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 mw mmm m/m-- 
 
QE 262.Y58DT3 U 1886 i,yLibrary 
 
 Th unSmi? 1 l i»f,y..Slt the c °un«ry between York 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
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\_All Rights Reserved."] 
 
 MEMOIKS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OE 
 
 THE COUNTEY BETWEEN 
 
 YORK AND HULL. 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEETS 93 S.E., 94 S.W., 
 AND PART OF 86.) 
 
 J. R. DAKYNS, M.A., 
 0. FOX-STRANGWAYS, E.G.S., 
 and A. G. CAMERON. 
 
 irBUSHED BY OBDBE OE THE lOBDB COMMISSIOUEES OF IEEE MAJESTY S TEEASTTEY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 PRINTED FOE HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 EYRE asd SPOTTISWOODE, East Haedihg Steeet, London, E.C. 
 
 ADAH asd CHARLES BLACK, Noeth Beidge, Ediitbubgh. 
 
 HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 10*. Gbaetoh Steeet, Dublin. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Price One Shilling and Sixpence, 
 
LIST OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS, SECTIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 The Maps are those of the Ordnance Survey, geologically coloured by the Geological Surrey of the United Kingdom under 
 
 the Superintendence of Abch. Geiexe, Lli.D., F.U.S., Director General.. 
 (For Maps, Sections, and Memoirs illustrating Scotland, Ireland, and the West Indies, and for full particulars of all publica- 
 tions, see "Catalogue," Price Is.) 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES.-(Scaleone-inchtoamile.) 
 Maps marked * are also published as Drift Maps. Those marked t are published only as Drift Maps. 
 
 Sheets 3*, 5, 6*. 7*, 8, 9, 11 to 22, 25, 26, 30, SI, S3 to 37, 40, 41, 44, 4/1*. 64* price 8*. 6d. each. 
 
 Sheet 4, 5s. Sheets 2*, 10, 23, 24, 27 to 29, 82, 38, 39, 58, S4t, 85t, 4«. each. 
 
 Sheets divided into quarters ; all at Ss. each quarter-sheet, excepting those in brackets, which are 1*. 6d. each. 
 „li-. 4 ?'i?' 45 ' * 6 ' NW ' sw ' NE*,SE, 48, NWt, S W*, NEt, (SE*), (49t), 50t, 51*, 52 to 57. (57 NW), 59 to 63, 65t, 66SWt,NEt, 
 2G 17 ' ^St,'. 6 LSJ> C St >' 8S B +» WW*). SWt, 69t, 70*. 71 to 75, 76 (N) S, (77 N), 78, 79, NW*, SW NE*, SE*, 80 NW*, SW* NE, 
 SB, 81 NW* SW, NE, SE, 82, 83*, 87, 88, KW, SW*, NE, SE, 89 NW*, SW*, NE, SE*, 90(NE*),(SE*),91, f NW*),(8W*),NE* 
 SB*. 9SSW, SE, 93 NW, SW, NE*, SE* 91 NWt, SWt, (NEt), SEt, 95 NW*, NE*, (SE*), 96*, 97 SE.98, 99 (NE*), (SE*)1 
 101 SB, 102 NE*, 103*, 104*, 105 NW, SW, (NE*) , SE, 106 NE* SE*, 109 SW, SE*, 110 (NW*), (NE*) SW*. 
 
 HORIIOWTAi SECTIONS, VERTICAL SECTIONS. 
 
 1 to 139, England, price 5s. each. 1 to 75, England, price 3s. Sd. each. 
 
 COMPLETED COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES, on a Scale of one-inch to a Mile. 
 Sheets marked * have Descriptive Memoirs. Sheets or Counties marked t are illustrated by General Memoirs. 
 
 ANGLESEXt,^7N,78. Hor.Sect.40. 
 
 BEDFORDSHIRE — 46NW,NE,SWt, SEt, 52 NW, NE, SW, SE. 
 BERKSHIRE,— 7*, 8t, 12*, IS*, 34*, 45 SW*. Hor. Sect. 59, 71, 72, 80. 
 
 BRECKNOCKSHIREt,— 36, 41, 42, 56 NW, SW, 57 NE, SE. Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6, 11, and Tert. Sect. 4 and 10. 
 BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,— 7* IS* 45* NE, SE. 46 NW, SWt, 52 SW. Hor. Sect. 74, 79. 
 
 CAERMARTHENSHIREt,S7,S8,40,41,42NW,SW, 66SW.57 SW, SE. Hor. Sect. 2-4,7,8,; andVert. Sect. 8-6 IS 14 
 CAERNARVONSBIRE,t-74 NW, 75, 76, 77 N, 78, 79 NW, SW. Hor. Sect. 28, 31, 40. 
 CARDIGANSHIREt,— 40, 41,- 56 NW, 57, 58, 59 SE, 60 SW. Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6. 
 
 CHESHIRE— 73 NE, NW, 79 NE, SE, 80, 81 NW*, SW*, 88 SW. Hor. Sect. 18, 43, 44, 60, 64, 65, 67 70 
 CORNWALLt,-24t. 25t, 26t, 29t, SOt, Sit, 32t, & SSt. 
 
 DENBIGHt,-73NW,74,75NE,78NE,SE,79NW,SW,SE,80SW. Hor.Sect.Sl,35, 33, 39,43, 44; andVert Sect 24 
 DERBTSHIREt,-63NE,6SNW,71NW,SW, SE.72NE, SE,81,82,88 SW.SE. Hor. Sect. 18, 46; 60 61 69 70 ' 
 DEVONSHIREt,-20t, 21t, 22t, 23t, 24t, 25t, 26t, S 27t. Hor. Sect. 19. ' ' 
 
 DORSETSHIRE— 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22. Hor. Sect. 19, 20, 21, 22, 56. Tert. Sect. 22. 
 ESSEX,— 1*, 2*, 47*, 48. Hor. Sect. 84, 120. 
 FLINTSHIREt — 74 NE, 79. Hor. Sect. 43. 
 
 GLAMORGANSHIRE^- 20, 36, 37, 41, & 42 SE, SW. Hor. Sect. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; Vert. Sect. 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 47 
 GLOUCESTERSHIRE.-^, 34*, 35, 43 NE, SW, SE, 41*. Hor. Sect. 12 to 15, 59 ; Tert. Sect. 7, 11 15 4g'to51 
 HAMPSHIRE,-St, 9t, 10*, lit, 12*. 14, 15, 16.- Hor. Sect. 80. 
 
 HEREFORDSHIRE,-12 NE, SE, 43, 55, 56 NE, SE. Hor. Sect. 5, 13, 27, SO, 34 ; and Tert. Sect 15 
 HERTFORDSHIRE— It NW, 7*, 46, 47*. Hor. Sect. 79, 120, 121. 
 HUNTINGDON,— 51 NW, 52 NW, NE, SW, 64*, 65. 
 KENTt,-lt SW & SE, 2t, St, 4*. 6t. Hor. Sect. 77 and 78. 
 
 ^SilFiu E '~ 79 NE ' 8 ° NW *' NE ' 81 W ' 88 NW ' SWt ' 89, 90 ' 91, 92 SW ' 98 - Hor - Seot - 62 10 68 ' 85 t0 M- Vert^ect. 
 LEICESTERSHIRE-53 NE, 62 NE, 63*, 64*, 70*, 71 SE, SW. Hor. Seot. 46, 48, 49, 52, 122 124 125 
 MERIONETHSHIREt,-59 NE, SE, 60 NW, 74, 75 NE, SE. Hor. Sect. 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35 *S7 38 38 
 MIDDLESEXt,-ltNW,SW,7*, 8t. Hor. Sect. 79. «.™.o». 
 
 M0NM0tJTHSHIRE,-S5, 36, 42 SE,NE, 43 SW. Hor. Sect. 5 and 12; and Vert. Sect. 8, 9, 10, 12 
 MONTGOMERTSHIREt,-56 NW, 59 NE, SE, 60, 74 SW, SE. Hor. Sect. 26, 27, 29, 30, 32 81 35 SB «.s 
 
 PEMBROKESHIREt,-38, 39, 40, 41, 58. Hor. Sect. 1 and 2 ; and Tert. Sect. 12 and 13. 
 RADNORSHIEE.-42 NW, NE, 56, 60 SW, SE. Hor. Sect. 5, 6, 27. 
 RUTLANDSHIREt,— this county is wholly included within Sheet 64.* 
 
 SH T B !™TiadTert N !ei 6 2r24. 6 ° NB ' SE ' "• ° 2 NW ' * W ** SE " Hor - Sect - «* »■ «• * »• * «. H 
 SOMERSETSHIRE -18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 35. Hor. Sect. 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22; and Tert. Sect. 12, 46, 47 48 49 B n 51 
 STAFFORDSHIRE-54 NW, 55 NE, 61 NE, SE, 62, 63 NW, 71 SW, 72, 73 NE SE 81 SE SW W™ aLZ- To ». 
 24, 25, 41, 42, 45, 49, 51, 57, 51, 60 ; and Vert. Sect. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 23 26 e0fc 18 ' M - 
 
 SUFFOLK,— 47,* 48,* 49, 60, 51, 66 SE *, 67. * 
 
 SURREY,— 1 SWt, 6t, 7*, 8t, 12t. Hor. Sect. 74, 75, 76, and 79. 
 SUSSEX,-!*, 6t, 6t, 8t, 9t, lit. Hor. Sect. 73, 75, 76, 77, 78. 
 
 WARWICKSHIRE,-44*,45NW, 53*. 54, 62 NE, SW, SE.68NW, SW, SE. Hor. Sect. 23, 48 to 51 Tert Sent 81 
 WILTSHIRE.-12*, IS*, 14, 15, 18, 19, 34*, and S5. Hor. Sect. 15 and 59 *>.«ioei Vert. Sect. 21. 
 
 WORCESTERSHIRE,-^ NE, 44*, 51, 55, 62 SW, SE, 61 SE. Hor. Sect. 13, 23, 25. 50, 59, and Vert. Sect. 16. 
 
 GENERAL MEMOIRS OP THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 REPORT on CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SOMERSET. By Sir H. T. De La Becke Us ("opi 
 FIGURES and DESCRIPTIONS of the PALEOZOIC FOSSILS in the above Counties By PbcV Phitttp. m „ , 
 The MEMOIRS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of GREAT BRITAIN. Vol. ll, 21s TO II fin 2 PmtswL ( ,P,) 
 
 The MeS&c0 ASIN " PartI ' Chalk andEoceneEed8 »f S.andW. Tracts. By W. Whitakeb. 18,. (Vol. IV. of 
 Guide to the GEOLOGY of LONDON and the NEIGHBOURHOOD. By W. Whitakeb. 4th Ed. 1*. 
 
\All Rights Reserved.] 
 
 MEMOIRS OP THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OE 
 THE COUNTRY BETWEEN 
 
 YORK AND HULL. 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEETS 93 S.E., 94 S.W., 
 AND PART OF 86.) 
 
 J. R. DAKYNS, M.A., 
 
 C. FOX-STRANGWAYS, E.G.S. 
 
 and A. G. CAMERON. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY ORDEE OP THE LOED3 COMHISSIONEES OP HEE MAJESTY S TEEASUEY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 PRINTED FOB HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. 
 
 Published by 
 
 EYRE and SPOTTISWOODE, East Hashing Street, London, E.C. 
 
 ADAM and CHARLES BLACK, Noeth Bbidge, Edinbubgh. 
 
 HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, Geapton Stbejst, Dublin. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Price Is. Sd. 
 

Ill 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 From the general simplicity of Geological structure in the 
 tracts embraced in Quarter-Sheets 93 S.E. and 94 S.W. of the 
 Geological Survey Map of England and Wales, it has been 
 decided to describe the whole in one Memoir, together with that 
 part of the ground lying north of the Humber, represented in 
 Sheet 86. The region thus united contains about 530 square 
 miles of the south-east of Yorkshire. Its western and largest 
 portion lies in the great plain of York ; its central part is formed 
 by the southern prolongation of the range of chalk hills known as 
 the Wolds ; while its eastern part merges into the low grounds of 
 Holderness and the plain of the Humber. 
 
 The Geological formations represented in this region range from 
 the Trias to the Upper Chalk, and include a series of glacial and 
 post-glacial deposits. The Triassic sandstones are of importance 
 in the district as water-bearing strata ; but they are so generally 
 concealed under superficial deposits that they only appear at the 
 surface in occasional small patches, and most of the information 
 regarding them has been obtained from borings and sinkings for 
 water. The Oolites of this district present features of considerable 
 interest. They are separated from the main Oolitic area of 
 Yorkshire by the uprise of the Lower Lias upon which the Chalk 
 directly rests, and they approach in character rather the Lincoln- 
 shire than the Yorkshire type. 
 
 Little of the solid rocks can be seen throughout the district 
 owing to the wide extent of the various superficial accumulations. 
 Hence, although it has been thought desirable to prepare an 
 Edition of the south-eastern quarter of Sheet 93 without the 
 Drifts, for the sake of completing the version of this Sheet which 
 represents the " solid geology," it is the Drift Edition which will 
 be found of most service in the field. Some of the clay and sand, 
 mapped as " Warp," may not improbably prove to be of glacial 
 age. 
 
 Arch. Geikie, 
 
 1st November 1886. Director-General. 
 
 A 19139. Wt. 17275. A 2 
 
IV 
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 The Wold district, together with the eastern part of the area 
 described in the following Memoir, was mapped by Me. Dakyns, 
 the central Oolitic area and the Chalk escarpment by Me. Fox- 
 Steangways, the western (Triassic) part with overlying Drift by 
 Me. Cameeon, who also mapped some of the flat land near Hull. 
 Me. Reid assisted in mapping some small areas comprised in the 
 eastern half of Sheet 94 S.W. 
 
 The whole of the area was surveyed under the superintendence 
 of Me. Howell, as District Surveyor. 
 
 Each surveyor has supplied notes of the areas he examined, and 
 the whole Memoir has been edited by Me. Fox-Steangways. 
 
 The Six-inch Geological Survey Maps included within this area 
 are not published ; but M.S. Coloured Copies are deposited in the 
 Geological Survey Office. 
 
 The Geological structure of the Oolitic area is illustrated in 
 detail by Horizontal Section, Sheet 139. 
 
 H. W. Beistow, 
 
 Geological Survey Office, Senior Director. 
 
 28, Jermyn Street, S.W., 
 20th October 1886. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 Preface by the Director-General - - - - - iii 
 
 Preface by the Director - . iv 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 Table of Formations 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Trias and Rh^tic. 
 
 Bunter Sandstone .-.-.. 3 
 
 Keiiper Sandstone - ... 4 
 
 Keuper Marl - - 8 
 
 Rhsetic Beds - - - . . - - - 10 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Lias. 
 
 Lower Lias - - - - - - ---12 
 
 Middle Lias ..... 13 
 
 Upper Lias .... 16 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Oolites. 
 
 Lower Oolite : 
 
 Lower Estuarine Series, with Hydraulic Limestone - - - 19 
 
 Millepore or Cave Oolite . - - 20 
 
 Great Oolite Clay - - - - - . -22 
 
 Middle and Upper Oolite : 
 
 Kellaways Rock - - - - - - 22 
 
 Oxford and Kimeridge Clays - - - 25 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Cretaceous Rocks. 
 
 Red Chalk 27 
 
 Lower Chalk (Grey Chalk, or Chalk without Flints) - - 29 
 
 Middle Chalk (Chalk with Flints) - 30 
 
 Upper Chalk (Chalk without Flints) - - 30 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Superficial Deposits. 
 
 Page 
 
 Bouldur Clay, Sand and Gravel - " ' qi 
 
 Chalk Gravel, capping hills - - ~: 
 
 Gravel of Dry Chalk Valleys - - - ' " v, 
 
 Warp and Lacustrine Clay, Sand, and Grav&l - - * 
 Alluvium, Modern Warp, and Peat 
 
 Blown Sand - - - 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Physical Structure. 
 Lie of the Rocks, Faults, &c. - 
 
 38 
 39 
 
 - 40 
 
 Appendix I. — Well Sections 42 
 
 Appendix II. — List of Works on the District - - - 47 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS. 
 
 Fig. 1. Diagiam showing extension of Middle Lias feature by Chalky 
 
 Gravel at Everthorpe - - 33 
 
 Fig. 2. Section in Chalk Valley Gravel, Railway Cutting near Good- 
 
 fnanham Lodge ; Market Weighton, and Beverley Railway 34 
 
 Fig. 3. Section, near Stillingfleet, showing rolling Warp upon Boulder 
 
 Drift - - , - 36 
 
 Fig. 4. Sketch Map, showing the thickness of Superficial Beds S.E. of 
 
 York -- - 3/ 
 
 Fig. 5. Sketch of the Humber Shore at Melton, showing peat with 
 
 stumps of trees - - - - - 38 
 
THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE COUNTRY BETWEEN 
 
 YORK AND HULL. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It is intended in these few pages to describe the geology of the 
 country to the south-east of York, including the district lying 
 between that city and the Humber as far as Hull. 
 
 As, on account of the great monotony of some of the formations, 
 there is not much to be said about them, the whole of this district, 
 which includes the one-inch Quarter-Sheets 93 S.E. and 94 S.W., 
 and as much of 86 as lies between them and the Humber, has 
 been taken together. 
 
 The area contains about 530 square miles, and consists of three 
 principal physical divisions. The great plain which stretches away 
 in a south-easterly direction from York to the Humber forms 
 the western part, while to the east we have the low land to the 
 north and west of Hull, and between these two the southern part 
 of the range of hills known as the Chalk Wolds. 
 
 The first of these, which is part of the great central plain of 
 Yorkshire, comprises more than half the area we have to describe. 
 It consists throughout of a level or slightly undulating country, 
 seldom rising above the 50-foot contour. It is drained by the 
 sluggish streams of the Ouse and Derwent, which fall into the 
 estuary of the Humber, and are tidal throughout a great part of 
 this district. 
 
 The second area, which includes the low country in the east 
 of 94 S.W., is a part of the great Holderness flat, and is 
 described more fully in a special Memoir on that district. It also 
 consists of level or slightly undulating country, most _ of which is 
 below the 25-foot contour, and is drained by the river Hull; the 
 district forming, in fact, the greater part of the basin of that 
 river. 
 
 The central area, which comprises the range of the Chalk 
 Wolds, rises in the extreme north-west of the district to over 
 650 feet, and maintains a considerable elevation all along its 
 western scarp ; but declines gradually to the east to join the great 
 plain of Holderness. The greater part of this area, from the 
 porous nature of the rocks, has no perennial surface streams ; but 
 
2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 on the western side, where the Chalk has been cut through to the 
 beds below, copious springs burst out in all the valleys which 
 indent the line of the escarpment. On the eastern side also, as 
 far as the Boulder Clay has swept up, small streams usually 
 commence to run as soon as that formation is thick enough to 
 bear up the water. 
 
 Besides the cities of York and Hull, which are situated at 
 the two extreme comers of the district, the principal towns 
 are Beverley, Market Weighton, Pocklington, Selby, and Goole ; 
 there are also a large number of villages. 
 
