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LANMAN'a ADVENTURES in the WILDS of NORTH AHERU'V . ... %(, XXIX. DE CUSTINE'S RUSSIA, abridged .. j, « London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longm \xs. (Eflrtwll Imu^rsttij ICtbranj BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Hem u W. Sage 1891 ftSovj-S^l I'tiMS^-' JUi H 1916 HOME USE RULES. All Books subject to Recall All books must be returned at end of col- lege year for inspec- tion and repairs. Students must re- turn all books before leaving town. Officers should arrange for the return of books wanted during their absence from town. Books needed by more than one person are held on the reserve list. Volumes" of periodi- cals and of pamphlets are Held in the library as much as possible. For special purposes they are given out for a limited time. Borrowers should not use their library privileges f ol-the bene- fit of other persons. Books of special value and gift books, when the giver wishes it, are "not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked to report all cases of books marked or muti- lated. Do not deface books by marks and writing, * Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029803487 Cornell University Library CE8.C5 A2 Literary remains of Henry Fynes Clinton olin 3 1924 029 803 487 LITERARY REMAINS OF HENRY FYNES CLINTON. LITERARY REMAINS HENRY FYNES CLINTON, ESQ., M.A. AUTHOR OP THE '■ FASTI HELLENICI' AND 'FASTI ROMAN!' CONSISTING- OP AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND LITERARY JOURNAL Brief ISssags on SEIjeologtcal Subjects. EDITED BY THE REV. C. J. EYNES CLINTON, M.A., KECTOE OP CEOJSTWBLL, NOTTS. LONDON: LONGMAN, BEOWN, GEEEN, AND LONGMANS. 1854. EV. A 1 -v s~n ? FEINTED BY JOHN EDWABE TATLOB, LITT1E QCEEH STBEET, LINCOLN'S INN EIBLDS. PREFACE. After the decease of the learned Author of the ' Fasti Hellenici ' and ' Fasti Roniani/ who by these works had gained for himself a very high and exten- sive reputation for sound scholarship and for careful and accurate research, it was found that he had left behind him a brief Autobiography of his early life, and a Journal for the last thirty-four years, contain- ing a circumstantial diary of events during the whole of that period (though less full in the latter part of it), interspersed with valuable reflections and remarks on a variety of subjects, especially however with re- ference to his literary pursuits ; and therefore styled by himself a ( Literary Journal.' The distinctive features of his character, as dis- played in these records of his thoughts and feelings, VI PREFACE. are, an ardent thirst for knowledge, an absence of ambition for worldly honours and distinctions, a pro- found reverence for the Most High, and an earnest desire to consecrate the labours of his intellect to His honour. It is thought, therefore, that it may be conducive to the interests of classical literature, and may pro- mote even the cause of religion, as connected there- with, to publish portions of the Autobiography and Journal. For it may be useful to the student, as a stimulus to his own efforts, to notice the ardour with which the Author of the ' Fasti ' commenced, and the patient diligence with which he pursued, his classical studies amidst difficulties and discouragements ; and to trace out the steps by which the idea of his great work assumed form and shape in his mind, as his literary stores accumulated, until he committed the results of his labours to the Press, and attained his eminence as a Chronologist. And it must be inter- esting to every right-thinking reader to observe how deeply the studies of so eminent a Scholar were im- bued with sound religion. It will be seen that he regarded the particular line of study, for which his inclinations and previous habits best fitted him, as an PREFACE. Vll especial duty marked out for him by his God ; that, viewing it in this light, he pursued it to the latest period of his life ; and that, influenced by this mo- tive, he sought for Divine help on his Chronological labours, and ascribed his literary success to the aid which he implored. The remarks upon various authors and upon edu- cation, and occasionally upon political subjects (during the twenty years of his Parliamentary life), which are interspersed, may be deemed not devoid of interest. The notices of his studies will probably be dry and uninteresting to the general reader, but they will not be without their value to the student. They show the course and method of study pursued by an emi- nent Scholar, the quantity read and digested in a given time, and the laborious diligence with which he collected materials for his ' Fasti/ In short, we have here a wise and learned man — a man of great natural abilities and extensive acquired knowledge — freely expressing his sentiments upon a variety of subjects, noting down his own experience and progress in the paths of classical literature, and exhibiting sincere and unostentatious piety. Whatever in this volume is not altogether of a Vlll PREFACE. literary nature, is published simply for the purpose of giving a connected and narrative form to the whole, and of displaying the lineaments of the Author's character as a man and as a Christian, in his various social and domestic relations. The passages included within brackets, inserted in the text in smaller type, are the remarks of the Editor, introduced for the purpose of explanation, or illustration, or connection. September, 1854. CONTENTS. PART I. 1781-1818. Early Teavs : [ancestry — anecdote of Norreys Fynes and of Har- rington].— 1789 : Southwell School.— 1796 : Westminster School. — 1799 : Christ Church, Oxford — Passion for books — Syrnmons. Conybeare. — 1801 : Commencement of diligence in study. — 1802 : Examination. — 1803 : Degree — Private pupils. — 1805 : A new prospect. — 1806 : Visit to Clumber — Returned to Parliament — Reflections on his Oxford life. — 1807 : Attendance at the House of Commons — Opinions on the Catholic claims — Publication of ' Solyman,' a tragedy. — 1808 : Statistical studies — Reflections on public speaking. — 1809: Marriage — Chronological studies. — 1810: Domestic calamity — Narrative of mournful events — Reflections — Resumption of classical studies. — 1811 : Extant quantity of wri- tings of ancient authors — Plans of study — Residence at "Wing — Visit to Clifton, and Bangor. — 1812: Marriage — Welwyn ; resi- dence of Young — Observations on authors — Studies at Bangor. — 1813 : Scheme of literary chronology. — 1814 : Course of reading. — 1815 : Diligent study. — 1816 : Extant Greek literature, con- sidered either chronologically ', or with reference to the subjects treated of, or the merit and value of the coiwposition — Two me- thods of study : which preferable ? — Authors to be studied dili- gently — Proposed course of reading — Literary pursuits at Wel- wyn — First thoughts of publishing. — 1817 : Season in Dean's Yard — Studies at Welwyn — Religious studies — Methodical ar- rangements for study — Studies of the year. — 1818 : Journey from Bangor to Cromwell — Dean's Yard — Welwyn — Theological studies — Studies of the year — Lists of Authors . . pp. 1-108 X CONTENTS. PART II. 1819-1852. 1819 : Studies from 1810 to January 1, 1819 — Authors to be read — Reflections at "Welwyn — Orators and writers compared — Re- marks on Mitford, on Curtius, on Eusebius — House of Commons — Parliamentary matters — Studies in Dean's Yard — Plans of future literary labours — Filial piety — Remarks on Josephus — Visit to Snowdon — Literary projects — Remarks on Isocrates— Prayers — Summary of studies — Theological remarks — Reflections on official life. — 1820 : Remarks on Suetonius — Reflections and prayers — Recollections of Bangor — Tisit in Notts — General Elec- tion — Parliamentary business — Manuscript compilations — Esti- mate of time for study — Beauties of Plato — Remarks on Dion Cassius, on Heliodorus, on Aristides, on Isocrates — Slow progress of great works, W'olfius, Wyttenbach, Mitford, Bartheleroi — Studies of the year — Prospective studies — Grateful reflections. — 1821 : Prayers and resolutions — Art of rhetoric — Varieties of talent with regard to style: Aristophanes, Demosthenes, Johnson, Mitford, Cicero, Dryden — Observations on Journals — Southey's Life of "Wesley — Parliamentary business — Commentary of Eusta- thius — Pleasing recollections — Clinton pedigree — Scripture Chro- nology — On the purchase of books — Classical authors necessary for a student — Ecclesiastical writers — Different plan of study pursued — Literary employments of the year. — 1822 : Summary of Apollodorus — Labours in Chronology — Dr. Burney's Frag- ments — Retrospect of studies — Importance of literary pursuits — Studies of the year. — 1823 : Association of authors with the scenes in which they were read — Recapitulation of studies since 1810 — Specimen of the ' Fasti' sent to Oxford. — 1S24 : Political matters — Reception of the ' Fasti' — Literary projects — Filial piety — Dr. Gaisford on the ' Fasti' — Studies of the year. — 1S25 : State of classical literature — Small encouragement given to classical studies — Boaden's Life of Kemble — Charterhouse Greek Grammar — Photii Bibhotheca — C'udworth — Studies of the year. — 1826 : Cor- respondence with Professor Gaisford — The ' Fasti' in Germany — Reflections on Ins political life now terminated — Second edition of the 'Fasti' — Studies of the year. — 1S27 : Further publications projected — Vota precesque — Remarks on Eratosthenes — Removal to London — Bangor — Death of his father — Office of Librarian of the British Museum — Disappointment — Studies of the year. — 1828 : Trpocrevx'd Ka ^ A.fTaj/e«u — Return to London from Bangor — Remarks on Zonaras — Studies of the year — Three great objects in education — Advantages of a classical education. — 1829 : Distribu- tion of time — Second edition of the ' Fasti' — At Speen — Studies of the year.— 1830 : Preparation for Third Part of the ' Fasti'— A lite- CONTENTS. XI rary object necessary — ' Foreign Review' on the ' Fasti' — Grateful reflections, — 1831 : Various incidents — Six months' studies — Pro- ject for a Fourth Part of the ' Fasti' — Six months' studies. — 1832 : Self-reproaches for waste of thne in early years — Anticipations — Reflections on leaving his residence in London — Literary pm-suits of the year. — 1833 : Death of his next brother — ' Fasti,' Part I.— Reflections and prayers. — 1834 : Self-communing — Studies of the year. — 1835 : Arrangement of time — Studies of the year. — 1836 : Visit in Notts — Preparation for Part IV. of the 'Fasti' — Studies of the year. — 1837 : Studies of the year. — 1838 : Departure to Tours — Incidents at Tours — Studies of the year. — 1839 : Reflec- tions and prayers — Archbishop of Tours — Affecting narrative — Last days at Tom's — Return to England — Interesting recollections of Tours — Reflections. — 18 JO : Works to be consulted for ' Fasti Romani' — Studies of the year. — 1841 : Boswell's Life of Johnson — Bennet Langton — Distribution of time in London — At Rams- gate — Studies of the year. — 1812 : Remarks on Mosheim — Rams- gate — Survey of his mind — Testimony to those through whom he had derived moral benefit — Pest classical studies — Studies of the year. — 18 13 : Correspondence with Dr. Gaisford — Return to Rams- gate — Studies of the year. — 1814 : Rarnsgate — 'Fasti Romani.' — 1845 : Literary employments at Rarnsgate. — 1846 : At Salisbury, etc. — Studies of the year. — 1847 : Studies of the year — Plan of study. — 1848 : Enebworth — Maresfield — Studies of the year. — 18 19 : Observations on the synthetic and analytic forms of lan- guages. — 1S50 : 'Fasti Hcllenici,' vol. hi., new edition — 'Fasti Romani,' vol. ii. — Studies of the year. — 1851: Funeral of the Duke of Newcastle — Highnam Church — Epitome of ' Fasti Hellenici' — Studies of the year. — 1852 : Marriage at Clumber — Bacon's philosophical works — Remarks on Bacon, Cudworth, Plato, Deruocritus — Epitome of 'Fasti Romani' — Dissolu- tion — Oratio Censoria at Christ Church — List of his published works ... . pp. 109-364 PAKT III. "ATAKTA. . Four Grand doctrines of Revelation. — II. The Deist. — III. Mind and Matter. — IV. Reason and Revelation. — V. Inspiration, — VI. Success of the Gospel — VII. Mystery of a First Cause. — VIII. Spirit and Matter. — IX. Mosaic account of Creation. — X. Immor- tality of the Soul. — XL Bounties of Redemption. — XII. Moral Code of the Heathen. — XIII. Natural Law and Gospel Law. — XIV. The only laudable motive of action. — XV. Time and Eter- nity. — XVI. Hints to a Young Preacher. — XVII. The Tractarian School.— XVIII. On Nelson's Fasts and Festivals . pp. 365-387 AUTHORS REMARKED UPON. -y ■ PAQE. Mitford . . . . 118 Q. Curtius . . 119 Eusebius . . • 120, 139 Josephus .... 130 Ieocrates .... 135 Suetonius .... 142 Plato ... . . 158 Aristides ...... 159 Southey's Life of Wesley 172 Eustatbius ...... 176 Apollodorus ..... 189 Burney's Fragments 192 Faber ... 200 Boaden's Life of Kemble 233 Memnon apud Pbotium 238 Cudworth . ... 240, 356 Middleton ' On the Greek Article ' 271 Zonaras ..... 272 Boswell's Life of Johnson 332 Mosheim . ... 355 Nelson's ' Fasts and Festivals ' 384 ERRATUM. In page 53, cancel the last sentence, beginning " In this house," and substitute the following : " This house was visited by Dr. John- son on June 2, 1781. For the account of his -visit, see Boswell's Life of Johnson, under that date." LITERARY REMAINS or HENRY FYNES CLINTON. PART I. AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 1781-1818. The first eight years of my life were passed at Gam- ston, in the county of Nottingham, where I was born, January 14th, 1781. I still imperfectly remember that part of Nottinghamshire, and some of the inci- dents of my early years. In March 1789 my father removed to Cromwell, in the same county. [Dr. Fynes Clinton, the father of Henry Fyn.es Clinton, was born February 29th, 174|-. He married, in July 1779, Emma, daughter of Job Brough, Esq., of Newark. He was Vicar of Newark, 1777 ; preferred to the Rectory of G-amston, 1778, by Henry Fiennes (or Eynes) Pelham Clinton, ninth Earl of Lincoln and first Duke of New- 2 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. castle* In 1788, through the influence of the same pa- tron, he became Prebendary of "Westminster, and in 1789 vacated Ganiston for the Rectory of Cromwell, which, as well as Gamston, was presented to him by the Duke of Newcastle. In 1797 he became minister also of St. Mar- garet's, "Westminster, in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of the Abbey Church of St. Peter's. Dr. Eynes Clinton was descended, in an unbroken hue, from Henry, the second Earl of Lincoln, who died 1616. Henry, the second earl, married (first) Catherine, daughter of the Earl of Huntingdon ; from which mar- riage is descended the present twelfth Earl of Lincoln and fourth Duke of Newcastle (of the family of Clinton). He married, secondly, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Richard Morrison, widow of Lord Norreys, and mother of the Earl of Berkshire : from this marriage was descended Dr. Eynes Clinton, the father of Henry Eynes Clinton. A remarkable incident befell Norreys Fynes, alias Clin- ton, the grandson of the second Earl of Lincoln, and the great-great-grandfather of Dr. Eynes Clinton. It is thus recorded in an ancient manuscript : — " Norreys was in the service of Charles the Pirst, du- ring all his wars ; in which he received several wounds. He was taken prisoner at Northampton by the Parliamen- tarians, and condemned to be hanged, as a spy. But Prince Rupert, having taken one Mr. "Wright of "Oxbridge, ob- * First of the family of Clinton, but second, reckoning Thomas Pulham, as the first of the new creation. EARLY YEAKS. 6 tained an exchange ; and the trumpeter came just in time, the rope being about the neck of ISTorreys Fynes, and he at the gibbet in the market-place, and the 13th Psalm singing ; which concluded, he was to be hanged. The Prince sent sixty marks to bear his charges to TJx- bridge, and if dead to bury him." Thus it would seem that the very existence of the future author of the ' Pasti' depended upon the length of the psalm sung by the Parliamentarians on that occa- sion in the market-place of Northampton. If it had not been for this canting custom of singing psalms before the execution of their prisoners, the trumpeter with the exchange would have obtained only the dead body of JSTorreys, who would have died childless, all his children having been born subsequently to this event. He died in 1693, aged seventy-eight. The same manuscript records a singular circumstance respecting ISTorreys' younger brother Harrington. " There is a tradition that Sir Henry Fynes, his fa- ther* (the son of Henry, second Earl of Lincoln), being out hawking, killed a blackbird with a half-moon on his breast ; upon which he said, ' Pray G-od Harrington be well ! ' By calculation it proved that at the same hour of the same day Harrington was killed. He was basely slain by a pikeman in an orchard, where he had fought with an officer, whom he had either killed or wounded." * For Memoirs of Sir Henry Fynes, written by himself, see ' Gen- tleman's Magazine,' vol. xlii., pp. 87, 161-164, a.d. 1772. B 2 4 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. The father of Dr. Eynes Clinton, Korreys Eynes, was appointed Governor of the important island of Jamaica, in 1757. Before however he coiild leave this country to enter upon his government, he died of gout in the sto- mach. Emma Brough, the mother of Henry Fynes Clin- ton, was descended from an ancient Nottinghamshire family, which distinguished itself on the Royalist side in the time of the Great Rebellion. This family traces its descent, in common with the Lords Brough, Borough, or Burgh, of Gainsborough, from Hubert de Burgh, Jus- ticiary of England in the time of Henry the Third, " the ablest and most virtuous minister that Henry ever pos- sessed."] In the summer of 1789 I was taken to Southwell school, where I remained seven entire years, — till the summer of 1796. In that time I acquired a com- petent skill in Latin, and made some progress in Greek. Our master, the Rev. Magnus Jackson, was very severe, but thoroughly versed in the Latin lan- guage. Of his acquirements in Greek I was not so capable of judging. His manner of teaching was ex- cellent. He was especially attentive to grammar, in which he was accurately versed. It was his practice to make the boy who construed read over a whole period of the author throughout, and then to require him to point out the principal verb in the sentence, which being found, the words of the sentence were to SOUTHWELL SCHOOL. O be read according to the grammatical order of their construction, and then the English of the whole was to be given at once, — an excellent method, and much superior to the practice of rendering each clause or word separately. When I left this school I knew Virgil, except the Georgics ; almost the whole of Horace ; the Gallic War of Csesar ; Sallust ; and the Catilinarian ora- tions of Cicero. In Greek, I had read St. John's Gospel ; the first four books of the Cyropaedia ; and the first four or five of the Iliad. We read, among other English books, Goldsmith's History of Rome, and the Lives of Plutarch by Lang- horne (I think) ; together with Pope's Iliad. I acquired at Southwell, from these sources, some knowledge of Roman history ; I had not much im- pression of the history of Greece. Notwithstanding the severity of the discipline, I always think of Southwell with delight. I associate any favourite book that I may have read with the re- collection of the place where I first studied it. Thus, Thucydides or Demosthenes carry me back to Oxford ; the idea of Bangor is associated with Josephus and Arrian ; the recollection of the Isle of Wight with Isocrates and Xenophon ; and I always connect with the recollection of Southwell and its scenery, the striking and splendid passages of the Roman history, O AUTOBIOGRAPHY. the story of the first Cyrus, and the sublime images of the Iliad. On these accounts I remember South- well school with delight. My obligations to Mr. Magnus Jackson are very great. I owe whatever I may have since learned to that rigid discipline, and to the habits of application and attention which were taught me at Southwell school. In September 1796, at fifteen and a half, I was re- moved to Westminster School. I remained there till Easter, 1 799. In this period of two years and a half, I did not make so great progress as I might have done. 'The necessity of application was not imposed upon me. I was not pressed with grammatical questions, nor watched with the rigid accuracy of my old South- well master. What was appointed for my school bu- siness was performed without much exertion ; because no other Latin books were put into my hands than Virgil, Horace, and Sallust (and these I had already studied at Southwell) ; and because in Greek, which was principally Homer, I found there was not the same demand for laborious accuracy which there had been in my former place of discipline. There remained to me much more leisure-time than I had been formerly accustomed to have. This leisure I employed in ranging over the books that happened to please my fancy best : so that the opportunity of confirming and fixing upon my mind the habit of close attention, WESTMINSTER SCHOOL. / which I brought from Southwell, was not duly culti- vated. I added nothing at Westminster to my stock of Latin authors. In Greek I went through the Iliad and Odyssey, four plays of Sophocles, two of Euri- pides, and the funeral orations of Lysias, Thucydides, and Plato. These were the extent of my classical ac- quirements. For the rest, my private readings were, Johnson's ' Lives of the Poets/ the works of those poets themselves, many dramatic pieces of Bell's ' Bri- tish Theatre/ and Mitford's History of Greece. I had access to these works in the chambers of my most kind and affectionate uncle, Job Charlton Brough, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn ; and by the advantage I enjoyed of consulting his excellent maps, I acquired a taste for geography. On Aprd 6, 1799, my father accompanied me to Oxford; and in the evening we were introduced to Dr. Cyril Jackson, the Dean of Christ Church ; with whom we found in his library Marsh, my future tu- tor, and Mr. Carey, afterwards successively Bishop of Exeter and St. Asaph, at that time Censor of the College, and subsequently the successor of Dr. Vin- cent, as Head Master of Westminster. The next day my father returned to London, and left me to myself. This commencement of my Oxford life was singu- larly pleasant : I found myself in possession of a new 8 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. kind of liberty, being for the first time in my life considered and treated as a man. I was surrounded by my former companions and schoolfellows of West- minster, and with these I enjoyed the time at my disposal. I remained at Christ Church, residing the whole of every term, for seven years and eight months, till December 1806, when a new scene opened upon me. I carried with me to the University a more limited stock of classical reading than ought to have been possessed by a boy of eighteen, who had been ten years subjected to school discipline. But I had con- ceived a strong passion for literature, especially Greek. My curiosity to read through the Greek historians had been inflamed by the perusal of Mitford's His- tory, and by the praise which he bestowed upon the original writers from whom he drew his materials. Fortunately Herodotus and Thucydides were the first authors that were put into my hands. I admired Demosthenes, though I had only read portions of him. Plato was my favourite. But the most solid literary advantage that I derived from Westminster was a taste for the Greek tragic poets, which was awakened in me by the study of the four plays of Sophocles, and the two of Euripides above mentioned, recom- mended and embellished by the able exposition of Dr. Vincent. PASSION FOR BOOKS. 9 I was seized, at ray first entrance upon Oxford, with the desire of collecting books, especially Greek. My ambition was to have a legible text of each, without the encumbrance of Latin versions ; for I had im- bibed from my old master at Southwell a dislike and contempt for versions, clavises, and all the pernicious helps by which the labour of learning is shortened to the student. He had taught us that the meaning of an author was to be sought by diligent application to dictionaries and lexicons ; that expedients for shorten- ing the labour encouraged the negligent in their neg- ligence ; that what is easily learned is easily forgotten. My zeal in the adoption of these principles was such, that I mutilated my books to purify them from the accompanying Latin versions ; and I at this time pos- sess Brunch's Sophocles and Aristophanes, and the Euripides of Musgrave, from which I detached and destroyed the Latin versions. In indulging my passion for collecting books, I often made great mistakes, from ignorance, and from the want of judicious advisers; sometimes purchasing a bad edition at a high price, sometimes parting with a valuable book in exchange for a worse. My literary zeal was much increased by the con- versation and example of two of my companions and contemporaries in particular — John Symmons and John Conybeare. Conybeare had no great depth of b 3 10 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. learning, for he had not the necessary diligence ; but he had quick natural talents, a ready flow of elo- quence, and a good taste. He delighted to talk on literary subjects, and had the talent of expressing himself plausibly, with a show of greater learning than he possessed. He had an excellent collection of books, of which he liberally permitted the use to his companions. In these conversations, questions of li- terature were started and discussed with ardour. I often found my literary inclination increased by his discourses, and by turning over the books which adorned his apartment. Symmons possessed in rea- lity all that learning of which the other could only talk. Having had the advantage of good early in- struction, he came to the University with a degree of erudition and critical knowledge of Greek, to which the usual course of academical reading could add but little. His extraordinary faculties, his wonderful me- mory, his strong relish for the beauties of literature, added to great application, qualified him to rise to the very first rank of critical scholars. The conversations and discussions of Symmons upon Greek literature inspired me with a zeal for those pursuits. We some- times studied together ; and, from the occasional in- formation which fell from him (although information was not willingly given), but more especially from the enthusiasm of his discourses, inflaming me with a de- DILIGENCE IN STUDY. 11 sire to emulate him and to acquire the same know- ledge, I derived more advantage than from the in- structions of the authorized teachers of the College.* These were my chief associates for almost the first two years of my College life. During this time, how- ever, I was indolent : for the first time in my life I found myself at liberty, and master of my own time, and I abused that liberty. My reading was desul- tory, and an amusement rather than an occupation. I wandered from book to book in search of striking passages, till at the end of term my required portion of reading was still unprepared ; and I was obliged to get it through by a hasty application of a few days or nights. The first time that I began to study regu- larly was on the 17th of January, 1801, when I com- menced the ' Prometheus' of iEschylus, which I read, with the commentary of the German editor, in three weeks. I employed another fortnight upon the ' Seven Chiefs/ which I studied in the same manner and with the same care. I then proceeded to the perusal of Livy for the first time, and finished the first Decade in about six weeks. During the progress of these studies I removed to Fell's-buildings, a situation better adapted for study, * Both these companions of my youth are now dead. Poor Sym- mons, I have been informed, died in the summer of 1830, at Paris, in much distress. 12 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. in the month of May 1801 ; there I resided from that time till I quitted Oxford. Prom this period my studies became more systematic, my diligence was greater, and I no longer turned over books for amuse- ment merely. From this period, January 1801, 1 date the beginning of a more useful habit of study and literary occupation. The five months of vacations in each year I passed with my father, sometimes at Westminster, sometimes at Cromwell. Occasionally I pursued some branch of classical study there, but more frequently omitted these studies altogether, and either idly wasted the time, or unprofitably employed it in desultory English reading. 1802. In the spring of this year, I was diligently em- ployed in preparing myself for examination, in the Public Causes of Demosthenes, and in JEschylus, and in the ' Rhetoric' of Aristotle. My examination took place in the beginning of June. The persons examined were Parry Jones, myself, Symmons, Ge- hagan, Heathcote, and Impey. The new system had been just established, and we were, I think, the second set that were examined under the new regulations. We all acquitted ourselves pretty well. For myself, the Dean expressed himself satisfied, treated me with EXAMINATION. 13 great kindness, and eventually made me a student of Christ Church. In November, the two * * * were given to me as private pupils. They were exceedingly ignorant ; never attempted Greek, and but little Latin. During the two years that they remained (till July 1804) they derived certainly no benefit from my instructions, nor was the office of then- instructor desirable. It gave me however a footing in the College, and I became a student in December. 1803. March 17, 1 took my Bachelor's degree. The long- vacation was passed in Nottinghamshire. I do not remember much application to books. It was the sum- mer in which the Hoveringham Cricket Club had their meetings, which I frequented. Returning to Oxford October 15, 1 was appointed by the Dean private tutor to the Earl Gower (the present Duke of Sutherland) . I remained in this charge till June 1806, three aca- demical years. Lord Gower was a young nobleman of regular habits, disposed to application, desirous of acquiring knowledge, and was of attainments very much superior to most young men of rank who come to the University. As I trust our readings together were of some service to him, so they certainly were of advantage to myself in a literary point of view. The 14 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. necessity of being prepared to do justice to the author who was the object of our studies, obliged me to an accurate attention which, without that motive, I might not have bestowed ; and the course of reading that we went through together, was precisely that which I should have desired for myself. We read through the Odyssey, the whole of Thucydides, the three ora- tions of iEschines, the best orations (that is to say, the longest) of Demosthenes, and the whole of Pindar. 1804, In June, I experienced new marks of the Dean's kindness, in being appointed to the commemoration speech, and in receiving the first Bachelor's prize : Moysey had the second. The long vacation was passed in Nottinghamshire. During the summer I read through Aristophanes, with the notes of Brunck : I finished the eleven co- medies in about six weeks, at Cromwell. I do not recollect what other studies occupied the remaining period of the vacation, or whether any. In October I returned at the usual time to Christ Church, and to my office of assisting the studies of Lord Gower. The two brothers, my former pupils, had quitted Oxford before the vacation ; but their place was now supplied by Sir James , to whom the Dean introduced me as private tutor. He was a young man of the A NEW PROSPECT. 15 most amiable dispositions, not however very much versed in literature. Greek he had no chance of ac- quiring, and in Latin he was no proficient. These deficiencies however were to be imputed to his in- structors : he had been wretchedly taught, and wretch- edly grounded. In his own inclination he was suf- ficiently desirous of knowledge, and was anxious to attempt much : I willingly gave him my time, as it was my duty to do. Between him and Lord Gower my morning hours were pretty well engaged and oc- cupied. At the end of this year I was much shocked by the death of my Uncle Frank Brough. This unexpected event, which happened in his fortieth year, first taught me by personal experience, in the untimely loss of one so near to me, the uncertainty of human life. I have since witnessed many other instances, and this lesson has been but too often impressed upon me. 1805. I had now begun the twenty-fifth year of my life, without any other views for the future than those which were contained in the profession of a clergyman. I believed myself destined for an academical life, which was to end in my taking orders. In March, of this year, a new prospect was opened to me. On the 17th of that month Mr. Gardiner made himself known to 16 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. my father. He told him, that his nephew being lately- dead, he found himself, at eighty-one years of age, without an heir by the father's side, to whom he could bequeath his possessions ; that he looked around him for the relations of his mother, from whom he had in- herited the greater part of his property, and to whose family he was anxious that it should revert. He there- fore sought my father, who was the great-nephew of his mother, and fixed upon his eldest son as his suc- cessor in his landed property. On the 27th of April, I went up to Westminster to be introduced to this new friend and benefactor, and passed two days at my father's house for the purpose of becoming acquainted with him. Mr. Gardiner particularly stipulated that I should not take orders. His desire was that his heir should be a country gentleman, and capable of secular employments. My design of taking orders was con- sequently abandoned. I returned however to my usual literary occupations, and looked upon an academical life as my probable destiny for some time to come. This year I was examined for the Master's degree, and, as a preparation for it, I had employed the Christmas vacation in London in the careful perusal of Sophocles, with the Scholia; and the Easter vaca- tion in reading over the whole of Livy. To these I added Thucydides, who had become familiar to me in the course of my readings with Lord Gower. After master's degree. 17 the examination, I passed the first six weeks of the long vacation in London, and at this time began the composition of the tragedy of ' Sob/man/ After the latter part of the long vacation at Cromwell, I re- turned to Oxford, October 14th, and took my Master of Arts degree. 1806. This last year of my Oxford life began inauspici- ously, with the death of my most excellent and kind- hearted uncle Job Brough, who followed his brother to the grave, thirteen months after, at the age of forty-seven, by a lamentable accident. He was killed by a fall from his horse in hunting. This event happened in the beginning of January. I carried with me to London my brother Clinton,* then a boy of thirteen, and passed on to Oxford on the 21st of January, at the moment when the whole nation were in anxious apprehension of the death of Mr. Pitt, whose recovery was then declared hopeless. I con- tinued in the charge of my two pupils till the month of June, when Lord Grower quitted the University. The last books that we read together were Pindar, and the ' Rhetoric' of Aristotle. Our last literary in- terview was on the 20th of June ; I took my leave of him with sentiments of regret and esteem. * Afterwards student of Ckrist Church, and subsequently Barrister at Law, and M.P. for Aldborough, Yorkshire. 18 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. After the vacation had commenced I remained at Oxford till the 12th of July, engaged in the study of the Orators, in Reiske's edition. Among other parts of the collection I read Andocides, and a great part of Lysias. On the 12th of July I returned to Cromwell for the last long vacation. I do not remember any literary occupations of im- portance during the three months that I passed in Nottinghamshire, except that a part of the fifth act of my play of ' Solyman' was written in July. This period was more occupied with engagements and visiting, than any former vacation. Thus I plea- santly passed thirty-six days out of the three months of my stay. I made two visits to Clumber* ; and the Clumber family, that is to say, the Duke, General Craufurd, and the Duchess Dowager, passed three days at my father's, at Cromwell, in the begmning of September. I notice these visits, because they may have had some influence on my future destiny. On the 17th of October I returned to Oxford. There I resumed my academical occupations with Sir James , now my sole pupil. I had al- ready explained to the Dean my reasons for declining to engage any further in the tuition of the college, and he had taken my resolution in good part, and was satisfied with my reasons. But I still looked forward to literary occupations, although not official * The seat of the Duke of Newcastle. RETUKXED TO PARLIAMENT. 19 duties, in the University, and was applying my atten- tion to objects of classical study, when about a week after my return I was surprised by a letter from my father, announcing the Duke of Newcastle's parlia- mentary intentions, and conveying an offer of bring- ing me in for Aldborough. My father mentioned this as a matter which required no hesitation, and to which there could hardly be imagined an objection ; and that he had therefore accepted the proposal for me. Accordingly, on the 3rd of November, 1806, I saw myself declared one of the representatives for Aldborough. There could not be at that moment in the whole kingdom one more astonished at finding himself called to the duties of a Member of Parliament, or more unprepared and unqualified for such a situation, than I was. It was a station which I had never con- templated as within the reach of probability. Till four-and-twenty I had lived with the persuasion that my destiny was the Church ; and to this profession I was well, though not ardently, inclined. I had for the last three years exercised the office of private tutor in the college; and notwithstanding that Mr. Gardiner had altered my views of taking orders, yet I still felt myself destined to an academical, or at least a literary life : my studies, my tastes, my habits, were all academical ; and they might well be so, after 20 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. almost eight years' residence at the University, dur- ing the most critical period of life, from eighteen to twenty-six, with these occupations and prospects. I immediately began to qualify myself, if possible, for my new calling, by laying aside my classical pur- suits, and by seeking for such knowledge as the short- ness of the time would allow. The interval between the 3rd of November and the meeting of Parliament, forty days, I devoted to the study of Smith's ' Wealth of Nations,' and Smollett's ' Continuation of Hume,' for English history since the Revolution. I took my final leave of Oxford on the 15th December, 1806. [The energy of my brother's character was remarkably displayed in the industry with which he thus immediately set about preparing himself for the duties of his new situation. Few young men of his age, if thus unexpect- edly placed ha Parliament, would retain the equanimity and composure of mind requisite for calm and steady application at once to a new branch of study. The novelty of position, so wholly unlooked for, would natu- rally produce a temporary distaste for intellectual pur- suits. But a serious perception of responsibility, and a resolution to discharge conscientiously the duties to which he might be summoned, were, throughout his life, prominent features in my brother's character. There- fore he instantly relinquished for a time his favourite studies, and quietly set to work to make himself master REFLECTIONS ON HIS OXFORD LIFE. 21 of such books as he thought 'would assist him in qualify- ing himself for his new duties.] The last two or three years of my Oxford life were passed very pleasantly. It happened at this time that an unusual number of my contemporaries re- mained resident, as Bachelors : so that I found myself, after taking my degree, still surrounded by my former companions, without being driven to seek for new society among those who were below me, or those who were above me, in point of standing. It is sufficient for me to write the names of Jones, Gain- ford, Impey, and Mackenzie, in order to recall the memory of many hours pleasantly passed in the enjoy- ment of cheerful conversation, joint studies, literary discussions, and friendly meetings, in which some part of almost every day was spent. By the society of these four, I found my evil propensities corrected, my habits of regularity confirmed, my better affections improved. There were not a few of the hours which I passed with other companions (who, though very pleasant, were not sober-minded associates) which I remember with regret, and could wish to have been otherwise employed : but I have no cause to repent of any hours that were passed in the society of Jones, Gaisford, Impey, and Mackenzie.* * Jones, Impey, and Mackenzie were my schoolfellows at "West- 22 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Though I had pursued classical learning with zeal, yet, at my leaving Oxford, my acquirements in Greek and Latin were not extensive. I was versed in the language, but unacquainted with the writers of an- cient Greece. Not only the less obvious Greek authors were unknown to me, but many of those who ought to have been in the hands of one who had passed eight years in these studies. I had never heard, for instance, of Dion Cassius ; I had never seen Isocrates, or AthenEeus, or Pausanias, or Strabo, or Appian. I had not read any part of Plutarch in the original. Among the poets, neither Callimachus, nor Apollonius, nor Theocritus, nor Ilesiod were known to me ; and fourteen of the tragedies of Euri- pides were still unread. In Latin, my acquaintance with the chief authors was proportionably limited. Except the Orations, read at Southwell, I had not studied any part of the works of Cicero. I was ig- norant of Quintilian, and Tacitus, and Pliny. I had twice perused Livy with attention ; and this author formed the only addition to the stock of Latin which I brought with me from Southwell. The amount of what I read in Greek in the seven minster, and were intimate with me from the first : my acquaintance with Gaisford (now Dean of Christ Church, and Regius Professor of Greek) was of a later period, and did not begin till the fourth year of my residence at Oxford. STUDIES AT OXFORD. 23 years and eight months of my Oxford hie, between April 6, 1799, and December 15, 1806, did not equal in quantity the fifth part of "what I have since read in the same space of time, — between April 1810, and December 1817. I went through, at Oxford, about 69,322 verses of the Greek poets, and about 2913 pages of prose authors ; making together an amount of about 5223 pages. The course of Greek reading which I had completed in the latter period, estimated, for the sake of a comparative view, by the same scale of pages, makes a sum of 28,887, being almost six times the amount of the former quantity. The few authors however which I had read, I knew well ; and they were the best. At the time of my leaving Oxford, I possessed the following writers. Homer Pindar iEschylus Sophocles Aristophanes Of Euripides Thucydides . verses 27,000] 5,560 8,139 10,341 15,282 3,000 pp. 786 ) pp. 2,310 Demosthenes (harangues and Public Causes) . 775 [ PP- 1 ' 832 iEschines 220 Lycurgus 51 - pp. 1,181 24 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Andocides 81" Lysias (half) .... 100 Of Plato 500 Of Aristotle (Rhetoric, Poetics, Ethics) . . . 500 J 5,323 (I forbear to add Herodotus, Polybii libb. i. ii., Dio- nys. Halic. Critica Opera, because these were works which, though I often inspected, I did not accurately study.) By the careful and repeated study of these few works, I had acquired, if not (in the language of Gibbon) " a deep and indelible knowledge of the first of languages," yet at least such a facility in it as to be able to read any writer that presented himself without much help from a lexicon : a degree of pro- ficiency which seems necessary in any language be- fore it can be resorted to from choice, as a recreation ; — before the study of it can become a pleasant occu- pation, instead of an unwilling labour. I made however another acquisition of far greater importance, by applying myself, in the last two or three years of my residence at Christ Church, to the diligent study of the Holy Scriptures. I had never been a sceptic : my opinions, if the crude notions of a schoolboy may be called opinions, were those of a believer in Revelation. But I had no sound impres- HOUSE OF COMMONS. 25 sions on religious matters : I easily joined in profane jests and light discourses, and with respect to these subjects was careless, childish, and ignorant. By degrees, time, reflection, more sober society, together with the necessity of making some preparation for the office of a tutor and the profession of a clergj r - man, brought me to better habits. I read through in order the whole of the Old Testament, devoting every Sunday to this study : I carefully noted down all the passages which prophetically applied to the Messiah. Proceeding then with the Greek Testa- ment, I read St. Paul, with the Commentary of Locke. This course of study produced upon my mind the happiest effects. 