 28 ' subire patrium corpus.'] 
 ' Pars ingenti subiere feretro ' Virg. Aen. 
 6. 222. Casaubon. [' Ipsum propere 
 vix liberti semiatrati exsequiantur ' 
 Varro Bimarcus fr. 18 (p. 109, Reise).] 
 107-118. 'You tell mej/oahave no 
 disease — no fever — no chill. But does 
 not the hope of gain or of pleasure 
 quicken your pulse? Is not your throat 
 too tender to relish a coarse meal ? You 
 are subject to shivering fits of fear and 
 the high fever of rage, which makes you 
 rave like a madman.' 
 
 107. The man addressed, some per- 
 son not specified, ' quivis media electus 
 turba,' retorts that he has no ailment, so 
 that the moral against excess does not 
 touch him, when he finds that the story 
 is typical and intended to have a wider 
 application. 
 
 miser, retorted, from v. 66. He 
 goes through the symptoms of such 
 an attack as has just been described. 
 
 venas, referring to v. 91. 
 
 peetore, to v. 88. ' Feel my 
 pulse.' [Lucilius 26. \i 'nunquam 
 priusquam venas hominis tetigit ac 
 praecordia.'] Jahn quotes Sen. Ep. 
 22. I 'non potest medicus per epistulas 
 cibi aut balnei tempus eligere : vena 
 tangenda est.' Casaubon refers to Julian. 
 Misopogon (p. 88. ed. Mart. A.D. 1583), 
 speaking of the story of Antiochus and 
 Erasistratus the physician, who dis- 
 covered his passion for his stepmother 
 Stratonice. ravTa &pwv 6 laTp6^ trpoaa/yet 
 tqS (TT^pvqj rfjv x*'i°"» ^'^^ fTrrjSa Seiyws 
 ^ jtapSla Kal e£a lero. In Valerius Maxi- 
 mus' version (5. 7) it is said, 'bracchium, 
 adulescentis dissimulanter apprehen- 
 dendo, modo vegetiore, modo langui- 
 diore pulsu venarum comperit cuius 
 morbi aeger esset.' 
 
 108. ' There is no undue heat or 
 excitement.' Konig refers to Celsus 
 2.4. 
 
 109. Compare 1. 52 foil., 4. 47. 
 no. vicini. Persius may have been 
 
 thinking of Hor. 3 Od. 19. 24 ' vicina 
 seni non habilis Lyco,' so that puella 
 probably='amica,' like ' mea puella' 
 in Catullus. 
 
 111. rite = 'solito more.' 'Is there 
 no unusual palpitation ? ' See the pas- 
 sage from Julian just quoted. 
 
 positum. ' Ponebanl igitur Tusco 
 farrata catino' Juv. 11. 108. 
 
 algente. Jahn contrasts ' calidum 
 sumen' i. 53. 
 
 112. durum, 'tough' — perhaps 
 from insufficient boiling. 'Ne gallina 
 malum responset dura palato ' Hor. 2 S. 
 4. 18. 
 
 populi . . . farina. Horace's ' panis 
 
73 
 
 PERSII 
 
 temptemus fauces : tenero latet ulcus in ore 
 putre, quod haud deceat plebeia radere beta, 
 alges, cum excussit membris timor albus aristas ; 
 nunc face supposita fervescit sanguis et ira 
 scintillant oculi, dicisque facisque, quod ipse 
 non sani esse hominis non sanus iuret Orestes. 
 
 Its 
 
 [115. alget a. 116. iramC. 117. disciqtie a. 118. est a.l 
 
 secundus' (2 Ep. i. 123), otherwise 
 called 'cibarius' (Cic. Tusc. 5. 34), as 
 the allowance given to slaves ' Nigra 
 farina ' Mart. 9. 3. 4, opp. to ' sili- 
 gineus,' Sen. Ep. 119. 3 'utrum hie 
 panis sit flebeius an siligineus ad 
 naturam nihil pertinet ; ' ' sifted through 
 the common sieve,' which was coarser. 
 
 112. populi, here = ' plebis.' 
 
 113. 'Let us see how your palate is. 
 Ah ! your mouth is tender from a con- 
 cealed inflammation.' 
 
 tenero, emphatic, a sort of pre- 
 dicate. 
 
 latet ulcus, perhaps from Hor. 
 I Ep. 16. 24 ' Stultorum incurata pudor 
 mains ulcera celat^ so as to remind us 
 of the previous story, ' a sore which you 
 have said nothing of to me, your medical 
 adviser.' Persius has convicted his 
 patient of palpitation — he now proves 
 
 that his mouth is inflamed — then shows 
 that he is feverish — ^hot and cold alter- 
 nately. 
 
 114. plebeia . . . beta, like ' panis 
 plebeius,' quoted on v. 112. The irony 
 is kept up by the word ' beta,' beet 
 being proverbially tender. Suet. Aug. 
 87 quotes, as a peculiar expression, from 
 Augu'stus' correspondence, ' betizare pro 
 langtiere,^o&-v\Agolachani%arei\€\\.\xr.' 
 
 radere, like 'tergere palatum' 
 Hor. 2 S. 2. 24, compared by the 
 Scholia. Lucr. 4. 528, 532 ' Praeterea 
 radit ^oii fauces . . . ianua raditur oris.' 
 
 115. excussit, of raising suddenly, 
 but without separation. See i. 118 note. 
 
 aristas, proleptically : ' excussit 
 pilos ita ut aristis similes essent.' Jahn 
 compares Varro L. L. ,6. 49 ' tremor . . . 
 cum etiam in corpore pili ut aristae in 
 spica hordei horrent.' Stocker compares 
 
SAT. III. 
 
 73 
 
 common sieve : now let us examine your palate : ah, you have a 
 concealed putrid ulcer, which makes your mouth tender, and it 
 won't do to let that coarse vulgar beet rub against it. So you 
 shiver, when pale fear sets up the bristles all over you, and then 
 when a fire is lighted underneath your blood begins to boil, and 
 your eyes sparkle with passion, and you say and do things which 
 Orestes, the hero of madmen, would depose to be the words and 
 actions of a madman. 
 
 with this and the following verses Lucr. 
 3. 288 foil. ' Est etiam calor ille animo 
 quem sumit in ira, Cum fervescit, et ex 
 oculis micat acribus ardor. Est et 
 frigida multa comes formidinis aura, 
 Qua ciet horrorem membris, et concitat 
 artus : ' a curious passage in itself, 
 illustrating Lucretius' theory of the 
 composition of the soul or mind from 
 heat, wind (or cold), and atmospheric 
 air (the medium temperature) by the 
 different temperaments of different 
 animals, and one too which Persius not 
 improbably had in his mind. See next 
 note. 
 
 116. face supposita ; perhaps from 
 Lucr. 3. 303 'Nee nimis irdi fax un- 
 quam subdita percit.' Persius' meta- 
 phor is from a boiling caldron : compare 
 the simile in Virg. Aen. 7. 462 foil. ; 
 and this may be the meaning of Lucr. 1. 
 
 c. 398 'Nee capere irarum fluctus in 
 pectore possunt,' which answers exactly 
 to Virgil's ' nee iam se capit unda.' 
 
 117. 'Ira furor brevis est' Hor. i Ep. 
 2. 62. 
 
 118. non sanus = ' insanus,' v. 46. 
 The instance of Orestes is doubtless 
 taken from Hor. 3 S. 3. 137 sq. ' Quin 
 ex quo est habitus male tutae mentis 
 Orestes, Nil sane fecit quod tu repre- 
 hendere possis,' where Damasippus 
 argues that Orestes was mad when he 
 killed his mother, not afterwards. But 
 he was a favourite example of madness. 
 Jahn refers to Plato, Ale. II. p. 143 D, 
 and to Gell. 13. 4, who says ttiat Varro 
 wrote a work ' Orestes vel de Insania.' 
 Comp. Plautus, Capt. 562 'Etquidem 
 Alcumaeus, atque Orestes, et Lycurgus 
 postea Una opera mihi sunt sodales, 
 qua iste.' 
 
SATURA IV. 
 
 "Rem populi tractas?" barbatum haec crede magistrum 
 
 dicere, sorbitio toUit quern dira cicutae 
 
 "quo fretus? die hoc, magni pupille Pericli. 
 
 scilicet ingenium et rerum prudentia velox 
 
 ante pilos venit, dicenda tacendaque calles. 5 
 
 ergo ubi commota fervet plebecula bile, 
 
 fert animus calidae fecisse silentia turbae 
 
 [Hanc priori saturae continual C. De his qui ambigunt honores B. 2. sorbiti 
 tolli a. dura a. 3. dico'i. fericlis a, pericli C. 5. tacendaveC. cales a.'] 
 
 On the want of self-command and self- 
 knowledge in public men — a sort of con- 
 tinuation of the last Satire, being ad- 
 dressed to a supposed representative of 
 the age, but complete in itself The 
 general notion and a few of the ex- 
 pressions are taken from Plato's (?) 
 First Alcibiades, but the treatment is not 
 particularly similar. The gist of the 
 whole is contained in Alcibiades'' speech 
 in Plato Sympos. p. 216 A, quoted by 
 Konig : avayfcd^ei yip fie 6fio\oyecv, 
 oTL TToWov kvbe^s Siv avrbs en kpiavTov 
 ^\v dfieXw, rd, S' 'AOrjvoioJlf irpdrroj. 
 Other philosophers appear to have written 
 dialogues of the kind {Brandis Rhein. 
 Mus. I. p. 120 foil'), so that the subject, 
 as Jahn remarks, was probably a stock 
 one in the schools. This would account 
 for Fersius choosing it, as it cannot have 
 been particularly appropriate to the time, 
 there being no field at Rome for the 
 display of popular statesmanship, such 
 as Persius represents in the early part 
 of the Satire, vv. 1-16. Alcibiades is 
 not Nero, as Brit, suggests, and Casau- 
 bon maintains at length, but one of the 
 
 young nobility, such as those described in 
 Sat. 3 — only placed in circumstances 
 which belong not to Rome but to Athens. 
 Thus the general conception of the Satire 
 is sufficiently weak; the working out, 
 however, has all Fersius' peculiar force. 
 1-22. 'Alcibiades would be a states- 
 man, would he ? what are his qualifica- 
 tions? Ready wit and intuitive tact, 
 impressive action, a power of logical 
 statement, and a certain amount of 
 philosophic training. But what is he 
 in himself? he has no end beyond his 
 own enjoyment. Why, the meanest old 
 crone knows as much.' 
 
 1 . Rem populi = ' rem publicam.' 
 Eem . . . traotare, as in Enn. in 
 
 Cic. de Orat. i. 45 ' ut ne res temere 
 tractent turbidas.' 
 
 barbatum . . . magistrum is copied 
 by Juv. 14. 12. Comp. Hor. 2 S. 3. 16, 
 35, where the beard is the especial mark 
 of the Stoics. 
 
 2. toUit for ' sustulit.' So 'mutat' 
 2. 60. Comp. Hor. i S. 6. 13 'unde 
 Superbus Tarquinius regno pulsus fugit,' 
 id. 2 S. 3. 277 ' Marius cnm praecipitat 
 
SATIRE IV. 
 
 " Do you charge yourself with the affairs of the nation ? " Sup- 
 pose this to be said by the bearded philosopher, whom the fatal 
 draught of hemlock removes from the scene — "on the strength of 
 what? tell me, ward of the great Pericles as you are. Oh yes, of 
 course ; ready wit and experience of business have been quick in 
 coming, and arrived sooner than your beard: you know well what 
 should be said and what not. And so when the lower orders are 
 fermenting and the bile in their system beginning to work, the 
 impulse within moves you to cause silence through the heated 
 
 se, Cerritiis fuit?' [Cic. Fam. 5. 12. 5 
 'sibl avelli spiculum iubet Epaminon- 
 das ; ' see Conington on Aen. 8. 294.] 
 The line is modelled on 2 S. i. 56 'Sed 
 mala toilet anum vitiato melle cicuta! 
 
 3. quo fretns, from Plato, Ale. i. p. 
 123 E Tt OVV TTOT f<7TlV Bt(j} TTiffTevei rd 
 fiupa/etov ; 
 
 magui pupille iPerieli is emphatic, 
 as Alcibiades' prestige depended "very 
 much on his connexion with Pericles, 
 Plat. 1. c. p. 104 B Iv/nrivToiv Si Siv 
 ftuov fiei^oj oXii aoi hivaiuv vTrdpx^tv 
 Il€piK\4a T&v BavBin-jTOv bv 6 irar^p kni- 
 
 4. sQilieet is here half ironical. The 
 speaker does not mean to deny that 
 Alcibiades has this ready wit and in- 
 tuitive tact, but he affects to make more 
 of it than it is worth. 
 
 ingeniumi et rerum prudentia 
 are from Virg. G. i. 416, 'talent and 
 knowledge of life.' 
 
 velox with ' venit,' ' has come ra- 
 pidly.' Comp. Ov. A. A. 1. 185 'In- 
 genium caeleste suis velocius annis 
 surgit.' 
 
 5. ante pilos ; ' sooner than your 
 beard,' a contrast with ' barbatum Jiagis- 
 trum.' 
 
 dicenda tacendaque calles is 
 much the same as Aeschylus' atydv oirov 
 SfiKal Kiyeiv rd xaipia (Cho. 582). The 
 words are from Hor. i Ep. 7.72' dicenda 
 tacenda locutus.' Konig quotes Quint. 
 2. 20. 5, who seems to have had the 
 present passage in his view, ' Si consonare 
 sibi in faciendis et non faciendis virtutis 
 est, quae pars eius prudentia vocatur, 
 eadem in dicendis et non dicendis erit.' 
 There is a slight resemblance between 
 this line and the preceding, and Plato, 
 p. no C, quoted by Casaubon, olou apa 
 kmCTaaSai kcu iraTs aiVj us eoiae, rd SiKaia 
 Kcu rd aSiKa, 
 
 6. oommota fervet . . . bile. Hor. 
 I Od. 13.4' fervens difficili bile.' Jahn. 
 
 plebecula. Hor. 2 Ep. i. 186. 
 The language is not unlike Virg. Aen. 
 1. 149 'saevitque animis ignobile vulgus.' 
 Delph. ed. 
 
 7. fert animus. Ov. M. i. i. 'You 
 have a mind to try the effect of your 
 oratory on an excited mob.' 
 
 faoere silentium, a phrase used 
 either of the person who keeps silence, 
 ' imic/acieiis fabulae silentium ' Plant. 
 Amph. Prol. 15, or of the person who 
 commands it, as here, and Tac. H. 3. 20 
 ' ubi adspectu et auctoritate silentium 
 
76 
 
 PERSII 
 
 maiestate manus. quid deinde loquere ? ' Quirites, 
 
 hoc puta non iustum est, illud male, rectius illud.' 
 
 scis etenim iustum gemina suspendere lance 
 
 ancipitis librae, rectum discernis, ubi inter 
 
 curva subit, vel cum fallit pede regula varo, 
 
 et potis es nigrum vitio praefigere theta. 
 
 quin tu igitur, summa nequiquam pelle decorus, 
 
 ante diem blando caudam iactare popello 
 
 desinis, Anticyras melior sorbere meracas ! 
 
 quae tibi summa boni est ? uncta vixisse patella 
 
 semper et adsiduo curata cuticula sole? 
 
 [9. illut C. 10. geminae C 11. iter A.. 13. est a C. 14. 
 
 16. desinas a. merecas a.] 
 
 15 
 
 fecerat.' The dative in the latter sense 
 of the phrase has the same force as in 
 facere negoiium alicuif etc. 
 
 8. maiestate manus. Casaubon com- 
 pares Liican I. 297 ' tumult um Conpo- 
 suit vultu, dextraque silentia iussit.' 
 Heinr. compares Tac. Ann. 1. 25 ' stabat 
 Drusus, silentium manu poscens.' So 
 Ov. M. I. 205 ' qui postquam voce 
 manuque Murmura compressit, tenuere 
 silentia cuncti.' 
 
 quid deinde loquere ? may per- 
 haps be meant, as Jahn thinks, to show 
 that the orator had not thought before- 
 hand of what he should say. 
 
 9. puta. Hor. 2 S. 5. 32. 
 
 non iustum est. So Alcibiades 
 in Plato, p. 109, is made to admit that 
 in deliberative oratory rb SiSi Ij wSe is 
 equivalent to rb iiKoias Ij iSixws. Casau- 
 bon compares Hor. i S. 4. 134 'rectius 
 hoc est : Hoc faciens vivam melius.' 
 
 10. ' You have studied philosophy.' 
 Comp. 3. 52 foil, note, where the lan- 
 guage is substantially the same. 
 
 iustum is what is put into each 
 scale of the balance. ' You can weigh 
 the justice of one course against that of 
 another.' 
 
 gemina . . . lance = ' geminis lanci- 
 bus,' like ' geminus pes ' Ov. A. A. 2. 644. 
 
 11. 'You can distinguish right from 
 the wrong on either side of it ' — as there 
 may be two opposite deviations from 
 the perpendicular — a doctrine not unlike 
 the Aristotelian theory of virtue as a 
 mean, which Casaubon compares, ' where 
 
 it (the right line) comes in between the 
 curves.' Comp. 3. 52, 5. 38. 
 
 12. The meaning seems to be ^even 
 (vel) when the rule misleads yon by its 
 deviation,' i. e. as Casaubon explains it, 
 when justice has to be corrected by 
 equity. 
 
 pede, used apparently to suggest 
 the notion of a foot measure. ' Metiri 
 se quemque suo modulo ac pede verum 
 est' Hor. i Ep. 7. 98. 
 
 varo possibly may denote that the 
 rule branches into two parts. Comp. 6. 
 18 ' Geminos, horoscope, uaro Producis 
 genio,' and note. 
 
 13. potis es. 1. 56, note, 
 .theta; 0, the initial of ©oi/aTos, 
 
 was the mark of condemnation, ap- 
 parently introduced from Greece in 
 place of C (' Condemno '), which the 
 judges used in Cicero's time. Isid. Orig. 
 I. 3. 8. was also employed in epitaphs 
 [Brambach's C. Insc. Rhen. 391] and by 
 the quaestors in striking off dead soldiers' 
 names from the roll. Mart. 7. 37. 2 
 [where see Friedlander's note]. The 
 Scholiast and Isid. 1. c. quote a line 
 from an unknown writer [? Lucilius] ' O 
 multum ante alias infelix littera Theta' 
 
 14. The monitor suddenly turns 
 round on the would-be statesman. ' Will 
 you then be so good as to have done 
 with that ? ' 
 
 igitux, as if it were the natural and 
 expected consequence for all the admis- 
 sions in his favour that have been made. 
 The real reason is given afterwards, v. 17. 
 
SAT. IV. 
 
 n 
 
 assemblage by the imposing action of your hand. Well, now that 
 you have got it, what will you say? 'Citizens, this (say) is an in- 
 justice, that is ill-advised; of the three courses the third is nearer 
 right.' Just so; you know how to weigh justice in the scales of 
 the wavering balance. You can distinguish right where it comes in 
 between the deviations on either side, even where the rule misleads 
 you by its divarication, and you can obelize wrong with a staring black 
 mark. Will you have the goodness, then, to stop, and not go on 
 under the vain disguise of that goodly skin fawning so precociously 
 on the mob that strokes you, when your better course would be 
 to swallow the contents of all the Anticyras undiluted? What is 
 your conception of the chief good? to live at a rich table every 
 day and cultivate your dainty skin with constant sunning? Now 
 
 Bumma . . . pelle deooma, imitated 
 from Hot. ; Ep. i6. 45 ' Introrsus tur- 
 pem, speciosutn felle decora! Comp. also 
 2 S. I. 64, alluding to such fables as the 
 ass in the lion's skin, etc., 5. 116. 
 
 nequiquam, because yon cannot 
 impose on me. Compare 3. 30. 
 
 15. ante diem. ' You may be led 
 into it some day, but at any rale do not 
 anticipate things' So 4. 5. 
 
 'To be the people's pet.' The 
 Scholia are quite right in saying that 
 Persius is thinking of a pet animal that 
 wags its tail, against Casaubon, who, 
 on second thoughts, supposes the image 
 to be that of a peacock, and Jahn, who 
 suggests that it may be a horse. The 
 action described is that of a dog, who 
 fawns on those who caress him as in Hor. 
 2 Od. 19. 30 'leniter atterens Caudam;' 
 but Persius probably meant to allude to 
 the well-known comparison of Alcibiades 
 to a lion's whelp, Aristoph. Frogs 1431 
 foil. Compare the description in Aesch. 
 Ag. 735. blaxido ; comp. Hor. 3 Od. 
 II. 15 ' Cessit immanis tibi blandienti 
 lanitor aulae ; ' ' blandus ' is applied to 
 the animal itself, Lucr. 4. 998, Ov. M. 
 14. 258. 
 
 popello, contemptuously, 6. 50, 
 Hor. I Ep. 7. 65. 
 
 16. Antioyras, freq. in Hor., 2 S. 3. 
 83, 166, A. P. 300. The phu-al is used 
 because there were two towns of the 
 name, both producing hellebore, one in 
 Phocis, the other on the Maliac gulf — of 
 course with an accompanying notion of 
 exaggeration. This is further brought 
 
 out by using the town as synonymous 
 with its contents (comp. ' Anticyram om- 
 nem' Hor. 2 S. 3. 83). 
 
 melior sorbere = ' quem sorbere 
 melius foret.' Jahn. Compare the Gr. 
 expression Siicaids clfu iroiuv tovto. 
 
 meraoas reminds us of another 
 passage, Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 137 'Expulit 
 helleboro morbum bilemque meraco.' 
 Delph. ed. 
 
 17. sunimaboiii = 'summnmbonum,' 
 just as ' summa rerum ' and ' res summa ' 
 or ' summa res publica ' are used con- 
 vertibly. 
 
 vixisse, the inf used as a noun and 
 so coupled with a subst., as in i. 9, 3. 53 
 foll;_ete. — 
 
 patella. 3. 26. Possibly the re- 
 ference may be, as there, to a sacrificial 
 dish. Comp. Jahn's suggestion quoted 
 on 2. 42. For the general sense, comp. 
 Hor. I Ep. 6. 56 foil. ' Si bene qui cenat 
 bene vivit, lucet, eamus Quo ducit gula,' 
 quoted by Delph. ed. 
 
 18. 'curare cutem' as in Hor. i Ep. 
 2. 29, 4. 15, from whom Persius and 
 Juv. 2. 105 seem to have borrowed it. 
 
 outicula, contemptuously, like 'pel- 
 liculam curare' Hor. 2 S. 5. 38, where 
 the dim. expresses luxury, as here, in 
 substitution of ' pellis ' for ' cutis,' old 
 age, as in note on 3. 95. Juv. imitates 
 the line (11. 203) 'Nostra bibat vernum 
 contracta cuticula solem.' 
 
 sole, with reference to the custom 
 of basking ('insolatio' or ' apricatio ') 
 after being anointed, see Mayor on Juv. 
 I.e. 
 
78 
 
 PERSII 
 
 expecta, haud aliud respondeat haec anus, i nunc 
 
 ' Dinomaches ego sum,' sufla * sum candidus.' esto ; 20 
 
 dum ne deterius sapiat pannucia Baucis, 
 
 cum bene discincto cantaverit ocima vernae." 
 
 Ut nemo in sese temptat descendere, nemo, 
 sed praecedenti spectatur mantica tergo ! 
 quaesieris ' Nostin Vettidi praedia ? ' 'Cuius?' 35 
 
 ' Dives arat Curibus quantum non miluus errat.' 
 ' Hunc ais, hunc dis iratis genioque sinistro, 
 
 [19. zK A«KC AC. 21. pannucea a, SchoX., pannucia C 22. ocyma a C. 
 
 2^. nunc nemo c. 2^,. quesierit a. VictidiA,vectidi'&,vettidtsC. 26. miluus 
 erat a, miluus oberrat T, Schol.] 
 
 19. expeota, 'listen.' The hearer 
 waiting for the words of the speaker. 
 ^ Expecto si quid dicas' Plant. Trin. 98. 
 Jahn compares Sen. de Benef. 5. 12. i 
 'Dicis me abesse ab eo, qui operae pre- 
 tium facit, imo totam operam bona fide 
 perdere? Expecta: etiam hoc verius 
 dicas.' 
 
 i nunc, ironically — 'now then, 
 after this proceed to do as you have 
 done.' Hor. i Ep. 6. 17, 2 Ep. 2. 76. 
 
 20. Dinomaohes ego sum. So So- 
 crates in talking to Alcibiades calls him 
 6 Aeii/o/iax^s viu% Plato, p. 123 C. The 
 mother being mentioned in preference to 
 the father,Cleinias, because it wasthrough 
 her that he was connected with the 
 Alcmaeonidae. For the expression of 
 the relationship by the gen. alone, see 
 Madvig § 280, obs. 4. Here it is 
 doubtless used as a Greek idiom. 
 
 sufla = ' die suflatus' — to be con- 
 nected closely with ' i nunc,' which in 
 this form of expression is always followed 
 by another imperative, sometimes with a 
 copula, sometimes without. 
 
 caudidus, of beauty, as in 3. no. 
 Madan compares Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 4 ' Can- 
 didus et talos a vertice pulcher ad imos.' 
 Alcibiades' beauty is admitted by So- 
 crates (Plato, p. 104 A, quoted by Jahn) 
 oX^i yap bi) iXvai irpwTOV ^€v nhXktffTos TC 
 fcai i^eyKfTos, ical tovto pXv S^ ttovtI S^Aov 
 ibiiv ort oh 'ip€v8il. 
 
 21. 'Only do not set up to be wiser 
 than the old lady there.' 
 
 pannucia, properly ragged, hence 
 shrivelled (used as an epithet of apples, 
 Plin. 15. 52), which is evidently its mean- 
 ing here, to point the contrast with 
 
 ' candidus.' [Petronius 14 ' (vestis) pan- 
 nucia.' The Schol. say that pannucius 
 was the vulgar word ioT pannosusP^ 
 
 Baucis (contrasted with ' Dinoma- 
 ches'), a name chosen from the well- 
 known story, Ov. M. 8. 640 foil., the 
 point of which lies in the contrast be- 
 tween the grandeur of the gods and the 
 meanness of the peasants who were 
 deemed fit to entertain them — ' a person 
 not more below you than Baucis was 
 below Jupiter.' 
 
 2 2. bene with discincto, like ' bene 
 mirae' i. iii. Jahn. 
 
 cantaverit ocima is explained 
 Nebriss. and Casaubon as = ' dixerit op- 
 probria,' on the strength of a passage in 
 Pliny (19. 120) where it is said that 
 ' ocimimn,' or basil, ought to be sown 
 with curses, that it may grow up more 
 abundantly. But this superstition fur- 
 nishes but a slender warrant fSr so 
 strange an expression. It will be better 
 then to follow the Scholia and the 
 other commentators, ancient and modem, 
 who make the old woman a herb-seller 
 {\axa-v6T!<»\i.s, like the mother of Euripi- 
 des), crying basil (' cantaverit ' with refe- 
 rence to her whining note) to a lazy 
 liquorish slave. There is some doubt 
 about the identity of ' ocimum ' (other- 
 wise written 'ozimum,'' ocymum,' 'oci- 
 num '), and Jahn thinks its real nature 
 cannot be exactly ascertained : it appears 
 however from Pliny, 20. 123, to have 
 been a stimulant, and to have been con- 
 sidered injurious by some people. The 
 sense then will be that the old woman, in 
 trying to sell doubtful herbs to low 
 customers, is acting on the same principle 
 
SAT. IV. 
 
 79 
 
 listen : the old woman here will give the same answer to the same 
 question. Go, then, mouth it out. ' My mother was a Dinomache. 
 I inherit her beauty ; ' by all means, only remember that old shrivelled 
 Baucis is just as good a philosopher as you, when she cries basil 
 to a low creature of a slave." 
 
 How utter, utter is the dearth of men who venture down into 
 their own breasts, and how universally they stare at the wallet on 
 the man's back before them ! Suppose you ask, ' Do you know 
 Vettidius' property ? ' ' Whose ? ' ' That great proprietor who has 
 estates at Cures which a kite cannot fly over.' ' Him, do you mean ? 
 
 which Alcibiades has avowed. She would 
 like to be idle and live well, and her 
 labours are directed, to that end — she 
 pleases her public and you yours. 
 ' Cantaverit ' is probably meant to have 
 a force, as contrasted with the modulated 
 voice of the young orator ; ' she knows 
 the regular whine of the trade, just as 
 you know the various intonations which 
 belong to yours : and she is as persuasive 
 as you.' But the explanation is not very 
 satisfactory, and the line requires further 
 illustration. [Comp. Petronius 6. 7, and 
 his character of the old woman ' quae 
 agreste holus vendebat.'] 
 
 23-41. 'None of ns knows himself — 
 every one thinks only of his neighbour. 
 Inquire about some rich man, and you 
 will hear how he pinches himself; even 
 on state occasions hardly bringing him- 
 self to open a bottle of wine, which has 
 been kept till it has turned to vinegar, 
 to drink with his onions. But you with 
 your luxury and effeminacy are laying 
 yourself open to remarks of the same 
 kind on your personal habits.' 
 
 23. in sese desceudere — ' to explore 
 the depths of his own bosom ; ' an exten- 
 sion of the metaphor which attributes 
 depth to the secrets of the mind. 
 
 24. Jupiter, according to Phaedrus (4. 
 lo), has furnished every man with two 
 wallets, one containing his neighbour's 
 faults, to hang round his neck, the other 
 containing his own, to hang behind his 
 back. So CatuU. 22. 21 ' Sed non vide- 
 mns manticae quod in tergo est.' Hor. 
 2 S. 3. 299 ' Respicere ignoto discet 
 pendentia tergo.' Persius improves on 
 the image by giving every one a single 
 wallet to hang behind him, and making 
 him look exclusively at that which hangs 
 on the back of his neighbour who is 
 walking before. [Seneca de Ira 2. 28. 
 
 8 ' aliena vitia in oculis habemus, a tergo 
 nostra stmt.'] 
 
 25. It is not easy to account for the 
 distribution of the dialogue that follows. 
 
 CLuaesieris apparently refers to the 
 person who is addressed in the preceding 
 lines, and again in the following. From 
 vv. 42 foil, it would seem to be Persius' 
 object to expose the inconsistency with 
 which he ridicules his neighbour's ava- 
 rice, being himself guilty of vices of 
 another kind. Yet vv. 27-32, which 
 contain the picture of thfi miser, are 
 spoken not by him but by the person 
 to whom he is talking, unless we follow 
 the Scholia in dividing v. 27 ' Hunc 
 ais?' 'Hunc,' etc., contrary to the natural 
 meaning of the line. We must then 
 either understand ' quaesieris ' loosely in 
 the sense of 'quaesierit quispiam,' and 
 reverse the order of the spealters, so as 
 to leave vv. 27-32 for the represen- 
 tation of Alcibiades, or suppose that 
 Persius means his hero not to ridicule 
 the miser himself, but to listen while 
 others do so, and flatter himself that 
 nothing of the kind is said of him, not 
 knowing that the scandals of his own 
 life are dwelt upon with quite as much 
 relish. 
 
 Vettidi is restored by Jahn for 
 ' Vectidi ' on the authority of numerous 
 inscriptions. [L. Vetidius Rufus C. I. L. 
 10. 3663 ; a form ' Vettitia ' occurs C. I. L. 
 12. 607 (Aries), ib. 401 1 (Ntmes).] 
 
 cuius? comp. li. 19 'Cuinam?' 
 The person questioned does not know 
 who is meant, till a description of the 
 man is given. 
 
 26. aro, in the sense of possessing 
 arable land. Hor. Epod. 4. 13, referred 
 to by Jahn ' Arat Falerni mille fundi 
 iugera.' 
 
 Curibus, possibly mentioned, as 
 
8o 
 
 PERSII 
 
 qui, quandoque iugum pertusa ad compita figit, 
 seriolae veterem metuens deradere limum 
 ingemit : hoc bene sit ! tunicatum cum sale mordens 30 
 
 caepe et farratam pueris plaudentibus ollam 
 pannosam faecem morientis sorbet aceti ? ' 
 ac si unctus cesses et figas in cute solem, 
 , est prope te ignotus, cubito qui tangat et acre 
 despuat ' hi mores ! penemque arcanaque lumbi 35 
 
 runcantem populo marcentis pandere vulvas ! 
 tu cum maxillis balanatum gausape pectas, 
 
 [29. •ueteris a. 30. monies C. ■},\. fariratam a, farrata C. olla C. 
 
 33. a si a. frigas a, figas C. 34. tangit a. 37. tunc cum a C, tu cum T. 
 
 pedes Priscian. i p. 333 K.] 
 
 Jahn thinks, to remind us of tlie old 
 Sabines and their simple life, which the 
 miserly owner of the ' latifundium ' cari- 
 catures so grossly. 
 
 26. quantum non miluus errat. 
 [Petronius 37 'ipse Trimalchio fundos 
 habet qua milui volant!'\ Imitated by 
 Juv. 9. 54 foil. ' Cui tot montis, tot 
 praedia servas Apula, tot tniluos iiitra 
 tua pascua lassos.' According to the 
 Scholia ' quantum milui volant ' was a 
 proverbial expression for distance. 
 
 27. dis iratis for ' Deos iratos haben- 
 tem.' 'Iratis natus paries Dis atque 
 poetis ' Hon 2 S. 3. 8. ' Dis inimice 
 senex' is Horace's address to a miser, 
 V. 123 of the same Satire. There, as 
 here, the expression seems to imply folly 
 or madness, as in Ter. Andr. 663 ' nescio, 
 nisi mihi Deos satis fuisse iratos, qui 
 auscultaverim,' which Jahn compares. 
 
 genio sinistro, as refusing the en- 
 joyments which his nature claims, see 
 note on ?,. 3. The Scholia compare 
 Ter. Phorm. 44 Suum defrudans ge- 
 nium, compersit miser : ' tlie Delph. ed. 
 compares Plaut. Tmc. 184 'Isti qui cum 
 geniis suis belligerant parcipromi,' which 
 is the same as the prosaic ' ventri Indico 
 bellum ' of Hor. i S. 5. 7. The whole 
 line is imitated by Juv. 10. 129 ' Dis ille 
 adversis genitus fatoque sinistro.' 
 
 28. Referring to the feast of 'Compi- 
 talia' (see Diet. Antiqq.), one of the 
 rustic holidays, like the ' Paganalia ' 
 (Prol. 6) and the ' Palilia' (i. 72), cele- 
 brated with sacrifices and games. ' Ut 
 quoqne turba bono plaudat signata (?) 
 
 magistro. Qui facit egregios ad pervia 
 compita ludos ' Calp. 4. 125 foil. To 
 these Hor. refers i Ep. i. 49 'Quis 
 circum pagos et circum compita pngnax.' 
 The yoke was hung up, with the other 
 parts of the plough, as a symbol of the 
 suspension of labour. ' Luce sacra re- 
 quiescat humus, requiescat arator, Et 
 grave, suspenso vomere cesset opus. 
 Solvite vincla iugis' Tibull. 2. i. 5 foil. 
 ' Rusticus emeritum falo suspendat ara- 
 tru7n' Ov. F. I. 665. ' Figere ' is 
 generally used where the implements are 
 hung up permanently. ' Armis Herculis 
 ad postem7?jrw' Hor. 1 Ep. i. 5. 'Arma- 
 qaefixit Troia' Virg. Aen. 1. 248. 
 
 pertusa, ' Merito, quia per omnes 
 quattuor partes pateant ' Schol. ; equiva- 
 lentto 'pervia' in Calp. I.e. 'Pertundere' 
 is used for ' to make a passage through ' 
 Lucr. 4. 1286 foil. ' Guttas in saxa ca- 
 dentes Umoris longo in spatio pertundere 
 saxa,' and so 'pertusum vas ' ib. 3. 1099, 
 of the bottomless tub of the Danaides. 
 The line then means ' at each return of 
 the Compitalia.' 
 
 29. Cato R. R. 57, referred to by 
 Jahn, bids the farmer give each slave at 
 the ' Compitalia ' a cougius of wine over 
 and above the usual allowance. 
 
 limus is explained by the Scholia 
 and most of the commentators, of the 
 pitch or other substance vpith which the 
 jars were daubed ('linebantur' Hor. I 
 Od. 20. 3) : Jahn however understands 
 it more simply of the dirt which would 
 naturally adhere to it after so long 
 keeping. 
 
SAT. IV. 81 
 
 the aversion of the gods and the enemy of his genius, who, when- 
 ever he fastens up the yoke at the feast of crossroads and thorough- 
 fares, in the extremity of his dread of scraping off the ancient 
 incrustation from his dwarf wine jar, groans out, May it be for 
 the best! as he munches onions, coats and all, with salt, and 
 while his slaves are clapping their hands with ecstasy over the mess 
 of meal, gulps down the mothery lees of expiring vinegar ? ' 
 
 30. bene sit was a common fbrrft of 
 drinking healths. ' Bene vos, bene nos, 
 bene te, bene me, bene nostram etiam 
 Stephanium ' Plant. Stich. 708 ; also 
 with the dative of the person, ' Bene 
 mihi, bene vobis, bene amitae meae ' id. 
 Pers. 773; a wish iox future blessings. 
 ' Bene est ' is a common phrase for the 
 present pleasures of the table. ' Bene 
 erat non piscibus urbe petitis, Sed puUo 
 atque haedo' Hor. 2 S. 2. 120. Jahn. 
 ' Bene erat iam glande reperta ' Ov. F. 
 4. 399, Casaubon. Here it is a sort of 
 grace, uttered with a groan by the miser, 
 who fears he is doing wrong in drawing 
 the wine, ' May it turn out well ' or 
 ' bring a blessing,' like Agamemnon's 
 «! 7d/j eiTj, when he consents to his 
 daughter's death (Aesch. Ag. 216). 
 
 'tunica' is used by Juv. 14. 153 
 'tuuicam mihi malo lupiui,' and else- 
 where, of the pod or husk of a vegetable : 
 but there is probably some humour in- 
 tended in the use of the participle, which 
 was an ordinary epithet of the common 
 people (Hor. i Ep. 7. 65), perhaps like 
 Horace's ' caepe trucidas ' (i Ep. 12. 21), 
 a reference to the Pythagorean reverence 
 for vegetable life. The onions of course 
 are eaten with their skins as more filling, 
 so that there may be no waste. 
 
 31. farratam . . . oUam, a dish of 
 ' puis,' a pottage made from spelt, the 
 national dish of the Roman husbandmen. 
 Comp. Juv. 14. 171 ' Grandes fumabant 
 pultibus ollae,' and Mayor's note. The 
 ' puis ' itself is called ' farrata ' Juv. 1 1 . 
 109. The plaudits of the slaves ('pueri') 
 common on these occasions of licence, 
 as an acknowledgment to the founder 
 of the feast (see Calp. quoted on v. 28), 
 are here bestowed on a meal which 
 other labourers get every day. With 
 ' plaudenlibus ollam ' Jahn compares 
 
 Stat. Silv. 5. 3. 140 'Necfratrem caestu 
 Virides flauseYe Therapnae.' 
 