 The rooks coming to the surface or reached in boreholes in this 
 district comprise a large group of strata, containing beds of the 
 age of the Trias, Lias, Oolite, and Chalk, as well as a large area 
 of Glacial and Post-glacial beds ; the following being the 
 formations described in this Memoir : — 
 
 Table oi' Formations. 
 
 Blown Sand. 
 
 Alluvium, Modern Warp and Peat. 
 Warp and Lacustrine Clay, 
 d Post--^ Sand and Gravel. 
 
 Gravel of Dry Chalk Valleys. 
 Chalk Gravel (capping hills), and 
 Gravel Terraces. 
 
 f Sand and Gravel. 
 \Boulder Clay. 
 
 Tipper Chalk (Soft Chalk without 
 
 Flints). 
 Middle Chalk (Chalk with Flints). 
 .Lower Chalk (Grey Chalk without 
 
 Flints). 
 (JEted Chalk. 
 
 "(St* 1 ' 
 
 [_Kellaways Bock. 
 
 Great Oolite Clay. 
 Millepore or Cave Oolite. 
 Estuarine Series with Hydraulic 
 Limestone. 
 
 >> 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 Recent 
 glacial. 
 
 Glacial 
 
 u 
 
 CS 
 H3 J 
 
 a ^ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 <u 
 
 W 
 
 Upper Cretaceous -< 
 
 Upper and 
 Oolite. 
 
 Lower Oolite 
 
 I 
 
 Lias 
 
 Bhsetic Beds 
 Trias - 
 
 f Upper Lias. 
 
 --j Middle Lias. 
 
 L Lower Lias. 
 
 - Penarth Beds. 
 
 r Keuper Marl. 
 ■< Keuper Sandstone.* 
 I^Bunter Sandstone. 
 
 * The Keuper Sandstone is, within the area of this Map, entirely covered by drift, 
 and is known only by borings. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 TRIAS AND RH^ETIC. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 The Trias to the south of York may probably be divided into 
 the two groups Bunter and Keupef ; the former of these con- 
 sisting only of sandstone, the latter being further sub-divided into 
 sandstone and marls. Owing to the thick covering of glacial and 
 post-glacial deposits, however, the beds are only seen at a few 
 places, which are mostly beyond the present area, so that the chief 
 evidence to be obtained is from boreholes, and these do not allow 
 very accurate boundaries to be drawn between the sub-divisions.* 
 
 Bunter Sandstone. — The Bunter Sandstone does not come to 
 the surface anywhere in this district, although it is exposed just 
 to the west about Bilborough, Healaugh, and Long Marston, and 
 is also seen just beyond the southern edge of the Map, where it 
 forms the conspicuous hill of Brayton Barf, rather more than a 
 mile to the south-west of Selby. 
 
 From these sections the rock appears to consist of soft brick- 
 red thick-bedded sandstone, with thin marly partings, and occa- 
 sionally veins of opaque white quartz. 
 
 The following boreholes and wells have been sunk into this 
 formation. 
 
 Well at Naburn Railway Station. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Drift, J^ nd " " " " J? 
 
 Grey sandstone - 67 
 
 Total 
 
 Well at Cawood Steam Flour Mill. Pt 
 
 J Sand 
 Clay 
 
 ! 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 240 
 
 
 
 94 ft. I Quicksand 
 iKed Sand 
 
 Soft grey Sandstone - 
 
 Total ... 334 
 
 * Fig. 4, p. 37, shows the positions of the chief boreholes and the thickness of the 
 drift-covering. 
 
 + Dr. Franklin Parsons has written two papers on the Alluvial Strata and 
 Trias of this district ; in these he gives a valuable collection of boreholes, from 
 which those marked p are copied. — Proc. Yorkshire Geol. Soc, vol. vi.,p. 214, 1877, 
 and vol. vii. p. 154, 1879. 
 
BUNTBK SANDSTONE. 
 
 The water in this well is said to have fallen considerably at the 
 same time that the Selby well gave an overwhelming supply. 
 
 Well at Osgodby.p 
 
 ("Loamy soil 
 Drift, J Clay 
 25 ft. 1 Sand 
 
 I Clay 
 
 Ft. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 - 4 
 
 15 
 
 In 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Red Sandstone - 
 
 - 175 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Well at Selby Waterworks.* 
 
 f Warpy clay 
 I Strong clay 
 I Sand and clay 
 Drift, J Strong clay 
 7 ft. fi in. » Clay and silt 
 
 Grey sand or coarse water sand 
 Eed sand 
 Indurated sand 
 
 67 ft. 6 in.' 
 
 Bed Sandstone - 
 
 Eed clay and Fuller's earth with pipe clay 
 
 Eed Sandstone 
 
 Total 
 
 243,000 gallons pumped every 24 hours without apparently 
 diminishing the quantity. The water is hard, as if from Magnesian 
 Limestone. 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 y 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 203 
 
 
 
 333 
 
 G 
 
 Keuper Sandstone. — The Keuper Sandstone occupies a broad 
 belt of country to the east of York and Selby. It is everywhere 
 covered by superficial deposits, but was reached in a boring at 
 Ellerton, near the Derwent, where the section was — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Superficial beds - - 50 
 
 White and yellow Sandstone - 77 
 
 Total 127 
 
 A little to the north of this area at Stamford Bridge, the rock, 
 which is here a hard greenish quartzose sandstone with dark 
 specks, is exposed in the bed of the Derwent ; and a deep borino- 
 
 * At the other end of the town there is another well, 380 feet deep, still in red 
 sandstone. Water stands "very near the top. At 1G feet from the surface were 
 found trees, nuts, and leaves. 
 
KECTPER SANDSTONE. 5 
 
 at Strensall showed that this formation is composed mainly of 
 thick beds of white and greenish sandstone with marly partings.* 
 
 This sandstone appears also to have been reached in a deep 
 boring at Reedness, which was put down in search of coal, at a 
 depth of 342 feet ; and the various borings at Goole seem to show 
 that the junction of the sandstone' and the marls above runs through 
 the town, those on the west side being in sandstone while those 
 on the east penetrate the marls. 
 
 The Keuper Sandstone in the neighbourhood of the Ouse has 
 been reached in the following borings, except those at the Railway 
 Bridge and at Gleadow's Buildings, which reached the marl but 
 did not go through it. 
 
 Well at Barmby Ridge, on the Hull and Barnsley Railway. 
 
 Drift, / Yellow sand 
 92 ft. L Clay 
 
 Grey sandstone with water 
 Total 
 
 Trial Boring for Waterworks, Booth Ferry Road, Goole.pt 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 (1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 'Warpy sand 
 Warpy clay 
 
 or ft' 1 ^ ne s ^ c ^ a y 
 
 Red clay 
 Rough gravel 
 Warp clay 
 
 Red sand - - 
 
 Hard coarse light red sand - 
 
 Red marl - 
 
 Hard sand 
 
 Red marl 
 
 Hard sand 
 
 Red marl » - „ 
 
 Hard sand 
 
 Red marl 
 
 Hard coarse Sandstone, with small pebbles 
 
 Red sand and marl mixed 
 
 Red sand 
 
 Stiff red marl -„-»-„ 
 
 Marl and. red san,d 
 
 Red sandy marl 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 T 
 
 59 
 
 9 
 
 Total 366 
 
 * See Memoirs of the Geological Survey. Explanation of Quarter Sheet, 93 N.E., 
 p. 4. 
 
 f At the Windmill shown on the One-Inch Map. 
 
Drift, 
 75 ft. 
 
 KEUPER SANDSTONE. 
 
 Artesian Well, Pemberton's Brewery, Goole.p* 
 
 "Top sand 
 Peat 
 'Clay 
 Gravel - 
 -{ Red clay 
 ' Sand 
 Hard sand - 
 Gravel and sand ■ 
 Clay and cobbles 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Bed Sandstone 
 
 Drift, 
 
 33 ft. 
 
 Total 
 Well in George Street, Old Goole. P 
 
 {Warp 
 Quicksand ... 
 
 Peat 
 Quicksand 
 Strong blue clay 
 
 Sand, bluish, then rusty, then red 
 Total 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 '200 
 
 
 
 Ft, 
 
 In 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 The following sections, which are further east than the foregoing, 
 appear to have reached the Keuper Marl, but did not go through 
 it, except those at Eeedness and Saltmarshe. 
 
 Section in foundations of Bridge over River Ouse, on Hull and Doncaster Branch 
 of 'North-Eastern Railway. P 
 
 Drift, , 
 35 ft. 6 in ^ 
 
 "Bottom of river, about 
 Biver mud 
 Peat 
 Sand and gravel - 
 
 Clay - 
 
 Sand and gravel - 
 
 Soft clay 
 
 Soft blue shale 
 
 Strong blue shale with gypsum 
 
 Total 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 16 
 
 below surface. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 51 
 
 Well at Gleadow's Buildings, Old Goole. p 
 
 ("Old well .... 
 
 Drift ' Quicksand ... 
 
 irij n '.' -i Laminated clay - 
 45 ft. o in. ) OJ . •«. j J 
 
 | Stia sandy warp ... 
 
 (_Gravel (rounded chert pebbles) 
 
 Blue and red marl 
 
 Total 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 * Near the Kiver Ouse. 
 
KEUPER SANDSTONE. 
 
 Boring at Goole in connexion with a railway bridge across the Ouse.* 
 
 Ft. In. 
 rii-fl- TSilt and sand . - - 20 
 
 56 ft i Black peat " _ ' - 18 
 
 " [_Soft brown clay, sand, and gravel - - 18 
 
 Soft blue shale (full of water) - - - - 18 
 
 Strong blue shale with gypsum - - - - 30 
 
 Total - - 104 
 
 Saltmarshe, sinking and boring.^ 
 
 Drift, /Earth 
 54 ft. \ Quicksand 
 
 White and blue plaster and red marl 
 
 Blue marl '- 
 
 Red marl 
 
 Soft red sandstone 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 - 36 
 
 
 
 - 18 
 
 
 
 - 126 
 
 
 
 - 33 
 
 
 
 - 42 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 Total - - 315 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Drift, 
 C9 ft. 8 in 
 
 Borehole at Reedness. 
 
 "Dark soil - 
 
 Yellow sandy warp ... 
 
 Dark blue warp 
 Fine blue warp - 
 Blue sandy warp - 
 Light grey sand, with water - - - 
 
 Black moor earth with rotten wood 
 Strong blue clay ... 
 
 Grey sand, with water - - - 
 
 Black gravel and quicksand, very sharp 
 Red sand .... 
 Grey sand and gravel - 
 Bed sand - 
 Gravel and sharp sand 
 
 Red marl with grey specks - ■ - 
 
 Red sandstone with alabaster and some thin hard lists - 
 Strong blue stone with thin white beds ... 
 Dark red bind with white beds of alabaster 
 Strong blue stone .... 
 
 Red bind with thin beds of blue stone - - - 
 
 Blue stone ..... 
 Red bind with thin white beds and hard lists of blue 
 
 stone ..... 
 
 Blue bind - - - - 
 
 Red bind with thin hard lists of blue stone and thin 
 
 beds of alabaster - 
 Red stone ..... 
 Red bind with hard lists of stone and white alabaster - 
 Blue stone ... . 
 
 * It is doubtful whether this is the same section as that given by Dr. Parsons. It 
 may have been a preliminary boring near the site of the bridge. 
 
 ■f From account supplied by Mr. Clarke, Knedlington, near Howden. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 J 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
KEUPER MARL. 
 
 Red bind with thin beds of alabaster 
 
 Blue bind - - 
 
 Red bind with thin beds of alabaster 
 
 Blue stone and white parting 
 
 Red stone and blue lists in it 
 
 Red bind with thin beds of alabaster 
 
 Red stone 
 
 Blue stone - 
 
 Red bind with hard lists of stone and white partings 
 
 Red stone with thin white partings 
 
 Blue stone thin beds and blue bind partings 
 
 Blue bind with thin beds of blue stone 
 
 Red bind with thin beds of alabaster - 
 
 Blue bind with soft beds of alabaster 
 
 Dark soft red bind - 
 
 Blue sto'ne - 
 
 Red sandstone, soft at top and gets harder lower down 
 
 Red bind 
 
 Red sandstone 
 
 Red bind with lists of blue stone 
 
 Red sandstone - 
 
 Red bind with bright shining specks 
 
 Dark red bind 
 
 Red sandstone 
 
 Dark red bind 
 
 Red sandstone 
 
 Red bind 
 
 Red stone 
 
 Red bind 
 
 Red stone 
 
 Soft red bind - 
 
 Red sandstone 
 
 Dark red bind 
 
 Red sandstone 
 
 Dark red hind - - 
 
 Red sandstone 
 
 Light red sandstone 
 
 Red sandstone 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 169 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 233 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 74 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 Total 
 
 - 1,029 
 
 Keuper Marl. — These marls, as they rise towards the flanks of 
 the hills bounding the great plain on the east, are better seen than 
 the other members of the Trias. They consist of red and grey 
 marl, with beds of gypsum, and a little thin flaggy sandstone, 
 which latter is often covered with pseudomorphous crystals of 
 salt. The western or lower portion of the Keuper Marl is con- 
 cealed by the deposits of the plain ; but as these become thinner 
 towards the edge, the marls gradually appear, and are seen in the 
 several small streams about Barmby-on-the-Moor, Pocklington, 
 Burnby, and- Shipton. North of Pocklington, and between that 
 place and Market Weighton, they form part of the rising ground 
 east of the railway, and are exposed at numerous places, particu- 
 larly in the cuttings near Yapham, south of Burnby, and south of 
 Shipton. The isolated hill of Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, which, 
 
KBUPER MARL. 9 
 
 rising out of the flat to a height of 150 feet above the sea, forms 
 so conspicuous an object in the landscape, is also composed mainly 
 of these marls. South of this, the Keuper- Marl does not rise 
 above the plain ; but large excavations are frequently made into 
 it for marling the sandy flats of the district. These excavations 
 are very common as far south as North Cliff, but south of that 
 the superficial deposits are apparently too thick to allow of 
 the marl being worked, and the clay from the Lias bank is more 
 readily obtained for the purpose. 
 
 Besides the Reedness and Saltmarshe borings and those on the 
 east side of Groole, the Keuper Marl has been reached in the 
 following wells : — 
 
 Well at Melbourne, near Pocklington, 1796.* 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 
 TSandy loam - 
 
 - 10 
 
 [ Calo. clay- 
 
 4 
 
 Drift, J Quicksand 
 
 - 7 
 
 42 ft. 4 in.1 Warp - 
 
 13 
 
 Red soapy stone mixed with warp 
 
 fi 
 
 (JPurple gravel - - - 
 
 2 4 
 
 Blue shale 
 
 - 1 6 
 
 Red soapy stone - 
 
 5 
 
 „ mixed with colours 
 
 18 
 
 "White soapy stone - 
 
 1 
 
 Mixed ,, - 
 
 H 
 
 Blue shale - - 
 
 - 1 
 
 Red stone - - 
 
 - 4 
 
 Blue stone mixed with plaster - 
 
 .1 
 
 Hard stone 
 
 1 6 
 
 Total - 
 
 78 4 
 
 Well at Bellasize, near Staddlethorpe.p 
 
 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 
 'Top soil .... 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 Sandy warp - 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 Laminated clay, with sand on one side 
 
 5 
 
 
 Clay, with warp sand 
 
 - 11 
 
 Drift, 
 59 ft. 4 in.^ 
 
 Blue clay 
 
 - 12 
 
 Grey sand - 
 
 6 
 
 
 Red marl 
 
 10 
 
 » 
 
 Blue clay - 
 
 6 6 
 
 
 Flint or stone 
 
 - 3 4 
 
 
 __Sand and soft warp, with water 
 
 - 9 
 
 Red marl, with gypsum 
 
 12 
 
 Dark clay, very tough - 
 
 - 4 
 
 Red marl, with. white matter ... 
 
 4 
 
 Blueish stone 
 
 1 
 
 Red marl - 
 
 5 
 
 Grey sharp sand 
 
 - 2 
 
 Red bind, very tough - 
 
 - 5 
 
 Blue bind ... . 
 
 - 2 
 
 Red marl, with gypsum - 
 
 - 8 
 
 r 
 
 rotal .... 
 
 - 102 4 
 
 * From a General View of the Agriculture of the East Biding of York, 8vo 
 York, 1812, p. 24. 
 
10 KEUPEB MARL. 
 
 Well at Blacksmith's Arms, Holme. 
 
 Drift Sand 
 
 Blue stone - 
 
 Layer of " plaster " and some sand. 
 
 " Slate," blue and brown stone ... 
 
 Total 
 
 Ft. 
 - 15 
 
 In, 
 
 
 
 - 45 
 
 
 
 - 240 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 Eh^tic (Penarth) Beds. 
 
 These beds, which consist of black papery shales with green 
 marls at the base, are very poorly seen in this district. Below 
 the Lias at Pocklington green marls are seen ; and a little further 
 on, in Kildwick Percy Park, there are dark papery shales with a 
 little thin sandstone and green marl below. Green marl is also 
 seen at the Vicarage, and at a few places along the bank to the 
 south, but the outcrop is much obscured by the slipping down of 
 the Lias beds above. 
 
 At Warter Priory, along the woods in the lower part of the 
 park, green marls and dark shales are exposed at several places ; 
 green marl and flaggy sandstone have also been turned out from 
 an old excavation near the corner of the wood immediately below 
 the house. Fragments of White Lias limestone are also very 
 abundant round the sides of this valley, so that the outcrop is not 
 difficult to trace. 
 
 In Londesbrough Park the green marls are again seen, but 
 there are no exposures of the shales. At Market Weighton the 
 outcrop probably runs through the west part of the town, and 
 can be fairly well fixed by the aid of two wells. The first of 
 these, which is by the side of the road the third of a mile north 
 of the Station, is 52 feet deep, and went through 6 feet of green 
 marl at the bottom. The other, which is just north of the railway 
 about 600 yards west of the Station, is 14 feet deep, and princi- 
 pally in black shale with small shells ; and, from green marl being 
 seen close by, must have been in Rhastic Beds. South of the town 
 the outcrop keeps close along the edge of the flat, and some dark 
 shale and green marl are seen between the footpath to Houghton 
 Hail and the road. In the neighbourhood of North Cliff several 
 large pits have been made in the Lias for marling the sandy flats 
 below. The second of these, which is about 600 yards north of 
 the village, is in the lower beds of the Lias ; in the bottom of 
 this pit a more recent excavation has been made in finely 
 laminated papery shales, with minute fossils, which are lower than 
 anything else seen in this bank, and must represent part, although 
 probably not quite the lowest beds, of the Rhaetic series. The 
 great road-cutting just north of the village also shows, in its 
 lowest part, shales which have a very Rhsetic aspect, and the beds 
 above evidently represent quite the base of the Lias. 
 
RHJETIC BEDS. 11 
 
 The following section was measured in the lower part of this 
 road : — 
 
 Section in road cutting North Cliff. 
 
 Ft. Ik. 
 Thick bands of limestone, with Ostrea liassica, Lima, &c. 4 
 Clay - - - - - -20 
 
 Hard blue shelly bed, weathering white, with Myacites, 
 
 Pleuromya crowcombeia - - .-03 
 
 Shale, with sandy bands - - - 8 to 10 
 
 Band of fine-grained sandstone - - - 8 
 
 Brown shale - « - - 1 
 
 Shale - - - - - -60 or more. 
 