1807. The first impression which I had upon my mind, when I was settled, in the last week of 1806, in my father's house' in the College garden, was that of sur- prise at finding myself, so unexpectedly, attending the duties of the House of Commons. This surprise was not unmingled with pleasure, and with hope. During the first year of my Parliamentary life, I diligently attended the business of the House, and was certainly at this time not without the ambition of becoming a speaker in Parliament. My classical studies during this year were almost entirely laid 26 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. aside. During the whole of this short session, the novelty of the scene, the spirit and energy which marked the debates, especially towards the close of the session, upon the change of Ministry, interested my attention. The Catholic question was one of those few which I zealously entered into : I had al- ready formed the judgement, which I have ever since retained upon it, that by the claims of the Papists there was proposed for our consideration whether we should adhere to the wholesome institutions which our ancestors had purchased at the price of much blood and bitter persecution, or whether we should agree to give the ascendance again to that pernicious sect from which they had endured all this, and which was harmless now only because it had no power. I could not agree to the manifest absurdity of giving to this sect that which would enable it to be mis- chievous again. With these sentiments I heartily joined the new Ministers, and rejoiced in the dexter- ous and fortunate pertinacity of the King. This Parliament was dissolved on the 29th of April, after having sat about a hundred and thirty-five days. During this period I had little inclination for study. I printed, however, the tragedy of ' Solyrnan,' which I brought with me from Oxford nearly finished. It had no sale ; scarcely fifty copies of it seem to have been called for by purchasers. In January I read ELECTION AT NEWARK. 27 much of Gibbon's History. March the 30th, and the following clays of the Easter recess, I read Rennel's ( Memoir of Indostan.' April 3rd, began Plutarch's Lives, in Langhorne's translation ; arranging them in chronological and historical order; comparing with the Roman Lives Cicero's Epistles, with a view to the history of that period. May 4th, I went to Newark to represent Sir Staple- ton Cotton* (now Lord Combermere) at the Newark election. I returned with Willoughbyf on the 6th to London. The new Parliament, in which I was a second time returned for Aldborough, met on the 22nd of June. I remained in London, and was pre- sent at all the debates, till the 30th of July, when I went with my father's family to Cromwell. I re- mained almost six months in Nottinghamshire. Tn this interval I amused myself with visiting in the neighbourhood. In engagements of this kind my time was fully oc- cupied : my studies were little or nothing. However, August 24th I read Lord Chatham's Memoirs, a col- lection in four volumes, belonging to my father, con- taining his speeches in Parliament, and other public * Sir Stapleton Cotton, who was afterwards created Yiscoiuit Combermere for his military services, had married Lady Anna Maria Pelhani Clinton, the sister of the late Duke of Newcastle. t The other member for Newark. c 2 28 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. matters, probably compiled for the most part from magazines and other periodical publications. No- vember 9th I finished an abstract of the chief events in French history for the last twenty years, and pe- rused a History of Ireland, from which I collected some contemporary information. My object was to gather some knowledge of the passing events of the day, and of the leading and obvious transactions of recent European history, — parts of knowledge in which I was deficient. Classical literature was almost wholly neglected : I hardly opened a Greek book du- ring this whole year. Nor did I cultivate Theological study. Upon the whole, there has been hardly any year, before or since, in which I less improved my- self by reading ; although I acquired in it some prac- tical knowledge, which might have been improved into a capacity for business. 1808. The first three weeks of this year were still passed in Nottinghamshire, in a course of the same amuse- ments. January 15th, Willoughby came to Cromwell, with whom, on the 18th, I proceeded by the way of Cam- bridge to London. On the 21st we were in London, and present at the opening of the session. I was in the House from three till half-past twelve on this STUDIES. 29 first day. I occupied my father's house in Dean's Yard alone this year. I had immediately a great number of dinner engagements, and several parties of my own ; at which I entertained, among others, the two Edens, sons of Lord Auckland. Notwith- standing these engagements, I pursued and completed a plan of study which I have found highly useful. My great deficiency was in statistical knowledge, and that kind of information which is necessary for statesmen, and for those whose business it is (as it was mine) to watch the operations, and follow the reasonings, of statesmen. Accident first guided me to seek for knowledge of this kind, upon occasion of a discussion of an Indian question in the House of Commons. February 23rd, I read the papers and documents on the subject of Oude, and studied the map of India. This led me to statistical calculations, and geographical observations upon the map of Persia, and Western Asia generally. I was assisted in these researches, and indeed invited to the inquiry, by the excellent collection of maps which I possessed, by the kind bequest of my good uncle, Job Brough ; the last mark of his affection and regard. With the help of these I pursued a course of geographical study for four or five weeks with great eagerness and diligence, working many hours every day at arithmetical calcu- lations. Prom March 12th I laboured for some days 30 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. successively at a series of computations which illus- trated the area of different countries, compared with their population. April 3rd, I engaged in studies on the origin of nations, from Genesis, chap. x. On the 8th I read and abridged Sir W. Jones's treatise on the Persians, in the 'Asiatic Researches.' On the 13th, began the chronology of modern Asiatic history. Geographical computations on the area of ancient Greece engaged me from the 16th. I continued these labours to the 22nd of April ; the last book which I studied, apply- ing to it my new principles, was "Wraxall's Northern Tour.' My chief helps in this course of study were the invaluable discourses of Sir William Jones, in the 'Asiatic Researches,' Rennel's Memoir, and Pinker- ton's Geography. The first hint for my computation of a scale of square contents in each successive parallel of latitude was taken from a pamphlet on the land-tax. I did not wholly neglect at this time theological study; being employed on the Sundays in reading the book of Daniel, the Epistle to the Romans, and Mau- rice's volume on the Trinity. For the chronology of the period between the flood and Abraham I was not yet prepared ; not being in possession of materials for stating the question of the longer and the shorter ge- nealogies,* and being, in fact, as yet ignorant upon * See Ms ' Fasti Hellenici,' Appendix, vol. i. section v. REFLECTIONS ON PUBLIC SPEAKING. 31 that subject. Upon the whole, I have no reason to repent of the manner in which this portion of my time was passed. I still was diligent in Parliamentary attendance ; I began however to lose the hope of becoming a speaker in debates. I felt that I was attending rather as a spectator than as an actor upon that great theatre. My natural reserve was a great difficulty. Besides, I wanted readiness of expression : even upon subjects which I might understand, I should have been obliged to meditate when I ought to speak. Nature had formed me, after long meditation upon a subject, to unfold my conclusions upon paper (and that not flu- ently, but with much study and many revisals), ra- ther than to pour forth my ideas upon it promptly in oral discourse. I felt this so strongly, that the more thoroughly I had considered a subject, the more re- luctant I became at the thoughts of expressing nryself in extemporary speech ; because I perceived that there was always something which had as yet escaped my observation, and which was nevertheless necessary for the discussion of the subject. When, therefore, I could not have satisfied myself, how could I expect to have satisfied others ? I remained however, though silent in the debates, a diligent attendant of the House for the first three months of this session. I do not think it necessary to set down all that oc- 32 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. curred during the remaining eight months of this year. I continued in London till the 29th of June ; the space between the 3rd of June and the 16th of July was oc- cupied in a tour to the Kentish coast, in which I visited Ramsgate, Dover, Folkstone, Winchelsea, Hastings, and Tunbridge. On the 4th of June I made a visit of three days to my friend Impey, at his father's house at Newick, in Sussex. I found both pleasure and ad- vantage in the scenery surrounding Newick, recom- mended by the hospitality and the sensible and cheer- ful conversation of my friend. On the 28th of July I went to Cromwell, and passed three months of this period in Nottinghamshire. The ninety-seven days of my residence there would have had all the recommendations of former times to make my stay desirable, had I carried with me the same mind as formerly. 1809. [On the 22nd of June in this year my brother was united in marriage to Harriott, the eldest daughter of the Eev. Dr. Wylde, of Nottingham ; a union which was destined to be abruptly severed, after a brief season of domestic happiness, by her death. Such of the events of this pe- riod, as had an influence on his future life and his lite- rary career, are given from the Autobiography ; as well as his own reflections upon the effects which this calamity produced upon his mind.] CHRONOLOGICAL STUDIES. 33 December Y&th, we returned to Cromwell (where we had passed the first weeks of our marriage) for the last time together. On the 30th my sister Emma came to us there, unconsciously bringing with her the fatal seeds of the measles. The year however closed upon us without any indication of the impending ca- lamity. In this period of six months and upwards from the day of our marriage, I had not neglected reading. I began at Cromwell to collect dates into the form of a chronological table. I applied myself to the arrange- ment of the Old Testament Chronology with better success than I had done twenty months before, because I found in my father's library information on the sub- ject of the genealogies. The scope of my compilation rather was to illustrate general history, to exhibit modern, and especially Asiatic chronology, than the Grecian or classical portion of it ; this last I already destined for a separate and larger exposition. My scheme for a chronological table was founded upon, or rather suggested by, a general view of the history of the world, contained in a small volume entitled ' Bigland's Letters on History/ I pursued this study with eagerness. Besides this subject, works of poli- tical economy, statistics, and geography, occupied my time. The Greek language was still neglected. In these occupations and studies, giving additional c 3 34 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. zest to the satisfactions of domestic life, the days passed rapidly. Still possessing the alacrity and sanguine temperament of youth, I awaited the future with a blind security, not suspecting the possibility of a re- verse ; wishing for no change, I dreaded none ; satis- fied with the present, I trusted that the future would be as the present 1810. For a considerable time after my loss, I was incapable of contemplating it ; my imagination shrank with horror from the picture, and whenever it recurred to my thoughts, I made an effort to divert them to another subject. In this spirit I obliterated as much as possible all traces of the seven months of my first marriage. The lapse of years, and new ties, a more disciplined mind, assisted by philosophy and the experience of maturer life, have softened the impres- sion ; and I now recur with a pleasing remembrance to the satisfactions of that short period j and I write with calmness the fatal circumstances with which it ended. The recollection of that passage of my life is even useful, and I cultivate the memory of it as a necessarv discipline for my mind, abounding in important lessons for the time to come ; teaching me vigilance and cau- tion, thankfulness to God for his many and unspeak- SERIOUS REFLECTIONS. 35 able gifts, faith, and reliance upon Hini as the only power able to secure us from, the dangers and accidents to which we are every hour exposed. / ought especially to form my mind to these sentiments, because in the first impressions which the sense of that calamity made upon me, a feeling of acquiescence in the Divine Will was not conspicuous. I felt the full weight of the blow that oppressed me, but I did not duly recognize the undoubted right of the Creator to determine the amount and measure of his own gifts. In my mind there was somewhat of a contumacious resentment. It is wholesome therefore to keep alive in my heart the memory of all those circumstances, that I may call forth in myself more acceptable thoughts. It is especially incumbent upon me to remember with daily gratitude the astonishing goodness with which he has repaired the evil. I did not practise the patience of Job ; and yet that same Providence who recompensed Job, his virtue, and his patience, instead of dealing with me " according to my folly," has blessed even my present days more than my beginning ; bestowing upon me a wife and children, and health, and leisure, and .domestic satisfactions, and a competent indepen- dence for which I toiled not. I write down the dates of the events which followed each other in rapid succession, on the first days of this unfortunate year. 36 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. In the first week of January we paid a visit to Os- sington ; after our return, my sister Emma was visibly indisposed, and the disorder was pronounced to be the measles. We instantly planned the removal of my wife to my good grandmother's house at Newark. On Fri- day, the 12th, my wife took her last leave of Cromwell, with some emotion, as if a presentiment possessed her, that she was to see it no more. We remained a week at the house of my grandmother ; we were then advised to prosecute our journey, as no appearance of disease indicated the measles. Accordingly I wrote to my old relative, Isaac Gardiner, appointing a day for introducing my wife to hirn, on our way to Lon- don; and on the 19th we began our journey, reach- ing Stamford on that day. The next day brought us to Cambridge. Obscure symptoms of disease had al- ready appeared upon my wife ; but she sbghted them, and indeed it was necessary to go on. On the 21st we reached the inn at Chesterford ; the next morning the fatal malady was too visible : it increased rapidly in virulence, doubtless aggravated by the journey un- dertaken in winter, in a very inclement season. On the 26th, the Friday after we had taken leave of New- ark, my wife gave birth to a son, which was alive, although its full time was anticipated by more than two months. • But the force of disease which it brought with it into the world, rendered the life of the infant NARRATIVE OF EVENTS. 37 hopeless. After lingering fifteen hours, it expired on the day of its birth ; seven days after, on Friday, Fe- bruary 2, it was followed by its unfortunate mother. I accompanied Dr. and Mrs. Wylde to Notting- ham, whither the remains of my wife and child were conveyed. On Friday, the 9th of February, the day appointed for the funeral, I was seized with a danger- ous illness. The skill and attention of Dr. Storer saved me ; in eleven days I was out of danger, and left my room for the first time on the 20th of February. My father and mother had hastened to Nottingham on the first intimation of my condition, and remained there with me till I was able to travel. On the 26th of February we left Nottingham, and in three days reached Dean's Yard, Westminster. As I now began that course of study and occupation which I have since continued, I set down, from the Journal written at the time, an account of the state of my mind during the first months of my widow- hood. The effect of the illness at Nottingham on my mind was very remarkable. After the fever had abated, I found my thoughts upon my recent calamity much more tranquil than I could have imagined ; the sense of my loss was much less keen than it became some time afterwards ; and I was surprised at the calmness with which I regarded it. I found in myself 38 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. a great facility in diverting my attention to books, to which I applied, even while I was yet too weak to sit up, with great eagerness. Between the 15th of February and the 26th, I went through, in the Uni- versal History belonging to Dr. TVYlde, the history of the Carthaginians, the Achcean League, the Etrus- cans, the Jews from the captivity ; and I read a large quarto volume on the History of Morocco. I never read a greater quantity in an equal space of time. This occupation of my thoughts was undoubtedly of the greatest service. When settled in Dean's Yard, in my father's house, I found society of any kind inexpressibly irk- some; and I determined to begin some course of diligent study as a resource and occupation to my thoughts. [The Autobiography, transcribed from notes written at the time, contains notices of the studies in which he was occupied during the next six months, interspersed with frequent pious reflections and petitions, expressed mostly in Latin or Greek. Some extracts are given, as illus- trations of the state of his mind at this period, and as in- dicating that his studies were now generally tending to his great work.] March 15. Miserrimo quanquam peccatori, Deus tamen ad hunc diem dedit piam et castam recorda- DIARY. 39 tionern twv TedvrjKorav. Walked out today for the first time, in veteribus illis locis, longa consuetudine pene charis. March 16. Ad tunc diem totus in studiis geo- graphicis, chronologicis, liistoricis ; et in theologia partim : liinc maxime requiem invenio. March 19. Ad liunc diem ha?c legi : Butler's Ana- logy ; Pentateuch, with Universal History, as far as Leviticus ; Sacred Chronology, to the captivity, from Dr. Hales. March 26. At the House of Commons ; returned, attacked with a relapse of my disorder. 28th. Fi- nished Foster's Travels. April 19. In these days completed the Lyric Poets, and began the Tragicorum Fragment a. Jam per multos dies rarior et inconstans iv rots ^et'ot?, ideoque animo labante. April 21 . Finish the Tragic Poets. April 30. College garden, alone, two hours. Ani- mus jam languidior in studiis, ideoque nulla occu- patio qua abstraham me a contemplatione malorum. May 1. JJavTairaaiv e^p/uu vtto avi,adivTa>v. May 2-11. GrsecEe liters : Mitford's 'History of Greece/ Isocratis Chronologiam constituo. May 12. From this time attended by Baillie and Home. 40 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. May 14-18. These days were employed in Greek chronology; arranging the times and writings of the poets and orators in proper columns. May 30 — June 2. Per hos dies corporis dolores mentis aciem hebetant, et labores et studia perhibent. July 5. Adhuc debilis sum, impotensque in studiis: nullis laboribus animum a malis abstrahere possum. July 11. Redeo ad Isocratem. Non tamen animi vigorem recuperavi. July 20. Legere incepi Gorgiam, cseterosque So- phistas in ed. Steph. folio. August 3. Gillies' 'History of the World;' Geo- graphy of Crimea,, from Clarke's Travels. Between April 7 and August 4, descripsi fragmenta Lyricorum et Tragicorum, Comicorum nomina et historiam; com- piled and wrote out the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece from b.c. 550 to b.c. 280; and from B.C. 280 to b.c 30, sketched out from Gdlies' ' History of the World,' preparatory to Polybius. August 7. Mr. Home (Sir Everard Home) took his leave : he had attended me thirteen times. Ad geo- graphiam revertor. In this manner were passed the first six months of my solitude. Among the disadvantages under which I laboured, in this early period of my bereavement, I may reckon the want of a due sense of the duty and necessity of submission to the Divine will. Another REFLECTIONS. 41 disadvantage was the injudicious kindness of ray friends, who endeavoured to obliterate in my mind the sense of my calamity by urging me to forget it, and by making haste to forget it themselves. This deportment irritated my feelings exceedingly : I felt that the memory of the departed was injuriously treated, and I determined, in a spirit of indignation, to persevere in my sorrow, and to magnify to my own imagination the greatness of my misfortune. The most solid advantage, which I possessed at this period, and the most effectual resource, was the love of reading, and the faculty of creating for my- self an interest in the objects of literary pursuit. Literary occupation, useful to all men, under all cir- cumstances, for the purposes of discipline and im- provement, is most especially beneficial to him who labours under some severe misfortune, by relieving him from the greatest of all possible dangers, the want of occupation. From this perilous condition I was rescued by my love of study : to which I applied with an ardour that even bodily indisposition did not subdue. Returning in these six months to my classical studies, I laid the foundation of that habit of literary application which has since remained with me, and from which I have reaped the most important advan- tages. Upon returning to the Greek language, I found my 42 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. readiness in it, by three years' omission, somewhat impaired. I soon however recovered my former knowledge, after the first fortnight's study; and I formed the design of collecting, and perusing, all that remained of the literature of the first period, before the death of Alexander. In prosecution of this design I laboured, as already mentioned, at the fragments of the tragic, the comic, and the lyric poets. I had however but slender assistance from books, and was not yet instructed in all that had been done by critics in these departments. I there- fore wasted much time in labouring very superflu- ously to do that which, in many cases, had been done already. In the Isle of Wight, during the en- suing months, I prosecuted a more systematic and more useful plan of study. August 15. Left London with my mother, Charles, and Caroline, and reached Petersfield that evening. On the 16th we travelled to Portsmouth, and crossed over to Ryde. On the 24th my father and my other sisters arrived at Ryde. We passed eighty-three days in this de- lightful island, which we left on the 7th of November. During the first month of our abode at Ryde, the novelty and beauty of the scenery, and the oppor- tunities which a beautiful season afforded me of daily walking abroad, after having been so long confined to ISLE OF WIGHT. 43 the house, refreshed my imagination, and restored the vigour of my mind and body. I accustomed myself to range along the sea-shore, and among the woods of St. John's and St. Helen's, for five or six hours every morning. The rest of the day was devoted to reading, and to forming future plans of study. All the Orations of Isocrates, with ab- stracts of each ; the Hellenics of Xenophon, carefully compared, for the purpose of fixing the chronology, with Mitford's History of Greece, were the classical acquirements of these twelve weeks ; making about pp. 876. The whole period of our stay here is grate- fully remembered ; but the first month of the time especially, is a portion of my past days which I look back upon with particular delight. [The autobiography of this period contains principally notices of the books he studied, observations on the state of his feelings, health, etc. The last entry is the following : — ] November 5th. Walk four hours and a half to Ashey Down, meditans de originibus Hellenics gentis. November 7th. Leave Eyde at half-past seven. We sailed to Southampton; thence proceeded to Winchester, and arrived in Dean's Yard in the after- noon of Thursday, Nov. 8th. In this period of twelve weeks, besides Xenophon 44 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. and Isocrates, I read through the latter volumes of Gillies' Greece, and Roscoe's ' Life of Lorenzo de' Me- dici.' Among lighter compositions I met with Ma- dame de Genlis' r La Valliere,' and Mrs. Opie's Tales. I pursued the same plan of classical study in Dean's Yard during the remainder of the year. Novemher 12, began upon Demosthenes; and on Monday, the 19th, I completed abstracts of the following orations: De Classibus, Pro Megalopolitanis, Pro Rhodiis, Ti- mocratea. Between November 20 and December 9, besides attendance at the House of Commons in the debate upon the Regency (in which I always voted with Mr. Percival), I was employed in tabulis chronologicis de- scribenclis. I completed the perusal of Xenophon's Memorabilia, an abstract of Demosthenes' Philip. 1, and began an abridged notitia literaria of the Greek and Latin authors post natum Christum, from Vossius. Before the end of the year I read Hesiodi Opera, and had about half completed Theocritus. In this year, 1810, after April 5, when I returned to these studies, I read the following Greek books : — Gorgias, et cset pp. 60 Isseus 127 Demosthenes 30 Antipho 81 THE BISHOP OF BANGOR. 45 Xenophon's Hellenics .... 371 „ Memorabilia . . .166 Isocrates 505 pp. 1340 1811. January 12. Obiit Isaac Gardiner. His will put me in possession of a comfortable independence. His landed and freehold property was as follows : — an estate in Buckinghamshire, which descended to him from his mother, and therefore originally came from my father's family; a house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, also formerly the property of my father's great-uncle; an estate in Essex, acquired by Mr. Gardiner himself. March 19. Called on the Bishop of Bangor, who had lately taken a house near my father's in Dean's Yard. March 22. Was at the Bishop of Bangor's in the evening. I first became acquainted with the Majendie family in the course of the preceding win- ter. In January 1811, I saw for the first time my future wife. A growing intimacy between the two families afforded me frequent opportunities of seeing at my father's house the different individuals of the Bishop's family, in the first three months of this year. I had great pleasure in beholding the good- 46 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. nature, urbanity, and benevolence which were marked upon the countenance of the Bishop. March 23. I dined with Mr. Percival, from whom I always received the greatest civility, and marks even of kindness on some occasions. Had he lived, it is possible that my political life might have been more active. In solitary rambles which I took in Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens on several days at this pe- riod, I was occupied in speculations upon Polybius, whose remains I had now nearly finished. I com- pleted the whole 1495 pages in sixty-two days, in the midst of many other occupations, or about 750 pages in a month. May 7. In this period, from the time of my return from the Isle of Wight, besides the studies which I have already mentioned, I completed " an account of the principal authors, Greek and Latin, after the Christian era down to the fifteenth century." And as my first undertaking in 1810, when I resumed these studies, had been to bring together the frag- ments of such authors as were lost, so I now at- tempted to collect the names, and time, and descrip- tion of all the authors that were yet extant and published. By some chance I did not meet with Fabricius, who would have been my sufficient and only necessary guide. I was therefore obliged to be LIST OP AUTHOKS. 47 content with. Harwood's ' Guide ;' out of which I ex- tracted lists of the authors, and arranged them into classes, according either to their times or merit, or the nature of their writings. Having completed such a list, I next set myself to determine the quantity extant of the writings of each, by computing the contents of the best editions that I could meet with. These contents I reduced from the various pages of folio, quarto, or octavo editions, to one standard ; choosing a page nearly equal in amount to Reiske's edition of Demosthenes ; my standard page con- taining 1002 letters, and the page of Reiske con- taining 1050. This variation between the two pages arose from accident ; and when I discovered the dif- ference, after having used such a standard for some time, it was too late to change it. The quantity therefore contained in extant authors, both Greek and Latin, has been estimated by a common standard page of 1002 letters. Herodotus, for example, is equal to 980 such pages ; Demosthenes, to 1327. The works of Plato contain a quantity equal to 2511 such pages. The Lexicon of Suidas contains 3066. In this manner the computation has been applied to all extant authors.* The utility of such a computation is obvious : it enables the student to calculate his own labour; to * See the List of Authors at the end of Past I. 48 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. ascertain beforehand the time that will be required to complete any particular branch of study ; to com- pare the amount of his past with his present perfor- mances. It is useful to him, for instance, to know beforehand, that when he undertakes to study Plu- tarch, he engages in a course of reading equal in quantity to nearly six times the history of Herodotus. On collecting into these lists the names and wri- tings of the extant classical authors, I was surprised and mortified to find how limited my knowledge was; how many works remained to be studied that were absolutely necessary, not only to a scholar, but even to him who would derive nothing more than the secondary advantage of discipline and mental im- provement from these studies. How many of the poets I hardly knew by name ! And, not to men- tion other prose authors, those twelve who formed the last in my first class, were alone equal to 22,722 pages, and of these twelve I had only read Polybius. I determined with renewed ardour to prosecute my plan of study, till I should have completed the pe- rusal, and should be master of the contents, of the best of these authors. I contemplated before me em- ployment for some years ; but how could they be better occupied than by prosecuting studies which would enlarge my knowledge, sharpen the faculties of the understanding, secure me against the dangers of PLAN OF STUDY. 49 want of occupation, and provide me with a resource which was independent of time, fortune, or the ca- price of others ? These were the views with which I continued my studies at this period; — the love of knowledge, and the love of occupation : I had no thoughts at the present of committing myself to the press. May 7. I left London for Leigh ton Buzzard; the next day I visited the parsonage at AVing, which I had engaged as a tenant of the rector, Charles Smelt, for the present year; that I might be able, by re- siding there, to determine upon the prudence of re- pairing the old mansion-house at Burcot, now in my possession by the will of Isaac Gardiner. I had a particular desire also to set up an establishment of my own, that I might avoid Cromwell, the scene of my brief enjoyment, when my father should be again settled there. On the 9th May, I paid a visit to Dr. "Wylde, at Southwell : these fourteen days were among the most delightful of my whole life. My mornings were spent in solitary rambles in those scenes and fields which I had traversed as a schoolboy fifteen years before. The evenings were passed in walks and con- versations with Mrs. "Wylde. June 3. After my return to London, I began to re- sume my literary occupations, which I had discon- D 50 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. tinued since May 6. From June 6 to 11, I was em- ployed in various domestic affairs and arrangements preparatory to my establishment at Wing, and in Parliamentary attendance. From July 7 I passed thirty days at Wing, the first twenty-five entirely alone : I employed this space in very diligent application to Greek literature. I be- gan the eleventh book of Diodorus on the 15th, and finished the nineteenth book on the 2nd of August. These nine books, equal in quantity to 1262 pages, were completed in nineteen days, together with the notes of Wesseling. The next five days were occu- pied in the Cyclops and Hippolytus of Euripides, in reviewing Diodorus, and in transcribing my collec- tions into my chronology. I employed the intervals of study in solitary walks in the neighbourhood. On the Sundays, at church. ! quam recordatio ecclesicB Cromwell, conjuge comitante, scepius intratce et frequentatce angit animum ! During this period I laboured diligently with my pen in my hand, seven or eight hours a day; and on some wet days that occurred, when I could not leave the house, considerably more. I found this course of ardent application of infinite use. It tran- quillized and occupied my thoughts : by imposing upon myself a stated task, I found the days pass without tediousness or languor. VISIT TO CLIFTON. 51 August 7. My father and mother came, with two of my sisters and my brother Charles, to visit me at Wing. They remained four days. On Monday, Au- gust 12th, we set out by different routes, — I to Clif- ton, and they through Bedfordshire, to Cromwell. My life of solitary study ended at this period. On the 12th of August I set out upon a journey which terminated at Bangor in an important change in my life and condition. I reached the hospitable roof of Mr. Welby (the late Sir Win. Earle Welby, Bart.) at Clifton, in twenty-one hours of incessant travelling, through Aylesbury, Oxford, Malmesbury, to Bristol. I was most kindly received by my host and his family, with whom I passed nineteen days very pleasantly, in visiting the most picturesque points of a country which was new to me. I found here an agreeable relaxa- tion after the labour of study and composition. ~We formed a party to Chepstow, across the Bristol Chan- nel. We walked through Piercefield to Tintern Abbey, and in the evening rowed down the Wye back again to Chepstow, and returned to Clifton after an absence of three clays. We had many other pleasant excur- sions in the surrounding country, where there is more than sufficient to interest the attention of a stranger for a longer time than nineteen days. At Bristol I purchased Diogenes Laertius, which I accidentally saw j and in some vacant hours, in my own apart- d 2 52 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Hient, found time to read the first book. Except in this instance, I passed the time without study. I took leave of my hospitable friends on the 31st of August. I crossed the Bristol Channel to Usk ; thence I proceeded through Abergavenny and Bre- con to Builth, a distance of seventy-five miles, which occupied me seventeen hours. September 1st, I passed through Khyader, Machynlleth, to Dolgelly, sixty-seven miles, proceeding northwards up the course of the Wye, through a singular and picturesque, but rugged and barren country. I was eighteen hours in performing this distance. September 2nd, I set out from Dolgelly at six, and proceeded on the way to Tan-y-Bwlch. Six miles before I reached that place, the chaise broke down, and I proceeded on foot to the inn ; enjoying by that means the opportunity of a fine view of the mountain scenery. From Tan-y- Bwlch I proceeded to Beddgelert, and there I was threatened with detention for want of horses; I there- fore once more set out on foot, and walked the whole distance to Caernarvon. There my servant and bag- gage rejoined me, and I reached Bangor Palace at eight in the evening, a distance of fifty miles from Dol- gelly, of which I had performed twenty-two on foot. From this date of my arrival at Bangor, my syste- matic course of study was laid aside for full eight months ; nor was it till after the fifth month after my WELWYN. RESIDENCE OF YOUNG. 53 marriage that I resumed my application to Greek learning. I may therefore here state the sum of my literary labom's in the year 1811. The months of May and June were barren of lite- rary improvements. But this was compensated by the diligence of the other months ; and from the be- ginning of the year to the 12th of August, the first seven months of 1811., my literary acquisitions were as follows : — Theocritus Hesiodi Opera et Dies j n Dean's Euripidis fabulse quatuor .... Yard. Polybius totuSj in editione Ernesti . Diodori libb. xi.-xix. ed. Bipont. . At Wing. 1812. [On January 6th my brother was united in marriage to Katherine, the third daughter of Dr. Majendie, Bishop of Bangor, who survives him. Shortly after his marriage he purchased the house and estate at "Welwyn, where he chiefly resided during the remainder of his life. This house had literary associations. It had been the private residence of Dr. Young, when Bector of "Welwyn. A fine avenue of chestnut-trees, the chief ornament of the grounds, is said to have been planted by the hand of the poet. In this house Dr. Young received visits from Dr. Johnson, and other literary friends. 54 AUTOBIOGKAPHY. About four months after his marriage my, brother and his 'wife returned to Bangor, when the Autobiography thus proceeds.] We resided at Bangor during the remainder of the year ; and in this retreat I resumed my literary oc- cupations, which had been discontinued for so many months. I had employed myself in collecting books, during the last spring in London, with the view of completing a classical library. I had become more prudent than I was at Oxford, in my choice of edi- tions, and no longer sought "editiones principes," or scarce copies. But my object was to procure a sin- gle copy of each author, and that the best and most complete for use, containing the necessary helps of indexes, and notes of the most learned editors. I compute that, in this manner, every author that can be necessary, with every requisite help for the critical use of a scholar, in either language, mav be contained in a library of from six to seven hundred volumes. Whatever is beyond this may be very suit- able for the collections of the curious and the weal- thy, or for the libraries of public bodies, but is not requisite for the real use of the student. I made, in the spring of this year, considerable pro- gress towards the completion of a collection of books upon this plan. When I resumed my Greek studies at Bangor, I OBSERVATIONS ON AUTHORS. 55 proposed to myself nothing beyond the perusal of the twelve authors of the first class,* in addition to what I already possessed. It seemed to me that the study of these would demand as much time and attention as I could reasonably hope for. It appeared also to me that these, with the other writers of the first class, and the nine poets, would be sufficient for the pur- poses of occupation, instruction, and intellectual dis- cipline. These may be regarded as models of style, taste, and reasoning, and as depositories of what is most valuable in ancient learning in the grand de- partments of History, Philosophy , Poetry, and Elo- quence. With these views I began the study of the ' Anti- quities' of Josephus, about May 18 ; and on June 23 I had finished the fourteenth book. Josephus was laid aside for awhile, and I began the Expedition of Arrian : I finished the seven books of the Expedition on the 3rd of August. These 377 pages employed me about five weeks. I then proceeded to the other pieces of Arrian : the ' Indica,' ' Tactica/ ' Periplus maris Euxini,' and completed these on Tuesday, Au- gust 18. On the 24th I began Herodotus, and finished the nine books (980 pages) in sixteen days. Herodo- tus was not entirely new to me, as I had read him twelve years before at Oxford, though not so accu- * See the List of Books at the end of Pabt I. 56 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. rately as to possess the facts and dates entirely. After Herodotus, Diogenes Laertius occupied about a month. I began him on the 7th of September, and had nearly finished the last book on October 3, when I was sum- moned to Nottinghamshire by election business. I set out by the mail for Chester, which I reached at midnight. At five in the morning I procured a chaise, and in twenty-one hours reached Newark. October 6 was pleasantly passed in tranquillity at Cromwell. On the following day I appeared at Newark as the representative of Sir Stapleton Cotton, once more ; and, after the election dinner was over, set off at half- past seven, and reached Holywell, in Wales, in twenty- six hours. The contested elections at Chester and Denbigh made travelling so difficult, that I was here impeded by want of horses. I determined however to proceed on foot, and walked to St. Asaph, which I reached at one in the morning. Here I rested till five, when I again set out on foot, and walked through Abergele to Conway, nineteen miles in six hours. At Conway, by the kindness of Mr. Champness, a gen- tleman to whom I was not known, but who was tra- velling the same way, I was conveyed to Penrhvn, from whence I reached the Palace of Bangor at four in the afternoon, on Friday, October 9. After this excursion I remained quietly at Bangor, and returned to my Greek studies. More than half STUDIES AT BANGOR. 57 the tragedies of Euripides were unknown to me ; and as I found at the Palace the excellent edition of Beck, I began Euripides on October 12, and in thirty-three days finished ten tragedies (about 18,386 verses). On the 24th of November I returned to Josephus, whom I had laid aside since June 24, and on Decem- ber 2 I finished the twentieth book. I proceeded to the Jewish War, of which I completed the first book and part of the second. Josephus was then again laid aside ; and on December 7 I began Tacitus, and finished the first five books of the Annals, the Agri- cola, and Germany, in twenty-four days, on the last day of the year. This completed the studies of the year. In the last seven months and a half, between May 18 and December 31, I completed the following course of reading : — Josephi Ant pp. 1600 Belli 253 Arriani 514 Herodoti 980 Diogenis Laertii 430 Cebetis tabulam 20 Euripidis ver. 12,886 .... 430 4227 Taciti 300 Summa .... 4527 d 3 58 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. I read always with my pen in my hand, making abstracts and remarks as I proceeded. At this period I had the following -dews of Greek literature. The writers of the first class, in prose, under the several heads of Historici, Oratores, Philo- sophi, Scriptores XII., amount in quantity to about 37,462 pages. The poets of the first class, including Homer, Pindar, the three Tragedians, Aristophanes, and some others, amount to about 100,000 verses. These I consider worthy of attentive, careful, and repeated perusal. I proposed to myself to acquire a complete and critical knowledge of these. The re- mainder of Greek literature (which exceeded four or five times this amount in quantity) I regarded as matter of reference, and not matter of diligent study. 1813. On the 6th of January, the anniversary of our marriage, we set out from Bangor, after a residence there of thirty-four weeks. On the fourth day we reached the Priory at Warwick, on a visit to Mr. Welby, who had removed here from Clifton. Here we rested three days, with our little daughter, whom the roughness of the journey had terribly fatigued. On the 14th we arrived safely, with our little compa- nion, in Dean's Yard. On February 2 I was sworn in at the House of Commons ; my third election. We CATHOLIC CLAIMS. 59 remained constantly resident in Dean's Yard (with the exception of ten days passed at Welwyn) till the 29th of June. I look back upon these five months as a pleasant and satisfactory portion of my life., passed in great tranquillity and harmony, and dis- turbed by no untoward circumstances. At this period I sketched out, or completed, many written collections, which formed a part of my scheme of Grecian literary chronology. The principal were the following : — 1. Historia Critica Historicorum. 2. Hist. Crit. Scriptorum Ptolemeeis sequalium. 3. — Epicorum et Elegiacorum. 4. Comicorum. 5. Philosophos descripsi e Laertio. The business of the House of Commons occupied much of my time, during a part of this period. The Denbigh Election Committee, from the 12th to the 19th of March. Catholic claims, — which were sharply contested in many debates this session, — are finally rejected upon a division, May 24, by 251 to 247. The questions on the Princess of Wales, and the Vice- Chancellor's bill, were subjects which also occupied the House during this session. A part of this period was engaged in preparations and arrangements for our future residence at Wel- wyn, where we finally settled on June 29. 60 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Here I resumed my plan of Greek study. In the five months in London, though diligently employed in literary occupations, I had perused no one author throughout : my employments there had been writing rather than study, compilation rather than reading. I now proposed to proceed with those authors of whom I was yet ignorant. I did not promise myself to ac- complish much. In the new occupations of country business I anticipated a great demand upon my time ; and expected to be able to secure not more than one hour in each day for Greek study, and one hour to modern literature. With these humble expectations I began Pausanias July 5, and finished this author on Saturday, August 21. I proceeded with Strabo, and completed his last book on September the 27th. On the 28th I began the Private Causes of Demo- sthenes, making abstracts of each, and finished about eight of them on the 8th of October. My studies were then interrupted by a journey to London, where we remained a week. I then returned to Demosthe- nes, with which author I read the critical pieces of Dionysius Halicarnass., and afterwards about twenty of the Orations of Lysias; thus completing my ac- quaintance with this orator. I had read the rest of him at Oxford. These studies occupied me till the 1st of November. On November 2 I began to read Athenseus, in the edition and with the commentary STUDIES. 61 of Schweighauser. On the 18th of December I finished the eighth book, and the first four volumes of the prolix: notes of the editor. December 19, I laid aside Athenseus, and began the fourth book of Diodorus. Pausanias and Strabo had supplied ample materials for the earlier periods of Grecian Chrono- logy, which I drew out more fully than before ; and I now studied the fourth and fifth books of Diodorus for more information on the same subject. Having finished these, I completed, nearly, before the 5th of January , what remained of the Private Causes of Demosthenes, and of the critical works of Dionysius Halicarnassensis. These concluded the studies of this year, which were as follows, in the six months beginning July 5 : — Pausauias pp. 1065 Strabo . . 