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CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 FROM 
 
 r.F.fillcox 
 
The original of tliis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013356658 
 
DICTIONARY 
 
 OF 
 
 ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 BEING 
 
 A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE 
 
 TO 
 
 ENGLISH AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 
 
 BY 
 
 W. DAVENPORT ADAMS 
 
 CASSEL, FETTER, GALPIN & CO 
 
 New York, London and Paris. . 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In the following pages the Author has attempted a task of no ordinary or 
 inconsiderable difficulty. Pie has aimed at furnishing the general public 
 with what may best be described as a Comprehensive Guide to English 
 Literature. He has endeavoured to meet the wants of people of educa- 
 tion and intelligence who are desirous of understanding and enjoying 
 all they read, but are without the assistance of well-equipped libraries. 
 It has been his object to condense into the present volume all the informa- 
 tion that readers thus situated would be likely to require, as well as to 
 supply the needs of those who are anxious merely to gain a few particulars 
 in connection with authors and their productions. His work is one of 
 reference rather than of criticism, an accumulation of facts rather than 
 of opinions ; yet an effort has been made to render it so generally in- 
 teresting that it may be dipped into here and there with the certainty of 
 something being found capable of giving pleasure as well as information. 
 
 The variety of the contents may best be estimated by an examination 
 of a page or two, and their usefulness most appreciated after a brief ex- 
 perience. Roughly speaking, however, they may be grouped under the 
 following heads : — 
 
 All Prominent Wkitbrs, and writers of special interest, are care- 
 fully included, and, where possible, the following particulars concerning 
 them are given : (1) dates of birth and (in the case of deceased writers) 
 death; (2) titles of leading works, •with dates of their production ; (3) notices 
 of standard biography and criticism; and in many cases (4) critical extracts 
 illusU'ative of their characteristics. No attempt has been made to go 
 into biographical details ; the object has been rather to indicate where 
 such details are to be obtained, and thus to supply a want which most 
 students and readers have experienced. The dates of birth and death 
 are the result of a diligent comparison of authorities, whilst in most in- 
 stances those of the publication of particular works have beeii given 
 chronologically. 
 
iv PEBPAOB. 
 
 The titles of the Chief Poems, Essays, Plays, and Novels in the 
 language are recorded, accompanied by such particulars as their relative 
 importance would appear to warrant. 
 
 Similar treatment has been accorded to the more important Works 
 OF Philosophy, Science, and the Belles Lettres ; under which 
 latter head may be included notices of many curious single works not . 
 easily to be classified under any other of the divisions of Literature. 
 
 Further, the Noms de Pj-ume assumed by literary men and women 
 are given and explained, many for the first time. 
 
 Familiar Quotations, Phrases, and Proverbs are entered in con- 
 siderable numbers, with distinct and accurate references to their original 
 sources. These are arranged, so far as possible, according to their Jirst 
 striking word — a plan which has seemed to the Author the most useful 
 and intelligible that could be adopted. 
 
 Characters in Poetry and Fiction are largely indexed — to an ex- 
 tent, indeed, not hitherto attempted, and with the result, it is believed, 
 that few of any importance are omitted. Illustrative Quotations are 
 frequently appended. 
 
 The most celebrated Poems, Songs, and Ballads are entered, not 
 only by their titles, but by their first lines, which are frequently re- 
 membered when the titles are forgotten. 
 
 A feature of the Work is the introduction of references to Transla- 
 tions of the Works of prominent ForKign Writers of all times and 
 countries. 
 
 Space is also devoted to brief, but, it is hoped, sufficient explanations 
 of the various kinds of Literature, such as Epics, Odes, Masques, 
 Mysteries, and so on. 
 
 Finally, special articles, as exhaustive as their limits would per- 
 mit, have been introduced on such subjects as The Drama, Newspapers, 
 Novels, and Poetry, with the view of enabling the reader to systema- 
 tise, if he please, the varied information given in other portions of the 
 work. 
 
 A work so comprehensive in aim — necessitating the survey of so wide, 
 so inexhaustible a field — can hardly be quite free from error. Yet the 
 Author would fain hope that no signal inaccuracy will be detected ; and 
 while committing his pages to tlje cousideration of the public, he feels it 
 due to himself to say that, during the years occupied in the preparation 
 of the work, he has grudged no labour to make it worthy of the favoura- 
 ble reception he trusts it will obtain. 
 
 W. D. A. 
 
DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 
 
 ABB 
 
 ABE 
 
 Abbey 'Walk, The. A ballad, by 
 BOBEBT Henkysoun (d. 1608), included 
 in Lord Hajles* collection of Ancient Scot' 
 tish Songs. 
 
 Abbot, Charles, Lord Colchester 
 (1757—1829). Author of an essay On the 
 Use cmd Abuse qf Satire J Oxfoxdj 1786. 
 
 Abbot, Charles, Lord Tenterden 
 (1762—1832). Author of a Treatise on the 
 Law relating to Merchant Ships aiid Sea* 
 men (1802), and other important works. 
 
 Abbot, George, Archbisliop of 
 Canterbury (1562 — 1633), wrote a number of 
 polemical, theological, historical, and bio- 
 graphical works, -and erected and endowed 
 a hospital at G-uildford, Surrey. 
 
 Abbot, Rev. Iiyman. See Ben- 
 
 AULY. 
 
 Abbot, Robert, brother of the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury (1560—1617), was 
 the author of the Mirror of Popish Subtil' 
 ties, and other controversial treatises. 
 
 Abbot, The. A novel by Sir 
 Waltee Scott (1771—1832), published in 
 1820, and intended as a continuation of the 
 Monastery (q.v.). 
 
 Abbotsford Club. A Literary 
 Club founded at Edinburgh in 1835, to pro- 
 mote the publication of works r^ating to 
 Scottish History, Literature, and Antiqui- 
 ties. The membership was limited to filty, 
 and the club is now extinct. Upwards of 
 thirty volumes (all in quarto) were pub- 
 lished under its auspices. 
 
 Abbot, Jacob, American Congre- 
 gational minister (b. 1803), published the 
 first book of his Yorniq Christian series in 
 1625, and has since issued upwards of a 
 hundred separate works, most of which 
 have been republished in this country, and 
 translated into various languages. 
 
 Abbott, John S. C, brother of 
 Jacob (b. 1805, d. 1877), wrote the Mother 
 at Home (1833), the Child at Home, and 
 numerous historical compendiums. 
 
 Abcedarian Hymns. Hvmns 
 which began with the first letter of the 
 alphabet, the succeeding lines or verses 
 commencing with the other letters in reg- 
 ular succession. 
 
 Abdael in Dktjden's poem of 
 Absalom and Achitopliel (q.v.), stands for 
 General Monk, Duke of Albemarle, who 
 was mainly instrumental in furtheriugthe 
 restoration of Charles II. (David). 
 
 Abdallah. A character in Btkon's 
 Bride of Abydos (q.v.) ; murdered by his 
 brother Giamr. 
 
 Abdiel, in Milton's poem of 
 .Paradise Lost (q.v.), one of the seraphim 
 who, when Satan endeavoured to incite the 
 angels to rebellion, alone stood firm in his 
 allegiance — 
 
 " Faithful found 
 
 Among the faithless, faithful only he." 
 
 A'Beckett, Gilbert Abbot, au- 
 thor (b. 1811, d. 1866), produced more than 
 thirty dramatic pieces, and was one of the 
 earflest contributors to Punch (q.v.). He 
 was also the author of the Comic Histories 
 of England and of Rome, of the Comic 
 Blackstone, and other works of* a similar 
 character. 
 
 Abel Shufflebottom. The no»t 
 de plume under which Eobebt Southey 
 (1774—1843) printed some "amatory poems" 
 of the burlesque order, written in 1799. 
 
 Abelllno. Tlie hero of Lewis's 
 story of the Bravo of Venice (q.v.). He 
 appears alternately as a beggar and a 
 bandit, and at last falls in love with, and 
 marries, the niece of the Doge of Venice. 
 
 Aberorombie, John, M.D. (1>. 
 1781, d. 1844), wrote Inquiries Concerning 
 the Intellectual Powers and the Investiga- 
 
ABE 
 
 ABS 
 
 tionjuf Truth (lB30)j the Philosophy of the 
 Moral Feelings (1833), and several medical 
 treatiBes. 
 
 Abercrombie, Patrick, M.D. 
 
 (b. 1666, d. 1720). wrote the Martial At- 
 chievements of the Scots NatUm (1711 — 
 1715). 
 
 Aberdeen Philosophical Soci- 
 ety. Instituted 1840. 
 
 Abernethy, John (1763—1831). 
 A distinguished surgeon at St. Bartholo- 
 mew's Hospital, London ; published Sur- 
 gical and Physiological Essays^ 1793—7. 
 and a large number of profeBsional ana 
 scientitic works. 
 
 Abessa. A damsel in Spenser's 
 Fa<&ri€ Queene (q.v.), in whom. Abbeys and 
 Convents are personified. 
 
 Abhorson. An executioner in 
 ShakespeaRE*s play of Measure for Meas- 
 ure (q.v.). 
 
 " Abide with me ; fast falls the 
 
 eventide." First line of the Evening 
 Hymn, by the Rev. Henry Francis Lyte 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " Abide "with me from morn 
 
 till eve." A line of Keble's Evening 
 Hymn, in the Christian Year (q.v.). 
 
 Abigail. A typical name for a 
 servant or handmaid (I Samuel xxv. 3) ; 
 used as a name for a servant in Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher's Scornful Lady, 
 and also by Swift, Fielding, and others. 
 
 Able or Abel, Thomas. An 
 
 English divine, executed at Smithfield 
 during the reign of Henry VIII. (1540), for 
 having written and published An Answer 
 tltat by no manner of means it may be law- 
 ful for the King to be divorced from the 
 Queen's grace^ his lalvfulwife. 
 
 Abon Hassan. The hero of tlie 
 tale of the Sleeper Awakened in the Ara- 
 ' hian Nights. While asleep, he was trans- 
 ferred from his own bed to the couch of 
 the Caliph, and on awakening was tr&a};ed 
 in a style similar to that enjoyed by Cnris- 
 topher Sly, in the introduction to the 
 Taming of the Shrew. 
 
 Abou Ben Adhem. The title of 
 a short poem by Leigh Hunt (1784—1859), 
 beginning— 
 
 " Abou Ben Adhera (may his tribe increase) 
 Awoke one night from a deep dream of pence." 
 
 Moir speaks of this piece as " full of pic- 
 ttiresque yet delicate beauty of thought 
 and language." 
 
 "Above all Greek, above all 
 
 Boman fame." Line 26, book il., epistle i. 
 of PoPE*s Imitation of Horace (q.v.). Dry- 
 den, speaking of the death of Lord Has* 
 ings, had previbusly used a very similar 
 pbraoe. 
 
 Abra — 
 
 " Abra was ready ere I caU'd her name ; 
 And^hough I call'd another, Abra came." 
 
 Fniou, Solomon on the Vanity of the WorltL 
 
 Abraham's Sacrifice, A Trag- 
 
 edieof. Written in French, by Theodore 
 Beza, and translated into English by 
 Arthur Goldikg (d. 1590) in 1575. It 
 had been performed at Lausanne about 
 1560. The Duke of Devonshire possesses 
 a fac-simile copy of this rare religious 
 play. 
 
 " Abram Cupid." A phrase oc- 
 curring in Borneo and Juliet, act ii,, scene 
 1; read by some edit-ors, ** Adam Cupid." 
 Dyce suggests that " abram " may mean, 
 as it often meant in Shakespeare's time, 
 "auburn," referring to the hair of Cupid. 
 Others think that *'Adam" refers to a 
 noted archer of the day : and it will be 
 remembered that the whole line runs — 
 
 " Toung Adam Cupid, he that shot so trim." 
 
 Abridging the Study of Physic, 
 
 An Essay for. By John Armstrong, 
 M.D. mOD— 1779). Published in 1735, and 
 intended as a satire on the quackery and 
 incompetency of the medical profession at 
 that particular period. It was accompanied 
 by^ Dialogue betwixt Hygeia, Mercury, 
 and Pluto, relating to the practice of Phy- 
 sic, and was followed, later, by An Epistle 
 from Usbeclc, the Persian, to Joshua Ward, 
 Esq., whichis said to contain " much wit 
 and pleasantry. In the dialogue," says 
 Anderson, " he has caught the very spirit 
 of Lucian." 
 
 " Abridgment of all that "was 
 
 pleasant in Man, An." A description ap- 
 plied to Garriclc, the actor, by Goldsmith, 
 in his poem of lietaliatUm (q-v.), 
 
 Absalom and Achitophel. A 
 
 poem by John Dryden (1631^1701), pub- 
 lished in 1681, and written throughout in 
 allusion to the conspiracy to place the ' 
 Duke of Monmouth, natural son of Gharlea 
 II., upon the English throne. ITie prin- 
 cipal hctitious characters in this famous 
 satire are tlms identified— .4 6dae?, Monk, 
 Duke of Albemarle ; Absalom, the Dnke 
 of Monmouth ; AchitopheU tho Earl of 
 Shaftesbuiy ; Omri, Lord Ghuicellor 
 Finch ; Corah, Titus Gates ; David, Chai^ 
 les II.; Doeg, Elkanah Settle; Hushdi, 
 Hyde, Earl of Rochester ; Jonas, Sir "Wil- 
 liam Jones ; Ishbosheth, Bichard Crom- 
 well ; Pharaoh, the King of France : Saul, 
 Oliver Cromwell ; Sheva, Sir Roger I'Es- 
 trange j Zimri, George, Duke of Bucking- 
 ham. Egypt stands for France, Hebrmx 
 for Scotland, Jerusalem for London, and 
 Israel for England. Of the second part^ 
 
 fmblished in 1684, all but two hundred 
 ines was written by Nahum Tate (1652— 
 1715). Hallam characterises Drvden'a 
 porUo^ as '* the greatest of his saiires— 
 the work in which his powers became fully 
 
ABS 
 
 ACH 
 
 known to the world, and which, as many 
 think, he never surpassed. The spontanea 
 ous ease of expression, the rapid transi- 
 tions, the general elasticity and move- 
 ment, have never been excelled." A Latin 
 translation was published by Francis (af- 
 terwards Bishop) Atterbury in 1682. See 
 Absalou Sekiob, and Azakia and 
 
 HUSHAI. 
 
 Absalom Senior : " or, Absalom 
 and Achitophel Transposed." One of the 
 Whig replies to Dbydeh's satire, written 
 by Elkanah Settle (1648—1724). 
 
 "Absence, hear thou my pro- 
 testation." First line of an anonymous 
 poem in Davison's Poetical Rhapsody 
 (1602) :— 
 
 " For hearts of truest mettle 
 Absence doth join, and time doth settle " 
 
 "Absence makes the heart 
 
 frow fonder." A line occurring in a lyric 
 y Thomas HayneS Bayly (1797—1839), 
 entitled Isle of Beauty (q.v.). 
 
 Absolute, Captain. la Sheki- 
 DAN's comedy of the Rivals (q.v.). Under 
 the nom de guerre of EnFign Beverley, he 
 secures the affections of Lydia Languish 
 (q.v.), the heroine of the play. 
 
 Absolute, Sir Anthony. Father 
 of the above. " He is an evident copy," 
 8!ws Hazlitt, " after Smollett's kind-heart- 
 ed, Mgli-spirited Matthew Bramble" (q.v.). 
 
 "Absolute the knave is! 
 
 (How)." — Hamlet, act v., scene 1. 
 
 "Abstracts and brief Chroni- 
 cles of the time," — Hamlet, act ii., scene 
 2. The phrase is there used in reference 
 to actors, but is now generally applied to 
 newspapers, of which, rather than of " the 
 players," it is true that " after your death 
 you were better have a bad epitaph, than 
 their ill report while you lived." 
 
 " Absurditie, The Anatomie of. 
 See Anatomie of Absubditie. 
 
 Abudah. A character in Ridley's 
 Tales of the Genii. See Genii, Tales of 
 
 THE. 
 
 Abuse of Satire, On the. A 
 
 poetical satire written by Isaac Disbaeli 
 (1766—1848) in 1789, and directed against 
 John Wolcot ("Peter Pindar"), who re- 
 plied to the author, whom he supposed to 
 be Hayley, the poet, in f " virulent " pas- 
 quinade. See Abbot, Chaeles, Lobd 
 
 COLCHESTEB. 
 
 Abuses Stript and Whipt: "or, 
 Satiricall Essayes," in two books, written 
 by Oeoboe Witheb (1588—1667), and-pub- 
 lished in 1613, with the following motto on 
 the title-page :— 
 " Despise not this what ere I seeme to shewc, 
 A foole to purpose speaks sometime you know. 
 
 He spoke to such purpose in this instance 
 that he procured for himself imprisonment 
 in the Marshalsea, Yet . " the satires, al- 
 though sharp, were generous ; their style 
 was diffuse, but simple, earnest, often 
 vigorous : for Wither," says Professor Mor- 
 ley, " had the true mind of a poet." 
 
 Abuses, The Anatomie of: 
 
 " Conteyning a Biscouerie, or Briefe Sum- 
 marie of such Notable Yices and Imperfec- 
 tions as now raigne, in many Christian 
 Countreyes of the Woilde : but (especi- 
 allie). in a verie famous Hand called 
 Ailgna : Together with the most feareful 
 Examples of God's Judgementes executed 
 upon the wicked for the same, as well in 
 Ailgna of late, as in other blaces else- 
 where. Verie godly to be read of all true 
 Christians, euerie where : but mdst neede- 
 fuU to be regarded in Englande," This 
 " curious portraiture, made malogue-wise." 
 by Philip Stubbes, " of the amusements 
 and other social customs of Ihe day," was 
 published in 1583, and again in an enlarged 
 form, in 1585. Ailgna, of course, is Eng- 
 land — " a famous and a pleasant land, witlx 
 a great and heroic people ; but they abound 
 in abuses, chiefly those of pride — pride of 
 heart, of mouth, of apparel." The two in- 
 terlocutors are called Fhiloponus and 
 Spudeus. See Brydges' Censura Ziteraria ; 
 Collier's Poetical Decameron; Donee's 
 Illustrations of Shakespeare; Dibdin's 
 Bibliomania; and the Shakespeare Society 
 Papers, vol. iv. Nash ridiculed Stubbes 
 " for pretending to anatomize abuses and 
 stubbe up sins by the rootes." 
 
 Abydos, The Bride of. , See 
 
 Bbiue of Abydos, The. 
 Abyssinian Maid, An. In Cole- 
 
 BiDGE's poem of Kubla Khan (q. v.) : — 
 " And on her dulcimer she played. 
 Singing of Mount Abora.'^ 
 
 Acadia. Tlie poetical name of Nova 
 Scotia, and the scene of the incidents nar- 
 rated in Longfellow's poem of Evanm 
 geline (q. v.). 
 
 " Accept a miracle instead of 
 wit." First line of an epigram ascribed to 
 Young, the poet,who wrote it with a pencil 
 belonging to the famous Earl of Chester- 
 field- 
 
 *' See two dull lines by Stanhope's pencil writ." 
 
 "Accidents by Flood and 
 
 ^ielA.."— Othello, act i., scene 3. 
 Accommodated — 
 
 " Accommodated ; that is, when a man is, as they 
 say, accommodated i or when a man is— being— 
 whereby— he moy be thought to be accommodated, 
 which 18 an excellent thing." 
 
 Kinn Henry IV., pt, ii,, net ill., scene S. 
 
 Acheley, Thomas, temp. Queen 
 Elizabeth, was the author of A most lament- 
 able and travail Hittorie, toWcA a Spa» 
 
ACH 
 
 ACT 
 
 ishe Gentlewoman named Fiolenta executed 
 upon her Lover Didaco. because he espoused 
 another^ heying first betrothed unter her. 
 Newly translated into English meeter by 
 T. A' and printed at London in 1576. He 
 was also a contributor to •England's Par- 
 •nassus (1600). See Kitson'B Bibliographia 
 J'oetica. 
 
 Acheta Domestica. The name 
 under which Miss L. M. Budgen has pub- 
 lished several works, notably March Winds 
 and April Shotoers (1854), and Episodes of 
 Insect Life (1869). 
 
 Achilles. An opera written by 
 JOHK Gay (1688—1732), and produced im- 
 mediately after his death. 
 
 "Aching void." A phrase oc- 
 curring in CowPEtt's poem, Walking with 
 God— 
 
 " What peaceful houra I once enjoyed I 
 How flweet their memory stilfl 
 But they have left an aching void 
 The world can never fiU." 
 
 Achitophel, in Dryden's satire of 
 Absalom and Achitophel (q. v.), is intended 
 for the Earl of Shaftesbury (1621—1683), 
 who abetted the rebellion of Absalom, the 
 Duke of Monmouth. '* The character of 
 Achitophel," says Hazlitt, " is very fine, 
 and breathes, if not sincere love for virtue, 
 a strong indignation against vice.'* 
 
 Acis and Galatea. A serenata. 
 by John Gay (1688—1732), produced at the 
 Haymarket, with Haj^del's music, in 1732. 
 
 Acolastus his Afterwitte, print- 
 ed in 1600, and notable for its plagiarisms 
 from Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis 
 (q. v.), Rape ofLucrece (q. v.). 
 
 Acrasia. A witch in Spenser's 
 EaUrie Queene (q. v.), in whom the vice of 
 Intemperance is personified. 
 
 Acres, Bob. In Sheridan's com- 
 edy of the Rivals (q. v.). " He is a distant 
 descendant," says Hazlitt, " of Sir Andrew 
 Ague-cheek " (q. v.). 
 
 " Across the "walnuts and the 
 wine." A line in Tennyson's Miller's 
 Daughter (q_.r.). 
 
 Acrostic. A form of verse said 
 to have been Invented in the fourth cen- 
 tury, in which the first letter of each line 
 read downwards forms a name or word. 
 Double acrostics are verses in which the 
 first letters form one word and the last an- 
 other, 
 
 •' Act well your part, there all 
 
 the honour lies." Line 193, epistle iv., of 
 Pope's E^say on Man (q. v.), 
 
 Actes of the Apostles, The, 
 "translated into Englyshe metre" by 
 Christopher Tye (circa l.')46), were 
 printed in 1553, " with notes to eche chap- 
 
 ter to synge and also to play upon the 
 Xiute, very necessarye for studentes after 
 theyr studye to fyle their wittes, and alsoe 
 for all CKristians that cannot synge, to 
 reade the good and godlye storyes of the 
 lives of Christ his Apostles.'* They were 
 sung for a time in the Koyal Chapel of Ed- 
 ward VI .,but never became popular. The 
 following is a specimen of uieir versifica- 
 tion ; — « 
 " It chaunced in Iconiuni, 
 Afl they oft times did use,- 
 Together they into did come 
 The sinagogue of Jews." 
 
 " Action to the word, Suit the." 
 
 — Hamletj act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Active Policie of a Prince, The, 
 
 A moral poem by George Ashby (temp. 
 Henry VI.), written for the use of Prince Ed- 
 ward, and notable as eulogising, in the pre- 
 face, " Maisters Gower, ()haiicer, and Lyd- 
 gate" — " a proof," says Warton, " of the 
 estimation which that celebrated trium- 
 virate continued to maintain." 
 
 Active Powers of the Human 
 
 Mind, Essay on the. By Thomas Beid 
 (1710—1796). Published in 1788, and con- 
 taining a survey of the general field of 
 ethics, with an analysis of the mechanical, 
 animal, and rational principles of action, 
 and discussions on the theories of free will 
 and moral approbation. 
 
 Actor, The. A poem by Robert 
 Lloyd (1733—1764), published in 1760, in 
 which he severely reprobates the errors of 
 contemporary actors. He opens with an 
 eloquent tribute to the powers of Garrick, 
 whom less talented performers could imi- 
 tate but not equal ; and then passes on to 
 censure the most striking errors in theatri- 
 cal action, especially the studied affecta- 
 timi of attitude, the disagreeable practice 
 of over-acting parts, the monotony of some 
 performers, and the rant of others. He 
 concludes with an address to, and an 
 apology for the actor, whom he describes 
 as— 
 
 " Teaching the mind its proper face to scan. 
 Holding tlie faithful mirror up to man." 
 
 "Actor (Well graced) leaves 
 
 the stage." — Richard Il.y act v., scene 2. 
 
 Actors, Apology for. See Apol- 
 ogy FOR Actors. 
 
 Acts. The division of dramatic 
 stories and poetry into acts was first made 
 by the Komans. In Horace's Art of Poetry 
 (B.C. 8), five acts are mentioned as the 
 rule. 
 
 Acts and Monuments of these 
 
 latter and perillous Dayes : *' touching 
 Matters of the Church, wherein are com- 
 prehended and described the great Pei-se- 
 cutions, and horrible Troubles, that have 
 been wrought aild practised by the JRomishe 
 Prelates, especlallye in this Eealme of 
 
ACT 
 
 ADA 
 
 
 
 England and Scotlande. from the yeare of 
 our Lorde a Thousande, unto tlie l^me 
 now present, Gathered and collected ac- 
 cording to the true Copies and Wrytinges 
 certificatorie, as well of tiie Parties them- 
 Belves that suffered, as also out of the 
 Bishops' Registers which were the doers 
 thereof." This famous work, written by 
 John Fox or Foxe (1517— 15S7), was first 
 printed in English, under the above title, 
 m 1562t It was at Strasburg, in 1554, that 
 Fox published the firat volume of the 
 work, m Latin, as " Commentarii Kerum 
 in Ecclesia gestarum, maximarumque per 
 totam Europam perseciitlonem k Wicklevi 
 Temporibus." The first folio edition of 
 the whole was given to the -world in 1559, 
 and was entitled, " Kerum in Ecclesia 
 gestarum, quae postremis et periculosis his 
 temporibus evenerunt, maximarumque 
 persecutionum ac Sanctorum. Dei Marty- 
 rum, cseterarumque rerum si quae insigiii- 
 oris exempli sint, Commentarii : in qua de 
 rebns per Angliam et Scotiam gesto, atque 
 in primis de liorrenda sub Maria nuper 
 Kegina persecutione narratio eontinetur." 
 It occupied its author eleven years in its 
 composition. When completed, and pub- 
 lished in English, it immediately became 
 BO popular, that "it was ordered," says 
 AUibone, " to be set up in evei-y one of the 
 parish cnurches in England, as well as in 
 the common halls of archbishops, bishops, 
 deans, archdeacons, and heads of colleges ; 
 and its influence in keeping alive the Pro- 
 testant feeling in Great Britain and North 
 America is too well known to be disputed." 
 "Abundant testimony was and has "since 
 been given to the trustwoi-thy character of 
 the facta related. Strypp describes Fox as 
 "a most painful searcher into records," 
 and says, "all the world is infinitely be- 
 holden to him for abundance of extracts 
 thence communicated to us in his volumes. 
 And as he has both been found most dili- 
 gent, so most sti-ictly faithful and true in 
 his transcriptions." Archbishop Whitgift 
 declared that Fox had "very diligently 
 and faithfully laboured in this matter," 
 and Bishop Butler, having compared the 
 Acts and Moniiments with the original 
 authorities, confessed that he " had never 
 been able to discover any errors or pre- 
 varications in them, but the utmost fidel- 
 ity and exactness." 
 
 " Acts our angels are, or good 
 or ill (Our)." A line in Fletcheb*8 play 
 of the Holiest Mmt's Fortune (q.v.). 
 
 " Fatal BhndowB that walk by ub Btill." 
 
 "Ada! sole daughter of my 
 
 house and heart." The opening line of 
 the third canto of Bykon's poem of Ckilde 
 Harold's Pilgrimage (q.v.). 
 
 Adair. Sir Robert, poet (b. 1763. 
 d. 185 "i), is notable only as one of the con- 
 tributors to the Rolliad (q.v.). 
 
 Adalard was the author of a Biog- 
 
 raphy qf Dunstan.wtitten at the request 
 of Archbishop Alfheh, to whom he dedi- 
 cated his work. It is ealled in some manu- 
 scripts a " eulogium." It is really " rather 
 a commemorative sermon than a history, 
 and is written in a declamatory style." See 
 Wright's £iographia Britannica Jbiteraria. 
 
 Adam — 
 
 " Adam the goodliest man of men eince bom 
 His Bona, the fairest of her daughters Eve." 
 Paradise LoBt,Dk. iv., 1. ^3. 
 
 Adam. Tlie college tutor in 
 Clough's poem of the Bothie of Tober-^ia- 
 Vitolich (q.v.) ; probably intended for the 
 author himself, and described as — 
 
 " The crave man, nicknamed Adam, 
 TVhitc-tied, clerical, silent, with antique Bquare-cut 
 
 waistcoat. 
 Formal, unchanged, of block cloth, but with eense 
 
 and feeling beneath it." 
 
 Adam, in Shakespeare's play of 
 As You Like It (q.v.), is an aged servant to 
 Oliver. " A delightful and suggestive con- 
 trast to the character of Jacques (q.v.), 
 which could hardly," says Grant White, 
 " have been accidental." There is a tradi- 
 tion to the effect that the poet himself 
 played this character. 
 
 Adam. A monk of London, who 
 flourished in the foilf teenth century. He 
 wrote the Life of St. Hugh of Lincoln, Two 
 Treatises on the Advantages of Tribulatumf 
 Scala Cosli De Sumpiione Eucharisticce, 
 and Speculum Spiriiualium. 
 
 Adam Bede. See Bede, Adam. 
 
 AdamBell, Clym of the Clough, 
 and William of Cloudesley. A ballad of 
 
 three famous outlaws, whose skill in arch- 
 ery rendered them as celebrated in the 
 North of England as Robin Hood and his 
 followers were in the Midland Counties. 
 They haunted the forest of Englewood, not 
 far from Carlisle. The Bells were noted 
 rogues in the North down to the time of 
 Elizabeth. See Cloudesley, Young. 
 
 Adam Blair. See Blair, Adam. 
 
 "Adam delv'd and Eve span 
 (When), Where was then the gentleman ? " 
 A familiar couplet quoted by Hume in his 
 History qf England^ chap, xvii., note 8. 
 
 Adam Graeme. ^ee Gkaeme^ 
 
 Adam, 
 
 Adam Robert, Scottish Episcopal 
 clergyman (b. 1770, d. 1826), wrote the 
 Jieligious World Displayed (q.v.). 
 
 Adam Scotus, Monk of Melrose 
 (d. 1180), wrote a Life of St, ColumbanuSf 
 and other works, which were printed at 
 Antwerp in 1659. 
 
 * Adam, The offending."— ^in^^ 
 
 Henry V., act i., scene 1. 
 
10 
 
 ADA 
 
 ADD 
 
 Adamnan, St. (d. about 704). 
 He wrote De Situ Terra Sanctce or De 
 Zocis Sanctis (q.v.)., a Li/e of St. Columba, 
 and other works. His liiography was 
 written by Bede in his Ecclesiastical His- 
 tory. See also Wright's Biographia Bri- 
 tannica Literaria. 
 
 Adams, Hannah, an American 
 authoress (b. 1756, d. 1832), wrote a History 
 of IttligiotLs Opinions (1784), a History of 
 A'ew England (1797), and a Histwy of the 
 Jews. 
 
 Adams, John See Index Vil- 
 
 I<ABIS. 
 
 Adams, John Quincy, sixth 
 President of the United States (1767—1848), 
 wrote and translated a number of works, 
 the most Important of which are the Origin 
 and Priticiples oftlie American Revolution^ 
 <£c.. Lectures on Itheioric and Oratory, 
 Eulogies on Madison, Monroe, and La 
 Fayette, &c. See the Biographies by Sew- 
 ard and Josiah Quincy. 
 
 Adams, Parson Abrabam, in 
 
 Fielding's novel of Joseph Andrews (q. 
 v.), is a country curate remarkable for his 
 eccentricities, his Ignorance of the world, 
 his knowledge of books, his poverty, ana 
 his wealth of generous nature. " As to 
 Parson Adams," says Leigh Hunt, " and 
 his Ust, and his good heart, and his ^schy- 
 lus which he could not see to read, and his 
 rejoiciug on being delivered from a ride In 
 the carnage with Mr. Peter Pounce, whom 
 he had erroneously complimented on the 
 smallness of his parochial means, let eveiy- 
 body rejoice that there has been a man in 
 the world called Henry Fielding to think 
 of such a character, and thousands of good 
 people sprinkled about that world to an- 
 swer for the truth of it." " The worthy 
 parson's learning, his simplicity, his evan- 
 
 gelical purity of heart, and benevolence of 
 isposition, are so admirably mingled with 
 pedantry, absence of mind, and uie habit 
 of athletic and gymnastic exercise, that he 
 may be safely termed," says Scott, " one of 
 the richest productions of the Muse of 
 Fiction . •' The Rev. William Young, who 
 was a friend of Fielding's, and who is re- 
 membered by his edition of Ainsn'orth's 
 Latin THctionani (1752), is said to be the 
 original of this lamous character. 
 
 Adam's Profession. Gardening; 
 alluded to by the gravedigger In Hamlet. 
 
 Adams, Robert, a Sailor, The 
 
 Narrative of, " wlio was wrecked In the 
 year 1810, on the Western Coast of Africa, 
 was detained three years in Slavery by the 
 Arabs of the Great Desert, and resided 
 several months of that period in the City 
 of Tombuctoo." This " marvellous, curl 
 ous, but authentic" narrative, was pub- 
 lished in 1816. 
 
 Adams, Sara Flower (d, 1848), 
 
 was the authoress of some poetical pieces 
 and other works, published under the title 
 of Adoration, Aspiration, and Belief. 
 
 Adams, William, Vionr of St; 
 Peter'B-in-the-East, Oxford (d. 1848), wrote 
 Sacred Allegories (q.v.); the Warnings of 
 the Holy Weeli; and the Fall cf Crcesus : a 
 Story from Herodotus. See the Life pre- 
 fixed to the edition of the Allegories pub* 
 llshed in 1869. 
 
 Adams, 'William T. See Optic, 
 Olivek. 
 
 Adamson, Henry, poet of the 
 seventeenth century, wrote the JHuse't 
 Threnodie (q.v.). He died in 1639. 
 
 Adamson, Patrick, Archbishop 
 of St. Andrews (b. 1536, d. 1592), wrote 
 several theological and other works in 
 Latin. His Works were published in 
 quarto in 1G19. "As a writer of Latin 
 poeti^," it has been said, " he was llttrb 
 inferior to Buchanan, Armur Johnstone, 
 or Andrew Melville." 
 
 Addison, Joseph, poet and essay- 
 ist (b. 1672, d. 1719), wrote Remarks on 
 Several Parts of Italy (1701), the Campaign 
 (1704), the Present State of the War (17OT), 
 Poems (1712), the .Fane Whig Examiners 
 (1712), Cato (1713), Essav Concerning the 
 Error in Distributing Modem Medals (I TIB), 
 Poems to the Princess of Wales and Sir 
 Godfrey Kneller (1716), the Freeholder 
 (1722), jyissertations on the most celebrated 
 Roman Poets (1718), Notes upon the Twelve 
 Books of Paradise Lost (1719), JOialogues 
 upon the UsefiUness of Ancient Medals 
 (1726), Ode to Dr. Thomas Burnet (1727), 
 ZKtiine Poems (1728), On the Evidence 
 of the Christimi Religion (1730) and 
 Jbiscourses on Ancient aiul Modei-n Xemit- 
 ing. See also the Spectator, His Works 
 were published liL 1765 with a Life by 
 Tlckell. The best editions are tliose of 
 Greene and Bohn. For Biography, see 
 Johnson's Lives of thie Poets, the Lives by 
 Steele (1724), Sprengel (1810), Lucy Alkin 
 (1843), Elwln (1857). and the Addisoniana 
 of Sir Elchard Phillips. For Criticism, see 
 Macaulay's Essays, Jeffrey's Essays, Haz- 
 litt's Comic if-riters, and Thackeray's 
 Humorists -of the Eighteenth Century, Dr. 
 Johnson said : "His sentences have 
 neither studied amplitude, nor affected 
 brevity ; his periods, though not diligently 
 rounded, are voluble and easy. Whoever 
 wishes to attain an English style, familiar, 
 but not coarse, and elegant, but not osten- 
 tatious, must give his days and nights to 
 the study of Addison." "Never," says 
 Macaulay, " not even by Drvden, not even 
 by Temple, had the English language been 
 written with such sweetness, grace, and 
 facility. But this was the smallest part of 
 Addison's praise. As a moral satirist he 
 stands unrivalled. In wit, properly so 
 called, Addison was not Inferior to Cowle> 
 
ADD 
 
 ADV 
 
 11 
 
 or Butler. We own tbat Addison*B humour 
 $3, in our opinion, of a more delicious 
 flavour than the humour of either Swift 
 or Voltaire." See GjUUPAIon, The ; Oato; 
 Chkistian Keugion; Coveblby, Sir 
 bogkk de ; dlalogites of altcient 
 Medals ; Dkummer, The ; Freeholder, 
 The; Letters from Italy ; Poets, An 
 Account of, etc. ; Eosamond ; Spec- 
 tator, The. 
 
 Addison of the North, The. A 
 
 name given to Henry Mackenzie, au- 
 thor of the Man of F^Mng (1746—1831), in 
 allusion to the Addisonian correctness of 
 his style. 
 
 Addison, The American. A title 
 bestowed upon Joseph Dennis (1768— 
 1812) on account of his two series of essays, 
 enti tied the Farrago and the Lay Preacher. 
 
 Addresses, Rejected. iSee Re- 
 jected Addresses. 
 
 Adeline. A feminine portrait by 
 Alfred Tennyson (b. 1809), written in 
 1830— 
 
 " Mystery of mysterieB, 
 Faintly smiling Adehne.'* 
 
 Adeline Amundeville, The 
 l<ady. One of the heroines in Byron's 
 poem of Don Juan (q.v.), canto xiii., 
 -where she is described as 
 
 " The fair most fatal Juan ever met, 
 
 Although she was not evil nor meantill. . . . 
 
 Chaste was she, to detraction's despciatiori. 
 And wedded unto one she had loved well— 
 
 A man known in the councils of the nation, 
 Coot, and quite English, imperturbable." 
 
 " Adieu, adieu, my native shore." 
 
 First line of Childe HaroUVs Good Nighty 
 in Bryon's famous poem of that name 
 (q.v.). The song was said by the writer to 
 have been suggested by Lord MaxweWs 
 Good Night, in Scott's Border Minstrelsy. 
 
 Admirable Crichton. See Ckich- 
 TON, The Admirable. 
 
 Admirable Doctor, The. A title 
 conferred upon Roger Bacon (1214—1292), 
 in reference to his wonderful emdition, 
 his important discoveries in science, and 
 his general superiority in insight and 
 breadth of view to his contemporaries. 
 
 Admiral Hoslei'a Ohost. A 
 
 ballad byKicHARD Glover (1712—1785). 
 The admiral had been sent out to the West 
 Indies to overcome, though not to attack, 
 the Spaniards, and died of a broken heart 
 after seeing the greater part of his men 
 perish from the diseases generated by that 
 unhealthy climate. 
 
 •' Admired disorder, With 
 moat."— Macbeth, act i!i., scene 4. 
 
 Admonition to the Parliament, 
 WW the title of a work Issued by the Puri- 
 
 tans in 1571, which condemned all cere- 
 monies in religion except those authoiised 
 by the New Testament. Wilcox and 
 Field, the supposed authors, were impris- 
 oned. A second Admonition, written by 
 Garter, called forth a reply from Arch- 
 bishop Whitgift. 
 
 Adolphus, John, barrister (b. 1764 
 or 1770, d. 1845), wrote A History of Eng- 
 land from the Accession of^ George III. to 
 1783 (1802), aiid Biographical Memoirs of 
 the French lievolution (1799), besides assist- 
 ing Archdeacon Coxe in preparing fpr the 
 press his Memoirs of Sir Robert tValpole. 
 Recollections of John Adolphus, by his 
 daughter, were published in 1871. 
 
 Adon-Ai. Tlie mysterious spirit of 
 love and beauty which figures in Lord 
 Lytton's romsftice of Zanoni (q.v.). Jt 
 seems typical of pure intellect. 
 
 Adonais : " An elegy on the deatli 
 of John Keats," written by Percy Bys- 
 SHE Shelley (1792—1822) m 1821, and de- 
 'scribed by R. H. Hutton as " a shimmer of 
 beautiful regret, full of arbitrary though 
 harmonious and delicate fancies." 
 
 '' Adorn a tale ; To point a 
 moral, or.'" See Dr. Johnson's poetical 
 satire. The Vanity of Human Wishes, line 
 221. 
 
 Adriana,in Shakespeare's play of 
 the Comedy of Errors, (q.v.), is the wife of 
 •Antipholus ot Syracuse. 
 
 " Adulteries of Art, The." A 
 phrase used by Ben Jonson in a song con- 
 tained in his play of the Silent Woman, act 
 i., scene 5. 
 
 Advancement of Learning-, The. 
 A prose treatise by Francis, Lord Uacon 
 (1561—1626), published in 1605, and contains 
 not only the germ of his Latin work, De 
 Augmentis Scientiarum (1623), *but really 
 the pith and marrow of the Baconian phi- 
 losophy, if taken in connection with the 
 second book of the Novum Scientiarum 
 Organum (q. v.). An analysis of the work 
 may be read in Hazlitt's Lectures on the 
 Literature of the Age of Elizabeth. See 
 also, Stebbing's edition of the Works of 
 Bacon. 
 
 Adventurer, The. .A periodical 
 paper, the issue of which began on No- 
 vember 7, 1752, and was concluded on March 
 9, 1754. It consists of 140 numbers, and 
 was conducted by Dr. John Hawkes- 
 WORTH (1715—1773), with the assistance of 
 Dr. Johnson. Dr. Biohard Bathurst, 
 and Joseph Warton. 
 
 Adventures of an Atom, The. 
 See Atom, The Adventures of an. 
 
 Adventures of Five Hours, The. 
 A comedy by Sir Samuel Tuke (A. 1673), 
 produced in 1663. The plot is borrowed 
 
.12 
 
 ADV 
 
 ^SC 
 
 from Calderon, and is described byEcliard 
 as "one of the pleasaiitest stories that have 
 appeared on oiir stage." Langbaiiie calls it 
 *' one of the best plays now extant, for 
 OBConomy^ and contrivance," and Pepys ' 
 thought it superior to Othello/ It was a 
 great favonnte witli Charles II. It con- 
 tains the familiar couplet (act v., scene 
 3):- 
 
 '* He is a fool who thinks by force or Blcill 
 To turn the current of awomau's will." 
 
 See Wood's Athence Oxonienses, 
 
 "Adversity's s-weet milk, phi- 
 losophy." — liotneoand Juliet, actiii., scene 
 3. 
 
 Adversity, Hymn to. A poem 
 by Thomas Gray (1716—1771), beginning— 
 
 "Daughter of Jove, relegtlesB power." 
 
 "Adversity, The Uses of." As 
 
 You Like It, act ii., scene 1. 
 
 Advertisements iu Ne'wspapers 
 
 as now published, did not become general 
 till the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. A duty, charged according to the 
 number of lines, was imposed in 1712, which 
 was afterwards altered to a fixed rate of 
 3s.Gd.in England, 25. dd. in Ireland, for 
 each advertisement. This impost was re- 
 duced in 1833 to Is. 6d. and Is. respectively, 
 and finally abolished in 1853. See Sahip- 
 Bou's History of Adoertlsing (1875). 
 
 Advice, The. A lyric by Sir 
 Waltkr Ralkigh (1552 — 1618), "in Le 
 Prince rfMmour(q.v.)j beginning in each of 
 the three verses,— 
 
 "Many desire, but few or none deGerre." 
 
 Advice, The. A poeticil satire by 
 Tobias George Smollett (1721—1771), 
 published in 1746, and containing some 
 caustic strictures upon Rich, the manager 
 , of Covent Garden, for whom Smollett had 
 written an opera called Alceste^ but with 
 whom he afterwards quan-elled. It con- 
 sists of a dialogue between the poet and a 
 Iriend. 
 
 Advice to a Courtier. See Schaw, 
 
 QUINTIX. 
 
 Advice to a Son. A work in two 
 parts, published by Francis Osborn (1589 
 —1658), in 1656 and 1658, and condemned, 
 though unsuccessfally, for what were 
 called its "atheistical principles." Br. 
 Johnson called the autnor ''a conceited 
 fellow," and said that " were a man to 
 write so now, the boys would throw stones 
 at him." 
 
 Advocate's Library, The, found- 
 ed at Edinburgh by Sir G. Maokenzie, 
 King's Advocate, in 1680, is one of the five 
 libraries which, under the Copyright Act 
 (5 and 6 Victoria, cap. 45, 1842), are entitled 
 to a copy of every book published lu Great 
 Britain and lre;au<lr free of cbavge. 
 
 Ae fond kiss, and then xve 
 
 sever." First line of Farewell to Nancy, 
 a song by Robert Burns (1759-1796), 
 which is said to have been inspired by Mrs. 
 MacLeliose, the Clariiuia (q.v.) of his cor- 
 respondence, and is, says Alexander Smith* 
 " the most beautiful and passionate strain 
 to which that strange attachment gave 
 bu-th." 
 
 " Had we never lov'd sae kindly, 
 Had we never lov'd sae blindly. 
 Never met— or never parted. 
 We had ne'er been broken-hearted." 
 
 .Sigeon. A merchant of Syracnse, 
 in Shakespeare's play of the Comedy of 
 Errors (q.v.). 
 
 ^Ifric. An abbot, who is not to 
 be confounded with ^Ifric, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury. He was the autnor of '* a lively 
 little book " of Latin CoZ/oc^h^ after wardJs 
 enlarged and republished by ^U'rio Bata ; 
 a Glossary in Latin and English ; Homiliest 
 compiled and translated from tlie Fathers, 
 in two sets of forty sermons each^-the lirst 
 consisting of a harmony of the opinions of 
 the Fathers on all points of faith, as then 
 accepted by the English Chuich (990), and 
 the second telling of the saints whom the 
 Church then revered; also, an abridged 
 translation of the Pentateuch and the Book 
 of Job. He became an abbot in 1005. See 
 Morley's First Sketch of English Literature, 
 
 ^Ifric Society, for tlie publica- 
 tion of Anglo-Saxon "Works, Civil and 
 EcclesiasticELl, was instituted in London, 
 1843. and discontinued in 1856. Only three 
 works were published by the Society, viz, : 
 — (1) The Homilies of tlie Anglo-Saxon 
 Church, edited, witli a Translation, by B. 
 TnoitPE, 1843—6 ; (2) The Poetry of theCodex 
 Vercellensis, edited, with a translation, by 
 John M. Kemble, 1844—56 ; (3) The Anglo- 
 Saxon Dialogues of Solomon and Saiumus, 
 and Adrian and Jiitheus, edited and trans- 
 lated by JoBN M. Kbmble, 1845—6. 
 
 Amilia, in Shakespeare's play of 
 the Comedy of Errors (q.v.), is the wife of 
 ^geon, and an abbess at Ephesus. 
 
 iEnigma. Gale nttrilmtes senig- 
 matical speeches to the Egyptians, and the 
 riddle of Samson (Judges xiv. 12) is the 
 eailiest on record. The ancient oracles fre- 
 quently gave jenigmatical responses to 
 (juestions which admitted of interpretation 
 in two ways totally opposed to each other. 
 
 iEneid, The. See Vikgil. 
 
 ^nigmata. The title of some 
 Latin verses by Aldhelm (656—709), writ- 
 ten in imitation of Symposius. Some Lat- 
 in hexameters, under the same title, were 
 composed by Tatwink of Brindun (d. 
 734). ^ 
 
 .Machines. The Oration of this 
 writer against Ctesiphon was translated 
 into English by Portal (1766). Dr. 
 
ASO' 
 
 AGA 
 
 13 
 
 Thomas Lelakd also published an excel- 
 ent version, with notes. 
 
 iEschylus. The works of this wri- 
 ter have been translated into English as 
 follows : — The complete Tragedies, by Pot- 
 ter (1777), By an Anonymous Person (1822), 
 Buckley (ltj49), and Plumptre (1869) ; the 
 Agamemnon, by Symons (1824), Boyd (1824), 
 and Davies (1868),; the Lyrical Dramas, by 
 Blackie (1860) ; the Orestes, by Dalton 
 (18681 ; the PrometheKS Vinctus, by Webster 
 (1866), and Lang (1870) ; and the Septem 
 Contra Thebes, by Davies (1864). See also 
 jEschylus, by R. S. Copleston, in Ancient 
 classies/or English Headers. 
 
 .Sisopus. The Fables ofJEsop were 
 first translated into English by William 
 Caxton, in 1484. They were afterwards 
 " compyled into eloquent and ornamental 
 meter," by Robert Henrysonn ; ''trans- 
 lated out of Latine into English verse," by 
 K. A. Gentleman (1634) ; "paraphrased in 
 verse," by John Oeilby (1665) ; and " done 
 into_ English verse,*' by Edmund Arwaker 
 (1708). For other and more recent edi- 
 tions see Lowndes' Bibliographer^ s Manual 
 and the English Catalogue. 
 
 .ZBtion. A character in Spenskr's 
 pastoral of Colin Clout's come Home again 
 (q.v.), which is generally supposed to rep- 
 resent Shakespeare — 
 •' And there, thouffh last, not least, is ^tion : 
 A gentler shepliccd may nowhere be found. 
 Whose Muse, full of high thought's invention. 
 Doth like himself heroically sound." 
 
 Mr. Eleay, however, suggests that it may 
 refer to Drayton, who published his Idea in 
 1593, and his Idea's Alirrour in 1594. *' What 
 more naturaV' he says, '* than to.indicate 
 Drayton by .^tion, wnich is tJie synonym 
 of Idea ? " 
 
 Affectionate Shepheard, The : 
 "or, the Compll&ntof Daphnis for the Love 
 of Ganymede." A volume of poetry by 
 EiCHABD Babnfield (b. 1574), published 
 in 1594, and containing Tlie Teares of an 
 Affectionate Shepheara; Sicke for JUme; 
 The Second Day's Lamentation for the Af- 
 fectionate Shepheard; The Sheplieard's Con- 
 tent; or, the Happiness of a Harmless Life ; 
 The Complaint of Chastitie ; and Helen's 
 Sape; or, a Light Lanthome for. Light 
 Ladles. The volume consists of twenty 
 sonnets, in the form of English hexame- 
 ters, in which the author bewails his un- 
 successful love for a beautiful youth called 
 Ganymede, " in a strain," says Warton, " of 
 the most tender passion." He calls his 
 work " nothing else but an imitation of 
 Virgil, in the second eclogue of Alexis." 
 
 Affliction of Margaret, The. A 
 poem by William Woedswokth (1770— 
 1850), written in 1804. 
 
 " Year* to a mother bring distress. 
 But do not make her love the less." 
 
 Afflictions, A Short Essay of: 
 
 "A Balme to Comfort it not Cure those 
 that Sinke or Languish under present Mis- 
 fortunes." Published in 1647, and generally 
 attributed to Sir John Monson, See 
 Wood's Fasti. 
 
 " Afric's sunny f ountains.Where. 
 A line .in Bishop Hebba's Missionary 
 Hymn, beginning, — 
 
 " From Greenland's icy mountains." 
 
 "After dinner talk. In." A plirase 
 in Tennyson's Miller's Daughter. 
 
 " After Life's fitful fever, he 
 sleeps well." — Macbeth, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Aftermath. Tlie title of a lyric 
 and of a volume of poems, by Henry 
 Wadswokth Longfellow (b. 1807), pub- 
 lished in 1873. 
 
 Against LoUardie. A poem bj 
 Thomas Brampton, printed in. Ritson's 
 Ancient Songs. 
 
 Agamemnon. A play adapted 
 from the Greek of Seneca, by John Stld- 
 LEY (d. 1587), and published in 1566. It was 
 written in the Alexandrine measure (q.v.). 
 
 Agamemnon. A triigedy hy 
 James Thomson (1700—1748), produced in 
 1738, with little, if any.success. "Itstrug- 
 gied with siich difficulty through the tirst 
 night, that Thomson, coming late to his 
 friends with whom he was to sup, excused 
 bis delay by telling them how the sweat of 
 his distress had so disordered his wig that 
 he could not come till he had been relitted 
 by a barber." It is further recorded that 
 • " he so interested himself in his own drama 
 that as he sat in the upper gallery he ac- 
 companied the players by audible recitation 
 till a friendly hint frightened him into 
 silence." 
 
 Agapida, Friar Antonio. The 
 
 pseudonym under which Washington 
 Irving (1783—1859) concealed, for a time, 
 the authorship of A Chronicle of the Conr 
 quest of Granada (1829). 
 
 Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe 
 
 (1807—1873), geologist, ichthyologist, and 
 natural historian, was born in Switzerland,, 
 but afterwards settled in America. He ~ 
 wrote and published a large number of 
 valuable scientific treatises m French and 
 English. His most important work, Tlie 
 Natural History of the United States, to be 
 completed in ten volumes, was in course 
 of publication at the time of his death. 
 
 "Agate stone, No bigger than 
 an." Part o£ a description applied to 
 Queen Mab [q.v.) in Shakespeare's tra- 
 gedy of Romeo and Juliet, act i., scene 4. 
 
 Agatha. A "little poem of German 
 villagelife," by George Eliot. "Scarce- 
 ly known to the public," says the Quarter- 
 ly Jleview, " and much slighter m plan 
 and constructton " than her other poems. 
 
14 
 
 AGA 
 
 AH 
 
 It will be found included in tlie volume 
 entitled Jubal^ and other Poems, 
 
 Agathocles: "or, the Sicilian 
 Tyrant." A play by Richard Pebrin- 
 CHIEF (d. 1673). Printed in 1676, and in- 
 tended as a dramatic representatiun of the 
 career of Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 Agathos. A volume of allegorical 
 stories; by Samuel Wilberfokce, Bishop 
 of Winchester (1805—1873), published in 
 1840, and afterwards translated into more 
 than one European language. 
 
 •'Age, ache, penury, and im- 
 
 prisonmenc." — Measure /or Measure, act. 
 ]., scene 4. 
 
 '■ Age, but for all time ; He was 
 
 not of an." See Ben Jojfsosr's famous 
 tribute to the Memory of Shakespeare- 
 
 " Age cannot Twither her." — 
 Antony and Cleopatra, act ii., scene 2 — 
 " Nor custom stale 
 Her infinite variety." 
 
 "Age is as a lusty 'winter. 
 
 Therefore my."— As You Like Jt, act ii., 
 scene 3. 
 
 Age of Bronze, The : " or Car- 
 men Seculare et Annus baud Mirabilis-" 
 A satire in heroic v^rse by Lord Byron 
 (1788—1824), published in 1823. It begins— 
 ** The * good old times *— all times when old are 
 Rood- 
 Are gone." 
 
 " Age of Chivalry is gone, But 
 
 the." A sentence occurringin the famous 
 
 SEissage respecting Marie Antoinette in 
 URKE'B treatise On the French Revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Age, The : " Politics, poetry, and 
 criticism : a colloquial satire," by Philip 
 James Bailev, published in 1868. 
 
 "Age without a name. An." 
 
 See Sir Walter Scott's romance of Old 
 Mortality, chap, xxxii. 
 
 Aged Lover Renounceth Love, 
 
 The. A *• sonnet, or rather ode," by 
 Thomas, Lord Vaux (b. 1510, d. 1557), 
 '*more remembered," says Warton, " for 
 its morality than its poetry, and idly con- 
 lectured to have been written on his death- 
 bed." 
 
 " Ages, his acts being seven." — 
 As You Like it, act ii., scene 7. 
 
 Ages ; I, the heir of all the." A 
 line in Tennyson's poem of Locksley 
 Hall (q.v.). 
 
 Aglncourt, The Battle of. A 
 poem by Michael Drayton (1563—1631), 
 published in 1627. 
 
 Aglaura. A trngi-eomedy by Sir 
 John Sucklino (1609—1641), produced, in 
 lfi37, on a scal« of great magnlflceuce. 
 
 Agnes of Sorrento. A novel con- 
 tributed by Mrs. Beecheb Stowe (b. 1812) 
 to the Cortihill Magazine, and republished 
 in 1862. 
 
 Agnes, The Eve of St. Aipoem liy 
 John Keats (1706—1821). It is character- 
 ised by Leigh Hunt as " the most delight- 
 ful and complete specimen of his genius 
 .... exquisitely loving .... young, 
 but full-grown poetry of the rarest descrip- 
 tion ; graceful as the beardless Apollo ; 
 glowing and gorgeous with the colours of 
 romance." St. Agnes was a Roman virgin 
 who sntCered martyrdom in the reign of 
 Diocletian. 
 
 Agnes TVickfield, in Dickeks's 
 novel of David Copperfield (q.v.), eventual- 
 ly becomes the wife of the hero. 
 
 Agravine, Sir, surnamed "the 
 Proud." A Knight of the Round Table, 
 celebrated in the old romances of chivalry. 
 
 Agrippa, Henry Cornelius. The 
 
 following works by this writer havei been 
 translated ijito English : — 0/ the Vanitie 
 and Uncertaintie of Artes'dnd Sciences 
 (1569), Occult Philosophy (1651 and 1665), 
 Treatise of Mobility, antt the Excellence qf 
 Womankind (1542), the Praise ftf Matrimony 
 (1645), the Glory of Women (1662), and fe- 
 male Pre-eminence (1670). See tlie Life, by 
 Professor Heiuy Morley. 
 
 Agrippiua. An unfinished tragedy 
 by Thomas Gray (1716—1771). The frag- 
 ment consists of the first, and a portion of 
 the second, scene. Among the dramatis 
 persona were to be Kero, Agrippiua, Sen- 
 eca, and Demetrius the cynic. 
 
 Ague-cheek, Sir Andrew, -in 
 
 Shakespeare's play of Twelfth Night 
 (q.v.), *' a straight-haired country squire," 
 tor Whom " life consists oidy in eating and 
 drinking." " Eating beef, he himself fears, 
 has done harm to his wit ; in fact," says 
 Gervinus, "he is stupid, even to silliness, 
 totally deprived of all fashion, and thus of 
 all self-love or self-conceit." * 
 
 Aguilar, Grace, novelist and .mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1816, d. 1847), wrote 
 the Days qf Bruce, Home Influence, Home 
 'Scenes and Heart Studies, the Mother*3 
 liecompense, the Vale of Cedars, Woman's 
 Friendship, Women of Ltrael, and other 
 works. A Memoir of her life was prefixed 
 to the second edition of Home Influence. 
 
 " Ah, Chloris I could I now but 
 
 sit." First line of a. famous song by Sir 
 Charles Sedley (1639—1728). 
 
 " Ah, County Guy ! the hour is 
 
 nigh." First line of a lyric by Sir Walter 
 Scott (1771—1832). 
 
 " Ah, did you once see Shelley 
 
 plain ! " First line of Memorabilia, by 
 KoBESi Browning (b. 1812). 
 
AH 
 
 AIB 
 
 15 
 
 "Ah, God! the petty fools of 
 
 rhyme." First line of a poem by Alfred 
 Tennyson (b. 1809), now entitled Literary 
 Squabbles, but originally published in 
 I'unch under the title ot ^fter-Thought, 
 and with the signature of "Alcibiades" 
 (q.Y.). 
 
 " They hate each other for a song. 
 And do their little best to bito 
 And pinch their brothers in the throne. 
 And scratch the very dead for spite/* 
 
 " Ah, hoT(r sweet it is to love ! " 
 First liiie of a song in Dbyden's play of 
 Tyrannic Love (q.v.). 
 
 *' Ah, what avails the sceptred 
 race ! " First line of Rose Aylmer, a lyric 
 by Waltee Savage JjAZfDOR (1776— 
 1864). 
 
 " Ah, what is love ! It is a pretty- 
 thing." First line of a poem by Kobebt 
 Gkeene (1560—1592). 
 
 Ahmed, Prince. A character in the 
 Arabian Nights. He possessed a tent 
 which would cover an army, but might be 
 carried in the pocket ; and also the apple 
 of Samarcand, which cured all diseases. 
 
 Aide, Hamilton, novelist and 
 poet, has written Carr of Carlyon, In that 
 State o/Li/ef Mr. and Mrs. Fauibonhridge^ 
 the Romance of tite Scarlet Leaf and other 
 I'oemSf the Amrstons^ Morals a/nd Myster- 
 ies, Penruddocke, Philips a drama, &c. 
 
 Aids to Reflection. A prose 
 work by Samuel Taylor Coleridge 
 (1772—1834), published in 1825, and " full," 
 fiays the Qimrterly Review, " of passages 
 of the most powerful eloquence." 
 
 Aige, Praise of. A poem by Wal- 
 ter Kennedy (circa 1480) ; printed by 
 Lord Hailes in his collection of Ancient 
 Scottish Poems. 
 
 Aikin, John, M.D, (b. 1747, d. 
 -1822), wrote an Essay on Song-Writing 
 (1771), an Essay on the Application of Nat- 
 ural History to Poetry (1777), Evenings at 
 Home (q.v.) in connection with Mrs. Bar- 
 bauld (1792-— 5), Letters on a Course of Eng- 
 lish Poetry (1804). and various other works; 
 besides compiling a Biographical Diction- 
 ary, and editing the works of several 
 standard authors. See his Life, by Lucy 
 Aikin a823). 
 
 Aikin, Lucy (1781—1864), wrote 
 memoirs of the Court of Elizabeth and of 
 the Qmrt of Jam^s I., a Life of Addison, 
 and other works. See her Life by Le Bre- 
 ton, 
 
 Ailred, Abbot of Rievaulx(b. 1109, 
 d. 1166), wrote a Rule of Nuns, thirty-three 
 Homilies, and other works, including a 
 chronicle in description of Stephen's Mat- 
 He qf the Standard. 
 
 Ailward, Simeon, wrote, about 
 
 1456, a Latin poem called De Ludo Scc&co- 
 mm. 
 
 Aimwell, in Fakquhar's comedy 
 of the Beaux*s Stratagem (q.v.), endeavours 
 to repair his broken fortune by marrying. 
 an heiress. Hazlitt says that the assumed 
 disguise of Aimwell and Archer, in this 
 play, '* is a perpetual amusement to the 
 mind." 
 
 Ainsworth, Henry. The Author 
 of Ajinoiations on the Pentateuch, the 
 Psalms, and the Song of Solomon, pub- 
 lished separately between 1612 and 1623, 
 au'd afterwards collectively between the 
 years 1627 ajid 1639. They appeared in a 
 Dutch translation in 1690. Ainsworth 's 
 minor writings were numerous. 
 
 Ainsworth, Robert (1660—1743), 
 compiled a Dictionary of the Latin Tongue, 
 published in 1736. 
 
 Ainsworth, "William Francis, 
 
 M.D. (b. 1807), physician and traveller, has 
 written ResearcJies in Babylonia, Syria, 
 £&c. (1842) ; Travels and Researches in Asia 
 Minor, Mesopotamia, &c. ; Travels in the 
 Track of the Ten Thousand Greeks (1844), 
 &c. 
 
 Ainsworth, "William Harrison, 
 
 romancist (b. 1805), has written Sir JShn 
 Chiverton, JRookwood (1834) ; Crickton, Jack 
 Sheppard (1839) ; Guy Fawkes, Old St. 
 Paul's (1841); The Miser's Daughter, 
 Windsor Cktstle, St. James's, Lancashire 
 Witches (1848) ; The Star Chamber (1854) ; 
 The Flitch of Bacon ; Ballads, Romantic, 
 Fantastical and Humormis (1855) ; the 
 SpendtJirifi (1S56) ; Mervyn Clitheroe (1857) ; 
 the Ornibat of the Thirty (a poem), Ooinq- 
 dean , Grange (1860) ; the Constable of ifie 
 Tower (1861) ; the Lord Mayor of London 
 (1862); Cardinal Pole C1863); John Law, 
 the Projector (1864) ; the Constable de 
 Bourbon (1866) ; Old Court, the Spanish 
 Match (1867) ; Myddleton Pomfret (1868) ; 
 Hilary St. Tves (1870) : Old St. Paul's (1871 ) : 
 the Good Old Times (1873) ; Merry Engla/na 
 (1874) ; Preston Fight (1875) ; Chetwynd 
 Calverley (1876), &c. An edition of his 
 novels was published in 1864—1868. 
 
 " Air, a charter'd libertine, is 
 still Cniey—King Henry V., act. i., 
 scene 1, 
 
 " Air, into thin air, Are melted 
 
 into,"— r/ic Tempest, act iv., scene 1. 
 
 " Air is full of farewells to the 
 
 dying (The)." From Resiqnation, a poem 
 by Oliver Wendell Holmes (b. 1809). 
 
 Aird, Thomas, poet and ysvose- 
 writer (b. 1802, d. 1876), wrote Religious 
 Characteristics (1827), the Old Baclielot in 
 the Old Scottish Village (1848) (q.v.), the 
 Devil's Dream, the Captive of Fez, and sev- 
 eral miscellaneous poems (1856). He wm 
 
16 
 
 AIB 
 
 ALA 
 
 for some time editor of the Dumfries Her- 
 ald. See GiltUlau's Literary Portraits. 
 
 " Airy, fairy Lilian." First line 
 of Lilian, a short poem by Alfbed Ten- 
 
 ■KTSON. 
 
 Airy, Sir George Biddell, E.C. 
 
 B. (b. 1801), Astronomer Koyal of Great 
 Britain, has published numerous disserta- 
 tions on Astronomy, and^liindred sciences, 
 and has contributed articles to the leading 
 encyclopaedias and journals; 
 
 Airy, Sir George, in Mrs. Cent- 
 LiVRE's comedy of the Busybody (q.T.), 
 figures as a gentleman of £4,000 a year ; 
 gay, generous, and gallant ; iu love with 
 Miranda (q.v.). 
 
 "Airy tongues that syllable 
 men's names." In Milton's Comus, line 
 208. The phrase "syllable thy name" is 
 reproduced by Lord Lytton in the well- 
 known description of Claude's imaginary 
 palace in the Lady qf Lyons (q.v.). 
 
 A Eempis, Thomas. See Kem- 
 pis, Thomas A. 
 
 Akenside, Mark, poet (b. 1721, 
 d. 1770), wrote the Pleasures of Imagina- 
 tion (1744), and some miscellaneous pieces. 
 His complete works were published in 
 1772, and are included in the editions of 
 the British Poets issued severally by An- 
 derson and Chalmers. His life has been' 
 _written by Dr. Johnson, Bucke, and Dyce. 
 See also the Biographia Britannica and 
 the introduction to the Pleasures of the 
 Imaffination by Aikiu. " Akenside," said 
 Dr. Johnson, " was a supeiior poet both to 
 Gray and Mason." " If," wrote Lord Ma- 
 caulay, "he had left lyric composition to 
 Gray and Collins, and had employed his 
 powers in grave and elevated satire, he 
 miglit have disputed the pre-eminence of 
 Dryden." 
 
 Akerman, John Tonge, nntiqun- 
 rlan, archEeologist, and numismatist (b. 
 1806), has written Legends of old London, a 
 Numismatic Manual, and numerous -works 
 on similar subjects. 
 
 A. K. H. B. See Boyd, A. K. H. 
 
 Alabaster, 'William, prebendary 
 of St. Paul's (b. 1567, d. 1640), wrote lioxana 
 (1632) (q.v.). Apparatus Jievelationem, Jesu 
 Christi (1610), and Seven Motives for leav- 
 ing the Church of England for the Church 
 qfjiome (q.v.). He is styled by Anthony ji 
 wood, " the rarest poet and Grecian that 
 any one age or nation ever produced." 
 See the Atnence Oxonienses and W. ۥ Haz- 
 litt's Early English Literature. 
 
 " Alacrity in Sinking, I have a 
 kind ot."— Merry Wives cf Windsor, act 
 iv., scene 5, 
 
 Aladdin. Tlie bero of the tale in 
 ttie Arabian Nights, who Is possessed of a 
 
 wondeiful lamp, the mere rubbing of 
 which secures for him all he desires. He 
 accumulates wealth, builds a magnificent 
 palace, marries the daughter of the Sultan 
 of China, neglects the lamp in his pros- 
 perity, loses it, and his palace is trans- 
 ported to Africa. 
 
 Aladine. The cruel King of Jeru- 
 salem, in Tasso's -Jerusalem delivered 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Alarm against TTsurers, An: 
 
 "contayning tryed experiences against 
 worldly abuses." A tract by Thomas 
 Lodge 1555 — 1625), published in 1584, and 
 accompanied by the Delectable JJisiorie of 
 Forbonius and Prisceria, with the lament- 
 able Complaint of Truth over England. 
 
 Alarm to Unconverted Sin- 
 ners, An. A tract by JOSEPH Alleise 
 (1633—1688), published in 1672, of which 
 20,000 copies were speedily sold. It was 
 afterwards republished in 1675, and ran 
 through an edition of 60,000, under the ti- 
 tle of A Sure Guide to Heaven, Bicker- 
 steth calls it " a very awakening and ju- 
 dicious book." 
 
 Alarum for London : " or, the 
 
 Siege of Antwerp, with the ventrous 
 Actes and valorous deeds of the lame Sol- 
 dier." A play printed in 1602, the plot of 
 which is taken from the Tragical History 
 of the City of Antwerp. 
 
 "Alas! for thej'arity of Chris- 
 tian charity."- FromHoOD's poem of the 
 Bridge of Sighs (q.v.). 
 
 "Alas! ho-w easily things go 
 wrong." First line of a lyric in Geobge 
 Maodonald's Phantasies (q.v.). 
 
 Alasnam. A character in the 
 Arabian Nights, who possesses nine ped- 
 estals but only eight statues of solid gold 
 to occupy them. He goes in search of a 
 lady to fill the vacant pedestal, and dis- 
 covers one who is the most beautiful and 
 perfect of her race, and she becomes his 
 wife. 
 
 Alastor: "or, the Spirit of Soli- 
 tude." A poem, by Percy Bysshe Shel- 
 ley (1792—1822), written in 1815, and pub- 
 lished in 1816. " It represents," in the au- 
 thor's own words, " ayouthof uncomipted 
 feelings and adventurous genius, led forth, 
 by an imagination inflamed and purified 
 through fainillarity with all that is excel- 
 lent and majestic, to the contemplation of 
 the universe." Its subjec is, like tliat of 
 Wordsworth's Prelude, the development 
 of a poet's mind : " but mucli more vague- 
 ly and indefinitely brought before us. 
 Even in this youthful production we 
 have," says D. M. Moir, "much of Oie 
 mastery ot diction, the picturesqueness ot 
 description, and the maiestio imaginative 
 eorgeousness or grace for which his ma- 
 turer writings were distinguished." " Al- 
 
ALA 
 
 ALB 
 
 17 
 
 asixyr^^* says R, H. Huttoii, " embodies a 
 purely ideal passion, and yet one so ar- 
 dent, that it <&aws the hero, who is an im- 
 aginative copy of Shelley, across the Bal- 
 kan, over the steppes of Southern Russia, 
 into a little leaky boat on the Black Sea, 
 where, using his cloak for a sail, he drives 
 for two days, with his hair very naturally 
 turning grey all the time; and, having 
 Bailed up one of the rivers that flow down 
 from the Caucasus, he dies in a spot of ap- 
 parently impossible geography, his whole 
 career being a wild pursuit of a vision pre- 
 sented to him in a dream, the fascination 
 of which dwindles into a pair of visionary 
 eyes. Yet this is certainly one of Shelley's 
 moit characteristic and most beautiful 
 poems." Its title is said to have been sug- 
 gested to Shelley by his friend T. L. Pea- 
 cock (q.v.), who " was amused," says Mr. 
 Buchanan, '< to- the day of his death by the 
 fact that the public, and even the cntics, 
 pei-sisted in assuming Alastor to be the 
 name of the hero of the poem, whereas the 
 Greek word 'AAao-rcop signines 'an evil 
 genius,* juid the evil genius depicted in 
 the poem is the Spirit of Solitude." 
 
 Alazono-Mastiz : "or, the Char- 
 acter of a Cockney : in aSatyricall Poem." 
 By " Junius Anonymus, a London Ap- 
 prentice." Printed in 1651. See the iJe- 
 trospective RevieWj vol. viii. 
 
 . Alba. The title of a play per- 
 formed at Oxford in 1583, before Albertus 
 de Alasco, a Polish prince ; " in which," 
 says Warton, "five men, almost naked, 
 appearing on the stage, gave great offence 
 to the queen and maids of honour." 
 
 Alban, St. A Latin poem on the 
 life of this saint was written by Bobekt 
 Dunstable about 1154. It is in elegiac 
 verse, and consists of two books. 
 
 Albert Lunel. See Lunel, Al- 
 
 BEBT. 
 
 Albertazzo, in the Orlando Furioso 
 of Ariobto, married Alda, daughter of 
 Otho, Duko of Saxony, and was the pro- 
 genitor of the Royal Family of England. 
 
 Albertus Magnus. The Booh of 
 Secretes of this writer was published in 
 1637, birt there had been a previous edi- 
 tion, date unknown, which included "a 
 booke of the same author of the marvay- 
 lous thinges of the world, and of certain 
 6ffectes caused of certayne Beastes." His 
 De Secretis Mulierurtit " or the Mysteries 
 of Human Greneration fully revealed," 
 was "faithfully rendered into English," 
 and published by Curll in 1725. 
 
 Albiazar. A character in Tasso's 
 Jerusalem Delivered, representing a leader 
 of the Ai-ab host which joined the Egyptian 
 armament against the Crusaders. 
 
 Alblgenses, The. Ail liistorical 
 
 novel by CnABLBS Bobebt Maturik 
 (1782—1824), published in 1814. 
 
 Albione, King. . See Albovine. 
 
 Albione's Queene, The Famous 
 
 Historie of. A romance, of which Queen 
 Katharine is the heroine, published in 
 1601. 
 
 Albion's England : ** A continued 
 History of the Same Kingdome, from the 
 originals of the first inhabitants thereof, 
 unto the raigne of Queen Elizabeth." 
 "Written by William Wabneb (1558— 
 1609), and ** containing much good poetry 
 and curious information." ^e first por- 
 tion was published in 1586, but the work 
 was not completed till 1606. 
 
 Albon and Amphabel: *'The 
 
 florious Lyfe and Passion of Seint AlbOn, 
 'rothomartyr of Englande, and also the 
 Lyfe and Passion of Saint Amphabel, 
 translated out of Frenche and Laten into 
 Englishe, by John Lydgate, monk of 
 Bury," printed in 1534. This poem is 
 written in seven-line stanzas. 
 
 Albovine, King of Lombardy. 
 
 A tragedy by Sir William Davenant 
 (1605—1668), produced in 1629. The story 
 on which this play is founded is told by 
 Caxton in his Golden Legend^ and it may 
 be read in Belleforest's IRstoires Traai' 
 gues, Heylin's Cosmograpfiie, MachiavelH's 
 History of Florence, and in Lydgate*s 
 BocJias. it was also made the subject of 
 an Italian tragedy by Giovanni Kucellai. 
 It tells how Albovine, having conquered 
 another king, *']ade awaye with hym 
 Rosamouiide his wif in capty vyte, and he 
 dyde make a cuppe of the skuUe of that 
 kynge and closed in f yne golde and sylver, 
 and dranke out of it," &c. 
 
 Albracca's Damsel. Angelica^ in 
 Abiosto's Orlando Furioso. 
 
 Albumazar the Astronomer. A 
 play by Tomkis, of Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge; acted before James I., in Trinity 
 College Hall, on Tuesday, March 7th, 1614, 
 and revived after the Restoration, when 
 Dbyden wrote the prologue. In the Biog' 
 raphia Dramatica it is called "indisputa- 
 bly an excellent comedy." Albumazar is 
 the name of a famous Persian astronomer 
 (Sistoire Universelle, v. 418). 
 
 Albums, which are now merely 
 blank books, with ornamental exteriors, 
 for the reception of autographs, fugitive 
 verses, &c., were originally, a^long the 
 Bomans, tablets covered with gypsum, on 
 which were inscribed the Annates Maximi 
 of the pontifex, prsetorial edicts, and rules 
 relative to civic matters. In the Middle 
 Ages, lists of saints, soldiers, persons in 
 authority, &c., wete called albums, and 
 the term was also applied to the *' black 
 board " on which public notifications were 
 exhibited. 
 
18 
 
 ALB 
 
 ALO 
 
 Albyon Benight : •' A mery Playe 
 
 bothe pythy and pleasaunt," of which 
 only oiie copy, and uiat a mere fragment, 
 ia in existence. It consists of twelve close- 
 ly printed quarto pages, and may be de- 
 scribed as a political moral, ' ' the only 
 specimen of the kind in our ii"»»i.iiflr» »• 
 
 the object of which, says Payne Collier, 
 ** eeema, to have been to illustrate and en- 
 force the right rules of government for a 
 state." Probably this was the play per- 
 formed before Queen Elizabeth at Christ- 
 mas, 1558—9, of "such matter that the 
 players were commanded to leave off," It 
 was entered on the Stationers' books in 
 1565 — 6. Albyon Knight, the hero, is of 
 course a personification of England. 
 Among the other characters were Tem- 
 porally, Spiritualty, Principality, Com- 
 monalty, Sovereignty, Peace aoid Plenty. 
 
 Alcazar, Battle of : ''fought in 
 Barbarie, between Sebastian, King of Por- 
 tugal, and Abdelmelee, King of Marocco, 
 with the Death of Captaine Stukeley, as it 
 was Sundrie Times plaid by the Lord High 
 Admirall his Servants." A play, by 
 George Peele (1552—1598), printed in 
 1594, and ridiculed by Shakespeare in 
 Henry IV; part 2, act ii., scene 4. 
 
 Alchemie, The Compounde of. 
 
 A poem by George Kiplev (d. 1490) ; 
 written in 1471 ; printed in 1591, and again 
 by Ashmole in his Tlieairujn Chemicum. 
 It is in the octave metre, and professes to 
 " contain the right and perfectest means 
 to make the Philosopher's Stone (aurum 
 potabile)f with other excellent experi- 
 ments." Warton describes it as " nothing 
 iQore than the doctrines of alchemy clothed 
 in plain language and a very rugged ver- 
 sification," 
 
 Alchemist, The. A comedy by 
 Ben iJonson <1574— 1637), first acted in 
 1610, and the most famous of its author's 
 dramatic productions, though Hazlitt con- 
 siders it does not deserve its reputation. 
 "There is, however^ one glorious scene 
 between Surly and Sir Epicure Mammon, 
 which is the finest example I know of 
 dramatic sophistry, or of an attempt to 
 prove the existence of a thing by an im- 
 posing description of its effects." 
 
 Alcibiades. The pseudonym un- 
 der which Alfred Tennyson (b. 1809) 
 contributed to Punch, in February, 1846, a 
 
 ?lece entitled the ivew Timon and the 
 *oeUi and in March 7, 1846, another, en- 
 titled, After-Thoughtf since reprinted as 
 XAterary Squabbles. 
 
 Alciphron : "or, the Minute Phi- 
 losopher : in seven dialogues ; containing 
 an Apology for the Christian Religion 
 against Free -Thinkers." By George 
 Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne (1684 — 
 1753). Published in 1732, and devoted to 
 the refutation of Atheism, Fatalism, and 
 
 various other forms of \inbelief . Alciphron 
 figures throughout the dialogues as a free- 
 thinker. His name is probably compound* 
 ed from ayic^, "strength," and ^pijv, 
 " heart," and seems equivalent to fort- 
 cceur, or " strong-hearted." 
 