 From these sections it appears that the Rhsetic Beds crop out at 
 the villages of North and South Cliff, just along the edge of the 
 sands ; but further south there is no evidence of their presence, 
 although they cannot be far away from the Lias feature till this 
 sinks beneath the flat to the south of Cave. 
 
 19139. 
 
12 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE LIAS. 
 
 The Lias makes a bank or terrace at the foot of the rising 
 ground formed by the Oolite hills and the Chalk Wolds. In 
 the north of the district, owing to the overlap of the Chalk, only 
 the lower part of the formation occurs ; but as we trace the beds 
 southwards the upper part gradually comes in, and continues as 
 a narrow band parallel with the base of the Oolite till it finally 
 disappears beneath the sands and alluvium of the Humber. 
 
 Lower Lias. — The lithological character of the Lower Lias has 
 considerably changed from what it was in the northern part of 
 the county ; and instead of consisting principally of shnles with 
 thin calcareous bauds and ferruginous nodules, the beds here are 
 much more calcareous, and contain, especially in the lower part, 
 strong bands of fossiliferous limestone. These hard bands cause 
 the lower beds to stand out in a bold feature, which forms a fine 
 terrace, both at Pocklington and Market Weighton. South of the 
 latter town in the vicinity of North Cliff these beds, as we have 
 mentioned, have been largely worked for marling the land below, 
 and it is here that we are best able to study their character. 
 There are about half a dozen or more of these pits, a very 
 detailed account of which has been given by Prof. Blake.* In a 
 general way the beds here exposed may be described as consisting 
 of a thick bed of limestone at the top, full of Lima gigantea, 
 Cardinia Listeri, and Ammonites Johnstord ; below this are softer 
 beds, not generally so well seen, and then beds of limestone again 
 very full of Ostrea, forming regular oyster beds ; below which there 
 are more shales and soft beds with thin limestones, the lowest 
 beds being full of Pleuromya crowcombeia and Modiola minima ; and 
 below this again more shales with brown sandy bands and fine- 
 grained white limestone resting on the dark laminated shales of 
 the Bhsetic. The higher beds of the Lower Lias are not nearly so 
 well exposed as the lower portion, but there are several clay-pits 
 in which these beds are seen, more particularly about Hotham and 
 near Warter. Between the former place and Houghton the 
 " marl " pits are very numerous, the clay containing Gryphcea 
 incurva in great abundance. The total thickness of the Lower 
 Lias is about 100 or 150 feet, but a great portion of the upper 
 beds is frequently hidden by the overlap of the Chalk, so that very 
 often not more than, half this thickness is seen at the outcrop. In 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxviii., p. 132, 1872 ; and the Yorkshire Lias, 
 p. 38. 
 
LOWER LIAS. 13 
 
 the steep bank at Cliff there are nearly 100 feet of these beds, 
 the remaining portion forming the great spread between this 
 place and Newbald. 
 
 To the north-east of Pocklington the Lower Lias forms the 
 sharp projecting feature just above the town, and is well exposed 
 on the brow of the hill ; but the upper part is hidden by a great 
 quantity of chalk de'bris,* extending over the surface between 
 Wood House and Kildwick Percy Hall. 
 
 Along the steep bank by Denison's Wood the beds are well 
 seen, although much slipped ; and passing round into the Warter 
 Valley, we have the section at the brickyard showing beds high 
 in the series, f while in the stream below Warter Priory there is 
 a good section in the basement beds of the formation. 
 
 South of Nunburnholme the Lower Lias makes" a good feature 
 to the east of the railway, but there being a thin covering of drift 
 here, is not well seen till a little beyond Cleaving Grange, where 
 it is thrown up by a fault, and is exposed in the bank below the 
 road. 
 
 In the two valleys running north of Londesbrougb Park the 
 Lias extends for some distance, beds low in the series being 
 exposed at Park Farm and elsewhere. In the neighbourhood of 
 Market Weighton the Lias is everywhere well exposed, parti- 
 cularly in the railway cutting and in the beck towards Goodman- 
 ham, and also to the south as far as Houghton Hall ; beyond 
 this it forms the broad spreading terrace of Houghton Moor, 
 between North Cliff and Newbald, but is much hidden by a great 
 covering of sand, the land being very light, and not having at all a 
 Lias aspect. 
 
 The Lower Lias forms the hill to the south of North Cave, 
 where it is exposed in the railway cutting, and the beds may be 
 followed round the hill to South Cave, but beyond this they pass 
 below the alluvial flat, and are not again seen this side of the 
 H umber. 
 
 Between North and South Cave the Lower Lias is covered 
 with great quantities of gravel, composed almost entirely of Lias 
 fragments, in which specimens of Gryphaza incurva are especially 
 abundant, showing to how great an extent the Lias must have 
 been exposed to denudation, and also how abundant this particular 
 fossil must have been in those beds. 
 
 Middle Lias. — The Middle Li as in the northern part ot this 
 district consists of thin oolitic ironstone about three feet thick, 
 which is seen at a few places cropping out beneath the Chalk, 
 but further south the thickness increases to eight or nine feet, and 
 contains beds of thin irregular flaggy limestone ; further south 
 still it is probably thicker ; and, although it must have been 
 
 * See p. 32. 
 
 f Am. arnmtus and Am. Macdonnellii are mentioned by Tate and Blake from this 
 pit. Loc. cit., p. 86. 
 
 B fc 
 
14 MIDDLE LIAS. 
 
 passed through in the boring near Brantingham Grange, it is 
 uncertain what beds should be referred to the Middle Lias. 
 
 The following is the account of this boring as furnished by 
 Mr. T. Allison, Guisborough : — 
 
 Section of diamond-drill boring near Mill Hill, between Elloughton and 
 Brantingham Grange. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Drift, / Soil and yellow sand 
 20 ft. 6 in. 1 Yellow clay 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Calcareous sandstone - - - 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Blue Cave limestone 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 Dark shale and calcareous bands 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 Grey clay shale 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 Brown siliceous stone 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 ., ferruginous stone 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Blue 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 Blue shale - - - 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 Calcareous ferruginous band 
 
 
 
 7" 
 
 Shale with broken shells 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Calcareous ferruginous band 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Dark clay shale - - 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 • „ „ „ with calcareous ferruginous bands 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 ,, )! J) 
 
 28 
 
 0" 
 
 Total 
 
 192 
 
 6 
 
 y 8 
 
 )>16 6 
 
 The Middle Lias is first seen in situ to the south of Nunburn- 
 holme, in dilch sections, near Partridge Hall ; although fragments 
 of an oolitic rock were observed north of this, j ust at the base of 
 the Chalk, on the brow of the hill south of Kildwick Percy Wold 
 House, which may be of this age. The fact of the upper part of 
 the Lower Lias being seen at Warter brickyard also rather 
 tends to show that the Middle Lias exists near the base of the 
 Chalk about here. About half a mile south of Partridge Hall the 
 beds are thrown up by a fault, and do not again appear from 
 beneath the Chalk till we get to Goodmanham, where iron- 
 stone fragments with Pecten are common at the base of the 
 Chalk, although the bed at first is not thick enough to map. 
 Ammonites spinatus was also obtained from here. To the south 
 of Goodmanham the bed becomes more distinct, and may be traced 
 round the sides of that valley, there being a section in the road 
 on the south side of the railway which shows,* 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Ironstone - - - 1 
 
 Grey clay ... 06 
 
 Ironstone - - - - 3 6 
 Clay 
 
 From this point the outcrop is probably continuous, although 
 not always seen ; below Sancton it becomes very distinct, form- 
 ing quite a terrace to the west of the village. At Cauldwell Spring 
 
 * Compare Tate and Blake, the Yorkshire Lias, p. 143, where a list of characteristic 
 fossils from this place is given. 
 
MIDDLE LIAS. 15 
 
 the rock has rather an unusual appearance, being a dense blue 
 oolitic ironstone, which, on examination under a lens, seems to 
 consist of brown and white oolitic grains cemented by iron. It is 
 very probable that the rock here owes its dark colour to being less 
 oxidized than in other places. It is very fossiliferous, and con- 
 tains Ammonites spinatus, Pecten (like P. ci milieus), &c. South 
 of Sancton the outcrop is somewhat obscured b/ sands, but it is 
 seen in the road at the boundary of the parish and opposite 
 Newbald Sike, and at a few places on the west side of the road as 
 far as Newbald. Above Hothana and North Cave it again forms 
 a good feature and is well exposed, being cut into by the roads 
 going up the bank east of these places. The rock here is largely 
 made up of brown and grey crystalline limestone, and contains 
 the following fossils : — 
 
 Rhynchonella tetrahedra. 
 . Terebratula Edwardsii. 
 
 „ punctata. 
 
 Avicula inwquioalvis. 
 Pecten wquivalvis. 
 
 „ sublcevis. 
 Lima. 
 
 The railway at Everthorpe gives about the best section of these 
 beds of any in the district. The strata here, which are lying very 
 flat, are exposed in the cutting for a distance of over 200 yards, 
 and consist of ferruginous flaggy limestone, with a very irregular 
 top, much broken by large " pipes "; below are shales, the whole, 
 including the soft beds at the bottom, having a thickness of about 
 9 feet.* South of here the outcrop curves round through the 
 village of Everthorpe to Castle Farmt and South Cave Church, 
 forming a good terrace to the west of the park. It crosses the 
 lower end of the Fish Pond, being seen in the road below, and 
 may be followed along the bank to Ellerker, where it crops out in 
 the beck passing through the village ; beyond this it gets below 
 the level of the sands, but has been cut into by a ditch about 
 three-quarters of a mile to the south, and was also met with in 
 the boring near Brantingham Grange, as mentioned above. This 
 boring is somewhat doubtful, but it is probable that the alternating 
 calcareous and ferruginous bands with beds of shale 16 ft. 6 in., 
 should be referred to the Middle Lias. 
 
 From the neighbourhood of Ellerker the following fossils were 
 obtained : — 
 
 Rhynchonella tetrahedra. 
 Terebratula Edwardsii. 
 
 „ punctata. 
 
 Belemnites breviformis. 
 
 * Messrs. Keeping and Middlcmiss, in describing this section, make the Middle 
 Lias rather thicker, as they include the Capricornus beds at the base. • Geol. Mag., 
 dec. ii., vol. x., p. 21C. 
 
 ■f There are two places of this name. The text refers to the one at Cave Castle. 
 
16 TJ3PP.EB LIAS. 
 
 The following is an analysis of the ironstone from Cauldwell 
 Spring, near Sancton, kindly made for us by Mr. L. F. Gjers, of 
 Middlesbrough. 
 
 Sample dried at 212° :— 
 
 Protoxide of iron- - - - - 2470 
 
 Peroxide of iron - 5 ' 20 
 
 Protoxide of manganese - ■ 50 
 
 Silica - - 8-80 
 
 Alumina - 7 ' 85 
 
 Lime - 20 "50 
 
 Magnesia - 4 • 00 
 
 Phosphoric acid - ' 60 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-90 
 
 Combined water - 2" 40 
 
 Carbonic acid - ... 24 ' 50 
 
 9.9-95 
 
 Loss by calcination - - - 27 " 50 
 
 Metallic iron - - 22 "80 
 
 Metallic iron in calcined stone - - - 31 • 45 
 
 Upper Lias. — The shales of the Upper Lias form a very narrow 
 band, the outcrop of which follows that of the Middle Lias so 
 closely that the description of one will nearly answer for that of 
 the other. There is a small outcrop of the beds below Partridge 
 Hall ; but they are not seen in section, and do not appear again 
 from beneath the Chalk till they leave that formation to the 
 south of Market Weighton. 
 
 To the north of Sancton there is a strip of clayey ground 
 between the Middle Lias and the Oolites, which must represent 
 these shales, but they are not seen till south of the village, where, 
 opposite Newbald Sike, is an old clay-pit in which they have 
 been worked. A well here, just at the outcrop of the Red Chalk, 
 is said to be 60 feet deep, and to have gone through 12 feet of 
 limestone at the bottom. This, if it is to be relied upon, would give 
 about 40 feet for the Upper Lias, and it cannot be any more, if so 
 much, at this place. 
 
 To the south of this the clays are still very indistinctly seen, 
 but may be followed by the line of slightly heavier ground they 
 make between the other beds. 
 
 In Drewton Beck and in the road at Everthorpe a little clay 
 is seen, but it is not till we reach Ellerker that anything like a 
 good section is obtained. In the beck at this village the Middle 
 Lias, as mentioned above, is seen ; and above this, at the eastern 
 end, just below xhe mill, there are dark laminated shales, which may 
 be followed to the base of the Oolite. This being only a ditch- 
 section it is difficult to estimate the thickness, but it will probably 
 be between 20 and 30 feet. 
 
UPPER LIAS. 17 
 
 In a limestone quarry, about 700 yards to the south, these beds 
 were reached in a trial-shaft for ironstone, and a, large quantity of 
 the shale with Ammonites serpentinus was turned out. 
 
 The following is the account of this shaft, furnished by 
 Mr. Allison : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Calcareous soil - - -10 
 
 Blue Cave limestone 18 
 
 Blue marl 8 
 
 Yellow calcareous marl 3 6 
 
 Blue shaie with nodules 7 
 
 Total - 37 6 
 
 The wellsinker's account slightly differs, but agrees better with 
 the beck section at Ellerker. It was — 
 
 Limestone 
 Hard stone 
 Clay 
 Stone- 
 Clay 
 
 Hard stoue 
 Black shale 
 
 Total 
 
 From this latter account it would appear that the ' 
 is the Hydraulic Limestone, and the " Hard Stone 1 
 of the Oolites. 
 
 About here the outcrop of the Lias sinks beneath the sands, 
 and is not again seen, although it has been reached in the several 
 trial-holes for ironstone between here and Brough. 
 
 At the point where the footpath to Ellerker crosses Whin 
 Moor Lane, a shaft was sunk 17 feet in sand and blue clay ; no 
 particulars of this shaft were kept, but, judging from the outcrop 
 of Middle Lias ironstone near here, it must have nearly gone 
 through the Upper Lias shale ; as also probably did the next shaft, 
 which is 400 yards to the south, and gave — 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 6" 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 36 
 
 
 
 
 ' Stone 3 ft." 
 
 ft." the 
 
 base 
 
 Sandy soil - 
 
 Stony clay - 
 
 Bottom part of blue Cave Limestone 
 
 Blue shale with nodules of cement stone 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In, 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 Total ... 22 6 
 
 In this section the " Blue Cave Limestone " represents the 
 Basement Bed of the Oolites, as the site of the shaft is certainly 
 below the base of the Cave Limestone, and very near the base of 
 the Oolites altogether. 
 
18 UPPEK LIAS. v 
 
 The diamond-boring near Brantingham Grange gives 35 ft. 10 in. 
 of blue shale below the Oolite, if we are right in this interpre- 
 tation of the section. In Brough a boring at the back of the 
 Railway Hotel is said to have reached " Sandstone " at 90 ft., 
 while one at the Station is 18 ft. in clay, and then " Greystone," 
 and one at Castle Hill is 40 ft. to " Stone," but there is so much 
 discrepancy about these Brough borings that they are of little 
 value. 
 
19 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 OOLITES. 
 
 Lower Oolites. 
 
 The Lower Oolites in this district form a continuation of those 
 in Lincolnshire and beyond, and with these they should be com- 
 pared, rather than with those in the northern part of the county, 
 which, although similar in some respects, undergo considerable 
 alteration during their overlap by the Cretaceous beds. 
 
 The great Estuarine Series, which forms so striking a feature in 
 North Yorkshire, has almost entirely disappeared, and the 
 remaining beds, chiefly marine, occupy a narrow strip at the foot 
 of the Wolds southward from Market Weighton, which is never 
 more than about half a mile in breadth. 
 
 These beds first appear rather more than a mile to the north 
 of Sancton ; they are overlapped by the Chalk in the valley to the 
 south of the village, but appear again about Newbald, and con- 
 tinue thence uninterruptedly to the Humber, where, however, 
 they are a good deal obscured by superficial deposits. 
 
 Lower Estuarine Series with Hydraulic Limestone. — These 
 beds, which form the base of the Lower Oolites in this district, are 
 the same as those to which the name " Basement Beds " has been 
 given in Lincolnshire, with which they should be correlated in 
 preference to the Lower Estuarine Series of the Yorkshire coast. 
 They are composed mostly of clays with some shaly sandstone, 
 and at the base a thin fossiliferous sandstone. This latter, which 
 at the most is not more than a few inches thick, may, to a certain 
 extent, represent the Dogger ; it is too thin in this district to be 
 mapped separately, in fact it has only been seen at one point. 
 The beck just above the mill at Ellerker gives the entire section 
 from the Hydraulic Limestone to the Lias, and shows how thin 
 these beds are about here. The section is — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Hydraulic Limestone . - - - -26 
 
 Yellow sandy shale - - - - - 6 
 
 Calcareous sandstone with fossils - ,3 
 
 Dark shale (Lias) .... 
 
 The trial shafts south of Ellerker, from the lack of marked 
 lithological divisions, do not give much insight into these beds. 
 It is probable that there are somewhere about 20 feet of measures, 
 more or less, between the Cave Limestone and the Lias. 
 
20 LOWER OOLITES. 
 
 These Estuarine Beds first crop out from beneath the Chalk 
 between Market Weighton and Sancton, but their presence here 
 can be only inferred. The first indication of them is to the south 
 of the latter place, where the outcrop of the Hydraulic Limestone 
 is seen in a field by the road-side, with clays below and apparently 
 also above. 
 
 Between here and Newbald Sike the beds are overlapped by 
 the Chalk, which comes down on the Lias ; and although they crop 
 out again along the bank there is no evidence of them as far as 
 Newbald. South of this village the outcrop of the Hydraulic 
 Limestone and the clay above become much clearer, and fragments 
 of the limestone are frequently seen strewn over the fields. 
 
 At the side of the road going up the hill east of Hotham, and a 
 little above the Middle Lias section previously mentioned, the 
 limestone, which is three feet thick, has been quarried for mend- 
 ing the roads, and is better exposed than anywhere else in the 
 district. The outcrop still continues clear for some distance to 
 the south, and both the clay and fragments of limestone are seen 
 in the railway and road east of Everthorpe, and about South Cave. 
 
 In the stream at Ellerker, as given in the section above, the 
 limestone is 2 ft. 6 in. thick, with 6 ft. of shale below, and then 
 the sandstone at the base, but the beds above are not very clear ; 
 it is evident, however, that there is scarcely any thickness of 
 measures, as the Cave Limestone crops out almost immediately 
 above at the windmill, and the trial-holes also show that there 
 is not much difference in the beds. 
 
 The Hydraulic Limestone has, therefore, not been carried on 
 as a separate bed south of this point ; and the Estuarine Beds 
 themselves, although forming the lower part of the bank between 
 here and Brough, are covered by the superficial sands which sweep 
 up the slope. 
 