1460 Lyske 161 Athensei octo priores .... 792 Dionysii Halic 614 Diodori libb. iv., v 266 Demosthenis ' ISccotikoI 28 . . 431 4789 1814. The first ten weeks of this year were passed at Welwyn. My first studies in it were the few remain- 62 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. ing orations of Demosthenes. The ' Condones* and the Stj/jloo-iol Xoyot were among the most favourite and useful of my Oxford studies. I now therefore com- pleted the entire remains of the orator, in the whole of his ' Private Causes.' After this, the Grecian Chronology, pars prima, and the revision of Strabo, with an abstract, was the business of some days. I then returned to Athenseus, and began the ninth book, and the fifteenth book was finished on the 16th of February. These last seven books, containing 774 pages, took me twenty-two days. But I did not read the commentary of Schweighauser to the last six books : that immense body of notes, equal to nearly 8500 pages, exceeds the text of Athenseus himself, in the proportion of five to one. After Athenseus, I laid aside Greek for awhile, and began to read Ciceronis Epistolas ad Familiares . I finished the sixteen books in about seven days, on Thursday, February 24. On the 14th March we removed to London for a month. This period was pleasantly passed, but Greek was almost wholly laid aside. On the 21st March I began the Lives of Plutarch, purposing to devote myself to the diligent study of all the remains of this author. But at first I was too much occupied in other affairs to read much. On Saturday, April 9, we heard the news of the STUDIES. 63 abdication of Bonaparte. The intelligence was pub- lished in London at eleven o'clock at night. We remained the next four weeks at Welwyn, and returned to Dean's Yard on May 10th. I proceeded during this time with the Lives of Plutarch, which I read in the intervals of leisure, but did not apply diligently to study at this time. On April 22 I went up to London to attend a debate. The next day I walked home, performing the twenty-six miles in seven hours and a half. During twenty days which we spent in London, from May 10 to May 30, I read some short pieces of Xenophon, and some of the pieces in the ' Opera Moralia' of Plutarch. On June 17 we set out northward, and arrived at my father's house at Cromwell the next day. We passed eighty-six days in Nottinghamshire. During a part of this time I found leisure for study. Before the 18th of July I had finished a great number of the Lives of Plutarch in Hutton's edition. I was then occupied with various visits until the 29th, when, returning to Cromwell, I resumed Plutarch, and dili- gently prosecuted this study till I had completed the Life of Caesar, and the fourth volume of Hutton. Here I was obliged to pause for want of books ; for I had no more volumes with me. I had completed in this period, since the 20th of June, a quantity equal 64 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. to 1200 pages. During the remainder (thirty days) of our stay at Cromwell I had no opportunity of seeing any Greek books, except Sophocles and Pindar. September 12. We left Cromwell and reached home the next day. On the 19th I went to my father's house in Dean's Yard, and removed my library of books to Welwyn. I was not yet able, through va- rious occupations, to resume my plan of study, which I had discontinued since August 9. At last, Septem- ber 23, I took up Plutarch again, and finished the whole of his Lives on October 7. The whole work, amounting in quantity to 2550 pages, took me 201 days, or twenty-nine weeks, including the intervals of time applied to other pursuits, and in which this study was omitted. October 11. I began the ' Moralia' of Plutarch, and continued diligently in this course of reading till the 8th of November, with but few interruptions, finishing, in these twenty-nine days, thirty of the shorter treatises, making 1003 pages. My applica- tion was suspended for four or five days, during a visit of my father and mother and sisters, who ar- rived on the 27th of October, and proceeded to Lon- don on November 1. November 12. We went to London, and remained in Dean's Yard during the rest of the year. During the first four weeks of this period I was diligently COURSE OF READIXG. 65 employed in study, and completed the following course of reading and compilation : — Ion. de Scriptoribus Hist. Philosoph. Vossius de Historicis Greeds. Eusebiana Chronologia in edit. Scalig. Scymni Chii reliquias manu descripsi. Georg. Syncelli Chronographia. On Saturday, December 10, a fatal interruption to my occupations, and to our domestic tranquillity, be- gan to threaten us, in the illness of our little boy. The child began to be indisposed about December 3 ; but on the 10th his danger became too apparent. Erom that time he gradually grew worse. On the 30th he expired. This event was a calamitous termination of the third year of our marriage : an event for which we were neither of us prepared, and which filled me with anxious alarms and dread of the calamities which might be the consequence of this one. By the blessing of God, however, further calamities were arrested. My studies, therefore, and literary occupations in this year, terminated with the 8th of December. In that period of about eleven months my progress was as follows : — 66 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Demosthenis Xoyoi, tres . . pp. 57 Athenaei libb. ix.-xv 774 Xenophontis opuscula .... 150 Plutarchi Vitae 2550 Plutarchi Moralia 1003 Plutarchi opuscula sex . . . 198 Ciceronis Epistolse 672 Summa .... 540-1 1815. On the eighth day after the loss of our son we re- turned to Welwyn, and remained there during seven- teen weeks. In this period I made diligent applica- tion to study. I returned to Plutarch ; and when I had completed the perusal of twenty-two treatises (534 pages) j twenty days were given to Grecian chro- nology. I then began Lucian. This author engaged me for twenty-five days ; in which period I completed sixty-nine pieces, 1241 pages. The other remains of the author I had read formerly at Oxford. I then proceeded to Appian, and before we removed to Dean's Yard, on the 9th of May, had completed Ibe- rica, Hannibalia, Punica, Syriaca, about 331 pages. We remained in Dean's Yard till June 10 ; then, after a return to Welwyn until the 13th of July, we set out on a journey to Bangor. My studies in these DILIGENT STUDY. 67 thirty-two days were Appiani Mithridatica ; Civilium lib. 1 ; Dionis lib. 35, 36 j Polyanum ; Diodori librum vicesimum (pp. 767). We travelled on the first day to Stony Stratford ; on the 14th we arrived at Coleshill; on the 15th at Woore, in Staffordshire ; on the 16th at Chester ; on the 17th we reached St. Asaph ; on the 18th we ar- rived at Bangor, a distance from "Welwyn by this route of 236 miles. Here we remained quietly established during the rest of this year, and the beginning of the next. In this long and tranquil interval I pursued Greek studies, and other literary occupations, with great ad- vantages. Between the 27th of July and the 10th of October I finished the two first books of Apollonius Rhodius, with the Scholia ; Aristotelis Politica : and I read and made an abstract from Colquhoun on the Resources of the British Empire, a large statistical treatise in quarto. I then began to study Homer, in Heyne's edition; and in seven weeks completed the perusal of that work. In this period I read over the text of the Iliad (15,680 verses), and the whole commentary of Heyne, equal to 5550 pages, from which I made some extracts. Returning to Apollo- nius on the 9th of December, I finished the last two books, with the Scholia. Ten days were then em- ployed in making extracts from Jackson's Chrono- 68 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. logy, three volumes quarto. December 21-23, I read Longinus, with the notes of Toup. My Greek ac- quisitions in this year were these : — Plutarchi Moralium . . .pp. 567 Palsephatus 32 Josephi c. Apion 115 Lucianus 1241 Appiani 572 Dionis Cassii 63 PolyEeni 313 Diodori 150 Aristotelis Polit 352 Apollonius, cum Sch 49-4 Longinus 60 3959 Homerus Heynianus .... 6070 10,029 In the last days of this year I read two books of the Annals of Tacitus. Beginning where I left off three years before, in December 1812, I went through the eleventh and twelfth books, December 26-29. 1816. In the beginning of this year I began to take a more accurate survey of extant Greek authors, with EXTANT GREEK LITERATURE. 69 a view of estimating the extent and nature of what was to be cultivated in this department of literature. Extant Greek literature may be considered in three ways: either chronologically ; or, with reference to the subjects treated of by authors ; or, with reference to the merit and value of their compositions. In Greek literature the order of time is for the most part the order of merit. But as extant Greek authors be- longing to the first period, including the poets, do not greatly exceed thirty, and those of the second period, or the age of the Ptolemies, are not more than tiventy, while the writers of the third period, or those who flourished after the Christian era, are up- wards of two hundred, it is necessary that this pro- miscuous multitude of writers, for the convenience of the student, should be distributed under proper heads : and this distribution will partake of all these considerations, — the order of time, the degree of value, and the subjects treated of. There remain to us twenty-seven poets, exclusive of those of whom fragments are preserved in the Anthologia, or elsewhere. These may be distributed into three classes: the first, nine, — Homer, Hesiod, Theognis, Pindar, Anacreon, iEschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, all belonging to the first and brightest period, and containing about 103,963 verses. The second, nine, — Aratus, Callimachus, Theo- 70 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. critus, Lycophron, ApoUonius, Bion, Moscbus, Nican- der, Oppianj all, except the last, belonging to the second period, and containing about 20,700 verses. These eighteen poets it will be the business of a stu- dent to cultivate, and to know perfectly. There re- main nine others, — Manetho, Scymnus Chius, Dio- nysius Periegetes, Musseus, Q. Calaber, Orpheus, Co- Luthus, Nonnus, Tryphiodorus ; all, except the two first, belonging to the third or Roman period. Their remains are equal to more than. 40,000 verses ; these the student will not think worthy of the same atten- tion as the former. The prose writers may be estimated at two hundred and thirty authors; of whom at least two hundred belong to the third period, including forty ecclesias- tical writers, and thirty-three Byzantine historians. These two hundred and thirty prose authors I dis- tribute into fourteen heads, of which four belong to the first class, five to the second, and five to the third. The first class contains a selection of whatever is most excellent in all kinds of composition. It com- prises about thirty-three writers, and about 37,000 pages. The four heads are — 1st, Historici. Comprehending Herodotus, Thucy- dides, and Xenophon. 2nd, Oratores. Comprehending about one hundred EXTANT GREEK AUTHORS. 71 and fifty orations, and about 2700 pages. Of this quantity about one-half is formed by Demosthenes ; about one-fourth by Isocrates ; the remaining fourth part, or a little more, consists of Antipho, Isseus, Lysias, Andocides, iEschines, Dinarchus, Lycurgus. 3rd, Philosophi. Of this head, comprising 8675 pages, nearly one half is composed of the works of Aristotle, and a very large proportion of the other half consists of the works of Plato. The remaining 1800 pages contain Theophrastus, Epictetus, Antoni- nus, Laertius, Cebes, and iEschines Socraticus. The last two hardly deserve the name of more than frag- ments of authors. 4th, Script ores XII. These twelve have been se- lected out of the crowd of authors of the third period, as containing whatever is most excellent for copiousness, elegance, and authenticity, in ancient his- tory, antiquity, philology, and criticism; and most valuable for the relics preserved of elder authors. Their names are — Polybius, Diodorus, Dionysius Ha- licarnassensis, Strabo, Josephus, Plutarch, Appian, Arrian, Lucian, Pausanias, Athenseus, Dion Cassius ; all belonging to the third period. If the number included in this head be limited to twelve, it would be impossible to find, in the multitude of writers that remain behind, any one whom we should se- lect in preference to these, or for the sake of whom 72 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. any one of these could be displaced. The works of these twelve authors, equal to more than 22,000 pages, make up the sum of the writers of the first class, which demand the especial attention of the student in Greek literature. In distributing the five heads of the second class of extant prose authors, regard is principally had to the subjects treated of; except that ten authors are placed first, in a great degree, with reference to their value. The second class therefore contains : — 1st, Scriptores X. These are Apollodorus, Dion Chrysostom, Polysenus, Maximus Tyrius, Aristides, ^Elian, Herodian, Themistius, Libanius, Zosimus. 2nd, Scriptores quadraginta. These are miscella- neous writers who flourished under the Roman or Byzantine empires, of different degrees of value and importance ; some of them of little consideration, as the remains of the Neo-Platonists, Plothrus, Jam- blichus, and others ; some of considerable merit, as Julian, Philo Judseus, Stobteus, Photius. After these are placed in succession, 3rd, Scholi- asts ; 4-th, Lexicographi ; 5th, Rhetores and Gram- matici. Among the last are numbered the valuable treatises of Apollonius, Hermogenes, and Longinus. The third and last division contains all that is not included in the former heads ; and is entirely arranged with a reference to the subjects treated of, without PROPOSED COURSE OF STUDY. 73 any consideration of any other circumstances. It com- prehends — 1st, Scriptores Ecclesiasticos ; 2nd, Histo- ric Byzantina Scriptores ; 3rd, Mathematicos ; 4th, Medicos ; 5th, Geographos minores. These fourteen heads, thus distributed into these classes, present a summary view of the whole of Greek prose literature now remaining. The first four, com- posing the first class, every literary man, who ear- nestly undertakes to apply to these studies, will be thoroughly master of. He will also select out of the remaining divisions the following authors, as worthy of especial attention. Prom the ten writers— Apol- lodorus, Dio, Polyeenus, _ZElian, Herodian. From the forty — Philo, Sextus Empiricus, Julian, Stobseus, Photius. Prom the Rhetores — Hermogenes, Longi- nus, Demetrius. From the Ecclesiastical writers — Clemens Alexandrinus, and Eusebius. From the Medici — Hippocrates, Galen. And he will not neg- lect the Geographi minores, whose scanty remains in all amount to little more than three hundred pages.* I proposed to myself to accomplish this course of study ; of which the greater and most difficult part was now completed at the beginning of the present year. I persuaded myself that another three years, applied with the same diligence as the last three had been, provided no other objects of study should de- * See the Lists of Authors at the end of Pabt I. E 74 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. mand my attention, would enable me to be master of the stores of knowledge contained in such a list of authors. I determined, after having finished this, if health and leisure should still remain to me, no longer to study authors, but to study subjects. There are two methods of study : the one is, the studying an author; the other may be called, studying a subject. In the former case the student proposes to make himself master of the whole contents of a book : he diligently peruses it, and becomes familiar with the style and language and the sentiments of the writer. By the other method, he follows up any par- ticular branch of knowledge through all the books in which it may be found ; searches in them for every passage that is to his purpose ; and collects every- where the scattered particles of information. Of these two methods of seeking knowledge, the first is much to be preferred. By diligently fixing the mind upon one book at a time, the intellectual faculties in the three branches of Apprehension, At- tention, and Memory, are exercised, disciplined, and improved. TVhereas, by the other practice, when a subject is pursued by the help of indexes through a multitude of authors, and writers are consulted only as books of reference, a superficial, discursive habit of study grows upon the mind ; and the student will be so far from improving the three faculties above TWO METHODS OF STUDY. 75 mentioned, that lie is in danger of impairing them. And no man of letters can safely trust himself with this plan of study, till he shall have first diligently wrought into his mind firm habits of accurate at- tention by long practice of the other. For this pur- pose, I think, a course of reading upon the plan al- ready described, will be sufficient ; since it compre- hends (for the Greek language) all those writers who deserve to be taken as models of style and reasoning, or who merit attention from being authentic witnesses in matters of chief importance. I computed that this selection of authors, accord- ing to distribution into fourteen heads (the first six being arranged with a view to the order of time and degree of merit, the last eight with a reference solely to the subjects treated of), would be equal in quantity to about 50,000 pages ; being perhaps a fourth part of all that is extant in the Greek language. I made another computation, which gave the same results : throwing aside the division into classes, I calculated the authors necessary to be diligently studied, according to the objects of study and in- quiry, under the heads of Poetry, History, Oratory, Philosophy, and Miscellaneous (that is, philology, criticism, etc.). e 2 76 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. The Poets, with their scholiasts r Herodotus Thucydides Grecian \ Xenophon Arrian Diodorus . History Roman < Gr.Rom. and Anti- quities 'Polybius . . 1493 Dionysius . 1270 Appian . . 1139 Dio Cassius . . 1774 Zosimus . . 300 Herodian . 240 ^Polysenus . 313 Plutarch . . 2550 Strabo . 1460 Josephus . . 2292 Pausanias . 1065 ^Apollodorus . 158 Philosophy rCebes . . Plato . . Aristotle . iEschines Theophrastus Epictetus ''Laertius . pp. 8310 980 786 1532 500 2306 6104 6216 7838 21 2511 4263 38 812 413 480 AUTHORS TO BE STUDIED. 77 M. Antoninus . 137 « M 1*^1 1 ncATthw / Plutarchi Mor. . 2826 IT llllUoUUXLV • • \ Sextus Empiricus 896 Themisthis . . 485 Antipho . . 81 Lysias . 268 Isseus . . . . 127 Andocides . 81 Isocrates . . 519 Demosthenes . 1327 Oratores . iEschines . . . 220 Dinarchus . . 48 Lycurgus . . 51 Dio Chrys. . 813 Aristidis . . . 600 Libanii . . . 1000 Julianus . . . 513 ' Lucian . . 1603 Athenseus . . 1566 Julian . 685 Miscellaneous . ( Stobseus . . . 1520 Dionys. Rhei ;. . 610 Hermogenes . 390 Longinus . . 60 12,882 5648 6134 53,432 78 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. As in the former selection I did not compute the 7 Scholiasts, the sum of the two is nearly the same. Such a course of reading and study might be com- pleted in about ten years by the diligent application of about four or five hours a day. And as a boy of ordinary talents, who leaves school at eighteen, may be expected to bring with him to the University, if the master has in any degree done his duty, the whole of Homer, and one-half at least of the thirty-three extant tragedies, together with nearly the whole of Xenophon, and some part perhaps of Herodotus, he will have already made a considerable advance be- fore he enters upon the University. And the ten years of study, computed from the time of his leav- ing school, will put him in possession, by the time he is eight-and-twenty, of this body of Greek literature. I am supposing no professional engagements in the law, army, or other secular departments. If he is destined for the Church, that professional call will be not incompatible with such a course; since the studies here proposed will form the best and truest foundation for the study of theology. I proposed to myself, having much leisure, and no professional demands upan my time, to complete this course of reading. I had already advanced in the most necessary and useful parts of it, during the six years which had passed from the beginning of 1810 to the beginning of this year. COURSE OF READIXG. 79 In the first days of this year, I proceeded with the Annals of Tacitus, and finished the sixteenth book on the 18th of January, which completed the whole of the remains of the Annals ; one half I had read in the end of 1812,and the other half in the present winter. After this I was engaged for some days in Stillingfleet's ' Origines Sacrse/ and in Lardner; from whom I collected a critical history or short account of the ecclesiastical writers. I finished these studies on the 23rd. I then read, and made extracts from, Phile- monis Lexicon; a short fragment, of one hundred and fifty pages, published by Dr. Burney. These were the whole of my studies during the remainder of our stay at Bangor. On Monday, the 5th of February, we took leave of Bangor, after a long and pleasant visit at the palace for twenty-nine weeks. On the third day after we left Bangor we reached the Priory at Warwick, on a visit to my old friend (now) Sir William Welby. While we were here, we visited the ruins of Kenil- worth, founded by our ancestor Geoffrey de Clinton, and walked over Warwick Castle. We rested at the Priory four days ; and on the 13th reached my father's house in Dean's Yard. We remained in Dean's Yard nearly sixteen weeks. The Bishop of Bangor resided this year in Mr. Douglas's house in Dean's Yard, and followed us to 80 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. town on the 27th, when the two families had a very pleasant interchange of visitings. My studies during this period were the following : — E Fabricio, noti- tiam literariam Scriptorum circiter sexaginta ; Par- thenium ; Heraclitum irepl 'AttLijtcov ; Heraclidis Al- legorias Homericas ; I read again, iEschylum cum Scholiis; Casaubon's notes in Strabonis octo priores ; Dionys. Thrac.j Ciceronis de Oratore Hbrum primum. In English I read, with extracts, Holland's Travels in Greece ; Malcolm's History of Persia, two volumes quarto; Bryant's Mythology, six volumes octavo, with extracts. On the 4ith of June we quitted London, and arrived at Welwyn, after an absence from our home of nearly eleven months. Being now quietly settled again at Welwyn, I re- turned to my usual studies. My first occupations were transcribing and compiling, rather than any new studies. June 18, I began to collect a history Scrip- torum Ptolemaeis JEqualium, cap. 9, as an appendix to the authors of the two first periods : this was com- pleted in five days. I then returned to my Greek Chronology, part the second. This, the first sketch of which was my first literary labour after the re- sumption of these studies in April 1810, is still the least complete of any; being a growing work, the materials for which are multiplied, as I extend my LITERARY PURSUITS AT WELWYN. 81 researches further. I completed the list, or column, of the Archons, in six days. I was still employed in transcribing and extracting for the next fortnight. On July 16, I began to read Harpocratio, which I laid aside in a few days for Appian. On the l^th of August I completed that historian, having read the other parts of his works in 1815. I then began Dion Cassius; and having completed his thirty-ninth book on the fourth day, I returned to my Greek Chrono- logy, to which I applied diligently for thirty days. In this space I reviewed the whole of Pausanias, and had occasion to apply to the arrangement of the Sacred Chronology, comparing with the Bible, Jo- sephus and Hales. Plutarch then engaged me for thirty days, from October 4 till November 11, when I had completed almost the whole of his genuine re- mains. I read his Apophthegms, with the commen- tary of Wyttenbach ; and then proceeded to his Sym- posiacs. I began the study of this voluminous author March 21, 1814. In that year, among my other studies, I finished all the Lives, and 1200 pages of his other works, or his Moralia. In 1815, I read about 567 of his Moralia; and now, in this present year, completed 600 pages, making in the whole 2427 pages of the miscellaneous treatises. These treatises amount in all to about 81 in number, including those that are spurious. There remained about 400 pages, e 3 82 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. one-half of which was genuine. After this I was em- ployed upon the lexicons of Harpocratio and Photius. Harpocratio occupied the more time, because I tran- scribed the references to Antipho, Isseus, the Private Causes of Demosthenes, and the historians and comic poets. The Chronology of the Seleucidse occupied me five days. I then proceeded more diligently with the Lexicon of Photius, which I finished on the last day of the year. A part however of December was occupied in compiling and arranging the fragments of the comic poets. Towards the end of this year, I began to have seri- ous thoughts of publishing my Greek Chronology. These labours and compilations had been originally prosecuted with a view to my own private use or that of my children, if I should ever have sons who should be candidates in academical learning. By degrees I began to contemplate, though at a distance, the pro- ject of completing a Chronology for public use. I was encouraged by the prospect of my procuring, through Gaisford's assistance, an edition of the work, by means of the University Press. I wrote therefore to my friend, about the middle of December, on the subject, and received a most friendly answer, with offer of his services, in forwarding my wish. This drew from me a fuller explanation of my chronological plan, which I detailed to him at considerable length in a letter THOUGHTS OF PUBLISHING. 83 written December 30. His opinion of my scheme and labours was still more favourable ; and he encouraged me, with his natural frankness and honesty, and with- out vain compliments, to persevere. This therefore was the period at which my idea of becoming a writer on subjects of ancient chronology and history was first matured. In this year my Greek studies were these : — Philemon . • • pp. 150 Parthenius . 33 Heraclitus . . 9 Schol. .^schyli 438 Appiani . 467 Dionis Cass. 180 Plutarchi 660 Harpocratio 200 Photii Lex. 517 Demetrii 72 2726 — a less compass of reading than I had accomplished in almost any year since my return to these studies. But this was compensated by the other parts of my general plan, in which I had diligently laboured, — the Grecian and the Sacred Chronology; the fragments of the comic poets ; the fragments of the Greek his- 84 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. torians ; and by the knowledge I had acquired in London by the study of Malcolm's ' Persia/ Bryant's Mythology, and Holland's Travels. 1817. This year is divided into four portions. The first period, a space of nine weeks, ending the 5 th of March, was passed at Welwyn : in this tranquil interval, full of domestic satisfactions and benefits, my literary la- bours proceeded profitably. After finishing Cicero ' De Oratore,' I began the second part of the Greek Chronology, in the column of Events, at b.c 431; and laboured diligently till 1 brought it down to b.c. 360. I continued through a part of the reign of Philip, and the whole of the reign of Alexander, and finished about one hundred years. This occupied about twenty-six days of dili- gent application, to the 3rd of February. I then pro- ceeded to the chronology and literary history of the Historians, and carried it down to the writers of the time of Alexander. There were forty-two writers in one Hst, and ten in the other. Eighteen days, ending February 23rd, were consumed in this undertaking. So that, since I returned to this subject in June 1816, the three first columns, — the Archons ; the res gest(B, or civil and military affairs; and the His- torians, — were in a good measure completed. There SEASON IN DEAN'S YARD. 85 remained the Philosophers, the Orators, the Dramatic Poets. Some days were devoted, to the end of the month of February, to the re-perusal of Polybius. I com- pleted a survey of the first seven books. Whenever it shall be permitted me to find leisure for the third part of the Chronology, I perceive that for all those years of which only fragments remain in Polybius, namely, the whole period from b.c. 218-167, Livy must be diligently examined, and the relics of Poly- bius. Prom these two historians the annals of that portion of history may be collected. On the 1st of March, my father, mother, and the whole Cromwell family arrived from Notts. They performed the journey, one hundred and five miles, in one day, and reached Welwyn at seven in the even- ing. On Tuesday, the 4th, they left us for Dean's Yard, and on the next day we followed them. Here began the second of the four periods of this year : — a residence with our three children at my father's in Dean's Yard, of sixteen weeks and up- wards. We saw the Bishop's family again very plea- santly during their stay in Dean's Yard ; our social meetings, composed of all the members of both fami- lies, were often very large, and always pleasant and cheerful. On the last day of May, the Bishop and his family left London, having first obtained our pro- 86 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. raise to make another journey to Bangor. We re- turned to Welwyn on the 28th of June. I look back with an agreeable recollection, and with grateful acknowledgments of the past bounties of Providence, upon this period passed in Dean's Yard. I returned unwillingly to the cares of do- mestic superintendence and rural occupations, from which I anticipated much interruption of my favourite studies and pursuits. Pew Parliamentary debates occurred of any mo- ment. I was present at a long debate on the Catholic Claims, May 9, which were rejected by 245 to 221 : so that the Popish party was at this time losing ground. The House divided, June 2, on the election of a new speaker; when Mr. Manners Sutton had 312 votes, his opponent Mr. Wynne had 152. The last debate was on the 27th of June, on the third reading of the Bill for suspending the Habeas Corpus Act. I had therefore much leisure for study, and com- pleted some useful branches of Greek and Latin read- ing. Plato's books of Laws, pp. 500, in ed. Bipont.; and at the same time Ciceronis Oratorem, Topica, De Inventione, De Natura Deorum, Tusc. Disp., pp. 923; Stobseus, pp. 1100; Hermogenes, pp. 390. The third part of the four portions of this year commenced June 28 : — a residence of nearly seven weeks at Welwyn. In these seven weeks, as I was STUDIES AT WELWYN. 87 about to take my leave of my books for many months, I proposed to complete such parts of my general plan as would enable me to pass those months at Bangor not unprofitably. I proposed to transcribe what had been completed of Chron. Grsec. Part II., that two copies of it might exist, one of which I might carry with me ; to complete Chron. Grsec. Part I. c. 1, on the times before the Trojan era; and to read the Scholia of Aristophanes. I completed the ancient Scholia of all the- comedies except the Plutus, pp. 361, with the text of the ten comedies (July 3-31). The Chronology, Part I. c. 1 (August 1-8). Transcript of the second part (August 10-14). Besides these occupations, I found time for reading four Greek tra- gedies ; and in the evenings, Robertson's History of Scotland, and Voltaire's ' Siecle de Louis Quatorze/ in French. On Tuesday, August 19, we set out at seven o'clock, went through Luton to Dunstable, and thence to Dunchurch, sixty-seven miles. On Wednesday, the 20th, we reached Shiffnall, fifty-six miles ; the next day Llangollen, forty-eight miles ; and on the 22nd we arrived at Bangor at about half-past nine. Here we remained till the end of the year ; and this resi- dence at Bangor of almost nineteen weeks, formed the last and largest portion of the four parts into which our year was divided. 88 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. In the long and tranquil interval of retreat at Bangor, in 1815, I had found ample leisure for pro- secuting useful studies; and I proposed to employ the leisure of the present time in a similar manner. The first studies were the Plutus of Aristophanes, with the Scholiast, together with the ' Cyropsedia' of Xe- nophon (August 25 to September 25) ; then Lyco- phron, with Tzetzes (September 26 to October 23) ; then Cicero f De Finibus,' and f De Legibus;' the ' Of- fices,' f De Divinatione.' The 'Philosophical which I read at this time (pp. 1039), were commenced on Oc- tober 4, and completed, with abstracts, December 10. These, with the Philosophica, which I had studied in the spring, in London, made the whole of the philoso- phical remains of this great author ; a noble portion of ancient literature, the study of which I had de- layed too long. During a part of this time (Novem- ber 10-21) I read the first six books of Heyne's edi- tion of Virgil. In the course of this perusal, I found that the reading of the second book, with Heyne's commentaries, occupied fifty minutes ; the fourth book fifty minutes ; and the sixth book fifty-five minutes. Heyne's notes and commentaries contain many use- ful things; especially on the Cyclic Poets and the writers of the " tale of Troy divine," appended to the second book. On December 15, I began to investigate the Giro- RELIGIOUS STUDIES. 89 nology of the kings of Judah and Israel, and pursued this subject unremittingly for many days, to the 24th of December. I began at the accession of Rehoboam, and finished the Chronology to the 9th of Hosea. I began, towards the close of this year, to form new plans of study, and new resolutions and arrangements. I proposed, in the first place, to set apart Sunday in every week for appropriate studies ; either the Scrip- tures, or works illustrating the Scriptures and religious questions, for as many hours on the Sunday as I was accustomed to give on other days to Greek and Latin profane literature. The reading for this purpose should be confined to the Old and New Testament, to Josephus (as far as he illustrates sacred history), and to the works of the ancient Fathers and of modern divines. Four hours a day have been usually dedi- cated to ancient literature ; and four hours employed every Sunday in the reading of the Scriptures would enable the student to go through with the Old and New Testament in thirty weeks. I began the prac- tice of reading the Scriptures every Sunday when I was at Oxford. I read through in that manner, du- ring my latter years at Oxford, the whole Old Testa- ment and a part of the New. I found incalculable benefit from the practice. Perhaps it may be doubted whether it is favourable to intellectual progress in any object of study, to have 90 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. particular times set apart for particular studies. Of the two methods of study, the setting apart a daily number of hours for particular objects, or the con- tinuing any literary research upon which the mind may be employed, as long as the inclination prompts (without observing any stated distribution of time), the last is by far the most favourable to the genius. He who carries on the subject of his inquiry, while the faculties of his mind are full of zeal and energy, and are interested in the pursuit, will be likely to make a greater progress in science, than he who re- turns to his stated task at the appointed time, because the appointed time has arrived. The one exerts his powers in their full vigour, while the attention is will- ing and diligent. The other labours with languid powers, because his inclination to the task does not always return with the hour. The one compensates a long-continued period of application, till the mind is fatigued by its intensity, by a long interval of rest, which he prolongs till he finds his powers again vi- gorous, his curiosity again awakened, and his alacrity of mind again recruited. The other will sometimes be called to his task when his faculties want repose ; or will have to leave it perhaps at the moment when the ardour of study has begun to be awakened, and his understanding to be interested in the work : his four or five hours of study are to take their turn METHODICAL ARRANGEMENTS. 91 with the rest of his employments, independently of his inclination or his will ; and as he never omits the appointed hours, so he seldom or never exceeds them. It must be confessed, then, that by a methodical arrangement, the student is not likely to be capable of great things. But yet, on the other hand, in the common affairs of life, especially in the offices and arrangements of domestic life, the advantages of a mechanical distribution of time seem to outweigh the inconvenience. He who secures to himself a regular portion of time daily for meditation and reading, is more likely on the whole to turn it to good account, than he who, following the impulse of his genius, sometimes devotes entire days to abstraction, and sometimes passes them in indolent vacuity. Such a student must either neglect his other duties, or will have his periods of abstraction interrupted by the va- rious calls and common cares of life. The aggregate quantity of time gained for study seems much the same in either case. The powers of the mind must have rest ; and that mind, whose ef- forts are continued the longest, will need a proportion- ably long interval of refreshment. A certain number of hours, then, every day allotted to intellectual la- bour, will leave the rest of the day for business or amusement, and will upon the whole secure as much time for literary purposes, as a fortnight's overstrained 92 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. exertion, followed by another fortnight of complete relaxation and indolence. The inquiry concerning the method of study has therefore two objects : — 1. What arrangement of time is the most convenient ? in answer to which we de- termine that it is better to assign a regular portion of each day to this purpose. 2. What method should be pursued in reading books ? in answer to which it was concluded, when that inquiry was made at large, that it is better to read one author at a time steadily, than to read discursively. Johnson (in Boswell, vol. i. p. 411) remarks that "a man should read just as inclination leads him, for what he reads as a task will do him little good. A young man should read five hours in a day, and so may acquire a great deal of knowledge." In the first part of this sentence he has reference to the second ques- tion, on which he gives his opinion in favour of dis- cursive reading; in the latter part he touches upon the first question, and seems to advise a regular dis- tribution of hours. In this all students will agree with Johnson. But as to the other point, perhaps no man ever habituated his mind to that practice of dis- cursive reading, without finding cause to repent of it. The intellect itself is greatly in the power of habit ; and as by indulgence a discursive habit is confirmed and increased, so by practice the attention will come to be at the command of the will. PLANS OF STUDY. 93 In speculating upon the best plans of study, I pro- posed to myself to begin a practice of •writing down from time to time remarks upon sucb subjects as caught my attention ; with a view to exercise myself in English composition, which I seemed to have too much neglected. For this purpose I contrived three blank books, as depositories for what I might col- lect under three different heads. The first, to con- tain any extracts or abstracts that might be made from other writings, in reading the various subjects of history, population, geography, etc., in modern au- thors. The second I designed as a repository for my own original remarks or essays, to be written down, without any particular order, as they happened to be composed. A third book I planned to be ready for noting down remarks or collections, in the course of theological study. These three manuscript divisions I imagined would complete all that I might find ne- cessary, in addition to the distribution already made, in classical literature. This project, like other pro- jects, was more easy to design than to execute. In the progress of three years, which I have since passed, part has been followed and part has been omitted. To collect in one view the studies of this year, they may be thus stated : — 1. (Chron. Grsec.) Completed about a hundred years of the Second Part, Historia critica Histori- 94 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. coram Grsecorum : the times preceding the Trojan War, of Part I. 2. Relegi et retractavi : — Polybius to the end of the seventh book. Aristophanes. Eight Greek tragedies. Six first books of the iEneid, with Heyne's Commentary. 3. New studies : — Platonis Leges pp. Stobeei Sermones . Hermogenes Juliani Csesares Scholiastes Aristophanis Xenophontis Cyropsedia CEconomicus Lycophron . Tzetzse Scholiast. 500 1100 390 32 981 374 84. 50 450 3961 Ciceronis Rhetorica De Oratore, 11. 3 . pp. 356 Brutus 143 Orator 106 Topica 38 Oratorise Partit. . . 55 ^De Inventione, 11. 2 . 191 889 JOURNEY FROM BANGOR. 95 'De Natura Deorum, 11. 3 210 Tusc. Qusest., 11. 5 . -280 Acad. Quaest., 11. 2 127 Ciceronis De Fin., 11. 5 . . . 280 Philosophica ( De Legibus, 11. 3 . 105 De Officiis, 11. 3 . 262 De Senect. et Amicitia 85 De Divinat., 11. 2 . 152 ^De Fato .... 28 1529 2418 1818. On the 7 th of January we left Bangor, after a visit of nineteen weeks and four days; and travelled by- way of Llangollen, Ellesmere, Whitchurch, Stone, and Uttoxeter, to Nottingham, which we reached on the 9th. We staid with Dr. and Mrs. Wylde four days ; and on Tuesday, the 13th, arrived at South- well. I always see Southwell with a degree of plea- sure, which increases as I advance in life, and as the school-boy scenes of my early years are removed to a greater distance from me by the progress of time. I seized the opportunity, while our children rested at the inn, to visit some of the haunts of my boyhood ; but the day was stormy and unfavourable, and I 96 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. found it expedient to hasten forward to our journey's end. We reached my father's house at Cromwell about half-past three. We passed just six weeks at Cromwell. In this period of great tranquillity and leisure, uninterrupted by any untoward incident, I met with some useful works, which I had time to read and to make extracts from. These works were, — an English book, in quarto, entitled ' A Literary History of the Middle Ages/ by Berington ; Gell's ' Topo- graphy of Troy.' In Greek I only read the three first books of the Grammar of Theodore Gaza. On the 16th of February the Introduction to Chron. Graec, Part I., was begun, and occupied the remain- der of our time in Nottinghamshire. These were six weeks of great diligence and activity ; and I re- member the studies of this time with a pleasing im- pression. On the 24^th of February we left Cromwell, and, after paying a visit of three days to Sir William Welby, at Denton, we reached Welwyn on the 28th, after an absence of more than six months. We passed the Sunday at Welwyn, and on Monday, March 2nd, we arrived in Dean's Yard. My father and mother had aheady settled there ; and about this time the Bishop (of Bangor) occupied again the house of Mr. Douglas, in Dean's Yard, for the sea- son. The same agreeable interchange of meetings, STUDIES IN DEAN'S YARD. 97 alternately at my father's house and at the Bishop's, was agreed upon in this year as in the former. We remained in London thirteen weeks. The first three weeks of this period I passed in the enjoyment of my usual satisfactions, and with my ordinary alacrity for intellectual employment. The next two months I do not look back upon with equal confidence and pleasure ; and I was prevented by ill- health from my former activity of exertion. The studies of this time were less than formerly, and my impression of this period is that of languor and de- pression. I prosecuted the Introd. to Chron. Grsec. I. 1 ; Introduction to Parts I. and II. before the 22nd of March. After that date I finished Scholia Theocriti, pp. 178; Clemens Alexandr. Protrepticon, pp. 117; Strom, lib. i. pp. 130 ; the Meno of Plato ; and the first five books of Quintilian, with the notes of Spal- ding (pp. 428). The remaining seven months of this vear were passed at Welwyn; where my retreat suffered no other interruption than a journey into Yorkshire at the general election. On the 17th of June I sud- denly received intelligence from the Duke of New- castle, requiring my immediate presence at Borough- bridge, where an opposition was threatened. Parlia- ment had been dissolved on the 10th of June ; and 98 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. the Boroughbridge election was fixed for the 20th. Accordingly I set out instantly, and, by travelling all night, reached Boroughbridge about two in the morn- ing of Friday, June 19. I was re-elected at Aldbo- rough, with my colleague Granville Vernon, on that day. On the next, Captain Mundy was successful at Boroughbridge; but his colleague was defeated by Mr. Lawson. Immediately after the poll I set out with Mr. Vernon to Clumber ; we reached it at twelve at night, and had an hour's conversation with His Grace, who was waiting for us in his library. I passed two days at Clumber, much gratified by the urbanity and kindness of my reception. On the 23rd I left Clumber, and reached Welwyn on the 24th. I had no further interruption to the tranquillity of this summer. My father, mother, and sisters came to us on June 25, in their way from London. After stay- ing with us four days, during which the weather was fine and our guests seemed pleased with their visit, they left us oa the 29th for Cromwell. My brother Clinton came to me on the 10th of August, and brought me down a copy of Corsinr's ' Fasti Attici,' a book so necessary to my chronological studies, which I had for three years sought in vain, and which I now for the first time saw and perused. The whole seven months of our abode at Welwyn, diver- sified bv manv visits from our relations and friends, STUDIES AT WELWYX. 