 Alciphron. The title of a poem 
 by Thomas Moore (1779—1852), founded 
 on the Egyptian mythology. Alclpliron la 
 also the hero of Moore's prose romance, 
 The Epicurean (q.v.). 
 
 Alcott, Louisa M., an American 
 novelist, has published An Old-Fashioned 
 Girl, Aunt Jas Scrap Bag, Little Men, 
 Little Women, Little Women Wedded, 
 Moods, Morning Glories and other Stories, 
 Camp and Fireside Stories, Work, Silver 
 Pitchers, Rose in Bloom, and other booka. 
 
 Alcott, "William A., M.D. (b. 
 
 1798). A voluminous American writer on 
 physiology, hygiene, and practical' educa- 
 tion. 
 
 AlCTiin (b. 735. d. 804). The 
 Works of this writer are generally divided 
 into three classes: — (1) The Commentaries 
 on the Scriptures, consisting of Questions 
 and Answers on the Book of Genesis ; Com- 
 ments on the Penitential Psalms, on the 
 Son^ of Solomon, and on the Book of Ec* 
 cles'iastes; the interpretationes Nominum 
 Hebraicum; and the C-ommentaines on the 
 Gospel qf St, John, and on the Three Epis- 
 tles of St. Paul. (2) The Dogmatic Wri- 
 tingSj including the treatises De Fide 
 Trtnttatis et De Processione Spiritus SancH, 
 and tJie books Against Felix and Elipan^ 
 dus. (3) The Liturgic Works-' the Liber 
 Sacramentorum, the treatise De Psalmo- 
 rum Usu, the Officia per Ferias, and the 
 tracts De Virtutibus et Viiiis and De Ani- 
 fme Jiatione, To these are added Lives of 
 St. Martin of Tours, of St. Bicharius, of 
 Wilbrord, and of St. Veda^tus, the latter 
 of which was merely corrected and edited 
 by Alcuin from an older writer ; and four 
 treatises, De Grammdtica, De OrtJiogra- 
 phia, De Bhetorica et Virtutibu^, and De 
 Dialectica- The complete Works were 
 
 Published by Andr6 Duchesne, under the 
 utinised name of "Andreas Querceta- 
 nuSj" in .1617, and again, in 1777, by Fro- 
 benins, Prince-Abbot of St. Emmei^ni, at 
 Katisbon. A Hut of the ediUons of the 
 separate works will be found in Wright's 
 Bwgraphia Britannica Literaria. For 
 Biography, see the Life, written in 829, 
 and printed in the editions of the Works, 
 in the ActaSS. Ord. S. Bened., of Mabillon, 
 in the collection of Surius, and in the Acta 
 Sanctorum of the Bollandists ; also, the 
 sketch by Mabillon ; the Life by Frobe- 
 nlus, prefixed to his edition ; and the L\f6 
 by Professor Lorenz, of Halle (1829), trans- 
 lated into English by Jane Mary Slee (1837). 
 "Alcuin," says Professor Lorimer, *'haa 
 no claim to the praise of originality of 
 mind or creative genius ; nor md he ever 
 
AXiO 
 
 add much that was new to the existing 
 stores of human knowledge. All that can 
 he claimed for him is, that his superior 
 talents and indefatigable industry enabled 
 him to master all the learning ot hla age, 
 and that his enliahtened zeal in the In- 
 terests of knowledge and culture, and a 
 skill in the work of education fully equal 
 to his zeal, made him one of the brightest 
 lights of the period in which he lived, and 
 one of the greatest benefactors of medise- 
 Tal Europe." 
 
 Alcuiu of Tours. See Epistol^. 
 
 Aldabella. Wife of Orlando, in 
 Ariosto's Orlando Furioso ; also the name 
 of a marchioness of Florence inMxivMAN*s 
 tragedy of Fazio (q.v.). 
 
 Alden, Jolm. Friend of Miles 
 Standish, in Longfellow's poem, Cmirt- 
 ship of ^^des Standish (q.v.) ; in love with, 
 and eventually married tOj Priscilla (q.v.), 
 with whom he had at one time pleaded the 
 cause of his friend. 
 
 Aldhelm (b. 656, d. 709), is known 
 in literature as the author of ^nipmata, 
 and a prose treatise, De Laude Virgvniiate. 
 His Biography has been written by Wil- 
 liam of Malmesbury and Faricius of Abing- 
 don. See also Bede's Ecclesiastical His- 
 tory and Wlight's Biographia Britannicat 
 where a list of the editions of his works is 
 given. 
 
 Aldiborontiphoscophornio. A 
 
 character inCABEY's burlesque of Chronon^ 
 hotonthologos (1734) ; also, a nickname given 
 by Sir Walter Scott to hfS friend, the 
 publisher, James Ballantyne, in allusion 
 to his pompous and dignified manner. The 
 following well-known couplet appears in 
 it:— 
 
 " Aldiborontiphoscophornio ! 
 Where left you Chrononhotonthologo9 ? " 
 
 Aldine Press, The, was tliat of 
 Aldo MAKtrzio (Aldus Manutius) and his 
 son Paolo (1511—1574) at Venice, at which 
 were printed many of the first and early 
 editions of the Greek, Latin, and Italian 
 classics, commencing with MuSEeus in 1494 
 —all being noted for the excellence of their 
 typography. Under the title of the Aldine 
 JEditumo/ the British Poets, Mr. Pickering 
 published fifty-three volumes, which still 
 hold a very high ^lace in the estimation of 
 the reading public. 
 
 ^ Aldingar, Sir. The title of a 
 ballad included in Bishop Perov's Reli- 
 gues of Ancient British Poetry- Sir Aldin- 
 gar is a s'eward'who accuses Queen Elea- 
 nor, the wife of Henry IL, of inttdelity, a 
 charge which is refuted by the appearance 
 of an angel, in the form of a child, to 
 testify to the lady's innocence. 
 
 Aldrlcb, Henry, D.D.; of Clirist 
 Church, Oxford (b. 1617, d. 1710), Wrote, 
 
 among other controversial and architec- 
 tural works, Artis Logicce Compendiunif 
 Oxford (1692), still used as a text-book 
 there j and Elementa Architectures Civilis 
 ad Vtiruvii Veterumgue l)iscy7linit/m et 
 recentiorum proBsertim ad Palaaii exempta 
 probation concinnata, Oxford (Elements of 
 Civil Architecture, translated by the Rev. 
 Philip Smyth, Oxford, 1789). 
 
 Aldricb, Thomas Bailey, Ameri- 
 can poet (b. 1836), has published a volume 
 of Miscellaneous Poems, and a story in 
 verse, called. The Course of True Love 
 never did run Smooth (q-v.). His Poems 
 were reproduced in England in 1866 ; the 
 StWjf of a Bad Boy , in 1869 ;' and Prudence 
 Palfrey, in 1874. 
 
 Ale, A Panegyric on Oxford. 
 
 A poem by Thomas Wakton (1728—1790), 
 contributed tO" Dodsley's Collecti(m of 
 Poems. It begins : — 
 " Balm of my cares, sweet solace of my toils, 
 Hait, juice benignant I O'er the costly cups 
 
 Of rio^st^^rinR wine, unwholesome draught. 
 Let pride's loose sons prolong the wasteful nignci 
 JAy sober evening let tlie tankard bless, 
 with toast embrown'd, and fragrant nutmeg 
 
 fraught. 
 
 While the rich draught with off-repeated whiffs 
 Tobacco mild improves." 
 
 Aleria. An Amazon, and the best 
 beloved wife of Guido the savage, in Or- 
 lando Furioso, 
 
 Alethes. An ambassador from 
 Egypt 10 King Aladine in Tasso's Jerusa- 
 lem Delivered. 
 
 Alexander and Ceunpaspe. A 
 
 drama by Johx Lyly (1553—1601), pruited 
 in 1584, and described by Hazlitt as "a 
 very pleasing transcript of old manners 
 and sentiment. It is full," he says, " of 
 sweetness and point, of Attic salt and the 
 honey of Hymettus." Warton mentions' 
 " A Ballet entituled. An history of Alex- 
 ander, Gampaspe, and Apelles, and of the 
 faythful fryndshippe betweene theym, 
 printed for Colwell in 1666." See Apel- 
 les. 
 
 Alexander, Archibald. D J}, (b. 
 1772. d. 1851). A distinguished American 
 divine and voluminous author of religious 
 and didactic works, the principal of which 
 are Evidences of Revealed Religion, On the 
 Canon of Scripture, Outlines of Moral 
 Science, &c. 
 
 Alexander, Cecil Frances. Tlie 
 vrife of William Alexander, D.D., Bishop 
 of Derry, and author of Moral Songs, 
 Hymns for Children, and Poems an Old 
 Testament Subjects. Mra. Alexander has 
 also edited the Children's Garland in the 
 Golden Treasury Series. 
 
 Alexander, Life of. Attributed to 
 Adam Davie (q.v.), and founded partly 
 upon a translation from the Persian by 
 SiMEOK Seth (1070), and partly upon a 
 
20 
 
 ALE 
 
 ALF 
 
 Frenoli Itoman d'Alexandre. See "War- 
 tou's History qf English Poetrji. vols. i. and 
 ii. See, also, Alisacsdeb, Kykg. 
 
 Alexander of Hales (d. 1245),- 
 corapiled the Sumtna Theologia by com- 
 mand of Pope Innocent IV., and wrote 
 some comnientailes on the Scriptures. 
 The former was printed in 147S, the latter 
 appeared in U76. See Ibbefbagable 
 
 DOCTOB. 
 
 Alexander the Corrector. A 
 
 name assumed by AIjExandeb Cbuden 
 (1701—1770), author of the Complete Con- 
 cordo/nce (y the Soly Scriptures^ under the 
 Impression that he was divinely commis- 
 sioned to rebuke and reform his degenerate 
 age. A volume of his Adventures was 
 published in 1754, giving " An Account o£ 
 his being sent to a Private Madhouse at 
 Chelsea, September, 1763; an account of 
 the Battle (i.e. , Trial) at-Westminster Hall, 
 February 20, 1754 ; an account of his Es- 
 cape from Bethnall Green, in March, 1738. 
 Of his Application at St. James's for the 
 Honour of Knighthood, and as Candidate 
 for the City of London ; with his Love 
 Adventures and Letters ; also a Declara- 
 tion of "War sent to the amiable Mrs. Wliit- 
 taker." See Concokdanoe. 
 
 Alexander, "Williani. See Day 
 OF Judgment. 
 
 Alexander, William, first Earl 
 of Stirling (b. 1580, d. 1640). He wrote 
 Aurora (1604) ; the Monarchicke Tragedies ; 
 Crwsust Bcbriust the AlexandroeanSt Julius 
 Ceesar (1607) ; and Recreations with the 
 Muses (1637). See Walpole's Royal and 
 Jfoble Authors. 
 
 Alexander,'Williani,D.S., Bishop 
 of Derry and Baphoe (b. 1824), has publish- 
 ed a theological prize essay, a volume of 
 poems, several lectures and sermons, 
 papers on the Irish Church, and numerous 
 fugitive works. 
 
 Alexander, William Lindsajr, 
 D.D., Independent minister (b. 1808), is 
 perhaps best known as the third edit-or of 
 Kitto's Biblical Cyclopaedia. He has also 
 contributed to the Eru;yclopcedia Britan- 
 nipa, and has published, among other 
 works, Christ and Christianity (1854), a 
 Life of Dr. Wardlaw (1866), Christian 
 Thought and Work (1862), St. Paul at 
 Athens (1865), and Sermons (1875). 
 
 Alexander's Feast: "or, the 
 Power of Music." An ode by John Dry- 
 den (1631—1701), in honour ot St. Cecilia's 
 Day. " As a piece of poetical mechanism 
 to be set to music, or recited tn alternate 
 strophe and anti-strophe, with classical 
 allusions and flowing verse, nothing," says 
 Hazlitt, " can be better. It is equally fit 
 to be said or sung ; it is not equally good 
 to read." St. Cecilia, a Boman lady of 
 good family, suffered martyrdom tor her 
 
 devotion to Christianity, A. D. 230. She is 
 regarded as the patroness of music — church 
 music especially ; and the 22nd of Novem- 
 ber is dedicated to her. The legend runs 
 that once, while playing on a musical in- 
 strument, an angel was so enraptured by 
 her glorious strains that he quitted Im 
 celestial sphere and visited their creator. 
 Hence the lines by Diyden- 
 
 *' Let old Timotheufl yield the prize, 
 
 Or both divide the crown : 
 Be raised a mortal to tlic Bkies ; 
 
 She drew an angel down." 
 
 It was performed, with music by Handel, 
 in the year 1736. 
 
 Alexandra. Queen of the Ama- 
 zons, and one of the ten wives of Elbanio, 
 in Orlando Furioso. 
 
 "Alexandrine ends the song, 
 
 A needless." See Pope's Mssay on Criti- 
 cisnif part ii., line 355 : — 
 
 " That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length 
 along." 
 
 Alexandrines are rhyming verses 
 consisting each of six measures or twelve 
 syllables. The name is supposed to be 
 derived from an old French poem on Alex- 
 ander the Great, written about the twelfth 
 or thirteenth century ; according to othera 
 it was so called from one of the authora of 
 that poem being named Alexander. The 
 last line of the Spenserian stanza is an 
 Alexandrine. Tlie only complete English 
 
 Eoem written wholly in Alexandrines is 
 'rayton's J^olyolbion (q.v.). 
 
 Aleyn, Charles, poet (d. about 
 1640), wrote the Battle of Cressy and Poic- 
 tiers (1632), the History of Henry VII. 
 (1638), and the History of Euriolus and 
 iMcretius (1639). 
 
 Alfayns and Archelaus : " two 
 
 faythfnll lovers," whose "famooste and 
 notable history,'' printed in 1565, is prob- 
 ably identical with that told in " the ballet 
 intituled the story of ij f aythf u1 louers " 
 (1568), "The tra^call historye tliat hap- 
 pened betweene ij Englishe louers " (156^, 
 and pieces with very similar titles, printed 
 in 1567 and 1569. 
 
 Alfierl. Tlie tragedies of this Ital- 
 ian poet were translated into English by 
 Chakles Lloyd, in 1815. An English 
 version of the Vita di Vittorio Alfien ap- 
 peared in 1810. 
 
 Alfonso, Don, in Byron's Don 
 
 Juan (q.v.), is the husbandof Donna Julia. 
 
 Alford, Henry, D.D., Dean of 
 Canterbury (b. 1810, d. 1871), wrote Poems 
 and Poetical Fragments (1831) the School 
 of the Heart, and other Poems (1835) ; the 
 Abbot of Muchelnaye, and other Poems, and 
 various theological works. His edition of 
 the Greek Testament appeared in 1844—62. 
 His Life has been written by his widow 
 (1873). 
 
ALP 
 
 AT.T. 
 
 21 
 
 - Alfred, King of England (h. 849, 
 d. 901}, translated into English the follow- 
 ing works : Bede's EcctesiasHcal History, 
 Orosiua'B Universal History, Boethius's t)e 
 CotisolaiUme Philosophia, and Gregory I.*s 
 Pastoral on tJtZ Care of the Soul. His 
 ^ioyrop A*/" was written hy Spelman (1678), 
 Powell (1634), Bicknell (1777), and by Thos. 
 Hughes, M.P., in the Sunday library. 
 See, also, Wright's Biographia Bntannica. 
 See PKovERBS. 
 
 Alfred. A poem in twelve books, 
 by Sir Richard Blackmore (1650—1729), 
 published in 1713. 
 
 Alfred. A masque written by 
 James Thomsoii (1700—1748), in conjunc- 
 tion with David Mallet (1700—1765), and 
 produced in 1740 at Cliefden, the summer 
 residence of the Prince of Wales. It was 
 afterward dramatised by the latter writer, 
 and brought out at Drury Lane in 1751. It 
 contains the famous son^ of Rule Britatt- 
 nia, of which Southey said that " it will be 
 the political hymn of this country as long 
 as she maintains her political power,'* 
 
 Alfred. An epic poem in six 
 books, by Henry James Pye (1745—1813), 
 published in 1801. 
 
 Algarsife. See Cambuscan. 
 Alhadra. A cliaracter in Cole- 
 ridge's tragedy of Remorse (q.v.). 
 
 AlliazQbra, The. A volume of le- 
 . gends and descriptive sketches by Wash- 
 ington Irving (1783—1859), published in 
 1832. " The account of my midnight ram- 
 bles about the old place iSj" says the au- 
 thorj " literally true, yet 'gives but 'a fee- 
 ble idea of my feelings and impressions, 
 and of the singular haunts I was exploring. 
 Everything in the work relating to myself 
 and to the actual inhabitants of the Al- 
 hambra, is unexaggerated fact ; it was only 
 in the legends that I indulged in romarv- 
 cing, and these were fojinded on material 
 picked up about the place." 
 
 Alice: "or, the Mysteries." See 
 Maltravers, Ernest. 
 
 Alice du Clos. The heroine of a 
 ballad by Samuel Taylor Coleridge 
 (1772—1834). 
 
 Alice Pell : " or, Poverty." A 
 ballad by "William "Wordsworth (1770— 
 1850), written in 1801, and described by 
 Moir as "palpably mediocre and worth- 
 less." 
 
 Alice's Adventures in "Won- 
 derland. A fairy story for the young, 
 published in 1869, under the nom de plume 
 o£ Lewis Carroll (q.v.). It has been 
 translated into severalEur<^ean languages. 
 A continuation, entitled, Through tlielook- 
 ina-alass, and what Alice fotma there, was 
 published in 1871. 
 
 Alicia. The wife of Arden of 
 Feversham, in Lillo's tragedy (q.v.), in 
 love with, and criminally beloved by, a 
 man called Mosby (q.v.). 
 
 Alipharnon, The giant. Don 
 
 Quixote attacked a flock of sheep, which 
 he declared to be the army of the giant 
 Alipharnon. 
 
 Alipraudo. A Christian knight 
 in Tasso'S Jerusalevi Delivered, 
 
 Aliris. The Sultan of Lower Bu- 
 charia, who, under the name of Fcramors, 
 wooed and won Lalla Rookh, in Moore's 
 poem of that name (q.v.). 
 
 Alisaunder, Kyng. Tlie title of 
 an old romance included by Weber in his 
 well-known Collection. He describes it as 
 unquestionably a free translation from the 
 French, though the English adapter pro- 
 fesses to have supplied the description of 
 a battle, which was not given in the origi- 
 nal. A romance on the same subject was 
 printed by one Alexander Arbuthnot, in 
 Scotland, and is described by Weber as 
 also a translation from the French, and 
 the work of an anonymous Scotch poet of 
 the fifteenth century. See Alexander, 
 Life of. 
 
 Alison, Archibald. Scottish Epis- 
 copal clergyman (b. 1757, d. 1839), wrote an 
 Essay on the Natwre and Principles of 
 Taste (1790) ; Sermons (1814—1815), and a 
 Memoir of the Life and Writings of Lord 
 Woodhouselee (1818). See Lord Jeffrey's 
 Essays, and Sinclair's Old Times and IHs- 
 tant Places. See Taste, Ox the Nature, 
 &c, 
 
 Alison, Sir Archibald, Bart., son 
 
 of the preceding (b. 1792, d. 1867), wrote ^ 
 History of Europe, from the French Revolu- 
 tion of 1789 to ike Accession of Napoleon 
 IIT. (1839 — 42) ; Principles of Peculation 
 (1840) ; Free Trade and Fettered CvrreTicy 
 (1847) ; a Life of the Duke of Marlborough 
 (1847) : Essays : Hisioricalt Political, a/nd 
 Miscellaneous (1850), and other works. See 
 the Quarterly Review, vols. Ixx., Ixxii., 
 Ixxiii., Ixxvi. ; the Edinburgh Review, vol. 
 Ixxvi. ; the Westminster Review^ vol. xli. ; 
 and the North American Review, vols., 
 viii., X., xi., XX. 
 
 Alison G-ross. A ballad printed 
 by Jamiesok", "from the recitation of 
 Mrs. Brown." It tells how a wretched 
 old witch turned a youth into a serpent, 
 and how he was released from his thral- 
 dom by the Queen of the Fairies. 
 
 "All along the valley, stream 
 that flashes bright." First line of a lyric 
 by Alfred Tenkyson (b. 1809), entitled, 
 Jn the Valley of Cauteretz. 
 
 "All are architects of fate." 
 First line of the Builders, a poem J)y 
 
22 
 
 ALI. 
 
 ALL 
 
 Hbnky Wadswokth Longfellow (b. 
 
 1807). 
 
 * " All are but psu-ts of one stu- 
 pendous whole." Line 267, epistle i,, of 
 Pope's Essay on Man (q.v-) :— 
 
 " Whose body Nature is, and God the bouI." 
 
 " AH cry and no w^ool." Line 
 852, canto i., part 1, of Butler's Epitaph 
 on Shalcespeare, 
 
 " All Europe rings from side to 
 
 side (Of which)." A line In Miltoh'S 22nd 
 Sonnet. 
 
 , All fools. A comedy by Geob&b 
 Chapman (1557—1634), founded upon Ter- 
 ence's ffeautontimorumenoSt and printed 
 in 1605. " The style," says Mr. SwLiburne, 
 " ii limpid and luminous as running water; 
 the verse pure, simple, smooth and strong ; 
 the dialogue always bright, fluent, lively, 
 and at times relieved with delicate touches 
 of high moral and intellectual beauty : the 
 plot and characters excellently fitted to 
 each other, with just enough intricacy and 
 fulness of incident to sustain, without 
 Relaxation or confusion, the ready interest 
 of readers or spectators." 
 
 All for Love : " or, a Sinner Well 
 Saved." A poem, in nine parts, by Kobt. 
 SpuTHEY (1774—1843). Written in 1829, 
 arid founded on a passage in the Li/e of 
 SU Basil, ascribed to his contemporary, St. 
 Amphilochius, Bishop of Iconium. 
 
 " All for love : and a little for 
 
 the bottle." See Wattle, Captain. 
 
 All for Money. " One of the 
 most elaborate and involved of our later 
 morals. The characters engaged in it," 
 says Collier, " are no less than thirty-two 
 in number. It professes to represent * the 
 manners of men and fashion of the world ' 
 b,t the date when it was produced ; but it 
 is anything but a picture of manners, and 
 the author directs his attack in various 
 ways against avarice. On the title-page 
 he terms his work a ' pitiful comedy,' and 
 In the prologue he tells us that it is also a 
 ' pleasant tragedy ; ' but it has no preten- 
 sions to be considered one or the other." 
 It was printed in 1578. 
 
 ' "All i^ the Downs the fleet 
 was moor'd." First line of Gay's ballad, 
 entitled, Sweet William's Farewell to 
 lilach^yed Susan. See Black-eyed Su- 
 san. 
 
 All in the "Wrong. A novel by 
 Theodobe Edwabd Hook (1788—1841). 
 
 All in the Wrong. A comedy by 
 Abthub Muepby (1727—1805), adapted 
 from the French of Destouches. 
 
 " All is not gold that glisten- 
 eth," See Middleton's play of A fair 
 
 Quarrel, act ii., scene 1. See also Shake- 
 speare's play of the Merchant qf Venice, 
 act ii., scene 7 ; " All that glistens is not 
 gold." Chaucer, in Ms Chanones Te- 
 mannes Tale has,- 
 
 " All thing, vlUch shineth as the gK>1d 
 Ne is no gold, as 1 have herd it told." 
 
 " All June I bound the corn in 
 
 sheaves." First line of One Way of Love, 
 a poem, by Eobeet Browning (b. 1812): — 
 
 " Rose by rose, I strip the leaves 
 And strew them where Pauline may pass. 
 She will not turn aside ? Alas t 
 Let them He. Suppose they die ? 
 The chance was they might take her eye." 
 
 " AH men think all men mortal 
 
 but themselves." In Young's MgM 
 Thoughts, night i., line 424. 
 
 " All my past life is mine no 
 more." First line of a song by John, 
 Earl of Eochesteb (1647—1680). 
 
 " All praise to Thee, my Qod, 
 
 this night." Fii-st line of the Evening 
 Hym.n,\Y Bishop Ken (1637—171^1. 
 
 " All precious things, discov- 
 ered late." First line of the Arrival in 
 the Bay-Dream, a lyric by Alfred Ten- 
 nyson (b. 1809). 
 
 " All that's bright must fade." 
 First line of a song by Thomas Moose 
 (1779—1852) :— 
 
 " The brightest still the fleetest ; 
 AH that's sweet was made 
 Biit to be lost when sweetest I " 
 
 " All the souls that were, were 
 
 forfeit once." — Measure for Measure, act 
 ii., scene 2. 
 
 " All the -world's a stage.'' A 
 familiar quotation, which is to be found in 
 act ii., scene 7, of Shakespeare s As Yaa 
 Like It. Compare it with the following 
 passage in Heywood's Apology for Actors 
 (q.v.) :- 
 
 ** The world's a theatre, the earth a stage, 
 Which God and nature do with actors flU." 
 
 " All the Year Round. A week- 
 ly periodical, originated by Charles 
 Dickens (1812— 1870) in 1859, and (edited by 
 him until his death. It arose out of a dis- 
 pute between Dickens and his publishers, 
 which resulted in the discontinuance of 
 Household Words {<i.\.). The first number 
 contained the opening chapters of A Tale 
 cf Two Cities (g.v.), and the magazine was 
 frequently enriched by miscellaneous con- 
 tributions from the pen of the editor. 
 Among the leading writers, besides Dic- 
 kens, have been Xorcl Lyttoii, Wilkio 
 Collins, G. A. Sala, Edmund H. Yates, 
 John Hollingshead, Andrew Halliday, 
 Mrs. Gaskell, Miss Procter, Miss Martineau 
 and Miss Dickens. 
 
 " All thoughts, all passions, all 
 
 delights. •• Opening line of Coleshige's 
 poem of Love, 
 
ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 23 
 
 " AU ■we know of what the 
 blessed do above." See "Waller's Song to 
 Chloris— 
 
 " Ib, that they sing and that they love." 
 
 The most familiar version of the lines is 
 that given by L&dy Kachel Russell in 
 her Letter to EaH Galioay on Friendship : — 
 
 " All we know they do above. 
 Is, that they eing and that they love." 
 
 " All w^orldly shapes shall melt 
 in gloom." First line of Uie Last Man, a 
 lync by Thomas Caupbell (1777—1844). 
 
 All's Lost by Lust. A tragedy 
 by William Rowley (temp. James I.) 
 printed in 1633. 
 
 " All's over then : does truth 
 Bound bitter ? " First line of the Lost 
 Mistress (q. v.), a poem by Kobebt Browk- 
 XSQ (b- 1812). 
 
 All's "WeU that ends "Well. A 
 comedy by William Shakespeare (1564 
 — 1616), first printed in the folio of 1623. 
 Meres, ill his Palladis Tamiaj mentions 
 among the plays of Shakespeare which 
 were Uien in favour, a comedy called Love's 
 Labour's Wonne, which most authorities 
 now agree iji identifying with All's Well 
 that ends Well. It would seem to have 
 been originally written as a companion to 
 XMve*s Labour's Lost{q.Y.). probably about 
 1601 or 1602, and afterwards to have been 
 i^vised and republished by the author with 
 a new tille. The plot is partially founded 
 on a tale iu Boccaccio's Decameron, glor- 
 nataiii.. novella ix., or rather,on Painter's 
 translation of it, which forms the thirty- 
 eighth novel of the first volume of the 
 Pgtlace of Pleasure (q.v.) : — " Giletta, a- 
 phisition*s daughter of Karbon, healed 
 the French king of a fistula, for reward 
 whereof she demanded Beltramo, Count 
 of RossigUouej to husband. The counte 
 being married against his will, for despite 
 fled to Florence and loved another. Gi- 
 letta, his wife, by poUicie foande meanes 
 to lye witJi her husband in place of his 
 lover, and was begotten with <^ilde of two 
 sonneSf which knowen to her husband, he 
 received her again, and afterwards he 
 lived in great honour and felicitie." The 
 comic passages are, however, entirely 
 Shakespeare's. " It is the old story,'* says 
 Schlegel, " of a young maiden whose love 
 looked much higher than her station . . . 
 Love appears here in humble guise ; the 
 wooing is on the woman's side ; it is striv- 
 ing, unaided by a reciprocal inclination, to 
 overcome the prejudices of birth." " It 
 is," says Hazlitt, the most pleasing of our 
 au^or's comedies." 
 
 Allegory, as a figure of rhetoric, is 
 the embodiment of a train of thought by 
 means of sensible images, which have some 
 ras^nblance or analogy to the thought. 
 The Allegory differs from the metaphor 
 chiefly iu extent: the latter is contlned 
 
 to a single sentence or expression, while 
 the former is sustained through the whole 
 work or representation. There are numer- 
 ous Allegories in the Bible. The most 
 famous in English literature are Bunyan's 
 Pilgrim's Progress (q.v.), and Spenser's 
 Fa'^e Queene (q.v.) ; many also are to be 
 found in the writings of Addison, Steele, 
 Johnson, and the " Essayists." Allegory 
 has been in use from the earliest a^es. 
 " Oriental people are specially fond ot it. 
 As examples from antiquity majr be cited^ 
 the comparison of Israel to a vine in the 
 80th Psalm - the beautiful passage in 
 Plato's PJicedrus, where the soul is com- 
 pared to a charioteer drawn by two horses, 
 one white and one black ; the description 
 of Fame in the 4th book of the Mneid,-* 
 (.Chambers.) The proper consideiation of 
 Allegory in the fine arts generally is of the 
 highest importance. It is not confined to 
 language, but is carried into painting, 
 sculpture, scenic representation, panto- 
 mime and the like. 
 
 Allegro L*. See L'Alleoeo. 
 
 Alleine (or AUein), Joseph. A 
 
 Nonconformist divine (b. 1633, d. 1688.) He 
 wrote a number of religious works, the 
 best known of which is An Alarm to Uncon- 
 verted Sinners (q.v.). See the biographies 
 by Stanford, Baxter (1672), and Newton. 
 
 " Allen, Humble." See Allwor- 
 
 THY, Mr. 
 
 Allen, Mr. Benjamin. A yonn^ 
 surgeon who figures in Dickens's novel of 
 the Pickwick Papers (q.v.), 
 
 Allen-a-Dale. One of the famous 
 archers of Bobin Hood, who had interfered 
 to secure his marriage to a fair young 
 maiden , betrothed to a decrepit old knight. 
 He is the minstrel of the merry band of 
 venison-hunters, who he\d high revel in 
 Sherwood's leafy glades, and as such makes 
 frequent appearances in the old English 
 ballads. 
 
 Alley, William, D.D., Bishop of 
 Exeter (1512—1570), wrote a Hebrew Oram' 
 mar, the Poor Man's Library, and trans- 
 lated the Pentateuch for Bisnop Parker's 
 Bible. 
 
 Alliance between Church and 
 State, The. -A work by William War- 
 BUBTON, Bishop of Gloucester (1698— 
 1779) published in 1736; in which he de- 
 monstrates " the Necessity and Equity 
 of an Established Religion and a Test 
 Law." See State in its IIelations with 
 THE Chuch, The. 
 
 Allibone. Samuel Austin, LL.D. 
 
 An American writer (b. 1816}. He has 
 published a Dictionary of British and 
 American Authors (1858, 1870, and 1871). 
 remarkable for the extent and accuracy ox 
 its information. 
 
24 
 
 Alili 
 
 A1.S 
 
 Allingham, 'William, poet (b. 
 1828), has written Poems (1850). Say and 
 Ni^ht Songs (1854), The Music Master and 
 other Poems (1857), Laurence Bluomfield in 
 Ireland (1864), and Songs, Ballads and 
 Stories (1877). In 1874 lie succeeded Mr. J. 
 A. Froude in the editorship of Fraser't 
 
 Allot, Robert, Is generally accept- 
 ed as the compiler of England's Pamas- 
 sus (q, T.), a collection of fugitive i>oemB 
 l»y the leamng "writers of Elizabeth's reign. 
 Collier says he was a joint sonneteer with 
 Edward Gilpin hefore the publication of 
 Markham's I)evereux in 1597 : but more 
 than that is not Itnown. Seethe Poetical 
 Decameron and Bridges' Restituta. 
 
 Allston, Washington, American 
 poet (b. 1779, d. 1843), was the author of 
 the Sylphs of the Seasons, and other Poems 
 
 gB13), andthe Romance of Monaldi (1841). 
 is Poems and Lectures on Art were edited 
 by Kichard H. Bana, jun., in 1860. See 
 Griswold's Prose Writers of America, and 
 the North American Review, vols. v. and 
 liv. " We have often pored over AUston's 
 pages," says the latter authority, *' to 
 admire the grace and delicacy of his Eng- 
 lish poetical style." ** All the specimens 
 I have seen of his prose," says Griswold, 
 " indicate a remarkable command of lan- 
 guage, great descriptive powers, and rare 
 philosophical as well as imaginative 
 talent." 
 
 " Allured to brighter worlds, 
 and led the way." Line 167 of Gold- 
 smith's poem of the Deserted Village (n. 
 v.). 
 
 AllTWOrth. A character in Mas- 
 SINGBK's play of A New Way to Pay Old 
 Debts, (q.v.). 
 
 Alli«rorthy,Mr. in Fielding's novel 
 of Tom Jones (q.v.), a man of amiable and 
 benevolent character ; intended for Mr. 
 Balpli Allen, of Bristol, who was also cele- 
 brated by Pope {Epilogue to the Satires, 
 dialogue i„ line 136) in a familiar couplet:— 
 
 " Let humble Allen, with an awkward shnmc, 
 Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame." 
 
 Alma : " or, the Progress of the 
 Mind." A poem in three cantos, by Mat- 
 thew Peior (1664—1721), " writteiij" says 
 Dr. Johnson, " in professed imitation of 
 Hudibras (q.v.), to which it has at least one 
 accidental resemblance : Hudibras wants a 
 plan, because it is left imperfect ; Alma 
 is imperfect, because it seems never to 
 have had a plan. It has many admirers, 
 and was the only piece among Prior's 
 works of which Pope said that he should 
 wish to be the author." 
 
 Almanacs were first published in 
 England in the fourteenth century, and 
 one of the earliest known is John Somer's 
 Calender, written in Oxford, (1380). The 
 
 Stationers' Company claimed the exclusive 
 right of publi^ing almanacs, but this 
 monopoly was abolished in 1779. A duty 
 was imposed on them in 1710, and repealed 
 in 1834, 
 
 Almanzor. A character in Drt- 
 DEN's tragedy of the Conquest of Grcmada 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Almanzor and Almanzaida. A 
 novel attributed to Sir Philip SiDiiEif 
 (1551^1586) by the printer, who issued it in 
 1678. " This book coming out so late, it is 
 to be enquired," says Anthony k Wood, 
 " whether Sir Philip Sidney's name is not 
 set to it for sale-sake." 
 
 Almeria. The heroine of Con- 
 greve's tragedy of the Mourning Bride 
 (q-T.). 
 
 Almeyda, Queen of Grenada. A 
 tragedy by Sophia Lee (1750— 1824), pro- 
 duced in 1796 at Drury Lane, with Mrs. 
 Siddons in the character of the heroine. 
 
 •Almighty dollar. The." A 
 
 phrase used by Washington Irving (1788 
 —1869) in his sketch of the Creole Village. 
 A. L. O. E. The well-known ini- 
 tials, adopted as a pseudonym by Miss 
 Tucker, the author of numerous stories 
 and religious works for the young. *' A. 
 L. O. E." stand for " A Lady of England." 
 See Tucker, Miss. 
 
 " A lover of late was I." First 
 line of an old song, printed in Bishop 
 Percy's Reliques qf Ancient English Poe- 
 try. 
 
 "Alone with his glory." A 
 phrase in Wolfe's verses on the Burial 
 of Sir John Moore (q.v.). 
 
 Alonzo the brave and the 
 
 Fair Imogene. A ballad by Matthew 
 Gregory Lewis (1775— 1818),'beginnlng— 
 
 " A warrior so bold and a virgin so bright. 
 Conversed as they sat on the green ; 
 They gazed at each other with tender delight, 
 Alon zo the brave was the name of the knight— 
 The maiden's was Fair Imogene." 
 
 Alp, the renegade, in Byron's 
 poem of the Siege, of Corinth (q.v.). is a 
 Christian knight whose wrongs have in- 
 duced him to turn Mussulman to obtain 
 revenge. 
 
 Alph, in Coleridge's poetical frag- 
 ment of Kubla Khan (q.v.), is the sacred 
 river that ran through unfathomable 
 caves " down to a sunless sea." 
 
 Alpheus. A prophet and magician 
 in Orlando Eurioso. 
 
 Alphonsus, King of Arragon, 
 
 Tlie Comical Historie of. A play by Rob- 
 ert Greene (1660—1592), pnnted in 1597. 
 
 Alsatia, The Squire of. Acom- 
 edy by Thomas Shadwell (1610—1692). 
 
25 
 
 Vlsatia wag the name popularly given in 
 lormer times to White-f riars, in London, 
 vhioli was for a long period an asylum or 
 lanctuary for debtors and persons aesiring 
 :o e-vade the law. Many of the most stir- 
 ring scenes in Scott's Fcyrtunes qf Nigel 
 ire represented as having occurred in Al- 
 iatia. 
 
 Altare Damascenum : " Seu 
 Ecclesiae Anglicans Politia Ecclesise 
 3cotican£e obtrusa, a Formalista quodam 
 ielineata, illustrata et examinata, sub 
 lomine olim Edwardi Didoclavii, Studio 
 it Opera Davidis Caldeewood " (1575 — 
 1651). Published originally in 1611 : after- 
 wards in English in 1623. It is a vehement 
 attack upon episcopacy, in reply to Arch- 
 jifihop Spottiswoode (q.v.). 
 
 Altercation or Scolding of the 
 
 Indents, A Treatise concerning. By 
 John Akbuthnot. M. D. (1675—1736). 
 published in 1750, in the author's collected 
 ivorks : it exhibited the best qualities of 
 ais satiric wit. 
 
 Althea, To_: " From prison." A 
 poem by Bichabd Lovelace (1618—1658), 
 beginning — 
 
 " when love with unconfincd wings." 
 [t was written whilst the author was incar- 
 cerated in the Gatehouse, Westminster, 
 for presenting a petition to the House of 
 Commons infavour of the king. 
 
 Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet. 
 
 L novel by the Ke v. Charles Klsosley 
 b. 1819, d. 1875), published in 1850. 
 
 Alvarez Espriella, Manuel. See 
 
 BSPBIBLLA. 
 
 Alyface, Annot, in Udall's Ralph 
 Roister Bolster (q.v.), is a servant of 
 Dame Christian Custance (q.v.). 
 
 Alzirdo, King of Tremizen, in 
 Orlando Furioso. 
 " Am I not in blissed case ? " 
 
 First line of a song, by JoHS Skeltoit 
 ;1460— 1529), siuig by Lust in the moral 
 play of the Triatl o/ Pleasure (q.v.); 
 
 Amadis of Prannce, The Treas- 
 
 arie of, is a translation from the French 
 3f Nicholas de Herberay by Thomas Pay- 
 XEL, printed in 1667. It was followed in 
 1595, 1619, 1652, 1664, and 1694, by versions 
 at several portions of the same romance 
 AkthokyMukd AY and others. "All 
 
 ^e 
 
 i^ese old translations, however, are very 
 indifferent and faithless, and the reader 
 who desires to relish this delightful old 
 romance, must read it," says CarewHaz- 
 litt, " in Southey's English,"— which was 
 translated from the Spanish of Vasco Lo- 
 beira. Not unworthy of ranking with the 
 latter version is that written by Stewart 
 Rose, which was published in 1803. 
 Amadis of Greece. A supplenien- 
 2 
 
 tal part of the romance of Amadis of 
 FraviMx (q.v.), added by Felioiako de 
 Silva. 
 
 Amanda. A lady, celebrated in 
 the poetry of James Thomson (1700— 
 1746); whose name was Young, and who 
 eventually married an Admiral Campbell. 
 She inspired, among other pieces, the fol- 
 lowing graceful song — 
 
 " Unless with my Amanda blest, 
 
 In vain 1 twine the- woodbine bower ; 
 Unless 1 deck her sweeter, breast. 
 In vain Irear the breathing flower : 
 
 " Awakened by the genial year. 
 
 In vain the birds around me sing. 
 
 In vain the freshening fields appear, 
 
 WiLhjoid my love there is no Sprinn. 
 
 Amantium Irae RedintegratLo 
 
 Amoris Est. A poem by Kichabd Ed- 
 wards (circa 1523—1566), printed in the 
 Paradise of Dainty Devices (q.v.). 
 
 Amarant. A cruel giant slain by 
 Guy of Warwick. See Guy and Ainatra/nt 
 in Percy's Metiqiies. 
 
 "Amarantha, SMreet and fair." 
 First line of To Amarantlia, that she 
 would dishevel her liair, a song by Rich- 
 ard Lovelace (1618—1658). containing 
 the line — 
 
 '* Shake your head, and scatter day." 
 
 Amaryllis. Tlie name of a rustic 
 beauty in Virgil's FJclogues and the 
 Idylls of Theocritus, frequeniiy adopted 
 in modern pastorial poetry. See Milton— 
 
 " To sport with Amaryllis in the shade." 
 Dryden— 
 
 " To Amaryllsia liOve compels my way." 
 And Wither— 
 
 '• Amaryllis did I woo." 
 
 Amaryllis, in Spenser's Colin 
 Clout's Come Home Again (q.v.). was in- 
 tended for the Countess Dowager of Der- 
 by, for whom Milton wrote his Arcades. 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Amateur, An. The pseudonym 
 adopted by Pierce Eg an the elder, in the 
 publication of his work entitled Jleal Life 
 m London (q.v.). 
 
 Amaurot. The name of the chief 
 city of Utopia, in Sir Thomas More's 
 famous work of that name (q.v.). ; taken 
 from the Greek a^aupcr! ' ' shadowy," un- 
 known." 
 
 Amazia, in Pokdage's satiric 
 poem of Azaria and Hushai (q .v.), stands 
 for Charles II., who is described as fiying 
 " over Jordan " — 
 
 '* Till God had struck the tyrant Zabad^dead j 
 When all his subjects, who his iatc did moan. 
 With Joyful hearts restored mm to hi* tni9ne / 
 
26 
 
 AMB 
 
 AME 
 
 "Who then his f other's InuTtherers destroy'd 
 And a long, hoppy, peaceful reign enjoyed, 
 Belov'd oiall. formercTful was he, 
 Like God in tlie superlative degree." 
 
 Ambarvalia. A volume of poe- 
 try, since incorporated in tlie complete 
 edition of hia poems, by Arthur Hugh 
 Clough (1819—1861), written between 1840 
 and 1817, chiefly at Oxford, and published 
 in 1849. They are all poems of the inner 
 life, and it; Las been said of them that 
 " they will hold their place beside those of 
 Tennyson and Browning." 
 
 " Ambassador, An, is an honest 
 
 man sent to lie abroad for the common- 
 ■wealth." See Sir Henry Wotten'3 Pan- 
 egyric on King Charles. 
 
 " Ambition should be made of 
 
 sterner stuff." — Julius Ccesar, act iii., 
 scene 2. 
 
 Ambrosio. The hero of Lewis's 
 romance, The Monk (q.v.). He is abbot 
 of the Capuchins at Madrid, and, for his 
 reputed sanctity, is termed the Man of 
 Holiness. But the temptations of his evil 
 spirit, called Matilda, overcome his virtue, 
 and he proceeds from crime to crime, un- 
 til, condemned to death by the Inquisition, 
 he bargains for his soul with Lucifer, and 
 is released from prison, only to be dashed 
 to pieces on a rock. 
 
 Amelia. A novel by Henry 
 Fielding (1707—1754), published in 1751, 
 of which we are told that Dr. Johnson 
 "read it through without stopping." "He 
 appears," says Malone, " to have been 
 .particularly pleased witib. the character of 
 the heroine of this novel, and said Field- 
 ing's Amelia was the most pleasing hero- 
 ine of all the romances, but that vile 
 broken nose, never cured, ruined the sale 
 of perhaps the only book, of which, being 
 published betimes one morning, a new 
 edition was called for before night." 
 "H. Fielding," wrote Lady Mary Woitley 
 Montagu, '*nas given a true picture of 
 himself and liis first wife, in the character 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Booth, some compliments 
 to his own figure excepted ; and I am per- 
 suaded several of the incidents he men- 
 tions are real matters of fact." ** Amelia," 
 says Thackeray, " pleads for her husband, 
 will Booth ; Amelia pleads for her reck- 
 less, kindly old father, Harry Fielding, 
 To have invented that character is not 
 only a triumph of art, it is a good action. 
 They say it was in his own home Fielding 
 knew and loved her : and from his own 
 yt'ilQ that he drew the most charming 
 character in English fiction. Amelia is 
 not perhaps a better story than TomJoncSy 
 but It has the better ethics." 
 
 Amelia. See Heptameron op 
 CrviLL DxscouBSES, An. 
 
 Amelia, in Thomson's poem of the 
 Seasons (q.v.). hook ii,| is a rustio maiden, 
 
 killed by a stroke of lightnuig while shel- 
 tering in her lover's arms. 
 
 Amelia Sedley. ill Thj\ckeray*s 
 novel of Vanity Fair (q.v.), " A dear lit- 
 tle creature," says the author, " but not a 
 heroine ; " in love with George Osborne. 
 
 Amends for Ladies. A play by 
 Nathaniel Field (d. 1G41), printed in 
 DoDSLEY's Collection o/ Old Flays. See 
 "WoMA^i's A "Weathercock, A. 
 
 Amergin. The name of two Irish 
 bards^ one of whom lived in the middle of 
 the sixth century, and wrote Dinn Sean- 
 c/ms, or History of Noted Places in Ireland; 
 the other lived in the seventh century, 
 and composed a treatise on the privileges 
 and punishments of the different ranks 
 of society, a copy of which is preserved 
 among the Seabright MSS. in Trinity 
 College, Dublin. See the works on Irish, 
 Poetry by O'Reilly and Ware. 
 
 America, On the Prospect of 
 
 Planting Arts and Learning in. Verses 
 by George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne 
 (1684—1753), which read like a prophecy of 
 the greatness to which the New "World 
 was afterwards to attain. The last lines 
 run : — 
 " "Westward the course of empire takes ita way t 
 
 The four firat nets alre.idy past : 
 A fifth shall close the drama with the day ; 
 
 Time's noblest offspring ]s the last." 
 
 American Notes for General 
 
 Circulation. Sketches of American life 
 and character by Charles Dickens (1812 
 — 1870), whose first visit to the United 
 States was made in the January of 1842. 
 The Notes were published in October of 
 the same year, and were dedicated '[io 
 those friends of the author in^menctt^ 
 who, giving him a welcome he must ever 
 gratemlly and proudly remember, left his 
 judgment free, and who, loving their coun- 
 try, could bear the truth, when it was told 
 good-humouredly and in a kind spirit." 
 This, however, it appeared they could not 
 do, and the book gave great offence to the 
 people whom it attempted to describe* 
 Both Judge Haliburton and R, "W. Emer- 
 son have touchy references to It in their 
 works, and an American lady wrote a re- 
 ply to it, under the witty title of Change 
 for American Notes. In England it was 
 more favourably received. Lord Jeffrey 
 wrote to the author : "A thousand thanlcs 
 for your charming book, and for all the 
 
 Pleasure, profit, and relief it afforded me. 
 ou have been very tender to our sensitive 
 friends beyond the sea, an^ really said 
 nothing which wiU give any serious offence 
 to any moderately rational patriot amongst 
 them." • 
 
 Ames, Joseph (b. 1689, d. 1758), 
 was the author of Typographical Antiqui* 
 ties (q.v.). 
 
Amicos^Ad. ApoembyEiCHARD 
 West (1716—1742), the friend of Gray and 
 Walpole. 
 
 Amicus. Tlie pseudonym adopted 
 \}y Sir Thomas Fairbairn (b. 1823) in a 
 series of letters contributed to the Times 
 newspaper, on the relations between em- 
 ployers and employed, social progress gen- 
 erally, trade unionism, and oUier subjects- 
 
 Amiel. In DitYT>ET^*s Absalom and 
 Achitophel (q-v.), Mr. Seymour, the Speaker 
 3f the House of Commons, was personified 
 under the name Eliam: (anagraoi, Amiel), 
 
 * friend of God." 
 
 Azuilec : "or, the Seeds of Man-, 
 tind." A semi-satirical romance, trans- 
 lated from the French, and published in 
 L753. It endeavours, to explain the analogy 
 [>etween the propagation of animals and 
 :hat of vegetables. 
 
 Amine. A character in the Arabian 
 Nights, represented as "so hard-hearted 
 }hat she led her three sisters about like a 
 eash of greyhounds." 
 
 Amintor. The hero of Beaumont 
 ind Fletcher's play of the Maid's Trag- 
 '.dtj (q.v.). 
 
 Amir Khan. See Davidson, Lu- 
 3RETIA Maria. 
 
 Amitie, The Arbor of. See Ar- 
 bor OF AiTiTiE, The. 
 
 Amlet, Richard. A gamester, in 
 i?^A2."BRUGH's comedy of the Omfederacy 
 q.v.). " A notable instance," says Charles 
 Lamb, " of the disadvantages to which this 
 ihimerical notion of affini'^ constituting a 
 :Iaim to acquaintance may subject the 
 ipirit of a gentleman." 
 
 Amon and Mardocheus \ " a 
 'abulous poem," on the story of Haman and 
 tfordecai, preserved among the Vernon 
 MSS. It begijis by telling how King Ahaz- 
 arere (Ahasuerus) loved a Knight, Amon^ 
 
 * so wele," — 
 
 ** That he commannded men should knele 
 Bifore him, in ench a streete, 
 Over all ther men mihte him meetc," Jkc. 
 
 "Among my fancies, tell me 
 iiis." First line of Kisses, a poem, by 
 ElOBEKT Herrick (1591—1674). 
 
 *' What is the thing we call a kiaa ? " 
 
 " Among them, but not of them 
 I stood)." A line in stanza 113, canto iii., 
 )f Byron's Childe Ha/rold's Pilgrimage 
 ;q.v.). 
 
 Amoret, in Spenser's poem of the 
 FaSrie Queene, book iv., is a' lady married 
 » Sir Scudamore (q.v.)^ and represents the 
 jager devotion of a lovuig wife. 
 
 Amoret. A lady, probably Lady 
 Sophia Murray, who is celebrated in the 
 wngs of Edmund Waller (1605—1687). 
 
 See, for example, Sacharissa's and Amoret's 
 Friendship and To Amoret, in the latter 
 of which the poet " compares the different 
 modes of regard with which he looks on 
 her and Sacharissa " (q.v.). 
 
 Amoretti : " or, Sonnets," by Ed- 
 mund Spenser (1552—1599), published in 
 1595, in which he describes tlie progress of 
 his love. They are eighty-eight in number. 
 
 " Amorous, and fond, and bil- 
 ling (Still)." Line 687, canto i., part 3, of 
 Butler's poem of Hudibras (q.v.). 
 
 "Like Philip and Mary on af^hilling." 
 
 Amorous Orontus : " or. Love in 
 Fashion." A comedy in heroic verse, 
 printed in 1665, and translated by John 
 BuLTEEL, from the Amour d> la Mode of 
 
 CORXEILLE. 
 
 Amorous Prince, The. Aplay^y 
 Aphra Behk (1642—1689), printed in ml. 
 
 Amorous "Warre, The. A traa:ic 
 
 comedy by Jasper Mayke (1604—1672), 
 printed in 1648. 
 
 Amory, Blanche, in Thackeray's 
 novel of Pendennis (sx.-v .)', "lacks fire, and 
 is too insipid," saysHannay, 'i to overcome 
 the kind of negligent contempt which her 
 shallowness and selfishness inspire." 
 
 Amory, Thomas, D.D., Enp^lish 
 Presbyterian minister (b. 1701, d. 1774), 
 wrote A Dialogue of- Devotimi, after the 
 manner of Xenophon (1733, 1746), Miscel-. 
 laneous Sermons (1756), and Twenty-Two 
 Sermons, mostly on the Divine Goodness 
 v(1766). See the jBiographia Sritannica. "In 
 his theological views," says Dr. Lindsay 
 Alexander, "he strongly inclined toArian- 
 ism, and both as a tutor and a preacher 
 contributed his share to the defection from 
 evangelical sentiments which, in the course 
 of the last century, withdrew so many of 
 the English Presbyterians from the faith 
 of their forefathers." 
 
 Amory, Thomas, bookseller (b. 
 1691, d. 1788), wrote Memoirs containing the 
 Lives of several Ladies of Great Britain 
 (1755), and the Life of John Suncle, Esq. 
 (1756—66). See Bungle, John, Esq., and 
 Memoirs Containing, &c. 
 
 Amours de Voyage. A poem in 
 English hexameters, by Arthur Hugh 
 Clough (1819—1861). " The siege of Kome 
 during his residence there in 1849 was the 
 stimulus," says Hutton, '* which gave rise 
 to this very original and striking poem— a 
 poem brimful of the breath of his Oxford 
 culture, of Dr. Newman's metaphysics, of 
 classical tradition, of the political enthu- 
 siasm of the time, and oi his own large, 
 speculative humour, subtle hesitancy of 
 brain, and rich pretorial sense. Yet so ill- 
 satislied was he with this striking poem, 
 that he kept it nine years in MS., ana pub- 
 lished it apologetically, at last, only in an 
 
28 
 
 AMP 
 
 ANA 
 
 American magazine, the Atlantic Monthly * 
 His idea was to draw a mind so reluctant 
 to enter on action, slirinking so morbidly 
 from the effects of the 'ruinous force of 
 the will,' that even when most desirous of 
 action it would find a hundred trivial in- 
 tellectual excuses for shrinking back in 
 spite of that desire.'* The poem takes the 
 form of letters from one character to an- 
 other ; the dramatis personm being Claude, 
 the hero ; his friend, Eustace ; Georgina 
 and Louisa ; Mary Trevellyn, the heroine, 
 with whom Claude is in love ; and Miss 
 Eoper. 
 
 Amphialus, son of Cecropia (q.v.), 
 in the Arcadia (g.v.) of Sib Philip Sid- 
 key ; in love with Philoclea (q.v.), but 
 ■"■eventually united to Queen Helen of 
 Corinth. 
 
 Amphion. A humorous poem by 
 ALFRED Tennyson. Amphion was the 
 son of Jupiter and Antiope, and played the 
 lyre with such wondrous skill, that stones 
 and trees moved about at his command. 
 Like Orpheus, 4n Horace— 
 
 ** Undo vocalcm temere ineccutiB 
 
 Orphea Bilvse 
 Arte matema rapidos morantem 
 Fluminum Lapsus celcrcsquc ventos, 
 Blandifm et auritas fidibiis canoris 
 
 Ducere quercus." 
 
 "Ample room, and verge 
 enough." See Gkay's poem, The Bard, 
 part li., line 3. 
 
 Amwell. A descriptive poem by 
 John Scott (1730—1783), taking its name 
 from the place in Hertfordshire where the 
 writer lived for twenty years. 
 
 Amynta. The subject of a poem 
 by Sir GtLBEKT Elliott (d. 1777), begin- 
 mng— 
 
 "My sheep I neglected, I broke my Bhecp-hook," 
 and described by Sir "Walter Scott as " that 
 beautiful pastoral song." 
 
 Amyntas ; "or, the Impossible 
 Dowry." A dramatic fairy pastoral, by 
 Thomas Randolph (1605—1634). ** Thanks 
 be to the witty scholar, Thomas Randolph," 
 says Leigh Hunt, " for an addition to the 
 stock of one's pleasant fancies." 
 
 Amyntor and Theodora. A poem 
 in blank verse by David Mallet (1700 — 
 1765), published in 1747. The scene is laid 
 in the ^sland of St. Kilda, whither a cer- 
 tain Aurelius has fled to escape the relig- 
 ious persecutions under Charles II. The 
 poem is full of descriptions of marine phe- 
 nomena. 
 
 Amys and AmylUon. The title 
 of *' a favourite old romance, founded," 
 says "Warton, ** on tlie indestructible like- 
 ness of two of Charlemagne's knights, orig- 
 inally celebrated by Turpin, and placed 
 by Vincent de Beauvais under the reigii 
 o£ Pepiu." The old English romance which 
 
 tells their story is probably translated from 
 the French. It contains three hundred and 
 ninety-nine six-lined stanzas, and is an- 
 alysed by Ellis in his Earfy English "Ro- 
 mances. See Weber's work on the same 
 subject. 
 
 "An hour -with thee! — ^^^rhen 
 
 eaHiest day." First line of a lyric by Sir 
 "Walter Scott (1771—1832). 
 
 "An old song made by an aged 
 
 old pate." First line of the Old and Young 
 
 Courtier (q.v.). 
 
 Anacharsis the Younger in 
 Greece. A volume of travels during the 
 middle of the fourth century, B.C., trans- 
 lated from the French of the Abb6 Bar- 
 thelemy by W. Beaumont, 1791. 
 
 Anacreon. Translations intoEirg- 
 lish from the G-reek of this author have 
 been published by Wood, Cowley, Oldham, 
 and Willis (1683), John Addison (1735), 
 Fawkes (1760), Greene (1768), Moore (1800), 
 Lord Thurlow (1823), and Arnold (1869), 
 See Lownde^ Bibliographer's Manuctlf and 
 the English Catalogue. 
 
 Anacreon Moore. An appella- 
 tion frequently bestowed upon Thomas 
 Moore (1779— 1852). in allusion to his trans- 
 lation, of Anacreon, and the general char- 
 acter of his lyric poetry. 
 
 " III that heathenish heaven 
 DcBcribed by Mahomet and Anacreon Moore." 
 Bthoh'. 
 
 Anacreon of the Twelfth Cen- 
 tury. "Walter Mai'es, also called the 
 " Jovial Toper " (1150—1196). He is best 
 known as the author of a Latin song which 
 has been translated by Leigh Hunt under 
 the title of the Jovial Priest's Confession, 
 
 Anacreon, The Scottish. A 
 
 term applied to Alexander Scot (circa 
 1562), the general tone of whose poetry is 
 
 amatory. 
 
 Anagram. An jinagram is the 
 transposition of the letters of a word, 
 phrase, or short sentence, so aa to form a 
 new word or sentence ; and it is said to 
 have been used by the ancient Jews, 
 Greeks, &c. One of the happiest anagrams 
 is that on the name ** Horatio Nelson," the 
 letters forming which by transposition be- 
 come 
 
 *' Honor est a Nilo." 
 
 Anah, in Btbon's Heaven and 
 Earth, is a tender-hearted, loving creature 
 loved by Japhet, but loving the seraph 
 Azaziel, who carried her off when the flood 
 
 came. 
 
 Analogy of Religion, The, Nat- 
 ural and Revealed, to the Constitution 
 and Course of Nature. A famous treatise 
 by Joseph Butlek, Bishop of Bristol 
 (1692—1762), published in 1736, the best 
 edition of which is that superintended by 
 
ANA 
 
 ANG 
 
 29 
 
 op Fitzgerald. Sir James Mackintosli 
 tliat " though only a conimentary on 
 singularly original and pregnant pas- 
 of Origen, which is so honestly pre- 
 [ to it as a motto," it was, notwithstand- 
 ' the most original and profound work, 
 at in any language, on the Philosophy 
 iligion.'* The motto from Origen runs 
 )llows : — *' He who helieves the Scrij>- 
 i to have proceeded from Him who is 
 Luther of Nature, may well expect to 
 the same sort of difficulties in it as are 
 (1 in the constitution of Nature-" 
 s temper iix which Butler pleaded for 
 3tiai\ity was," says a recent writer, 
 wonderful contrast with that of the 
 ince-writers of his time. The heat 
 outroversy never disturbs his calm 
 irtialit^. Instead of refutation, and 
 anStrauon, Butler's object was to ohvi- 
 bjections and to discover probabilities. 
 e he found in analogies. The word 
 5gy has a "very wide application, and 
 er uses it in all the varieties of its 
 ling. .... In the Analogy he is ad- 
 iing the Deists. His arguments are 
 ided to meet the objections of men who 
 it that the constitution and the course 
 iture are the work of God. This is not 
 ng the evidence of the invisible in the 
 le, nor deriving arguments for the con- 
 tion of another world from the course 
 his. It is only showing that Chris- 
 ty is not so certainly false as some 
 >ns supposed it to he." 
 
 aarchy, The Masque of. A 
 
 Leal poem, by Percy Bysshe Shel- 
 (1792 — 1S22), printed, with a preface 
 eigh Hunt, m 1832. It was written in 
 Bossetti describes it as '^ the record 
 3 &ery and righteous zeal against the 
 ors of the * Manchester Massacre,' 
 h was then crimsoning the soil and 
 heekis of Englishmen- It is one of - 
 east effective of his competitions. 
 
 nastasius- A romance of East- 
 life and travel^ by Thomas Hope 
 —1831), printed in 1819. It professes 
 : "the memoirs of a Greek, written at 
 lose of the eighteenth century," who, 
 escape the consequences of his own 
 BB and villanies of every kind, becomes 
 negade, and passes through a long 
 9 of the most extraordinary and ro- 
 le vicissitudes," Sydney Smith, in the 
 burgh Review, a»ked where the author 
 lidden " all this eloctuence and poetry" 
 J that time ; how it was that he had 
 of a sudden burst out into descriptions 
 h would not disgrace the pen of Taci- 
 md displayed a depth of feeling and 
 our of imagination which Lord Byron 
 I not excel." Gifford^in the Quarterly 
 iw, was less enthusiastic, describing 
 lOok as * * a paradox of contradiction, 
 nal and absurd, profound and shallow, 
 iing and ttresome." 
 uatomie of a 'Woman's 
 
 Tongue, The: "divided into five parts: 
 Medicine, a Poison, a Serpent, Fire, and 
 Thuyder." A scarce poetical tract, pub- 
 lished in 1638. 
 
 Anatomie of Absurditie, The : 
 
 " contayning a breefe Confutation of the 
 slender imputed Prayses to feminine Per- 
 fection." A satirical tract by Thomas 
 Nash (1567—1600 ?), printed in 1589. 
 
 Anatomie of Abuses, The. See 
 
 Abuses, The Anatomie of. 
 
 Anatomy of Melancholy. See 
 
 Melancholy, Anatomy of. 
 
 Anaxarte. A character in Amadis 
 of Greece (q.v.J. 
 
 Anaxus. A character in Sir Philip 
 Sidney's Arcadia (q.V.). 
 
 "Ancient and fish-like smell, A 
 very," — Tempest^ act ii., scene 2. 
 
 Ancient and Modern Learning, 
 
 An Essay upon the. Published, with other 
 essays, mider the title of Miscellanea^ by 
 Sir William Temple (1628—1698), in 1705, 
 and famous as having excited the contro- 
 versy concerning the letters of Phalaris 
 (q.V.), in which Boyle, Swift, and Bentley 
 took a prominent part. The essay seems 
 to have been suggested by, and to a certain 
 extent founded on Pen-ault's Age of Louis 
 the Great, in which, obviously with the 
 view of flattering the authors of that time, 
 it was argued ttiat the ancient writers 
 were much surpassed by the moderns. 
 
 Ancient Mariner, The A poem 
 by Samuel Taylok Coleridge (1772 — 
 1834), written at Stowey, about 1796—7. 
 The hero, an ancient mariner " with a long 
 grey_ beard and glittering eye," suffers 
 terrible evils, and likewise indicts them on 
 his companions, from having cruelly killed 
 an albatross. All his comrades perish of 
 hunger, but, as he repents, he is permitted 
 to regain the land. At intervals, however, 
 his agony returns, and he is driven from 
 place to place to ease his soul by confessing 
 his crime and sufferings to his fellows, and 
 enforcing upon them a lesson of love for 
 "all things, both great and small." De Quin- 
 cey refers the idea to a passage in Shel"^ocke, 
 the circumnavigator, who states that his 
 second captain, a man of melancholy mood, 
 was possessed by a fancy that some loiig 
 season of foul weather was owing to an al-. 
 batross which had long pursued his ship. 
 Therefore he shot it ; but his condition 
 was not mended. " The Ancient Mariner** 
 says Swinburne, "is perhaps the most 
 wonderful of all poems. In reading it we 
 seem rapt into that paradise reveled by 
 Swedenborg, where music and colour ana 
 perfume were one, where you could see 
 the hues and hear the harmonies of heaven. 
 For absolute melody and splendour it were 
 hardly rash to call it the first poem in the 
 language. Au exquisite instinct mai'ried 
 
30 
 
 ANO 
 
 AND 
 
 to a subtle scieuce of verse has made it the 
 supreme model of music in our language." 
 The lilies— 
 
 " And thou art long, and lank, and brown, 
 
 ' As is the ribbed Bca-sand," 
 and the verso beginning — 
 
 " He holds him with his glittering cje," 
 ■were written by Wordsworth, who also 
 suggestedtlieideaofsliootjng the albatross, 
 of which he had read in Shelvoclte's Vo]/- 
 ages. It appeared in 179S. 
 
 Ancren Ri-wle, The# An early 
 piece of Transition English, "of much 
 uiterest to students of the language, but 
 of slight interest as literature." It seems 
 to have been written by a Bishop Poor, 
 
 fho died in 1237, and was intended, says 
 rofessor Morley, for the guidance of a 
 small household of women withdrawn from 
 the world for the service of God, at Tarrant 
 Keynstone, in Doreetshire. 
 
 Ancruxn, Earl of. Robert Kerr 
 (b. 1578, d.^1654), was the author, says 
 Horace Walpole, of "a short but very 
 pretty copy of verses to Drununond, of 
 Hawuiomden." 
 
 " And is this Yarrovr ? this the 
 stream." Firet line of Wordsworth's 
 poem of Yarrow Visited (q.v.). 
 
 "And on her lover's arm she 
 leant'" First line of the Departure in the 
 Daj/ Dream, a lyric by Alfred Tekn i'sox. 
 
 "AndthoTi art dead, as young 
 
 as fair?" First line of Byron's stanzas To 
 Thyrza (q.v.), written ia-February, 1812. 
 
 " And Willie, my eldest born, is 
 gone, you say, little Annie?" First line 
 of the Gh'anamother, a poem by Alfred 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 " And "Wilt thou leave me 
 thus?" First line of the Lover^s Jppeal, a 
 lyric by Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503—1542), 
 of which F. T. Palgrave says that " it was 
 long before English poetry returned to the 
 charming simplicity of this and a few 
 other poems by Wyatt." 
 
 Andersen, Hans Christian (1805 
 — 1875). The works of this famous Banish 
 writer have frequently been republished 
 in English translations. Among^ others 
 are Tlie Tm^rovisatore, The Star]/ of My 
 l/lfej In Spam, The Sand Hills of Jutland 
 and various volumes of juvenile stories. 
 Andersen was born at Odensee, and his 
 seventieth birthday was celebrated by 
 great rejoicings at Copenhagen. 
 
 Anderson, Christopher, Baptist 
 minister (b. 1782. d. 1852), wi'ote Annals of 
 the English Bible (1845), and other works. 
 Se6 the Life and Letters by his nephew 
 (1854). 
 
 Anderson, James, Scottish arcliae- 
 ologist (b. 1662, d. 1728), published, in 1705, 
 an Historical Essay, sliowing that the Crown 
 tmd Kingdom qf ScotUmd %s imperial and 
 
 independent. His most important work, 
 however, was a collection of facsimile 
 charters of the ancient Scottish kings'and 
 nobles, with their seals and coins, published 
 in 1739, under the title of Selectus Diplo- 
 maium et Numismatum Scotice TJtesatirus. 
 
 Anderson, Robert, M. D. (b. 1751, 
 d. 1830), is best known as the editor and 
 biographer of a large number of the British 
 poets, whose works he included in a series 
 of volumes now rarely to be met ■with : 
 ** To good old Andei-son," wrote the Quar- 
 terlylieview, " the poets and literature of 
 the country are deeply beholden." 
 
 Anderson, Robert, poet (b. 1770, 
 d. 1833), published in 1805 a volume of 
 Ballads in the Cumberland Dialect. TTia 
 
 collected works appeared in 1820, with an 
 autobiographical notice of the author. 
 
 Andrewes Lancelot, successively 
 Bishop of Chichester, Ely, and Winchester 
 (b. 1555, d. 1626), was one of the translators 
 of the authorised version of the Bible, and 
 the author, among other works, of a reply 
 to B^llarmine's treatise against King 
 James I.'s Defence of tlie Bight of Kings 
 (1609). His Manual <^ Devotion in Greek 
 and Latin was translated by Bean Stan- 
 hope. His Works were collected and pub- 
 lished in 1589—1610. Of these a selection 
 from his Sermons (1631) has recently been 
 reprinted (1868), and his Manual for the 
 Sick, edited by Canon Liddon (1869). See 
 the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology, 
 and the Biographies by Isaacson and Rus- 
 sell. *'He was so skilled," says Fuller, 
 " that the world wanted learning to know 
 how learned he was-" "This is that An- 
 drewes," says Bishop Hacketi *'the oint- 
 ment of whose name is sweeter than 
 spices." 
 
 Andre-ws, Joseph, The, Adven- 
 tures of. A novel by Henry Fielding 
 (1707—1751), published in 1742, two years 
 after Richardson's Pamela, which it was 
 intended to ridicule. "There is indeed," 
 says Scott. " a flne vein of irony in Field- 
 ing's novels, as will appear from comparing 
 it with the pages of Pamela ; but Pamela, 
 to which that irony was applied, is now in 
 a raanjier forgotten, and Joseph Andreios 
 continues to be read for the admirable pic- 
 tures of manners which it presents, and 
 above all, for the inimitable character of 
 Mr. Abraham Adams (q.v.), which alone is 
 sufllcient to stamp the superiority of Field- 
 ing over all writers of his .class." Joseph 
 Andreios, it may be added, was avowedly 
 written "in imitation of the manner of 
 Cervantes,** and Prof essor Masson points 
 out that the influence of the Spanish wiiter 
 is visible, indeed, in all Fielding's subse- 
 quent novels. 
 
 Andrews, Peter Miles, dramatic 
 
 writer (d. 18U),was the author, among other 
 pieces, of The Baron Kinkverrankots-dor- 
 sprak engoichdern (q.v.). "This genUe- 
 
AND 
 
 ANO 
 
 31 
 
 man," says the Biographia Vramaticn, " is 
 a dealer in gul\po^yder, but his works, in 
 their effect, by no means resemble so ac- 
 tive a composition, being utterly delicient 
 in point of force and splendour. See Bet- 
 ter Late than Nevek. 
 
 Andromana : " or, the Merchant's 
 Wife:" A tragedy flist printed In 1660, 
 and founded on the story of Flangus in Sir 
 Philip Sidney's Arcadia (q.T.).whicb was 
 also made use of by Beaumont andFLET- 
 CHEK, in their play of Cupid^s Revenge 
 (q.v.). Andromaiui has been attiibuted to 
 James S uibley (1594^-1666) ; " although," 
 says Dyce, "it bears not the slightest 
 resemblance in diction, thought, or ver- 
 sification, to his acknowledged dramas." 
 It is included in Dodsley's Collection of 
 Old Plays- 
 
 Andromeda. A poem in English 
 hexameters, by the Rev. Charles Kings- 
 ley (b. 1819, d. 1875), the subject of which 
 is the well-known classical myth of Andro- 
 meda and Perseus. A poem by George 
 Chapman (1557 — 1634), entitled Andromeda 
 lAberata, or the Nuptials of Perseus cmd 
 Andromeda^ appeared in 1614* 
 
 Andronica. A beautiful hand- 
 maid of Logistilla, in Orlando Furioso. 
 
 Andronicus. A Tragjedy, with 
 the sub-title Impieties Lmiq Increase, or 
 Heaven's late Revenge, published at London 
 in 1661. It is a fierce attack upon the Puri- 
 tans, and a glorification of the Stuart 
 dynasty. 
 
 Andronicus, Titus. See Tuns An- 
 dronicus. 
 
 Anecdotes of Literature and 
 
 Scarce Books. By William Beloe (1756— 
 1S17). Published between 1807 and 1812, 
 and containing much valuable inf ormatiou 
 on literary topics. 
 
 Anemolius. The Laureate of 
 Utopia, in Sir Thomas MoRE's romance of 
 that name (q.v.). 
 
 Aneurin. A Welsh bard, who 
 died about 570. See Gododin. 
 
 Angel World, The. A poem by 
 Philip James Bailey (b. 1816), published 
 in I860, but afterwards incorporated with 
 the writer's Festus (q-v.). 
 
 Angela Pisani. The title of a 
 novel by the Hon. George Sydney 
 Smythe, seventh Viscount Strahgford, 
 published in 1875, and prefaced by a bio- 
 graphical sketch of the author from the 
 pen of Lady Strangford. " Angela Pisani," 
 says a recent critic. " is a romance without 
 a hero, and a story without a plot ; bat it 
 abounds in powerful descriptions, and in 
 very elaborate writing. Its style is over- 
 laden with ornament. There is an exces- 
 sive fondness, which becomes wearisome, 
 shown for recondite historical allusion. 
 
 . . . Yet there runs a strong vein of hu- 
 man interest throughout." See Ater- 
 anche, Lionel. 
 
 Angelica. Tlie lieroine of CoN- 
 GREVE's comedy of Love for Love (q.^.) ; 
 in love with Valentine, but the ward of 
 Sir Sampson Legend, who seeks to marry 
 her. She jilts the old man, however, and 
 marries the younger lover. Angelica is sup- 
 posed to represent Mrs. Bracegirdle ; Val- 
 entine, the author himself, who was ena- 
 moured of the actress, and was the rival 
 of the dramatist, Howe, in her afEections. 
 
 Angelica. The heroine of Aei- 
 osto's Orlando Furioso. She was beloved 
 by Orlando (q.v.), but married Medoro 
 (q.v.). Also the name of the heroine of 
 Fakqubar's plays of the Constant Couple 
 (q.v.), and Sir Harry Wildair. 
 
 Angelica, in the second part of the 
 History of Parismus (q.v.), is a princess, 
 and " La4y of the Golden Tower," beloved 
 by Parismenos (q.v.). 
 
 Angelic Doctor. A name he- ' 
 stowed upon Thomas Aquinas, because lie 
 discussed the knotty point of -'how many 
 angels can dance on the point of a needle." 
 He was also called the Angel of the 
 Schools. 
 
 Angelo. A character in Shake- 
 speare's Mea-sv/re for Measure (q.v.) -, also 
 the name of a goldsmith in the Comedy of 
 Errors (q.v.). 
 
 Angeloni, Battista. See Letters 
 to the English Nation. 
 
 " Angels and ministers of grace, 
 defend us ! " — Hamlet, act i., scene 4. 
 
 " Angels are bright stUl, though ' 
 the brightest fell."— JKocSciA, act Iv., scene 
 3. 
 
 " Angels are pjiinted fair, to look 
 like you." — Otway's Venice Preserved, 
 act i., scene 1. 
 
 "Angels listen -when she 
 speaks." A line in a song by the Earl of 
 Rochester. 
 
 " Angels' visits, Like." A simile 
 which has been used by at least three Eng- 
 lish poets. By JOHNNo3aRis, in the Part- 
 ing (1711) -.-^ 
 
 " Like angels* visits, ehort and bright." 
 by Blaib, in the Grave (part ii., line 
 586):— 
 
 "In visits 
 Like those of angela, short and far between i " 
 
 and by Campbell, in the Pleasures of 
 Hope (line 375) :— 
 
 '• Like angel-visits, few and far between." 
 
 The latter is the one most frequently 
 quoted, though It was obviously suggested 
 by the more correct and forcible passage 
 In Blair. 
 
32 
 
 ANG 
 
 ANN 
 
 Angiolina. The wife of tlie doge, 
 in Bykon's Marino Faliero (q.v.). 
 
 Anglia Christiana Society. In- 
 stituted 1847 ; now dissolved. It issued 
 three volumes only. 
 
 " Angling is soxaething , like 
 
 Poetry, men are to be bom so." See Wal- 
 ton's Complete Angler, parti., chap- 1. 
 
 Anglioruni Lacrymse : " in a sad 
 
 passion, complayning the death of our late 
 soveraigne Lady Queene Elizabeth ; yet 
 comforted againe by the vertuous liopes of 
 our most fioyall and Kenowned King 
 James." A poem by Richard Johkson , 
 published in 1603. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The. 
 
 A national record of events, which is paid 
 to have been begun at the instance of King 
 Alfred the Great (849—901). "It opens," 
 says Professor Morley, " after a brief ac- 
 count of "Britain, with Csesar's invasion; 
 is in its earlier details obviously a compila- 
 tion, and that chiefly from Bede (q.v.), but 
 begins to give fuller details after the year 
 853 ; and so, from a date within Alfred's 
 lifetime, begins to take rank with Bede as 
 one of the great sources of information on 
 the early mstory of Engl^id. It may be 
 supposed that, for the kee{)ing of this an- 
 nual record of the nation's life, local events 
 were reported at the head-quarters of some 
 one monastery, in wliich was a monk com- 
 missioned to act as historiographer ; that 
 at the end of each year this monk set down 
 what he thought most worthy to be reraem- 
 ■beredj and that he then had transcripts of 
 his brief note made in the scriptorium of 
 his monastery, and forwarded to other 
 houses for addition to the copies kept by 
 them of the ^eat year-book of the nation. 
 GeofErey Gaimar, writing in the twelfth 
 .century, says that King Alfred had at 
 "Winchester a copy of that chronicle fast- 
 ened by a chain, so that all who wished 
 might read. In some such way as this the 
 Anglo-Saxon Chrfftiicle was kept np until 
 the time of the Nonnan Conquest, and for 
 three generations after that. Its last rec- 
 ord is of the accession of Henry II. in the 
 year 1154." 
 
 Anider. T!ie chief river of Utopia, 
 in Sir Thomas More's great work (q.v.); 
 from the Greek ai'uSpos waterless," and 
 apparently intended for tlie Thames. 
 
 Animated Nature, A History 
 
 of the Earth and of. - By Olivek Gold- 
 smith (1728 — 1774); a compilation for 
 which he received eight hundred guineas 
 for eight volumes. "Johnson," says Pro- 
 fessor Masson, " prophesied that he would 
 make the work as pleasant as a Persian 
 tale, and the prophecy was fulfilled." It 
 is still popular. 
 
 Annabel, in Dkyden's Absalom and 
 
 Achitophel (q.v.), is designed for the 
 Duchess of Monmouth. 
 
 Annabel Lee. Tlie title and sub- 
 ject of a poem by Edgar Allax Poe 
 
 (1811—1849), which begins— 
 
 " It was many and many a year ago, 
 In a kingdom by the sea. 
 That a maiden there lived whom you may know 
 By the name of Annabel Lee. ' 
 
 Aunales : " or, a General! Chronicle 
 
 of England, from Brute unto this present 
 Yeare of Christe :" " collected, by Johk" 
 Stow, citizen of London" (1525 — 1605), 
 and published in 1580. It was *'aug-. 
 mented" and published by Edmond Howes 
 in 1615- 
 
 Annals of Great Britain; "from 
 
 the Accession of George the Third to the 
 Peace of Amiens." By Thomas Camp- 
 bell, the poet (1777—1844) ; issued anony. 
 mously in Edinburgh, in 1806. 
 
 Annals of the Parish, The. A 
 
 novel by John Galt '(1779—1839), pub- 
 lished iu 1821. 
 