 The boring near Brantingham Grange apparently went through 
 14 ft. of these Estuarine Beds, and 9 ft. 8 ins. of harder beds 
 below, which probably represent the Dogger or the Basement 
 Beds of Lincolnshire.* 
 
 The Millepore or Cave Oolite. — This, which is the principal and 
 best known of all the Jurassic rocks in this part of the county, 
 consists of a soft white oolite, which is hard and blue-centred 
 when first quarried, but decomposes on exposure to the air, or to 
 water conveying carbonic acid, into a friable oolitic " sand." This 
 is noticeable in many old quarries, particularly near Newbald, 
 where most of the rock, which at one time must have been "'ood 
 limestone, is now a soft oolitic " sand." The upper part of the 
 rock is usually flaggy and false-bedded, as may be seen in the 
 quarries about South Cave, and in the Plumber at Brough. 
 
 The Limestone, which has a thickness of from 20 to 30 feet, or 
 perhaps rather more, crops out immediately below the Bed Chalk 
 
 * See p. 14. 
 
LOWER OOLITES. 21 
 
 to the east of Market Weighton ; and, crossing the road north of 
 Mask Hall, continues along the hillside to Sancton, where it has 
 been rather extensively quarried ; but these quarries are now filled 
 in, and there being a good deal of superficial sand, the, course 
 of the limestone through the village is obscure. 
 
 Prof. Blake and others consider that the beds here are faulted, 
 but we could find no evidence of this ; and the limestone, although 
 dipping rather strongly to the east, is at about the same level on 
 both sides of the little valley crossing the village.* 
 
 At Newbald, where the limestone again comes out from the 
 overlap of the Chalk, it forms a considerable spread, and has been 
 largely quarried to the west of the Tillage. 
 
 In the hollow half a mile south of South Newbald the outcrop 
 may be broken by a small fault ; but as a slight roll of the beds 
 would cause the little irregularity observed here, we have not 
 shown one. Between here and Cave the limestone again spreads 
 out into a good feature a quarter of a mile or more in breadth. It 
 has been extensively quarried in this district, and a clear section 
 is shown in the railway cutting, from which Messrs. Keeping and. 
 Middlemiss mention, the following species: — Trigonia conjungens, 
 Lye.,' Lima pecliniformis, Schl., Hyloclypus, and Cricopora 
 straminea, Phil.f 
 
 In a well at the cross roads half a mile north of South Cave, 
 the rock, which is 20 feet thick, was met with at a depth of 
 49 feet. J The outcrop which crosses the Park is rather more 
 obscure, but south of this it again forms a good feature, and may 
 be traced above the village of Ellerker uninterruptedly to within 
 about 400 yards of Brough, In this part of its course the lime- 
 stone has also been largely quarried, although much covered by 
 superficial gravels, which at Brough itself are of great thickness. 
 The stone from these quarries was used in the construction of the 
 Hull docks, and in earlier times for the monasteries of Holderness. 
 From 14 to 18 feet of limestone were met with in the shaft near 
 Ellerker, of which Mr. Allison gives the following analysis : — 
 
 Carbonate of lime - - - - - 76 '40 
 
 Silica - - . - - 18'10 
 
 Alumina ..... 2"82 
 
 Iron peroxide - - - - - 1'43 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia - - - 1-21 
 
 Water ..... . q-06 
 
 Total - . 100-02 
 
 In the boring near Brantingham Grange there were nearly 
 30 feet of limestone, and the cores below this were also excessively 
 calcareous, very much resembling some of the beds seen at the 
 Kirton Tunnel quarry in Lincolnshire, which have been classed 
 with this rock ; they are there worked for cement. 
 
 * The Yorkshire Lias, p. 208, and map. 
 f Geol. Mag., dec. II., vol. x., p. 216. 
 j See p. 22. 
 
22 LOWER OOLITES — GREAT OOLITE CLAY. 
 
 The limestone, although entirely hidden at Brough for the space 
 of nearly a mile, appears again in the bed of the Humber, where 
 it forms the reef of rocks known as Brough Scalp. 
 
 Great Oolite Clay. — Between the Cave Oolite and the Kella- 
 ways Rock are a series of- sands and clays which were first 
 considered to be the equivalent of the Upper Estuarine Series of 
 the Yorkshire coast, but as they join on with the Great Oolite 
 Clays of Lincolnshire, they have now been mapped with that 
 formation. These beds have a thickness of from 20 to 30 feet, 
 and consist mostly of sand,, clayey in part. They were passed 
 through in the well at the cross roads north of South Cave, of 
 which the following is the complete section : — 
 
 Well at Drewton Stray Cottage.* 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 - 25 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1G 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 0to3 
 
 
 
 Top soil. 
 
 Clayey soil ..... 
 
 Hard red and white sand with large stone boulders 
 Blue shaly clay, in which water lodges - 
 Sand - - - 
 
 Rock .... 
 Very hard blue clay ... 
 
 Blue shaly clay - - - : 
 
 This clay was bored into from 10 ft. to 12 ft. without reaching the bottom. 
 
 The sands which are classed with this formation are first seen 
 at the village of Sancton, where they have been dug. In the pit 
 behind the church the beds are dipping at a high angle, about 
 12 degrees, thus showing the great unconformity between them and 
 the Chalk which has not nearly so high a dip. In this pit the 
 limestone was met with at 30 feet, and a well at Sancton Grange 
 just above is said to be 90 feet in Chalk and limestone ; but 
 whether the sand was met with is not stated ; if not, the outcrop 
 to the north must terminate very sharply. 
 
 The only other place where these beds are well exposed is in the 
 railway cutting east of the road at Drewtpn. Here the upper part 
 of the formation is „ seen, but the beds are. so similar to the 
 sands of the Kellaways Rock above that it is -difficult to fix an 
 exact horizon between them. - 
 
 The outcrop of these sands and clays forms a narrow band 
 beneath that of the Kellaways Rock, but there is nothing of 
 special interest about it, and it can be best followed in tracing 
 that formation. 
 
 Middle and Upper Oolites. 
 
 Kellaways Rock — The Kellaways Rock has a maximum thick- 
 ness of from 35 to 40 feet, but it becomes thinner towards the 
 south, and cannot be nearly so much as this near the Humber. 
 It consists in the upper part of reddish brown sandstones crowded 
 with Gryphcea subloba and other fossils. Below this are softer 
 
 * Supplied by Mr. J. Wilson. 
 
KEL1AWAYS BOCK. 23 
 
 beds of sandrock with two lines of large doggers, and at the base 
 soft sands with lines of Belemnites. 
 
 The Kellaways Rock first appears from beneath the Chalk to 
 the north of Newbald, and in a sand-pit at the village the following 
 section occurs : — 
 
 Section in Sand-pit, North Newbald. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Reddish soft Sandstone, the lower 2 ft. 2 in. crowded with 
 
 Gryphtea bullata, Rhynchonella, Trigonia ■ - 4 
 
 Soft whitish Sandstone - - 9 
 
 Thin hand, full of cast of Belemnites, large and small - 
 Soft white Sandstone - - 10 
 
 Hard hand, with Myacites, &c. - - - - 
 
 From this pit the beds dip rather sharply (8 degrees) towards the 
 village, where they are obscured by the sand and gravel of the 
 valley, but may be traced with ease to the south, being exposed 
 at several places in the fields to the east of the main road. At a 
 distance of rather more than half a mile south of South Newbald 
 the outcrop crosses the road, but is obscured by a thin covering of 
 drift as far as Kettlethorpe, where it again crosses the road, and 
 has been worked at an old sand-pit below the farm, and also at 
 Drewton Manor House. At both these places, although 1he 
 sections have now fallen in, the siliceous doggers are still very 
 apparent. 
 
 The best section, however, in the whole district is that exposed 
 in the railway cutting at Drewton, where the beds, which dip at 
 an angle of 3 degrees to the east, are' exposed for a distance of 
 over 400 yards, and show the following section : — 
 
 Railway cutting, Drewton. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Dark clay [Oxford] with Belemnites hastatus, fyc. - a few feet. 
 
 Hard brown sandy beds with bands of Grypheea subloba 10 
 White and yellow sands with lines of large doggers which 
 
 weather out from the softer beds - - - 25 
 
 Brown sandy band with casts of Belemnites in great 
 
 numbers - - - a few inches. 
 
 White sands more argillaceous than those above - 20 or more 
 
 Fossils are very abundant in the upper bed of sandstone of 
 which the most common species are* — 
 
 Avicula b'raamburiensis. Phil. 
 Grypheea subloba — dilatata. Sow. 
 Trigonia. 
 Pinna, 
 Natica, 
 
 Turbo sulcostomus. Phil. 
 Ammonites Kanigi. Sow. 
 „ sublasvis. Sow. 
 
 Belemnites, three species. 
 
 * Messrs. Keeping and Middlemiss give a long list of fossils from here ; Geol. 
 Mag., dec. II., vol. x., p. 218. 
 
24 KELLAWAYS EOCK. 
 
 At the cross roads a little to the south 25 feet of red and 
 white sand with balls were passed through in the well section at 
 Drewton Stray Cottage, which represent the lower part of this 
 formation (see p. 22), but the rock is not well exposed between here 
 and South Cave. 
 
 At the latter place these beds have been dug for sand, and there 
 is an exposure in a pit at the south end of the village where the 
 sandstone, which contains Gryphcea bullata very abundantly, 
 although soft, is sufficiently consolidated to be worked into small 
 caves. 
 
 South of this the outcrop passes under the superficial sand and 
 chalk gravel of the lower ground west of Brantingham, but the 
 rock was met with in the trial shaft which was sunk for ironstone 
 at the foot of Woo Dale.* We have obtained two accounts of 
 this shaft, and as there is a slight difference between them we 
 give both. 
 
 Shaft in Woodale: account supplied by Mr. R. C. Kingston. 
 
 Soil - 
 Gravel - 
 Clay shale 
 Sulphur pyrites 
 Gravel and fossils 
 Limestone 
 Sand and fossils 
 Black shale 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Total - - - - 62 9 
 
 Shaft in Woodale: account supplied by Mr. T. Allison. 
 
 Soil and gravel - 
 
 Shaly clay 
 
 Iron pyrites ..... 
 
 Limestone - - - 
 
 White sandy shale .... 
 
 "White friable sandstone, water lodges - 
 
 Hard grey sandstone, rather micaceous 
 
 Total - - - . 44 
 
 From this shaft it would appear that there are only about 
 10 feet of Kellaways Eock here, which, if the information is 
 correct, would show that it thins very rapidly in this direction. 
 
 South-west of Brantingham Thorpe the Kellaways Hock makes 
 the low sandy mound known as " Sand Hill," but there is so 
 much superficial sand about here that it is difficult to separate 
 one from the other, or to trace its outcrop with much certainty. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 c 
 
 * Called Wold Dale on the one-inch map. 
 
OXEOBD AND KIMERJB-GE CLAYS. 25 
 
 It probably skirts round the flanks of Mill Hill, west of Ellough- 
 ton, and thence across the flat to the Humber ; but, it is entirely- 
 hidden in this part of its course by the great thickness of super- 
 ficial beds. It may, however, have been met with in the well 
 mentioned on p. 32. 
 
 The projection of the land at Oyster Ness is very likely 
 caused by the outcrop of this bed ; but the rock itself, if present, 
 is quite concealed by the mud-banks of the Humber. 
 
 Oxford and Kimeridge Clays. — These clays being only seen at 
 a few places, and there being no good lithological or palaeonto- 
 logical division between them, are better described together. The 
 lithological character of the clays seems to be nearly the same 
 throughout; but, as only beds near the base and near the top 
 are seen, one cannot be positive on the matter, nor draw an exact 
 line between the two formations. 
 
 These clays in a general way occupy the immediate slope 
 below the Chalk, from Newbald southwards to Welton. There 
 are no sections in the northern part of their course, and the out- 
 crop is only indicated by a narrow band of clayey ground. In 
 the neighbourhood of the Drewton Valley, however, the banks 
 become steeper, and the clay is occasionally exposed in small 
 landslips ; it is also seen in the beck above the Manor House, 
 but the best section was exposed in the new railway immediately 
 above the great Kellaways Rock section. A few feet of clayey 
 shales were here seen, resting directly on the sandstones of the 
 Kellaways Rock, and containing Belemnites kastatus and Gryphaa 
 dilatata ; but how far these beds may extend to the east there is 
 no means of judging, as the cutting soon ends in that direction. 
 Very dark clays, having a very Kimeridge aspect, although no 
 fossils were found, are seen in the next cutting, and it is possible 
 that a division might be drawn in the hollow between. From 
 Drewton, besides Belemnites hastatus and Gryphaa dilatata, 
 Ammonites Comptoni, Ammonites Elizabetha, Ostrea gregaria, 
 and Pecten were obtained. 
 
 In the trial shaft at Woo Dale, 23 feet of shale were passed 
 through above the Kellaways Rock, and there are about 80 feet 
 more of clay in the bank above, before these beds are overlapped 
 by the Chalk, so that there must be over 100 feet of these clays 
 at this place, but how much should be given to each formation 
 there is not sufficient evidence to say. Although the clay is 
 frequently exposed in small slips about here, no fossils were 
 apparent beyond the ever abundant Gryphaa dilatata. 
 
 At Welton there are some old clay-pits on the west side of the 
 village, in which these beds have been worked, but these are now 
 grass-grown and obscured, and the only fossil we could obtain 
 was the fragment of a Belemnite. 
 
26 OXFORD AND KIMERIDGE CLATS. 
 
 Professor Phillips mentions Ostrea deltoidea from Elloughton 
 and Welton, so that it would appear that beds of undoubted 
 Kimeridge age occur at least here, if not further north.* 
 
 East of Welton the base of the Chalk comes down to the level 
 of the flat, and the outcrop of the clays is completely hidden by 
 the thick deposit of Boulder Clay and Gravel. 
 
 * Geology of the Yorkshire Coast, 3rd Ed., p. 244. See also Rev. W. Vernon, 
 Ann. of Phil. ser. 2, vol. xi., p. 437. 
 
27 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 
 CRETACEOUS ROCKS. 
 
 Red Chalk. — In this district the Red Chalk maintains much 
 the same aspect as it has to the north, in 93 N.E., although 
 it is perhaps slightly thicker and also less conglomeratic than it 
 was in the extreme north-west of its outcrop, the included pebbles 
 being of less size than about Acklam. The thickness of the bed 
 is probably about 6 feet, but there is no section in which the 
 whole of this is seen. 
 
 The outcrop of the Red Chalk, forming as it nearly always 
 does the junction between the dry ground of the Chalk and the 
 wet land of the clays below, is easy to follow, except where hidden 
 by landslips or great masses of chalk detritus. 
 
 In the fields about Kildwick Percy Hall fragments of Red 
 Chalk are seen, but the outcrop is much hidden by the thick 
 deposit of chalk debris or gravel which covers the hill at the back 
 of the house. This deposit is so peculiar, and the surface of the 
 ground so much resembles a Chalk country, that at first we 
 thought the outcrop of this bed extended a mile further to 
 the west to the edge of the hill at Wood House, but the Chalk 
 fragments that are seen are rounded, and there is nothing to 
 warrant this area being put in as Chalk. In the Park to the 
 east the Red Chalk is hidden by landslips, but is seen at the 
 spring near the road to Warter, and also in the bottom of an old 
 quarry above Denison's Wood. In the valley leading up to 
 Warter the outcrop is exposed at several places, more particularly 
 at the brickyard on the north side of the Park, where, although 
 the beds are much slipped, the following sequence may be made 
 out: — 
 
 Section at Warter Brickyard. 
 
 Grey Ohalk above - - 
 
 Bed Chalk - - - - . 2 6 to 3 
 
 Yellow marl - - - ..10 
 
 Brown and blue Lias clay ... 
 
 On the opposide side of the little valley in which the brickyard 
 is situated, in Highcliff Plantation, the Red Chalk presents quite 
 a brecciated appearance; and, being very hard, lies about the 
 surface of the ground in large blocks. In Warter village the 
 outcrop is exposed in several places, and, being very irregular, looks 
 almost as if it were faulted, although the appearance is probably 
 only due to the very uneven surface upon which the Chalk was 
 originally deposited. 
 
 From Nunburnholme southwards the Red Chalk is easily traced. 
 It has been met with in foundations in the village of Loncles- 
 brough, and runs up the two valleys to the east for a considerable 
 
 A 19139. c. 
 
28 RED CHALK. 
 
 distance. The further of these presents one of the best illustra- 
 tions of the great unevenness of the surface upon which the Chalk 
 was deposited ; for on the west side of this valley, at Park Farm, 
 the base of the Chalk is above the 200 ft. contour ; whereas on the 
 east side it is below the bottom of the valley, which is here 
 about 175 feet above sea level. Thus on the two sides of the 
 valley, which is only 90 yards wide, there is a difference of 
 at least 30 feet in the level of the Bed Chalk. Prof. Blake in his 
 map of the Lias has a fault at this place, but if such were the case, 
 one would expect it to be more apparent at either end of the 
 valley.* 
 
 Between Londesbrough and Goodmanham, owing to the surface 
 of the ground becoming flatter, the outcrop of this bed covers rather 
 a larger space, and the fields are strewn with its fragments for 
 some little breadth. At the latter village the Red Chalk is seen 
 at numerous places in the valleys on either side, and there is a 
 good section in the road just south of the railway, where the Grey 
 and Bed Chalk, the latter of which is very conglomeratic, are seen 
 resting on the ironstone and clays of the Lias. 
 
 About half-way between Market Weighton and Sancton, at 
 the point where the Red Chalk crosses the road, there may be 
 a small fault, the Oolite being seen in the field to the south at a 
 considerably higher level than the outcrop of the Cretaceous Beds 
 in the road. As the Red Chalk, however, sinks again almost 
 immediately to its original level, we considered that the beds were 
 not faulted, but that this was merely a small hill of Oolite against 
 which the Cretaceous Rocks were deposited. 
 
 At Sancton the Red Chalk is exposed in the lane above the 
 village and elsewhere. In the farmyard at Newbald Sike 5 feet 
 of Red Chalk are seen resting on clay, and at North Newbald the 
 outcrop is marked by the copious springs which rise in the 
 valleys above the village. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Drewton the outcrop of the rock is 
 very clear ; 3 to 4 feet of Red Chalk are seen in the bank above 
 Kettlethorpe, and the bed was exposed in the railway cutting at 
 Drewton Manor House and near Weedley Springs, these fine 
 springs being thrown out by the junction of the Chalk with the 
 clays below. Messi's. Keeping and Middlemiss give the following 
 section from one of these cuttings, t 
 
 Nodular Red Chalk 
 Pale Nodular Chalk 
 Clayey Red Chalk 
 Grey Nodular Chalk 
 Red Chalk 
 Yellow-green Clay 
 Unctuous Red Clay 
 
 Total - - - 6 9 
 
 * For similar cases and for illustrative sections see The Geology of the Country 
 around Driffield (Explanation of Quarter-Sheet 94 N.W.), p. 8. Also J. R. Mortimer : 
 On the origin of the Chalk Dales of Yorkshire. — Proc. Yorksh. Geo/. Soc, vol. ix., 
 p. 29. 
 
 f Gcol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. .v., p. 218. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
RED AN]> LOWER CHALK. 29 
 
 The next exposure of any consequence is at the corner of Woo 
 Dale, just north of Brantingham, where a small landslip has 
 exposed the Red Chalk resting on clay with Gryphcea dilatata. 
 Copious springs are also thrown out on the east side of the village 
 along the line of outcrop. At the Hall the outcrop is more 
 obscure, but it will probably be just below the house, as the cellars 
 of that building are said to have been excavated in Chalk. 
 