99 was a space to be remembered with pleasure and gratitude. The London residence of this year was barren of satisfaction, and of any great literary progress. Du- ring those three months my new studies were 469 pages of Greek, and 428 of Latin. But in the lei- sure of Welwyn I was able to compensate for this deficiency ; and went through, between July 3 and the end of the year, 4144 pages of Greek studies ; besides transcribing and perfecting many extracts and abstracts of former studies, and proceeding with my Chronology. My first study in the summer was Dio Chiysostom, in Reiske's edition, and the first volume of Bekker's 'Anecdota Grseca/ a valuable publication. T carefully entered the citations from the Comic Poets into their proper places. Then, until October 22nd, I was occupied with Stobteus's Eclogre, in Heeren's edition, with Plutarch 'De Placitis.' I then began Bekker's second volume, containing ' Scholia in Dionysii Thracis Grammaticam,' and completed it in twelve evenings. November 14, the first book of Dionysius of Halicarnassus was begun ; and the whole remains of the ' Archseologia' finished, Decem- ber 8. I then finished Diodorus by reading the first three books ; and this study, together with the Epib- tles of Isocrates and Plato, and some few pieces of Libanius, occupied the remaining days of this year. f 2 100 AUTOBIOGKAPHY. December 7. We finished reading Clarendon's His- tory of the Rebellion. We began it in the summer, and read it together in tbe evenings. In this man- ner, it occupied about four months, including vari- ous suspensions and interruptions. I completed therefore, in this year, a good deal of the first part of my Greek Chronology, at intervals between February 12 and July 2. I made good use. of Berington's ' Literary Memoirs,' and Gell's Topo- graphy, at Cromwell. My new studies were far be- low what I had projected as possible, in drawing a plan for the future year, before I left Bangor. So different is project from performance! On the 3rd of January I proposed in imagination to finish Quin- tilian and Yelleius ; to transcribe and complete Comi- corum Hist. Criticam ; Scriptores Ptolem. ^Equales ; Chron. Grsec, Part I. cap. 2, or the time between the Trojan Era and the first Messenian War; Sacred Chronology, to the Captivity; and Hist. Crit. Epi- corum. In Greek I calculated upon reading pagi- narum /j,vpidSa. These were my projects. On the 30th of December, upon reviewing the occupations of the year, I found that I bad completed only a small part of the task proposed. Instead of the ten thousand pages of Greek, I had finished less than five thousand ; and the manuscript compilations were still unfinished. Part of the time however had been THEOLOGICAL STUDIES. 101 not less usefully employed in other studies ; especially I had made a better progress than heretofore in Theo- logical studies, and, I hope, had laid a foundation for future improvement in that material part of our in- tellectual employment. During many of the Sundays in this year, com- mencing with our return to Velwyn, I endeavoured to fix in my mind the facts of the Gospel history, by using White's ' Diatessaron/ and the New Testament, with Hales as a commentary. [Here there is a hiatus in the manuscript.] .... Observe that the Jews may not be irresis- tibly bound to apply them (the prophecies) to Jesus, but might rather be left to their own judgment, and so reject him ? Are the clear and manifest predic- tions proved genuine by being found in all the co- pies ? The grand proof of the Divine mission of Jesus lies in the Prophecies. Histories have been variously forged, and fabricated accounts of the actions of men have been written, as of Apollonius Tyaneus, and others. But prophecies must come from God alone. If the writings of the Prophets are genuine, the his- tory contained in the Gospels is true. I proposed to myself to explore these subjects ; and to fix in my mind a habit .... [Another hiatus in the manuscript.] 102 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. My new studies therefore in profane learning, in this year, have been these : — Theodori Gazse libb. iii. . pp. 200 Scholiastes Theocriti . . . 178 Clementis Alexandrini . . 247 Platonis Meno . . . 44 Dio Chrysostomus . . 813 Lexica Sequeriana . . . 388 Stobffii Eclogae . . . 420 Plutarch, de Placitis . . 100 Scholia in Dion. Thrac. . . . 470 Dionysii Archseologia . , 1270 Diodori libb. 3 . . . . . 406 Isocratis Epistolse . . . 36 Libanii MeXercu qusedam . . 162 Platonis Epistolse . . . 79 4813 The whole narrative, down to this period, was writ- ten in the year 1818 ; being compiled from notes made at various times, and from recollection. LISTS OF AUTHORS. The quantity of matter in the Prose Authors, both Greek and Latin, is expressed in pages which contain each 1002 letters, by which common standard all the works are measured. (See p. 47.) SELECTI E SCBIPIOBIBTTS LATINIS. Solutce Orationis Poetce. * Cicero . pp. 6214 Plautus . vv. 20,000 * Caesar ... 470 *Terentius . 6000 *Corn. Nepos. 173 * Lucretius . 7410 *Sallustius . . . 197 * Catullus 2295 *Livius . ... 3050 *Tibullus . 2037 *Vell. Paterculus 147 *Horatius 8000 *L. Seneca . . 1550 *Virgilius 12,900 * Plinius 2260 * Propertius . . . 3998 * Quintilianus . . . 970 * Ovidius 34,000 * Curtius 452 * Seneca 11,658 * Tacitus . . . 904 *Lucanus 8000 * Plinius *Statius . . 14,000 * Suetonius . 406 *Martialis . 9000 *Gellius . . . 750 Juvenalis . . . 3836 * Justinus . 368 Claudianus . . * Hist. Aug. Scriptores 608 *Ammian. Marcel. 726 Vegetius . *Macrobius . 104 LISTS OF AUTHORS. SELECTI E SCKIPTOEIBTJS GEiECIS. Historici IX. ... pp. 980 * Thucydides . VIII 786 - CyTop. . . 374 \ Anab. . . 282 *Xenophon Hellenic. . 372 > . 1532 Memor. . 166 » Opuscul. . 338 1 Oratores *Antipho XV. . 81 *Lysias *Isa3us . . . XXXIV. . 268 X. . 127 *Andocides . IV 81 'Porenses VII. 123 ^ *Isocratis i Deliber. VI. . 207 XXI. 519 Demonst. V. 141 1 Didact. III. . 48' Arj^irjyop. XVI. 214 ) Ar)[l6tTLOL IX. 545 *Deinosthenis IblCDTlKOl XXXI. E7rt8eiKTiK0t II. 474 29 LX. . . 1327 \ Atjixoctioi. . 65- 1 *iEschines III. . . . . . 220 * Dinarchus . III. . I 48 51 * Plato. Philosophi. De Eepub. . 4961 De Leg. . 500 ICffitera . 1515.J 2511 LISTS OF AUTHORS. 105 Aristoteles r *Etli.Nieoni.etc. 919 *Eliet. et Poet. 306 *Hist. Anim. . 751 ) Categ. Anal., etc. 589 I C'artera omnia 1698 > *Theophrastus Epictetus *Laertius M. Antoninus 4263 812 413 480 137 Serif tores XII. (1st Class). * Poly bills . . . . . . 1493 . . . 2306 *Dionys. Hali- rAnt. libb. XL carnassensis (.Rhet. . 610) *Strabo . . . . 1460 | 'Ant. libb. XX. 1600' 24SS 1 1 Bell. Jud. 692 *.Josephus ( Vita 81 v Apion . 115 * Plutarch us i T ., ... ' ' (.Libelli 81 2550^ ..,-. 2826) # . rCivil. libb. V. 58i l . . 1139 555) 'Expedit. . 377. Indica . 69 Tactica 47 _ *Arrianus . { Peripl. Eux. . 21 ) . . .5/8 Peripl. Eryth. 34 VVenat. 30 * Lucianus 1603 . . . 1065 r 3 106 LISTS OF AUTHORS. *Athen£eus .... . . . ■ 1566 *Dio Cassiua • 1257 Sei'iptores X. (2nd Class) . *ApoUodorus, libb. III. . 158 *Dio Chrpost. Or. 80 . ... 813 Maximus Tyrius, Diss. 11 . . . . 254 *Polyaenus, libb. YIII. . . 313 *Aristides .... . . . . . 1264 iElianus {^-^ ; %{} 6S5 *Herodiamis, libb. TH. . . . . 240 *Themistms, Or. 33 . . 4S5 rOrat. 65 2209~; Libanius . i JWrai . . 1422 \ 4601 LEpistolfe . . 970j *Zosiinus . . . 300 Sunima . 43.060 E Scriptoribus tertia classic. Philo 1784 Artemidorus . . . 335 Sextus Empiricus .... 896 Philostrati 1800 *Julianus . 513 *Heliodorus .350 *Stobaeus .... . 1360 *Photius 1750 / _ *Demetrius *Hermogenes . 409 *Theo 185 *Longinus .... .60 LISTS OF AUTHORS. 107 * Scholia Sophoelis * — Jisckinis * Euripidis * Aristophanis * Apollonii * Pindari . *Villois. Homer. . * Scholia Thucydidis * • Demosthenis . * Clemens Alexandrinus fPr. E. *Eusebii CH. E. 350 -138 610 998 300 1138 1767; 436-> 636) 1100) 580J Summa Paginte Poet a. *Homerus *Hesiodus *Theognis * Pindarus *Anacreon *iEschylus * Sophocles * Euripides * Aristophanes Aratus . * Callimachus * Theocritus . *Lycophron . * Apollonius VT 5631 . 1072 . 1110 . 1680 19,007 13,960 61,967 29,545 2357 1220 6000 960 8139 11,208 28,782 15,752 1151 1400 2871 1471 5835 108 LISTS OF AUTHORS. # Bion .... *Moschus . . . Nicander Oppianus *Scymnus Chius *Dionysius Periegetes Musaeus . Q. Calaber . . . Orpheus . . . . Coluthus Nonnus . . . Tryphiodorus Mauetho Anthologia ... cir. 244 482 1594 5649 975 1185 341 8770 3614 385 21,300 677 4000 Summa ver. cir. 21,000 . 186,913 * Hos Scriptores legimus (Jan. 1, 1819). PART II. LITERARY JOURNAL. Tavr z^ca over tjAadov nai i ovre epyu>, Bvvdfievo'i, eTn,Tr)Beva> Be rr\v Lav teal ra /AaOrffMiTa, acj) £>v ovBev irXeov iariv roiyapovv ev roll fiev twv aXKwv eirvrrjBev^aaw ovk eyed Beivor ev oh Be eya> Beivbs, ovBev ecnuv 6cf)eXo(f>poveaTepov ©eov T€ avaKa\ovp.evo$. 118 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1819. 4th, Sunday. At St. Margaret's in the morning : tcS ©em /j,era 7roX\,r}^ a r ya>viard. Saw the Duke of Newcastle, who called in Dean's Yard : conversation with him on political matters. 24tth. Menagius ad Laertium, two hours. House of Commons, 4^-2 a.m. In the last thirteen days I finished the first and eighth books of Laertius with the Commentary of Menagius, and the second to * The motion was, " That the House resolve itseK into a Com- mittee of the whole House, to take into consideration the affairs of the nation." — TSditor. PARLIAMENTARY MATTERS. 123 the end of Archelaus ; cum notitia literaria pkiloso- phorum. Jam vero, negotia publica, curseque et vexationes urbis quotidianse me poscunt, et hsec stu- dia omitto ad alia tempora : invite a meis laboribus, quibus delector, quibus non impar sum, ad molestas et ingratas res, avocatus. 26th. Platonis Respub. : per horas fere septem huic lectioni diligenter incumbens; et animum reficiens occupansque, et abstrahens a contemplatione reruni istarum quibus impar sum : ad hanc lectionem con- fugi, si forte animum confirm are et revocare possim. 29th. Platonis Rep. 11. viii. ix. x. Finished Plato's Republic in five days, pp. 403. By this diligent study I employed and refreshed my mind, averting it from the contemplation incommodorum qiue me vexant. SYst. Finished an abstract of Plato's Republic, and reviewed the whole work in the evening. June 2. Called on the Duke of Newcastle, and had a conversation with him on Parliamentary matters. His Grace invited me to this interview ; the object of which was to recommend it to me to make a financial speech, on the question now pending in Parliament. He urged to me, with great kindness of manner, that if I was successful on the occasion, it might be of es- sential use to me, and, at all events, that it might be creditable. I replied with suitable expressions of ac- knowledgment for the interest he took in my con- g 2 124 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1819. cernsj that His Grace had been led to think too fa- vourably of my sufficiency in this respect ; that I was, in truth, not versed in financial subjects ; that I felt myself to be destitute of the gift of public speaking, and of the requisites for succeeding in debate ; that I should never do justice to the subject. I added, that if I had any faculties, it was with my pen, rather than with my tongue, that I could be efficient. The Duke kindly accepted these excuses ; our conversation, freely and without formality, turned upon other topics ; and when I took my leave, we separated with mutual ex- pressions of cordiality. The Duke informed me that he had been led to take this view, and to mention the matter to me, by the representations of my father last year, who gave him to understand that I was com- petent upon financial subjects, and that I was ambi- tious of an official post in the Treasury ; " and this is to be obtained," he added, "by making yourself known to the Ministers and useful to them." 3rd-5th. In these three days began and finished Theonis Progymnasmata, pp. 88 ; reviewed Demosth. Midian. English reading. 7th. Demosthenes : House of Commons, five to half- past one a.m., division on the new taxes ; numbers, for Ministers 329, against 142. 8th-l2th. Demosthenes ' De Corona/ ^Eschines, ' Eals. Legat.'; Aristotle, ' Historia Aninialium.' STUDIES IN DEAN'S YARD. 125 These studies were continued until the 17th. On this day we completed nineteen weeks in Dean's Yard, quo spatio hjec studia. GRJECA. Euseb. Praep. Evang. . . .pp. 1100 Platonis in Repub 403 Theonis Progym 88 Aristot. Hist. Anim 319 1910 LATINA. Curtius pp. 452 Ciceronis Or. xiii 608 1060 Perlegi about ten Lives of Plutarch ; the first, second, and eighth books of Laertius, with Menagius. Inspexi the \6<; o^7jdeU -jrepl to fieXKov. 20th. Began Callimachus, in ed. Ernestina ; quan- quam animus impar videtur oneri et lectionibus soli- tis, nondum vim et vigorem suum recuperans. 24th. Pursued the study of this author at every lei- sure interval during these five days; animus paul- FILIAL PIETY. 129 latim reficitur viresque recuperat ; quanquam adhuc SewcS? ixekwyyoXoiv. 23th. Began the 'Ecclesiastical History' of Euse- bius, in the edition of Stroth, octavo. 28th. In these days, Callimachus, and finished the Hymns. Sex hymni continent versus 1083. Began the Epigrams of Callimachus. August 1, Sunday. Received the Sacrament : SeLvws /xeXdy^oXo'i- eTi Se ical irepl Tfjs ifiavrov vycelas o- fiov/xevos. 2nd— 6th. In these days, Callimachi fragmenta; item Eusebii Eccles. Hist., with Lardner. 7th. Eusebius, lib. iii. Animus ad studia alacrior ; unde eKoijjLrjdri to ^aXeiTa Kal hvcncoXa ivOvfiij/xara. 16th. I passed the day with Mr. Assheton Smith at the Lake Llanberis. The party were Lord Manners, Mr. Bertie, and Mr. P., Mr. S., and myself. I went on horseback through Pentis to Penrhyn, and re- turned in the evening. The day and scenery were delightful, and the expedition was very gratifying. 17th-2lst. Eusebius : finished his eighth book. 22nd. This has been a day of great uneasiness and sorrow, in consequence of accounts which my sister has sent me from Cromwell of the declining health of my father. Reviewing the last twenty years of my life, at Oxford, at Cromwell, or in Dean's Yard, I remember, with regret and gratitude, the happy g 3 130 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1819. security, the tranquillity, the abundance, which has been diffused over the whole of this period of my life, by the gentleness, the suavity, the benignity, the liberality of this indulgent parent. My soul is full of heaviness at the thought that possibly we may be destined soon to lose him. I have this evening ad- dressed an earnest prayer to God that he would par- don any omissions of filial duty or attention towards my father, of which I may have at any time been guilty; and that His providence would yet awhile preserve to us so valuable a life. 23rd-25th. Proceeded with Eusebii Eccles. Hist. The Bishop of Salisbury (Dr. Fisher) and his family arrived on a visit at the Palace. The ten books of the History of Eusebius contain pp. 537; the piece 'De Marturibus Palestinse/ pp. 43, = pp. 580. Began this work July 25th : it oc- cupied me twenty-four days, with an abstract, and Lardner. 26th. Began Josephus on the Jewish War. Heard that my father had gone to Harrogate. September 8. Employed since August 26th on Jo- sephus * De Bello Judseorum/ which I finished this day. This book is most valuable, eloquent, and in- teresting. The first Book, which is almost twice as long as any of the others, gives a summary view of Jewish affairs from Antiochus Epiphanes to the death VISIT TO SNOWDON. 131 of Herod. In the second Book the Jewish History is pursued to the end of the first campaign of the War, a.d. 66. The two next Books continue the History from Vespasian's appointment to his assump- tion of the Empire, a.d. 69. The two next contain an ample and accurate account of the siege, which lasted 144 days. The seventh and last Book con- tinues the narrative to the final reduction of the re- maining forts and strongholds, which was accom- plished about Easter, a.d. 73. 9th-llth. In these three days I read (once over) the five books of Tacitus Hist. 13th. I went with the Bishop of Salisbury's family, and a party, up Snowdon. The ascent to the top of Snowdon is a distance of something less than five miles from the Lake of Llanberis, to the summit of the mountain. The first three miles, though rough and stony, are not steep ; the last mile and a half, partly over the turf which covers the side of the mountain, is more steep. The top of Snowdon is a pointed crag, having a level space of not more than ten or twelve yards in circuit, with a steep and al- most precipitous descent on all sides. We were three hours in ascending the mountain, and reached the top about three o'clock. Unfortunately, the pro- spect was obscured by clouds, and we saw nothing of the objects to be discerned from that elevation. A 132 LITERARY JOURXAL. 1819. few yards below the summit, on the eastern side of the mountain, a small hut has been constructed of rude stone, for the convenience of viewing the rising sun. The descent from the top to the Lake of Llan- beris may be performed in an hour and a half. We arrived at the Palace at ten o'clock at night. lith. Hodie nulla studia. 15th. Retractavi Taciti Hist. 16th— 17th. Proceeded with Tacit., quanquam lente. 23rd Finished the re-perusal of Taciti Hist., with an abstract, and the notes of Ernest, pp. 307. Opus gravissimum et prsestantissimum. 24:th-30th. Read Hippocrates. 27th. Nv/crcop zeal irpcoi fie\ary^6\t,KO<; a68pa- Bei- vcos TapaTTOfievos kcli o<; irepl rwv yevrjaofie- vuiv iv tco /3iw. Sed, lectionibus et studiis acriter incumbens, et Hippocratem per horas sex diligenter tractans, reficior. October 3. Received the Sacrament. Dies trau- quilla acta. 4th-llth. Hippocrates. Began this day to remodel the Grecian Chronology, Introduction, lib. i., the ar- rangement of which is defective. I propose, among the first literary occupations, after we shall return to Welwyn, to re-write the whole of this Introduction. The entire Essay should be arranged in a different order : the notes, for the most part, incorporated in LITERARY PROJECTS. 133 the text; and the authorities, especially Strabo, be compared anew. But, as a due preparation, let Apollodorus, with the Commentary of Heyne, be care- fully read over ; and Hesiod, with the Scholia. The Introduction, lib. i., may he well comprised in twenty quarto or forty octavo pages. November 10. Quanquam his diebus rapaj^al TJ79 •«^u%??? ; attamen Uteris me consolor, lectionibusque Grsecis animum occupo et confirmo. 16th. Four months are now completed since we arrived here. During this period, my studies have been as follows (July 13th-November 16th) : — GRjECA. Callimacbus, w. 1400 . . . pp. 47 Eusebii Hist. Eccles 580 Josephi Bellum . pp. 439 } ■ Vita ... 81 f * 52 ° Hippocratis 1482 Dionysii Periegetis vv. 1186 . . 40 Eustathii Comm. in Dionys. . 326 Libanii Orationes viii . . . . 217 3212 LATINA. Taciti Hist. Reliquia .... 307 Therefore, in four months, 3519 pp. have been com- pleted, or 879 per month. 134 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1819. On the Sundays of the past month, and of this month to 14th inclusive, I was employed, in the in- tervals of divine service and in the evenings, on the Minor Prophets, Newcome's translation. 18^. The Bishop, Henry Majendie, and myself, left Bangor at five in the morning, and arrived in Dean's Yard on the 20th. 22>rd. The meeting of Parliament. Attended at the House of Lords at 2 o'clock : heard the Regent deliver his speech. Present at a debate in the House of Commons from 4 till half-past 3 a.m. 24>th. Called at the Bishop of Salisbury's. House of Commons till 5 the next morning. 25th. Called on the Duke of Newcastle, with whom I conversed half an hour. 26th. Called on General Craufurd. Dined at the Bishop of Salisbury's. 27th-29th. Passed these days at Welwyn. Re- turned to Dean's Yard. 30th. My father and mother arrived in London. Called on the Duchess Dowager of Newcastle : sat half an hour. Evening, House of Commons till one. December 2. House of Commons till three in the morning. Mh. The Bishop, Henry, and myself, dined with the Bishop of Salisbury. 5th. Called upon the Dean of Westminster, Sir REMAKES ON ISOCRATES. 135 William Welby, Bishop of Salisbury, and Sir George Hewitt. 7th. Finished the supplement to Isocrates (having read it at intervals during these days). This book occupies pp. 53, edit. Orellii : making the whole ora- tion pp. 131. This supplement is equal to the best passages in all Isocrates, both for style and matter. Isocrates (pp. 62-64) mentions his pupils by name ; and mentions also (pp. 66-70) Timotheus, who was now dead, enumerating his great actions. Compare these particulars with the memorials of those times. 10th. Occupied in packing. Dies conficiuntur xxi hodie ex quo hue devenimus : tempus negotii oc- cupatissimum, vanis laboribus corporis exercitatum. Hoc autem spatio quanta mihi beneficia a Deo cu- mulata ! Uxorem, quanquam absentem, amantem, crebris literis suam in me benevolentiam significan- tem, habeo. Liberi salvi sunt; quos Deus prssens ubique tuetur ! Valetudo supra sobtum firma ; et non modo laboribus par, sed etiam labore corrobo- rata. Quinetiam ea est Dei benignitas, ut, ne in ten- tationem inducar, effecerit. Te, Deus, oro, laudans et gratus agnoscens tua maxima in me beneficia per annos ferme quadraginta in me collata, in posterum ut me meosque tueare, salvosque et innocentes, vita, moribus, animo, corpore, conserves. Da, omnipotens revera Parens et Conditor, liberis nostris vitam, sa- 136 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1819. lutem, suisque annis animi corporisque integras fa- cilitates; uxori mese valetudinem firmam; fortunis nostris stabilitatem ; mihi ipsi ut cum corpore sano animum sanum habeam, ut in illis laboribus studi- isque quibus par sum, ita elaborem, ut nomen Tuum, si fas est, scriptis verbisque illustrem, meum animum bonis disciplinis confirmem, ad humaniores literas aliquid quod publice prosit addam, meorumque libe- rorum usibus, quantum liceat, consulam. 11th. The Bishop and myself set out at half-past ten from Dean's Yard, and reached Dunchurch at half-past five. 12th. We reached Wolverhampton to dinner. 13th. We left Wolverhampton at six o'clock, and reached Llangollen at five. Evening : tristibus cogi- tationibus anxius sum, qua? per multum quoque iti- neris me exercuerunt, et vexaverunt. 14ith. We left Llangollen at seven, and arrived at Bangor at five : found all quite well. Modo det Deus ut hsec bona et fausta indicia permaneant ! Slst. My literary occupations have been grievously interrupted this year by our long absences from home, and by Parliamentary attendance. We have only passed sixty days at Welwyn in the whole of this year. In these nine weeks, I pursued, as diligently as I could, the Greek Chronology, Part I. During the rest of the year I have had no access to my books, SUMMARY OF STUDIES IN 1819. 137 and have been obliged to lay aside collation or com- position. In the meantime, I have used these inter- vals of absence in reading, as follows : — GRiECA. Plato, Repub. . . Aristot., Hist. Anim Isocratis . Josephi Bell. Jud. Vita. . Hippocratis . Eusebii Prrep. Ev. Hist. E. Theonis Progymn. Callimachus . Dionysius Perieget. Eustathii Schol. Libanii pp. 403 . 319 . 78 439 | 81) 1100 580 Summa 520 1482 1680 88 47 40 326 217 5200 LATINA. Ciceronis Orat 913 Curtius 452 Taciti Hist 307 Summa . 1672 Grteca. . 5200 6872 138 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1819. OTHER STUDIES. Corsini, Fast. Att., Dissert. 1-9. Olympiad 1-100. Relegi Plutarchi Vitas fere decern. Laertii lib. i. ii. viii., cum Menagii commentario. Demosthenes et zEschines, X0701/? avrnraXov;, et Midianam inspexi in ed. "Wolfii. Russell's Aleppo, 4to ; Mitford's fifth volume, 4to; part of Brace's Travels ; Fearon's America. De situ et origine Syracusarum, cum Philisti et Timsei fragmentis. In theological studies I yet find in myself great deficiencies. I am satisfied upon many important points ; in many others I seek for further informa- tion. I entirely believe the divinity of Christ, and am satisfied as to the nature of the redemption which he accomplished for us. I am persuaded that I have a just apprehension of these two grand points of doctrine, and that they are perfectly consistent with reason and with natural religion. In the Old Testament history I have satisfied my- self as to the chronology. The result of my collec- tions should be set forth in a fair transcript, in pro- per columns. I am not yet sufficiently familiar with the Prophets and the Psalms. These must be stu- died with such helps as are available to me (Lowth's Isaiah, Horsley's Psalms, etc.). If I ever learn ano- THEOLOGICAL REMARKS. 139 ther language, it shall be the Hebrew : a language so necessary to the full and clear apprehension of the Old Testament. It would be desirable to follow, through the Pro-Nicene Fathers, the doctrine of the Divinity of the Son, and the Personality of the Holy Spirit. Lardner deals with only one argument, the genuineness of the sacred text, in his copious and valuable extracts. But Routh's edition of the Frag- ments may be useful. I seem to myself to have passed this year unprofit- ably. My most valuable acquisition has been the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius. The Trajparatio' is a useful work, but of inferior value to the other. In the one, be is a witness or a reporter of authentic and almost contemporary testimony; hi the other, he is merely a literary collector, and not always a ju- dicious one. I have described this work above (see page 120). For the rest, what I have read ought rather to have been the occupation of leisure-time, and the appendage of greater studies, than the employment of a studious year. I have now gone through almost ten years of lite- rary occupations, in which period, pp. Grsecse 33,700 + 5,200 = 38,900. Including the three months to Easter 1820, I may compute the whole at 40,000, or 4000 pages annually. In these studies, the prepara- 140 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1819. tion for composition and for practical application, I shall have passed from my thirtieth to my fortieth year. Let me not however be impatient ; but rather praise God for the health and leisure and literary op- portunities which I have enjoyed. Warburton passed eighteen years — from thirty to forty-eight years of age — in studious abstraction, and in accumulating materials for the works which he afterwards pro- duced * Let me then prepare for the future with pa- tient industry, and zeal, and diligence, qualities which are in a man's own power ; and let me never think these studies unrecompensed, if they enable me to spiritualize my mind, to detach myself from the sen- sualities of the world, to enlarge my views of God and his Providence, to confirm my bebef in his re- vealed will, and to perfect my understanding in his Written Word. I think I began this year with a sort of vague idea (derived perhaps from an interview which my father had with Lord Sidmouth) that I might possibly at- tain some official post. After the experience of ano- ther year, I have now entirely abandoned that idea : I neither expect nor desire such a thing. As to the higher official stations, I am convinced that I am not fit for them ; and as to the lower offices, they are not fit for me. A Government office, with duties to be * See December 4, 1820. REFLECTIONS ON OFFICIAL LIFE. 141 performed in London, would impair my health, waste my spirits, and withdraw me from that literature by which I am best able to be useful to myself or others : neither would it ultimately benefit my family, be- cause an increased income would only bring with it an increased expenditure. I have no reason there- fore for desiring such an office, were it within my reach. It would give me no pleasure, for I have ex- amined my own mind, and find myself to be destitute of political ambition. As to the temporal welfare of my children, I shall best provide for it by a frugal management of that which I possess ; — a provision beyond anything that I could expect or hope for ; — a provision, for which I am bound to pour forth my daily acknowledgments of thanksgiving to Him who has bestowed it. 1820. January 1-3. Per hos omnes dies nulla studia om- nino. Only occupied with accounts and my journal, since December 29. 4*th-6th. During these days, Suetonius. 6th. An- niversary of our marriage. Nonum annum hodie au- spicamur • summa cum concordia octavus annus fini- tus est; neque quidquam desiderari potest. Modo valetudo ejus confirmetur ! modo valeant vigeantque liberi nostri ! 142 LITERARY JOURNAL. — 1820. 6th-13th. Suetonius. Suetonius is a most valuable writer ; a diligent and faithful investigator of facts. Tacitus and Suetonius confirm each other in most, instances : nor is their disagreement even in minute particulars so great or so frequent as the commen- tators affect to discover. He is most copious in the three first Lives. The sis last are more briefly told, and are divided into the seventh and eighth books of the work, making in quantity scarcely a fourth part of the whole history. Minute and dili- gent in all that relates to the personal history of the Emperors, he touches upon public events only inci- dentally and briefly; rather alluding to them, as al- ready known to his readers, than detailing them at large. His many allusions to the manners and cus- toms of the Romans, and to the domestic habits of the Emperors, make him an obscure and difficult author. 146[3ov deprimitur : quanquam annum proxime exactum respiciens, ttoWo. e^co i^eyaXa, virep aw otSa rm @e& tt)v x fieWovrt. XP° V< P n obis ob- scurum sit, satis fidenter tuam expectemus providen- tiam, qui me tot per annos salvum prsestitisti. Tu me formasti atque in lucem prodire jussisti : tu mihi REFLECTIONS AND PRAYERS. 143 sensum, vitamque et intellectum largitus es ; tu me in primis pueritise annis conservasti : tu miM per ju- ventutem meam gravibus inquinatam facinoribus pe- percisti, et leniter adrnonens ad te errantem revocasti : tu in his matrimonii nostri temporibus octo jam per airnos servasti. Nefas omnino impiumque fuerit, du- bitare, quin tu, qui me infantem formasti, qui puerum educasti, qui juvenem sustinuisti, qui virum benefi- ciis ornasti, inqiie annum quadragesimum perduxis- ti, etiam in posterum servare atque tueri, et potueris et velis. A prseteriti temporis beneficiis boc saltern fructus capiamus, ut bene speramus de future Per rebquos annos, quicquid adbuc vitse fuerit, quod mihi dare decrevisti, nihil desperandum, te duce, te provi- dente nobis, te regente et moderante res humanas. Quanquam enim multo magis quam antea obnoxius sim vulneribus, quanquam plurimis telis violabdis in tot cara capita grassantibus (quoniam me uxore libe- risque auxisti), — nam olim solus ccelebsque sohtudine mea tutus et tectus eram ; — at tu tamen idem a^ter- nus rerum omnium Conditor et Sospitator, immensa, benevolentia et potestate polles. I7th-22nd. In these days, collections, or at least re- miniscences, de Concilia Amphictyonico .- Ovid. Fasti. 23rd, Sunday. Read dihgently part of a treatise of Dr. Hales, ' On Faith in the Holy Trinity' (two volumes, octavo, 1818). 144 LITERACY JOURNAL. 1820. 25th. Finished Ovid. Fast., lib. vi., w. 4972 = pp. 165; dies occupavit hsec lectio viii nonique partem; cum notis ed. Vario, 1702, a most incorrectly printed edition. 2&th-27th. Read Hales on the Trinity. 2Sth. Researches on the " Shepherd Kings " of Egypt. 30th, Sunday. In the evening, Hales on the Trinity, and finished it : legi Epistolam ad Hebrseos in textu Grseco. 3lst. Hoc mense (January 1-31) haec studia : — Suetonius . . . pp. 406 ") Ovid. Faster. . . . 165) Hales on the Trinity, two vols, octavo. This first month of the year has been passed in great leisure and tranquillity at Bangor. But our long abode at the Palace is now drawing to a close. On the 3rd of February we shall have been settled here two hundred and one days, from our arrival on July 17th. For myself I must deduct the month that was passed in London. We spent almost eight months here in 1812 ; almost seven months in 1815 ; almost five months in 1817. All these four periods abound with interesting, grateful, and pleasing recollections. Even my literary occupations, though not so effectu- ally prosecuted as they perhaps would have been at RECOLLECTIONS OF BANGOR. 145 home, have not been altogether unprofitable. The first visit is marked by Josephus, Arrian, and Euripides ; the second by Apollonius Rhodius, Aristot. Politic., and Heyne's Homer ; the third, by Lycophron and the ' Philosophica' of Cicero ; and this last, by Cal- Hmachus and Eusebius. Our children have been well and cheerful. We have been free from domestic cares ; we have possessed the disposal of our own time and leisure. I quit Bangor with regret; most pro- bably I shall never see again a place so interesting to me. As our children grow up, we must bid adieu to long and distant excursions, which would prejudice their due education and discipline. As our family advances in growth, I find the cares of life multiply upon me : rj&q yeyova Bia ttoWcov 68a>v aKaxnfj.0^ rfj rv-yrj. Perhaps I can hardly anywhere expect in future another entire seven months of uninterrupted tranquillity and leisure. I may look to have my li- terary labours broken off or frustrated, my views of domestic ease and comfort disappointed ; sed ista omnia iyevvai9. Began Apollonius on the 5th, and pursued the study of this author at intervals of leisure per dies x. A work, upon the whole, not very useful. The fourth book is not entire ; the third book, which treats of the syntax of verbs, is the most valuable. 16th, Sunday. Received the Sacrament at Crom- well church. 17th. Occupied in preparing for our departure. My father and mother and Emma went to Clumber. We have been sixty-eight days at Cromwell, since February 10. Of these I have been thirty-two days either absent or engaged ; only therefore thirty-six 150 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1820. days of real leisure and tranquillity. Igitur literse fere nullse ; attamen in his diebus 7roX\A koI ar/aOa' ra re/cva, ttjv yvvaiKa, ra -n-pdr/fiara evSaifj,ova>. 18th. We left Cromwell at half-past six, and reached Biggleswade at half-past six : eighty-six miles. 19th. We reached home at nine o'clock to break- fast. 20th-22nd. Occupied all these days at Welwyn in planning alterations. 24th. We left Welwyn, and arrived in Dean's Yard at one. 25th. Went to the House of Commons, and took the oaths upon my fifth election. My father, etc., arrived, and the Bishop of Bangor. 27th. My wife and my mother went into the House of Lords. I went at two to the opening of Parlia- ment by the King. Address agreed to by both Houses without a division. 29th. Nulla studia saniora ; adhuc occupata mente rebus negotiisque. May 1. Began Pindar cum Scholiis, ed. Heyne. lSth-14:th. Went to Welwyn; occupied with the buildings, etc., and returned. 18th. Noctem insomnem. Hinc fortasse factum est ut inrpar essem rebus gerendis, linguaque deficiens hodie, in the matter of the Aldborough election : mihi certe non satisfaciens. PARLIAMENTARY BUSINESS. 151 2\st. Received the Sacrament, being Whit-Sunday, at the Abbey. 25th. House of Commons, in a debate on the Aid- borough election petition, till nine o'clock. 31st. House of Commons, in a committee on a Canal bill ; and then at a debate from twelve at noon till one in the morning. June 1. House of Commons. Canal committee; and then debate from half-past one to half-past one in the morning. 4th. Engaged up to this day mostly in attending committees. 5th. Finished Schol. Pind., pp. 1047, and read the whole of Pindar twice over. Opus inceptum May 1. Began Dion Cassius, lib. 40. 6th. House of Commons, on the King's Message. 22nd. Dionem, sed lente. House of Commons, four p.m. till half-past four a.m., on the Queen. The num- bers were — ayes 391, noes 124. 23rd. Finished to the end of the sixty-ninth book of Dion Cassius. Within these sixteen days I have read pp. 1179 of this author, with an abstract and chronological extracts. 26th-2Sth. These days at Welwyn, inspecting the new buildings. 30th. Finished Dion Cassius, libb. 71, 72; paginae of these two books, 50. 152 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1820. Julyl. Quintilian. Pouqueville's Travels in Greece. 7th. We went to Woolwich ; and passed four hours there with Captain Wylde,* viewing the barracks and works. 11th. Finished to the end of Quintilian, lib. 9. Within these days, April 24 to July 11, hsec studia : Schol. Pindar pp. 1047 Dionis Cassii 11. 40-72 . . . 1229 2276 Quintilian, 11. 7-9, pp. 264. Pindarum relegi ; no English and modern literature, except Pouqueville's Travels, et hsec leviter inspecta. Tempus autem occupatum negotiis quam maxime ; — non ingratum : res domestica ad votum procedebant. Maxime ob hoc spatium vitae mese Deum laudo et ejus beneficia gratissime agnosco. 13th. We left Dean's Yard, and arrived at Welwyn at half-past six, after a stay in Dean's Yard of eighty- one days, as the guests of my father. In the course of this period, in the midst of Parliamentary business, I accomplished the portion of study above mentioned. 19th. All these days, nulla studia; occupied in arranging books and papers, superintending workmen, and settling accounts. * Now Major-G-eneral Wylde, E.A., Groom of the Bedchamber to Prince Albert. — Editor. STUDIES. 153 23rd-24:th. In these days Scripture Chronology. 29th. Looked over and arranged my manuscripts. The manuscript compilations, relating to ancient learn- ing, are in three classes : — 1. Chronology; 2. The cri- tical history of the writers now lost ; 3. Abstracts of such extant authors, in both languages, as I have read. I. Chronology. 1. Scripture Chronology, to b.c 480. 2. Scripture Chronology, from b.c. 37 to a.d. cir. 350 ; comprehending about the period of the ' Eccle- siastical History' of Eusebius. 3. Chronologic/, Grmca, Pars I., ante Pisistratum, sic partita. (1) Ante bellum Trojanum. (2) A bello Trojano ad primum Bell. Mess. (3) A primo bello Mess, ad a.c. 560. 4. Chron. Grcec, Pars II., b.c 560-281. 5. Chron. Grose, Pars III., b. c. 280 ad natum Christum. 6. Chron. Antiqua, Pars IV. : a nato Christo ad a.d. 378 ; comprehending the periods of the Histories of Dio, Herodian, Tacitus, Suetonius, Ammianus. II. Critical History of Greek Writers. 1. Epici. 3. Tragici. 5. Historici. 2. Lyrici. 4. Comici. 6. Philosophi. 7. Script. Ptol. seqiiales. 8. Appendix ; or cap. 9. h 3 154 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1820. III. Abstracts of Extant Authors, thus distributed .- 1. Historici tres. 2. Oratores. 3. Philosophi. 4. Scriptores duodecim. 5. Scriptores decern. 6. Scriptores quadraginta. 7. Poetfe ter novem. 8. Scholiaste. 9. Lexicographi. 10. Rhetores et Grammatici. 11. Scriptores tertiae classis (principally Ecclesias- tical writers) . 12. Scriptores Latini. Thus there are eight divisions or parts in the Chronology,* besides the Appendices ; f eight in the CI. Cir. B.C. 340 (.2. B.C. 37-A.D. .1. Cir. B.C. 3400-480. rSacra ■> , „„ „_„ 350. Cheonol. i {/-Ante bellum Trojanum. l.-J A. B. Tr. ad primum B. Mess. (.A. B. Mess. 1, adA.c. 560. 2. A.c. 560-281. 3. A.C. 280, ad naturn Christum. 4. a.c. 37-a.d. 350. t Appendices : — 1. To Sacred Chronology. 2. To Chron. G-reec, Pars I. cap. 3. 3. Chron. Grtec., Pars. II. 4. Chron. Grsec, Pars III. 5. Chron. Graec, Pars IV. DESIRE FOR STUDY. 155 Critical Histories of Authors ; twelve in the Abs- tracts of extant authors. August i. Ad hunc diem fere omnino nulla studia : negotiis animo occupato. 12th. When shall I be able to return to those stu- dies and literary occupations, which are so necessary to the health of my faculties ? l&th, Sunday. Animus oppressus curis et fie\wy- %oAia, TTpoaev)(rj levatur et reficitur. September 1. Adhuc /ueXofy^oAd? ei/u. [If the reader has attentively perused the Journal of the last few months, he will not fail to have observed that when my brother intermitted his literary pursuits, his mind was apt to lose its customary cheerfulness : so necessary was diligent study, as he himself expresses it, " to the health of his faculties.'' When engaged in lite- rary occupations, his hours of relaxation were spent in the circle of his family or friends, in instructive and cheerful conversation ; but when deprived of what was so essential to his intellectual vigour, gloom and despon- dency assailed him : his mind lost its tone. But it is to be observed, that he sought to restore his mind to its wonted vigour, at such seasons, not simply by returning to his favourite pursuits. See September 13 : " Animus oppressus curis et jiekayxokiq, IIPOSEYXHi levatur et reficitur." See also 17th, infra, and October 1.] 4ith. Removed today the books and bookcase from 156 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1820. the study, where they have been six years, to the new study upstairs. 17 th, Sunday. Hodie animus, jamdudum inquies et instabilis, confirmatur et reficitur Sacree Scripturse lec- tione in Grseco textu : hinc solamen et tutamen. 18th. At length I find leisure to examine my literary papers, and to set my abstracts in order. 28th. We dined at KnebworthPark. During these days, Plato. 29th. We have been returned to Welwyn seventy- nine days today : intra hoc spatium fere nulla om- nino studia, adeo sum occupatus et vexatus obses- susque negotiis quotidie. Hoc tantum egi in Uteris Graecis ; ad Platonem accedens, August 5, relegi Dia- logos, e brevioribus, quinque : vid. : — Lysin pp. 29 Lacheta 35 Charmiden 36 Protagoram 78 Hippiam Majorem 37 215 Quinetiam sacra studia nimium neglexi : Patrum Fragmenta, ed. Routh, vix adhuc attingens quidem. Spero mehora, avv ©em, in posterum, si plus otii ha- buero. From the Journal, May 11, 1820, 1 find that about ESTIMATE Or STUDIES. 157 twenty pages of Dion Cassius were completed in each hour of study. And from the Journal, November 16, 1819, it appears that twenty pages of Libanius occu- pied me four hours on an average, or five in each hour. Taking these two specimens as examples of the greatest and the least quantity, I may assume that ten pages an hour are the mean quantity. And as 1179 pages of Dion Cassius occupied sixteen days, at 73 per day and 20 in the hour, they give four hours in each day as the average time employed in classical studies. I conclude therefore that four hours a day are as much as I can profitably employ upon any one object in ancient literature. But other sub- jects occupy at least one-half of the year ; leaving not more than 180 days for these departments of learn- ing. And 180 days, at four hours and forty pages, will give 7200 pages per annum. The actual quan- tity of the past years has been about 3900 pages an- nually, exclusive of notes and commentaries : inclu- ding thus about 7800 pages annually, for the years 1810-1819. This therefore, it appears, is the prac- ticable quantity : ten pages in an hour ; four hours in the day ; 180 days in the year ; for Greek or Latin studies. October 1-14. During these fifteen days I have proceeded more diligently in the perusal of Plato, completing 358 pages. From 7th to 10th, animus 158 LITERAHY JOURNAL. 1820. per triduum tristis et //,e\ay%o\o? o-68pa, reficitur maxime rfj -rrpocrevxfi. We called at Brocket Hall (Lord Melbourne) . 20th-21st. Began and finished the romance of Xenophon Ephesius. Began Achilles Tatius. 22nd. Per sex dies (16-21) animus 77-po? to. Trovqpa pkrrei, avoauov €7n8vfj,iS)V ifj,Trnr\dp.evo[3twcrea)<; hodie auspicamur, bonis auspiciis. 10th. Today, at length, I obtain four or five hours for Chronology and Literary Indexes. \Mh. Dies natalis. I this day complete my fortieth year. I have many causes for thankfulness to Provi- dence, for the blessings which I have received in the past time. I still possess better health, and more active powers of exertion, than I had any reason to expect three years ago. May God's Providence still continue to me these blessings, and give me grace and faculties effectually to employ the time that he 168 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1821. may yet allow to me, in his service, and in the cause of useful learning ! May I be enabled fitly to perform the social, and domestic, and civil, and literary duties, which belong to me, or which I have taken upon my- self. And this can only be by the especial assistance and favour of God. For from him, the true God and Father of Lights, ra Tepirva ylverac iravra /3/30TOi? - el o<;, el ica\o<;, el Tt? ayXaos avrjp. I have enlarged my scheme of study by a noble ad- dition, — that of Theology. Let me perfect myself in reading the New Testament, and the most valuable of the Pro-Nicene Fathers. In Profane Literature I want to perfect my view of the philosophy. Sextus Empiricus with the notes of Fabricius, and Epictetus with the commentary of Schweighauser, and Antoni- nus with Gataker, will either supply what I want, or will guide me to the original sources in which I may find it. I am yet wanting in the art of rhetoric. I must find in Quintilian, compared with Hermogenes and Cicero, instruction for the marshabng arguments in the best order, and for arranging the parts of a subject. Should the refutation of established errors have the first place in discussing a subject? or should the laying down the new principles precede, and the refutation come afterwards ? For these points the ancient rhetoricians are useful ; but much more, per- haps, the practice of the orators is a beneficial guide. VARIETIES OF STYLE. 