 Anuals of the Poor. By -the 
 Kev. Legh RicnMOND (1772—1827,) pub- 
 lished in 1814, and containing The Dairv' 
 man's Daughter, The Negro Seniant, Tha 
 Young Cottager, Conversation, and A Visit 
 to the Injirmar}/. These sketches oriei- . 
 nally appeared in substance in the Chris- 
 tian Guardian, and^have been frequently 
 republished. They were all of them writ- 
 ten in the Isle of Wight, and owe much of 
 their interest to their local colouring. 
 
 " Annals of the Poor, The short 
 
 and simpK." A line in Gray's Elegy 
 written in a Country Churchyard (si.v,). 
 
 Annan Water. A Scottish bal- 
 lad, which relates how the hero, liding^to 
 meet his lover on a stormy night, is 
 drowned in crossing a ford. 
 
 Anne Hereford. The title of a 
 novel by Mrs. Henby Wood (q.v.), T^ch 
 was published in 1868. 
 
 - Anne of Geierstein. A novel by 
 Sir Walter Scott (1771 — 1832), which 
 was published in 1829. 
 
 Annesley. A character in Mac- 
 kenzie's novel of the Man of the World 
 (q.v.), whoso adventures among the Indians 
 are described with much spirit and pictur- 
 esqueness. James Annesley is also the 
 name of Charles Reade's Wandering 
 Heir (1875). 
 
 Annie Fair. A liallad, printed by 
 Herd, Scott, Jamieson, Motherwell, and 
 Chambers. It tells how Annie, wedded to 
 a noble lord, is forced to welcome home a 
 newbrido of his, who turns out, happily, 
 to be her own sister Elinor, and who prom- 
 ises that her love " ye sail na tyne." 
 
ANN 
 
 ANS 
 
 3S 
 
 " Seven ships, loaded weel. 
 Came o'er the sea wi* me ; 
 Ane o' them will tak' me home, 
 And six I'll gie to thee." 
 
 ghani says tiiat the story, of which 
 are several different Scottish ver- 
 , is found in old French, in Swedish, 
 nish, in Dutch, and in German. 
 
 [inie of Lochroyan, Fair. A 
 
 Ish ballad printed, in varying forms, 
 erd, Scott, Jamieson, and BucAian, 
 ir the title of Lord Gregory), Loch- 
 1, or Loch Kyan, is a bay on the south- 
 coast of Scotland; and the story goes 
 I'air Annie, sailing to the castle other 
 , Lord Gregory, is refused admittance 
 us mother, and re-embarking, is 
 ned on her way home. 
 Annihilating all that% made.'' 
 ilARVEiiL's poem of Tlwughts in a 
 en: — 
 ' To a green thought, in a green shade." 
 
 onual Register, The. A sum- 
 of the history of each year ; projected 
 and J. Dodsley, and the first volume 
 d in 1758. It ^s still published yearly, 
 orms an invaluable work of reference. 
 
 anuals. wliicli liave been super- 
 L by special volumes, illustrated with 
 ighest class of wood engravings, were 
 ies of yearly^gift-books, written by the 
 authors, and embellished with en- 
 ngs on steel from paintings specially 
 I by the most famous artists. They 
 first published in Germany, and the 
 it-me-not^ issued in London in 1822, 
 luced Uiem to this country. Immense 
 were invested in their production, 
 for many years they yielded large 
 ;s to all concerned in their manufac- 
 The immense progress, however, 
 in the art of engraving on wood, and 
 ifference in the cost of production, 
 lally forced them from the market ; 
 he issue of the Keepsake toi 1856 was 
 LSt regular appearance of the Annual 
 sr in England. The most success- 
 nnuals were the Forget-me-Not, 1822 
 Friendship's Offering, 1824—44 : Lit- 
 Souvenir, 1324— ^; Amulet, 18^— 3i; 
 take, 1828—56; Hood's Comic Annual, 
 -42. 
 
 anus Mirabilis. A poem by 
 r Dbydek (1631—1701), in celebration 
 i"year of wonders" (1666), written 
 atrains or stanzas of four Imes in al- 
 te rhymes. "I have chosen," says 
 set, " the most heroic subject which 
 oet could desire ; I liave taken upon 
 . describe the motives, the beginning, 
 ess, and successes of a most just and 
 sary war: in it, the care, and manage- 
 , and prudence of our kin^ ; the con- 
 and valour of a royal admiralj and of 
 ncomparable generals; the invinci- 
 )iirage of our captains and seamen : 
 hrppffflorious victories, the result of 
 
 all. After this, I have in the Fire [of Lon- 
 don] the most deplorable, but withal, the 
 greatest, argument that can be imagined." 
 Hazlitt. on the other hand, calls the Annus 
 Mirabilis " a tedious performance; a tissue 
 of far-fetched, heavy, lumbering conceits, 
 and in the worst style of what has been 
 denominated metaphysical poetry." 
 
 Another Life, The Physical 
 Theory of. A work by Isaac Taylor 
 (1787—1865), published in 1836, in which the 
 author^ witJiout reference to Eevelation, 
 enters into a consideration of the probabili- 
 ties and possibilities of a future state. A 
 very similar subject of speculation is taken 
 np in a more recent and not less suggest- 
 ive book, by Professors P. G. Tait andsal- 
 four Stewart, called The Unseen Universe 
 (1875). 
 
 Anselm, St. Tiie Cur Dens Homo 
 of this famous writer was republished in 
 1863. See Life by Dr. Davidson, in the /m- 
 perial Biographical Dictionarj) ; also, by 
 Dean Church, in the Sunday Mbra/ry. 
 
 Anson, George, Lord. "A Vo,y- 
 age round the World, 1740 — 4, compiled 
 from his Lordship's papers and othcial docu- 
 ments," by"RicHAKD Walter, M.A.," 
 was published in 1748> Some doubt exists 
 as to the real compiler of this celebrated 
 narrative, most of which, says Allibone, 
 was composed by Peter Hobblns. The Ed- 
 inburgh Review, in 1839, said it was still 
 the most delightful voyage with which it 
 was acquainted. See Supplement to 
 Lord Ansok's Voyage. 
 
 AnSterFair. A mock-heroic poem 
 in the ottava rima stanza, composed by 
 William Tennakt (1784—1848), and pub- 
 lished in 1812, Its subject is the marriage 
 of the far-famed Maggie Lauder of Scot- 
 tish song, and much of its humour consists 
 of descriptions of the various people who 
 flocked to Anster, or Anstruther Fair on 
 that occasion. It probably suggested to 
 Frere the idea of his Monks and Giants 
 (q,v.), which, in its turn, acted as the in- 
 spiration of Lord Byron's JBeppo fq.v.). Its 
 foreign prototypes may be looked for in the 
 lighter works of Bemi and Ariosto. 
 
 Anstey, Christopher, poet (b. 
 1724, d. 1805). He wrote^ among other 
 works, An Flection Ball, in letters from 
 Mr. Inkle to his Wife at Gloucester ; The 
 Ptiest Dissected ; Speculation, or a Defence 
 of Maiikind (1780) ; Liberality , or Memoirs 
 of a Decayed Macaroni; The Farmer's 
 Daughter, and The Nev3 Bath Guide (1766). 
 His Poetical Works were published in 1808, 
 with a lAfe by his son. "I think him a 
 real genius," wrote Hannah More, " in the 
 way of wit and humour." See Election 
 Ball, An ; New Bath Guide, The; 
 Priest Dissected, The. 
 
 Anstey, John. See Pleader's 
 0UIDE, THE; and Surrebutter, Jqhk, 
 Esq. 
 
34 
 
 ANS 
 
 ANT 
 
 Anstis, John. See Garter, The 
 Beoisteb of, &c. 
 
 Anthea,'To. A poem by Robert 
 Hebrick (1591—1674). 
 
 Authology, An English, was is- 
 sued in 1793—4, by Joseph Ritson (1752— 
 1803). 
 
 'Anthropological Society, for 
 t^romotiu^ uie Science of Man and Man- 
 kind, was instituted In 1863, and issued the 
 Anthropological lieview in the same year. 
 In 1871 it amalgamated witli the Ethno- 
 logical SociKTY (Instituted 1843), and is 
 now styled the Anthropological Insti- 
 tute. A numher of works have been pub- 
 lished under its auspices. 
 
 Anthropometamorphosis : 
 
 "Man Transformed, or the Changeling." 
 A work by John Bulwer, published in 
 1653, in which he endeavours to show " the 
 various ways how divers people alter the 
 natural shape of their bodies." See Oldys' 
 Sritish Librarian and the Retrospective lie- 
 vieWf vol. ii., new series. 
 
 "Anthropophagi (The), and men 
 whose heads do grow beneath their shoul- 
 ders." — Othellot act i., scene 3. 
 
 Anti-Coningsby : " or, the New 
 Greneration Grown Old." ** By an embryo 
 M.P." Published in 1845, and suggested 
 by Disraeli's novel of Coninc/sby (q.v.). 
 The writer, who was a lady, made the story 
 conclude with the defeat of Ben Sidonia 
 in England, and his flight to Syria, there 
 to organise a young Palestine party. See 
 Sidonia, Ben ; Codlingsby. 
 
 Anti-Jacobin Revie-w, The : "A 
 
 Monthly Periodical and Literary Censor," 
 from the commencement in 1798 to the con- 
 clusion in 1821. To this famous periodical, 
 which supported by the bitterness of pun, 
 epigram, and parodyj the principles of the 
 Tory party, the principal contributors were 
 GifEord, Hookham Frere, and Canning. 
 In its ^a^es appeared some of the latter's 
 liveliest ^ewa; d'esprit such as the Needy 
 ■ Knife-grinder (q.v.), and the tragedy of the 
 Rovers (q.v.). See the Comhill Magazine 
 for 1867, Hayward's Essays (2nd series), 
 and the Works of John Hookhaiu Prere. 
 A selection, entitled. Poetry of the Anti- 
 Jacobin^ was published in 1801, and has 
 been frequently reprinted. 
 
 Antiocheis. A work by Joseph 
 of Exeter (circa 1197), of which only a 
 fragment, discovered by Leland, and pre- 
 served by Camden, has come down to us. 
 It is quoted in Warton's History of Eng- 
 lish Roeiry, vol, i. 
 
 Antipholus of Ephesus ; Anti- 
 pholuB of Syracuse. Twin brothers, sons 
 ot Mgeon and Emilia, in Shakespeare's 
 Comedy of Errors'^ 
 
 " The one bo like the other 
 Ah could not bo distinguished but by names." 
 
 Antipodes, The. A comedy by 
 Richard Brome (d. 1652), printed in 
 1633, and founded on the idea that, at the 
 
 Antipodes, everything must be opposite to 
 what it is in our own sphere ; servants gov- 
 erning their masters, wives ruling their 
 husbands, old men going to school again, 
 and so on. 
 
 Antiprognosticon. A treatise 
 by "William Fulke (d. 1589), written to 
 expose the astrologers of his time, and 
 translated by William Painter. The Latin 
 original appeared in 1570. 
 
 Antiquarian Etching Club was 
 
 instituted in London (1848), and published 
 six volumes of etchings by members. The 
 publications of the club were discontinued 
 
 after 1853. 
 
 Antic^uarian Society of London 
 
 was originally formed in 1572 by Arch- 
 bishop Parker, Camden, Stow, and others. 
 It was revived in 1707, and received a char- 
 ter of incorporation from George II., in 
 1751 ; and apartments in Somerset House 
 were granted to it in 1777. Its memoirs, 
 entitled Archceologiri, were lirst published 
 in 1770. A list ot books published by tho 
 Antiquarian Society will be found in iown- 
 des* Bibllograplier' s Manual. 
 
 Antiquary, The. A comedy by 
 Shakerley Marmion (b. 1602, d. 1639), 
 published in 1641, and reprinted in Dods- 
 ley's Old Plays. Tho antiquary is called 
 
 Veterans. ■ 
 
 Antiquary, The. A romance by 
 Sir "Walter Scott (1771—1832), the third 
 in order of the "Waverley Novels — pub- 
 lished in 1816. 
 
 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 The works of the great Boman Emperor 
 have been translated into English by John- 
 Bourchier, Lord Bemerg (1536), Casaubon 
 (1692), Thompson (1747), Collier (1701),Thom- 
 son (1749), Graves (1792), and Long (1869). 
 See Matthew Arnold's Assays in Crittcism^ 
 and Dr. Farrar's Seekers after God. 
 
 Antonio. The liero of Shake- 
 speare's play of the Merchant of Venice 
 (q.v.), whose " melancholy and self -sacrifi- 
 cing magnanimity" is described by Schlegel 
 as '' affectingly sublime." Like a princely 
 merchant, he is surrounded by a whole 
 train of noble friends. The contrast which 
 this forms to tho seltish cruelty of the usu- 
 rer Shylock was necessary to redeem the 
 honour of human nature." 
 
 Antonio. A sea captain in Shake- 
 speare's comedy of Twelfth Night (q.v.), 
 remarkable for his fanciful friendship for 
 Sebastian (q.v.)- 
 
 Antonio. Brother to Prospero, and 
 
ANT 
 
 APO 
 
 So 
 
 the tisiirping Duke of Milan, in SnAKE- 
 spEAiiE*s play of tlie Tempest (q.v.). 
 
 Antonio. Fjitlier of Proteus in 
 Shakespeare's play of the Two Gentle- 
 men of Verona (q.v.). 
 
 Antonio and Mellida, The His- 
 tory «f. A drama hy John Marston (d. 
 after 1633), the second part of which is call- 
 ed Antonio's Revenge. Both were acted 
 in 1602. 
 
 Antony. A tragedy by Mary, 
 
 Countess of Pembroke, written in 1590 
 
 but not published until 1595. It is a trans- 
 
 lalion from. Gamier, and the principal 
 
 . Bpeeches are in blank verse. 
 
 Antony and Cleopatra. A trag- 
 edy by William Shakespeare (1564— 
 1616), published, according to an entry in 
 the Stationers' Register, on Hay 20, 1608, 
 and founded on the life of Antonius in 
 Eoger North's edition of Plutarch. Daniel 
 had published a tragedy called Cleopatra 
 in 1594, and, in 1595, tha countess of Pem- 
 broke translated the Tragedie of Antonie 
 from the Fi-ench of Gamier ; but Shake- 
 speare does not seem to have been indebt- 
 ed to either. ** This," says Hazlltt, "isa 
 very noble play. Though not in the first 
 order of Shakespeare's productions, it 
 stands next to them, and is, we think, the 
 finest of his historical plays— that is, of 
 those in which he made poetry the organ 
 of history, and assnmed a certain tone of 
 character and sentiment, in conformity to 
 well-known facts, instead of trusting to 
 his observations of general nature or the 
 unlimited indulgence of his own fancy. 
 What he has added to the histoi-y is on an 
 equality with it. The play is full of that 
 pervading comprehensive power by which 
 the poet always seems to identify himself 
 "with time and circumstance. It presents 
 a fine picture of Koman pride aiid Eastern 
 magnificence, and, in the straggle between 
 the two, the empire of the world seems 
 suspended, * like the swan's down-feather,' 
 
 " That stands upon the swell at full of tide' 
 And neither way inclines.* " 
 
 Apelles. A character in Ltly's 
 drama of Alexander and Campe-spe (oj-v.), 
 notable as the singer of the well-known 
 song, beginning — 
 
 " Cupid and my; Campaspe played 
 At cards for Kisaes.*'^ 
 
 Apeznantus. The cynic, in Shake- 
 BPEAEE'8 tragedy of Timon of Athens (q.v.). 
 ** The soul of I)iogenes," says Hazlitt," ap- 
 pears to have been seated on the lips of 
 Apemantus. The churlish profession of 
 misanthropy in the cvnic is contrasted with 
 the deep feeling of it in Timon." " Ape- 
 mantus," says Professor Dowden, "serves 
 as an interpreter and apologist for Timon. 
 He finds it right and natural to hate man- 
 kind, and he does it with a zest and vul- 
 gar good pleasure in hatred j while Timon 
 
 hates, and is slain by hatred, because it 
 was his need to love." 
 
 Apicius Redivivus. A manual 
 of gastronomy by Dr. William Kitchen- 
 er (1775—1827), published in 1817, and fol- 
 lowed by the Cook''s Oracle in 1821, and 
 Peptic Precepts in 1S24. 
 
 Apocalypsis Golige Episcopi. 
 
 A Latin poem, attributed by Wright to 
 Walter Mapes, Archdeacon of Oxford 
 (1150—1196). and consisiing of a pungent 
 onslaught on the corruptions of the Court 
 of Rome, the iniquities of monkdom gene- 
 rally, and the laws of the Cistercians in 
 particular. See Confessio Goli^. 
 
 Apocrypha, or Apocryphal 
 
 Writings. This title has been applied, since 
 the time flf Jerome, to a ixumber of wri- 
 tings which the Septuagint had circulated 
 amongst the Christians, and which are con- 
 sidered by some as an appendage to th^ 
 Old Testament, and by others as a portion 
 of it. The history of the Apocrypha ends 
 135 B.C. The Books contained in the Apoc^ 
 rypha were not in the Jewish canon, and 
 were re:jected at the Council of Laoaicea, 
 about A.D. 366, but the^Eoman Catholic, 
 Church accepted them as canonical at the 
 Council of Trent, 1546. The 6ch Amcle of 
 the Church of England, 1563, admits por- 
 tions of the Apoci-ypha to be read as les- 
 sons, but many of these were excluded by 
 the Act passed in 1871. By other Protes- 
 tant churches, in Great Britain and Amer- 
 ica, they are completely rejected from pub- 
 lic worship. 
 
 Apocryphal Ladies, The. A co- 
 medy by Margaret, Duchess of :^etv'- 
 CASTLE '(1624—1673.) 
 
 Apollo — 
 
 '* Apollo from his shrina 
 Can Jio more divine, 
 
 "With hollow shriek the steep of Delphoa 
 leaving." 
 
 31 Penseroso, line 17G. 
 
 Apollo and Daphne. A masque 
 by John Hughes (1677— 1720),'nroducediii 
 1716, wilii music by Dr. Pepusch. 
 
 Apollo Club, The, was, saj'S Wal- 
 ter Thornbury, in his Old and New London, 
 almost the very first institution of its kind. 
 Itheldits meetings in the "Devil "tavern. 
 Fleet Street, and was there presided oyer 
 by *' that grim but jovial despot," Ben 
 Jonson. who gathered to his side "all the 
 prime literary spirits of the age," and who, 
 in his Marmion, malces Careless say he has 
 " come from Apollo "— 
 
 *' From the heaven , , -r^ , ^ • j 
 
 Of my delight, where the boon Delphic goa 
 Drinka sack, and keepa hia hacchanolia,. 
 And has his altars and hia incense amoking, 
 And speaks in aparkling prophccieB. 
 
 See M^BMAiD Tavern. 
 
 Apollo, Hymn of. By Pbkcy 
 Bysshe Shelley; written in 1820. 
 
Be 
 
 APO 
 
 APO 
 
 Apollodoros. The leading cliarac- 
 ter m Professor Aytoun's satire, Firmit- 
 iaiij " a spasmodic tragedy " (q.v,). 
 
 Apollonius Rhodius. The Arcjon- 
 auHcs of this writer was translated into 
 Englisli by Fa wkes and Meen (1780), Greene 
 (1780), and Preston (1803). 
 
 '* Apollo's lute, Musical as is." 
 A phrase in Milton's Comus, line 476, de- 
 scriptive of " divine philosophy" — 
 
 " Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose. 
 
 Ai)ollyon(from the Greek uTrdXTivfii^ 
 to ruin). An evil spirit, who figures in the 
 Jewish Demonology as Abaddon, and is 
 described in Revelation (ix. 2), as " a king, 
 the angel of the bottomless pit." He ap- 
 pears also in Bumtan's Pilgrim^ s Progress 
 (q-v.). 
 
 Apologia pro Vita Su4 : " Being 
 a History of his Religious Opinions," pub- 
 lished by John Henrv Newman, D.B. 
 (b. 1801), in 18t>4. The Rev. Charles 
 Kingsley had, written in the pages of 
 "a magazine of wide circulation," that 
 " Truth, for its own sake, had never 
 been a virtue with the Roman clergy. 
 Father Newman informs us that it need 
 not, and on the whole ought not to 
 be "—a statement which Br. Newman 
 immediately denied, and which eventually 
 resulted in a short but sharp correspond- 
 ence between tlie two clerical combatants. 
 This correspondence l>r. Newman repub- 
 lished in the form of a pamphlet, wittsome 
 remarks of his own as an appendix; whilst 
 Mr. Kingsley retorted in another pamphlet 
 {What does J>r. Newman Mean?), which 
 goaded his adversary into the long and 
 masterly reply (forming ahistory of one of 
 the most important epochs in modern ec- 
 clesiastical affairs) to which he has given 
 the above title. The Apologia will proba- 
 bly never be equalled as a specimen of 
 acute self-analysis. The only subsequent 
 work of a similar nature with which it can 
 be compared or associated, is Mr. Glad- 
 stone's Chapter of Aiifobiography ' (1868), 
 which was designed to defend the consist- 
 ency of his action in reference to the Irish 
 Church. 
 
 Apology for Actors, An : " con- 
 taining three briefe treatises: 1. Their An- 
 tiquity. 2. Their ancient Dignity. 3. The 
 true use of their Quality." A poem by 
 Thomas Hbywood (b. circa 1570), pub- 
 lished in 1612, and characterised as an " in- 
 genious and amusing worjt," It has been 
 reprinted in the Somers' Collection of 
 Tracts, and by the Shakespeare Society. 
 
 Apology for Bow Legs, A 
 Sailor's. A humoarous poem by Thomas 
 Hood (1798—1845). 
 
 Apology for his own Life, An. 
 By COLLEX" CiBBER (1671— 1757), published 
 in 1740. "Gibber," says Hazlitt, "is a 
 
 mo'5t amusing biographer; happy in his 
 own opinion, the best of all others ; teem- 
 ing with animal spirits, and uniting the 
 sefi-sufiiciency of youth with the ^armlity 
 of old age. -lie brings down the histoiy of 
 the sta^e, either by the help of observation 
 or ti'adition, from the time of Shatespeare 
 to his own, and quite dazzles the reader 
 with a constellation of male and female, of 
 tragic and comic, of past and present ex- 
 cellence." Even Br. Johnson admitted 
 that his Apology was " very well done ; " 
 and Swift was so much pleased witii it that 
 he sat up all night to read it. 
 
 Apology for Poetrie, An. See 
 
 PoETKiE, An Apology for. 
 
 Apology for Rhyme, An. By 
 
 Samuel Baniel (1562—1619) ; printed in 
 1603, and reprinted in 1815. See Art op 
 English Poesie. 
 
 Apology for the true Christian 
 
 Bivinity : " as the same is held forth and 
 preached by the People, called in scorn, 
 Quakers." By Robert Barclay (1648— 
 1690) ; originally written and prmted at 
 Amsterdam in Latin (1676) ; afterwards 
 translated into English by the autiior. and 
 printed in 1678. It nas been translated in- 
 to the principal European languages, and 
 contains tbe ablest exposition of the Qua- 
 ker tenets that has yet appeared. 
 
 Apophthegms, New and Old. 
 By Francis Lord Bacon (1561—1626). 
 Published in 162^, and declared by the Ed- 
 inburgh Jteview to be *• the best jest-book 
 ever given to the public." 
 
 Apophthegms, "Witty, '* deliver- 
 ed at several times and upon several occar 
 sions," was the title of a small volume 
 published in 1658. It purported to be the 
 work of King James I., the Marquis of 
 Worcester, Sir Thomas Moke, and 
 Francis, Lord Bacon. The contributions 
 of Lord Bacon and the Marquis of Worces- 
 ter would probably be selections from the 
 Apophthegms, New and Old (1625) of the 
 former, and the Apophthegms^ or Witty, 
 Sayings (1650) of the latter. 
 
 Apostolatus Bene die tinorum* 
 
 A voluminoiiB commentary on the Bene- 
 dictine Rule, by Bunstan, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury (925—988), 
 
 "Apostolic blows and knocks. 
 
 By." Line 200, canto i., part i., of But- 
 ler's Hudibras (q.v.). 
 
 Apostolic Creed, The. Was ver- 
 sified by William Whyttington, Bean 
 of Burham. See Athanasian Creed. 
 The following is a specimen of his ver- 
 sion:— 
 
 " From thonoe Bhall Ho come for to judge 
 
 All men both dead and quick. 
 I in the Holy Ghost bcUevc, 
 
 And Church that's Cat^olick. 
 
APP 
 
 ABA 
 
 37 
 
 " Apparel 6ft proclaims the 
 
 man, Tlie." — Hamlet, act i., scene 3. 
 
 - Apperley, Charles James, a well- 
 known sporting writer (b. 1777, d. 1843), 
 wrote uniier the pseudonym of " Nimrod,'* 
 and published Nimro(Vs Hunting Tours 
 (1835). The Chase, the Turf, and the Road 
 (1S3T), The Horse and the Hound (lSi2), and 
 many other works of tlie same kind. 
 
 " Appetite had groTwo by -what 
 it fed on.** A line in Hamlet, act i., scene 
 2. 
 
 Appian. Tlie Historr/ of the Roman 
 Wars,Dy this writer, was translated into 
 English in 1578 and 1679, " His work," 
 says Dr. Donaldson, '* is a mere compila^ 
 tioiij not always very carefully executed ; 
 but it has become valuable on account of 
 the loss of some of those books from which 
 he has drawn his materials." 
 
 Appius, in Pope's Essay on Criti- 
 cism (q.v.), is intended for John Dennis, 
 the critic, and refers to his tragedy of Ap- 
 pius and Virginia (q.v.), which was damned 
 in 1709. He was also the " Sir Tremendous" 
 of Pope and Gay's farce of Three Hours 
 after Marriage (q.v.). 
 
 Appius and Virginia. A moral 
 play, by " R. B.,"* reprinted in Dodsley's 
 Collection of Old Plays. It was probably 
 written in the early part of the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth, and is notable as contain- 
 ing a peculiar admixture of history and al- 
 legory. Thus Conscience, Rumour, Com- 
 fort, Reward, and Doctrina are employed 
 to punish Appius and console Virginius; 
 and- there is a vice called Hap-hazard, 
 which interferes in everything, and with 
 everybody, and makes great efforts to be 
 amusing. Nor is there any attempt towards 
 preserving dramatic decorum. Virginia 
 and her mother go to ' church,* and Vir- 
 ginius, like a sound orthodox believer, ex- 
 plains the creation of man and woman ac- 
 cording to the Book of Genesis." It is, 
 perliaps, unnecessary to remind the reader 
 that tJie story of Appius -and Virginia is 
 one of the most tragic episodes in early 
 Roman history, and forms the subject of 
 one of Macanlay'B most stirring and pa^ 
 thetic Lays (q.v.). 
 
 Appius and Virginia. A tragedy 
 by John Dennis, the critic (1657—1734); 
 acted uiiBuccesBfully in 1709. The thunder 
 employed in it was, however, so admirably 
 concocted, that, to his indignation, it was 
 "stolen" for the representation of Maj>- 
 betJt. See Dibdin's History of the Stage, 
 iv., 367. 
 
 Appius and Virginia. A tragedy 
 by John Webster (17th century). Was 
 
 Erintedin 16B4, and revised by Betterton, 
 1 1679, under the title of the lioman Vir- 
 gin; or, the Unjust Judge. 
 
 " Applaud thee to the very 
 echo, I would." — Macbeth, act v., scene 3. 
 
 Apple Dumplings and a King, 
 Thp. A well-known humorous poem, di- 
 rected by John 'Woloot (1738—1819), 
 against George III. See Pindab, Pexeb. 
 
 Apple Pie, The. A poem some- 
 tianes attributed to Dr. King, and included 
 in Kicholls Select Collection of Poems. Its 
 real author wan Leonard Welsted (1689 
 —1747). 
 
 Application of Natural History 
 to Poetiy, Essay on the. By Dr. John 
 AiKiN (1747—1822), printed in 1777. 
 
 " Approbation from Sir Hubert 
 
 Stanley is praise indeed." — Mobton, Cure 
 for the Heart-aclie, act v., scene 2. 
 
 "Apt alliteration's artful aid. 
 By." A-line in Chubohill's poem of the 
 Prophecy of Famine. 
 
 Apuleius. Tlie Golden Ass of tliis 
 writer was translated into English prose 
 by Adlingtou (1656), and Taylor (1822) ; his- 
 Oupid, and Psyche into English verse, by 
 Lockman (1744), Taylor (1796), Hudson 
 Gurney (1799). 
 
 Aquilant. Alcnislitin the army of 
 Charlemagne, in Orlando Furioso. 
 Arabian Nights' Entertainments. 
 Of this famous treasury of Oriental fancy, 
 which has an equal charm for credulous 
 youth and sceptical manhood, and to which 
 the modem poet and romancist are under 
 considerable obligations^ numerous excel- 
 lent English versions exist; among others, 
 those by Foster (1802), Beaumont (1810), 
 Scott (1811), and Lambe (1826). The /aciie 
 princeps is by Lane (1841). 
 
 Araby the blest." — Paradise Lost, 
 book iv., line 162. 
 
 Aram, Eugene. A romance byLoKD 
 Lytton (1805—1873). founded on the story 
 of the Knaresborough schoolmaste'r, who 
 committed a murder under ^peculiar cir- 
 cumstances. "Of the author's ' novels of 
 crinie,' this is," says the Quarterly Seview, 
 ** if not the best, by far tlie most instruct- 
 ive study. . . . The problem to be 
 solved was briefly this. Given a scholar 
 with high aspirations and great attain- 
 ments, humane and tenderhearted, lead- 
 ing a blamelesB life, how can such a man 
 have been brought to commit a murder for 
 tlie sake of gain 7 Whether Lord Lytton'a 
 is a satisfactory solution is a wholly differ- 
 ent question. That the Eugene Aram of 
 the novel should have committed a murder 
 is just credible ; that he should have been 
 associated with such an unredeemed vil- 
 lain as Houseman is incredible." The story 
 of Eugene Aram also forms the subject of 
 a wellrknown poem by Thomas Kood, and 
 it has been dramatised by W. G. Wills. 
 
38 
 
 ARA 
 
 ARC 
 
 Araspes. King of Alexandria, 
 " more famed for devices than courage/' 
 in Jerusalem Delivered, 
 
 Arbaces, in Beaumont and Fi^et- 
 
 oher's King and Ifo King (q. v.), is a 
 haughty voluptuary, whose pride is event- 
 ually brought low. 
 
 Arbaces. A satrap of Media and 
 Assyria, and founder of tb.e empire of Me- 
 dia. — Byron's Sardanapalus (q. v.). 
 
 Arbaces is tlie name of the priest 
 of Isis in Lord Lytton's Last Days of 
 Pompeii (q. v.). 
 
 Arbasto, King of Denmarke, 
 The History of. A romance by Bobert 
 Greene (1560—1592), published in 1617. 
 
 Arblay, Madame D'. See D'Arb- 
 LAY, Madame. 
 
 Arbor of Amitie, The : " wlierein 
 is comprised pleasant poems and pretie 
 poesies, set forth bjr Thomas Howell, 
 gentleman," printed in 1568. 
 
 Arbuckle, James. A Scottish 
 poet, who flourished about the beginning 
 of the eighteenth century ; author of 
 Snuffy and other poems of a humorous and 
 ■witty character. 
 
 Arbuthnot, Alexander, lawyer, 
 divine, and poet (b. 1538, d. 1583), wrote a 
 History of Scotland, the Praises of Women, 
 the Miseries of a Poor Scholar, and other 
 works. A namesake of his printed and 
 published, in 1597, the first Scottish 
 Bible. 
 
 Arbuthnot, Epistle to Dr., hy 
 
 Alexander Pope (1688—1744) ; " being 
 the prologue to the Satires " (q. v.). It 
 ia remarkable as containing the famous 
 description of Addison as "Atticus" 
 (q. V. ), and is prolific in lines which have 
 become proverbial, 
 
 Arbuthnot, John, M. D. fb. 1675, 
 d. 1735). wrote An Examination of Dr. 
 Woodwa/rd's Account of the Deluge (1697) ; 
 .471 Essay on the Usefulness of Mathemati- 
 cal Learning ; A Treatise concerning tJte 
 Altercation or Scolding^ of the Ancients,- 
 The Art of Political Lying ; Law is a Bot- 
 tomless Pit, or the history of John Jiull 
 (1713), and other works, a complete edition 
 of which was published in Glasgow, in 1760 
 and 1751. See, also, the Biographia Brit- 
 annica, the letters of Swift and Pope, and 
 the Retrosjiective Review, vol. viii. Dr. 
 Johnson said of Arbuthnot that he was 
 " the first man among the eminent writers 
 in Queen Anne's time." Warton says, •' It- 
 is known he gave numberless hints to 
 Pope, Swift, and Gay, of some of the most 
 Btrikingparts of their works ; " and Macau- 
 lay says, " Th«re are passages in Arbuth- 
 not's satirical works which we cannot dis- 
 tinguish from Swift's best writing." 
 
 Thackeray, too, calls him "one of the' 
 wisest, wittiest,mostaccompli8hed, gentlest 
 of mankind." See Bull, The History 
 OF John : Memoirs of P. P. ; Scrzb- 
 lerus, M:artin0s ; Altercation, &c. 
 
 Arcades. Part of a masque, by 
 John Milton (1 608—1674), performed 
 before the Countess Dowager of Derby, at 
 Harefield, near Horton, Bucks, not later 
 than 1636- *' It was but a slight piece! 
 contrived according to the feshion or 
 the time, its simple motive being family 
 affection." 
 
 " ' Arcades ambo,' id est, black- 
 guards both." A line in Byron's poem 
 of Don Juan, canto iv., st. 93. 
 
 Arcadia, The Countess of Pem- 
 broke's. A pastoral romance in prose, by 
 Sir Philip Sidney (1554—1586), with 
 additions and corrections by his sister, 
 after whom the book is named. It was tii-st 
 published in 1590, and has recently been ed- 
 ited by J. Hain Friswell (1867). The author 
 had intended, we are told by Ben Jonson, to 
 transform the Arcadia into an Knglish 
 romance, of whicli the hero was to be King 
 Arthur. As it is, the scene of the story, 
 which is said to have been taken from that 
 of Hackness, six miles from Scarborough, 
 is situated in a sort of " cloud-cuckoo-land, 
 inhabited by knights and ladies, whose 
 manners are taken from chivalry, whose 
 talk is Platonic, and whose religion is Pa- 
 gan." It was from Arcadia that Shake- 
 speare deri^d the names of some of his 
 characters, such as Leontes, Antigonus, 
 Cleomenes, Archidamus, and Mopsa. 
 Southey speaks of Sidney as— 
 
 " Illustrating the vales of Arcady 
 
 "With courteous courage and with loyal loves." 
 
 See, also, the criticisms by Fulke Gre- 
 ville, Horace Walpole, Dr. Drake, Hazlitt 
 {The Age of Elizabeth), and "W. Stigant 
 {Cambridge Essays for 1858). '* It would 
 be mere pretence," says Professor Massou, 
 "to say that the romance could be read 
 through now by anyone not absolntely 
 Sidney-slmitten in his tastes, or that, com- 
 pared with the books which we do read 
 throiigh, it is not intolerably languid. No 
 competent person, however, can read 
 any considerable portion or it without 
 finding it full of fine enthusiasm and 
 courtesy, of high sentiment, of the breatli 
 of a gentle and heroic, spirit- There 
 are sweet descriptions in it, pictures of 
 ideal love and friendship dialogues of 
 stately moral rhetoric. In the style there 
 is a finish, an nttention to artifice, a musi-, 
 ical arrangement of cadence, and occasion- 
 ally a ridhness of phrases, for which 
 English prose at that time might havq 
 been grateful." Among the leading chai*- 
 acters are Musidorus, Pyrocles, Philoclea, 
 Pamela, Cecropia, and Euarchue (all of 
 which see)> 
 
ARC 
 
 ARD 
 
 39 
 
 Arcadia, The. "A pastoral," by 
 Jamks Shirley (1594—1666), performed 
 atDruryLare in 1640. "In tliia play," 
 says Dyce, " the chief incidents of Sid- 
 ney's famous romance are not unskilfully 
 dramatised.*' 
 
 Archaeological (British) As- 
 eociation, for the Encouragement and 
 prosecution of Researches into the Arts 
 and monuments of the Early and Middle 
 Ages, instituted in London, in 1843. Many 
 important works have been issued by this 
 association. 
 
 Archaeological Institute of 
 Great Britain and Ireland. In 1845 a 
 number of members' of the British Arch- 
 ^OLOGicAL Association seceded from 
 it and formed this Institute. Reports of 
 pro<:eedings, and valuable works are is- 
 sued at irregular intervals. 
 
 Archseological (Irish) and Cel- 
 tic Societ5r was founded in Dublin in 1840, 
 as the Irish Archseological Society, and 
 amalgamated with the Celtic Society of 
 that city (instituted 1845) in 1853. The 
 objects of the society were the preserva- 
 tion, republishing, and re-editing MSS. and 
 books relating to the history, topography, 
 and literature of Ireland ; and upwards 
 of thirty volumes have been published. 
 
 Archee's Banquet of Jests : 
 "new and old." Published at London in 
 1657. " A little jest-book," says Isaac 
 Disraeli, " very high-priced and of little 
 worth." The author was Akchibald 
 Akmsteong. See Abchy's Dream. 
 
 Archer, in Farquhae's Comedy of 
 the Beaux's StratageTn (q, v.), is a decayed 
 gentleman, who acts as servant to Aimwell 
 Cq.v.). 
 
 Archer, Thomas, novelist, has 
 written Wayfe Summers, A fool* s Pcvra- 
 disc, Strwnge Work, Terrible Sights of 
 London^ Xjobov/rs of Love, and other 
 works. 
 
 Archimago (Greek, apxr/^ chief, 
 and jiiayo?, maglciaiO. An enchanter in 
 5pen8EB*8 poem of the Fa'4rie Queene 
 [q. v.), typifying Hypocrisy or Fraud, or 
 the Evil Principle, in opposition to the 
 Bed Cross Knight, who represents Holi- 
 ness. Disguised as a hermit, and assisted 
 by Duessa, or Deceit, he contrives to sep- 
 arate the knight from the lovely Una 
 :q.v,). 
 
 Archimedes. The Areimrins of 
 this writer was translated from the Greek 
 t>y Anderson, in 1784. 
 
 Archipropheta, sive Joannes 
 Baptista. A Latin tragedy by Nicholas 
 GrRIMBOLD (b. circa 1520), written in 1547 
 indt>robably acted at Oxford in the same 
 ir«ar. 
 
 Architrenius. A Latin poem, in 
 nine books, by John Hanvil. a monk of 
 St. Albans (circa 1190). It is described by 
 Warton as " a learned, ingenious, and 
 verv entertaining performance. Tlie de- 
 sign of the work," he says, " may be 
 partly conjectured from its affected Greek 
 title ;" but it is, on the whole, a mixture of 
 satire and panegyric on public vice and 
 virtues, with some historical digres- 
 sions." 
 
 Archy's Dream. A satire on 
 Archbishop Laud by Archibald Arm- 
 strong, King Charles's jester, who had 
 quarrelled with the powerful prelate, and- 
 had, in 1627, been " exiled the Court by 
 Canterbiiries Malice." It appeared in 
 Kill. See Archee's Bax^uet of Jests, 
 
 Arcite. A Youngr Theban kniglit, 
 made captive by Duke Theseus, in Chau- 
 cer's Canterbury Tales (the KnighVs 
 Tale). 
 
 Arcite. Tlie friend of Palamori, 
 in the Two N'oble Kinsmen (q. v.). 
 
 Arden, Enoch. A poem hy Al- 
 fred Tennyson (b.l809), published in 1864, 
 narrating the adventures of a seaman who, 
 shipwrecked on an uninhabited island in 
 the iiropical seas, spends many years in 
 solitude, and when rescued, returns home 
 to find his wife married to another, with 
 whom she lives in happiness^ Arden prdves 
 his nobility of spirit by refusing to reveal to 
 her the fact of his existence, suffers in 
 silence, and dies broken-hearted. This 
 poem is, Taine thinks, the least Tennyson- 
 iaii of the author's poems, wanting in the 
 true Tennysonian manner, and full of me- 
 chanical supernaturalism. Yet "Enoch 
 Arden is a true hero, after the highest con- 
 ception of a hero. He is as great as King 
 Arthur— by his unconquerable will, and by 
 a conscious and deliberate bowing before 
 love and duty." 
 
 Arden, Forest of, in Shake- 
 speare's As You LiJce It (q.v.), is a purely 
 ideal creation ; certainly not intended for 
 the forest of Arden in Staffordshire : more 
 probably the French Ardennes, on each 
 side of the Upper Mouse. 
 
 Arden of Fevershaxn. Atra^edyi 
 printed in 1592, and sometimes attributed 
 to Shakespeare, who possibly revived 
 some of the scenes. Hazlitt says it " con- 
 tains several striking passages ; but the 
 passion which they express is rather that 
 of a sanguine temperament than of a 
 lofty imagination ; and in this respect 
 they approximate more nearly to the style 
 of other ^vriters of the time than to Shake- 
 speare's." Tieck has translated this 
 tragedy into German. A tragedy on the 
 same subject was written by George 
 LiLLO (1693—1739). Arden was a gentle- 
 man of Feversham, who was murdered by 
 his wife and her paramour iu 1570, See 
 Alzcia. 
 
40 
 
 ABE 
 
 ARI 
 
 Areopagitica : '*or, Speech for 
 ttie Liberty of Uiiliceiic'd Printing." A 
 prose work .by JoH2f Milton. (1608— 1674), 
 publiBhed in .1644, and characterised by the 
 historian Prescott as ** perhaps the most 
 splendid argument the world had then 
 witnessed in Dehalf of intellectual libei-ty." 
 ; Chateaubriand declared it to be " the best 
 English prose work " Milton ever wrote, 
 and said : " The liberty of the press ought 
 to deem it a high honour to have for its 
 patron the author of Paradise Lost. He 
 was the first by whom it was formally 
 claimed." Warton termed it "the most 
 ^lose, conclusive, comprehensive, and de- 
 cisive vindication of the liberty of the 
 press which has yet ai}peared. " And Lord 
 Macaulay described it as " that sublime 
 treatise which ever;^ statesman should 
 wear as a sign upon his hand and as front- 
 lets between his eyes." The title of the 
 work is obtained from the Greek Areopa- 
 gus, or Mars Hill, a mount near Athens, 
 where the most famous court of justice of 
 antiquity held its sittings. Professor Mor- 
 ley thinks it is also m allusion to the 
 Areopagitic of Isocrates.v "Milton was 
 seeking, " he says, " to persuade the High 
 Court of Parliament, our Areopagus, to 
 reform Jtself by revoking a tyrannical 
 decree against liberty of the press. He 
 took, therefore, as his model this noble 
 Greek oration, written with discretion and 
 high feeling, but without harshness of 
 reproof. He uttered nobly Ids own soul 
 and the soul of England on behajf of that 
 free interchange of thought which Eng- 
 lishmen, permitted or not, have always 
 practised, and by which they have laboured 
 safely forward as a nation.*' See the edi- 
 tion by Hales (1874). . 
 
 Aresby, Captain, in Madame 
 d*Arblay*s novel of Cecilia (q.v.), is a 
 captain of the militia, whose language 
 ' consists of set phrases intermixed with 
 iSrench words. " He is a most petrifying 
 wretch, I assure you. I am obsedi by him 
 partout." 
 
 Arethusa. The princess in Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher's play of Philaster 
 (q.v-). 
 
 Arethusa. A lyric by Percy 
 Btsbhe Shelley, written in 1820.. and 
 beginning — 
 
 " AretlniBa arose 
 From her couch of enowa • 
 
 In the Acroceraunlan mountoiDB." 
 
 Argalus. A character in Sir 
 Philip Sidney*s prose romance, Arcadia 
 (q.v.); ill love with Parthenia (q.v.). 
 
 Argalus and Parthenia. A pas- 
 toral romance by Francis Quarles (1592 
 —1644) ; was published in 1621, and is 
 modelled on the Arcadia (q.v.) of Sir Philip 
 Sidney, 
 
 Argaate. A giantess in Sfknseb's 
 
 poem of the J^a<irie Queene (q.v.) r is in- 
 tended as a type of the most depraved sen- 
 suality. 
 
 Argantes. A fierce and unbeliev- 
 ing, but courageous Circassian of high 
 rank in Tasso's Jerusalevi Delivered. 
 
 Argenis ; " or, the Loves of Poli- 
 archus and Argenis." A political allegory 
 written in Latin by John Barclay (1582 
 —1621), and pronounced by Cowper to be 
 the most amusing romance ever written. 
 It was translated at the request of Charles 
 I. by Sir Kobert le Grys and Thomas May; 
 again in 1636 by Kingsmill Long, and again 
 in 1772, by Clara Eeeve, under the title of 
 TJie PhcBtiix. Coleiidge thought so highly 
 of it that he expressed a wish that it could, 
 have made its exit from its Latin form, 
 and have been moulded into an English 
 poem in the octave stanza or blank verse. 
 The island of Sicily stands for France, 
 Poliarchus for Henry IV., Usinulea for 
 Calvin, the Hyperaphanii for the Hugue- 
 nots, and so on. 
 
 Argentile and Curan. A tale 
 included in Albion's England, a poem by 
 William WARNEit (circa 15.=)8— 1609), " full 
 of beautiful incidents, extremely affecting, 
 rich in ornaments, wonderfully various m 
 style." Campbell describes it as "the 
 finest pastoral episode in our language." 
 
 Arges. Baron of Servia, and 
 husband of Gabrina, in Ariosto's Orlando ' 
 ^urk>so. 
 
 Argier. The form in which Al- 
 giers is mentioned in Shakespeare's 
 Tempest (q.v.). 
 
 AjrgiUan. A haughty and turbu- 
 lent knight in Tasso's Jerusalem Deliv- 
 ered. 
 
 Argument, An : " to prove that 
 the Abolishing of Christianity in England 
 may, as things now stand, be attended 
 with some inconveniences, and perhaps 
 not produce those many good effects pro- 
 posed thereby." An amusing tiact by 
 Jonathan Swift (1667—1745), the idea of 
 which was praised bv Johnson as " very 
 happy and judicious.^* It was written in 
 1708. 
 
 " Argues yourselves unkncvirn, 
 Not to know ine."~Line 830, hook iv., of 
 Milton's poem of Paradise tost (q.v.). 
 
 Argyll, Duke of, Georse Doug- 
 las Campbell (b. 1823), haa written The 
 Reign of Law {\%m\ Primeval jtfan (1869), 
 The Histori/ and Antiquities of lana (1870), 
 and several pamphlets. 
 
 Argyllshire, On Visiting a 
 
 Scene in. A poem by Thomas Gaupbell 
 
 (1777—1844). 
 
 Arideus. A herald in the Chris- 
 tian aiTny in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. 
 
ABI 
 
 AHM 
 
 41 
 
 Anel. Tlie "tricksy spirit" of 
 Prospero in Shakespeake's play of The 
 Tempest (q.v.) ; the banislied duke having 
 secured his services by delivering Mm from 
 the imprisonment of a cloven pine-tree, to 
 which he had been doomed by the witch 
 Sycorax. In the demonology of the Mid- 
 dle Ages, he sometimes figures as a spirit 
 of the air, and sometimes as a water spirit. 
 As Longfellow sings :— 
 
 " On the hearth the lighted logs are glowing. 
 And, like Ariel in the cloven pine-tree, 
 
 For freedom 
 Groans and sighs the air imprisoned in them." 
 
 Ariel. One of the angels cast out 
 of heaven. See Paratfise Lost, vi., 1. 371. 
 
 Ariel, in Pope's poem of The Rape 
 of the Lock (q.v.), is the leading spirit — 
 *' superior by the head" — of the sylphs. 
 " To give to the sprite of The Rape of the 
 Loch the name of the spirit in The Tempest 
 was a bold christenine. Prospero's Ariel,'* 
 wrote Leigh Hunt, "would have snufEed 
 him out like a taper. Or, he would have 
 snuifed him up as an essence by way of 
 jest, and found him flat. But, tested by 
 Less potent senses, the sylph species is an 
 exquisite creation." "The machinery of 
 the sylphs," says Lowell, " wa.s addecl at 
 the suggestion of Dr. Garth. The idea was 
 taken from that entertaining book, The 
 C&dnt de Gabalis, in which Fouqu^ after- 
 tvards found the hint for his Undine ; but 
 the little spriteSa as they appear in the 
 poem, are purely the creation of Pope's 
 Lancy." 
 
 •'Ariel to Miranda, Take." Tlie 
 irst line of With a Guitar, a poem by 
 Peect Bysshe Shelley (1T92— 1822), 
 written in the" latter year. 
 
 Ariiu£ines. " Tlie prince of earth 
 md air " of Persian mythology and Gre- 
 cian fable. Introduced by B ykos in Mav^ 
 'red (q.v.). 
 
 Ariodante and Gdnevra, The 
 
 listory of. A play performed by " Mr. 
 ^ulcaster's children " before Queen Eliz- 
 Lbeth on the nights of Shrove Tuesday, 
 .582 — 3. It is supposed to have suggested 
 ome of the incidents in Shakespeare's 
 Twelfth Night (q.v.), and was itself found- 
 id on a story in the fifth canto of Aristo's 
 Orlando Fwrioso, of which a rhyming Eng- 
 ish version, under the title of The magicatl 
 md plesaunte history of Ariodanfo and 
 Taneura, daughter unto the kynge of Scots, 
 pas published by Peter Beverley soon after 
 565—6. Spenser refers to the legend in 
 he fourth canto of the second book of his 
 ?a&rie Queene. 
 
 Ariodantes. Tlie lover of Gin- 
 ivra in Aeiosto's OrlantJiO Furioso. 
 
 Ariosto. ThefoUowinjr are some 
 if the leading translations of thia famous 
 filter into English ; Orlando Fi(/rioso, by 
 
 Harrington (1591), Croker (1T66), Hoole 
 (1783), and Stewart Eose (1825); the Satires, 
 by Markham (1608), and Croker (1759); Ele- 
 gies (1611). 
 
 Ariosto of the North. A name 
 by which Byron designated Sir "Walter 
 Scott. 
 
 Aristeas : " History of tlie Seven- 
 ty-two Interpreters ; to which is added, 
 the History of the Angels, and their Gal- 
 lantry with the daughters of Men, written 
 by Enoch, the Patriarch : published in 
 Greek by Dr. GrabCrmade English by Ed. 
 Lewis, of Chr. Church Coll., Oxon, 1715." 
 To this work Moore was largely indebted 
 in his poem of The Loves qf the Angels 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Arlstides. A pseudonym under 
 which P. "W. Blagdon pnblislied a pam- 
 phlet reflecting on the naval administra- 
 tion of Eai'l St. "Vincent (1805), for which 
 he was condemned to sixmonths' imprison- 
 ment. 
 
 Aristides, The British. A title 
 given to Andrew Marvell, the poet (1620— 
 1678). 
 
 Aristophanes. Tlie works of this 
 great Greek comic writer have been trans- 
 lated into English as follows: — the com- 
 plete Comedies by Mitchell (1820—2), Hickie 
 (1853), and Eudd (1867); The Birds (1812), 
 and by Gary (1824) : Tlie Clouds, by.Stanley 
 (1687), Cumherland (1797), and "White (1759); 
 The Frogs, by Dunster (1812) ; Plutus, by 
 Eandolph (1661), Fielding and Young (1812), 
 and Carriugton (1826) ; -The Wasps, by B, 
 B. Eogers (1876). See Ancient Classics for 
 English Headers. Also, Bbitish Bibds, 
 The. 
 
 Aristophanes' Apology. Poem 
 by KOEEKT Bkownikg (b. 1812), published 
 ill 1875, and including Herahles, a tran- 
 script from the Greek of Euripides. 
 
 Aristophanes, The English (or 
 
 Modern). Samuel Foote (1722—1777), come- 
 dian aiid dramatist, was so called on ac- 
 count of his overflowing wit and humour. 
 
 Aristotle. The complete works of 
 this philosopher were translated into Eng- 
 lish by Taylor, and published in 1806—12. 
 The best separate versions are — the Ethics, 
 by "Wylkinson (1547), Gillies (1797), a Mem- 
 ber of Oxford University (1818), Taylor 
 (1818), Browne (1863), Chase (1866), Grant 
 (1866), "Williams (1869), and Giles (1870); 
 071 Fallacies, by Poste (1866); On Govern- 
 ment, 'by Ellis (1776), Gillies (1797); Meta- 
 physics, by Taylor (1801) ; Poetics, by Twin- 
 ing (1789), Pye (1792), Taylor (1818) ; P?iet- 
 onc, by Crummin (1812). Gillies (1823), Tay- 
 lor (1818). See Life of Aristotle by 6. H. 
 Lewes (1864), and by Sir A. Grant (1877). 
 
 Armado, Don Adriano de, 
 
 in Shakespeake's comecl^r of Love'a 
 
42 
 
 ABM 
 
 ARN 
 
 Labour's Lost (q.v.), is a military braggart 
 and bully, who indulges in the most exag- 
 gerated and affected airs, and is said to have 
 been intended as a portrait of John Florio, 
 the philologist and lexicographer, nick- 
 named " the Kesolute." Hazlitt calls him 
 " that mighty potentate of nonsense," and 
 his page, " that handful of wit." 
 
 "Arms and the man I sing/' 
 
 The opening line of Dbydeij 's translation 
 of the JEneid. 
 
 " Armed at all points." Hamlet, 
 act i., scene 2. 
 
 Airmenian Lady's Love, The. 
 A ballad by "William "Wordsworth 
 (1770—1860), written in 1830, and founded 
 on a passage in the Orlandus of the au- 
 thor's friend, Kenelm Henry Digby. 
 
 Armgart. A. dramatic poem pub- 
 lished by George Eliot in Mdcmillan's 
 Magazine; since reprinted in Jubal,and 
 other Poems (1874). 
 
 Armida, in Fairfax's translation 
 of T^-Sso's Gierusalemme Liberata, is a 
 maiden whose enchanted girdle has the 
 power of attracting love to its weai-er — 
 
 " Of mild denayB, of tender scorn, of sweet 
 Bepulscs, war, peace, hope, despair, joy, fear ; 
 Of smiles, jests, mirth, wo, grief, and sad regret ; 
 Sighs, sorrows, tears, embrnccments, kisses aear, 
 That, mixed first, by weight and measures meet ; 
 Then, at an easy fire, attempered were ; 
 This wondrous girdle did Armida frame, 
 And, when she would be loved, wore the same." 
 
 Armies swore terribly in Flan- 
 ders , (Our)." An expression used in 
 Sterxe's Tristram Shandy, iii. 11. 
 
 Armin, Robert. An actor con- 
 temporary with Shakespeare, who wi'Ote 
 A Nest of Ninnies, simply of themselves, 
 without compound {).QQ&)VLi\a a comedy call- 
 ed The History of the Two Maids of More 
 Clacke. 
 
 Arminianism, Display of. A 
 treatise by John Owex (1616—1683), pub- 
 lished by order of the House of Commons. 
 
 Armstrong, John , D .D ., fi rst 
 
 Bishop of Grahamstown, South Africa (b. 
 1813, d. 1856,) was a contributor to the 
 Sritish Critic, Christian 2temembrancer, 
 and Quarterly Revieto, besides editing 
 Tracts and Sermo7is *' for the Christian 
 Reasons." 
 
 Armstrong, John, M. D., poet (b. 
 1709, d. 1779), was the author of An Essay 
 for Abridging the Study of Physic (1735) ; 
 The Economy of Love (1737); The Art of 
 Preserving the Health (1744) ; Benevolence 
 (1751) ; Ati Epistle on Taste (1753) ; Sketches 
 by ~ Lancelot Templff(n5B) ] and some 
 other works. A collection of bis Miscel- 
 lanies appeared in 1770, containing The 
 Universal Alpianack and Th's Forced Mar- 
 riage. For jBiography, see Chalmers's 
 
 Dictionary ; and for Criticism, Campbell's 
 Specimens. Tbe latter writer says of him, 
 that '* he may, in some points, be compared 
 with the best blank verse writers of the' 
 age," and that " on the whole, he is likely 
 to be remembered as a poet of judicious 
 thought and correct expression,'* He 
 adds : " As far as the rarely-successful ap- 
 plication of verse to subjects of science 
 can be admired, an additional merit must 
 be ascribed to the hand which has reared 
 poetical flowers on the diy and diihcult 
 
 troand of philosophy," ** Thorason, in 
 is luxurious way, has hit off Armstrong's 
 likeness in his Castle of Indolence, canto 
 i., stanza 9 ; while Armstrong has given a 
 medical finish to. the same canto, by con- 
 tributing the stanzas that follow the 
 seventy-fourth." See Abridging the 
 Study of Physic ; Forced Marriage, 
 The ; Art of Preserving Health, 
 The ; Love, The Economy of ; Temple, 
 Launcelot. 
 
 Armstrong, Johnny. A ballad, 
 of which various versions mav be found in 
 Wit Restored (1658) ; in A Collection qf Old 
 Ballads (1723) ; and in Allaii Ramsay's 
 Evergreen (1724.) The story goes that 
 James V. of Scotland, being on an expe- 
 dition against the Borderers, was met, in 
 1529, by the famous freebooter who gives 
 his name to the ballad, and who, at the 
 head of all his horsemen, boldly asked for 
 a pardon, and for permission to enter into 
 the royal service. But the king was obsti- 
 nate : — 
 
 '* Thou Bhalt have no pardon, thou traitor atrong, 
 For those thy eight score men and thee, 
 
 To-morrow" morning, by ten o' the clock, 
 Ye all ahall hang on the gallows-tree." 
 
 Whereupon a fight ensued, "till every 
 man of them was slain ; " and their bodies 
 were buried in a deserted churchyard at 
 Carlenrig, near Hawick, where their 
 
 graves are still shown. 
 
 Armusia. One of the heroes of 
 Fletcher's play of The Island Princess 
 (q. v.), in love with Quisara (q.v.). 
 
 Arnim, Robert. See Cahadoc the 
 Gkeat. 
 
 Arno Miscellany: " being a col- 
 lection of Fugitive Pieces, written by 
 Members of the Society called Ozioso, at 
 Florence." Printed privately in 1784; 
 and satirised by Gifford in his Baviad and 
 Mmviad (q.v.). 
 
 Arnold, Arthur, a\Ulior and jour- 
 nalist (b. 1833), has written two novels, 
 Hever Court and Ralph (1863). The History 
 of the Cotton Famine appeared in 1864, 
 Letters from the Levant in 1868, .and 
 Through Persia in 1877. Mr. Arnold was 
 editor of the Echo from its commencement 
 to 1876. 
 
 Arnold, Edwin, poet and miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1832),has writenGriscZrfa, 
 
ARN 
 
 ART 
 
 48 
 
 Orama; Poeirts^ Narrative and Lyrical; 
 ucation in India ; The Euterpe qf Hero- 
 tts, translated and annotated ;■ TlieJTito- 
 ies' n, a translation ; A History of tJte 
 ministration qf India under the late 
 irquisqfDalh<msieni6i}j The Poets of 
 eece (1869) ; and a tranBlation of Hero 
 i Leander (1873). 
 
 &.rnold, Matthe-w, D. C. L. (Ox.), 
 t.D. (Edin.), poet and critic (b. 1822), 
 3 written The Strayed Reveller (1848) ; 
 %pedocles on Etna and other Poems (1853) 
 ems (1864) ; Merope (1868) ; Lectures on 
 anslatingHomer (1861) ; A French Etonfiv 
 'ucation and the State (1864) ; Essays in 
 ^ieism, (1866) ; The Study of Celtic Litera- 
 ■e (1867) ; Schools and unAversities on the 
 ntinent (1868) ; A'eio Poems (1868); Cul- 
 •e and Anarchy (1869); St, Paul and 
 otestaniism (1870); Friendship* s Ga/rland 
 71); A Bible Reading for Schools (KK) ; 
 ^erature and Dogma (1873 ) ; Higher 
 hools and Universities of Germany (1874); 
 d and the Bible (1875) ; and Last Essays 
 Church and State (1877). A complete 
 Ltion of his Poems was published in 
 19. For Criticism, see Essays, by W. C. 
 Bcoe ; My Study Windows, by J. R. 
 well ; A, C. Swinburne's Essays and 
 tdies ; Hutton's Essays ; the Bishop of 
 rry, in Ihiblin Lectures on Literature, 
 \ence, and Art ; The Life and Letters of 
 H. Clough, vol. i.; the Quarterly Review, 
 iril,1869; and Oct., 1868; the Westmin- 
 p Review, July, 1863 ; the Edinburgh 
 view, April 1869 ; the Contemporary 
 view, vol. xxiv. See Balder Bead ; 
 [PBDocLEaojf Etna ; Heine's Geave; 
 ssiNe's IiAocooN ; Myoeeiitus ; 
 
 lEEMAlTO ; EUGBY CHAPEL ; SCHOLAB- 
 
 PSY, The ; Soheab and Eustum ; 
 DTHEEN Night, A ; Steayed Eetel- 
 
 E, The ; THaNDEETESTBOKCKH ; 
 
 yesis ; Teisteam and Iseult. 
 
 Ajrnold, or Arnolde, Richard 
 
 rca 1500). He wrote a work generally 
 own as Amold^s Chronicle the proper 
 te of which is Tlie Names of the Balyfs, 
 stos, Mayres, and Sherefs of ye Cite of 
 ndonfrom the Time of King Richard the 
 'St, &c. " The most heterogeneous and 
 iltifarious miscellany that ever existed" 
 artou), 
 
 Arnold. Thomas, D.D. Heart 
 ster of Eugby (b. 1795, d. 1842). He 
 ote Lectures on Roman History; The 
 ter Roman Commonwealth ; Sermons ; 
 oamphlet on Church and ■ State ; and 
 he miscellaneous works, edited, in 1845, 
 his biographer. Dean .Stanley. See the 
 arlerly Review, vol. Ixxiv. ; Knight's 
 glisu Cyclopaedia, and the I^fe by E. J. 
 irboise. 
 
 Arnold, William Delafield (1). 
 8, d. 1859), wrote Oakfield, or Fellow- 
 p' in the East; The, Palace of West- 
 <iBter,and other Historical Sketches; a 
 
 translation of Wiese's Lectures on Eng- 
 lish Education ; and a volume of Lectures 
 on English History. In the poem o£ A 
 Southern Night, by his brother, Matthew 
 Arnold, allu-.ion is made to his death, at 
 Gibraltar, on his way home from lu^a : — 
 
 " For there with bodily anguish keen, 
 with Indian heats nt last fordone ; 
 
 With public toil and private teen, 
 Thou saukest alone." 
 
 Arnot, Hugo (1749—1786), pub- 
 lished a Collection and Abridgment qf cele- 
 brated Trials in Scotland, from 1536 to 
 1784, with Historical and Critical Remarks 
 (1786) ; History of Edinburgh (1789), and 
 several other works including an Essay on 
 Nothing (1777.) 
 
 Arod. The name under which Sir 
 ■William Walter is personified inDEYDEN's 
 Absalom and Achitopel (q.v.). 
 
 Aronteus. An Asiatic king who 
 joined the Egyptian ai-mament against the 
 Crusaders (Jerusalem Delivered). 
 
 Arraignment of a Lover, The. A 
 
 short poem by Geoege Gascoigne (1530 
 —1577). 
 
 Arraignment of Paris, The. A 
 
 court sliow or masque, by Geobge Peele 
 (1662—1698), represented before Queen 
 Elizabeth in 1584. " The Arraignment of 
 Paris," wrote his friend, Thomas Nash, 
 in that year, •• might pleade to your opin- 
 ions his pregpant dexteritie of art and 
 manifold varietie of invention, whereiu 
 (mtjudice) he goeth a step beyond all that 
 writ«." 
 
 ArroTwsmith, John, D.D. (b. 160^^ 
 d. 1659), wrote Armilla Catechetica, or d 
 Chain of Principles, wherein the Chief 
 Heads of the Christian Religion are Assert- 
 ed and Improved (1659) ; Tractica Sacra 
 (1657), and other works. 
 
 Arsetes. An aged eunuch in 
 Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered.' 
 
 Arster, John, LL.D., Irisli poet 
 and essayist, has published Poems, with 
 tra/nslations from the German (1819) ; a ver- 
 sion of Goethe's i'oits^ (1835); and a volume 
 of poetry entitled Xenidia (1837.) He has 
 been a constant contributor to various 
 magazines and reviews. 
 
 Artemisia. A ranie under wliich 
 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1690—1762) 
 was satirised by Pope. See Sappho. 
 
 " Art is long, and Time is fleet- 
 ing." A line in Longfellow's poem of 
 A Psalm of Life. 
 
 "Art may err, but Nature can- 
 not miss."- Deyden, Cock and Fox- 
 Alt of Cookery, The. A poem 
 by WrLLiAM King (1663—1712), published 
 in 1709. 
 Art of English Foesie, Observa- 
 
44 
 
 ART 
 
 ART 
 
 tions ill the. By Thomas Campion (1540 
 —1623), An essay in criticism, republisli- 
 ed by Haslewood, in liis collection of 
 Ancient Critical Essays upon English Poets 
 and Poesy (1815). It occasioned Daniel's 
 Apology for Rhyme (q.v-). See Aetb of 
 English Poesie, This. 
 
 " Art of Grod, The course of 
 
 Nature is the." Line 1267, night ix., of 
 Young's Night Thoughts (q.v.). "For 
 Nature," says Sir Thomas Browne, "is 
 the art of God " (Jleligio Medici, sect. 16). 
 
 Art of Preserving Health, The. 
 
 A poem by John Akmstrono,M.D,(1709— 
 17T9) published in 1744. " It is a kind of 
 dictionary of domestic medicine in blank 
 Terse, containing much learning, much 
 medical and moral philosophy ; but with- 
 out much original power, either of poetical 
 conception or execution." According to 
 "Warton, it is distinguished by classical 
 correctness and closeness of style. 
 
 " Art thou poor, yet hast thou 
 golden slumbers." First line of*a lyric by 
 Thomas Dekkeb (d. 1641), -which cele- 
 brates the blessings of contentment — 
 
 " O Bwect content ! O aweet, O sweet content ! " 
 
 " Art thou the bird livhom Man 
 
 loves best?" First line of TAe Redbreast 
 cJtasing the Butterfly, a short poem by 
 "William ■Wokdswoktii (1770—1850). 
 
 Arte of English Poesie, The. 
 
 A critical treatise attributed to Geosge 
 POTTENHAM (q.v.), published in 1689, 
 " and coutiived," as the title page ex- 
 presses it, "into three books, the lirst of 
 Poeta and Poesie,the second of Proportion, 
 the third of Ornament." " The work," 
 says Arber, " is not exclusively contined 
 to English Poesie. The tirst of the three 
 books gives also the theory of the origin of 
 the various forms of poetiy. The second 
 describes the ancient classic poetiy ; re- 
 ports, and apparently introduces into our 
 literature, the Tartarian and Persian 
 forms of vei-se, afterwards so fashionable, 
 and discusses the application of Greek and 
 Ijatln metrical ' numerositie' to English 
 poetry. The third book explains the then 
 theory of punctuation ; has a long chapter 
 on Languages, deals with the iigures of 
 rhetoric as well as those of poetry proper, 
 and has some forty pages on a seemingly 
 foreign subject. Decorum ; by which we are 
 to understand not only courtly manners, 
 but also apt and felicitous expression of 
 thought, and appropriateness of dress and 
 conduct to our condition of life." Not the 
 least interesting portion of the first book 
 is that in which the *' author'scensure " is 
 
 fiven upon those *' who in any age have 
 een the most commended writers in our 
 English poesie," these being Chaucer, 
 Gower, Lydgate, Langland, Harding, 
 Skelton, Wyatt, Surrey, Vaux, Sternhold, 
 Hey wood, Ferrys, Fhaer, Ooldlng, Baleigh, 
 
 Dyer, Sidney, Edwards, Gascolgne, and 
 others. The Arte was reprinted by Joseph 
 Haslewood in his Ancient Critical Essays 
 in 1815, and more recently by Arber. See 
 Akt of English Poesik. 
 
 Artegal. A my tliic king of Britain, 
 who figures in the Chronicle of Geoffrey 
 of Monmouth, and in Milton's History of 
 Britain, (q.v.). 
 
 Artegal. A kniglit in Spenser's 
 Fa:&rie Queene (q.v.) ; intended as a type 
 of Justice, and representing the poet's 
 friend and patron. Lord Grey. Many his- 
 torical events are woven into the narrative 
 of his adventures. 
 
 Artegal and Elidure. A poetiual 
 episode by William Wokdswobth 
 (1770—1860), written in 1815, and founded 
 on a passage in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 
 Chronicle. 
 
 Artful. Dodger, The. Tlie sobri- 
 quet, of a character — a young thief — in 
 Dickens's novel of Oliver Ttolst (q.v.). 
 
 Arthur of Lytel Brytayne, The 
 
 Hystory of the Most Noble and Valiant 
 ICnight. Translated into English from a 
 French original, by John Boukchiek, 
 Lord Beeneks (1474—1532). 
 
 Arthur, King of Great Britain : 
 " A Book of the noble Hystoryes of Kynge 
 Arthur, and of certayn of his Knyghtes, 
 reduced into Englysche by Syr Thomas 
 Malory, knyght ; " printed by Oaxton, 
 1489, and recently reprinted. 
 
 Arthur, The Legend of King. 
 
 An old ballad in which the chronicle of 
 De Leew, prjnted at Antwerp, in 1493, ap- 
 pears to have been chiefly followed. It is 
 supposed to be spoken by Arthur himself. 
 
 Arthur, The Book of Kynge : 
 
 "and of his noble knyghts of the Round 
 Table ; " printed by Wynkyu de Worde in 
 1498. 
 
 Arthur, The Misfortunes of. A 
 
 tragedy by Thomas Hughes, a student of 
 Gray's Inn, acted at Greenwich, on Fel>- 
 ruaiy 28, 1587. Lord Bacon, then in his 
 twenty-eighth year, assisted in the inven- 
 tion and preparation of the dumb shows 
 by which the perfonnance was varied. 
 Among the dramatis person(B are Guene- 
 vora, Mordred, and Gawin. 
 
 Arthur, King of England. A 
 
 play by Eichaed Hathaway (1698), prob- 
 ably a revival of The Misfortunes qfArthttr 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Arthur, King. An oiiera written 
 by John De yden (1631-1701), dedicated to 
 the Mli-quis of Halifax, and performed 
 with music by Purcell, in 1691. 
 
 Arthur, Prince. An lieroie poem, 
 in ten books, by SiB Kiohaeu Black- 
 
ART 
 
 45 
 
 MORE, M.D. (1650—1729), published in 1695, 
 and written, as the author tells us, " by- 
 such catches and starts, and in such occa- 
 sional uncertain hours as his profession af- 
 forded, and for the greatest pan i u coffee- 
 houses, or in passuig up and down the 
 streets." It passed through three editions 
 in the course of two years, and though at- 
 tacked by Dennis in a formal criticism, 
 received the praise of Locke, concerning 
 whom Southey remarks that his " opinion 
 of Prince Arthur should be held in remem- 
 brance by all dabblers in metaphysics 
 when they presume to dabble in poetry," 
 Prince Arthur was followed, in 1 697,' by 
 King Arthur. 
 
 Artlnir, Eing. A poem, in twelve 
 books, by Edward, Lord Lytton (1805— 
 1873), published in 1848, in which modern 
 characters, the late King Louis Philippe 
 amou^ others, are introduced under a Tery 
 thin disguise. The poem is not without in- 
 terest as a clever tour de force, but it has 
 never attained to popularity, audits recep- 
 tion by the critics was cold and dishearten- 
 ing from the first. " Nothing," says "W. 
 0. Roscoe, "can more forcibly indicate 
 Lord Lytton*s absolute deficiency in true 
 poetical genius than the value he assigns 
 to his own poetry. After ample time for 
 reflection, he has deliberately placed it on 
 record that his King Arthur is the higliest 
 effort of his powers, and the wo^ on 
 which he rests his claim to posthumous 
 fame. This is to be most unjust to him- 
 self- No poet could have written King 
 Arthur. 
 
 Arthur, King, in Tennyson's poem 
 of The Idylls of the King (q.v.), is iptend- 
 ed less as a portrait of— 
 
 " That gray kin" whose name, a ghost, 
 Streame like a cloud, man-shaped, from moun- 
 tain peak. 
 And cleaves to cairn and cromlech still." 
 
 than as a personification of the soul at war 
 with sense. The reader may, if he chooses, 
 regard the poem as a mere naiTative, to be 
 read for the pleasure its details afford ; 
 t>ut a writer m the Contemjjorary Jleview 
 lot 1873, identified with a personal friend 
 5f the poet's, assures us that the Idylls are 
 intended to be a consistent and coherejit 
 lUegory, opening with the mysterious 
 i)irm of tbe soul, as described in the 
 * Coming of Arthur." and closing with its 
 10 less mysterious disappearance, as mag- 
 lificently recorded in the concluoing idyll, 
 rhrough all the poem '* we see the body 
 ind its passions gain continually greater 
 ;way, till in the end the spirit's earthly 
 vork is thwarted and defeated by the flesh. 
 ?rom the sweet spring-breezes of ' Gareth * 
 ind the story of ' Geraint and Enid,' where 
 he first gush of poisoning passion hows 
 'or a time, and yet passes and leaves pure a 
 jreat and simple hearty we are led through 
 Merlin and Vivien,' where, early in the 
 itorm, we see great wit and genius suc- 
 iiunb; and through * Lancelot and * Elaine/ 
 
 where the piteous early death of innocence 
 
 and hope results 'from it— to the * Holy 
 Grail,' where we find religion itself under 
 the stress of it, and despite the earnest 
 efforts of the soul, blown into mere fantas- 
 tic shapes of superstition. In ' Pelleas and 
 Ettarre' the storm of corruption culmi- 
 nates, whirling the sweet waters of young 
 love out from their proper channels, 
 sweejjing them into mist, and casting them 
 in hail upon the land. Then comes the 
 dismal autumn — dripping gloom of the 
 ' Last Tournament,' with its awful and 
 portentous close ; and then in * Guine- 
 vere,' the final lightning--stroke, and all 
 the fabric of the earthly life falls smitten 
 into dust, leaving to the soul a broken 
 heart for company, and a conviaiion that 
 if in this world only it had hope, it were of 
 all things most miserable. Thus ends the 
 * Round Table,' and the story of the life- 
 long labour of the soul." {Spectator^ Jan- 
 uary, 1870.) Not only, however, does Ar- 
 thur typify the soul ; he is a sort of ideal 
 man, a " blamless king, a kind of human 
 Christ— the royal Liberator of his people, 
 who shall surely come again and complete 
 his work— tbe mystically-born king victo- 
 rious, defeated, but deathless." This, as 
 the writer in the Contemporary, remarks, 
 .was the central figure of a whole literature, 
 which flourished for generations, and 
 doubtless was the secret of its wonderful 
 influence and duration. "It is- difficult 
 not to see the analogy it suggests, and diffi- 
 cult to doubt that, as a knightly version of 
 the Christ Himself, that figure became so 
 popular in the days of chivalry." The Ar- 
 thur around whom all these various le- 
 gends gathered is described as a king of 
 Britain at the time of the English invasion. 
 He was the son of Uther Pendragon by 
 Ignera, wife of Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall, 
 and was raised to the monarchy at the age 
 of fifteen. "Waging war against the inva- 
 ders, he defeated them m every battle, 
 and slew nearly 500 of them with his sword 
 Excalibur (q.v.). He then carried his 
 forces into Scotland, Ireland, and Iceland, 
 and, returning triumphant, took to wife 
 Guenhever, said to be the fairest in the 
 land, with whom he lived peacefully 
 for twelve years. Afterwards he fought ' 
 valiantly in Norway, Kussia, and Gaul, 
 where the Romans succumbed before his 
 marvellous prowess; but, in the meantime, 
 Mordred, his nephew, had allied himself 
 with the English^; and it was in Cornwall, 
 on the river Caiiilan, whilst in the act or 
 chastising the recreant and his rebel fol- 
 lowers, that the " flos regum" was slain. 
 See GuiNEVEBE. 
 
 Arthur's Death, King. An old 
 
 ballad fragment, evidently taken from the 
 romance of Morte d^ Arthur, and curious as 
 a commentary on Tennyson's poem of that 
 name. Only it is Sir Lukyn, and not Sir 
 Bedivere, that tbe king sends to casb Ex- 
 calibur into the mere. See Excalibur. 
 
46 
 
 ABT 
 
 AS 
 
 Arthur, Timothy Shay. An 
 American \vriter (b. 1809), whose works, 
 too numerous to specify in detail, liave 
 obtained considerable popularity. For a 
 list of tliem, see the English and. AmeiHcan 
 Catalogues. 
 
 Artless Midnight Thoughts of 
 a Gentleman at Court, The ; '* who for 
 many years built on sand, which every 
 blast of cross fortune has defaced; but 
 now he has laid new foundations on the 
 rock of his salvation." By Sir William 
 KiLLiGREW (1605— 1693): published in 1684. 
 Gibber says " that besides 233 thoughts in 
 it, there are some small pieces of poetry." 
 "If," says Southey, *'be has given us 233 
 thought* in one volume, we may recom- 
 mend Sir William as a worthy object of 
 imitation, or rather admire the improve- 
 ment introduced in the book manufactory 
 since, of making volumes without any 
 thoughts at all," 
 
 Arundel, or Hirondelle. The 
 magic steed of Sir Bevis of Southampton, 
 in tne romance of that name.<q.v.). An 
 abstird etymology coiuiects it with the 
 name of the castle and town of Arundel. 
 
 Arundel Society, for Promoting 
 the Knowledge of Art by the publication 
 of f ac-similes and photographs, was insti- 
 tuted in London in 1848. 
 
 Arviragus, A son of Cymbeline 
 in Shakespeare's play of that name 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Arymes Prydain Va*wr: " Tlie 
 Destiny of Great Britain." A poem de- 
 scriptive of the expulsion of the Cymii 
 from the British Isles. This has been at- 
 tributed to GoEYDDON", a bard of the 7th 
 century, and to Taliesin (q.v.) ; but Ste- 
 phens, in the Literature of the Kymri, as- 
 signs it to Ma1)0C ap Iddon, King of 
 Gwent, in South Wales, who died in 1180. 
 
 " As a beam o'er the face of the 
 
 waters may glow." Firat lino of an Irish 
 melody by Thomas Mooue (1779—1852). 
 
 "As at a rail-way junction, 
 
 men." First )ine of Sic Itur, a lyric by 
 Arthur Hugh Clough (1819—1861). 
 
 " As I lay a thinkinge." Open- 
 ing line of the Last Verses of " Thomas 
 Ingoldsby," by the Rev. R. H. Barham 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " As I sat in the caf^ I said to 
 myself." A humorously satirical lyric in 
 Dbpsychus (q.v.) by Arthur Hugh 
 Clough (1819—1861)- The refrain runs :— 
 
 '* How pleasant it la to have money, heigho I 
 How pleasant it is to have money ! " 
 
 " As it fell upon a day." First 
 line of a. lyric by Richard Barnfield 
 (h. 1574). The following lines are often 
 quoted :— 
 
 " Eveiythi'ng did banieh moan, 
 Save the nightingale alone. 
 She, poor bird, as all forlorn, 
 Leaned her breast up till a thorn ; 
 And there sung the dolefuU'Bt ditty, 
 Tha t to iiear it was great pity." 
 
 .See Cynthia. 
 