 At Welton Springs there is a good exposure of the Red Chalk, 
 and, judging from the nature of the ground, the outcrop passes 
 just above Welton House, but beyond this it is covered by 
 Boulder Clay, and there is no evidence as to where it strikes the 
 II umber. 
 
 Lower Chalk. — The Grey Chalk, or Chalk-without- Flints. — 
 Above the Red Chalk, and at the base of the great mass of 
 white chalk which forms the Wolds, there are about 50 feet of 
 grey marly chalk without flints. These beds generally occupy 
 a narrow band along the edge of the Wolds, and form the steeper 
 part of that escarpment. The upper limit of this division is 
 generally marked by a dark carbonaceous shaly band, containing 
 plants and fish remains, which is usually seen wherever a section 
 happens to have been opened on this horizon, and has been observed 
 at a few places in this district. The lower part of these beds is 
 generally seen wherever there is a good exposure in the Red 
 Chalk, particularly about Warter, where there are numerous 
 sections, the greater part of the village standing on this bed. 
 In a quarry between the two valleys at Londesbrough the junc- 
 tion of this bed with the flinty chalk is exposed ; the line being- 
 marked by a peculiar band, which weathers in vertical lines, giving 
 the bed a columnar aspect.* 
 
 In the second valley, opposite Park Farm, there is an exposure 
 showing beds of pink and grey chalk ; and it is probable that 
 these pink bands occur throughout the outcrop of the Grey 
 Chalk, but, from the want of good sections, have not been very 
 generally observed, although there are indications of them in the 
 valleys north and south of Goodmanham, at Newbald Sike, and 
 near South Newbald. In the road going up the Wold from the 
 latter village the Grey Chalk is well exposed ; and the dark shaly 
 band at the top, which is a foot or more in thickness, is seen just 
 at the angle of the road. This band was also exposed for some 
 considerable distance in the railway cutting near Weedley Springs. 
 
 The Grey Chalk is seen in the Beverley Road in Brantingham 
 Dale, and at several places about Elloughton and Welton ; but 
 the most interesting section is at Grayatones Chalk Pit in 
 Melton Bottom, where the dark shaly band, about a foot thick, is 
 
 * This peculiar band of chalk was first observed by Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne in 
 Lincolnshire. See Memoirs of the Geological Survey. Explanation of Quarter- 
 Sheet, 94 N. W., p. 10. 
 
 C 2 
 
30 
 
 MIDDLE AND UPPER CHALK. 
 
 exposed between the flinty and non-flinty chalk, and affords a key 
 to this horizon just before it passes beneath the Boulder Clay m 
 the low ground between here and the Huraber.* 
 
 The Middle Chalk.— This division, which comprises the greater 
 part of the area covered by the Chalk, has a thickness of probably 
 between 300 and 400 feet. It is, however, on account of the 
 paucity of its organic remains, less interesting than the other sub- 
 divisions of the formation. The distribution of flint in the_ Chalk 
 is sufficiently constant to this particular horizon to constitute a 
 rough guide in tracing these subdivisions across the country. 
 In a general way it may be said that this division contains in the 
 upper part thick tabular flints which, lower down, split up into 
 nodules', and, quite at the base, die out. Prof. Blake has divided 
 this part of the Chalk into three palaiontological zones, thus : — f 
 
 Lilhology. 
 
 Palaeontology. 
 
 Thickness 
 in Feet. 
 
 Chalk with imperfect flints 
 Chalk with many tahular flints 
 Slaty Chalk with thin flints 
 Creamy Chalk with nodular flints 
 
 Zone of Micrasters 
 Barren zone 
 
 [Zone of Inocerainus my- 
 f tiloides. 
 
 120 
 SO 
 
 200 
 
 The Upper Chalk. — This division, which constitutes the upper 
 or flintless portion of the Chalk, is not well exposed in this 
 district. It only crops out on the lower slopes of the Wolds 
 near Kilnwick and Beverley, and is generally covered more or less 
 by Boulder Clay. 
 
 The line separating these beds from the flinty chalk below is 
 only very general. In order to accurately trace this junction it 
 would be necessary to obtain more palasontological evidence. 
 
 In calculating the thickness of the Chalk it is interesting to 
 
 note at what depth the base of the formation has been reached at 
 
 different places. J Thus, at — 
 
 Feet. 
 Swanland the base was reached at - - 247 
 
 169 
 
 Humber Dale Farm 
 Springhead 
 Dairv Cotes 
 Hull 
 
 400 
 
 325? 
 
 536 
 
 * Mr. Blake alludes to this hand in his paper " On the Chalk of Yorkshire." 
 — -Proc. Geol. Assoc, voi. v., p. 250. 
 
 t Loc. cit., p. 262 
 
 % The details of some of these sections and many others are given in the Memoirs 
 of the Geological Survey. — The Geology of Holderness. 
 
31 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 Boulder Clay, Sand and Gravel.— Most of the superficial 
 deposits with which we have now to deal may be divided into 
 two areas; namely, those to the west, covering the great plain of 
 the Vale of York, and those to the east, forming the extensive 
 flat of Holderness. These two districts are divided by the range 
 of the Chalk Wolds, which are nearly free from superficial beds, 
 although they sweep up the slope on either side, and even occa- 
 sionally occur on the higher ground ; while a narrow strip also 
 passes round by the Humber, connecting these two areas by that 
 valley. 
 
 In the first of these districts the Boulder Clay covers a large 
 extent of country, probably nearly the whole of the plain south 
 east of York ; but, being generally covered by beds of later age, 
 it is only seldom seen at the surface, and occupies comparatively 
 but a small space on the map. Its principal exposures are along 
 the two great ridges crossing the plain at York and Escrick. 
 These ridges rise to a height of from 30 to 60 feet above the flat, 
 and have a very remarkable appearance, which it would be 
 interesting to study in relation to the physical structure of this 
 extensive valley. 
 
 The Boulder Clay has been met with in several wells and 
 borings in the low ground, details of which are given further on. 
 In the railway cutting at Escrick, 20 feet of Boulder Clay are 
 exposed, but it must be thicker than this in some cases, although 
 from the borings it is difficult to make out what is really Boulder 
 Clay. The sands and gravels of glacial age cover a somewhat 
 larger area than the clay, and occur along the ridges just men- 
 tioned ; sometimes intercalated in the Boulder Clay, as at York, 
 and sometimes resting on that formation, as at Newton. Besides 
 these there are considerable deposits of gravel about the isolated 
 hill of Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, and along the flanks of the hills 
 between Pocklington and Market Weighton, at North Cave, 
 at Everthorpe, and from Brantingham southwards to .the 
 Humber. 
 
 The gravels which cap the hill at Holme-on-Spalding-Moor 
 are at an elevation of 150 feet above the sea, and are mostly 
 composed of western rocks similar to those about York and along 
 the Escrick ridge ; while those on the flank of the hill, which are 
 50 or 60 feet lower, are mainly formed of fragments of local 
 rocks. 
 
 At North Cave the gravels which are stratified and rounded are 
 composed almost entirely of Lias fragments ; and the great 
 
32 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 quantity of specimens of Gryphaa incurva contained in them is 
 very remarkable ; in some of the pits between North and South 
 Cave this shell is so abundant as to warrant their being called a 
 " Grryphite gravel."* 
 
 Along the ridge between Ellerker and Brough similar coarse 
 gravels occur, but here most of the included fragments are from 
 the Oolite ; and it is curious to observe in both these cases that the 
 rocks from which these gravels are derived outcrop at the spot or 
 lie immediately to the north. 
 
 A pit near Brough well shows the irregular character of this 
 gravel. It consists mainly of Chalk and Oolite; but there are 
 some foreign pebbles, as well as fragments of ironstone, coal, and 
 decayed wood. The sand lies in. wavy beds, presenting a very 
 marked appearance in the lower part of the section. The upper 
 part has at one time been used as a burial place, as numerous 
 bones, as well as entire human skeletons and urns with burnt 
 bones, have been dug out. 
 
 The slight hollow in the Oolites east of Ellerker is filled with a 
 deposit of sand and chalk gravel, which is 4 feet thick in the 
 shaft at Woo Dale ; but increases to 7 feet in the boring near 
 Elloughton, where it rests on 13 feet' of clay with flints; and to 
 26 feet in a well south of that village, where it rests on clay. 
 The section here is — 
 
 Well, a quarter of a mile south of Elloughton. 
 
 Sand 
 Clay 
 Stone 
 Clay 
 
 Total 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 Whether the upper of these clays is Boulder Clay is not certain, 
 although it probably is, and in that case the 6 feet of stone would 
 be the Kellaways Rock. About Brough these sands and gravels 
 are probably thicker, but the sections there are not reliable. At 
 Melton the sand and gravel dies out, but at Red Cliff, on the 
 Humber bank, there is an isolated patch resting on stiff purple 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 Besides the above there is a curious deposit covering the hill at 
 Kildwick Percy, which, from the pits in it being called " Old 
 Chalk Pits," we were led to think would be part of the Chalk for- 
 mation. Although the surface is covered with flints and chalk 
 fragments, unfortunately there are no sections in which one could 
 see the bed ; but the fragments ploughed up in the fields were 
 rounded, and, as the Red Chalk certainly crops out at a higher 
 level to the east, we came to the conclusion that this bed, although 
 excessively like solid chalk, must be either a landslip or a large 
 mass pushed off from the Chalk above, or possibly a thick deposit 
 
 * See Tate and Blake: The Yorkshire Lias, p. 69. 
 
SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 33 
 
 of chalk-gravel. On the edge of the hill at Everthorpe there is 
 also a patch of chalk-gravel, which has been cut through by the 
 railway, and exposes a good section showing that this gravel has 
 been deposited against an old bank of the Middle Lias, and 
 extended that feature about 200 yards further to the west, causing 
 a deceptive appearance of the outcrop. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Diagram showing extension of the Middle Lias feature by Chalk Gravel 
 at Everthorpe. 
 
 On the eastern side of the Chalk Wolds the Glacial Beds run up 
 to about the 200 ft. contour line at Lund, the 250 at Walking- 
 ton, and nearly to the 300 at Swanland, although sporadic drift- 
 pebbles are found much higher. From these elevations the drifts 
 spread over the slope to the east, forming a thin covering to the 
 Chalk, till they reach the edge of the great Holderness plain, and 
 become partly covered with beds of later age, when they increase 
 enormously in thickness, and the Chalk is entirely lost sight of, 
 except where reached in deep borings. 
 
 At Middleton-on -the- Wolds there occurs a large patch of flinty 
 gravel, probably of Glacial age, at the height of 186 feet above 
 the sea. There are also near Lair Hill several patches of gravel, 
 composed of chalk and drift pebbles, at the height of 200 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 In Holderness there occur, along with the Boulder Clay, large 
 masses of sand and gravel. These are often, as near Brands- 
 burton, arranged in long narrow curvilinear mounds, like Eskers. 
 Marine shells have been found in many of these mounds, prin- 
 cipally Tellinp, balthica, Cardium edule, Purpura, Mi/a, Cyprina 
 islandica, Astarte borealis, Bala.nus. 
 
 At Swanland several large boulders of Whinstone and other 
 rocks have been found, several of which are a yard or more in 
 diameter. 
 
 The Boulder Clay on the Wolds is generally very thin, and is 
 then of a reddish colour throughout. The colour may be due 
 to its consisting mainly of insoluble chalk residue ; but is perhaps 
 more probably due to weathering, as we noticed that near Cherry 
 Burton, where it is much thicker than usual, the lower part was 
 blue. 
 
 As the Boulder Clay and Gravel on the east side of the Wolds 
 and at Hessle are treated at length in the general Memoir on the 
 Holderness district, where a more detailed account of this area 
 is given, it will not be necessary to say more on the subject here.* 
 
 * Memoirs of tho Geological Survey. — The Geology of Holderness, by C. Beid. 
 
34 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 Chalk Gravel, capping hills. — These gravels are a continuation 
 of those mentioned in the Explanation to Quarter-Sheet 93 N.E. 
 as capping the low hills north of Pocklington, and as containing 
 recent land shells ; for this reason they have been mapped sepa- 
 rately, but it is doubtful whether all the gravel classed under 
 this head is of post-glacial age. 
 
 These gravels, which are mainly composed of chalk fragments, 
 are seen in the railway cutting north of Pocklington, where they 
 have been worked for ballast, and from which pit we obtained 
 Succinea putris in marly seams in the gravel. South of Burnby 
 there is a similar gravel, occupying about the same position, but 
 we have not obtained any direct evidence as to its age. 
 
 On the eastern edge of the Wolds there are several patches of 
 chalky gravel, occupying a similar position to that between 
 Burnby and Market Weighton. These gravels in some places 
 line the edge of the flat country after the manner of a beach, as 
 at Beswick, near Scorborough ; and in others run up the Wold 
 valleys for some distance. They appear to be old river gravels 
 merging into sea beaches ; and are probably of late glacial age, at 
 least in some cases. One of these gravel patches, occupying a 
 dale between Burn Park and Skidby, seems to be under Boulder 
 Clav. 
 
 Gravel of Dry Chalk Valleys. — In bottoms of all the valleys 
 in the Chalk, especially when they are of any size and are not 
 cut down to the clays below, there is a deposit of gravel composed 
 of chalk fragments and flints, which has evidently been formed 
 by the disintegration of the beds in situ, and has not been 
 brought from a distance. The formation of this gravel seems to 
 be going on to a great extent at the present time, and in many 
 cases is probably due to the wash from the steep banks on either 
 side. A section in these beds was exposed at the side of the 
 railway, about a mile above Goodmanham Spring, which showed 
 horizontally stratified gravel, composed chiefly of chalk flints, 
 below brown sandy beds with a few flints ; the stratification of these 
 latter being bent round in hollows of the lower bed, showing that 
 the support had given way since their deposition. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Section in Chalk Valley Gravel. 
 
 Railway cutting near Goodmanham Lodge, Market Weighton and Beverley 
 
 Railway. 
 
 a. Brown sandy soil with a few chalk flints; the stratification being bent 
 round in the depressions. 
 
 b. Gravel or wash of chalk flints, chalk and sand ; horizontally stratified. 
 
 c. Talus. 
 
SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 35 
 
 The relation of these gravels to those along the east flank of 
 the Chalk is very obscure, but it is very probable that they are 
 of the same age. Where these valleys come down to the flats of 
 Holderness no division can be made between them. 
 
 In many places on the Wolds is found a curious deposit, locally 
 known as " gruts " or grits, consisting of finely comminuted chalk 
 debris of a dirty character. 
 
 The gruts are generally found along the sides of the Wold 
 dales ; but in some places they lie on plateaus. They have been 
 dug out for gravel, and more frequently for mortar, 
 
 Occasionally these angular chalk gravels are cemented together, 
 forming a breccia of chalk flints which is very hard, and stands 
 out from the sides of the dale in a bold crag. St. Austin's Stone 
 above Drewton is a remarkable instance of this.* 
 
 Warp and Lacustrine Clay, Sand and Gravel. — These deposits 
 cover nearly the whole of the surface between York and the 
 Humber, forming the great plain west of the Wolds, which is 
 only broken by the low hills about York, the ridge running 
 through Escrick, and the isolated hill of Holme-on-Spalding- 
 Moor. This plain, which from a distance appears perfectly flat, 
 is in reality slightly undulating from the denudation of the rivers 
 and smaller local streams, and from the fact of the sands occupy- 
 ing rather higher ground than the clay. 
 
 The annexed sketch (p. 36) shows the rolling nature of the warp 
 beds. 
 
 These beds have a thickness varying from 25 to 90 feet, 
 although in some cases, especially near the edge of the rising 
 ground, they thin away to less than this, and in a few places are 
 so thin that the Boulder Clay almost appears through, and might 
 be mapped in preference to these deposits. 
 
 The sands which cover a large portion of the district west of 
 the Wolds have a thickness varying from a few inches to 10 or 
 15 feet. They consist of clean yellow and white soft sand, which 
 is often ferruginous, and causes the water issuing at their 
 base to be highly charged with iron. These sands are frequently 
 interstratified with thin seams of peat and black earth, containing 
 freshwater shells and plant remains, which give to the surface the 
 character of a black sandy mould. 
 
 Numerous sections in these beds have been obtained from 
 bore-holes and clay-pits, of which Dr. Parsons has obtained 
 the details of a great number ; these, together with others, we 
 reproduce in the Appendix, as they aiford a valuable insight into 
 the structure of this great plain.f 
 
 * Mr. Cole gives an illustration of this stone in the frontispiece to " Notes on the 
 Geology of the Hull, Barnsley, and West Kidine Junction Kailway and Dock " 
 S vo. Hull, 1886. 
 
 f See Appendix 1. Compare also those given on pp. 3-10. 
 
30 
 
 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 
 CQ 
 
 CO 
 
 ■ffift 
 
 '-W, 
 
 
 :•':'•} 3 
 
 Si 
 
 m 
 
 w 
 
 '4- 
 
 be 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 «PI 
 
 
 a 
 
 O) 
 
 o 
 
 T3 
 
 -4^ 
 
 (3 
 
 OJ 
 
 C3 
 
 03 
 
 
 O 
 
 t-v 
 
 r-H 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 Tj 
 
 be 
 c 
 
 a. 
 
 '3 
 
 3 
 
 d 
 
 
 'So 
 a) 
 
 
 .o 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 >> 
 
 v — " 
 
 ;£> 
 
 T3 
 
 QJ 
 
 C 
 
 CO 
 
 c3 
 
 
 «? 
 
 T3 
 
 Ctf 
 
 a 
 
 -C 
 
 05 
 
 -^ 
 
 a; 
 
 «2 
 
 8 
 
 "3 
 
 ix 
 
 CO 
 
 is 
 
 s, 
 
 03 
 
 J3 
 
 O 
 
 
 c s 
 
 c6 r O 
 
 3 IS 
 
 .-§ -s-- 
 
 OS »° S 
 
 ..•a a so 
 .^ 3.2 ^ 
 ^ 5 a.„_ 
 
 2 o ^ s 
 
 il ^ <" 
 
 To 
 g.H^I !*, 
 5 o *> c3 
 
 fe 6D ., g 
 .S » eg — 
 
 sail 
 
 a s| .. 
 
 HOP §> 
 
SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 37 
 
 From these sections it will be seen that there is usually a thick 
 deposit of laminated clay below the superficial sands, and in the 
 vicinity of the Humber a bed of peat. 
 
 This peat thickens to the south of Goole, and is probably the 
 same as that exposed in the banks of the Humber at Melton, 
 South Ferriby, and Whitton. 
 
 It is also interesting to observe that the thickness of the super- 
 ficial beds varies considerably in short distances, and that con- 
 sequently the old surface of the Trias was much more uneven than 
 the present surface of the country. The accompanying sketch- 
 map renders this more apparent. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 Map showing the Area and Thickness of the Superficial Deposits. 
 
 The figures represent the thickness of the superficial heds at the several places. The 
 shaded areas are where the solid rock comes to the surface. (See pp. 3-10, and Appendix I.). 
 