169 I have good hopes of my Chronology, which pro- ceeds towards a probable conclusion. Any one di- vision of it might be completed at a short notice, as a specimen. It is doubtless good self-discipline to press forwards, and to look at what yet remains to be performed. By marking how much is wanting, our vanity may be repressed, and our diligence excited. But with my constitutional tendency to despond, it may be salutary sometimes to survey how much has been executed, that I may not be tempted to throw aside my task in despair. In English expression, I want ease; I want flu- ency ; I want copiousness. I have never had sufficient practice in English composition. In the whole course of my education it was never taught me ; and in these latter years, the only useful exercise has been the Abstract of the Orations of Isocrates, made in the Isle of Wight, in 1810. The varieties in the talents of men, with regard to the particular of style, are singular. Some men form a good style at once, and never improve upon it. Aristophanes, in the ' Achar- nenses,' written at four or five and twenty, is as bril- liant, as perfect, and as harmonious, as he is in the ' Ecclesiazusse/ or the ' Plutus,' written in his ad- vanced years. The force, and beauty, and energy of style, which belong to Demosthenes, are as conspicu- ous in his first orations, at seven-and-twenty, as in the i 170 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1821. latest of his compositions. Johnson's peculiar force is marked in his very first productions. Style in ■writing appears like a habit ; when once acquired, it adheres imperceptibly. Hence defective styles are seldom improved. The practice of forty years, and of ten octavo volumes, has not purified the style of Mr. Mitford. And yet some writers, again, improve their style gradually, by care and practice : thus, the first manner of Cicero was much less excellent than his last, and the early poetry of Dryden is very in- ferior to the productions of his later years. For me, however, whatever deficiencies of style I now feel, they must in all probability remain with me to the end. If tbey are capable of being amended, that can only be done by care and labour : and care and labour require more time than men can afford to bestow on words and sentences, as they advance in life. Probably, scarcely any one who had not a good style before, ever acquired one after, forty years of age. I can never therefore sufficiently lament that capital defect in our systems of education, which left me without instruction in so important a branch as the arts of composition. Three years are now passed away since I projected the writing of original pieces in English, as a part of my literary employments. Not one piece of the kind has been in reality completed. Although many in- OBSERVATIONS ON JOURNALS. 171 teresting subjects of speculation and inquiry offered, yet I have shrunk from undertaking them, out of a persuasion that they would require too much time and attention before they could be brought to perfec- tion. I have, within this period, somewhat more fully written down my thoughts upon the occurrences of daily life in my Journal. I am not sure that the practice is beneficial. Many evil thoughts, that would pass away from the mind, are arrested in their pas- sage, fixed in the attention, and made permanent, by the habit of noting them down. Many transient un- easinesses, too, are magnified into importance, by be- ing registered in the Journal, and a morbid sensibi- lity generated : thus we become less satisfied with our condition, and with those who surround us. Per- haps then it is safer to confine a journal to a mere diary of facts, but carefully to abstain from setting down opinions upon subjects that try the passions deeply. Let the transient thought be transient ; let us forbear to give it a habitation and a name, form, and substance, in our minds. I determined much more wisely eleven years ago, when I laid down the position that the passions and imaginations of the heart cannot be safely encoun- tered ; but that they may be eluded, and therefore diverted into another course. Business, therefore, i 2 172 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1821. occupation, literary inquiries, will defend the mind from the sway of those intruders, by giving it em- ployment of another kind. I was less disturbed by unquiet and gloomy thoughts during the years in which I cheerfully pursued my literary labours, than since I have undertaken the task of analysing and describing my feelings on particular occasions. 15th. I dined with Mr. Henry Cowper. In the morning employed on Script. Ptolem. iEquales for some hours. 16th-20th. During these days the same studies. In the evenings, Southey's Life of Wesley. Southey's Life of Wesley is an interesting book. Wesley and Whitfield laid the foundations of Me- thodism in London and at Bristol, in 1738, 1739, 1740. These two teachers quarrelled upon the doc- trine of Election, which Whitfield held, and which Wesley denied. " You will not hold election (says Whitfield to Wesley) because you cannot hold it without believing also the doctrine of reprobation. What is there then in reprobation so horrid ? " That question (Southey observes) might easily have been answered : the doctrine implies that the Creator has called into existence the greater part of the human race, to the end that, after a short, sinful, and miser- able life, they should pass into an eternity of incon- ceivable torments; it being the pleasure of their Cre- WHITFIELD. WESLEY. 173 ator that they should not be able to obey his com- mands, and yet incur the penalty of everlasting dam- nation for disobedience. In the words of Wesley : " The sum of all is this : one in twenty (I suppose) of mankind are elected; nineteen in twenty are repro- bated. The elect shall be saved, do what they will ; the reprobate shall be damned, do what they can."* 23rd. Went to London : heard the King's speech on the opening of the session. 26th. Breakfasted with the Bishop (of Bangor) in Hinde-street, and dined there : House of Commons in the evening. Debate on the Queen till half-past six in the morning ; the numbers were 310 to 209. 27th. Immediately after the debate, set out from Dean's Yard, and arrived at Welwyn at half-past eleven. 31s/. Returned to London : House of Commons, till two A.M. February 1. House of Commons, till ten. Evening : libris Gratis occupatus. * TTesley misrepresented the doctrines of Whitfield. Whitfield taught that the " Elect" are " elect unto oledierwe'' (1 Peter i. 2), as well as unto eternal salvation, — unto a present salvation from sin's dominion, as well as unto a future salvation from sin's penal conse- quences ; and that no person can he pronounced to he one of the " Elect," who does not persevere in a consistent course of holy liv- ing, " through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth " (2 Thess. ii. 13).— Editor. 174 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1821. 5th. House of Commons, till one. 6th. House of Commons, till seven in the morning : numbers, 178 to 324. Returned to Welwyn. 24/^. After many visits to London to attend de- bates, we removed this day to Dean's Yard. 26th, Sunday. Went to St. Margaret's : dies seg- niter acta. 28th. Adhuc nulla studia : occupied with business. House of Commons : division on the Catholic claims at two a.m.: for going into Committee, 227; against it, 221. March 1. Began Eustathii Comm. in Iliadem. Dined with the Dean of Westminster (Dr. Ireland) . 10th. Per hos dies, a-tyohpa fxe\cvyj(o\&' SeSiws irepi to fj,eXXov. 12th. House of Commons, on the Army Estimates, till half-past four a. m. 13th. Presented a petition to the House, of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, against the Ca- tholic claims. 16th. House of Commons, on the Catholic claims, till half-past three a.m.: for the second reading, 254; against it, 243. 12th. Left Dean's Yard at seven, reached Wel- wyn at eleven; at Welwyn alone all day. In the evening, inspicio Larcher, Chron. Herodot., for the first time. DIVISIONS ON THE CATHOLIC BILL. 175 20th. Returned to London : at home in the even- ing. 23?y/. In these days proceeded with Eustathius. Read today (for the first time) Clavier, Hist, des Pre- miers Temps de la Grece. House of Commons in the evening : division on the Catholic Bill : for the Bill, 230 ; against it, 216 (in committee). 26th. Clavier. House of Commons, till two a.m. Division: Catholics, 223 ; Anti- Catholics, 211. 27th. Two divisions on the Catholic Bill : first, 169 to 188 ; second, 120 to 163. 31st. Dined with Mr. Henry Cowper ; met, among others, the Bishop and Mrs. Majendie. April 2. Since the 28th of March, Eustathius. This evening, House of Commons : division on the third reading of the Catholic Bill : for the Bill, 216; against it, 197 (till half-past three a.m.). 6th. Dined with the Bishop of Exeter (Dr. Carey) ; met Bishop of Salisbury (Dr. Fisher), and Bishop of Chester (Dr. Law) ; a pleasant evening. 7th. Today, Speaker's levee. 12th. Evening at home : Trpoaevyo/Mevo'; ev to7t&> eicelva> oirov euoOeiv irakau (an. 1810) valde reficior : prseterea, sorte quadam Biblica, to? aylas th. Revise extracts from Eustathius, and 176 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1821. finish Schol. Villoison, Schol. Brev. et Eustath. in Iliadem a, $ , pp. 1003., Schol. Villoison in Iliad, a, 0, pp. 289, = 1292. I began this work March 1st. The Commentary of Eustathius is valuable and copious, in the Catalogue especially, where Schol. Villoison is deficient. His commentary is less co- pious in the following books than in the two first. In these, 1003 pages are equal to 500 pages apiece ; in 11. iii.-v., 610 pages give only 200 to each ; and in 11. vi.-xxiv., 3165 pages, the actual number, give 167 pages to each. He is valuable for the grammatical observations in particular. He had in his hands many grammarians now lost, and profited by their works : for the rest, his principal sources are Strabo, and the 'Epitome 5 of Stephanus Byzantinus, which we have. He does not seem to have seen the original work of Stephanus. 18th. My father, mother, and sisters arrived in Dean's Yard from Cromwell. 20th, Good Friday. Attended the Sacrament at St. Margaret's church. 21st. We left London, and returned to Welwyn. We have passed exactly eight weeks in Dean's Yard ; and these were passed at my father's house in his absence. Our increasing numbers now make it in- convenient that we should be inmates of his house when he inhabits it with his family; and we must PLEASING RECOLLECTIONS. 177 take leave of those cheerful and pleasant days in London, free from domestic cares, which we enjoyed for so many years through the liberal kindness and hospitality of my father, who entertained us in 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, for many weeks in each year. I look back upon these periods with pleasure, with gratitude, and with regret. I have carried on at those times useful portions of my literary labours, or have prepared the materials for pursuing them with effect. I have had the enjoy- ment of my own time and leisure without question or hindrance. These easy days of tranquillity, and security, and satisfaction, cannot be repeated. In these eight weeks of the present year, iroWa ical ayaOa' r/ yvvrj fieKricnri, ol Trcu8e7? ^epa? nulla studia meliora : animus seger, /lieXa/y^oXwco?, Seovw (poPov/ievo? Trepl t>}? ifiavrov vyri<;, irepl airdvTav rcov pieXKovroov yeveaOac. \bth-\8th. In these days in London. Two nights' debates in the House of Commons, till three a.m. Transcribed Dugdale on the Clinton family. 178 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1821. At this period my father, by Royal mandate, re- sumed the name of Clinton, by adding it to that of Fiennes, or Fynes. He was induced to do this by desire of the Duke of Newcastle, who wrote to tell him that he was convinced, after inspecting his pedi- gree, that he ought to call himself Clinton, and not Fynes. I collected at this time some materials for memoirs of the Clinton family ; my materials were Dugdale's 'Warwickshire,' and an old pedigree of the family in the possession of my father. After that inquiry, I am inclined to doubt the accuracy of the Duke's opinion. The name of Fiennes, or Fynes, however introduced into the Clinton family (for that is not clear), was borne by the Duke's ancestors and ours for many generations ; that is to say, from John Fynes, Lord Clinton, who died in 1514, and who took the name of his mother, Elizabeth Fiennes, down to the father of the present Duke (now the late Duke), the present (late) Duke being the first who laid aside the name of Fynes. It is quite clear, however, that both the Duke and ourselves are equally entitled to the two names of Clinton and Fynes, or (according to the old spelling) Fiennes.* June 17, Trinity Sunday. Animus jamdudum iners * The name of Fynes, or Fiennes, was first introduced into the Clinton family by John Clinton, Baron Clinton, son and heir of John, Baron Clinton and Say, who had married Elizabeth Fiennes, daughter of Lord Dacre of the South. John, Baron Clinton and Say, died 14-18. His son John, who assumed the name of Fiennes, CORONATION. WELWYN. 179 labores literasque refugit : nihil omnino boni excogi- tans : hodie mane 8t,a irpoa-ev^rj^ reficior, et me con- firmatum sentio. Scripture Chronology. 27th. Twice in London during the last eight days. This evening in the House of Commons : Lord Titch- field's first speech on Economical Reform. July 1-17. In all these days, Chronologia Sacra; sometimes very diligently. 19th. We were present at the Coronation in the Abbey, which we saw from the Record-room box : the ceremony lasted from eleven till three. In the evening I walked with my wife to see the illumina- tions. 20th. Returned to Welwyn. 25 th. Finished Chronologia Sacra to the end of Solomon. August 14. My father, mother, and sisters arrived from Dean's Yard. 27th. The Cromwell family left us, to proceed into Nottinghamshire. While they were with us, we vi- sited Kneb worth, Tewin Water, Hatfield House, and Penshanger. Therefore, for the last thirteen days, nulla omnino studia : ne librum quidern inspexi. derived from his mother, was the grandfather of Edward, Lord Clinton, who was made Lord Admiral of the Fleet in the 1st of Edward VI., and again in the 4th of Philip and Mary : in the 14th of Elizabeth he was created Earl of Lincoln. On his monu- ment, in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, is the inscription " Edrardo Finio." (See page 2, supra.) — Editor. 180 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1821. This visit of my father and mother has been sin- gularly pleasant. By great good fortune, we have had fine weather, in the midst of a cold and wet summer ; and they both seemed satisfied and cheer- ful. My father's health is firmer than it has been for these three years. By the great providence of God, that life, which seemed fast failing, and for which we earnestly supplicated God's protection, as at this time at Bangor two years ago, is still preserved to us, and his strength restored. Grant, O Lord, the Author of life, a continuance of these thy mercies ! 28th. Bedeo ad Sacram meam Chronologiam. 29th. Scripture Chronology, eight hours diligently: the Seventy Years' Captivity (per diem pluviosum) . Slst. Completed the Sacred Chronology from Adam to the end of the Captivity. I have laboured at this subject from the 17th of June to this day, thirty-one days. The rest of the time has been occupied with various business and engagements : thirty-one days out of seventy-six are nearly one day out of two ob- tained for study. The results at which I have ar- rived are these*: — Y. B.C. circiter From Adam to the Flood . 2256 3157 To the birth of Abraham . . 1002 2155 To the division of Canaan . 551 1604 * Maturer consideration of the subject led to an alteration of se- veral of these dates. — Editor. SCRIPTURE CHRONOLOGY. 181 Y. B.C. circiter To " Samuel the Prophet" . 450 1154 1112 Saul, David, and Solomon . 120 992 To the 3rd of Jehoiakim (in- clusive) 384 608 The Captivity to the first Cy- rus (inclusive) .... 70 The first Cyrus at Babylon, either b.c. 538 or B.C. 536, if computed from the end of Darius the Mede. The first sketch of this Chronology (of collecting into one body all the scattered information which I had met with in former years) was made July 23rd or 24th, 1820, but immediately abandoned, for want of leisure. I have now executed my undertaking, after the interposition of another year. I shall there- fore proceed with fresh alacrity to the Grecian Chro- nology, and the Critical Histories of the Greek Poets, etc. Except this useful labour (the Scripture Chro- nology), I have accomplished no tiling since our re- turn to "Welwyn on the 21st of April ; other occupa- tions have obtruded themselves, and have either de- manded my time or dissipated the habits of study and application. Since the 21st of April I have made seven journeys to London, principally to attend the business of a most active session of Parliament. 182 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1821. I have had buildings and workmen to superintend not less busily than last year. I now hope, during the" remaining months of this year, (avv &ea>,) for better leisure. Perhaps I may redeem the time, and successfully prosecute some branch at least of the literary undertakings which I have attempted these five years to bring to conclusion in vain. September 8-15. In these days began and finished the Fragmenta Comicorum, with Epicharmus. 19th. My brother Charles arrived from his tour in Switzerland : he embarked on the Rhine at Basle, and passed through Brussels to Ostend. 20th. Charles left us for Cromwell in the morning. 12>rd, Sunday. Josephum de Maccabaeis, Routh'3 Reliquiae Patrum, hodie. October 7. Comicorum Fragmenta diligenter per hos dies. I have long been doubting how to proceed in the Grrsec. Chron. ; whether it would be better to com- plete the First Part first, or to leave that and begin with the Second Part. The First Part should natu- rally come first in the order of publication ; but the reasons seem to preponderate in favour of the other plan. 1st, My Second Part is in greater forward- ness. 2nd, The Second Part is more likely to interest readers, and to be successful, from the nature of its subject. The success of this Second Part may secure ON THE PURCHASE OF BOOKS. 183 a favourable reception to the First afterwards. 3rd, I can by anticipation introduce portions, or specimens, of the early periods into the Second Part ; while I could not give samples of the Second, if I were to give the early period first. These reasons seem con- clusive for labouring at the second period first, and for laying the other aside for awhile. 18th. Proceeded, during these days, with the excep- tion of two days in London, with the Comicorum Fragmenta. Eight years ago I proposed a rule to myself not to spend more than ten pounds a year upon books. I have in the last six years far exceeded that amount. But these purchases have been necessary to my lite- rary labours : they supplied the implements with which I was to work. At this time, however, the expense of further collections would be imprudent. I resolve to desist from any new purchases for some time to come. Those works necessary to the student, which I still want, I must be contented to do with- out. One exception I make to this restriction : those editions which are yet in progress and incomplete must be completed, as the volumes are published. Of this sort, in my possession, are the following : — Strabo:' 8vo, Lipsise, 1796-1818. * Aristophanes : Bekk. annotations, 8vo, 1809- 1821. 184 LITERARY JOURNAL. — 1821. *Euripides : Matthisje, 8vo, 1813-1818. *Sophocles: Erfurth, 8vo, 1802-1811. Philo : Pfeiffer, 8vo, 1785-1792. iEschylus : Blomfield (four plays). *Plutarch: Wyttenb., 13 vols. 8vo, 1795-1821. * Plato : Bekker, 8vo, 1816-1818. *Oratores Graeci : lleiske, the four last vols. *Stobsei Florilegium : Gaisford, Oxon. Many of these editions will probably never be com- pleted at all. Of others, the additional volumes may appear from time to time, at distant and uncertain intervals. Among the profane authors of whom I possess no edition, and whom I must be content to want for some years to come, are the following : — *Galeni Opera : 5 vols, folio, Basil. 1538. *Eusebii Chronicon. *Syncellus: folio, Paris, 1652. *Frontinus. *Orosius. *Priscianus. Of Ecclesiastical writers I only possess the follow- ing editionst : — * These have been since acquired (1829) . t To these are now to be added (1830) many others. ECCLESIASTICAL AUTH0KS. 185 Tatianus : Worth, 8vo, Oxon. 1700. Athenagoras : De Chair, 8vo, Oxon. 1705. Eusebii Prsep., et Eusebii Hist. Eccl. (first 7 books), 2 vols. folio, Viger. Clemens Alex. : folio, Paris, 1629. Patrum Reliquiae : Routh, Oxon. 8vo, 1814- 1818. It is needless to enumerate the valuable authors whom I do not possess, in this department : Gre- gorius, Basilius, John Chrysostom, TertuUian, Arno- bius, Hieronymus, Augustine, etc. [These have now been procured, 1840.] The number of Classical Books which I had col- lected to May 8, 1812, was about 385. My present number (October 18, 1821) is 750 volumes; an ad- dition within the period of 365. I calculate that about fifty of these are superfluous. If their place were supplied with editions of authors that are want- ing to my collection, then this number, 750, would represent the whole of what would be requisite for the use of a student. November 7. Finished today the Fragments of Phe- recrates, which I began October 27 ; began Platonis Fragmenta. 28th. Historiam criticam Poetarum veteris Comoe- 186 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1821. dise diligenter prosecutus sum : perfeci Poetarum re- censionem 44, Pabularum 3-47. Fragmenta omnia quae reperire potui e Fabulis 294 descripsi et disposui. Aristophanis comcedias 53 fere intaetas reliqui, quia a Brunckio collectae sunt atque editse. Opus susceptum est September 8, quo die ab Epi- cbarmo incepi, finitum November 28, quo die in Theopompo desino. Dies in hoc labore consumpsi, intra illos limites, 61 ; ita distributes : Epicharmus occupant 8 dies ; Cratinus 6 ; Eupolis 7 ; Pherecrates 8 ; Plato 7. Dies sunt 36. Caeteri igitur, 39 Poetae, dies 25 sibi sumpserunt. Hse rationes exemplo erunt mini, quantum temporis laborisque in caeteris operis mei partibus insumendum sit. Cseterum Deo opt. max. gratias ago debeoque maximas, qui milii in hoc labore gravissimo facultates animi corporisque vrrep i\TriBa largitus est. Tu vero, vitae mese rerum- que omnium mearum benigne Auctor et Conditor atque Sospitator, ita mihi fareas, oro, in posterum ! Tu largiare, ut a bonis Uteris artibusque solatium et tutamen decusque obtinere possim ; nee deseras me ; ne permittas, ut vel ingrayescens morbus, Tel curse domestic®, animum meum ab hoc cursu detineant, imparemque bonis artibus efficiant ! Hoc opus pro parte eorum studiorum et discipli- narum habendum est, quibus ingenium acuitur, an- tiquitatis cognitio aperitur, et Graecae linguae divitise DIFFERENT PLAN OF STUDY. 187 panduntur : ideo maxime dignum judico quod nos exerceat, ut via ad meliora patefiat. Sed inter hos labores, aliquaedam effeeta sunt tan- quam ev Trapepyai : videlicet, Scholia Platonis, pp. 200; Scholia in Euripidis Orestem et Hecubanx, ed. Matthias, pp. 600; Quintiliani libb. xi. xii. Decimus liber lectus erat Junio mense hujus anni. Igitur tan- dem aliquando totum opus Institutionum perlegitur ; postquam abhinc triennio susceptum, inde abjectum et dilatum fuerat. December 10. J'ai fini Clavier, torn, ii., sur les Pre- miers Temps de la Grece. Cet outrage, depuis Ina- chus jusqu'aux Pisistratides, a pp. 745 pour les deux volumes. 31st. My studies this year have been prosecuted on a different plan. There has been less reading, and more compilation and collection of materials. I have studied subjects, rather than authors. Hence my new studies have been inconsiderable, although my collec- tions have been more valuable than usual. The first two months of the year were passed at Welwyn : in this space I had not much leisure ; but some progress was made in Chron. Grcec, Part IT., and in Hist. Crit. Scriptorum Ptolemceis JEqualium. These first two months were interrupted by frequent journeys to London, and by superintending the new buildings and workmen at Welwyn. On the 24th of February 188 LITERARY JOURNAL. — 1821. we removed to Dean's Yard, and remained there till April 21. From this period till the end of the year we resided at "Welwyn. I found no leisure for lite- rary labours till the 17th of June. From that day to November 28 I was diligently engaged in two most useful works : — 1st, Scripture Chronology ; 2nd, a Critical History of the Poets of the Old Comedy, with their fragments collected. These two works, perhaps the most useful of any that have engaged me, cost much labour, and allowed me not to be re- miss, during those four months. I only found time to read the books above noticed in my Journal in the intervals of compilation. The last month of the year I have insensibly returned to Chron. Grsec, Part I., notwithstanding my resolution, October 7; and have greatly enlarged and improved it, by the assistance of Clavier and Larcher, with Pausanias, Strabo, and Apollodorus principally. My literary employments, then, of the year, are these : — ■ Eustathii in Iliadem d, 0, y. Schol. Villoison in Iliad, d, 0, y. Scholia in Platonem. Scholia in Eurip. Hec. et Ores. Quintiliani libb. 10, 11, 12. Clavier, Histoire des Premiers Temps de la Grece. APOLLODORtTS. 189 Larcher, Chronologie d'Herodote. Valck. Diatribe Euripid. (the greater part). Scripture Chronology. Chron. Grsec., Part I. Historia Critica et Fragrcenta Comicorum Vet. Com. 1822. January 6. The tenth year of our marriage is com- pleted today ; cum bonis ominibus votisque, ac preca- tionibus, undecimum auspicamur. 14th. All these days, Apollodorus. Apollodorus is illustrated by Heyne in a valuable commentary of near 600 pages. The subjects are thus treated by Apollodorus : — • Lib. 1. — After the Gods, the Titans, and the Giants, he describes Deucalion and his descendants ; ending with the Argonautic expedition, which occu- pies a great part of the book. Lib. 2. The Inachidae : from Phoroneus, through Belus to Danaus, and thence to the return of the He- raclidce. Half the book is occupied with the labours and adventures of Hercules. Lib. 3. — 1. The race of Agenor ■ through Europa to Cadmus, and his posterity. 2. The Arcadian dy- nasty, founded by Pelasgus. 3. The Atlantidm : and chiefly, a, the kings of Laeonia, from Taygete; /? ', 190 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1822. the posterity of Dardanus, from Electra. 4. The Macidce. 5. The kings of Athens : from Cecrops to Theseus. Although the third book is the longest of the three, yet Heyne -with reason conjectures that some parts are lost. The book ends abruptly in the middle of the journey of Theseus from Troezene to Athens ; and the Pelopidae are wanting in the present copies of this author. Dies natalis : annum quadragesimum primum ho- die implemus : omnino legenda sunt, et pronuncianda, quae scripsi supra (January 14, 1820). 22nd. Engaged till this day, from December 10, in Chron. Grsec, Part I., forty-four days. \Tithin this period, Clavier and Larcher, and Apollodorus, with Heyne, hare been read ; and the following passages of Chron. Grcec, Part I., collected and arranged : — Homer's Catalogue ; line of Cadmus, to Theron ; Line of Deucalion, in eighteen cases, to the Trojan era ; line of Ajax, to Miltiades ; line of Hippocrates; Al- cmffionidae ; Telchines ; Curetes ; iEones ; Temmi- ces; Cares; Lelex to Tyndareus; Pelasgi of Argos and their colonies ; kings of Messenia ; kings of Ar- cadia ; Osylus, Iphitus, Phidon ; Messenian wars, and Anaxilas of Rhegium. February 6. Finished to the end of kings of Sparta ; and to page 46 of the Appendix. LABOURS IN CHRONOLOGY. 191 10th, Sunday. On these evenings, Nov. Test, dili- genter, non sine fructu. 28th. Two months of the year are now passed, and more than ten months since our return, on April 21, 1821. The former part of this period was the most pleasant, the latter part has been a time of the great- est diligence. From January 23 to February 18 I have devoted my hours of study and labour solely to the Second Part of the Greek Chronology. Since February 18, I have been to London twice, to attend debates in the House of Commons ; and have been occupied in preparing for another annual removal to Dean's Yard. These ten months at Welwyn are marked by useful labours in Sacred Chronology ; the fragments of the Comic Poets ; the Greek Chronology before Pisis- tratus, the materials of which have been augmented ; and lastly, by the resumption of the Second Part of the Chron. Grcec, in which I now propose to labour exclusively till it is completed. My hours of study, however, have been but few, and they are bkely to be fewer. Even in the leisure of Welwyn, I have seldom had five hours a day for my literary duties ; and these not without interruption : usually, from ten o'clock to two ; sometimes another hour between two and five ; and sometimes two hours more between six and nine. But usually, the four hours between ten and 192 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1822. two are all that I can count upon as certain. I could have wished to have got my literary plans in greater forwardness; before my son was old enough to require my time for his instruction. But the common cares of daily life, and other avocations, have prevented this. When I hear of men who have devoted twelve or fourteen hours a day to study for a long period, I am at a loss to imagine by what distribution of time they could accomplish this. March 2. Arrived in Dean's Yard at two. 3rd. Detained at home by indisposition, and obliged to decline dining with the Speaker. 9th. Hebdomas tristis. Animus a melioribus ne- gotiis vacuus, et Uteris studiisque inhabilis atque im- par, in se ipsum se convertit, se ipsum devorat. 12th. At the British Museum from ten to two, in- specting Dr. Blarney's Fragmenta Scenicse Grsecse. Evening, House of Commons. 26th. Almost all these past days at the Museum. April 4. Finished today at the Museum the review of Burney's Fragmenta. This labour has occupied me fourteen mornings. Dr. Burney's Fragments consist of 167 quarto vo- lumes of blank leaves, in which he has inserted the fragments from Casaubon's Athenseus, Grotii Ex- cerpta, etc., and the " notitia literaria" from Fabri- cius, ed. Harles, by cutting them out of the printed DR. BURNEY S FRAGMENTS. 193 copy and pasting them on his blank leaves. He no- where inserts any correction, judgment, or criticism of his own. The collection of the Fragments is by no means complete ; and not above five leaves in a hun- dred have any entry made in them at all. So that nineteen-twentieths of this immense commonplace book remain mere blank paper. I never undertook a more unprofitable labour. The student, who searches into this vast repository, will hardly find his trouble recompensed. He who possesses Athenseus, Stobaeus, Fabricius (Harles), the fragments of Sophocles, Euri- pides, iEschines, Aristophanes, and of Menander and Philemon, has all the materials of this compilation, in a much more convenient form. 5th, Good Friday. Received the Sacrament at St. Margaret's. 7th, Easter Day. Received the Sacrament at the Abbey. 8th. Finished the fifth play of Sophocles with my brother Charles, for his examination for his degree at Oxford ; and read Thucydides with him. 25th. Chron. Grsec. during the past days. House of Commons, on Reform, till half-past two a.m. 30th. House of Commons, on the Catholic ques- tion, from six to one. Division, 249 to 244. May 3. My friend I called; had much conver- sation upon our several literary occupations. I showed R 194 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1822. him, by his desire, my Tables and Appendix for Chron. Grsec, Part II. He appeared disappointed : he had supposed that I was engaged in a work of more po- pular form, for more general readers. He did not understand the nature of my design ; and seriously advised me to translate the Greek quotations, as he said, for the benefit of the ladies. Is this an omen of the reception which my work, the labour of ten years, is to expect from the half- learned of the day ? Is it in the power of the half-learned critics of this age to determine the fate of critical or philological works, which are intended for the use of far other readers ? 9th. Brought down the tables of the Chron. Grsec. Part II., to B.C. 384; partly transcribed, and partly compiled anew, from b.c 560; summo labore prose- cutum opus per dies fere quatuordecim. My father and mother and sisters arrived in Dean's Yard from Cromwell. 10th. House of Commons, till one a.m., on the Catholic question : 225 to 237. The Catholics had a majority of five in the first division, on April 30 ; and of twelve in the present. 19th. Walk in the College garden. Tristissimis cogitationibus vexatus sum per hoc triduum. Me- moria tenendum est, me non huic brevi vitse curri- culo destinatum esse, sed crv/xTro\iT7jv elvat t&v dylcov, GRATEFUL PEELINGS. 195 /ecu olicetov rod 0eov, nisi mea culpa immortalia haec amittam bona. June 5. Chron. Grsec, the Appendix. Dined with the Bishop of Exeter (Dr. Carey) ; met Mr. Marsh, Jones, Archdeacon Nares, etc. Evening, House of Commons till twelve. 19th. Returned to Welwyn, after a stay in Dean's Yard of fifteen weeks. The first nine weeks and a half were passed by us alone with our children, occu- pying my father's house as we did in 1819 and 1821; the last five weeks we have been my father's guests. For the whole period I am grateful to Providence, and have to praise His bounty for many unmerited blessings. During the last five weeks, especially, I acknowledge with satisfaction and gratefully remem- ber the kindness, the liberality, and the unfeigned goodwill, with which my father and mother and sis- ters have received and treated us and ours. 22nd. Precibus et exoratione reficior. 28th. Occupied in preparing for our visit to Ban- gor. I walked alone in the evening in the field-gar- den, fiovoXoy Ltfx>v ical irpoaev^ofxevo^. 26th-29th. We left Welwyn on the 26th at seven ; reached Dunchurch that evening (65 miles); Shrews- bury on the 27th (73 miles) ; Cernioge on the 28th (53 miles) ; and arrived at Bangor on the 29th at two o'clock (30 miles) : the whole distance being 221 miles. k 2 196 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1822. July 1. I have entirely discontinued all literary occupation for these seven days past, during our journey and removal from Welwyn to Bangor. For the preceding five months, my principal literary ob- ject has been the Second Part of the Greek Chrono- logy, which I have pursued with but few interrup- tions. I began this literary labour first, in the year 1810, as a solace and occupation, to divert my thoughts under the visitations and domestic calamities of that memorable year. In that year the Tables were first constructed, though on a narrow and limited plan. During my solitary residence at Wing (July 16th to August 5th, 1811), the Tables were transcribed and improved, with the assistance of Diodorus, whom I then read for the first time. After this the Chro- nology was laid aside ; and other studies (connected however with the subject) pursued for some time. In 1815, at Welwyn, during the month of February, I returned to the Chronology. In 1816, the Table of Archons was nearly completed in the month of June. In September 1816, the Chronology was pursued, and the Historia Critica and Fragmenta Comicorum were proceeded with. In January 1817 I began the column of Events at b.c 431, and completed it in its present enlarged form to b.c 320. I then began the Historia Critica of the Historians, and finished as far as No. 52 by the end of February. The Second RETROSPECT OF STUDIES. 197 Part of the Greek Chronology was then laid aside for nearly four years, until the close of 1820. In 1820 the column of Events during the reign of Philip was completed ; and the third and fourth co- lumns drawn out in their enlarged form. This oc- cupied seventeen days, November 25 to December 12. In 1821, from September 8 to November 28 was de- dicated to the Critical History and Fragments of the Comic Poets of the Old Comedy. In 1822, January 23 to February 16, I laboured at the Appendix to Chron. Graec. Part II. I returned to the subject April 16, and finished the large copy of the Tables in four columns, on the 29th of May. Most of the studies of the last twelve years have illustrated, and referred to, the Greek Chronology. But I find, from the journal of my literary labours, that the actual number of days strictly employed upon the Chron. Grsec. Part II. has been about 443, out of the studies of twelve complete years. Little now remains to finish this portion of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece, besides revising the whole and correcting. ... [A leaf is here wanting in the Journal.] ... I may gain some space before nine in the morning by rising early; and some after retiring to my own apartment, by sitting up a little later. But what is thus gained can never be much ; and I must not reckon, with the utmost 198 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1822. diligence, upon more than four hours a day for soli- tude and study. Whether any great or laborious works can be accomplished by such a quantity of time applied to the purpose, I much doubt. How- ever, what is rendered impossible to be done, by the business of life and the cares of my domestic condi- tion, ceases to be a duty ; and will not be required of me by Providence, when I am called upon to give an account of my time. July 8. Per totum hoc tempus nulla studia ; par- tial animus ob tristitiam inhabilis ad studia. 9th. Today I again open the Tables of Gnec. Chron. Part II., and study diligently. August 2. These last six days, diligenter tracto iEschinem, et Demosth. irepl IIapa'irpea(3eia<;. Ath, Sunday. Received the Sacrament. 20th. Admiral Murray and his family arrived at the Palace. [See observations under date December 23.] October 8. Miss Routledge set out from Bangor. She had been at the Palace since July 20. [See ob- servations under date December 23.] 10th. The three preceding days, Herodotus. Today Thucydides, to the end of the fourth book. 13th. Began Faber on the Prophecies. 23rd. All these days, Thucydides. 26th. Strabo : for geography of Ionia and iEolis. INSTRUCTION OF CHILDREN. 199 31st. My wife is meritoriously employed in the education of the children. Her daily occupations begin at eight in the morning, and are continued with little interruption till one. At eight A ■ re- ceives from her a lesson in music for half an hour. At half-past eight A and I begin their French, or spelling, till nine. At ten the children assemble in the school-room, and C and A and I are instructed in arithmetic, writing, and English spelling and reading ; A and I in French and Geography ; and little L in her letters and spelling, till one o'clock. She devotes an- other half-hour to the two eldest girls in French and Geography, at four in the afternoon : so that the whole of her occupation as an instructor of the children may be estimated at five hours a day. She began to teach them reading and spelling as each child attained the age of four years. It is just that I should give this testimony to her maternal diligence. November 5. Finished Tbucydides, with the Scholia. The Scholia = pp. 436. Nunc primum Thucydidem relegi post annos fere octodecim, ubi hunc scriptorem Oxonise perlegeram. 11th. Relegi hodie Herodoti libros octavum no- numque fere integros, intra horas fere quinque. 30th. All these days, Lysias, Xenophon, Jackson's Chronology, Demosthenes, with Ulpian and the Tables. 200 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1822. December 10. Finished Demosthenis Scholia Ul- piani, with the Conciones et A^/jioaioi Aoyoi,, com- posing the Tables. 13th. In these three days began and finished iElian. Var. Hist., pp. 214. 16th. Wasted a day in searching a folio volume of Chronology, said to be Simson's, but it proved to be by one James Gordon, a Jesuit. 23rd. Chron. Grsec, Tables and Appendix, to this day. Nearly sis months are passed since we set out from Welwyn. In the happy tranquillity of Bangor I have once more been permitted to enjoy larger measures of leisure than I could have ventured to ex- pect. By the bounty of Providence have been afforded me opportunities of study, and exemption from cares. In the quiet calmness of this remote retreat I have been disturbed by no intrusions on my time. Some profitable topics of meditation have arisen, which I hope hereafter to follow out more fully. Useful ideas have been awakened by the perusal of Faber ' On the Holy Spirit/ and the same author ' On the Prophe- cies/ Not that we assent entirely to the positions of such writers; but the subjects which they discuss, their copious illustrations or reasonings, and some- times their fanciful theories, lead us to think more intently on the subject, and by degrees to arrive at truth. IMPORTANCE OF LITERARY PURSUITS. 201 By the blessing of God during this half-year, at Bangor, our children hare improved both in mind and body. My daily prayer is, that his Providence may continue to protect them; that the grace of God may defend them from the manifold dangers and corruptions to which their minds and bodies are every hour exposed, but for His succour ; and that they may grow to a maturity of years and faculties, to be His faithful servants in a life of holiness and virtue. I have conversed with many individuals in this our visit at Bangor, whom I shall remember with plea- sure. T count it gain to have been in the society of Miss Routledge, Admiral Murray's family, Mr. Am- brose Dawson, and the Warden of Ruthin. In general our daily occupations have had but few interruptions, and I have perhaps brought my literary undertaking to as great a point of forwardness here, as I could have done, if we had remained at Welwyn. There I should have had the advantage of a wider range of books, but here I have had a more regular possession of time and leisure. I have endeavoured not to misspend the time bestowed upon me ; not to let it pass without leaving a record behind it. As I advance in the experience of life, the more am I convinced of the importance of these literary pur- suits. They are in my case a duty. 1st, Because they k 3 202 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1822. rescue my thoughts from the dangers — the moral dangers — of inaction. 2nd, Because they give me the means of being useful, by contributing to the stock of useful learning. 3rd, Because they gradually bring me to a better understanding of the Word of God, which I shall be able to receive, not upon trust and by rote, and because my fathers received it, but upon better grounds of reason and conviction. 4th, Because these studies enable me to become contented with my lot, to look with philosophical indifference upon the vain pursuits of ambition, and to appreciate justly the value of that safe mediocrity of station and fortune in which I am placed, further experience has not led me to change the opinion which I formed upon this point in 1817. My new studies in this year have been : — Apollodorus pp. 158 Schol. in Thucyd 436 Schol. in Demosth 636 ^Eliani Var. Hist 214 Summa . . pp. 1444 I have revised and read over again the following : — Sophoclis Fabulas quinque. Herodoti libros v.-ix. Thucydidem. • iEsehinem. STUDIES OF THE YEAK. 203 Lysiam. Xenoph. Hellenic. Demosthenis Ay^yopia^, et Arj/xoaLOwi Aoyovs. Plutarchi Vitam Demosthenis. Biovs r&v Ae/ca 'PrjTopcov. — About 3000 pages within the six months at Bangor, exclusive of new studies. I calculate the labour that yet remains, after I get to London, as follows : there remain to be collected and compared with the Tables and Appendix the fol- lowing works : — Diodorus, lib. xi.-xvi. Plutarchi Vitae fere xvi. Athenaei qusedam. Andocides; Antipho; Isseus. Lycurgus ; Dinarchus. Laertius. Dodwell. Corsini. Qusedam in Museo Britannico. I allow a week to each, or nine weeks to the whole. The copying out the Preface, Tables, and Appendix, cannot be done in less than six other weeks. Fifteen weeks, computed from February 1st, would bring me to May 16th; and the nine weeks reckoned from the 204 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1823. same date, would carry me to April 5th. I ought not therefore to propose the work for consideration earlier than the 5th of April. 1823. January 21. With thankfulness and gratitude, I number another month of health, security, and lei- sure in this calm and pleasant retreat. My senti- ments upon former visits to Bangor are recorded elsewhere. From all disquiets I have been happily exempt for seven tranquil and pleasant months. I acknowledge gratefully the bounty of Providence in leading us once more to this place of leisure and repose. In this seventh month of our abode at Bangor I have proceeded with my literary engagements. I have revised Arrian with the Tables; read and ap- plied to Appendix, cap. xxi., Malthus on Population. This day the exact period of a year is completed, during which I have pursued, without deviation or interruption, one track of study : the Chron. Gra?c., Part II. In this space I have compiled, or composed, or transcribed, the Work as follows ; computing the quantity in quarto pages, of about 2100 letters of typography in each : — The Preface .... pp. 4to. 43 ASSOCIATIONS. 205 The Index, or short Chronicle pp. 4 The Tables, 54 double pages . . 108 The Appendix, in twenty-one Chapters or Sections . . . .155 310 Perhaps the volume might extend to 330 quarto pages. [Of this year no regular Journal seems to have been kept. But a brief narrative -was drawn up at the close of the year, of the principal occurrences ; and under the date February 20th, a valuable list is given of Studies since 1810 inclusive. This narrative and list of studies are here subjoined.] On the Mil of February we prepared for setting out from Bangor, but were detained by snow. On the 5th the Bishop set out for London, leaving us behind. On the 7th we left Bangor, after a resi- dence there of thirty-two weeks. On the 10th we reached Dean's Yard, 240 miles. The recollection of the books which I have studied is always, as I have before noted, associated with the recollection of the scenes in which I studied them. My literary pursuits and the places which I have in- habited lend an interest to each other. Since the resumption of Greek and Latin lite- rature, about the 7th of April, 1810, the following works have successively employed me : — 206 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1823. In / Dean'sYard. 1810. Isseus Lesbonax Antipho Gorgias Isocrates \ In the Xenophontis Hellenica ] I. of Wight Xenophontis Memorabilia . . . . In Dean's Yard 1811. Theocritus Hesiodi Opera et Dies Euripidis Fabulje quatuor .... Polybius totus, in editione Ernesti . Diodori libb. xi.-xix. ed. Bipont. 1812. Josephi Antiquitates Arriani Exped., India, Tactic., Peripl Diogenes Laertius Euripidis Fabulse quatuordecim . . Taciti Annales, 11. i.-v 1813. Pausanias Strabo Lysias Athensei octo priores libri .... Dionysii Halicarn. Rhetorica Demosthenis 'ISowtucoI Aoyoi In Dean'sYard. At Wing. At Bangor. i At Welwyn. RECAPITULATION OF STUDIES. 1814. 207 Athenaei libri ix.-xv Ciceronis Epistolse ad Diversos . . Plutarchi Vitse, in ed. Hutten . . Plutarchi Moralium pars dimidia . Eusebii Chronicon, ed. Scaliger . . Scymnus Chius (transcribed) . . . 1815. Plutarchi Moralium pars fere quarta Lucianus, ed. Bipont AppianuSj ed. Schweigh Polysenus, ed. Coray Apollonius Rhodius, cum Schol. Aristotelis Politica Homerus Heynianus Longhxus Taciti Annal. lib. xi. to the end . . At Welwyn. Dean'sYardj Welwyn, and Cromwell. At Welwyn. In Dean'sYard. At Welwyn. At Bangor. 1816. Philemonis Lexicon At Bangor. iEschyli Scholia, ed. Stanl. . Malcolm's Persia Holland's Travels Bryant's Mythology Ciceronis de Oratore lib. i. . . . In Dean'sYard. 