 As -with gladness men of old." 
 First line of a popular hymn by William 
 
 Chatterton Bix (1860). 
 
 "As ye came from the Holy 
 
 Land." First line of False Love and True 
 Love, a poem by Sir "Walter Raleigh 
 (1552—1618). It 18 also the first line of an 
 old ballad, which, taking the form of a 
 dialogue between a pilgrim and a traveller, 
 was once very popular, and is quoted by 
 Beaumont in his Knight of the Burning 
 Pestle, act ii., last scene, and in an old play 
 called Hans Beerpot, the ' Invisible Comedy 
 (1618), act i. 
 
 As You Like It A comedy by 
 William Shakespeare (1564—1616); was 
 probably acted for the first tim e in 1599, and 
 published, under the title of " As Yon Like 
 yt. a booke," in 1600- There can be no 
 doubt that it was written in the heyday of 
 the author's genius, when he had just com- 
 pleted the grand series of historical plays, 
 and was glad to throw himself for rest into 
 the ideal and idyllic world of Arden, before 
 he set to work at the equally grand series 
 of tragic dramas that began with Bortjteo 
 and Juliet, and culminated in Macbeth and 
 Othello. He seems to have been indebted 
 for the mere ground-work of this play to 
 Lodge's Bosalynde (q.v.) : or^ Euphues* 
 Golden Legacie, found, after his death in 
 his cell at Silexedra (1560), which appears 
 in its turn to have been founded on an 
 older English original. In this tale, the 
 deceased Sir John of Bordeaux has three 
 sons, Saladine, Femandine, and Bosader; 
 the banished duke being Gerisniond, King 
 of France. Celia is first Alinda and after- 
 wards Aliena ; Corin and Silvius figure as 
 Condon and Montanus ; whilst the shep- 
 herdess Phcebe and the faithful servant 
 Adam appear in the names that they pre- 
 serve in Shakespeare. Tonchstone, 
 Jacques, and Audrey are, on the other 
 hand, entirely the creation of the poet, 
 who also infuses into all the other charac- 
 ters a life and spirit which they do not 
 possess in Lodge's work. "Large extracts 
 from the latter are given," says Moberly, 
 "in Delius's edition of the works of Shake- 
 speare, and a perusal of them only demon- 
 strates the more clearly how wonderfully 
 the poet has contrived to suii'ound a some- 
 what heavy and commonplace tale with an 
 atmosphere of brightness and romance. 
 To him alone," adds Moberly " belong the 
 charming conception of outlawed forest 
 life, the pure rusticity of the lower charac- 
 ters, the serene magnanimity of the ban- 
 ished duke, the inexhaustible sprightliness 
 of Rosalind, the knavish fool-wisdom of 
 Touchstone, and the superficial and worldly 
 
ASA 
 
 ASH 
 
 47 
 
 aTilUng of Jacques ; all stamped with the 
 uimist^able impress of his master-haud, 
 jid combining, in the most singular way, 
 give the plajr a most distinct and impor- 
 ant moral hearing, as well as the animation 
 ,nd grace which has made it the delight 
 if all readers, young and old." See 
 )owdeu's Shakespeare^ s Miiid and Art 
 
 Asaph. A, character intended for 
 rohu Dryden, the poet (1631—1701), by 
 ^AHUM Tate (1652—1715) who added a 
 econd part to the former-s poem of Absa- 
 om and Achitophel (q.v,). 
 
 Ascanio. The hero of Fletcher's 
 wmedy of The Spanish Curate (q.v-). 
 
 Ascanius : " or, the Young Preten- 
 ler ; " " a true history," published at Lon- 
 ion in 1746. In mythology, Ascanius was 
 L son of Mneas and Greusa, second king of 
 jatium, and liie founder of Alba Longa. 
 Jee Virgil's ^neid, and Livy's Annates. . 
 
 Ascapart, in the romance of Sir 
 3evis of Southampton (^.v.), is a giant, 
 hixty feet high, who is said to have carried 
 iir Bevis, his wife, and his horse, under 
 lisarm, though eventually he falls a victim 
 o the hero's prowess, warton says that 
 le figures frequently in the old French 
 'omances ; and there are numerous allu- 
 ions to lum in the Elizabethan writers. 
 ?ope wrote : — 
 ' Each man an Ascapart, of Btrength to toss 
 
 Tor quoits both Temple Bar and Charing Cross." 
 
 Ascham, Roger, (b. 1515, d. 1568), 
 orote ToxophiluSf the Schole of Shootinge 
 1544) ; A Report and discourse oftlie affaires 
 md state of Germany f and the Emperor^ 
 'Jharles his Court during certaine yeares 
 1550—2), (1552) ; The Scholemaster (1570) ; 
 Apologia pi'o Cosfla Dominica contra Missam 
 it eius Prestigias (1577) ; Eplstolarum Lihri 
 7Ves(1578). His English ^Forfcswere collec- 
 jed, edited, and published by Bennett in 
 L761, with a Life by Dr. Johnson. They 
 ?rere again published in 1815; andappeared, 
 inder the editorship of Dr. Giles, in 1865. 
 iee, also, Grant's De Vita et Ob. liogeri 
 Aschami, and Hartley Coleridge's Northern 
 Worthies. Puller wrote of Ascham :— 
 
 * He was an honest man and a good shooter. 
 lis Toxophilus is a good book for young 
 nen ; his'Schoohnasier for old ; his Epistles 
 'or all men." Hazlitt says : " Ascham is 
 »lain and strong in his style, but without 
 rrace or warmth; his sentences have no 
 larmony of structure. He stands, however, 
 ,s far as I have seen , above all other writers 
 tx the first half of the queen's (Elizabeth) 
 eign." See Schoolmaster, The ; Toxo- 
 
 'HILUS. 
 
 Asgill, John (d. 1738), was the 
 uthor of An Argument proving that Men 
 lay he translated to^ Heaven without dyvng 
 L700), and various other works, including 
 
 • humorous Essay ou a Registry for Titles 
 
 of Lands (1771), and The Succession of tile 
 House of Hanover Vindicated (1714). 
 
 Ashburne, Thomas D\ An Au- 
 gustine friar (circa 1350) who wrote a reply 
 to the THalogues of "Vyickliffe, and various 
 other theological treatises. 
 
 Ashby, Greorge, Clerk of the Sig- 
 net to Que.eii Margaret, was the author of 
 the Active PoHcie of a Prince (q.v.). See 
 "VVarton's Histoid of English Poetry. 
 
 Ashford' Isaac. A peasant^ in 
 Grabbers The Parish Register (q-v-)- 
 
 Ashmble Ellas (b. 1617, d. 1692). 
 wrote Fasciculus Chemicus (1654) ; Theor 
 trwm Chemicum Britannicum (1652) ; The 
 Way to Bliss (1658) ; The Institution, Laws f 
 and Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order m 
 the Garter (1672) ; and Antiquities of Berlc^ 
 s Aire (1719 or 1723). His Memoirs "drawn 
 up by himself by way of diary," were 
 printed in 1717, and reprinted 1774. Wood 
 says of him: " He was the greatest virtuoso 
 and curioso that ever was known or read of 
 in England before his time. Uxor Soils 
 took up its habitation in his breast, and in 
 his bosom the great God did abundantly 
 store up the treasures of all sorts of wisdom 
 and knowledge. Much, of his time, when 
 he was in the prime of his years, was spent 
 in chemistry, in which faculty, being 
 accounted famous, he did worthily deserve 
 the title .of Mercuriophilus Anglicus." 
 .See Fasciculus Chemicus; Gabteb,The 
 Most Noble Order of the; Theatbum 
 Chemicum Britankicum; Wait to 
 Bliss, The, 
 
 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 
 consisting of a valuable collection of MgS., 
 books, coins, &c., was ]preS6nted to the 
 university and opened m 1682 by Elias 
 Ashmole (qv.). The Ashmolean Society, 
 Oxford, was established in 1828. 
 
 Ashmore, John, poet (temp. 17th 
 century), produced Certain Selected Odes q/' 
 Horace Englished (1621). 
 
 Ashton, Charles, Canon of Ely 
 (b. 1665, d. 1752), produced editions of Hie> 
 ocles and Justin Martyr. 
 
 Ashton Lucy. The heroine of 
 Scott's novel of The Bride ofZammermoor 
 (q.v.); daughter of Sir William Ashton, and 
 betrothed to Edgar, the Master of Kavens- 
 wood. 
 
 Ashton, Sir William. A charac- 
 ter in Soott'S Bride of Lammermoor. 
 
 Ash'well, John, Prior of Newnham 
 Abbey, near Bedford, was the author of 
 certain "Letters sente secretley to the 
 Byshope of Lyncolne," in 1527, "wherein 
 the sayde Pryour accuseth George Joye, 
 that Tyme being Felow of Peter College, in 
 Cambridge, of fower opinions;" ** the 
 answere of the sayde George unto the 
 same opinions" being published with the 
 letters. " This work is of great interest," 
 
48 
 
 ASI 
 
 AST 
 
 saya Allibone, "not only to the biblio- 
 grapher and lover of rare books, but as 
 connected with the history of one of the 
 first men who stood forth in England and 
 boldly advocated the ' universal difEusion ' 
 of the Gospel." For an account of Joye, 
 see Fuller's Worthies. 
 
 Asiatic (Royal) Society of 
 Great Britain and Ireland, The, instituted 
 in London in 1823, and incorporated by 
 Eoyal Charter in 1824. In 1828 it establish- 
 ed the Oriental Tkanslatiok Fund, by 
 the aid of which numerous volumes of 
 Eastern literature have been published. 
 
 " Ask me no more : the moon 
 
 may draw the sea." First line of a song by 
 Alfred Tennyson (b. 1809) in The Princess 
 (l-T.)- . 
 
 " Ask me no more •where Jove 
 bestows." First line of a song by Thomas 
 Oabew a589— 1639). 
 
 '* Ask me no more whither do stray 
 The golden atoms ot the day ; 
 For inrurc love heaven did prepare 
 The&e powdei-i to enrich .your hair." 
 
 "Ask me •why I send you 
 
 here." First line of a song called Tlie 
 Primrose (q.v.). 
 
 " Ask ■what you ■will, my o^wn 
 
 and only lovG." First line of a lyric by 
 Fkancis Tdkner Palgbave. 
 
 "Ask -why I love the roses 
 
 fair?" Fii"St line of The Reason Why, a 
 lyric by Fbedeeick Lockeb. 
 
 Aske, James. See Elizabetha 
 Teiumphans. 
 
 Aske-w, Anthony, M.D. (1722— 
 1772), wag one of the fatliers of the "Bib- 
 liomania " in England. 
 
 Asmodeus. The fiendish com- 
 panion of Don Cleofas, "one of Satan's 
 light infantry," in Le Sage's Le Diable 
 Boiteitx, or The Devil on Two Sticks. " As 
 much a decided creation of genius, in his 
 way, as Ariel or Caliban " (Sir 'W. Scott). 
 
 Aspasia, in Beaumont and 
 Fletcher's play of The Maid's Tragedy 
 (q.v.), is forsaken by Amintor. who marries 
 Evadne. "Aspasia," as Charles Lamb 
 says, " is a slighted woman, refused by the 
 man who had once engaged to marry her. 
 Yet it is artfully contrived, that while we 
 pity her, we respect her, and she descends 
 without degradiVtion. So much true poetry 
 and passion can do to confer dignity upon 
 subjects which do not seem capable of it," 
 
 Aspen Court. A novel hy 
 Charles Shibley Beooks (1816—1874). 
 
 Ass, To a Young: "its motlicr 
 being tethered near it." A lyric by Sam- 
 uel Taylor Coleridge (1772—1834), 
 written 1794. Hence the allusion by Byron 
 
 in the English Bards amd Scotch Eevieweri 
 (q.v.)- 
 
 " Yet none in lofty numbera can surpaBS 
 The bard who soars to elef^ise an aes."' 
 
 Assembly of Foules, The. See 
 FociiEs, The Assembly of. 
 
 Asser, Bishop of Slierborne (d.910) 
 is supposed to have wiitten, among other 
 works, the jElfredi Regis Jies GestcB, pub- 
 lished by Archbishop Parker in 1574. See 
 "Wright'e Biographia liritannica Literaria 
 for the argument against Asser'a author- 
 ship. 
 
 Assignation, The. A comedy by 
 Sophia Lee (1750—1824), produced at 
 Drury Lane in 1807. "It was only per- 
 formed once, the public thinking that mu<^ 
 of the satire was aimed at public charac- 
 ters, and therefore naturally evincing dis- 
 pleasure." 
 
 '^ Assume avirtue, if you have it 
 
 not," — Hamlet, actiii., scene 4. 
 
 "Assurance double sure, 111 
 
 make." — Macbeth, act iv-, scene 1. 
 
 " Assurance of a Man, To give 
 
 the world." — Hamlet^ act iv., scene, 4. 
 
 Astagoras. A female fiend and 
 companion of the Three Furies, in Tasso's 
 Jerusalem Delivered. 
 
 Astarte. Tlie lady beloved by the 
 hero in Byron's Mavfred (q.v.). 
 
 AsteU Mary (b. 1668, d. 1731). 
 wrote, among other works, A Serious Pro^ 
 posal to the Ladies for the Advancement oj 
 their true and greatest Interest, and Tha 
 Christian Ileligion- asprofessed h/ a Daugh- 
 ter of the Church of England, She waa 
 ridiculed by the wits of her time, under 
 the nickuame of MADOKit^LA. 
 
 Astle, Thomas (b. 1735, d, 1803). 
 An eminent antiquarian and bibliogi'aph- 
 er, who succeeded his father-in-law in 
 printing the Records qf I'arliament- He 
 was a contributor to the Archceologia and 
 to the Veiuata Monumenta, and was a moat 
 efficient cataloguer. He also wi'ote An 
 Account of tlie Seals of the Kings, Royal Bor- 
 oughs, and Magnates of Scotland (1792), 
 and the Origin and Progress of Writing, as 
 well Hieroglyphic as Elementi^ru (1784) ; 
 " the completest work on the subject of 
 writing in this or any otlier language." 
 
 "Astolat, the Lily Maid of." 
 
 Elaine, in Tennyson's Idylls of the King 
 (q.v.). Astolat is Guildford, in Surrey. 
 
 Astolpho, son of Otlio, and an Eng- 
 lish duke, was carried on the back of a 
 whale to Alcino's isle, and was afterwards 
 transformed into a myrtle. His flight to 
 the moon is one of the ablest passages in 
 the Orlando Furioso. 
 
 Aston, Anthony, '* gentleman. 
 
AST 
 
 ATH 
 
 49 
 
 lawyer, poet, actor, soldier, sailor, excise- 
 man, and publican," was tlie author of 
 Zove in a Hurry (1709) ; Pastora (1712X; 
 The FooVs Opera (1731) : and A Brief 
 Supplement to CoUey Gibber, Esq., his 
 Lives of tlie Late Famous Actors and Act- 
 resses (1742), "which contains some in- 
 formation not preserved elsewhere." 
 
 I Astoreth. A Syrian deity who 
 figures in MiiiioN's Paradise Lost (q.T.), 
 as — 
 
 " Queen of heaven, with creBcent horns, 
 To whose brig;ht image nightly by the moon, 
 Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs. '* 
 
 Astrsea. The poetical name as- 
 sumed by Mrs. Aphra Bbhn (q.T.), a, 
 dramatic and miscellaneous writer (1642 — 
 1689), whose works are distinguished by 
 cleverness and lewdness. Thus Pope — 
 
 "The stage how loosely does Aetnea tread 1" 
 
 Astraea, Hymns of. A series of 
 twenty-six acrostics, in honour of Queen 
 Elizabeth, by Sir John Dayies (1570— 
 1626). 
 
 Astrea : " A Romance written in 
 French by Messere Honobe d'Ukfe and 
 Translated by a Person of Quality : " pub- 
 ished in 1667. '* Its primitive Arcadia was 
 placed in the valley of the Loire, and ite 
 variety of excellent discourses and extra- 
 ordinary sententiousness caused Bichelieu 
 to say that * He was not to be admitted 
 into the Academy of Wit who had not 
 been well read in Astrea-* " D'Urf6 was 
 bom in 1567, and died in 1625. 
 
 Astrolabie, Conclusions of the. 
 See Bread and Milk fob Babes. 
 
 Astrophel. A pastoral elegy, liy 
 Edmund Spenseb (1552—1599), " upon the 
 death of the most noble and valorous 
 knight, Sir Philip Sidney," dedicated to 
 the Countess of Essex. The name is com- 
 pounded of " Phil. Sid.," the abbreviation 
 of Philip Sidney, and their apparent Latin 
 and Greek synonyms. Thus Phil for 
 0tAo?, the friend, and Sid as from the 
 Latin sidus, a star ; the whole meaning, 
 "the friend or lover of the star." The 
 lover was Sidney, and the star his lady- 
 love Stella, or Penelope Devereux, daugh- 
 ter of the Earl of Essex. (See the next 
 paragraph.) 
 
 Astrophel and Stella: "Where- 
 in the Excellence of Sweet Poesle is con- 
 cluded." A poem by Sir Philip Sidney 
 (1554 — 1586); in which he celebrates his 
 platonic devotion to the Lady Penelope 
 Devereux above mentioned. To the second 
 edition, published in 1591, about one hun- 
 dred and sixty sonnets and songs were 
 added. 
 
 Atalanta in Calydon. A dra- 
 matic poem by Alg-ebnon Chables 
 Swinburne (b. 1837), published in 1864, 
 and referred td by Professor Lowell as 
 
 exhibiting that poverty of thought and 
 profusion of imagery, which are at once 
 the defect and decompensation of £11 
 youthful poetry, even of Shakespeare's. 
 "Mr Swinburne's power of assimilating 
 style," he says, " strikes us as something 
 marvellous. The argument of his poem, 
 in its quaint archaism, would not need the 
 change of a word or in the order of a 
 period tc have been foisted on Sir Thomas 
 Malory aE his own composition. The 
 choosing a theme which ^schylus had 
 handlea in one of his lost tragedies is jue- 
 tifle'd by a certain jEschylean flavour in 
 the treatment. The chorus has often an 
 Imaginative lift in it, an ethereal charm of 
 phrase, of which it is the highest praise to 
 say that It reminds us of huu who soars 
 over the other Greek tragedians like an 
 eagle," 
 
 Atalantis, or "Atlantis:" "Se- 
 cret Mfimoire and Manners of Persons of 
 Quality ol both Sexes, from the New At- 
 alantis, an island in the Mediterranean," 
 by Mi-s. De La Kiviebe Manley (1672 
 —17245, and published in 1736. A work in 
 which the persons and manners of the 
 court and nobility who accomplished the 
 Revolution of 1688 are satirised with great 
 freedom of language. Pope refers to it 
 in th€ Jiap6 of the G)ck : — 
 
 " As long 08 * Atolantiti * ehall be read ; " 
 and Bishop Warburton described it as ** a 
 famous book, written aboutthat time, by a 
 woman full of court and party scandals, 
 and in a loose effeminacy of style and sen-, 
 timent, which well suited the debauched 
 taste of the better vulgar." 
 
 Athanasia. The heroine of Jonif 
 Gibson Lockhabt's novel of Valerius 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Athanasian Creed, The, was ver- 
 sified by William "WHYTTiNGTON,"I>ean 
 of DuBHAM, a contemporary of Knox and 
 Calvin, from the latter of whom he re- 
 ceived ordination. The following is a 
 specimen of his version : — 
 
 " The Father God is, God the Son, 
 God Holy Ghoat also i 
 Yet are there not three Gods in all, v 
 But one God and no mo*." 
 
 A metrical arrangement of the same 
 creed is given in Hunnis*s ffandfui of 
 Honeysuckles (q.v.). See Actes op thb 
 Apostles, andApoSTOLio Cbeed. 
 
 Atheism. On the ITecesBity of. 
 
 A pamphlet published originally at Ox- 
 ford, attributed to Shelley (q.v.). and 
 reprinted in the "Notes" to Queen Alab 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " Atheist half believes a God, 
 By night an." Line 177, night v., of 
 Young's Mghi Thoughts (q.v.). 
 
 Atheist's Tradegy, The: " or, the 
 
 Honest Man*s Revenge.'* A play by 
 CvBiL TouBNEUB (circa 1600), printed in 
 
50 
 
 ATH 
 
 ATL 
 
 1611, and noticed in vol. Tii. o£ the Set- 
 rospective JReview, 
 
 Athelard of Bath flourished 
 about 1110—1120, and was the author of 
 the foUovring work* : De Modem et Diver- 
 so ; De .Sic et Tion Sic ; Quastiones Natitf 
 rales; Regulm ^6aci ; A treatise on tlie 
 Astrolabe ; l^oblemata ; De Septem Arti- 
 bus Jjiberalibus ; a treatise on the Com^ 
 poius ; Liber Magistri Adelardi Bathom^n- 
 sis qui dicitwr Mappte Clavicula ; and va- 
 rious translations irom the Arabic. A list 
 of the editions of Ms Works is given in 
 Wright's Biographia JSritannica Literaria. 
 See Philosophcts ANGiiOBCM ; QujES- 
 
 TIOJIES NATUEALES 
 
 Athelstane, surnkraed the "Un- 
 ready," Thane of Couingsburgh, in Sir 
 WaI(Teb Scott's romance of Ivanlwe 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Athelstane's Victory, An Ode, 
 written in old English verse, and printed 
 in Ellis's Specimens of the English Poets, 
 from two MSS. in the Cottonian Library, 
 British Museum. It is dated 937 in Gib- 
 eon's CkronicleSj 938 in Hickes's Saxon 
 Grammar J and is supposed to have been 
 written by a contemporary bard. 
 
 _ Athense Ozonienses : " an ex- 
 act History of all the Writers and Bishops 
 who have had their Education in the 
 most eminent and famous uuivei-sity of 
 Oxford from 1500 to 1690," written by 
 Anthony a Wood (1632—1695), and pub- 
 lished in 1691-2 ; followed veir shortly 
 after by li'asii, or Annals of the University. 
 A second edition, rendered valuable by 
 Important additions and corrections, ap- 
 peared in 1721. " To the first volume " 
 says Professor Fraser, "is prefixed in 
 some copies an account of the author, 
 prepared by himself, in which he claims 
 the merit of freedom from party prejudice, 
 and alludes to his singularly recluse ^nd 
 ascetic life. The world has not recognised 
 his liberality of temper so much as his 
 wonderful industry. Though a diligent 
 antiquary, he was noted for the strong 
 prejudice of a narrow mind. It appears 
 that At one time he was indicted for de- 
 famation in the University Court, on ac- 
 count of his criticisms on the Earl of Clar- 
 endon, Lord Chancellor of England and 
 Chancellor of the University. At another, 
 hp was attacked with much severity by 
 Bishop Burnet, in a Jjetter to the BisJiop 
 pfLicftfield and Coventry, to which Wood 
 lepliedT in a Vindication, published in 
 1693. 
 
 Athenaeum, The : " a Magazine of 
 Literary and Miscellaneous Information," 
 edited by John Aikis, from its commence- 
 ment, in 1807, to its conclusion, in 1809, 
 The Journal which now bears this title 
 was established inJ829, by James Silk 
 Buckingham (1786— 18BB), and included 
 among its earliest contributors F. D. 
 
 Maurice, John Sterling, J. S. Mill, and 
 many other eminent writers. See Carlyle's 
 Life of Sterling, 
 
 Athenaid The. A poem by Bich- 
 
 AKD GLOVEB, 1787. 
 
 Athens: "its Rise alidFall. An 
 unfinished historical work by Ebwahd, 
 Lord Lytton (1806 — 1873), of which two 
 volumes were published in 1836. 
 
 " Athens, the eye of Greece, 
 
 mother of arts and eloquence." — Paradise 
 JRegained, book iv., line 240. 
 
 Atherstone Edwin, poet (1788 
 — 1872), wrote The Last Days ofHercula- 
 Ileum (1821) ; A Alidsummer Day*s Dream, 
 (1822); Abrtmaies and Panthea; The Fall 
 of Nineveh (1828, 1830, 1847), The Seor-Mngs 
 of England (1830) ; The Handmriting on the 
 Wall (1858) ; and Israel in Egypt (1861). 
 See Men of the TiTwe, Mackenzie's /mperiai 
 Dictionary of Biography, and Chambers's 
 Cyclopadw, of English Literature. See 
 NiNEVBH, The Fall of. 
 
 Atin. The squire of Pyrockles 
 and stirrer up of strife in Spenseb's 
 EaSrte Queene, book^ii. 
 
 Atkinson, Joseph, Irish dramatist, 
 wrote Mutual Deception (1795), A Match 
 For a Widow (1786), and Love in a Blaze 
 (1800). The first of these was afterwards 
 altered by Golman, and produced at the 
 Haymarket under the title of Tit for Tat. 
 The second and third were comic operas. 
 
 Atkinson, Thomas (d. 1689), was 
 the author of a manuscript tragedy in 
 Latin, entitled Homo (q.v.). See AxsESM 
 Oxonienses. 
 
 Atkyns, Richard (1615—1677), 
 wrote a work on the Origijial and growth qf 
 Printing in England, collected out of His- 
 tory and the Records of this Kingdom; 
 wherein is also demonstrated, that Printing 
 appertavneth to the prerogative Royal, ana 
 is a flower of the Croum of England (1664). 
 In this work Atkyns, who *as a patentee 
 under the Crown for printing, denied tlie 
 claim of (jaxton as introducer of the art 
 of printing into England, and ascribed it 
 to Corsellis. It provoked considerable 
 controversy, and he followed it up with a 
 Vindication, &c. (1669). 
 
 Atkyns, Sir Robert (b. 1647, d. 
 1711), wrote the Antient and Present State 
 qf Glostershvre (1712). 
 
 Atlantes. A magician and sage 
 who educated Rogero in all the manly vlr^ 
 tues (Orlando Furioso). 
 
 Atlantis See Atalantis. 
 
 Atlantis, The New. An unfinisli- 
 ed work by Fkancis, Lord Bacon (1561— 
 1626), which we are told h« devised " to the 
 end that he misht exhibit therein a model 
 
ATO 
 
 ATY 
 
 m 
 
 and description of a college, instituted for 
 the interpreting of nature, and the pro- 
 ducing of great and marrellous works for 
 the benefit of man, under the name of Sol- 
 omon's House, or the College of the Six 
 Days' Works. And even so fax as this his 
 lordship hath proceeded to finish that part. 
 His lordship tiiought, also, in this present 
 fable to have composed a frime of laws,, 
 on the best state or mould of a common- 
 wealth ; " but this he did not live to effect. 
 jThe work as it stands is a mere fragment, 
 on the mode] of the many similar hctions 
 in which, as in the Utopia of More and the 
 Oceana of Harrington, efforts have been 
 made to draw the picture of a perfect gov- 
 ernment. It is reprinted in Bohn's Stand- 
 ard Library^ and has been edited with 
 notes by J. A. St. John (1838). See AxA- 
 
 LA2fTIS- 
 
 Atom, The History and Adven- 
 tures of an. A romance published in 
 1769, In which the writer, Tobias Geoese 
 Smollett (1621—1771), satirises the vari- 
 ous political parties in England from 1754 
 to the dissolution of Lord Chatham's ad- 
 'ministration. "His inefBcient patron, 
 Ijord Bute, is not spared in this work, and 
 Chatham is severely treated under the 
 name of Jowler " (q. v.). 
 
 Atossa, in Pope's Moral Essays, 
 epi^tle ii., is intended as a satirical portrait 
 of the then Duchess of Buckingham. It 
 was long supposed that the poet intended 
 it for Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough ; but 
 there seems no grounds for such a supposi- 
 tion. The name is apparently tajten from 
 Atossa, the Queen of Cambyses and of 
 Darius Hydaspes, by whom she became the 
 mother of Xerxea. She is represented as 
 a disciple and follower of Sapplio (q.v.), 
 who, in Pope's Satires, stands for Lady 
 Mary Wortley Montagu. 
 
 Atropoion Delion : " or, the Death 
 of Delia, with the Tears of Her Funeral." 
 A monody on the death of Queen Bliza^ 
 beth, published in 1603, and attributed to 
 Thomas Newton (d. 1607), who terms it 
 " a.poetical excursive discourse of our late 
 Eliza." 
 
 " Attempt, The, and not the 
 deed confounds us." — Macbeth, act ii., 
 scene 1. 
 
 Attempts at Verse, by John 
 Jones, edited by Robert Socthey (1774 
 —1843) in 1831. 
 
 Atterbury, Francis, D.D., Bishop 
 of Colchester (b. 1662, d. 1732), wrote four 
 volumes oi Sermons (1740), a Latin transla- 
 tion of Absalom and Aehitophet (1082), and 
 some visitation charges, which were pub- 
 lished in his Miscellaneons Works in 1789— 
 98. The latter collection contains all his 
 correspondence and tracts^ including a 
 mass of curious and interesting ecclesiasti- 
 cal history. His Private Correspondence 
 
 wjis published by Lord Hailes in l'r68, Ms 
 Epistolary Corresphndence by Nichols iu - 
 1783. See, also, Atterbwrya/na, being Mis- 
 cellanies oy: the late Bishop of Rochester, 
 published by Curll in 1727. His Life was 
 written by Stackhouse in 1727 ; his Me- 
 moirs had appeared in 1723. He had "a 
 mind," saysi Macaulay, "inexhaustibly 
 rich in all the resources of controversy." 
 ^'In his writings," sa^js Dr. Doddridge, 
 '* we see language in its strictest punty 
 and beauty.* There is nothing dark, noth- 
 ing redundant,-, nothing obscure, nothing 
 misplaced." .Buckingham thus describes 
 Jiim in his Electixyii of a La/wreate (q.v.) — 
 
 "A prelate for wit and for eloquence f am'd 
 Apollo Boon missed, and he needs not be nom'd ; 
 Since amidst a whole bench, of which some are 
 
 so bright, 
 Not one of them shines as leam'd and polite. ' 
 
 Dr. Johnson thought Atterbury's Sermons 
 among the best for style. See UBIM. 
 
 Atticus, in Pope's Epistle to Arhtth- 
 not, is a famous satirical portrait of Addlr 
 son, written in revenge for a fancied slight, 
 the liistory of which may be read in Dis- 
 raeli's QMan'e^5Q/'.4'Miftor«,Thackeray'siec- 
 twes on the Humorists, and the various bi- 
 ographies of the two writers. The lines 
 are too well known to require, quotation ; 
 but it may be mentioned that the conclud- 
 ing couplet, which now stands — 
 
 "Who but mnst laugh, if eucTiaman there be? 
 Who would not weep, if AtticuB were he ? " 
 
 first stood thus — 
 
 " Who would not smile if such a man there be ? 
 Who would not laugh it Addison were he." 
 
 Hazlitt calls the whole passage" the finest 
 piece of personal satire in Pope." 
 
 Atticus, The Irish. The name 
 under which the Earl of Chesterfield 
 satirised George Faulkner (d. 1775), in a 
 series of once-celebrated letters. 
 
 Atticus. One of the pseudonyms 
 of " Junius " (q.v.), in his earlier com- 
 munications to the Piiblic Advertiser* 
 
 Atticus, in Dibdin's "bibliogra- 
 phical remance" called mbliomamia (q. 
 v.), is intended for Kichard Heber, brother 
 of Reginald Heber, Bishop pf Calcutta 
 (1783 — 1826), who was also called "the 
 Christian Atticus." 
 
 Attwood, Thomas (b. 1784, d. 
 1856), was the author of some letters on 
 currency, contributed to the Globe news- 
 paper in 1828, which established, says E. 
 Waif ord, his reputation as one of the ablest 
 advocates of paper-money.. He was after- 
 wards M. P. for Birmingham. 
 
 Atys. A Phrygian sliepherd, of 
 whom Cybele became enamoured, and who, 
 having taken a vow of perpetual chastity, 
 was made her priest; but, breaking the 
 vow, he wentTnad, and was transformed 
 
52 
 
 ATT 
 
 AUR 
 
 into a fir-tree. The fine poem of Catullus 
 on this subject has been translated by 
 Leigh Hunt (1784^1859). 
 
 Atys and Adrastus, The Tale 
 
 of. An heroic poem, by William 
 Whitehead (1715—1785). 
 
 Aubrey, John, antiquary (b. 1626, 
 d, 1700), wrote the Naiwal History and Ati- 
 tiguiiieso/the County qf Surrey (1719), Mis- 
 cellanies upon Various Subje^s (1696), and 
 A History of Wiltshire^ besides contribu- 
 ting Minutes qf Lives of eminent men to 
 "Wood's AtkencB Oxonienses (q.v-)» and aid- 
 ing Dugdale in the preparation of his 3/on- 
 asticon Anglicanum (q.v.). A biography 
 of Aubrey by Britton was published in 
 1845 by the Wiltshire Topographical Soci- 
 ety, and an edition of the Lives, &c., was 
 issued in 1813. 
 
 Auburn. The name of Gold- 
 smith's Deserted Village, in his poem of 
 that name, generally identified with Lis- 
 soy, in Ireland : — 
 
 " Sweet Auburn I loveliest viUage of the plain." 
 
 Audelay, John, a monk of Haugh- 
 mond, near Shrewsbury, wrote some 
 verses, printed by Halliwell Phillipps for 
 - the Percy Society (1844). which form an in- 
 teresting specimen of the Shropshire dia- 
 lect in tne fifteenth century. 
 
 "Audience (fit) find, though 
 
 few,"— Milton's Paradise Lost, vii., 30. 
 
 Audley Court. An idyll by Al- 
 fred Tensyson (b. 1809), written in 1842. 
 
 Audr^. Country lass in Shakes- 
 peare's As Tou Like It (q.v.). "The 
 most perfect specimen," says Charles Cow- 
 den Clarke, *' of a wondering she-gawky." 
 
 Auerbachj Berthold. A German 
 novelist, several of whose works have been 
 translated into English and published in 
 the Tauchnitz series. Among others, On 
 the Heiglits. The Country iSmse on the 
 Jikine, Sdetweiss, and GerTncm Tales. 
 
 Augmentia Scientiarum, De. 
 
 See Adyajtcement of Learning, The. 
 
 Augusta. The lady to whom Lord 
 Byron (1788—1824) addressed, in 1816, sev- 
 eral stanzas and epistles, and who stood to 
 him in the relation of half-sister. She 
 married a Colonel Leigh. 
 
 Augustine, The Ladder of St. 
 
 A poem by Henry "Wadsworth Long- 
 fellow (b, 1807) which contain? numer^ 
 ous familiar lines, and is said to be the or- 
 igin of an allusion to the writer in Tenny- 
 son's /n Memoriam, stanza, 1. Thus, 
 Longfellow says :— 
 
 " Nor deem the inexorable Fast 
 Ab wholly wBBted, wholly vain, 
 If rifiing on its wrecka, at laat 
 To BomethiDK nobler we attain." 
 
 Tennyson's lines are these :— 
 
 " I held it truth with him who aings 
 To one clear harp in divers tones. 
 That men may nse on Bteppin^-atoncB - 
 Of their dead selrea to higher things." 
 
 The first two of these latter lines is cer- 
 tainly an admirable description of Long- 
 fellow, but it is not absolutely certain that 
 the allusion is to him. 
 
 Auld G-ood-Man, The. A ballad 
 in the form of a dialogue, printed in the 
 Tea-table Miscellany (q.v.). 
 
 Auld Lang Syne. The famous 
 song by KoBERT Burns (1759 — 179^. 
 Bums himself assured his friends that it 
 was old, but it is generally believed that 
 he was, as Alexander Smith remarks, the 
 entire, or almost the entire, author. 
 
 Auld Robin Forbes. A lyric by 
 
 Susanna Blamire (1747—1794), notable 
 as a good example of the Cumberland dia^ 
 lect. Its pathos is almost ' comparable to 
 that of Atild Bobin Gray (q.v.). 
 
 Auld Robin Gray. A ballad by 
 Lady Anne Barnard (1750—1825), written 
 in 1771, under circumstances which tlie 
 authoress has herself recorded. She says 
 there was an ancient Scottish melody, of 
 which she was passionately fond, whicli a 
 friend of hers 'used to sing to her at her 
 father's house in Balcai:ras. This friend, 
 it seems, did not object toils having im- 
 
 £ roper words ; but Lady Barnard (then 
 ady Lindsay) did. She longed, she said, 
 to sing the air to different words, and give 
 to its plaintive tones some little history of 
 virtuous distress in humble life, such as 
 might suit it. The song, as it now stands, 
 was accordingly completed, and became a 
 favourite in Sie domestic circle ; but the 
 authorship, so far from becoming generally 
 known, was not divulged till 1823, when 
 Lady Barnard acknowledged it in"a letter 
 to Sir Walter Scott. By him the ballad 
 was printed in the form of a tract for the 
 Bannatyne Club, together with two con- 
 tinuations, both, however, inferior to the 
 original poem. It may be added that the 
 title ** Bobin Grey," was taken from the 
 name of an old herdsman in Lord Balcar* 
 ras' service. The story has since been 
 elaborated into a prose fiction by Charles 
 Gibbon. 
 
 Aungervyle, Richard. See Phi- 
 
 LOBTBLON, 
 
 Aurelia Darnel, in Smollett's 
 
 novel of Sir Launcelot Greaves (q.v,), ia 
 described by Sir "Walter Scott as " by far 
 the most feminine, and, at the same time, 
 lady-like person, to whom the author has 
 introduced us." 
 
 Aurelio and Isabell, Daughter 
 
 of the King of Schotlande. A once favour- 
 ite romance by Jean de Flores, publish,- 
 ed in one volume, in 1586, in Italian, 
 
AUB 
 
 AUT 
 
 63 
 
 French, and English and f^ain In Italian, 
 Spanish, French, and English, in 1588> It 
 is probable that it may have given Shake- 
 speare hints for his play of The Tempest 
 (q.v.). See Wjurton's English Poetry , sect. 
 6(1, 
 
 Aurelius, Marcus Antoninus. 
 
 See Antoxikus. 
 
 Aurelius, in Dibdin*s bibliograph- 
 ical «' romance,"' Bibliomania (q.T.)» is in- 
 tended for George Chalmers, t±ie anti- 
 quary (q.v.). 
 
 Aurora Iieig;Ii. A poem, or novel, 
 in blank verse, by Elizabeth Barrett 
 Browning (1809—1861). published in 1856, 
 and characterised by the authoress as the 
 " most mature " of her productions, and 
 the one in whicli ** her highest convictions 
 upon life and art are entered." Like 
 AVordsworth's Prelude and Beattie*s Min~ 
 ^trelt it is the desciiption of " the growth 
 of a poet's mind," and is characterised at 
 once by scenes of the highest passion, and 
 hy passages in if^hich commonplace con- 
 versation follows immediately u^on meta- 
 physical or philosophical discussion. Au- 
 rora Ijeigh is represented as the, daughter 
 of a fair Florentine and a learned English- 
 man^ who subsequently achieves fame as 
 a poetess. She is beloved by Komney 
 Leigh,an earnest philanthropist, for whom, 
 after he has passed through many and 
 various vicissitudes, Aurora at last owns 
 her love. 
 
 Aurora, on Melissa's Birthday, 
 
 Ode to. By Thomas Blacklock (1721 — 
 1791). Commended by Henry Mackenzie, 
 author otThe Man ofJ''eeling, " as a com- 
 phment and tribute of affection to the 
 tender assiduity of an excellent wife.'* 
 
 Aurora Raby. A rich, noble 
 English orphan : in person f'a rose with 
 all Its sweetest leaves yet folded."— By- 
 KON*S Z>on Jiimij canto 15. 
 
 Austen, Jane, novelist (b. 1776, d. 
 1817), wrote Sense and Sensilnlity (1811) : 
 Pride and Prejudice (1812) ; Mansfield 
 Park (1814) ; Emma (1816) ; Northam.ger 
 Abbey (1818) ; Persuasion (1818) ; and Lady 
 Jane (1872). Her Life has been written by 
 her nephew, the Rev. J. Austen-Leigh. 
 Sir Walter Scott wrote of Miss Austen :— 
 " That young lady had a talent for describ- 
 ing the involvements, and feelings, and 
 characters of ordinary life, which is to me 
 th&most wonderful I ever metwith. The 
 big bow-wow strain I can do myself, like 
 anyone now going; but the exqujsite touch 
 which renoets ordinary commonplace 
 things and characters interesting, from 
 the truth of the description and the senti- 
 ment, is denied tome." "MisB Austen*s 
 novels,'* saya Alexander Smith. *' are oc- 
 cupied with delineations of English society 
 in the middle and higher ranks. Her 
 characters are th« moat every-day char- 
 
 acters, and her incidents the most every- 
 day incidents. Her books contain nothing 
 more exciting than a village ball, or the 
 gossip of a village spinster's toartable ; 
 nothing more tragic than the overturning 
 of a chaise in a soft ditch, or a party being 
 caught in a shower of rain going tc church. 
 Miss Austen has little humour. Her ridi- 
 cule is refined and feminine. There is 
 never more than a smile upon her lips. 
 In her own delicate wall^ she is without a 
 rival. Never was there such exquisitp 
 manners-painting; never was English 
 middle-class life^ with its little vanities, 
 its petty spites, its quiet virtues, so deli- 
 cately and truthfully rendered." 
 
 Austin, Alfred, poet, critic, arid 
 novelist, has written An Artist's Proof 
 (1864) ; Won by a Head (1865) ; The Season 
 (1869); A Vindication of Lord Byron nSG9); 
 The Poetry of the Period (1870) : The Golden 
 Age (1871) ; Interludes {1872) ; Pome or . 
 Heath (1873) ; Madorma'g Child (1873) ; The 
 Tower of Babel (ISli) : The Human Trag- 
 edy (1876). 
 
 Austin, John (b. t797, d. 1860), 
 wrote The Province of Jurisprudence De- 
 termined (1832), (q-v.). 
 
 Austin, John, of St. John's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, wrote, in defence of tht) . 
 Koman Catholic Church, The Christian 
 Moderator, published in 1661. He also com- 
 posed A Harmony of the Gospels, and other 
 works. 
 
 Austin, Samuel, contemporary 
 with Drayton, wrote a poem entitled Uror- 
 nia, or the Heavenly Muse (1620). 
 
 Austin, Sarah (b. 1793, d. 1867), 
 published Characteristics of Goethe (1833) ; 
 A Collection of Pragments from the Ger- 
 mam, Prose Writers, Illustrated with Bio- 
 graphical Notes ; Considerations on Na- 
 tional Education; Sketches of German^ 
 from 1760 to 1814 ; Selections from the Ola 
 Testament; Letters on Girls' Schools; and 
 translations of The Stcyry witJtout an End, 
 Banke's History of the Popes, smd his His- 
 tory of the Reformation in Germany, See 
 Macaulay's essay in the Edinburgh Re- 
 view for 1840. 
 
 Author's Bedchambei:, Descrip- 
 tion of an. Lines by Olivek Goldsmith 
 
 (1728—1774) :— 
 
 ** AnighUmp decked his brows instead of bay ; 
 A cap by night— a stocking all the day." 
 
 Authors by Profession, The 
 
 Case of, "stated" by James Ralph, (d. 
 1762), " in regard toBoolcs^lters, the Stage, 
 and the Public," and published in 1758. 
 It enumerates many of " the bitter evils 
 incident on an employment so precarious 
 and BO inadequately rewarded." 
 
 Autocrat of the Breakfast 
 
 Table, The. A series of papers contribu- 
 ted by Oliver WEA'TtELiiHoLMEs (b. 1809) 
 
64 
 
 AUT 
 
 AVE 
 
 to the fii'st twelve numbers of the AtlanUc 
 M(yn,thly, and republished i'n 1858. " The 
 AiUocratf" says Br. Shelton Mackenzie, 
 " is as genial and gentle, and, withal, as 
 I>hilosophical, an essayist as any of modem 
 times. He is, however, somewhat more 
 than an essayist ; he is contemplative, 
 discursive, poetical^ thoughtful, philoso- 
 phical, amusing, imaginative, tender — 
 never didatic. This is the secret of 
 his marked success. He interests vari- 
 ously-constituted minds, and various 
 moods of mind. It needed not the intro- 
 duction of lyrical pieces (which we are glad 
 to have) to show that the Autocrat is es- 
 sentially a poet." The Autocrat qf the 
 Breakfast -Table has since been followed 
 by The Professor at the Brealfast Table 
 T1870), and The Poet at the Breakfast Table 
 (1872). 
 
 Autolycus. A pedlar in Shake- 
 SPEABE'S Winter Tale (q.v.). Bowden 
 speaks of "the gay defiance of order and 
 honesty which Autolycus, most charming 
 of rogues, professes. The sly knavery of 
 Autolycus has," he says, ** nothing in it 
 that is criminal ; heaven is his accomplice. 
 ' If I had a mind to be honest, I see For- 
 tune would not suffer me ; she drops 
 booties in my mouth.' " 
 
 Automathes, The History of. 
 
 A work of fiction by John Kirkby. pub- 
 lished in 1745 under the following title : — 
 " The Capacity and Extent of the Human 
 "LTnderstanding, exemplified in the extra- 
 ordinary case of Automatlies, a young 
 nobleman, who was accidentally left in his 
 infancy upon a desolate island, and con- 
 tinued nineteen years in that solitary 
 state, separate from all human society." 
 " The Life of Automathes," says Gibbon, 
 in his Autobiography , " aspires to the 
 honours of a philosophical fiction. It is 
 the story of a youth, the son of a ship- 
 wrecked exile, who lives alone on a desert 
 island from infancy to the age of man- 
 hood. A hinO is his nurse ,; he inherits 
 a cottage, with many useful and curious 
 instruments ; some ideas remain of the 
 education of his two first years : some arts 
 are borrowed from the beavers of a neigh- 
 bouring lake ; some truths are reveale(fin 
 supernatural visions. With these helps, 
 and his owii industry, Automathes be- 
 comes a self-taught though speechless 
 philosopher, who nad investigated with 
 success his own mind, the natural world, 
 the abstract sciences, and the great prin- 
 ciples of morality and religion. The author 
 is not entitled to the credit of invention, 
 since he has blended the English story of 
 Jiobinson Crusoe with the Arabian romance 
 of Sdi Ebn Yokhdan, which he might have 
 read in the Latin version of Pocock. In 
 the Life of Automathes I cannot praise 
 either the depth of thought or elegance of 
 Btyle ; but the book is not devoid of enteiv 
 tainment and instruction; and, among 
 
 several interestiiig passages, I would select 
 the discovery of nre, which produces, by 
 accidental mischief, the discovery of con- 
 science." Th» History qf Automathes iiaa 
 not met with very extensive popularity, 
 nor has it ever been translated into any 
 foreign language. " I am, however," says 
 "Weber, who includes it in his collection of 
 romances, "informed by an intelligent 
 friend, that he read a similar work in liis 
 youth, at that time very popular, entitled 
 7'he Self-Taught Philosqp her, pvohahlytixQ 
 same as AutomatheSf or borrowed from 
 it." 
 
 Autumn. An ode by Thomas 
 Hood (1798—1845), written in 1827. 
 
 Autumn. A poem, forming one 
 of the series of The Seasons (q.v.), by 
 James Thomson (1700 — 1748), published in 
 1730. 
 
 Avalon, in mediEeval romance, 
 was an enchanted Island, where resided 
 Arthur and Oberon, and the Fairy Mor- 
 
 fana. It is generally identified with our 
 Inglish Glastonbury : " Avalon," from 
 the British "aval," an apple, in allusion 
 to its orchards , and " Glaston-ey " (" Ynys 
 Gwydrin"), glassy isle, from the emerald 
 hue of the waters surrounding it. It is 
 sometimes written " Avilion," and used 
 poetically for a region of eternal happi- 
 ness. Tennyson writes in The Idylls of 
 the King (" The Passing of Arthur ") :— 
 " I am going a long way 
 To the island-vftlley of Avihon, 
 Where falls not hau, or rain, or any snow. 
 Nor ever wind blowe loudly." » 
 
 See the romance of Ogier le Danois- 
 
 Avenel, Dick, in Lord Lttton's 
 story of Jlfy Novel (q.v.), is an "Ameri- 
 canised Englishman— not such as we know 
 him from the broad farce of Martin Chuz- 
 zlewit, or the caricatures of Ptmch, but (al- 
 lowing for personal idiosyncracies) the 
 true Yankee,' big, blustering, sharp as a 
 needle, but honest, warm-hearted, and 
 generous withal." 
 
 Avenel, The "White Lady of. 
 
 The guardian spirit of the iK>ble family of 
 Avenel in Sir Walter Scott's romanc& 
 of TJie Monastery (q.v.). See White 
 Lady. 
 
 " Avenge, O Lord, thy slaugh- 
 tered saints, whose bones." First line of 
 a sonnet by John Milton (1608—1674). 
 
 Averanche, Lionel, in Smtthe's 
 
 novel of Angela Pisani (q.v.), is apparent- 
 Ijr intended as a portrait of the author 
 himself. " Like Averanche." says a writer 
 in Afaomillan's Magazine y "Smythe united 
 to his intellectual tastes and political and 
 literary ambitions a craving after fashion- 
 able fame. Keen politician and acute 
 thinker as he was, he was a man of pleas- 
 ure as well ; nor could he have been more 
 
AVE 
 
 AYM 
 
 65 
 
 cratifled than by being classed, as one of 
 bis friends iiasvlassed him, with those 
 heroes at once of the senate and the saZon, 
 of whom Alcibiades will remain the daz- 
 zling and perennial type." 
 
 Averancbes, Henry D', though 
 a Frenchman bj birth, and though he 
 probably wrote in the French language, 
 claims mention here as the first recorded 
 holder of the office now called "poet- 
 laureate." He figured In the court of 
 Henry III., where he went by the name of 
 Master Henry the Versifier. His yearly sal- 
 ary seems to have been " one hundred shil- 
 lings," entries of such payments to him 
 occurring in Madox's History of tlie Ex- 
 chequer, under 1249—1251, See Warton's 
 English Poetry and Auston's Lives of the 
 Poets-Laureates. 
 
 Avery, Captain. The hero of 
 one of Daniel Defoe's minor stories, en- 
 titled. The King of Pirates: being an Ac- 
 count of the Famous Enterprises of Captain 
 Avery, the Mock King (if Madagascar, pub- 
 lished in 1719. 
 
 Avery Glibun : " or. Between 
 Two Fires." A romance by R.H. Newell, 
 an American writer (" Orpheus C. Kerr "), 
 published in 1867. The preface is as fol- 
 lows : — " Avery Glibun being my first essay 
 in sustained fiction, its seems remarkably 
 prtident to say no more about it." 
 
 Avesbury, Robert of (d. 1356), 
 was the author of A History of Edward 
 III., from 1313 to 1366, printed in 1720. 
 ." In this work," says Chalmers, " we have 
 a plain narrative of facts, with an apparent 
 candour and impartiality ; but his chief 
 excellence lies in his accuracy in point of 
 dates, and his stating all public actions 
 from records, rather than from his own 
 notions." 
 
 Aveugle. Son of Erebus and Nox, 
 in Spenseb's Fa'drie Queene (q.v.). 
 
 "Awake, .Siolian lyre, awake." 
 
 First line of Geay's Pindaric ode, The 
 Progress of Poesy (q.v.). 
 
 " Awake, arise, or be for ever 
 fallen ! " Line 330, book i., of Milton's 
 Paradise Lost. 
 
 ■'ATvake, awake, my Lyre." 
 
 First line of a lyric by Abraham CoWLsr 
 (1618-1667) ;— 
 
 " And tell thy silent master's humble tale 
 In sounds that mayprerail." 
 
 " Awake, my St. John ! leave 
 
 *11 meaner things." Line 1, epistle i., of 
 Pope's Essay on Man (q.v.). 
 
 "Awake, my soul, and Tvith the 
 
 sun." First line of the Morning Hymn, 
 by Bishop Ken (1637—1711). 
 
 "Away, delights ; go seek some 
 other dwelling." Opening line of a lyric 
 
 in BEAnmoNX and Fletchek's play of 
 The Captain, 
 "Away i let nought to love 
 
 displeasing." First line of the poem of 
 Wmlfredti (q.v.). 
 
 Ayenbite of Invrit, The (i.e., the 
 Again-Bite, orBemorse of Conscience). An 
 English translation, by Dan Michel of 
 Northgate, of a French treatise, Le Somme 
 des Vices et des Vertues, written in 1279, 
 byFrere Lorens (Lauientius Gallus), for 
 Philip II. of France. " It discusses," says 
 Morley, ■ " the Ten , Commandments, the 
 Creed, the seven deadly sins, how to learn 
 to die, knowledge of good and eyil, wit and 
 clergy, the five senses, the seven petitions 
 of the Paternoster, the seven gifts of the 
 Holy Ghost, and other similar subjects." 
 The translation is in the Kentish dialect. 
 See the editions by Stevenson (1855) an<l 
 Morris (1866). 
 
 Ayesha, the Maid of Ears. A 
 
 storj; by James Mokier (1780—1849), the 
 heroine of which is eventually discovered 
 to be the daughter of an Englishman, Sir 
 Edward Wortley. Her lover, Lord Osmond, 
 is carried off by Corah Bey, and sent to the 
 galleys, but is released through the inter- 
 cession of the English ambassador, and 
 carries his bride to. England. 
 
 Aylett, Robert, IiL.D., Master 
 
 in Chancery, wrote Peace with her Four 
 (rarders (1622) ; A Wife not ready-made, 
 but bespoken (1653) ; A Poetical Pleading 
 for and against Marridgb ; Divine ana 
 Moral Speculations (1654), and JDevotionB 
 (le.'jS). See Brydges' Censura Literari^ 
 and Bestituta, and Lowndes' BibliOr 
 grapher's Manual. Aylett wrote his own 
 epitaph as follows : — 
 
 " HaiC suprema dies, bit mihi prima quies." 
 i.e.— 
 
 " Lord I let this last be my first day of rest." 
 
 Aylmer, John, Bishop of London 
 (b. 1521, d. 1594), wrote, in answer to 
 Knox's First Blast of the Trumpet against 
 the monstrous Regiment of JVomen, a 
 pamphlet entitled, An Harborowe for 
 Faithful and Trewe Subjects against the 
 late Blowne Blaste concerning the Govenh- 
 ment of Women (1659). 
 
 Aylmer's Field. A poem hy Ai,- 
 FBED Tenwtsok, published in 1664. 
 
 Aymer, Prior. A Benedictine 
 monk, prior of Jorvaulx Abbey, in SiB 
 Walter Scott's romance of Ivanhoe 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Aymon, the History of the Pour 
 Sons of. " Emprynted the 8th day of May, 
 1504," and founded on an old French ro- 
 mance, Les Quatre-Fltn-Aymon, by Huoir 
 DE Villeneuye (1165—1223). Aymon, or 
 Hayman, is Duke of Dordoque, and his sons 
 are respectively termed Rinaldo or Uenaud, 
 Guicoiardo or Qulscard, Alardo or Alard, 
 
56 
 
 AYR 
 
 BAB 
 
 and Bicciardetto or Bichard. Batf e lias an 
 opera on this favouiite old legend. Beiiaad 
 figures also in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, 
 
 Ayres, John. A noted penman 
 of tlie time of Charles II. He published 
 Tarious works on the subject of his special 
 art ; among others, The Accomplished 
 Clerk (1683), and A Tutor to Penmcmship 
 (1695.). 
 
 Ayres, Philip, who wrote in tlie 
 latter half of the seventeenth century, 
 
 gublished, in 1670, a translation from the 
 panish of Barbaoillo, called The Fortu- 
 nate Fool ; in 1680, The Count of Cabalis, 
 or the extravagant mysteries of the 
 Cabalisis exposed infivepleasant discourses 
 on the secret sciences i in 1683, Emblems of 
 Love; and in 1688, Pctx itedux, or the 
 Christian's Reconciler. 
 
 AyrsMre Bard, The. A name 
 conferred on Bobert Bums, the Scottish 
 Poet. 
 
 Ayscough, George Edward, the 
 editor of Lord Lyttelton's works, published 
 in 1776, a tragedy called SemiramiSy which 
 was act«d at Srury Lane, with an epilogue 
 by Sheridan the elder. 
 
 Ayscough, Samuel, clergyman 
 (b. 1745, d. 1804), compiled A Copious Index 
 io the liemarkahle Passages and Words in 
 Shakespeare (1790), whicli, once famous, is 
 now completely superseded by Mrs. (^ow- 
 den Clarke's ConcordaTtce, 
 
 Ayton, Sir Robert, poet (b. 
 1570, d. 1638), produced several songs and 
 lyrics, which were printed in the Delitia 
 Poetarum Scotorum (1637), and Watson's 
 Collection 0/ Scottish Poems (1706). For a 
 list of his Latin works, see Allibone's 
 Dictionary of British and American 
 Authors. He is buried in Westminster 
 Abbey. 
 
 Aytoun, William Edmon- 
 
 Btoune, poet, novelist, and essayist (b. 1813 
 d. 1865), wrote T/ie Life and Times of Pich- 
 ard /., King of England (1840) ; Lays of 
 the Scottish Cavaliers (1849), (q.v.) ; Poth- 
 laell (1856) I Firmilian (1854), (q.v.) ; Nor- 
 manSinclatr (1861) ; A Nuptial Ode on the 
 Marriage of tlie Prince of Wales (1863) ; 
 besides contributing several popular tales 
 to Blackwood's Magasiner editing the 
 Ballads of Scotland (1858), and writing, in 
 conjunction with Theodore Martin, the 
 Bon Gaultier Ballads (q.v.). See BouH- 
 well ; dunshunneit, augustus ; bon 
 Gaultiek ; Jones, T. Peeoy. 
 
 Azaria and Hushal A satiric 
 poem by Samuel Pokdage (q.v.), son of 
 John Pordage, the astrologer (1625—1698). 
 It was written in reply to Dryden's 
 Absalom andAchitojphel (q.v.), the general 
 structure of which it follows throughout. 
 "Samuel Pordage," says Professor Morley, 
 " replied to Bryden's satire with a tem- 
 perance rare in the , controversies of that 
 
 time. Unlike other op^nents, he gave 
 Dryden credit for his genius ; and the only 
 lines that have any resemblance to the 
 usual coarseness of abuse are those which 
 comment on the opening lines of Dryden's 
 poem, which were meanly complaisant to 
 the king's vices." In this poem, Mon- 
 mouth is Azaria; Shaftesbury, Hushai ; 
 Charles II., AmMzia , Cromwell, Zabad ; 
 Titus Gates, Libai; the Duke of York, 
 Eliakim; whilst Dryden himself is 
 satirised as Shimei; all of which see. 
 
 "B." The initial under which the 
 Bight Hon. Geokqe CANNiifG (1770—1827) 
 contributed to the Microcosm (q.v.). 
 
 Baba, Bli. Tlie liero of the story of 
 the "Forty Thieves," in The Arctbia/n 
 Nights. 
 
 Baba, Cassim. The brother of 
 All Baba, who. in attempting to secure 
 possession of the wealth in the robbers' 
 cave, forgot the right word, and was dis- 
 discovered and put to death. 
 
 Baba,. Hajji, of Ispahan, The 
 
 Adventures of. A Persian romance by 
 James Mokieb (1780—1849), published in 
 1824, and followed, in 1828, by The Adven- 
 tures qfHc^ Baba in England. 
 
 Babbage, Charles, philosophical 
 writer and mathematician (1792 — 1871), 
 wrote The Economy of Manufactures ana 
 MachiTiery (1833) ; A Ninth Bridgeisater 
 Treatise (1837>; and Passages from the Life 
 of a Philosopher (1864) ; besides contrib- 
 uting largely to the Transactions of the 
 Royal Socieiitj in the history of which, by 
 Weld (cap. vii.), will be found some bio- 
 graptiical particulars of the author. A 
 list of his works, amounting in number to 
 over eighty, may be found at the end of 
 The Great Exhibition (1851). 
 
 " Babbled o' green fields." See 
 
 Xing Henry K., act ii., scene 3. 
 
 Babbler, The. A series of essays, 
 published in 1767, which originally 
 appeared in Owen's Weekly Chronicle. 
 
 Babe Christabel, The Ballad of. 
 
 A poem by Gekald Massey (b. 1828), 
 published in 1854, and forming an elegy on 
 """ ^--"- " * ■ aumor's 
 
 the death 
 children : — 
 
 of one of the 
 
 " In this dim -world of clouding cares, 
 
 "We rarely know, till 'wildered eyes 
 See white wings lessening up the skies 
 The angels with ua unawares. . 
 " Strange glory streams through life's wild tents. 
 And through the open door of death 
 "We see the heaven that beckoneth 
 To the beloved going hence." 
 
 Babes in the Wood, The : 
 
 "The Cruel Uncle, or the Hard-hearted 
 Executor." A blaok-lotter ballad, printed 
 
BAB 
 
 BAG 
 
 67 
 
 in 1670, and identical with The Children in 
 the Wood, or the Norfolk Oentleman^s 
 Last Will and Testarneni. It is probably 
 a poetical version of the murder oi the two 
 Princes iu the Tower by Bichard III. 
 Addison speaks of it as " one of the 
 darling songs of the common people^ and 
 the denght of most Englishmen at some 
 part of their age." 
 
 Babiugton, Charles Cardale (b. 
 
 180S), is Professor of Botany in the 
 University of Cambridge^ and author of 
 several valuable botanical treatises, in- 
 cluding Flora Bathoniensis, The Flora of 
 the Channel Islands, Manual of British 
 Botany, &c. 
 
 Babington, Rev. Churchill (b. 
 
 1821), wrote the " Hulsean Prize Essay" iu 
 1846, and has edited several of the ** Ora^ 
 tions of Hyperides," from MSS. recently 
 discovered. 
 
 Baboon, Levcis, in Arbuthnot's 
 History of John Bull (q.v.), is intended for 
 King Louis XTV. of France. " Philip 
 Baboon," in the same work, is a nickname 
 given to Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson 
 of the former monarch. 
 
 Baby May. A lyric by William 
 Cox Bennett (b. 1820), forming the first in 
 a volume of Poems on InfamAs, published 
 in 1861. 
 
 Baby's Debut. The. A parody 
 by James Smith (1775—1839) on the poetry 
 of Wordsworth, contained in the volume 
 of Rejected Addresses (q.v.), and concluding 
 thus — 
 
 ** And now, {;ood gentlefolks, I go 
 To join mamma and Bee the bUow ; 
 
 So bidding you adieu, 
 I curteey, like a pretty miss. 
 And if you'll blow to me a, kiss, 
 
 rU blow a kiss to you." 
 
 Bachelor's Banquet, The : " or, 
 
 A Banquet for Bachelor^j wherein is pre- 
 pared sundry daintie dishes to furnish 
 their tables, curiously dressed and serious- 
 ly served in ; pleasantly discoursing the 
 variable humors of women, their quick- 
 nesse of wits and unsearchable deceits." 
 This work was printed in 1604, and vras 
 probably written by Thomas Dekkeb, 
 the dramatist (d. 1641). 
 
 " Back and side go bare, go 
 bare," "A good old song" in Bishop 
 Still's comedy of Gammer Gurton's 
 Needle (q.v.). It opens the second act, and 
 is described by Warton as the first clianson 
 a boire, or drinking ballad, of any merit in 
 our language." I>yce has pointed out a 
 version of it considerably older than the 
 date of the play. 
 
 Backbite, Sir Benjamin, in 
 
 Sheridan's comedy of The School for 
 Scandal (q.v.), is, as maybe inferred from 
 his name, a cynical scandalmonger. 
 
 3* 
 
 *' Backing of your friends ? 
 
 Call you that." — King Henry 1 K., part 1, 
 act ii., scene 4. 
 
 Bacon, Anne {b. 1528, d. 1600), 
 translated,' from Italian into English, 
 twenty-five sermons by Bernardino Ochine 
 on '1 he Predestination and Election of God 
 (about 1550) ; also, from Latin into Eng-~ 
 lish, Bishop Jewel's Apology for the Church 
 qf England (1564 and 1600). The latter tran- 
 slation has been commended as " both ele- 
 gantandfaithful." Biographical notices of 
 this lady., to whom Beza dedicated his, 
 Meditations, majr be found in Ballard's 
 Meinoirs of British Ladies, and Birch's 
 Memoirs qf Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Bacon, Delia. An American 
 writer 0>- 1811, d. 1859), who published in 
 1857, The Philosophy of the Plays of Shake- 
 speare Unfolded, Ihe preface to which was - 
 written by Nathaniel Hawthorne (q.v,). In 
 this work the authoress endeavours to ' 
 prove that Lord Bacon was the author of 
 the plays. 
 
 Bacon, Fryer, The Famous His- 
 torie of, " Containing the wonderful tbings 
 that he did in his Life ; also, the Manner 
 of his Death ; with the Lives and Deaths 
 of the two Conjurors, Bungye andVander- 
 mast," has been reprinted in Thorn's 
 Early English Mctions* (See next j)ara- 
 graph.) 
 
 Bacon and Frier Bongay, The 
 
 Honourable History of Frier. A play by 
 Robert Greene (1560 — 1592)^ performed 
 by "Her Majesty's servants" in 1594. It 
 is reprinted in Dodsley's collection of Old 
 Plays- 
 
 Bacon, Francis, Lord, Viscount 
 St, Albans, statesman and philosopher (b. 
 1561, d.l626), wrote Essays (1597, 1612, and 
 1624) ; The Advancement of Learning ■ 
 (1605); 2>e Sapientia Veterum (1609) ; No- 
 vvm Organum (1620) ; De Augmentis Scien- 
 tiarum (1623) ; Apophthegms (1625) ; Sylva 
 Sylvarum; and The New Atlantis, refer- 
 ence to which will be found under their ■ 
 respective headings. The Life of Bacon, 
 says G. L. Craik, has been written briefly 
 by his chaplain. Dr. Rawley ; at greater 
 length, but very superficially and slightly, 
 by Mallet ; much more elaborately in the 
 Hiographia Britannica, by Dr. Birch ; and, "^ 
 with various degrees of fulr.ess andknowl- 
 edg', more recently by Basil Montagu, 
 Lord Macaulay, and M, Charles Bemusat 
 (Bacon, sa Vie, son Temps, sa Philosqphie, 
 1857). A publication of some value is "W. 
 Hepworth Dixon's Personal History of 
 Lord Bacon, fr&m Unpublished Papers 
 (1861). The great questions of the true na- 
 tui-e and significance of the Baconian, or, 
 a3 it is often styled, the inductive or ex- 
 perimental philosophy, of its originality, 
 and of what part it has had in the progress 
 of modem discovery, have been amply dis- 
 cussed and illustrated by John Flayfair, 
 
58 
 
 BAO 
 
 BAG 
 
 Macvey Napier, Coleridge, Hallam, Corato 
 Joseph de Maistre (in his Jiemarques sur la 
 Philosophie de Bacon^ ]838), Macaulay, 
 Herschel, J. S. Mill, Whewell, Reniusat, 
 and, with very remarkahle acuteness and 
 power, by Kuno Fischer, in his Francis 
 Bc^on, of Verulam : Jieaiistic Philosophy 
 and Its Age, translated from the German 
 by John Oxenford (1857). The best edition 
 of Bacon's 1 1 orks is that, by James Sped- 
 diiig, who has also published his Letters^ 
 ana Life (1870). The tributes to the genius 
 of this great writer are, of course, many 
 and various. Of the poets, Ben Jonson said 
 he"86emed to him " ever, by his work, one 
 of tlie greatest men and most worthy of 
 admiration that had been for ages." Cow- 
 lew wrote — 
 
 "Bacon, like Moses, led ub forth at last } 
 The barren wilderness he pass'd, 
 Did on the very borUer stand 
 Of the blesa'd promia'd Land, 
 And from the mountain-top of his exalted wit,' 
 Saw it himself, and show'd ub it." 
 
 Dryden said— 
 
 " The world to Bacon does not only owe 
 Its present knowledge, but its future too." 
 
 Pope's description of him as "the wisest, 
 brightest, meanest of mankind " is familiar 
 to every one. "Walton called him '* the 
 great secretary of .nature and all learn- 
 ing," and Addison declared that " he had 
 the sound, distinct, comprehensive knowl- 
 edge of Aristotle, with all the beautiful 
 lights, graces, and embellishments of Ci- 
 cero." *' Who is there," asks Burke, 
 "that upon hearing the name of Lord 
 Bacon does not instantly recognise every- 
 thing of genius the most profound, every- 
 thing of literature tlie most extensive, 
 everything of discovery the most pene- 
 trating, everything of observation of hu- 
 man life the most distinguishing and 
 refined?*' 
 
 Bacon, John. /See Resolute Doc- 
 tor, The. 
 
 Bacon. Leonard, D.D., an Amer- 
 ican clergyman (b. 1802), professor at 
 Yale College, U. S., was one of the editors 
 of the Christian Spectator, from 1826 to 
 1838, and of the Independent, from 1848 to 
 1863 ; and is the author of, among other 
 works, a Life of Eichard Baxter (1830) ; 
 Slavery Discussed (1846) ; ' Christian Self- 
 Culture (1863) ; and The Genesis of the New 
 England Churches (1874). 
 
 Bacon, Phanuel, D.D., (b. 1700, 
 
 d. 1783), was the author of five dramas. 
 eventually collected and published under 
 the title of Humorous Ethics ; and of The 
 Snipei a ballad, and A song of Similies, to 
 be found in The Oxford Sausage, 
 
 Bacon, Roger (h. 1214, d. 1292). 
 A monk of the Order of St. Francis, who 
 wrote a large number of works,— according 
 ■to Leland, thirty ; accordinff to Bale, 
 more than eighty ; and according to Pits, 
 nearly a hundred. Those that have been 
 
 printed are Opus Majus (1733 and 1750) j 
 Speculum Alchemice (1541) ; De Mirahiii 
 Potestate Artis et Naiurce (1542, 1612, 1657, 
 and 1659) ; some chemical, tracts in the 
 Thesaui'us Chemicus (1603) ; and a treatise 
 on the means of avoiding the infirmities of 
 old age (1590). His unpublished manu- 
 scripts include Computus Jiogeri Baconis ; 
 Compendium Theologicum, and Liber Na- 
 turalium, in tlie King's Library ; O^ns 
 Minus, and Opus Tertian in the Cottonian 
 Libraiy. For a complete list of his wri- 
 tings, published and unpublished, see the 
 Biographia Britannica, and Watts' Biblio- 
 grdphia Britannica. Hallam says: "The 
 mind of Roger Bacon was strangely com- 
 pounded or almost prophetic gleams of 
 the future course of science, and the best 
 principles of the inductive philosophy, 
 with a more than usual credulity in the 
 superstition of his own times." See, also, 
 ©'Israeli's Curiosities of lAterature, and 
 Warton's History of English Poetry. See 
 
 Aj>MIKAELE BOCTOR, !I^HE. 
 
 "Bad eminence, By merit rais- 
 ed to that." — Paradise Lost, lines 5 and 6, 
 book ii. 
 
 Badcock, John. See Dictionart 
 OF THE Varieties of Life. 
 
 Badoura. A Princess of China 
 who becomes enamoured of Camaralzaman 
 at first sight {Arabian Nights). 
 
 Baffin, "William, navigator (b. 
 1584, d. 1622), wrote an account of his voy- 
 age under James Hall in 1612- The work 
 is remarkable as being the first on record 
 in which a method is laid down for deter- 
 mining the longitude at sea by an observa- 
 tion of the heavenly bodies. Baffin also 
 wrote an account of his voyage under By- 
 lot in 1615, and his name was given to the 
 bay discovered by him in 1616. 
 
 Baffled Knight, The: "or, The 
 Lady's Policy." A humorous ballad in the 
 Fepy's Collection ; reprinted in Bishop 
 Percy's iieZigites of Ancient British Poetry > 
 
 Bage, Robert, novelist (b. 1728, d. 
 1801) wrote Mount Henetk (1781) ; Barham 
 Downs (1784) ; The Pair Syrian (1787) ; 
 James Wallace (1788) ; Man as He is (1792) , 
 Hermstrong : or, Man as He is Not (1796) 
 His Life was written by Sir Walter Scott 
 who included his works in his Novelists 
 Library. "The works of Bage," he Ba;^a 
 "are of high and decided merit. It is 
 scarce possiBle to read him without being 
 amused, and, to a certain degree, ijistruc^ 
 ed. His whole efforts are turned to the 
 development of human character, and, it 
 must be owned, he possessed a ready key 
 to it." See Eakham Downs ; Man as 
 
 HE IS. 
 
 Bagehot, "Walter, journalist and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1826, d. 1877), pub- 
 lished The English CoTistiiittion (1867); 
 
BAO 
 
 BAK 
 
 59 
 
 Physics and Politics ; Lombard Street 
 (1873) ; .and Essays on Silver (1877). He 
 edited 3'A£ Economist for Bome years. 
 
 Bagstock, Major Joe. A "rough 
 and -tough " character in Dxckens's Dom- 
 My and Son (q.T.). 
 
 Bailey, James M. kn American 
 journalist and humorist ; author of The 
 Danbnry Sewsman and Life in Danlmry 
 (1873). 
 
 Bailey, Junior. The boy at Mrs. 
 Todgers', in Dickens's novel of Martin 
 Chuzzlewit (q. v.). 
 
 Bailey, Nathan, philologist (d. 
 1742), published, in 1728, the Etymological 
 English Dictionanf ; enlarged in 1^37, and 
 afterwards issued in folio, under the direc- 
 tion of James Nicol Scott, and frequently 
 reprinted. He was also the author of a 
 Dictionarium Domesticum, and other edu- 
 cational works. 
 
 Bailey, Philip James, poet (b. 
 1816), has written Festus (1839) ; The Angel 
 World (1850) ; Tlie Mystic (1855) ; The Age. 
 (1868) ; and The Universal Hymn (1867). 
 See AsGEL Wobld, The : Festus. 
 
 Bailiffs Daughter of Islington, 
 The. See 1s.cs. Love Eequited. 
 
 Baillie, Joanna, dramatist, poet, 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1762, d. 1851), 
 published Plays an the Passions (1798, 1802, 
 1812, and 1836), Miscellaneous Plays (1804), 
 The Family Legend (ISIO), Metrical Legends 
 (1821), Fugitive Verses (1823), Metrical Le- 
 getids of Exalted Characters, and A View 
 of the General Tenourofthe New Testament 
 Megarding the Nature and Dignity of Jesus 
 Christ. Her dramatic and poetical Worlcs, 
 with a Life^ere published in one volume 
 in 1853. '" Her tragedies," says Miss Mit- 
 ford, '* have a boldness and grasp of mind, 
 a firmness of hand, and resonance of ca- 
 dence that scarcely seem within the reach 
 of a female writer. That Mrs. Joanna is 
 a true drami^tist, as well as a great poet, 
 I, for one, can never doubt.'* " Woman," 
 wrote Byron, "(save Joanna Baillie) cannot 
 write tragedy." See Family Legend, 
 The. 
 
 Baillie, Robert, Principal of Glns- 
 gow University (b. 1602 or 1599, d. 1662), 
 wrote LoAulensvum, (1640), and a large num- 
 ber of controversial tracts. His Letters 
 amd Journals were first published in 1775, 
 and have since been edited by David 
 Laing, LL.D. 
 
 BaUlif, Herry. The host of the 
 Tabard Inn, in Chacceb's Canterbury 
 Tales. 
 
 Bain, Alexander, LL.D, philo- 
 sophical and metaphysical writer (b. 1818), 
 has written The senses and tlie Intellect 
 (1855) ; The Emotions amd the Will (1859) j 
 
 The Study of Character (1861) ; Mental amd 
 Moral Science (1868) '; Logic (1870); Mirid 
 and UodyX^SlS), and various text-books on 
 astronomy, electricity, meteorology, and 
 English grammar and rhetoric. He has 
 contributed largely to the periodicals of 
 the day, and has edited the Minor Works 
 of George Grote. 
 
 Baines, Edward (b. 1874, d. 1848), 
 wrote A History cf the Wars of the French 
 devolution (1818) ; A History, Directory, 
 and Gazetteer of the County of York; 
 (1822) : a similar work for The County of 
 Lancaster (1824 and 1836) : and other works 
 His Life was written by his son', Edward 
 (1851). 
 
 Baines, Bdward, son of the pre-' 
 ceding (b. 1800), besides writing the £io0- 
 raphy of his father, has published a His- 
 tory of the Cotton Manufacture, A Visit to 
 tile Vaudois of Piedmont, The Woollen 
 Manufactures of Englcmd, and other 
 works. 
 
 Baird, Spencer Fullerton,LL.D. 
 (b. 1823), an American naturalist, has 
 translated and edited the Jcoriograpkio 
 Encyclopcedio. (1851). In conjunction with , 
 JohnCassin, he has also written The Birds 
 qf North America (ineo), and The Mammals 
 of North America (1861). 
 
 Bajazet. A character in Rowb's 
 tragedy of Tamerlane (q.v.). 
 
 Baker, George (b. 1781, d. 1851), 
 was the author of a History of Northamp- 
 tonshire, the first part of which appered m 
 1822, and about a third of the fifth part in 
 1841. It was never finished, owing to the 
 weakness of the writer's health. 
 
 Baker, Henry, poet and natural- 
 ist (b. 1703, d. 1774), published An Invoca- 
 tion to Health (1722) ; Original Poems (1125 
 —6) ; The Microscope Made Easy (1743) ; 
 The Universe, a Philosophical Poem; ana 
 some other works. The Bakerian Lecture 
 of the Boyal Society was founded by this 
 writer. 
 
 Baker, Sir Samuel "White (b. 
 1821), traveller, &o., published in 1863, The 
 Mifle and Hmmd m Ceylon, followed by 
 Eight Tears' Wanderings in . the same 
 island, in 1853 ; The Albert NYanzailsm); 
 The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia (1871) ; 
 IsmoJilia (1874) ; and other works. 
 
 Baker Thomas, antiquary (b. 1656, 
 d. 1740), wrote Refections on Learning, 
 ahovmg the insuficiency thereof in its sev- 
 eral particulars, in order to evince the use- 
 fulness and necessity of Revelation (1710). 
 For Biography, see the Memoirs, by Mas- 
 ters, anil the Life, by Hoiace Walpole, pre- 
 fixed to the quarto edition of his Worlcs 
 (1T78). 
 
 Bakhtyar Nameh : "or. Story of 
 Prince Bakhtyar and the Ten Viziers.',' A 
 
60 
 
 BAL 
 
 BAIi 
 
 series of Persian tales, published in Eng- 
 lish in 1801. 
 
 Balaam, Sir, in Pope's Moral Es- 
 sayst epistle iii., is a city knight, whose 
 identity does not seem to nave been ascer- 
 tained. He is described as 
 
 "A citizen of eotier fams, 
 A plain good man. . . . 
 Reugious, punctual, frugal, and bo forth. . . . 
 Constant at church, and 'change ; his gains were 
 
 sure, 
 Ilisgivings rare, save fartliings to the i>Dor." 
 
 Balades, by John Gower (1320 — 
 1402), printedfrom the original MS. in the 
 library of the Marquis of Stafford, at 
 Trenliiani, in 1818, are written in French, 
 but are followed by "other poems" in 
 English and Latin, notably the J)e Pacis 
 Qtmn^ndatione in Laudem Henrici Quarti 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Balafre, Le. A name given to 
 Lndovic Lesly, au old archer of the Scot- 
 tish Guards, in Sir Walter Scott's 
 Quentin Durward (q.T.), 
 
 Balak. Tlie name under which 
 Bishop Burnet is personified in Absalom 
 a-nd Achiiophel (q.v.). 
 