 32. pannosam, 'mothery.' 'Arida 
 ac ftmnOsa macies' Sen. de Clem. 2. 6 ; 
 comp. by Jahn. 
 
 morientis, ' unguenta moriunlur ' 
 Plin. 13. 20, lose their strength. Hor. 
 2 S. 3. 1 1 6 says of a miser ' acre potet 
 acetnm,' wine which has become mere 
 vinegar : but Persins, as Casaubon re- 
 marks, strengthens every word — not 
 ' acetum ' merely, but ' pannosam faecem 
 aceti morientis,' the very vinegar-flavour 
 being about to disappear. [Comp. Plu- 
 tarch irepl cvBv/jilas 8 ; toS Xiov . . . . &s 
 TTO^hv Kal XRV^"^^^ oTvov erepots -nnrpa- 
 UKOjv, kavTw irpos rb dpiarov o^ivrjv k^rjTit 
 Stayevofj.evos,'] 
 
 33. unctus cesses. ' Cessare, et 
 ludere, et ungi' Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 183. See 
 note on v. 18. 
 
 flgas in cute solem, a strong 
 expression for ' apricari.' Expose your- 
 self to the piercing rays (' tela ' ) of the 
 sun — what Juv. 11. 203 and Mart. 10. 
 : 2. 7 express more genially by ' bibere ' 
 or ' combibere solem.' [Seneca de Vita 
 Beata 27. 3 ' quaerite aliquem moUem 
 cedentemque materiam in qua tela 
 vestra_/%a<zV.'] 
 
 34. ' You may be sure that some one 
 is making reflections on you which you 
 little dream of.' 
 
 oubito . . . tangat. ' Nonne vides 
 (aliquis cubito stantera prope tangens 
 Inquiet) ut patiens, nt amicis aplus, ut 
 acer ' Hor. 2 S. 5. 42. 
 
 ' He is as surely reflecting on you 
 as if he Were to jog you and make his 
 remarks in your ear.' 
 
 acre despuere, like ' verum plo- 
 rare ' i. 90. 
 
 35. mores, mode of life, i. 26, 2. 6a 
 note. 
 
83 
 
 PERSII 
 
 inguinibus quare detonsus gurguHo extat ? 
 quinque palaestritae licet haec plantaria vellant 
 elixasque nates labefactent forcipe adunca, 4° 
 
 non tamen ista filix ullo mansuescit aratro.' 
 
 '■ Caedimus, inque vicem praebemus crura sagittis. 
 vivitur hoc pacto ; sic novimus. ilia subter 
 caecum vulnus habes ; sed lato balteus auro 
 protegit. ut mavis, da verba et decipe nervos, 45 
 
 si potes. ' Egregium cum me vicinia dicat, 
 non credam?' Viso si palles, inprobe, nummo, 
 si facis in penem quidquid tibi venit amorum : 
 si puteal multa cautus vibice flagelias : 
 
 nequiquam populo bibulas donaveris aures. 50 
 
 respue, quod non es ; toUat sua munera Cerdo ; 
 
 [39. palestra a. flantari a. 
 44 alia eus A, altareus B. 
 amorum Johannes Sarisberiensis. 
 
 40. Jluxasque C. forfice a. 41. /elix C. 
 
 46. potest a. dicta a. 48. aniarum codd. 
 
 51. resfuat a. est a^ 
 
 42-52. 'This is the way: we lash 
 our neighbours and are lashed in turn. 
 Avail yourself of your prestige if you 
 like, but remember that what men say 
 of you is worthless, if you are really a 
 libertine or a usurer. Better be true to 
 yourself and learn your own weakness.' 
 
 42. Casaubon seerns right in suppos- 
 ing that Persius was thinking of Hor. 
 ^ Ep. 2. 97 'Caedimur ettotidem plagis 
 consumimus hostem,' though the pas- 
 sage of arms is there a passage of com- 
 pliments. ' We are like archers in a 
 battle, who shoot many arrows, and are 
 ourselves exposed to many shots,' — the 
 image being chosen so as to express the 
 suddenness of the wounds, which come 
 from unknown quarters. The arrows of 
 the tongue are a sufficiently common 
 metaphor : rmv ^ap fieydKwv ipvx<tiv 
 ieh cvK av afidprois Soph, Aj. 1 54. 
 
 oaedo seems to be used of woun- 
 ding with a missile weapon — e.g. of 
 battering doors with stones, Cic. Verr. 
 2. I. 27. 
 
 43. vivitur hoc pacto. ' Isto non 
 vivitur illic. Quo tu rere, modo ' Hor. i 
 S. 9. 48. Casaubon compares Hor. 2 S. 
 8. 65 ' Haec est condicio vivendi.' 
 
 sic novimus seems to be equiva- 
 lent to ■ sic accepimus ' or ' sic didicimus,' 
 — ' such is our experience.' 
 
 44. A continuation of the metaphor 
 from battle. The archer receives a 
 wound in the groin, and endeavours to 
 conceal it with his belt, which is ador- 
 ned with gold like that in Virg. Aen. 5. 
 312 'lato quam circumplectitur auro 
 Balteus.' In Virg. Aen. 12. 273 a man 
 is pierced by a spear, 'ad medium, 
 teritur qua sutilis alvo Balteus.' The 
 belt was used to support the quiver, as 
 in Aen. 5. 1. c. 'You are touched, 
 though you hide it, and fall back on 
 your rank and popularity.' ['Caecum 
 vulnus:' comp. Lucr. 4. 11 20 'Usque 
 adeo incerti tabescunt volnere caeco:' 
 Virg. Aen. 10. 73^ uses the words of a 
 wound in the back.] 
 
 45. ut mavis is from Hor. i S. 4. 21. 
 da verba. 3. 19. 
 
 decipe nervos, cheat your physical 
 powers ('nervos' as in 2.41) by fighting 
 on, as if you were not wounded. 
 
 46. Imitated from several passages in 
 Horace, as Casaubon remarks. The 
 words are from 2 S. 5. 106 'Egregie 
 factum laudet vicinia.' The matter 
 from I Ep. 16. 19 foil. ' Sed vereor ne 
 cui de te plus quam tibi credas . . . neu 
 si te populus sanum recteque valentem 
 Dictitet, occultam febrem sub tempus 
 edendi Dissimules.' [Comp. also Sen, 
 Ep. 59. II 'lUud piaecipue impedit, 
 
SAT. IV. 
 
 «3 
 
 " We keep inflicting wounds and exposing in our turn our own 
 legs to shots. It is the understood rule of life, the lesson we have 
 all of us learnt. You have a concealed wound in your groin, but 
 the broad fold of your belt hides it. Well, just as you please, play 
 the sophist and cheat your physical powers, if you can do so. 
 ' Why, when I have the whole neighbourhood telling me of my 
 excellence, am not I to believe them?' If the sight of money 
 makes you change colour, disreputable as you are, if in your zeal 
 for the main chance you flog the exchange with many a stripe, it 
 will do you no good to have made your thirsty ears the receptacle 
 of popular praise. No ; reject what is not you ; let Hob and Dick 
 
 quod cito nobis placemus : si invenimus 
 qui nos bones vires dicat, qui prudentes, 
 qui sanctes, agnoscimus.'] 
 
 47. Comp. 3. 109. 
 
 inprobe, placed as in Hor. 2 S. 2. 
 134, Lucr. 3. 1026. Jahn quotes Her. 
 2 S. 3. t8 'argenti pallet amore : ' but 
 the paleness here is sudden, not chronic. 
 
 [48. ' Amorum 'Jahn (1868) : Biiche- 
 ler now keeps ' amarum,' but joins it 
 with ' puteal.'] 
 
 49. The traditional explanation of 
 this line interprets it of exorbitant usury, 
 as the mention of the puteal naturally 
 suggests. Casaubon was apparently 
 the first to reject it, as incompatible 
 with his view that Nero is the object of 
 the Satire, himself understanding it of 
 the emperor's habit of going out at night 
 in disguise and assaulting people in the 
 streets, as recorded by Tac. A. 13. 25, 
 Suet. Nero 26. Recent commentators, 
 in exploding the notion of any reference 
 to Nero, have returned to the old view, 
 though Jahn so far modifies it as to 
 suppose the allusion to be to the prae- 
 tor's tribunal at the Puteal (Hor. 2 S. 
 6. 30), explaining 'flagellare puteal' 
 of a litigious person who endeavours to 
 gain his suit at any cost. The question 
 is a difficult one : but if we make ' fla- 
 gellare' metaphorical, there seems no 
 reason why we should not understand it 
 of usury. A usurer would naturally be 
 called the ' scourge of the exchange,' as 
 
 G 
 
 Hor. i Ep. 15. 31 calls Maenlus 'Per- 
 nicies et tempestas barathrumque ma- 
 celli.' 
 
 luulta . . . vibioe is an ornamental 
 extension of the metaphor after the 
 manner of Persius. Whether we can 
 assume a special technical sense of 
 'flagellare' on the strength of Pliny 33. 
 164, Mart. 2. 30. 4, as Jahn and Freund 
 think, is very doubtful ; in the former 
 passage 'Jlagellat annonam,' of forestal- 
 lers and regraters, may be understood 
 as here, ' makes himself the scourge of 
 the market,' while in the other, ' laxas 
 area Jlagellat opes,' the word may refer 
 to ' laxas,' and need only signify 'coer- 
 cet ; ' ' prohibet ne latius evagentur.' 
 [Friedlander on Martial 1. c. quotes 
 Seneca Ep. 101. 4 ' ille qui et mari et 
 terra pecuniam agitabat,' and explains 
 ' flagellare ' as = ' to keep the money 
 going,' ' never let it rest.'] 
 
 50. bibulas. From the common 
 phrase ' aure bibere ' or ' haurire,' 
 
 donaveris. A variety for ' aures 
 dare,' ' praebere,' ' commodare ' (see 2. 
 30), with an additional notion of absolute 
 resignation. 
 
 51. toUat sua munera, probably 
 referring to Hor. I Ep. 16. 33 foil. 
 ' Qui dedit hoc ' (a good name') ' hodie, 
 eras, si volet, auferet : ut si Detulerit 
 fasces indigno, detrahet idem : Pone, 
 meum est, inquit : pono, tristisque 
 recede' 
 
84 PERSII 
 
 tecum habita ; nods, quam sit tibi curta supellex." 
 
 [52. ut noris a.] 
 
 51. Cerdo, TUkp&mv, seems to have v. 21) and in Juv. 4. 153 (opp. to 
 
 been a proper name, given to slaves and 'Lamia,' v. 154), 8. l8z (opp. to 
 
 common people, so that it naturally ' Volesos Brutumque,' ib^. The notion 
 
 stands for one of the rabble, the ' Hob that it means a cobbler seems to be 
 
 and Dick ' of Shakespeare's Coriolanus. founded on Martial, 3. 59. I, 99. i, 
 
 Perhaps it had better be written v?ith where it is coupled with ' sutor,' as it is 
 
 a capital, both here (compare ' Baucis,' with ' faber,' in an inscription in Spon's 
 
SAT. IV. 
 
 take their presents back again; live at 
 slenderly furnished your apartments are." 
 
 home, 
 
 «5 
 and learn how 
 
 Misc. p. 321, referred to by Jahn. 
 [Petronius 60 ' tres pneri ' (slaves) . . . 
 'quorum unum Cerdonem, alterum 
 Felicionem, tertium Lucrionem (vocari 
 aiebat.') In C. I. L. 6- S3°° ' Cerdo ' 
 is the cognomen of a freedman ; in 2. 
 4970. 1 30 we have ' Cerdo Titi,' i. c. 
 slave of Titius.] 
 
 52. tecum habita. Compare Arist. 
 Eth. N. 9. 4 avvhi6r^HV b tojoutos eavro) 
 iSoiiXcTai. Hor. 2 S. 7. 112 'Nonhoram 
 tecum esse potes.' ^Curiae nescio quid 
 semper abest rei ' Hor. 3 Od. 14. 64. 
 [For ' supellex ' comp. Epictet. I. 6. 15 
 
SATURA V. 
 
 'Vatibus hie mos est, centum sibi poscere voces, 
 centum ora/et linguas optare in carmina centum, 
 fabula seu maesto ponatur hianda tragoedo, 
 vulnera seu Parthi ducentis ab inguine ferrum.' 
 'Quorsum haec? aut quantas robusti carminis offas 
 ingeris, ut par sit centeno gutture niti ? 
 
 \Aii magistrum equitum Comiitum C. 4. parchi a. 
 
 5. carminur offas o.] 
 
 To Cornutus. The foet acknowledges 
 his obligations to his old ttttor, and des- 
 fants on the Stoic doctrine of moral 
 freedom, proving that all the world are 
 slaves, as Stertinius in Hor. 2 6". 3 
 proves to Damasippus that all the world 
 are madmen. The subject is the same 
 as that of Hor. 2 S. 7, the dialogue 
 between Horace and Davus, and the 
 treatment not unlike. Jahn has summed 
 up the few particulars known about 
 Cornutus, Prolegomena, pp. 8-27. L. 
 Annaeus Cornutus was born at Lepta, 
 flourished at Rome under Nero as a 
 tragic poet, like Seneca, a graminarian 
 {author of a commentary on Virgil, some 
 fragments of which are preserved by 
 Servius, and of a treatise, De Figuris 
 Sententiarnm) and a Stoic philosopher 
 (author of a work against Athenodorus 
 and Aristotle, and of another on the 
 Theology of the Greeks, which still exists 
 as a meagre epitome). The name 
 Annaeus renders it probable that he was 
 afreedman of that family, especially as 
 Lucan is known to have been one of his 
 pupils. He was banished by Nero, 
 under the following circumstances. The 
 
 emperor had a plan of writing the 
 history of Rome, in verse, from Romulus 
 downwards, and consulted Cornutus, 
 among others, about the number of books' 
 of which the poem ought to consist. Some 
 of his flatterers suggested ^00. Cornutus 
 replied that it would be too many for 
 any one to read. It was retorted, ' But 
 your great philosopher, Chrysipp'us, 
 wrote many more! 'True! said*'Cor- 
 nutus, ' but they do some good to man- 
 kind! Nero, enraged, flrst thought of 
 putting hi-m to death, but eventually 
 banished him to an island. 
 
 1-4. Persius. ' Poets are allowed to 
 wish for a hundred tongues when they 
 have any great effort to make, either 
 tragic or epic' 
 
 I. ' Regibus hie mos est' Hor. I S. 
 2.86. 
 
 centum, etc. ; the fountain is Horn. 
 II. 2. 489 oiiS' f( iwi hkita fiiv yXataffai, 
 Sixa Sk CTdftar' eUv. Hostius [a poet 
 whoflourishedat the beginningof the last 
 century of the republic], authorof a poem 
 on the war with Istria, wished for 100, 
 ' Non si mihi linguae Centum atque ora 
 sient totidem vocesque liquatae' (Macrob. 
 
SATIRE V. 
 
 Persins. 'It is a standing rule with poets to put in a requisition 
 for a hundred voices, to bespeak a hundred mouths and a hundred 
 tongues for the purposes of song, whether the work before them 
 be a play to be mouthed by some dolorous tragedian, or the wounds 
 of the Parthian dragging the dart from his groin.' 
 
 Cornutus. 'What do you want with things like this? What are 
 these lumps of solid poetry that you have to cram, big enough to 
 justify the strain of a hundred-throat power? Let those who mean 
 
 6. 3. 6), and so Virg. G. 2. 43, speaking 
 of trees and their cultivation, Aen. 6. 
 625, of crimes and tlteir punisliment in 
 Tartarus. 
 
 3. ' Whether the subject proposed be.' 
 ponatur, not as in i. 7° (which 
 
 Jahn compares), to set up a thing as 
 complete, but to set before one as a thing 
 to be done. ~ See Freund s. v. and com- 
 pare Oeivai, Seats. 
 
 hianda. Prop. 2.31.6' Visus . . . 
 tacita carmen hiare lyra.' Aesch. Ag. 
 920 jfa/ia(ir€T^s ^oafia trpoffx^-^V^ i^oi. 
 
 4. Imitated from Hor. 2 S. i. 15 
 ' Aut labentis equo describat vulnera 
 Parthi,' which affords a presumption 
 (not a certainty, as Persius sometimes 
 talces Horace's words without his mean- 
 ing) that vulnera . . . Parthi is to be 
 explained in the same manner here, of 
 the wounds received by the Parthian. 
 
 ducentis, etc. will then be parallel 
 to ' labentis equo,' — 'drawing from his 
 wounded groin (see 4. 44) the dart that 
 has pierced him,' — a picture likely 
 enough to appear in an epic poem 
 (compare such passages as Virg^Aen. 
 10. 486)^aH4-suJS©ientlJ^TKttermg to 
 Roman vaiiity. . This seems on the 
 
 whole preferable to the interpretation 
 mentioned by Ascens., and adopted by 
 Nebriss., Casaubon, Konig, and Heinr., 
 which makes ' vulnera Parthi ' the 
 wounds given by the Parthian, and 
 ' ducentis,' etc. either ' drawing the bow 
 from the groin,' instead of from the 
 shoulder, or ' taking an arrow from the 
 quiver,' which the Eastern nations car- 
 ried near the groin. 
 
 5-18. Cornutus. 'What dojfl«want 
 with a hundred mouths 1 You are not 
 going to write foolish tragedies, puffing 
 like a pair of bellows, or croaking like 
 a raven. Yours is the more prosaic 
 walk of everyday satire.' 
 
 5. Quorsum haec P Hor. 2 S. 
 7. 21. 
 
 quantas, apparently = ' quas tan- 
 tas,' constructed with ' ut.' 
 
 robusti, ' Strong,' ' sturdy,' as if of 
 food. Comp. 'grandi polenta' 3. 55 
 note. 
 
 offa, ' a lump,' whether of meal or 
 of flesh. Freund s. v. 
 
 6. ingeris, ' cram.' Saginandis 
 anseribus polentae duas partes et fur- 
 furis quattuor . . . ingerunt'' Pallad. I, 
 30.4. 
 
88 
 
 PERSII 
 
 grande locuturi nebulas Helicone legunto, 
 
 si quibus aut Prbgnes, aut si quibus olla Thyestae 
 
 fei-vebit, saepe insulso cenanda Glyconi ; 
 
 tu neque ^nhelanti, coquitur dum massa camino, 
 
 foll^'lDremis ventos, nee clauso murmure raucus 
 
 nescio quid tecum grave cornicaris inepte, 
 
 nee stloppo tumidas intendis rumpere buccas, 
 
 verba togae sequeris iunctura callidus acri, 
 
 ore teres modico, pallentis radere mores 
 
 IS 
 
 \%. frocnes a,progenesZ. ^. imiiso C. cydoniC lo. camini C. 
 
 II. raucos C. 12. nescio qui C. 13. scloppo a C, stloppo Schol. ?". 
 
 15. t evens a. rodere C] 
 
 6. centeno gutture, for ' centum 
 gntturibus,' [like 'centena arbore' 
 Virg. Aen. 10. 207 for ' centum arboribus 
 (remis').'] 
 
 gutture niti, ' to press upon the 
 throat,' as is done in a difficult swallow. 
 The image is burlesqued by supposing 
 the mouth to be wanted for eating, not 
 for spealting, and thus we are prepared 
 for the ' olla Thyestae ' and the ' plebeia 
 prandia.' 
 
 7. grande. i. 14. 
 
 nebulas may be ftom Hor. A. P. 
 230 'Aut, dum vitat humum, nubes 
 et inania captet,' as Jahn thinks, 
 especially as both are speaking of tragic 
 writing. Compare also the conception 
 of Aristophanes' Clouds, which Persius 
 is not likely to have forgotten. To 
 ' collect mists ' it would be necessary of 
 course to ascend the moimtain. 
 
 Helicone, as in Prol. I foil. ' Let 
 those who set up to be great poets avail 
 themselves of poetical privileges,' which 
 are generally mere moonshine. 
 
 8. The stories of Tereus and Thyestes 
 were common subjects of tragedy in 
 Rome as well as at Athens. Attius 
 wrote on both subjects. Varius was 
 the author of a Thyestes, and Seneca, 
 whose play is extant. See also Juv. 
 7. 12. 73, Mayor's notes. Thyesteswas 
 one of Nero's characters, Dio. 63. 9, etc. 
 referred to by Mayor on Juv. 8. 228. 
 The feast of Thyestes is mentioned 
 twice by Horace as a stock tragic sub- 
 ject, A. P. gr, 186, and Prognes name 
 occurs similarly, V. 187. 
 
 9. fervebit . . . oenanda, like ' dis- 
 cere . . . laudanda' 3. 46. 
 
 Glyco, as the Scholia inform us, 
 was a slave, the joint property of Ver- 
 gilius, also a tragic actor, and some 
 other person — manumitted, on account 
 of his great popularity, by Nero, who 
 gave 300,000 sesterces to Vergilius for 
 his share in him — :tall and dark, with a 
 hanging lower lip,andiU-looking when 
 not dressed up — calle3~1nsulsns ' from 
 his inability to understand a joke. 
 Persius doubtless means to ridicule the 
 people through their favourite actor, 
 who was probably too tragic, and 
 seemed as if he had really ' supped full 
 of horrors,' in spite of the frequent 
 repetition of the process. 
 
 10. Imitated, as the Scholia re- 
 mark, from Hor. I S. 4. 19 foil . «' At 
 tu conclusas hircinis foUibus auras, 
 Usque laborantes dum ferrum molliat 
 ignis, Ut mavis, imitare.' Compare 
 also Juv. 7. Ill (Jahn). [Plant. Bacch. 
 22 'scio spiritum eius maiorem esse 
 multum Qaam/ol/es taurini haliiant.^~\ 
 The meaning is the same as Horace 
 expresses elsewhere, A. P. 97, by ' am- 
 pullas et sesquipedalia verba.' 
 
 anhelanti . . . dum, ' puffing while 
 it is being done,' as 'laborantes dum' 
 Hor. 1. c. = ' labouring till it is done.' 
 
 massa. 2. 67 note. 
 12. No marked distinction seems in- 
 tended between the three images of the 
 bellows, the croaking, and the puffed 
 cheeks. 
 
 olauso murmare answers to pre- 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 89 
 
 to talk grandiose go and catch vapours on Helicon, if there be 
 any who are going to set Progne's or Thyestes' pot a-boiling, to 
 be the standing supper of poor stupid Glycon. But you are not 
 squeezing wind in a pair of panting bellows while the ore is smelting 
 in the furnace, nor are you croaking mysterious nonsense to yourself 
 in hoarse pent-up tones, nor straining and puffing your cheeks till 
 they give way with a plop. No; your line is to follow the lan- 
 guage of common life, with dexterous nicety in your combinations, 
 and a moderate rounding of the cheek ; your skill must be shown 
 in rubbing against the bloated skin of morality, and pinning vice 
 
 mis ventos (' concl'nsas auras ' Hor. 
 1. c.) and to the process going on within 
 the ' tumidae buccae.' 
 
 tecum , . . cornicaris, an inten- 
 sified variety of ' tecum loqneris,' the 
 word [which, according to the Scholia, 
 was invented by Persius,] being sug- 
 gested by raucus. 
 
 grave is perhaps used here techni- 
 cally of a deep bass sound, opp. to 
 ' acutus.' 
 
 inepte, perhaps from Hor. A. P. 
 140 ' qui nil molitur inepte^ where the 
 simple opening of the Odyssey is con- 
 trasted with the ' hiatus ' of the cyclic 
 poet, — ' out of taste.' [Quint, iq. 3. 15 
 ' si non » . . cogitationem murmure agi- 
 tantes expectaverimus.'] 
 
 13. A graphic amplification, 'more 
 Persii,' of Horace's ' tumido ore ' A. P. 
 94. 
 
 sfcloppo, a word occurring nowhere 
 else, perhaps coined by Persius, expres- 
 sive of sound, like ' bombus ' i. 99 note. 
 ' Stloppo dixit ftercupopLfcSJs., a ludentibus 
 pueris, qui buccas infiatas subito ape- 
 riunt, et totum simul flatnm cum sonitu 
 fundunt ' Schol. The spelling ' stloppo ' 
 instead of ' scloppo,' which many MSS. 
 give, is supported by Jahn from Pris- 
 cian 1. p. 43 Keil. 
 
 intendis rumpere seems to be a 
 mixture of ' intendis (temptas) rum- 
 pere ' and ' intendis buccas dum rum- 
 pantur.' Compare ' buccae ' Juv. 1 1 . 
 34, for noisy tallcers, whom Plautus 
 (Bacch. 10S8) calls 'buccones;' 
 ' stloppo ' with ' rumpere,' as the noise 
 would be a concomitant of the burst- 
 ing. 
 
 14. verba togae, like ' fabula togata' 
 (Hor. A. P. 228), the talk of common 
 life at Rome, opp. to the ' praetexta,' 
 the symbol of tragedy, and the ' pal- 
 
 lium,* which belonged to Greek sub- 
 jects. We must bear in mind the rela- 
 tion of satire to the old comic drama, 
 asserted by Persius himself, 1. 123. The 
 whole line is imitated from Hor. A. P. 
 47 ' notuni si callida verbum Reddi- 
 derit iunctura novum ' (compare also 
 ib. 242 ' Tantum series iuncturaque 
 pollet, Tantum de medio sumptis acce- 
 dit honoris'), so that 'notnm' and 
 ' de medio sumptis ' answer to ' verba 
 togae.' 
 
 iunctura (the same metaphor as 
 in I. 65, 92, though the application 
 there is to the flow of the verse) refers 
 here, as in Horace, to the combination 
 of words in a happy phrase or expres- 
 sion. 
 
 acri is a well-chosen epithet, ex- 
 pressing the nicety of the material pro- 
 cess, as we use ' sharp,' at the same 
 time that it denotes keenness of mind. 
 
 15. ore teres modioo. Jahn well 
 compares ' ore rotundo ' Hor. A. P. 323, 
 which Persius doubtless was thinking of 
 here and in v. 13. ' Os tumidum ' is an 
 exaggeration of ' os rotundum,' the full- 
 ness of the mouth in measured speech : 
 but as Persius had gone beyond ' tumi- 
 dum ' he is here satisfied with some- 
 thing less than ' rotundum.' 
 
 modico qualifies teres, which 
 itself denotes smoothness within com- 
 pass. ' Oratio plena, sed tamen teres ' 
 Cic. de Or. 3. 52, 'with shapely mouth, 
 moderately rounded.' 
 
 pallentis mores, r. 26 ' En 
 pallor seniumque ! O mores ! ' Here 
 the paleness is doubtless that of dropsy 
 and disease, as in 3. 94 foil, when any 
 rough application to the skin would be 
 acutely felt. Compare ' radere teneras 
 auriculas ' I. :o7, ' radere ulcus in tenero 
 ore' 3. 114. 
 
9° 
 
 PERSII 
 
 doctus et ingenuo culpam defigere ludo. 
 
 hinc trahe quae dicis, mensasque relinque Mycenis 
 
 cum capite et pedibus, plebeiaque prandia noris.' 
 
 'Non equidem hoc studeo, bullatis ut mihi nugis 
 pagina turgescat, dare pondus idonea fumo. 
 secret! loquimur ; tibi nunc hortante Camena 
 excutienda damus praecordia, quantaque nostrae 
 pars tua sit, Cornute, animae, tibi dulcis, amice, 
 ostendisse iuvat : pulsa, dinoscere cautus, 
 quid solidum crepet et pictae tectoria linguae, 
 hie ego centenas ausim deposcere voces, 
 ut, quantum mihi te sinuoso in pectore fixi, 
 
 25 
 
 [17. dicasT. 18. in margine a. plebique C. 
 . . . legitur et bullatis' Schol. bullatis 'z. 
 22. quandoque C. 24. fulsandi noscere C. 
 
 fauces C] 
 
 It), pullatis a C ' pullatis 
 
 21. secrete a C, secreti T. 
 
 26. Ais C. auxim C. voces a. 
 
 16. ingenuo . . . ludo answers to 
 Aristotle's definition of fvTpaneKia 
 (Rhet. 2. 12) as irenouSevfievrj v^pis. No 
 precisely similar instance of this use of 
 ' defigere ' has been adduced, but it is 
 apparently the same as that of ' figere ' 
 in such phrases as ' figere ahquem male- 
 dictis,' with the additional notion of 
 driving down. 
 
 17. hine, from common life, which is 
 implied in the three preceding lines. 
 Kbnig compares Hor. A. P. 317 foil. 
 'Respicere exemplar vitae mommque 
 iubebo Doctum imitatorem, et vivas 
 hinc ducere voces.' 
 
 Mycenis, a dative, like ' illis 
 relinquo' Prol. 5, which Jahn com- 
 pares. 
 
 18. cum capite et pedibus, which 
 were put aside to show Thyestes what 
 he had been eating •: rd /isy TroS^pi; xai 
 Xtpwv OKpovs Krkvas "'EOpvirr' dvoj&iv 
 Aesch. Ag. 1594, 'Tantum ora servat 
 et datas fidei manus ' Sen. Thyest. 764, 
 quoted by Casaubon. 
 
 plebeia prandia. The full oppo- 
 sition is between banquets of an un- 
 natural sort in the heroic ages at My- 
 cenae, known in these days only as 
 stage-horrors, with no lesson for life, 
 ' raw head and bloody bones,' as Dryden 
 renders it, and everyday meals (' prandia,' 
 not ' cenae ') of the simplest kind, in 
 
 common society at Rome, which show 
 ordinary men as they are. 
 
 noris, the conj. used imperatively, 
 as in 4. 52, because ' novi ' has no im- 
 perative of its own. 
 
 l9-2g. P. 'No — I have no thoughts 
 of swelling and vapouring. My song is 
 meant to show my heart to you, that you 
 may see how true it is, how devoted to 
 you. If I want a hundred tongues, it is 
 that I may tell you how dear you are 
 to me.' 
 
 19. Heinr. and Jahn restore 'pul- 
 latis ' from the larger number of MSS., 
 including the oldest, and suppose [with 
 the Scholia] the meaning to be ' sad- 
 coloured,' i. e. tragic. It does not ap- 
 pear, however, that ' puUatus ' is ever 
 applied to tragedy, though commonly 
 used of mourners : it answers more 
 nearly to ' sordidatus,' and in fact is fre- 
 quently applied to common people, 'Ne 
 quis pulldtorum media cavea sederet ' 
 Suet. Aug. 44 ; a most unfortunate asso- 
 ciation here, unless we can believe with 
 Casaubon that ' nugae puUatae ' mean 
 trifles that please the vulgar. Unless 
 then ' puUatis ' be [as Jahn, too, 
 thonght] a mistake for ' ampuUatis,' 
 which may be worth considering, we 
 must return to the common reading 
 ' bullatis,' which has very respectable 
 MS. support, and explain it by ' tur- 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 91 
 
 to the ground in sport which will do for gentlemen. Let this be 
 your storehouse of materials ; leave Mycenae, its feasts with their 
 baskets of extremities, and make yourself at home at the early 
 dinners of common Roman folk.' 
 
 P. ' No, my aim is not to have my page distended with air-blown 
 trifles, with a trick of making vapour look solid. My voice is for 
 a private ear; it is to you, at the instance of the Muse within me, 
 that I would offer my heart to be sifted thoroughly; my passion 
 is to show you, Cornutus, how large a share of my inmost being 
 is yours, my beloved friend; strike it, use every test to tell what 
 rings sound and what is the mere plaster of a varnished tongue. 
 An occasion indeed it is for which I may well venture to ask a 
 hundred voices, that I may bring out in clear utterance how 
 thoroughly I have lodged you in the very corners of my breast, 
 
 gescat.' , ' Bullatus ' ordinarily means 
 ' furnished with bullae,' but it may 
 mean ' formed like a bubble, ' ' swell- 
 ing,' just as ' falcatus ' means both 
 ' furnished with a scythe,' an epithet of 
 ' currus,' and ' formed like a scythe,' 
 ■ crooked,' an epithet of ' ensis.' 'Air- 
 blown trifles, ' Gifford. 
 
 20. pagina. Virg. E. 6. 12. 
 
 dare pondus . . . fumo, from Hor. 
 I Ep. 19. 42 ' nugis addere pondus : ' 
 dare . . . idoneaj from Hor. i Ep. 16. 
 1 2 ' Pons . . . rivo dare nomen ido- 
 neus,' both quoted by Casaubon. 
 
 21. seoreti, opp. to 'ad populum.' 
 hortante Cameua seems to imply, 
 
 ' I am inspired, as truly as any poet — as 
 Homer himself when he sang of the 
 ships and asked for a hundred tongues 
 — and the spirit within me bids me to 
 open my heart to you, and tell of our 
 friendship.' 
 
 22. excutienda. i. 49. 
 
 23. ' Te meae partem animae ' Hor. 2 
 Od. 17. 5, 'animae dimidium meae' id. 
 1 Od. 3. 8. 
 
 dolcis, amice, Hor. i Ep. 7. 12. 
 Jahn. 
 
 24. iuvat,ofan occupation, Virg. Aen. 
 9. 613-615, where ' comportare iuvai 
 praedas et vivere rapto ' is opp. to ' iuvat 
 indulgere chords.' 
 
 pulsa. 3. 21 note. 
 
 dinoscere oautus, like 'cautum 
 adsumere ' Hor. i S. 6. 51. 
 
 dinoscere . . . quid . . . orepet et 
 . . . teotoria = ' dinoscere quid crepet a 
 
 tectoriis.' ' Pauci dinoscere possunt Vera 
 bona atque illis multum diversa ' Juv. 
 10. 2 foil. 'Tectorium' or ' opus tecto- 
 rium,' plaster or stucco for walls, so that 
 the metaphor is from striking a wall to 
 see whether it is solid stone or not. 
 
 25. piotae tectoria linguae is appa- 
 rently to be resolved into ' quod tegit 
 pictam linguam ' as a thing covered with 
 ' tectorium ' might be called ' pictus,' 
 though we should rather have expected 
 the thing varnished to be the mind, and 
 the tongue the varnisher. Casaubon 
 quotes Auson. Id. 16. 12 'Sit solidnm 
 quodcunque subest, nee inania snbter 
 Indicet admotus digitis pallentibus ictus.' 
 [So ' fucosus ' is opposed to ' firmus ' by 
 Quintus Cicero de Pet. Cons. 9. 35.] 
 
 26. hie is the reading of many MSS., 
 including the oldest, and may very well 
 be explained 'in hac re.' Compare 
 Virg. G. 2. 45 foil. ' Non h'c te carmine 
 ficto Atque per ambages et longa exorsa 
 tenebo.' ' His,' the other reading (Heinr., 
 Jahn 1843), equivalent to 'ad haec,' 
 seems scarcely so natural. 
 
 oentenas, for ' centum,' like 
 'septenas temperat unda vias' Prop. 
 3. 22. 16. 
 
 27. sinuoso ; the breast is supposed 
 to contain many ' sinus ' or recesses. 
 Jahn compares 'recessus mentis' 2. 73. 
 [_Fauces Biicheler.] 
 
 flxiexpressesdepthand permanence. 
 We should have expected ' fixerim,' but 
 the independent and dependent questions 
 are confused, as in 3. 67 foil. 
 
9S 
 
 PERSII 
 
 voce traham pura, totumque hoc verba resignent, 
 quod latet arcana non enarrabile fibra. 
 
 Cum primum pavido custos mihi purpura cessit 30 
 
 buUaque succinctis Laribus donata pependit ; 
 cum blandi comites, totaque inpune Subura 
 permisit sparsisse oculos iam candidus umbo ; 
 cumque iter ambiguum est et vitae nescius error 
 deducit trepidas ramosa in compita mentes, 35 
 
 me tibi supposui : teneros tu suscipis annos 
 Socratico, Cornute, sinu ; tum fallere sollers 
 
 [28. puta a. iorum C. 29. quo C. arcanam C. 30. cui a. 31. siu- 
 cinctiis a. 35. diducit T, tradticit Servins Aen. 6. 136. 36. seposui a, 
 
 seposui* C, supposui T, Schol. 37. tunc C] 
 
 28. voce, negligently repeated after 
 ' voces.' 
 
 traham ; ' imoque trahens de pec- 
 tore vocem ' Virg. Aen. i. 371. 
 
 pura, opp. to ' pictae linguae ' Lubin. 
 
 resignent suggests a different me- 
 taphor, from the tablets of the mind. 
 
 29. non enarrabile, by a common 
 human voice. 
 
 fibra. 1. 47. 
 30-51. ' When first freed from boyish 
 restraints, and exposed to the temptations 
 of youth, I placed myself under your 
 care. You became my guide, philosopher, 
 and friend. Happily ourdays flowed on 
 together — the morning spent in work, 
 the evening in social pleasure. The 
 same star must have presided over the 
 birth of both : it were sin to doubt it.' 
 
 30. pavido, not 'timid on entering 
 into life ' (Lubin), nor ' fearful, and 
 therefore requiring protection' (Casaubou, 
 Jahn), but 'trembling under those who 
 watched over me,' ' quod sub metu pae- 
 dagogorum praetextati sunt,' as the 
 Scholia say — whence the contrast of 
 'blandi comites 'v. 32. Compare Ter. 
 Andr. 55 ' Dum aetas, nietus, magister, 
 prohibebant.' 
 
 purpura, of the ' praetexta.' ' Per 
 hoc maT)t purpuras decus precor ' Hor. 
 Epod. 5.7,' Quos ardens/«?-/«>-a vestit ' 
 Juv. II. 155. Boys had regular 'cus- 
 todes' (Hor. A. P. 161): but the 
 praetexta ' itself is called ' custos,' as 
 the symbol of sanctity. Casaubon quotes 
 Qnint. Decl. 340 [p. 345 Ritter] ' Sacrum 
 
 praetextarum, quo sacerdotes velantnr, 
 quo magistratus, quo infirmitatem pue- 
 ritiae sacram facimus ac venerabilem : ' 
 the Delph. ed. refers to Pliny 9. 127 
 ' Fasces huic securesque Romanae viam 
 faciunt : idemqne pro maiestate pueritiae 
 est." (Compare also for the general 
 sentiment Juv. 14. 44 foil.) In the 
 same way Propertius says to Cynthia 2. 
 17. 35 ' Ipse tuus semper tibi sit caj/ft/jo 
 lectus,' with reference to the actual ' cus- 
 todes ' appointed for courtezans. For 
 the custom of exchanging the 'praetexta' 
 for the ' toga,' as well as for that of 
 hanging up the 'bulla,' mentioned in 
 the next line, see Diet. Antiqq. Konig 
 refers to CatuU. 68. 15 foil. ' Tempore 
 quo primum vestis mihi tradita pur^ est, 
 lucundum cum aetas ilorida ver ageret, 
 Multa satis lusi : non est Dea nescia 
 nostri. Quae dulcem cnris miscet amari- 
 tiem,' a graceful passage, which Persius 
 may have had in his mind. 
 
 31. Compare 2. 70 note. Kijnig com- 
 pares Prop. 3. I. 13 [ foil. ' Mox ubi 
 bulla rudi demissa est aurea coUo, Matris 
 et ante deos libera sumpta toga.' 
 
 succinctis, ' quia Gabino habitu 
 cincti di Penates formabantur, obvoluti 
 toga supra umemm sinistrum, dextro 
 nudo' Scholia. Jahn compares Ov. F. 
 2. 632 ' Nutriat incinctos missa patella 
 Lares.' 
 
 32. blandi, ('fuerunt'). 
 comites. 3. i note, here = 'ae- 
 
 quales.' 
 
 Subura, the focus of all business 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 93 
 
 and unfold in words all the unspeakable feelings which lie en- 
 twined deep down among my heart-strings. 
 
 When first the guardianship of the purple ceased to awe me, 
 and the boss of boyhood was hung up as an offering to the quaint 
 old household gods, when my companions made themselves plea- 
 sant, and the yet unsullied shield of my gown left me free to cast 
 my eyes at will over the whole Subura— just when the way of 
 life begins to be uncertain, and the bewildered mind finds that its 
 ignorant ramblings have brought it to a point where roads branch 
 off — then it was that I made myself your adopted child. You at 
 once received the young foundling into the bosom of a second 
 Socrates; and soon your rule, with artful surprise, straightens the 
 
 in Rome, Juv. 3. 5, where it is contrasted 
 with a rocky island, 11. 51 'ferventi 
 Subura,' and elsewhere. 
 