 The most interesting circumstance, however, connected with 
 these deposits in this district was the finding, several years ago, 
 of a large collection of bones of extinct animals at Bealsbeck, 
 about 2\ miles south of Market Weighton, and nearly a mile west 
 of the Lias escarpment of North Cliff. A full account of this 
 ossiferous marl is given by Professor Phillips.* It appears that 
 the remains found consisted of Elephant, Rhinoceros, Bison, 
 
 Geology of the Yorkshire Coast, 3rd edit., p. 12. 
 
38 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 Stag, Horse, Wolf, &c, together with land and freshwater shells. 
 The majority of the bones were found at a depth of from 10 to 
 20 feet, and must have occurred in a hollow in the Keuper Marl, 
 as the marl is exposed in several pits about here with only a slight 
 covering of sand varying from 3 to 8 feet in thickness. 
 
 Bones of animals are also found from time to time at other 
 places in this neighbourhood, the tibia of the Mammoth having 
 been found in digging for marl at Harswell, and remains of Bos 
 hngifrons in excavating at Pocklington. 
 
 In the low ground in the neighbourhood of Pocklington there 
 is a large spread of chalk gravel, the age of which is somewhat 
 doubtful. From its general character it has been mapped with the 
 alluvial deposits, but it may be of older date, if not of glacial age ; 
 in some cases it seems to join on with the gravel capping the hills, 
 to which it is very similar. 
 
 Alluvium, Modem Warp and Peat. — Along the sides o£ the 
 principal rivers, such as the Ouse, Derwent, and others, there is a 
 strip of modern alluvium, forming a narrow tract below the level 
 of the surrounding country. This, as it approaches the Humber, 
 becomes merged with the modern warp or tidal alluvium of that 
 estuary, which latter is continuous with the ancient warp men- 
 tioned above, so that no lines can be drawn between them. At 
 Brough there are 18 feet of this clay. 
 
 Intimately associated with these deposits is a bed of peat, which 
 varies in thickness from a few inches to as much as 20 feet. It 
 is well exposed in the Humber at Melton below high-water mark, 
 and has been met with in several of the sections given above. 
 This peat contains the stumps and trunks of great numbers of 
 trees, the former being firmly rooted in the sands, and exhibiting 
 the marks of tools with quantities of waste chips, thus showing 
 that these beds have been covered up since the advent of man. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 Sketch of the Hamber-Shore at Melton, showing Peat with Stumps of Trees. 
 
 (.tvtl ef lew ^uter 
 
 (V /iwfccafc* &HJ - 
 
SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 39 
 
 Blown Sand. — In the neighbourhood of Sancton, and also 
 covering the Lias terrace between Houghton and North Cave, is 
 a vast deposit of sand, which about Houghton Moor has entirely 
 altered the aspect of the country, and instead of the ground being, 
 as one would expect, a stiff clay from the Lias, it is quite a sandy 
 desert. This sand, which has evidently been blown from the 
 plain to the west, covers the Oolites and Chalk about Sancton, 
 rising to an altitude of 400 feet above sea-level. 
 
 The sandy mounds below Cliff and elsewhere in the plain have 
 very much the aspect of sand dunes, and it is in all probability 
 from here that these sands originally came. 
 
40 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE. 
 
 Lie of the Rocks, Faults, &c— The physical structure of this 
 district is extremely simple, and divides the country, as we men- 
 tioned above, into "three areas, — the great plain between York and 
 the Humber, the flat land of Holderness, and the range of the 
 Chalk Wolds dividing these two from one another. The two former 
 of these areas are everywhere, except about the isolated hill of 
 Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, covered by superficial deposits, and 
 the solid rocks do not come to the surface, except where they 
 approach the flanks of the Wolds on either side. They form a great 
 plain, not usually rising above the 50-ft. contour, except where 
 hills of Boulder Clay and Gravel break this dull monotony, and 
 form mounds and undulating ground attaining an elevation of from 
 50 to 100 feet above sea level. 
 
 The central area, which comprises the southern portion of the 
 Yorkshire Wolds, rises along its western scarp to heights varying 
 from 500 to 600 feet above sea-level ; but the majority of the 
 Wolds do not attain an elevation so great as this, and the ground 
 falls gradually to the east till it passes under the Boulder Clay 
 and superficial deposits of the fiats of Holderness. 
 
 The great pre-cretaceous anticlinal which separates the Oolites 
 and the greater part of the Lias of South Yorkshire from that of 
 the northern part of the county, passes a little to the north of this 
 area, so that all the beds of this age with which we have to deal 
 are on the southern slope of this ridge ; and the denudation 
 being greatest at the axis of disturbance, we have higher beds 
 the further we get from that line. 
 
 With the exception of this main upheaval there are no faults 
 or disturbances of any magnitude. A small fault occurs to the 
 west of Londesbrough, which throws down the Lias on the western 
 side, forming the great spread of that rock about Cleaving 
 Grange ; and, from the greater thickness of beds exposed beneath 
 the Chalk, causing the little patch of Middle and Upper Lias to 
 appear. This fault appears to have somewhat affected the 
 Cretaceous rocks, as the Chalk itself is considerably disturbed 
 at this point, although the beds are not much shifted. This 
 appears to be the only instance in which the beds are absolutely 
 broken. Messrs. Tate and Blake,* in their map of the Lias of 
 this district, have considered that the beds are faulted at no less 
 than six places, and it is a curious fact that these are all placed 
 where there is a valley coming out from the Chalk; but the dip of 
 the beds is sufficient to account for the apparent irregularity in 
 crossing these valleys, and we could find no positive evidence of 
 faulting. 
 
 * The Yorkshire Lias, p. 208, and map. 
 
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE. 41 
 
 The base of the Chalk, as we mentioned in describing the 
 outcrop of the Ked Chalk, is excessively irregular ; and in several 
 of the valleys, especially about Warter, Londesbrough, and 
 Goodmanharn, has, at first sight, very much the appearance of 
 faulting. But although the difference of level is considerable on 
 the opposite side of these valleys, it is not more than one would 
 expect from the very uneven surface upon which the Chalk was 
 deposited. 
 
 There is apparently a slight anticlinal at North Cliff, just 
 bringing up the Rhaetic Beds on a level with the plain, but the 
 effect may in great measure be due to the slightly more western 
 extension of the oixtcrop at this point. 
 
42 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 WELL SECTIONS. 
 
 Kelfield Brick and Tile Yard. 
 
 Yellow sand 
 Leafy clay- 
 
 Total - - 35 
 
 Brickyard between Riccall and Escrick.* 
 
 Top soil - - 
 
 Brown peaty sand 
 
 Yellow sand ; surface eroded ; hollows lined with parting 
 of clay ... 
 
 Coarse brown sand 
 Gravel 
 Laminated clay ------ 
 
 Total 
 
 Same as above. Account given by Foreman of Works. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 1. Sand, rather gravelly - - 5 
 
 2. Warpy clay (used for bricks and pantiles) - CO 
 
 3. Strong blue clay (used for drain pipes) 8 
 
 4. Fine leafy (warpy) clay - • - 6 
 
 5. Rotten peat . - - - - — 
 
 Total - 25 
 
 Well at North-Eastern Railway Lodge, between Barlby and Riccall* 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Top soil - - 16 
 
 Sand - 3 
 
 Clay ... - 12 
 
 White quicksand - - -10 
 
 Clay — 
 
 Total - 17 6 
 
 Well at Hall Farm, Duffield. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Soil - ... -.16 
 
 Clay - - . - - 6 6 
 
 Yellow sand - - 6 
 
 Strong clay - 14 
 
 Silty clay and warp - - - - 16 
 
 Coarse sand and gravel, with water - 3 
 
 Strong blue clay - 6 6 
 
 Strong red clay - - - 4 9 
 
 Total - - 55 6 
 
 The Red Clay is said to be very earthy, and is probably lying on the Red 
 Sandstone. 
 
 * From Dr. Parsons' account, Proc. Yorkshire Geol. Soc, vol. vi., p. 238. 
 
WELL SECTIONS. 
 
 4.1 
 
 No. 1, — Barmby on the Marsh ; Trial holes for Hull and 
 
 Yellow clay 
 
 Feat and wood, much decayed 
 
 Olav 
 
 Peat 
 Clay 
 
 Total 
 
 No. 2, 
 
 Total 
 
 Barnsley Railway 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 - 2 
 
 - 11 
 
 - 13 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 2 
 
 - 8 
 
 In. 
 
 
 
 
 - 10 
 
 
 
 Well at Black Swan, Eastrington. 
 
 Clay* 
 
 Gravel, with water (reached) 
 
 Total 
 
 Ft. In. 
 - 60 
 
 60 
 
 Brick and Tile Yard, Eastrington. 
 
 Blue clay ... 
 
 Sand - ..... 
 
 Black clay - 
 
 Silty clay. — Laminated clay with partings of dry sand. 
 Can go 40 feet in this clay, which is nearly free from 
 stones ; only one or two cobbles being found in a year. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Gravel 
 Marl 
 
 Staddlethorpe Station. 
 
 Total 
 
 Brickyard at Staddlethorpe. 
 
 Sand 
 
 Yellow clay 
 
 Strong clay (with limestone) 
 
 White clay 
 
 Black clay 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 - 60 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 - 200 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 - 3 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 - 6 
 
 
 
 - 40 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 52 6 
 
 * The lower part of the clay is prohably Boulder Clay. 
 A 19139. 
 
Ft. 
 
 In, 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In, 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 44 WELL SECTIONS. 
 
 Brickyard at Thimble Hall. 
 
 Thin Sand - 
 
 White clay . _ . - - 
 
 Black clay .... 
 
 Total - - 36 
 
 Howden Brickyard. 
 
 Soil - 
 
 Strong clay 
 
 Yellow sand 
 
 Silty warp - - 
 
 Stronger clay with selenite 
 
 Total 
 
 Marl Pit at Cliff Warren, near Market Weighton* 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Surface soil - - - - 6 
 
 Yellow sand with peaty layers indented by a subjacent 
 
 bed of gravel consisting of chalk flints 
 Laminated clay .... 
 
 Sand and gravel, containing chalk flints, fragments of 
 
 Keuper Marl and Lias with Gryphea incurva 
 Keuper Marl - ... 
 
 Total 
 
 Temple Holes, near Holme. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Sand with a peaty top and gravelly base, flints, &c. - 10 
 Thin clay on Keuper Marl - - . — 
 
 Brickyard at River Bridge, Market Weighton Canal.f 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Warp - - - - - 1 
 
 Peat. - - - - .-06 
 
 ; Sand, white under peat, then strongly ferruginous, then 
 
 yellow, gravelly at bottom - - ' . " - 8 
 
 <5rey clay, strongly laminated - • - 15 
 
 Total 
 
 Well at New Village.% 
 
 Soil - ... 
 
 Blue clay .... 
 
 White clay - 
 Black clay .... 
 
 Total - - 39 6 
 These are all warp clays. The white clays makes beautiful white bricks. 
 
 * From Dr. Parsons' account, Proc. Yorkshire Geol. Soc, vol. vii., p. 161. 
 f From Dr. Parsons' account, Proc. Yorkshire Geol Soc, vol. vi., p. 238. ' 
 1 From Mr. Clarke, Knedlington. Howden. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In, 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
WELL SECTIONS. 45 
 
 Railway Cottages, Bromfleet Carrs. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Clay - - - - .-30 
 
 Peat with decayed reeds - - - 20 
 
 Total - - 23 
 
 The water is bad. 
 
 Brick and tile yard, Bromfleet Landing. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Sandy soil - - - - 2 
 
 Laminated clay - - - 15 
 
 Strong clay (not excavated) - - - - — 
 
 Total - - 17 
 
 Cemetery, Welton. 
 
 Soil and sand, with a flint or two - - - - 4 
 
 Gravel, mostly chalk, some large flint3 - - - 2 
 
 Very fine gravel with pebbles - - - - 2 
 
 Coarser gravel composed of chalk, granite, ciuartz, and 
 
 grit - - - " - - 2 
 
 Bottom of excavation - - - - 10 2 
 
 The above said to overlie strong red clay. 
 
 Brickyard, Melton Creek. 
 
 Laminated clay - 
 
 Thin peaty clay' - 
 
 Gravel (bottom not seen) ... 
 
 Total - - 10 
 
 A human skeleton, horns of deer, and stumps of trees, with waste chips 
 i-showing axe marks, were found in the peaty clay at 5 feet. 
 
 Well at the New House, Ferriby Landing. 
 
 Silty clay, warp (sunk) ... 
 
 Strong clay (bored) .... 
 
 Total - - 34 
 Total clay said to be 70 feet. 
 
 Well at North Ferriby. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Blue stony clay .... . 200 ? 
 
 Chalk with water - 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 8 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Total - - 200 
 
 Well at Hessle. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Clay 18 
 
 Chalk - _ 
 
 Total - 18 
 
46 
 
 WELL SECTIONS. 
 
 On line of Hull Waterworks Tunnel, half a mile east of Springhead Pumping 
 
 ■ Station.- 
 
 Soft marly clay, warp - - - 
 
 Hhalk (bored) 
 
 Clay (reached - 
 
 Total 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Is 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 350 
 
 
 
 
 
 400 
 
 Dairy Coles, Hull. 
 
 Warp - 
 
 Peat - 
 
 Clay with small checkers 
 
 Sand with shells 
 
 Chalk - - - - 
 
 Total 
 
 Ft, 
 
 N 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 (, 
 
 12 
 
 a 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 Dairy Cotes. Humber Foreshore. 
 
 Alluvial deposits, clay, silt, and sand 
 Drift - - - - 
 
 Chalk - 
 
 Total 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 - 45 
 
 
 
 - 45 
 
 
 
 - 235 
 
 
 
 - 325 
 
 
 
 Fine sandf 
 Blue clay 
 Chalk 
 
 Well at Routh* 
 
 Total 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 Red clay 
 White gravel 
 Chalk - 
 
 Well at Beverley Park* 
 
 Total 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 Cottingham Churchyard. 
 Chalk at 30 feet. 
 
 * Supplied by Mr. Villiers. 
 
 + Thickness of sand doubtful ; may be alternations of sand and clay. 
 
WELL SECTIONS. 47 
 
 Since the above went to press, Mr. Cole has published some geological 
 notes for the engineers of the Hull and Barnsley Railway Company from 
 which the following sections are taken : — * 
 
 Boring at Barmby on the Marsh. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 f Yellow clay - - -70 
 
 I Blue clay - - 8 
 
 I Peat and tree trunks 9 
 
 Superficial J Clay and peat - - 2 
 
 beds, 52 it.\ Loamy sand - - - - - 2 
 
 Clean sand • - 2 
 
 Very hard brown clay - - - 12 
 
 j^Stiff brown clay - - - - 10 
 
 (At this point water came to within 6 ft. of the surface.) 
 
 Red sand - - - - - 17 
 
 Bluish red marl - - - - - -16 
 
 Dirty white sand - - 10 
 
 Marl and sand mixed - - - 3 6 
 
 Very coarse red grit - - - 2 
 
 Clean red sand - ...-70 
 
 Red marl - - - - - 5 
 
 White sand 9 
 
 Total - - 89 9 
 
 Trial-holes, Hull and Barnsley Railway, in crossing Wallmg Fen. 
 Section A. — West. 
 
 Clay - 
 
 Peat ....-- 
 
 Sand - - 
 
 Total 
 Blue clay. 
 
 Section B. — Centre. 
 
 Peat 
 Clay . 
 
 - 
 
 Hard sand. 
 
 
 
 Section C 
 
 Yellow warp 
 Green warp 
 Peat 
 
 - 
 
 Hard red clay. 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 Total - - 24 6 
 
 -East. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 * Rev. C. M. Cole. — " Notes on the Geology of the Hull, Barnsley, and West 
 Riding Junction Railway and Dock." — 8vo. Hull, 1886, pp. 17, 19. 
 
 A 19139. 
 
48 LIST Of WORKS ON THE DISTRICT. 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 LIST OF SOME OP THE WOEKS REFERRING TO THIS 
 DISTRICT. 
 
 1788. 
 Marshall, W. — The Rural Economy of Yorkshire, 8vo. London. 
 
 1794. 
 
 Leatham, T. — General view of the Agriculture of the East Riding of 
 Yorkshire (Map and Account of Soils). 4to. Lond. 
 
 1799. 
 
 Alderson, Dr. J. — Geological Observations on the "Vicinity of Hull 
 and Beverley. Journ. of Nat. Phil. Chem. and Arts (4to), vol. iii., p. 285. 
 
 1818. 
 Marshall, W. — The Review and Abstracts of the County. Reports of 
 the Board of Agriculture from the several Agricultural Departments of 
 England. 8vo. York. 
 
 1821. 
 Smith, W.— Geological Map of Yorkshire. 4 Sheets. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Vernon, Rev. W. — An Account of the Strata North of the Humber, 
 near Cave (York. Phil. Soc). Ann. of Phil., ser. 2, vol. xi., p. 435. 
 
 1829. 
 
 Phillips, Proe. J. — Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire, or a 
 description of the Strata and Organic Remains of the Yorkshire Coast, 
 4to. York. Ed. 2 in 1835. Ed. 3 in 1875. 
 
 Vernon, Rev. W. V.— On a Discovery of Fossil ..Bones in a Marl-pit 
 near North Cliff. Phil. Mag., ser. 2, vol. vi., p. 225. 
 
 1830. 
 
 Vernon, Rev. W. V. — Further Examination of the Deposit of Fossil 
 Bones at North Cliff in the County of York. Ibid., vol. vii., p. 1. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Mitchell, Dr. J. — On the Chalk and Flint of Yorkshire, as compared 
 with the Chalk and Flint of the Southern, Counties of England. Bdin. 
 New. Phil. Journ., vol. xx., p. 68. Abstract in Proa. Geol. Soe., vol. ii., 
 p. 113 (1835). 
 
 1841. 
 
 Thorp, Rev. W.— Report on the Agricultural Geology of Part of the 
 Wold District of Yorkshire and of the Oolite in the Neighbourhood of 
 North and South Cave, &c. Proc. Geol. and Pohdech Soc. W. Bidina York: 
 vol. i., p. 207. 
 
 1843. 
 
 Thorp, Rev. W. — On the Indications which are Guides in judging 
 of the Fertility or Barrenness of the Soil. Ibid., vol. ii., p. 139. 
 
MST OF WOBKS ON THE DISTRICT. 49 
 
 1844. 
 Beay, W. B. — Description of the Ouse Bridge, on the Hull and Selby 
 Railway (short note of the river bed), Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. iv., 
 p. 86. 
 
 1853. 
 
 Phillips, Peop. J. — A Map of the Principal Features of the Geology 
 of Yorkshire. (Scale 5 miles to an inch.) York. Ed. 2 in 1862. 
 
 1858. 
 
 Norwood, Eev. J. W. — The Comparative Geology of Hotham, near 
 South Cave, Yorkshire (Brit. Assoc). Geologist, vol. i., pp. 420, 472. 
 
 1868. 
 
 Phillips, Peop. J. — Notice of the Hessle Drift, as it appeared in 
 Sections about Forty Years since. Quart. Jown. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiv., 
 p. 250. 
 
 Wood, S. V., Jun., and Eev. J. L. Rome. — On the Glacial and 
 Postglacial Structure of Lincolnshire and South-east Yorkshire. Ibid., 
 vol. xxiv., p. 146. 
 