 Baldassare Calvo. Father of 
 Tito Melema (q.v.), in Gkoboe Eliot's 
 novel of Romola (q.v.). 
 
 Ballento and Rosina. See Be- 
 wabe the Beare. 
 
 Balder. A poem by Sydvet Do- 
 bell (b. 1824, d. 1874), published in 1854. 
 It is strongly mystical in character, thrown 
 into a dramatic form, but without any dra- 
 matic interest. The hero seems to have 
 been suggested by Goethe's Faust^ and in- 
 dulges in an amount of self -analysis which 
 is mmost morbid. There are many fine pas- 
 sages ; but the generally stilted chai-acter 
 of the poem deserved the satire aimed at 
 it by Professor Aytoun in his Firmilian 
 
 (q-v.). 
 
 Balder Dead. A poem, in three 
 parts, by Matthew Arkold (b. 1822). 
 Among many beautiful passages. Bishop 
 Alexander refers particularly to "that 
 matchless desciiption of the burning of 
 Balder's ship in the funeral." The story 
 is drawn from Scandinavian mythology. 
 
 Balderstone, Caleb, in Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott's novel of The Bride of Lam- 
 mermoor^ is, " of all our author's fools and 
 bores, the most pertinacious and intrusive. 
 His silly buffoonery," says Senior, " is al- 
 ways mraring with gross absurdities and 
 degi-ading associations, some scene of ten- 
 derness or dignity." 
 
 Baldwin, Rev. Edward. Tlie 
 pseudonym adopted by William Godwist 
 (1756 — 1836) in the publication of several of 
 iiiB works. 
 
 Baldwin, John Denison, Amer- 
 
 ican poet, miscellaneous writer, and jour-- 
 nalist (b. 1809), has published Raymond 
 Hill, and other Poems (1647) ; Pre-kistaric 
 Nations (1869) ; Aricient America (1872) ; 
 and other works. 
 
 Baldwin, ■William (b. circa 1518), 
 was the author of fourteen out of the 
 thirty-four lives which constitute part iii. 
 of the Mirrour for Magistrates (q.v.). He 
 also published A Treatise ofMorall Philos- 
 ophies contaynyng the sayinges qftlie Wyse, 
 gatltered and Mnglyshed (1547) ; The Can- 
 ticles or Balades of Solomon, phraselyke 
 declared in Englysh metres (1549) ; and 
 Funeralles of King Edward the Sixth (1560). 
 Bale ascribes to lum the authorship of some 
 comedies, and it is known that " he was 
 engaged in the reigns of Edward VI., and 
 Philip and Mary, in preparing theatrical 
 entertainments for the court." Wood, 
 again, attributes to his pen a treatise on 
 the Use ofAdagies, Slmilies,and Proverbs, 
 but " when printed, or where," he " cannot 
 find." For Biography and Criticismj refer 
 to Collier's English JJramatic Poetry , War- 
 ton's History of English Poetry, Biydges* 
 Censura Literaria, and Haslewood's eoition 
 of the Mirrour for Magistrates. See also 
 Carew Hazlitt's Early English Literature. 
 See Bewaue the Cat. 
 
 Bale, John, Bishop of Ossory (h. 
 1495, d. 1563), wrote Iltustrium Majoria 
 BritannicR ScHptorum, hoc est,Anglice, Uam- 
 bricB et Scoiice, Summanum (1549), which, 
 revised and augmented, was pubhshed in 
 1557 under the title of ScHptorum Illiis- 
 tnum Majoris Britannia, guam nunc An- 
 gliam et Scotiam vocantj Catalogus. He 
 was also the author of nineteen miracle- 
 plays, printed in 1558, eleven of which are 
 devoted to dramatising the career of our 
 Saviour, the remainder being on miscella- 
 neous themes. His De Joanne Anqlorum 
 Jiege, and Kynge Johan was published in 
 1838 by the Camden Society from the 
 author's own manuscript, preserved in the 
 libraiy of the Buke of Devonshire. See 
 Warton's History of English Poetry, Col- 
 lier's English Dramatic Literature, <;arew 
 Hazlitt's Early English Literature, and 
 Lowndes' Bibliographer* s Manual; also, 
 Dodsley's Collection qf Old Plays. See 
 Chefe Promises op God ; Illustridm 
 Majoris Britannia ; Oldcastell, Sib 
 Johan ; Temptatyon of our Lorde ; 
 Thre La WES OF Nature. 
 
 Bales,Peter, An account of this 
 celebrated person, who was one of the 
 first to introduce short-hand writing into 
 England, will be found in Wood's Ath- 
 enos Oxonienses, edited by Dr. Bliss. He 
 was born in 1547, and died about 1610. See 
 Holinshed's Chronicle. See Writing 
 
 SCHOOLEMASTEB. 
 
 Balet, A, by Anthony "Woodville, 
 
 Earl EivERs (1442—1483), appears to have 
 been written in imitatiou of a poem by 
 Chaucer. 
 
BAI« 
 
 BAL 
 
 61 
 
 Balfour, Alexander, Scottish 
 novelist and poet (b. 1767, d. 1829), wrote 
 Campbell: or, the Scottish Prooiationer 
 (1819) J ContemplaUoiif atid other Poems 
 (1820) ; The Fovmdling of Glenthom ; or^ 
 the Smugglers^ Cave (1823) ; and other 
 works. A selection from his writings ap- 
 peared after his death, under the title of 
 fVeeds and Flowers^ and prefaced hy a 
 memoir by D. M. Moir. 
 
 Balfour, James, of Pilrig (b. 1703, 
 d. 1795), author of Belitieations of the -Wa- 
 tiire and Obligations of Morality (1752), and 
 Philosophical Ilssays (1768). He was a 
 professor in Edinburgh University from 
 1754 to 1779, and is chiefly noticeable as an 
 opponent of the theories of Hume and 
 Locke. 
 
 Balfour, John Hutton (b. 1808), 
 Prof e^or of Medicine and Botany in Edin- 
 burgh University, has written, in addition 
 to many other botanical works, The Matv- 
 wU qf Botany (1849), The Plants of Scrip- 
 ture (1858), Phyto-Theolog'i/ (1851), and sev- 
 eral important class-books. 
 
 Balfour of Burley. Lender of 
 the Covenanters, in Scott's novel of Old 
 Mortality (q.v.). See Scottish Worthies- 
 
 Balguy, John, theologian (b. 1686, 
 d. 1748), wrote Letters to a Deist, and other 
 controversial works. 
 
 Balin and Balan. One of the 
 stories in Malory's Mort d' Arthur (q.v.). 
 See HazUtt's edition of Warton'a English 
 Poetry J ii., 118. 
 
 Baliverso. The basest knight in 
 the Saracen army, in Abiosto's Orlando 
 Furioso. 
 
 Bail, Jolm, Puritan divine (b. 1585, 
 d. 1640), wrote A Short Treatise concerning 
 all the principal Grov/nds of the Christian 
 Iteligvm (1618), and A Treatise of Faith 
 (1632). See Wocwi's Athenm Oxonienses, and 
 Fuller's Worthies. The latter writer says : 
 "He was an excellent schoolman and 
 schoolmaster (qualities seldom meeting in 
 the same man), a painful preacher, and a 
 profitable writer ; and Ms Treatise of 
 Faith cannot be sufiiciently commended. 
 Indeed, he lived by faith, having small 
 means to maintain him." 
 
 Ball, The. A comedy by James 
 Shthley (1594—1666) and Thomas Dek- 
 
 KER (d. 1641). 
 
 "Ballad-mongers, These same 
 
 metre."— JKntf Henry IV., part 1.. act iii., 
 scene 1. 
 
 Ballad of Agincourt. See Bat- 
 tle ov Agincoubt, and Cambbio-Beit- 
 
 OlfB. 
 
 "Ballad to the 'Wandering 
 moon, A." Stanza Ixxxviii. of Tenny- 
 son's Jn Memoriam (q.v.). , 
 
 Ballad upon a "Wedding, .A.. 
 
 A humorous poem by Sir John StJCKLiNa 
 (1609—1641) ; described by Hazlitt as " per- 
 fect of its kind," and as possessing " a 
 spirit of high enjoyment, of sportive fancy, 
 a liveliness of description and truth of 
 nature that never were surpassed. It is 
 superior to either Gay or Prior, for with 
 all their nai'vet6 and terseness, it has a 
 Shakespearian grace and luxuriance about 
 it which they could not have reached." 
 
 Ballads. Tlie following is a list of 
 the more important collections of English 
 and Scottish ballads that have been pub- 
 lished. It is given in chronological order : 
 — Wit's Restored (1658); Dryden'a Miscel- 
 lany Poems (1684— 1708) ; Watson's Choice 
 Collection of Comic and Serious Scots Poems 
 (1706— 1711), Coiieciion of Old Ballads (1723, 
 1726, 1738); Allan Bamsay's Evergreen, 
 Scots Poems wrote hy the Ingenious offore 
 1600 (1724), and Tea-table Miscellany {1124); 
 Percy's RUigues of Ancient English Poe- 
 try (1765) ; Herd's Ancient and Modem 
 Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads, dfc, (1769); 
 Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border 
 (1802 and 1803) ; Jamieson's Popular Bal- 
 lads and Songs (1806) ;'Motherweirfl Min- 
 strelsy (1827) ; Lyle's Ancient Ballads and 
 Songs (1827) ; Buchan's Ancient Ballads 
 and Songs of the North of Scotland {1S2S) : 
 Chambers's The Scottish Ballads (1829) ; 
 Whitelaw's Book of Scottish Ballads {1645); 
 Bell's Ancient Poems, Ballads, and Songs 
 of tJie Peasantry of BnglaTid (.1867) ; Ay- 
 toun's Ballads of Scotland (1858 and 1861) : 
 AUingham's The Ballad Book (1865) ; and 
 , Child's Collection, in eight volumes, pub- 
 lished at Philadelphia, America, in 1857 
 —1859. " By Laing, Sharpe, Maidment, 
 some small contributions were made to 
 this branch of literature. Kinloch (1827) 
 gives some useful versions, with half-a* 
 dozen minor ballads." 
 
 "BaUads of a Nation, The." 
 
 The well-known saying on this subject, 
 generally ascribed to Akdkew Fletcher 
 of Saltoun, may be found in a letter from 
 Fletcher to the Marquis of Montrose and 
 others, where he says : — "I knew a very- 
 wise man that believed that, if a man were 
 permitted to make all the ballads, he did 
 not care who should make the laws of a 
 nation." It was, therefore^ '* a very wise 
 man," and not Fletcher himself, who was 
 the real author of this famous dictuip. 
 See Fletcher, Andrew. 
 
 Ballantlne, James, Scottish-song 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1808), has 
 written The Gaberlunzie's Wallet (1843) ; 
 The Miller of Deanhaugh (1844) ; Pdems 
 (1856) : Songs, with Music (1865) ; Life of 
 David Roberts {1S66) ; LiliasLee (1872), and 
 some art publications. 
 
 Ballantyne, Rev. John (b. 1778, 
 d. 1830), was the author of A Comparison 
 of Established and Dissenting Churclies 
 
62 
 
 BAIi 
 
 BAM 
 
 (1824), and An Examination of the Human 
 Mind (1828), The latter work is " charact- 
 erised," says Dr. Mo(;osh, " by much in- 
 dependence of thought, and contains some 
 original views on the subject of the asso- 
 ciation of ideas and the nature of the will." 
 Ballantj^ne was minister of Stonehaven in 
 Kincardineshire. 
 
 Ballantyne Robert Michael, 
 
 •writer for the young, has published Tlie 
 Coral Island^ Deep Down, The Dog Crusoe, 
 Erlinfj the Bold, Mghting the Flames, The 
 Floating lAght <if the Goodwin Sands, 
 Freaks on the Fells, Gascoyne, The Golden 
 Dream^ The Gorilla Hunters, The Iron 
 Horse, The Life-boat, The Lighthouse, Mar- 
 tin Rattler, Shifting Winds, Silver Lake, 
 Ungava, The World of Ice, The Young Fur 
 Traders^ and many other works of a like 
 description. 
 
 Ballenden, John, Archdeacon of 
 Moray, translated the seventeen books of 
 Hector Boece's History of Scotland (1B30), 
 and was the author or Epistles to James 
 the Fifth, a Life of Pythagoras, and several 
 miscellaneous poems. See the Biographia 
 Sritannica and Warton's Htstory of En- 
 glish Poetry. He died in 1850. 
 
 Ballendino, Don Antonio, in Ben 
 
 JONSON's comedy of The Case is Altered 
 (q.v.), is a character in which the author 
 intended to ridicule Anthony Munday, the 
 dramatist. 
 
 Balmawhapple, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of Wuverley (q.v.), is a 
 stupid and intractable Scottish laird. 
 
 Balm of hurt minds, great 
 
 nature's second course." (Macbeth, act ii., 
 scene 1.) The reference is, of course, to 
 sleep. 
 
 Balnibarbi. A region of the 
 Island of Laputa, colonised by chimerical 
 projectors, in Gulliver*s Travels (q.v.). 
 
 Balqnhither, The Braes o'. A 
 Bong by BOBERT Tastnahill (1774—1810). 
 *• To our dear native eccncs 
 Let U8 ioumcy together. 
 Where glaU innocence reigns 
 'Mang the Braes o' Balquhither." 
 
 Balthazar is the name assumed by 
 Portia in Shakespeare's play of The 
 Mercha/ni of Venice (q.v.). It is also that 
 of a merchant in Tlie Comedy ^Errors 
 (q.v.), and of a servant to Don Pedro In 
 Much Ado about Kothing (q.v,). 
 
 Baltic, The Battle of the. -See 
 Battle op the Baltic, The. 
 
 Balwhidder, The Rev. Micah, 
 
 is a Scottish Presbyterian minister in 
 Galt's novel, entitled The Annals of the 
 Parish (q.v.). He has been described as 
 bemg " imbued with all old-fashioned 
 national feelings and prejudices, but 
 thoroughly sincere, kind-hearted and 
 pious." 
 
 Bamfylde, John, was tlie author 
 of Sixteen Sonnets, published in 1779j and 
 reprinted in Park's Collection of the Poets. 
 Southey, in his Specimens of the Later 
 English Poets, speaks of him as " truly a 
 man of genius," and of his poems as 
 " some of the most original in our lan- 
 guage." 
 
 Bamfylde, Francis, Prebendary 
 of Exeter (d. 1684), was the author of a 
 curious book called All in one ; All Usdiil 
 Sciences and Profitable Arts in one Book of 
 Jehovah Elohim. See Wood's AthentB 
 OxonienseSj where that writer says of Bam- 
 fylde : " He was tirst a Churchman, then 
 a Presbyterian, afterwards an Independ- 
 ent — or at least a sider with them — an 
 Anabaptist, and at length almost a comr 
 pleat Jew, and what not." 
 
 Bampton Iiectures, The, were 
 founded by the Bev. JOHsr Bampton, 
 Canon of Salisbury, who, dying in 1751— he 
 was born in 1689—" gave and bequeathed 
 his lands and estates to the Chancellor, 
 Masters, and Scholars of the University of 
 Oxford for ever," for the purpose of endow- 
 ing " eight Divinity Lecture Sermons, to 
 be established for ever in the said Univer- 
 sity," which were to be " preached upon 
 either of the following subjects:— to con- 
 firm and establish the Christian faith, and 
 to confute all heretics and schismatics 
 upon th6 Divine authority of the Holy 
 Scriptures ; upon the authority of the 
 writings of the primitive Fatheis ; as to the 
 faith and practice of the primitive Church; 
 upon the Divinity of out Lord and Saviour 
 Je:^us Christ j upon the Divinity of the 
 Holy (Jhost ; upon the Articles of the 
 Christian Faith, as comprehended in the 
 Apostles' and ificene Creeds." The lec- 
 turers must have taken a degree of Master 
 of Arts at least, in one of the two Univer- 
 sities of Oxford or Cambridge, and the 
 same person must never preach the Divi- 
 nity Lecture Sermons twice. The follow- 
 ing is a list of the lecturers up to the 
 present date (1877) : — Bandinel (1780), Neve 
 (1781),Holme3(1782).Cobb(1783),White(1784) 
 Churton (1785), Croft (1786), Hawkins (1787), 
 Shepherd (1788), Tatham (1789), Kelt (1790), 
 Morres (1791), Eveleigh (1792), Williamson 
 (1793), Wintle (1794), Veysie (1795), Gray 
 (1796), Finch (1797), Hall (1798). Barrow 
 (1799), Eichards (1800), Taber (1801), Nott ■ 
 (1802), Farrer (1803), Lawrence (1804), Nai-es 
 (1805), Browne (1806), Le Mesurier (1807), 
 Penrose (1808), Carwithen (1809), Falconer 
 (18 10), Bidlake (1811), Mant (1812), Collinson 
 (1813), Van Mildert (1814), Heher (1815), 
 Spry (1816), Miller (1817), Moysey (1818), 
 Morgan (1819), Faussett (1820), Jones (1821), 
 Wliately (1822), Goddard (1823), Conybeare 
 (1824), Chandler (1826), Vaux(1826), Milman 
 (1827), Home (1828), Burton (1829), fioamea 
 (1830), Lancaster (1831), Hampden (1832), 
 Nolan (1833), Ogilvie (1836), Vogan (1837), 
 Woodgate (1838), Conybeare (1839), Haw- 
 kins (1840), Garbett (1842), Grant (1843), Jelf 
 
BAN 
 
 BAN 
 
 63 
 
 (1844), Heurtlcy (1845), Short (1846). Shirley 
 (1847), Marsh (1848), MicheU (1849), Goul- 
 buni (1850), AVilson (1851) Riddle (1852), 
 Thomson (1853), Waldegrave .(X854), Bode 
 OUtto), Litton (1856), Jelf (1857), Mansel 
 <1858), Rawlinson (1859), Hessey (1«60), 
 Santiford (1861), Fan-ar (1862\ Hannah 
 (1863), Bernard (186^), Mozley (1865), Liddon 
 (1866), Garbett (1867), Ifoberley (1868), 
 -PayneSmith (1869), Irons (1870), Curteis 
 (1871), Eaton (1872), Gregory Smith (1873), 
 Leathes (1874), Jackson (1875), Bishop 
 Alexander (1876), Bow (1877), No lectures 
 were delivered in 1834, 1835, or 1841. 
 
 Banbury, The Shepherd of, is 
 
 the title of a work said to have been writteji 
 by Dr. John Campbell, in which " rules" 
 are given " to know tiie Change of .the 
 Weather." It was once very popular, and 
 professed to have been composed by a 
 certain John Glakidoe. It appeared in 
 1744. 
 
 Bancroft, George (b. 1800), pub- 
 lished a volume of Poems in 1823, and a 
 translation of Heeren's Rejiections on the 
 Politics qf Ancient Greece in 1824 ; but his 
 best known work is The Jliston/ of the 
 United States, in ten volumes, the first 
 three of which, being the History of the 
 Colonization of the United States, were 
 published respectively in 1834, 1837, and 
 1840 ; volume iv., the History of the Revo- 
 lution, appealing 1852 ; -^lume v. in 1853; 
 volume \i. in 1854 ; volume vii. in 1858 ; 
 volume viii. in 1860 : volume ix. in 1866 ; 
 and volume x. in 1874. An English critic 
 describes the work as one of " great re- 
 search," and says that_, " while the author 
 states his . own opinions decidedly and 
 strongly, it is pervaded by a fail- and just 
 spirit. The style is vigorous, clear, and 
 frank, not often rising into eloquence, btit 
 frequently picturesque, and always free 
 from imitation and from pedantry. It is, 
 in fact, what it professes to be — a national 
 work, and is worthy of its great theme." 
 A volume of Br^ncroft's Miscella/nies 
 appeared in 1855 ; Abraham Lincoln, a 
 memorial address, in 1866 ; and Joseph 
 Reed, an historical essay^ in 1867. 
 
 Bancroft, Richard, Archbishop 
 of Canterbury (b- 1544, d. 1610), produced 
 two works. Dangerous Positions and Pro- 
 ceedmgs Publieaed and Practised within 
 this Island of Britain, under Pretence of 
 Re/ormationand oftJte Presbt/terian Disci- 
 phnej and A Survey of the Pretended Holy 
 Discipline, which, "Wliitgift tells, "were 
 liked and greatly commended by the leam- 
 edest men in the realm." Camden says 
 the arclibishop was *' a person of singular 
 courage and prudence in all matters re- 
 lating to the discipline and establishment 
 of the Church." See Hickes's Bibliotheca 
 Script. Eccles. Anglica/nce and Dean Hook's 
 Lives of the ArchUnhops of Canterbury. 
 
 Bancroft, Thomas (d. about 1600), 
 
 published The Glutton's Feaver (1633) 
 (q.v.) ; Two Boolces of Epigrammes and 
 Epitaphs (1639) : The Heroical Lover (1658), 
 and other works. Of these the tirat has 
 been reprinted for the Roxburghs Club, 
 The second contains two epigrams on 
 Shakespeare, in which the phrase, "shook 
 thyfepeare," is probably an allusion, Alli- 
 bone thinks, to the poet's crest, which was 
 a falcon supporting a spear. Bancroft was 
 a contributor to Lachrymce Musanim 1650). 
 Bandello. See Biondello. 
 
 Bane,I>onald, A Highland servant, , 
 in Sir Walter Scott's Waverley (q.v.). 
 
 Bangorian Controversy, The, 
 was originally raised by a sermon, preach- 
 ed in 1717, by Bishop Hoadley of Bangor, 
 before George I. It provoked numerous 
 replies, the ablest of which is by Law. The 
 text of the sermon was, " My kingdom is 
 not of this wojld." See Hoadley. 
 
 Banim, John, poet, novelist, and 
 dramatist (b. 1798, d. 1842), wrote The Celt's 
 Paradise (1821), The Jest, Damon and 
 Pythias, Tales of the O'Hara Family * 
 (1825 and 1826), Boyne Water (1826), Scylla 
 (1827), The Croppy * (1828), The Smuggler^ 
 The Deaths Fetchf The Ghost Hunter ana 
 his Family, The Mayor of Windgap^ The 
 Denounced (1830), The Bit of Writin' and 
 other Tales, and Father ConnelL* [In the 
 works marked with aii asterisk John 
 Banim received material assistance from 
 his brother Michael (b. 1796).") His JAfe 
 was written by P- J. Murray and published 
 in 1857. For Criticismj see Miss Mitford's 
 Recollections qf a Literary Life. Dr. 
 Waller says of him:— "His novels will 
 ever retain a hold upon the mind so long 
 as mankind shall love truthful delineations 
 of character and strong dramatic power of 
 narration. As a poet, he has no incon- 
 siderable merit, and many of his composi- 
 tions are full of pathos and vigour." See 
 CoNNELL, Father ; Ckoppy, The ; Be- 
 NOCTNCED, The-; O'Hara Family, Tales 
 
 OF THE. 
 
 Banished, The. A Swabian his- 
 torical tale, translated from the German 
 by James Mobier (1780—1849), and pub- 
 lished in 1839. 
 
 ^ Banister, Gilbert, poet of tlie 
 fifteenth century, was the author of The 
 Miracle of St. Thomas, published in 1647* 
 He has been frequently confounded with 
 William Banister, a writer of the reign of 
 Edward III. See Warton's History qf 
 English Poetry. 
 
 " Bank, I know a/' — A Midsum-* 
 mer Might's Dream, act ii., scene I. 
 
 Banks, John, dramatist, produced, 
 among other pieces, The Rival Kings 
 (1677); The DestniGtionqf TVoy il67&); Vvr- 
 tue Betrayed (16B2) ; The Unhappy Fa- 
 vourite: or, the Earl of Essex (1682); Tli^ 
 
64 
 
 BAN 
 
 BAB 
 
 Island Qiteens (1684) ; The Innocent Usur- 
 per (1694) ; and Q/rtis the Great (1696). See 
 the Biographia Dramatica and Knight's 
 English Cyclopcedia. " His style," it has 
 been said, " gives alternate specimens of 
 meanness and bombast. But even his 
 dialogue is not destitute of occasional 
 nature and pathos, and the value of his 
 works as acting plays is very considerable." 
 See Unhappy JFavoubite, The. 
 
 Banks, Fercival Weldon. See 
 
 Rattler, Mokgan. 
 
 Banka, Sir Joseph, naturalist 
 and traveller (1743—1820). The chief work 
 associated wim his name is the Catalogus 
 BibliotlieccB Hlstorico-Natwralis, Josephi 
 Banks, Baroneti, &c. ; Auctore, Jona 
 Dryander, Londini (1798—1800, 5 vols., 8vo). 
 A work, according to Lowndes, " certainly 
 the most comprehensive of its kind ever 
 published." He was also the author of 
 several other practical and scientific 
 works ; and at his death he bequeathed his 
 library and collection to the British 
 Museum. 
 
 Banks, Thomas Christopher, 
 
 f:enealogiBt and antiquarian (b. 1764, d. 
 854)-, wrote The Dormant and Extinct 
 Baronage of England ^1807), A JRstorj/ qf 
 the Families of the Ancient Peerage of 
 England (1826), and otiber works. 
 
 Banks o' Yarrow, The. A ballad, 
 in the Scottish vemacular, which describes 
 how two brothers-in-law, being at odds, 
 agree to fight a duel on the banks of Yarrow 
 nver, and how one of the combatants puts 
 armed men in ambush and treacherously 
 slays the other. The poem is made path- 
 etic by the sorrow of the wife of the slain 
 man. 
 
 Bannatyne, George fb. 1545, d. 
 1609), was the collector of the celebrated 
 MS. Corpus Poeticorum Scotonim (q.v.). 
 His Memorials, edited by Sir Walter Scott 
 and Dr. David Laing, were published in 
 1826. The club named after him was 
 founded in 1823, by Sir Walter Scott, who 
 presided over-its meetings from that date 
 until 1831. " The Baimatyne Club," says 
 Ifockhart, " was a child of his own, and 
 from ilrst to last he took a most fatherly 
 concern in all its proceedings." The books 
 issued under its direction "constitute a 
 very curious and valuable library of 
 Scottish history and antiquities." Up- 
 wards of 300 volumes were published by 
 the club, which was dissolved in 1860. 
 
 Banquett of Dainties, " for all 
 
 suche Gestes that love moderatt Dyate." 
 A collection of poetry published in 1566, 
 and referred to by Brydges in the Censura 
 Literai'ia. 
 
 B,anquo, in Shakespeare's tra- 
 gedy of Macbeth, is a Scottish thane, who 
 U murdered by Macbeth's orders, and 
 
 whose ghost afterwards haunts the guilt? 
 king. 
 
 Bansley, Charles. See Pride 
 AND Vices of Women Now-a-Days. 
 
 Baptista. A rich gentleman of 
 Padua, in Shakespeare's Taming qf the 
 Shrew (q.v.). " 
 
 Baptistes. A Latin drama, by 
 George Buchanax (1506—1582), in the 
 preface to which the author '* warns King 
 James against the effects of flattery and 
 wicked counsellors, and writes more like 
 an experienced statesman than a scholarly 
 recluse." 
 
 Barabas, the hero of Marlowe's 
 tragedy of The Jew of Malta (q.v.), is 
 characterised by Lamb as **& mere mons- 
 ter, brought in with a large painted nose 
 to* please the rabble- He kills in sport, 
 poisons whole nunneries, invents infernal 
 machines. He is just such an exhibition 
 as a century or two earlier might have 
 been played before the Londoners, by 
 royal commaud, when a general pillage 
 and massacre' of the Hebrews had been 
 previously resolved on by the cabinet," 
 
 Barataria. The island of which 
 Sancho Panza, in Don Quixote^ was ap- 
 pointed governor. 
 
 Barbara AUen's Cruelty. A 
 
 ballad, originally published by Allan Bam- 
 say in nis Tea-table Miscellany (1724), and 
 reprinted, with a few conjectural emend- 
 ations, by Percy, in his Beligues. Pepys 
 has a reference in his Diary (Jan. 2, 1665— 
 6) to " the little Scotch song of Barhary 
 Allen." 
 
 Barbarians all at play. There 
 were his young." A line in Bryok's 
 C'hilde JHarolSs Pilgrimage, canto vi. 
 stanza 141 : — 
 " There was their Dacian mother— he, their siz«. 
 Butchered to make a Roman holiday." 
 
 Barbason. The name of a fiend 
 referred to by Shakespeare, in The 
 Men'i/ IFives of Windsor, act ii., scene 2, 
 and Senry V., act ii., scene 1. 
 
 Barbauld, Anna Iietitia, mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1743, d. 1825), pub- 
 lished Miscellaneotis Poems (1773), MisceU 
 laneous Pieces in Prose [with her orotiier, 
 Dr. Aikin] (1773) : Early Lessons for Chil- 
 dren (1774) ; Hymns in I'rose (1774) : Devo- 
 tional Pieces^ composed from the Psalmsand 
 the Book of Job (1775) ; A Poetical Epistle to 
 Mr. Wilberforce on the Rejection qf the Bill 
 for the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1790); 
 Remarks on Gilbert Wakefield's Inquiry 
 into tile Expediency and Propriety ^ 
 Public and Social Worship (1792) ; JFven- 
 ings at Home [with Dr. Aikin] (1792—1795) ; 
 Selections from the Spectator, Tatler, 
 Guardian, and Freeholffer {\&H)\ A Life 
 (^Samuel Biohardson (1S05>; an edition of 
 
BAB 
 
 BAB 
 
 65 
 
 The JBritish Novelists (1810) ; The Female 
 Spectator (1811;) and Eighteen Hundred 
 and JEleve^i (1812). An edition of her 
 ly^orks was published, with a Memoiry by 
 Lucy Aikiii, in 1827- Letters and Notices 
 by Le Breton appeared in 1874. See Even- 
 ings AT Home ; Female Spectator, 
 The. 
 
 Barbour, John, Archdeacon of 
 Aberdeen, poet (b. 1316, d. 1396), wrote The 
 Booh of the Gesies of King Mobert Bruce, 
 and The Brute (qv.) ; also, according to 
 Bradshaw, fragments of a Troy-Book, and 
 nearly 40,000 lines of Lives of Saints. See 
 Irving's Lives of the Scottish Poets, 
 Wright's BiographiorPoetica, Ellis's Specir- 
 mens, Warton's English Poetry ,3,iidCa,TCip- 
 bell's Essays on English Poetry, See 
 Bruce, The. 
 
 Barboz Brothers. Characters 
 In a^ story by Charles Dickens (1812— 
 1870), contributed to Mughy Junction (c[.v). 
 
 Barckley, Sir Richard, poet, was 
 the author of A Discourse of tlie Pelicitie 
 of Man, or his Summum Bonum, published 
 in 1598, and reprinted In 1603 and 1631. 
 See Summum Bonum. 
 
 Barclay, Alexander, poet' {b, 
 near the close of the fifteenth century, d. 
 1552), ^n-ote The Shyp of Folys (1509), T/ie 
 Castle of Labour (1506), The Mirror of Good 
 Manners, and Eclogues [including The 
 Tower of Vertae and Ifonour] (all of which 
 see). He was also the author of A71 Intro- 
 tluctory to Wryte and Pronounce French 
 (1521), and various minor pieces. See 
 Wood's Athence Oxonienses, Warton's 
 English Poetry, and Ellis's Specimens.' 
 
 Barclay, John, miscellaneous 
 vriter (b. 1582, d. 1621), published Euphor- 
 mion (1604 and 1629), (q.v.) ; De Potestate 
 Pape (1611), (q.v.); Icon Animarum (1614), 
 (q.v.) ; Argenis : or, the Loves ofPoliarchus 
 and Argenis (1821), (q.v.) See Hallam's 
 lAterary History of Europe, Coleridge's 
 ^mains, and Cowper's Letters, 
 
 Barclay, Robert (b. 1648, d. 1690), 
 was the aumor of Truth Clea/red of Calum- 
 nies (1670) ; A Catechism and Confession of 
 Faith (1675) J The Anarchy of the Banters 
 (1676) : Universal Love considered and es- 
 . tablished upon its right Fotmdation (^1677) ; 
 An Apology for tIteTrue Christian Divinity 
 (1678), (9.V.) ; and other works, chiefly 
 written in. the interests of the Society of 
 Friends, 6t which . the author was a mem- 
 ber. For Biography, see Sewell's History 
 of the Quakers, Mosheira's Ecclesiastical 
 History, A Genealogical Account of the 
 Barclays of Ury, and The Biographia 
 Britannica. 
 
 Bard, Samuel A. Tlie nom de 
 
 fhmie assumed by T)r, Ephraim George 
 QUIER (b. 1821) in the publication of his 
 Waikna: or. Adventures on the Mosquito 
 Shore (1855), 
 
 Bard, The. A Pindaric ode by 
 Thomas Gray (1716—1771), founded on a 
 tradition, current in Wales, that Edward 
 I., when he completed the conquest of that 
 country, ordered all the bards tbat fell into 
 his hands to be put to death. The plan of 
 the poem is as follows :— A bard, who is 
 the speaker, after lamenting the fate of 
 his comrades, prophecies that of Edward 
 II. and the conquests of Edward III. ; his 
 death, and that of the Black Prince ; of 
 Kichard II., with the wars of York and 
 Lancaster ; the murder of Henry VI., and 
 of Edward V. and his brother. He then 
 turns to the glory and prosperity follow- 
 ing the accession of the Tudbrs, through 
 Elizabeth's reign, and concludes with a 
 vision of the poetry of Shakespeare and 
 Milton. 
 
 Bardell, Mrs. The landlady who 
 brings the famous action for breach of 
 promise of marriage against Mr. Pickwick, 
 in DiOKEK's's novel of The Pickwick 
 Papers (q.v.). 
 
 Bardo di Bardi. The scholar, 
 father of Komola, in George Eliot's 
 novel of that name (q.v.). 
 
 Bardolph, One of tlje followers of 
 Falstaff, in Shakespeare's Henry IK, 
 and Merry Wives of Windsor (q.v.). 
 
 Bards.. The distinctive title of bard 
 has been conferred on several English 
 poets. The following are afew instances : 
 — Bard of Avon, Shakespeare ; Bard of - 
 Ayrshire, Robert Burns ; Bard of Hope, 
 Thomas Campbell; Bard of the Imagin- 
 ation, Mark Akenside ; Bard of Memory, 
 Samuel Rogers : Bard of Olney, William 
 Cowpei- ; Bard of Rydal Mount, William 
 Wordsworth ; Bard of Twickenham, Alex- 
 ander Pope . 
 
 " Bards of passion and of 
 
 mirth." First line of Keats's Ode on the 
 
 Poets ; 
 
 " Ye have left your bouU on earth I 
 Have ye souls in heaven too, 
 Double-lived in regions new ? " 
 
 Bargagli, Scipione. For a selec- 
 tion from this writer's works, see Boscoe'a 
 Italian Romances. 
 
 Barham, Richard Harris, nove- 
 list, versifier, and miscellaneous writer (b. 
 1788 d. 1845), wrote My Cousin Nicholas 
 and the Ingoldsby Legends (q.v.), besides 
 contributing largely to magazines and re- 
 views. A large proportion of the articles 
 in Gorton's Biographical Dictionary^ are 
 from his pen. His Life has been written 
 by his son (1870). See, also, the Memoir 
 prefixed to the edition of the Legends, 
 published in 1847. See Ingoldsby, 
 Thomas ; PEPPE&coitN, H. 
 
 Barham Downs. A novel by 
 Robert Bage (17?8— 1801), (q.v.)» pub- 
 lished in 1784, and rejETrinted in Ballantme's 
 Novelist's Library, 
 
66 
 
 BAR 
 
 BAB 
 
 Baring-Gould, Sabinci (b. 1834), 
 has written The Path of the Just (1864) ; 
 Ireland : its Scenes and i^agas (1861) ; Post- 
 Aledioeva I Preachers (1865) ; Curious Myths 
 
 of the Middle Ages (1866-7) ; The Silver 
 Store (1868); The Book of Were- Wolves' 
 a869); Curiosities qf the Olden rime (1869); 
 in Exitu Israel, a novel (1870) ; The Origin 
 and Development of Religious Belief 0.9>lVi)\ 
 The Golden Gate (1870) ; The Lives of the 
 Saints (1872); Difficulties of the Faith 
 
 S874) ; The Lost and Hostile Gospels (1874); 
 ife of the Rev. R. S. Hawker (1876). 
 
 Barker, Geo. 'William Michael 
 Jones, better known as " the Wenaleydale 
 Poet " (d. 1855), was the author of Stanzas 
 (m Cape Coast Castle; Three Days: or^ 
 History and Antiquities of Wensleydale; 
 and some other works. 
 
 " Bark is -worse than his bite, 
 
 His." See Heubekt's Jacula Prudentum 
 (q.v.)- 
 
 Barker, Lady, miscellaneous wri- 
 ter, has published Station Life in New 
 Zealand (1869), Travelling About, A Christ- 
 mas Cake in Pour Quarters, Spring Com' 
 edies. Stories Abouf, and other works. 
 
 Barkis. The carrier, in Dickens's 
 novel of David Copperfield (q.v.), who 
 courts his sweetheart, Peggoti^ (q.-v.), by- 
 leaving his offerings behind the door ; and 
 whose declaration of his readiness to 
 marry her was summed up in the words 
 "Barkis is williu'" wbdch have become 
 proverbial. 
 
 Barksdale, Clement, miscellane- 
 ous writer (b. 1609, d. 1687), wrote Nympha 
 lAbethris (1651), (q.v.); Memorials of Worthy 
 Persons (1661—1663) ; A Rem^morance of 
 Excellent Men (1670) ; and other works 
 specified by Wood in his Athence Oxonien- 
 ses. See Carew Hazlitt's Early English 
 Literature. 
 
 Barlaam and Josaphat. A "spir- 
 itual romance," written originally in 
 Greek, about the year 800, by Joannes 
 DamascenuSj a Greek monk, and trans- 
 lated into Latin before the thirteenth cen- 
 tury. It is worthy of note as containing a 
 passage which Warton thinks was " prob- 
 ably tlie remote but original source of 
 Shakespeare's Caskets in The Merchant of 
 Venice. 
 
 Barleycorn, Sir John, is a jocu- 
 lar personification of the favourite Eng- 
 lish liquor- A well-known tract is still ex- 
 tant in which " the arraigning and indict- 
 ing" of Sir John are quaintly described, 
 and he is represented as of " noble blood, 
 well-beloved in England, a great supporter 
 of the crown, and amaintainarof both rich 
 and poor." He is tried before the follow- 
 ing jury :— Timothy Tosspot, Benjamin 
 Bumper, Giles Lick-spigot, Barnaby Full- 
 pot, Lancelot Toper, John' Six-go-downs, 
 
 Richard Standfast, Small StouJ;. John 
 Never-sober, Obadiah Thirsty, Nicholas 
 Spend-thrift, and Edward Empty-purse, 
 See Hone's Every-day Book, yoh i. Burns 
 has a poem in honour of this generous 
 knight, besides the reference to him iu 
 his Tam O'Shanter:— 
 
 "Inspiring boldJohn Barleycorn, 
 What dangers thou canst make us scorn I " 
 
 Barlow, Joel, American poefc 
 (1755 — 1812), was the author of The vision 
 of Columbus (1787), afterwards published, 
 in an enlarged form, under the title ot 
 TJie Columbiad, in 1808. 
 
 Barlow, Thomas, Bisliop of Lin- 
 coln (d. 1691), was the author of a number 
 of theological works mentioned by An- 
 thony 6. Wood iu hi» Atlience Oxonienses. 
 
 Barlow, "William, successively 
 Bishop of Ilochester and Lincoln (d. 1613). 
 wrote a Life of Dr. Richard Cosin' and 
 some controversial tracts. 
 
 Barlowe, 'William, successively 
 Bishop of St. Asaph's, Bath and "Wella, 
 and Chichester (d. 1568), wrote Cosmog- 
 raphy, and also various pamphlets. 
 
 Barmecide's Feast, The, was the 
 entertainment given to Shacabac, a poor 
 beggar, in the Arabian Nights. It con- 
 sisted of a series of empty plates to which 
 high-sounding names were given. He, 
 however, humoured the joke, and at length 
 protested that he could eat no more. In 
 the end, he fell foul of his eccentric host, 
 who rewarded his patience with food ana 
 wines to his heart's content. The words 
 have become synonymous with an illu- 
 sion, or where pretentious promises are 
 followed by petty performances. 
 
 Barnaby Gudge. a novel by 
 Charles Dickens (1812—1870), originally 
 included in Master Humphrey's Clock 
 (q.v.), but afterwards published separately, 
 in 1841. Its main incidents are founded 
 on the story of the " No Popery " riots in 
 1780, and several historical characters are 
 introduced — notably Lord George Gordon, 
 the chief rioter, and Lord Chesterfield, un- 
 der the veiled name of Sir John Chester 
 (q.v.). A dramatic version was put on the 
 stage in the year of pi^blication, and also 
 in 1866. The raven m the story was, tho 
 author tells us, a compound of two great 
 originals, of which he was, at different 
 times, the possessor, and one of which, 
 stuffed, was sold, after Dickens's death, for 
 the sum of £120. See the preface to the 
 " Charles Dickens " edition. 
 
 Barnaby, "Widow. Tlie title of a 
 novel by Mrs. Trollopk, published in 
 1838. the heroine of which is a fussy, good- 
 natured, vulgar woman, whose whole soul 
 is occupied with matrimonial projects. A 
 sequel, entitled Widow Barnaby Married^ 
 appeared in 1R40, and The Bdrnabys in 
 America in 1843. 
 
BAB 
 
 BAB 
 
 67 
 
 Barnard, Lady Auue (b. 1750. il, 
 1826), was the author of the famous ballad 
 of Autd Robin Gray ^.v.)* Her lAfe has 
 been written by liord Lindsay, in his Lives 
 of the lAiidsays, and by Miss Watson and 
 Miss Tytler, in Tlie Songstresses of Scot- 
 land. See, also, Dyce's Specimens qf the 
 British Poetesses. 
 
 Barnard, Mrs. See Claribel, 
 
 Bamardine. The name of a dis- 
 Bolute prisoner in Shakespeasb's play 
 Qt ^Measure for Measure (q.T.). 
 
 Barnes, Albert (b. 1798, d. 1870), 
 American theologian, is best known by 
 his Comraeviaries on the New Testament, 
 and on Job, The Psalms, Isaiah, and 
 Daniel ; in all fourteen volumes. He also 
 wrote The Wan of Salvation, Practical 
 SermonSfVind othej; religious books. 
 
 Barnes, Bamaby, poet (b. 1569, d. 
 leon), wrote Tfte Praise o/Musike (1686) ; 
 Pa/rthenophil and Parth&iophe (1593); A 
 Divine Centwrie qf Spirituali Sonnets (1595) ; 
 Pour JBooks (^ Offices: Enabling private per- 
 sons for the Special I service of all good Prin- 
 ces and Policies (1606), (q.T.) ; The Devil's 
 Charter (1607) ; The Battle of Hexham, an 
 .imprinted play ; and some verses prefixed 
 to Harvey's Pierce's Supererogation (1593), 
 Jlorio'a Worlde of Wordes (1598), and 
 Ford's Fame's Memoriall (1606). See 
 Wood's AthenoB Oxonienses ; Brydges' Res- 
 iituta ; Mlis's Specimens of the English 
 Poets, and W. Carew Hazlitt's Early Eng- 
 lish Literature. 
 
 Barnes, Joshua (b. 1654, d. 1712), 
 produced a poem on The Story of Esther 
 (1676) : a Life of Edward III. (1688) ; an 
 edition o£ Anacreori (1706); and an edition 
 of Homer (1710). See Edwabd theThibd; 
 Gerasia. 
 
 Barnes, Juliana. See Bernebs, 
 Juliana. 
 
 Barnes, Robert, chaplain to Henry 
 VIII. (d. 1540), was the author of Vitw 
 Jiomanorum Pontificonmi, guos Papas v'o- 
 camus (1535) ; SententUe, sive Chnstiance 
 Peligionis Prcecipud Capita; and other 
 works. See Bale's Lives. 
 
 Barnes, Thomas, journalist (b. 
 1784, d. 1841), after contributing for some 
 time to the Champion newspaper, became, 
 on the dismissal of Sir John Stoddart, ed- 
 itor of the Times, of which post he dis- 
 charged the onerous duties with energy 
 and skill for the space of more than twenty 
 years. See Oemtleman's Magazine for 1841 
 and Grant's History of the Newspaper 
 Press. 
 
 Barnes, 'William, clerpyman, 
 poet, and philologist (b. 1810), is the au- 
 thor, among other works, of Poems of Rvr- 
 ral Life in the Dorset Dialect, A Grammar 
 and Glossarif of the Dorset fitalect, A Phi- 
 
 lological Grammar, and An Aiiglo-Saxon 
 Delectus, An edition of the Poems of 
 Rural Life was published in ordinary Eng- 
 lish in 1866. 
 
 Barnet, in Moore's novel of Ed- 
 ward (q.v.), is an epicure who falls in love 
 with, and man-ies a lady on account of 
 her skill in dressing a dish of stewed carp. 
 
 Barnfield, Richard, poet (b. 
 1574), wrote The Affectionate Shepherd, 
 containing the Complaint of Daphnis for 
 the love qf Ganymede (q. v.), (1594) ; Cyn- 
 thia, with Certmne Sonnets (q.v.) : and the 
 Legend of Cassanidra ^1595) ; The Encomion 
 of Lady Pecuniae or, the Praise of Money 
 (1598) ; and Poems reprinted by Jam^s 
 Boswell, and including RemO/rks by the 
 late Edmund Malone (1816). See Warton's 
 English Poetry ; also, " As it fell upon 
 A Day." 
 
 Barnevelt, Esdras. See Bape of 
 THE Lock, The. 
 
 Barnwell, G-eorge. A tragedy by 
 Geoege Lillo (1693— 1739'), founded on 
 the story of a London apprentice, who, se- 
 duced by the arts of a vile woman, mur- 
 ders his uncle, and is betrayed by his de- 
 stroyer to a shameful death on the scaf- 
 fold. The scene of the murder is said to 
 have been Camberwell Grove, near Lon- 
 don. The play, first introduced in 1730, is 
 still occasionally performed in tlie prov- 
 inces. There is an old ballad on the same 
 subject. ' 
 
 Baron, Robert, poet (b. 1631), 
 wrote " 'EPnTOnAirNION," or. The Cy^ 
 prian Academy (1648) ; An Apologue- for 
 Paris (1649) ; Pocula Casialia, &c. (1650), 
 (q.v.); Mirza, a Tragedie; and othfir 
 works. He is chiefly remarkable foif his 
 plagiarisms from Milton, many of which 
 are exposed by Todd iri his edition of that 
 poet's writings. See Winstanley, Philips, 
 and the Biographia Dramaiica for notic,es 
 of Baron's dramatic pieces. His friend 
 Quarles - constructed the following a^ia- 
 gram out of his name : Robertus Bajronus, 
 Rarus ab orhe notus. 
 
 Baronage of England, The : "'or, 
 an Historical Account of the Liv;es and 
 Most Memorable Actions of Our English 
 History," by Sir William Dugdale (1605 
 —1686) ; " distinguished," says Sir Harris 
 Nicolas, "by the most laborious research 
 and astonishing accuracy." 
 
 Barons, The Last of the. An his- 
 torical romance by Edwakd, Lord Lytton 
 (1805-1873), published in 1843. The scene 
 IS laid in England during the Wars of the 
 Hoses, ahd the hero is Kirhard Neville, 
 Earl of Warwick, the famous "King- 
 maker," whose fall is the main action of 
 the story. -" It is a great epic," says Senior, 
 " grand in its conception, and vigorous in 
 its execution ; " in which the author " has 
 
68 
 
 BAB 
 
 BAB 
 
 given us a picture of medisBval life aa 
 graphic aa u it had been painted by 
 Scott." 
 
 Barons' "Wars, The. An histor- 
 ical poem, in six booka, by Michael 
 Dkayton (1563—1631), published in 160.3. 
 It had previously appeared in 1696, under 
 the title of Aiortimertados : the Lamentable 
 Civil JVarres of Edward the Second and 
 His Barons, " In some historic sketches," 
 says Campbell, " he reaches a manner be- 
 yond himself. The pictures of Mortimer 
 and the queen, and of Edward's entrance 
 into the castle, are splendid and spirited." 
 
 Barrett, Btou StEuinard, Irish 
 poet and novelist (d. 1820), wrote All the 
 TalentSt a poem in ridicule of the Whig 
 ministry (1807) ; The Heroine, a parody on 
 the romantic school of fiction ; Six Weeks 
 at Lonff's ; and various pamphlets. 
 
 Barrett, 'Walter, Clerk. The 
 
 pseudonym of Joseph A. Scotille (d. 
 1864), author of The Old Merchants of New 
 York. 
 
 Barriers, The. A poem by Ben 
 Jossox (1574—1637), written to celebrate 
 the biith of Henry. Prince of Wales (son 
 of James I.), and published in 1610. 
 
 Barrington, Sir Jonah, some 
 time Judge of the Court of Admiralty in 
 Ireland (b. 176T, d. 1834), was the author of 
 Personal Sketches of his oimi Time (1830), 
 and Historic Anecdotes and Secret Memoirs 
 relative to the Legislative Uniwi between 
 Great Britain and Ireland (1809—1835). 
 The latter work excited a considerable 
 sensation at the time of its publication. 
 The foi-mer was republished in 1869. 
 
 Barrister, A. The nam de plume 
 assumed by the author of two volumes of 
 Essays, republished from the Saturday 
 Review (1862). They are said to be from 
 the pen of Sir James Fitzjames Ste- 
 phen. 
 
 Barrow, Isaac, D.D., Prebendary 
 of Salisbury (b. 1630, d. 1677), wrote a num- 
 ber of theological works, of which the llrst 
 collected edition appeared in 1683, under 
 the supervision of Archbishop Tlllotson and 
 Abraham Hall. They were republished 
 ut the Clarendon Press in 1818 ; again in 
 1842, by tlie Bev. James Hamilton ; and 
 again in America in 1845. The OpuscuLa 
 Lafina was printed in 1687. The mathe- 
 matical works appeared in the following 
 order : Euelidis Etementa (1655), Euclidis 
 Data (1675), Lectiones Optical (1669), Lec- 
 iiones Qeometricoi (1670). Archimedis Opera, 
 Apollonii Conioorum (libri iv.), Theodosii 
 Opera (1676), Lectio de Sptuera et Cylindro 
 (1678), and Lectiones Mathematicce (1783). 
 A Selection from his Writings was pub- 
 lished in 1R66. Of his Sermons Locke said 
 they were masterpieces of their kind. Of 
 hia frieiidBliip witli Tillotsou, an interest- 
 
 ing testimony remains in tlxe conjunction 
 of these two famous names in Thomson's 
 Apostrophe io Britannia — 
 
 " And for the Btrength and elegance of tnith, 
 A Barrow and a Tillotson are thine." 
 
 See Sermons ; also the Life, by Arthur 
 Hill. 
 
 Barrow, Rev. S. The mm de 
 plume under which Sir Bichabd Phil- 
 lips (1768—1840) published several of his 
 works, among others, Tlie Poor Child's 
 Library Questions on the New Testament, 
 and Sermons for Schools. 
 
 Barry, Alfred, D.D., D.C.L., 
 
 Canon of Worcester (b. 1826), has pub- 
 lished an Introduction io tlie Old Tes^ 
 tament, Notes on tlie Gospels, Cheltenham 
 College Sermons, Sermons for Boys, Notes 
 on the Catechism, Religion for Every Day, 
 and a Life of Sir C. Barry, R.A. 
 
 Barry, Girald. <See Girau>0B 
 Cambbensis. 
 
 Barry, Ludo-wick, {temp. James 
 I.), wrote a comedy called Ram Alley 
 (q.v.). See Wood's Athente Oxoniensea 
 and Walpole'B Royal and Noble Authors, 
 where however, he is wrongly styled 
 Lord Barry. 
 
 Bartholomseus, AngUcus. See 
 Glanvil. 
 
 Bartholomew, Anne Charlotte, 
 
 nie Fayermann (d. 1862), wrote a voluine 
 of poems called The Songs of Azrael; a 
 play entitled The King: or, tlie Farmer' i 
 Daughter (1829,) and a farce, It is only my 
 Aunt. 
 
 Bartholomew. Pair. A comedy 
 by Ben Jonson (1574—1637) produced in 
 1614, and valuable for its lively pictures of 
 the manners of the times. " It is chiefly 
 remarkable," says Hazlitt, " for the ex- 
 hibition of odd humours and tumblers* 
 tricks, and is on that account amusing to 
 read once." 
 
 Bartlett, John Russell (b. 1805), 
 is the author of The Progress of Ethnol- 
 ogy, which appeared in 1847 ; Reminis- 
 cences of Albert Gallatin (1849) ; Diction- 
 ary of Americanisms (1848) ; Personal Nai^ 
 rative of Explorations and Incidents in 
 Texas, &c., (1860—1854) ; and other works. 
 
 Bartlett, Rev. Thomas (h. 1789), 
 wrote (in 1816) Memoir of the Life atid 
 Writings of Joseph Butler, Bishop qf Dur- 
 ham; Discourses on the Confession qf the 
 Church of England, and other worka. 
 
 Bartlett, William Henry, autlior 
 and artist (b. 1809, d. 1854), wrote Walks 
 about Jerusalem, The Topography qfJei^u- 
 salem. Forty Day sin the I^esert, The Nile 
 Boat, The Overland Route, Footsteps of 
 our Lard, Pictures qf Sicily, The Pilgrim 
 
BAI& 
 
 BAS 
 
 60 
 
 FapiGrs, and Jerusalem Revisited, See 
 the Br iif Memoir hy Dr. Seattle. 
 
 Bartoldo. A wealthy miser in 
 MiLMAN's tragedy of Fazio (q.v.). 
 
 Barton, Amos, The Sad For- 
 tunes of the Rev. The title of one of the 
 Scenes of Clerical Life (q.v.), hy Gisobge 
 
 EUOT. 
 
 Barton, Sir Andrew. The title 
 and subject of a ballad apparently writ- 
 ten in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Sir 
 Andrew was a famous Scottish admiral, 
 . whose depredations upon English mer- 
 chant ships so excited the indignation of 
 the Earl of Surrey, that he sent his two 
 sons out to sea to retaliate upon the bold 
 old sailor, and in the engagement thattol- 
 lowed Sir Andrew lost ffls life. This was 
 on August 2nd, 1511. 
 
 Barton, Bernard, " the Quaker 
 poet" (b. 1784, d. 1849), wrote Metrical 
 Effusimis (1812), Bevotumal Verses (1826), 
 The Widmo's Tale, (1827), Household 
 Verses (1845), and some other works. Hia 
 Poems and Zetfei's were published with a 
 Memoir by his daughter, in 1853. The 
 Edinburgh Revievj says : — " The whole 
 staple of his poems is description and 
 meditation— description of qniet home 
 scenery, sweetly and feelingly wrought 
 out, and meditation, overshaded with 
 tenderness and exalted by devotion, but 
 all terminating in soothing and even 
 cheerful views of the conditions and pros- 
 pects of mortality. " " The gift of genius," 
 says Alexander Smith, "can hardly be 
 conceded to him. He had no fire^ no im- 
 agination, no passion ; but his . mind was 
 cultivated, his heart pure, and he wrote 
 like a good ^id amiable man." 
 
 Bas Bleu, The: "or, Conversa- 
 tion." A poem by Haxnah More (1745 — 
 1833), published in 1786, and characteiised 
 by Dr. Johnson as** a great performance." 
 It was written in praise of the " Bas Bleu," 
 or Blue-Stocking Club, a literary as- 
 sembly which met at the house of Mrs. 
 Montagu, its founder ; and the following 
 couplets have attained to the dignity of 
 ** familiar words :" 
 
 *' Small habits well puraned betimes 
 
 May reach the dignity of crimes." 
 
 "In men this blunder still you find ; 
 
 All think their little set mankind.'' 
 
 Bascom, John (b. 1827), Ameri- 
 can political economist and scholar, pub- 
 lished, in 1861, Political Economy , follow- 
 ed, in 1862, \>yB, Treatise on Esthetics, and, 
 in 1865, a Text-book of Rhetoric^ and other 
 works on the kindred branches of science. 
 
 " Base is the slave that pays." 
 —King Hinry F".,. act ii., scene 1. 
 
 "Base uses -we niay return, 
 Horatio! To what."— i/offire^, act v., 
 scene 1 
 
 Bashful Lover, Tho. A comedy 
 by Philip Massinger, produced in i636 ; 
 printed in 1655. 
 
 Basil, Count. A play by Joanna 
 BAiLLit; (1762—1851), included In the se- 
 ries on the Passions, published in 1802. 
 
 Basil, Theodore. Tlie assumed 
 name under which Thomas Becon (b. 
 about 1510, d. 1570) wrote many of his 
 works. 
 
 Basilikon, Doron, The, was a col- 
 lection of precepts on the art of govern- 
 ment, written by King James I. of Eng- 
 land and VI. of Scotland, for the instruc- 
 tion of his son Henry. They were pub- 
 lished in 1599. 
 
 Basilisco. A knight in the old 
 play entitled Sbliman and Perseda fq.v.). 
 
 Basilius. King of Arcadia in Sir 
 Philip Sidney's romance of that name 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Bassanio, in The Merchant of Venice, 
 is '* kinsman and friend to Antonio " (q. 
 T.), and " suitor likewise to Portia" (q.v.)- 
 
 " Baseless fabric of this vision, 
 
 liike the."— Tempest, act iv., scene I- 
 
 Basse, "William. The name of 
 two poets who lived about 1613 — 1651. To 
 the elder are ascribed an Epit<n)h on 
 Shakespeare (1633) ; The Sword ana Buck- 
 ler (1602) ; Great Rrittaines Sunnesset, he- 
 loaued with a Shower of Teares, a poem on 
 the death of Prince Henry (1613) ; and a 
 collection of MS. verses called Po^^/Aym- 
 nia. The younger was probably the 
 author of some " choice songs," The Hun- 
 ter in his Career and Tom of Bedlam, and 
 others, referred to by "Walton in his Lives. 
 
 Basset-Table, The. One of a se- 
 ries of Town Eclogues, published anony- 
 mously in 1716, and intended as parodies 
 on the pastorals of Pope and Phillij)s. The 
 present one was written by Pope himself, 
 the others by Lady Mary wortley Mon- 
 tagu. Basset was a game commonly 
 played in England after the Restoration, 
 and in France in the reign of Louis XIV., 
 till that monarch issued an ordinance pro- 
 hibiting it. 
 
 Bassianus, in the tragedy of Titus 
 Andronicus, is in love with Lavinia (q.v.). 
 
 Bastard, The. A poem by Richakd 
 Savage (q.v.)) published in 1728- 
 
 Bastard, Thomas (d. 1618), pub- 
 lished Chrestoleros : Seven Books of E^i^ 
 grammes (1598), (q.T.). ; Magna Britanma, 
 a Latin poem (1605) ; sermons, and other 
 works. See Wood's Athence Oxonienses, 
 where it is said:— "He was a person 
 endowed with many rare gifts, was an ex- 
 cellent Grecian, Latinist, and poet, and, in 
 his elder years a quaint preacher. . . . 
 
70 
 
 BAS 
 
 BAT 
 
 He was a most excellent epigrammatist, 
 and, being always ready to vereify upon 
 any subject, did let nothing material 
 escape liis fancy, as his compositions, run-. 
 ning through several hands in MS., show.*' 
 Warton speaks of him as " better qualified 
 for that species of the occasional pointed 
 Latin epigram established by his fellow- 
 coUegian, John Owen, than for any other 
 sort of English versitication." 
 
 Bastian, Henry Charlton, M.D. 
 
 (b. 1837), has written The Modes of Origin 
 qf Loioest Organisms (1871) ; The Begin- 
 nings qf Life (1872) ; Evolution and the 
 Ongin of Life (1874) ; Commmi Forms of 
 Paralysis from Jirain Disease (1875) ; and 
 a lar^e number of essays in various scien- 
 tific journals. 
 
 Baston, Robert {d. about 1315), 
 was, according to Bale, poet-laureate and 
 public orator at Oxford. He wrote, prin- 
 cipally in Latin, the following works : — 
 De Strivilniensi Obsidione (Cy' the Siege 
 pf Stirling), De Altero Scotorum Bello, De 
 Scotice Guerris variis, De variis Mitndi 
 SfatibuSy De Sacerdotum luxuriis, Contra 
 Artistas, De Divite et Lazaro, Eplstolee ad 
 DiversoSf Sermones Synodales, some poems, 
 comedies, and tragedies. See Bale, Pits, 
 Holiiigshed, Leland, and Warton. ** The 
 rhyme Baston," says AUibone, " was call- 
 ed from our author." 
 
 Bastwick, John, M.D., contro- 
 versial writer (b. 1.593, d. 16*8), wrote 
 Flagitlum Pontificis et Episcoporum Lati- 
 alium (q.v.), Apologeticus ad Frcesules An- 
 glicanos, aud other works. 
 
 '*Bated.breath and whispering 
 
 humbleness, With."— TAe Merchant qf 
 
 Venice, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Bates, Charley. A young thief, 
 in the employment of Fagin (q.v.), in 
 DlCKEXs's novel of Oliver Twist (q.v.). 
 
 Bates, 'William. See Silver- 
 TONGUED, The. 
 
 Bath Intrigues. A novel by Mrs. 
 DE LA. Riviere Manley (1672—1724), in 
 which the story is told in the form of 
 correspondence between the dramatis per- 
 son(B. Mrs. Manley adopted a somewhat 
 similar plan in her Stape-Coach Journey to 
 Exeter, a fiction in which the narrative is 
 contained in eight letters to a friend. 
 These worlts probably gave Kichardson 
 the hint on which ho founded one or two 
 of his novels. 
 
 Bath, Major, in Fielding's novel 
 of Amelia (q.v.), is a poor but high-mind- 
 ed gentleman, who attempts to conceal his 
 poverty under a bold bearing and ostenta- 
 tious language. 
 
 Bath, The Wife of. The heroine 
 of one of Chaucer's Canterbwru Tales 
 (ij.v.), wliich was afterwards rtiodarnised 
 
 by Drydeii. The prologue was para- 
 phrased by Pope in a volume of MlsceU- 
 lanies, edited by Steele, in 1714. "The 
 greatest part of it," says Tyrwhitt, " must 
 have been of Chaucer's own invention, 
 though one may plainly see that he has 
 been reading the popular invectives 
 against marriage, and women in general, 
 such as the Roman de la Rose, Valerius ad 
 Rujinum de non ducendd uxore, and par- 
 ticularly Hieronymus contra Jbvianum." 
 See also Wife of Bath, The. 
 
 Bathos, A Treatise of the : " or, 
 
 the Art of Sinking in Poetry," was contrib- 
 uted by Alexander Pope (1688-1744) to 
 the Proceedings of the Scriblerus Club 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Bathurst, Dr. Richard. For tlie 
 contributions of this writer to The Adven- 
 tit^er (q.v.), see The British Essayists. 
 
 Batman, Stephen, divine, poet, 
 and miscellaneous wrlter(b.l537 d.l587),pro- 
 duced TJie Travayled Pilgrim (1569) ; The 
 Golde7i Boohe of the Leaden Goades (1577) ; 
 The Donme (1581) ; and other works. " He 
 was also," says Warton, "the last trans- 
 lator of the Gothic Pliny, Bartliolomeus 
 de Proprietatibus Rerum.** See Goldejj 
 
 BOOKE. 
 
 Batrachomyonxachia : "or, the 
 Battle of the Frogs and Mice." A transla- 
 tion from Homer nito English heroic verse 
 by Thomas Paknell (1679—1718). 
 
 Battayle aud Assault of Cupide. 
 
 See Cupide. 
 
 " Battle and the breeze, The." 
 
 In Campbell's poem, Ye Mariners qf 
 England (q.v.) : — 
 
 " "WhoBC flae has braved a thousand years 
 The batcle and the breeze." 
 
 Battle of Agincourt, The. A 
 
 poem by Michael Drayton (1663—1631), 
 published in 1627, and written in stanzas 
 of six alternate rhyming lines and a cou- 
 plet, like Byron's Do7i Jitan, 
 
 Battle of Blenheim, The, is the 
 
 title of a popular poem by BoBEKl SOU- 
 THEY. The opening liues are : — 
 
 " It wofl a summer's evcninc. 
 Old Kaspar'a work was done. 
 And he before his cottage door 
 Was sitting in the sun." 
 
 Battle of Finnesburh, The. A 
 
 fragment of an old romance, printed in 
 ICemble's edition of Beowulf (q.\.). 
 
 Battle of Jerusalem, The. See 
 Jerusalem, The Battle of. 
 
 Battle of Life, The: "A Love 
 Story," by Charles Dickens (1812—1870), 
 published in December, 1847. Among the 
 dramatis persons are Atessrs. Snitchley 
 and Cragg, Dr. Jeddler, Alfred Heath- 
 Held, Clemency Newcome, and Benjamin 
 Britain (q.v.). i 
 
BAT 
 
 BAX 
 
 71 
 
 BatUeof Ramilies, On the; and 
 
 On the Battle of Blenheim. Foema by 
 JoHir Dennis (1657—1734), the latter of 
 which obtained, for the author a hundred 
 guineas from the Duke of JVfarlborough, 
 whose victories are celebrated with a glpw- 
 ing pen, and who is represented, Johnson 
 says, as enjoying a large share of the ce- 
 , lestial protection. 
 
 Battle of the Baltic, The. A 
 
 war-lyric by Thomas Campbell (1777— 
 1844), written in 1809. The opening lines 
 ai"e: 
 
 " Of Nelson and the North, 
 Sing the glorious day's renown." 
 
 The first verse originally ran : — 
 
 "■ Of Nelson and the North 
 
 Sing the day, 
 "When, their haughty powers to vex, 
 He engsged the Danieh decks. 
 And with twenty floating wrecks 
 
 Crowned the fray." 
 
 Battle of the Books, The. A 
 
 prose Jeu d'esprit by Jonathan Swift 
 (1667 — 1745), of which the full title runs as 
 follows : — '• A full and true account of the 
 Battle fought last Friday between the 
 Ancient and Modern Books in St. James's 
 Library." It was written at Moor Park, 
 dunng Swift's secoitd residence there with 
 Sir William Temple, and arose out of a 
 contiovery in whichhis patron had engaged 
 in respect to the superiority of ancient 
 over moderii leaniing. To Temple's essay 
 on this subject, WiUiam Wotton and Dr. 
 Bentley both, replied, the former attacking 
 its main argument, and the latter denying 
 the genuineness of the Epistles of PhalaHs 
 and the Fables of JEsop, to which Temple 
 had referred; and these in their turn 
 brought into the controTersy the Hon. 
 Charles Boyle, afterwards Earl of Orrery, 
 whom Swift supported in the treatise 
 named above. It appeared in 1704, and is 
 said to have been suggested by Courtay's 
 Histoire Poefique de la Guerre nouvelle- 
 ment d&clarie enir6 les Anciens et les Mo- 
 demes. 
 
 Battle of the Poets, The. A 
 
 poem by John Sheffield, Duke of 
 Buckinghamshiee, published in 1725, in 
 which the poets of the time are brought 
 together to discuss their own merits. 
 
 Battle of the "VThigs, The. A 
 
 poem, written by Box^^el Thornton 
 (1724 — 1763), as an additional canto to 
 Garth's poem of The Dispensary (q.v.). 
 
 "Battle's magnificently stern 
 an-ay ! " A line in Childe Harold's Pil- 
 grimoffe (q.v.)» canto iii., stanza 28. 
 
 Battle's, Mrs., Opinions on 
 
 Whist. One of the Essays of Ella (q.v.), 
 "by Charles Lamb (1775—1834). '^Old 
 Barah Battle (now with (jod), who, next to 
 her deTotions, loved a good game of 
 wliiat." 
 
 " Battles o'er again. Fought all 
 
 his."— Dryden's Alexander's Feastf line 
 66. 
 
 Baucis and Philemon. A poem, 
 imitated from tlie eighth book of Ovid, by 
 JoNATHAjs Swift, and written about the 
 year 1708. 
 
 Baviad, The. A satiric poem hy 
 William Gifford (1757—1826), in which 
 the writer severely ridiculed the Della- 
 Cruscan school (q.v-). The Baviad was 
 published in 1794. See MiEViAD, The. 
 
 Baxter, Andrew (l>. 1686, d. 1750). 
 was the author of an Inquiry into the Nor- 
 ture of tlie Human Soul, the second edition 
 of which appeared in 1737. *' His object in 
 this treatise," says Dr. J. McCosh, **isto 
 establish the doctrine of the immateriality 
 of the 90ul, and he dwells largely on the 
 vis inertia of matter, and on the nature of 
 body and force, as furnished by the physics 
 of Newton. In this work he has an Essay 
 on Dreaming, in which he maintains that 
 the phantasms which present themselves 
 in our sleep are not the work of the soul 
 itself, but are prompted by separate im? 
 material beings," In 1750 was published 
 an Appendix to tlie Inquiry, in Which tho 
 wi'iter endeavoured to answer some of the 
 objections to his theory propounded by 
 Maclaurin. Dugald Stewart said that the 
 Inquiry displayed considerable ingenuity 
 as well as learning. 
 
 Baxter, Richard, nonconforming 
 divine (b. 1615, d. 1691), wrote, among other 
 works, Aphorisms of Justification (164^ 
 The Saints' Everlasting Rest (1649) ; A Can 
 to the Unconverted (1657) ; N&io or Never 
 (1663) J The Seformed Liturgy (1661) ; The 
 Poor Man's Family Book (1674) ; Paror- 
 phrase on the Neto Testament (1685) ; Me- 
 thodtts Theologies Christiapce (1681) ; A 
 Christian Directory (1673) ; Catholic The- 
 ology (1675) ; A Treatise of Episcopacy 
 (1681) ; A Treatise of Universal liedemp' 
 tion (1694) ; Reasons for the Christian 
 Religion, (1667) ; Universal Concord (1658) ; 
 G-ildq.8 Silvia/nns c or, the Reformed Pastor 
 (1656) : Confessions of Faith (1655) ; A Life 
 of Faith{1670) ; The Certainty of the World 
 at' Spirits (1691) ; and Poetical Fragments 
 (1681), The number of his W^orA-s amounts 
 to one hundred and sixty-eight, of which 
 the Practical Works, published in 1707, in 
 four volumes folio, were printed in 1850 in 
 twenty-three volumes octavo, with a Life 
 by the editor, the Rev. W. Onne, at the 
 end of which a complete list of Baxter's 
 publications is given. See also Reliquiae 
 Baxteriance, a narrative of his life and 
 times, by Matthew Sylvester (1696), which 
 haa been reprinted in the lifth volume of 
 Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical BiograpJiy. 
 ** 1 asked him," says Boswell of Dr. John- 
 son, "what works of Richard Baxter 1 
 should read. He said, ■* Bead any of thent 
 —they are all good.* " " Hie practical 
 
73 
 
 BAX 
 
 BBA 
 
 writings, " saya Barrow, " were never 
 mended; his controversial seldom coji- 
 luted." 
 
 Baxter, 'William Edward (b. 
 
 1825), politician and traveller, has publish- 
 ed Impressions qf Central and Southern 
 Europe (1850) ; Tlie Tagus aiid the Tiber 
 (18o2) ; Atnerica and the Americans (1855); 
 Bints to Thinkers (1855) ; and Free Italy 
 (187i). 
 
 "Bay the moon, I'd rather be a 
 dog and." — Julius Ccesar, act iv., scene 3. 
 
 Bayard, The Chevalier. " Tlie 
 right joyous and pleasant History of the 
 Feats, Jests, and Prowesses" of this 
 famous knight was translated by Sara 
 Coleridge (1803— 1852) from the French, 
 and published in 1825. 
 
 Bayes is tlie leatling cliaracter in 
 Buckingham's burlesque of T/te liehenr- 
 sal (q.v.), where he at first appeared under 
 the name of .BUboa, as a satire on that 
 mediocre dramatist. Sir Robert Howard. 
 Afterwards, however, the conception was 
 BO far corrected and altered as to form a 
 caricature of Drj-den, passages from whose 
 plays are admirably parodied in the bur- 
 lesque. See Arber's reprint, in which 
 these passages are given at length. 
 
 Bayham, Fred. A cliaracter in 
 Thackekay's novel of The Newcomes 
 (q.v.). " Where," says Haiinav, " is there 
 a jollier Bohemian— a Bohemian, and still 
 a gentleman ? " 
 
 Bayle's Dictionary, "Historical 
 and Critical," published in 1710. " A vei7 
 useful work," says Dr. Johnson, "for 
 those to consult v.-ho love the biographical 
 part of literature, which is what I love 
 most." Pierre Bayle was bom in 1647, 
 and died in 1706 ; his Dictionary having 
 originally appeared in 1695—6. It was 
 written m Ftench, and was Intended, its 
 author said, " not to inculcate scepticism, 
 but suggest doubts." 
 
 Bayly, Thomas Haynes, poet, 
 novelist, dramatist, and miscellaneous 
 writer (1797—1839), was the author of thirty- 
 six dramatic compositions, tlie most of 
 which were successful. He also wrote 
 Aylmers, a novel ; Khidness in Women, a 
 series of tales; Parliamentary Letters;. 
 Rough Sketches of Bath ; Weeds of Witch- 
 ery, His chief fame, however, rests 
 upon his ability as a song-writer. His 
 Poetical Works and Memoir were publish- 
 ed by his widow. " He possessed," saya 
 Moir, '• a playful fancy, a practised ear, a 
 refined taste, and a sentiment which ranged 
 pleasantly from the fanciful to the pathet- 
 ic, without, however, strictly attaining 
 either the highly imaginative or the deeply 
 passionate." 
 
 Bayne, Peter (b. 1830), essayist, 
 "biographer, and poet, has written The 
 
 Christiam Life (186B); Essays in Biogra- 
 phical Criticism (1857—1858) ; The Life of 
 Hugh Miller (1870)- whom he succeeded in 
 the editorship of The Witness; and Th£ 
 Days qf Jezebel, an Historical Drama 
 (1872). He has also contributed largely to 
 the reviews and magazines, besides editing 
 several newspapers. 
 
 Baynes, Thomas Spencer, IiL. 
 
 D., Professor of Logic at St. Andrews 
 University (b. 1823), has published a trans- 
 lation of The Port Royal Logic (1851), aiul 
 an Essay on the New Analytic of Logical 
 Forms (1852), besides contributing largely 
 to the reviews and newspapers. He is the 
 editor of the ninth edition of the Ency- 
 clopcedia Britannica. 
 
 " Be bolde, be bolde, and every- 
 where be bolde." A line in Spenser's 
 Faerie Queene, book iii., canto xi., stanza 
 54. , 
 
 " Be, or not to be. To." The 
 opening of a famous soliloquy by Hamlet 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy oi that name, 
 act iii., scene 1. 
 
 Beaconsfield, Barl of. See Dis- 
 raeli, Benjamin. 
 
 Beale, Lionel Smith, M. D. (b. 
 1828) is best known as the author of Horn 
 to work toith the Microscope ; Protoplasm ; 
 and The Mystery of Life (1871). He has 
 also written numerous other scientific 
 works of great professional value. 
 
 Beale, Thomas Willert. (b. 
 
 1831), is the author of The Enterprising 
 Impressario, and a large number of mis- 
 cellaneous contributions to literature and 
 music, written under the nom de plume of 
 "Walter Maynard. 
 
 " Be-all and the end-£dl here, 
 
 The." Macbeth, act i., scene 7. 
 
 Bean Lean, Donald. A Higb- 
 land cateran in Sir Walter Scott's 
 Wavcrley (q.v.) 
 
 " Bear-baiting, The Puritans 
 
 hated." See chapter ii., vol i;, of Macau- 
 lay's History of England. "Not," he 
 says, " because it gave pain to , the hear, 
 but because it gave pleasure to the specta- 
 tors." Hume said exactly the same thing 
 in chapter Ixii., vol, i.j of his History e/ 
 England. "Even Bear-baiting was es- 
 teemed heathenish and unchristian ; tlie 
 sport of it, not the humanity, gave of- 
 fence." 
 
 Bear, Beware the. See Bewar£ 
 THE Bear. 
 
 " Bear, like the Turk, no broth- 
 er near the throne." See Pope's Epistle 
 to Dr. Arbuthnot, line 107. The allusion is 
 to Addison — " A man too fond to rule 
 I alone." 
 
BEA 
 
 BEA 
 
 73 
 
 "Bear the palm alone, And." 
 
 Julius CeEsai-y act i., scene 2. 
 
 Beard, Thomas. See Theatre 
 OF God's Judomekts. 
 
 " Beard the lion in his den, To," 
 A line In Sir Waltek Scott's poem o£ 
 Marmion^ canto vi., stanza 14. 
 
 "Bears and lions gro'wl and 
 
 fight." See " Dogs Delight." 
 
 Beast, The Blatant. See Bla- 
 tant Beast, The. 
 
 Beatrice. Niece to Leonato, Gov- 
 ernor of Messina, In Shakespeare's 
 comedy of Much Ado about Nothing fq.v.). 
 V In Beatrice," says Mrs. Jameson", ** liigli 
 intellect and high animal spirits meet and 
 excite each other, like lire and air. In her 
 wit (which is brilliant without heing im- 
 aginative) there is a touch of insolence, 
 not infrequent in women when the wit 
 predominates over reflection and imagi- 
 nation. In her temper, too, there is a 
 slight infusion of the termagant ; and her 
 satirical humour plays with such an unre- 
 spectf ul levity over all subjects alike, that 
 it required a profound knowledge of w^- 
 meu to bring such a character witliin the 
 range of our sympathy." 
 
 Beatrice Cenci. The heroine of 
 Shelley's tragedy of The Cenci (q.T.) 
 who commits parricide in revenge for her 
 father's incestuous lust. 
 
 Beatrice Portinari (b. 1266, d 
 1290). The daughter of a wealthy citizen 
 of Florence Immortalised by Dante 
 (1266—1321), who, at eight years of age 
 formed a deep attachment to her which 
 lasted until her death. 'Xhe Platonic pur- 
 ity and tenderness of Dante's love for her 
 are testified by his first work, 'the Vita 
 Nuoea, which appeared in 1300. Beatrice 
 was married in 1287 to Simon del Bardi. 
 
 Beattie, James, poet and philoso- 
 phical writer (b. 1735, d. 1802), wrote Poems 
 and Translations (1760) ; Judgment of 
 Paris (176^, (q.v); Essay on the Nature amd 
 Imnmtahility of Truth (1770), (q.v.) ; The 
 Minstrel (1771 and 1774), (q .v.); Miscellan- 
 «piM Essays (1776) ; Ihssertations, Moral 
 and Political (1783): Evidences of Chris- 
 tianity. (1786) ; and Elements of Moral 
 Science (1790—1793). For his contribu- 
 , tions to the Mirror, see TIte British Es- 
 sayistS' His Life has been written by 
 Chalmers (1811) and Forbes (1806). Dr. 
 Johnson said, " We all love Beattie ; " and 
 Gray— fastidious Gray— called him "a 
 poet, a philosopher, and a good man." 
 
 Beattie, William, M.D., poet and 
 niiscellaneouB writer (b. 1793 d. 1875), is 
 tile author of the standard Life of 
 Thomas Campbell (second edition, 1850), of 
 The Courts qf Germany (1827), and several 
 poems, including John Huss (1629), The 
 
 Seliotr&pe (1833); ahd Polynesia^ Among 
 his other publications are Histories qf 
 Scotland and Switnerland.The Waldenses, 
 The Castles and Abbeys of EngUmd, The 
 Pilgrim in Italy, and numerous works on 
 professional subjects. 
 