 33. permisit may be illustrated by 
 the epithet ' libera ' given to the ' toga.' 
 Pi op. cited on v. 31, Ov. F. 3. 771 foil. 
 The Delph. ed. compares Ter. Andr. 
 5 2 ' Nam is postquam excessit ex 
 ephebis, Sosia, Liberius vivendi fuit po- 
 testas.' 
 
 sparsisse ooulos. Jahn compares 
 Val. Fl. 5. 247 ' tua nunc terris, tua lu- 
 mina tota Sparge mari.' ' To cast my 
 glances everywhere.' Compare the pas- 
 sage from Catullus cited on v. 30. 
 
 iam candidus expresses the same 
 as ' Cum primum ' v. 30. The toga was 
 yet new and clean, and the sense of 
 freedom still fresh. 
 
 vuubo, the gathering of the folds of 
 the ' toga.' See Diet. Antiqq. 
 
 34. 3. 65 note, vitae nescius error 
 answers to ' rerum inscitia ' Hor. i Ep. 
 .^- 33> 'ignorance of life or of the 
 world.' 
 
 error is here the act of wandering. 
 CompareLucr. 2. 10 ' Errare, atque viam 
 palantes quaerere vitae ' and Hor. 2 S. 
 3. 48 foil. ' Velut silvis, nbi passim Pa- 
 lantes error certo de tramite pellit, Ille 
 sinislrorsum, hie dextrorsum abit : unus 
 ntrisque Error, sed variis illudit parti- 
 bus.' 
 
 35. deduoit, Jahn (1843) [and Bii- 
 cheler] from the best MSS. for ' diducit,' 
 which the other editors, and Jahn in his 
 text of 1 868, prefer. It seems doubtful 
 whether any appropriate meaning could 
 be extracted from ' diducit in compita,' 
 as ' compita ' signifies not the crossways, 
 but the junction or point of crossing. 
 
 ' Deducit ' will have its ordinary 
 sense of leading from one place to 
 another, viz. from the straight path to 
 the point where the roads begin to 
 diverge, according to the image ex- 
 plained on 3. 56. Emphasis is thus 
 thrown on 'vitae nescius error,' the 
 guidance to which they have to trust is 
 that of ignorance and inexperience, so 
 that they do not know which way to 
 turn. 
 
 36. supponere is used of suppositi- 
 tious children, and of eggs placed imder 
 a hen, the common notion being that of 
 introducing a person or thing into a 
 place ready for it, but not belonging to 
 it. Such seems to be its force here, 
 though it would perhaps be too much to 
 suppose, with Jahn, that the metaphor 
 is directly taken from children. It 
 seems, however, to have suggested ' sus- 
 cipis,' which is the technical terni for 
 taking up and rearing a child. ' Haec 
 ad te die natali meo scripsi, quo utinam 
 susceptus non essem' Cic. Att. 11. 9. 
 ' Tollere,' which is a synonyme of ' sus- 
 cipere,' is used of supposititious children 
 Quint. 3. 6. 97. 
 
 teneros . . . annos is not equiva- 
 lent to ' me tenera aetate,' as the words 
 are not used literally of actual infancy, 
 but metaphorically of the infancy of 
 judgment which belongs to youth. [For 
 'teneros annos,' an expression which 
 apparently is first found in the silver 
 age, comp. Quint. 2.2.6' ut et teneriores 
 annos ab iniuria sanctilas docentis cus- 
 todiat, et ferociores a licentia gravitas 
 deteiTeat.'] 
 
 37. Socratico involves thenotionnot 
 only of wisdom, but, as Jahn remarks, 
 
94 
 
 PERSII 
 
 adposita intortos extendit regula mores, 
 
 et premitur ratione animus vincique laborat, 
 
 artificemque tuo ducit sub pollice vultum. 
 
 tecum etenim longos memini consumere soles, 
 
 et tecum primas epulis decerpere noctes: 
 
 unum opus et requiem pariter disponimus ambo, , 
 
 atque verecunda laxamus seria mensa. 
 
 non equidem hoc dubites, amborum foedere certo 
 
 consentire dies et ab uno sidere duci. 
 
 nostra vel aequali suspendit tempora Libra 
 
 Parca tenax veri, seu nata fidelibus hora 
 
 dividit in Geminos concordia fata duorum, 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 [40. araficemque a. 41. memini me Z. i^t^. fodere a. 47. equalis a. 
 suspmdit a C, suspendi T. 48. perca o.] 
 
 of the tender affection with which So- 
 crates watched over youth. 
 
 37. fallere sellers is explained by 
 Jahn, 'quae soUertiam adhibet, ubi de 
 fallendo agitur — quae non fallit,' evi- 
 dently an impossible rendering. The 
 words can only mean ' skilful to deceive,' 
 so that we must understand them either 
 of the gradual art with which Comutus 
 led his pupil to virtue (Casaubon), or, as 
 ' Socratico ' would suggest, of the tXfii- 
 veia which surprises error into a confes- 
 sion that it is opposed to truth (compare 
 3. 52, ' curvos deprendere mores') by 
 placing the two suddenly in juxtaposition 
 — a view which would perhaps agree 
 better with the language of the next 
 line. There seems no affinity between 
 the sense of ' fallere ' fiere, and that of 
 ' fallit regula '4-12, though the expres- 
 sions are similar. 
 
 38. 3. 52, 4. 12, notes, intortus, 
 apparently stronger than ' pravus.' 
 
 39. premitur. Jahn well compares 
 Virg. Aen. 6. 80 'fingitque premendo,' 
 so that the word prepares us for the 
 image of moulding in the next line. 
 
 vinei laborat, like ' oblique laborat 
 Lympha fngax trepidare rivo ' Hor. 2 
 Od. 3. 1 2, where a prose writer would 
 have said ' vinci cogitur,' though ' labo- 
 rat' is doubtless meant to show that 
 the pupil's mind cooperated with the 
 teacher. 
 
 40. A metaphor from wax or clay, 
 artificem, passive. ' Quattuor artifices 
 vivida signa, boves ' Prop. 2.31.8,' arti- 
 ficemque regat ' Ov. A. A. 3. 556, of a 
 horse broken in. 
 
 dueit . . . vultum, like ' saxa . . . 
 dtuere formam,' Ov. M. 1. 402, which 
 Jahn compares, the clay or wax being 
 said to spread the form, just as the 
 workman is said to spread the clay, 
 ' Ut teneros mores ceu pollice ducat, Ut 
 si quis cera vultum facit ' Juv. 7. 237, 
 probably a copy from this passage. 
 Compare also Virg. Aen. 6. 848 'vivos 
 ducent de marmore vultus,' Hor. ^ Ep. 
 I. 240 ' diueret aera Fortis Alexandri 
 vultum simulantia,' where the notion 
 is substantially the same. With the 
 whole line Casaubon compares Stat. 
 Achill. 1. 332 ' Qualiter artificis victurae 
 pollice cerae Accipiunt formas,ignemque 
 manumque sequuntur.' 
 
 41. From Virg. E. 9. 51 'saepe ego 
 longos Cantando puerum memini me 
 condere soles,^ as that is fiom Anth. Pal. 
 7.80 Tik\iov \4(TXV tcaTfSvffa^ev : ' con- 
 sumere horas,' 'tempus,' etc. is suffi- 
 ciently common. ("Comp. the picture 
 of the young Marcus Cicero and 
 Cratippus given by the former ap. Cic. 
 Fam. 16. 21.] 
 
 42. epulis, either the dat. or the in- 
 strumental abl. ' Prima nox,' the begin- 
 ning of the night, with a reference to 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 95 
 
 moral twists that it detects, and my spirit becomes moulded by- 
 reason, and struggles to be subdued, and assumes plastic features 
 under your hand. Aye, I mind well how I used to wear away 
 long summer suns with you, and with you pluck the early bloom 
 of the night for feasting. We twain have one work and one set 
 time for rest, and the enjoyment of a moderate table unbends our 
 gravity. No, I would not have you doubt that there is a fixed law 
 that brings our lives into accord, and one star that guides them. 
 Whether it be in the equal balance that truthful Destiny hangs our 
 days, or whether the birth-hour sacred to faithful friends shares 
 our united fates between the Heavenly Twins, and we break the 
 
 ' decerpere primitias.' ' Dum primae 
 decus affectat decerpere pugnae ' Sil. 4. 
 
 138. 
 
 decerpere, ' to pluck off J stronger 
 than ' carpere,' like ' partem solido 
 demere de die' Hor. i Od. i. 30. 
 
 43. Casaubon compares Virg. G. 4. 
 184 ' Omnibus una quies operum, labor 
 omnibus nnus.' Jahn supplies ' unam ' 
 for ' requiem,' from ' imum opus ; ' but 
 perhaps it is better to make ' imum ' a 
 predicate, and explain the line ' disponi- 
 mus opus, ita ut unum sit, et requiem 
 ita nt pariter habentur.' 'Disponere 
 diem' is a phrase. Suet. Tib. 11, Tac. 
 Germ. 30, and Pliny Ep. 4. 53 has ' dis- 
 poneie otium.' 
 
 44. vereounda = ' modica.' 
 laxamus seria, like 'laxabant cu- 
 
 ras' Virg. Aen. 9. 225, in which sense 
 ' relaxare ' is more common. ' Seria ' 
 Hor. 2 S. 2. 125 'Explicnit vino con- 
 tractae seria frontis.' 
 
 mensa, probably instrum. abl., like 
 ' somno ' in Virg. 1. c. 
 
 45. equidem. i. no note. 
 
 non . . . dubites. i. 5 note ; ' foe- 
 dere certo' Virg. Aen. i. 62 = 'lege 
 certa.' 'Has leges aeternaqne foedera 
 certis Imposuit Natura locis ' Virg. G. 1 . 
 60. Jahn compares Manil. 2. 475 
 (speaking of the stars), 'Innxit amicitias 
 horum iwhfoedere certo.' 
 
 46. oonsentire. ' Utrumque nostrum 
 incredibili modo Consentit astrum ' Hor. 
 2 Od. 17. 21, from whom Persius has 
 Imitated the whole passage. 
 
 ab uno sidere duel, apparently = 
 ' cepisse originem ab uno sidere.' Both 
 Horace and Persius are talking at 
 random, as is evident from the fact that 
 
 neither professes to know his own horo- 
 scope. Astrology, as Jahn remarks, was 
 in great vogue in Persius' time, an im- 
 pulse having been given to the study by 
 Tiberius. Compare the well-known 
 passage of Tacitus, H. i. 22 'mathe- 
 maticis . . . genus hominum potentibus 
 infidum, sperantibus fallax, quod in 
 civitate nostra et vetabitur semper et 
 retinebitur.' 
 
 47. ' Seu Lihra seu me Scorpios aspi- 
 cit' Hor. 2 Od. 17. 17. ['Suspend! 
 tempora ' (see critical note") Biicheler. 
 For the combination of ' vel ' and ' seu ' 
 Bieger quotes Anth. Lat. 725.10 (Riese) 
 ' sive caprum mavis seu Fauni ponere 
 munus': Pseudo- Virgil Catalepton 5. 
 10, 13 'seu furta dicantur tua . . . Vel 
 acta puero cum viris convivia.'] 
 
 48. 'Parca non mendax ' Hor. 2 Od. 
 16.39. 
 
 tenax veri, perhaps imitated from 
 Virg. Aen. 4. 1 88 (of Fame) ' Tam ficti 
 pravique tenax quam nuntia veri.* Fate 
 is represented with scales in her hands 
 (Mus. Capit. 4. t. 29), and also as mark- 
 ing the horoscope on the celestial globe 
 (K. Rochette, Mon. inW. 1. 17, 3), Jahn. 
 [See Jahn, Archaologische Beitrage, 
 p. 170.] We must remember, too, the 
 Stoic doctrine of fate and unchangeable 
 laws. 
 
 nata fidelibus, ' ordained for faith- 
 ful friends.' The hour of birth is said to 
 be born itself, as in Aesch. Ag. io7fv/i- 
 <^vTos aXiiv : Soph. Oed. R. 1083 avyff- 
 
 49. dividit in Geminos, like 'divi- 
 dere nummos in viros.' Casaubon com- 
 pares Manil . 2. 62S ' Magnus erit Geminis 
 amor et concordia duplex.' 
 
96 
 
 PERSII 
 
 Saturnumque gravem nostro love frangimus una : 50 
 
 nescio quod, certe est, quod me tibi temperat astrum. 
 
 Mille hominum species et rerum discolor usus ; 
 velle suum cuique est, nee voto vivitur uno. 
 mercibus hie Italis mutat sub sole recenti 
 rugosum piper et pallentis grana cumini, 55 
 
 hie satur inriguo mavult turgescere somno, 
 hie campo indulget, hunc alea decoquit, ille 
 in Venerem putris ; set cum lapidosa cheragra 
 fregerit articulos, veteris ramalia fagi, 
 tunc crassos transisse dies lucemque palustrem 60 
 
 [jO. ioTjema. imam a. 51. quodaC 51. cerium C. 54. talis a. 
 
 e^?>. fuiri set C : putrit set c, agnoscunt Schol.^ putris set a, Servius Georg. 4. 198. 
 59. fecerit a. faci a. ' legitur et [fregerit], cuivaverit ' Schol. 60. palustrt C] 
 
 50. ' Te lovis impio Tutela Saturno 
 refulgens Eripuit' Hor. 3 Od. 17. 22 
 foil. The Delph. ed. compares Prop. 4, 
 I. 83 foil. ' Felicesque lovis Stellas, 
 Martisque rapacis, Et grave Saturni 
 sidus in omne caput.' [Saturn was sup- 
 posed to be cold. Mars hot, Juppiter 
 temperate : Cic. N. D. 2. 46 ' ut cum 
 summa Saturni refrigeret, media Martis 
 incendat, his iuteriecta lovis illustret et 
 temperet;' Vitruvius 6. 5. 11 'lovis 
 Stella inter Martis ferventissimam et 
 Saturni frigidissimam media currens 
 temperatur.' See also Pliny 2. 8. ' Fri- 
 gida Saturni sese quo Stella receptet ' 
 Virg. G. I. 336.] 
 
 nostro, including the notion of fa- 
 vourable. 
 
 frangimus. Casaubon compares 
 Stat. Silv. I. 3. 7 'frangunt sic improba 
 solem Frigora.' 
 
 51. ' Nescio quid certe est' Virg. E. 
 8. 107. [But the best MSS. here read 
 ' nescio quod.'] 
 
 temperat is from Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 187 
 ' Scit Genius, natale comes qui tctnperal 
 «j/r//OT,' though the sense here is changed, 
 the star being said ' temperare,' not 
 * temperari.' 
 
 me tibi temperat is a strange con- 
 struction, illustrated bynone of the com- 
 mentators. * Tempero ' seems here to 
 follow the analogy of ' misceo,' which is 
 used with a dat. where the mingling of 
 persons is fpoktn of. ' Miscere' and 'tem- 
 
 perare,' as Freund shows, are sometimes 
 used together, though they are contrasted 
 Cic. Rep. 2. 23 'Haecita mixtaivxx\m\., 
 ut temperata nullo fuerint modo,' as 
 ' temperare ' means not only to mix, but 
 to mix in due proportion, ' which blends 
 me with thee.' 
 
 52-61. The mention of their unani- 
 mity leads Persius to think of the variety 
 of pursuits in the world. ' Men's pursuits 
 are innumerable — each has his own — one 
 is a merchant — one a bon-vivant — one an 
 athlete— oneagambler — oneadebauchee 
 — but disease and decay bring remorse 
 with them.' 
 
 52. The Scholia compare Hor. 2 §. i. 
 27 ' Quot capilum vivunt, totidem studio- 
 rum Milia.' 
 
 rerum usus, 'the practice of life,' 
 like ' usum vitae ' v. 94. 
 
 discolor may either be ' of many 
 complexions,' or ' of a different com- 
 plexion,' according as we take ' usus ' to 
 refer to the whole of mankind or to each 
 man. If the latter, compare Hor. i Ep. 
 18. 3 ' Ut mtitrona meretrici dispar erit 
 atque Discolor! 
 
 53. velle suum. 1.9. 
 
 voto vivitur. 2.7; ' trahit sua 
 quemque voluptas ' Virg. E. 65, Schol. 
 
 54. Imitated from Hor. i S. 4. 29 
 ' Hie mutat merces surgente a sole ad 
 eum quo Vespeitina tepet regio,' Scho- 
 lia. 
 
 meroibus . . . mutat . . . piper, a 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 97 
 
 shock of Saturn together by the common shield of Jupiter, some 
 star, I am assured, there is which fuses me with you. 
 
 Men are of a thousand kinds, and the practice of life wears the 
 most different colours. Each has his own desire, and their daily 
 prayers are not the same. One exchanges Italian wares under an 
 Eastern sky for shrivelled pepper and seeds of cadaverous cumin; 
 another prefers bloating himself with the balmy sleep that follows 
 a full meal ; one gives in to outdoor games ; another lets gambling 
 run through his means ; but when the hailstones of gout have 
 broken their finger-joints, like so many decayed boughs of an old 
 beech, then they complain that their days have been passed in 
 
 variety for ' merces mutat plpere,' as in 
 Hor. 2 S. 7- 109 'uvam Furliva mutat 
 strigili, and elsewhere. 
 
 sole recenti, of the East, like 'sole 
 novo terras inrorat Ecus,' of the sunrise, 
 Virg. G. I. 288. 
 
 55. There is a force in rugosum 
 piper, the shrivelling being the effect of 
 the sun, which distinguishes it from the 
 Italian pepper, as Jahn remarks. The 
 Delph. ed. quotes Pliny 12. 26 ' Hae, 
 priusquam dehiscant decerptae tostaeque 
 sole, faciunt quod vocatur piper longum : 
 pauUatim vero dehiscentes maturitate, 
 ostendunt candidum piper, quod deinde 
 tostum solibus colore rugisque mutatur.' 
 Pepper, as a specimen of merchandize, 
 is mentioned again v. 136, Juv. 14. 293. 
 
 pallentis . . . cvuuini, an imitation 
 of Horace's 'exsangue cuminum' (i Ep. 
 19. 18), pale, because producing pale- 
 ness, like 'pallidam Pirenen' Epil. 4. 
 ' Cumin ' was a favourite condiment, 
 Pliny 19. 160 (Jahn) 'fastidiis cumi- 
 num amicis'iimum.' [Petronius 49 
 ' pntares, eum piper et cuminum non 
 iniecisse.'] 
 
 56. satur is emphatic, as both the 
 pleasure and the fatness would arise as 
 much from the full meal as^rom the 
 ' siesta.' 
 
 inriguo, active, as in Virg. G. 4. 
 31, with reference to the poetical expres- 
 sions, ' somnus per membra quietem Inri- 
 get ' Lucr. 4. 907, ' fessos sopor inrigat 
 artus' Virg. Aen. 3. 511 ; compare also 
 Aen. 5. 854 foil. 
 
 57. For the sports of the 'campus' see 
 Hor. I Od. 8. 4, I S. 6. 131, A. P. 162, 
 
 379 foil- 
 
 decoquere was nsed intransitively, 
 by an obvious ellipse, of men running 
 
 through their means. ' Tenesne memoria, 
 praetextatum te decoxisse ' Cic. 2 Phil. 
 18. Here the man is made the object, 
 and the means of his ruin the sub- 
 ject of the verb. Hor. i Ep. 18. 21 joins 
 ' damnosa Venus ' with ' praeceps alea.' 
 Juvenaldwellson the increase of gaming, 
 I. 88 foil. 
 
 58. cheragra is the spelling of the 
 oldest MSS. and seems to be required by 
 the metre : see Bentley and Orelli on 
 Hor. 2 S. 7. 15. The epithet 'lapidosa,' 
 combined with ' fregerit . . . ramalia,' 
 suggests that the metaphor may perhaps 
 be from a hail-storm. Compare ' contudit 
 articulos' Hor. 1. c, with i Ep. 8. 4 
 ' quia grando Contuderit vites.' 
 
 59. fregerit articulos ; ' postquam 
 illi iusta cheragra Contudit articulos'' 
 Hor. 2 S. 7. 15 foil, of a man who went 
 on gambling in spite of the gout. 
 
 veteris ramalia fagi is a pictur- 
 esque paraphrase of Horace's epithet 
 ' nodosus.' The expression is strength- 
 ened by the omission of the particle of 
 comparison, changing it, in Aristotle's 
 language (Rhet. 3. 4), from an fiwii/ to 
 a fuerat^opa, ' Vetercs, 'unafracta cacn- 
 mina, fagos ' Virg. E. 9. 9. Possibly, 
 however, Heinr. may be right in con- 
 necting ' fregerit ' closely with ' ramalia,' 
 like the Greek SiSaaxuv tivcL ao<t>6v, ' has 
 battered them into dead branches,' a 
 usage which has some affinity to that of 
 the cogn. ace. 
 
 60. Jahn compares Tibull. i. 4. 33 
 ' Vidi ego iam iuvenem, premeret cum 
 serior aetas, Maerentem stultos praeter- 
 iisse dies.' Konig compares Cic. pro 
 Sest. 9 ' emersum subito e diuiurnis tene- 
 bris lustrorum ac stuprorum . . . qui non 
 modo tempestatem impendentem intueri 
 
 H 
 
98 
 
 PERSII 
 
 et sibi iam seri vitam ingemuere relictam. 
 
 lAt te nocturnis iuvat inpallescere chartis ; 
 cultor enim iuvenum purgatas inseris aures 
 fruge Cleanthea. petite hinc puerique senesque 
 finem animo certum miserisque viatica canis ! ' 65 
 
 ' Ci^s hoc fiet.' ' Ide,m eras fiet.' ' Quid ? quasi magnum 
 nempe diem donas?' Sed cum lux altera venit, 
 iam eras hesternum consumpsimus : ecce aliud eras 
 egerit hos annos et semper paulum erit ultra. 
 
 [62. carthis a C. 63. enim est C. 64. cleteanthea a, cHaniea C. 
 
 65. miserique C. 66. eras fiat a. 67. diest a. 68. externum C. 
 
 69. hos a c, hoc C] 
 
 temulentus, sed ne lucem quidem insoli- 
 tamaspicere posset ? ' Not unlike is Virg. 
 Aen. 6. 744 ' Hinc metuunt cnpiuntque, 
 dolent gaudentque, neque auras Dispi- 
 ciunt, clausae tenebris et carcere caeco.' 
 The image of life in darkness is fre- 
 quently found in Lucretius : ' Qualibus 
 in tenebris vitae quantisque periclis 
 Degiturhoc aevi, quodcunque est ! * 2.15 : 
 compare also 3. 77 (' Ipsi se in tenebris 
 volvi caenoque queruntur,' which Persius 
 may have imitated), 5. Ii, 170. Thecon- 
 ception here is of life passed in a Boeo- 
 tian atmosphere, of thick fogs and pesti- 
 lential vapours, which the sun never 
 pierces — probably with especial refer- 
 ence to the pleasures of sense, of which 
 Persius has just been speaking. So the 
 ' vapour, heavy, hueless, formless, cold ' 
 in Tennyson's ' Vision of Sin.' 
 
 61. sibi with ingemuere. 
 
 vitam . . . relictam means no more 
 than their past life (' vitam anteactam ' 
 Casaubonl. So 'iterare cursus Cogor 
 relictos ' Hor. i Od. 34. 4, 5, which has 
 been similarly mistaken by the commen- 
 tators. The ace. as in Virg. E. 5. 27 
 ' ingemuisse leones Interitum.' [Or may 
 ' vitam ' be pressed ! ' that their true life 
 has been left behind in the race for 
 enjoyment!' ' Multos transisse vitam, 
 dum vitae instrumenta conquirunt' 
 Seneca Ep. 45. 12.] 
 
 62-72. * Your end is nobler : you give 
 your nights to philosophy, that you may 
 train youth. That is the true stay when 
 old age comes. Yet men go on putting 
 off the work of studying virtue to a 
 morrow that never arrives.' 
 
 62. nocturnis. I. 90. 
 
 iuvat, see the passage quoted on 
 V. 24. 
 
 inpallescere. I. 26. 
 
 63. oultor introduces the metaphor 
 which is carried on in ' purgatas,' ' in- 
 seris,' and ' fruge.' 
 
 purgatas, 'cleared of weeds,' a 
 common word ' in re rustica,' is from 
 Hor. I Ep. I. 5, where however the 
 reference is to ordinary cleansing, as 
 V. 86 ' aurem lotus.' Compare Lucr. 5. 
 44 * At nisi purgatum est pectus, quae 
 proelia nobis Atque pericula tum'st in- 
 gratis insinuandum ? ' where the meta- 
 phor is from clearing a country of wild 
 beasts, ko-to. t€ hpia iravra Ka6aipoiv Soph. 
 Trach. loii. 
 
 inserere auras fruge, a variety for 
 ' inserere auiibus fruges.' Jahn com- 
 pares Cic. de Univ. 12 'Cum autem 
 animis corpora cum necessitate inse- 
 visset.' For the general expression the 
 Delph. ed. quotes Hor. i Ep. i. 39 foil. 
 ' Nemo aAeo ferus est ut non mitescere 
 possit, Si modo cullurae patientem com- 
 modet aurem.' 
 
 64. fruge, generally of grain for eat- 
 ing — here of grain for seed. ''Nos fruges 
 serimus, nos arbores ' Cic. N. D. 2. 60. 
 The metaphorical use of the word is not 
 uncommon : ' Centuriae seniorum agitant 
 eiKpertiSi frugis' Hor. A. P. 341. 
 
 Cleanth.es, Diet. Biog., used as a 
 representative of the Stoics, as in Juv. 2. 
 7 'Aut iubet archetypos pluteum ser- 
 vare Cleanthas.' He was the preceptor 
 of Chrysippus. 
 
 petite . . . finem animo certum is 
 from Hor. i Ep. 2. 56 'certum votopete 
 finem,' ' petere ' signifying in both pas- 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 99 
 
 grossness and their sunshine choked by fogs, and heave a sigh 
 too late over the Hfe that is left behind them. 
 
 But your passion is to lose your colour in nightly study; you 
 are the moral husbandman of the young, preparing the soil of their 
 ears and sowing it with Cleanthes' corn. Yes ! it is thence that all, 
 young and old alike, should get a definite aim for their desires, 
 and a provision for the sorrows of old age.' ' So I will, to- morrow.' 
 ' To-morrow will tell the same tale as to-day.' ' What ? do you 
 mean to call a day a great present to make a man ? ' ' Aye, but 
 when next day comes, we have spent what was to-morrow yester- 
 day already; and there is always a fresh to-morrow baling out 
 these years of ours and keeping a little in advance of us. Near 
 
 sages not 'to aim at' but 'to procure,' 
 and ' animo ' being dat. like ' vote,' with 
 which it is here virtually synonymous, as 
 in the expressions ' est animus,' ' fert ani- 
 mus.' 
 
 puerique senesque, probably a 
 recollection of Hor. i Ep. I. 26 'Aeque 
 neglectum pueris senibusque nocebit,' 
 which the Delph. ed. compaies. 
 
 65. finem ; compare 3. 60. 
 miseris, for which Heinr. substi- 
 tutes Markland's conj. ' seris,' is suffi- 
 ciently appropriate, as it is for the 
 miseries of old age that the provision of 
 philosophy is required, just as it is in 
 decay that the evil of a bad life is felt, v. 
 58 foil. 
 
 viatica, alluding to a saying of Bias, 
 i<l>6Swv dird vf6TTyros fis yrjpas avaKafi- 
 Pavc aixpiav Diog. L. i. 5. b8, attributed 
 to Aristotle, id. 5. 11. 21, in another 
 form, KaKMOTOV e<p6Siov ra yrifx} ij TraiSiia. 
 Casaubon and Jahn. 
 
 oanis, frequently used substantively 
 and coupled with an epithet, especially 
 by Ovid. Fremid s. v. 
 
 66. A reply from one of those ad- 
 dressed. •! will do it to-morrow.' 
 With ' hoc fiet ' compare ' hoc age.' 
 Persius answers, ' You will do to-mor- 
 row just what you do to-day.' Jahn 
 quotes Ov. Rem. Am. 104 ' eras quoque 
 fiet idem,' said of a wound, ' It will be 
 the same to-morrow,' where ' fiet ' seems 
 to be used for ' erit,' expressing perhaps 
 that there will be a change which is no 
 change. For the general sentiment the 
 Delph. ed. compares Mart 5. 58 [' Cras 
 te victurum, cras dicis, Postume, semper. 
 Die mihi, cras istud, Postume, quando 
 venit ? . . . Cras vives ? hodie iam vivere, 
 
 H 
 
 Postume, serum est: Ille sapit, quisquis, 
 
 Postume, vixit heri ! '] 
 
 quasi magnum. Casaubon com- 
 pares Hor. I S. 4. 9 foil. ' saepe ducentos, 
 Ut magnum, versus dictabat.' 
 
 67. 'What! do you mean to say 
 ('nempe') that you call a day a great 
 present ? ' ' Nempe ' implies ' Is this 
 what you mean when you say Idem cras 
 
 fiet ? ' ' Do yo'u mean to higgle about a 
 day?' This seems better than with 
 Heinr. to punctuate ' quasi magnum 
 nempe, diem donas ? ' or with Jahn to 
 suppose ' Quid . . . donas ' to stand for 
 two sentences. ' Quid, quasi magnum 
 sit, mihi donas ? nempe diem donas.' 
 
 cum . . . venit expresses time coin- 
 cident with, if not subsequent to, that of 
 the principal clause — the sense being, 
 ' The very coming of the to-morrow you 
 speak of now, involves the loss of the 
 to-morrow you spoke of yesterday, i. c. 
 of to-day.' 
 
 68. hesternum, in reference to the 
 present time of speaking, not to the 
 time denoted by ' cousumpsimus.' 
 
 aliud eras, ' a fresh to-morrow,' ever 
 succeeding. 
 
 69. egerit is explained by Jahn ■ im- 
 pulerit,' as if from 'ago,' an error 
 against which all the commentators, 
 from the Scholia downv/ard, have 
 taken care to guard, some mentioning 
 it expressly. ' Egero ' is used variously 
 of emptying out earth, carrying out 
 goods, baling out water, etc., from 
 which it is easily transferred to the con- 
 stant consumption of time, as in Val. 
 Fl. 8. 453 'tota querellis Egeritur 
 luctuque dies,' quoted by Konig, ib. 5. 
 299 'Nox Minyis egesta metu.' 
 
lOO 
 
 PERSII 
 
 nam quamvis prope te, quamvis temone sub uno 
 vertentem sese, frustra sectabere cantum, 
 cum rota posterior curras et in axe secundo. 
 
 ' Libertate opus est : non hac, ut quisque Velina 
 Publius emeruit, scabiosum tesserula far 
 possidet. heu steriles veri, quibus una Quiritem 
 vertigo facit ! hie Dama est non tresis agaso, 
 vappa lippus, et in tenui farragine mendax : 
 
 70 
 
 It 
 
 [jo. quam propt se a. quamquam'%. Ji.seC. 
 77. tenttit ferragine C] 
 
 76. damasus non a C. 
 
 69. hos annos, which yon have before 
 you, and reckon on in advance. 
 
 paulum erit ultra changes the 
 metaphor. 
 
 70. A metaphor instead of a simile, 
 as In V. 59. 
 
 quamvis, etc., if yon are behind 
 it, it does not signify how near you may 
 be — lilce our proverb, ' a miss is as good 
 as a mile.' 
 
 71. cantum, the tire or rim of a 
 wheel, instead of ' rotam,' as it would 
 be the outside which a person behind 
 would naturally hope to touch. 
 
 72. cum, instead of 'si,' as giving 
 more rhetorical force, and more com- 
 pletely identifying the person with the 
 thing to which he is compared. 
 
 rota posterior ourras, you run «« 
 tke character of the hind wheel — your 
 running is that of the hind wheel. 
 
 in axe ourrere, like ' in cardine 
 verti.' 
 
 73-90. ' Men want freedom — not 
 civil freedom, a thing that in these 
 blinded times is conferred on any one, 
 no matter on whom. Take a miserable 
 debased slave, enfranchise him, and he 
 becomes a Roman at once, enjoys all the 
 privileges, and is honoured with all the 
 compliments. Well, he will reply, and 
 am I not free — free to do as 1 please ? 
 No, you are not. How so ? surely my 
 enfranchisement gave every right that 
 the law allows.' 
 
 73. non hao ' qua,' ut quisque, was 
 the usual reading, but it appears to be 
 supported by a single MS. only, five 
 others having 'hac quam ut,' which 
 comes to the same thing. [The readings 
 are probably due to the Scholia, 'non 
 illam libertatem dicit qua quis . . . tribu 
 Velina censetur ' : ' non ilia quam Publius 
 
 emeruit.'] Heinr. adopts the reading of 
 several copies, ' hac qua ' or ' quam quis- 
 que,' understanding ' quisque ' = ' quicun- 
 que.' The great majority of MSS. however 
 read' non hacut quisque,' which Casanbon 
 and Jahn follow, the one supposing 
 that the relative can be omitted, and 
 quoting Virg. Aen. 1. 530 'Est locus, 
 Hesperiam Grai cognomine dicunt ; ' 
 the latter giving as his explanation ' ut 
 {gtm, qu,asi dixerit ita ui) scabiosum 
 tesserula far possidet, quisque (quicun- 
 que) Publius emeruit Velina,' where 
 surely 'possideat' would be required. 
 A far simpler way is to make ' non hac ' 
 the beginning of an independent sen- 
 tence. ' It is not by t/iis freedom that 
 every fire-new citizen who gets his name 
 enrolled in a tribe, is privileged to re- 
 ceive a pauper's allowance for his ticket.' 
 
 ut quisque . . . emeruit . . . pos- 
 sidet, ' he receives it upon serving— as 
 surely as he has served,' a common 
 construction, for instances of which see 
 Freund s. v. ' ut,' Madvig § 495. For 
 the two ablatives, ' hac ' and ' tesserula,' 
 attached to the same predicate, see 
 Madvig § 278 a. The former. is to be 
 compared with ' facere aliquid iege,' the 
 latter with ' emere aliqaid pred'o.' 
 
 Velina, probably chosen because 
 instanced by Hor. i Ep. 6. 53 'hie 
 multum in Fabia valet, ille Velina.' 
 
 74. Publius, ' Quinte, puta, aut 
 Publi (gandent praenomine moUes 
 Auriculae'), Hor. 2 S. 5. 32, of a 
 similar case. The object of 'emeruit' 
 is apparently involved in the sentence 
 which follows : ' scabiosum tesserula far 
 possidere,' after the analogy of ' merere 
 stipendia,' so that we may render it 
 ' has served.' ' Velina ' defining the 
 service, as if it were the legion in which 
 
SAT V. 
 
 101 
 
 as the tire may be, revolving, in fact, under the same carriage- 
 pole as you, you will never overtake it, for yours is the hind wheel, 
 and your axle not the first but the second. 
 
 ' The thing wanted is freedom — it is not this freedom which enables 
 every new recruit for citizenship enlisting in the Veline tribe to 
 get- a quota of spoiled corn for his ticket. What an unproductive 
 soil for truth, where a single twirl makes a citizen of Rome! 
 Look at Dama here, a stable-slave for whom you would not give 
 twopence, blear-eyed from low tippling, and ready to tell a lie 
 about a slight feed of corn; suppose his master to give him a 
 
 the soldier had served. ' He has only 
 to enter the service of the tribe in order 
 to entitle himself to the allowance.' 
 
 acabiosum, like ' vilis tessera fru- 
 menti' Juv. 7. 174. 
 
 tesseruia, a contemptuous dimi- 
 nutive of ' tessera,' the ticket which en- 
 titled the holder to a share in the ' frn- 
 meutatio,' or monthly distribution of 
 corn among the poorer citizens. See 
 Diet. Ant., and Mayor's note on Juv. 
 7. 174. Julius Caesar limited the num- 
 ber of recipients (Suet. lul. 41) : Augus- 
 tus complained of the demoralizing 
 effect of the custom, which at one time 
 he wished to abolish altogether (Aug. 
 42), and attempted to restrict the dis- 
 tribution to three times a year ; but was 
 deterred by the unpopularity of the 
 step {ib. 40). On one occasion he re- 
 sented this very practice of manumit- 
 ting slaves, in order to entitle them to 
 an extraordinary bounty ('congiarium '), 
 by refusing to admit the new claimants, 
 and giving the rest less per head than 
 he had promised. 
 
 75. heu steriles veri, compare 2. 
 61, and the metaphor in v. 63 of this 
 Satire. 
 
 sterilis, with gen. like 'virtutum 
 sterile saeculum ' Tac. H. i. 3 (Jahn), 
 also found in Pliny and Veil. Paterc. 
 
 Qniritem, 3. 106, rare in the sing., 
 as the Scholia remark, 'found in poets 
 and in some legal formulae;' Mayor 
 on Juv. 8. 47. 
 
 76. vertigo, explained by * verterit ' 
 V. 78. The reference is to the 'manu- 
 missio per vindictam,' which made a 
 slave a full citizen, the lictor touching 
 him with the 'vindicta,' the master 
 turning him round and ■* dismissing him 
 from his hand,' with the words ' Hunc 
 hominem Uberum esse volo.' 
 
 facit. In prose we should have ex- 
 pected ' faciat,' as the sentence, though 
 expressed in an independent form, is 
 really meant to give the reason of the 
 address ' Heu steriles veri.' Compare 
 Virg. G. i. 458 foil. 'O fortunatos 
 nimium . . . quibus ipsa . . . Fundit humo 
 facilem victum iustissima tellus.' ['Orai/ 
 oSy arpiipri ns liri (TTf.a7rjy<}v t&v ai/TCv 
 8ov\ov, ovSlv kTTOiTjffev ; ''EirotTjfffv. T* ; 
 '''EffTpepi T^f aiiTov Sov\ov kirl OTpaTrjyov. 
 *'AAAo oiiSev ; Na^ Kal iiicoaT^v avrov 
 bovvat dtpilKet. T* oSv ; d Toura iraB^v 
 oil y^yovcv kXfiOfpos ; Ov fxaWov ^ 
 drapaxof. Epictetus 2.1. 26.] 
 
 hie Bama est, etc. It matters 
 little whether we put a stop at ' est ' or 
 make ' agaso ' the predicate. 
 
 Dama (Demetrius), used repeatedly 
 by Horace as a slave's name, i S. 6. 
 38, 2 S. 5. 18, loi, 7. 54. [Dama occurs 
 in several inscriptions as the name of a 
 slave: C. I. L. 1.602 (B.C. 49) 'Dama 
 Vetti,' where it is coupled with ' Sums ' 
 as in Horace; ii. 14. 4134 'Ti. L. 
 Dama;' it. 2. 5406 'Dama L. Titi 
 ser.'] 
 
 non tresis, ov/c ofios' Tpia$6\ov, 
 Casaubon. Jahn compares Vatinins in 
 Cic. Ep. Fam. 5. 10 ' non semissis 
 homo.' 
 
 agaso, ' a stable-boy.' ' Si patinam 
 pede lapsus frangat jz^asa ' Hor. 2 S. 8. 
 72, of the waiter at Nasidienus' table. 
 
 77. It is difficult to decide between 
 ' vappa et lippus,' the common reading, 
 supported by about half the MSS., and 
 ' vappa lippus,' which Jahn prefers. 
 'Vappa' is twice coupled by Horace 
 with ' nebulo,' i S. i. 104, 2. 12, [comp. 
 CatuU. 2S. 4 ' cum isto Vappa,' Priap. 
 13. 6 'Nos tvappae snmus et pusilla 
 oulti Ruris nnmina '], and ' lippus ' may 
 be explained as in i. 79, 2. 72, as a 
 
J 02 
 
 PERSII 
 
 verterit hunc dominiis, momento turbinis exit 
 
 Marcus Dama. papae! Marco spondente recusas 
 
 credere tu nummos? Marco sub iudice palles? 80 
 
 Marcus dixit : ita est ; adsigna, Marce, tabellas. 
 
 haec m'era libertas ! hoc nobis pillea donant ! 
 