 1870. 
 Wood, S. V., Jun. — On the Relation of the Boulder Clay, without 
 . Chalk, of the North of England to the Great Chalky Boulder Clay of the 
 South. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxv., p. 90. 
 
 1872. 
 
 Blake, Rev. J. P. — On the Infralias in Yorkshire. Ibid., vol, xxviii., 
 p. 132. 
 
 Wood, S. V., Jun. — On the Climate of the Post-Glacial Period. Geol. 
 Mag., vol. ix., p. 153. 
 
 1874. 
 
 Blake, Rev. J. P. — On the Red Chalk in Yorkshire. Geol. Mag., 
 dec. ii, vol. i., p. 362. 
 
 1875. 
 
 Blake, Rev. J. P. — On the Kimeridge Clay of England. Quart. Jown. 
 Geol. Soc, vol. xxxi., p. 196. , 
 
 Phillips, Peop. J. — Illustration of the Geology of Yorkshire. Part I.— 
 The Yorkshire Coast. 3rd ed. 4to. London. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Babrois, C. — Recherches sur le Terrain Cre'tace Superieur. 4to. 
 I/ille. 
 Tate, R., and J. F. Blake. — The Yorkshire Lias. 8vo. London. 
 
 1877. 
 
 Parsons, De. H. F. — The Alluvial Strata of the Lower Ouse Valley. 
 Proa. Geol. Soc. Yorkshire, n.s., vol. vi., p. 214. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Atkinson, J. T. — On the History and Objects of the Society, especially 
 with reference to the History of Selby and the Geology of Selby and the 
 District. Proc. Geol. Soc. Yorkshire, n.s. vol. vii., p. 52. 
 
 Blake, Rev. J. F. — On the Chalk of Yorkshire. Proc. Geol. Assoc , 
 vol. v., p. 232. 
 
 . — The Geological History of East Yorkshire. Proc. Geol. Soc. 
 
 Yorkshire, n.s., vol. vi., p. 15. 
 
 Cqle, Rev. E. M.— On the Red Chalk. Ibid., p. 30. 
 
 B 8 
 
50 LIST OF WORKS ON THE DISTRICT. 
 
 1879. . 
 
 Cole, Rev. E. M.— On the Origin and Formation of the Wold Dales. 
 Proc. Geol. Soe. Yorkshire, n.s., vol. vi., p. 128. 
 
 Parsons, Dr. H. F.— The Trias of the Southern Part of the Vale of 
 York. Ibid., p. 154. 
 
 1880. 
 Wood, S. V., Jun.— The Newer Pliocene Period in England. Quart. 
 Jown. Geol. Soe., vol. xxxvi., p. 457. 
 
 1882. 
 
 Cole, Rev. E. M.— On the White Chalk of Yorkshire. Proc. Geol. Soe. 
 Yorkshire, n.s., vol. viii., p. 21. 
 
 Wood, S. V.,- Jun.— The Newer Pliocene Period .in Britain. Quart. 
 Jown, Geol. Soe., vol. xxxviii., p. 667. 
 
 1883. 
 
 Keeping, W. — The Geology of the New Railway Cuttings in the Cave 
 District, South Yorkshire. Ann. Bep. Yorks. Phil. Soe. for 1882, p. 45. 
 
 and C. S. Middlemiss. — On some New Railway Sections and 
 
 other Rock Exposures in the. district of Cave, Yorkshire. Geol. Mag., 
 dec. ii., vol. x., p. 215. 
 
 Morris, John. — The Chalk, its distribution and subdivision. Proc. 
 Geol. Assoc, vol. viii., p. 208, (Refers to Yorkshire Chalk.) 
 
 1884. 
 
 Fox-Strangways, C. — Horizontal Sections of the Geological Survey. 
 Sheet 139. 
 
 Mortimer, J. R. — A Description of the Origin and Distribution of the 
 TJnwater-worn Chalk-gravel on the Yorkshire Chalk Hills, supplemented 
 by an account of neighbouring and somewhat contemporaneous De- 
 posits. Ibid., vol. viii., p. 287. 
 
 1885. 
 
 Reid, C. — The Geology of Holderness and the adjoining parts of 
 Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Memoirs of the Geological Survey. 8vo. 
 
 London. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Cole, Rev. E. M. — Notes on the Geology of the Hull, Barnsley, and 
 West Riding Junction Railway and Dock, p. 60. Frontispiece, five plates 
 and map. 8vo. Hull. 
 
 . — On some Sections at Cave and Drewton. Proc. Geol. Soe. 
 
 Yorkshire, n.s., vol. ix., p. 49. 
 
 . — On the Physical Geography and Geology of the East Riding 
 
 of Yorkshire. Ibid., p. 113. 
 
 Mortimer, J. R.— On the Origin of the Chalk Dales of Yorkshire. Ibid., 
 p. 29. 
 
51 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Acklam, 27. 
 
 Age of the Humber Peat, 38. 
 Alderson, Dr. J., 48. 
 Allison, T., 14, 17, 21, 24. 
 Alluvium, 88. 
 Analysis of Ironstone, 16. 
 „ Limestone, 21. 
 Anticlinal axis, 40, 
 Area described, 1. 
 Atkinson, J. T., 49. 
 
 Band at the top of the Lower Chalk, 
 
 29. 
 Barlby and Eiccall, Well between, 42. 
 Barmby on the Marsh, 43, 47. 
 „ „ Moor, 8. 
 
 „ Eidgc, Well at, 5. 
 Barrois, C, 49. 
 " Basement Beds " of the Oolite, 19, 
 
 20f 
 Beaches ?, Raised, 34. 
 Bealsbeck, 37. 
 Bellasize, Well at, 9. 
 Beswick, 34. 
 Beverley, 2, 30. 
 
 „ Park, Well at, 46. 
 Bilborough, 3. 
 Blake, Prof., 12, 21, 28, 30, 49. 
 
 „ Messrs. Tate and, 14, 21, 32, 
 40, 49. 
 Blown Sand, 39. 
 
 Booth Ferry Eoad, Goole, Well at, 5. 
 Bones found at Bealsbeck and other 
 
 places, 37, 38. 
 Boring near Brantingham Grange, 14. 
 „ at Brough, 18. 
 „ at Ellerton, 4. 
 „ at Goole, 5, 6, 7. 
 „ at Eeedness, 7. 
 „ at Saltmarshe, 7. 
 Boulder Clay, 31-33. 
 Brandsburton, 33. 
 Brantingham, 24, 29, 31. 
 „ Dale, 29. 
 
 „ Grange, 13, 14, 15, 18, 
 
 20, 21. 
 „ Thorpe, 24. 
 
 Bray, W. B., 49. 
 Bray ton Barf, 3. 
 Breccia, Chalk, 35, 
 
 Brecciated appearance of the Red 
 
 Chalk, 27. 
 Bromfleet Cams, Well at, 45. 
 
 „ Landing, 45. 
 Brough, 17, 18, 20, 21. 22, 32. 
 
 „ Scalp, 22. 
 Building stone from Brough, 21. 
 Bnnter Sandstone, 3, 4. 
 Bum Park, 34. 
 Burnby, 8, 34. 
 
 Castle Farm, 15. 
 Cauldwell Spring, 14, 16. 
 Cave, 11, 21. 
 
 „ Oolite, 20-22. 
 Cawood, Well at, 3. 
 Chalk, Middle and Upper, 30. 
 
 „ Red and Lower, 29. 
 Chalk Gravel capping hills, 34. 
 
 „ at Everthorpe, 33. 
 
 „ at Kilnwick Percy, 32. 
 
 „ at Pocklington, 38. 
 
 Chalk Wolds, 1, 12, 31, 33, 40. 
 Cherry Burton, 33. 
 Clarke, Mr., 7, 44. 
 Cleaving Grange, 13, 40. 
 Cliff, 13, 39. 
 
 Cliff Warren, Marl Pit at, 44. 
 Cole, Eev. E. M., 35, 47, 49, 50. 
 Colour of the Boulder Clay, 33. 
 Cottingham, Well at, 46. 
 Cretaceous Rocks, 27-30. 
 
 Dairy Cotes, Hull, Borings at, 46. 
 Denison's Wood, 13, 27. 
 Derwent Eiver, 1, 4, 38. 
 Dogger, 19, 20. 
 Drainage of the Country, 1, 2. 
 Drewton, 22, 23, 28, 35. 
 
 „ Beck, 16. 
 
 Manor House, 23, 25, 28. 
 Stray Cottage, Well at,22,24. 
 
 „ Valley, 25. 
 Duffield, Well at, 42. 
 
 Eastrington, Well at, 43. 
 
 Elevation of the Country, 1, 40. 
 
 „ „ Glacial Beds, 31, 33, 
 
 39, 
 
52 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ellerker, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 32. 
 Ellertcn, 4. 
 
 Elloughton, 25, 26, 29, 32, 
 Escrick, 31. 
 
 „ Boring between Riecall and, 
 42. 
 Escrick House (Grange ?), 37. 
 Eskers, 33, 
 
 Estuarine Series, 19, 20. 
 Everthorpe, 15, 16, 20, 31, 33. 
 
 Faults, 40, 41. 
 
 Feature of the Middle Lias at Evei'- 
 
 thorpe, 33. 
 Ferriby, Wells at, 45. 
 Flint in the Chalk, Distribution of, 30. 
 Formations, Table of, 2. 
 Fossils of the Kellaways Bock, 23. 
 „ „ Middle Lias, 15. 
 „ Oxford Clay, 25. 
 
 George Street, Old Goole, Well at, 6. 
 
 Gjers, L. F., 16. 
 
 Glacial Beds, 31-33. 
 
 Gleadows Buildings, Goole, Wall at, 
 
 5, 6. 
 Goodmanham, 13, 14, 28, 29, 41. 
 
 „ Lodge, 34. 
 
 Goole, 2, 5, 37. 
 Gravel, Glacial, 31-33. 
 
 „ , of Dry Chalk Valleys, 34. 
 
 „ formed out of the Lower Lias, 
 
 13. 
 Gray stones Chalk Pit, 29. 
 Great Oolite Clay, 22. 
 Grey Chalk, 29. 
 " Gruts," 35. 
 " Gryphite Gravel," 32. 
 Gypsum, 8, 9. 
 
 Harswell, Remains of Mammoth at, 
 
 38. 
 Hcalaugh, 3. 
 Height of the Glacial Beds, 31, 33, 39. 
 
 „ „ " Ground, 1, 40. 
 Hessle, 33, 45. 
 Highcliff Plantation, 27. 
 Holderness, 1, 2, 30, 31, 33, 35. 
 Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, 8, 10,31, 35, 
 
 40. 
 Hotham, 12, 15, 20. 
 Houghton, 12, 39. 
 
 „ Hall, 10, 13. 
 „ Moor, 13. 
 Howden Brickyard, 44. 
 Hull, 1, 2. 
 
 ,, Boring near, 46. 
 
 „ River, 1. i 
 
 Humber, 1, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 
 
 30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38. 
 Humber, Boring in the, 46. 
 Hydraulic Limestone, 17, 19, 20, 
 
 Ironstone of the Middle Lias, 18-16, 
 
 Jukes-Browne, A. J., 29. 
 Junction of the Lower and Middle 
 Chalk, 29. 
 
 Keeping, W., 50. 
 
 „ and C. S. Middlemiss, 15, 
 
 21, 23, 28, 50. 
 Kelfleld Brickyard, Well at, 42. 
 Kellaways Bock, 22-25. 
 Kettlethorpe, 23, 28. 
 Keuper Marl, 8-10. 
 
 „ Sandstone, 4-8. 
 Kildwiek Percy, 32. 
 
 „ Hall, 13, 27. 
 „ Park, 10. 
 „ „ Wold House, 14. 
 
 Kilnwick, 30. 
 Kimeridge Clay, 25, 26. 
 Kingston, E. C, 24. 
 -Kirton Tunnel Quarry, Lincolnshire, 
 21. 
 
 Lair Hill, 33. 
 
 Landslip ? at Kildwiek Percy, 32. 
 
 Leatham, J., 48. 
 
 Lias, Lower, 12, 13, 
 
 „ Middle, 13-16. 
 
 „ Upper, 16-18. 
 Lie of- the Rocks, 40, 41. 
 Lincolnshire, Allusions to, 19, 20, 21, 
 
 22, 29. 
 Londesbrough, 27, 29, 40, 41. 
 
 „ Park, 10, 13. 
 
 Long Marston, 3. 
 Lower Chalk, 29. 
 
 „ Estuarine Series, 19, 20. 
 
 „ Lias, 12, 13. 
 
 „ Oolites, 19-22. 
 Lund, 33. 
 
 Man, older than peat of the Humber, 
 
 38, 45. 
 Marine shells in the Glacial Beds, 33. 
 Market Weighton, 2, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 
 
 19, 20,21,28, 31,34,37. 
 Marl pits, 9, 10, 12. 
 Marshall, W., 48. 
 Mask Hall, .21. 
 Melbourne, Well at, .9. 
 Melton, 32, 37, 38. 
 „ Bottom, 29. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 53 
 
 Melton Creek Brickyard, 45. 
 Middle Chalk, 30. 
 
 „ Lias, 13-16. 
 
 „ and Upper Oolites, 22-26. 
 Middlemiss, Messrs. Keeping and, 15, 
 
 21, 23, 28, 50. 
 Middleton-on-the-Wolds, 33. 
 Mill Hill, 25. 
 
 Millepore or Cave Oolite, 20-22. 
 Mitchell, Dr. J., 48. 
 Morris, John, 50. 
 Mortimer, J. R, 28, 50. 
 
 Naburn Station, Well at, 3. 
 New ViUage, Well at, 44. 
 Newbald, 13, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25. 
 
 „ Sike, 15, 16, 20, 28, 29. 
 Newton, 31. 
 North Cave, 13, 15, 31, 32, 39. 
 
 „ Cliff, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 37, 41. 
 
 „ Ferriby, Well at, 45. 
 
 „ Newbald, 23 28. 
 Norwood, Rev. T. W., 49. 
 Nunburnholme, 13, 14, 27. 
 
 " Old Chalk Pits " at Kildwick Percy, 
 
 32. 
 Oolites, Lower, 19-22. 
 
 „ Middle and Upper, 22-26. 
 Oolitic ironstone of the Middle Lias, 
 
 13-16. 
 Osgodby, Well at, 4. 
 Ouse River, 1, 5, 6, 7, 38. 
 Overlap of the Chalk, 12, 19, 20, 21, 
 
 22. 
 Oxford Clay, 25. 
 Oyster Ness, 25.. 
 
 Park Farm, Londesbrough, 13, 28, 29. 
 Parsons, Dr. H. F., 3, 35, 42, 44, 49, 
 
 50. 
 Partridge Hall, 14, 16. 
 Peat, 35, 37, 38. 
 Pemberton's Brewery, Goole, Well 
 
 at, 6. 
 Phillips, Prof., 26, 37, 48, 49. 
 Physical geography, 1. 
 
 „ structure, 40, 41. 
 Pink bands in the Chalk, 29. 
 Pocklington, 2, 8, 10, 12, 13, 31, 34, 
 
 38. 
 Pre-cretaceous anticlinal, 40. 
 Pre-glaeial surface of the Trias, 37. 
 
 Railway Bridge, Goole, 5, 6, 7. 
 Red Chalk, 27-29. 
 
 „ Cliff, 32. 
 Beedness, 5, 6, 7. 
 Reid, C, 33, 50. 
 RhaeticBeds, 10, 11. 
 
 Riccall, Sections near, 42. 
 
 Ridges, Glacial, 31, 33. 
 
 River Bridge, M. W, Canal, 44. 
 
 „ Gravels ? Old, 34. 
 Routh, Well at, 46. 
 
 St. Austin's Stone, 35. 
 
 Salt, Pseudomorphous crystals of, 8. 
 
 Saltmarshe, 6, 7. 
 
 Sancton, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 
 
 39. 
 Sancton Grange, Well at, 22 . 
 Sand, Blown, 39. 
 „ Glacial, 31-33. 
 „ Hill, 24. 
 „ Pits, 22, 23, 24. 
 „ Warp, 35, 36, 37. 
 Sands of the Great Oolite, 22. 
 
 „ „ Kellaways Rock, 23, 24. 
 Scorborough, 34. 
 Section in Chalk valley gravel, 34. 
 
 „ at Drewton, 23. 
 
 „ near Drewton Manor House, 
 28. 
 Section at Ellerker, 19. 
 
 „ near Ellerker, 17. 
 
 „ „ Goodmanham, 14. 
 
 „ at North Cliff, 11. 
 
 „ „ „ Newbald; 23. 
 
 „ theRailwayBridge, Goole, 6. 
 
 „ of Warp3eds, 36. 
 
 „ at Warter Brickyard, 27. 
 Selby, 2, 3, 4. 
 
 „ Waterworks, Well at, 4. 
 Shafts for Ironstone, Trial, 17, 24. 
 Shells in Chalk Gravel, Recent land-, 34. 
 
 „ Glacial Beds, 33. 
 Shipton, 8. 
 Skidby, 34. 
 Smith, W., 48. 
 South Cave, 13, 15, 20, 21, 22, 24, 32. 
 
 „ Cliff, 11. 
 
 „ Ferriby, 37. 
 
 „ Newbald, 21, 23, 29. 
 Springhead, Boring near, 46. 
 Staddlethorpe, 43. 
 Stamford Bridge, 4. 
 Stillingfleet, 36. 
 Strensall, 5. 
 
 Structure, Physical, 40, 41. 
 Subdivisions of the Chalk, 30. 
 Superficial Deposits, 31-39. 
 
 Table of Formations, 2, 
 
 Tate and Blake, Messrs., 14, 21, 32, 40, 
 
 49. 
 Temple Holes, near Holme, Well at, 44. 
 
54 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Terraces formed by the Lias, 12-15. 
 Terraces, Gravel, 34. 
 Thorp, Rev. W.,48. 
 Thickness of the Cave Oolite, 20, 21. 
 „ „ Chalk, 30. 
 
 „ „ Great Oolite Clay, 22. 
 
 „ „ Estuarine Beds, 19. 
 
 „ „ Hydraulic Limestone, 
 
 20. 
 „ „ Kellaways Rock, 22." 
 
 „ „ Lower Lias, 12. 
 
 „ „ Middle Lias, 13. 
 
 „ Red Chalk, 27. 
 „ Superficial Deposits, 
 38, 37. 
 „ „ Upper Lias, 16, 
 
 Thimble Hall Brickyard, 44. 
 Thinning of the Kellaways Rock, 24. 
 Trees found in the peat of the Humber, 
 
 38. 
 Trias, 3-10. 
 
 „ Level of the old surface of the, 
 37. 
 
 Unconformity of the Chalk, 12, 19, 20, 
 
 21, 22, 27,*28, 40. 
 Upper Chalk, 30. 
 „ Lias, 16-18. 
 
 Vale of York, 31, 35, 40. 
 Valleys, Chalk, 34. 
 Vernon, Rev. W., 48. 
 Villiers, Mr., 46. 
 
 Walling Fen, 47. 
 Walkington, 33. 
 "Ward, J. C, 36. 
 Warp, Modern, 38. 
 
 „ and Lacustrine Clay, 35-37. 
 Warter, 12, 27, 29, 41. 
 