 Beau (or Bel) Inconnu, lie. See 
 Beaux Disconsus, Li. 
 
 Beau Tibbs, in Goldsmith's Cit- 
 izen of tlie World Ja.-vX is characterised 
 by Hazlitt as " The best comic sketch 
 since the ti^e of Addison j unrivalled in 
 his finery, ^is vanity, and-his poverty." 
 
 Beaufey, Robert de. See Cak- 
 
 MEN DE COMMENDATIONE CEKEVSI.^. 
 
 Beaufort, Cardinal. Bishop of 
 Winchester, in Shakespeare's play of 
 Henry VI, (q.v.). 
 
 Beaufort, Robert, in Lord Ltt- 
 TOjr's novel of Night and Morning (q.v.), 
 is a character on the same lines As those 
 on which the Pecksniff (q .v.) of Charles 
 Dickens was constructed. 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, dra- 
 matists (Beaumont, 1586 — 1616 ; Fletcher, 
 1576 — 1625) wrote, in conjunction, the fol- 
 lowing plajs; The Womah Hater (first 
 printed in 1607) ; Cupid's Revenge (1616) : 
 The Scornful Lady (161C) ; A IClnq and 
 tw Xing (1619), (q.v.): The Maid's Trage- 
 dy (1619), (q.v.) ; Philasier, or Love lies a- 
 Meeding- (1620), (q.v.) ; Monsieur Thomas 
 (1639); Wit without motley (leso); The Coro- 
 nation (1640) ; and many others, for the 
 names of some of which, see the end of this 
 article . Collected" editions of Beaumont 
 and Fletcher's Works were published hi 
 1660 by John Shirley, in 1812 by Henry 
 Weber, and in 1843 by the Rev. Alexaiider, 
 Dyce. For Biography aw^ Criticism,' se&' 
 also Campbell's Specimens of the English 
 Poets, Hallam's Literature of Eurppci 
 Sctvlegel's Dramatic Literature, Collier's 
 l>ramatic Poetry, liBJtth's Specimens of the 
 Dramatic Poets, Hazlitt's Age ff Eliza- 
 beth, Leigh Hunt's Imagination and Fancy 
 and Selections from the Plays, Coleridge's 
 Remains, Hartley Coleridge's Notes and 
 Marginalia, Sir Walter Scott's Drama 
 (in Encgclohoedia Briiannica), Macaulay'tf 
 Essays, Hallam writes : — " The comic 
 talents of these authors far exceeded 
 their skill in tragedy. In comedy they , 
 founded a new school, the vestiges of 
 which are still to be traced in our theatre. 
 Their plays are at once to be distinguish- 
 able from their contemporaries' by the re- 
 gard to dramatic effect which influenced 
 me writer's imagination. Their incidenis 
 are numerous and striking ; their charac- 
 ters sometimes slightly sketched, not 
 drawn, like those of Jonson, from a pro- 
 conceived design, but preserving that de- 
 gree of individual distinctness which a 
 common audience requires, and Often 
 Mghly humourous without extravagance, 
 
74 
 
 BEA 
 
 BEA 
 
 and their language brilliant with ■wit." 
 die Coxcomb, The ; Honest Man's 
 JFOKTUNE, Tjie : Little Fkekch IjAw- 
 yek,The ; Mad' Lover. The ; Pilokim, 
 The ; and Valentikias. 
 
 Beaumont, Francis, dramatist 
 (b. 1586, d. 1616),is remarkable less for what 
 he wrote singly than for the plays pro- 
 duced in partnership with John Flotclier, 
 the names of which are given under the 
 heading of Bbaumost and Fletchek. 
 Beaumont wrote, besides, a paraphrase of 
 Ovid's Salmacis and Hermaphroditus 
 (1002) ; a Masque celebrated at Lincoln's 
 Inn and at the ]M(iddle Temple, on the oc- 
 casion of the marriage of the Princess 
 Elizabeth with the Count Palatine, Febru- 
 ary 15, 1613 : and some miscellaneous 
 poems, including a ie^^er to Ben Jonsiyti, 
 published in 1640. " They are all of them 
 of considerable, some of them," says Dr. 
 Bliss, " of high, merit," Heywood 
 wrote — 
 
 ** Excellent Beaumont, in the foremost rank 
 Of the mr'st wit I " 
 
 Ben Jonson — 
 " ilow I do love thee, Beaumont, and thy Muse, 
 That unto me doth such religion use I '' 
 
 See Brother, The Bloody; Bubsino 
 Pestle, Knight of the. 
 
 Beaumont, Sir George, Bpistle 
 
 to. A poem by William Wordsworth 
 (1770—1850), written in 1811. 
 
 Beaumont, Sir Harry. The nom 
 deplume under which Joseph Spence 
 (1698—1768) published a volume of Morali- 
 lies; or^ Essays^ Fables, Letters, and Trans- 
 lations, in 1753. 
 
 Beaumont, Sir John, poet (b.l582, 
 a, 1628), published Bonworth Field, with a 
 Taste cf the Variety of other Poems (1629), 
 (q.v.) ; and is said by Anthony k Wood to 
 nave written a poem in eight books, never 
 printed, called The Crown of Thorns. See 
 Brydges* Censura Liieraria. 
 
 Beaumont, Joseph, D.C (1616 — 
 1699), wrote Psyche : or. Love's Mystery 
 (1647 — 8), (q V.) and an attack on Henry 
 More's Mystery cf Godliness (1665), for 
 which he received the thanks of the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge. His Poems in En- 
 glish and Latin were published in 1749. 
 ,See The Retrospective Jieview, vols xi. and 
 xii. 
 
 " Beauties of exulting Greece, 
 The mingled." — Thomson's Seasons 
 (^Summer), Hue 1, 346. 
 
 Beauties of Shakespeare, The. 
 
 The first published selection from the 
 works of the poet was made by Dr. Wil- 
 liam DODD (1729—1777), and appeared in 
 1753- It is now superseded by otlier selec- 
 tions and by cheap editions of Shake- 
 ■peare'a complete works. 
 
 Beautie, The Triumph of. A 
 
 masque, by James Shirley (1594—1666), 
 written for the private recreation of some 
 young gentleman, by whom it was per- 
 formed m 1646. The dramatist seems to 
 have been indebted both to Luoian's 
 Dialogues and Shakespeare's Midsummer 
 NighVs Dream. The story is the old my- 
 thological ^larrative of the Judgment of 
 Paris, which is also the subject or Tenny 
 son's poem of (Enjone (q-V-.) 
 
 " Beautiful, and therefore to bo 
 
 woo'd, She's "—Henry VI., part I. act v., 
 scene 3. 
 
 " Beautiful Bvelyn Hofte is 
 
 dead ! " First line of Evelyn Hope, a lyric 
 by Robert Browning (b. 1812). 
 
 " Beautifully less." See "Fine 
 BY Degrees." 
 Beauty, A Discourse of Auzili- 
 
 arjr : " or, Artificiall Handsomeness, in 
 _ Point of Conscience between Two Ladies," 
 'publishedin 1656. " This work," says Dr. 
 Bliss, "is ascribed to Dr. Gauden by 
 Ant. k Wood, but it seems rather to have 
 been the work of Obadiah Walker. It 
 has a second edition, in 1662, under the 
 title of A Discourse on Artificial Beauty, 
 zoith some Satyricall Censures oh the Ful- 
 liar Errors of these Times. Wood, in his 
 ^rst edition, ascribes the work to Bishop 
 Taylor, but this mistake was corrected in 
 the second." 
 
 Beauty and the Beast, The. A 
 
 well-known fairy tale, from the French of 
 Madame Yilleneuve, modernised and An- 
 glicised by Miss Thackeray in her Seven 
 Old Friends, 
 
 " Beauty, A thing of, is a joy for 
 
 ever." See Keat's Endymion, linel. 
 " Beauty calls and glory leads 
 
 the way, 'Tis." See Lee's play of Alex- 
 ander the Great, act ii ., scene 2. 
 
 " Beauty dra'ws us by a single 
 
 hair. And." A line in Pope's poem o£ 
 The Rape of the Lock, canto ii., hue 27. 
 
 " Beauty is truth.truth beauty." 
 A line in Keat's Ode on a Grecian Vm. 
 
 "Beauty still -walketh on the 
 earth and air." First line of a sonnet by 
 Alexander Smith (1830—1867) ;— 
 " Our present sunscta are as rich in gold 
 As ere the Iliad's music was out-rolled." 
 
 Beauty, The Masque of, by Sew 
 
 Jonson (1571—1637), was performed at 
 court during the Christmas of 1608. 
 
 Beaux Disconsus, Li. An old 
 metrical romance, founded on the French 
 of Kenals de Biaujn, and quoted by War- 
 ton in his History of Mngtish Poetry. A 
 French version, entitled Ze Set Inconnu, 
 appeared as late as 1860, bnt this apparently 
 diners in some respects from tho original 
 
BBA 
 
 BBS! 
 
 75 
 
 work. A similar story, Warton tells us, is 
 told ill Boccaccio's Decameroris in the 
 Cento Novelle Antiche, and in Gower*8 
 Qynfessw Atnaniis, 
 
 Beaus's Stratagem, The. A 
 
 comedy by Geoegk FAEQtmAB (1678. 
 —1107), written in 1707, and remarkable for 
 its " vivacity , originality of contrivance, 
 and clear and rapid development of in- 
 triglie." Hazlitt considered it ** the best 
 of nis plays, as a whole ; infinitely lively, 
 bustling, and full of point and interest." 
 See AiMWELL, Abcheb, and Sckub. 
 
 Beck, Cave, a theologian of the 
 first half of the seventeenth century, was 
 the author of a curious work, entitled 
 The Universal Character by which all Na- 
 tions may understand one another^ s C&ticep- 
 tionSt reading out of one common writing 
 their own tongues (1667). 
 
 Beckford, Williain, roraancist (b. 
 1760, d. 1844}, wrote Biographical Memoirs 
 qf Extraordtnary Painters (1780); X>reams, 
 Waking Thoughts^ and Incidents^ i7i a seri£s 
 of Letters from, various parts of Europe^ 
 printed (not published) about 1783 ; Vathek 
 (1787) ; Jtalif, with Sketches of Spain and 
 Portugal (1834) ; and Recollections of a 
 Tourm Portugal (1836). Cjrrus Bedding, 
 In The New Monthhi Magazine, and in his 
 Ji'ifty Years' Secoilections, has published 
 some biographical details concerning Beck- 
 ford. "He is a poet," wrote the Quarterly 
 Seview, " and a greatone, though we know 
 not that he ever wrote a line of verse." 
 See Cecil : oK, the Advektukes of a 
 Coxcomb ; ExTKAOKDiKAity Paistees; 
 Vathek. 
 
 Beckingham, Charles, poet and 
 dramatist (b. 1699, d. 1730), wrote Scipio 
 AfricanuSf Henry, fV. ofFrasnce, and other 
 pieces,besides translating from the Latin of 
 Bapln a poem entitled Christ's Sufferings. 
 
 Beck-nrith, Alfred. A character in 
 Dickens's story of Hunted Down (q.v.). 
 See Slinktok, Julius. 
 
 Becon, Thomas (b. about 1510, d. 
 1570), wrote several tracts in defence of the 
 principles of Uie Reformation. His WorcJ:es, 
 •'diligently perused, corrected, and amend- 
 ed," were published by John Day in 1563- 
 4. For a list of his publications, which ex- 
 tend from 1541 and 1571, see 'Watt's Biblior 
 theca Britamiica. His i:arly Works, being 
 treatises printed by him in the reign of 
 Henry VIII., were Issued by the Parker 
 Society in 1843 : his Prayers, and other 
 pieces, in 1844, by the same society, and 
 under the same editor, the Eev. John Aj-re. 
 See the Selections from his wntings, with 
 a Idfe; also Lnpton's Protestant Divines, 
 Tatmer's Bibliotheca,&ai. the British Be- 
 finmcrs. See Basil, Theodobe. 
 
 " Bed at Ware, The Great." Al- 
 luded to in Farquhar's comedy of Tlie 
 
 Itecruiiin^ Officer (cUv.); also mentioned in 
 SHAKESPEABE'a Twelfth 'Night, act iii, 
 scene 2. 
 
 Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, poet 
 and dramatist (b. 1803, d. 1849), wrote Tlii 
 Bride's Tragedy (1822), (q.v.); Death''e 
 Jest-Booh: or, the Fool's Tragedy (1850), 
 (q.v.) ; and Poems (1851), to which lattei 
 work a Memoir of the author is prefixed, 
 
 Bede (b. 672, d. 735), and surnamed 
 The Venerable. A list of the Works of 
 this great writer is given in Wright's Bio- 
 
 grapltia Liferaria Britannica, and in Alli- 
 one'B Dictionary ofEnglishaiid American 
 Authors. A complete edition appeared in 
 1610. Dr. Giles, in 1843, published them in 
 the original Latin, with a new English 
 translation of the Historical Works, and & 
 Life of the author. For Biography, see, 
 also, his own Ecclesiastical History, and 
 the accounts by Simon of Durham, Wil- 
 liam of Malmesbury, Baronius, Mabilldn, 
 Stevenson, audGehle (1838) ; also, Warton's 
 History of English Poetry. 
 
 Bede, Adam. A novel by Geoegb 
 Eliot, published in 1859. " It is likely to 
 remain," says Hutton, " George Eliot's 
 most popular work. It is a story of which 
 any English author, however great his 
 name, could not fail to have been proud. 
 Everything about it (if I except perhaps a 
 touch of melodrama connected with the 
 execution scene) is at once simple and great, 
 and the plot is unfolded with singular 
 simplicity, purity and power." 
 
 Bede, Cuthbert. The' noni de 
 plmne of the Eev. Edwaed Bradley 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Bedford, Arthur, divine, and mis- 
 oellanous writer (b. 1668, d. 1745), wrote 
 The Evil and Danger of Stage Plays (1706), 
 The Great -Abuse of Mustek (1706), and 
 other works on similar subjects. 
 
 Bedford Row Conspiracy , The. 
 
 A story by William Makepeace Thack- 
 eray (1811-1863), founded on a tale by 
 Charles de Bernard. 
 
 Bedivere, Sir, or Bedver. A 
 knight of the Bound Table, and butler ,tb 
 King Arthur, who figures prominently in 
 the old chivalric romances. In TeknYt 
 SOS'S Idylls of tlie King (q.v.), he is "the 
 first of all his knights" in Arthur's court. 
 
 Bedloe, Life and Death of Cap- 
 tain William. A curious history, pub- 
 lished In 1681, of a very remarkable roguej 
 whose share in the pretended Popish plots 
 of Charles II.'s reign has become historical. 
 He is said to have, written a tragedy called 
 The ISxcomnmnicated Prince J^mS). 
 
 Bedreddin Hassan. A character 
 In the Arcibian Nights. 
 
 Bee, Jon. See Dictionaky op the 
 Varieties or Life. 
 
76 
 
 BEIS 
 
 BEO 
 
 ' Bee, The: " or, Universal Weekly 
 Pamphlet, by a Society of Gentlemen and 
 Booksellers." which was issued in the 
 years 1733 and 1734, and ran through one 
 hundred numbers. It was edited by Eus- 
 tace BuDGELL. In 1759 appeared a series 
 of essays, under the same title, written by 
 Olivek GoLDSiMiTH, but extending to 
 eight numbers only. The Bee : or, Mter- 
 ary Weakly Jntelligencer, edited by James 
 Andebsok, LXi.D., appeared in 1790, and 
 Was concluded in 1794. 
 
 Beecher, Henry "Ward, Ameri- 
 can minister and miscellaneous writer (b. 
 1813), has written, among other worlcs. The 
 Star Papers; Familiar Talks on Chris- 
 tian Experience ; Freedom and War I>is~ 
 courses; Life Thoughts; Life qf Jesus the 
 Christ; Norwood; Life in New England; 
 The Overture qf Angels ; Plymouth Puljoit 
 Sermons; Prayers from Plymouth Pulptt; 
 Sermons; Speeches; and Lectures on 
 Preaching, 
 
 Beecher, Iiyman, B.D. (b. 1775, 
 d. 1^63), wrote Sermons, Views in Theology; 
 Skepticism, Political Atheism, and other 
 woncs, collected and published in thi'ee 
 volumes, under the author's supervision. 
 His Autobiography and Correspondence ap- 
 peared in 1865. 
 
 Beecher-StO'V7e, Mrs. See Stowb, 
 Mbs. Beeches. 
 Beefington, Milor, in Canning's 
 
 burlesque of The Rovers (q.v.)^s an Eng- 
 Hsh nobleman, exiled from England by 
 King John. 
 
 Beelzebub, in Milton's poem of 
 Paradise Lost (q.v.), is one of th^ cliief 
 rulers of the world of devils, second in rank 
 to Satan only: "Than whom," says Mil- 
 ton, '• Satan except, none higher sat." 
 
 Bees, The Fable of the. See 
 
 Gbombling Hive, The. 
 
 Bees, The FarUament of, " with 
 their proper Characters; or, a Beehive 
 furnished with twelve Honeycombs, as 
 pleasant and profitable ; being an Alle- 
 gorical Description of the Actions of Good 
 and Bad Men in these our Dales." A 
 masque of John Day (temp. James I.), 
 printed about 1640^ and described as "a 
 succession of twelve satirical colloquies 
 in rhyme, without continuity of charac- 
 ter." The characters are all bees, and 
 bear fantastic names — Heletus, Arethusa, 
 Forrex, and the like. 
 
 "Before our lady came on 
 
 earth." First line of a song in MoR- 
 KIS'B poSm of The Earthly Paradise (q.v.). 
 •' Our lady " is Venus, of whom the lyric is 
 in praise :— 
 
 *' O Venus, O thou Love alive, 
 Bom to give peace to bguIb that strive.*' 
 
 " Before the beginning of years." 
 
 First line of a famous chorus in Swin- 
 burne's poem of Atalanta in Calydon 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Beggar-Maid, The. A ballad by 
 Alfked Tennyson, printed in 1842. See 
 Cophetua, Kino. 
 
 "Beggared all description, It." 
 
 — Antony and Cleopatra, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 "Beggarly account of empty 
 
 boxes. A." — Borneo and Juliet, act v.j 
 scene 1. 
 
 Beggar's Bush, The. A comedy 
 
 by Pkancis Beaumont (1586-1616), first 
 printed in 1661. 
 
 Beggar's Daughter of Bednall 
 
 Green, The. A popular old ballad, in 
 two parts, written in the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Beggar's Opera, The, by Jorn 
 
 Gay (1688—1732), first acted at Lincoln's 
 Inn Fields, in 1727, would deserve notice 
 if only as the first, and perhaps the best, 
 specimen of English ballad opera. It seems 
 to have owed its origin to a suggestion by 
 Swift to Gay, that a Newgate Pastoral 
 would make "an odd pretty sort of thing." 
 Acting on this hint, the poet produced a 
 comedy which was acted in London for - 
 sixty-three successive nights ainid unpre- 
 cedented applause, and obtained scarcely 
 less popularity all through the _provinces. 
 It was said that it made Kich, the manager, 
 gay ; and Gay, the poet, rich. It was so 
 extremely fashionable, probably on a(>- 
 count of its manjr political allusions, and 
 of Pepusch's music, that the ladies carried 
 about their favourite songs on their fans, 
 and houses were furnished with it on 
 screens. A second part, called Polly, 
 which the Chamberlain refused to license, 
 was published, but proved of far inferior 
 merit. Hazlitt says of the Ctoera, that'Mt 
 is indeed a masterpiece of wit and genius, 
 not to say of morality. It is a vulgar error 
 to call this a vulgar play. The scenes, 
 characters, and incidents are in themselves, 
 of the lowest and most disgusting kind; 
 but, by the sentiments and reflections 
 which are put into the mouths of highway- 
 men, tumlceys, their mistresses, wives, or 
 daughters, the author has converted this 
 motley group into a set of fine gentlemen 
 and ladies, satirists and philosophers. He 
 has, with great felicity, brought out the 
 good qualities and interesting emotions 
 almost inseparable from tlie lowest condi- 
 tions ; and, with the same penetrating 
 glance, has detected the disguises which 
 rank and circumstances lend to exalted 
 vice." See Lockit, Macheath, and 
 Peaohum. 
 
 Beggar's Petition, The. A well- 
 known lyric, included in a volume of 
 Poems, issued in 1769, by the Eev. Thos. 
 Moss, of Trenthum. The first and last 
 verses run :— 
 
BEO 
 
 BBL 
 
 77 
 
 (16! 
 
 m 
 
 " Pity the Borrows of a poorold man, 
 
 whose trembling limbs have borne him to your 
 door, 
 Whose days arc dwindled to the shortest span ; 
 Oh ! give relief, and Heaven will bless your 
 Btorc." 
 
 Begging Friars, Treatises against 
 
 the, by John Wyclim-e (1324— 1384) were 
 priuted in 1608. 
 
 Belin, Aphra, novelist, dramatist, 
 and poet (b. 1642, d. 16S0), wrote tte f oUow- 
 ine plays : — The forced AJarrictge (1671), 
 TAe Amorous Prince (1671), The Dutch 
 'JtOcer (1673), Adelazar (1677), The Town 
 Fop{\Sir\, The Rover (X«tl), The Debauchee 
 (1677), Sir Patient Fancy (1678), The 
 F-eigned Cowrtezans (1679), The i^ower, pa;"t 
 U. (1681), The City Heiress (1682), The False 
 Count (1682), Tile Eaimdheads (1682), The 
 Young Xing (1683), The Lucky Chance 
 fl687), The Emperor qfthe Moon (1687), The 
 Widow Tanter (1690),» The Younger Brother 
 (1696). BeBldes these, she w^is the author 
 of Poems (1684); Miscellany ; being a col- 
 lection of Poems by several- Jtands (1685), 
 Lycidus; or, the Lover 'in ^asAioji, trans- 
 lated by her (1688) ; and The Lover's Watch 
 (1688). Her Uistorits and Novels, Including 
 Oronooko (q.v,), were .published originally 
 in 1698, the eighth edition, being printed in 
 1735, with a Life of the author by Gildon. 
 A new edition was issued in.l871. For fur- 
 ther biographical particulars and Criticism 
 see Miss Kavanagh's English Women of 
 Letters, JeafEreson's Novels and Novelists, 
 and Forsyth's Novelists of the Eighteenth 
 Century. See Astb^a. 
 
 "Behovrlde of pensyfnes the 
 
 pycture here in place." First line of a 
 rare ballad by Thomas Pkidioxe ; proba- 
 bly that which gave the name of " Queen 
 Dido " to a celebrated tune, f irequently em- 
 ployed by the song-writers in the time of 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Beichan, Young. A ballad, prin- 
 ted under different forms in the collections 
 by the Percy Society, Jamieson, Kinloch, 
 and others, and apparently founded on the 
 story of Gilbert, father of Thomas h, Bec- 
 kett, Archbishop of Canterbury, in whose 
 fife, by Eobert of Gloucester, full particu- 
 lars may be found. Susie Pye, in the bal- 
 lad, is probably the fair Saracen with whom 
 Gilbertfellip love whilstin the Holy Land, 
 and who returned his aileetion so far as to 
 follow him back to London. There she 
 went about, seeking for her lover, and 
 calling out, " Gilbert, Gilbert ! " which 
 was the only English word she knew. At 
 last, she found him. 
 
 " Being your slave, -what should 
 I do but tend." First line of Shaee- 
 SI'SASe's Sonnet\vii, — 
 
 " I have no precious time at all to spend. 
 Nor services to do, till you require." 
 
 Beke, Charles Tilstone (b. 1800, 
 d. 1874), geologist and traveller, published, 
 
 in 1834, the &Taty<faLmeotOrigineaBihlicmi 
 or, Researches in Primeval History ; An 
 Essay on the Nile and its Tributaries (1847) ; 
 On the Sources qfthe Nile in the Mountains 
 if the Moon, (IMS!) ; On tlie Sources of the 
 Kile (1849). IS i860, Dr. Beke issued a sec- 
 ond work on Tlie Sources of the Nile, with 
 file History of Nilotic Discovery, and many 
 other important works by Mm havO ap- 
 peared from time to time, including The 
 British Captives in Abyssinia (1867). 
 
 Belarius, in Shakespeare's play 
 of Cymbeline (q. v.), is disguised under the 
 name of Morgan (q.v.). 
 
 Belch Sir Toby, uncle of Olivia, 
 in tSHAKESPEARE's Twelfth Night (q.v.). 
 Is the utterer of the famous saying, " Dost 
 thou think, because thou art virtuous, 
 there shall be no more Cakes and ale ? " 
 *'We have," says Hazlitt, "a friendship 
 for Sir Toby." It is not impoSsiblethat he 
 suggested at least tlie name of Steme^s 
 Uncle Toby (q.v.). 
 
 Belcher, Dabridgecourt who grad- 
 uated at Oxford in 1600, translated into 
 English Hans Beerpot.His Risible Comedy 
 of See me and See me Not (1618). "Wood, in 
 his Athence Oxonienses, attributes to him 
 some other pieces. He died in 1621. 
 
 Belf ord. A character in Colman's 
 comedy of TJie Clandestine Marriage (q.v). 
 
 Belford. A friend of Lovelace 
 in EiCHABDSON's novel of Clarissa Har- 
 lowe (q. v.). 
 
 Belford Regis : " or. Sketches of 
 a Country Town," by Maey Bussell 
 MiTFOBD (1786— .1855), was publishe'd-in 
 1835. The country town is Beading. 
 
 Belfrage, Henry, D.D., .Scottisli 
 Secession minister (b. 1774, d. 1835), wrote, 
 among other works. Discourses to tlie 
 Yowng and Monitor to Fa/miUes: His Life 
 and Correspondence appeared in 1837. 
 
 Belfry of Bruges, The. A poem 
 by Longfellow, beginning— 
 '* In the market-place of Bruges stands the belfry old 
 and brown, ' 
 
 Thrice consumed and thrice re-builcd, still it 
 watches o'er the town . 
 
 Belial, In Milton's poem of Para- 
 dise Lost (q.v.), is one of the leaders of the 
 fallen angels, of whom it is said that 
 
 " His tongue 
 Dropped manna, and could make the worse appear 
 The better reason, to perplex and dash 
 Maturest counsels." / 
 
 Belianis, Don, of Greece. The 
 hero of a mediseval romance of chivalry, 
 translated into English, and abridged, vA 
 1598. A Second edition appeared in 1850i 
 Its full title was The Honour of Chilvary i 
 or, the famous and delectable History cf 
 Don BeliaM/is cf Greece, 
 
 "Believe me, if all' those en- 
 
78 
 
 BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 dearing young charms." First line of one 
 of the Irish Melodies, by Thomas Moore 
 
 (1779—1852). 
 
 Belinda. An ideal lady-love, cele- 
 brated by Broome, in a volume of poems 
 (1727). 
 
 Belinda. A work of fiction, l>y 
 MARrAEDGEWORTH(176r— 1849), published 
 in 1801, and described as *' something be- 
 tween a moral taleanda novel. It has the 
 purpose of one and the incidents of the 
 other ; and the union, though always arti- 
 ficial, is more felicitous in this first at- 
 ■tempt than in many of Miss Edgeworth's 
 subsequent efEorta.*^' The real heroine of 
 the story is Lady Delacour, Belinda's cliap- 
 erone, whose reformation is tb.e motif of 
 the tale. 
 
 Belinda, in Pope's poem of The 
 Jiape of the Loch (q.v.), is intended for 
 Mrs. Arabella Fermor, to whom the poet 
 penned the famous compliment : — 
 
 ' If to her share Bome female errorfl fall, 
 Look on her face, and you'U forget tliem all/' 
 
 Bell, Catherine D. An American 
 authoress, whose best known stories, pub- 
 lished under the norn deplume of " Cousin 
 Kate" (q-T.)) S-^e Hope Campbell, Horace 
 and May, Unconscious Influencej SeJf-MaS' 
 tery, and Kenneth and Hugh. 
 
 Bell, Sir Charles^ surgeon (1778 
 —1842), published a System of Dissections 
 (1798—9) ; On the Anatomy of Expression in 
 Painting (1806) ; Anatomy of t/ie Brain 
 (1811) ! The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital 
 JEndotome^its, as Evincing Design, one of 
 the Bridgewater Treatises (1833), and many 
 other works of great importance. 
 
 Bell, Currer. The nom de plume fid- 
 opted by Charlotte Bronte (1816—1855) 
 in the publication of her novels. See her 
 Life, by Mrs. Gaskell (1857). It will be ob- 
 served that the initials of the real and fic- 
 titious names are identical, as in the case 
 of the two other sisters, Emily and Anne, 
 .■who took respectively the pseudonyms oi 
 «*EUis," and of "Acton," Bell. See 
 Bbonte. 
 
 Bell, Henry Glassford, poet and 
 prose writer (d. 1874), founded and con- 
 ducted the Edinburgh Literary Journal 
 (1830—1832), and was the author of Uo- 
 mances, and other Poems (1866). 
 
 Bell, Laura. One of tiie leading 
 characters in Thackeray*s Pendennis 
 
 <q.v.). 
 
 Bell, Peter. A tale in verse, hy 
 William Wordsworth (1770—1850), writ- 
 ten in 1798, and published, with a dedica- 
 tion to Robert Southey, in 1819. Its ex- 
 aggerated simplicity provoked several 
 parodies, one of which, entitled Peter Bell 
 Vie Third, was from the pen of Shelley. 
 
 Bell, Robert (b. 1800, d. 1867), 
 
 novelist, journalist, and miscellaneoua 
 writer, was known as the editor of the 
 British Poets, and as intimately associated 
 with the Saturday Review. He contribut- 
 ed to Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopadia a His- 
 tffry of Russia and Lives of English Poets 
 and Dramatists ; he also wrote Hearts and 
 Altars, The Ladder of Gold, and various 
 biogi-aphical and descriptive works. His 
 dramas were produced as follows ; — Mai'- 
 riage, in 1842 ; Mothers and Daughters^ in 
 1843 J and 7\mper, in 1847. 
 
 Bellair. A character in Etheh- 
 ege's comedy of The Man of Mode (q.v.V, 
 intended, it is said, for the author hims^£ 
 ^ee Medley. 
 
 Bellamira: "or, the Mistress.*' A 
 comedy by Sir Charles Sedley (1639 — 
 1728), produced in 1687. It is related that 
 " while this play was acting, the roof of 
 the play-house fell down ; but Tery few 
 were hurt, except the author, whose merry 
 friend, fiir Fleetwood Shepherd, told him 
 that there was so much fire in the play, 
 that it blew up the poet, house, and ^1, 
 Sir Charles answered^ * No : the play was 
 so heavy it brought down the house, and 
 buried the poet in his own rubbish.' '* 
 
 Bellario. The name of a page in 
 Beaumont and Fletcher's play of 
 Philaster (q.v.). See Euphrasia. 
 
 Bellaston, Lady. A licentious 
 woman of rank, in Fielding's novel of 
 
 Tom Jones (q.v.). 
 
 Belleforest, Francois de (born 
 in Guienne, in 1530)^ was the author of 
 Cent Histoires Tragiqxtes, a selection of 
 stories from the Gesta Romanorum^ ti-ans- 
 lated into English towards the close of the 
 sixteenth century (1583). It contains the 
 story on which Spenser's Phaon and Phile- 
 mon in The Faerie Queene (book ii., canto 
 4) is founded, and it is likely tbat Shake- 
 speare derived from the same work the 
 plot of his Much Ado about Nothing. 
 
 Bellenden, John, Arclideacon of 
 Moray (d. 1550), translated the seventeen 
 books of Boece*s Hy story qf Scotland and, 
 five books of Livy's Anvales. To the Hys^ 
 tory he added a chronicle of a hundred. 
 years, besides writing a prologue in Terse, 
 'Mn which," says Warton " Virtue* and 
 Pleasure address the king [James V. of 
 Scotland] after the manner of a dialogue." 
 He also wrote Epistles to the king and a 
 work on Pythagoras, and is supposed to 
 be mentioned in Lindsay's Complaint of 
 the Papingo (q.v,), as 
 
 *' One cunnyngclerk, quhilk wrytitfi craftelie, 
 One plnnt of Tootis, callit Ballentyne." 
 
 Bellenden, Lady Margaret. A 
 
 venerable dame, lady of the Tower of 
 Tillietudlem, in Scott's romance of Old 
 Mortality (q.v.), remarkable for her fana- 
 tical conservatism and devoted loyalty lo 
 the house of Stuart. 
 
BEL 
 
 BRN 
 
 79 
 
 Belleuden, "William. A literary 
 Scotchmaii in the beginning of the bix- 
 teentli century, who wrote Ctcerwiis Prin- 
 ceps (1608) ; Ciceronis Consul Senator Sena- 
 iusque Bomanus (1612) ; De Statu Prisci 
 Orbis (1618) ; Epitkalammm on the Mar- 
 riage of Charles I. (1625) ; De Tribus Lumir- 
 nibus Romanorum librh Sexdec&m (1653), 
 (q.v.) ; Bellendenus de Statu (1787), (q-yO, 
 tlie latter being a collection of the three 
 fiMt-mentioned tracts. 
 
 Ballendenus de Statu, by Wil- 
 liam Bellenden (see above), is a coUec- 
 tioiij in one volume, of tliree tracts, name- 
 ly, Ciceronis Princeps (1608), consisting of 
 excerpts from -Cicero on the duties of a 
 monarch ; (Mceronis Chnsul (1612), a' com- 
 pilation of a similar kind ; and De Statu 
 Prisci Orbis (1618), an account of the re- 
 li^on, polity, and literature of the ancient 
 world. It was published in 1787 by Dr. 
 Samuel Parr, who, in a learned and elabor- 
 ate Latin preface, eulogises Fox, Burke, 
 and Lord North, pours out a fierce i:ivec- 
 tive upon the character and policy of Pitt, 
 and accuses Middleton of borrowing from 
 Bellenden* without acknowledgment, the 
 materials for his Life of Cicero- Several 
 pamphlets were written in^ reply to this ; 
 notably The Parridd, " addressed to the 
 editor of, Bellenden, upon his elegant buc 
 illiberal preface, by William Chapman, 
 A.M., 1788." 
 
 Bellerus- A Cornisli giant, men- 
 tioned in MiLTOS 's poem of Lycidas (q.v.). 
 
 Belle's Stratagem The. A come- 
 dy by Mrs. Haxnah Cowley produced in 
 1780. The heroine is Letitia Hardy, a 
 _y6ung lady of fortune, who firat, as aii 
 awkward country hoyden, disgusts her 
 lover, Doricourt, afterwards charms him 
 at a masquarade, and eventually marries 
 lilm. This comedy was reproduced in 
 London in 1874. Its title was evidently 
 suggested by t^t of Tlie Beaux' s Stratagem 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Belle-w, John Chippendall 
 
 Montesquieu (b. 1823, d. 1874), in addition to 
 having acquired considerable distinction 
 as a public reader, was also the author of 
 a novel, BUmnt Tempest; Shakespeare's 
 Home; The Poet's Corner; and The Seven 
 Churches of Asia Minor. 
 
 Bellicent. Queen of Orkney, 
 E,nd sister of King Arthux, in Tenkyson'3 
 Idylls of the King (q.v.). 
 
 Hello Trojauo, De. A Latin poem 
 by Joseph of Exeter (circa 1198), founded 
 on the fabulourt history circulated in the 
 Middle Ages under the name of Dares 
 Phrygius. It was first printed in 1S41, and 
 is described by Warton as a mixture of 
 Ovid, Statins, and Claudian, who were in 
 Joseph's time the most popular of ancient 
 writers. 
 
 Bellows, Henry Whitney, D. D, 
 
 (b. 1814), American Unitarian minister, 
 published, in 1857, A Hcfenceof^he Drama, 
 which, from the position of the author, 
 excited considerable attention and criti' 
 cism. He is also the author cf several 
 other works. 
 
 Bella and Pomegranates. A seiy 
 ies of dramas and dramatic lyrics, publisheii 
 byEoBEitT Browning (b. 1812), in 1842. 
 Hence Mrs. Browning's allusion :— 
 
 " Or from Browning some ' Pomegranate ' which, 
 if cut deep down the middle, 
 ShowB a heart wiehin, blood-tinctured, of a veined 
 humanity." 
 
 "Belly -full of fighting, Every 
 
 Jack-slave hath his." — Cymbeline, act ii.g 
 scene 1. 
 
 Belde, William, clergyman and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1756, d. 1817), pub- 
 lished, among other works, a translation of 
 The Jiape o/ Helen (1786;); Poems' and 
 Translations (1788) ; The History of Hero^ 
 {lotus, from the Greeic (1799) ; a translation 
 of Alciphron's j^is</es (1791) ; a translation 
 of the-^Wic Hights of Aulus Gellius (1795) ; 
 Miscella/ihies (i795) ; Anecdotes of Literor- 
 ture cmd Scarce fioo/rs (1806— 1812), (q.v.)'J 
 The Sexagenarian (1817), (q .v). The latter 
 work is of an autobiographical character. 
 
 Belphcebe, in Spenser's poem of 
 
 r/ic Fa^^T^ Queene (q.v.), was designed to re- 
 present the womanly character of Queei*- 
 Elizabeth, as Gloriana (q.v.) personifies 
 her queenly attributes. "Belphcebe " ia 
 belle Phmbe, the beautiful Diana, and she, 
 accordingly figures as a huntress. Com- 
 pare with Ben Jonson's " Queen and huii- 
 tress; chaste and fair," 
 
 " How shall fraylc pen describe her heavenly face, 
 For f care, through want of skill, her beauty to 
 disgrace I " 
 
 Belsham, Thomas, Unitarian min- 
 ister (b. 1750^ d. 1829), wrote The Evidences 
 of Christianity ; An Exposition of the Epis- 
 tles of St. Paul; An Improved Version of 
 the New Testament (1808) ; A Calm Inquiry 
 into the Scriptwr'e Doctri/ne concerning' the. 
 Person of CJirist (1811) ; and Discourses, 
 Doctrinal and Practical (two series). See 
 the Life by "Williams (1836). 
 
 Belahazzar. A dramatic poem by 
 Henry Hart Milman (1791— 1868), pub- 
 lished in 1822. Byron has an Occasional 
 Piece, called To Belskazzar: SLiidaHebreui 
 Melody called The Vision of Belshazzar. 
 
 Belvidera. Tlie lieroine of Ot- 
 WAY's tragedy of Venice Preserved (q.v.) ;, 
 Intended as a type of conjugal devoted- 
 ness. Hence Tompson's well-known line— 
 
 *' And Belvidcra poura lier soul in love." 
 
 See Jaffier, 
 
 Benauly. Tlie nomde plume Mnd^QV 
 which the Eev. Lyman Abbot 0>* 1835) 
 
eo 
 
 BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 fiublislieiL in connection witli his brotliers, 
 wo novels entitled Conecut Comers and 
 Matthevj Caraby, 
 
 "Ben Battle 'was a soldier 
 
 bold." The first line o£ Faithless Nellie 
 Gray, by Thomas Hood. 
 
 "Bench of heedless bishops 
 
 here, A little.' A line in Shenstojte's 
 poam of The Scliool-mistress (q.T.). 
 
 Bendlowes Edward (b. 1002, d. 
 1676), wrote Theophila : or Love's Sacrifice 
 (1662), and other works. See Wood's 
 At?ien(e Oxonienses. W-ai-burtou said, 
 *' Bendlowes was famous for his own bad 
 poetry and for patronising bad poets .; " 
 and Pope has a reference to " Bendlowes, 
 propitious to blockheads." 
 
 Benedick. A young lord of Padua, 
 in Shaesfeake's comedy of Much Ado 
 about Nothing (q.v.), whose name is prover- 
 bially used to signify a married man. 
 "His character as a woman-hater," sajrs 
 Hazlitt, "is happily supported, and lus 
 conversion to matrimony is no less happily 
 effected by the pretended story of Beatrice's 
 love for him." See Beatbice. 
 
 Benedict of Peterborough (d. 
 
 1193) was Keeper of the Great Seal from 
 1191 to 1193. He wrote a Lifcof d, Becket 
 and De Vita el Gestis Henrici 11. et Richar- 
 di I,, published by Thomas Heame in 1735. 
 See Leland and Bale ; also, Kicholson's 
 English historical Library. 
 
 Benevolus, in Cowper's Tasic 
 (q.v.), is the prototype of John Courtney 
 Throckmorton, of Weston Underwood. 
 
 Benger, Elizabeth Ogilvy, mis- 
 cellaneous Writer (b. 1778, d. 1827), published 
 The Female Geniady a poem (1791) ; The 
 Abolition oftlie Slave Trade^ a poem (1S09) ; 
 The Heart and the Fancy ; or, Valsenore, 
 a tale (1813); and several biographical 
 owrks. 
 
 Beqjamin, Park. American ptiet 
 (b. 1809), has produced a poem On the Con- 
 templation of Nature (1829); Poetry, a Satire 
 (1843) ; Infatuation, a Satire (1845) ; and 
 other works, Griswold, in his Poets and 
 Poetry of America, says: "Benjamin's 
 satires are lively, pointed, and free from 
 malignity or licentiousness. Some of his 
 humorous pieces are happily expressed." 
 
 Benjamin, Babbi, "a son of Jonah 
 of Tndela:" whose Travels "through 
 Europe, Asia, and Africa, from the ancient 
 kingdom of Navarre to the frontiers of 
 Chma," were translated and published b^ 
 Oebbano in 1783. For an account of this 
 flctitlous, but quaint and amusing, narra- 
 tive, see Hams and Pinkerton's Collec- 
 tions of Voyages and Travels. 
 
 Bennaskar. A ricli mcrclmnt and 
 taagiclan of Delhi, in Bidley's Tales of 
 the Genii. 
 
 Bennet, Agnes Maria (d. 1805), 
 was author of VlciesUtides Abroad, and 
 other novels, many of which were trans- 
 lated into foreign languages. 
 
 Bennet, Emerson. American 
 novelist (b. 1822), has written TTie Bandits 
 of the Osage, Ella Barnwell, Mike Finlc, 
 Kate Clarendon, T/ie Forged Will, The 
 Prairie Flower, Leni Leonti, The Forest 
 Boss, The League of the Miami, Clara Mar- 
 land, and other works. 
 
 Bennet, George. See Olan 
 
 Hanesmoth. 
 
 Bennet, Thomas, divine and con- 
 troversial writer (b. 1673, d. 1728), wrote 
 against the Dissenters in 'his Answer to' 
 their Plea of Separation ; against the 
 Roman Catholics in his Con^iation <^ 
 Popery ; against the Quakers in his dwi- 
 futation of Quakerism; and against other 
 bodies ; an Essay on the Thirty-nine Arti- 
 cles; Priestcraft in Pejfection, and other 
 works. 
 
 Bennett, Francis. See Magus, &c. 
 
 Bennett, Mrs. An equivocal, in- 
 triguing woman in Fieldino'8 novel of 
 Amelia (q.v.). 
 
 Bennett, William Oos, poet (b. 
 1820), has published PoeTns, (1850) ; Verdieta 
 (1852); War Songs (1855); Queen Eleanor's 
 Vengeance, and other Poems (1857) ; Songs 
 by a Song-Writer (1859); Baby May, and 
 other Poems on Infants (q.v.) ; The Worn 
 Wedding Eing (1881) ; Our Glory Roll 
 (1866) ; Proposals for a Ballad History of 
 Englartd (1870) ; Songs for Sailors (187S) ; 
 Songs of a Song Writer (1876) ; and other 
 works. A collected edition of his Poems 
 appeared in 1862. 
 
 Benson, George, D.D., Dissenting 
 minister (b. 1699, d. 1768), wrote a History 
 ^ the lAfe of Jesus Christ, and other reli^ 
 ions works. 
 
 Benson, Joseph, Wesleyan min- 
 ister (b. 1748, d. 1821), published A Com- 
 mentary on the Holy Scriptures, and vari- 
 ous other works, besides editing the works 
 of Wesley. 
 
 Benson, 'William, niiscellaneous 
 vfriter (b. 1682, d. 1764), is chiefly remem- 
 bered on account of a couplet in POPE'S 
 Dunciad, which refers to his admiration 
 for Hilton the poet and Johnston the 
 Latinist : — 
 '* On two unequal crutches propt he cnmc, 
 
 Milton's on this, on that one Johnston's nnmo." 
 
 " Benson," says Wartorii " is here spoken 
 of too contemptuously. He translated 
 faithfully, if not very poetically, the 
 second book of the Georgics, with useful 
 notes [1724] ; he printed elegant editions 
 of Johnston's Psalms [17491 ; 'he wrote a 
 discourse on versification ; he rescued his 
 country from the disgrace of having no 
 monument erected to the memory of Mil- 
 
BEN 
 
 BEB 
 
 81 
 
 tion in "Westminster Abbey ; he encouraged 
 and urged Pitt to translate the jEneid; 
 Jind lie §ave Dobson £1,000 for his Latin 
 translation of Paradise Lost" 
 
 ** Bent him o'er the dead, He 
 :who hath," Line 68 of Byron's poetn of 
 TJie Giaour (q.v.). 
 
 " Bent, They fool me to the top 
 
 of my.'* — Hamlet, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Bentham, Jereiny, political wri- 
 ter (b. 1748, d- 1832), wrote A Fragment on 
 Govemfnent (1776) y Tiie Hard Zabour Bill 
 (1778) ; The Princwles qf Morals and Leg- 
 islatioTi (li&O) ; Ds^ulness of Chemistry 
 (1783) ; A JDifence af Usury (1787) ; Panop- 
 ticon : or, tlie Inspection House (1791) ; Polit- 
 Kal Tactics (1791) ; Supply without Burden : 
 Or, Escheat vice Taxation (1796) ; Pauper 
 Management (1797) ; Trait^ de Legislation 
 0,vile et Pinole (1802) ; Codification and 
 Public Instruction (1817) ; Church of Eng- 
 lamdism and its Catechism Examined (1818): 
 The Liberty of the Press (1821) ; The Book 
 of Fallacies (1824) ; Mother Church relieved 
 hy Bleeding (1825) ; The Batumale of Re- 
 ward (1825) ; The Bationale of Judicial 
 Evidence- (18'^ ; and other works, a list of 
 which is given in Lowndes* Bibliographer's 
 Manual. The W^orifcs were published in 1843, 
 in eleven volumes, by Sir John Bowring 
 and by Dr. John Hill Burton , and have been 
 translated into French. For Biography, see 
 the Life prefixed to tlie works by Sir John 
 Bowring ; and for Criticism, see the essays 
 by John Stuart Mill, Sir Samuel liomilly, 
 and Sir James Mackintosh iii the Disserta- 
 iUms; Edinbargh Iteview^SkVidi Encyclopcedia 
 Britaiinica, respectively ; also J. H. Bur- 
 ton's, IntroductioV' to the Study of Bentham, 
 " The style of Mr. Bentham," wrote Haz- 
 litt, "is unpopular, not to say unintelligi- 
 ble. He wrote a language of his own that 
 darkens knowledge. His works have been 
 translated into French— they ought to be 
 translated into English." See TJie Spirit 
 cfthe Age. Also, Government, A Frag- 
 ment ; Morals AND Legislation ; Pan- 
 opticon. 
 
 Bentley, Kichard, D.D., critical 
 writer (b. 1662^ d. 1742), wrote A Disserta- 
 tion on the Epistles of PhalariS (1699) / Dls- 
 cursus on Xatin Metres (1726); Remarks 
 upon a late Discourse of Free Thinking 
 
 SHS) ; Eight Sermons preached at the Hon. 
 . Boyle's Lecture (1809) ; and various con- 
 troversial pamplUets upon classical and 
 other subjects. His editions of the clas- 
 sics are well known. His Life has been 
 written by Bishop Monk (1830), and hjs 
 Correspondence was edited by the Bishop 
 of Lincoln in 1842. The publication of his 
 JFbrJfcswas begun in 1856 by the Rev. A. 
 JDyce, but was never completed. Swift de- 
 BCribed Bentley as " a writer of infinite 
 wit and hnmour ; " Pope referred to bira 
 as '* slashing Bentley," and as 
 ** The mighty BcholiaHt whoae unweary'd pains 
 Made Uataae dull find liumbled Moro's Btraina { " 
 4* 
 
 andMacaulay characterised him as "the 
 greatest scholar that had appeared in. Eu- 
 rope since the revival of letters." See 
 Phalakis. 
 
 Benvollo, in Romeo and Juliet (q. 
 v.), is one of the friends of the hero. 
 
 Beo-wulf. Hero and title of the 
 only perfect monument of old English ro- 
 mance which has come down to us. " Beo- 
 wulf himself," says Wright, in his Bio~ 
 grapliia Brita/anica, " is probably little 
 more than a fabulous personage—anothe|: 
 Hercules destroying monsters of every de7, 
 scription, natural or supernatural, nicoi^, 
 ogres, grendels, dragons." On the other 
 hand, Suhm; the Danish historian, regard^ 
 Beowulf as a real person Uvixig in the 
 fourth century. See Taine'a history, of 
 English Literature for an eloquent analy- 
 sis and estimate of the fragment, which . 
 was edited by T. Arnold in 1876, and con- 
 sists of 6,357 lines. 
 
 Beppo. A Venetian story, writ- 
 ten In l^e measure of Don Juan, probably 
 suggestfed by the publication of Prere's 
 Monks and Giants (ii.y.), by Lord ByRon 
 (1788—1824). It was published in 1818. 
 
 Beresford, James (h; 1764, d. 
 1840), wrote 2'Ae Miseries of Huma/n Life : 
 ~^, the Groa/ns of Timothy Tesiy and Sam- 
 
 uel' Sensitive, with a few Supplementary 
 Sighs from Mrs, Te.sty (1806— ISO'S), (qv.) 
 and Bibiiosophia^ or Boob-Wisdom (1812). 
 
 Berington, Joseph, Roman Caith-^ 
 olio writer (h. 1743, d. 1827), produGe4^4 
 Xetteron Materialism {ni6),.Immaferialis7n, 
 Delineated (1779), History of Abelard av-^ 
 Heloise (1787), Bejieotions (1787), History, Oj 
 Henry II. (1790), Gregorio Pamzani (1T93)^ 
 The Faith of Catholics proved frorA ScH^- 
 twre (1812), The Literary History of -the Mid^ 
 die Ages (1814), and- other works. 
 
 Berkeley, George, D.D., Bishop 
 of Cloyne and philosophical writer (b. 1684, 
 d. 1753), wrote An Attempt to Demonstrate 
 Arithmetic without the Aid of Algebra or 
 Geometry (1707) ; An Essay towards a New_ 
 The(»ry of Vision (1709) ; The PHnciples of 
 Human knowledge (rTlO) ; Three Dialogues 
 between Hy las and Philonous (1713); Tlie 
 Principle and Ca/use of Motion (l72l) ; Al- 
 ciphron, the Minute, Philosopher (1732) ; 
 Siris, a Chain of Philosophical Reflections^ 
 and Inquiries Respecting the. J^trtues'qf 
 Ta/r^ater in the Plague (1747) ; and other 
 works, the whole of which were edited and 
 published for the Clarendon Press by Pro- 
 fessor Fraser in 1872. They had been pre- 
 viously issued, with a J^fe by T. Prior, m 
 1784^ and again by the Rev. G. N. Wright, 
 in 1843. For his contributions to the Gitar' 
 dian, see the British Essayists. See, also, 
 Mrs, Oliphant's Historical Sketches of the 
 Reign of George II., Dugald Stewart's First 
 Preliminary Dissertation to the Encyclo-i 
 pcedia Britannica, and Sir James Macklo- 
 
82 
 
 BER 
 
 BEB 
 
 tosh's Second Prelim. Dissert, to the same 
 work. Apropos of the bishop's peculiar 
 philosophical theories, Byron made a well- 
 known and amusing reference iu Don Juan 
 (canto xi. 1) ; — . 
 
 " 'Wheu Bishop Berkeley Boid ' there waa no mat- 
 ter,' 
 And proved it— 'twas no matter what he Baid." 
 
 Pope also wrote a complimentary line in 
 the Epilogue to the Satires (73), wherein he 
 ascribed 
 
 " To Berkeley every virtue under heaven." 
 " Berkeley," says Brewster, " appears to 
 hare been altogether in earnest in main- 
 taining his scepticism concerning the ex- 
 istence of matter ; and the more so, as he 
 conceived this system to be highly favour- 
 able to tha doctrines of religion, since it 
 removed matter from the world, which had 
 already been the stronghold of the athe- 
 ists." See Alciphron ; America, Ojt 
 "the Prospect, &c. ; Human Knowl- 
 edge ; Tar-Water ; SiRis ; Vision, 
 The Theory of. 
 
 Berkeley, The Hon. George C. 
 
 Grantley Fitz-Hardhige (b. 1800). has writ- 
 ten, among other works, Berkeley Castle 
 (1836) ; My Life and Recollections (1864) ; 
 and Fact against Fiction (1874). 
 
 Berkeley, The Old Woman of. 
 
 A ballad by Robert Southey (1774^ 
 1843), , 
 
 Berkley, Mr. An interlocutor in 
 
 Longfellow's romance of Hyperion (q. 
 v.). " An Englishman of fortune ; a good- 
 humoured, humane old bachelor, remark- 
 able for his common sense and his eccen- 
 tricity." 
 
 " Bermoothes, The still-Vexe'd." 
 
 See The Tempest.?^ci i., scene 2. "Ber- 
 moothes : '* the Bermuda Islands, 
 
 Bernard.. Andre'w, described as a 
 native of Toulouse, waa poet-laureate and 
 historiographer to Henry VII. and VIII., 
 and died s^ter 1522, He is said to have 
 written a biography of his first patron, 
 fronj his birth to the rebellion of Perlcin 
 "Warbeck. His laureate pieces are iu Lat- 
 in. See Warton'a History, Yol, iii. 
 
 Bernard, Ed-ward, mathemati- 
 cian and chronologist (b. 1638, d. 1697), 
 wrote a work on weights and measures, 
 and a number of essays on scientific sub- 
 jects. See his Life by Smith (1704). 
 
 Bernard, Nicholas, divine (b. 
 1628, d. 1661), is best known as the editor 
 and biographer of Arcbbiahop Usher, He 
 also wrote The Whole Proceedings of the 
 Siege cf Drogheda (1642), and other works. 
 
 Bernard, Richard, Puritan divine 
 Co. 1566, d. 1641), wrote Thesaurus Bihlicus, 
 The Faithful Shepherd, Look beyond Lu- 
 ther ^ &c. 
 
 Bernard, William Bayle, Amer- 
 
 ican dramatist and biographer (1808— 1875), 
 in addition to writing many successful 
 plays, edited his father's Rtcollections of 
 the Stag •, and, in 1874, published a Memoir 
 of his frieud Samuel Lover. 
 
 Bernardo. A character in Ham- 
 let (q.v.). 
 
 Bernardo, in Dibdin's " biblio- 
 graphical romance," called Bibliomania 
 (q.v.). Is intended for Joseph Haslewood, 
 tlie literary critic and antiquary. 
 
 Bernardo del Carpio. Tlic hero 
 of -a well-known ballad by Mrs. Hemans 
 (1794—1835). He was a knight of Spain in 
 the ninth century, and his prowess formed 
 the subject of many a romance and legend. 
 
 Berners, Juliana, Prioress of 
 Sopewell Nunnery, near St. Albans, is 
 credited with the authorship of The Bokys 
 of Hawking and Hunting, and also of Coo- 
 tannuris at St. Albans (1486). The book on. 
 heraldic blazonry is supposed, says Alli- 
 bone, to be an addendum to the precedihg, 
 and a portion of a work by Nicholas Up- 
 ton, written about 1441. Haslewood, who 
 republished Dame Burners' works in 1810, 
 does not ascribe to her more than a small 
 portion of the treatise on hawking the 
 treatise upon hunting, a short list ox the 
 beasts of the chase, and another short list 
 of beasts and fowls. See Warton's History 
 of English Poetry ; also, Boke of the 
 Blazing of Arms. 
 
 Berners, John, John Bourchier 
 
 (d. 1532), translated into Enelish Froissart's 
 Chronicles of JEnalande, Fraunce, Spain, 
 Portyugale, Scottande, Breiagne, Flaun- 
 dersj and other places adiouynge (1523) ; 
 The Hifstory of the moost noble and val- 
 yaunt Knyght Arthur of Lytel Brytayne ; 
 The Famous Exploits of Huon de Bour- 
 deaux (1601) ; The Golden Boke of Marcus 
 Aurelius, Emperour and Oratour, in the 
 year 1554 ; and The Castle of Love (q.v.). 
 He also wrote a work Of the Duties of tlie 
 Inhabitants of Calais, of which town he 
 was governor, and a sacred play called 
 lie in Vineam Meant, which was acted in 
 the great church there after vespei^. See 
 Wood's AthencB Oxonienses, Faller's Woi> 
 thies, and Walpole's Royal and NoJble Au- 
 thors ; also, ARTHtTK OF Lytel Bry- 
 tayne, Castle of Love, and Frois-i 
 
 SART. 
 
 Berriman, 'Williani, diyine (b. 
 
 1688, d. 1750), wrote An Historical Account 
 of the Trinitarian Controversy, and was 
 Boyle Lecturer iu 1730. 
 
 Berry, The Misses, were two la- 
 dies whosd Journals and Oorrespondence 
 were published by Lady Theresa Liewis in 
 1866. They were personally known to 
 Horace "Walpole, and are mentioned by 
 Henry FothergiU Chorley in his Becollec' 
 (ions (1873). luelr Journals are full of in- 
 
BEB 
 
 BET 
 
 83 
 
 teresting particulars of society during the 
 latter part of the last and the begliiniiig of 
 the present century. Maiy Berry was 
 born in 1762 and died, in 1852. See Harriet 
 Martineau's Biographical Sketches. 
 
 Bertha. The blind daugliter of 
 Caleb Pluiumer(q.v.),iiiDiCKENS*5 Christ- 
 mas story, The Cricket on t?ie Hearth (q.-v.)^ 
 
 Bertha in the Laue. A lyric, in 
 thirty-four stanzas, by Elizabeth Bar- 
 rett Browning (1809-1861), published in 
 1844, and describing the transfer of a man's 
 affections from one sister to another, re- 
 lated by the elder and dying, to the young- 
 er, sister. 
 
 Bertram. A tragedy by Charles 
 Robert Maturin (1782-1824), produ<iedat 
 Drury Lane in 1816, and described by Sir 
 Walter Scott as *' grand and powerful, the 
 lajiguage most animated and poetical, and 
 the characters sketched with a masterly 
 enthusiasm." 
 
 Bertram, Count of Rousillon, Tlie 
 hero of Shakespeare's comedy of All's 
 Well that Ends Well (q.T.) ; beloved by 
 Helena (q.T.). "Johnson," says Schlegel, 
 " expresses a cordial aversion for Count 
 Bertram, and regrets he should have been 
 allowed to come off at last with no other 
 punishment than a temporary shame, nay, 
 even be rewarded with the unmerited pos- 
 session of a virtuous wife. But does not 
 the poet point out the true way of the 
 worldj which never makes much of maii'a 
 injustice to woman, if so-called family 
 honour is preserved?" 
 
 Bertram. A conspirator in "By- 
 itois's Marino Faliero (q.v.). 
 Beryn, The History of ; ** or, 
 
 the Merchant's Second Tale," was designed 
 by an anonymous poet, who lived soon af- 
 ter Chaucer, as a continuation of the Can^ 
 ierbury Tales (q.v.). It was first printed 
 by Urry, who first imagined it to be Chau- 
 cer's own. " In the prologue," says "War- 
 ion, " which is of considerable length, 
 there is some huinour and contrivance ; 
 the author, happily enough, continues to 
 characterise the pilgrims, by imagining 
 what each did, and how each behaved, 
 when they all arrived at Canterbury." 
 
 Bessie Bell and Mary Gray. A 
 ballad, printed by Lyle in his Ancient bal- 
 lads and Songs (1827), as taken down from 
 the recitation of two aged persons. The 
 story of it has been told as follows : " Bes- 
 sie Bell and Mary Gray, daughters of two 
 country gentlemen near Perth, were inti- 
 mate friends. Bessie being on a visit to 
 Mary at her father's house of Lynedoch 
 when the plague of 1666 broke out, the two 
 
 firls, to avoid contagion, went to live in a 
 ower, or summer-house of some kind. In 
 a retired and picturesque spot called the 
 Bumbraes/ about a mile west of Lynedoch 
 £[ouse." But their efCorts were of jio 
 
 avail. Through the agency of a young 
 man who was ui love with both of them, 
 and who carried them, provisions from 
 Perth at regular intervals, they caught the 
 plague, or, as the ballad has it,— 
 
 " The pest cam' frae the neib'rin town, 
 And etraek them baith thegither." 
 Tliey were buried at Dornoch Hough, a 
 secluded place by the river Almond ; and 
 more than a century afterwards Allan 
 Eamsay wrote a song with the same title 
 as, and using the first verse of, the present 
 ballad. 
 
 Bessus, in Beaumont and Fletch- 
 er's play of King and no King (q.v.), is 
 *' a swaggering coward, something between 
 Parolles and FalstafE," and akin to Boba- 
 dil (q.v.). 
 
 "Best good man, -with the 
 
 worst-natured muse. The." A line in' the 
 Earl of Rochester's Alhision to the Nmth 
 Satire of the First Book of Horace. 
 
 " Best laid schemes o' mice 
 
 and men, The." Aline iuBpRNS's poem, 
 To a Mouse, 
 
 Bestiary. The title of an Eng- 
 lish version, extant in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, of a Latin pJiysiologus, by a certain 
 Bishop THEOBALD. It consists of 802 
 lines, and it has its origin in a large num- 
 ber of similar works which had existed, 
 from the earliest times. " By degrees," 
 we are informed, " a fixed association was 
 established between the asserted proper- 
 ties of cei-tain animals and the religious 
 meanings given to them, and tJhe colic - 
 tion of such parables into a religious manual 
 was made at an early date in the Eastern 
 Church, uuder- the name of PJiysiologus.. 
 Fisolog, or Physiolog, came to be quoted 
 as man or book ; and we have it as a book 
 in Latin manuscripts of the eighth centu- 
 ry. Out of this form of literature sprang 
 the Bestiaries of the Middle Ages." 
 
 Beth Gelert : "or, the Grave o^ 
 the Greyhound." A ballad by. the Hon. 
 William Robert Spencer (1770— 1834^ 
 " marked," it has been said, " by simplici- 
 ty and pathos.'* The story on which it is 
 founded is of very ancient origin, and ap- 
 pears at once* in the Indian PantchatraTi' 
 tra and the mediaeval Seven Sages (q.v.). - 
 
 Betham, Sir "William, antiquary 
 and genealogist (b. 1779, d. 1863), besides 
 contributing to the Transactions of the So- 
 ciety of Antiquaries and the British Ar- 
 chseological Association, produced the fol- 
 lowing works : — Irisli Antiguaricm Re- 
 sea/rches (1826) ; The Origin and Historjf 
 of the English Constitution (1834) : The 
 Gael and Cymbn (1834) ; and Etruna Cei- 
 tica (1842). 
 
 Bethesda. A sequel to The Ques- 
 tionvng Spirit (q.v.), a poem by Arthur 
 Hugh Clough (1819—1861), 
 
84 
 
 BET 
 
 BIB 
 
 Bethune, Alexander (b. 1804, d. 
 1841), wrote Tales and Sketches of the Scot- 
 tish Peasantry (18481, and The Scottish 
 Peasant's Fireside (1843) j besides coUect- 
 iDg and editing a volume of political pieces 
 by his brother, John Bbthunb (1810 — 
 ' 1839), to which he prefixed a. memoir. His 
 own Memoir was written by William 
 Ciombie, who also published, in 1846, Se- 
 ketionsfrom his Correspondence and Liter- 
 ary Semaine. 
 
 Betraying of Christ, The ; Judas 
 in Di&paire; The Seven Words of our 
 Saviour on the Cross : " with other Poems 
 on the Passion," &c. By Samuel Bow- 
 LASDS (d. 1625). Published In 1698. 
 
 Betrothed, The. A tale hy Sir 
 Walter Scott (1771—1832), published in 
 1825, as one of The Tales of the CruBoders. 
 
 Better Late than Never. A 
 
 comedy by Petkb Miles Ajsdkews (d. 
 1814). 
 
 "Better Spared a better man, 
 I could have.'*— jyeTiry IV., part i., act v., 
 scene 4. 
 
 "Better to have loved and 
 lost, 'Tis." See Tennyson's In Memo- 
 riam, section xxvii. : — 
 
 " Thnn never to have loved at all." 
 
 "Better to reign in hell than 
 
 serve in heaven." oA. line in Milton's 
 Paradise Lost, boolc i., line 261. It has 
 been parodied by Byron in his satire, Eng- 
 lish Hards and Scotch Iteviewers : — 
 " Better to err with Pope than Ehine with Fye." 
 
 " Better to sit at the tvaters' 
 
 birth." First line of a lyric in Macdok- 
 ALD's "faery romance," Phantasies (q-v.). 
 
 Bettertou, Thomas, playwright 
 and actor (1635—1710), wrote. The' Homan 
 Virgin; or, the Unjust Judge (1679); The 
 Revenge: or, a Match at Newgate (1680); 
 The Prophetess : or, the History/ of Viocte- 
 , sian, with a Masque (1690) ; King Henry 
 I v., with the Humours of Sir John Pal- 
 atoj/'(n00); The Amorous Widow: or, the 
 Wanton Wife (1706) ; A Sequel to Henry- 
 IV, (1719); The Bondman: or. Love ana 
 Liberty (1719) ; and The Woman made Jus- 
 tice* His Life was written by Gildon, and 
 Sir Richard Steele paid a tribute to his 
 memory in No. 167 of The Taller. See, 
 also, Colley Gibber's Apology for his own 
 Life, and the Biographia Drainatica. 
 
 Beveridge. William, Bisliop of 
 St. Asaph (b. 1638, d, 1708), produced iv 
 large number of theological and other 
 writings, the more important of which are 
 his Thesaurus Theologicus (1711) ; Exposi- 
 tions of the Catechism and the Thirty-nine 
 Articles ; a Defence qfthe Book of Psalms ; 
 and Private Thoughts. 
 
 Beverley, Bnsign. See Abso- 
 ITJTK, Captain. 
 
 Beverley, Peter. See Ahiodantb 
 
 AND GlNETBA. 
 
 Beverly. The hero of Mooke's 
 play of jf'Ae Gamester (q.T.). 
 
 Bevil. A character in Steele's 
 Conscious Lovers (q.v.). 
 
 Bevis of Hampton, or South- 
 ampton, Sir. The title of the English 
 version of a French romance by Pebe 
 Labbe, called Beuves de HanUm, and 
 written, Warton conjectures, after the 
 Crusades ; for Bevis, the hero, is knighted 
 by the King of Armenia, and is one of the 
 generals at the siege of Damascus. He 
 was represented as Earl of Southampton. 
 His sword is still shown in Arundel Castle ; 
 near Southampton is an artificial hill 
 oalled Bevis Mount, and in the town itself 
 is a gate, which also retains his name. He 
 is mentioned by Chaucer, and is known in 
 Italy as Biuwo d'Antina. See also. Dray 
 ton's Polyolbion, book ii. Beuves de Han- 
 ton was printed in 1489. The earliest 
 known English version is dated 1560. It 
 was edited in 1836 for the Maitland Club, 
 and figures also in Ellis's Specimens, voL 
 ii. 
 
 " Bevrare of entrance to a quar- 
 rel." — Hamlet, acti., scene 3. 
 
 " But. being in, 
 Bear't that the opposed may beware of thee." 
 
 Be'V^are the Beare : " The strange 
 but pleasing History of Balbulo and 
 Bosina," published in 1650. A copy is 
 preserved in the British Museum. 
 
 Beivare the Cat : " A Maryellous 
 Hystory, Conteyning diverse wounderfull 
 and incredible matters, very pleasant and 
 mery to read," printed in 1670, and attrib- 
 uted by J. p. Collier to William Bald- 
 win (b. circa 1618). It is a very rare tract, 
 and contains many autobiographical de- 
 tails. 
 
 Bezonian. A naine applied as a. 
 term of reproach by Pistol to Shallow in 
 Henry I V., part ii., act v., scene 3. 
 
 Bianca, in Othello (q.v.), is the mis- 
 tress of Cassio, and is bribed by Jago to 
 steal Desdemona's handkerchief. 
 
 Bianca, in Taminq of the Shrew 
 (q.T-), is the daughter of Baptists, and in 
 love with Lucentio. 
 
 , Bianca. The duchess in Henkt 
 Hart Milman's tragedy of Fyzio (g.v.), 
 Bianca Capella. A rnmnnro by 
 Lady Lytton, founded on an Italian 
 story. The heroine was the wife of Cosmo 
 de Medici, and died In 1587. 
 
 Bible in Spain, The. A prose 
 work by Georoe Borrow (b. 1803), pub- 
 lished in 1844, and remarkable 'for its 
 " graphlo pictures of life, high, middle^ 
 
BIB 
 
 BIB 
 
 85 
 
 and low, in the byways as well aa tiio 
 highways of the laud of Gil Bias." 
 
 Bible, The, was £rst translated 
 into English by the celebrated reformer, 
 John Wycliffe (1324— 1384)j whose version 
 oC The Holy Biol&j containing tlie Old and 
 New Testam&ntSj with the Apocryphal 
 £ooks, madejTom the Latin Vulgatet was 
 edited by the Rev. Joslah Forshall and Sir 
 Frederick Madden in 1850. But the first 
 Englishman who translated the Bible from 
 the languages in wluch it was originally 
 written wa^William Tyndale (1477 — 1536), 
 who published, in 1526, a version of the 
 New Testament, which was followed in 
 1530 by the Pentateuchj and in 1531 by 
 tiie Book of Jonah. They were succeeded 
 In their turn by Biblia : The Bible, that is, 
 the Holy Scripture of the Olde and Newe 
 Testament&j faithfully and truly translated 
 out of DoucJie and Latyn into Enqlishe, 
 by Miles Coverdale, afterwards Bishop of 
 Exeter (1485— 1565), which appeared inl535. 
 The version generally termed Matthews* 
 Bible, from- uie name of its publisher, 
 varies but little, says liOwndea, from Tyn- 
 dale*sand Coverdale's translation, and the 
 few emendations and additions which it 
 contains were supplied by John Bogers, 
 the first martyr in Queen Mary's reign 
 (1555), who superintended the publicatiou 
 in 1637. In April, 1539, appeared The 
 Byble in Englyshe, truly translated after 
 the verpte of the Hebrue and Greke textes, 
 by ye dylygent studye of dyuerse excellent 
 learned men, expert in the for say de tonges; 
 generally called The Greats or CromwelVs- 
 Bible, because, printed under the direction 
 of Ooverdale, it.was issued under the au- 
 spices of Thomas, Lord Cromwell, whoso 
 arms adorn the title. In the same year, 
 Bichard Tavemer (1505 — 1575), a learned 
 member of the Inner Temple, printed TIte 
 most sacred Bible, translated tnto Englyshe 
 and newly recognised with great diligence 
 after most fay thfal exemplars; and in the 
 same year also the first edition was pub- 
 lished of the version -known as Cranmer^s 
 Bible, because accompanied by a " pro- 
 loge thereinto," by Thomas Cranmer, 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, which has since 
 been reprinted in the third volume of The 
 Fathers of the English Church. In 1560 
 appeared the famous Genevan Bible, so 
 called because translated at Geneva by 
 several English divines who had fled from 
 the persecutions under " Bloody *' Mary. 
 Among these were Bishop Coverdale, An- 
 thony Gilby, William Whittingham, Chris- 
 bopher Woodman, Thomas Sampson, and 
 rhomas Cole ; to whom some authorities 
 idd John Knox, John Bodleigh, John 
 PuUein, and others. This edition, which 
 (vas for many years the most popular one 
 in England, and went through fifty im- 
 preesions in the course of thirty years, 
 wad the first printed in Roman letter, ana | 
 Uvided into verses. It was not only 
 ■' translated according to the Ebrue and | 
 
 Greek, and conferred with the best Trans- 
 lations in divers languages," but included 
 " most profitable Annotations upon all the 
 harde Places," which, being of a strong 
 Calvinistic bias, rendered the version ex- 
 tremely popular among the Englieh Puri- 
 tans and Jihe Scottish Jfresbyterians, It 
 was long known, however, as the Breeches 
 Bible (q.v.), on account of the rendering 
 of Genesis lii. 7 : " And the eyes of them 
 both opened, and they knew that they 
 were naked ; and they sewed fig leaves to- 
 gether, and made themselves breeches." 
 The BisJiop's Bible, published in 1568, was 
 translated from the original by eight 
 bishops, assisted by many eminent schol- 
 ars, who appended their initials to their' 
 several portions, the whole being under 
 the superintendence of Archbishop Parker 
 (1504 — 1575), who wrote the preface. In 
 1582, were published, at Kheims and 
 Douay, respectively, versions of the New 
 and ()ld Testaments, translated from 
 the Vulgate by several Koman Catholic 
 exiles. These now form the standard 
 English Scriptures of the English Koman*. 
 ists, and are popularly referred to as 
 the Douay Bible- We come, finally, to 
 the King James's or Authorised . Version of 
 the Bible, which originated at the Hamp- 
 ton Court Conference of January, 1604, 
 when Dr. Rainolds, a distinguished I^iritan 
 divine, suggested a new translation as &> 
 great national walit. In July of the same 
 year the king issued a letter, intimating' 
 the appointment of fifty-four scholars for 
 the preparation of the version , and instruc- 
 ting the bishops that, whenever " a living 
 of twenty pounds " became vacant, they 
 .were to inform his majesty of the circum- 
 stance, in order that he might recommend 
 one of the translators to the patron. The 
 absolute expense of the undertaking seems 
 to have been borne by ^Barker, the printer 
 and patentee, who paid the sum of £3,500, 
 for the right of publishing the version, in . 
 the work of which, however, only forty- ~ 
 seven out of the fifty-four scholars took 
 part. These again were divided into sii , 
 companies, two of which met at Westmin- 
 ster, two at Oxford, and two at Cambrid^e;| 
 the first company, at Westminster, 'taking^ 
 the Pentateuch, and> the historical books ^ 
 to the end of 2nd Kings ; the first, at 
 Cambridge, from the beginning of Chron-^ 
 icles to the end of Canticles ; and the first,] 
 at Oxford, the remaining books of the 01a 
 Testament. The second company, at West- 
 minster, translated the ApostolicEpistles; 
 the second, at Cambridge, the Apocrypha;, 
 and the second, at Oxford, the Gospels; 
 the Acts of the Apostles, and the Apoca^ 
 lypse. Then, says Selden, in his TabU 
 Talk, "they met together, and one read 
 the translation, the rest holding in their 
 hands some book, either of the learned 
 tongues, or French, Spanish, Italian, &q. 
 If they found any fault, they spoke ; if not. 
 he read on.'* When a portion was finished 
 by one of each company, it was sent to nil 
 
86 
 
 BIB 
 
 BIG 
 
 the others in succession for their criticism, 
 and when a difference ot opinion occurred, 
 reference was made to a committee. The 
 final revision was entrusted to a company 
 of twelve, who, selected in couples from 
 each of the six companies, met daily for 
 nine months in the old hall of t^e Station- 
 ers, at Loudon. The work occupied from 
 1607 to 1610, and the version was duly pub- 
 lished iu 1611. Its revision was recom- 
 mended by the bishops in Convocation in 
 February, 1870, and the committee, con- 
 sisting of eminent scholars of all denomi- 
 nations, which was ajjpointed iu May, 
 held its first meeting in the Jerusalem 
 Chamber, Westminster Abbey, ou June 
 22!ul of that year. For Commentaries on 
 the Bible see the works by Matthew Henry, 
 Scott, Alford.Pusey, AVordsworth, David- 
 son, Lange, Bauer, Meyer, Bengel, Kiel 
 and Delitzch and others j also, The Speak- 
 er's Commentary, hjdignitarieBoi the Ang- 
 lican Church. See Westcott*s History of the 
 Sible, Anderson's Annals of the English 
 BibUy Home's Introduction^ Smith's Bible 
 Dictionary, Kitto's and Sadie's Bible 
 C^c^(^cEf?Mi,Fairbairn'a Bible Dictionary ^ 
 The Bible Educator, &c. 
 
 Biblia Pauperum ( The Poor Man's 
 Bible). A collection of illustrations of 
 the leading events of Sciiptme history, 
 printed in the Middle Ages, when reading 
 was an accomplishment acquired only by 
 the few. 
 
 Bibliographer's Manual, The : 
 "An account of rare, curious, and useful 
 books, published in or relating to Great 
 Britain and Ireland, from the invention of 
 printing ; with bibliographical and ci-itical 
 notices, collations of the rarer articles, 
 and the prices at wliich they have been 
 sold during the present century," by Wil- 
 liam Thomas Lowndes (d. 1843), pub- 
 lished originally in 1834, and revised, cor- 
 rected, and enlarged by H. G- Bohn, in 
 1858—64. 
 
 Bibliography, or the Science of 
 Books. The most important works in this 
 branch of literature, published in England, 
 are Home's Introduction to the Science of 
 Boolcs (1814) ; Orme's Bibliotheca Biblica 
 (1824); Watt's Biblotheca Britannica; 
 Darling's Cyclopmdia Bibliographica (1852 
 —58) ; Xowndes' Biblingrapher's Manual 
 (1834), revised by Bohn (1858—64) ; Low's 
 British Catalogues (1835—62) ; and Low's 
 English Catalogue, continued animally. 
 In English and American literature there 
 are Auibone's Dictionary of English and 
 American Authors (1858—71); Roorbach's 
 Bibliotheca Americana (1849—52) ; and 
 Trlibner'fl Ou,ide to American Literatwre 
 (1859). See Alubone ; Bibliographer's 
 Manual ; Bibliotheca Biblica. 
 
 . Bibliomania: "or.BookMarlnpss; 
 a Bibliographical Romance in Six Parts," 
 ~ roMAs Froonall Dibdin (1770— 
 published In 1811, and written in 
 
 by T: 
 
 1847). 
 
 dialogues or conversations; the characters 
 introduced being well-known book collec- 
 tors of the author's acquaintance. Among 
 these, >4«reims stands for George Chalmers, 
 Atiicus for Richard Heber, Bernardo for 
 Joseph Haslewood, Marcelkts for Edmund 
 Malone, Menander for Thomas Warton, 
 Prospero for Francis Douce, Sir Tristram^ 
 for Sir Walter Scott, Sycorax for Joseph 
 Ritson, and Lpsander and Bosicrucius for 
 the author himself. The great value of 
 the work, however, lies in the notes, which 
 are full of curious information about books 
 and bookmen. 
 
 Bibliopolee, Rellgio : " or, the 
 Religion of a bookseller ; " by John Dun- 
 ton (1659—1733) and Benjamin Bridge- 
 TV ater. An imitation of Religio Medici 
 (q.v.). published in 1691. Dunton'B lAfe 
 was published by l^ichols in 1818. 
 
 Bibliotheca Biblica : "A select 
 List of Books on Sacred Literature, with 
 Notices, Biographical, Critical, and Biblio- 
 graphical," by William Orme (1787-1830), 
 published in 1824. 
 