 ' An quisquam est alius liber, nisi ducere vitam 
 
 cui licet, ut voluit ? Licet ut volo vivere : non sum 
 
 liberior Bruto ? ' ' Mendose colligis,' inquit 83 
 
 stoicus hie aurem mordaci lotus aceto. f - 
 
 ' haec reliqua accipio ; licet illud et ttt volo tolle.' 
 
 'Vindicta postquam meus a praetore recessi, 
 
 cur mihi non liceat, iussit quodcumque voluntas, 
 
 excepto si 'quid Masuri rubrica vetavit?' 90 
 
 [78. iemporis a, turbinis C. 82. hec a. donatC 
 87. hoc reliqumC. illud detuo Q. 
 
 84. libuit a, voluit C. «>« C. 
 90. expecto C] 
 
 contemptuous term, probably implying 
 disease brought on by sensuality : on the 
 other hand, the stable-helper would be 
 naturally enough described as ' blear- 
 eyed from tippling swipes,' as in Hor. i 
 S. 5. 16 ' multa prolutus vappa nanta.' 
 '■Farrago appellatur id quod ex pluribus 
 satis pabuli caussa datur iumentis ' 
 Festus, p. 91 ; ' in the matter of a slight 
 feed of corn,' with reference to ' agaso.' 
 Freund unaccountably supposes ' far- 
 rago' here to have the sense of 'a 
 trifle.' 
 
 78. verterit . . . exit, compare v. 
 189 ' Dixeris . . . videt.' 
 
 momento turbinis, like ' horae 
 momento' Hor. 1 S. i. 7. 
 
 exit, as in Hor. A. P. 22 'turbinis' 
 answering to ' rota.' 
 
 79. Marcus, like ' Publius' v. 74. 
 papae is understood by Jahn as an 
 
 expression of wonder that Dama con- 
 tinues the same as he was — no more 
 trusted as a citizen than he was as a 
 slave ; but this would destroy the whole 
 spirit of the passage, which is clearly 
 ironical. Persius throws up his hands 
 with wonder at the transformation. 
 'After this can anybody think of his 
 antecedents — hesitate about lending 
 money on his security — feel qualms 
 when he is on the bench ? Impossible — 
 
 he is a Roman — his word is good for 
 anything — so is his signature.' [' Fa- 
 milia vero, babae, babae ! ' Petronius 
 
 37.] 
 
 80. palles, of fear, Hor. i Ep. 7. 7. 
 
 81. dixit : ita est, a contrast to 
 ' mendax.' 
 
 adsigna, ' put your seal to,' * as a 
 witness.' Compare Mart. 9. 88. 3 foil. 
 (Konig). 
 
 82. ' Valt libertas dici mera' Hor. i 
 Ep. 18.8. 
 
 pillea. note on 3. 106. 
 
 83. The humour is increased' by 
 making the man argne in a formal 
 syllogism, and advance as his major 
 premiss the de6nition of liberty given 
 by the Stoics themselves, [after the 
 popular opinion quoted by Aristotle, 
 Pol. 7 (6). 2 rb (j/jv uis PovXeral tis' 
 TovTO yd-p TTJs kkcvBfpias epyov ttvai 
 cfaffij'.] Comp. Cic. de Off. i 20, Par. 5, 
 I. 34. \_'E\ev6ep6s eariv ^aiv ok jSoiJ- 
 Xerot . . . Tis ovv 6€\€i ^v anapravav ; 
 OuSets . , . OuScis apa rStv tpavXtav ^p 
 ctis jSouXcTaf o\) Toivvv ou5' kXevOepos Epic- 
 tetus 4. 1. 1. Epictetus often addresses 
 his unenlightened hearer as avSpdvoSov. 
 On the subject of the emancipation of 
 slaves nnder the empire, and on the 
 Stoical doctrine of freedom in general, 
 there are some interesting remarks in 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 103 
 
 turn, — presto, by the mere act of twirling he is turned out Marcus 
 Dama. Prodigious ! What, Marcus surety, and you refuse to lend 
 money? Marcus judge, and you feel uneasy? Marcus has given 
 his word, it is so. Pray, Marcus, witness this document. This is 
 freedom pure and simple ; this is what caps of liberty give us.' 
 ' Why ? can you define a free man otherwise than a man who has 
 the power of living as he has chosen? I have the power of living 
 as I choose ; am I not more of a freeman than Brutus, the founder 
 of freedom?' 'A false inference,' retorts our Stoic friend, whose 
 ear has been well rinsed with good sharp vinegar. ' I admit the 
 rest, only strike out the words power and choose' ' Why, after the 
 rod enabled me to leave the praetor's presence my own man, why 
 should not I have power over whatever I have a mind for, except 
 where the statutes of Masurius come in the way?' 
 
 Bemays' Heraklitische Briefe p. 98 foil.] 
 34. voluit, perf. because the will pre- 
 cedes the action. 
 
 85. liberior Bruto, ' more free than 
 the hero of freedom himself.' 
 
 mendose coUigis ; ' eolligere ' is 
 the technical term for logical inference, 
 cv\\oyi^€ff6ai. 
 
 86. stoious hie seems to be Persius' 
 way of describing himself, like the com- 
 mon expression 'hie homo,' avrjp '6de, 
 Hor. I S. 9. 47. 
 
 aurem . . . lotus, v. 63 note. 
 
 mordaci. i. 107. 
 
 aceto. Konig refers to Cels. 6. 7- 
 2. 3, to show that vinegar was used in 
 cases of deafness. [Perhaps Persius 
 thought of Horace's ' Italo perfusus 
 aceto ' I S. 7. 32.] 
 
 87. haec reliqua is the reading of 
 the great majority of the MSS., opp. 
 to ' licet illud^ Persius admits the major, 
 but denies the minor. 
 
 accipio, like 'accipere condi- 
 cionem,' ' legem.' 
 
 For licet illud et ut volo, some 
 MSS. have ' licet ut volo vivere,' adopt- 
 ed by Orelli and Heinr., but it seems 
 to be an interpolation from v. 84. Per- 
 sius objects to ' licet ' and ' volo ' as 
 the two obnoxious words, denying both 
 that the man has >i will and that he is 
 free to follow it. 
 
 88. vindiota, mstrum. abl. For the 
 process see note on v. 76. 
 
 meus, ' my own master,' or rather 
 ' my own property.' Konig compares 
 Ter. Phorm. 587 'nam ego meorum 
 
 solus sum meus.' [Plaut. Persa 472 
 ' sua nunc est, mea ancilla quae fuit ' 
 (' her own mistress '). Seneca Ep. 20. 1 
 ' si te dignum putas qui aliquando fias 
 tuus.''\ 
 
 89. ' lussit quod splendida bills ' Hor. 
 2 S. 3. 141. 
 
 90. The exception proves that the 
 man has no notion of any but civil 
 freedom, which is expressed as ' facultas 
 eius quod cuiqne facere libet, nisi quod 
 vi aut iure prohibetur ' Inst. i. 3. i, Dig. 
 I. 5. 4, referred to by Jahn. [For 
 Masurius Sabinus see Teuffel and 
 Schwabe, History of Roman Literature 
 i. p. 25 (Warr's translation). He was 
 a pupil of Ateius Capito, and gave his 
 name to the school of jurists called 
 Saiimani. Among his voluminous 
 writings the chief place must apparently 
 be given to his three books luris Civilis. 
 He was living as late as the time of 
 Nero, and would thus be known to 
 Persius as the greatest legal authority of 
 the age. To which of his writings the 
 word ' rubrica ' applies is uncertain. 
 Epictetus 4. 3 speaks of Mairoupioi; yd/ioi.] 
 ^ Rubricam vocat minium, quo titnli 
 legum annotabantur ' Schol. Hence 
 in Dig. 4.?. I. 2 'sub rubrica' is used 
 for ' sub titnlo' Mayor on Juv. 14. 192. 
 
 vetavit for 'vetuit,' Servius on 
 Virg. Aen. 201. Jahn. [Georges, Lexicon 
 der Lateinischen Wortformen, s. v. veto, 
 gives several instances of other first- 
 conjugation forms, e.g. 'vetasti,' ' ve- 
 tatns,' from late Latin. Heinrich would 
 read ' vetabit.'J 
 
I04 
 
 PERSII 
 
 ' Disce, sed ira cadat naso rugosaque sanna, 
 dum veteres avias tibi de pulmone revello. 
 non praetoris erat stultis dare tenuia rerum 
 officia atque usum rapidae permittere vitae : 
 sambucam citius caloni aptaveris alto. '' 
 Stat contra ratio et secretam garrit in aurem, 
 ne liceat facere id quod quis vitiabit agendo, 
 publica lex hominum naturaque continet hoc fas, 
 ut teneat vetitos inscitia debilis actus. ^- """ 
 diluis helleborum, certo coripescere puncto 
 
 [92. veteres aulas C : veteres se abias a : veteres scabies T. 93. erit a. 
 
 95. samhuem B. 97. id om.. u.. vitiavit a C] 
 
 95 
 
 91-123. ' I will show you, if yon will 
 submit to be disabused patiently. The 
 praetor cannot confer right of action on 
 a fool. Reason, witnessed by nature 
 and embodied in the unwritten law of 
 humanity, treats ignorance as disability. 
 It is so in all caies — a man who is 
 ignorant of medicine may not practise — 
 a man who knows nothing of naval 
 matters may not command a bhip. Can 
 you distinguish truth from falsehood? 
 right from wrong? are you contented 
 and cheerful ? sparing or generous, as 
 occasion requires? free from covetous- 
 ness ? Satisfy me on these points, and 
 
 I will call you free. Fail to substantiate 
 your professions, and I retract the ad- 
 mission, and tell you that you have no 
 right of action whatever — no power to 
 take a single step without a blunder.' 
 
 91 . [The text of the following remarks 
 may be given in the words of Epictetus 
 4. I. 62-64 "^^ °^^ ^'^^ ''^ troiovv aKQJ- 
 KvTOv t6v avBpojTTov ; . . . iv tqj ^iOVV, 
 fj iviar-qiii] ToC ^lovv : though the germ 
 of it all is to be found in Xenophon 
 Mem. I. I. 16,3.9. 6-] The nose shows 
 anger by snarling, i. 109. Casaubon 
 quotes Theocr. I. 18 «oi 01 de! Spt/iua 
 Xo^cL TTorl ^tvi KdOTjTcu. Lucil. Fr. 20 
 
 II 'Eduxique animam in primoribus 
 naribus ' (' primoribus partibus naris ' L. 
 MUller). 
 
 rugosa, as wrinkling up the nostrils. 
 ' Corruget ■nz.rei' Hor. i Ep. 5. 23. 
 sanna. i. 62. 
 
 92. veteres avias; as we should say, 
 prejudices which you imbibed with your 
 mother's milk. Compare 2. 31, where 
 
 the grandmother is made to utter foolish 
 wishes. 
 
 pulmone, mentioned as the seat of 
 pride (3. 27), as Casaubon thinks, more 
 probably than as the seat of wrath, 
 which is Jahn's view. 
 
 93. [' 7'enui ratione saporum' Hor. 
 2 S. 4. 35]. tenuia (trisyll. as in Virg. 
 G. I. 397, 2. 121, 4. 38) . . . oflaoia, not 
 as distinguishing them from other broad- 
 er duties, but expressing the nature of 
 right doing, which is an art made up of 
 innumerable details, and requiring exact 
 study. ['Erat,' was not as you thought 
 it was : the imperfect common in dia- 
 logue.] 
 
 rerum, equivalent to ' vitae.' 
 
 94. usum . . . permittere vitae = 
 ' permittere ut uterentur vita.' 
 
 rapidae appears to be a metaphor 
 from a race-course, as in 3. 67, 8; the 
 notion being that there is no power of 
 stopping in the career of life, which 
 consequently is no place for a man who 
 cannot conduct himself. 
 
 95. sambuoa ; Diet, of Antiq. 
 citius = ' potius ; ' ' citius dixerim ' 
 
 Cic. 2 Phil. II. 
 
 ' Calones militum servi dicti, qui 
 ligneas clavas gerebant, quae Graeci 
 KoXa vocant' Festus p. 47: elsewhere 
 of other slaves, Hor. i S. 6. 103, i Ep. 
 14. 42, here in its original sense, as 
 Persius would n aturally choose a j«W»c/f 
 slave as the lowest specimen of degraded 
 humanity. See note on 3. 77. 
 
 alto points the same way j compare 
 'Pulfennius ingens ' v. 190. 
 
 aptare sambucam . . . caloni, like 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 105 
 
 'Attend, then, but drop that angry wrinkled snarl from your 
 nostrils, while I pull your old grandmother out of the heart of you. 
 It was not in the praetor's province to give fools command over 
 the delicate proprieties of relative duty, or grant them the entry of 
 the rapid race-course of life ; you will get a hulking camp-follower 
 to handle a dulcimer first. No, reason steps in your way and 
 whispers privately in your ear that no one be allowed to do what 
 he will spoil in the doing. It is a statute contained in the general 
 code of humanity and nature, that ignorance and imbecility operate 
 as an embargo on a forbidden action. What? compound helle- 
 bore, when you don't know the right point at which to steady the 
 index of the steel-yard? The law of the healing art forbids you. 
 
 ' aptantur enses dexteiis ' Hor. Epod. 7. 
 2, to make him use it gracefully, as if 
 it were his natural instrument. 
 
 96. Stat contra, ' confronts you,' 
 • stops your way." ' Stat contra, dicit- 
 que tibi tua pagina. Fur es' Mart. i. 53 
 (54). 12, quoted by Jahn. ' Stat con- 
 tra, starique iubet ' Juv. 3. 290. 
 
 ' Ratio tua coepit vociferari ' Lucr. 
 
 3- H- 
 
 [Garrio, to chatter,' whence ' garru- 
 lus.' ' Garrire ad aurem nnnquam didici 
 dominicam ' Afranius ap. Non. p. 450 : 
 though the first reading of the Harleian 
 MS. there is ' gannire.' ' Gannire ' is 
 properly used of the whining of dogs, 
 ' garrire ' of human whispering. ' Gar- 
 rire in aurem, auriculam ' Mart. i. 89. 
 I, 3. 28. 2, 5. 61. 3, II. 24. 2. Lewis 
 and Short quote ' gannire ' in this sense 
 from Apnleins M. 3. 20, but the first 
 part of the word is erased in the MS.] 
 With the general expression of the line, 
 compare Hor. I Ep. i. 7 'Estmihi 
 purgatam crebro qui personet aurem,' 
 of an inward monitor. 
 
 97. lioeat, with reference to ' licet ' 
 Y. 84. 
 
 98. publica lex hominum, opp. to 
 ' Masuri rubrica ' v. 90, as the Delph. 
 ed. remarks. 
 
 natura seems to be mentioned as 
 the source of the law, which is conse- 
 quently accepted and acknowledged 
 everywhere. [The doctrine of a supreme 
 law of Nature, the actual source and 
 ideal standard of all particular laws, 
 was characteristic of the Stoics, and 
 was the basis of the Roman juristical 
 notion of a ' ratio naturalis ' (Inst. a. i ). 
 ' Aliquod esse comiimtie ius generis 
 
 humani' Sen. Ep. 47. 3 : ' lex naturae ' 
 ib. Vit. Beat. 15. 5 ; Ben. 3. 19. 2 ' ser- 
 vum qui negat dare aliquando domino 
 beneficium ignarns est iuris htimani.' 
 Ib. 4. 17. 3 ' nee quisquam a naturali 
 lege tantum descivit ut animi causa 
 malus sit.' Quint. 12. 2. 3 'leges quae 
 natura sunt omnibus datae, quaeque 
 populis et gentibus constitutae.'] 
 
 hoc fas ; ' fas oinne ' is a common 
 expression, Virg. Aen. 3. 55, etc. ; and 
 'fas gentium,' 'patriae,' etc. occur in 
 Tacitus (Ann. i. 42, 2. 10). 
 
 99. teneat vetitos are connected by 
 Casaubon, who explains them ' habeat 
 pro vetitis.' Jahn says, ' Teneat, ita ut 
 necessario earn sequantnr.' Perhaps it 
 would be more natural to explain it in 
 the sense of restraining. ' That ignorance 
 and incompetence should operate as a 
 bar to forbidden actions,' — or, if we take 
 inscitia debilis as equivalent to ' insciti 
 et debiles,' ' should check them,' as if it 
 were ' teneat se ab agendis vetitis.' So 
 Ascens. ' Contineat in se nee emittat 
 actus vetitos,' and Nebriss. ' Contineat 
 se ab aliqua re agenda quam agere ratio, 
 lex, et natura vetant.' 
 
 The use of actus in this sense 
 seems chiefly to belong to later Latin. 
 Freund thinks there is only one instance 
 of it in Cicero (Leg. i. 11) ' Non solum 
 in rectis sed etiam in pravis actibits.' 
 [But ' pravitatibus ' seems there to be 
 the right reading.] 
 
 100. This and the following example 
 are from Hor. 2 Ep. 1. 114 foil. 'Navem 
 agere ignarus navis timet : habrotonum 
 aegro Non audet, nisi qui didicit, dare,' 
 — speaking of those who rush into poetry 
 without preparation. 
 
io6 
 
 PERSII 
 
 nescius examen? vetat hoc natura medendi. 
 
 navem si poscat sibi peronatus arator, 
 
 luciferi rudis, exclamet Melicerta perisse c 
 
 frontem de rebus, tibi recto vivere talo ., 
 
 ars dedit, et veri specimen dinoscere calles, 105 
 
 ne qua subaerato mendosum tinniat auro ? 
 
 quaeque sequenda forent, quaeque evitanda vicissim, 
 
 ilia prius creta, mox haec carbone notasti? 
 
 es modicus voti? presso lare? dulcis amicis ? 
 
 iam nunc astringas, iam nunc granaria laxes, no 
 
 inque luto fixum possis transcendere nummum, 
 
 [102. perocinatus a, perortiatus C. 103. exclamat C. 104. callo K. 
 
 105. specimen a, speciem C, Priscian i. p. 433 K. 106. oro a. 108. notasse a. 
 109. ei C. III. transcedere a."] 
 
 ignorant even of his own trade, as he is 
 bound to have some knowledge of the 
 stars, Virg. G. i. 204 foil. 
 
 exclamet, etc. From Hor. 2 Ep. 
 1 . 80 ' clamant periisse pudorem Cuncti 
 paene patres.' Casaubon quotes The- 
 ognis 291 at5a;s fx^v yap ttXcuAey, dvat?ifLrj 
 Si Kal v^pis Ni/crjtraffa StKrjV yjjv Kara 
 ■nacav €X€t, 
 
 Melicerta, as one of the patrons 
 of sailors, Virg. G. i . 437. 
 
 104. frontem, the seat of modesty, 
 put for modesty itself, as in our word 
 ' frontless.' 
 
 de rebus, ' from the world,' as in 
 ' rerum pulcherrima Roma,' etc. 
 
 ' Cadat an recto stet fabula talo ' Hor. 
 2 Ep. 1 . 176; apparently from Pind. 
 Isthm. 6. 12 bpBa loTaaas liri a(pvpSi. 
 Jahn. 0pp. to falling or stumbling. 
 Not unlike is Juv. 10. 5 ' dextro pede 
 concipis.' 
 
 105. ars. So Cic. Tusc. i. 4.. says of 
 the philosopher, ' In ratione vitae pec- 
 cans ... in officio cuius magister esse 
 vult labitnr, artemque vitae professus, 
 delinquit in vita.' The word is emphatic 
 here, as Persius means to deny that virtue 
 comes except by training and study. 
 [The Stoics were fond of drawing out 
 the analogy between life and the arts so 
 familiar to the readers of Plato : e. g. 
 Epictetus 4. I. 117 foil. ouTois e<^' ixaa- 
 TTjs v\T]i t6v efitreipov tov aneipov KpwTfitt 
 •ndffa avdyfci]. "Oarts ovv Ka66\ov rf/y 
 
 ■Ripl 0iov kmtTTrjflTJV Kt/CT^TOUf Tl dWo ^ 
 
 100. diluis helleborum. Hellebore 
 seems to have been sometimes taken 
 pure, as in 4. 16 note, sometimes 
 mixed. 
 
 oerto, etc. The metaphor here is 
 from a steelyard (' statera '), not as in 
 1. 6 foil., from a balance (' trutina '). 
 
 oonpescere, ' to check,' seems here 
 to mean to bring to the perpendicular, 
 so that the index (' examen ') may show 
 that there is an equipoise. 
 
 punctum is one of the points on 
 the graduated arm, along which the 
 weight is moved. 
 
 certo conpescere puneto, then, 
 is to steady the index by bringing the 
 weight to the point required. Thus 
 the whole will mean, as Lubin explains 
 it, ' Do you attempt to compound medi- 
 cines who do not understand the use of 
 the steelyard ? ' 
 
 joi. natura medendi, 'the condi- 
 tions of the healing art.' 
 
 102. navem . . . poscat, ' should ask 
 for the command of a ship,' like ' vitem 
 posce' Juv. 14. 193. 
 
 peronatus. The 'pero' was a 
 thick boot of raw hide, ' crudus pero ' 
 Virg. Aen. 7. 690, ' alto . . . perone . . . 
 qui summovet Euros Pellibus in- 
 versis ' Juv. 14. 185, contrasted with the 
 shoes which sailors wear on deck 
 (Stocker). 
 
 1 03. luciferi, mentioned as the chief 
 of the stars. Casaubon remarks that in 
 that case the countryman would be 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 107 
 
 So if a roughshod clodhopper, unacquainied with the pole-star, 
 should ask for a ship, the gods of the sea would cry out that 
 shamefacedness had vanished from nature. Tell me, has study 
 given you the power of living correctly? are you well practised 
 in testing the appearances of truth, and seeing that there is no false 
 ring to show that the gold js coppered underneath? Have you 
 discriminated what should be followed on the one hand and what 
 avoided on the other, marking the former with chalk first, and then 
 the latter with charcoal ? Are your desires moderate, your house 
 within compass, your temper to your friends pleasant ? Can you 
 shut up your granaries at one time, open them at another ? and 
 are you able to step across a coin fastened in the mud without 
 
 toCtoi' ftvai Set t&v SeairoTrjv • Ti's yap 
 i<jriv €V VTji Kvpios; *0 Kv^epvrjrrjs k.t.K. 
 Sen. Ep. 117. 12 ' Sapientia . . . ars 
 vitae est : ' comp. Id. Vit. Beat. 8. 3.] 
 
 ['Speciem' Jahn (1868) and Biiche- 
 ler. See critical note] . Specimen has 
 here its original sense of ' indicium,' as 
 in Lncr. 4. 209 foil. ' Hoc etiam in 
 primis specimen vemm esse videtur, 
 Quam celeri motu reram simulacra 
 fenintur.' 
 
 106. [Epictetus I. 7. 6 has the simile 
 of the true and the false coin : ib. 8 he 
 says avariKii doKifiaffTiitbv yevtaSai, itai 
 StaxpiTiKdv Tov dXrjOovs ical tov ificudovs 
 /cat ToC d8ijA.ov. Subaeratus (which 
 should rather be ' subaereus ') is, as Ca- 
 saubon remarked, a translation of iiro- 
 Xakicos. Libanius, McXcri; Kc^aXov : 
 ovfi6s ^ios avco xai k6.tu aTpf(p6fi€vos iifTO. 
 Twv tpri<poiv dptOfiovfjLevojv {so Forster for 
 CptOfjiOVfxevos) KaOapds rix^t navTaxov, 
 TOV S^ abv ouS' 6? Tts vtt6xo-^^os ^ Kt^dl]- 
 X6s iajiv oiiK dv tis laxvpiaa'TO.^ 
 
 mendosiim tinsiat, like ' sonat 
 vitinm' 3. 21, ' solidum crepet' above, 
 V. 25. The metaphor in this and the 
 preceding line is not unlike Hor. i Ep. 
 7. 23 'Nee tamen ignorat quid distent 
 aera lupinis.' The nom. to ' tinniat ' 
 would seem to be 'verum,' [unless we 
 prefer to take the verb as impersonal.] 
 
 107. vicissim, 'on the other hand,' 
 
 108. prius . . . mox. Whether there 
 is any point in making the knowledge 
 of virtue precede that of vice is not 
 clear. Hor. i Ep. i. 41 gives the con- 
 trary process, ' Virtus est vitium fugere, 
 et sapientia prima Stultitia caruisse.' 
 
 creta . . . oarbone. ' Creta an car- 
 bone notandi ' Hor. 2 S. 3. 246, of dif- 
 
 ferent classes of men. Compare note 
 on 2. I and 4. 13 'nigrum vitio praefi- 
 gere theta.' 
 
 109. modicus voti is found also in 
 Sil. 5. 14. Jahn. Tacitus has ' modicum 
 voluptatum ' Ann. z. 73, ' modii;us pe- 
 cuniae ' id. 3. 72. 
 
 pressus, frequent as an epithet of 
 style, opp. to 'diffusns' or 'abundans.' 
 Here it seems to denote the avoiding of 
 ostentatious or reckless expenditure, ap- 
 plied to lar probably because one mode 
 of extravagance is over-building. 
 
 dulcis, like ' dukis ignoscent . . . 
 amicl' Hor. i S. 3. 139 (referred to by 
 Madan), ' indulgent,' — so that it answers 
 to ' ignoscis amicis ? ' Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 
 210, in a similar list of questions for 
 self-examination. 
 
 1 10. astringas, like 'astrictum limen' 
 Ov. Am. 3. I. 50, of a door shut. 
 
 granaria, 6. 25, implying large 
 stores, as in Hor. i S. i. 53 'Cur tua 
 plus laudes cumeris granaria nostris ? ' 
 
 laxare, of opening, Virg. Aen. 2. 
 259 ' laxat claustra Sinon.' (Jr. xa^aoi. 
 
 111. ' Avarus, In triviis y£a»?« cum 
 se demittit ob assem' Hor. i Ep. t6. 
 63 foil., a common joke in Rome being 
 for boys to fasten a piece of money to 
 a stone in the street, that they might 
 laugh at any one who stooped to pick 
 it up. 
 
 transoendere, 'to step across.' 
 Persins seems here to contemplate a man 
 knowing it would be no use to stoop, 
 yet coveting the money. ["Av ipyvpi- 
 Siov iTpo$AKys, KaTouppov-fjaa Epictetus 
 I. 18. 22, of the trained character. On 
 the other hand Phileros in Petronius 
 (43) says of a very ordinary person ' ab 
 
io8 
 
 PERSII 
 
 nee glutto sorbere salivam Mercurialetn ? 
 
 " haec mea sunt, teneo " cum vera dixeris, esto 
 
 liberque ae sapiens praetoribus ac love dextro ; 
 
 sin tu, cum fueris nostrae paulo ante farinae, 115 
 
 pelliculam veterem retines, et fronte politus 
 
 astutam vapido servas in pectore vulpem, 
 
 quae dederam supra relego, funemque reduco. 
 
 nil tibi concessit ratio; digitum ej^re, peccas, ^" - 
 
 et quid tam parvum est? sed nullo ture litabis, ', 120 
 
 haereat in stultis brevis ut ^emuncia recti. 
 
 haec miscere nefas ; nee, cum sis cetera fossor, 
 
 tris tantum ad numeros satyrum moveare Bathylli.' 
 
 [112. ^/«//« C. 115. nosti-o a. lid. politas a. 117. servans C sub 
 
 pectore 'z. 118. repeto'i. finemque a. 121. et semuntiat a, 123. «»- 
 
 meroC. bathyllo a, ieatUli C.^ 
 
 enrolling yourself just now among the 
 philosophers,' as the Scholia explain 
 it, though Casaubon supposes nostrae 
 to be said modestly, and paraphrases 
 the words ' Cum esses paullo ante vitio- 
 sissimus,' which is also the riew of Brit., 
 Plant., Konig, Heinr. 
 
 116. pelliculam veterem retines 
 seems to be suggested by Hor. i S. 6.22 
 ' quoniam in propria non pelle quiessem,' 
 which is apparently an allusion to the 
 fable of the ass in the lion's skin : with 
 this he combines another image of the 
 
 fox dressed up like a lion, Hor. 2 S. 3. 
 186 ' Astuta ingenuum vulpes imitata 
 leonem,' so as to confuse the devils of 
 the metaphor, • keep your ass's skin, 
 and in spite of your smooth looks are a 
 fox at heart.' 
 
 fronte politus, instead of ' fronte 
 polita,' like 'pede liber' I. 13, 'cute 
 perditus ' i. 23. This does not seem to 
 belong to the metaphor. 
 
 117. Jahn refers to Archiloch. fr. 
 88 a 5 (Bergk.) KepSaXtr; aXiimj^. [Ol 
 TT\eiovs 5' fifiSiv dXcOTre/cEs, koX oaa ev 
 ^^oti drvx^f^ara. It y&p iariv aXKo 
 KoiSopos Kal KaK(nj6ijs ^vSptimos, ^ dK^nrrj^] 
 Epietetus i. 3. 7.] 
 
 vapido, of wine that has lost its 
 spirit, opp. to ' incoctum generoso pectus 
 honesto' 2. 74. 
 
 118. relego. Jahn, from the best 
 MSS., the rest have ' repeto,' which is 
 easier ; but ' relego ' may very well mean 
 
 asse crevit, et paratus fuit quadrantem. 
 de siercore mordicus tottered \ 
 
 112. glutto, ' a glutton,' i. 12 note. 
 Freund refers to Fest. s. v. ' ingluvies,' 
 p. 112, Miiller; a predicate taken closely 
 with sorbere. [' Glutto \iiiP6s ' Gloss. 
 Lat. Gr. p. 34. 34 G.] 
 
 saliva, 6. 24, of the watering of 
 the mouth excited by dainties ; here cal- 
 led Merourialis, a name applied to 
 traders (Hor. 2 S. 3. 25) as arising from 
 avarice. See 2. 11 note. 
 
 113. haec mea sunt, the formula of 
 asserting ownership. ' Ilic mens est ' 
 Virg. Eel. 9. 4. 
 
 teneo, as in Hor. 2 Od. 12. 21 
 'quae temtit dives Achaemenes,' 3 Od. 
 17. 8 ' tenuisse Lirim.' 
 
 esto again suggests a legal form. 
 
 114. dextro, like ' dextro Hercule ' 2 
 II, ' by grace of the praetors and Jove.' 
 [Aeyovaiv {ol (pi\6ao(pot) jiCvovs rovs 
 ■natbivdivTas eKcvSepovs etvat Epictet. 2. 
 I. 22. ' Ea libertas est, qui pectus pn- 
 rum et firmum gestitat' Ennius Trag. 
 340 (Vahlen).] 
 
 115. farinae, a metaphor from loaves, 
 which might be of different qualities, 3. 
 112 note. [' Ac si diceret nostrae vitae,' 
 Schol. The expression was probably 
 colloquial.] Konigcompares Suet. Aug. 4 
 ' Cassius Parmensis . . . ut pistoris . . . ne- 
 potem sic taxat Augustum : Matema tibi 
 farina ex crudissimo Ariciae pistrino.' 
 The sense of the line seems to be ' after 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 10,9 
 
 greedily gulping down the water of treasure-trove in your mouth? 
 When you can say with truth, "All this is mine, I have realized 
 it," herewith be free and wise by favour of the praetors and Jupiter ; 
 but if, after being of our grain only a moment ago, you really keep 
 your old skin, and though your brow is smooth enough, have a' 
 cunning fox still locked up in the musty cellar of your bosom, I 
 beg leave to reconsider my concessions, and pull in the rope. No, 
 reason has made no admission in your favour; move your finger, 
 you make a wrong move ; and where will you have a slighter 
 thing than that? but no amount of incense will induce the gods 
 to rule that one small grain of wisdom may get itself lodged in a 
 fool's nature. It is sacrilege to attempt the union ; if you are a 
 clodhopper every other inch of you, you cannot dance even three 
 steps of Bathyllus' satyr.' 
 
 'I revise,' ' reconsider.' Val. Fl. 6. 237 
 seems to use 'relego' in the sense of 
 drawing back a spear. 
 
 funeiuque reduco, apparently of 
 pulling in a beast who has had rope al- 
 lowed him. ' Tortum digna sequi potims 
 quam ducere fnnem' Hor. i Ep. 10. 48. 
 119. nil . . . concessit, ' has given you 
 power over nothing,' like ' ne liceat,' 
 etc. V. 97. 
 
 digitiun ezere. a favourite expres- 
 sion with the Stoics. Epict. fr. 53 
 il <pi\offo<l>ia ^Tifflv OTt ouSe rbv SdicTvKov 
 inTtivuv (licfi irpoarficii, and so Plut. de 
 Rep. Stoic. 13 has the expression 
 dvSpeiais t6v SaKTV\ov kKTCtvat, [Ai^a 
 avTov (tov Kdvovos) fti]5i T&v SdiCTv\ov 
 iKTeiVovTe! Epictetus 2. 11, 17.] Chry- 
 sippus is represented by Cic. Fin. 3. 17 
 to have said of reputation ' Detracta 
 utilitate, ne digitum qnidem eius caussa 
 porrigendum esse.' These instances are 
 quoted by Casaubon, who adds another 
 Stoic dictum, 6 /iSipos oiSi <paic^v naxSis 
 (Ka\tDs) itfiu. Something like our pro- 
 verb, ' There is reason in the roasting of 
 eggs.' 
 
 120. 'What smaller thing will you 
 choose as a test 7 ' 
 
 litabis, as in 2. 75 : taken in con- 
 nexion with the next line it has virtually 
 the force of ' impetrabis.' 
 
 121. The language, as Casaubon re- 
 marks, is more or less borrowed from 
 Hor. I S. 3. 76 foil. 'Denique, qnatenus 
 excidi penitus vitium irae. Cetera item 
 nequeant stultis haerentia, cur non Pon- 
 derihus modulisque suis ratio ulitur ? ' 
 who, curiously enough, is arguing 
 
 against the Stoic dogma, that all faults 
 are equal, a correlative of that here 
 maintained by Persius. 
 
 brevis ; as we talk of ' short mea- 
 sure,' like ' curto centusse ' v. 191. Jahn 
 compares Hor. 2 S. 2. 37 'breve pondus,' 
 where ' brevis ' = ' exiguus.' [' Mit der 
 Dummheit kampfen die Gbtter selbst 
 vergebens,' says Schiller.] 
 
 122. 'Folly and wisdom are incom- 
 patible.' 
 
 miscere, not unlike Aesch, Ag. 322 
 o^os t' d\u<^A "r l-yx^os Tairw Kiireij 
 AiXotrraTovvT h,v ov <l>l\a)s irpoavvi-nois, 
 
 122. fossor, doubtless with reference 
 to Hor. 3 Od. 18. 15 foil. 'Gaudet 
 invisampepulisseyjjj.wr Tirpede terram.' 
 fossor opp. to ' bellus et urbanus ' 
 CatuU. 22. 9 (Jahn). 
 
 123. [Ad numeros must not be con- 
 fused with 'in numerum' Lucr. 2. 631. 
 ' Numeri ' are the parts of the dance, the 
 various steps : so that the literal transla- 
 tion probably is ' You cannot dance the 
 satyr of Bathyllus even as far as (' ad ') 
 three steps.' 'You cannot get even as 
 far as three steps in dancing ' etc. For 
 the construction comp.] Hor. 2Ep. 2.125 
 ' Nunc Satyrum, nunc agrestem Cyclopa 
 movetur.' Satyrum (conjectured by 
 Casaubon for the traditional ' satyri ') is 
 the reading of the oldest MS., and is 
 rightly restored by Jahn in his edition 
 of 1868. 
 
 Bathyllus, Diet. Biog., was a 
 comic dancer in the time of Augustus, 
 so that the mention of him bere is 
 another instance of Persius' habit of 
 looking rather to books than to life. 
 
no 
 
 PERSII 
 
 ' Liber ego.' ' Unde datum hoc sentis, tot subdite rebus ? 
 an dominum ignoras, nisi quern vindicta relaxat?' 125 
 
 'I puer et strigil^Crispini ad balnea defer!' 
 vsi increpuit, 'cessas nugator?' servitium acre 
 te nihil inpellit, nee quicquam extrinsecus intrat, 
 quod nervos agitet; sed si intus et in iecore aegro 
 nascuntur domini, qui tu inpunitior exis 130 
 
 atque hie, quem ad strigiles scutica et metus egit erilis? 
 
 Mane piger stertis. ' Surge ! ' inquit Avaritia ' heia 
 surge!' Negas ; instat 'Surge!' inquit. ' Non queo.' 'Surge!' 
 ' Et quid agam ? ' ' Rogitas ? en saperdam advehe Ponto, 
 castoreiim, stuppas, hebenum, tus, lubrica Coa ; 135 
 
 [124. sumis C. 12^'. nuguicor servivium a. 128. nequicquam a. 
 
 129. fectore C. 130. quid a. 131. scutita a, scytice C. 134. rogas en a C. 
 rogitas T. seferdas B, saperdavi T. 135. rubrica a.] 
 
 1 24-131. ' No matter, he replies, I am 
 free. As if a man had no other masters 
 than those from whom the praetor's en- 
 franchisement delivers him ! True, you 
 can refuse to perform your old duties : 
 but if you are under the command of 
 your passions, you are as much a slave 
 as ever.' 
 
 124. Persius meets this reassertion of 
 freedom with a new answer. Before he 
 had contended that fools had no rights : 
 now he shows that they have no inde- 
 pendent power. 
 
 Jahn restores sentis for 'sumis,' 
 from the best MSS., so that the expres- 
 sion is borrowed from Hor. 2 S. 2. 31 
 ' Unde datum sentis, lupus hie Tiberinus 
 an alto Captus hiet ? ' and apparently 
 equivalent to ' Quis tibi dedit hoc 
 sentire ? ' ' Sumis ' however has great 
 probability oji account of datum, both 
 being regularly used as philosophical 
 terms, the latter for granting, the former 
 taking for granted. 
 
 subdite, voc, equivalent to ' cum 
 subditus sis,' like ' Tune hinc, spollis 
 indute meorum, Eripiare mihi ' Virg. 
 Aen. 12. 947, for ' cum indutus sis.' 
 
 tot subdite rebus, imitated from 
 Hor. 2 S. 7. 7.5 ' Tune mihi dominus, 
 rerum imperiis hominumqne Tot tantis- 
 que minor ? ' as Jahn remarks. 
 
 125. Persius has again glanced at 
 Hor. 1. t. ' quem ter vindicta quaterque 
 Imposita hand unquam misera formidine 
 privet.' 
 
 relaxare dominum, a bold expres- 
 sion for ' relaxare imperium domini.' 
 ' relaxat,' either general or for re- 
 laxavit,' like ' tollit ' 4. 2. 
 
 126. A specimen of a command. 'I, 
 puer, atque meo citus haec subscribe 
 libello ' Hor. i S. 10. 92. 
 
 The strigiles (Juv. 3. 2(13) would 
 be carried to the bath, that the master 
 might us? them after bathing. Konig 
 refers to Luc. Lexiph. 2. p. 320. 
 
 Crispinus, seemingly the name of 
 the bathkeeper, may be taken from 
 Horace, as Jahn thinks ; but there is 
 nothing to show it. 
 
 127. The man does not move, so the 
 master addresses him sharply. 
 
 cessas ; ' semel hie cessavit of a 
 slave, Hor. 2 Ep. i. 14. 
 
 nugari, of wasting time, i. 56, 70. 
 
 servitium acre, apparently a me- 
 taphor from a goad, which would agree 
 with inpellit. 
 