208 LITERARY JOURNAL.- -1823. Appiani Civilium libri quinque . . . Plutarchi Moralium Sympos. et Apoph. Harpocratio Photii Lexicon Demetrius 7repl 'Ep^veia^; . . 1817. Ciceronis de Oratore libb. ii. iii. Rhetorica i At Welwyn. .) At AVelwyn. In Dean'sYard. Plato de Legibus Ciceronis de Natura, Deorum . Tuscul. Disputationes . . . } Stobsei Florilegium, in edit. Gesner Hermogenes Juliani Csesares Aristophanis Scboliastes At Welwyn. Lycophron, cum Tzetzarum Scholiis Ciceronis Philosophicorum libri XTiii At Bangor. 1818. Theodori Gazse Gram. Graec. 11. i. — iii. At Cromwell. Theocriti Scholiastes, in ed. Reisk. . Clem. Alex. Protrepticon j n Strom, lib. i f Dean'sYard. Quintiliani lib. v priores in ed. Spalding, Lexica Sequeriana Dio ChrysostomuSj ed. Reisk. . . . | At Welwyn. Stobaei Eclogse, Heeren .... RECAPITULATION OF STUDIES. 209 Plutarch, de Placitis Scholia in Dionysium Thracem, Bekker Dionys. Hal. Archseologia, ed. Reisk. . Diodori libb. i.-iii Isocratis et Platonis Epistolse . . . Libanii MeXercu is At Welwyn. 1819. Corsini, Fasti Attici (pars dimidia) . . At Welwyn. Ciceronis Orationes queedam .... In ' Dean's Yard Theonis Progymnasmata Aristot. Hist. Animal, ed. Schneid. Josephi Bellum et Vita ) At Bangor. Hippocrates, in ed. Linden .... Dionys. Perieget. cum Eustathii comrn. Libanii Orationes octo 1820. Suetonius ) At Bangor. Ovidii Fasti Apollonius irepl JfwraifeGJS .... Matthise, Gram. Grsec 1 At j Cromwell. 210 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1823. Scholiastes Pindari . Dion Cassius . Quintilian, lib. vii.-ix. Platonis Dialogi novem Heliodorus Achilles Tatius Xenoplion Ephesius Aristidis pro Quatuor Panathenaic. 1821. Eustathii in Iliadem a, 0, y . . . Schol. Villoison in Iliad, a, ft 1 , 7' . Scholia in Platonem Schol. Eurip. Hec. et Orest. ed. Matth Quintiliani libb. x. xi. xii. In Dean'sYard. > AtWelwyn. In Dean'sYard. At Welwyn. 1822. Apollodorus cum Heynii Commentario At Welwyn Ulpianus in Demosthenem, ed. Paris Schohastes Thucydidis !> At Bangor iEliani Varia Historia [January 23, began to transcribe and arrange Chron. Grsec, Part II. ; com- pleted as follows, January 21, 1823, in At Welwyn, the twelve months : — > Dean'sYard, The Preface . . .pp. 4to 43 and Bangor. The Index, or Short Chron. 4 The Tables, 54 double pp. . 108 SPECIMEN OF THE CHRONOLOGY. 211 The Appendix, in twenty- one Chapters or Sections 155 310] At Welwyn, Dean'sYard, and Bangor. The preceding account represents the state of my studies as they stood on the 20th of February, 1823. In the beginning of March I received from my friend, Professor Gaisford, the following letter : — " Our Press meeting will be holden on Friday se'nnight. If you can let me have by the end of this week as much of your Preface as, together with a specimen of the work, will make your plan intelligi- ble, I will peruse them, and submit them to the judg- ment of the Delegates." On March l^th, I sent accordingly a specimen of my Greek Chronology to Gaisford. It consisted of about a sixth part of the Tables, about one-third of the Introduction, and a few pages of the Appendix. On the 22nd of March I received the following : — " I have much pleasure in informing you that the Delegates of the Press will undertake to print your Chronology." I immediately applied myself to prepare a copy for the printer. It was necessary that the whole work should be transcribed anew. Part of the Tables and about one-half of the Appendix were not completed : I had only the rough materials, which were to be 212 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1824. brought into form and order. But I calculated that a transcript of the Introduction and Tables might be ready by the 1st of May. On the 9,0th of May the last sheet of the Introduc- tion, completing it in 45 quarto pages, was received by me. I then proceeded to finish the Tables at TVelwyn, where I had, by the blessing of Providence, abundant leisure, health, and domestic tranquillity. The printing of the work was carried on through the remainder of the year. I derived many advantages in the course of this year from access to the Chapter Library at "West- minster. On ten several days, I passed in all about thirty-five hours in that library. On my last visit there, October 18, me meosque labores Deo com- mendo, gratias agens ob praaterita beneficia illo ipso loco concessa. These opportunities of study I re- member with gratitude and satisfaction. 1824. [The Journal is now resumed.] January 1. On this day I corrected the twentieth and last sheet of the Appendix to my work. The correcting of the forty- seven sheets of the whole work has occupied forty-seven laborious days, be- tween April 14, 1823, and January 1, 1824. POLITICAL MATTERS. 213 31s/. During this month, Menandri fragmenta and Alexidis comcedias. [The Journal of this period is chiefly occupied "with matters of a personal nature, which would be uninterest- ing to the reader. Some extracts from a letter to the late Duke of Newcastle are given, because they display the energetic mind of my brother, which was always de- sirous of the active employment of its powers.] February 23. " My father has detailed to me the particulars of the conversation, so interesting to me, which passed between your Grace and himself last week. And in consequence of the desire so kindly expressed, that I should inform myself of the exact value of each of the great public Boards, I venture to address your Grace on the subject of that conver- sation, and to send the accompanying description of the value and other circumstances of these Boards. ... I would further take the liberty of observing that I should give the preference to the Customs or Excise, because the duties are more extensive. I wish for employment ; and would cheerfully undertake the duties, however laborious, of either of those Boards. I mention this, because some members of them are not active, and leave their duties in a great degree to be performed by their colleagues. . . . The com- munication of the Duke of Portland with your Grace 214 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1824. was not unknown to me. The Duke of Portland was induced to notice me by the kindness of Dr. Cyril Jackson, then Dean of Christ Church, who volunta- rily recommended me to the Duke for a seat at the Treasury or Admiralty Board. I was given to under- stand, by my friend Archdeacon Jones (at that time private Secretary to the Duke), that this arrangement, from some cause or other, had failed." March 4. In the last five weeks, nova studia nulla : relegi tamen Aristophanis Thesmophoriazusas ; Pla- tonis Apologiam, Critonemque : Fastos meos recensui : Burnei notarum MSS. in Suidam paginas 12 de- scripsi : Chandleri inscriptiones antiquas inspexi. Be- sides these I have transcribed the rough sketch of my ' Inquiry into the Extent and Population of An- cient Greece/ I can proceed no further with this till I return to my books at TTelwyn. 23rd. House of Commons, till twelve : three divi- sions on the Alien Bill. 28th, Sunday. Perlegi Pauli Apostoli 77y>o? 'Pco- fialovs Epistolam maxime cum fructu. 31st. During many days in this month, at the Bri- tish Museum, inspecting Ehetores Aldi. April 14. I have the gratification of finding that the ' Fasti' are well received. The book was pub- lished on the 20th of January ; and the accounts of its reception are these : — January 30, my friend Gais- RECEPTION OF THE FASTI. 215 ford writes thus to me : — " Everybody seems much pleased with the ' Fasti ; ' and I think it will be gene- rally recommended to the young men here. I wish you would get up your Catalogue of Dramatic Poets, as well as the Dissertation on the Population of Greece, which I have no doubt the Delegates would print for you with great pleasure." On the 12th of April he writes : — " Our agent informs me that four- fifths of the ' Fasti' have been issued from the ware- house. As the book has not been reviewed yet, and hardly advertised, I think we may fairly assume that the whole will be disposed of before the end of the year ; so that, if you are disposed to print a new edi- tion, you will in all probability have an early oppor- tunity of doing so. I mention this, that you may make such preparation as you may think proper, and may consider of any improvement to be made in your work." This last remark was in answer to some ob- servations of mine, in which I pointed out to him four passages of the ' Fasti,' which I wished to correct, and expressed my desire of an early occasion for stating these corrections. 30th. During these days, Theodoret and Syncellus, and Bceckh. de Tragicis Grsecis. May 8. Dined at the Archbishop's : met Lord Brownlow, Mr. Henry Cowper, etc. 9th. Finished Theodoret : pp. 327. 216 LITERACY JOURNAL. 1824. 14>th. Since March 4, these studies : Marbre de Choiseul, in Mem. Acad. torn, xlviii. : Scholia in Eu- ripidis Phceniss. ed. Matthiae, = pp. 400; Zenobius, pp. 112; Diogenianus, pp. 56; Bceckh. de Tragicis Gratis ; Theodoreti Sermones XII, = pp. 327 ; the first 254 folio pages of Scholia in Hermogenem, ed. Aid.; besides collecting materials from Syncel- lus, Sulpicius Severus, and Scahgeri Eusebius, for en- larging and correcting East. Hell. Appendix c. 18. 26th. During these days, British Museum in the morning; House of Commons in the evening. 27th. Saw Professor Gaisford at Payne and Foss's ; had an hour's literary conversation with him. I found him most friendly and cordial in his expressions upon the success of my book. He said that within four months my book had been called for to the amount of four-fifths of the whole impression, which he con- sidered an unprecedented sale. He proposed that a future edition should be undertaken by the Board. I accepted the terms which he proposed, as perfectly fair and equitable; and left the matter in his hands, to arrange it for me with his colleagues. Thus, my second edition will come out under the auspices of the University. I undertook to revise the work care- fully, to make such additions and enlargements as might seem necessary, and to give a more copious alphabetical Index. SUCCESS OF THE FASTI. 217 28th. We left Dean's Yard, after a residence there of just four months. June 8. Tzetzse Chiliades semper diligenter ; diem jam nonum versuum circiter mille quotidie perficiens. 9th. Tzetzae Chiliades finivi hodie : versus sunt 12,675 ; quorum circiter 10,000 inter hos dies de- cern perlegi. 14 ) Welwyn. . . 117 f Pollux, lib. iv. et viii. Schol. Soph. Aj. . . . 31L 3000 The additions or alterations in the ' Fasti/ between January 29 and this day, are as follows : — Introduction. — About 488 lines added, principally notes, in about thirty pages. Tables. — In 100 places, about 759 lines added. Appendix. — Some additional notes and corrections, as far as the end of cap. 16. The materials for some larger additions to cap. 18. 1825. January 6. Anniversary of our marriage : decimo tertio anno impleto, annum 14 tum hodie a\ispicamur, bonis ominibus. l 3 226 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1825. 20th. Relegi, collatis ' Fastis/ has Plutarchi Vitas intra hos dies, January 7-20. Periclem capp. 38 Niciam 30 Alcibiadem 39 Lysandrum 31 Agesilaum 40 Pelopidam 35 Timoleum 39 Dionem 58 Phocionem 38 Demosthenem 31 22nd. Read ' Conversations on Political Economy/ 12mo, an excellent little book. February 8. Legi intra hos dies, January 25 to February 8, Cor. Nep. vitas omnes cum annot. ; item Plutarchi ' Eumenem/ capp. 19. Ex his lectionibus aliquid additamenti ad 'Fastos' meos accessit. 15th. Went to London. House of Commons, till half-past three a.m. 21st. Went to London. House of Commons, on the Irish Association Bill, till twelve o'clock. 28^/*. Went to London. Attended a call of the Hoiise. March 1. My wife and children arrived in Dean's Yard. Evening: House of Commons till half-past CLASSICAL LEARNING. 227 three a.m.,, oh the Catholic claims: the numbers were — for the Catholics, 247 ; against them, 234. 3rd. Went to the British Museum ; began Biagi ' De Decretis Ath.' House of Commons till twelve, on Assessed Taxes. Mh. Returned to my Index. 10th. Dined with the Dean of Westminster. 11th. Dined with the Bishop of Salisbury. April 1, Good Friday. Received the Sacrament at St. Margaret's Church. 3rd, Easter Day. Received the Sacrament at the Abbey. 15th. Received from my friend Gaisford some lite- rary intelligence. The following is an extract from his letter to me, dated April 14, 1825 : — " There are about fifty copies of the 'Fasti' in the warehouse. What remains in the booksellers' hands cannot be ascertained. Probably, however, it will not be out of print till the close of the year." Of this I am rather glad, as it will give more time for revising and per- fecting the work. The sale has not been so rapid as my friend anticipated twelve months ago : but quite as favourable as I ought to have expected, considering the nature of the work and the little demand there is for ancient literature, beyond the circle of acade- mical studies. It is probable that very few even of those who gain 228 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1825. the first honours in the Examination (and these at Oxford are perhaps at this time one in fifteen) carry away with them from the University a taste for ancient learning, or ever cultivate it after they have quitted the University! The demand, then, for the ' Fasti/ must be limited to those who are pursuing these studies with a view to the higher Examination ; and these would probably be supplied by fifty copies an- nually. It would, no doubt, have been desirable to have proceeded with the second edition, while I had all the convenient opportunities for correcting the sheets which I enjoyed in 1823. I must hope, if Pro- vidence grants me health and leisure, for an oppor- tunity next year. A Cambridge divine remarks, upon the little en- couragement given to classical learning, to the fol- lowing effect : — " Would to God that the wholesome studies of classical literature were generally cultivated again in England as in Germany ! Our Universities indeed do all they can for this excellent purpose, and are daily holding out stronger incitements to this class of studies. But they are not backed by the voice of the country. Nay, the tone of things is entirely in opposition to them. To science alone is the great mass of the nation devoted, as holding out the rea- diest means of increasing our luxuries, our riches, and conveniences, and as offering the most certain STATE OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE. 229 rewards to its votaries. It is Le Maistre's reproach against England, that its Legislature and its brightest geniuses have not an object of care beyond the tem- poral comfort of their countrymen." But even in the Universities this encouragement is but limited ; and some deduction must be made from the praise given by this writer.* In the University of Oxford, at least, from the mode of conducting the Examinations, the Examiners discourage the young men from applying to a wide range of books. I have it upon the testimony of — — • and , both well informed upon the subject (and I can speak from my own knowledge of what was the practice in my time, twenty years ago) , that Isocrates, Isseus, Lysias, the Private Orations of Demosthenes, are never read at Oxford ; that no part of the works of Plutarch, or of Plato, is studied ; none of the phi- losophical' works of Cicero ; not Stobseus, not Athse- naeus, not Arrian • nor Dio Chrysostom, nor Dio Cas- sius, nor Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Young men, who obtain the honours of the first class, are not only not encouraged to bring any of these authors, but would find a prejudice excited against them, if they did. When this is the state of classical educa- tion at Oxford, can we expect in the cultivated classes of England the lofty speculations, or the depth and * It must be borne in mind that these, and the following, re- marks were made in 1825. — Editor. 230 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1825. extent of research, for which the Germans are distin- guished ; or that we should maintain that rank in literature which we acquired in old times, in the days of Pearson, and Stillingfleet, and Bentley, and their contemporaries ? The Greek language appears certainly to be better studied now at Oxford than it was twenty years ago. When I first went thither, Greek learning was per- haps at the lowest point of degradation. During the seven years of my residence there (four of them as an Undergraduate) I never received a single syllable of instruction concerning Greek accents, or Greek me- tres, or the idiom of Greek sentences; in short, no information upon any one point of Grammar, or Syn- tax, or Metre. These subjects were never named to me. What I learned was struck out principally in my conversations with my companions Symmons and Gaisford. I lived much with Symmons during the first two years ; and associated with Gaisford during the two or three last years of my academical life. These two eminent scholars guided me to the proper sources of information. They both possessed an ad- vantage which had been denied to me. Symmons had a learned uncle, by whom he was early trained and encouraged. His father too was learned, and a lover of learning. Gaisford was similarly circum- stanced, I believe, in having found while a boy an WANT OF ENCOURAGEMENT. 231 early instructor who gave him a literary taste. I, on the contrary, did not belong to a learned family : none of my connections had any tincture of Greek learning, or any love for it. My father had a culti- vated taste, and was a good Latin scholar. He was versed in the study of English Divinity, and master of most of the arguments by which the Church of England doctrines are defended ; but classical litera- ture had ceased to engage him at the period of my first going to Oxford. When God's Providence so ordered events for me, as to throw me back upon these studies in 1810, making them my resource, my refuge, my consolation, and support, I was not only not encouraged, but repressed, in my pursuits. I have carried on my literary labours up to the period at which my work was published, without a single word of encouragement or approbation from any of my connections, except the Bishop of Bangor. The good Bishop, though not learned, is a favourer of learn- ing ; and from him I received the kindest expressions of encouragement and approbation, as my work was drawing to a close, and before it was printed. With this single exception, I have pursued those studies so necessary to my moral and intellectual health, not only without encouragement, but even in spite of ob- structions placed in my way, and in the midst of dis- approbation, not seldom marked, at my occupations 232 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1825. and pursuits. The only real instructor I ever had, and to whom I owe everything, was my earliest mas- ter, Magnus Jackson. I have already recorded my great obligation to him. I may however cite my own case, as an example of the want of encouragement under which classical learning labours, or rather of the obstacles which are thrown in its way by the institutions, the habits, and modes of thinking, which prevail in this country. 21st. House of Commons till three a.m., on the Catholic Relief Bill. For the second reading, 268 ; against it, 241. 26th. House of Commons, on the Irish Elective Franchise, till half-past two. 30th. We left town, and arrived at Welwyn. We have now probably for the last time been inhabitants of my father's house in Dean's Yard, which has been for so many years our asylum and resort, partly as my father's guests, always favoured by his liberality and kindness. We must now take our leave of this happy residence, where our children have enjoyed year after year the advantages of a spacious house, of the College garden, and of the Square garden ; while I have had the opportunity of pursuing my literary labours and duties with facility and advantage. Eighteen years ago this house was my home, almost at the beginning of my Parliamentary life. Since that period I have occupied boaden's life of kemble. 233 it, with my wife and family, for many weeks in each year. In all this long course of annual visits I have enjoyed great literary opportunities. These advan- tages are now to cease. Let me not, however, re- member them in order to awaken vain regrets and to create in myself an unsatisfied mind ; but rather in order to awaken gratitude to Providence for so many past bounties, and to call forth my acknowledgments to Him, that these advantages have been continued to me so long. May 10. House of Commons, on the Roman Ca- tholic Bill, till half-past one. For third reading, 247 ; against it, 226. 11th. Dined, by invitation, at the Anniversary of the Literary Fund. 18th. Read Boaden's Life of Kemble, two volumes octavo ; a very amusing and even interesting work. Kemble was born in 1757; educated as a Papist in the College of Douay ; first performed in 1 783, in the character of Hamlet ; performed for the last time, in the character of Coriolanus, in 1817. He appears to have been of an excellent private character. The pe- rusal of this book, by diverting and engaging my at- tention, has been of great use to me, in withdrawing me from that gloomy languor which has for some weeks hung over my spirits, from the want of some sufficient literary occupation. 234; LITERARY JOURNAL. 1825. 31s?. Four visits to London, in this month of May, to attend Parliamentary business. June 18. Syncellus to this time, with Scripture Chronology. 20th. Completed today a supplement to cap. 18 of the ' Fasti/ in eleven quarto pages. July 23. Scheller's Latin Grammar, finished vol. ii.; began reading this work, horis subsecivis, May 30th. August 6. By the blessing and favour of Providence I have been yet again permitted to receive my father and mother at "Welwyn ; and both of them in excel- lent health and spirits. During this visit, as well as in my visits to them in London in May and July, they have treated us and our children with unbounded kindness, affection, and tenderness. 16th. The grammars which I have in my hands to compare and select from, are these : — Weller, with Fischer's notes. Port Royal, by Nugent, 1803. Matthise, by Blomfield, 1813. Eton, 1811. Westminster, 1821. Charterhouse, 1823. Theodore Gaza, 12mo, Basilise, 1583. Huntingford's Intro, to "Writing Greek, 1800. I have preferred the Charterhouse as my model, because it is written in English, is concise, intelligi- CHARTEEHOUSE GRAMMAR. 235 ble, and well arranged. Its principal defect is in the formation of the tenses of the verb : these I have taken from .better guides. The syntax is well se- lected; but, from its brevity, omits some material points : these are to be supplied from more copious sources. The labour of selecting, arranging, and transcribing a grammatical compendium for my son's use, has occupied many of my leisure intervals since the beginning of March. 22nd. My collection of books has gradually aug- mented since October 18th, 1821, when my classi- cal collection amounted to 750 volumes; they now amount to 880 volumes. The number of books in my book-room appears to be about 1011 : of these, 25 are my manuscripts, and 106 are volumes belong- ing to modern literature; which leaves 880 for the classical department. I compute that, to complete a classical collection, 120 volumes more would embrace everything necessary; making a total of 1000 vo- lumes. Some of the works which I wanted in 1821 I have since acquired, but others I am yet without. Among the most important works which I do not possess are the following : — Agathias, Paris, fol., 1688. iEliani Tactica, 4to, 1613, L. Bat., 1613. Antiquse Musicse auctores vii, 4to, 1652. Arnobius, 4to, L. Bat., 1651. 236 LITERARY JOURNAL. — 1825. Augustini Opera. Bacon's Works, 10 vols. 8vo, 1819. Bayle, Dictionnaire, 4 vols., fol., Amst., 1740. Curtius, 4to, L. Bat., 1724. Fabricii Bibl. Grsec. Harlesii, 4to, Hamb., 14 vols. Eusebii Chronicon. Facciolati Lexicon, 4 vols., fol. Gataker, Opera Critica, etc., fol., Utrecht, 1668. Hieronymi Opera. Horatius Georgii Fabricii, fol., Basil. 1580. Josephus, fol., 1726. Mureti Varise Lectiones, 8vo, Veronse. Procopius, fol., Paris, 1662. Salmasius, 2 vols., fol., Paris, 1629. Silms Italicus, Drakenborch, 4to, 1717. Syncellus, fol., Paris. Valerius Flaccus, 1724. To these are to be added some of the new critical or philological publications, which have appeared, or are appearing, from time to time, by living critics : all this might be comprehended in about 120 additional volumes. September 3. The additions in the Appendix to the 'Fasti' I have now completed as far as the end of cap. xix.; making the total additions to the first nine- teen chapters about sixteen printed pages. There now remain the two last chapters to be revised and FASTI HELLENICI. 237 augmented, and, if possible, two additional chapters, viz. " Sophocles," and " On the Population," etc. October 6. Jam per dies 13, Reges Judsese, Eccle- sise Chronologiam, b.c. 37-a.d. 313, diligenter per- secutus sum atque ad finem perduxi, paginis fere 40. 8th. Last year I felt impatient to commence a new edition of the 'Fasti/' because I was anxious to antici- pate others in the correction of errors in the book. I now rejoice that a new edition has not been precipi- tated with undue haste. The time which I have al- ready had since the first edition was completed, has been little enough for the revision and improvement of the work. I daily find occasion for some new addition ; and, if I have ten months more allowed me, shall find full employment for them hi the prepara- tion and completion of what yet remains to do. 24th. Inspicio librum cui titulus ' Corpus Inscrip- tionum Graecarum.' Hunc librum edidit Augustus Boeckhius, folio. (Berolini, ex officina, Academica, 1825.) Continet " titulos antiquissima scripturse forma insigniores. Inscriptionum Atticarum Clas- sem I, Acta senatus et populi ; Classem II, tabulas Magistratuum." A Chandlero aliisque collectse sunt haj inscriptiones. Reperio inter alias Inscriptionem Chandlerianam quam in Fast. cap. xix. inserueram, de qua mecum fere sentit Boeckhius. November 14. Bead Memnon apud Photium : oaa 238 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1825. irept, ttjv IIovTiKrjv 'Hpajckeiav avvTjve-^Orj. Photius only saw libb. ix.-xvi. of this history. His time is unknown. He reckons the following Tyrants : — Y. B.C. Clearchus [a disciple of Plato and Isocrates] 12 365 Satyras 6 tov Tvpdvvov 'A8e\<;. Uph ev^apiarSiv xnrep rov irapek- 96vtos %p6vov, Kal inrep tow ema Kal reaaapaKovra €TO)V Siv f3e/3la>Ka, tt)v 8eiav irpovotdv re Kal ")(apuv Kal tov fiera a-uyyvcofi7]<; eKeov e? to Xoujtov alTCu- ifiavrov Tfi Kal Trjv yvvatKa Kal tovs Tral&as tu> ©em eiriTpeTrcov. 14th. Dies natalis: forty-seven years. In the al- cove, Trpo, in forty days. In 1826, the Chapter on Population ; pp. of my writing 88, occupied in the printed copy 54. The Appendix for the Third Part is as far as 95 + 26 = 121 printed pages; may be estimated to contain as follows : — Cap. 1. Supplement to Part II. 2. Kings of Macedon. 3. Macedonian months, and era of the Seleucidae. 4. Kings of Syria. 5. Kings of Egypt. 6. Kings of Pergamus. 7. Kings of Bithynia. 8. Kings of Pontus. 9. Kings of Cappadocia. 10. Table of co-numerary years. 11. Scriptores Grreci Ptolemaeis iEquales. 12. Roman Lustra. Introduction, say 20 pages, making the volume, ex- clusive of Index, etc., 341 pages. Kal ravra, eav 0eo9 OeKrj. There are three great objects in education : — First, the moral effect; secondly, the intellectual power ; ,276 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1828. thirdly, the value of the particular knoivledye ac- quired. Of these three, the two first are infinitely the most important. The moral effects of a classical education operate in many ways. The active prin- ciple within is receiving a safe direction. An inter- est is excited in pursuits in which the passions have no share. He who can find amusement in sublime poetry, in eloquence, in historical researches, in sci- entific pursuits, will not so easily fall into sensua- lity. His mind is filled with loftier ideas, and better habits of thinking and of occupation are gradually formed. See the just observations of Cicero on this subject, pro M. Caelio, c. 19. The next object in importance is the intellectual power. TVe seek for something that shall prove a yv- fivdcnov Trjs tyvxffi, which shall call into exercise the dormant faculties' of children ; and for this purpose, nothing comparable to the discipline of a classical school has ever been yet discovered or proposed. Sup- pose a boy, at the age of eighteen, to be capable of reading and understanding, in the original, Sophocles and Demosthenes, the efforts his mind must have made, in order to have attained so difficult a know- ledge, must have called into exertion all his powers. His memory will have been tasked to the utmost ; his logical powers will have been exercised in com- bining, arranging, and discriminating ; his taste will ADVANTAGES OF A CLASSICAL EDUCATION. 277 have been formed. Compare his powers with those of a youth, who, after the first rudiments of read- ing and arithmetic, had been kept to a counting- house, and been employed solely in casting up mer- cantile accounts, and similar employments. The dif- ference between them will be precisely that which there is between an athleta, whose muscles have been invigorated by every kind of exertion, and a mechanic whose life has been spent upon some shop-board, or in some unhealthy occupation. The youth who has been trained in that classical discipline carries with him the powers so acquired into any other business, and enters with all the advantages of these improved intellec- tual faculties upon the professional studies of Law, or Divinity, or Medicine. The third object in education, the value of the knowledge acquired, is of far less consequence. And it is the great error of places of modern education to look too exclusively to this, and to neglect the other two. They reverse the order of nature : neglecting the intermediate steps, they desire to arrive at results too soon. The consequence of this system, if success- ful, would be that the minds of children are stored with facts which their powers of reasoning are not able to use. They are in the situation of one who has a load placed upon him which is too heavy for his strength to carry. They become knowing, without 278 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1829. becoming wise ; and, what is far worse, they become knowing without having acquired moral habits. The great objects, then, are the moral habit and the intellectual power ; — that a youth of eighteen should have intellectual habits ; should love learning and knowledge for their own sakes, and not seek them only for the sake of display and of the worldly profit which they may bring. But at the same time, the actual value of the knowledge acquired will not be inconsiderable. Vulgar minds represent the ten years spent at school as ten years spent in merely learning Latin and Greek ; as if the facts, and reasonings, and opinions of the authors studied were not also con- veyed to the minds of the readers with the words. A boy, after his ten years' discipline, will be imbued with the knowledge of ancient history and geography, of rhetoric, of eloquence, of ethics, of the Gospels and the Acts in the original language. He will pos- sess, in short, the foundations upon which Theology, Moral Philosophy, Law, or Politics, are afterwards to be raised. 1829. February 7. My time is now distributed thus: — Between seven and nine in the morning I obtain one hour for study, of which half is employed with my son, and half is for myself. At nine I read prayers to DISTRIBUTION OF TIME. 279 my family. Between ten and two I am employed hi writing and composition : one hour, however, of this time being given to my son. Between two and five, each day, I generally have about two hours' walking, and get half an hour of reading. Between seven and ten, half an hour with A and I , half an hour at tea, one hour with C , and one hour of reading for myself. C therefore occupies about three hours of my day, and I have about five hours for my own studies. At night, between ten and twelve, I have half an hour more. Seven hours in bed ; one hour at breakfast ; one hour and a half at dinner ; half an hour at tea ; five hours and a half study ; three hours and a half instruction of the children. There remain five hours for exercise, " corpori curando," etc. March 3. The Introduction to the Chron. Grsec, Part III. 4th. Chronicon Alexandrinum per sex horas hodie. 17th. Per hos dies, Kings of Pergamos. 18th. Kings of Bithynia. 24th. Finished Kings of Bithynia, began Kings of Pontus. My daughter A has now steadily read through with me, at an hour every evening, the whole of the dialogues ' De Amicitia' and ' De Senectute/ and the three books ' De Officiis/ 31st. During all these days, Kings of Pontus and 280 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1829. Kings of Cappadocia. Completed the first nine chap- ters of the Appendix, 182 pp. of my writing. These pages therefore, with the necessary studies, have oc- cupied me almost six months, or twenty-five weeks. There remain two chapters : " Lustra Romana," say pp. 10; and " Scriptores Greeci." This chapter on the Greek authors of the period, from Demetrius Phalereus to Strabo, may perhaps be extended to 78 pages of manuscript. My Appendix will then stand thus : — Chapters i.-ix. . . MS. pp. 175 Chapters x.-xi 88 Chapter xii 7 270 If 182 pages were the employment of six months, 88 may occupy three months, which would complete the Appendix, if Providence grants me health, leisure, and tranquillity, in July next. I computed that sixty days would complete the Scriptores Ptol. iEq., which nearly agrees with the estimate. May 5. Completed the Third Column, with Ap- pendix, cap. xii., as far as No. 154, " Scriptorum Ptolemseis iEqualium." These 154 names, to Antio- ehus inclusive, occupy 94 pages of my writing, being four-fifths of the whole number. June 13. Completed the twelfth chapter. There SECOND EDITION OF THE FASTI. 281 remains of the Appendix only a short dissertation to be completed, upon " Lustra Romana." The whole may probably occupy 504 quarto pages. Deo optimo maximo, cujus ope et favore hsec per- fecimus, me meosque labores commendo. On the 15th of May I wrote to my friend Gaisford, to acquaint him that the third part of my Chrono- logy, from the 124th Olympiad to the death of Au- gustus, would be ready for the printer in two or three months ; and to inquire whether the Delegates would require a specimen of the work to be submit- ted to them, that I might prepare one in time, if ne- cessary. He replies as follows : — " About your own work there will be no difficulty ; and when you are ready, say so, and it will be taken forthwith. I shall recommend the Board to order 1000 copies, for a variety of reasons. The sale will be good and regular, and I wish to avoid coming to a second edition so soon as in the case of your volume already published." I heard again from him June 3. — " Ilford, Wilts. By a letter just received from Oxford, I learn that the Board of the Delegates of the Press have ordered your new volume of the ' Fasti' to be put to press as soon as copy is sent. The author to receive £ (as an honorarium) and twenty copies, the right of copy remaining with him. 282 LITERARY JOURNAL. — 1829. " The work will be received by them with much satisfaction." August 10-September 10. During this period we were at Speen in Berkshire, where we occupied a house near the Vicarage, and saw the good Bishop of Bangor and the family at the Vicarage every day. The circumstances of this visit were most interesting to me, on many accounts. The books which occupied me during the visit were — Horace, Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, Ovidii ' Tristia,' et ' de Ponto/ part of Seneca Rhetor. These I read during my thirty days at Speen. The scenery was to me delightful, and re- called to my remembrance objects which I had seen in the days of my youth, in Nottinghamshire and in the Isle of Wight. September W-October 27, inclusive, ravra : — Corrected fifteen sheets for the printer. Transcribed and corrected 72 pages of the MS. Legi Ciceronis Epistolas annorum 57-50 : Ora- tiones pro Sextio ; pro Milone ; pro Mursena ; Divinationem ; Act. I. in Verrern ; in Vati- niurn ; in Pisonem ; pro Cselio ; de Prov. Con- sularibus; pro Scauro. Plinii H. N. libros omnes, excepto primo. Florum, a lib. ii. 7 ad finem. Ex his studiis laboribusque maximos percepi fructus, et maximam animi mei oblectationem, Dei summo AT SPEEN. 283 beneficio et raisericordia atque favore, cui laudes ago gratiasque ob hsec et omnia. October 28-December 31. Legi : — Norisii de Cen. Pisanis. Velleii librum secundum. Dionis libros liv. lv. lvi. * Bceckhii Insc. Grsec. partem tertiam. December 31. Completed the copy of the Tables. 1830. January 1 . Mr. George Lewis called, recommended by Gaisford. I promised a contribution to the ' Mu- seum Criticum' in the autumn. 6th. Anniversary of my marriage : annum deci- mum nonum rf;? crvfx^Mxjewi hodie auspicamur. Me meosque fiera irpoaevxfis re ical evyapiaTux'i Deo com- mendo. April 9. Completed, since January 1, in ninety-nine days, p. 295-480, or 186 pages of manuscript, for the printer; and corrected p. 222-364, or eighteen sheets, of the printed copy. In the whole seven months, September 10 to April 9, transcribed 348 manuscript pages, corrected forty-eight printed sheets ; equal in quantity to the first edition of the former part, in January 1824, which occupied ten months. Intra hoc trimestre spatium, January 1 to April 9, legi:— 284 LITERARY JOURNAL. — 1830. Usserium de Anno Solari Maced. Froelich de Regibus Syrire. Vaillant de Regibus Syrise. Vaillant de Regibus iEgypti. November 8. Today in the Chapter Library, West- minster : opere jam pene finito, me meosque labores Deo commendo. 13th. Received the last six pages of the Index, making the seventy- eighth sheet. The Index, in 18 pages, ends at p. 594. The work therefore consists, including blank pages, of seventy-eight sheets, pp. 624. Gaisford writes thus from Oxford, November 10, 1830 :— " We passed your book on Saturday [November 6], price £1. 15s. The Vice-Chancellor was ordered to pay you £ ; and your copies will be sent to Payne's as soon as the work is ready for delivery, which will be perhaps in ten days or a fortnight. " I hope you will proceed, and give us the first di- vision as soon as you have finished it. If it is in such a state of forwardness as to entitle you to guess about the time when you might feel justified in going to press, perhaps it would be as well to make us your proposals, which, when accepted, would leave you at liberty to go on with the printing at your conveni- ence, and without further application." THIRD PART OF THE FASTI. 285 I resumed this Third Part after our return from Bangor, in April 1828. The preparation of the first edition of the second part occupied me from January 21, 1822, to January 12, 1824; but that first edition contained only forty- nine sheets, the present consists of seventy-eight. If I should be able to begin writing out the First Part in January next, I might be able, with God's blessing upon my labours, to complete the printed copy in July 1833, and perhaps to begin printing in June 1832. The Third Part, which is now printed, was proposed to the Board too soon, and before it was sufficiently advanced. Hence, in the last fourteen months, I have often had more to do than the time allowed, in preparing for the printer the successive portions of the manuscript copy. A literary object is necessary to me for my mind's health and for my moral safety. But I must avoid the error of undertaking too much in a given time in future : no intellectual faculties can bear fatigue. Before I attempt to transcribe a copy of the first part for the printer, I ought to read the following : — Hesiod, with the Scholia in Gaisford's edition. Pindar, with Bceckh's Commentary, etc. Midler's Dorians. Schol. Odyss. 286 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1830. God has blessed my former labours with such a measure of success as I could not have presumed to hope for. Iu the ' Foreign Beview,' vol. iv. p. 343, it is said that the "Fasti Hellenici' was "a work which places the author next to Bentley among English writers on Greek antiquities." Whether the Second Volume, which is now completed, will be re- ceived with equal favour, I do not know. It has afforded me however an interesting occupation; it has been my solace and resource in the midst of many anxieties ; a salutary employment for my mind. I give God thanks for that health and leisure, and those literary opportunities, by which He has en- abled me to perform this undertaking; and I daily make my prayer unto Him, from whom alone all faculties are derived, that He would enable me dili- gently to employ the time that is yet appointed for me in the cultivation of useful learning, in the vindi- cation of truth, and therein of His honour. Among my own connections, G. M alone is favourable to my literary pursuits, speaks kindly of them, and tells me about them what he thinks will give me pleasure : fieyaX-)] %apt? avra> ! Others are far otherwise : m-apa tutu <£#oi>otXoTifjt,ia 'iva ti eavrai. has no rivalship for pursuits which he does not value ; but he has envy of another kind. But, although among my own GRATEFUL REFLECTIONS. 287 immediate connections, and those with, whom I live and chiefly converse, my literary labours find but little favour, yet, by God's blessing and providence, they have received from others such countenance and favour, and such measure of success, as I could not have presumed to hope for, when I sought in these studies consolation and peace twenty years ago; — such a measure of success as the favour and blessing of God could alone bestow. December 1-2-6. At Mr. Evans', inspecting the Guildford Manuscripts. 31st. To this day, from the 22nd, remarks upon the Latin version of Kriigel. 1831. January 10. Correcting and reviewing a play, en- titled ' Kenneth III.' March 4. Dined with the Bishop of St. Asaph : met Lord Kenyon, Bishop of Chichester, Bishop of Bristol, Jones. 10th. Sent to Cambridge two papers for the 'Mu- seum Criticum.' 15th. Finished Lobeek's Aristophanes (with ex- tracts), pp. 1348. 16th. Finished Aristotle ' De Anima,' libros iii., pp. 90. Began Miiller's Dorians. 25th. We dined with the Dean of Westminster 288 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1831. (Dr. Ireland) : met Lord Bexley, Sir H. Halford, Bishop of St. Asaph. 26th. All these days, Miiller's Dorians. 31st. Finished Miiller's Dorians. Began Palmerii ' Geog. Grseciae/ April 8. Adhuc Palmerii ' Grseciam Antiquam/ 11th. Dined with Goodenough (Head-master of Westminster School) ; accompanied him to the Geo- graphical Society : introduced to Sir Wm. Hamilton : saw Mr. Mackenzie. 15th. Finished Palmerius ' De Grsecia Antiqua.' 27th. His diebus (from 22nd) Origenem ' Contra Celsum.' May 5. Went to Aylesbury, to the Bucks County election : voted for Lord Chandos only. 7th. Went to Chelmsford to the Esses election : voted for Colonel Tyrell : got back to London at half- past eight. 13^A. I set out with my son for Cromwell which we reached at one in the morning. 18th. My brother Charles drove us to Clumber, and back through Thoresby and Ollerton, thirty-five miles. 22nd. Received the Sacrament this day, being Whitsunday, at Cromwell. June 1 . Returned to London. 27th. Returned to the printer the last pages of my STUDIES FOR SIX MONTHS. 289 papers for the 'Museum Criticum.'* These papers were : ' On the Number of Dramas ascribed to So- phocles f on the ' Ionic Philosophers.' 30th. Finished thirty-eight orations of Aristides, = pp. 759. My studies of the last six months, January 1st to June 30th, were as follows : — NOVA STUDIA. Simplic. in Aristot. (j>vcr. atcpoacr. lib. i. pp. 463 Aristot., De Anima 90 Jo. Lydus, De Mensibus 129 Jo. Lydus, De Mag. Rom 197 Ouigen, Contra Celsum 780 Aristidis Orationes xxsviii 759 Lobeck, Aglaophamus 1348 Midler's Dorians 966 Palmerii Graecia Antiqua 681 5416 Relegi Sophoclis Philocteten, Euripidis Hippol., iEschyli Prometh., Septem contra Theb., Per- sje, Herodot. lib. i. Scripsi Supplement to Fast. Hellen., Part III., pp. MS. 42 = 28. * Or rather the ' Philological Museum.' The ' Muaeum Criticum ' had come to a close, and was succeeded by the ' Philological Mu- seum.' — Editor. O 290 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1831. Two papers for the 'Museum Criticum,' pp. MS. 13 + 10 = 23; printed, 12 + 9 = 21. In May, twenty-three days passed without books. July -I. In the Chapter library, me meosque labores Deo commendo, cum gratiarum actione pro praeteritis beneficiis. 16th. Began to transcribe " On the Early Inhabi- tants of Greece." August 4. My mother came to "Welwyn. 10//;. My mother rather indisposed, with a cough. 14th. My mother sits for three days in the book- room upstairs : she converses cheerfully this evening. 15th. Charles went early for Dr. Lucas, who called at eleven. My mother grew rapidly weaker after twelve o'clock, and expired at half-past five. 22nd. Clinton, the Dean of Ripon, and myself, set out from Welwyn at nine o'clock ; reached Newark at half-past ten (ninety-nine miles) . 23rd. We went to Cromwell to breakfast. Dr. Staunton joined us. Funeral of my mother; she was placed by the side of my dear father in the chancel of Cromwell. 24th. Returned to Welwyn. 30/7*. All this time, nulla studia. September 1. Ad hunc diem ab Aug. 2 studia om- nino nulla. 11^/i. Began Syncellus. PROJECT Foil THE FUTURE. 291 27th. His temporibus Syncellum diligenter. October 3. Finished Syncellus, = pp. 691. 4th. Read Philo, in Flaccum, = pp. 46. 5th. Philo, De Legatione ad Caium, = pp. 91. 6th. Philo, irepl 'AtyOapaias tov Kocr/xov, — pp. 46. Idem, irepl Koapov, = pp. 33. 18th. Three hours in the Chapter library : Jerome and Augustine. 30^. His diebus, Clemens et Pausanias. November 25. Till this day diligently employed upon the Tables : today for seven hours. December 6. Collating, these three or four days, the two translations of the Armenian copy of Eusebius. llth. Project for a Fourth Part of Chron. Grsec, avv ©ea>, when the present undertaking shall have been completed.* 22nd. Adhuc Tabulis conficiendis occupor. 30th. On Gresswell's Dissertation. Studies of the six months, July 1-December 31 : — Hesiodi Scholia pp. 532 Syncellus 691 Philonis 206 Clementis Alexandrini . . . 