 Bickerstaff Isaac, dramatist (b. 
 1735, d. 178T), wrote Leucothe (1756); Thom- 
 as and Sally (1760) ; Love in a Village 
 (1765), (q.v.); Judith (1764), (q.v.); The 
 Maid of the Mill (1765); Daphne and Amintor 
 (1765) ; TJie Plain Dealer (1766); Love in the 
 City (1767); LUmel and Clarissa (1768) i 
 The AbsentMan (1768); The Royal Garland 
 (1768); The Padlock (1768); The Hypocrite 
 (1768): The Ephesian Matr(m (1769); Dr. 
 Last %n his Chariot (1769); ■ The Captive 
 (1769); The Scliool for Fathers (1770) ; *Tis 
 Well iVs no Worse (1770); The Recruiting 
 Sergeant (1770) : He Would if he Could 
 (1771) ; The Sultan (1775) ; and, according 
 to some authorities. The Spoiled Child 
 (1805) . Many of these have been reprinted 
 in The BritisJi Theatre^ Inchbald's Collec- 
 tion of Forces, and The British Acting 
 Drama. See the Biographia Dramatica, 
 andHazlitt's Essays on the Comic Writers. 
 
 Bickerstaff, Isaac. Tlie pseudon- 
 ym of Sir KiCHARD Steele as editor of The 
 Tatler (q.y^.). "He was an imaginary per- 
 son," says Macaulay, "almost as well 
 known in that age as Mr. Paul Pry or Mr. 
 Samuel Pickwick in ours." .Swift had as- 
 sumed the name of Bickerstaff in a satiri- 
 cal pamphlet against Partridge, the maker 
 of almanacks. Partridge had injudicious' 
 ly published a furious reply. Bickei-stafC 
 had then rejoined in a second pamphlet 
 still more diverting than the fii-st. All the 
 wits had combined to keep up the joke, 
 and the town was long in convulsions of 
 laughter. Steele determined to employ 
 the name which this controversy had ren- 
 dered popular, and, iu 1709, it was announ- 
 ced that Isaac Bickerstaff, Esquire, astrol- 
 oger, was about to publish a paper called 
 The Tatler. Swift derived the name Bick^ 
 erstafE from a blacksmith's sign, and added 
 leaao as a humorotis conjtiuctiou. 
 
BIC 
 
 BIN 
 
 87 
 
 Bickersteth, Edvrard, D. D., 
 
 Deau of Lichtield (b. 1814), lias written 
 Questions iltusfrattng the Thirty-nine Arti- 
 cteSf Catechetical Exercises on the Apostles^ 
 Creed, Prayers for the Present Times, and 
 a large number of charges as Archdeacon 
 of , Buckingham, and separate sermons. 
 He is one of the New Testament Kevision 
 Committee. 
 
 Bickersteth, Bd-ward Henry, 
 clergyman, poet, and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1825), has published Poems (1848) i Yes- 
 erday, To-day, and For Ever (1666) The 
 Two B-rotkers, and other Poems (1871) ; and 
 other works, besides editiiie The Hymnal 
 Cmnpanion to the Book of Comrnon Prayer 
 (1870). 
 
 Bickersteth, Robert, B.D., Bis- 
 hop of Ripon (b. 1816), has published Bible 
 landmarks (1850); Lent Lectures (1851) ; 
 Sermons (1866) ; Tarious charges (1858, 
 1861, 1864, 1867, 1870) ; and some single ser- 
 mons and lectures. 
 
 "Bid me discourse, I will en- 
 chant thine ear." Line 145 of Venus and 
 Adonis (q.v.). 
 
 " Bid me to live, and I will live." 
 
 First line of Hekrick's vei-ses To Anthea. 
 
 " Thou art my bfe, my love, my heart. 
 The Teiy eyes of me. 
 And hafit command of every part 
 To live and die for thee." 
 
 Biddle, John, called the " Father 
 of English Unitarianlsm (b. 1615, d. 1662), 
 was the author of Twelve Arguments 
 against the Divinity of the Holy Ghost, 
 and various other auti-Trinltarian publi- 
 cations. 
 
 Bideford, The Rural Postman 
 of. The name under which Edward Ca- 
 PERN, the Devonshire poet (b, 1819), is fre- 
 quently described. He is a postman by 
 occupation, and resident at Bideford. See 
 Postman Poet, The. 
 
 Bierce, M. A. See Grile, Dod. 
 
 Big-Bndians, The. The name 
 given by Dean Swift to an imaginary relig- 
 Sms party in Lilliput (q.v.) The chief dif- 
 ference between the two parties was that 
 one broke their eggs at the big and the 
 other at the little end ; a satire upon the 
 Protestants and Eoman Catholics respect- 
 ively. 
 
 " Big with the fate of Cato and 
 of Homo."— Addisoh's tragedy of Cato, 
 act 1., scene 1. 
 
 Bigg, 3. Stahyan. A member of 
 the " spasmodic " school of poetry, who 
 published Night and the Scml, a dramatic 
 poem (1864). 
 
 Biglow Papers, The. A series 
 of satirical poems, in the quaint Yankee 
 dialect, ascribed to a certain Hosea Biglow, 
 but really written by the American poet, 
 JAJIE3 KiTBSELl, LowEl.i' (b. 1819), and 
 
 published in 1848. The English edition of 
 the Papers has an appreciative preface by 
 the author of Tom Brown's Schooldays. 
 
 Bigsby, Robert, LL.D., poet jiiid 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1806); has produc- 
 ed among other works. The Triumph of 
 Drake, a poem (1839); Miscellaneous Poems 
 and Essays {l^^\ Visions 'of the Times of 
 Old (1848); Omba, a dramatic romance 
 (1863); and A Memoir of the Order of St. 
 John of Jerusalem from the Capitulation of 
 Malta till 1798 (1869). 
 
 Bilboa. See Bates. 
 
 Billee, Little. A ballad by "Wm- 
 tiAM Makepeace Thackeray (1811— 
 1863), telling how " three sailors of Bristol 
 city" took a boat and went to sea : " — 
 
 " There was gorging Jack and ffuzzHng Jimmy, 
 And the youngest he was little Billee. 
 Now when tlicy got as far as the Equator 
 They'd nothing left but one split pea. 
 To gorging Jack snys guzzling Jimmy, 
 ' We've nothing left, us must eat we,' " 
 
 And they decide to sacrifice their smalt 
 companion^ who,, in the end, however, 
 triumphantly avoids the fate proposed for 
 him. 
 
 Billings, Josh. The nom deplume 
 assumed by an American humorist, A. 'W.- 
 Shaw, whose Book of Sayings was pub- 
 lished in 1866. 
 
 Bilson, Thomas, Bishop of Wor- 
 cester and Winchester (b. 1535, d. 1616), 
 wrote The True Difference between Christian 
 Subjection and Unchristian liebellion^ fol- 
 lowed, in 1593, by The Perpetual Govern- 
 ment of- ChrisVs Chweh. Both works are 
 strong in their reprobation of Komish 
 error. 
 
 Bingham, Joseph, theologian (b. 
 1668, d. 1723), is chiefly known as the 
 author of Origines Ecclesiasticm ; or Aji^ 
 tiquitiesofthe Christian C/mrc/i (q.v.). 
 
 Binney, Thomas,, D.D., Inde- 
 pendent minister (b. 1798, d. 1874), pub- 
 lished, besides a large number of religioua 
 works, A Jjife of Fowell Buxtmi. His Ser-. 
 mons preached in 1829—69 (1875) are pre- 
 faced by a Biographical Memoir by Dr. 
 Allon. 
 
 Binnorie, The Twa Sisters o'. 
 A ballad, which tells how one sister, 
 through jealousy, pushed the other into 
 the water, and how the other^ caught up in 
 "the bonny mill-dams o' Bmnovie," was 
 found there by a harper, who took three 
 locks of her yellow hair, and " wi' them 
 strung his harp sae sare." 
 " And next when the harp hegan to- sing, 
 'Twas 'Farewell, sweetheart l ' said tno string. 
 And then as plain as plain could be, 
 ' There sits my sister wha drowned me l ■ " 
 Different versions are given in Wit Bestor'd 
 (1668), Pinkerton's Tragic Ballads, and 
 Scotrs Border Minstrelsy. See Sevek Sis- 
 TEBS, IBX. 
 
88 
 
 BIO 
 
 BLA 
 
 Biographia Britannica, The, is 
 
 the great work with which the name of 
 Dr. Andrew Kippis (q.v.) is conuected. 
 Five large folio volumes appeared in 1778 
 — 79, bringing the dictionary down to F, 
 and the sixth was passing through the press 
 at the time of Dr. Kippis's death. The 
 work is still unfinished. 
 
 Biographia Iiiteraria : " or, Bi- 
 ographical Sketches of my Literary Life 
 and Opinions," published by Samuel Tay- 
 LOK Coi/EBIDGE (1772—1831) In 1817. 
 
 Bion. For the Idi/Uiums and Frag- 
 ments of this poet, translated by Francis 
 Fawkes(1721 — 1777), see Anderson's British 
 Poets, and The Family Classical lAbrary- 
 
 Biondello. An Italian novelist, 
 an, English translation of who£<e tnles was 
 probably extant in tlie reign of Elizabeth, 
 and to- whom Shakespeare was several 
 times indebted for the plots -of his plays. 
 A selection from his works is Included in 
 Koscoe's Italian Novelists. See Twelfth 
 Night, and Much Ado about Nothing. 
 
 Biondello. A character in Taming 
 qf the Shrew (q.v.). 
 
 ■ Birch, Dr. " A Chirstmas Book,'' 
 Dy Willi AU Makepeace Thackebay 
 (1811—1863). 
 
 Birch, Harvey. A character in 
 Cooper's novel of The Spy (q.v.). 
 . Birch, Samuel, I1L.D. (b. 1813), 
 archaeologist and antiquarian, has written 
 ^History of Ancient Pottery (1858), and other 
 Taluable works on Egyptian antiquities. 
 
 Brich, Thomas (b. 1705, d. 1765), 
 published A History on the JRoyal Society of 
 London (1756 — 7); an edition of the works 
 bf Boyle ; and, with Sale, a new version of 
 Bayle's Critical Dictionary. The History is 
 Btill regarded as a standard work. 
 
 Bird, Robert Montgomery, 
 
 M.D., American novelist and dramatist (0. 
 1803, d. 1854), wrote Calavar : or, the Knight 
 qf the Conquest, a Romance of Mexico 
 (1834); T/ie InjUUl : nr, the Fall of Mexico 
 (1835)1 The Hawks of Hawlc Hollow, a Tradi- 
 tion of Pennsylvania (1835); SIteppard Lee 
 {iS3S); Nick <f the Woods (ItSJ)'; Peter Pil- 
 
 Srim (1838); and The Adventures of Robin 
 "tay (1839); besides the tragedies of The 
 Gladiator, Oraloosa, and The Broker of 
 Bogota. 
 
 " Birds in the high hall-garden." 
 
 First line of section xii. of Tennyson's 
 dramatic poem of Maud (q.v.). 
 
 Birds, the British. See British 
 Birds, The. 
 Birks, Rev. Thomas Rawson 
 
 (b. 1810), theological and philosophical 
 writer, has published many important 
 Works, among the best known of which are 
 
 Hor(e Apostolica, a sapnlement to the 
 Horte Paulina bf Paley ; Horce Evangelicce; 
 The Bible and Modem I'lumght ; First Prin- 
 ciples of Modem Science ; and the Memoirs 
 of his father-iu-law, the Kev. E. Bicker- 
 Bteth. 
 
 Biron. A lord in attendance on 
 Ferdinand, King of Navarre, In Love La- 
 bour Lost (q.v.) ; characterised by his exu- 
 berant wit, raillery, and good humour. He 
 is in love with Rosaline : and the two may 
 be studied advantageously as prototypes of 
 Benedick and Beatrice. 
 
 Biron. The liero of Southerne's 
 tragedy of Isabella : or, the Fatal Marriaye 
 (q.v.); the husband of Isabella. 
 
 " Birth is but a sleep and a for- 
 
 geti:ing. Our." See stanza 5 of WoRDS- 
 W0RTH*S Ode on the Intimations of Immor- 
 talitt/ from Recollections of Childhood 
 (q.v.^:— 
 
 " The Soul that rises with us. our life's Star 
 Hath had elsewhere its setting. 
 
 And Cometh from afar ; 
 Not in entire forgetfulness. 
 And not in utter nakedness. 
 But traillinir clouds of glory do we come 
 From God, who is our home." 
 
 Bisarre. A vivacious, eccentric 
 lady in Farquhar's comedy of The Incon- 
 stant (q.v.), whose name is obviously 
 synonymous with the French word bizarre, 
 extraordinary, grotesque. 
 
 Biscop, Benedict (b. about< 654, 
 d. 690), was the author of Concordantia 
 Regularum (q.v.), and other works. For 
 Biography, see Bede, Simon of Hurham, 
 and William of Malmesbury ; also Wright's 
 Biographia Britannica. For Criticism, see 
 Warton's English Poetry, Chalmer's Eng- 
 lish Poets, and the Biographic Universelle. 
 
 Bishop, John, published, in 1577, 
 Deatifall Blossoms gatltered by JohnByshopt 
 from the best Trees of all Kyndcs. In Iho 
 year following he also issued Tlie Garden 
 of Recreation, collected out qf the most aun- 
 clent and best Writers in all Ages by John 
 Bishoppe, Oentlemam. 
 
 Bishop, Matthew, published his 
 Life and Adventures (1744), in which he 
 was,says the Retrospective Review, " a per- 
 fect original; and in his description of his 
 own exploits has unconsciously given an 
 extremely laughable sketch of uie pecu- 
 liarities of a British sailor." 
 
 Biter, The. A comedy by Nich- 
 olas BOWE (1673-1718), acted 'in 1706; 
 " with which," says Dr. Johnson, "though 
 it was unfavourably treated by the audi- 
 ence, he was himself delighted, for he is 
 said to have sat in the house, laughing 
 with great vehemence whenever he had, in 
 his own opinion, produced a jest." 
 
 Black Dwarf, The. A romance 
 by Sir WALTER ScOTT (1771—1832), pub. 
 llBhed In 1816. 
 
BLA 
 
 BLA 
 
 89 
 
 Black, John, journalist (b. 1783, 
 d. 1855), was for many years editor of The 
 Morning Chronicle (1823 — 44). He was the 
 author of a Life qf Torquato Tasso (1810). 
 and translated into English Humboldt's 
 Political Essay on the Kingdom of New 
 Spain (1811); Groldoni's Memoirs of ■Him- 
 self {XZVS); Schlegel's iec^res on Bramor 
 tic Art and Literature (1815), and Schlegel's 
 History qf Literature^ Ancient and Modem 
 (1816). See Grant's History of the News- 
 paper PresSt Thornton Hunt's Fourth Es- 
 tate, and Mill's Autobiography. 
 
 Black, ■William, novelist (b. 1841), 
 has published A Daughter qf Heth ; In Silk 
 Attire ; Ki Imeny ; Love or Marriage ; The 
 Monarch of Mincing Lane ; The Strange 
 Adventures of a Phaeton; A Princess of 
 Thule; Maid of Killeena ; Three Feathers ; 
 Mr. Pisistratus Brown; Madcap Violet^ 
 and other novels. 
 
 Blackacre, The "Widow, in 
 
 Wycherley's comedy of The Plain Veal- 
 ^r (q.T.), is, *' beyond question, Wycherley 's 
 best comic chajracter. She is,'* says Ma- 
 caiulay, "the Countess in Racine's Piaid- 
 eurs, talking the jargon of English, instead 
 of French chicane." 
 
 Blackburn, Henry (h. 1830), art- 
 ist and author, has published Life in 
 Algeria, Travelling in Spain, The Pyrenees, 
 Artists and Arabs, Normandy Picturesque, 
 Art in the Mountains, and The Harz Moiin- 
 tains, and for some time edited London 
 Society (18T0— 72). 
 
 Black-eyed Susan. A balled by 
 John Gay (1688—1732), the first line of 
 which runs — 
 
 '* AH in the Downs the fleet was moored " 
 It was set to music by Richard Leveridge, 
 and is described by Hazlitt, as " one of the 
 most delightful that can be imagined. 
 Nor do I see," he says, " that it is a bit the 
 worse for Mr. Jefeyll's parody on it " 
 Also the title of a play by D. Jerrold. 
 
 Blackie, John Stuart, Professor 
 of Greek at Edinburgh (b . 1809), has pub- 
 lished a translation of Goethe's Fa/ust 
 (1837) ; The Pronunciation of Greek (1852) ; 
 JPoems, chiefly on Greek Mythology (1857) ; 
 A IHscourse of Beauty <1858) ; Poemsf Eng- 
 lish and Latin (1860) ; a translation of the 
 Iliiul, with Notes and Dissertations (1866) ; 
 Musa BurscMcosa (1869); Wa/r Songs of 
 the Germans (1870) ; Four Phases of Morals 
 (1871) ; Lays of the Highlands ana Islands 
 (1872) ; Seff-Cultnre (1873) ; Hone Hellen- 
 tcos (1874) ; and Songs (1876). 
 
 Blacklock, Thomas, D.D., Pres- 
 byterian minister and poet (b. 1721^d. 1791), 
 wrote Poems (1754) ; A Panegyric on Great 
 Britain (1773) ; The Grahame (1774) : An 
 Essay towards Universal Etymology : or, 
 the Analysis of a Sentence (1766) ; Pa^ac- 
 leais ! or, Consolations deduced from Na- 
 
 tural cmd Revealed Religion (1767), (q.T.) ; 
 an article on blindness, from which he was 
 himself a sufferer from his sixth year, in 
 the Encycloptzdia Britamnica; and some 
 sermons from the French of Armand, on 
 The Spirit and Evidences qf Christianity 
 (1768), His Poems were cojlectecl and pub- . 
 lished in 1793, with an [account of. his Lif^ 
 and writings by Henry Mackenzie, after- 
 wards incorporated in Chalmers's ei^tiou 
 of the Poets. See, also, the biographies by 
 Gordon, Anderson, and Spence. " His 
 poems," wrote Sonthey, *' are very extra- 
 ordinary productions." See Aurora on 
 Melissa's Birthday ; Grahame, The. 
 
 Blackmore, Richard Dodd- 
 ridge, novelist, has written, among otlier 
 woi'ks, Clara Vaughan, Cradock Nowell, 
 Loma, Doone The Maid of Sker, Alice Lor^ 
 raine, Crlpps the Carrier, and Erema, be- 
 sides translating Virgil's Georgics, 
 
 Blackmore, Sir Richard, baro- 
 net, physician, and poet (1650—1729), wrote 
 Prince Arthur (1695) ; King Arthur (1697).;. 
 Paraphrases of the Book of Job, &c. (1700) : 
 A Satire upon^,Vit (1700); Eliza (1705): 
 Creati(m (1712); The Lay' Monk (1713): 
 King Alfred (1713) ; The Accomplished 
 Preacher (1729); and other works. See the 
 collections of tne poets by Anderson and 
 Chalmers, and tlie Life by Dr. Johnson. 
 Gay has some amusing verses in descrip-. 
 tion of Blackmore's successive publica- 
 tions, and Cowper says that, though he 
 shone in his Creation, he wrote "more 
 absurdities in verse than any writer of our 
 country." Moore's epigram runs : — 
 
 "'Twos in his carriage the Bublime 
 
 Sir Richard Blackmore used to rhyme. 
 
 And (if the wits don't do him wrong) 
 
 -, *Twixt death and epics pasB'd his time, 
 
 Scribbling and killing all day long." 
 
 See Alfred ; Arthur, Prince ; Cheap- 
 side Knight, The ; Creation,; Lay 
 Monastery, The ; Psalms of David ; 
 and v anders ank ; wit, satire upon- 
 
 Blackness, The Masque of, was 
 
 written by Ben Jonson [1574r— 1637), in 
 1605. 
 
 Blacksmith's Daughter, The. An 
 
 old Elizabethan drama, mentioned, by 
 Stephen Gosson in his Plays Cmifivted 
 (q.v.). as portraying "the ireacheiy of 
 Turks, the lionourable bounty of a noble 
 mind, and the shining of virtue in distress." 
 
 Blackstone, Sir 'William. LL.D. 
 
 (1723—1780), wrote Commentaries on the 
 Laws of England (q.v.), the tirst volume of 
 wliich was published in 1765. See LoihI 
 Campbell's iivcs of the Chief JuHiceSy^nd. 
 Loivndes' Bibliographer* s Manual. For a 
 list of opinions and critical authorities, seo 
 AUibone's Dictionary of English and Amery^ 
 ca/n Authors- 
 
 Blackwell, Thomas, Principal o 
 Marischal College, Aberdeen (b. 1701, d« 
 
©o 
 
 BLA 
 
 BliA 
 
 1757) produced An Inquiry into the Life 
 and Writings qf Homer, Proqfs of the 
 Inquiry, Letters Concerning ^iythologyj 
 and M&moirs of the Court cf Augustus. 
 
 Blackvrood, Adam, Scottish poet 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1639, d. 1613), 
 published De Vinculo sett CoViJunctione 
 lieligionis et Imperil (1573 and 1615) ; Apolo- 
 gia pro Jiepibtis, an answei" to Buchanan's 
 £>e Jure fiegni (1581); Martyre (le Marie 
 Stuart, reine d'^sfiosse (1588) ; and Sana- 
 idrum Precatio7ium Prcemla. A complete 
 edition of his )VorIcs appeared in 1G44. 
 
 Black^vood's Bdinburgh Mag- 
 azine. A monthly periodical, started in 
 1817, which has, in the course of its exis- 
 tence, included contributions from Profes- 
 sor Wilson, J. G. Lockhart, Dr. Maginn, 
 Jolm Gait, D. M. Moir, De Quincey, Charles 
 Lamb, Walter Savage Landor, Charles 
 Lever, Lord Lytton, Sir Archibald Alison, 
 Professor Aytouu, Theodore Martin, Mrs. 
 Oliphant. W. W. Story, Frederick Locker, 
 G. C. Swayne, George Eliot, G. H. Lewes, 
 and R. H. Patterson. It was at one time 
 familiarly known as " Maga" (from ** mag- 
 azine"), and "Old Ebony" (q.v.), in allu- 
 sion to the publisher's name. For notices 
 of its ori^n and history, see Professor 
 Wilson's Mfe and Ferrier's edition of the 
 Nodes Ambrosiance. The portrait on the 
 cover is that of George Buchanan (q.v.). 
 Seet also, Chaldejs MSS. 
 
 Bladamour. Tlie friend of Pari- 
 del, in Spenseh's Faerie Queene (q.v.). 
 
 Blades, "William (b. 1824), by 
 profession a printer, is the author of The 
 Life of William Caxton (1863), which is con- 
 sidered to be one of the most important 
 contributions to the history of printing in 
 England that has yet been published. Mr. 
 Blades has also edited several early printed 
 hooks. 
 
 Blair, Adam: "A tale of Scottish 
 life," by John Gibson Lockhakt (17&4— 
 ISo-i), printed in 1822. Its full title is, 
 "Some Passages in the Life of Mr. Adam 
 Blair, Minister of the Gospel at Cross- 
 Meikle." The story describes " the fall of 
 a Scottish minister from the purity and 
 dignity of the pastoral <'.liaracter, and his 
 restoration, after a season of deep peni- 
 tence and contiition, to the duties of his 
 sacred profession, in the same pi ice which 
 had formerly witnessed his worth and use- 
 fulness." 
 
 Blair, Rev. David. One of the 
 numerous Tioms de plum^ of Sir Richard 
 Phillips a76S— 1840), who published 
 several works under that designation. 
 
 Blair, Hugh, D.D., Presbyterian 
 
 minister and professor of rhetoric (b. 1718, 
 d. 1799), wrote A Dissertation on the Poems 
 of Ossian (1763): Sermons (1777), (q.v.); 
 asid Lectures on Jihetoric and Jielles 
 
 (1783). 
 
 LettrcG 
 The merits of Blair," says Sydney 
 
 Smith, " are plain good sense, and a clear, 
 harmonious style. He generally leaves hia 
 readers pleased with his judgment and his 
 just observations on human conduct, with- 
 out ever rising so high as to touch the 
 great passions, or kindle any enthusiasm ia, 
 favour of virtue.*' , 
 
 Blair, John, Scottish clironologer 
 (d. 1782), produced, in 1745, The Chronohgy 
 and History of the World, from the Creation 
 to the year of Christ, 1753. His lectures On 
 the Canon of the Old Testament were pub- 
 lished posthumously. 
 
 Blair, Robert, chaplain to Sir Wil- 
 liam Wallace (circa 1300), was the author 
 of the Latin poem, Gesta Willelmi WallaSf 
 which Blind Harry translated in his Acts 
 and Deeds of Sir William Wallace (q.v.). 
 He also wi'ote another Latin poem , entj tied, 
 De Liberata iyrannide Scotia, See War- 
 ton's History ^English Poetry. 
 
 Blair, Robert, poet {b. 1699, cl. 
 1746), wrote TJie Grave (1743). (q.v.). His 
 Life has been written by the Rev. George 
 GilfiUan and others. For Criticism, see 
 Campbell's Specimens if the British Poets, 
 
 Blaize, Mrs. Mary: "An Elegy 
 on that Glory of her Sex," by Oliver ' 
 Goldsmith (1728—1774). A comic ballad, 
 in imitation of a French original — 
 
 " The king liimself has followed her, 
 When eho has walked before." 
 
 Blake, William, poet and artist 
 
 (b. 1757, d. 182S), wrote Poetical Sketches 
 (1783); Sonas of innocence (IISQ), {q.v.)] The 
 Book of Thiel (1769); America, a PropJiecy 
 (1793); Songs of Experience (1793), (q.v.); 
 The Gates of Paradise (1793); The Vision 
 of the Daughters of Albion (1793); Europe, 
 a Prophecy (1794); The Book cf Ahania 
 (1795) ; Urizen : oi\ the Marriage of Heaven 
 mirf Hell (1800} ; Milton (1804); and other 
 works. His Life has been written by Gil- 
 christ (1863), and Swinburne (1867). "I 
 must look upon him," said Charles Lamb, 
 " as one of the most extraordinary persons 
 of the age." See the editions of his Poems 
 by Kossetti and Shepherd. 
 
 Blakesley. Joseph 'Williams, 
 
 Dean of Lincoln (b. 1808), has published 
 Condones Academiccs ; a Life of Aristotle 
 (1839); an edition of Herodotus (1854), and 
 other works. See Hertfokdshire Ix- 
 
 CUMBENT, An. 
 
 Blakey, Robert (b. 1795), a volu- 
 minous writer on philosophy and general 
 literature, has published The Freedom qf 
 the Divine and Human Wills (1829); HiS' 
 toi"y of Moral Science (1833): Essay mi Loffic 
 (1834); History of Political Literature (1865); 
 and other works. 
 
 "Blame not my lute! for he 
 must sound." First line of a lyric by Sir 
 Thomas "Wyatt (1503—1542). See Hait- 
 nah's Courtly Poets, 
 
BliA 
 
 BLE 
 
 91 
 
 Blamire, Susanna, poetess (b. 
 1747, d. 1794), wrote StockletUath'. or^ the 
 Cumbrian Village, and various lyrics, 
 among others The JSTatob.The Siller Crown j 
 The Waffu' Heart, and-<4uirf Robin Forbes, 
 (q.v.), which were collected, edited, and 
 published, with a memoir by Patrick Max- 
 well, in 1^. Her Songs and Poems have 
 since been edited by Sidney Gilpin, in 1866. 
 
 Blanchard, Ed^ovard Iiaman, dra- 
 matist and novelist (b. 1820), has, in the 
 course of his career, furnished the theatres 
 with upwards of a hundred pieces, chiefly 
 pantomimes, besides publishing two novels, 
 entitled Temple Bar and The .Man without 
 a Destiny. He was at one time editor of 
 Clianibers's London JonxnaL 
 
 Blanchard, Iiaman, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1803, d. 1865), published, in 1828, 
 The Lyric Offering, His tales and essays, 
 entitled Sketchesfrom Life, were published, 
 with a Memoir, byliOrdLytton, in 1849: his 
 poetical works in 1876. 
 
 Blanchardine and Bglantine. 
 A chivalric romance of the Middle Ages, 
 printed by WiLLrAM Caxton (1412—1491). 
 
 Blanche. Niece of King John, in 
 Shakespeaee's play of that name (q.T.). 
 
 Blaneford, Hemy of, added a 
 &agment to the Annals of John of Troke- 
 lowe (q.v.). 
 
 Blaney. A wealthy heir, who ruins 
 himself by dissipation, in Cbabbe's poem 
 of The Borough (q.v.). 
 
 Blank Verse, the first writer of, in 
 England, was the Earl of gtrRKEY (1515— 
 1547), who used this ten-syllabled, unrhym- 
 ed measure in the translation of two books 
 of the JEnHd. **The experiment was 
 founded," we are told, "upon one of the 
 new fashions in Italian literature, and may 
 have been immediately suggested to hjim 
 by a translation into Italian Dlank verse of 
 the same two books of the ^Eneid by Car- 
 dinal Ippolito de Medici." After Surrey, 
 the most characteristic and original blank 
 verse in English literature has been pro- 
 vided by Sl^kespeare, Marlowe, Milton, 
 Wordsworth, Browning, and Tennyson, 
 each of whom has a distinct style of his 
 own. 
 
 Blatant Beast, The, in Spencer's 
 Fa:&rie Queene, is emblematic of popular 
 clamour. 
 
 Blazing of Arnxs, The Boke of 
 
 the. See Boke os* the BLAZlxa OF 
 
 Abmb. 
 
 Bleak House. A novel hy 
 Charles Dickens (1812—1870), the title 
 of which was suggested, it is said, by the 
 situation of a certain tall, brick house at 
 Broadstairs, which stands high above and 
 far away from the remainder of the town, 
 and in which the autUor resided forBeveral 
 
 seasons. The stdiy originally appeared in 
 monthly numbere, and was published in a 
 complete form in August, 1852. See BOY- 
 
 THORNE, CHADBAND, DEBLOCK, ' JaRN- 
 
 DYCE, Jellyby, Krook, Skimpole, Sum- 
 MERSON, aild Turveydrop. 
 
 Bledsoe, Albert, 'American writer 
 
 (b. 1808), has written An Examination of 
 Edwards on the -Freedom of the ^PiZi (1845); 
 Theodicy: or, Vindication of the nivkte 
 Glory (1856) ; and An Essay on Liberty and 
 Slavery (1856), in which he attempts to 
 defend the latter institution. 
 
 Blefuscu. An Island lying to the 
 north-east of Lilliput, and inhabited by pig- 
 mies ; described by Swift in Ckdlivers 
 Travels. It is intended for France. 
 
 Blenheim. . A poem by John 
 Philips (1676—1708), published in 1705, at 
 the request of Harley and St. John, as 
 Addison's Campaign was written at the 
 request of Godolphin and Halifax. "He 
 seems to have formed his ideas of -the field 
 of Blenheim from the battles of the heroic 
 ages or the tales of chivalry, with very 
 little comprehension of the qualities neces- 
 sai^ to the composition of a modern hero, 
 which Addison has displayed with so much , 
 propriety. He makes Marlborough behold 
 at a distance the slaughter made by Tallard, 
 then haste to encounter and restrain him, 
 and" mow his way through ranks headless 
 with his sword." The poem is " as com- 
 pletely a burlesque upon Milton as The 
 Splendid Shilling, though it was written 
 and read wiih gravity. In describing his 
 hero, Marlborough, stepping out of Queen 
 Anne's drawing-room, he unconsciously 
 carries the mock heroic to perfection, when 
 -he says: — 
 
 * His plumy crest 
 Noda horrible. Witli more terrific port 
 He walks, and seems already in the fight.' *' 
 
 " Blesses his stars, aiid thinks it 
 luxury." A line in Addison's tragedy of 
 Cato, act i., scene 4. 
 
 "Blessings be -with them, and 
 
 eternal praise." See stanza iv. of "Words- 
 worth's verses on The Poets :— 
 
 " Who gave us nobler loves and nobler tares — 
 
 The poets who on earth have made us heirs 
 Of truth and. pure delight by heavenly lays I "' 
 
 Blessington Marguerite Coua- 
 
 tess of, novelist and miscellaneous wiiter 
 (b. 1790, d. 1849), wrote The Magic Lanteim 
 (1822) ; Sketches and Fragments (1822) ; 
 travelling Sketches in Belgium ; Conversa- 
 ■Uona with Lord Byron (1832); ThePepealers 
 0833), (q.v.); TJie Two Friends ; Meredyth ; 
 The Follies of Fashion; The Victims of 
 Society; The Confessions of an Elderly 
 Lacfy ; The Governess ; The Lottery ' of 
 lAfe, a/nd other Tales; Strathem; or, lAfz' 
 at Home and Abroad, The Memoirs qf a 
 Femme de Chambre ; Lionel JDeerhurst : or. 
 Fashionable Life under the Megenoy; M<xr» 
 
92 
 
 BliB 
 
 BLO 
 
 madujce Herbert; Country t^muriern ; Desut- 
 iwy Thmighik and Bejlecttons (1839) ; The 
 Idler in Italy ; The Idler in France (1841) 
 and a poem called The Belle qf the Season. 
 For Iiwgraphy,see the Life and Corre/tpon- 
 (lence, edited by D. E. Madden : Willis'a 
 Pencillinqs by ilte way ; and Cliorley'a Mfe 
 and Autobiography, Also J. C. JeailreBon's 
 Novels and Nooelists^ and The Edinburgh 
 Beview .for 1S3S. "The novels of I^a'dy 
 B^essin^ton are strongly characterised by 
 the social phenomena of the times ; they 
 are peculiarly the romaiis de sOciite; the 
 characters that move and breathe through- 
 ont them arc the actual persons of the 
 great world : and the reflections with which 
 they abound belong to the philosophy of 
 one who has well examined the existing 
 manners. 
 
 " Blest as the immortal gods is 
 
 he. " First line of the celebrated f ra^ent 
 of Sappho, translated by Ambrose Phil- 
 ips (1671—1749). 
 
 Bleys, in Tennyson's Idi/lls of 
 the King (" The Coming of Arthur "), is 
 desciibed as " Merlin's master [so they 
 call him), Bleys,"— 
 
 " Who taaglit him magic, but the scholar ran 
 Before the master, and Bo far, that BIcya 
 Laid magic by, and eat him down and wrpte 
 All things and whatsoever Merlin did 
 In one £i-oat nnnal book." 
 
 Bilfil, in Fielding's Histori/ of Tom 
 Jones (q.v.), is a deceitful friend 'of the 
 hero. " There is exquisite keeping," says . 
 Hazlitt, " In the character of this person- 
 age." 
 
 Blimber, Miss Cornelia, in Dick- 
 ens's novel of Sombey and Son ((J. v), is the 
 daughter of Dr. Blimber, head of an edu- 
 cational estahlishmeiat conducted on the 
 cramming principle. She is described as 
 a young lady with "no light nonsense 
 about her," whose hair has become " dry 
 and sandy with working in the graves of 
 . deceased languages." 
 
 " Blind bard -n-ho on the Chian 
 
 strand, That," is the description under 
 which Homerfigures in Colektdge's poem 
 of Fancy in ^ubibtis, where he is spoken 
 of as beholding 
 
 " The Hind and the Odyssce 
 Kise to the swelling of the voiceful sea." 
 
 See "Blind old man of Scio's kocky 
 isle, The." 
 
 Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, 
 
 The. A comedy by Henky Chettlb and 
 JouN Day (circa 1598). acted in April, 
 1800, and printed in 1659. See Begqab's 
 Daughteb of Bedkall Gkebn, The. 
 
 Blind Boy's Prank, The. A 
 
 poem by 'William Thom (1799—1850), 
 which, by its appearance in the colnmns 
 of the Aberdeen Herald, first attracted at- 
 tention to itjanthor's merits, 
 
 Blind Girl of Castel-CuiUe, The. 
 
 A poem, translated from the Gaacon of 
 Jasmin, by Henky Wadsworth Long- 
 fellow. " The author of this beautiful 
 poem," he said, ** is to the South of France 
 what Bums is to the South of Scotland. 
 He still lives at Agen, on the Garonne ; 
 and long may he live there to delight his 
 native land with native songs." Jasmin 
 died in 1864. See Miss CoBtello's Biam 
 and the Pyrenees. 
 
 Blind Harry. See Harry, Blind. 
 
 " Blind old man of Scio's rocky 
 
 isle, The." See stanza 2, canto ii-, of By- 
 ron's poem of The Bride of Abyios (q.v.). 
 The allusion is t« Homer. See "Blind 
 BARD," &c. 
 
 Blind Preacher, The. A name 
 given to W. H. Milbubn, an -American 
 preacher and author. 
 
 Blind Traveller, The. See Hol- 
 
 MAN, James. 
 
 Blinde Beggar of Alexandria. 
 
 The. A play by George Chapman (1B57 
 —1634), produced in 1598. 
 
 "Bliss of solitude, Thatin'ward 
 
 eye wliich is the." See "Wordsworth's 
 
 Soemof r/ie i3cu?b<?«*s, beginning, "Iwan,- 
 ered lonely as a cloud." The expression 
 is said to be Mrs. Wordsworth's. 
 
 Bliss, Philip, DJ3., edited an 
 edition of the Athenos Oxojiienses (q.v.). 
 
 Blithedale Romance, The. A 
 
 story by Nathaniel Hawthorne (IS04 — 
 1864), published in 1852, and founded on 
 the author's experience as a member - of 
 the Brook Farm community. *' Its pre- 
 dominant idea," says E. H. Hutton, "is 
 to delineate the deranging effect of an ab- 
 sorbing philanthropic idea on a powerful 
 mind ; the unscrupulous sacrifices of per- 
 sonal claims which it induces, and the 
 misery in which it ends. There is scarcely 
 one incident in the tale properly bo called 
 except the catastrophe." 
 
 Blomefield, Miles (b. circa 1525), 
 wrote a chemical ti-act in metre, entitled, 
 Blomefield' s Blossoms ; or, the Campe (if 
 Philosophy (1567). " It is a vision, and in 
 the octave stanza. He is admitted into the 
 camp of philosophy by Time, tlirough a 
 superb gate which has twelve looks. Just 
 within the entrance are assembled all th6 
 true philosophers, from Hermes and Aiis- 
 totlo down to Eogev Bacon and the Canon 
 of Bridlington. Detached at some dis- 
 tance appear those unskilful but specious 
 firetenders to the transmutation of metals, 
 ame, blind, and emaciated by their own 
 pernicious drugs and injudicious experi- 
 ments, who defrauded King Henry the 
 Fourth of immense treasures by a counter- 
 felt elixir. Among the other wonders of 
 this mysterious region, ho sees the trefi of 
 
BLO 
 
 ghilosopliy, which has fifteen different 
 uds, Searing fifteen different fiulta." 
 T/Varton tells us that Blomefield dedicated 
 to Queen Elizabeth a system of the occult 
 sciences, entitled, The Mule of Life: or 
 the Fifth JEseence. ' 
 
 Blomfield, Charles James, Bish- 
 op of London (h. 1786, d. 1857), was a fre- 
 quent contiibutor to the Quarterly and 
 Kdinbtirgh Reviews, Biicyclopedia Sritan- 
 nioa^ and Museum Criiwumj and also wrote 
 A Dissertation upon the Traditional KnoW' 
 ledge <if a promised Redeemer, which sub- 
 sisted b^ore the Advent of our Saviour 
 (1819) J Five Lectures on (he Gospel of St. 
 John, as bearinn Testimony to the Itimni- 
 ty qf Jesus Christ (1823) ; and Manuals of 
 Family Prayers and Private Devotion ; 
 besides editing a large number of classical 
 works. See Biber's Bishop Blomfield and 
 
 leld^te) ^^**^^' ^""^ **'* ^^ ^ ■*• ^'°™'' 
 
 Blonde of Oxford and Jehan of 
 
 Bammartin. A metrical romance by 
 PpiLrp tE Eames fcirca 1190) ; interest- 
 ing on account of its description of the 
 baronial manners of tJie period. It -was 
 edited for the Camden Society in 18B8. 
 
 "Blood of all the Howards, 
 
 Alas ! not all the." Line 216 of Pope's 
 FpistlelV. 
 
 Bloomfield, Nathaniel, . poet, 
 brother of Robert Bloomfield (q.v.), was the 
 author of an Essay on War, The Culprit, 
 and a ballad, entitled Jlonington Green, to 
 which Byron refers in his English Bards 
 and Scotch Reviewers : — 
 
 " If Phcebufl Bmiled on yon, 
 Bloomfield, why not on brother Nathan, too ? 
 
 ^ Him, too, the Mania, not the MuBe, has seized f 
 
 - Not inspiration, but a mind diseased ; 
 And now no boor can seek his last abode, 
 No common be enclosed, witliout an ode." ' 
 
 His Poems appeared in 1803. 
 
 Blomfield, Robert, poet (1>. 1706, 
 d. 1823), published The Farmer's Boy 
 (1800); Rural Tales and Ballads (1802); 
 Good Tidings : or. News froth the Farm 
 (1804) ; Wild Flowers (}806) ; Miscellaneous 
 Poems (1806) ; The Banks of the Wyei^lSM) ; 
 Works (1814 ; May Day with the Muses 
 (1822) ; and Remains in Poetry and Prose 
 (1824). See Drake's lAteraty Sowrs, and 
 Moir's Poetical Literature. A Selection 
 from his Correspondence was published in 
 1871. In a Tribute to his JKemory, Bernard 
 Barton writes : — 
 
 "It is not quaint and local tenns 
 
 Besprinkled o'er thy rustic lay 
 Though well such dialect confirms 
 
 Its power unlettered minds to sway. 
 But 'tia not these that moat display 
 
 Thy sweetest charms, thy gentlest thrall i 
 IVords, phrases, fashions, pass away. 
 
 But Truth and Nature live tbroughall,"' 
 
 See Fakbitham Ghost, The. 
 BIosBoming of the soliteuy 
 
 BLU 
 
 83 
 
 Date-tree, The. A- poetical "lament," By 
 S^UEL Tavlob Colebidqe (1772— 
 
 Blossoms, To. A f.nmous lyric, 
 by EoBEBT Heeeick (1591— 16T4) : 
 " "Vv hat I were you bom to be 
 An hour or half's delight. 
 And so to bid good night ? ■ 
 'Tis mty nature broughl ye forth 
 Merely to show your woith. 
 And lose you quite." 
 
 Blongram's Apology, Bishop. 
 
 A poem by Eobekt Beowsikg (b. Km, 
 m which the speaker is represented as ex- 
 cusing himself for having accepted the 
 honours and emoluments of a church of 
 which he does not fully believe the doo- 
 trmes, on the plea that disbelief is of its 
 nature as hypothetical as belief, and tbat 
 It must be not only wise but right to give 
 oneself, both temporally and spiritually, 
 the benefit of tbe doubt. 
 
 Blount, Charles, ■wrote several 
 deistical works daring the time of Charles 
 II. He was born in 1654 and committed 
 suicide in 1698. See Biographia Britanr 
 nica/ also, ReligioLaici. 
 
 Blount, Sir Thomas Pope (b. 
 
 1649, d. 1697), wrote Censiira Celeiriorum 
 Authorum (1690), Essays on Di0cult Sub-^ 
 Jeots, Bemarks on Poetry, &c. See the 
 Biographia Britannica. 
 
 Blount, Thomas (b. 1618, d. 1679), 
 wrote Boscobel : or, the Sistory of the 
 King's Escape after the Battle of Worces- 
 ter (1681), and other works. See lie Bio- 
 graphia Britannica, 
 
 Blouzelinda, a character in Gat'S 
 Shepherd's Walk, is designed to ridicule the 
 Delias, Chlorises, and Aramintinas of 
 pseudo-pastoral poetry, and is, therefore, 
 painted as an ignorant, frolicsome country 
 lass ; . . 
 
 " BJf Blouzelinda is the blithest lass. 
 Than primrose sweeter or the clovei^grass." 
 Mrs. Browning, in Aurora Leigli, wrote: — 
 " We fair free ladies, who park out our lives 
 Fronr common sheep-paths, . . we're as natural 
 
 still 
 As Blowsalinda." 
 
 "Blow, blow, thou winter 
 
 wind." First line of a song in As You 
 Like It, act ii., scene 7. 
 
 Blue-Stocking. This term, as 
 applied to literary ladies, was introduced 
 into England from France in 1780, when 
 Mrs. Montagu exhibited the badge of the 
 Bas-Bleu Club of Paris at her evening 
 assemblies. Stilllngfleet, the naturalist,' » 
 constant attendant at the soirtSes, invaria- 
 bly wore blue stockings ; hence the naine. 
 Mrs. Jemingham also wore them ; and 
 the last of the original clique was Miss 
 Moncton, afterwaicfs Countess of Cork, 
 who died in 1840. Byron satirised the 
 
94 
 
 BLU 
 
 BOD 
 
 blu6H3tockinga of Ma time in Tlie Bhiei: a 
 Literary KcTogue, 
 
 Bluff, Captain Noll. A swaggerer 
 and a coward, in Cc^'GBEVE's comedy of 
 The Old Bachelor (q.v.). 
 
 Blumine, in Cabltle's Sartor 
 Jiesartus (q.T.), is a "young, hazel-eyed, 
 beautiful, liigli-born " maiden, with whom 
 Teufelsdi-Bckh (q.T.) falls hopelessly in 
 love. 
 
 Blundeville, Thomas (circa 
 1570,\ is supposed to be the author of a 
 manuscript in the British Mutteun\, enti- 
 tled, Plutarch's Commentary that learning 
 is requisite toaprlnce, translated into Eng- 
 lish meter, and probably referred to in tfie 
 metrical preface prefixeil to Jasper Key- 
 wood's Thystes of Seneca : — 
 
 "And there tho gentle Blunduilleis 
 By name antrcfco by 'kTndc, 
 "Of whom we Icarne by rlutarchca lore 
 What frute by loes to fyndc." 
 
 See Carew Hazlitt's Early English Literor 
 iurc. 
 
 Blunt, John Henry, theolosrical 
 writer (b. 1823), has published The Atone- 
 ment and the At-one-Maker (1855) : Directo- 
 rium Pastorale ; Houseliold Theology ; The 
 Annotated Book of Common Prayer; The 
 History of the R^ormation in the Church 
 qfEngla7ul; The Doctrine o/tJle Churchof 
 England ; A Plain Account of the English 
 Bible, and other works, besides editing A 
 Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical The- 
 ology ^ and A Dictionary of Sects and Here- 
 sies. 
 
 Blunt, Thomas. See Glossogka- 
 
 PHIA. 
 
 " Blushing honours thick upon 
 him^ And bears bia."— King Henry VIILj 
 act lii., scene 2. 
 
 Boaden, Caroline, dramatist, 
 wrote Fatality, a drama, included in vol- 
 ume iii. of The British Acting Drama. 
 
 Boaden, James, dramatist and 
 critic (b. 1762, d. 1839). wrote biographies of 
 Charles Kemble, Mrs. SiddonSjMi-a. Inch- 
 bald, and others. See the Life of Charles 
 MatliewS' 
 
 Boadicea. A trap:edy by John 
 Fletcher (1576—1625), written before i625, 
 and foundeil on the old stories of Boadicea 
 and Caractacus. The climax of the play is 
 marred by the death of Bonduca. which 
 takes place at the close of the fourth act. 
 
 Boadicea. An historical tragedy, 
 byKicHABDGLOVEit(1712— 1786).produced 
 in 1758, and performed for nine nights. 
 
 Boadicea. An "experiment" in 
 quantity, by Alfred Tekmysox (b. 1809), 
 first published In the Camhill Magazine in 
 1S63. 
 
 Boardman. Henry A., D.D., 
 
 American Presbyterian divine (b. 1808), has 
 published various works, including Tlie. 
 Scripture Doctrine of Original Si7i (1839) : 
 T/te Importance of Religion to tlie Legal 
 Profession (1849) : The Bible in the Family 
 (1851) ; and The Bible in the Counting-house 
 (1863). 
 
 Bobadil, Captain, in Ben Jonson*3 
 
 comedy of Every Man in his Humour (q.r.), 
 is a braggart, a cow9,rd, an adventurer, of 
 whom Barry Cornwall says that *' with his 
 big v/ords and his little heart, he is upon 
 the whole the best invention of his author^ 
 and is worthy to march in the same regi- 
 ment with Bessus and Pistolj and Parolles 
 and the Copper Captain." "His well-known 
 proposal for lUe pacification of Europe , kill- 
 ing some twenty of them, each his man a 
 day, is as good as any other that had been 
 suggested up to the present moment. Jlia 
 extravagant alfeQtation,hi3 blustering and 
 cowar<'ice, are an entertaining medley ; 
 and his final defeat and exposure, though 
 exceedingly humorous, are me most aflEect- 
 ing parts of the story.'* 
 
 Boccaccio. Tlie Decameron (q.v.) 
 of this writer was first translated into Eng- 
 lish in 1620. It was again translated in 
 1741, and, with remarks on the life and wri- 
 tings of the author by Dubois, in 1804. Gio- 
 vanni Boccaccio was born in 1313, and died 
 in 1375. 
 
 Boccus, King, and Sydrack, 
 
 The History of; "bow he confounded his 
 learned men, and in the sight of them drank 
 strong venym in the name of the trinite, 
 and did him no hurt. Also his divynyte, 
 that he learned of the book of Noe. Also' 
 his prophesyes, that he had by the revela- 
 tion of the angel. Also his answers to the 
 questjojis of wysdom, both moral and natu- 
 ral,wyth moche wysdom contayned in num- 
 ber 365." This was a translation from tJie 
 French, by Hugh Oampden (temp. Hen- 
 ry, V-). "It is rather," says Warton, "a 
 romance of Arabian philosophy than of 
 chivalry. It is a system of natural kjiowl- 
 edge, and particularly treats of the virtues 
 of plants. Sidrac, the philosopher of the 
 system, was astronomer to an Eastern Xing. 
 He lived eight hundred and forty-seven 
 years after Noah, of whose book of astron- 
 omy he was possessed. He converta to the 
 Christian faith Bocchus, an idolatrous king 
 of India, by whom he is invit«d to build a 
 mighty lower against the Invasions of a 
 rival king, "King Bocchus, or Boccus, 
 seems," says Carew Hazlitt^ " to have been 
 rather a popular character m our own early 
 literature." See Handbook (if Early Eng^ 
 lish Literature. 
 
 Bodenham, John. A literary 
 editor and compiler of the sixteenth centn- 
 rj', who published, in 1^%%, Politeaphuiai 
 or, WiVs Commonwealth (q.v.); in the sinno 
 year. Wit's Theater of the Little World ; 
 m 1600, Engtam'8 Imioon, (q.v.); and in 
 
BOD 
 
 BOH 
 
 ©5 
 
 the same year, Belvidere ; otj the Garden of 
 the MtLses. 
 
 Bodleian Library, Oxford, is so 
 called from its founder, Sir Thomas Bod- 
 ley, an eminent diplomatist of the time 
 of Queen Elizabeth, who, on retiring from 
 active life in 1597, undertook to restore the 
 library which had been founded in Oxford 
 many years before by Humphrey, Buke of 
 Gloucester. Sir Tliomas not only present- 
 ed it-with a collection of books worth £10,- 
 OOOjbut by his influence and example caused 
 the library, which was opened in 1602, to be 
 enriched by numerous and important con- 
 tributions. In 1610, he laid the foundation- 
 stone of a hew library-house, which unfor- 
 tunately was not completed until after his 
 death in 1613. It was enlarged in 1634, and 
 after receiving many important additions 
 from such benefactors as Sir Thomas Roe, 
 Sir Kenelm Digby, Archbishop Laud, John 
 Selden, General Fairfax, and, later, Rich- 
 ard Gough,EdmundMalone,Francis Douce, 
 and Robert Mason, it now contains upwards 
 of 260,000 volumes of printed books, and 
 22,000 volumes of manuscripts. It is speci- 
 ally rich in biblical and rabbinical literar- 
 ture, and is famous for the materials it 
 possesses that throw light upon old English 
 history. Its first catalogue was published 
 "by Dr. James in 1605. Graduates of the 
 tfniversity are, on the payment of certain 
 fees, admitted to Its privileges, and literary 
 men are, under certain restrictions, permit- 
 ted to make extracts from the works in the 
 library, which is open from nine to four 
 during the greater part of the year. A 
 leading room was attached to it in 1856. It 
 ia one of the public libraries which, under 
 the Copyright Act, are entitled to receiye 
 a copy of every book published in Great 
 Britain, free of charge. 
 
 Boece, Hector (b. about 1470, d. 
 about 1550), wrote a history of the Bishops 
 of Aberdeen, under the title of VitceEpisco- 
 porum Murthlasensvu/m et Aherdonensium, 
 published in 1522. He also composed, in 
 Latin, a History of Scotland, beginning 
 vritii remote antiquity, and ending with 
 the death of James I., which was published 
 under the title of Scotorum HistoHa ab illi- 
 us Oentis Origine^ in 1526. A translation 
 of this work, executed at the command of. 
 James V., by John Bellenden, Archdeacon 
 of Moray, and printed in 1536, forms the 
 first existing specimen of Scottish literary 
 prose, and waa reprinted in 1821. Another 
 version, by the English chronicler, Holin- 
 shed, was the source from which Shake- 
 speare drew the materials for his tragedy 
 OT Macbeth, See Irving's Lives of Scottish 
 WrUera; also, Bjellejtden, John. 
 
 Bcemotld, in Tasso's Jerusalem 
 Delivered, is the Christian King of Antioch 
 ■who tried to teach his subjects arts, laws, 
 ^nd religion. 
 
 Boethius. The De Consolatione 
 
 PMlosopkimot this writer was translated 
 into Anglo-Saxon, with some additions es- 
 pecially in books ii. andiii., by King Alfred 
 (q.v.)j and his version was rei)rintea by Fox 
 m 1864. Chaucer's translation, edited by 
 Morris, was republished in 1869. Versions 
 were ininted by Coldervel in 165C, by " J. 
 T.'* in 1609, Conningeslye in 1661, by Lord 
 Preston in 1712, by Causton in 1730, by Rid- 
 path in 1785, and by Duncan in 1789. See 
 Hallam's Literary History of Europe^ 
 
 Boeuf, Front de, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's romance of /??an7ioe(q.v.), is a fol- 
 lower of Prince John, and is described by 
 Senior as " the traditional giant, very big 
 and very fierce," whose "active and pas- 
 sive duties are those always assigned to 
 the giant — the first consisting in seizing 
 travellers on the road, and imprisoning 
 them :in his castle, to the danger of the 
 honour of the ladies, the life of the knightsj 
 and the property of all others ; and thq 
 second, in being beaten at tournamenta 
 and killed by the knight errant, to whom 
 the author at length issues his commission 
 of general castle-deliverer." 
 
 Bogataky. See Golden TitEASt 
 
 TTBY. 
 
 Bogio, in Orlando Fitrioso, is an all;? 
 of Charlemagne, slain by Dardiiiello. 
 
 Bogue, David, dissenting niinistei 
 
 (b. 1750, d. 1815), wrote an Essay on the 
 J)ivine Authority of the New. Tesfament', 
 and, in conjunction with Dr. Bennett, a 
 History of Dissenters. 
 
 Bohemia, On his Mistress the 
 
 Queen of. A lyric by SirHEjritY Wotton 
 (1568—1639), " written," says Dr. Hann,ah, 
 "during the short interval which elapsed 
 before tne brief day -of Elizabeth's Bohemi- 
 an sovereignty was clouded." She was 
 the daughter of James I. of England. 
 
 Bohemian Tartar, A, is an apella- 
 tiou applied by the host to Simple,, in Tha 
 Merry Wives of Windsor^ act iv., scene 5. 
 
 Bohn, Henry George (b. 1796), 
 publisher, editor, and bibliographer, has~ 
 translated many of the works oE Schiller, 
 Goethe, and Humboldt ; also compiled a 
 privately pvint^di JDictionary of English Po-. 
 etical Quotations ; a Handbook of English 
 Proverbs ; a Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs, 
 and numerous other works ; and has pro- 
 duced a revised and argumented edition, 
 of Lowndes' Bibliographer* s Manual. 
 
 Bohort, Sir or King, Bors or 
 
 Bort. One of the knights of the Bound 
 Table, brother of KingBan, and uncle to- 
 Lancelot du Lac. 5'ee JBoiis. 
 
 Bohun, Bdmund, miscellaneous 
 writer (d. after 1700), is noticeable as the' 
 compiler of A Geographical Dictionary . 
 (1688), and The Great Historical Geographtr 
 cal, and Poetical JHctimary (1691), besides 
 
86 
 
 BOI 
 
 BON 
 
 {>roclucmg a large numljer of political pam- 
 pWets. 
 
 Boiardo. The Orlando Tnnamorato 
 of this writer was translated into English 
 hy Eobert Tofte in 1398. See the essay by 
 Panizzi (1831). 
 
 Boileau. This writer's works Iiave 
 been translated by Soame (1680),Ozell (1712), 
 and others. 
 
 Bois-Guilbert, Brian de, in Ivan- 
 Itoe (q.v.), '* belongs to that class, the ment 
 of fixed resolve and indomitable will — line 
 Ingredients in a character which is marked 
 by other peculiarities, buttoo uniform and 
 artificial, and, in fictitious life, too trite, 
 to serve, as they do here, for its basis." 
 
 Boke named Cordyall, The : 
 "or. Memorare Novissima." A translation 
 from the French,by Anthony 'Woodvii.e, 
 Earl Rivers (14©— 1483), printed by Caxton 
 in 1480. 
 
 Boke of the Blazing of Arms, 
 
 The. A metrical adaptation of Upton's 2>e 
 Jie M'ditari et Factis IHustHbuSf written 
 about 1481 by Juliana Burners (d. about 
 1485)- 
 
 Boker, George Henry, American 
 poet (b. 1824), has written Lessons of lAfe^ 
 and other Poems (1817) ; CalaynoSj a Trage- 
 dy (1848) ,■ Anne Boleyn, o. Tragedy^ism) ; 
 The Betrothal ; Leonor tie Guzman ; Fran- 
 cesca da Rimini ; Poems qf the frar(1864); 
 and some other works, a complete edition 
 of which appeared in 1856. "He has fol- 
 lowed," says Tuckerman, *' the masters of 
 dramatic writing with rare judgment. He 
 also excels many gifted poets of his class in 
 a quality essential to an acted play — spirit. 
 To the tragic ability he also unites aptitude 
 forthe easy colloquial, and jocose dialogiie, 
 such as must intervene in the genuine 
 Shakespearian drama, to give relief and- 
 additional effect to high emotion. His 
 language, also, rises often to the highest 
 point of pathos, energy, and beauty.' 
 
 Bold Stroke for a Husband, A. 
 
 A comedy by Mrs. Cowley, acted about 
 1780. 
 
 Bold stroke for a Wife, A. A 
 
 comedy by Mrs. Centliveb (1667—1723), 
 produced jn 1T18. 
 
 Boleyn, Anne. A dramatic poem 
 by Henry Hart Milman (1791—1868), 
 published in 1826. See Bullen, Anne. 
 
 Boliugbroke, Henry of. Duke 
 of Hereford, and afterwards Henry IV., in 
 Shakespeare's Richard II., and the two 
 parts of Henry lY. 
 
 Bolingbroke, Viscount, Henry 
 St. John (b. 1678, d. 1751), wrote A Disserta- 
 tion upon Parties (1736) ; Betters on the 
 Bpirit qf Patriotism, mi the Idea of a Par 
 triot Kinq, and on the State cf Parties at the 
 
 Accession of George I. (1749) ; Letters on the 
 Study of History (1762) ; and other Works, 
 a complete edition of which was published 
 by David Mallet in 1754, and followed by 
 Correspondence, State Papers, and Miscel- 
 laneous Writings,inn9S. *' Having," said 
 Br. Johnson, " discharged a blunaerbuss 
 against morality and religion, he had not 
 the resolution to fire it off himself, but left 
 half-a-crown to a beggarly Scotchman to 
 draw the trigger after his death." His Life 
 was written by Mallet (1754), St. Lambert 
 (1796), Cooke (1836), and Macknight (1862). 
 See, also, his Apoloqiapro Vit& 6'itS,in a let- 
 ter to Sir William Wyndham (1752), and Mrs. 
 Oliphant's ^istortcai Sketches of the Reign 
 of George II. ; Walpole's Royal and Noble 
 Authors, For Criticism, see Drake's Es- 
 says, Blair's Lectures on Rhetoric and the 
 Belies Letters ; Leland's Deistical Writers, 
 and Warburton's View of Lord Baling- 
 broke's Philosophy (1764). "The merit;" 
 sajjs Craik, '• of whatever Bolingbroke baa 
 written lies much more in the style than in 
 the thought. He is frequently ingenious, 
 but seldom or never profound ; nor is his 
 rhetoric of a brilliant or imj)osing character. 
 There is no richness of imagery, or even 
 much peculiar felicity of expression ; yet 
 it always pleases by its clear and easy 
 finw, and it rises at times to considerable 
 anlmationand even dignity." See Exile, 
 Eefleotions upon ; Idea of a Patriot 
 King ; Essay on Man; Oldcastle, 
 Humphrey. 
 
 Bolton, Bdmund, antiquarian 
 writer (temp, seventeenth century), wrote 
 Elements of Armories (1620); Nero Cessar: 
 or, Monarchic Depraved (1624) ; and Hvp- 
 ercritica (q.v.), first printed in 1722. See 
 the Biographia Britannica. and Warton's 
 History qf English Poetry. ' 
 
 Bombastes Furioso. The hero of 
 a burlesque tragic opera, written by 
 William Barnes Ehodes in ridicule or 
 the heroic style of modem dramas, and 
 produced in 1790. The heroine is called 
 Dlstafflna. 
 
 Bon Gaultier Ballads. A series 
 of amusingparodies of modem poetry, by 
 William Edmonstoune AytoIjn (1813 — 
 18C5), and Theodore Mantin (b. 1814). 
 
 Bon Ton Magazine, The : "or 
 
 Microscope of Fashion and Folly," pub- 
 lished during the years 1791—1796. 
 
 Bona of Savoy. Sister to the 
 Queen of Prance, in Henry VI., part ill. 
 
 Bonaparte. See Napoleon. 
 
 Bonair, Horatius, D.D. (b. 1808), 
 Presbyterian minister and miscellaneous 
 wriier, is best known as the author of 
 Hymns of Faith and Hope, The NiglU qf 
 Weeping, and The Morning of Joy. Dr, 
 Bonar acted as editor of The Christian 
 Treasury for many years, and of The 
 Quarterly Journal qf Proplucy since iti 
 establishment. 
 
BON 
 
 BOP 
 
 07 
 
 Bond, William. See Supebnat- 
 
 UBAL PHIIjOSOPHEB, THB. 
 
 Bondman, The, a tragedy by 
 Philip MASSiifGEB (1584—1640), produced 
 in 1624, is " one o£ the best," says Hallam, 
 "of Masslnger's worlcs." "Its interest 
 turns," says Hazlitt, " on the two differ- 
 ent acts of penance and self-deiiialj in the 
 persons of the hero and heroine, Pisauder 
 and Cleora-" 
 
 Boner, Charles, miscellaneous 
 writer, was the author of Transylvania ; 
 its Products and its People (1865) ; J Guide 
 for Travellers ; and other worlss. His Me- 
 moir and Letters^ including letters from 
 Miss Mitford (q.v.), appeared in 1871. 
 
 Boniface, tlie common appellntion 
 for the landlord of an inn or tavern, is one 
 of the characters in Parquhar's comedy 
 of Tlie JBeaux's ^tratagein, where he 
 is described as Iceeping . a well-known 
 inn in Lichfield. " I've lived," he says, 
 '' in Lichfield, man and boy, above eight- 
 and-^ty years, and, I believe, have not 
 consumed eight-and-fifty ounces of meat." 
 
 Boniface, St., otherwise "Winfred 
 of Orediton (b. 680, d. 755). The Bio- 
 grapliy of the great apostle of Germany 
 was written by Willibald (1603), and by 
 Schmidt, in his Handbuchder ChristlicJien 
 KirchenpeschicJUe- See Wiight's Bioffra- 
 phia Brttannica. His Works were printed 
 m 1605 ; his Epistles, the most valuable of 
 his writings, in 1629. 
 
 Bonneval. Memoirs of the Ba- 
 shaw Count, *• from his birth to his death." 
 A romance containing much curious and 
 seemingly authentic infonnation respect- 
 ing the secret history of Europe, published 
 in 1570. 
 
 Bonne Lesley. A song by Rob- 
 EBT BaRx.s (1759—1796), the heroine of 
 which was iVliss Leslie Baillie, daughter 
 of an Ayrshire gentleman. Mr. Baillie 
 was on his way to , England, accompanied 
 by his two daughters, when he called upon 
 the poet at Dumfries. Burns mounted 
 his liorse, rode with the travellers for 
 fifteeii miles, and composed the song on 
 his returil homewards. Bonnie Lesley is 
 the pet name of a character in William 
 Black's novel of KUmeny, 
 
 Bonny Barl of Murray, The. 
 
 ""A Scottish song," in which the writer 
 narrates the story of the murder of James 
 Stewart, Earl of Murray, by George Gor- 
 don, Earl of Huntley, in December, 1591. 
 " Bonny Kilmeny gaed up the 
 glen." A line in Hogg's poem of Kilmeny 
 (q.v.), In The Queen's Warn (q.v). 
 
 Booby, Iiady, in Fieldiho's novel 
 
 of Joseph Andrews (q.v.), id a woman of 
 
 light cluiTacteT, who endeavours to seduce 
 
 Sierfootmau, aud is Inte&ded' as a parody 
 
 6 
 
 upon Kichardson's character of Pamela 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Book of Common Prayer, The. 
 
 See Common Prayer, The Book of. 
 
 Book of the Boudoir, The. A 
 
 prose work by Lady Morgan (1783—1859,) 
 published in the year 1829, and containing 
 numerous autobiographical passages. 
 
 Book of Martyrs, The. See 
 
 Acts and Monuments. 
 
 Book of the Noble Henries, 
 
 The, by John Capgrave (1393—1464), 
 written in Latin, and dedicated to 'Henjy 
 VI., begins with a brief history of the six 
 Henries- of the Empire, glorifies in a sec- 
 ond part the six Henries of England, and 
 in a third part celebrates the virtues of 
 twelve illustrious ihen who have borne 
 that name. 4-i\ English translation was 
 published in 1858 by Hingeston. 
 
 Book of the Sonnet, The. A 
 
 collection of English sonnets, with critical 
 remarks, by James Henry Leigh Hunt 
 (1784—1859). 
 
 Book -TO-ithout a name. The. A 
 
 series of sketches written by Lady Mor- 
 gan (1783—1859), in conjunction with her 
 husband. Sir T. C. Morgan, M.D. (1783— 
 1843), and published in 1841. 
 
 " Bookful blockhead, ignorant- 
 
 ly read, The." Line 53, part iii., of Pope's 
 Essay for Criticism: — 
 
 ''With loads of learned lumber in hiB'head." 
 A very similar passage occurs in the Life 
 of Robert Hall, where he says of another : 
 — " He might have been a clever man by 
 natuire, but he laid so many books on his 
 head that his brain had not room to 
 move." 
 
 " Book's a book, although 
 
 there's nothing in 't. A." Line 52 of By- 
 ron's English Bards and Scotch Reviewer* 
 (q-v.). 
 
 Books, The Battle of the. See 
 Battle of the Bocks, The. 
 
 Bookworm, The. A poem by 
 Thomas Parnell (1679—1718), imitated 
 from the Latin of Theodore Beza. 
 
 Booth,in Fielding's novel of Ame- 
 lia q.v.), is the husband of the heroine of 
 the story, and is said to exhibit many char- 
 acteristics of the author himself. f 
 
 Booth, Abraham, Baptist writer, 
 (1734—1806), was the author of The Death of 
 Legal Hope (1770) : An Apology for tile Bap- 
 tists (Vm); Pcedobaptism Examined (1784)J 
 Olatl Tidings to Perishing Sinners (1796) ; 
 and other works. See ijones's Christian. 
 Biography. 
 
 ■"Bo-peep, vrhat have •wo 
 spied?" Fir6t line of a rllyming eaiire, 
 
98 
 
 BOB 
 
 BOS 
 
 by Charles B aksley (circa 1640), on TJie 
 Pride and Vices qf tVomen Nov3-a~days, 
 
 Borachio, in Much Ado about 
 Nothing (q.v.), is a follower of Don Jobn. 
 
 Borde, Andre-n-, M.D. (b. about 
 1600, d. 1549), publlsbed Pymcyples of 
 Astronomy e (1540) ; The Fyrgt JBoke qf tlte 
 IntroductwH qf Knowledge (15*2) ; Ttie 
 Breviarie qf Healthe for all manner of 
 Sicknesses and Diseases (1547) ; The Com- 
 pendyouse liegimente: or^ Dietary qf Healthe 
 made in Mounte Pyllor (1562) ; .Merie Tales 
 of the Mad Men of Gotham (1565) ; A Right 
 Pleasant and Merry History of the Mylner 
 ofAbington , and otber works. . See Wood's 
 AthentB Oxonienses, Warton's English 
 
 ' Poetry t Ritson's Bibliographia Poetica, 
 Pbilips' Theatrum Poetarttm Anglicarttm, 
 nnd Fuller's Worthies, " Our autbor, 
 Borde," says "Wood, " was esteemed a 
 noted poet, a witty and ingenious person, 
 and an excellent physician of bis time." 
 He used to write bimselC '* Andreas Per- 
 foratus." See Eeoimeste, &o. ; Scoo- 
 Gijf's Jests. 
 
 Border Minstrel, The. A title 
 frequently conferred upon Sir Walter 
 Scott (1771—1832), wbo "traced bis de- 
 scent from the great Border family now 
 represented by tbe Duke of Buccleucb, 
 resided at Abbotsford on tbe Tweed, ed- 
 ited, in early life, a collection .of old bal- 
 lads under tbe title of The Minstrelsy of 
 
 _ the Scottish Borders^ and afterwards wrote 
 tbe Lay of the Last Miiistreli and otber 
 original poems upon Border subjects." 
 He is alluded to under tbis name in Words- 
 worth's poem of Yarrow Bevisited: — 
 
 ** When lost along its banks I wandered, 
 Through ffrovcs that had begun to shed 
 Thei' golacn leaves upon the pathways, 
 Mj steps the Border Minstrel led 1 " 
 
 Border-Thief School The. An 
 
 epithet applied by Thomas Carlyle, in 
 Us Sartor Besartus (q.v.), to Sir Walter 
 Scott and those of bis imitators who cel- 
 ebrated tbe achievements of tbe freeboot- 
 ers of Uie Scottish Border. 
 
 Border 'Wido-w, The Lament of. 
 
 A ballad said to be founded on tbe execu- 
 of Cockburne of Henderland, a notorious 
 robber, wbo was haiiged over the gate of 
 his own tower, by Iting James, in 1529. 
 Sir Walter Scott prints it in bis Bor- 
 der Minstrelsy. 
 
 Borderers, The. A tragedy by 
 William Wordsworth (1770—1860), 
 written in 1795—96, and published in 1842. 
 
 " Bores and bored, The." See 
 
 Society is now ojte polished horde." 
 " Born in the garret, in the 
 kitchen bred." First line of A Sketch, 
 written in the heroic couplet, by Lord By- 
 BO^, in March, 1816. ., 
 
 Borough, The. A poem by 
 George Ckabbe (1754—1838), published 
 in 1810. 
 
 Borrow, George (b. 1803), has 
 written JFausttis, his I^e, Death, and 
 Descent into Hal (1828): Somantic Bal- 
 lads, from the Danish (18139) j Targum : or. 
 Metrical Translations from ThiHy Lan- 
 mages (1836) ; Zincali : or, an Account of 
 the Gipsies in Spain (1841), (q.v.); ITie 
 'Bible in Spain (1844), (q.v.); Lavengro. 
 the Scholar, the Gipsy, the Priest (1861), 
 (q.v.); The Bomanu Bye (1857); Wild 
 Wales (1862); and Bomdno La,vo-SU: 
 Word-Book of tlte Bomanu, or English 
 Gipsy Language (1874). His Autobiogra- 
 phy appeared m 1851. See, also. Memoirs 
 of William Taylor, of Norwich (IMS). 
 
 "Borrower nor a lender be. 
 
 Neither a."— Hamlet, act i. scene 3. 
 
 Borrowstoun Mous and the 
 
 Landwart Mous, Tbe. A poetical fable by 
 Kodert Henrysocs (d. 1508) ; one of a 
 series of thirteen. 
 
 Bors, Sir. A character in Ten- 
 nyson's Idylls of the King (q.v.). See 
 Bohort. 
 
 Boscobel : " or, the Cornpleat His- 
 tory of bis Sacred Majestie's most miracu- 
 lous preservation after tbe battle of Won 
 cester," by Thomas Blount (1618—1679). 
 A truthful and simple narrative. See Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel of Woodstock, and 
 Harrison Ainswoi-th's romance ot Boscobel. 
 
 " Bosom of his Father and bis 
 
 God, The." A line in Gray's Elegy 
 loHtten in a Country Chwrchyard. 
 
 "Bosom's lord sits lightly on 
 
 bis throne. My." — Borneo and Juliet, act 
 v., scene 1. 
 
 Bossnowl, Lady ClarindcL A 
 
 character in Peacock's novel of Crotchet 
 Castle (q.v.) ; beloved by . Captain Fitz- 
 chrome, whom she afterwards marries. 
 
 Boston Bard, The. The pseu- 
 donym adopted by Robert S. Coffih 
 (1797—1857). an American verse-writer, 
 who lived for some years in Boston, 
 Massachusetts. A volume of his Poems 
 appeared in 1826. 
 
 Boston, Thomas, Scottish divine 
 (1676 — 1732), wrote Human nature in its 
 Fourfold State (1720), Tractus Stigmologi- 
 cus Hebrmo-Bioliciis (1738), Illustrations qf 
 the Doctrines of theChristian Peligion(mS), 
 The Crook in the Lot, and other works. 
 See tbe edition edited by Macmillan (1863). 
 
 Bos-wal and Lillian. An old ro- 
 mance in the Scottish dialect, of which an 
 analysis is given in Ellis's Early English 
 Bomances. It was probably written In the 
 middle ot the sixteenth century. 
 
 BoBwell, Sir Alexander, anti- 
 
BOS 
 
 BOU 
 
 99 
 
 S^ 
 
 auarian and soue-writer (1775—1822), wrote 
 Songs chiejly in the Scottish dialect (1803) : 
 Tlte Spirit qf Tintoc : or, Johnnie Bell ana 
 the Kelpie; Edinburgh: or. the. Ancient 
 Jioyalty (1810), (q.v.) ; Sir Allan ; Skeldon 
 Haughs : OTy the Sow ia Flitted; The Woo' 
 Creel: or, the Bull of Bashan ; The Ty- 
 rant's Fall ; and Clan Alpine's Vow (1811), 
 'a.v.). He also contributed several Jeux- 
 i' esprit to an Edinburgh newspaper called 
 The Beacon, and a Glasgow periodical 
 called The Sentinel* SeeDibdiii's Literary 
 Bcminiscences. 
 
 Bos'w-eU, James, brother of Sir 
 Alexander (b. 1779, d. 1822), published 
 Maloiie's enlarged edition of Shakespeare, 
 to which he added a Life of Malone, and 
 an essay On the Metre and Phraseology of 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Bos'well, James, miscellaneous 
 vxiter (b. 1740, d- 1795), published An Ac- 
 count of Corsica, with Memoirs of General 
 Paoli (1768); British Essays in Favor of 
 ike brave Chrsicans (1769) ; a series of 
 papers called The Bypochondriac in The 
 Jjondon Magazhie (1777 — 17B2) : and The 
 Life qf J>r. Johnson (1790) . His Letters to the 
 Jtev. W. J. Temple, were published in 
 1857, and Lord Houghton has edited for 
 the Philobiblon Society a curious tract 
 xelating to Boswell, called Boswelliana. 
 See Macaulay's Essays, and Carlyle's 
 Miscellaneous Essays. See COKSiCA, Ac- 
 count of; Johnson, Life of Samuel. 
 
 Bos^^orth Field. An historical 
 poem by Sir JohnBjsaumont (1582—1628), 
 printed in 1629, and written in tibe " heroic 
 couplet." Mrs. Bray lias a novel with the 
 same title, and on the same subject. 
 '*Sir John," says Campbell, "has no 
 fancy, but there is force and dignity in 
 some of his passages." 
 
 ' Bos-wortb, Joseph,P.p. (b. about 
 1790), has, besides translating The 
 Book of Common Prayer into Dut^, pub- 
 lished The Elements of Anglo-Saxon Gram- 
 mar (18^), A Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon 
 Language (1838), and many Other philo- 
 logical works of a valuable and inter- 
 esting character. 
 
 Botanic Garden, The. A poem, 
 In two parts, with philosophical notes by 
 Erasmus Oakwix (1731— 1802), -published 
 in 1791. "The Kosicrucian machinery of 
 his poem," says Campbell, "had at the 
 first glance an imposing appearance, and 
 the variety of his allusion was surprising^ 
 On a closer view, it was observable that 
 the Botanic Goddess, and her sylphs and 
 gnomes, were useless from their having 
 110 employment, and tiresome from being 
 the mere pretexts for declamation. The 
 variety of allupion is very whimsical. Dr. 
 Franklin is compared lo Cupid ; while 
 Hercules, Lady Melbourne, Emma Crewe, 
 ' Brindley's camels, and Bleeping cherubs, 
 
 sweep on like images In. a dream. Tribes 
 and grasses are likened to angels, and 
 the trutiie is rehearsed as a subterranean 
 ehipress." 
 
 Botany Bay Bclogues. Poems 
 byKoBERT SOUTHBY (1.774^1843), written 
 in 1794, and entitled, AViinor,- Humphrey 
 and William; Johnt Samuel, and Ricnara; 
 and Frederic. 
 
 Bothie of Tober-na Vuolich, 
 
 The. " A long-vacation pastoral," written 
 in English hexameters by ArthueHugh 
 Clougit (1819—1861), during September; 
 1848. " The almost Homeric vigour with, 
 which all the characteristics of the read- 
 ing party are dashed off, Uie genial humour 
 with which their personal peculiarities are 
 coloured in, the buoyant life of the dis- 
 cussions which arise among them, the 
 strength with which the Highland scenery 
 is conceived and rendered in a few bril- 
 liant touches, the tenderness and sim- 
 plicity with which now and then the 
 deeper pathos of life is allowed to be seen 
 ill glimpses through the intellectual play 
 of the poem, are," says Hutton, '' all 
 Clough's^own." 
 
 Bothwell. A tale (in verse) of the 
 days of Maiy, Queen of Scots, by WiL-" 
 LiAM Edmondstoune Aytoux (b. 1813, 
 d. 1865,) published in 1856. James Grant 
 i(b. 1822) has publi^hed a novel, and Al-- 
 GERON Charles Swinburne (b. 1837) a 
 dramatic poem (1874), under the same titled 
 and on a similar subject. The latter is the 
 second work of a trilogy which beg^i witt 
 Cliastelard (q. v.). 
 