 128. 'You are not a puppet, whose 
 strings are pulled externally ' Hor. 2 
 S. 7. 81 foil. ' Tn, mihi qui imperitas, 
 aliis servis miser, atque Duceris, nt 
 nervis alienis mobile lignum.' Casaubon 
 shows that the image was a very com- 
 mon one, especially among the Stoics, 
 occurring many times in Marcus Anto- 
 ninus ; e. g. 10. 38 ficfivrjffo on. rd vevpo- 
 atratjTOvv koTLV efceivo t6 evSov eyKexpvfi- 
 liivov, which shows the force of 
 extrinsecus here. The original appears 
 to be Plato, Laws, i. p. 644 E T<iB« 8« 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ' I'm free for all that.' ' Who gave you leave to think so, you, 
 the slave of so many things? Have you no notion of any master 
 but the one whom the wand frees you from ? ' ' Hallo, boy, carry 
 Crispinus' flesh-brushes to the bath ; ' then suppose his tone grows 
 sharper : ' What ? dawdling and playing the fool ? ' the sting of 
 bondage does not make you stir a step ; nothing is communicated 
 from without to jerk your wires ; but if within, in that diseased 
 heart of yours, masters keep growing up, how can you be said 
 to come off unwhipped, any more than the slave whom the strap 
 and the terror of his masters have sent running with the flesh- 
 brushes ? 
 
 You are snoring lazily in the morning. ' Get up,' says Avarice, 
 ' come, get up.' No, say you. She keeps on, ' Get up.' ' I can't.' 
 ' Get up.' ' And what am I to do ? ' ' You ask the question ! Look 
 here, fetch salt herrings from Pontus, castor, tow, ebony, frankin- 
 
 tfffifVj oTi TavTa T(l Ttd6jj kv iiiuv otov 
 vfvpa ^ (TfirfpivQui tlv^s evovffai fftrSiai n 
 flliSs Kai dWrjKaK avSiXxovaiv ivavrim 
 ovaai Itt* kvavrias iTpd^fis. These figures 
 were called Vivp6airaara or ' sigillaria.' 
 
 129. iecore . . . nascuntur, compare 
 I. 25 note. 
 
 130. ' Qui tu inpunitior ' Hor. 2 S. 7. 
 105. Casaubon. 
 
 exis, ' come off,' ' escape.' ' Quia 
 vivus exierat^ Veil. 2. 82. 
 
 131. ad strigiles. Perhaps with re- 
 ference to expressions like ' servi ad 
 remum,' ' ad lecticam.' 
 
 Bcutica. ' Ne scutica dignnm hor- 
 ribili sectere flagello' Hor. I S. 5. 119. 
 Perhaps to be explained by ' metus erilis.' 
 [With the whole passage compare Epic- 
 tetus 2. I. 28 'EjreJ av, 6 aWovs arpitjieiv 
 Svvdfifvos, oi/S^va e)(€is fcvpiov ; ovk dpyv- 
 ptov, oxiKapdariov, ov TmtSdpiov, ov Tvpaifvov; 
 lb. 4. 1.57 Kai nrj /iot ■ndirnovs airov «al 
 Trpo-ndmruvs $\(iTe, Kai iifTjv f7T«i leal 
 irpdatv a\\\ &v iicovaris XiyovTos iaaiBev 
 Kai ex irdSovs, Kipie- «&,v SdiSfKa fdfiSot 
 Trpod'jojat, \4ye Sov\ov . . . Outojs oZv 
 TToWoiis Kvpiovt exo/'f ! Outois. lb. 86 
 Mij Tt dirXSis rfiv iv ^/uv dKp6iiohiv Kai 
 roils iv ijijiiv rvpdwovs d'iro0e$K^KafifV i 
 06s k(p' ixdaTois Ka6' i)pipoa> ex"/""' '""'^ 
 pAv Tovs avTovs, irori 6' dWovs. ' Servum 
 tu quemquam vocas libidinis et gulae 
 servus?' Sen. Ben. 3. 28. 4.] 
 
 132-160. 'One morning as you are 
 sleeping you are roused by Avarice, who 
 at last makes you get up and prepare 
 for a voyage, where you are to traffic 
 
 in all kinds of articles and struggle hard 
 to make your fortune. Just as you are 
 bustling away, Luxury takes you aside, 
 rallies you on your mad hurry, reminds 
 you of the discomforts you are about to 
 undergo on shipboard, merely that you 
 may swell your property a little, and 
 ends by bidding you be wise and enjoy 
 life while you can. Which of the two 
 will you follow ? you are pulled both 
 ways, and a single act of resistance to 
 either does not make you free. Even 
 if you break your chain, you may still 
 drag it along with you.' 
 
 132. The personifications remind us 
 of those in the Choice of Hercules. 
 Jahn. 
 
 133. Negas is said by the poet, like 
 instat. 
 
 1 34. ' Well, and what am I to do ? ' 
 [Biicheler reads ' rogas, en, saperdas ' 
 
 from the best MSS. See critical note. 
 He conjectures ' rogan.'] • 
 
 en . . . advehe, like ' en accipe ' 
 Virg. Eel. 6. 69, 'En age' G. 3. 42. 
 ' Saperda genus pessimi piscis ' Fest. s.v. 
 (p. 324 Miiller), a fish for salting, seem- 
 ingly of the herring sort. The best were 
 found in the Palus Maeolis, Athen. 3. 
 p. 119 b, 7 p. 308 e, Hesych. s. v., the 
 Greek name being aairlpSrjs or KopaKivus. 
 Jahn. 
 
 Ponto, ablative. 
 1^5. ' Virosaque Pontus Castorea ' 
 Virg. G. I. 58. 
 
 Btuppas, ' the coarse part of fiax, 
 low, hards, oakum.' Fraund. 
 
iia 
 
 PERSII 
 
 tolle recens primus piper ec sitiente camello ; 
 
 verte aliquid ; iura.' ' Sed luppiter audiet.' ' Eheu ! 
 
 baro, regustatum digito terebrare salinum 
 
 contentus perages, si yivere cum love tendis ! ' 
 
 iam pueris pellem succinctus et oenopnorum aptas : 140 
 
 ' Ocius ad navem ! ' nihil obstat, quin trabe vasta 
 
 Aegaeum rapias, ni sollers Luxuria ante 
 
 seductum moneat ' Quo deinde, insane, ruis ? quo ? 
 
 quid tibi vis? calido sub pectore mascula bilis 
 
 intumuit, quod non extinxerit urna cicutae. 145 
 
 tu mare transilias ? tibi torta cannabe fulto 
 
 cena sit in transtro, Veientanumque rubellum 
 
 \\-^^. et sitiente a. 137. audiat C 138. vara a. 141. octius a. 
 
 qui in a. trabea C. vasira a. 144. callido C. 145. qtiam non C. 
 
 146. tun 'T. tracilias a. 147. vellentanumque C] 
 
 et speciem pro specie commuta ' Schol. 
 Jahn refers to Plaut. Cure. 484 [' vel 
 qui ipsi vbrtant, vel qui aliis, ut vor- 
 sentur, praebeant '], but observes, with 
 justice, that this would yield but a tame 
 seose after the strong expressions pre- 
 ceding : he accordingly prefers to take 
 ' vertere ' as equivalent to ' versuram 
 facere,' to borrow money in order to pay 
 debts, applying iura to perjured denial 
 of the debt thus contracted, iura how- 
 ever may refer to false swearing in 
 general as a means of livelihood ; com- 
 pare Juv. 7. 13, where a poor poet is 
 recommended to turn auctioneer rather 
 than gain a living by perjury. 
 
 138. [' Baro' perhaps from 'barnis' 
 an elephant, a great strong fellow, so a 
 lubber, a lout. According to the Scholia 
 here and Isid. Orig. 9. 4. 31, the word 
 was used of a soldier's servant. Petro- 
 nius uses it in the sense of a big man, 
 53> 63 'baro insulsissimus cum scalis 
 constitit,' ' baro ille longus.' For the 
 secondary sense comp. Cic. Fin. i. 23 
 'nos barones stupemus;' Div. z. 70 
 ' baro ' (you dolt !) ; Fam. 9. 26. 3 ' ille 
 baro te putabat quaesiturum ; ' Att. 5. 
 1 1. 6 ' Bacelus, baro,' Gloss. Sang. p. 
 210. 10. 9. Diez, Etym. Worterb. i. 
 p. 54 foil. 2nd ed. shows that ' baro ' 
 was used in mediaeval Latin as — a man ; 
 on the origin of the word he does not 
 pronounce positively, but denies its 
 Celtic descent, pointing out some pos- 
 
 135. hebenum, tus. 'Sola India 
 nigrum Fert hebentcm ; solis est turea 
 virga Sabaeis ' Virg G. 2. 116 foil., so 
 that the voyage is meant to extend 
 over the East generally. Compare Ilor. 
 I Ep. i.. 45 foil, and note on v. 54 
 above. 
 
 lubrica Coa may either be ' oil- 
 like Coan wine ' Hor. 2 S. 4 29, or 
 ' gleaming Coan garments.' ' Coa de- 
 cere puta ' Ov. A A. 2. 29S, the former 
 being the common interpretation, the 
 latter Heinrich's. 
 
 136. ' Be the first to bargain for the 
 pepper which the camel-driver has 
 brought to Alexandria.' 
 
 recens, primus. Both point the 
 same way ; before others have time to 
 bid. Comp. with Casaubon (if the 
 reading ' primus ' be certain) Lucil. Fr. 
 5. 19 ' Sicut cum ficus primus propola 
 recentes Protulit, et pretio ingenti dat 
 primitu ' paucos. [' Ec ' for ' ex ' is 
 indicated by 'et' of the best MSS.] 
 
 piper, from India, v. 54. 
 
 sitiente, thirsty from its journey 
 over the desert, before the driver has 
 had time to attend to its wants. The 
 camel's powers of enduring thirst are 
 well known. The whole line is parallel 
 to Hor. I Ep. 6. 32 foil, which Plautius 
 and others compare ' cave ne portus 
 occupet alter, Ne Cibyratica, ne Bithyna 
 negotia perdas.' 
 
 137. verte aliquid, i. e. 'Negotiare 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 "3 
 
 cense, glossy Coans ; be the first to take the fresh-brought pepper 
 from the camel's back before he has had his drink ; borrow money 
 for your debts and swear you never had it.' ' But Jupiter will 
 hear.' 'Pah, you lout, you will go on to the end of the chapter 
 satisfied with drilling a hole with your thumb in the salt-cellar that 
 you have had so many a taste out of, if a life with Jupiter is what 
 you aim at.' Now you are equipped and loading your slaves with 
 packing-case and wine-holder. ' To the ship this moment.' There is 
 nothing to prevent you from scouring the Aegean in a big vessel, 
 unless it be that sly Luxury just takes you aside for a moment's 
 lecture. ' Where are you off to now, you madman, where ? What 
 can you be wanting ? there must be a great rising of bile in that 
 caldron of a breast of yours, which a whole bout of hemlock would 
 not extinguish. You skip across the sea ? you eat your dinner off a 
 bench with a coil of rope for a cushion? and a squab noggin ex- 
 
 sible Teutonic cognates. Gloss. Lat. Gr. 
 p. 27. 54 G. ' baro tti/ijp.'] 
 
 terebrare saliuum, &Kiav Tpvrrav 
 as in Apol. Tyan. Ep. 7, quoted by Ca- 
 saubon, iravra ^afft Seiv rdv efi-nopov koKqjv 
 fffieiv efiol S* ftrj t^v d,\lav Tpvndv hv 
 @epudos oXiuji, ' to scrape and scrape till 
 you drill a hole in your salt-cellar.' 
 
 salinum, the accompaniment of a 
 frugal meal, as in 3. 25 note. 
 
 139. contentus with terebrare. 
 perages, ' aevum,' ' aetatem,' or ' vi- 
 
 tam,' which is generally expressed. So 
 Siar^nv. [Vivere cum love, perhaps a 
 playful allusion to the philosophical 
 idea of a good life as a life with the 
 gods: av^v fleors M. Aurelius 5. 27. 
 Seneca Ep. 31. 7 'hoc est summum 
 bonum : quod si occupas, incipis deorum 
 socius esse, non supplex': 73. 11 'hoc 
 otium quod inter deos agitur, quod deos 
 facit.' On this doctrine see Bernays, 
 ' Theophrastos iiber Frommigkeit ' p. 
 139 : ' Heraklitische Briefe ' p. 100.] 
 
 140. pellis seems to have been a sort 
 of packing-cloth, as the ' sarcina ' was 
 carried in it. See Jahn. 
 
 oenophorum, ' the wine-holder ' or 
 'liquor-case,' was carried on journeys, 
 Hor. I S. 6. 109. These the master, 
 himself suocinctus, equipped for tra- 
 velling, thrusts on the slaves. Compare 
 ' aptaveris ' v. 95 note. 
 
 141. ' Quick with these to the vessel ; ' 
 the master's direction. 
 
 vasta, apparently to give the notion 
 of successfully contending with the ele- 
 
 ments. 'Vastis ictibus' Virg. Aen. 5. 198. 
 
 142. rapias. Casaubon compares 
 Stat. Theb. 5. 3 'rapere campum. So 
 ' corripere campum, spatia,' etc. Virg. 
 Aen. 5. 144 foil., 316. 
 
 sollers. Watching her opportunity 
 and knowing your wedc side. 
 
 143. seductum. 2. 4, 6. 42. 
 
 ' Quo deinde ruis ? ' Virg. Aen. 5. 
 741. deinde seems to have the force of 
 now or next — after this ; like to imiTa, 
 'the next time coming,' 'for the pre- 
 sent,' Soph. Ant. 611. 
 
 144. 'Quid vis, insane, et quas res 
 agis?' Hor. 2 S. 6. 29. 
 
 mascula, of superior strength, per- 
 haps like xTviros dpatjv Soph. Phil. 1455. 
 
 bills, of madness, Hor. 2 S. 3. 141, 
 2 Ep. 2. 137. 
 
 145. intumuit. 2. 14, 3. 8. 
 
 The urna contained half an am- 
 phora. 
 
 cicutae, hemlock used as a cure 
 on account of its coldness (^calido sub pec- 
 tore '). Persius probably imitated Hor. 2 
 Ep. 2. 53, quoted by Casaubon, ' Quae po- 
 terant unquam satis expurgare cicutae ? ' 
 
 146. 'Non tangenda rates transiliunt 
 vada ' Hor. i Od. 3. 24. 
 
 cannabis is 'hemp,' so that 
 ' torta cannabis ' will be a rope. 
 
 fulto is illustrated by Jahn from 
 Juv. 3. 8a ' Fultusqae toro meliore re- 
 cumbet,' — ' with a hempen rope for your 
 couch.' Comp. Prop. 3. 7. 47-50. 
 
 147. He is apparently to lie on deck, 
 and eat off a bench. 
 
 1 
 
114 
 
 PERSII 
 
 exalet vapida laesum pice sessilis obba? 
 quid petis? ut nummos, quos hie quincunce modesto 
 nutrieras, pergant avidos sudare deunces? 150 
 
 indulge genio, carpamus dulcia ! nostrum est 
 quod vivis ; cinis et manes et fabula fies. 
 vive memor leti ! fugit hora ; hoc quod loquor inde est.' 
 en quid agis? duplici in diversum scinderis hamo. 
 huncine, an hunc sequeris? subeas alternus oportet 155 
 
 ancipiti obsequio dominos, alternus oberres. 
 nee tu, cum obstiteris semel instantique negaris 
 parere imperio, ' rupi iam vincula ' dicas ; 
 nam^t luctata canis nodum abripit ; et tamen illi, 
 cum fugit, a coUo trahitur pars longa catenae. 160 
 
 'Dave, eito, hocjcredas iubeo, finire dolores 
 
 [148. vapidi a. picemC. cessilis a. 149. nummisC. 1^0. peragant C, 
 pergant a. avidoT. sua dare C jw(/ij;'« c et fortasse Schol. ' r«»« /erzVw/o deunces 
 praestet.' 153. locor a.. 157. nee iuum a, instaniibusque C. 159. arrumpit 
 at tamen C. ast tamen ?".] 
 
 147. Veientanum. [A poor kind of 
 wine : seeMarquardt,R6m. Alterthumer 
 7. p. 436, who quotes Martial 2. 53. 4, 3. 
 49. 1 ' Veientana mihi misces, nbi Massica 
 potas.' 'Pessimum vinum in Veienti 
 nascitiir,' says Porphyrion on Hor. 2 S. 
 3. 143.] ' Qui Veientanum festis po- 
 tare diebus Campana solitus trulla, 
 vappamque profestis ' Hor. 1. c. ' Et 
 Veientani bibitur faex crassa rubelW 
 Mart. 1. 103 (104) 9. 
 
 rubelluna, a diminutive epithet, 
 given to vines, Pliny 14. 23 ' reddish.' 
 
 148. exalet, as the liquor would 
 offend the smell before the taste. 
 
 pice. Casks and jars were pitched 
 in order to preserve the wine — so that 
 Persius may mean either that the wine 
 has been spoilt and made vapid by the 
 action of the pitch, or by the failure of 
 the pitch, the epithet vapida, in either 
 case, signifying the effect of the pitch 
 on the wine. 
 
 sessilis is used more than once by 
 Pliny of things with broad bottoms, e. g. 
 of pears, N. H. 15. 56. 
 
 obba, an old word for a drinking- 
 cnp, used by Varro in Non. 146. 8 foil., 
 545. 2 foil., and enumerated by Gell. 
 16. 7 among the obsolete vulgarisms 
 employed by Laberius. 
 
 149. ' What is your object ? to get a 
 greedy eleven per cent, profit on your 
 money, after having realised a moderate 
 five per cent, here ? ' 
 
 quincunce. Diet. Ant. ' fenus.' 
 
 150. nutrieras, of increasing money 
 by interest. ' Nummos alienos pascet ' 
 Hor. 1 Ep. 18. 35. 
 
 pergant, ' proceed,' not in the sense 
 of continuing, but of doing a thing as 
 the next step. [' Peragant avido sudore ' 
 Jahn (1868); 'peragant avidos sudore 
 decunces' BUcheler.] 
 
 sudare, expressing the labour ne- 
 cessary to produce the increased profit. 
 
 deunces, cogn. ace. like ' sudabimt 
 roscida mella ' Virg. E. 4. 30. 
 
 151. genio. 2. 3 note, 4. 27 note, 
 nostrum est quod vivis = ' nostra 
 
 est tna vita ' — ' your life belongs to me 
 and yon (' nostrum ' answering to ' car- 
 pamus') (not to any one else, such as 
 Avarice), and it is all we have.' 
 
 152. 'Fabula fias' Hor. i Ep. 13. 9, 
 ' lara te premet nox fabulaeque manes ' 
 I Od. 4. 18. ' You will exist only in 
 men's talk about you ' Juv. i. 145. The 
 Stoics thought that the dead had only 
 a temporary existence as shades {^ diu 
 mansuros aiunt animos, semper negant ' 
 Cic. Tusc. I. 31, quoted by Delph. ed.), 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 "5 
 
 haling the fumes of reddish Veientan all flat and spoilt by the pitch ? 
 And what is your aim ? that your money which you had been nursing 
 here at a modest five per cent, should grow till it sweats out 
 an exorbitant eleven ? No ; give your genius play ; let us . take 
 pleasure as it comes ; life is ours and all we have ; you will soon 
 become a little dust, a ghost, a topic of the day. Live with death 
 in your mind ; time flies ; this say of mine is so much taken from 
 it.' La, what are you to do ; you have two hooks pulling you 
 different ways — are you for following this or that? You must 
 needs obey your masters by turns and shirk them by turns, by a 
 division of duty. Nay, if you have managed to stand out once and 
 refuse obedience to an imperious command, don't say, ' I have 
 broken my prison for good and all.' Why, a dog may snap its 
 chain with an effort, but as it runs away, it has a good length of 
 iron trailing from its neck. 
 
 'Davus, now mind, I am speaking seriously, I think of putting 
 
 so that three stages may be intended. 
 ' You will become first ashes, then a 
 shade, then a name.' But in 6. 41 the 
 dead man is said to be ' cinerp ulterior ' 
 at the time when his ashes are put into 
 the urn. 
 
 153. Vive memor leti, from Hor. 2 
 S. 6. 97 ' Vive memor quam sis aevi 
 brevis,' 2 Ep. i. 144 ' Genium memorem 
 brevis aevi.' 
 
 hoc quod loquor inde est. This 
 very speech I am making now is so 
 much taken off from it. [Seneca Ep. 65. 
 18 ^hoc quod vivit'' (this very life) ' sti- 
 pendium putat.'] 'Dum loquimur fugerit 
 invida Aetas' Hor. i Od. 11. 7. 
 
 154. en quidagis. 3. 5. 
 scinderis. ' Scinditur incertum 
 
 studia in contraria vulgus ' Virg. Aeu. 
 2. 39. 
 
 hamo, metaphor, as in Hor. i Ep. 
 •}. 74 ' Occultum visus decurrere piscis 
 ad hamum.' 
 
 155. subeas, like 'dominum vehet' 
 Hor. I Ep. 10. 40. » 
 
 alternus''for 'alternos.' 'You 
 must submit to each of your masters in 
 turn, and desert each in turn.' [See on 
 V.131.] 
 
 156. oberres has no grammatical 
 connexion with dominos, though 
 alternus refers to it in sense. ' Oberro,' 
 as a fugitive slave. 
 
 157. TheDelph. ed. compares Hor. 2 
 S. 7. 70 foil. ' O totiens servus ! quae 
 
 I 
 
 belua ruptis, Cum semel effugit, reddit 
 se prava catenis 1 ' [' Instanti imperio ' 
 perhaps from Horace's ' vultus instantis 
 tyranni.'] 
 
 159. Madvig Opusc. p. 491 foil, con- 
 tends that ' attamen ' can only mean ' at 
 least.' [Jahn accordingly reads (1868) 
 ' et tamen ' here on the authority of a 
 few MSS. In his edition of 1843 he 
 read ' ac tamen ' here and in 2. 48.] 
 
 160. The dog is impeded by the chain 
 which it drags along with it (Jahn), 
 and can be recaptured with less difficulty 
 (Kouig). [' Laxam catenam trahit noia- 
 dnm liber,' of a man half-free, Sen. Vit. 
 Beat. 16. 3.] 
 
 161-175. ' Take the case of the lover 
 in the play : he talks about giving up 
 his passion, as discreditable to a man 
 with respectable connexions. The slave 
 applauds his resolution, but finding him 
 hark back immediately, tells him that 
 all this is mere trifling, playing fast and 
 loose, and that nothing will do but a 
 determination not to re-enter the place 
 which one has once left heart-whol^. 
 Here we have real freedom at last, far 
 better than what the praetor confers.'^ 
 
 J 61. An imitation of the opening 
 scene in the Eunuch of Menander, 
 which Terence has translated, substi- 
 tuting the names Phaedria and Parmeno 
 for Chaerestratus and Davus. Sup- 
 posing Terence's to be a close transla- 
 tion, Persius' imitation is sufficiently 
 
ii6 
 
 PERSII 
 
 praeteritos meditor:' crudum Chaerestratus unguem 
 
 abrodens ait haec. 'An siccis dedecus obstem 
 
 cognatis? an rem patriam rumore sinistro 
 
 limen ad obscenum frangam, dum Chrysidis udas 
 
 ebrius ante fores exstincta cum face canto ? ' 
 
 ' Euge, puer, sapias, dis depellentibus agnam 
 
 percute.' ' Sed censeh plorabit, Dave, relicta ?' 
 
 ' Nugaris ; solea, puer, obiurgabere rubra. 
 
 ne trepidare velis atque artos rodere casses ! 
 
 nunc ferus et violens ; at si vocet, baud mora, dicas, 
 
 Quidnam igitur faciam f nee nunc, cum accersor et ultro 
 
 supplicet, accedam ? Si totus et integer illinc 
 
 165 
 
 170 
 
 [163. atrodens a. 167. dispellentibus a. 168. censem a. 170. rodere 
 cassas c. 171. voce ei C. 172. accessor a, arcessat C.^ 
 
 itee. Horace, on the other hand (2 S. 
 3. 2.ii9 foil.), follows Terence exactly, 
 though omitting several lines. [Simi- 
 larly Epictetus 4. I. 19 quotes from 
 Menander the case of Thrasonides: 
 •naihiffK6.pi6v iiCf <prjaif /caTaS€dov\uKCV 
 EuTeX^s, bv oi/deh Tftiv TroXffuoiv TTtiJTrOTe.] 
 
 161. finire dolores praeteritos me- 
 ditor is from Hor. 1. c. 'an potius 
 mediter finire labores ? ' 
 
 162. crudum properly means 'bleed- 
 ing' ('cruor,' 'cruidus'). Freund. Here 
 then it is to be connected with ' abro- 
 dens.' 
 
 163. abrodens, ' gnawing away.' 
 sioois, opp. to ' ebriis.' ' Siccis 
 
 omnia nam dura Deus proposuit ' Hor. 
 I Od. 1 8. 3. ' Forum putealque Libonis 
 Mandabo«V«j' i Ep. 19. 8, g. 
 
 obstem seems to be used in its 
 primary sense of standing before. 
 
 164. rumore sinistro, like 'sinistri 
 sermones' Tac. Ann. i. 74, 'sinistra 
 fama ' ib. 6. 32, etc. 
 
 165. limen, because the lover was 
 shut out. Hor. i Od. 25, etc. Persius 
 may have been thinking of Hor. Epod. 
 II. 22 ' Limina dura quibus Lumbos et 
 infregi latus.' 
 
 rem . . . frangam. Hor. 2 S. 3. 
 1 8 ' omnis res mea . . . fracta est.' 
 ' Rem patris oblimare' i S. 2. 62. The 
 language is taken, not from Terence, 
 but from other writers, if not from com- 
 mon life. 
 
 Chrysis is the Thais of Terence. 
 
 udas, variously explained wet 
 with ointment ('postes superbos Ungnit 
 amaracino ' Lucr. 4. 11 79), with wine 
 (' uda . . . Lyaeo tempora ' Hor. \ Od. 
 7. 22), or with tears (' Uda sit ut lacri- 
 mis ianua facta meis ' Ov. i Am. 6. 1 8, 
 'Limina . . . lacrimis umida supplici- 
 bus' Prop. I. 16. 4): it might also 
 mean wet with rain (' Non hoc semper 
 erit liminis aut aquae Caelestis patiens 
 latus ' Hor. 3 Od. 10. 19.) 
 
 166. Hor. I .S. 4. 51 'Ebrius, et, 
 magnum quod dedecus, ambulet ante 
 Noctem cumfcuibus' 
 
 exstinota, probably from his 
 drmiken carelessness, if not from the 
 rain. 
 
 canto, referring to the irapaKAaval- 
 Svpov or serenade, such as we have in 
 Hor. I Od. 25. 7. 
 
 167. Davus encourages his master — 
 hence puer instead of Terence and 
 Horace's 'ere.' 
 
 sapias ; ' sapias, vina liqnes ' Hor. 
 r Od. II. 6, quoted by Jahn. 
 
 depellentibus. So ' depulsor ' is 
 found in inscriptions as an epithet of 
 Jupiter. Grut. 30. 3 (Jahn). [Compare 
 no. 2414 in ToL ii. of the Berlin Corpus 
 InscriptioDum.] The &ore common word 
 is ' averruncus.' In Greek iiroTpuiraios, 
 dnaiaiiMfcos, or aXf^'ucaKos. 
 
 168. percutere, like 'ferire,' a 
 sacrificial term. ' Percussi viscera 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 117 
 
 an end to this trouble that has been weighing on me : ' so says 
 Chaerestratus as he bites his nail to the quick. ' Monstrous; that 
 I should be an open scandal to my sober relatives, and bring my 
 patrimony to a smash, while I sing drunken songs at Chrysis' 
 dripping door with my light out.' ' Bravo, young gentleman, show 
 your sense ; kill a lamb to the powers that preserve us.' ' But 
 do you think she'll cry, Davus, when I've left her ? ' ' Now you're 
 trifling. She'll be boxing your ears with her red slipper, my boy.' 
 No, no ; don't go and be restiff at one moment and gnawing at 
 the net that keeps you tight, all fury and violence ; and then, if 
 she gives you a call, say at once. What am I to do? not to go 
 to her even when I am sent for and she goes out of her way to beg 
 7ne I If you have got away whole, and left nothing behind you. 
 
 tauri' Ov. F. i. 347. So 'percutere 
 foedus ' occurs as well as ' icere ' or 
 ' ferire foedus.' 
 
 169. nugaris, dallying where action 
 is required, like ' cessas nugator ' above, 
 V. 127. 
 
 solea, referring to the story of 
 Hercules and Oniphale, also alluded to 
 Ter. Eun. 1027. The Greeks have a 
 verb for the process, &XjavT6ai. 
 
 obiurgare, a word used for cor- 
 rection. ' Obiurgare verberibus ' Sen. 
 De Ira 3.12; [' colaphis ' Petronius 34 1 
 'femur et latus interdum obiurgare' 
 Quint. 10. 3. 21.] ' flagris obiurgaretur ' 
 Suet. Oth. 2. In Ter. Eun. 67 foil. 
 Parmeno says, ' Haec verba una [ilia 
 una Wagner] me hercle felsa lacrimula 
 . . . Restinguet, et te ultro accusabis, et 
 ei dabis Ultro supplicium." 
 
 170. trepidare, of beasts who will 
 not submit. Casaubon. Compare 
 Prop. 2. 4. 5 'Primo iuvenes trepidant 
 in amore feroces, Dehinc domiti post 
 haec aequa et iniqua ferunt.' So ir«- 
 fleereai seems to be used of a beast in a 
 net, Aesch. Ag. 1049, though it would 
 more naturally apply to one submitting 
 to the yoke. 
 
 rodere oasses. Compare the fable 
 of the Lion and the Mouse. The line 
 must be taken in close connexion with 
 the next, as Davus does not tell his 
 master not to struggle, but not to 
 struggle at one time and give way at 
 another. 
 
 171. Jahn makes Davus' speech end 
 with dicas, so that Chaerestratus is 
 supposed to say hand mora, ' anon,' 
 or ' coming directly ; ' but ' cum accer- 
 
 sor ' evidently refers to si vooet. In 
 Terence, the lover has received a sum- 
 mons before the scene begins, and he 
 deliberates whether to obey it. In 
 Persius he is trying to resolve undei: the 
 pressure of disappointment, and even 
 then cannot make up his mind ; so that 
 his servant tells him that if he should be 
 summoned back, he is pretty sure to 
 entertain the question seriously. Thus 
 ' igitur ' has the same force as in the 
 corresponding line in Terence : ' Quid 
 igitur faciam ? non eam ne nunc quidem. 
 Cum arcessor ultro ? ' whereas, accord- 
 ing to Jahn's punctuation, it would have 
 none. 
 
 baud mora then means, you 
 would instantly say, ' What am I to do 
 now ? * 
 
 172. neo nunc, apparently for 'ne 
 nunc quidem,' as in Hor. 2 S. 3. 259 
 foil., and twice in Petronius — perhaps, 
 as Jahn thinks, a colloquialism. 
 
 Jahn reads arcessat [' accersat ' 
 Biicheler] to agree with ' supplicet.' He 
 appears right in his reasoning that 
 either the ind. or subj. would be ad- 
 missible in this construction, the one 
 actually occurring in the parallel pas- 
 sage from Terence, the other in that 
 from Horace. [MS. authority is divided 
 between ' accessor ' and ' arcersat.' For 
 the difference between ' accerso ' and 
 ' arcesso ' see H. Nettleship, Contri- 
 butions to Latin Lexicography, s. v. 
 ' Arcesso.'] "~" 
 
 173. totus, without leaving any part 
 of you behind. 
 
 integer has the same sense. So 
 Hor. 2 Od. 1 7. 5 ' A te meae si partem 
 
ii8 
 
 PERSII 
 
 exieras, ne nunc' hie hie, quod quaerimus, hie est, 
 
 non in festuca, lictor quam iactat ineptus. i7S 
 
 ' lus habet ille sui palpo, quern dueit hiantem 
 cretata Ambitio ? vigila, et eieer ingere large 
 rixanti populo, nostra ut Floralia possint 
 aprici meminisse senes. quid pulchrius? at cum 
 Herodis venere dies, unctaque fenestra i8o 
 
 dispositae pinguem nebulam vomuere lucemae 
 
 [I'j^. nunc nunc a, ne mi7tc C. guemf. I'j c,. qtiem a. 1^6. que a. 
 
 ducit a, tollit C I'j'i. ponsint a. I'jg. turn a."] 
 
 animae rapit Matnrior vis, quid moror 
 altera, Nee carus aeque, nee superstes 
 Integer ? ' 
 
 174. hie is an adverb, not a pronoun, 
 as ' in festuca ' shows. ' Quod petis, hie 
 est' Hor. i Ep. 11. 29, 'Hie est aut 
 nusquam, quod quaerimus ' ib. 17. 39. 
 
 175. festuca, generally explained as 
 a synonyme for * vindicta ' here and in 
 Plaut. Mil. 961 (quoted by Delph. ed.) 
 ' quid ? ean ingenua an festuca iacta 
 serva a libera est ? ' The Scholia have 
 ' non in ea virga qua a lictore percuti- 
 tur.' Jahn refers to [Gloss. Lat. Gr. 
 71. 45 G] 'Festuca, Ka/xpos, ^a0Sos.' 
 On the other hand, Plutarch, De S. N. 
 Vind. p. 650, says that one of the lictors 
 threw stubble on the manumitted slave, 
 which would accord sufficiently well 
 with the ordinary use of ' festuca,' as in 
 Varro L. L. 5. 31. 38 'qui homo ia 
 pratis per faenisecta fesiucas corradit.' 
 ' Vis festucaria ' occurs in Gel. 20. 10. 
 10. At any rate the word appears to 
 be technical, not used rhetorically in a 
 contemptuous sense. Casaubon says 
 that ' exfestucare ' occurs in the laws of 
 the Alemanni and Saxons, and else- 
 where in mediaeval Latinity. 
 
 ' No symbol was of such universal 
 application among ancient nations as 
 the "stipula," the "festuca," the 
 '• culm," the " hawm." Thrice was 
 the hawm to be cast when the Teuton 
 bequeathed his land to the stranger in 
 blood. Thrice was the hawm to be 
 flung down before the sovereign when 
 the lieges refused their assent to the 
 doom ; and once was the hawm to be 
 cast up in the air before that Senior 
 whom his lieges rejected and spumed 
 away. To this usage, therefore, the 
 sternly indignant Frankish Proceres 
 
 resorted, proclaiming that they cast off 
 their faith, and with one act in the open 
 field — the field of council— did they 
 cast the hawm — they no longer Charles's 
 lieges — Charles no longer their Senior 
 or King.' (Palgrave, Hist, of Normandy 
 and England, vol. 2.) 
 
 ineptus, because the ceremony 
 does not convey real freedom. 
 
 176-188. 'Is freedom compatible 
 with the vanity of the political aspirant, 
 who courts the mob and desires to be 
 remembered for the splendour of his 
 official shows? Or take the super- 
 stitious man, who observes Jewish cere- 
 monies and seeks to propitiate the 
 wrath of Isis — his bondage speaks for 
 itself The instances are rather awk- 
 wardly introduced, as we might have 
 expected that Persius, having at last 
 found real freedom, would dwell upon 
 it, rather than speak of other kinds of 
 slavery. But there is spirit in the 
 abruptness, which, at any rate, avoids 
 the faults of formality and sameness. 
 
 176. palpo, 1 . 112, equivalent to ' am- 
 bitor.' 
 
 ducit hiantem, imitated from 
 Hor. I S. 2. 88 ' emptorem inducat 
 hiantem,' and perhaps from Virg. G. 2. 
 508 foil, 'hunc plausus hiantem . . . 
 Corripuit,' where ' hiantem ' = ' avidum.' 
 The man follows with his mouth open, 
 expecting to receive something. The 
 sense of the passage appears to be, ' Is 
 the political aspirant free? if so, take 
 all the necessary steps to gratify your 
 ambition — these being described in 'such 
 a manner as to show that they are really 
 the badges of servitude. Persius is 
 probably imitating the way in which 
 Horace (i Ep. 6) puts the question 
 round about the true end of lite (e. g. 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 119 
 
 not even then.' Here, here is the man we're looking for. No 
 connexion with the straw which the stupid lictor tosses about. 
 
 'But perhaps the maker of smooth speeches, whom the white- 
 washed goddess of canvassing carries along with his mouth always 
 open, is master of himself? Oh, then, be astir early and late ; 
 overwhelm the squabbling populace with showers of vetches, that 
 the old gentlemen of the next generation, as they prose in the sun, 
 may have stories to tell of our feast of Flowers. Can anything 
 be finer ? But when Herod's day is come, and the lamps arranged 
 in the greasy windows with violets to support send up their unctuous 
 
 vv. 31 foil.) ' Virtutem verba putas, ut 
 Lucum ligna : cave ne portus occupet 
 alter ; ' compare also vv. 56 foil. 
 
 177. cretata = ' candidata : ' the gown 
 being rubbed witli chalk to make it 
 vifhiter. See Isidore Or. 19. 24. 6. 
 
 Ambitio, ' the goddess of canvas- 
 sing,' not to be rendered ambition, though 
 elsewhere the Latin word is nearly equi- 
 valent to the English. 
 
 vigila seems to be like ' lucet, ea- 
 mus' Hor. i Ep. 6. 56. 'Be on the 
 move early and late,' the requirements 
 of a canvass being apparently as exacting 
 as those of dependence on the great 
 and wealthy. Juv. 3. 127 foil., 5. 19 
 foil. 
 
 cioer. ' In cicere atque faba bona 
 tu perdasqne lupinis' Hor. 2 S. 3. 182. 
 A plebeian article of food. Hor. A. P. 
 249 ' fricti ciceris . . . et nucis emptor.' 
 Tickets for shows, money, etc. used to 
 be scrambled for. Mart. 8. 78, Suet. 
 Dom. 4. 
 
 178. rixanti, ' squabbling for a thing,' 
 • multo cum sanguine saepe Rixantes ' 
 Lucr. 6. 1286, of those who struggled 
 for funeral piles during the plague. 
 
 nostra, like ' eamus ' Hor. i Ep. 6. 
 56, the poet identifying himself with 
 the person addressed ' celebrated in our 
 aedileship.' 
 