888 2317 * Afterwards completed in two volumes, quarto, 1484 pages, en- titled ' Fasti Romani,' and containing the Civil and Literary Chro- nology of Rome and Constantinople, from the death of Augustus to the death of Heraclius. — Editor. o 2 292 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1832. Scripsi (Chron. Graec. Part I.) : — July 16-26 : The Pelasgi. Nov. 10-Dec. 29 : The Tables, b.c. 776-559. Relegi Pausan. lib. i. ; Hesiodum. First six months . 5416 "1 Last six months . 2317 J 1832. January 7. Preparing two papers for the ' Philolo- gical Museum/ 12th. Send two tables, = pp. 16, to the ' Philologi- cal Museum/ 25th. For some weeks, in the evenings, Bekker's Aristotle. In this month I have done but little. Cares and anxieties, especially in the last few days, have pre- vented much useful application to books and study. I look back with pain and repentance and regret upon the barren waste of time in the days of my youth, from the age of eighteen to twenty-eight. In that invaluable period of strength and health and security, under the advantages of my father's house and of my academical life, how little profitable em- ployment of my time do I remember ! But God, in His infinite mercy, called me in my thirtieth year to those studies which I had neglected, and infused into my mind a love of learning, which has since con- ANTICIPATIONS. 293 tinued, and which has been my consolation and peace and security against my own passions, and in the midst of many tribulations. His Providence has not only done this for me, but has blessed my labours with such a measure of success as I could not have presumed to ask. In October 1822, I obtained four hours daily for study. In October 1829, I obtained five hours and a half, during the preparation of the Third Part of the ' Fasti Hellenici.' Daring 1829, 1830, 1 laboured more intently than before, being pressed for time in the completion of my own engagements. For some months to come I shall have less of leisure for my studies. The pressing emergencies of my domestic life, during the remaining months of our pilgrim- age in this place (Dean's Yard) , will demand a larger portion of time. Perhaps I may, with God's bless- ing, obtain four hours daily for the next four or five months. Four hours of abstraction from the cares of life, — four hours of profitable study, — four hours in which to make daily accessions of knowledge in valu- able truths, will do much, if I shall be able, by God's merciful assistance, to use them with diligence, and to preserve the alacrity of my mind. I shall leave this residence without regret. I came to it with a humble supplication to Almighty God, offered in this apartment, four years and a half ago, 294 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1832. that he would cause this residence to be instrumental in the moral and intellectual discipline and improve- ment of our children. And much of this God's mercy has accomplished for me. But inconveniences arising around us make this place no longer a desir- able abode. 26th. Gaisford writes to me : — " I thank you for your correction of Suidas. I went through the ' Fasti/ in order to extract therefrom whatever might be useful to me; but unfortunately, in moving into the country in the summer, I lost or mislaid my pa- per, and have not had leisure to go over the ground again : so I am afraid that I shall not quote you so often as could be wished ; and the same accident has befallen me with regard to one or two other works." 28th. We dined with Mr. Bandinel : met Lord De Saumarez, Mr. Bruce, Captain Chapman, etc. February 4. My brother Charles dined with us. 10th. I dined with the Archbishop of Canterbury: met the Dean of Christ Church. 11th. The Dean of Westminster, the Dean of Christ Church, Mr. G. Lewis, and Mr. Williamson dined with us. 13th. Till this day, inclusive, for many days, the Messenian Wars, for the Appendix. May 2. Completed today to the seventy-third page of Scripture Chronology (begun March 29) . REFLECTIONS OX LEAVING LONDON. 295 29th. I dined at the "Westminster election dinner ; saw Gaisford there, and Colonel Francklin, etc. 31st. Per hos omnes dies, 14-30, aninii segritudo et curse domesticse me prohibent a Uteris studiisque meis. June 1. Hodie Augustinum ' De Civitate Dei/ 28th. Returned to Welwyn. 29th. Employed in arranging books and furniture. July 7. Per omnia hsec tempora (June 1 — July 7) studia fere nulla. 15th. I set out for Ripon by Glasgow mail. 16th. Arrived at Ripon at eight a.m., in twenty- one hours. 18th. Present at the marriage of my sister A — M— . 19th. We walked over Fountains Abbey ; then dined at Miss Lawrence's, at Studley. 20th. I left Ripon, with my daughter, at seven o'clock; arrived at Cromwell, eighty- sis miles, at ten at night. 24//*. Returned to Welwyn. August 2. In London. I take a final leave of Mr. Bentinck's house in Little Dean's Yard. I linger about the garden and every apartment of the house, now solitary and unfurnished, as when T first took possession of this residence in October of 1827. Many scenes occur to my remembrance, and fill me 296 LITERARY JOURNAL. — 1832. with a tender regret. The passages of our past days here, which are now most pleasing to me, are these : — My affectionate intercourse with my mother and sisters at their house in Cadogan-place ; the direction of my son's studies at "Westminster; my attendance at St. John's Church ; my speculations in the early part of our residence upon what I hoped, and in my imagination pictured to myself, this habitation would produce to us ; — for my expectations in many things were frustrated by the event, and I overlooked many troubles and disquiets which were destined in the sequel to befall me. I look back too with pleasure upon the daily walks with my dear daughter A—, whose affectionate attentions to me have never failed ; and upon many kindnesses received from literary men, by whom I have been treated with courtesy. I may add, that I recollect with satisfaction my lite- rary labours here carried on, but especially in the first year. For all these advantages and satisfactions I give humble and hearty thanks to Almighty God, beseech- ing Him, in earnest addresses here offered up this day, that He would continue his mercies to me and mine in the times to come, in our own habitation. 5th. Receive the Sacrament at "VVelwyn Church. 6^. Resume my Chronology, Part L, after a ces- sation of twelve weeks. CARES AND ANXIETIES. 297 In these twelve weeks multiplied cares have with- held me from my literary duties ; and much neces- sary business has occupied my attention. Within this space I have been called upon to make a journey to Ripon, -and five journeys to Welwyn, before my final settlement there. These occupied collectively twenty-six days ; to which I must add my last seven solitary days in Dean's Yard before my final depar- ture. September 23. Received from the Duke of New- castle a communication respecting the Receiver- Generalship, etc., of Notts. October 2. The communication from Clumber ends in a disappointment. 6th. I went to Cromwell. 7th. Received the Sacrament in Cromwell church. 1 \th. I went with my brother Charles by Lincoln and Wragby to Horncastle, forty-two miles. 12th. We went to Whitehall Wood, and Roughton, and Kirby ; and reached Sleaford in the evening. 13th. Returned to Cromwell from Sleaford, twenty- three miles. 14v dya0wv. 14ith. Dies natalis : fifty-five years. 31st, Sunday. Read part of St. John's Gospel, and part of the Acts, in the English version. February 9. Began to transcribe into cols. 3 and 4 of Tables, Part IV. Began Senecse Controvers. 23rd. From this day, Hamburg Brouwer, ' De la Ci- vilisation etc. des Grecs;' omissis tabulis. March 3. Called on the Duke of Newcastle in Port- man-square. Conversed two hours. June 10. Began Hist. Aug. Script. VII., with the Tables. 25th. Ad hunc diem, the reign of Hadrian. July 16. Set out with my two eldest daughters, and reached Cromwell at twelve at night. Found my brother Charles and his wife ready to receive us. 30th. Left Cromwell at four ; reached Welwyn at five A.M. In this visit of fourteen days in Notts, I received most affectionate kindness from my brother Charles 310 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1836. and his wife, and from Mr. Wylde and Mrs. Sher- lock; great and friendly attentions from Mrs. and Miss and Mr. John Mathews; most hospitable and friendly courtesies from Colonel Sherlock. Colonel Sherlock first served in Flanders in 1794, when Ar- thur Wellesley, then first in action, commanded the 33rd Regiment. [These notices, and some few others of a similar kind, are given from the Journal, because, though strictly of a private character, they display the affectionate and urbane disposition of the author of the ' Fasti,' and his ready appreciation of little attentions ; and afford proofs that literary pursuits had not in any degree blunted his susceptibility of the courtesies of life.] August 1. To this day from June 28, studia mea omissa. September 26. My studies have been much inter- rupted for these many months by business and affairs of various kinds ; but still more by multiplied cares and vexations. And yet in my studies must be my refuge, as my best means of escaping from my anxi- eties, and of making some preparation for my religi- ous and literary and social and domestic duties. October 15. Per hos dies Hieronymus in Pela- gianos. 18#«. Went to London. 20th. In the Chapter Library an hour and a half : STUDIES. 311 ubi locis notis me meosque labores Deo commendo, gratias agens. December 26. Finished Hieronymi Catalogum, col- latis Eusebio, Socrate, Sozomene, for Tables. The Dean of Christ Church again refers to my literary labours, thus : — " I confess I would rather see your fourth volume than a third edition of the second. A delay of a year or two in the republication would en- able you to render it more perfect." [The third edition of the second volume of the 'Fasti' was not published till 1841.] STUDIES OF THE YEAR 1836. Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding. Middleton's 'Fre*e Inquiry.' Brouwer, ' De la Civilisation des Grecs.' Juvenalis Satirse. Plinii Panegyrica. Plinii Epistohe. Hist. Aug. Scriptores, to the death of Aurelius. Hieronymi opera. SCRIPTA. Col. 2 : began at Titus; proceeded to a.d. 180; 100 years in eighty-five days, from May 10 to June 25, and again from August 5 to September 13. Col. 4 : with Hieron. Catalog., Eusebius' H. E., So- crates, Sozomen, down to a.d. 401 from a.d. 125. 312 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1836. Cols. 3 and 4 : from Seneca, etc., with Euseb. Chron., Hieron., and Prosper, down to 445, both the secular and ecclesiastical literature. In this year I have visited Leighton Buzzard twice, London seven times, and have been forty-six days absent from my home. In the rest of the year I have been permitted useful opportunities for study, if by God's favour and mercy I may profit by them as I ought. 1837. January 14. Dies natalis : anni lvi implentur. Me autem Deus meus ad hoc setatis conservavit, non ut in socordia senectutem teram, sed ut quod potero graviter efnciam. 28th. Finished Boethii ' Consolations of Philo- sophy.' April 20. In London. In the Chapter Library two hours : irpoaev^ai km, ev^apurrUu. May 5. Alone in Dean's Yard : Trpocrevycu, koX avcvyvmaeis. October 21. Finished Tables, Col. 2, to a.d. 362 inclusive; Ammianus, 1. xxii. Panegyrici. Employed on them since March 18. In these 218 days I have visited London five times, Leighton Buzzard once, and have received visits ; so that twenty-seven days are to be deducted, leaving STUDIES. 313 191 days, between March 17 and October 22, occu- pied in completing 182 years, a.d. 181-362 of the second column of the Tables. During the same pe- riod has been completed Appendix, cap. i., from Corn- modus to Julian, eighty pages. And within the same time, these studies : — Hist. Aug. Script., from Commodus to end. Victor. Caesar. \ Victor. Epit. > From Commodus to Julian. Eutropius j Lactantius, de Mortibus Persecutorum. Animianus, libb. xiv.-xxii. Valesii aliorumque annotationes. Juliani Orationes iv. Spanhemii Comm. in Or. i., pp. 1260. Libanii BacrikMO';. Panegyrici ix. Arntzenii aliorumque annotationes. Herodianus. Zosimus, to 1. iii. 11. I give Thee thanks, O God, for the health and op- portunities that I have received from Thee till this day. Continue to me, O Lord, Thy mercy ; endue me with patient industry, with diligence and zeal ; that I may assert useful learning and truth, and Thy honour, through Jesus Christ, our Saviour ! p 314 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1837. December 28. Studies of this year : — NOVA STUDIA. Basilii Epistolse . pp. 662 240 Julianus 519 Spanhemii Commentarii . . 1260 Zosimi libb. i.-iv. 24 . . 280 Libanii Orationes xi. . 450 Gennadius. 3411 Isidorus. Hieronymi in Rufinum. adv. Pelagianos. Hist. Aug. Script., from Commodus. Victor. Cses. Victor. Epit. Eutropius, from Commodus to the end. Lactantii de Mort. Persecutorum. Panegyrici novem ; Arntzen. etc. notse. Ammianus, pp. 775. Valesii aliorumque arm., pp. 2310. Juvencus, Carm., libri iv. SCRIPTA. Between March 17th and December 23rd, in 203 days, 198 years of the second column of the Tables, a.d. 181-378 both inclusive. For Appendix, cap. i., pp. circiter 90. DEPARTURE TO TOURS. 315 1838. January 14. Dies natalis : anni lvii implentur ho- die milii ava^lui. Upoaev^aX, Kal \oravelat,, /ecu ev%a- purriai, Kal e^o/j.oXoyi^crei,';. September 18. Completed Tables, column ii., to a.d. 501 inclusive. In this anxious and busy year my progress has been slow in the Tables. My lite- rary pursuits have been interrupted by many cares since the 5th of January. Only 123 years, a.d. 379- 501, have been completed; and I now lay aside this branch of the subject for at least many months. The full space of eighteen months, from the 18th of March, 1837, to this day, September 18th, 1838, has been employed upon the Tables and the subjects connected with the second column. In that period, through God's mercy and assistance, and unmerited favour, I have found these studies the solace of many hours of my daily life, and have been enabled to com- plete 321 years, a.d. 181-501. October 23. We left Dean's Yard, with eight daugh- ters, at half-past six ; on board the ' John "Wood ' at half-past seven ; moved off from the Irongate Wharf at eight a.m.* 24th. Arrived off Havre, 220 miles from London, * My brother had determined to pass the winter at Toura, on ac- count of the precarious state of the health of his daughter Henrietta, — Editor. p 2 316 LITEUAEY JOURNAL. 1838. at eight ; entered with the tide, and landed at half- past eleven : at the Hotel de l'Amiraute. 26th. We proceeded by steamboat from Havre to Caen : at the Hotel d'Angleterre. 28th. Left Caen at eight, in two voitures : reached Argentan, fifteen leagues, in the evening. 31*/. Reached Tours. Called on M. Froget in the evening. November 1. At the 'Faisant' at Tours. 4th. At the Protestant chapel : English service at twelve ; Prench service at three : Presbyterian church of Geneva. 5th. At the Petits Capucins with M. Froget and Mr. Brickdale. We entered on this house in the af- ternoon; engaged for sis months, for 1200 francs. 22nd. Visited the Public Library : inspected the Catalogues and Hadriani Valesii Rerum Francica- rum libros. Ante hunc diem nullse literse. 23rcl. Procopium ' De Bello Persico ' incepi. 25th. Began Origen's Commentary on St. John's Gospel. December 7. At the Public Library, Tours : Pro- copii Gothica. 31s/. Studies of this year : — Chrysostomi Orationes xxi, pp. 429. Libanii Orationes iv. Pacati Panegyricus. STUDIES AT TOURS. 317 Chrysostomi Epistohe. Sidonii Carmina prsecipua panegyr. Procopii Persica. Vandalica. Gothica. Origenis Comm. in Joannem tomi aliquot. Scripsi : — Tables, 123 years, a.d. 379-501, between Janu- ary 24th and September 18th, with part of the Appendix, c. i. The proper business of old-age is the preparation for eternity : theological studies, and others as con- ducing to these. All the questions of theology will come under these three heads : — 1. The fundamental doctrines: — the Trinity in Unity, the Incarnation, the Atonement, the Resurrection. 2. Matters not fully revealed, upon which the opinions of men will be different, and may be different. 3. The powers of the clerical body, their origin, and extent. Studies suspended in the year 1838 : — Before June 1 31 days. Before Sept. 18 (from June 1) . 28 Before Nov. 22 (from Sept. 18) . 64 — 123 318 LITERARY JOVRNAL. 1839. 1839. January 6, Sunday. Anniversary of our marriage : annum xxviii™ 1 auspicamur hodie : ra> &ea> e^oixoKo- yrjcrea, km, Xiraveleu, km ev^apiaTUii. 13th. Finished Origenis Comm. in Joannem, pp. 855 : began it November 25th, 1838. 14ith. As I advance in life some cares have been multiplied. I have the common cares which are in- cident to all men, and I have especial tribulations of my own. There are common cares for those who have a wife and family, for whose moral and temporal welfare they are anxious. My especial tribulations, in this my fifty -ninth year, are many. Among these: — Xostra valetudo ; Henrietta? valetudo ; Xe studia mea pereant ; lest what has been done should be lost, and the labours of so many years should come to nothing. But yet, when I look back upon the long series of my past years, how many mercies have I received ! and how unworthy I have been of all that God has done for me ! I bless Thee, O God, for all Thy infinite mercies to me from the beginning of my life to this day ; for Thy forbearance and long-suffering in sparing me when I deserved punishment ; for all the opportuni- PRAYERS. 319 ties of knowledge which Thou hast afforded me ; for calling me to this course of literary labour, in which I have found consolation, and peace, and edification. I bless and praise Thy holy Name, Thou Author of my life and being, for all Thy mercies to me at Southwell; — at Cromwell, both in the former and the latter days; — at Oxford, in those eight years of my youth; — in Dean's Yard, in my father's days, and in that our pilgrimage in the latter time ;- — at Bangor ; — at Welwyn : yea, wheresoever I have dwelt Thy Providence has sustained me. I bless Thee also, O Lord God Almighty, for all those whom Thou hast made the ministers of good to me ; especially for Thy gifts and benefits by the hand of my father and my mother, and my father-in-law and my mother-in-law, and my sister Emma, and Margaret Routledge, and by the hand of Cyril Jackson, Anne Charlton, Isaac Gardiner, Henry Cowper. Give me grace gratefully to remember them, and to give thanks to Thee for them. And now, O Lord, who hast commanded us to make prayers and intercessions, and to give thanks for all men, have mercy upon those for whom I daily pray to Thee. Have mercy upon my wife and chil- dren. Inasmuch as these have been called into being out of nothing by Thy sole will and pleasure, pre- serve, I beseech Thee, the life which Thou hast given ; 320 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1839. continue to defend them, by Thy grace and power, from the manifold dangers and corruptions to which their souls and bodies are every hour exposed, but for Thy succour. Give me grace, O Heavenly Father, to employ the time that yet remains in Thy service and according to Thy will ! Enable me to draw nearer to Thee, to atttain to a better knowledge of Thee, and a firmer faith in Thy holy Word and revealed will. Grant all these things, O merciful God, according to Thy promise to hear those that ask in Thy Son's name ! Bestow these mercies, for the sake and in the name of Thy only Son, Jesus Christ ! In the past year of my life, in my fifty-eighth year now ended, in the midst of troubles, I acknowledge mercies. I bless thee, O Lord, for the health and strength that have been granted to me ; for the lite- rary opportunities of those many days at "Welwyn ; for the life and safety of my children. 20th, Sunday. Began Origen's Commentary on Matthew. February 5. Dined with the Archbishop of Tours : ten at dinner : Sir George Mackenzie, three priests, four lay Frenchmen, and myself, were the guests. The conversation among the laymen was animated, and sometimes scientific. 7th. My dear daughter Henrietta received the Sa- AFFECTING NARRATIVE. 321 crament from Mr. Brickdale at half-past six ; at half- past seven was seized with spasms in the chest, and expired at a quarter before eleven. [The Editor trusts that no apology is needed for the insertion, at length, of the following touching narrative, illustrating, as it does, the religious character both of parent and child. If the genuine Christianity of the daughter exhibits itself clearly, yet unostentatiously, in the last scene of her life on earth, not less so does that of the father, in the affecting language in which he re- cords the incidents of that scene.] This poor dear child had gradually been growing weaker for some days. On the 4th, 5th, and 6th her weakness had alarmingly increased ; but she left her bed on each of those days for some hours, and sat as usual amongst us. On this day, Thursday, the 7th, she was for the first time too weak to rise ; and at three or four in the afternoon it became evident that her end was drawing nigh. Throughout her illness she never seemed to suspect that she should not re- cover. She used to talk of her return to dear Eng- land, and form plans for the future. We did not warn her of her danger, but waited till she should herself introduce the subject : we feared that in her weak state of body it might agitate her spirits too much, and perhaps hasten her end. We felt that no preparation was necessary. Her whole life had been p 3 322 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1839. a preparation for another world. Whenever she in- quired, her mother was prepared to open to her the true state of her disease. It was not however till the last day of her life that she inquired of her mo- ther whether there was any chance of her recovery. She was then told the truth. To our surprise, in- stead of being terrified by the intelligence, this dear child displayed a force of mind and piety which have been seldom equalled. From that moment she as- sumed a new energy, and applied herself to the only true source of consolation and hope ; pointed out to her mother and sisters passages of Scripture which she desired they should read to her, and recited to them apposite texts suited to her own case and to theirs. Her beautiful and touching conversation was full of hope and faith and joy. To me she said, " Dear Papa, do not be sorry for me ; I am going to be eternally happy with my Saviour. We shall all, I trust, meet again where there will be no more sor- row." To her mother, — " Don't grieve too much for your child, dear mother : I am going to be very happy ; a few short years, and we shall meet again." Observing her mother's tears, she beckoned to her, and said, " I have something to say to you." "When her mother drew near, she said, " Remember, ' De- spise not the chastening of the Lord : for whom the Lord loveth, he correcteth.' " She said at another LAST SCENE. 323 time, " If God were to give me the choice of re- maining in this world, I would rather go to my Saviour, which is far better." Again she exclaimed, " Oh ! dear, dear mother, how sorry I am to leave you ! but then I am going to Jesus." In taking leave of her younger sisters, she said to them, " Mind that you study attentively the Bible : I have always found my great comfort in reading that Holy Book." A Bible was placed upon her bed : and she always kept her right-hand upon it during the whole time ; and if any one raised her hand to kiss it, she always returned it to the same position. " Dear mother," she said, " make the children read this Holy Book." She exclaimed at another time, " My heart is of stone ; I am very ungrateful. I have not loved my Saviour as I ought. I have been very worldly all through my illness : I thought only of getting well, when I ought to have thought of Heaven." While waiting for Mr. Brickdale, who was called to admini- ster the Sacrament, she said, " I hope he will come before it is too late ; for I feel that I am dying. Per- haps he would speak some words of comfort to me. My time is short now. All the time that is not spent in prayer is lost." Her self-possession and clearness of mind never forsook her. After the Sacrament had been administered, Mr. Brickdale inquired whether she had been able to follow the service with atten- 324 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1839. tion, and had understood all that had been done. She answered, "Perfectly." To one of her sisters she gave her little canary-bird, of which she was very fond ; and said, " Keep this bird for my sake ; when you hear it singing, think of me, and that then per- haps I also am singing the praises of God in Heaven." During all this time she had been spared any acute pain ; she even said, " I feel no pain in dying." But about half-past seven o'clock grievous spasms seized upon her, affecting her lungs and throat and chest. Her faith and piety, however, did not give way. Sometimes she exclaimed, " Shall I never die ? Has God forgotten me ?" Then however she added, " My Saviour endured more than this for sin- ners." Once, when she appeared to be impatient, her mother said, " Remember the text you quoted to me, ' Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth.' " She replied, " I do, I do;" and became calm again. Her mother said at another time, "Are you happy?" " Happy ! happy !" was the answer. After these pains had held her for nearly three hours, she suddenly placed her cheek upon her pillow in the attitude of one asleep, her countenance calm and placid. ~\Ye thought that she had dropped into a sleep in an in- terval of suspended pain. But she was quite gone — her pains had ceased for ever : three hours of pain were exchanged for an eternity in Heaven. LAST SCENE. 325 Her little pocket Bible (given her by Mrs. Wylde when she was six years old) came into her mother's hands after her death. We then understood how diligently she had studied that Holy Book. Her sisters always knew that she had been accustomed to read in her Bible every day. But the marks in pencil with which she had filled the margin in va- rious parts of the little volume, attested with what depth and power and earnestness she had studied the Scriptures. Some of the notes were made two years before. Some passages and thoughts are written in a little book which was given her by a friend two days be- fore she left her dear home. In this little book, on December 25th, 1838, — her own last birthday, when she had now only a few weeks to live in this world, she writes thus : — " Christmas Day. This day the Lord of heaven and earth took our nature upon him, and became as one of us, yet without sin. Oh, the love of Christ, which passeth knowledge ! He left His throne on high, and bore the sins of the whole world, that He might become the Mediator of men with God ! Oh, my Saviour, teach me to feel more deeply this great kindness !" This child was very dear to me. My other chil- dren I have sometimes had occasion to correct. But to our Henrietta, in the whole eighteen years during 326 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1839. which she dwelt among us, I never uttered a reprov- ing word. Gentle, playful, and winning, and yet truth-telling, candid, and inflexibly upright, she al- ways soothed and delighted me. In the midst of any care or trouble, I was cheered by her presence. If she had lived and enjoyed health, she would have unfolded talents of the first order ; — a rich and capa- cious mind, with great originality of thought. And then, how simple, how innocent, were her pleasures and her tastes ! Her garden, her flowers, her birds, her poultry, — these were her delights. 12th. Our poor dear clrild was committed to the grave in the cemetery at Tours. 28th. In these two months, January and February, 1839, finished Origen, in Evang. Joannis, and iu Evang. Matthsei ; pp. juxta .... 1030 Homil. in Lucam 15.2 Commentarium in Epistolam ad Romanos 870 2052 Item Lucanum, et Ciceronis PhjLos. libros xl. In his studiis solatium animo meo. March 12. Since March 2, Origen irepl 'Ap^wv, irepi II poaevxfjs, -rrep\ MapTvplov. 16th. His diebus nulla studia : l-KLdvp,uu aicaipoi,. 19th. During the last three days, read the Apoca- lypse, ed. Burton. Archbishop of Tours called. LAST DAYS AT TOURS. 327 April 13. To this time, from March 20, inspected Sismondi's ' History of France/ the first twenty-one volumes, to a.d. 1598. May 6. Per onmes hos dies jam inde a 14 Aprilis, nullae omnino literse, nihil agitur : tempus frustra ab- sumitur. 9th. In the evening, walked with my wife to the cemetery. 28th. I paid a last visit to the cemetery in the even- ing of this day. 30th. We reached Paris at twelve. At the Hotel Mirabeau. 31st. At Paris : the Tuileries, the Louvre, etc. June 4. We reached Rouen. Hotel de Rouen. Entered the Normandie steamer at eight ; down the Seine to Havre at five. 6th. Landed at London Bridge at seven. Arrived in Dean's Yard, all in safety, at half-past seven this evening. December 31. Our residence at Tours is full of interesting recollections to me. 1. I had, through God's blessing, uninterrupted health and strength in these seven months. 2. I had my children's society more than I can have at home : we occupied the same room in the evenings ; they were often the companions of my walks, — to the Cathedral — to the Rue Royale — to the Champ de Mars — to the Church 328 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1839. of St. Cyr. 3. I carried on there some profitable studies in theology, and had many meditations on the Scriptures, and derived much from Origen's Com- mentaries, on St. John and St. Matthew especially. These were causes of pleasing recollection peculiar to myself. But, 4. Tours was the last scene of dear Henrietta's pilgrimage among us, and of her holy and happy death; the scene in which I beheld her for the last time, and the place where I saw her remains deposited in that quiet and humble grave. Associated with such remembrances, Tours and its scenery, — the view from our balcony — my daily walk — the high roof and towers of the Cathedral, full in front of my window — the bridge — the river — the city itself lying beyond — the undulating outline of hills behind the city, — have all the interest of a pleasing and romantic dream. Almost seven months are now passed since our re- turn from that land. In this space many mercies have been received. This year has also been marked by important events to my domestic condition. The deaths of many with whom I am connected or concerned, — Mr. TT in February, Miss It in April, Mr. M in November. All these have been called away in the course of nature, and in their old-age. My dear child's death was an event of another sort ; REFLECTIONS. 329 in the midst of youth — in her nineteenth year. May God enable me to profit by her example in that try- ing hour ! Till the 29th of May I pursued some useful studies, at Tours, which are described above. In addition to these studies was Sismondr's History of France, in twenty-one volumes, 8vo, to a.d. 1598. I first returned to Welwyn June 8. From this date to the end of the year I have been occupied sixty- three days of the time in no less than twenty journeys to London or Bayfordbury. But little time remained for literary pursuits in this busy period. Only, after August 2, I inspected the 'Acta Conciliorum.'' for Fast. Hell. Part IV* From November 9, I began to prepare for the third edition of Fast. Hell. Part II., and this has occupied the remainder of the year. 1840. January 3. Eeturned home from Leighton. In iti- nere iroXKa fiovoXoyi^oov /u,era Trpoaevyfis Kal Xiraveias, Kal ev%apt,v et legens et scribens aliquid ; en he irpoaevxal, Kal ev^apitTTiai, Kal avafxvi^aei';. * By this is meant the volume which was afterwards published with the title ' Fasti Roniani,' vol. i. — Editor. 330 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1840. February 1. We leave our hospitable friends the Lears, from whom and from their children I have re- ceived much kindness, and return home : arrived at six, found all well. 5th. His diebus graviter vexatus curis ; Deo me commendo, in quo spes omnis. April 22. Read " No Popery Agitation : and the Liverpool Corporation Schools ; by Philalethes." Po- pulation of Liverpool from 240,000 to 250,000, of whom about 80,000 Irish. In the Corporation schools. Church of England 536, Catholics 936, Dis- senters 214, of both sexes. May 23. Corrected sheet z to p. 178 inclusive, of the third edition of the Fast. Hell. vol. ii., being the thirtieth sheet (the first received January 14) : thirty sheets in 131 days. August 17. We went from London Bridge by steam to Ramsgate : voyage seven hours. 20th. Began Ambrosii opera. September 15. Finished Ambrosii torn, i., pp. 440, — pp. justis 1361. November 16. Ten works are mentioned in April 1837, as helps to be consulted in completing my Chronology from Augustus to Justinian. To these authors I can now add the following : — 11. Norisii opera, four vols, folio. 12. Pagi in Baronium, four vols, folio. STUDIES OF THE YEAR. 331 13. Episcopii opera, two vols, folio. 14. Ja. Basnage, ' Histoire de l'Eglise/ two vols, folio. 15. Beausobre, Hist, de Manichee, two vols. 4to. 16. Renaudot, Hist. Patriarcharum Alex., 4to. 17. Moslieim, de Rebus ante Constantinum, 4to. 18. Clericus Hist. Eccl. duoruin Sseculorum, 4to. 28th. Dear and excellent Henry Cowper died this morning, in his eighty-seventh year. December 8. I breakfasted at Bayfordbury : at- tended Mr. Cowper's funeral at Hertingfordbury. 'Ev ravTCUf to.?? rj/j,ipaK irpoaevyai koli \vravelai ical Se);crei9 inrep Trjs iXrdT7ji, koX to dxpi- /3e?, icai to ivepyrjTiKov iv r&5 dvayvoivai, ical a-Koveiv, Kal ypdei,v. From John TYhelerf and F. Chaplin, — to eXevOi- ptov, Kal to irpenov, Kal to tois 7reXa? dpeaKuv iv Tai^ Ka& rj/jbipav ofiiKiais. From my sister Emma, and from my uncle Job Brough, — to VTrep tS>v tka>v Tro\v7rpayp,ovelv. * The seat of his son-in-law, W. R. Baker, Esq. t The Rev. John "Wheler, formerly Prehendary of Westminster. —Editor. Q 338 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1842. From the historian Clarendon, — to p,rj8ev virep Trpi a^iav Oavfid^eiv, firjSe i^coveco-8at, fiei^oai, Tip,al<> r) Set, aXXa, el apa n em6vjxy)Tbv ianv,' ottoctov d^iov earl Trpohiepevvav. From Hannah More, — in seasons of depression, when the mind is less vigorous, to work at the me- chanical parts of my literary labours. In classical studies, these have been the best : — LATIN. GREEK. Homerus. Xenophon. Herodotus. Thucydides. Virgil. Horace. Sallust. Cicero. Livy. Tragici tres. GREEK. iEschines. Lysias. Isocrates. Plato. Aristoteles. Plutarchus. Aristophanes. Demosthenes. The Holy Scriptures and theological studies shall not be mentioned now, because they are an entirely distinct branch of inquiry, — another and a higher subject of contemplation. October 14. During the past summer months (April to October) I have been employed almost daily about seven hours with the ' Fasti Romania 31st. We all left, thirteen in all, Dean's Yard at eight a.m., and landed safely at Ramsgate pier at half-past four. December 31. In this year I have enjoyed the use FASTI ROMAN I. 339 of 199 days at Welwyn. In this period, thirty days were employed in various visits : the rest were given to study. • Fifty-two days have been passed at E,amsgate. In these days, interrupted by -visits to London, Leighton, and Bayfordbury, I have completed from p. 302 to p. 385 of the ' Fasti Romani.' Studies of the year 1842 : — [Jan. 17-Feb. 17.] Mosheim de rebus Christianis ante Constantinum. [Feb. 18-March 20.] Ambrosii Epistolse. [April 24— Dec. 16.] Lactantius. Eusebii Hist. Eccl. relegi. Prichard on the Physical Hist, of Mankind, vol. iii. p. 1. [March 21-26.] Sexti Empirici Physic, lib. ii. [April 22-May 11.] Ad Fast. Rom. Scriptores Graci in col. 3. [May 24- June 11.] Cod. Justiniani Chronologiam. [June 18-Dec. 31.] Transcribed Tables of Fast. Rom. 288 pages, from a.d. 105, p. 98, to a.d. 307, p. 385. 1843. June 4. Heard from Gaisford. I wrote to him April 10, to explain to him the plan of the 'Fasti Romani/ and offering it to the Board. ... I ex- Q 2 340 LITERARY JOLRNAL. 1843. pected that the first volume would occupy eighty-five sheets, or 680 pages, quarto. Gaisford, in his replies, writes as follows from Ox- ford : — May 3, 1843. — " I will lay your letter before the Board at the next meeting, which will not be till next week. There can be no doubt that they will accept your offer." May 11, 1843. — " I had hoped to have submitted your proposal to the Board this day ; but when the time came, there was not found a sufficient number of members necessary to constitute a Board : and therefore I could not bring it forward. There is no doubt however that it will be cordially accepted ; and in order to save time, I would recommend you to send what you have ready for the press to Mr. T. Combe, who will take due care of it, and prepare a specimen for approbation by the time we again assemble." June 2, 1843.—" I made today your proposal to the Board, which was readily accepted. Mr. Combe will send you the proofs to read, as you may direct." 9th. Received the first proof-sheet of the ' Fasti Eomani' this day. November 11. We left Dean's Yard at half-past eight, embarked at half-past nine, landed at Barns- gate Pier at five ; twelve persons, including servants : in 4, Nelson Crescent. Before Sept. 5. STUDIES OF THE YEAR. 341 December 31. Studies of 1843 : — Socrates pp. 506 ) Palladii Lausiaca .... 183 > 689 Symmachi Epistolse. J Theophanis p. 78-211 . = 230 Cedrini p. 301-393 . = 140 Evagrias 293 Agathias 306 Malaise xiv.-xviii 168 Procopius . . . pp. 200 1 Anecdota . 180 380 cum Alemanno. J 1517 Cassiodori Variorum xii. . . 660 2177 Scripta. Before April 10, transcribed of Fast. Rom. pp. 89 May 25 to November 7 145 234 From a.d. 308 to a.d. 404, p. 386-611. June 9 to November 7, twenty-eight proof-sheets. 1844. January 1. Left Ramsgate : London Bridge at half- past five. 9th. At Welwyn, alone. Literse ; irpoa-ev)(aX, Xito,- veicu. 342 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1844. \0th. Lectiones Kal TrpocreuyaL 13th. Arrived at Ramsgate at half-past four: all well. 14th. Dies natalis. Annus 64™ hodie auspicatur, — ifie tov avafyov, tov afiapTcoXbv, tov ovSe ev aryaObv Trap e/jLavrov eyovTa, rj ©eov evvoca Kal "Xapi>? tov ^nXdvOpooirov ©ebv i\d(rK03p^ai. 30th. Thirty days in this month, r/pipcu evepyol, at Welwyn. May 22. We all leave Ramsgate, after more than twenty-seven weeks. 24th. Arrived at Welwyn. 29^. Dined at Brocket Hall (Lord Melbourne's) . Party consisted of Lady Holland, Lord and Lady FASTI ROMANI. 343 Jocelyn, Lady F. Cowper, Earl of Besborough, Lord De Mauley, Mr. Babington, Mr. Spencer Cowper, and myself. June 30. In this month at Welwyn, rjfjbepai evepyol TpicrKalSeKa. July 31. In this month sixteen days are passed at Welwyn, ubi quotidie aliquid scribitur aut legitur. October 13. I wrote today to my friend Gaisford : "The Tables (of the 'Fasti Romani 5 ) will make a larger volume than I had expected. I have found it necessary to enlarge my plan, in order to make two branches of my subject more complete, — the Annals of the Ecclesiastical Affairs, and the Annals of the Jurisprudence ; — so that, as far as I can at present judge, the Tables will extend to ninety sheets. But, on the other hand, the Introduction will be very short." December 31. In this past year, completed of the MS. of the 'Fasti Bomam' 223 pages. 1845. January 14. Dies natalis : annus 65 us hodie auspi- catur. In hanc setatem, in hsec tempora, Dei rnise- ricordia me conservavit. In multos animadvertit — mihi pepercit. February 14. His diebus Paulum Diaconum ' De Longobardis.' 344 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1846. March 24. Finished Prichard's fourth volume of ' Physical History of Mankind/ 25th. In this period at Ramsgate, November 5 to March 25 (120 days) ; transcribed and revised 123 pages, or pp. 786-908 both inclusive, a.d. 502-567; and corrected fifteen proof-sheets, occupying thirty days of the period. October 12. Received the first printed sheet of the ' Fasti Romani ' June 9, 1843 ; discontinued printing from November 10, 1843 ; resumed April 4, 1844 ; the last page of Index printed October 12, 1845. Introduction pp. 10 Tables 842 Index 10 Addenda 3 865 pp. 4to. 1846. February 28. His temporibus circiter sex quotidie horas rot? fiaOijfiacn : scilicet intra 9h. 30m. a.m. et 3h. p.m. quinque : item intra 5h. et 6h. 30m. unam. Prseterea aliquoties aliquid spatii conceditur intra 9h. et llh. p.m. March 30. His diebus Aristotelem irepl Teveaeass Kal QOopas, cum Philopono; et irepl Wy^r}?, cum Simplicio et Philopono. STUDIES OP THE YEAR. 345 August 20. We left Dean's Yard at twelve; at Salisbury Deanery at half-past seven. September 1. Old Sarum, with the Dean of Salis- bury.* 6th. The Sacrament at the Cathedral. Mr. Bailey (Anti-Tractarian) preached for the Jews. 7th. This day, and several preceding days, at Wil- ton. 21st. Stonehenge. 30th. Returned home : absent forty-three days. December 31. Studies of 1846 :— Ramsgate 1 Aristot. vcr. atcpodcr. lib. viii. cum Jan. 30-Feb. 12 J Simplicio. Rams., Feb. 13-28 De Ccelo, cum Scholhs. Rams., March . . 7repl Wvxfi';, cum Philopon. Rams., April 20-1 May 9; Salisb., ) Metaphys., cum Scholiis. Aug.24-Sep.l6.j Ramsgate .... Geiseler, vol. i. ii. June 1 to December 18 : Appendix to Fast. Rom., cap. i., Roman Emperors; from Alexander Severus to Constantine, both inclusive, = pp. MS. 76. Abstract to Aristotle, pp. 100. * Dr. Lear. Mrs. Lear was the sister of Mrs. Fynes Clinton. — Editor. Q 3 346 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1847. Aristotelis pp. 600 Simplicii 100 Philoponi 1556 2256 Days of absence and of suspended studies in 1846, 100. 1847. December 31. Studies of this year ; — [Feb.] Gregorii Naz. carmina qusedam. [April.] Zonarse, torn, ii.j qusedam. [May .J Theophylactus Simocatta. [June.] Aristotelis Ethica. [June.] Origenis contra Celsum. Muratorius. Nicephori Callisti qusedam. Horneri Ilias. Aristophanis qusedam. Plutarcbi Moralium qusedam. (English) Hallam's Constitutional History. SCRIPTA. Revised Fast. HeU. Part III., Tables. Remarks on Grote. Appendix to Fast. Rom. : — Col. 1. Emperors pp. 185 Col. 2. Consuls 66 PLAN OF STUDY. 347 Col. 3, 4 15 Col. 5. Scripture and Gospel Chronol. 35 301 PLAN OF STUDY. Consilium est, vel potius optandum mihi est, nun- quani de manibus dimittere Historicos illos tres, Ora- tores, Philosophos, Scriptores duodecim, Scriptores decern ; item ex caeteris classibus hos — Sextum Empiricum, Philostratum vel Philostratos, Hebodorum, Stobaeum, Pliotiuin, Herniogenem, Galenum ; prsecipue vero Poetas primse et secundae classis. Vide quae scripsimus initio anni 1819 : quanquam ilia quae juvenis scripsi emendari possunt, addendo quae omittuntur, omittendo quae minus commode in- seruntur. 1848. June 10. Dined at Knebworth.* Met Alison (tbe historian), Blackwood, Aytoun, Bloomfield. 14:th. His diebus Scriptores Graecos diligenter. * Sir E. Bulwer Lytton's. 348 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1849. August 29. We left home at eight; arrived at Maresfield at five. September 6. At Maresfield from August 29th to this day. Met, at Maresfield, Mr. and Mrs. Fane, Mr. and Mrs. Heneage, Lady Suffield, Sir John and Lady Shelley, Mr. Farquhar, Mr. and Mrs. Delme Ratcliff. Quotidie mane 9-10, item 10.40 circiter 12 solus /MovoXoyi^wv. Turn legendo literisque scribendis 12-2. Read Nemesius horis subsecivis, pp. 202. October 31. Finished the List of Authors this day at no. 409, pp. 189 : began May 10. December 31. Studies of this year : — Galen irepl xpeias Mopicov- Nemesius, pp. 202. Alexandri Aphrod. qusedam. March 22 to Dec. 16 : corrected thirty-six sheets of Appendix to Fast. Rom., which occupied fifty-four days. Then discontinued printing. 1849. September 26. Between February 10th and this day, corrected twenty-one sheets, 230 IMS. pages, of Appendix to ' Fasti Romani/ December 31. Completed this year of the Appendix to Fast. Rom., cap. viii., Ecclesiastical Authors, pp. MSS. 328 ; and printed of the Appendix pp. 216. ON LANGUAGES. 349 There is a tendency in languages to lose their syn- thetic forms, and to become analytic in the progress of time. This deterioration of a language, by sub- stituting analytic forms for synthetic, seems to pro- ceed from various causes. In the Romanic languages, that is, the French, Italian, Spanish, Provencal, formed out of the Roman, it was the expedient of ignorance. Illiterate barbarians, — for such were the conquerors of the Roman empire, — rejected a ma- chinery too nice for them to arrange. For the in- flexions of the Latin cases they substituted preposi- tions ; for the inflexions of the verb they substituted auxiliary verbs. The English language was produced by a different cause. The Norman conquerors pro- bably used their own Norman-French for some gene- rations after the conquest : they would leave to their Saxon subjects the possession of their own dialect. The corruption then proceeded from that part of the nation which was accustomed (in the Saxon lan- guage) to the synthetic forms. And yet the English has suffered a greater change than any of the Ro- manic languages. Whence it would seem that syn- thetic forms will be lost, and analytic forms adopted, whenever two languages are combined and confounded together, and a third language produced out of them. It is said that the German language was once syn- thetic, and was changed by the Germans themselves 350 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1850. into analytic. This would form a third case, differing from the other two; and would justify the opinion that language has a tendency to discard its synthetic forms by a change working within itself, and without any foreign admixture, unless the synthetic forms are fixed by a written literature. This view of the sub- ject opens an interesting field for speculation, when applied to the Greek language. In the Greek we see a language possessing synthetic forms, copious, va- rious, and beautiful, from the earliest period, as it appears in the Iliad; and yet this language, so far from losing its synthetic forms, not only faithfully retained them, but gradually continued to refine and perfect them, for at least five hundred years, without the use of a written literature. Not till the end of this period, and not more than two hundred years before the accession of Pisistratus, did a written lite- rature come in aid of the synthetic forms, and con- tribute to fix them, and to secure the language from future deterioration. 1850. May 6. Sent ' Fasti Hellenici/ vol. iii., to Oxford, for a new edition. 