 „ Brickyard, 13, 14, 27. 
 
 Warter Priory, 10, 13. 
 Weedley Springs, 28, 29. 
 Well at Barmby Bridge, 5. 
 „ Bellasize, 9. 
 „ Cawood, 3. 
 
 f , Drewton Stray Cottage, 22. 
 „ Elloughton, 32. 
 „ George Street, Old Goole, 6. 
 „ Gleadow's Buildings, Goole, 6. 
 „ Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, 10. 
 „ Market Weighton, 10. 
 „ Melbourne, 9. 
 „ Nabum Station, 3. 
 „ Newbald Sike, 16. 
 . „ Osgodby, 4. 
 ,, Pemberton's Brewery, Goole, 
 
 6. 
 „ Sancton Grange, 22. 
 „ South Cave, 21. 
 „ Selby Waterworks, 4. 
 Well Sections, 42-46. 
 Welton, 25, 26, 29. 
 „ Cemetery, 45. 
 „ House, 29. 
 „ Springs, 29. 
 Whin Moor Lane, 1 7. 
 Whitton, 37. 
 Wilson, J., 22. 
 
 Wolds, 1, 12, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 40. 
 Wold Dale, 24. 
 
 „ valleys, Gravel in, 34. 
 Woo Dale or Woodale, 24, 25, 29, 32. 
 Wood, S. V., 49, 50. 
 „ House, 13, 27. 
 
 Yapham, 8. 
 York, 1, 2, 4, 31, 35. 
 „ Vale of, 31, 35, 40. 
 
 Zones of the Chalk, 30., 
 
 LONDON: Printed by Eyre and Spoiiiswoobe, 
 
 Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty. 
 
 For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 
 
 [17275.— 500.— 12/86.] 
 
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 HOLDERNESS. By C. Reid. is. 
 
 BRITISH ORGANIC REMAINS. DECADESI.toXIII.,withlOPlateseaeh. Price 4s. Bd. each 4to ; 2s. (id. eacb Svo. 
 MONOGRAPH I. On the Genus PTERYGOTUS. By T. H. Huxley, and J. W. Saltee. 7s. 
 MONOGRAPH II. On the Structure of the BELEMNITID.E. By T. H. Huxley. 2s. 6d. 
 
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 The VERTEBRATA of the FOREST BED SERIES of NORFOLK and SUFFOLK. By E. T. Newton. 7s. erf. 
 CATALOGUE of SPECIMENS in the Museum of Practical Geology, illustrative of British Pottery and Porcelain. By Sir 
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 A DESCRIPTIVE GUIDE to the MUSEUM of PRACTICAL GEOLOGY, with Notices of the Geological Survey 
 
 the School of Mines, and the Mining Record Office. By Robert Hunt and F. W. Rudlee. ed. (3rd Ed.) 
 A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of the ROCK SPECIMENS in the MUSEUM of PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. By 
 
 A. C.Ramsay, H. W. Bbistow, H. Bauebman, and A. Geikie. Is. (3rd Edit.) {Out of print.) 4th Ed. in progress. 
 CATALOGUE of the FOSSILS in the MUSEUM of PRACTICAL GEOLOGY : 
 
 CAMBRIAN and SILURIAN, 2s. 6d. ; CRETACEOUS, 2». 9rf. ; TERTIARY and POST-TERTIARY, Is. 8rf. 
 
 SHEET MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Those marked (O.P.) are Out of Print. 
 4 . ■ FOLKESTONE and RYE. By F. Drew. Is. 
 
 7 PARTS of MIDDLESEX, &c. By W. Whitakbb. 2s. (O.P.) 
 
 10 • . TERTIARY FLUVIO-MAR1NE FORMATION of the ISLE of WIGHT. By EDWAED Fobbes. 6s. 
 
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 18 • . S. BERKSHIRE and N. HAMPSHIRE.. By H.W. BBISTOW and W. WHITAKBB. 3s. (O.P.) 
 
 13 . • PARTS of OXFORDSHIRE and BERKSHIRE. By E. Hull and W. Whitakeb. 3s. (O.P.) 
 !J4 .. - PARTS of WILTS, and GLOUCESTERSHIRE. By A. C. RAMSAY, W. T. AVELINE, and E. Hull. M, 
 
 44 . . CHELTENHAM. By E. HULL. 2s. ed. 
 
 45 . . BANBURY, WOODSTOCK, aud BUCKINGHAM. ByA.H.GBEEN. 2s. 
 .45SW- -WOODSTOCK. By E. Hull. Is. 
 
 47 - • N.W. ESSEX & N.E. HERTS. By W. Whitakeb, W.H. Penning.W. H.Daltok,& F. J. Bennett. 8*. 6d. 
 
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 49 S, 50 SE - ALDBOROUGH, 4c. By W. H. Dalton. Edited, with additions, by W. Whitakeb. Is. 
 
 60 SW- - STOWMARKET. By W. Whitakeb, F. J. Bennett, and J. H. Blake. Is. 
 
 50 NW- . DISS, EYE, 4c. By F. J. Bennett. 2s. 
 
 61 SW - - CAMBRIDGE. By W.H. Penning and A. J. Jukes-Browne. 4s.6d. 
 
 01 SE - . BURY ST. EDMUNDS and NEWMARKET. By F. J. Bennett, J. H. Blake, and W. Whitakeb. Is. 6d, 
 
 53 SE . - PART of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. By W. T. Aveline and Richard Trench. 8d. 
 
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 6SSE . . PART of LEICESTERSHIRE. By W. Talbot Aveline, and H. H.Howell. 8d. (O.P.) 
 
 64 - - - RUTLAND, &c. By J. W. Judd. 12s. ad. 
 
 66NE.SE -NORWICH. By H. B. WoodwABD. 7s. 
 
 66 SW - - ATTLEBOROUGH. By F. J. Bennett. Is. Bd. 
 
 68 E - - CROMER. By C. REID. 6s, 
 
 68 NW, SW. FAKENHAM, WELLS, 4c. By H. B. Woodward. 2s. 
 
 70 - - SW LINCOLNSHIRE, Ac. By A. J. Jukes-Browke and W. H. Dalton. 4s. 
 
 71 NE - - NOTTINGHAM. By W. T. Aveline. (2nd Ed.) Is. 
 
 79 NW - RHYL, ABERGELE, and COLWYN. By A. Steahan. (Notes by R. H. Tiddeman.) Is. id. 
 
 80 NW - PRESCOT, LANCASHIRE. By E. Hull. (3rd Ed. With additions by A. Stbahan.) 3s. 
 80 NE - - ALTRINCHAM, CHESHIRE. By E. Hull. 8d. (O.P.) 
 
 80 SW - - CHESTER. By A. Stbahan. 2s. 
 
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 82SE - - PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE and DERBYSHIRE. By W.T. Aveline. (2ndEd.) 6d. 
 
 82 NE - -PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. YORKSHIRE, and DERBYSHIRE. By W. T. Avelihe. 8d. 
 84 . - EAST LINCOLNSHIRE. By A. J. Jukeb-Beowne. 
 
 87 NW- - PARTS of NOTTS, YORKSHIRE, and DERBYSHIRE. (2nd Ed.) By W. T. Aveline. 6rf. 
 
 87 SW . . BARNSLEY. By A. H. Geeen. 9rf. 
 
 88 SW- -OLDHAM. By E.Hull. 2s. „„,,„ ,, . „ „ 
 
 88 SE • - PART of the YORKSHIRE COAL-FIELD. By A. H. Green, J. R. Dakyns, and J. C. Ward. Is. 
 
 88 NE - - DEWSBURY, HUDDERSFIELD, and HALIFAX. By A. H. GREEN, J. R. Dakyns, J. 0. WABD, and 
 
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 89SE - - BOLTON, LANCASHIRE. ByE.HuLL. 2s. 
 
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 90 NE - . SOUTHPORT, LYTH AM, and SOUTH SHORE. ByC. E. De Rance. 6d. 
 
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 91 NW - SOUTHERN PART of the FURNESS DISTRICT in N. LANCASHIRE. By W. T. Aveline. ed. 
 92SE - -BRADFORD and SKIPTON. By J. R.DAKYNS,O.Fox-STBANGWAYS,R.RussELL,andW. H.Dalton. erf. 
 98 NW- . NORTH and EAST of HARROGATE. By C. Fox-Stbangways. 6d. 
 
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 93 SW . - CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS N. and E. of LEEDS, and the PERMIAN and TRIASSIC ROCKS about 
 TADCASTER. By W. T. Aveline, A. H. Green, J. R. Dakyns, J. C.Wabd, and R. Russell. 6d. (O.P.) 
 
SHEET MEMOIRS OF THE CEOXOGXCAK STJRVEY — continued. 
 
 98 SB, 94 SW The COUNTRY between YORK and HULL. By J. R. Dakyits, C. Fox-Stbangways, and A.G. Camekoit. 
 94 NW- -DRIFFIELD. By J. R. Dakyks and C. Fox-Stbangways. 
 
 94 NE - - BRIDLINGTON BAY. By J. R. Dakyss and C. Fox-Stbangways. Is. 
 
 96 SW, SE - SCARBOROUGH and FLAMBOROUGH HEAD. By C. Fox-Stbangways. Is. 
 
 95 NW - WHITBY and SCARBOROUGH. By C. Fox-Stbangways and G. Babeow. Is. ed. 
 
 96 SE - NEW MALTON, PICKERING, and HELMSLEY. By C. Fox-Stbangways. Js. 
 
 90 NE - - ESKDALE, ROSEDALE, &c. By C. Fox-Stbangways, C. Reid and G. Babeow. Is. ed. 
 
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 101 SE - NORTHERN PART of the ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT. By J. C.Wabd. 9s. 
 
 104SW.SE NORTH CLEVELAND. By G. Babeow. 
 
 168 SE - - OTTERBURN and ELSDON. HUGH Milleb. (Notes by C. T. Clough.) 
 
 THE MINERAL DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES ARE ILLUSTRATED 
 BY THE FOLLOWING PUBLISHED MAPS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 GOAL-FIELDS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Scale, one inch to a mile, 
 Angtesey,^ (SW). 
 Bristol and Somerset, 19, 35. 
 Coalbrook Dale, 61 (NE & SE). 
 Clee Hill, 53 (NE, NW). 
 
 Flintsbireand Denbighshire, 74 (NR & SE), 79 (NE, SE). 
 Derby ana Yorkshire, 71 (NW.NE &SE),82 (NW &SW), 
 
 81 (NE), 87 (NE, SE), 88 (SE) . 
 Forest of Dean, 43 (SE & SW). 
 Forest otWyre, 61JSE), 55 (NE). 
 Lancashire, 80 (NW),81 (NW), 89,88 (SW, NW). 
 Leicestershire, 71 (SW), 63 (N W). 
 
 Northumberland & Durham, 103, 105.106 (SE) , 109 (SW,SE) . 
 N. Staffordshire, 72 (NW),72 (8W),7S(NE),80 (SE), 8KSW). 
 S. Staffordshire, 64 (NW), 62 (SW). 
 Shrewsbury, 60 (NE), 61 (NW & SW). 
 South Wales, 36, 37. 38, 40, 41, 42 (SE, SW). 
 Warwickshire, 62 (NE SE),63(NW SW),54 (NE),5S (NW). 
 Yorkshire, 88 (NE, SE), 87 (SW), 92 (SE), 83 (SW). 
 
 GEOLOGICAL MAPS. 
 
 „ . Scale, six inches to a mile. 
 
 The Coal-fields and other mineral districts of the N. of 
 England are published on a scale of six inches to a mile, 
 at 4s. to 6s. each. MS. Coloured Copies of other six-inch- 
 maps, not intended for publication, are deposited for refer- 
 ence in the Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, 
 London. 
 
 Lancashire. 
 
 Sheet. Sheet. 
 
 78. Todmordeh. 97. Oldham. 
 
 77. Ohorley. 100. Knowsleyj ' 
 
 78. Bolton-le-Moors.101. Billinge. 
 
 79. Entwistle. 102. Leigh, Lowton. 
 
 80. Tottington. 103. Ashley, Eccles. 
 
 81. Wardle. 104. Manchester, 
 
 84. Ormskirk. Salford. 
 
 85. Standish. 105. Ashton/- under- 
 
 86. Adlmgton. Lyne. 
 
 87. Bolton-le-Moors.106. Liverpool. 
 
 88. Bury, Hey wood. 107. Prescott, 
 
 89. Rochdale, &c. 108. St.Helen's. 
 
 92. Bickerstaffe. 109. Winwick. 
 
 93. Wigan. 111. Cheedale. 
 65. StiperdenMoor.94. West Houghton. 112. Stockport. 
 
 39. Layland. 95. Radcliffe. lis. Part of Liver- 
 
 70. Blackburn. 96. Middleton, pool. 
 
 71. Haslingden. Prestwich. 
 
 72. Cliviger, Bacup. 
 
 Durham. 
 
 X> urham — continued. 
 
 Sheet, 
 
 18. Muggleswick. 
 
 19. Lanchester. 
 
 20. Hetton-le-Hole. 
 
 22. Wear Head. 
 
 23. Eastgate. 
 
 24. Stanhope. 
 
 Sheet. 
 
 25. Wolsingbam. 
 
 26. Brancepeth. 
 30. Benny Seat. 
 
 32. White Kirklcy. 
 
 33. Hamsterley. 
 
 34. Whitworth. 
 
 Sheet. 
 
 38. Maize Beck. 
 
 41. Cockfield. 
 
 42. Bp. Auckland. 
 
 46. HawksleyHillHo. 
 52. Barnard Castle. 
 63. Winston. 
 
 Sheet. 
 
 15. Ireleth. 
 
 16. Ulverstone. 
 
 17. Gartmel. 
 28. Aldingham. 
 
 47. Clitheroe. 
 
 48. Colne. 
 
 49. LaneshawBr, 
 65. Whalley. 
 
 56. Haggate. 
 
 57. Winewall. 
 
 61. Preston. 
 
 62. Balderstone. 
 R3. Accrington. 
 Ci. Bttrnley> 
 
 1. Ryton. 
 
 2. Gateshead. 
 
 3. Jarrow. 
 
 4. S. Shields. 
 6. -Greenside. 
 
 6. Winlaton. 
 
 7. Washington. 
 
 8. Sunderland. 
 
 10. Edmondbyers. 
 
 11. Ebchester. 
 
 12. Tantoby. 
 
 15. Chester-le-St. 
 
 16. Hunstanworth. 
 
 17. Waskerley. 
 
 **. Roth bury. 
 45 Longframling- 
 ton. 
 
 46. Broomhill. 
 
 47. Coquet Island. 
 64. Longhorgley. 
 
 55. Ulgliam. 
 
 56. DrUridge Bay. 
 
 63. Netherwitton. 
 
 64. Morpeth. 
 e5. Newoiggin. 
 
 72. Bedlingtou. 
 
 73. Blyth. 
 
 Northumberland. 
 
 80. CramlingtOn 
 
 81. Earsdon. 101, 
 
 82. NE.of Gilsland. 102. 
 
 83. Coadley Gate. 
 
 87. Heddon. 
 
 88. Long Benton. 
 
 89. Tynemouth. 
 
 91. Greenhead. 
 
 92. Haltwhistle. 
 
 93. Hay don Bridge. 109. 
 
 94. Hexham. 110. 
 
 95. Corbridge. 111. 
 
 96. Horsley. 112. 
 
 97. Newcastle. 
 
 103. 
 105. 
 106. 
 107. 
 
 108. 
 
 Walker. 
 Whitfield- 
 Allendale 
 
 Town. 
 Slaley. 
 Newlands, 
 Blackpool Br. 
 Allendale. 
 Blanchland. 
 Shotleyfield. 
 Wellhope. * 
 Alleilheadst 
 
 55. Searness. 
 66. Skiddaw. 
 
 63. Thaekthwaite. 
 
 64. Keswick. 
 
 2. Tees Head. 
 6. Dufton Fell. 
 
 7. Redcar. 
 
 9. 
 
 12. Bowes. 
 IS. Wycliffe. 
 20. Lythe. 
 
 24. Kirkby Ravens- 
 
 worth. 
 
 25. Aldborough. 
 32. Whitby. 
 33. 
 
 38. Marske. 
 
 39. Richmond. 
 
 46. - 
 
 47. Robin Hood's 
 
 Bay. 
 53. Downholrae. 
 68. Leybourne. 
 82. Kidstones. 
 84. E. Witton. 
 
 97. Foxup. 
 
 98. Kirk Gill. 
 
 99. Haden Carr. 
 100. Lofthouse. 
 116. Arncliffe. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 65. Dockraye. 
 
 69. Ruttermere. 
 
 70. Grange. 
 
 71. Helvellyn. 
 
 ■Westmorland. 
 
 12. Patterdale. 25. Grasmere, 
 
 18. Near Grasmere. 38. Kendal, 
 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 116. Conistone 
 
 Moor. 
 133. Kirkby 
 
 Malham. 
 
 184. Dale End. 
 
 185. Kildwick. 
 
 200. Keighley. 
 
 201. Bingley. 
 
 202. Calverley. 
 
 203. Seacroft. 
 
 204. Aberford. 
 
 215. Peeke Well. 
 
 216. Bradford. 
 -217. Calverley. 
 
 218. Leeds. 
 
 219. Kippax. 
 
 231. Halifax. 
 
 232. Birstal. 
 
 233. EastArdsley. 
 
 234. Castleford. 
 
 246. Huddersfleld. 
 
 247. Dewsbury. 
 
 248. Wakefield. 
 
 249. Pontefract. 
 
 250. Darrington. 
 
 74. Wastwater. - 
 
 75. Stonethwaite 
 Fell. - 
 
 260. Honley. • 
 
 261. Kirkburton. 
 
 262. Darton. - 
 
 263. Hemsworth. 
 
 264. Campsall." 
 
 272. Holmfirth. 
 
 273. Penistone. 
 
 274. Barnsley. 
 
 275. Darfield. 
 
 276. Brodsworth. 
 
 281. Langsell. 
 
 282. Wortley. 
 
 283. Wath upon 
 Dearne. 
 
 284. Conisborough. 
 
 287. Low Bradford. 
 
 288. Ecclesfield. 
 
 289. Rotherham. 
 
 290. Braithwell. 
 293. Hallam Moors. 
 
 295. Handsworlh. 
 
 296. Laughton-- en 
 le-Morthen. 
 
 299. • 
 
 300. Harthill - 
 
 MINERAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Embracing the produce of Coals, Metallic Ores, and other Minerals. By R. Hunt. From 186S to 1857, inclusive 
 Is. 6d. each. 1858, Part I., Is. ed.\ Part II., 6s. 1859,1s. 6d. 1860,3s. ed. 1861, 2s. j and Appendix, Is. 1862, 2s. 6d' 
 1863.2s. ed. 1864,2s. 1865,2s. ed. 1866 to 1881, 2s. each. 
 
 (These Statistics are now published by the Some Office, as parts of the Meports of the Inspectors of Mines.) 
 
 THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN. - ■ 
 
 Part I. The North and North Midland Counties of England (Out of print). Part II. South Staffordshire. "Prca Is 
 Part 111. South Wales. Price Is. 3d. Part IV. The Shropshire Coal-field and North Staffordshire. Is. 3d. ' 
 
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