 Floralia [see Marquardt, Rom. 
 AlterthUmer 6. p. 481. The festival of 
 Flora was kept from April 28 to May 3. 
 The immoralities of the Floralia are the 
 subject of complaint on the part of 
 philosophers and Christians ; see Lac- 
 tant. Inst. i. 20. 10, and Seneca Ep. 97. 
 7, quoted by Marquardt ib. p. 364 note.] 
 1 79. aprici = ' apricantes,' like ' ap- 
 ricis mergis' Virg. Aen. 5. 128. The 
 old men delight in basking, like the old 
 women, 4. 18, 19. 
 
 at. Jahn supposes the meaning to 
 be that the successful political aspirant, 
 apparently free, is really a slave to 
 superstition ; but it is evident that Per- 
 sius means to mark two kinds of slavery, 
 not one only. Whether he intends that 
 the same person is a slave in several re- 
 spects is not clear : the second person is 
 used here, as in various other places in 
 the Satire, but we need only suppose 
 that he means to touch his auditor's 
 conscience in one part, if he fails to do 
 so in others. So the end of Satires 3 
 and 4. At the same time there is nothing 
 incongruous in representing men of 
 worldly eminence as slaves to supersti- 
 tion. Horace, in his various mentions 
 of Judaism, evidently implies that it 
 was spreading, talked of among the 
 higher orders, if not favoured by them. 
 The account in the latter part of Juv. 
 Sat. 6 looks the same way. [Comp. an 
 often-quoted fragment of Seneca ap. 
 Augustin. Civ. D. 6. 11 'Cum interim 
 usque eo sceleratissimae gentis ' (ludae- 
 orum) 'consuetudo convaluit, ut per 
 omnes iam terra recepta sit: victl 
 victoribus leges dederunt.' A case 
 of the conversion of a noble Roman 
 lady to Judaism in the reign of Ti- 
 berius is mentioned by Josephus Ant. 
 18. 3 (4)-] 
 
 180. Herodis . . . dies seems to be 
 Herod's birthday, which would naturally 
 be celebrated by the Herodians. 
 
 fenestra. Lights were set up on 
 doors and windows at festivals. Juv. 
 12. 91 foil., and Mayor's note. Jahn 
 refers to Jos. Ant. 12. 11, Sen. Ep. 95, 
 compared by Casaubon, to show that it 
 was a Jewish custom. Comp. Tertull. 
 Apol. 35 ' cur die laeto non . . . lucernis 
 diem inJTringimus ? ' 
 
 181. pinguem nebulam vomuere 
 
120 
 
 PERSII 
 
 portantes violas, rubrumque amplexa catinum 
 Cauda natat thynni, tumet alba fidelia vino : 
 labra moves tacitus recutitaque sabbata palles 
 turn nigri lemures ovoque pericula rupto, 
 turn grandes galli et cum sistro lusca saceroos 
 incussere deos inflantis corpora, si non 
 praedictumj ter mane^ caput gustaveris alii.' 
 Dixeris haec inter varicosos centuriones, 
 continue crassum ridet Pulfennius ingens, 
 et centum Graecos curto centusse licetur. ^* 
 
 185 
 
 190 
 
 [183. nat a. tymni C 1S4. reculit atque 0. \it). fericulo a. 186. hinc 
 grandesC. luscra a. iSS. alii C. igo. /ul/em'us a, pul/enius C Jgi.cureoa. 
 ligetur a.] 
 
 is illustrated by Tertnll. 1. c. ' clarissimis 
 lucernis vestibula nebulabant' (where 
 however another readiDgis * enubilabant/ 
 which would agree better with ' claris- 
 simis'), Sen. 1. c. 'nee lumine di egent 
 et ne homines quidem delectantur^/«- 
 gine^ 
 
 , 182. violas, another mark of rejoic- 
 ing. Juv. 12. 90 ' omnes violae iactabo 
 colores.' 
 
 amplexa catinmn, ' coiled round 
 the dish,' indicating the size of the 
 tunny's tail. ' Angustoque vagospisces 
 urgere catino ' Hor. 2 S. 4. 77. 
 
 183. The tunny was frequently used 
 in sacrifices, being eaten at the temple, 
 according to the Scholia, which however 
 may only be reasoning from the present 
 passage. The tail of the tunny is large. 
 Persius probably refers to the whole fish, 
 not to the tail merely. 
 
 natat seems to be like ' vagos ' in 
 Hor. 1. c., referring to the nature of the 
 fish in its native element, so that there 
 is a contrast between ' amplexa ' and 
 ' natat,' as between 'vagos' and 'angusto 
 urgere.' Compare Ov. A. A. i. 516 
 ' Nee vagus in laxa pes tibi pelle natet' 
 
 tunaet, probably referring to the 
 bulging shape of the jar, which seemed 
 to expand with the wine. The expres- 
 sions in this and the preceding lines 
 appear to be intentionally contempt- 
 uous ; but Persius is apt to paint rather 
 coarsely, even where he does not mean 
 to ridicule. 
 
 184. 'Labra movet, metnens audiri' 
 
 Hot. 1 Ep. 16. 60, of muttered prayer. 
 
 sabbata palles. ' Metuentem sab- 
 bata patrem ' Juv. 14. 96, and Mayor's 
 note. Persius seems to mix up feasts 
 and fasts rather strangely, apparently 
 with the notion that all the Jewish ob- 
 servances were gloomy. 
 
 palles, as in Hor. 3 Od. 27. 28. 
 185. Having begun to speak of super- 
 stition, Persius proceeds to enumerate 
 other kinds. 
 
 turn, 'next,' as if the same person 
 indulged each kind in order. Note on 
 V. 179. 
 
 nigri, not strictly equivalent to 
 ' noctnrni,' though the association of 
 night with images of terror doubtless 
 gives occasion to the conception. 
 
 lemures. Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 208 '.Som- 
 nia, terrores magicos, miracula, sagas, 
 Noctumos lemures, portentaque Thessala 
 rides?' 
 
 lemures and perioula are ap- 
 parently constructed with ' incussere,' 
 though in that case we must suppose a 
 zeugma. 
 
 ovo perioula rupto. The Scholia 
 say priests used to put eggs on the fire 
 and observe whether the moisture came 
 out from the side or the top, the burst- 
 ing of the egg being considered a very 
 dangerous sign. This observation was 
 called dioaKoniicij, Jahn. 
 
 186. Two kinds of superstition — the 
 old one of Cybele and the latter one of 
 Isis imported from Egypt. 
 
 grandes gaUi, like Juvenal's ' in- 
 
SAT. V. 
 
 121 
 
 clouds, and a tunny's tail expatiates in a curled state round a red 
 dish, and the white jar is bulging with wine, you move your lips 
 in silence and turn pale at the circumcised sabbath. Then there 
 are black hobgoblins and the perils of the broken eggshell; there 
 are the big orders of Cybele, and the one-eyed priestess with her 
 timbrel, hammering into you gods who make your body swell all 
 over, unless you have taken the prescribed morning dose, three 
 mouthfuls of a head of garlic' 
 
 Talk in this way among the military gentlemen with the large 
 calves, that great overgrown Pulfennius breaks into a horse-laugh 
 in your face, and offers a clipped hundred-as piece for a lot of a 
 hundred Greeks. 
 
 gens Semivir' (6. 512). Compare also 
 the following lines, where he speaks of 
 the worshippers of Isis. 
 
 sistro. ' Isis et irato feriat mea 
 Inmina sistro ' Juv. 13. 93, Mayor's note, 
 where Ov. ex Ponto i. i. 51 foil, is 
 quoted to show that blindness was a 
 special visitation from Isis. Hence the 
 priestess is supposed to be called lusca, 
 as having herself felt the wrath of the 
 goddess. Visconti (Mus. Pio. CI. 5. p. 60 
 foil.) ap. Jahn speaks of two seals which 
 represent Egyptian priests as one-eyed. 
 
 187. ' Incutere metnm, terrorem, for- 
 midinem, religionem,' are all found. See 
 Freund. Persins, as is his wont, 
 strengthens the expression. Compare 
 Virg. Aen. 5. 679 ' excussaqiie pectore 
 luno est ; ' ib. 6. ; 8 ' magnum si pectore 
 possit Excussisse deum.' 
 
 inflantis, seemingly of the swelling 
 of the whole body by disease, as in 2. 
 I4i 3- 96i rather than of ulcers. The 
 present participle seems to express the 
 habit, so that ' inflantis si non gusta- 
 veris ' = ' qui inflabunt si non gustaveris.' 
 
 188. praediotum,' prescribed.' 'Prae- 
 dictaque dona ferebat' Stat. Achill. 2. 
 
 145- 
 
 caput . . . alii. Col. 6. 34. i. So 
 'caput porri, ulpici." The custom appears 
 to be mentioned nowhere else. 
 
 189-191. ' Talk in this way to the 
 soldiers, and they will set you down as 
 a fool.' So much is clear, that Persins 
 wishes to give a parting kick to his old 
 enemies the soldiers ; but whether he 
 speaks indignantly, ' And yet all this 
 jprecious truth is laughed down,' or defi- 
 
 antly, ' All this is true, though, or even 
 because the soldiers laugh at it,' is not 
 easy to see. 
 
 189. See 3. 77 note. 
 varicosos. ' Varicosus fiet haru- 
 
 spex ' Juv. 6. 397, from being always 
 on his legs. So here the soldiers, from 
 being always on the move. ' Grandes 
 magna ad subsellia surae ' Juv. 16. 14, 
 of the military. Compare id. 24, 3. 248. 
 [Fronto ad Verum i ' scilicet hoc te a 
 centurionibus vel primipilaribus, ele- 
 gantissimis altercatoribus, didicisse ! '] 
 
 190. orassum ridet, like ' snbrisit 
 molle ' 3. 1 10. Horace's ' dulce ridere,' 
 ' ridere decorum.' 
 
 ridet, as in 3. 89. 
 [Pulfennius, not ' Fulfennius ' (see 
 critical note) is the right form. C. I. L. 
 5. 7814 'L. Polfennius Cerdo;' 'Pul- 
 fennius ' C. I. L. 10. 4864, 4873, 4985 ; 
 9. 3354. A name ' Pnlfatius ' is found in 
 an inscription at Ostia, C. I. L. 14. 1519.] 
 
 ingens, like 'torosa inventus ' 3. 
 89, ' caloni alto ' v. 95. 
 
 191. Compare 3. 79. 
 
 G^a^cos, like ' doctores Graios ' 6. 
 38, contemptuously, philosophy being 
 hated not only for its own sake but as 
 a foreign importation. 
 
 ourto, he will not even bid a whole 
 centussis,but only a clipped coin. [' Tan- 
 quam nonaginta novem,' Schol.] The 
 abl. of price. Compare Plant. Capt. 274 
 ' Eugepae ! Thalem talento non emam 
 Milesium.' [Varro Trfpf ihtaiiAraiv ap. 
 Gell. 15. 19. 2 'nunc ilium (panem) qui 
 norunt volunt emere milibus centum, te 
 qui novit nemo centussis.'j 
 
SATURA VI. 
 
 Admovit iam bruma foco te, Basse, Sabino ? 
 iamne lyra et tetrico vivunt tibi pectine chordae? 
 mire opifex numeris veterum primordia vocum 
 atque marem strepitum fidis intendisse Latinae, 
 mox iuvenes agitare iocos et pollice honesto 
 egregius lusisse senex. mihi nunc Ligus ora 
 intepet hibernatque meum mare, qua latus ingens 
 
 [2. neclyra a. tricae C. 5. Uim iuvenes Servius Aen. I. 306. 6. ius- 
 
 sisse a. senes T. ligusyora a. 7. hibetnatq-ue a, hiberna que C] 
 
 A vindication of his right to spend his 
 income in moderate enjoyment. To 
 Caesius Bassus, mentioned in Persius^ 
 life as one of his intimate friends, de- 
 puted {by Cormitus) to edit his Satires 
 after his death — classed with Horace as 
 a lyric poet by Quintilian (10. jC. 96), 
 •who however thinks him inferior to 
 some of his contemporaries ; killed^ ac- 
 cording to the Scholia, in the famous 
 eruption of Vesuvius^probahly the savie 
 'with the author of a treatise on Metres, 
 which is referred to by Maximus Victo- 
 rinus, Terentianus Maurus, Diomedes, 
 and Rufinus, and still exists in an 
 interpolated epitome — but different from 
 Gavius Bassus, who wrote works on the 
 origin and signification of words, and 
 on the gods. John. 
 
 [The text of this Satire might be 
 taken from the words of Seneca, Ep. 5. 
 3, 4: 'hoc primnm philosophia pro- 
 mittit, sensum communem, humanita- 
 tem et congregationera ' ■- ' frugalitatem 
 exigit philosophia, non poenam.'] 
 
 i-ii. 'Are you wintering in your 
 Sabine retreat and writing verses there ? 
 I am living in my retirement on the 
 Ligurian coast, at Ennius' favourite 
 port of Luna.' 
 
 1. Compare Hor. i Ep. 7. 10 ' Quod 
 
 si bruma nives Albanis illinet agris. Ad 
 mare descendet vates tuus,' etc., also 2 
 S. 3. 5 foil. 
 
 bruma = ' the depth of winter. 
 
 foco . . . Sabino, as Jahn thinks, 
 suggests the notion of primitive life 
 (Virg. G. 2. 532, etc.) which would be 
 in keeping with what follows about 
 Bassus' tastes. 
 
 2. tetrioo. ' Tetrica ac tristis disci- 
 plina Sabinorum ' Livy i. 18. 
 
 vivunt here = ' vigent,' with ^hich 
 it is sometimes coupled. 
 
 3. mire, adv. or adj., if the latter, 
 compare Hor. 2 S. 4. 7 ' Sive est naturae 
 hoc sive artis, viirus utroque.' 
 
 opifex . . . intendisse, Epil. 11. 
 
 primordia vooum, from Lucr. 4. 
 !;3i, where it signifies the beginnings of 
 articulate sound. Here it is apparently 
 to be explained by ' tetrico pectine ' and 
 'marem strepitum,' of the simple and 
 manly versification of antiquity, which 
 Bassus doubtless affected. Persius pro- 
 bably thought of Virg. Aen. 6. 646 ' Ob- 
 loquitnr numeris septem discrimina 
 vocum.'' 
 
 numeris . . . intendisse. With re- 
 ference to the stringing of the lyre, Virg. 
 Aen. 9. 776, speaks of stringing the 
 numbers on the chords; and Persius 
 
SATIRE VI. 
 
 Has winter made you move yet to your Sabine fireside, dear 
 Bassus? are your lyre and its strings and the austere quill that 
 runs over them yet in force? Marvellous artist as you are at set- 
 ting to music the primitive antiquities of our language, the manly 
 utterance of the Latian harp, and then showing yourself excellent 
 in your old age at wakening young loves and frolicking over the 
 chords with a virtuous touch. As for me, the Ligurian coast is 
 giving me the benefit of its warmth, and the sea is wintering just 
 
 goes further, and talks of stringing 
 sounds on the numbers. 
 
 vocum [, which properly means 
 'notes,'] may denote archaism of lan- 
 guage as well as of metre ; but there 
 appears not the slightest reason to sup- 
 pose with Jahn that Bassus actually 
 wrote a poem on the subject of lan- 
 guage. 
 
 4. marem strepitum: like 'mares 
 animos ' Hor. A. P. 402. 
 
 fldis . . . Iiatinae, like Horace's 
 boast, 4 Od. 3. 23, 1 Ep. 19. 33 ; compare 
 also I Ep. 3.12. ' Our national lyre,' 
 except that Persius prob.ibly lays a 
 further stress on ' Latinae,' and means 
 that Bassus kept up the ancient national 
 character of Roman poetry, as opposed 
 to later refinements. 
 
 5. iuvenes . . . iocos, like ' marem 
 strepitum.' 
 
 agitare iocos, in Ov. M. 3. 319 = 
 ' iocari.' Here it seems to mean rather 
 more — 'to busy one's self with young 
 love,' as a writer, not as an actor. 
 ' Agitare ' follows the sense of ' .igere.' 
 
 iocus in the favourite Horatian 
 sense of love, so that ' iuvenes agitare 
 iocos ' is nearly = ' iuvenum curas referre ' 
 Hor. A. P. 82, a natural subject of lyric 
 poetry. 
 
 honesto seems rightly explained by 
 Jahn as emphatic, the tones of Bassus' 
 love-lyric's suiting not only the lightness 
 of yoiith but the gravity of old age. 
 
 6. egregius is the reading of a few of 
 
 the best MSS., approved by Bentley on 
 Hor. I Od. I. 5. 
 
 lusisse, like ' iocos,' with a refer- 
 ence to love (Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 214), as well 
 as to composition (Virg. E. 1. 10). A 
 poet is said to do the deed he writes 
 about, Virg. E. 9. 19 : [comp. Thuc. i. 
 5 oi iiaKaiol Toiv TroirfTwv rds itij(XT€is tSjv 
 KaTa-nKedvTav . . . fpariuvTes.'] 
 
 luihi. The Scholia say that Per- 
 sius' mother married a second time in 
 Liguria, so he would naturally reside 
 there. [Ernst Curtius, ' De Auli Persii 
 Flacci Patria,' one of the papers in 
 the ' Satura Philologica ' published in 
 honour of H. Sauppe, thinks it probable 
 that the whole district between the pro- 
 montory of Volaterrae or Populonia 
 and the harbour of Luna was subject to 
 Volaterrae ; and that Persius was there- 
 fore still within the precincts of his 
 native town.] 
 
 Iiigus era, like ' femlna Ligus ' 
 Tac. Hist. 2. 13. 
 
 7. 'Et lacus aestivis intepet Umber 
 aquis' Prop. 4. i. 124. 'Est ubi plus 
 tepeant hiemes ' Hor. i Ep. 10. 15. 
 •Tepidas brumas' 2 Od. 6. 17. 
 
 hibernat, like Horace's ' hiemat ' 
 (2 S. 2. 17), where however s/tarp 
 wintry weather is meant. [The expres- 
 sion 'aquis hiemantibus' is remarked 
 upon by Sen. Ep. 114. 19 as used by 
 Sallust.] 
 
 meum, not merely ' my residence,' 
 but ' suiting me,' ' kind to me.' 
 
124 
 
 PERSII 
 
 dant scopuli et multa litus se valle receptat. 
 
 ■ Lunai portum, est operae, cognoscite, cives ! ' 
 
 cor iubet hoc Enni, postquam destertuit esse lo 
 
 Maeonides Quintus pavone ex Pythagoreo. 
 
 Hie ego securus vulgi et quid praeparet auster 
 infelix pecori, securus et angulus ille 
 vicini nostro quia pinguior, etsi adeo omnes 
 ditescant orti peioribus, usque recusem 15 
 
 curvus ob id minui senio aut cenare sine uncto, 
 et signum in vapida naso tetigisse lagoena. 
 discrepet his ahus! geminos, horoscope, varo 
 producis genio. solis natalibus est qui 
 
 [g. lutii a. p-aetumC cognoscere C. \\. faDonem aZ. quinto pavone 
 
 ex Pythagoreo Charis. p. 98 Keil. 15. horti a C. 16. aiti a C. un/o a. 
 
 18. varro a. 19. ingenio C es qtii C^ 
 
 8. dant . . . latus, as in Virg. Aen. 
 I. 105 = ' obiciunt latus,' the sea being 
 sheltered by the rocks forming the port. 
 
 valle for ' sinu,' as if the scene 
 were inland. Abl. of manner. 
 
 se . . . reoeptat, as in Virg. G. i. 
 336, the freq. here perhaps marking the 
 numerous bends. Jahn. 
 
 9. A. line from Ennius, Ann. 16. 
 (Vahlen.) 
 
 est operae, parenthetical, like ' fas 
 est ' V. 25, ' venit Hesperus ' Virg. E. 
 10. 77. 
 
 opera, for opportunity or working 
 time, especially in the gen., which seems 
 to be partitive. ' Operae mi ubi erit, 
 ad te venero' Plant. True. 883. 
 
 cognoscite, not ' cognoscere,' is 
 the reading of the best MSS. ' Cogno- 
 scere,' of listening to a narrative, as 
 [often in Cicero, and] in Juv. 3. 288. 
 
 cives (as Jahn says) is a mark of 
 the simple gravity of the old man. So 
 his epitaph, 'Adspicite, O cives, senis 
 Enni imaginis formam.' 
 
 10. oor. Ennius used to say that he 
 had i/iree hearts, because he understood 
 Greek, Latin, and Oscan. Gell. 17. 17. 
 I, referred to by Plautius. The heart 
 was often spoken of as the seat of the 
 understanding: comp. Cic. Tusc. i. 9, 
 where Ennius is quoted as using ' cor- 
 datus ' for wise. ' Curis acuens mortalia 
 corda' Virg. G. 1. 123. 
 
 oor . . . Enni, pevipb., like ' virtus 
 Scipiadae' Hor. 2 S. i. 72. 
 
 destertuit, found elsewhere ? For 
 Ennius' dreams, compare on Epil. 2 
 foil. 
 
 II. From Cic. Ac. pr. 2. 16 and Lucr. 
 I. 120 foil., it would appear that Ennius 
 did not pretend to have been changed 
 into Homer, but only to have seen him 
 in a vision. Britannicus however, on 
 Epil. 3 and here, refers to Porphyrio for 
 the statement that Ennius said at the 
 beginning of his Annals that Homer's 
 spirit had passed into him in sleep. 
 Homer's revelations however turned on 
 the doctrine of metempsychosis, he 
 having been a peacock in one stage of 
 the process (note on Epil. 2), and so 
 Persins represents Ennius as having been 
 himself Homer and peacock, just as 
 in Epil. 3 he uses the word 'memini,' 
 as if it were Ennius' word about his 
 own recollection, when it was really 
 used of Homer's. Thus in Hor. 2 S. 5. 
 41 Furius is confounded with his own 
 Jupiter. 
 
 Quintus is explained by the Scho- 
 lia as if it were a numeral — the stages 
 being a peacock, Euphorbus, Homer, 
 Pythagoras, Ennius. Persius might very 
 well have intended a pun ; but then we 
 should rather have had ' a ' than ' ex,' as 
 in ' alter ab illo,' ' a love tertius Aiax,' 
 even if this gradation of transformations 
 
SAT. VI. 
 
 12 = 
 
 as I like it to do, where the sides of the cliffs present a vast barrier, 
 and the shore retires into a deep bay. 'Acquaint yourselves with 
 the haven of Luna, now's your time, good people all ! ' so says 
 Ennius' brain, when he had been roused from dreaming himself 
 Maeonides Quintus developed out of Pythagoras' peacock. 
 
 While I live here, without a care for the vulgar or for what mis- 
 chief the south wind may be brewing for the cattle, without a care 
 either because that nook of my neighbour's is better land than 
 mine, even if all my inferiors in birth should grow rich over my 
 head, I would stick to my resolution, seeing no reason why 7 should 
 lose my height and my bulk with premature old age, or dine with- 
 out something savoury, or poke my nose into the seal of a bottle 
 of flat wine. Another man may take a different view ; aye, good 
 horoscope, you sometimes give birth to twins whose star is strangely 
 different. You will find a man who on his birthday, of all days in 
 
 were established. Should Quintus be 
 taken with Maeonides, as if it were a 
 double name, Ennius and Homer in 
 one, Homer with a Roman praenomen ? 
 •The names were sometimes reversed in 
 poetry, and Homer's would naturally 
 take the precedence. ' Quintus. fiam e 
 Sosia' Plant. Amph. 305. 
 
 12-24. 'Here I live, undisturbed by 
 thoughts of public opinion, a bad 
 season, or the success of my neighbours. 
 Let who will grow rich, why should I 
 stint myself? Men have different pas- 
 sions, one for spending, one for spar- 
 ing : I will enjoy myself without run- 
 ning into either extreme.' 
 
 12. seourus, with gen., Virg. Aen. i. 
 
 35°- 
 
 quid, etc. ' Quid cogitet umidus 
 Auster' Virg. G. i. 462. For the 
 double construction, see 3. 51. 
 
 13. ' Arboribnsque satisque Notus 
 pecorique sinister' Virg. G. i. 444, 
 ' nocentem Corporibus . . . Austrum ' 
 Hor. 2 Od. 14. 15, 'plumbeus Auster' 
 i S. 6. 18. 
 
 infelix, with dat., Virg. G. J. 
 
 239- 
 
 securus put before et for the sake 
 of emphasis. ' Aeneas ignarus abest 
 . . . ignarus et absit' Virg. Aen. 10. 
 85. 
 
 angulus. ' O si angulus ille Proxi- 
 mus accedat' Hor. 2 S. 6. 8. 'ilk ter- 
 rarum mihi praeter omnes Angulus 
 ridet' 2 Od. 6. 13. 
 
 14. adeo, emphatic. ' Though not 
 only, one man of inferior extraction but 
 all should grow rich. 
 
 15. Hor. 1. c. 
 
 16. minui, 'to shrink or lose ilesh.' 
 senio. i. 26. 'Amore senescit 
 
 habendi' Hor. i Ep. 7. 85. 
 
 unctvun, ' a dainty,' as in Hor. i 
 Ep. 17. 12, A. P. 422 (compare i Ep. 
 15. 44 'ubi quid melius contingit et 
 unctius '). 
 
 17. ' Signo laeso non insanire la- 
 goenae ' Hor. 2 Ep. a. 134. 
 
 naso tetigisse. Scrutinizing the 
 state of the seal so closely that he can 
 touch it with his nose, and so learn by 
 the smell that it is good for nothing. 
 A condensed picture, ' more Persii.' 
 
 18. ' Another man may differ from 
 these tastes of mine if he likes — indeed 
 twin brothers do not always think 
 alike.' 
 
 geminos ; sentiment from Hor. 
 2 Ep. 2. 183 foil. 
 
 horoscope, Manil. 3. 190, 200. 
 
 varo . . . genio may either be a 
 genius with two aspects, the same 
 genius presiding over both, or a genius 
 differing from the genius of the other, 
 just as ' varus ' in its literal sense is an 
 epithet both of a bowlegged man and 
 of the legs themselves. 
 
 19. produois, of birth. ' Ego is sum 
 quite produxi pater' Plant. Rud. 1173 ; 
 ' cum geminos produceret Arria natos ' 
 Prop. 4. 1. 89. Elsewhere of education, 
 
10,6 
 
 PERSII 
 
 tinguat holus siccum muria vafer in calice empta, 
 ipse sacrum inrorans patinae piper; hie bona dente 
 grandia magnanimus peragit puer. utar ego, utar, 
 nee rhombos ideo libertis ponere lautus, 
 nee tenuis sellers turdarum nosse salivas. 
 
 Messe tenus propria vive et granaria, fas est, 
 emole ; quid metuis ? occa, et seges altera in herba est. 
 ' Ast vocat officium : trabe rupta Bruttia saxa 
 prendit amicus inops, remque omnem surdaque vota 
 condidit lonio ; iacet ipse in litore et una 
 ingentes de puppe dei, iamque obvia mergis 
 costa ratis lacerae.' nunc et de caespite vivo 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 [23. scombros a, lautis a. 24. turdorum a, turdarum C, testantar Pompeius 
 Commentuin p. 161 Keil, Sergius in Donatum p. 494 Keil. 26. emule a. 
 
 metuis a, titetuas C. 27. avocat vel advocat officium. C, correxit idem. 
 
 29. iovio a. 30. deliamque C. mergit A.] 
 
 ' Et laevo monitu pueros producit 
 avaros' Juv. 14. 228. 
 
 19. natalibus, i. 16 note, 2. i foil. 
 Hor. 2 S. i. 60, which Persius has in 
 view. 
 
 soils, unlike Horace's Avidienus, 
 he keeps no other feast. 
 
 20. tinguat, not expressive of mean- 
 ness, but simply opp. to siccum, which 
 is itself opp. to ' unctum' v. 16. 
 
 miuria was an ingredient in sauce 
 (' ius ') along with oil (Hor. 2 S. 4. 65), 
 so that the miser may have used it as a 
 substitute for oil, which was the ordi- 
 nary accompaniment; v. 68, Hor. 2 S. 
 2.58,3.125. 
 
 vafer, of the low cunning of parsi- 
 mony. 
 
 empta, with 'muria.' It was 
 bought in a cup for the occasion, not 
 kept in a jar in the storeroom. 
 
 21. ipse, emphatic, as in Hor. 2. S. 
 2. 61. 
 
 sacrum. Hor. i S. i. 71, 2 S. 3. 
 no; perhaps referring, as Jahn thinks, 
 to such expressions as Homer's dAs 
 Bilo^ : the language of early religion. 
 
 inrorans, like ' instillat ' Hor. 2 S. 
 2. 62. 
 
 22. Imitated from Hor. i Ep. 15. 27 
 ' rebus maternis atque patemis Fortiter 
 
 ^tis^ Compare also Ov. M. 8. 
 
 847 ' demisso in viscera censu,' which 
 Juv. II. 40 has copied. 
 
 magnanimus, like ' fortiter,' as if 
 the undertaking were a great one, refer- 
 ring also to the spirit of generosity or 
 fi(ya\oil'Vxia, on which the spendthrift 
 would pride himself. 
 
 peragit answers to our 'gets 
 through.' 
 
 puer, ' while yet a youth.' Giffotd 
 notices the rapidity of the metre : con- 
 trast it with the slowness of v. 20. 
 
 utar. Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 190 ' Utar, et 
 ex modico, quantum res poscet,' acervo 
 ToUam, nee metuam quid de me indicet 
 heres. Quod non plura datis inve- 
 nerit.' 
 
 23. rhombos. Hor. 2 S. 2. 47, Epod. 
 2. 50, Juv. 4 passim. 
 
 ponere. i. 63. , . 
 
 lautus ponere. Epil. 11. 
 
 24. tenuis ; ' exacta tenui ratipne 
 saporum ' Hor. 2 S. 4. 36. Jahn. 
 
 sellers. 5. 37. 
 
 turdarum, fem. for the sake of 
 variety, or perhaps, as the Scholia say, 
 because epicures could distinguish the 
 gender of thrushes as well as their 
 breeding by the taste. Thrushes were 
 great delicacies, Hor. 2 S. 5. 10, i Ep. 
 15. 41. 
 
 saliva, for ' sapor,' effect for cause. 
 
SAT. VI. 
 
 137 
 
 the year, sprinkles his dry vegetables with brine, like a knowing 
 dog as he is, bought in a cup and shakes the precious pepper 
 over his plate with his own hand, while here you have a fine spirited 
 young fellow gobbling through an immense estate. Enjoyment, 
 enjoyment for me, not that I go to the expense of serving up 
 turbots for my freedmen or am a connoisseur in the delicate juices 
 of hen thrushes. 
 
 Live up to the produce of your own estate each year. Grind out 
 your granaries : you may, without fear, you have only to harrow, 
 and a new crop is already in the blade. ' Aye, but there are claims 
 on me, a shipwrecked friend is clinging forlornly to the Bruttian 
 cliffs; all his means and his prayers are drowned in the deep Io- 
 nian waters ; he is now lying on the beach, and with him the huge 
 gods from his vessel's stern, and the ribs of the wreck which are 
 beginning to invite the cormorants.' Now, then, break a bit of 
 turf from your landed capital, and be generous to the poor man, 
 that he may not have to go about with his picture on a board of 
 
 ' Sua cuiqne vino saliva innocentissima 
 est ' Plin. 23. 40. 
 
 25-40. ' Live up to your means. 
 You want to be able to help your 
 friends? Very well, then sell some- 
 thing — the emergency will justify you. 
 Your heir will resent this, and visit it 
 on you by giving you a mean funeral, 
 and morose censors will say it all comes 
 of foreign philosophy. Will this trouble 
 yon in your grave ? ' 
 
 25. messe, 'the year's harvest.' 
 Jahn's construction making tenus adv. 
 is very harsh. 
 
 propria, opp. to 'aliena.' 'Live 
 up to your income, but not beyond.' 
 
 vive, of supporting life. Hor. i 
 Ep. 12. 8, 2 Ep. I. 123. 
 
 granaria. 5. no. 
 
 26. emolere granaria, a strong ex- 
 pression. ' Grind out your granaries ' = 
 have all your store ground up for use. 
 
 in herba est, ' is already in the 
 blade.' ' Luxuriem segetum tenera de- 
 pascit in herba' Virg. G. i. 112,'adhuc 
 tua messis in herba est' Ov. Her. 17. 
 263. 
 
 27. A supposed objection — 'if I 
 spend my income, how shall I be able 
 to serve a friend in an emergency ? ' 
 
 vooat offloium. Juv. 3. 239. 
 Here ' oiificium ' is relative duty, as in 
 Cicero's treatise. 
 
 trabe rupta. 1.89 note. 'Frao- 
 tis trabibus' Juv. 14. 296. 
 
 28. prendit. ' Prensantemque uncis 
 manibus capita aspera mentis' Virg. 
 Aen. 6. 360. Casaubon. 
 
 surda, 'unheard.' 'Istius tibi sit 
 surda sine arte lyra' Prop. 3. 5. 58, 
 ' surdo verbere caedit' Juv. 13. 194. 
 
 vota condidit, as vows are said 
 ' cadere.' 
 
 30. Paintings, not imnges, of the 
 gods. ' Aurato fulgebat Apolline pup- 
 pis ' Virg. Aen. 10. 171. 
 
 dei shows that there were some- 
 times more than one, and so Hor. i Od. 
 14. 10 ' Non di (integri) quos iterum 
 pressa voces malo.' The mention of 
 the gods seems merely ornamental, not 
 indicative, as Tumebus ap. Stocker 
 thinks, of the shipwrecked man's piety. 
 
 mergis. Jahn compares Hor. 
 Epod. 10. 21 'Opima quod si praeda 
 curvo litore Porrecta merges iuveris. 
 
 31. costa, of a ship. Plin. 13. 63, 
 also Virg. Aen. 2. 16, where the lan- 
 guage is from shipbuilding. 
 
 lacerae. ' At laceras etiam puppes 
 furiosa refeci' Ov. Her. 2. 45. 
 
 caespite vivo, of turf growing. 
 Hor. I Od. 13. 19, Ov. M. 4. 300. Here 
 for the mass of landed property, from 
 which something is to be sacrificed, with 
 reference to the phrase ' de vivo detra- 
 
128 
 
 PERSII 
 
 35 
 
 frange aliquid, largire inopi, ne pictus oberret 
 
 caerulea in tabula, sed cenam funeris heres 
 
 negleget, iratus quod rem curtaveris ; urnae 
 
 ossa inodora dabit, seu spirent cinnama surdum, 
 
 seu ceraso peccent casiae, nescire paratus. 
 
 tune bona incolumis minuas? et Bestius urguet 
 
 doctores Graios, ' Ita fit, postquam sapere urbi 
 
 cum pipere et palmis venit nostrum hoc maris expers ; 
 
 fenisecae crasso vitiarunt unguine pultes.' 40 
 
 haec cinere ulterior metuas? At tu, meus heres 
 
 quisquis eris, paulum a turba seductior audi. 
 
 o bone, num ignoras? missa est a Caesare laurus 
 
 insignem ob cladem Germanae pubis, et aris 
 
 [34. neglegat B. rem om. o. 
 dora . . . aut inhonora ' Schol. 
 39. ^iper a C. 40. crassa a. 
 
 ignoras a.] 
 
 35. hossa a. inhonora a, inodora C : '/««- 
 
 ^6. picent a. castaeC. 37. eta, sed C. 
 
 41. hie meride ulterior a. 43. obenum 
 
 here ' or ' resecare,' to deduct from the 
 capital. ' Dat de lucro : nihil detrahit 
 de vivo ' Cic. Fl. 37. 
 
 33. pictus. I. 89 note. 
 
 33. caerulea, as it would be a sea- 
 piece, doubtless with a daub of green all 
 over. 
 
 in tabula with 'pictus.' 
 
 cenam funeris, ' the funeral ban- 
 quet,' given to the friends of the de- 
 ceased, and sometimes to the public 
 (Suet. Caes. 26) : distinguished from 
 the scanty meal left on the tomb for the 
 dead, 'feralis ceua' Juv. 5. 85, or 'no- 
 vendialis.' Jahn. The sentiment from 
 Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 191, quoted on v. 22. 
 
 34. iratus with quod, 
 curtaveris. ' Quantulum enim 
 
 summae curtabit quisque dierum ' Hor. 
 2 S. 3. 124, ' Cnrtae nescio quid semper 
 abest rei ' 3 Od. 24. 64. 
 
 35. ['Inhonora' Bucheler. See 
 critical note.] Spices were thrown into 
 the funeral fire. ' Congesta cremantur 
 Turea dona ' Virg. Aen. 6. 2 24. ' Cur 
 nardo flammae non oluere meae ? ' Prop. 
 
 4- 7- 32. 
 
 surdum, of smell, like ' exsurdare ' 
 Hor. 2 S. 8. 38, of taste. 
 
 36. oeraso. Adulteration with cherry 
 bark, mentioned nowhere else, though 
 
 Pliny (12. 98) speaks of adulteration 
 with storax and laurel twigs. 
 
 ' Dum myrrham et casiam flebilis 
 uxor emit' Mart. 10. 97. 2. Jahn. 
 
 Spirent . . . pecoent mark that 
 the clauses are dependent on nescire. 
 He knows not which of the two be the 
 cause — rhetorically equivalent to saying 
 he knows nothing of either. 
 
 paratus. 1. 132. Here expressing 
 deliberation. 
 
 37. The heir's reply to the complaint. 
 Incolumis ='inpune,' perhaps with an 
 antithetical reference to miuuas, 'Are 
 you to impair your property and lose 
 nothing in your own person ? ' [Jahn 
 in his text of 1868, following the sug- 
 gestion of Sinner, transposes ' tune bona 
 incolumis minuas' to v. 41, and 'haec 
 cinere ulterior metuas ' in v. 41 to this 
 line : Biicheler returns to the old 
 order.] 
 
 Bestius. Hor. i Ep. 15. 37. In- 
 troduced here ' more Persii ' (2. 14 note), 
 and awkwardly enough, as the charge 
 against philosophy has no relation to 
 the context. 
 
 38. Ita fit. Cic. N. D. 3. 37 'Ita 
 fit : illi enim nusquam picti sunt qui 
 naufragia fecerunt in marique perierunt.' 
 ' This is the history of it.' Bestius seems 
 
SAT. VI. 
 
 129 
 
 sea-green. But your heir will neglect your funeral feast in revenge 
 for your clipping your property : he will put your ashes into the 
 urn in an unfragrant state, resolved to ask no questions, whether 
 it be that the cinnamon has lost its sense of smell, or that the 
 casia has become involved with cherry bark. As if you were going 
 to impair your property and lose nothing in your own person ! 
 And Bestius is severe on the Greek teachers, 'That's how it is, 
 ever since this unpickled philosophy of ours came to town with 
 pepper and dates, our haymakers have spoilt their .porridge with 
 those nasty thick oils.' Do you mean to say that you would be 
 afraid of this on the other side of the grave ? However, my heir, 
 whoever he may be, will perhaps step aside from the crowd and 
 let me say a word to him. My good sir, haven't you heard the 
 news ? bays have arrived from the emperor in honour of a signal 
 victory over the Germans; the cold ashes are being shovelled away 
 
 to censure everybody : the rich man for 
 spending money and also for wanting an 
 expensive funeral, and the heir for 
 grumbling at having no more to spend, 
 sapere. i . 9. 
 
 39. Everything is jumbled in the con- 
 demnation : foreign pepper (5. 55, 136), 
 foreign palms, and foreign notions. 
 
 palmis, ' dates.' ' Quid vult palma 
 sibi rugosaque carica (dixiV Ov. F. i. 
 185, Freund ; or perhaps oil, Cato R. R. 
 113, Jahn. 
 
 nostrum, of the age. 1.9,2.62. 
 
 maris ezpers, from Hor. 2 S. 8. 
 15 'Chium maris expers,' not mixed 
 with salt water, which was supposed to 
 make the wine more wholesome (Athen. 
 I. p. 32 D, repeated by JahS), and so 
 Jahn understands it here. The metaphor 
 from wine would agree with 5. 117, 
 and with the classification with pepper 
 and palms. ' Maris expers' = ' insulsum ' 
 (Heinrich), so that ' sapere maris ex- 
 pers ' would be an oxymoron. Casau- 
 bon takes ' maris ' from ' mas,' in which 
 case Persius must have intended a pun, 
 as he evidently took the words from 
 Horace. 
 
 40. faenisex is the commoner form, 
 crasso . . . unguine, an epithet of 
 
 bad ointment, Hor. A. P. 375, here 
 applied contemptuously to all condi- 
 ments. 
 
 vitiarunt ; 2. 65, spoilt their good 
 honest meal by mixing it. 
 
 pultes. 4. 31 note. 
 
 41. 'Would you be afraid of this 
 
 when yon are yourself removed beyond 
 those ashes which are to suffer by the 
 supposed neglect?' 5. 152 'cinis et 
 manes et fabula fies,' note. 
 
 41-60. ' I would address my heir in 
 this way — Here is an occasion of national 
 rejoicing — I mean to celebrate it by an 
 act of patriotic bounty. Do you mean ' 
 to question my right ? I am not obliged 
 to leave you what I have ? If you de- 
 spise it, I can easily get another heir — 
 some beggar, who is what my own 
 ancestors were, and therefore my kins- 
 man even in law.' 
 