18th. Last sheet of the Index and of the work ('Fasti Romani') corrected. 'Fasti Romani' con- tains : — FASTI HELLENICI, VOL. III. 351 Vol. I pp. 865 Vol. II 606 a.d. 15-64-1. 1471 Greek Authors described . . . 45-1 Ecclesiastical 349 Bishops 262 Latin Authors described in the Text and Index 124 1189 Authors described in Fast. Hell. 628 Total in the two works . . .1817 December 31. Scripta anno 1850 : — Fast. Rom., vol. ii., Episcopi, Index. Fast. Hell., c. xii., Greek Authors. c. i.. Notes. Greek Dramatic Authors of uncertain dates. Read in July and August : — Alexander Aphrod. .~ Ammonius Hermese Plotinus . 7repl E ^ a P^ v ^> PP' n0 - Bardesanes All these argue against predestination. December 6 : Sulpicii Severi Historiam Sacram perlegi. 352 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1851. 1851. January 6. Anniversary of our marriage : to recr- crapaKoarbv ero? apteral a-rro rrjaBe Trj'i rifiepas. 14i\av0poo , 7r(o<; i/j,e crcotpvTO*;. 20th. Went to Clumber ; arrived at seven. The four brothers, Lord Combermere, Mr. Mundy, and myself. 21st. The former and Colonel Dawkins. Funeral of the Duke (of Newcastle) at Markham-Clinton. Evening at Clumber. 22nd. Left Clumber at eleven; home at seven. February 14. In these days, the Geography of Northern Africa. March 10. Sent to Oxford eight pages of ' Memo- rials ' of Cyrene. 26M. Finished a memoir on the extent of the Ro- man Empire. April 29. At Highnam* (near Gloucester). Con- secration of church. Height : — Tower 97 Spire 85 Vane 15 Ft. 197 * Higlinam Court, the seat of his son-in-law, Thomas Garabier Parry, Esq. — Editor* EPITOME OF FASTI HELLENICI. 353 May 31-June 9—10. 'Ev tcivtcu<; rat? rjixipa^ Sa- fjiacrdevTe'i inrb rov irovijpov i8ovka>0r)fiev Tats ajAapruus, aX?C 6/Lico? Bia tov Xpurrbv, ov ical 6 Soorrjp, i\TriSa rtva e-yofiev aryaBrjv. July 8. Sent to Oxford 208 pages of the Abridg- ment (the Epitome of the 'Fasti Hellenici'), name- ly, 154 of manuscript, and 54 of printed extracts, being the rest of Part II. ; and 34 pages of Part III. August 24. Sent Title, Preface, and corrections of ' Fasti Hellenici,' Vol. III. Tn this edition, eighty- one sheets, = pp. 648, in sixty-two weeks. September 8. Dined at Kneb worth : Sir H. and Lady Bulwer, etc. 30th. Sent to Oxford pages 461 to 467, Roman Authors. The Epitome contains, in 468 pages, with Index : — Greek Poets .... 38 p. 148 Tragic 42 257 Comic, a . . ■ r 7 • Philosophers Historians . Orators . Poets . . . Greek Authors Number 107 46 47 32 306 640 260 261 263 264 260 423 354 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1852. December 31. Studies of the year : — Printed the rest of the Second Edition of ' Fasti Hellenici,' Vol. III., pp. 648: printed the Epitome. Read Origenis Philosophumena. Joh. Philoponi irepl Koajjuowoias- Clarke on the Attributes. Butler's Analogy. Prometheum ... 1 Demosthenis aliquse . \ relegi. Plutarchi qutedam . . J 1852. January 14. Dies natalis : Sevrepov teal efl&ofie/cocr- tov eVou? crrjfiepov ap^ofievos, tov ©eov jxera irpoaev- ^?5? Kal \iTavela<; eTriKaXov/juat,. 29th. At Clumber : at the marriage of Lady Caro- line at Worksop Church. Present at Clumber in these days, among others : — Lord and Lady Comber- mere and Miss Cotton ; Sir Charles and Lady Mor- gan and Miss Morgan ; Sir Robert and Lady Wilmot and Miss Wilmot ; Mr. and Mrs. Mundy, of Ship- ley; Colonel Dawkins and Mr. E. Dawkins; Colonel Frederic Clinton ; the Duke's sisters and Lord Ro- bert Clinton ; myself, wife and daughter. February 2. At Clumber till this day. We reached Welwyn at 4.50. BACON. 355 28th. His diebus Breckh. de Metris Pindari. March 1. Bacon's 'Instauratio Magna.' 29th. Finished Bacon's philosophical works, of which works I have now read the following : — Of vol. i pp. 235 — vol. vii 370 — vol. viii 272 — vol. ix. (opuscula philosophica) 198 1075 Physics and Metaphysics are well defined and dis- tinguished by Bacon ; and yet definition not new. The subject was always so understood by the inter- preters of Aristotle. He has a good remark, that history is better for good living examples, than poli- tics, which give only feigned examples. In vol. vii., p. 234, he declines to philosophize upon the immortal part of man. He discusses how- ever the powers moral and intellectual, but not the abstract nature. In vol. vii., p. 250, he admits the syllogism in ethics, politics, law, but not in physics ; these require induction. The services of Bacon to human knowledge have been greatly overrated. The utmost that can be truly affirmed is that he advanced physical science. In other branches of philosophy he has taught and 356 LITERARY J0URXAL. — 1852. discovered nothing that was not already known. In ethics, for example, what have been the services of Bacon to mankind ? The present state of the civi- lized world, as far as ethics are concerned, would have been just what it is, if Bacon had never lived. His arrangement of the objects of human know- ledge is an innovation, but not an improvement. The old arrangement, founded upon the old philosophers and Cudworth, is better, as follows : — Only two things in the universe, Mind and Matter : vovs ical vXrj. These are either pure, as the Divine Nature and Angels are pure Mind, the Earth and its substances are pure Matter : or mixed, as Man, who is composed of both. Philosophy is employed upon these subjects : I. ^vaoKij. 1. Natural Philosophy. i. Mathematics. a. Sciences concerning lifeless matter. J. Vegetable ( Nature. ;3. Astronomy. y. Mechanics. 8. Geology. e. Mineralogy. s. Chemistry. £. Physical Geography. a. Agriculture. /3. Horticulture. y. Botany. BACON. CUDWOKTH. 35; c. Animated Nature. Sciences ap- plied to all three — a,b,c. 2. Metaphysics. u. Zoology. (3. Ornithology. y. Ichthyology. 8 Elminthology. Anatomy. Electricity. Medicine. a. Theology. b. Angelic Natures. c. Mind of Man. d. Abstract qualities of things. 3. Arithmetic. Both a quality and an instru- ment. II. 'HBuctj. 1. Moral Duty. 2. Religious Duty. 3. TLoXiriKf], a. Democracy. b. Aristocracy. c. Monarchy. d. Statistics, including political geography. ■i. Jurisprudence. { Spoken. 1. a. Language. < _„. . III. Aoy^. I [ W " tten - \ (a. Usage. 1. /3. Grammar. <,-,-,, , \ 0. Jlitymoiogy. 358 LITERARY JOURNAL. 1852. The modes of applying the instru- ment of knowledge. 2. Dialectics. 3. Arithmetic, as an instrument of knowledge. a. Epic. b. Dramatic. 4. Poetry. > c. Lyric. d. Elegiac. e. Didactic. f a. Epideictic, inclu- ding pulpit elo- 5. Oratory. / quence. b. Eorensic. n c. Deliberative. 6. Historical writing. 7. Philosophical writing. I a. Philological. b. Exegetic. c. Antiquarian. „ . , la. Mechanical. 9. Arts. [ b. Erne Arts. The two first, Qvaucr) and 'H0lk}], contain the ma- terials of knowledge ; the third, Aoyiicr), contains the instrument, and the modes of applying that instru- ment. Plato, in searching for the cause of the Material World, ascended to Heaven. Democritus grovelled in the dust. Bacon unites the scheme of Democritus with that of Plato. PLATO. — DEMOCRITTJS. — BACON. 359 April 29. During this month, Cudworth with Mos- heim; Hesiodi Theog.; Cicero de Natura Deorum. May 15. Began Epitome of ' Fasti Romani.' Ytth. Finished fourth chapter of Cudworth, with Mosheim's notes. June 8. At the British Museum. There saw cer- tain coins, through the kindness of Mr. Vaux and Mr. Fitzgerald, — coins of the Antonines. 19£A. The Epitome of the Fast. Rom. to this day : finished one-third of the Epitome of the tables, pp. 100 ; containing pp. 295 of the quarto. July 19. Voted at Hatfield ; county election : a single vote for Lytton. August 12. Finished of the Epitome pp. 315 to p. 711 quarto; a.d. 494 inclusive. 30th. Finished the Epitome of the Tables. The Epitome has MS. pp. 413 of tables : the original quarto has 874 pages of tables : pp. 413 will make in print about 300 ; namely, as in the other — 137 = 100 3 3 411 = 300 September 7. The Epitome of the Appendix, his diebus. 8th. Saw Dr. Reed : ra wepl rrjv icaphlav teal tovs Tr\eu/xovai/3o\ov, says Greg. Naz., vucarw to (ptXdvdpcOTTOV. If, again, a text appears to express what is contrary to some other text in some other part of Scripture, as both of them have equal authority, we must fol- low that one of the two which is conformable to our reason, rather than the other. We well know that this seeming contradiction is only to be ascribed to our limited view ; that when the whole meaning is fully understood, there will be nothing in one text contrary to another text ; that all the parts of Divine revelation are in entire har- mony one with another. When Scripture is silent, we may conjecture, pro- vided that we do it reverently, and that we advance nothing contrary to the four great doctrines of reve- lation, and that we do not force our opinions on man- kind, and compel others to assent to our conjectures. The difficulties of such investigations may be re- 372 "ATAKTA. ferred, firsts to the obscure nature of the subjects themselves; secondly, to the figurative and oriental language of the inspired writings. When this style came to be adopted by the Fathers, words came gra- dually to be taken for things, shadows for substances, types and figures for realities. A third cause of obscurity or error was, that in- sulated tests were taken as absolute rules : instead of being considered with reference to the context and to other passages. There are no contradictions in the Word of God, but many contradictions in the inter- preters of the Word. 'Ek iravTos ireTreia^evo^, says Justin Martyr (Tryph. c. 65), oro ovSe/u,la "/pafyr) ry erepa ivavrla iarlv, ai/ros fJ.rj voelv fiaXKov 6fx,oXoyrj(rco to, elpTjfieva. V. With respect to the inspiration of the Prophets, Evangelists, and Apostles, two things are to be noticed. 1. They did not know the full import of what they themselves delivered, but only so much as the Holy Spirit revealed to them. 2. They were not always under the influence of the Spirit ; but the miraculous powers, and the gift of pro- phecy, were only occasionally granted : at other times they were left to their own judgments and faculties. THE SUCCESS OF THE GOSPEL. 373 VI. The Gospel, at its first establishment, owed but little of its success to the intellect of man. God works by the meanest agents. In the midst of the profound peace, the civilization, the luxury, the arts and know- ledge of a mighty empire, twelve uninstructed men, from a despised province, changed the destinies of mankind. In the next age, the early Fathers of the Christian Church were men of slender abilities, defi- cient in judgment, neither careful in examining facts nor exact in reporting them ; and quite incompetent to have forged the sacred books, or to have invented the mysterious doctrines which they delivered. It was not till Christianity had pervaded the whole em- pire, and was established beyond the power of man to overthrow it, that the cause was defended by hu- man abilities, by genius and eloquence, and by the force of reason, — by Athanasius, and the Gregories, and Jerome, and Basil, and Chrysostom. VII. The mystery of the Trinity is not greater than the mystery of a First Cause. And yet the existence of a First Cause is an obvious fact, acknowledged by all philosophers, except the Atomists ; and it is plain and 3/4 "ATAKTA. certain that if no First Cause had existed, nothing could have been at all. But if we attempt to medi- tate on the Attributes of the First Cause, how incom- prehensible is the subject ! That there should be a Being of immense power and wisdom, who had no be- ginning, who did not originate himself, who was not the cause of his own existence, and who owed his ex- istence to no other cause — for then that other cause would be the First Cause, and we have still the same difficulty, — that this great incomprehensible Being should alone possess in himself necessary existence — the sole occupant of infinite space, — these characters are so wonderful, that the more we contemplate them, the more we feel our own insufficiency. Yin. The senses of man can perceive nothing except through the intervention of Matter. TThatever is visible to the Eye, or audible to the Ear, or palpable to the Touch, must have a material substance. Xo Spiritual Beings can be sensibly perceived unless they assume a Body. But we have no certainty that created spirits are in their own nature capable of as- suming a material substance or acting upon matter. The eyer-blessed Tbixitt, the one true and living God, Everlasting, Incorporeal, Omnipresent, Omni- scient, Omnipotent, the Creator both of Spirit and SPIRIT AND MATTER. 375 Matter, influences matter not only by the laws which He has himself prescribed, but by his direct agency. He communicates with men in whatever form it pleases Him to assume. He descends in the form of a dove, or of fiery tongues. He speaks in the whirl- wind, or the flaming bush. Angels also at sundry times have assumed a bodily form. They have ap- peared to Adam when he was excluded from Para- dise. They have conversed with the Patriarchs. They appear, armed with a sword, to Balaam. The angel who smote the people is seen in a visible form by David. They appear, clothed with bright apparel, to the disciples of Jesus. Evil spirits have assumed bodies ; as in the time of our Saviour's ministry. The departed spirits of men have been seen in a bo- dily form : as Samuel by Saul ; and Moses by Peter and James and John at the Transfiguration ; and the departed saints by many after the Crucifixion. But all these appearances were miraculous, and appointed by the immediate will of God. YTe are not told, and have no reason to suppose, that angels, good or evil, or the departed spirits of men, have any power inhe- rent in themselves of acting upon matter, or assuming a material substance, except when they are commis- sioned by the one Lord, the Author of all things both visible and invisible. In the parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus, the expressions, " Send him to my 376 "ATAKTA. father's house," and, " If they hear not Moses and the Prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rose from the dead/' are a proof, first, that the spirits of the departed have no power of themselves to appear to men ; and, secondly, that it is not the will of God to permit them to appear. We are not told, and we have no reason to suppose, that Spirit and Matter were ever united until the creation of Man. This is not refuted by the spe- culations of geologists concerning the structure of matter, or of races of animals anterior (as they think) to the date of Adam. Life and matter may have been united before the creation of Adam ; but it does not follow that spirit or soul and matter were ever joined before. In the account contained in Genesis) man is the last thing created. Gregory Naz. (Or. xlv. p. 849) thinks the creation of man the first occasion on which the material and intellectual natures were combined : ovirai r\v Kpdfia i£ afuporepcov. IX. The Mosaic account in Genesis i. is not a history of all creation. Angels are not mentioned in that account. And yet the creation of angels preceded the creation of the earth and of man. Created spirits had a beginning : there was a time, however remote, when those glorious beings were not. But if the ere- IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL. 377 ation of spirits is not mentioned by the sacred histo- rian, he has not described all God's works. And if he has omitted to describe the creation of the spiritual world, we may affirm, without disparaging the sacred text, that he has omitted to describe some parts of the material creation ; and that he has only related that portion of God's works which belonged to his immediate subject. The Immortality of the Soul may be considered in two ways. Either the living soul which God breathed into man was in its own nature immortal, and its mortality was imposed (at the sentence passed upon Adam) by the sovereign will and pleasure of the Creator miraculously changing its nature ; or it was in its own nature mortal and perishable, like the body with which it was united, and was rendered im- mortal by an act of Divine power. It is most conso- nant to reason that the intellectual spark was in its own nature immortal, and that it became subject to death by a miraculous act of power. Matter is destined to be immortal in the glorified bodies of men redeemed through Christ. Matter, in itself inert and lifeless, was perhaps elevated to this honour because the Eternal Word, the ever-blessed Sou of God, had condescended to assume a body. 378 "ATAKTA. XI. As the bounties of redemption extend to all man- kind, all who die in infancy will participate in them. Their lot, as children of Adam, would have been ex- tinction. Their lot, through the Redeemer, is life and immortality. As they cannot commit personal sin, they have never forfeited that gift. Their re- demption then, by the grace of God through Christ, is secure. Now we know that even in civilized nations more than one-third of the species dies in infancy; in uncivilized countries, much more than one-third. To more than one-third part, then, of mankind, the gift of immortal life through Christ is undoubtedly secured without forfeiture. XII. "We who live in Christian times are apt to be too favourable to ourselves, and too severe upon the hea- thens of old. It is not our merit, if we have a better moral code than they had. It was not their fault, if they never knew what they had never been taught. But if we compare our conduct with the lessons even of heathen moralists, we ought to feel our own deficiencies. Their doctrines were better than our practice. They had juster notions of moral duties than might NOTIONS OF THE HEATHEN. 379 have been expected under their disadvantages. Some doctrines of some sects among them were very er- roneous. The Epicurean doctrines led to sensuality. The Stoics held self-murder to be lawful. But others had wiser views ; justice, humanity, charity, the for- giveness of injuries, were not unknown to many great teachers. The speculations however of the best among them came far below the Gospel purity : which will excite no surprise when the different origin of the two Codes is remembered. The one was ob- tained by the speculations of men, whose intellects, although the undoubted gift of God, were yet unas- sisted by supernatural light ; the other was dictated from heaven, and delivered by God himself. But although the Gospel morality was of a purer standard than men had ever reached by their own unassisted powers, yet to teach a pure morality was a part only of the Gospel scheme. Mysteries which were hidden were now to be revealed. Life and im- mortality were to be brought to light. There were in the Divine dispensations and in the Divine nature secrets beyond the reach of man. The time was come when these were to be disclosed. The Greek philo- sophers had employed their energies with wonderful success in investigating the Deity, and had discovered many of His glorious attributes. But the four grand doctrines, — the Trinity in Unity, the Incarnation, the 380 "ATAKTA. Atonement, the Resurrection, — could not be pene- trated by the mind of man : they were not the ob- jects of reason, but of revelation. XIII. The Natural Law is not contrary to the Gospel Law. Nothing is permitted by the natural law which is not permitted by the Gospel law. Nothing is forbidden by the Gospel law which is not forbidden by the natural law. Intemperance, excess, violence, fraud, and other crimes against society and against the physical constitution of our bodies, were prohi- bited by the natural law, and bring their own pu- nishment : and the opposite virtues, which are com- manded by the Gospel law, are also enjoined by the natural law, as conducing to the happiness of society collectively and of each member of it. XIV. The only laudable motive for any action is the desire of pleasing God. If this motive is in the mind, indifferent actions — aSodcfropa — become virtues. If this motive be wanting, good acts lose their cha- racter of goodness, and become indifferent. XV. The mediatorial office of the Redeemer commenced TIME AND ETERNITY. 381 at the moment of the fall of Adam : it terminates at the general Judgment. What interval of time divides these two epochs is not revealed to us. Almost six thousand years have already passed.* "We will as- sume that the total space from the creation of Adam to the final Judgment is ten thousand years, which probably exceeds the true amount. Then this term of ten thousand years — a vast period in our esti- mate, but in truth an inconsiderable fraction of time compared with eternity — divides the eternity which precedes from the eternity which follows, as a line falling at right angles upon another line divides it into two parts. In the eternity which preceded, the Great First Cause created those innumerable spiritual beings invisible to us, and the material and visible * The Author's view with respect to the present age of the world may be gathered from the following passage in Mr. Elliott's Preface to his fourth edition of his invaluable ' Horae Apocalyptical,' published 1851 : — " On the view of the coming future presented in the ' Horee,' I have first to state that Mr. ITynes Clinton, whose well-known 'Fasti' are so highly appreciated by the literary world, and whose Hebrew Chronology is followed in the ' Horse,' has, in reply to my inquiries, obligingly informed me that, after careful consideration of the various arguments which have been urged against it, he is of opinion that that Chronology remains unshaken, and is correct. Thus, in his judgment, nothing has been adduced to contravene the view there propounded of our world's age being approximately within fifteen or sixteen years of its six thousandth year (this was written in 1851) from the creation of man. A fact this, which can- not but be deeply interesting to the prophetic student : though Mr. Clinton's calculations of course had no reference to, and were in no respect influenced by, Scripture prophecy." — Editor. 382 "ATAKTA. substances, — those millions of globes, "with their at- tendant planets, "which move in infinite space. The ten thousand years, that small point, "which divides the eternity -which precedes from the eternity that follows, contains the history of the entire human race. Then, by that "wonderful organization of the sexes by which the command to increase and multi- ply "was fulfilled, hundreds of thousands of millions of human beings are brought into life, "whose destiny for the eternity that is to follow -will be fixed at the final Judgment. XVI. To . Never exaggerate anything. Never insult the un- derstandings of your auditors. Remember that you are to address reasonable beings. State nothing that is contrary to the Attributes of God. In the Gospel scheme everything is above our reason. Assert this proposition boldly and "without reserve ; but never forget that there can be nothing in the Gospel con- trary to reason. If you have not logic enough to discern the difference, you are not fit to be a preacher. Use no conventional topics, till you have satisfied yourself that they are useful and true. Be natural and sincere in the pulpit. Let not your hearers have to say of you, " He debvers in the HINTS TO A YOUNG PREACHER. 383 pulpit professional declamations to us, but out of the pulpit he acts like other men." In a word, be the same man in the pulpit that you are out of it. A preacher is in a different position from that of any- other public speaker. On other occasions, the speaker addresses an intelligent assembly, who are generally acquainted with the matters discussed, and are men of full age ; and he is checked by the consideration that, if he utters what is false or absurd, he will be answered. But a preacher addresses a congregation of whom one-third are children under the age of puberty; and of the rest by far the greater part are uninstructed persons from the lower ranks of so- ciety, or nervous and susceptible females. Not one in ten of his auditors is, from age, experience, or edu- cation, a competent judge : and the preacher knows that he is not to be answered, — that any error of in- terpretation or of reasoning will be heard in silence. Do not take advantage of this, to say carelessly or rashly what you would not venture to say before an instructed audience, and an opponent ready to answer you ; lest you bring Gospel truth into contempt by your mode of stating it. XVII. The Tractarian school would make Christianity a religion of forms, and ceremonies, and observances, 384 "ATAKTA. which are the inventions of men and not of Divine appointment. They would give to the clergy powers which they cannot have, and were never intended to have. They are intolerant against all who differ from them. The Evangelical school are more sincere and honest than the others : they do not insist upon either of these points. . XVIII. To . I wonder that you can admire so superstitious a book as Nelson's c Fasts and Festivals/ In the first place, it is founded on the false and groundless as- sumption that the clergy may devise forms and ob- servances at their pleasure, and that the laity have nothing to do but to obey them. Nelson was a pious and good man, but extremely narrow-minded and bigoted. He has not a shadow of authority for his positions. Fasts and festivals were not appointed by the Apostles, nor in the age which immediately fol- lowed them. The 25th of December for the Nati- vity was not appointed till three hundred years after the death of St. Paul. Chrysostom, in a sermon at Christmas 387, distinctly testifies that this day was first observed ten years before. This fact Nelson has kept from his readers : if ignorantly, he is to be cen- nelson's fasts and festivals. 385 sured for undertaking to dictate to others without duly informing himself; if knowingly, he is liable to the severe charge of concealing the truth. The Pre- sentation in the Temple and the Annunciation were not appointed to be observed till the reign of Jus- tinian or Justin II. : Nelson therefore has no found- ation for referring these observances to the primitive Church. He calls upon the laity to obey the clergy in these matters, and appeals to one of the Canons on the subject : but he must have known that the Canons never had the assent of Parliament, and are not the law of the land. And his own Orders were inconsis- tent with what he required from others ; for Nelson himself was a seceder from the Church. He was as- sociated with the non-juring clergymen, Kettlewell, Hickes, Spinkes, and others, who had separated from the Established Church in the reign of William, and excited the people to rebel against the Government. I do not blame Nelson for consulting his own con- science, and separating from the Church, which he had a full right to do. But he cannot be too much censured for saying one thing and doing another thing ; for requiring of others that obedience to the clergy which he did not exhibit in his own conduct. Of his superstition we have another proof. Among other works, Nelson wrote a treatise asserting a dog- ma that the bread and wine in the Sacrament, after 386 "ATAKTA. consecration, underwent a miraculous change into some other substances. The dogma was so objec- tionable, that Waterland wrote an express treatise against it. The observation of Saints' days as holidays would have a demoralizing effect upon the mass of the peo- ple, who would make those holidays times of riot and excess. In country parishes an annual feast is held, anciently appointed in honour of the patron saint of the parish church, and at those times riots and dis- orders among the lower classes are prevalent. If Saints' days were observed as holidays, you would add so many more days to those seasons of intempe- rance. Some few religieuses, — some pious old ladies, who would be glad to have an object for occupying their morning hours, — would attend the services of the Church on those occasions. But I doubt whether among these persons the practice would tend to good : for many would come by degrees to think that these observances would excuse them from the practice of weightier matters, — purity, humility, charity, and the like. The Roman Church is almost wholly occupied with outward observances : yet the most profligate and corrupt state of domestic manners is found in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria ; while the purest morals are met with in Protestant countries. The lamentable depravity which prevails in the former saints' days. 387 countries is to be ascribed mainly to the pernicious effects of auricular confession. But some part of this evil is to be imputed to the notion that will intrude itself, that ceremonies and forms will avail, though other duties are omitted. The authority upon which the Saints' days stand in our calendar ought to be considered. At the be- ginning of the reign of Elizabeth, when the Protes- tant religion was restored, the question whether there should be Saints' days in the calendar was considered by the Convocation, and sharply and fully debated. The Saints' days were carried only by a single vote : for 59 members voted for Saints' days, 58 for omit- ting them. When therefore it is said that a Saint's day is commanded to be kept holy, this command of the Church means the decision of 117 clergymen upon a question, upon which 59 of the 117 voted one way, and 58 the other. THE END. JOHN EDWAED TAYLOB, PI1INTEB, LITTLE QUEEN STEEET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. A CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS IN GENERAL LITERATURE, PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS, 39, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. CLASSIFIED INDEX. Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Pages Bay] Jon on Valuing Rents, etc. - - fi Caird's Letters ou Agriculture - - - 7 Cecil's Stud Farm - ... - 7 Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture - 14 „ Self-instruction for Farmers, etc. 14 ,, (Mrs.) Lady'sCountryCoropanion 14 Low'b Elements of Agriculture - - IS ,, Domesticated Animals - - 14 Arts, Manufactures, and Architecture. Bourne's Catechism of the Steam Engine 6 ,, On the Screw Propeller • - 6 Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. - 6 Uhcvreul on Colour S Cresy's Eucyclo. of Civil Engineering - 8 Eastlake on Oil Painting - - - - 8 Gwilt's Encyclopedia of Architecture - 9 Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art - II „ Commonplace Book - - 12 Loudon's Rural Architecture - - 14 Moseley's Engineering and Architecture 14 Richardson's Art of Horsemanship • - 19 Steam Engine, by the Artisan Club - C Tate on Strength of Materials - 22 Ure's Dictionary of Arts, etc. - 24 Biography. Bodcnstedt and "Wagner's Schamyl - S3 Brightwell's Memorials of Opie - - IS Bunsen's Hippolytus 7 Chesterton's Autobiography 8 Clinton's (Fynes) Autobiography s Cockayne's Marshal Turenne - - - 23 Freeman's Life of Kirby - - - - 12 Haydon's Autobiography, by Taylor - 10 Holcroft'B Memoirs - - - - 23 Holland's (Lordl Memoirs - - - 10 Lardner's Cnbinet Cyclopaedia - - 13 Maunder's Biographical Treasury . - 1G Memoir of the Duke of Wellington 23 Memoirs of James Moutgomery - - 16 Merivale's Memoirs of Cicero • - 16 Russell's Memoirs of Moore - - 17 Pages Russell's Life of Lord William Russell Southey's Life of Wesley - ,, Life and Correspondence Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography Taylor's Loyola - ,, Wesley ----- Townsend's Eminent Judges - Waterton's Autobiography and Essays - Books of General Utility. Acton's Modern Cookery Book Black's Treatise on Brewing ... Cabinet Gazetteer ■ ,, Lawyer - - - Cust's Invalid's Own Book Hints on Etiquette - Hudson's Executor'sGuide - . . ,, On Making Wills ... Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia • Loudon's Self Instruction ... „ Lady'b Companion - ,, (Mrs.) Amateur Gardener Maunder's Treasury of Knowledge ,, BiographicalTreasury ,, Scientific Treasury ,, Treasury of History ,, Natural History ... Pocket and the Stud - . Pycroft's English Reading Reece's Medical Guide - Rich's Companion to Latin Dictionary Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - - Richardson's Art of Horsemanship Roget's English Thesaurus - - ; Rowton's Debater --...' Short Whist ---_..; Thomson'sInterestTables - . , ; Traveller's Library . ; Webster's Domestic Economy - - '. Willich's Popular Tables - : Wilmot's Abridgment of Blackstone's Commentaries ---..; Botany and Gardening. Conversations on Botany Hooker's British Flora - ,, Guide to Kew Gardens Loudon: Printed by M. Mason, Ivy Lane, Paternoster JRow. CLASSIFIED INDEX. V&gpi Lindley's Introduction to Botany „ Theory of Horticnlture Loudon's HortusBritannicus (Mrs.) Amateur Gardener ,, Self-Instruction for Gardeners ,, Encyclopaedia of Trees & Shrubs ,, Gardening „ „ Plants Rivers'sRose Amateur's Guide Chronology. Blalr's Chronological Tables - Bunsen's Ancient Egypt - Haydn's Beat son's Index - - - - Nicolas's Chronology of Hi6tory PaiT*S Smith's Sacred Annals - ~: Southey's The Doctor etc. - - ~ *\ Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography - j). ,, Lectures on French History - jl Sydney Smith's Works " |1 1 „ Select Works - - 23 " Lectures on Moral Philosophy 21 Taylor's Loyola " *| ,, Wesley - - - - "5* Thirl wall's History of Greece - - j& Townseud's State Trials - j* Turkey and Christendom - - " „1 Turner's Anglo-Saxons - * - " "1 ., Middle Ages -'""£„ ,, Sacred History of the World - 2£ Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - - - 24 Commerce and Mercantile Affairs. Atkinson's Shipping Laws - - 5 Francis On Life Assurance ""'■,. Loch's Sailor's Guide - - - " ,, Lorimer's Letters to aYoungMasterManner 14 M'Culloch's Commerce and Navigation - 15 Thomson's IntereBt Tables - - - 22 Criticism, History, and Memoirs. Austin's Germany 5 Balfour's Sketches of Literature 5 lilair'sChrou.and Historical Tables - fi Bunseu's Ancient Egypt 7 „ Hippolytus 7 Burton's History of Scotland 7 Chalybacus's Speculative Philosophy - 8 Oonybeare and Howson's St. Paul 8 Eastlake's History of Oil Painting - 8 Erskine's History of India 9 Francis's Annals of Life Assurance - 9 Gleig's Leipsic Campaign - - ~ '3 Gurney's Historical Sketches 9 Hamilton's Discussions in Philosophy, etc. 9 Haydon's Autobiography , by Taylor - 10 Holland's (Lord) Foreign Reminiscences 10 ,, „ Whig Party - - 10 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions - - 12 Kemble's Anglo-Saxons in England - 12 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia - - 13 Macaulay's Crit. and Hist. Essays - -15 ,, History of England - - 15 ,, Speeches - - - - 15 Mackintosh's Miscellaneous Works - 15 ,, History of F.ngland - - 15 M'Ctilloch's Geographical Dictionary - 15 Martineau's Church History - - - 16 Maunder's Treasury of History - - 16 Memoir of the Duke of Wellington - 23 Merivale's History of Rome - - 16 ,, Roman Republic - - 16 Milner's Church History - - - 16 Moore's (Thomas) Memoirs, etc. - - 17 M are's Greek Literature - » 17 Ranke's Ferdinand and Maximilian - - 23 Rich's Companion to Latin Dictionary - 10 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - - 19 Rogers's Essays from Edinburgh Review 19 Roget's English Thesaurus - 19 Russell's ( I. ady Rachel) Letters - - 19 „ Life of Lord William Russ>ell - 19 St. John's Indian Archipelago - - 19 Schmitz's History of Greece • - .20 Geography and Atlases. Butler's Geography and Atlases Cabinet Gazetteer - Durrieu's Morocco - - - - Hall't. Large Library Atlas Hughes's Australian Colonies - Jesse's Russia and the War - Johnston's General Gazetteer M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary ,, Russia and Turkey Milner's Baltic Sea - Murray's Encyclopaedia of Geography Sharp's British Gazetteer Wheeler's Geography of Herodotus Juvenile Books. Amy Herbert ------ 20 Corner's Children's Sunday Book - S Earl's Daughter (The) - 20 Experience of Life - - - - - 20 Gertrude ------ 20 Howitt's Boy's Country Book - - - 11 „ (Mary) Children's Year - - 11 Katharine Asriton ----- 20 Lady Una and her Queendom - - 12 Laneton Parsonage - 20 Mrs. Marcet's Conversations - - 15 & 16 Margaret Percival ----- 20 Pycroft's English Reading - 19 Medicine and Surgery. Bull's Hints to Mothers Man ement of Children Copland's Dictionary of Medicine - Cust's Invalid's Own Book Holland's Mental Physiology - Latham On Diseases of the Heart - Little on Treatment of Deformities Moore On Health, Disease, and Remedy - PereiraOn Food and Diet - Psychological Inquiries - - - - Recce's medical Guide - - - - Miscellaneous and General Literature. Atkinson's Sheriff Law - Austin's Sketches of German Life Carlisle's Lectures and Addresses - -2 Cbalybaeus's Speculative Philosophy Defence of Eclipse of Faith - - - Eclipse of Faith - Greg's Essays on Political and Social Science ----- to Messrs. LOSGMAN and Co.'s CATALOGUE. Pages Haydn's Book of Dignities Hole's Essay on Mechanics' Institutions Holland's Mental Physiology - Hooker's Kew Guide - Howitt's Rural Life of England Visits to Remarkable Places - Jiiraeson's Commonplace Book Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions Last of the Old Squires - Loudon's Lady's Country Companion - Macaulay's Critical and Historical Essays - 15 Mackintoshes (Sir J.) Miscellaneous Works 15 Memoirs of a Maitre d'Armes - -23 Maitland's Church in the Catacombs - 16 Pascal's Works, by Pearce - - - 18 Pycroft'e English Heading - - 19 Rich's Companion to Latiu Dictionary • 19 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - 19 Rowton's Debater - - - - - ]9 Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreck - 2^ Sir Roger De Coverlev - - . 2' Smith's (Rev. Sydney) Works - - 21 Southey's Common-Place Books • - 21 ,, The Doctor etc. - - - 23 Souvestre's Attic Philosopher - - 23 ,, Confessions of a Working Man 23 Stephen's Essays - - - - - 21 Stow's Training System - - - 21 Thomson's Outline of the Laws of Thought 22 Townsend's State Trials - - - - 22 Willich's PopnlarTales - - - - 2-1 Yonge's English Greek Lexicon - - 24 ,, Latin Gradus - - 24 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - 24 Natural History in General. Callow's Popular Conchology - - - 7 Ephemera and Young on the Salmon - 9 Gohse's Natural History o-f Jamaica - 9 Kemp's Natural History of Creation - 23 Kirby and Speuce's Entomology - - 12 Lee's Elements of Natural History - 1J Maunder's Treasury of Natural History - If. Tur ton's Shells of the British Islands - 24 Waterton's Essays on Natural History - 24 Youatt'sThe Dog - - 24 ,, The Horse - - 2-: 1-Volume Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries. Blaine's Rural Sports S Brande's Science, Literature, and Art - 6 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine 8 Cresy's Civil Engineering 8 Gwilt's Architecture l) Johnston's Geographical Dictionary - V2 Loudon's Agriculture - - - - 14 ,, Rural Architecture - - 14 ,, Gardening - 14 „ Plants ----- 14 „ Trees and Shrubs - 14 M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary • IS j, Dictionary of Commerce - IE Murray'sEncyclopjcdiaof Geography - 1J Sharp's British Gazetteer - - - 2( lire's Dictionary of Arts, etc.- - - 2-: Webster'BDomestic Economy 24 Religious and Moral Works. Amy Herbert 20 Atkinson on the Church 5 Btoomfield'sGreek Testaments 6 ,, Annotations on ditto - - 6 Calvert's Wife's Manual Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul - Corner's Sunday Book * Dale's Domestic Liturgv ... Defence of Eclipse of Faith - Discipline - » Earl's Daughter (The) - - - - Eclipse of Faith - £iiglishman*H Greek Concordance - ,, Heb. and Chald. Concord. Experience of Life (The) - Gertrude - ..... Harrison's Light of the Forge Hook's (Dr.) Lectures on Passion Week Home's Introduction to Scriptures ,, Abridgment of ditto Hulbert on Job - Jameson's Sacred Legends - - - „ Monastic Legends - „ Legends of the Madonna Jeremy Taylor's Works - - - - Katharine Ashton - - Kippis's Hymns - Lady Una and her Queendom Laneton Parsonage - Letters to My Unknown Friends ,, on Happiness - Litton's Chureh of Christ - - - Maitland's Church in the Catacombs Margaret Percival .... Martineau's Church History - - - Milner's Church of Christ - Montgomery's Original Hvrnns Moore Un the Use of the Body ,, ,, Soul and Body - » „ 's Man and his Motives Mormonism - w Neole's Closing Scene - ,, Resting Places of the Just - ,, Riches that bring no Sorrow ,, Risen from the Ranks - - - Newman's (J. H.) Discourses - Ranke's Ferdinand and Maximilian Readings for Lent - „ Confirmation - Robinson's Lexicon to the Greek Testa- ment ------ Saints our Example - Self- Denial .--.-_ Sermon ou the Mount - ,, ,, illuminated - Sinclair's Journey of Life - Smith's (Syduey) Moral Philosophy ,, (G.) Sacred Annals - Southey's Life of Wesley - Mephen's (Sir J .) Ecclesiastical Biography Taylor's Loyola - ,, Wesley - Theologia Germanics • Thumb Bible (The) - Turner's Sacred History - Poetry and the Drama. Arnold's Poems - Aikin's (Dr.) British Poets Baillie's (Joanna) Poetical Works - Barter's Iliad of Homer - Bode's Ballads from Herodotus Calvert's Wife's Manual - Flowers and their Kindred Thoughts Goldsmith's Poems, illustrated Kent's Aletheia - Pages - 7 . L.'s Poetical Works CLASSTFTED INDEX. Pages 14 15 16 J6 17 17 17 17 Linwood's Anthologia Oxoniensis - Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome - Montgomery's Poetical Works ,, Original Hymns Moore's Poetical Works - } , Lalla Rookh ■; ,, Irish Melodies - ,, Songs and Ballads - ? Shakspeare, by Bowdler - ,, f s Sentiments and Similes Southey's Poetical Works ,, British Poets - Thomson's Seasons, illustrated Thornton's Zohrab - Watts's Lyrics of the Heart - Political Economy & Statistics. Banfield's Statistical Companion 6 Caird's Letters on Agriculture 7 Francis on Life Assurance 9 Greg's Essays on Political and Social Science ------ 9 Laing's Notes of a Traveller - - 12 & 2a M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary - 15 ( , Dictionary of Commerce - 15 „ London - - 23 , , Statistics of the British Empire 15 Marcet's Political Economy - - - 16 Willich's Popular Tables - 24 The Sciences in General and Mathematics. Bourne's Catechism of the Steam Engine 6 ,, on the Screw Propeller 6 Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. - 6 ,, Lectures on Organic Chemistry Cresy's Civil Engineering 8 DelaBeche's Geology of Cornwall, etc. 8 ,, 's Geological Observer - - S De la Rive's Electricity 8 Faraday's Non-Metallic Elements 9 Fullom's Marvels of Science 9 Hersehel's Outlines of Astronomy - - 10 Holland's Mental Physiology - - 10 Humboldt's Aspects of Nature - - 11 ,, Cosmos - - 11 Hunt's Researches on Light - - - 11 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia - - 13 Marcet's (Mrs.) Conversations - 15 & 16 Moseley's Engineering and Architecture 17 Owen's Lectures on Comparative Anatomy 18 Our Coal Fields and our Coal Pits - - 23 Peschel's Elements of Physics - - 18 Phillips's Fossils of Cornwall, etc, - 18 „ Mineralogy - - - - 15 „ Guide to Geology - - 18 Portlock's Geology of Londonderry - 18 Smee's Klectro-Metallurgy - - - 21 Steam Engine, by the Artisan Club - 6 Tate on Strength of Materials - - 22 Todd's Tables of Circles - 22 Wilson's Electricity and the Electric Telegraph ----- 23 Rural SportS- Baker's Rifle and Hound in Ceylon, Berkeley's Reminiscences Blaine's Dlctionaryof Sports - Cecil's Stable Practice - „ Records of the Chase • ■> Cecil's Stud Farm - The Cricket Field - Ephemera on Angling „ *s Book of the Salmon The Hunting Field - - , Loudon's Lady's Country Companio: Pocket and the Stud Practical Horsemanship - Pulman's Fly-Fishing Richardson's Horsemanship St John's Sporting Rambles - Stable Talk and Table Talk Stonehenge on the Greyhound The Stud, for Practical Purposes Pages 19 19 19 22 10 Veterinary Medicine, etc. Cecil's Stable Practice - ,, Stud Farm - - - - - The Hunting Field - Morton's Veterinary Pharmacy Pocket and the Stud - Practical Horsemanship •,■""" Richardson's Horsemanship - - - Stable Talk and Table Talk - The Stud for Practical Purposes Youatt's The Dog - „ The Horse - Voyages and Travels- Baker's Rifle and Hound in Ceylon Barrow's Continental Tour - - - Carlisle's Turkey and Greece - De Custine's Russia - Eothen ------- Ferguson's Swiss Men and Mountains - Forester and Biddulph's Norway Girouiere's Philippines - Hill's Travel sin Siberia - - - - Hope's Brittany and the Bible - „ Chase iu Brittany - Howitt's Art Student in Munich Hue's Tartary, Thibet, and China - Hughes's Australian Colonies - Humbley's Indian Journal - Humboldt's Aspects of Nature Jameson's Canada - Jerrmann's Pictures from St. Petersburg Laing's Norway - ,, Notes of a Traveller - - 12 t Macintosh's Turkey and Black Sea - Oldmixon's Piccadilly to Peru - - - Osborn's Arctic Journal - - - - Peel's Nubiau Desert - Pfeiffer's Voyage round the World - Power's New Zealand Sketches Richardson's Arctic Boat Voyage - Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreck - St. John's (H.) Indian Archipelago „ (J. A.) Isis - - - „ ,, There and Back again „ (Hon. F.) Rambles - Sutherland s Arctic Voyage Traveller's Library - Werne's African Wanderings - Works of Fiction. Arnold's Oakfield - Lady WiUonghby's Diary - - 24 Macd on sld's Villa Verocchio - - - 15 Sir Roger De Coverley - - - - 21 Southey's The Dpctor etc. - - - 21 ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OF NEW WOKKS AND NEW EDITIONS PUBLISHED BY Messrs. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. Miss Acton's Modern COOkery- Book. — Modern Cookery in all its Branches, reduced to a System of Easy Practice, b'nr the use of Private Families. In a Series of Recipes, all of which have been strictly tested, and aregiveu with [he most minute exactness. By Eliza Acton. New Edition; with various Additions, Plates and Wood- cuts. Fcp. Svo. price 7s, 6d. AiHn. — Select Works of the British Poets, from Ben Jonson to Beattie. With Biographical and Critical Prefaces by Dr. Aikin. NewEdition, with Supplement by Lucv Aikin ; consisting of additional Selections, from more receut Poets. Svo, price IS*. Arnold.— Poems. By Matthew Arnold. — Oakfield; or, rellow- flhip in the East. By \V, D Arnold, Lieutenant 53th Regiment, Bengal Native Infantry. The Second Editiou, revised. 2 vols, post 8vo. price 21s. Atkinson, (G.)— Sheriff-Law; or, a Practical Treatise on the Office of Sheriff, Undersheriff, Bailiffs, etc.: Their Duties at the Election of Members of Parliament and Coroners, Assizes, and Sessions of the Peace: Writs of Trial; Writs of Inquiry; Compensation Notices ; Interpleader ; Writs; Warrants; Returns; Bills of Sale; Bonds of Indemnity, etc. By George Atkinson. Third Edition, revised. 8vo. price 10s. 6tf. Atkinson, (GO — The Shipping Laws of the British Empire : Consisting of Park or Marine Amuranee, and Abbott on Shipping. Edited by Geoiioe Atki>son, Serjeant-at-Law. Svo. price \0s.6d. 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