 42. quisquis eris indicates Persius' 
 own indifference. 
 
 seduotior; 2. 4, 'paulum' with 
 ' seductior ' or with ' audi 1 ' 
 
 43. ForCaligula'sGerman expedition, 
 see Suet. Cal. 43 foil. He ordered a 
 triumph which was to be unprecedent- 
 edly splendid, and cheap in proportion, 
 as he had a right to the property of his 
 subjects — changed his mind, forbade any 
 proposal on the subject under capital 
 penalties, abused the senate for doing 
 nothing, and finally entered the city in 
 ovation, on his birthday. This happened, 
 as Gifford observes, when Persius was 
 seven years old, so that he may have 
 been strack with it. Perhaps he in- 
 tended a suppressed sneer at Caligula 
 to glance off on Nero. 
 
 num ignoras. Surely you have 
 heard the news, and will not wonder at 
 my enthusiasm. 
 
 laurus, for the ' laureatae litterae,' 
 
 K 
 
I30 
 
 PERSII 
 
 frigidus excutitur cinis, ac iam postibus arma, 45 
 
 iam chlamydes regum, iam lutea gausapa captis 
 essedaque ingentesque locat Caesonia Rhenos. 
 dis igitur genioque ducis centum paria ob res 
 egregie gestas induco ; quis vetat ? aude. 
 vae, nisi conives ! oleum artocreasque popello 50 
 
 largior ; an prohibes ? die clare ! ' Non adeo,' inquis ? 
 exossatus ager iuxta est. Age, si mihi nulla 
 
 [46. victis a, captis C, Priscian. i. pp. 333, 350 K. 47. que om. o. rhenus a. 
 \'i. fatria a. ^<). egregia a. ip. canities a, arcocreasque a. c^i , largiar a. 
 audeo C] 
 
 or ' laureatae ' simply, the letter bound 
 with bay, in which the general announced 
 his victory to the senate. 
 
 45. Compare Virg. Aen. 11. 211 'ci- 
 nerem et confusa ruebant Ossa focis.' 
 
 frigidus, perhaps alluding to the 
 rarity of such rejoicings. Lnbin. 
 
 postibus, for the temple gates ; 
 ' in postibus arma ' Virg. Aen. 7. 183. 
 So Aen. 3. 287, Aesch. Ag. 579. 
 
 46. Caligula chose captives who were 
 to appear in procession. Suet. Cal. 47. 
 
 [' gausapa genus est pillei, quo cap- 
 tivorum capita induebantur ' Schol. 
 ' Gausapum ' was a general word for 
 cloth stuff with wool on one side, and 
 is thus distinguished from 'amphimal- 
 lum ' by Pliny 8. 193. Lncilius 20. i 
 and Hor. 2 S. 8. 11 use it for a napkin. 
 The material seems first to have been 
 used for clothing in the early Augustan 
 age (Pliny 1. c). The forms of the word 
 are 'gausapus' (Gloss. Lat. Gr. p. 32 G. 
 ' gausartts ' ivSpopus) ; ' gausapa ' fem. 
 (Messalla ap. Charis. p. 104 Keil, 
 Pliny 1. c, Petronius 28. 4) ; * gausapum' 
 (Mart. II. 152 lemma, Gloss. Sang, 
 p. 211 G.) ; 'gausapo' abl. sing, and 
 ' gausapa ' nom. ace. pi. (Cassius Severus 
 ap. Charis. p. 104, Ov. A. A. 2. 300) ; 
 'gausape' ace. sing. (Persius 4. 37), 
 ' gausape ' abl. sing. Lncilius and Horace 
 11. cc, Augustus ap. Charis. p. 104, who 
 says 'tunica gausapa' was the choicer 
 expression. The Greek form was 701)- 
 <raii-!)s (Charis. 1. c.) ; yavaaTrat Strabo 
 p. 218 Casaubon. See also Priscian i. 
 P; 333, 350 Keil. Martial has 'gausa- 
 plna paennla,' and 'gansapinae' alone. 
 
 14. 145, 147 ; 6. 59, 2, 8.] From Suet. 
 1. c, it appears that Caligula ' captivos 
 . . . coegit rutilare et submittere comam,' 
 and the provision of false hair would be 
 quite in keeping with the whole of the 
 sham as Persius represents it. Casaubon 
 however refers to Varro, as showing that 
 the Gauls, who were dressed like the 
 Germans, and actually selected to figure 
 in this triumph (Suet. 1. c), wore 
 'gausapa,' and the dress was not un- 
 common at Rome. 
 
 47. ' esseda Britanna ' Prop. a. 1. 76, 
 ' Belgica ' Virg. G. 3. 204, common, or 
 considered so be so, to the various bar- 
 barians of the west of Europe. [' In 
 Britannia ne ab essedariis decipiaris, 
 caveto,' Cicero to Trebatius then in 
 Britain, Div. 7. 6 ; ' essedum aliquod 
 suadeo capias ' ii. 7.] 
 
 locat may point to the intended 
 cheapness of the display, as of course it 
 does to the fraud, as if the materials were 
 always kept on hand. 
 
 Caesonia was first Caligula's mis- 
 tress, afterwards, on the birth of a daugh- 
 ter, his wife. Suet. Cal. 25. 
 
 Ehencs, explained by almost all 
 the commentators as ' Rhenanos : ' but 
 pictures or images of different parts of 
 the conquered territory were borne in 
 triumph. Jahn refers to Ov. A. A. I. 
 223 foil. ' Quae loca, qui montes, quaeve 
 ferantur aquae . . . Hie est Euphrates, 
 praecinctns harundinefrontem : Cuicoma 
 dependet caerula, Tigris erit.' So the 
 Nile in the triumphal representation, 
 Virg. G. 3. 28. Thus the pi. is sar- 
 castic. 
 
SAT. VI. 
 
 131 
 
 from the altars; the empress has begun to contract for arms for 
 the temple-gates, and royal mantles, and yellow woollen for the 
 prisoners, and chariots, and Rhines as large as life. Well, I am 
 coming forward with a hundred pair in acknowledgment to the gods 
 and our general's destiny for this brilliant advantage. Who's to 
 say me nay ? Just try. Woe to you if you don't wink at it ! I am 
 to treat the mob with oil and bread and meat. Do you mean to 
 hinder me ? Speak out. You won't accept the inheritance, you 
 say? Here is a field, now, cleared for ploughing. Suppose none 
 
 48. Caligula punished those who did 
 not swear by his genins. Suet. Cal. 27. 
 ' Mille Lares Geniumque ducis qui tra- 
 didit illos Urbs habet ' Ov. F. 5. 145 of 
 Augustus ; Konig. Juv. 4. 145, 7. 2 1, calls 
 Domitian ' dux,' with like sarcasm — 
 perhaps referring to a similar exploit of 
 his, a sham triumph with manufactured 
 captives, Tac. Agr. 39. 
 
 oentum parla, from Hor. 2 S. 3. 
 85 ' Ni sic fecissent, gladiatorum dare 
 centum Damnati populi paria atque 
 epnlum,' where it is part of the provision 
 of a will. These displays were not con- 
 fined to the Emperor, but were some- 
 times given by private persons, Suet. 
 Claud. 34 ' gladiatorio munere vel suo 
 vel alieno,' Juv. 3. 34 Mayor's note, 
 though of course on a scale like this 
 they required princely means. 
 
 paxia, alone, as in Sen. Ep. 7- 4 
 ' ordinariis paribus.' 
 
 49. induce. 'A me autem gladia- 
 torum par nobilissimum inducitur ' Cic. 
 Opt. Gen. Orat. 6. 17. 
 
 aude, as we should say, 'I dare 
 you.' 
 
 50. ooniveo, nearly = ' concedo,' in 
 connection with which it is used, Cic. 
 Ph. I. 7, opp. to 'ferendum non puto.' 
 Persius threatens to go further, if his 
 heir blames him. 
 
 oleum ; Caesar gave the people 
 2lbs. of oil per man, on the occasion of 
 his triumphs, after all his wars were 
 over. Suet. Caes. 38. Nero gave oil to 
 the senate and equites when he dedi- 
 cated warm baths and gymnasia, Suet. 
 Nero 12, Tac. Ann. 14. 47, Konig. 
 
 artocreas, = ' visceratio,' according 
 to [Gloss. Lat. Gr. p. 209. 48 G.] quoted 
 by Casaubon and Jahn, so that we must 
 suppose bread and meat to have been 
 distributed separately, though most 
 
 K 
 
 commentators explain the word as a 
 kind of meat-pie. It occurs in an in- 
 scription (Orell. 7. 4937) . . . ORNETVR 
 DEDICATIONE ARTOCREA | PO- 
 PVLO CVPRENSI DEDIT, which 
 however throws no light on its exact 
 meaning. 
 
 popello, semi-contemptuous, as in 
 
 4- 15- 
 
 51. 'Don't mutter, but speak out.' 
 adeo seems to be a verb, ' adire 
 
 hereditatem ' is a common phrase, ' to 
 enter on or accept an inheritance,' and 
 ' adire nomen ' is used for ' to assume a 
 name by will,' Freund s. v., and the sense 
 agrees with what follows — whereas no 
 parallel instance of the adverb ' adeo ' 
 is produced. Perhaps there should be 
 a question at ' inquis ; ' ' Do you say, I 
 won't accept ? ' 
 
 52. exossatus ager iuxta est. The 
 early commentators explain ' exossatus ' 
 ' cleared of stones,' after the Scholia, 
 who singularly render it ' lapidibus 
 plenus,' referring to Ov. M. I. 393 
 ' lapides in corpore terrae Ossa reor 
 dici :' -fii iariiSrjs is used by Menander, 
 the rhetorician, (ap. Casaubon) for stony 
 ground. Casaubon and later editors 
 interpret it exhausted, boneless, and 
 hence without strength. Might it be 
 literally ' cleared of bones,' like the 
 field in Hor. 1 S. 7, having been once 
 used as a burying-ground, and now pre- 
 pared for cultivation? In that case 
 Persius will say, ' Here is a good piece 
 of property ju^t by — I can easily find an 
 heir for it.' If we take it exhausted, it 
 will be open to us either to make Per- 
 sius speak, ' Suppose all I have is a field, 
 and that nearly worn out, I can still,' 
 etc., or to make the heir say, 'That is 
 as good as (' iuxta') spoiling your pro- 
 perty for good and all.' [Jahn in his 
 
133 
 
 PERSII 
 
 iam reliqua ex amitis, patruelis nulla, proneptis 
 
 nulla manet patrui, sterilis matertera vixit, 
 
 deque avia nihilum superest, accedo Bovillas 55 
 
 clivumque ad Virbi, praesto est mihi Manius heres. 
 
 ' Progenies terrae ? ' Quaere ex me, quis mihi quartus 
 
 sit pater : haut prompte, dicam tamen ; adde etiara unum, 
 
 unum etiam : terrae est iam filius, et mihi ritu 
 
 Manius hie generis prope maior avunculus exit. 60 
 
 Qui prior es, cur me in decursu lampada poscis? 
 sum tibi Mercurius; venio deus hue ego ut ille 
 pingitur ; an renuis ? vin tu gaudere relictis ? 
 
 [54. pcUruis C. 55. accede a. 56. verii C, cf. Verbius in R. Aen. y. 763. 
 mannius a. et in ras. C : ita v, 60. 57. que ex a. 58. haut C. tamen om. a. 
 59. si terrae C. ritum C, tecum a. 60. Manius ; vid. ad v. 56. 61. est a. 
 
 decursum C. poscas C. 62. hunc a. illi a. 63. vis C. relictus o.] 
 
 text of 1 868, and Bucheler read'Non 
 adeo ' inqnis ' Exossatus agar inxta est,' 
 making ' adeo ' an adverb.] 
 
 52. Age, si ; Hor. 2 S. 3. 117. 
 
 53. amita is the ' aunt ' by the father's 
 side, ' matertera ' by the mother's. Ob- 
 serve that all the supposed relatives 
 named here are females. He actually 
 left his property to his mother and 
 sisters, as appears from his life, which 
 also speaks of a paternal aunt. 
 
 . 64- sterilis . . . vixit, had died with- 
 out issue. 
 
 55. Bovillae, between Rome and 
 Aricla (Hor. i S. 5. i), the first stage 
 on the Appiau road, called ' suburbanae,' 
 Prop. 4. I. 33, Ov. F. 3. 667. 
 
 56. olivum . . . Virbi, mentioned 
 more than once by Martial (2. 19. 3, etc.), 
 as ' clivus Aricinus ; ' Virbius, the Italian 
 Hippolytus, being the hero of Aricia, 
 Virg. Aen. 7. 761 foil. It was a great 
 resort for beggars, Mart. 1. c, Juv. 4. 
 117, Mayor's note, and Persius says that 
 one of these is ready to be his heir. 
 ' Multi Mani Ariciae,' was an old pro- 
 verb, Fest. s. V. 'Manius,' (p. 145 
 Miiller) who appears to understand it of 
 the town in the days of its prosperity, 
 when many great men were there — from 
 this it may easily have passed into a 
 sneer in the altered days of the place, 
 so that ' one of the aristocracy of Aricia ' 
 would be synonymous with a beggar. 
 But the name is given to a slave by 
 
 Cato, R. R. 141. [Petronius 45 'iam 
 Manias aliquot habet et mulierem esse- 
 dariam et dispensatorem Glyconem.'] 
 
 57. Progenies terras, is the heir's 
 comment. ' You step at once from your 
 relatives to the son of nobody knows 
 who.' 'Terrae filius' occurs in Cic. 
 Att. I. 13 ' terrae filio nescio cni.' [Pe- 
 tronius 43 ' et ille stips, dum fratri suo 
 irascitur, nescio cui terrae filio patrimo- 
 nium elegavit.'] 
 
 58. patres is used generally of an- 
 cestry, so Persius calls the great-great- 
 grandfather ('abavns') 'quartus pater.' 
 [' Pilumnusque illi quartus pater ' Virg. 
 Aen. 10. 619.] e 
 
 hand prompte, dicam tamen, 
 iUiXk ixiv, i^tpSi 8* ojUiK, or something 
 like it, would be the Greek equivalent. 
 Jahn compares Lucan i. 378 ' iuvita 
 peragam tamen omnia dextra.' 
 
 adde etiam unum. ' Demo unum, 
 demo etiam ' (if this and not ' et item ' 
 be the true reading) ' unum,' Hor. : Ep. 
 1. 46. 
 
 59. ' At last he is a son of earth.' 
 ritu, with 'generis,' though Jahn 
 
 separates them, ' by regular descent.' 
 
 60. maior avunculus was the great- 
 grandmother's brother, ' magnns ' being 
 the grandmother's, and ' maximus ' the 
 great-great-grandmother's. Freund re- 
 ferring to Paulus and Gains, Isid. Orig. 
 9. 6. 1 7, gives ' proavuncnlns.' Persius 
 does not pretend strict accuracy (prope) 
 
SAT. VI. 
 
 ^53 
 
 of my paternal aunts survive me, none of my female cousins on the 
 father's side; suppose I have no female first cousin twice removed 
 in existence, my maternal aunt dies without issue, and there is no 
 representative of my grandmother living, why, I go to Bovillae, to 
 Virbius' hill, and there is Manius, an heir ready to my hands. 
 ' What, a groundling ? ' Ask me who is my great-great-grandfather. 
 Give me time and I can tell you. Go back one step more, and one 
 more. I come to a groundling at last ; and so in strict legal descent 
 Manius here turns out to be something like my great-great-uncle. 
 
 Why should you, who are before me in the race, ask for my torch 
 before I have done running? You should regard me as Mercury. 
 I present myself to you as a god, just as he does in his picture. 
 Will you take what I leave and be thankful? There is something 
 
 or he would not only have had to push 
 the relationship several degrees back, 
 but he would have said ' patruus,' not 
 ' avunculus.' ' Avunculus maior ' is some- 
 times used for ' avunculus magnus,' and 
 ' avunculus ' simply for ' avunculus 
 maiot ; ' see Freund. 
 
 exit, like ' evadit,' ' turns out to be,' 
 I. 45 note, though here there seems no 
 definite metaphor. Persius' argument is 
 like Juv. 8. 272, tracing the noble to 
 Romulus' gang. Compare also Juv. 4. 
 98, where the ' terrae filii ' are ennobled 
 as little brothers of the earth-bom 
 giants. 
 
 61-74. Persius continues to his heir, 
 ' Why wish to succeed before your time ? 
 Inheritance Ss. fortune — talce it for what 
 it is worth. All I leave will be yours, 
 but mark — it is what I leave, not what 1 
 have or have had. Your selfishness 
 only makes me resolved on being selfish 
 too. You would have me save — not 
 only for you, but for your descendants, 
 who are as likely as not to be spend- 
 thrifts and profligates.' 
 
 61. For the \aiJ,iraSr)<popLa see Diet. 
 Ant. [Comificius ad Herennium 4. 46 
 ' in palaestra, qui taedas candentes ac- 
 cipit, celerior est in cursu continuo quam 
 ille qui tradit . . . defatigatus cursor 
 integro facem . . . tradit.' The runner 
 is represented by Persius as being asked 
 to give up his torch before he has run 
 his allotted space, before he is tired 
 out.] 
 
 prior, • you who are before me, and 
 whose turn is not yet come.' Jahn seems 
 right in laying a stress on in deoursa 
 
 ' while I am running,' ' before I have 
 done running.' [' Nunc cursu larapada 
 tibi trado ' Varro R. R. 3. 16. 9.] ' De- 
 cursus,' as he remarks, is the word for 
 a Roman custom of running in armour 
 at funeral games, Virg. Aen. 11. 189. 
 Cicero has 'decursus mel temporis' 
 Fam. 3. 2, and ' decursus honorum ' de 
 Or. I. I. 
 
 poscis, ' without waiting till I give 
 it up.' The well-known passage, Lucr. 
 2. 79, is not quite parallel, as the suc- 
 cession there is of life, here of inheritance. 
 
 62. Merourius. 2. 11 note. 
 
 63. pingitur, i. e. ' with a money 
 bag.' [Preller, Romische Mythologie 
 p. 599, mentions 'viele kleine Bronze- 
 statuen, welche ihn (Mercurius) gewohn- 
 lich mit den beiden herkommlichen 
 Attributen des Schlangenstabes und des 
 Beutels darstellen.'] Jahn refers to Mus. 
 Borb. 6. 2, 8. 38, Miiller Mon. Art. Ant. 
 2. t. 29 foil. The Delph. ed. compares 
 Hor. 2 S. 3. 67 ' an magis excors Reiecta 
 praeda, quam praesens Mercurius fert ? ' 
 
 renuis. v. 51. 
 
 vin. Bentley, on Hor. 2 S. 6. 92, 
 distinguishes between ' vin tu ' and ' vis 
 tu,' supposing the one to be a simple 
 question, the other a virtual command. 
 Jahn however quotes Sulpicius in Cic. 
 Fam. 4. 5 ' visne tu te, Servi, cohibere ? ' 
 Here the answer expected seems to be 
 affirmative, whether we suppose a com- 
 mand or a mere question to be in- 
 tended. 
 
 gaudere, as we should say, ' to 
 take and be thankful.' 
 
 reliotis, of ' leaving by will.' 
 
134 PERSII 
 
 dest aliquid summae. Minui mihi ; sed tibi totum est, 
 
 quidquid id est. ubi sit, fuge quaerere, quod mihi quondam 65 
 
 legarat Tadius, neu dicta repone paterna. 
 
 ' fenoris accedat merces ; hinc exime sumptus, 
 
 quid reliquum est ? ' Reliquum ? nunc, nunc inpensius ungue, 
 
 ungue, puer, caules ! mihi festa luce coquetur 
 
 urtica et fissa fumosum sinciput aure, 70 
 
 ut tuus iste nepos olim satur anseris extis, 
 
 cum morosa vago singultiet inguine vena, 
 
 patriciae inmeiat vulvae? mihi trama figurae 
 
 sit reliqua, ast illi tremat omento popa venter? 
 
 Vende animam lucre, mercare atque excute sellers 75 
 omne latus mundi, nee sit praestantior alter 
 Cappadocas rigida pinguis plausisse catasta: 
 
 [64. des B. 66. cadius a. pone a C, oppone aut repone T. 68. inperisius a. 
 angue a, surge C. 69. coquatur C, coquetur a. 71. tuus hie a, tusista C. 
 
 73. inmeiat C. matronae immeiere vulvae Probus Cathol. p. 36 Keil. 74. omento 
 paventur a. 76. ne sit C. 77. pavisse a. catastas C] 
 
 64. summae. Hor. 2 S. 3. 124, penses — and see what is over,' i.e. see 
 quoted on v. 34, id. i S. 4. 32. whether you have managed to live on 
 
 mihi, emphatic, 3. 78, oix ''>'o ti the interest of your money or not. 
 
 lii] (Keiva, dW ha airy. ' Hinc ' then had better be referred to 
 
 65. quidquid id est; Virg. Aen. the whole sum after the addition of the 
 2. 49- interest, though the other view is pos- 
 
 fuge quaerere; Hor. i Od. 9. sible.. Compare Hor. A. P. 327 foil. 
 
 13- 'si de quincunce remota est Uncia, quid 
 
 66. [The names Tadius and 'Tadia' superat ? . . . Redit uncia : quid fit ? ' 
 are common in inscriptions.] The father by using technical terms 
 
 neu dicta repone paterna, = implies that he wishes his son* to be 
 
 'neu sis pater mihi,' compare 3. 96, familiar with accounts. 
 
 ' do not give me my father's language meroes, as in Hor. i S. 2. 14, 3. 
 
 over again.' So ' reponis Achillem,' 88 ; here it is rendered definite by 
 
 ' bring again on the stage,' Hor. A. P. ' fenoris,' as there by the context. 
 
 120. [' Oppone ' Jahn (1868) from one 68. Persius repeats reliquum in- 
 
 of his Paris MSS. 'Neu dicta, Pone dignantly, like 'cuinam' 2. 19. 
 
 paterna,' etc. Bucheler.] inpensius, opp. to ' instillat,' 
 
 67. This line has hitherto been taken Hor. 2 S. 2. 62. 
 
 by itself, ' hinc ' being referred to ungue . . . oaules, Hor. 2 S. 3. 
 
 'merces.' ' Get interest, and live on «V, 125. 
 
 not on your principal.' 'Accedat,' 69. puer, 'his slave,' as in 5. 126. 
 
 'exime,' and 'reliquum,' however, are festa luce, v. 19, 4. 28, Hor. 2 S. 2. 
 
 clearly correlatives, so that we must 61, 3. 143. 
 
 suppose the whole 'Fenoris . . . reli- 70. urtica, Hor. i Ep. 12. 7 'herbis 
 
 quum est,' to be uttered by Persius as a vivis et urtica' where some interpret it 
 
 specimen of the paternal tone which the a fish. Persius however plainly means 
 
 heir adopts. ' Carry your interest to a vegetable, imitating Horace, 2 S. 2. 
 
 your account— then subtract your ex- 116 foil. 'Non ego . . . temere edi luce 
 
SAT. VI. 
 
 ^35 
 
 short of the whole sum. Yes, I have robbed myself for myself; 
 but for you it is all, whatever it may be. Don't trouble yourself 
 to ask what has become of what Tadius left me years ago, and 
 don't remind me of my father. ' Add the interest to your receipts. 
 Now, then, deduct your outgoings, and there remains what f * Re- 
 mains what, indeed? Souse the cabbages, boy, souse them with 
 oil, and don't mind the expense. Am I to have nettles boiled 
 for me on holidays, and smoked pig's cheek split through the ear, 
 that your young scape-grace may gorge himself on goose's in- 
 wards? are my remains to be a bag of bones, while he has a 
 priestly belly wagging about with fat? 
 
 Sell your life for gain; do business; turn every stone in every 
 corner of the world, like a keen hand; let no one beat you at 
 slapping fat Cappadocians on the upright platform; double your 
 
 profesta Quidquam praeter Aolus fu- 
 mosae cum pede pemae,' while he as 
 plainly took the word from the passage 
 in the Epistles. 
 
 sinciput, 'pig's cheek,' Plaut. 
 Men. 211 ['sincipitamenta.'] Patron. 
 135' faba ad usum reposita at sincipitis 
 vetustissimi particnla.' Smoked pork 
 was a common rustic dish. Hor. 1. c, 
 Juv. II. 83, Pseudo-Virg. Moret. 57. 
 
 *j\, nepoa, in the double sense. The 
 folly of saving is more apparent, the 
 more distant the descendant who will 
 squander the money. 
 
 exta, like (Tn\ayx'"'j of the larger 
 organs of the body. ' £xta homini ab 
 inferiore viscerum parte separantur 
 membrana' Plin. 11. 197 : here of the 
 liver, a well-known dainty, Hor. 2 S. 8. 
 88, Juv. 5. 114, Mayor's note. With 
 the sentiment compare Hor. 2 S. 3. 112 
 'Filius, aut etiam haec libertus ut 
 ebibat heres . . . custodis ? ' also i Ep. 
 
 6- 12- 
 
 73. trama, as explained by Sen. Ep. 
 90. 20, seems to be the thread of the 
 warp ('stamen'), not of the woof 
 ('subtegmen'), as Serv. says on Virg. 
 Aen. 3. 483, quoting this passage, and 
 Jahn after him. And so the image 
 seems to require, which is from a cloak, 
 where the nap is worn away and only 
 the threads remain. Casanbon quotes 
 Eur. Aut. Fr. 12 (Nauck) rpiPaives 
 fK0a\6vTfs oixoyraj icp6icas. 
 
 figurae, ' the shape.' ' Formai 
 figura' Lucr. 4. 69. Gen. or dat. ? if 
 the former, 'the mere thread of my 
 
 shape,' the skeleton. 'Is my shape to 
 dwindle to a thread ? ' 
 
 74. reliqua, possibly with a sneering 
 reference to ' reliquum ' v. 68. 
 treraat, 'wag before him.' 
 omento, ' the adipose membrane,' 
 2.47. 
 
 popa, subst. used adjectively, from 
 the fatness of the priests' assistants 
 (' popae '). ' Inflavit cum pinguis ebur 
 Tyn-henus ad aras ' Virg. G. 2. 193. 
 
 75-80. ' Well — go on heaping up 
 more wealth — more, more, more. Are 
 yon never to stop ? Never.' Persiiis 
 still speaks to his heir, who is assumed 
 to value wealth for its own sake (v. 71), 
 and condemns him as it were to the 
 fate of constantly seeking and never 
 being satisfied — not unlike the punish- 
 ment of the Danaides, as explained by 
 Lucr. 3. 1009 foil. 
 
 75. Vends animam lucro. Casan- 
 bon quotes a Greek proverb, Bavarov 
 wviov ri KipSos, and Longin. Subl. 44. 9 
 T^ c« Tov TTavrds tccpSaiveti' uJvo^fieSa tt/s 
 i^ux§s : ' the life.' 
 
 excute, metaphorical, as in i. 49, 
 5- 22. 
 
 76. latus mundi, Hor. i Od. 32. 19. 
 ne sit praestantior alter. ' Dum 
 
 ne sit te ditior alter' Hor. i S. i. 40, 
 which leads us to take ' ne ' here ' lest.' 
 Compare Hor. i Ep. 6. 30 foil. ; 'prae- 
 stantior alter ' Virg. Aen. 6. 164. 
 
 77. For Cappadocian slaves, see Hor. 
 I Ep. 6. 39 ' Mancipiis locuples eget 
 aaris Cappadocum rex,' Mart. 10. 76. 3 
 ' Nee de Cappadocis eques catastis.' 
 
136 
 
 PERSir 
 
 rem duplica. 'Feci; iam triplex, iam mihi quarto, 
 iatn deciens redit in rugam : depunge, ubi sistam/ 
 Inventus, Chrysippe, tui finitor acervi. 
 
 [79. depinge T. 80. iuvenlus a C, corr. c] 
 
 80 
 
 77. rigida, ' fixed upright.' 'Rigidae 
 columnae ' Ov. F. 3. 529, Jahn. 
 
 plausisse ; ' plausae sonitum cer- 
 vicis amare ' Virg. G. 3. 186, 'pectora 
 plausa' Aen. 12. 86. The buyer claps 
 the slaves to test their condition, hence 
 ' pingues.' 
 
 catasta, Mart. I.e., Diet. Ant.' Let no 
 one beat you as a judge of slave-flesh.' 
 
 78. Imitated from Hor. i Ep. 6. 34 
 oil. ' Mille talenta rotundentur, totidem 
 
 altera — porro Tertia succedant, et quae 
 pars quadret acervum,' and imitated in 
 turn by Juv. 14. 323 foil. 
 
 quarto, as if ' ter ' had preceded. 
 79. redit, of revenue ; ' redltus,' and 
 so doubtless in Hor. A. P. 329. 
 
 rugam, 'the fold of the garment,' 
 Plin. 35. 57, as 'sinus 'is used of a 
 purse : ' rugam trahit ' in the imitation 
 by Juv. 14. 325 looks as if he had mis- 
 understood the meaning here to be 
 
SAT. VI. 
 
 137 
 
 capital. ' There it is — three, four, ten times over it comes into my 
 purse : prick a hole where I am to stop.' Chrysippus, the man to 
 limit your heap is found at last. 
 
 ' makes you frown dissatisfaction.' Ca- 
 saubon however explains ' rngam ' 
 there of the ' sinus.' Is there any allu- 
 sion to ' duplica,' as if there were a fold 
 for each sum ? 
 
 depunge, better than 'depinge' 
 (though ' depinge ' is adopted by Jahn), 
 like ' fige modum.' The man himself 
 wishes to be checked. 
 
 80. ' Why then Chrysippus' problem 
 has been solved,' — implying that the 
 man expects an impossibility. 
 
 aoervi [the heap spoken of in the 
 fallacious argument 'sorites']. ' Ra- 
 tione mentis acervi' Hor. 2 Ep. i. 47. 
 Casaubon compares Cic. Acad. z. 29, 
 where the words 'nullam nobis dedit 
 cognitionem ^»«a»8, ut in ulla re sta- 
 tuere possimus quatenus,' will explain 
 ' finitor.' Chrysippus' own solution was 
 to halt arbitrarily at a certain point 
 {quiescere, ^avxACciv, Mx^^")' ^^^ 
 decline answering. 
 
138 
 
 CHOLIAMBI. 
 
 Nec fonte labra prolui caballino, 
 
 nee in bicipiti somniasse Parnaso 
 
 memini, ut repente sic poeta prodirem. 
 
 Heliconidasque pallidamque Pirenen 
 
 [3. memini me ut a C. prodierim C. 4. aeliconiadas a. pallidam pyrenen C. 
 
 sirenen a,] 
 [Choliambos in fine a, ante I saturam habet C] 
 
 ' My antecedents, I believe, were 
 not poetical : if I appear at tlie feast 
 of the poets, it is only on sufferance. 
 After all, one can sing without in- 
 spiration : at least parrots and magpies 
 do.' 
 
 [These lines, which have no real 
 connection with anything in the Satires, 
 appear in the best MSS. at the end 
 of the book, but the Scholia support 
 the inferior MSS. in regarding them 
 as a prologue. On this supposition 
 Coningtou wrote as follows :] The 
 Prologue may be regarded in two 
 aspects, both historical. It may be 
 intended as a remnant of the old prac- 
 tice of writing the Saiura in a variety 
 of metres. There is some reason to 
 think that it is actually an imitation of 
 Lucilius, as one of the speakers in 
 Petronius' Satirae, c. 4, says, apropos 
 of the education of youth, ' Sed ne me 
 putes improbasse schedium Lucilianae 
 humilitatis, quod sentio et ipse car- 
 mine effingam,' and then gives twenty- 
 two verses, the first eight scazons, the 
 rest hexameters. On the other hand, 
 the introduction of a Prologue marks a 
 late stage of poetical composition. To 
 prologuize implies consciousness — the 
 poet reflecting on his work — so early 
 poets do not prologuize at all — as 
 Homer : afterwards the exordium be- 
 comes personal, and contains a pro- 
 logue, as would be the case in the 
 Aeneid, if the lines Ille ego were 
 genuine: then the prologue is a sepa- 
 
 rate poem, as here. Lastly, we have 
 a prose introduction, as in Statins' 
 Silvae, Ausonius, and modem writers — 
 a. more natural method, and in some 
 respects more graceful, as separating 
 off matter which may be extraneous to 
 the poem itself, but leading, on the 
 other hand, to interminable and inde- 
 terminate writing, to the substitution 
 of criticism for poetry, precept for 
 practice. Of modem English writers, 
 Wordsworth is in one extreme, Ten- 
 nyson in the other. 
 
 Here the Prologue is, of course, to 
 all the Satires — not, as some have 
 thought, to the first only. He dis- 
 claims the honours of poetry, not 
 without sarcasm, and insinuates^ that 
 much which professes to come from 
 inspiration really has a more prosaic 
 source — want of bread or love of 
 money. There seems no notion of 
 satire as a prosaic kind of writing, so 
 that Casaubon and Jahn's references 
 to Horace (i S. 4. 39 ; 2. 6. 17) are 
 scarcely apposite, except as showing 
 something of the same sort of modesty 
 on the part of both. 
 
 I. fons oaballinus, a translation of 
 Hippocrene. caballinus sarcastic, like 
 Gorgonei caballi, also of Pegasus (Juv. 
 3. 118), the term being contemptuous, 
 though its derivatives in modem lan- 
 guages have, as is well known, lost 
 that shade of meaning. [' Vectum 
 Pegaseo volucri pendente caballo ' Anth. 
 Lat. 388 (Reise).] 
 
139 
 
 EPILOGUE IN SCAZON IAMBICS. 
 
 I NEVER got my lips well drenched in the hack's spring — nor do 
 I recollect having had a dream on the two-forked Parnassus, so 
 as to burst upon the world at once as a full-blown poet. The 
 daughters of Helicon and that cadaverous Pirene I leave to the 
 
 labra prolui. Virg. Aen. i. 739, 
 of Bitias, ' pleno se prolnit auro.' Hor. 
 I S. 5. 16 'prolutus vappa.' The action 
 implies a deep draught, here taken by 
 stooping down to the spring. (Contrast 
 ihe opposite expression, ' primoribus 
 labris attingere.') ' I never dranlc those 
 long draughts of Hippocrene, of which 
 others boast.' Here, as in the next 
 verse, the image is doubtless borrowed 
 from the Exordium of Ennius' Annals, 
 as we may infer from Prop. 3. 3. 6 
 ' Parvaque tam magnis admoram fonti- 
 bus ora Unde pater sitiens Ennius ante 
 bibit.' Persius may have had his eye 
 on two other passages of the same 
 elegy. See v. 2 ' Bellerophontei qua 
 fluit umor equi,' and v. £2 'Ora Phi- 
 letea nostra rigavit aqua,' and perhaps 
 also on Hor. i Ep. 3. 10 'Pindaric! 
 fontis qui non expalluit haustus. Fasti- 
 dire lacus et rivos ausns apertos.' 
 [' luvat integros accedere fontes, Atque 
 haurire' Lucr. 4. 2.] 
 
 2. biceps, Si\o<pos, a perpetual epi- 
 thet of Parnassus. The mountain has 
 not really two tops, but as the Castalian 
 spring rises from between two ridges, it 
 is said to have them (Urlichs and Mil- 
 lingen, referred to by Jahn). Propertius, 
 1. c, represents himself as lying down 
 to sleep under the shadow of Helicon. 
 The source of both passages is again 
 Ennius' account of himself, preserved to 
 us by Cic. Acad. pr. 2. 16. 51, to the 
 effect that he had gone to sleep on Par- 
 nassus, seen Homer in a dream, and 
 heard that it was Homer's spirit which 
 was then animating himself. Com- 
 pare S. 6. 10, where Ennius' ' somnia 
 Pythagorea ' are again ridiculed. 
 
 2. nee . . . memiui is a sneer at 
 Ennius' own words (Ann. 15, Vahlen), 
 ' memini me fiere pavum,' 'said of 
 Homer (Tert. de An. 33 foil., note on 
 6. 10). So Ov. M. 15. 160 'Ipse ego 
 {nam memint) . . . Euphorbus eram.' 
 
 3. memini, humorous ; ' never that 
 I can remember ; ' implying that Ennius 
 must have had a good memory. 
 
 ut repente, ' so as to come before 
 the world all at once as a poet.' 
 
 prodirem, ' to come forth from 
 this preparatory process,' which is also 
 expressed by ' sic,' ' on the strength of 
 this ' (not like ' sic temere,' as Casaubon 
 and Jahn). ' A ready made poet by the 
 immediate agency of the gods.' Pos- 
 sibly Persius was thinking of Hor. I 
 Ep. 19. 7 'Ennius ipse pater nunquam 
 nisi potus ad arma Prosiluit dicenda,' 
 which might also warrant a conjecture 
 that Ennius himself used some similar 
 phrase. 
 
 poeta prodirem, ' prodis e iudice 
 turpis Dama ' Hor. 2 S. 7. 54. 
 
 [Helioonidas, which Jahn (1868) 
 and BUcheler adopt, is probably right, in 
 spite of the authority of o, which lias 
 aeliconiadas.'] The form ' Heliconis ' is 
 found in Stat. Silv. 4. 4. 90 ; Lucr. 3. 
 1037 has ' Heliconiadum.' The re- 
 ference is perhaps to the opening of 
 Hesiod's Theogony (^ovaaam '^MKoivii,- 
 Saiv dpx^licS' AdSeiv), where Hesiod re- 
 lates how the Muses made him a poet. 
 
 4. pallidam, as causing studious pale- 
 ness : ' pallentis grana cumini '5. 55 ; 
 perhaps with some reference to Horace's 
 ' expalluit haustus,' quoted on v. i. 
 
 Pirene, mentioned from its con- 
 nection with Pegasus, who was said to 
 
140 
 
 PERSII 
 
 illis remitto, quorum imagines lambunt 5 
 
 hederae sequaces : ipse semipaganus 
 
 ad sacra vatum carmen adfero nostrum. 
 
 quis expedivit psittaco suum chaere 
 
 picamque docuit nostra verba conari? 
 
 magister artis ingenique largitor 10 
 
 venter, negatas artifex sequi voces ; 
 
 quod si dolosi spes refulgeat nummi, 
 
 corvos poetas et poetridas picas 
 
 cantare credas Pegaseium nectar. 
 
 [5. amhiunt a. 8. exfediit a. cere supine a (i.e. xcSpi <rv, irtve, Jahn). 
 
 9. picasque a C. verba nostra C. 12. refulserit C: 'refulserit et refulgeat^ 
 
 Schol. 14. ' Pegaseium melos ... in aliis nectar^ Schol. nectar a, melos C] 
 
 have been broken in there. Statius 
 (Theb. 4. 60) follows or coins a story 
 that it was produced, like Hippocrene, 
 by a stroke of Pegasus' hoof. 
 
 5. 'To the poets, whose ivy-cro'\viied 
 busts adorn our public libraries.' Hor. 
 I S. 4. 21. For the ivy, see Hor. i Od. 
 1.29. Juvenal apparently imitates this 
 passage (7. 29) ' ut dignus venias hederis 
 et imagine macra.' 
 
 No sneer seems to be intended in 
 lambunt or sequaoes, which are 
 simply poetical. [' Relinquo ' Jahn 
 (1843) : but remitto, which he has 
 since adopted, has better authority.] 
 
 6. semipaganus is rightly explained 
 by Jahn after Rlgalt with reference to 
 the Paganalia, a festival celebrated by 
 members of the same fagus. Dion. 
 Hal. 4. 15 ; Sicul. Flacc. de Cond. Agr. 
 pp. 164, 165 Lachmann. [See Preller, 
 Rbmische Mythologie p. 404.] This 
 has more spirit than the interpretation 
 of the Scholia, 'half a rustic,' and 
 agrees with the image in the next line. 
 Compounds with se7ni generally mean 
 ' only half,' not ' at least half.' 
 
 8. Persius does not say that he writes 
 for bread, which would have been too 
 obviously untrue, as he was a wealthy 
 man, but hints it in order to ridicule his 
 contemporaries by affecting to classify 
 himself with them. 
 
 expedivit, ' made easy.' Comp. 
 our use of impediment. 
 
 suum not foreign (Jahn), as the 
 parrot did not come from Greece, but 
 simply ' its own ' — ' that cry which it is 
 
 now so ready with.' So there is no op- 
 position between xaifi and ' nostra 
 verba,' as if the magpie were Intended 
 to talk Latin as distinguished from 
 Greek. The parrot talks Greek as the 
 fashionable language for small talk, as 
 now a days he might talk French, while 
 ' nostra verba ' means human speech. 
 The antithesis is merely one of those 
 which a man might use almost without 
 intending it, between language viewed 
 as belonging to its original owner and 
 as afterwards appropriated — ^just as the 
 parrot speaks ' expedite,' while the 
 magpie ' conatur,' though it is not meant 
 that the former succeeds more perfectly 
 than the latter. For the practice of 
 keeping parrots and magpies in great 
 houses, see Martial, referred to Ijelow. 
 After V. 8 the inferior MSS. have a line, 
 ' Corvos quis olim concavnm salutare ? ' 
 where ' concavum ' would doubtless 
 refer to the soimd, though one MS. 
 gives ' Caesarem,' as in the first pas- 
 sage of Martial. 
 
 chaere (xaPpc). Mart. 14. 73. 2 
 ' Caesar ave ; ' hence the pie is said 
 ' salutare,' ib. 76. i. 
 
 io. Jahn refers to Theocr. 21. i 
 d TTevia, Ai6(j>avT€, fjt6va rdy t^x*'"* 
 iyfipfi. Plant. Stich. 178 'paupertas 
 omnes artes perdocet.' Comp. also 
 Hor. I Ep. 5. 18 of wine, 'addocet 
 artes;' Virg. G. i. 145 'Turn variae 
 venere artes : labor omnia vicit Im- 
 probus, et duris urgens in rebus egestas ' 
 (quoted by Plautius). 
 
 ingeni largitor. Plautius and 
 
CHOLIAMBI. 
 
 141 
 
 gentlemen whose busts are caressed by the climbing ivy — as for 
 me, it is but as a poor half-brother of the guild that I bring my 
 verses to the festival of the worshipful poets' company. Who was 
 it made the parrot so glib with its 'Good morning,' and taught 
 magpies to attempt the feat of talking like men? That great 
 teacher of art and bestower of mother-wit the stomach, which has 
 a knack of getting at speech when nature refuses it. Only let a 
 bright glimpse of flattering money dawn on their horizon, and you 
 would fancy jackdaw poets and poetess pies to be singing pure 
 Pierian sweetness. 
 
 Casaubon quote Manil. I. 78 ' Et labor 
 ingenium miseris dedit.' Jahn refers 
 to Cicero's account of ' ingenium,' 
 Fin. 5. 13 'Prioris generis (virtntum 
 quae ingenerantur suapte natura) est 
 docilitas, memoria, quae fere omnia 
 appellantur uno ingeni nomine.' ' Ingeni 
 largitor,' then, is a kind of oxymoron. 
 [Prop. 2. I. 4 'ingenium nobis ipsa 
 puella facit.'] 
 
 11. venter as in Horn. Od. 17. 286 
 foil. yaOTipa S' oijnois effrtv airoKpiTpai 
 fiefiaviav. 
 
 negatas . . . voces. Casaubon 
 quotes Manil. 5. 378 ' Quin etiam linguas 
 hominum sensusque docebit Aerias vo- 
 lucres . . . Verbaque praecipiet naturae 
 lege negata.' 
 
 artifex sequi, like ' ponere lucum 
 Artifices' i. 70, ' skilled to attain,' not, 
 as Casaubon explains, ' making them 
 follow.' 
 
 sequi, then, is rhetorically put for 
 ' asseqni ' or ' consequi,' perhaps to ex- 
 press difficulty. 
 
 voces, ' words.' 
 
 12. dolosi, a general epithet of 
 money though with a special applica- 
 tion here — ' beguiling them to the 
 effort.' It might be almost said to refer 
 to ' spes' as well as to ' nummi.' 
 
 refulgeat, ' flash on the sight.' 
 Virg. Aen. i. 402, 588; 6. 204. 'Re- 
 fulsit certa spes liberorum parentibus' 
 Veil. 2. 103 (Frennd), 'non tibi divitiae 
 
 velut maximum generis humani bonum 
 refnlserunt' Sen. Cons, ad Helv. 16. 
 (Jahn.) [Wummi, money in general, 
 as in juv. 14. 139 'crescit amor nummi 
 quantum ipsa pecunia crevit.' Professor 
 Gildersleeve and Mr. Morgan (' Classical 
 Review,' 1889, p. 10 foil.) prefer to take 
 it of a single coin.] 
 
 13. 'Raven poets and poetess pies,' 
 the substantive standing for an epithet, 
 like ' popa venter ' 6. 74. Possibly Per- 
 sius meant to reverse the order to show 
 how completely he identified the birds 
 with the human singers. 
 
 poetridas has more MS. authority 
 than ' poetrias.' Both Troirirpis and noir)- 
 Tpia are formed according to analogy, 
 though only the latter is found. 
 
 14. Jahn quotes Pind. Ol. 7. 7 xal kyii 
 veKTap ■xyT6v, Moiffdv SSffiv, d0\o(p6pois 
 dvSp&aiv ■nip.TTOiv. Theoc. 7- 82 ovvena 
 ol yKvfcii Motaa KarcL ffrSfiaros x^^ 
 vcKTap. Heinr. thinks Persius had 
 in view Hor. i Ep. 19. 44 ' Fidis 
 enim manare poetica mella Te solum,' 
 and suggests that ' cantare ' should be 
 ' manare.' Comp. also Lucr. i. 947 
 ' Et quasi Musaeo dulci contingere 
 melle." The epithet ' Pegaseius ' makes 
 the image still more forced, unless we 
 suppose the ' nectar ' to be the waters of 
 Hippocrene, which is supported by a 
 poem [Onestes 3. 4 in Jacobs' Antho- 
 logia Graeca] JUrjyaaiSos KprjvTjs viKTa- 
 piwv M^aSoiv, quoted by Konig. 
 
INDEX 
 
 TO THE INTRODUCTORY LECTURE AND THE NOTES. 
 
 Jibacus, I. 131. 
 
 Accerso and arcesso, 2. 45., 5. 172. 
 
 Accusative, of object, 3. 43., 5. 184 : 
 
 cognate, i. II ; after moveri 5. 123; 
 
 pcUlere i. 124; sudare 5. 150; tre- 
 
 pidare 3. 88 ; vivere 3. 67. 
 Acervtis, 6. 80. 
 Acetum, 4. 32., 5. 86. 
 Acttis, 5. 99. 
 Adeo, 6. 14. 
 Adferre, 1. 69. 
 Adire hereditatem, 6. 51. 
 Adjectives not agreeing with their own 
 
 word, I. 13, 23., 5. 116. 
 Admovere, 2. 75. 
 Adnueri, 2. 43. 
 Aerumna, i. 78. 
 Agaso, 5. 76. 
 
 Albae aures, of an ass, i. 59. 
 Albus—albatus, i. 16. 
 Alcibiades, 4. i. 
 Alea, 5. 57. 
 Allium, 5. 188. 
 Ambages, 3. 20. 
 Amiia, 6. 53. 
 Amomum, 3. 104. 
 Angues, as genii of a place, i. 113. 
 Angulus, 6. 13. 
 Anseris exta, 6. 71. 
 Anticyra, 4. 16. 
 Antiope, i. 78. 
 Antitheta, i. 86. 
 Apricus, 5. 179- 
 Aqualicuhts, i. 57. 
 Arcadia, asses of, 3. 9. 
 Arcesilas, 3. 79. 
 Aristae, 3. 115. 
 Aristophanes, i. 124. 
 Arma virum, I. 96. 
 Articuli, 5. 59. 
 Artifex, 5. 40. 
 Artocreas, 6. 50. 
 Asper nummus, 3. 69. 
 A St ringer e, 5. 110. 
 Astrology, 5. 46. 
 Attis, I. 93. 
 Attius Labeo, i. 76. 
 Auster, 6. 12. 
 
 Austerity, affected, of Romans, i. 9. 
 ^iTM, 2. 31., 5. 92. 
 
 Baca, 2. 66. 
 
 Baro, 5. 138. 
 
 Bassaris, 1. loi. 
 
 Eassus, Caesius, p. xviii, xx., 6. i. 
 
 Bathing, Roman habits with regard to, 
 
 3-93- 
 Bathyllus, 5. 123. 
 Baucis, 4. 21. 
 Beatulus, 3. 103. 
 ^e//e, I. 49. 
 Bene sit, 4. 30. 
 Bestius, 6. 37. 
 Beta, 3. 114. 
 
 Biceps Parnasus, Choi. 2. 
 Bicolor membrana, 3. 10. 
 Bidental, i. 27. 
 .ffz&, 2. 13., 3. 8., 5. 144. 
 Blandus, 4. 15. 
 Bombus, I. 99. 
 Bovillae, 6. 55. 
 Bracatus, 3. 53. 
 Brisaeus, i. 76. 
 Bruttia saxa, 6. 2 7. 
 Brutus, 5. 85. 
 ^«//a, 5. 31. 
 Bullatus, 5. 19. 
 Bullire, 3. 34. 
 
 Caballinusfons, Choi. i. 
 Cachinno, I. 12. 
 Caecum occiput, i. 62. 
 Caecum vulnus, 1. 134. 
 Caedere, 4. 42. 
 Caeruleus, 6. 33. 
 Caesonia, 6. 47. 
 Calabrian wool, i. 65. 
 Caligula, 6. 43. 
 Calliroe, i. 134. 
 Ca//w, 3. 57. 
 Calo, 5. 95. 
 Camellus, 5. 136. 
 Campus, 5. 57. 
 Candidus, 4. 20. 
 Candidus lapis, i. 1. 
 Cani, 5. 65. 
 
144 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Canicula, 3. 5, 49. 
 Canina littera, i. no. 
 Cannabis, 5. 146. 
 Cantus, 5. 71. 
 Cappadocian slaves, 6. 77. 
 Caprific-us, i. 25. 
 Carbo, 5. 108. 
 Casta, 6. 36. 
 Castigare, i. 7. 
 Catasta, 6. 77. 
 Catinum, 5. 182. 
 Cato, 3. 45. 
 Caudam iactare, 4. 15. 
 Catilis, 6. 69. 
 Causae rerum, 3. 66. 
 Cedrus, i. 42. 
 Cenafuneris, 6. 33. 
 Centenus, 5. 6. 
 Centussis, 5. 191. 
 Cerasus, 6. 36. 
 Cerdo, 4. 51. 
 Cevere, i. 87. 
 Chaerestiatus, 5. 162. 
 Cheragra, 5. 58. 
 Chrysippus, 6. 80. 
 Chrysis, 5. 165. 
 Cicer,c,. 177. 
 Ciconia, i. 58. 
 Cicuta, 5. 145. 
 Cinnama, 6. 35. 
 Cipfus, -i-.yi. 
 Cirrati, i. 29. 
 Citi-ea lecta, i. 53. 
 Cleanthes, 5. 64. 
 
 C«3, 5- 135- 
 
 Coin, true and false, simile from, 5. io5. 
 
 ColKgere, 5. 85. 
 
 Columbus, 3. 16. 
 
 Comes, 3. I. 
 
 Compitalia. 4. 28. 
 
 Conivere, 6. 50. 
 
 Conpages, 3. 58. 
 
 Conpescere, 5. 100. 
 
 Cordis, I. 71. 
 
 Corneus, i. 47. 
 
 Cornicari, 5. 12. 
 
 Cornutus, p. xviii, xix., 5. 37. 
 
 Cortex, metaphorical, i. 96. 
 
 Costa, 6. 31. 
 
 Crassus, 2. 36. 
 
 Craterus, 3. 65. 
 
 Cratinus, i. 123. 
 
 C?-«te, 5. 108. 
 
 Cretatus, 5. 177. 
 
 Creterra, 2. 52. 
 
 Crispare, 3. 87. 
 
 Crispinus, 5. 126. 
 
 Crudus, I. 51, 92., 2. 67., 5. 162. 
 
 Cubito tangere, 4. 33. 
 
 Cuminum, 5. 55. 
 
 Cures, 4. 26. 
 Curtare, 6. 34. 
 Curtus, 5. 191. 
 Curvi mores, 3. 52. 
 Custos, 5. 30. 
 Cute perditus, i. 23. 
 Cuticula, 4. iS. 
 
 Dama, 5. 76. 
 
 Damocles, 3. 40. 
 
 Dare, 6. 8. 
 
 Darkness, metaphor from, 5. 60. 
 
 Dative aiier pellere, i. 83 ; ingemere, 5. 
 
 61 ; relinquere, 5.17; Choi. 5 ; ridere, 
 
 3-86. 
 Davus, 5. 161. 
 Decerpere, 5. 42. 
 Decoct us, I. 125. 
 Decoquo, 5- 57- 
 Decursus, 6. 61. 
 Defendere aliquid alicui, i. 83. 
 Deinde, 5. 143. 
 Delumbis, j . 104. 
 Depellentes di, 5. 167. 
 Despumare, 3. 3. 
 Deunx, 5. 150. 
 Dictation in schools, i. 29. 
 Dictum exerere, 5. 119. 
 Diminutives in colloquial Latin, i. 33. 
 Dinomache, 4. 20. 
 Discinctus, 3. 31. 
 Discolor, 5. 52. 
 Disponere, 5. 43. 
 ZJiW, 1. 31. 
 
 Domitian, assassination of, p. xxii. 
 Dropsy, i. 55., 3. 63. 
 Ducere, 2. 63., 5. 40. 
 
 Ebullire, i. 10. 
 
 ^fftr for «^, 5. 136. 
 
 Ecjluere {eff-^, 3. 20. 
 
 Ecfutidere (eff-), i. 65. 
 
 Edictum, i. 134. 
 
 Education, Roman, in time of Persius, 
 
 3-4S- 
 Egerere, 5. 69. 
 Elegiditwi, i. 51. 
 Elevare, i. 6. 
 Eliquare, 1. 35. 
 Emolere, 6. 26. 
 Enim, i. 63. 
 
 Ennius, p. xxvii., 6. 10 ; Choi. 2. 
 Epictetus, p. xxii. 
 Equidem, i. no. 
 Ergenna, 2. 26. 
 Error, 5. 34. 
 Essedum, 6. 47. 
 Euphrates of Tyre, p. xxi. 
 Eupolis, 1 . 1 24. 
 Evil eye, the, 2. 54. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 145 
 
 Ex tempore, 3. 62. 
 
 Examen, I. 6., 5. loi. 
 
 Excutere, i. 49 ; excusso naso, 1. 118. 
 
 Exire, i. 45. 
 
 Exossatus, 6. 52. 
 
 Exsuperare, 3. 89. 
 
 Tables, popular, perhaps alluded to by 
 
 Persius, 2. 37. 
 Fabula, 5. 152. 
 Facere silentium, 4. 7. 
 Falemum indomitum, 3. 3. 
 Fallere, 4. 12., 5. 37. 
 /o»-, 2. 75. 
 
 Farina, 3. 112., 5. 115. 
 Farratus, 4. 31. 
 Fas, 5. 98. 
 
 Fate, representations of, in art, 5. 46. 
 Fax, 3. 116. 
 Feniseca, 6. 40. 
 Fertum, 2. 48. 
 /■^to /««, 6. 69. 
 Festuca, 5. 175. 
 Fever, treatment of, 3. 90. 
 Fibra, 1. 47-, ^- 26. 
 Fidelia, 3. 73., 5. 183. 
 Fipira, i. 86., 5. 73. 
 ^z»;> exireniumque, i . 48. 
 Fistula, 3. 14. 
 Flagellare, 4. 49. 
 Floralia, 5. 188. 
 Fortunare, 2. 45. 
 Fossor, 5. 122. 
 Foxes, simile from, 5. 117. 
 Fractus, i. 18. 
 Frangere, 5. 50, 165. 
 Fratres aeni, 2. 56. 
 Fulta cor aerumnis, i. 78' 
 Funem reducere, 5. 118. 
 
 6^fl//j, 5. 1S6. 
 
 Games of schoolboys, 3. 48. 
 
 Garrire, 5. 96. 
 
 Gausapa, 6. 46. 
 
 Gemini, 5. 49. 
 
 Genitive after inanis, 2. 61 ; modicus, 
 
 5. 109 ; sterilis, 5. 75. 
 Genius, 2. 3., 4. 27., 6. 18, 48. 
 Germana pubes, 6. 44. 
 Gluito, 5. 112. 
 Glycon, 5. 9. 
 
 Gods, in stern of ship, 6. 30. 
 Gold in temples, 2. 55 foil. 
 Graeci, 5. 191. 
 G>-a« doctores, 6. 38. 
 Granaria, 5. no., 6. 25. 
 Grandis, i. 14., 3. 55. 
 
 ffebenum, 5. 135. 
 Helicon, 5. 7. 
 ffeliconis, Choi. 4. 
 
 Helvidius Priscus, p. xxi. 
 
 Hercnles, 2. 12. 
 
 Herodis dies, 5. 180. 
 
 .ff/are, 5. 3, 176. 
 
 Hibemare, 6. 7. 
 
 .ffiV = hereupon, i. 32. 
 
 Hircosus, 3. 77. 
 
 Honestum, 2. 74. 
 
 Horace, influence of, upon Persius, pp. 
 
 xxiii, xxix, xxx foil., i. 116. 
 Hostius, 5. I. 
 Hucine, 3. 15. 
 
 In with accus. after dividere, 5. 49 ; 
 with abl. where accus. would be ex- 
 pected, :i. 61 ; 4. 33. 
 
 Inane, 1. i. 
 
 Incurvare, i. 91. 
 
 Incusa auro dona, 2. 52. 
 
 Incutere, 5. 187. 
 
 Inducer e, 6. 49. 
 
 Infamis digitus, 2. 33. 
 
 Infelix, 6. 13. 
 
 Infinitive, perfect of, i. 42. 
 
 Infinitive, use of, as a substantive, 1.9; 
 aiter artif ex, i. 70, Choi. 11 ; callidus, 
 1. 118; cautus, 5. 24; lautus, 6. 23 ; 
 melior, 4. 16; mobilis, i. 60; opifex, 
 6. 3; praetrepidus, 2. 54; intendere, 
 5. 13 ; laborare, 5. 39 ; laudare, as 
 cogn. accus., I. 86. 
 
 Infundere monitus, 1. 79. 
 
 Ingenium, Choi. 10. 
 
 Ingenuus ludus, 5. 15 
 
 Ingerere, 5. 6. 
 
 Inpellere, 2. 13. 
 
 Inpensius, 6. 68. 
 
 Inriguus, 5. 56. 
 
 Inrorare, 6. 21. 
 
 Inserere aliquid aliqua re, 5. 63. 
 
 Inspicere, 3. 88. 
 
 Integer, 5. 173. 
 
 Intendere, 6. 4. 
 
 Intepere, 6. 7. 
 
 Inter pociila, I. 30. 
 
 Intus pallere, 3. 42. 
 
 /« w»<« «««, 3. 49. 
 
 //(Z_/?if, 6. 48. 
 
 Italus, I. 129. 
 
 locus, 6. 5. 
 
 Judaism, conversions to, 5. 179. 
 
 lunctura, i. 65., 5. 14. 
 
 lunix, 2. 47. 
 
 Jupiter, star of, 5. 50. 
 
 luvat, 5. 24. 
 
 Labeo, i. 5. 
 Lacer, 6. 31. 
 Laena, i. 32. 
 Lagoena, 6. 17. 
 
146 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Lallare, 3. 18. 
 
 Lapillus melior, 2. i. 
 
 Lares, 5. 31. 
 
 Latina fides, 6. 4. 
 
 Lalus mundi, 6. 76. 
 
 Laureatae litterae, 6. 43. 
 
 Zajro cervix, i. 98. 
 
 Laxare, 5. 44, no. 
 
 Lemures, 5. i8.n. 
 
 Liter =3. play, i. 76. 
 
 Licinus, 2. 36. 
 
 Lightning, persons struck by, buried, 
 
 not burnt, 2. 26. 
 Ligus ora, 6. 6. 
 Linea, 3. 4. 
 Litare, 2. 75., 5. 320. 
 Lucan, p. xvi. 
 
 Lucilius, pp. xxvii, xxix foil., i. 114. 
 Lncilius, his dislike of the old Roman 
 
 tragedians, 1. 76; imitated by Persius, 
 
 Choi. I., S. I. I, 27, 35., 3.69., 4. 1., 
 
 S- 136. 
 Luctificahilis, i. 78. 
 Lucus, a common-place in poetry, i. 70. 
 Ludere in aliquid, i. 127. 
 Luna, 6. 9. 
 Lupus, I. 125. 
 
 Maeonides Quintus, 6. ii. 
 
 Maior avunculus, 6. 60. 
 
 Maior damns, 3. 92. 
 
 Mamma, 3. 18, 
 
 Mane, 3. i. 
 
 Manes, i. 38. 
 
 Manius, 6. 56. 
 
 Mantica, 4. 24. 
 
 Marcus, 5. 79. 
 
 Marcus Aurelins, p. xxii. 
 
 Margites, p. xxvii. 
 
 Maris expers, 6. 39. 
 
 Mas, 6. 4. 
 
 Masculus, 5. 144. 
 
 Masurius Sabinus, 5. 90. 
 
 Matertera, 2. 31. 
 
 Mefitis, 3. 99. 
 
 Melicerta, 5. 103. 
 
 Mena, 3. 76. 
 
 Menander imitated by Persins, 5. i6i. 
 
 Mens Bona, 2. 8. 
 
 Meracus, 4. 16. 
 
 Mercurialis, 5. no. 
 
 Mercurius, 6. 62. 
 
 Mergus, 6. 30. 
 
 Messalla, 2. 72. 
 
 j1/«fe, I. 131., 3. 68. 
 
 Metuere deos, 2.31. 
 
 i^/^Kf, 5. 88., 6. 7. 
 
 Miluus, 4. 26. 
 
 Mimallonis, i. 99. 
 
 Minui, 6. 16. 
 
 Mollis flexus, 3. 68. 
 
 Montis promittere, 3. 65. 
 
 Mores, 2. 62. 
 
 Mortens acetum, 4. 32. 
 
 Mucius, 1. 115. 
 
 Multum- with adjective, 3. 86. 
 
 Muria, 6. 20. 
 
 Musonius Rufus, p. xxii. 
 
 Mutare, 5. 54. 
 
 Muttire, i. 119. 
 
 Natalia, 6. 19. 
 Natta, 3. 31. 
 ./Vff nunc, 5. 172. 
 Nerius, 2. 14. 
 
 Nero, verses attributed to, I. 99; sup- 
 posed allusions to, p. xxiv. 
 Nervi, 2. 41. 
 
 Nihil de nihilo gignitur, 3. 84. 
 yVo« with present subj., i. 5. 
 Nonaria, 1. 133. 
 Nuces, I. 10. 
 Namae vasa, 2. 59. 
 Numerus, 5. 123. 
 Nummus, 3. 70; Choi. 12. 
 
 OW3, 5. 148. 
 Oberrare, 5. 156. 
 Obiurgare, 5. 169. 
 Obstipus, 3. 80. 
 Occare, 6. 26. 
 Ocimum, 4. 22. 
 Oenophorus, 5. 140. 
 0#«a, 5. 93. 
 Oleum, 6. 50. 
 Omentum, 2, 47. 
 Orca, 3. 50. 
 0«&, 3. 67. 
 Orestes, 3. 118. 
 Oj-.' !« o?-« «jfi dr^c, I. 42. 
 Oscitare, 3. 59. 
 Ovum ruptum, 5. 185. 
 
 Pacuvius, p. xxvii., i. 77. 
 
 Palilia, i. 72. 
 
 Pallentes mores, 5. 15. 
 
 Pallor, I. 26. 
 
 Palma, 6. 39. 
 
 Palpo, 5. 176. 
 
 Panaetius, p. xx. 
 
 Panrwsus, 4. 32. 
 
 Pannucius, 4. 21. 
 
 Papae, 5. 79. 
 
 Pappare, 3. 17. 
 
 Paria, 6. 48. 
 
 Parthus, 5. 4. 
 
 Participle present, expressing habit, 5. 
 
 187 ; in -?-«j, I. 100. 
 Patella, 3. 26. 
 Patrare, i. 18. 
 Patruus, I. II. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 147 
 
 Pede liber, i. 13. 
 
 Pedius, 1. 85. 
 
 Pellis, 3. 95., 5. 140. 
 
 Penus, 3. 73. 
 
 Peragere, 5. 139. 
 
 Perducere, 2. 56. 
 
 Per leve, 1. 64. 
 
 Perna, 3. 75. 
 
 /•«?-«, 5. 102. 
 
 Persius, memoir of, by Probus, p. xvi 
 foil. ; country of, 6. 6 ; life of, p. xvi- 
 XX ; his want of political feeling, 
 p. xxiii ; his hatred of the military, 
 p. xviii., 3. 77 ; literary merits of, 
 p.xxxiii; awkwardness in his composi- 
 tion, 2. 14., 6. 37 ; looked to books 
 rather than life, 5. 123; confused 
 by the grammarians with Horace, 
 p. xxxi note. 
 
 Pertundere, 4. 28. 
 
 Pes, 4. 12. 
 
 Pexus, 1. 15. 
 
 Phalaris, 3. 39. 
 
 Phalerae, 3. 30. 
 
 Philosophers banished from Italy, p. xxi. 
 
 Philosophy, position of, in Rome, 
 p. xxiii foil. 
 
 Pica, Choi. 13. 
 
 Picta lingua, £. 25. 
 
 Pingue, 3. 33. 
 
 Pinsere, i. 58. 
 
 Piper, 5. 55- 
 
 Pituita, 2. 57. 
 
 Pix, 5. 148. 
 
 Plasma, i. 17. 
 
 Plebecula, 4. 5. 
 
 Plotius Macrinus, a. i. 
 
 Plural used contemptuously, 3. 79. 
 
 Pluteus, I. 106. 
 
 Poetris, Choi. 13. 
 
 Polenta, 3. 55. 
 
 Ponere, i. 53, fc, 3. iii., 5. 3- 
 
 Popa, 6. 74. 
 
 Popellus, 4. 15. 
 
 Porticus sapiens, 3. 53. 
 
 Posticus, I. 62. 
 
 Pote, I. 56. 
 
 Praedictus, 5. 188. 
 
 Praelargus, i. 14. 
 
 Praetego, 4. 45. 
 
 Praetor, 5. 88. 
 
 Prandium, 3. 85. 
 
 Prayer, usually secret, 2. 5 ; proper 
 objects of, 2 passim. 
 
 Premere, 5. 39. 
 
 Prendere, 6. 28. 
 
 Present where past would be expected, 
 3. 2. 
 
 Pressus, 5. 109. 
 
 Primordia vocum, 6. 3. 
 
 Progenies terrae, 6. 57. 
 
 Progne, 5. 8. 
 
 Prologue or Epilogue to the Satires, 
 
 pp.vi, 138. 
 Proluere labra, Choi. i. 
 Properare, transitive, 3. 23. 
 Prose, development of, from poetry, 
 
 p. xxviii. 
 Protensus, i. 57. 
 Publius, 5. 74. 
 Puella, 3. no. 
 Pulfennius, 5. 190. 
 Pulmentaria, 3. 102. 
 Pulmo, I. 14., 3. 27. 
 Pulpa, 2. 63. 
 Puis, 4. 31. 
 Punctum, 5. 100. 
 Puppets, metaphor from, 5. 128. 
 PurgatcK aures, 5. 63. 
 Puta, 4. 9. 
 Puleal, 4. 49. 
 
 '«, I. 46. 
 Quartus pater, 6. 57. 
 Questions, direct and indirect, confused, 
 
 3- 67-, 5- 27. 
 Quincunx, 5. 149. 
 Quinta hora, 3. 4. 
 Quirites, 3. 106., 5. 75. 
 
 Radere, 3. 114. 
 
 Parnate, 5. 59. 
 
 Rapere Aegaeum, 5. 142. 
 
 .ffara o&w, I. 46. 
 
 Ratio, 5. 96. 
 
 Recessus memtis, 2. 73- 
 
 Recitations, i. 15. 
 
 Recutitus, 5. 184. 
 
 Redire of revenue, 6. 79- 
 
 Refulgere, Choi. 12. 
 
 Regustatus, 5. 138. 
 
 Ifelaxare, 5. 125. 
 
 Relegere, 5. 118. 
 
 Reparabilis, i. 102, 
 
 Reponere, 6. 66. 
 
 Resmirae, i. in ; res populi, 4. i. 
 
 Rheni, 6. 47. 
 
 Rhombus, 6. 23. 
 
 Rings, I. 16. 
 
 Rivers, pictures or images of, borne in 
 
 triumphal processions, 6. 47. 
 Rixari, 5. 178. 
 Rubellum, 5. 147. 
 Rubrica, i. 66., 5. 90. 
 Rudere, 3. 9. 
 ^»^a, 6. 79. 
 
 Sabbata, 5. 184. 
 Salinum, 3. 25. 
 Saliva, i. 104., 2. 33., 5. 1:0., 6. 24. 
 
 L a 
 
14« 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sainbuca, 5. 95. 
 Sanna, 1. 62. 
 Saperda, 5. 134. 
 Sardonyx, 1. 16. 
 Sartago, i. 80. 
 ■S.nfi, 2. 63. 
 
 Satire, history of in Rome, p. xxvi ; 
 relation of to the comic drama, 5. 14. 
 Saturn, star of, 5. 50. 
 Scomber, i. 43. 
 Scutica, 5. 131. 
 Secare, i. 114. 
 Securus, 6. 12. 
 Setnifaganus, Choi. 6. 
 Seneca, pp. xix, xxi, xxv. 
 Senio, 3. 48. 
 Sensus, i. 69. 
 Sepia, 3. 13. 
 Sessilis, 5. 148. 
 
 Shipwrecked sailors, i. 88., 6. 33. 
 Siccus, 5. 163. 
 Sinciput, 6. 70. 
 Sinister, 5. 164. 
 Sinuosus, 5. 27. 
 Sistrutn, 5. 186. 
 Sitire, I. 60. 
 Sive = vel si, i. 67. 
 Slaves, emancipation of, by the Romans, 
 
 5- 75- 
 
 Socrates, 4. i. 
 
 Solon, 3. 79. 
 
 Sonare, with accus,, 3. 21. 
 
 Specimen, 5. 105. 
 
 Splen, I. 12. 
 
 Spondaic verse, 1.95. 
 
 Staius, 2. 19. 
 
 Stemma, 3. 28. 
 
 Stloppus, 5. 13. 
 
 Stoic habit of cutting the hair, 3. 54 ; 
 doctrine of fame, i . 47 ; prayer, 2 
 passim ; an all-seeing Deity, 2 . 1 7-30 ; 
 the aim of life, 3. 60 ; ethics as de- 
 pending on metaphysics, 3. 66; the 
 universe as a ir6\is, 3. 72; freedom, 5. 
 73 foil. ; law of Nature, 5. 98 ; life 
 as an art, 5. 105 ; life with the gods, 
 
 5; m- 
 
 Stoicism, its contact with Rome, p. xx ; 
 change of, from a philosophy into 
 a religion, p. xxii ; religious develop- 
 ment of, not anticipated by Persius, 
 p. xxv. 
 
 Strigil, 5. 126. 
 
 Stringere, 2. 66. 
 
 Studere, 3. 19. 
 
 Stuppa, 5. 135. 
 
 Suhaeratus, 5. 106. 
 
 Subducere costam Appennino, i. 95. 
 
 Subeo, 2. 55 ; 3. 106. 
 
 Subplantare, I. 35. 
 
 Subura, 5. 32. 
 Succinere, 3. 20. 
 Siiflare, 4. 20. 
 Sumen, i. 53. 
 Sutnma boni, 4. 1 7' 
 Summa saliva, labra, i. 104. 
 Supellex, 4. 52. 
 Supponere, 5. 36. 
 Surdus, 6. 35. 
 Surrentinum vinum, 3. 93. 
 Suscipere, 5. 36. 
 
 Tadius, 6. 66. 
 
 7a& «<:('(!, 5. 104. 
 
 Tectoria, 5. 25. 
 
 Temperare, 5. 51. 
 
 Tendere versum, i. 65. 
 
 Teneri anni, 5. 36. 
 
 Tepidus, i. 84 
 
 Terebrare, 5. 138. 
 
 7>rej, 5. 15. 
 
 Text of Persius, pp. xxxvii-viii. 
 
 Theocritus, Charlies of, p. xxvii. 
 
 Theta, 4. 13. 
 
 Thrasea, p. xxi. 
 
 Thyestes, 5. 8. 
 
 Tiberius, letter of, to Senate, 3. 42. 
 
 Tinnire, 5. 106. 
 
 TliVz, of Romans, i. 20. 
 
 Tiija^ verba, 5. 14. 
 
 Torch-race, 6. 61. 
 
 Totus, 6. 173. 
 
 Trabeatus, 3. 29. 
 
 Trabs, I. 89., 6. 27. 
 
 Tra?na, 6. 73. 
 
 Transcendere, 5. in. 
 
 Transilire, 5. 146. 
 
 Transtrum, 5. 147. 
 
 Transvectio equitum, 3. 29. 
 
 Trepidare, 5. 170. 
 
 Tresis, 5. 76. 
 
 Triens, 3. 100. 
 
 Troiades, of the Romans, i. 4. 
 
 Trossulus, I. 82. 
 
 Trumpets at funerals, 3. 103. 
 
 Trutina, 1. 7. 
 
 Tuccetum, 2. 42. 
 
 Tunicatus, 4. 30. 
 
 Turda, 6. 24. 
 
 Tuscum fictile, i. 60. 
 
 6W«j ; j« Wo, I. 105. 
 
 C///?-o, with comparative force, 3. 15. 
 
 i^"'*", 5- 33- 
 
 Uncae nares, 1. 40. 
 
 Unctum, 6. 16. 
 
 Unguis ecfundere, i. 65. 
 
 i7»-Ka, 5. 145. 
 
 Urtica, 6. 70. 
 
 ^™^. 6. 52. 94- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 149 
 
 Vapidus, 5. 117. 
 
 Vappa, 6. 77. 
 
 Varicosus, 5. 189. 
 
 Varus, 4. 12., 6. 18. 
 
 Vastus, 5. 141. 
 
 Vigrandis, i. 97. 
 
 Veientanum, 5. 147- 
 
 Velina, 5. 73. 
 
 Fe?jai iangere, 3. 107. 
 
 Vendere, i. 122. 
 
 Venosus, i. 76. 
 
 Venus, offerings to, 2. 70. 
 
 Veralmm, i. 51. 
 
 Kd^'ia rfa?-«, 3. 19. 
 
 Verginius Flavus, p. xvii. 
 
 Verrucosus, 1. 77. 
 
 Vertere, 5. 137. 
 
 Vertigo, 5. 76. 
 
 Vessels, metaphor fiom, 3. 23. 
 
 Vetavit, 5. 90. 
 
 Vettidius, 4. 25. 
 
 Viatica, 5. 65. 
 
 Vibix, 4. 49. 
 
 FzVife «j, I. 108. 
 
 Vindicta, 5. 88. 
 
 Fm ^«, 6. 63. 
 
 Violae, 5. 182. 
 
 Violaris dies, I. 40. 
 
 Viibius, 6. 56. 
 
 Viridis limus, 3. 22. 
 
 Virtue as a mean, doctrine of, 4. 11. 
 
 Vivere, 6. 2, 25. 
 
 Vocative for nominative, I. 123., 3. 28., 
 
 5- 124- 
 Vulpes, 5. 117. 
 
 Washing in the Tiber, habit of, 2. 15. 
 
 Y, letter, symbol of the two ways, 3. 
 56. 
 
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 V. Marlowe and Greene. Marlowe's Tragical History 
 
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A Series of English Classics. 1 1 
 
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12 /. Literature and Philology. 
 
 Gray. Selected Poems. Edited by Edmund Gossb, M.A. 
 
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A Series of English Classics. 13 
 
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 I. Thoughts on the Present Discontents; the two 
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14 /. Literature and Philology. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, MEDIAEVAL AND 
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 (1) FRENCH AND ITALIAN. 
 
 Brachet's Etymological Dictionary of the French Language. 
 Translated by G. W. Kitohin, D.D. Third Edition,. Crown 8vo, Js. 6d. 
 
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 Moli&re's Les Precieuses Ridicules. Edited, with Introduction 
 
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%French and Italian. 15 
 
 Bacine's Esther. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by 
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 Voltaire's Merope. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, 
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1 6 /. Literature and Philology. 
 
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 (2) GERMAN AND GOTHIC. 
 Max Miiller. The German Classics, from the Fourth to the 
 
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Germati and Gothic. 17 
 
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 London : Henuy Fhowde, Amen Corner, E.C, 
 C 
 
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 Part I. Prose Extracts. With English Notes, a Grammatical 
 
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 Schiller's Wilhelm Tell. Translated into English Verse by 
 
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 Cleasby and Vigfiisson. An Icelandic-English Dictionary, 
 
 based on the MS. collections of the late KlOHABD Cleasby. Enlarged 
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 Corpvs Poeticvm Boreale. The Poetry of the Old 
 
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 Oxford : Clarendon Press. 
 
Latin : Standard Works. i g 
 
 m 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 CLASSICAL LANGUAGES. 
 
 (1) LATIN. 
 
 STANDARD WORKS AND EDITIONS. 
 
 King and Cookson. The Principles of Sound and Inflexion, 
 
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 Merry. Selected Fragments of Roman Poetry. Edited with 
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 — - The Roman Satura. 8to, sewed, i«. 
 
 Ancient Lives of Vergil. Svo, sewed, 2*. 
 
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 Finder. Selections from the less known Latin Poets. By 
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 HoKACE and the Elegiac Poets. With a Memoir 
 
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 Wordsworth. Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin. 
 With Introductions and Notes. By J. Wordsworth, D.D. Svo, i8«. 
 
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 c a 
 
20 /. Literature and Philology. 
 
 Avianus. The Fables. ' Edited, with Prolegomena, Critical 
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 Catulli Veronensis Liber. Iterum recognovit, apparatum 
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 Select Letters. With English Introductions, Notes, and 
 
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 Horace. With a Commentary. Vol. I. The Odes, Carmen 
 
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 Vol. II. The Satires, Epistles, and De Arte Poetica. By 
 
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 D a 
 
2,6 I. Literature attd Philology. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
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Sacred Books of the East. 37 
 
 The Sacred Books of the East {continued). 
 
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38 /. Literature and Philology. 
 
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Oriental Languages, 39 
 
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40 /. Literature and Philology. 
 
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Anecdota Oxoniensia. 41 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 _ ANECDOTA OXONIENSIA. 
 
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42 /. Literature and Philology. 
 
 ANECDOTA OXONIENSIA {continued). 
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The Holy Scriptures, &-c. 43 
 
 II. THEOLOGY. 
 
 A. THE HOLY SCRIPTURES, &c. 
 COPTIC. Libri Prophetarura Majorum, cum Lamentationibns 
 
 Jeremiae, in Dialecto Linguae Aegyptiacae Memphitioa seu Coptica. 
 Edidit cum Versione Latina H. Tattam, S.T.P. Tomi II. 8 vo, I Js. 
 
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