 Bottom, "A weaver," in A Mid- 
 summer's Wight's Dream (q.v.). "Only 
 one of the characters among the human 
 mortals in this play is very strongly 
 marked. Who but Bottom, the life and 
 «oul of tlie interlude of Fyramus and 
 Thishe ? . Watch Bottom," says Grant 
 White, "and see that, from the_time he 
 enters until he disappears, he not only 
 claims to he, but is, the man of men, the 
 Agamemnon of the * rude mechanicals' of. 
 Athens. No sooner is tlie subject of the 
 play opened, than he instantly assumes 
 the direction of it, which is acquiesced in 
 by his fellows as a matter of course. He 
 tells JPeterQuinco what to do, and Peter 
 does. No ; Bottom is no stupid lout. He 
 is a compound of ijrofound ignorance and 
 omnivorous conceit ; but these are tem- 
 pered by good nature, decision of charac- 
 ter, and some mother-wit." The Merry 
 Conceited Humors of Bottom the Weaver, 
 attributed to Robert Cox, the comedian, 
 appeared in 1661. 
 
 Boucicault, Dion, drnmatist (b. 
 1822), is the authpr, among other pieces. o< 
 London Assurance, The Colleen Sawn, Th» 
 Octoroon, Doff Old Heads and Yotmg 
 Hedrts, Love in a Maze^ After Dark. Wit" 
 tow Copse, Janet Pride, Thp Corsiea/A 
 
loo 
 
 BOU 
 
 BOW 
 
 SrotherSy The Long Strike, The Flying 
 Scadtin^ a great number of other pieces, 
 most of which have been successful. His 
 comedy, How She Looed Him, waa print- 
 ed ill 1868. The Shauohran was produced at 
 19ew York in 1874. He is the joint author 
 with Charles Reade (q.v.) of the novel 
 and drama called Foul Play. 
 
 Bouge of Court, The : " or, the 
 
 Rewards of a Couit," a poem by John 
 Skeltox, (1460—1629), is *'in the manner of 
 a pageant, consisting," says Warton, "of 
 seven personifications. Here oar author, 
 in adoping the grave and stately move- 
 ment of the seven-lined stanza, has shown 
 himself not always incapable of exhibit- 
 ing- allegorical imagery with spirit and 
 dignity." The personifications are of 
 Riot, Dissimulation, Disdadn, and the 
 like. 
 
 Bouillabaisse, The BaHad of. By 
 
 "William Makepeace Thackeray 
 (1811-1863) :— 
 
 *' This Bouillabaisse a noble dish Is— 
 A sort of soup, or brotji or brew— 
 Or hotchpotch of all Borts of fishea." 
 
 " Boundless contigiuity of 
 ahade, Some. " A line in Cowpeb's Taskj 
 book ii. 
 
 Bountiful, Lady, in Farquhar's 
 comedy of The Beaux's Stratagem, is an 
 old country gentlewoman, who cures all 
 distempers, and ia the easy, credulous, 
 ^pod-tempered benefactress of the whole 
 fiarish. 
 
 Bourchier, Cardinal. Acliaracter 
 in Shakespeare'.s Richard II. 
 
 Bourchier, John. See Berneb's, 
 
 Lord. 
 
 Bourne, Vincent, Latinist (d. 
 1747), published Poemata (1734) ; Poemata 
 JLatina partim reddita, partim- scripta 
 (1750) ; and Miscellaneous PoemSt Origin 
 nals and Translations (1772). His Collected 
 Works and Letters appeared iu 1808. His 
 pupil, Cowper the poet, wrote : — "I love 
 Uie memory of Vincy Bourne. I think 
 him a better poet than Tibullus, Pro- 
 pertius, Ausonius, or any of the writers 
 in his way, except Ovid, and not at all in- 
 ferior to him." See Welch's Westminster 
 Scholars, Caniabrigienses Grarfwa^i, and 
 Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary. 
 
 Bow-legs, An Apology for. See 
 Apology fob Bow-legs. 
 
 ,Bowdler, Thomas (h. 1754, d. 
 1825), published, in 1818, Tlie Family 
 Shakespeare, "in which noising is added 
 to thd original text ; but those words and 
 expressions are omitted which cannot 
 with propriety be read aloud in a family." 
 Of this work The Fdinlmrgh Review said, 
 " Mr. Bowdlerhaa only effaced those eross 
 iodecendefi which every one must have 
 
 felt as blemishes." This was followed by 
 the less-known Family Gibbon , " reprinted" 
 from the original text, with »he careful 
 omission of all passages of an irreligious 
 or immoral tendency." He also wrote 
 Letters from Holland (1788) ; A Life of 
 General Villettes (1815) ; and Liberty^ 
 Civil and Religious (1816). 
 
 Bowen, Francis, IjL.D., Ameri- 
 can philosophical and miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1811), has written The History 
 and Present Condition <\f Speculative Philos^ 
 ophy (1842) : The yipphcaiion of Meta- 
 physical and Ethical Science to the Evi^ 
 dences of Religion (1849) ; Principles of 
 Political Fconomy Applied to the Condi- 
 iio7i of the American People (1856) ; and 
 American Political Economy (1871) ; besides 
 editing and contributing to, numerous im- 
 portant works. 
 
 BoTvles, Caroline Anne. See 
 
 SouTHEY, Mrs. 
 
 Bowles, William Lisle, clergy- 
 man, poet, and miscellaneous writer 
 (1764 — 1850), published Fourteen Sonnets 
 (1789); Verses to John Howard (1789); 
 The Grave of Howard (1790); Verses 
 (1790) ; Monody (1791) ; Elegiac Verses 
 (1796) : Hope (1796) ; Coombe Ellen (1798) ; 
 St. Michael's Mount (1798) ; Poems (1798— 
 1809) ; The Battle of the Nile (1799) ; The 
 Sorrows of Switzerland (IBOl) ; The 7**c- 
 ture (1804) ; The Spirit of Discovery : or, 
 the Conquest of the Ocean (1805) ; Bowden 
 Hill (1815) ; The Missionary of the Andes 
 (1822) ; The Grave of the Last Saxon 
 (1823) ; Allen Gray (1828) ; Days Departed 
 (1832) : St. John in Patmos : or, the Last 
 Apostle (1832) ; and Scenes and Shadowa 
 of Days : a Narrative, accompanied with 
 Poems of Youth, and some other Poem^ of 
 Melancholy and Fancy in the Journey of 
 Life, from Youth to Age (1837). His theo* 
 logical works need not be particularised ; 
 but he is f avoui'Q.bly known among anti- 
 quarians as the author of a Parochial 
 History qfBremhill (1826), A Life of Bishop 
 Ken (1830), and Annals of Laycock Abbey 
 (1835). His edition of Pope's Works^ 
 published in (1807), involTcd him in a 
 controversy with Campbell and Lord 
 Byron, which excited considerable atten- 
 tion at the time. 
 
 Bowling, Lieutenant Maternal 
 uncle of Roderick Random, in Smollett's 
 novel of that name (q.v.). "In him," 
 says Hannay, " Smollett seized at once, 
 and fixed for ever, the old type of sea- 
 man—rough as a Polar bear, brave, simple, 
 kindly, and out of his element every- 
 where except afloat. Bowling has left ms 
 mark in ihany a searnovel, the key to his 
 eccentricities being that he, and such as 
 he, did really live more afloat than ashore. 
 He certainly carries the habit of profes- 
 sional speech as far as the limits of a^t 
 allow. Yet the lieutenant to a good 
 
BOW 
 
 BO 7 
 
 101 
 
 fellow, and of more tenderness than most 
 men." 
 
 "BcNKTling, Tom, Here a sheer 
 
 hulk lies poor." First line of Dibdin's 
 
 ■ well-known nautical song. 
 
 Bowman, Anne, writer for boys, 
 has produced, among other storie?, The 
 Jioy Foresters, The Young Ifile Voyagers^ 
 Tbie Castaways, The Bear Hunters qf the 
 Jiocky Mountains, and The Young Yachts- 
 man. 
 
 Bowring, Sir John, LL.D., phil- 
 ologist and miscellaneous writer (1792— 
 1872), wrote Matins and Vespers, heiiig 
 poems original and translated ; The King- 
 dom and People qf Stam (1857) ; and 
 Minor Morals. He also published trans- 
 
 - lated specimens of the poetry of Kussia, 
 Spain, Serria, and other countries, and 
 
 ■ edited the works of Benlham, See his 
 Autobiographical JiecoUections (1877), 
 
 Bo^^yer, "William. 'See Liter- 
 ary Anecdotes. 
 
 Boy and the Mantle, The, a 
 ballad, founded on one of the Arthurian 
 legenc^, was first printed by Percy. 
 
 "Boy stood on the burning 
 
 deck. The." First line of Mrs. HEMA2f's 
 poem of Casablanca. 
 
 Boyd, Andre^n* Kennedy Hut- 
 
 ■ chinson, D.D., Presbyterian minister and 
 essayist (b. 1825), has written, among other 
 works. Recreations qf a Country parson ; 
 Autumn Holidays; The Every Day 
 Philosopher ; Changed Aspects of . Un- 
 clianged Truths; Council and Comfort 
 
 from a City Pulpit ; Critical Essays ; 
 
 ■ Graver Thoughts ; Leisure Hours in Town; 
 Lessons of Middle Age; Present-Day 
 
 . Thoughts ; Sutulay Afternoons in a Cathe- 
 dral City ; A Scotch Communion Sunday ; 
 ' Churches^ Landscapes, and Moralities. 
 
 Boyd, Hugh, a political writer 
 of the eighteenth century, was at one 
 time one of the numerous persons to 
 whom the Letters of Junius (q.v.) were 
 attributed ; but his claim has long since 
 been disallowed. Hi» Works were pub- 
 lished in a collected form, in 1798. 
 
 Boyd, Mark Alexander, a fa- 
 mous Scotch scholar (1"62— 1601), was the 
 author of Epistolce and Hymni in the Deli- 
 iim Poeta/rum Scotorum (1627). See the Life 
 by Lord Hailes (1733). 
 
 Boyd, Robert, Principal of Glas- 
 gow and Edinburgh Universities (1578 — 
 1627), wrote a Latin Commentary on the 
 Epistle to the EpJiesians (1652); a treatise 
 
 ■ entitled Monita de Filiiaui Primogeniti 
 
 - Institutione (1701) ; two Latin poems in 
 the Delitim Poetarum Scotorum ; and an 
 
 'ode on James III. of Scotland in Adam- 
 son's Muses* Welcome. See the Life by- 
 Wodrow, 
 
 Boyd, Zachary, Scottish minister 
 and poet (d. circa 1653), wrote The Last 
 Hattell of the Soull in Death (1629);. 
 Crosses, Comforts, CquvcUs, &c. (1643); 
 Tlie garden qf Zton.(lGl4) ; and other ' 
 quaint works, including a metrical trans- 
 lation of the Psalms, which, however, was 
 not printed until early in the present cen- 
 tury, and then chiefly for the use of anti- 
 quarians. 
 
 Boyet, in Love's Lahour^s Lost 
 (q.v.), is a lord in attendance on the 
 JE*rincess of France, 
 
 Boyle, Charles, fonrtli Earl of 
 Orrery (1676—1731), published, iu lfi95, a 
 Latin translation of the EpisUes of Pha^ 
 laris, which provoked the famous con- 
 troversy of Boyle versus Bentley. His 
 Examination of Or. Bentley*s, Dissertation 
 on the Epistles of Phalaris appeared in 
 1698, and earned the -compliment of a 
 couplet from the pen of Garth :— 
 
 " So diamonds owe their lustre to a foil. 
 And to a Bentley 'tis we owe a Boyle." 
 
 He also' wrote As You Find It, a comedy, 
 published in 1703. See Bentley and 
 Phalaris. 
 
 Boyle, John, Earl of Cork and 
 Orrery (1707—1762), wrote Poems in 
 Memory of John Sheffield, Dukeqf Bv/ilc- 
 ingham (1714) ; Tmitali&iis of the First and 
 Frfth Odes of Horace (1741); a translation 
 of the Letters of Pliny the Younger 
 (1752) ; Memoirs of Robert Carey, Earl of 
 Monmouth (1739) ; Letters from Italy 
 (1774) ; various papers in The World and 
 letters in The Connoisseur ; and Re-r 
 marks on The Life and Writings of Mr. 
 Jonathan Sv>ift, in a Series of Let- 
 ters (1751). The latter work was cen- 
 sured for its exposure of Swift's private 
 affairs. Warburtou called them "de- 
 testable letters;" Dr. Johnson excused 
 the earl on the plea that he had only 
 seen the bad side of the dean's char- 
 acter. 
 
 Boyle Lectures, The,were found- 
 ed by the Hon. Robert Boyltj (1627— 
 1691), for the defence of natural and re- 
 vealed religion. The following are the 
 names of some of the lecturers : — Bentley 
 (1692), Kidder (1693—94), Williams (1695— 
 96), Gastrell (1697), Harris (1698), Bradford 
 (1699), Blackall (1700), Stanhope (ItOi)", 
 Clark (1704—5), Hancock (1706), "Whiston 
 (1707), Turner (1708), Butler (1709), "Wood- 
 ward(1710),Derham (1711-12), Ibbot (1713- 
 14), Leng (1717—18), Clarke (171^-20). 
 Gurdon (1721—22). Burnett (1724—25), Ber- 
 riman (1730—32) Biscoe (1736—38), Burnet 
 (1737), Twells (1739— 41), Stebhing (1747— 49)i 
 Heatbcote (1763), Worthington (1766-e- 
 68), Owen (1769-71), ■Williamson (1778^ 
 80), Van Mildert (1802-4), Harness (1821), 
 and Maurice (1846—47). Among the more 
 recent of the lecturers may be mentioned, 
 Rev. Bx* Merivale, now Dean of Ely (1864— 
 
102 
 
 BOY 
 
 SBA 
 
 €5), Rev. E. H. Plumptre (1866—67), Eev. 
 Stanley Leathes (1868—70), Rev. Br. 
 Hessey (1871—73), and the Bev. ifenry 
 
 Waee (1874^75). 
 
 Boyle, Robert, pliilosophical and 
 religious writer (1627—1691), published 
 Seraphic Love (1660), Physiological Essajis 
 (1661), The Skeptical Chemist (1662), The 
 Usefulness of Experimental Natural Phi- 
 losophy (1663), Ex2>eriments and Considera- 
 tions upon C^jlmirs (1663), Considerations 
 tcpon the Style of Holy Scriptures (1663), 
 Occasional Reflections upon Several Sub- 
 jects (1665), and many other treatises which, 
 reprinted with a Life by Dr. Birch in 1744, 
 formed five folio volumes. An incomplete 
 edition was published at Geneva in 1696. 
 The Philosophical Works Abridged appear- 
 ed in 172,5 ; the Theological Works Epito- 
 mised in 1699. See Dugald Stewart's First 
 Dissertation in the Encyclopadia Britan- 
 nica. " It is not an easy tasK to arrive at a 
 
 iust estimate of Boyle as a philosopher, 
 jet us remember," says Dr. Waller, " that 
 his time was that of a transition from the 
 scholastic to the experimental schools — of 
 emergence from the old philosophy, and 
 the following of a new school under tlie 
 illustrious Bacon. Of this great maji, 
 Robert Boyle is justly entitled to be con- 
 sidered the first follower, while he is the 
 predecessor of many great men intlie same 
 path— Priestley, Newton, and others." 
 
 Boyle, Roger, Baron Brogliill and 
 Eail of Orrery (1021—1679), wrote Tlie His- 
 tory qf Henry V. (1668), Mustapha (1667), 
 The Black Prince (167^, Triphon (1672)— 
 all tragedies, reprinted'ln 1690, and com- 
 prising the first volume of his dramatic 
 works ; also poems On the Death of Cowley, 
 and On the Easts and Festivals of the 
 Church; Parfhenissa, a romance (1665); 
 Mr. Anthony (1692) and Guzman (1693), 
 comedies ; Herod the Great (1698) and Alte- 
 mira (1702), tra°;edies. Sec Wood's Athena 
 Oxo^iienses, and Walpole's Jloyal and Noble 
 Authors. 
 
 Boythorne, in Pickens's novel of 
 Bleak House (q.v.), is well known to be a 
 humorous representation of Walter Savage 
 LandoT, the poet, whose Life by Forster 
 should be consulted on (he subject. The 
 portrait corresponds with the original to a 
 remarkable degree. 
 
 Boz. The pseudonym (idoptcd by 
 Charles Dickens (1812—1870) in his ear- 
 lier works. A younger brother of the 
 novelist had been dubbed Moses,in memory 
 of a character in The Vicar qf Wakefield, 
 anil this, says Dickens, " being facetiously 
 pronounced through the nose," became 
 Boses, and, abbreviated, Boz. It gave rise 
 to the epigram:— 
 
 " Who the Dickens ' Boz • could bo 
 Puzzled many a curious elf, 
 Till time unveiled the mystery. 
 And ' Boz ' appeared u l>ickcni* leU." 
 
 Thomas Hood, in tjie <^aracter of ** an 
 uneducated poet," says: — 
 
 " Am't that' ere ' Boz ' 'a tip-top feller ? 
 Lota write well, but he writes Welter! 
 
 Boz, Sketches by, were originally 
 contributed by Charles Dickens (1812— 
 1870) to the old Monthly Magazine, and the 
 Morning Chronicle; t)ie first series being 
 republished in January, and the second 
 series in December, 1636. " They were 
 the first of their class. Dickens was the 
 first to unite X\\6 delicately playful threaji 
 of Charles Lamb's street musings — half 
 experiences, half bookish phantasies — with 
 the vigorous wit and humour and obser\a- 
 tion of Goldsmith's Citizen of the World, 
 his IndigentPhtlosopher, and Man in Black, 
 and twine them together in the golden cord 
 of essay, which combines literature with 
 philosophy, humour with morality, amuse- 
 ment with instruction." The most power- 
 ful and popular of the sketches are proba- 
 bly those entitled, A Visit to Newgate, The 
 Drunkard's Death, Election for Beadle, 
 Greenwich Fair, and Miss Evans at the 
 Eagle. The first written, and the first 
 published production of the author, was 
 Mr. Minns and his Cousin (q.v.)- 
 
 Bozzy. A familiar name given to 
 James Boswell (q.v.), the biographer of 
 Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Brabantio, in Shakespeare's 
 Othello (q.v.), is .a Venetian senator, and 
 the father of Desdemona, the heroine 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Brace, Rev. Charles Loring (b. 
 1826), American philanthropist and author, 
 has published Hungary in 1851; Home Life 
 in Germany ; The llaces of the Old World; 
 The New West: or, California in 1867; ana 
 other works. 
 
 Bracebridge Hall: "or the Hu- 
 morists." Miscellaneous sketches, in fic- 
 tion and essay, by AVAsniNGTON Irvino 
 (1783—1859), (q.v.), published in 1822. 
 
 Brachygraphy. See Writing 
 
 SOHOOLEMASTER. 
 
 Brackley, The Baron of. A 
 
 ballad, printed by Jamieson and by Buchtm 
 in his Gleanings. It Mils how the baron'^ 
 wife, Peggy, induces him to fight against 
 long odds, and rejoices with his enemies 
 when he is slain. The fray between John 
 Gordon of Brackley and Farquharson of 
 Inverary took place in September, 1666. 
 
 Bracton, Henry cle,.tlie earliest 
 writer on English law, was, in 1244, appoint- 
 ed by Henry ill. one of the judges itiner- 
 ant. His famous work, De Legibus et Cou- 
 sitctudinibus Anglirs, first appe'ared in 1C59, 
 and was reprinted in 1740. S'Brncton," 
 says Professor Morley, " painted accurately 
 the state of the law in his time, and ha 
 digested it into a logical system." 
 
 Bradbury, S. H. See Quallon. 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 103 
 
 Braddon, Miss Mary Elizabeth, 
 
 noyelist (b. 1837), is the author of Aurora 
 Floud ; Birds of Prey ; The Captain of the 
 Vulture ; Charlotte^s Inheritance ; Dead 
 Men's Shoes; Dead Sea Fruit; The Doc- 
 tor's Wife ; Eleanor's ■ Victory , Fenton's 
 Quest ; Henry Dunbar (originally named 
 The Outcasts); Hostages to Fortune; John 
 MarchmotU's Legacy , Lady Audlejfs Secret ; 
 Lady Lisle ; The Lady's Mite ; The Lovels 
 of Arden ; Lost for Love ; Lucius Davoreiit 
 Milty Darrell, and other S'ories; Only a 
 Clod ; Jialph the Bailiffs and other Tales ; 
 Bobnrt Ainsleiqh; Ihm to Earth; Rupert 
 Godwin; Sir Jasper's Tenant; A Strange 
 IVor'd ; Strangers and Pilgrims ; Taken at 
 the Flood; The Trail of the Serpent; To the 
 Bitter End ; Dead Men's Shoes ; Joshua 
 Haggard's Daughter; and Weavers and 
 W^t: She also publi^ed Garibaldi^ and 
 other Poems (1861), and has written a come- 
 dietta called Tlie Loves qf Arcadia (1&60), 
 and a tragedy called Griselda (1873). See 
 FoERESTER, GiLBEET ; and Lascelles, 
 Lady Carolixe. 
 
 Bradford, John, martyr, burnt at 
 Smithfield in 1555, wrote many theological 
 treatises, an edition of which was published 
 by the Parker Society in 1848. See, also, 
 his Z/'/e, Writings, and Selections from his 
 Correspondence m The Fathers of the Eng- 
 lish Church, and the Life and Letters by 
 Stevens (1832). " Bradford's letters," says 
 Bickersteth, " are among the most edifying 
 and instructive remains of this period." 
 
 Bradley, Edward, clergyman and 
 humorous wi-iter (b. 1827), has published, 
 among other works, The Adventures of Mi\ 
 Verdant Green; Glefticreggan (1861); The 
 Curate of Cranston (1862) ; A Tour in Tar- 
 tan Land (1863) ; The White Wife (1864) ; 
 The Book's Garden (1865); Mattins and 
 Mutton's (1866) ; besides contributing to a 
 large variety of periodicals. See Bede, 
 
 CUTHBBRT. 
 
 Bradahainr, Henry (who was a 
 couteraporary of Dunbar, and d. 1513). 
 wrote a metncal translation of the Latin 
 Lyfe and ffistorjf of Saynt Werburge i<i.Y.), 
 " very f ruteful for all Christen People to 
 rede," printed by Pynson 'in 1521. See 
 Wood's Athenee Oxonienses^ Ritson's Biblio- 
 graphia, and Warton's History of English 
 Poetry. 
 
 Bradstreet. Anne, American poet- 
 ess (1613—1672). published, in 1640, Several 
 Poems, compiled with great Variety of Wit 
 and Leoff^vng, full of Delight; "wherein 
 especially is contained a corapleat dis- 
 course and description of the four elements, 
 constitutions, ages of man, and the seasons 
 of the year, together with an exact epitome 
 of the three tlrst monarchies, viz., the 
 Assyrian. Persian, and Grecian, and the 
 beginning of the Roman Commonwealth to 
 the end of their last king, with divers other 
 pleasant and serions poems, by a gentle- 
 
 woman of New England.'* This remark- 
 able work was republished in London under 
 the title of The Tenth Muse, lately sprimg 
 up in America. One of her admirers 
 wrote — 
 
 ** Now I believe tradition, which doth call 
 The MuBea, Virtues. Graces, females aU ; 
 Only they are not nine, eleven, orthrcc ; 
 Our authoress proves them but one unity." 
 
 Another described her as " the mirror of 
 her age, and glory of her sex." "These 
 phrases," says , Griswold in his Female 
 Poets of AmeHca, ** run into hyperbole, and 
 prove, perhaps, that their authors were 
 more gallant than critical ; but we per- 
 ceive irom Mrs. Bradstreet's poems that 
 they are not destitute of imagination, and 
 that she was thoroughly instructed in the 
 best learning of the age." 
 
 Bradwardine, Baron, in Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott's romaiKie of Waverley (q.v.)-, 
 is a generous, choleric, but pedantic noble- 
 man, devoted to the cause of Charles 
 Edward Stuart. 
 
 Bradwardine, Rose, daughter of 
 the above, loves, and is beloved by, Waver- 
 ley, whom she eventually marries. 
 
 Brad-wardine, Thomas, Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury (d. 1349J,wrote amouff 
 . otlier works, a famous treatise Dc Causa 
 Dei contra Pelagium (1618), from an apo- 
 logue to which Parnell is said to have 
 derived tlie storj' of his Hei'mit. Chaucer, 
 in his Nfmnes Priestes Tale refers to 
 Bradwardine's position among the school- 
 men of his time. See Morley's English 
 Writers, yo\.i\.^ parti; also. Cause op 
 God against Pelagius ; Pkofound 
 DocTOK, The. 
 
 Brady, Nicholas. See Psalms op 
 Bavid. 
 
 Braes of Yarro^w, The. Aballad 
 written by William Hamilton, of Ban- 
 
 four (1704—1754), in imitation of an old 
 cottish ballad on a similar subject, and 
 with the same burden at the end of each 
 stanza. It was. published among his poems 
 in 1760, and is characterised by Hazlitt as 
 ** the finest modern imitation" of the old 
 ballad style. -It begins :— 
 
 "Busk ye, busk ye, my bonnic, bonnic bride." 
 Scott, Hogg, and Wordsworth have poems 
 on the subject of this famous stream' and 
 its legends. 
 
 Brag. Jack. A -novel bv Theo- 
 i>ORB Edward Hook (1788—1841), pub- 
 lished in 1837. The hero is a man of innate 
 vulgarity of disposition, who endeavours 
 toforcehimself into the higher circles of 
 society by a combination of bluster, fraud, 
 adulation, and servility. 
 
 Brag, Sir Jack, is the title of firl 
 old ballad, in which Gen. John Burgoyne 
 (d. 1792) figures under that appellation. 
 
 Braggadochio. A blustering^- 
 
104 
 
 BRA 
 
 BBA 
 
 cowardly character in Spensee's Fd&rie 
 Queene {q. v.),. intended to typify tlie in- 
 temperance of the tongue. 
 
 Braid Claith. A humorous poem 
 by Robert Fergusson (1751—1774), of 
 which the last verse runs ;— 
 
 ■' For though yc had as wise a snout on 
 As Shakespeare or Sir Isaac Newton, 
 Your judgment fouk would hae a doubt on, 
 
 rn tnk my aith. 
 Till they could sec ye wi' a suit on 
 O' guid braid claith." 
 
 "Braid claith" is, Anglice, broad cloth. 
 
 Brainard, Jolin G. C. American 
 poet (1796—1828), published, in 1828, a 
 volume of Poems, which was reprinted in 
 3832, with a Life of the author, by John 
 Greenleaf Whittier. 
 
 . Brainvrortn, in Ben Jonson's 
 comedy of Evert/ Man in his Humour {q.Y.), 
 '•* is a particularly dry and abstruse charac- 
 ter, _ We neither know liis business nor his 
 motives : his plots are as intricate as they 
 are useless, and as the ignorance of those 
 he imposes upon is wonderful. *' Yet," 
 Bays Uazlitt, " from the bustle and activity 
 of this character on the stage, the changes 
 of address, the variety o*f affected tones and 
 gipsy jargon, and the limphiii, atfectcd 
 gestures, it is a very amusing theatiical 
 exhibition." 
 
 Braith-wayte, Richard, poet (b. 
 1588, d. 1693), wrote, among many other 
 Works, The Prodigal's Teares <1614) ; The 
 Good Wife : or. a Bare One Among Women 
 (1618) ; and JSamaba liinerarium : or, 
 Bamabee'a Journal (1820). His Life was 
 published by Haslewood, iu 1820. See, 
 also, Wood's Aihence Oxonienses, Brydges 
 Censura Literaria, the Biographia Sra~ 
 matica, Warton's English Poetry j Ellis's 
 Specimens of the English Poets, and 
 Lowndes* BibHographe7''s Manual. "Braith- 
 wayte's merits,*' says Dibdin, in his Bib- 
 liomania, " are undoubtedly very con- 
 siderable. Some of Lis pieces are capable 
 of affording instruction and delight. He 
 was a most extraordinary man in poetry 
 and in prose." 
 
 Bramble, Matthev?*, in Smol- 
 lett's novel of Humphrey ClinJcer (q.v.), 
 "though not," says Hazlitt, " altogether 
 original, is excellently supported." " It 
 lias been observed maliciously, but not," ■ 
 says Sir Walter Scott, ** untruly, that the 
 cynicism of Matthew Bramble becomes 
 gradually softened as he journeys north- 
 ward, and that he, who equally detested 
 Bath and London, becomes wonderfully 
 reconciled to walled cities and the hum of 
 men when he tlnds himself an inhabitant 
 of the northern metropolis." See Abso- 
 lute, Sir Anthony. 
 
 Bramble, Tabitha, f^ister nf tlie 
 above, is described as ** a maiden of forty- 
 five, exceedlnglystarched, vain, and ridicu- 
 
 lous," and eventually marries Captain 
 Lismahago (q.v.), 
 
 Bramhall, John, Archbishop of 
 Armagh . (1593— 1663), wrote among other 
 works, A Defence of True Liberty % mreply 
 to Hobbes's Treatise of Liberty and J^eces- 
 sity (1655). His Lrfe and Works were pub- 
 lished, with a JJfe by Bishop Vesey, in 
 1677, and afterwards in the Library of 
 Anglo-CatlwCic Theology (1842-^6). 
 
 Bramine, The, is tlie appellation 
 under which Sterne (1713—1768), in his 
 Letters from Yoricic to Eliza (1775), de- 
 scribes Mrs. Elizabeth Draper (a ^oung 
 Indian lady), for whom he entertained a 
 violent and unbecoming passion. He 
 himself figures as the Brainine. 
 
 Brampton, Thomas, a confessor 
 of the Minorite Friars, wrote, in 1414, a 
 metrical version of the Seven Penitential 
 Psalms , also, it is said, a poem Against 
 Lollardie, and The Ploughman's Tale, all 
 of which see. 
 
 Brampton, 'William de. One of 
 
 the four justiciars of England in the reign 
 of Edward I. (1274^1307). See Fleta. 
 
 Bramston, James, Vicar of Start- 
 ing, Sussex (d. 1744), published The Art qf^ 
 Politics, The Man of Taste, and The 
 Crooked Sixpence. The last was published 
 in The Repository, vol i. 
 
 Bran, in Macphekson's poem of 
 Ossian (q.v.), is the name of Fingal's dog. 
 " Our Highlanders," says Sir Walter-Scott, 
 " have a proverbial saying, founded on 
 the traditional renown of this animal. 
 * If it is not Bran,' they-say, ' it is Bran's 
 brother.' " 
 
 Brand, John (1741—1806), publish- 
 ed, in 1789, the History and Antiguities of 
 his native town, Newcastle-on-lyne. His 
 Observations on Popular Antiquities was 
 published in 1777. 
 
 Brand, Sir Denys, is a character 
 who figures in Grabbers poem of The 
 Boroug/i. He is a country magnate, and 
 may be described as one who apes hu- 
 mility. 
 
 Brandan, St. A lyric hy Mat- 
 thew Arnold (b. 1822), telling how the 
 saint, sailing on the northern main, comes 
 upon the figure of "the traitor Judas," 
 out of hell," floating " on an iceberg 
 white," his short emancipation from the 
 eternal fire having been gained by his one 
 act of charity to the leper at Joppa. 
 
 Brande, William Thomas, chem- 
 ist and lecturer (1780-1866), wrote many 
 scleutifio treatises of great value, but his 
 magnutn opus was A Dictionary of Science, 
 Literature, and Art (1842). In the latter 
 work he was assisted by Joseph (5auvin, 
 and other authors of eminence in their 
 respective departments. The last edition 
 
BRA 
 
 BEE 
 
 105* 
 
 was edited by tlie Rev. George "W, Cox 
 
 (1867). 
 
 Brandon, Samuel, dramatist 
 (temp. Elizabeth), produced, in 1598, a play 
 called Virtiious Octavia (q.v.). See the 
 Biographia Dramatica. 
 
 Brandt. Tlie leader of the band 
 of Indians who destroyed the village of 
 "Wyoming, Pennsylvania, in 1788. In 
 Campbell'^ poem of Gertrvde of Wyoming 
 (q.v.), Krandt is represented as a monster 
 of cruelty, though, as the poet was after- 
 wards informed, and as lie himself pub- 
 licly stated, he often strove to mitigate 
 the cruelty of Indian warfare. 
 
 Brandt, Sebastian. See Shyp 
 
 OF FOIiYS OF THE WORLDE, ThE. 
 
 Brangtons, The, in Madame d'Ar- 
 BLAY's novel of Evelina (q.v.), are a family 
 whose excessive vulgarity is admirably 
 portrayed. '* Vulgarity," says Miss Kava- 
 nagh, '* was indeed Miss Burney's pVIadame 
 d'Arblay's] excellence. No vulgar girls 
 can surpass her Miss Brangton's." 
 
 Brasenose, Buller of. See Bul- 
 
 LER OF BRASETTOSE. 
 
 Brass, Sally, and Sampson 
 Brass, are brother and sister, in Dickens's 
 Old Curiosity Shop ; the latter a servile, 
 roguish, and cowardly attorney; the for- 
 mer, his equal in fraud and meanness, but 
 his superior in courage and acuteness. 
 
 Brath-waite. See Bkaithwayte. 
 
 Bratti Ferraveochi. Tlie gold- 
 smith in George Eliot's novel of Romola 
 (q-T.). 
 
 Brave Iiord Willoughby. A 
 
 ballad celebrating the achievements of 
 Lord Willoughby d'Eiesby, who, in 1586, 
 distingulshea himself at. the siege of Zut- 
 pheu. He died in 1601. ' 
 
 " Brave deserves the fair, None 
 
 but the."— Drydek, Alexander'^ Feast, 
 line 15. 
 
 Bravo of Venice, The. A tale 
 by Matthew Gregory Lewis (1775— 
 1818). 
 
 Bray, Mrs. Anna Bliza Kempe 
 Stothard (b. towards the end of last cen- 
 tury), has produced the following novels:— 
 DejFoix, TJHk WhiU Hoods, Tlie Protesta/nf, 
 Fifz of Fitzford, The Talba^ Warleigh^ 
 Trelavmey of Trelawne, Trials of the 
 Heart, Henry de Pomeroy, CourtenoM of 
 Walredd.on, Trials of Domestic Life, Hart- 
 land Forest, and Roseteapue. She has also 
 {mblished several descriptive and histor- 
 cal works, a Life of Charles Stothard ; 
 the poetical remains and seAuons of her 
 second husband ; Fables and other Pieces 
 i» Verse, by Mary Maria Colling; and 
 many other works. 
 
 Bray, The Vicar of. A vivacious 
 vicar of the Berkshire village so named 
 who; living under Henry Vni., Edwarcl 
 VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, was lirst a 
 Papist, then a I*rotestant, then a Papist, 
 then a Protestant again. But if he changed 
 his religion, he Hept true to his own prin- 
 ciple, wnich was ** to live and die the Vicar 
 of Bray." His name, by some authorities, 
 is said to have been Symon Symonds ; by 
 others, Pendleton ; by others,Simon Alleyn. 
 The story, however, is not confined to tli^ 
 church records of Bray. In the well-known 
 song, said to have been wiitfen by an 
 officer in Colonel Fuller's regiment (temp. 
 George L), the vicar lives in the reigns of 
 Charles II., James II., William III., Anne, 
 and George I. The tune is that of '* The 
 Country Garden : " — 
 
 " And this IS law that I'U mamtoin 
 
 Until my dyinp day, sir. 
 That whatsoever king Bhall reign, 
 
 rUfitiUbe Vicar of Bmy, sir." 
 
 Braybrooke, Baron, Kicliard 
 Grifan Neville (1783-1858), published, in 
 1825, the first edition of The Diary of , 
 Samuel Pepys (q.v.); in 1835, a history of 
 Andley End and Saffro7i Walden ; and, in 
 1842, the Life and Correspondence of Jane, 
 Lady ComwalHs. % 
 
 Bread and Milk for Babes : " or, 
 
 the Conclusions of the Astrolabie," written 
 Jby Geoffrey Chaucer (1328—1400) for 
 his son Lewis, a boy of ten years of age. 
 He had given the child an astrolabe, and 
 the little treatise, says Morley, was to 
 show him how to use it. Some of its uses, 
 remarked Chaucer, " be too hard for thy 
 tender age of ten years to conceive. By 
 this treatise, divided into five part^, will 1 
 show thee wonder light rules and naked 
 words in English, for Latin ne canst thoii 
 yet but small, my little son." 
 
 " Bread is the staff of life." A 
 
 phrase in Swift's Tale of a Tub. 
 
 "Break, break, break, on thy 
 cold gray stones , O sea." First line of n 
 familiar poem by Tenstysox, in which the 
 poet's regrets for Arthur Hallam (q.v.) ■ 
 find, perhaps, their happiest as well as 
 their mourntuUest expression.- See In 
 Memortam. 
 
 "Break, you may shatter the 
 vase, if you will, You may." A line in 
 Moore's popular lyric, beginning :— 
 
 '• Farewell ! but whenever you welcome the hour.'* 
 
 Breakfast Table, The Autocrat 
 
 of the. See Autocrat op the Break. 
 FAST Table^ The. 
 
 " Breaks a butterfly upon a 
 
 wheel, Who." Line 307 of Prologue to 
 Pope's Satires (q.v.). 
 
 " Breath can make them, as a 
 breath has made, A." Line 54 of Gold- 
 smith's poem of The Deserted ViUtmo 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
106 
 
 BBE 
 
 BRB 
 
 " Breathes there the man with 
 
 soul 80 dead." The opening line of Scott's 
 Lay of the Last Minstrel^ canto vi., stanza 1. 
 
 Brechin, Bishop of. See Forbes, 
 
 Alexandsb Penrose. 
 
 Breeches Bible, The. The name 
 given to an edition of the Scriptures which 
 was first printed at Geneva, by Kowland 
 Hall, in 1560. It arose out of an unusual 
 rendering of Genesis iii. 7. See Bible, 
 The. 
 
 Breeches Review, The. A nick- 
 name bestowed at one time upon the West- 
 minster Review, in reference to the share 
 in its proprietorship and conduct possessed 
 by a certain West End breeches-maker 
 called ^'rancis Place. 
 
 Breefe Dialogue between two 
 
 Preestea' Servauntes named Walkin and 
 Jeff ray. A satire on the monastic orders, 
 by William Roy (circa 1526). 
 
 Breen, Henry Hegart (b. 1805), 
 has written, in addition to several works 
 
 C' lished anonymously, The Diamond 
 k, and otJter Poems (1849) ; Modern Eng- 
 lish Literature : its Blemislies and Defects 
 (1857). 
 
 Breltmann, Hans. A fictitious 
 character under whose name Charles, 
 GuDFREY Leland (b. 1824) has published 
 a series of humorous ballads in the Penn- 
 sylvaniau Datch dialect, a species of 
 German-English. Five series of these bal- 
 lads have been printed : Hans Breitmann's 
 Party, and other ftallads ,• Hans JSreitmann 
 about Town ; Hans Breitmann in Church ; 
 - Hans Breitmann as an Uhlan ; and Hans 
 Breitmann in Europe. 
 
 Bremer, Prederica (1801—1865). 
 A Swedish novelist, many of whose works 
 have been translated into English by Mrs. 
 Howitt, and republished ; among others; 
 The Neighbours ; The Home : or, Life in 
 Stoeden; The Presidents Daughters; The 
 Twins f and other Tales ; Nina ; Strife and 
 Peace ; or. Scenes in Dalecarlia ; The 
 Homes of the New World; Greece and the 
 Greeks ; Two years in Switzerland ; Fatlier 
 
 and Daughter; The H Family, and 
 
 other Tales ; New Sketches of Every Day 
 lAfe ; The Parsonage of Mora ; Brothers 
 nnd Sisters ; Bertlia ; The Bondmaid ; The 
 Midnight Sun ; A Pilgrimage ; and ^it(- 
 terjly's Gospel. The Life, Letters, and 
 Posthumous Writings were published in 
 1868. See Mrs. Howitt's Three Months with 
 Frederica Bremer in Sweden. 
 
 Brenda, in Sir AValter Scott's 
 
 romance of The Pirate (q.v.), is the sister 
 of Minna, and the daughter of Magnus 
 Troll, beloved by Mordaunt, whom she 
 eventually marries. 
 
 Brennoralt, a, tragedy by Sir John 
 SocKLiso (1609— lff41)> contains a fine pas- 
 
 sage which Steele, in The Tatler (No- 40), 
 quotes side by side with one from Milton 
 about Eve. A lover is looking on his 
 sleeping mistress, and says :— 
 " Her face is like the milky way i* the 6ky, 
 A meeting of t'cntle lights without a name " 
 
 The scene of the play is supposed to be 
 laid in Poland, but the Lithuanians are 
 evidently intended for the Scotch. See 
 
 IPHIGENIE. 
 
 Brentford, The Two Kings of. 
 
 Two characters in Buckingham's farce of 
 The Rehearsal (q.v.) ; perhaps intended 
 for Charles II. and James, Duke of York, 
 afterwards James II., orforBoabdelinaiul 
 Abdalla, the two contending kings of 
 Granada. They are represented as living 
 on terms of the most affectionate intimacy, 
 and as dancing, singing, and walking t# 
 gether with wonderful unanimity- It is 
 not obvious why they should be described 
 as kings of Brentford rather than any 
 other locality. Bayes says (act i., scene 1), 
 " Look you, Sirs, the chief hinge of this 
 pilay. ... is, that I suppose two kings 
 of the same place, as, for example, Brent-' 
 ford, for I love to write familiarly." In 
 Cowper's Task, bk. i., The Sofa, 1. 77, we 
 read — 
 
 " United, undivided, twain ut once 
 So sit two kings of Brentford on one Throne,*' 
 
 Brenton, Bdward Fe]ham (1774 
 —1839), wrote r/ieA'ayai Histmi/ of Great 
 Britain from the year 1783 to 1822 (1823)^ 
 and a Life of Karl St. Vincent (1838). 
 
 Brereton, Jane, poetess (1685 — 
 1710), wrote a number of poetical pieces 
 which were published with her Life and 
 
 Letters in 1744. Sir Egerton Bridges 
 speaksof her in his Censura- Liferaria as 
 displaying " some talents for versification^ 
 i£ not for poetry." 
 
 Breton, Captain, in Mrs. Cent- 
 livre's comedy of The Wonder (q.v.), is 
 the lover of Clara, and " a spirited and en- 
 terprising soldier of foi-tuno." 
 
 Breton, Nicholas^ poet (1558 — 
 1624), wrote Workes of a Young Wyt trust 
 up with a Fardell qfprettie Fancies (1577) ; 
 Wits Trenchmone (1597), (q.v.); Pasguil'a 
 Madcap and Madcappe's Message (ItiOO); 
 Wits Private Wealth, (1603),- (q.v.), and a 
 number of other works, a list of which is 
 
 E'veii in The Bibliographer's Manual, by 
 owndes. He contributed at least eight 
 pieces to England's Helicon (1600). See 
 Ilitson's Bibliographia Poetica. There is a 
 reference to Breton in Phillip's Theatinim 
 Poetarum ; and Sir Egerton Brydges, 
 writing in the Censura Literaria concern- 
 ing his ballad of Phillida and Corydon 
 (q.v.), Hays that **if we are to judge from 
 this specimen of his poetical powers— for 
 surely he must have had the powers of a 
 
 fioet— they were distinguished by a slmpliQ- 
 ty at once easy aud elegant." Se^ 
 
BBB 
 
 BKI 
 
 lOT 
 
 Okimello's Foktunes ; Woickes of a 
 TonsQ Wit. 
 
 " Brevity is the soul of ■wit." — 
 Bamletf act il., scene 2. 
 
 Bre'wer, Anthony. See Lingca; 
 
 .SUPEEIOKITY. 
 
 Brewer, E. Cobham, D.D., LL.D. 
 
 has written, among many other works, 
 a Guide to Scientijic Knowledge of Things 
 familiar (1^0); f\i\A 3. Dictionary of Phrase 
 and Fable, " giving the Derivation, 
 Source, or Origia of Common Phrases, 
 Allusions, and words tliat have a Tale to 
 Tell." 
 
 Brevrster, Sir David, I1L.D., 
 
 philosophical writer (1781— 1S68), published 
 A Treatise on the Kaleidoscope (1829); Notes 
 toRobison's System of Mechanical Philos- 
 ophu (1822); A Life qf Euler (1823); Notes 
 and Introductory Chapter to Ijegendre's 
 Elements of Geometry (1821); A Treatise ml 
 Optics (1831); Letters on Natural Magic 
 Q831); A Life of Sir Isaac Newton (1831); 
 The Martyrs of ScieJice : or, tlie Lives of 
 Galileo, Tycho Brahi, and Kepler (1831); 
 A Treatise on the Microscope; More Worlds 
 than one; The Creedof the Philosophy and 
 the Hope of the Christian (1854); Memoirs of 
 the Life, ff'Htlngs, and lUscoaeries of Sir 
 Isaac Newton (1855); and other works oE a 
 scientific character. For Biography, see 
 The Home Life of Sir David Brewster by 
 his daughter (1869). 
 
 "Briars is this working-day 
 world, O, how full of ."— ^» You Like It, act 
 I., scenes. 
 
 Brick, Mr. Jefferson. An Ameri- 
 can politician. In Dickens' novel of Mar- 
 tin Chuzzlewit (CL.v.). 
 
 Bride of Abydos, The. A Turk- 
 ish tale, told inocto-syllabic verse by Lord 
 Bybon (1788—1824), and published in 1813. 
 It is in two cantos, and opens with the 
 well-known song imitated from Goethe, 
 beginning : — 
 
 " Know ye the land where the cypress and myrtle." 
 
 The name of the " bride '* is Zuleika, and 
 tha^of her lover, Selim. 
 
 Bride of liammermoor, The. A 
 romance by Sir Walter ^cott (1771— 
 1832), published in 1819, and characterised 
 by Senior as " a tragedy of the highest 
 order, uniting excellence of plot with 
 Scott's usual merits of character and de- 
 scription," See ASHTOS, Lucy ; Bal- 
 SEBSTOKE, Caleb ; and Kavenswood, 
 
 Bride's Burial, The. The title of 
 a ballad published by Pebcy in his Re- 
 liques. 
 
 Bride's Tragedy, The. A piny 
 by Xhomas Lovell Beddoes (1803—1849), 
 puWisJied in 1822, and evideutly Intended 
 
 more for the library than for the stage^ 
 " It possesses many passages of pure and 
 sparkling verse." The bride is called 
 Floribel, and is murdered by her husband, 
 Hesperus. 
 
 Bridge, The. A poem by Henet 
 Wadswoeth Longfellow (b. 1807) ; — 
 " Whenever I cross the river 
 
 On its bridge with wooden piers. 
 Like the odor of brine from the ocean 
 Comes the thought of other years," 
 
 "Bridge of Sighs, I stood in 
 Venice on the." — Byron's Childe HaroUVs 
 Pi^grimaife, canto iv., stanza 1. 
 
 Bridge of Sighs, The, A lyric 
 by Thomas Hoob (1798—1845), originally 
 published in Punch, and beginning — 
 " One more unfortunate, 
 Weary of breath, 
 Bashly importunate, 
 Gone to her death I " 
 
 Bridgenorth, Major Ralph, A 
 
 Iloundhead, in Sir Waltek Scott's novel 
 of Peveril of the Peala(<i.y.). 
 
 Bridget, Mrs, A ciiaracter in 
 Sterne's Life and Opinions of Tristram 
 Shandy, Gentleman (q,v,), 
 
 Bridgewater, Beniamin, See 
 
 Bibliopole, Beliqio, 
 
 Bridgewater, Barl of, PVancia 
 Henry Egerton (1736—1829), is notable as 
 founder of the Bridgewater Treatises (see 
 next paragraph). He published editions of 
 the Hippotytus of Euripides, a fragment of 
 an Ode oy Sappho from Longinus, and an- 
 other Ode by Sappho from Dionysius of Ha^ 
 licavnassus ; and prepared for the .Bio- 
 qraphia Britunnica, a Life of Lord Chancel- 
 lorEgerton, 
 
 Bridgewater Treatises, The, 
 originated in the will of the Kight Hon, 
 and Kev, Francis Henry Egerton, 
 eighth Ear* of Bridgewater, by which 
 he bequeathed eight thousand pounds' to 
 be paid to the person or persons who should 
 lie appointed by the President of the Boyal 
 Society to prepare a work " on the Power, 
 Wisdom, and Goodness of God. as mani- 
 fested in the Creation, illustrating such 
 work by all reasonable arguments ; as, for 
 instance, the variety and formation oi 
 God's creatures in the animal, vegetable, 
 and mineral kingdoms ; the eifect of di- 
 gestion, and thereby of conversion; the 
 constmction of the hand of man, and an 
 infinite variety of other arguments ; a^also 
 by discoveries, ancient and modern, in aris-, 
 sciences, and in the whole extent of liter- 
 ature," The treatises are eight in number : 
 On the Adaptation of External Nature to 
 the Moral and I/ntellectual Constitution of 
 Man, by the Kev, Thomas Chalmers, D,D, ; 
 On the Adaptation qf External' Nature _ to 
 the Physical Condition of Man, by Jolui 
 Kidd, M,D. i Astronomy «»d &ew«w»t 
 
108 
 
 BRI 
 
 BEI 
 
 Physics considered with refercti^e to Nahi- 
 ral Theology, by the Rev. William Whe- 
 well : r/te Hand : its Mechanism anrl Vital 
 Endotvments, as evincing Design, by Sir 
 Charles Bell; On Animal and Vegetable 
 Physlologu. considered with reference to 
 Natural Theology j by Peter Mark Roget, 
 M.D.: On Geology and Mineralogy, by the 
 Rev- William Buckland, D.D. ; Animals : 
 their History, Habits and Instincts, by 
 the Rev. William Kirby ; and Chemistry, 
 Meteorology, and the function of ingestion, 
 considered with refer&nce to NcUural Theol- 
 ogy, by William Prout, M.D. They were 
 all published between 1833 and 1836, and 
 bare frequently been reprinted. A sol- 
 disant ninth Bridgewater Treatise by 
 Charles Babbage (q.v.)» appeared in 1837. 
 
 Bridlington, John of. The name 
 of the reputed author of a satire on the 
 court of Edward III., which took the form 
 of a prophecy- in . Latin verse, and was 
 divided into three parts, containing reve- 
 lations during three accesses of fever. 
 
 Briefe Vie-ro- of the State of the 
 Church of England A, "as it stood in 
 Queen Elizabetin's and King James's reigiie 
 to theyeere 1608," by Sir John Habyng- 
 TON (d. 1612), publislied in 1653. In this 
 treatise the author speaks strongly against 
 the marriage of bishops, 
 
 Briggs, Charles F. See Franco, 
 Hahry. 
 
 Briggs, Matilda. Tl.e companion 
 of Miss Crawley, and afterwards of Mrs. 
 Eawdon Crawley (n^e Becky Sharp). See 
 Thackeray's Vanity Fair. 
 
 "Bright-eyed Fancy." An ex- 
 pression used in Gray's Progress of Poesy, 
 pdrt ii., stanza 3. 
 
 Bright, Timothy, physician and 
 divine (d. 1615), wrote, among other works, 
 a treatise On Melancholy (q.v.). 
 
 " Bright particular star, That I 
 
 Bhould \ovGa.."—AWs Well that Ends Well, 
 act i., scene 1. 
 
 " Bright star ! "would I were 
 
 steadfast as thou art." First line of a son- 
 net by JouN Keats. 
 
 " Brightest and best of the sons 
 of the morning. " First line of Heber's 
 hymn on the Epiphany — 
 " Dawn on our darkness, and lend us thine aid." 
 
 Brigida, Monna. A character in 
 Georgk Eliot's iiovel of Romola (q.v.), a 
 luuswoman of the heroine. 
 
 Brigs of Ayr, The. A poem liy 
 Kobert Burns (1759—1796), occasioned 
 by the erection of a new bridge across the 
 nver Doon at Ayr, in place of the dilapi- 
 dated structure built in the reign of Alex- 
 ander III. It is in the form of a converea- 
 tion between the two bridges. 
 
 Brimley, G-eorge, essayist and 
 critic (1819—1857), contributed numerous 
 papers to The Spectator and Fraser's Maga- 
 zine, selections from which appeared in 
 1860 under the editorship of W. G- Clark, 
 who prefixed a short Memoir. Anvong the 
 Essays are two very ableoriticismn cf Ten- 
 nyson and Wordsworth. 
 
 Brisk, Fastidious, in Ben Jon- 
 
 bon's comedy of Every Man out of Ms 
 Bumour (q.v.), is "a neat, spruce, affect- 
 ing courtier, one that wears clothes well 
 ana in fashion; swears tersely, and with 
 variety ; cares not what lady's favour he 
 belies, or great man's familiarity ; a good 
 property to perfume the heel of a coach." 
 
 Bristol, Earl of. See Elvira. 
 
 Bristo-^v Tragedy, The : " or, tlie 
 Death of Sir Charles Bawdin." A ballad 
 by Thomas Chattebton (1752—1770). 
 
 Britain, Benjamin, in Dickens's 
 The Battle of Life (q.v.), is sometimes called 
 Little Britain, to distinguish him from the 
 Greater Britain. 
 
 Britain, History of. A fragment, 
 in six books, by John Milton (1608—1674), 
 extending from fabulous times to the Nor- 
 man Conquest, and published in 1670. 
 
 Britadn's Ida. A poem, in six 
 cantos, by Edmund Sfenseb (1552—1599), 
 
 Britannia : " sire Florentissimo- 
 rum Regnorum Angliae, Scotiae, Hibemiae, 
 etinsularum adjacentium ex intima An- 
 tiquitate ChorographicaDescriptio." The 
 famous " chorographical description of 
 Great Britain and Ireland, together with 
 adjacent islands," written in Latin by 
 William Camden (q.v.), and published in 
 1586 — 1607. It was translated into English 
 by Professor Holland in 1610, by Bishop 
 Gibson in 1772, and by Kichaid Gough in 
 1789, the latter edition being reprinted in 
 1806 — the first volume under the editorship) 
 of Gough, the other two under the super- 
 vision of John Nichols. 
 
 Britannia. A poem by James 
 Thomson (1700—1748), published in 1727, 
 and written to express the poet's indigna- 
 tion at the interruption of British trade by 
 the Spaniards in Ameiica. *' By this ^iece 
 he declared himself an adherent of the 
 Opposition, and had therefore no favour 
 to expect from tlie court." 
 
 " Britannia needs no bul- 
 warks." A line in Campbell's song of 
 Ye Mariners of England (q.v.) : — 
 
 '* Her mnrch is o'er the mountain-waves t 
 Ilcr homo is on the deep." 
 
 Britannia Rediviva. A poem by 
 John DRYDEN(lfiSl— 1701). celebratingthe 
 birth of the son of James II. and Mary of 
 
 Modena, 
 
 "Britannia rules the -waves." 
 
BRI 
 
 BBI 
 
 109 
 
 See Thomson's famous lyric, Aute Britan- 
 nia, \i\ Alfred (q.v.)- 
 
 Britannia's Pastorals. A poem 
 by William BttowNE (1590—1645), pub- 
 lished (book 1.) in 1613 and (book ii.) in 1616, 
 ■with commendatory verses by Drayton, 
 Selden, Jonson. "Wither, and others. In 
 1852 a third book was printed, from the orig- 
 inal manuscripts in the library of Salis- 
 bury Cathedral. The poem is written in 
 the ten-syllabled couplet, interspersed with 
 various lyrics, of which those begiuning — 
 
 " Veuus, by Adonis* side," 
 
 and — 
 
 " Shall I tell you whom 1 love ? " 
 
 are the best known. 
 
 Briti^ Apollo, The, *' containing 
 two thousand answers to curious questions 
 in most arts and sciences, serious, comical, 
 and humorous," " performed by a Society 
 of Gentlemen," and published in 1740. 
 
 ' British Birds, The. A metrical 
 eatire by Hoktimeb Collis's, suggested 
 by The Birds of Aristophanes, and pub- 
 lished in 1872. It professes to be a com- 
 munication from the ghost of the famous 
 comic writer. 
 
 British Critic, The. A perjodical 
 ■which commenced in May, 1783, and ter- 
 minated in 1843. The first series, from 1783 
 to 1813, extended to 42 vols. ; the second 
 series, from 1814 to 1825, to 2S vols. ; the 
 third aeries, from 1825 to 1826. to 3 vols. ; 
 ■and the fourth series, from 1827 to 1843, to 
 34 vols. Keble, the author of The Christian 
 Year, contributed some valuable papers to 
 this magazine, 
 
 British Jeremiah, The. A title 
 bestowed by Gibbon, the historian, upon 
 the old English writer. Gildas (q.v.). 
 
 British Librarian, The, " exliibit- 
 ing a compendious view of all unpublished 
 and valuable books," was compiled by 
 "William Oldys (1689—1761), and printed 
 in 1737. 
 
 British Magazine, The. A period- 
 ical, published monthly, price sixpence, 
 started on January 1. 1760, "with a fervid 
 dedication to Pitt, and the unusual distinc- 
 tion of a royal licence to Dr. Smollett as 
 its editor." To this journal Oliver Gold- 
 smith was a regular contributor, his es- 
 says and criticisms forming not the least 
 attractive of its pages, in which Smollett's 
 novel of Sir Launcelot Greaves appeared 
 in successive instalments till its conclu- 
 sion in December, 1761. Three other 
 periodicals of the same name have since 
 been started ; the fir6t existed from July, 
 1782, to December, 1783: the second was 
 issued in 1800, and the third lasted from 
 1832 to 1849. 
 
 British Museum Library, The, 
 originated with the grant by Parliament 
 
 (April 5, 1753), of £20,000 to the daughters 
 of Sir Hans. Sloane, in payment for his 
 iine library and vast collections of the pro- 
 ductions of nature and art, which had 
 cost him £50,000. In 1757^ George 11. pre- 
 sented the Old Royal Libraty ; and many 
 important additions have^een given and 
 bequeathed to it since. It was first placed 
 in Montagu House, and afterwards remov- 
 ed to the present building. The ^eat 
 reading-room, ejected by Sydney Smirke,' 
 was opened May 18, 1857. It affords ac-r 
 commodatioii for 300 readers, who have 
 free access, under certain slight restiic- 
 tions, and contains upwards of 80.000 vol- 
 umes. In 1870 it was estimated that the 
 library of the British Museum contained 
 1,600,000 volumes and MSS. It is constant- 
 ly receiving additions, being one of the 
 five Public Libraries, which, mider the 
 Copyright Act, are entitled to a copy of 
 every book published in Great Britain and 
 Ireland. 
 
 British Fausanias, The. A name 
 conferred upon the scholar and antiquary,' 
 
 "William CajIdbn (q.v.). 
 
 British Revie"w, The, was first 
 published i» 1811, and continued till 18251 
 Byron has an amusing passage in his Don 
 Juan about " My grandmother's review 
 [q.v.]. The British,'^ which was seriously 
 resented by the then editor of the periodi- 
 cal. See Moore's iT/fl o/'^yrort. ' - 
 
 Britomart, or Britomartis — ^from 
 the Greek, BpirdjitapTi?, sweet maiden—* 
 was a Cretan epithet of Diana ; whence, 
 in Spenser's poem of the Fa'irie Queene 
 (book iii.), she personifies Chastity,- and is 
 armed with a magic spear which nothing 
 can resist, — 
 
 " A migrhty spear, 
 
 "Which Bladutl made oy maeick art of yore. 
 And used the &ame in batteill aye to beare." 
 
 Sir "Walter Scott says — 
 
 " She charmed at once, and tamed the heart. 
 Incomparable Britomart." 
 
 Briton, The. A tragredy by Am- 
 brose Philips (1671 — 1749), produced in 
 1722. The two principal characters are 
 Vanor, the British prince, and Valens, the 
 Roman general. 
 
 " Britons never shall be slaves." 
 Aline iu Rule Britannia, in Thomson's 
 
 Alfred (q.v.). 
 
 Britton, John, antiquarian (1771- 
 1857), published, among other works. The 
 Beauties of Wiltshire (1801) ; The Architec- 
 tural Antiquities of Great Britain (1805) ; 
 The Cathedral Antiquities of Great Britain 
 (1814) ; Picturesque Antiquities of English 
 Cities (1830) ; The Union of Architecture, _ 
 Sculpture, and Paintinq {1S27) : Fine ArtS' 
 of the English School (1812) ; A Dictionai^y 
 of the Architecture and Archceology of the 
 kiddle Ages (1830) ; Fonthill Abbey (1823} ', 
 Public Buildings of London (f828) j Mta^' 
 
no 
 
 BBO 
 
 3BO 
 
 torical Notices of Windsor Castle (1842)^ 
 A Memoir of John Aubrey (1845) ; and The 
 AutJiorship of the Letters of Juimis Eluci- 
 dated (1848) ; See Knight's English Cyclo- 
 paedia and The Genilema/n's Magazine for 
 1857. 
 
 Broad Grins. A series of Immor; 
 ous tales in verse, by George Colman 
 the younger (1762—1836), originally pub- 
 lished in 1797 under the title of My JN%ght- 
 gown and Slippers. 
 
 "Broadcloth -without and a 
 
 warm heart within." A line in Cowper'S 
 Epistle to Joseph Hill, 
 
 Brobdingnag. The country to 
 ■which vGuUiver made his second voyage. 
 As compared with the natives of LilUput, 
 the inhabitants are giants of the greatest 
 size, and everything else is in enormous 
 proportion. Gulliver finds himself a Lilli- 
 
 gutian among them, and is treated accord- 
 
 Brock, Mrs. Carey, novelist, is 
 the author, among other works, of Charity 
 Helstmie, Sunday Echoes^ Penny Wise ana 
 Pound Foolishf Home Memories^ and Mar- 
 garet's Secret. 
 
 Broken Heart, The. A trapredy 
 by John Ford (1586 — 1639), printed in 
 1633, and " generally reckoned his finest." 
 See Love's Sacrifice- 
 
 Brome, Alexander, poet and 
 dramatist (1620—1666), wrote The Cunning 
 JLovers (1654); Fancifs Festivals (1657); 
 Songs, and other Poems (lfi6fl), (q.v.) ; and 
 A Translation of Horace (1666). In 1672 
 appeared Covent Garden .Drollery, or a 
 Cotlectlvi of all the choice Songs, Poems, 
 Prologues, and Epilogues of Brome. See 
 "Walton's Lives, where Brome's lyric poems 
 are referred to as — 
 
 *' Those cheerful Bon^ which we 
 Have often Bun^ with mirth nnd inciry glee 
 As we hnvc marched to flight the cause 
 Of God's anointed and His laws." ' 
 
 It is B?M that Brome's love of wine and 
 song gave him among the Cavaliers the 
 title of " the English Anacreon.*' Cotton, 
 in a poem addressed to him, says : — 
 " Anacreon, come, nnd touch thj^ jolly lyre, 
 And bring in Horace to the choir." 
 
 Brome, Hichard, poet and drama- 
 tist, temp. Elizabeth (d. 1652), wrote 
 iMchrymm Musarum ; a serious of Elegies 
 (1650) ; The Jovial Crew (1652), (q.v.) ; ^The 
 Northent Lass (1632) ; The Madd Couple 
 well Matcht ; Novella ; The Court Begqar ; 
 The City Witt ; The Damoiselle ; The Eng- 
 lish Moor; The Lovesick Court; Cm^ent 
 Garden Weeded; The New Academy ; The 
 Qtieen and the C&ncuhine; The Sparagus ; 
 The Antipodes (q.v.): The Queene's Ex- 
 change ; The lioyatl Fxchange ; ten of 
 whicn were edited and published by Alex- 
 ander Brome in 1653. Brome also assisted 
 Heywood in The Lancashire WitcheSt The 
 
 Life and Death qfMartyn Skink, and The 
 Apprentice's Prize, He was ori^nally a ser- 
 vant of Ben Jonson*B, on whose style he 
 vcndeavoured, not altogether unsuccess- 
 fully, to mould his own. Jonson himself 
 speaks of Brome's 
 
 " Observation of those comic laws 
 'Which I, thy master, first did teach the stoge." 
 
 See the Biographia Dramatica. 
 Bromyard, John of (d. 1419). 
 
 See SUMMA PREDICAKTIUM. 
 
 Brontes, The, novelists and poets : 
 Anne (b. 1820, d, 1849), author of The Ten- 
 ant of Wild fell Hall, Agnes Grey (1847), 
 and Poems (1846) ; Charlotte (b. 1816, d. 
 1855), author of Jane Eyre, (q.v.), (1849), 
 Shirley (1849) ; Villette (1850), Th9 Professor 
 (q.v.), (1856), and Poems (1846) ; and Emi- 
 ly (b. 1818, d. 1848), author of Wuthering 
 Heights (1847) ; and Poems (1846). See 
 Cha.rlotte Bronfi, by T. W. Reid (1877); 
 Life of Charlotte firontS by Mrs. Gaskell ; 
 Miss Martineau's Biographical SbeicJies; 
 The Edinburgh Peview (1850) ; Bayne'a 
 Essays, and Hoscoe's Essays ; also, tlie Last 
 Sketchfin Thackeray's Roundabout Papers, 
 Miss Martineau thus writes of Charlotte 
 Bront€ :—" Though passion occupies too 
 prominent a place in her pictures of life, 
 though women have to complain that she 
 represents love as the wJiole and sole con- 
 cern of their lives, and though governesses 
 especially have reason to remonstrate, and 
 do remonstrate, that tlieir share of human 
 conflicts is laid open somewhat rudely and 
 incons^derMely, and with enormous exag- 
 geration, to social observation, it is a true 
 social blessing that we have had a female 
 writer who has discountenanced sensation- 
 alism and feeble egotism with such practi- 
 cal force as appears in the works of Currer 
 Bell." See Bell, Currer. 
 
 Bronze, The Age of. See Age of 
 Bronze, The. 
 
 Bronzomarte. The steed of tlie 
 hero in Smollett's Adventures of Sir 
 Launcelot Greaves, described as " a fine, 
 mettlesome sorrel, who had got blood in 
 him." 
 
 Brook, Master. A name assumed 
 by Ford (q.v.), in The Merry Wives of 
 
 Windsor (q.v.). 
 
 Brook, The. *'An idyll." by Al- 
 fred Tennyson (b. 1809), published in 
 1855, and including the famous lyric, which 
 begins— 
 
 " I chatter, chatter, as 1 flow," 
 
 It has been observed how s^trikingly in this 
 song the sound is made to illustrate the 
 sense. 
 
 Brooke, Arthur (d. about 1563), 
 wrote The Tragical History ofR&meus and 
 Juliet (q.v.) ; and Agreementt qf Sundrie 
 Places of Scripture, seeming in shewe to 
 JarrCt a translation from the Freutiti (1563); 
 
BBO 
 
 BHO 
 
 Ut 
 
 Turborvllle, in Ms Poems (15S7), writes of 
 Brooke : — 
 " In proof© that he for Myter did excell. 
 
 As may be judge for Juliet and her Mate : 
 For there he shewde his cunning passing well, 
 
 "When he the Tale to Englishc did translate." 
 See Carew Hazlitt's Shakespeare Library. 
 Brooke, Charlotte, daugliter of 
 Heiiry Brooke (q. v.), (d. 1793), published, 
 in 1789, Reliques qf Irish Poetry, Trims- 
 lated into English Verse, with Notes, and 
 an Irish Tale ; in 1796, A Dialogue between 
 a Lady and her Pupils, disclosing a 
 Journey through England and Wales ; a 
 novel, entitled Emma : or, the Foundling 
 of the Wood (1803) ; and a tragedy called 
 Belisanus. See the Life by Seymour 
 (1816). 
 
 Brooke, Frances, poetess, novel- 
 ist, and dramatist (b. 1745, d. 1789), wrote 
 The Old Maid (1755) ; Virginia, a Tragedy, 
 with Odes, Pastorals, and Translations 
 (1756) ; The Historti of Lady Julia Man- 
 dcBiHe (1763) ; The History (f Emily Mon- 
 tague (1769) ; Memoirs of the Marquis of St. 
 Forlaix (1770) ; The Excursion (1777) ; The 
 Siege of Tinope, a Tragedy (1781) ; Rosina, 
 a Play (1782) ; Marian, a Play (1788) ; The 
 History of Charles Mandeville (1790). 
 
 Brooke, Henry, poet, dramatist, 
 novelist, politician, and divine (b. 1706, d. 
 1783), wrote Universal Beakty (q.v.), (1735); 
 a translation of the iirst three books of 
 Gierusalemme Libarata (1737) ; Gustavus 
 Vasa (q.v.), (1739) ; Constantia: or, the 
 Man of Law's Tale (1741)'; Farmer's Letters 
 (1746) ; The Earl of Westmoreland, a Trag- 
 edy (1748) ; Fairy Tales (1750) ; The Earl 
 of Essex, a Tragedi/ (1760) ; The Trial of 
 the Jfoman Catliolicks (1762) ; The Fool of 
 Quality (1766), (q.v.) ; Redemption, a Poem 
 (1772); SLnd Juliet Grenville: or, the History 
 of the Human Heart (1774). His IVorks 
 were published by his daughter in 1792, iu 
 four volumes octavo. See the biographi- 
 cal introduction to Canon Kingsley's 
 edition of The Fool of Quality, a volume 
 ' called Brookiana (1804), and Chalmers's 
 Biographical Dictionary. 
 
 Brooke, Lord. See Gbeville, 
 
 FULKE. 
 
 Brooke, Stopford Augustus, 
 
 clergyman and miscellaneous wiiter, is the 
 author of The Life ^of Frederick William 
 Robertson, Freedom in the Clmrch qf Eng- 
 land, Sermons, Christ in Modem Life, The- 
 ology in the English Poets, and other 
 works. 
 
 Brooks, Charles Shirley, novel- 
 ist, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1815, d. 1874), wrote OurNew Governess, 
 Hanov/rs and Tricks, The Creole, and some 
 other plays; Aspen Court, The Silver 
 Cord, The Gordia/n Knot, Sooner or Later, 
 and various other works. He succeeded 
 Mark Lemon as editor of Punch, and re- 
 tsixied his position until his death. His 
 
 Poems of Wit and Humour, contributed to 
 Punch between 1852 and 1874, were edited 
 by hii son, and published in 1875. 
 
 Brooks, James Gordon, Ameri- 
 can poet (b. 1801, d. 1841), wrote Genius 
 (1827), and, in conjunction with his wife, 
 The Rivals of Este, and other Poems CI829). 
 His ijoetry is described by Griswold as 
 "spirited and snioothJy versified, but 
 diffuse and carelessly written." 
 
 Brooks, Maria, an American poet- 
 ess (b. about 1795, d. 1845), virole .Judith, 
 Esther, and other Poems (1820); Zbphhl: ' 
 or, the Pride of Seven (q.v.), (1825) ; 
 and Tdomen: or, tlie Vale qf Yrnnuri (1843). 
 See Southey's Life and Correspondence, and 
 Griswold's Female Poets of America. ' 
 
 Broome, 'William (1689—1745),, 
 translated some books of the Iliad into 
 prose, which were afterwards printed in 
 the book called Ozell's Homer. He was 
 afterwards employed by Pope in making 
 extracts from Eustathius for the iiotes to 
 his translation of the Iliad, and, at a later 
 period, he assisted the poet by translating 
 a considerable part of the Odyssey, in- 
 cluding books two, six, eight eleven; 
 twelve, sixteen, eighteen, and twenty- 
 tliree. Hence the well-known epigram by 
 Henley — 
 
 •• Pope earne off clean with Homer ; but they say 
 Broome went before and kindly swept the way." 
 
 Yet Pope does not seem to have been 
 grateful. In his Art qf Sinldng in Poetry 
 he describes Broome as one of those " pap- 
 rots who repeat another's words in such a 
 hoarse odd tone as makes them seem the^ 
 own ;'* and in The Dunciad he has the fot 
 lowing reference to him — 
 " Hibernian politics, O Swift, thy doom, 
 And mine, translating ten whole years with 
 Broome." 
 
 Broome's Poems on Several Occasions 
 were printed in 1727 ; his Sermons in 1737. 
 He wrote some translations of Aiiacreoii 
 for The Gentleman's Magazine, under the 
 signature of " Chester." See Belinda. 
 
 Broomstick, ' A Meditation 
 
 upon a, by Jonathan Swift <1667— 17'15), 
 written " according to the style and man- 
 ner of the Honourable Robert Boyle's 
 Meditations," which Lady« Berkeley was 
 wont to require Swift to read to her more 
 often than he cared to do. The story of 
 how lie ingeniously palmed off this amus- 
 ing parody upon her ladyship as really one 
 of Boyle's own compositions, is told in 
 some detail by Dr. Sheridan in his Life of 
 Swift. It was on being told that the dean 
 had written a charming poem on himself 
 and Vanessa (q.v.), that Stella (q.v.) said, 
 " Oh, we all know that the dean could 
 write beautifully about a broomstick." 
 
 Brother, The Bloody. A tragedy 
 by Fkastcis Beaumont (1566-4616), pllb.^ 
 Ushedinl639. It Is also called .Bolls. 
 
112 
 
 BBO 
 
 BBO 
 
 Brothers, The. A play by James 
 Shirley (Jfi94— 16e6)j published In 1652. 
 A companion play, entitled The Sisters, 
 appeared in the same year. 
 
 Brothers, The. A tragedy by 
 Edwakd Young (1684—1765), produced in 
 1728,. but withdrawn almost immediately 
 on the author's appointment to a royal 
 chaplaincy. " The epilogue to the play 
 was," Dr. Johnson thought, " the only one 
 of thfi kind. He calls it an historical epi- 
 logue. Finding that -> guilt's dreadful 
 close his narrow scene oeniedj* he, in a 
 manner, continues the tragedy in the epi- 
 logue, and relates how Kome revenged the 
 shade of Demetrius, and punished Perseus 
 * for this night's deed.' '* 
 
 Brothers, The. A comedy by 
 Richard Cumberlakd (17.32—1811), pro- 
 duced in 1769. It was received with ap- 
 plause, and is still, says Sir Walter Scott, 
 " on the stock-list of acting plays. The 
 sudden assumption of spiritoy Sir Benja- 
 min Dove, like Luke's change from servil- 
 ity to insolence, is one of those incidents 
 which always tell well upon the spectator. 
 The author acknowledges his obligations 
 to Fletcher's Little French Lawyer. 
 
 Brothers, The. A poem by Wil- 
 liam Wordsworth (1770—1850), written 
 in 1800. 
 
 Brougham and Vauz, Lord, 
 
 Henry Brougham, politician and miscella- 
 neous writer (b. 1779, d. 1868), wrote The 
 Colonial Policy of the European Powers ; 
 Discourses of Natural Theology (1835) ; 
 Collected Speeches (1838) ; Dissertations on 
 JfUbjects of Science {IB3Q) ; Historic Sketches 
 of Statesmen who Flourished in the Time 
 of Georgt III. (1839—1843) ; Political Phi- 
 losophy (1840) ; Albert Lunel, anonymous- 
 ly^ and afterwards suppressed tl844), (q.v,) ; 
 Lives of Men of Letters and Science (1845) ; 
 The Late Jievolutionin France (1849) : Z>iar- 
 iogue on Instinct (_1849) ; An Analytical 
 View of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia, pub- 
 lished jointly with E. J. Boutn (1855) ; 
 Contribtitions to the Edinburgh Mevieio 
 (1857); &n6. Recherches Anatyiiques et Ex- 
 pirimenfales sur les Alveoles des Abeilles 
 (1858). His fForAs have been published in 
 a complete form. See the Bibliographical 
 Jjist of them issued in 1873. His Autobiog- 
 raphy, edited by his brother, was published 
 in 1871. See Hazlitt's Spirit of the Age, 
 Roebuck's ^'hig Ministry of 1830, Iilack~ 
 wood for 1834, and Edinburgh Review for 
 1858. . 
 
 Brougham Castle, Song of the 
 Feast of, " upori the restoration of Lord 
 Clifford, the shex-lierd, to the estates and 
 lionours of his ancestors." A poem by 
 Willi Ast Wordsworth (1770—1850), writ- 
 ten in 1807. The Lord ClifEord referred to 
 waa a scion of the House of Lancaster: 
 and, to save him from the venjjeance or 
 iJie House *of York, his mother put him iu 
 
 the charge cf a shepherd, to he brought up. 
 as one of hid own children. On the acces 
 .sion of Henxy VII., being then thirty-one 
 years of age, "he was restored to his pos- 
 sessions. He died in 1543,— 
 " And, ages after he waa laid in earth, 
 
 The Good Loi*d Clifford' was the name he boie.'* 
 
 Brougham John, (b. 1814), is the 
 author of upwards of a hundred dramatlo 
 pieces, including The Game of Life, The 
 Game of Love, ftoma^Ke and Reality ^ and 
 Airs Fair in Love. He has also contrib- 
 uted extensively to American magazines. 
 
 Broughton, Lord, Jolin Cam 
 Hobhouse, miscellaneous writer (b. 1786, d. 
 1869), wrote Travels in Greece; Imitations 
 and Translations from the Classics, toith 
 orifjinal Poems (1800) ; J<mrney through 
 Alhania and otJier Provinces q/" TSt-rkey with 
 Lord Ryrdn (1812) ; The Last Reign of 
 Napoleon (1816) ; Letters to an Englishman 
 (1820) ; Historical Illustrations of the 
 Fourth Canto of Childe Harold; and 
 various contributions to Blackwood's and 
 Frazer's Magazines, and to the JVestmin" 
 ster and other Reviews. Shelley "had "a 
 very slight opinion " of Jlobhouse ; but 
 Byron, on the contrary, called him hia 
 " best friend, the most lively and entertain- 
 ing of companions, and a Hue fellow to 
 boot." 
 
 Broughton, Rhoda, novelist, has 
 written Cometh up as a Flower; Not wise^ 
 ly, but too Well; Red as a Rose is SJi&/ 
 Good-bye, Sweetheart; Nancy; Joan; and 
 a volume of short stories. 
 
 Brcwdie, John. A jovial York- 
 shireman, in Dickens's novel of Nicholas 
 Nickleby (q.v.), ''who, with his hearty 
 laugh and thoroughly English heart, will 
 ever be an immense favourite. 
 
 Brown, Adam. A ItallaJ, printed 
 by Sir Walter Scott in his Border J/iii- 
 strelsy, which tells how " a fu' fauee 
 knight" came tempting the "^ayladye" 
 of Brown Adam, and now he tared when 
 his treachery was discovered. 
 
 Brown, Anthony. A^ee Countkt 
 Girl, The. 
 Brovrn, Charles Brockden, 
 
 American novelist and journalist (b. 1771, 
 d. 1810), wrote ^fcuin; a Dialogue on the 
 Rights of Women (1797); Wieland: or, 
 the Tramformation (1798) ; Ormond : or, 
 thi Secret Witness {VlWi \ Arthur Mervyn : 
 or, Memoirs of the Year 1793 (second part 
 in 1800) ; Edgar Huntly : or, the Advent- 
 tures of a Sleep Walker ; Clara Howard 
 (1801) ; Jane Talbot (1804) ; and various. 
 miscellaneous works, besides editing sev- 
 eral periodicals. For Biography, see thfl' 
 Life by Dunlop, prefixed to 'the 1827 edition 
 of the novels, and the Life by Prescott, in 
 his Miscellanies (1855). For Criticism, sea 
 Griswold's Prose Writers qf America. 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 113 
 
 . Broinrn, James Bald^nrin, Inde- 
 pendent minister (b. 1820), Las published 
 The Divine Life in Man, The Divine Treat- 
 ment of Sin, The Divine Mystery of Peace, 
 The Christian Policy of Life, The Home Life 
 in the Lirfht of its Divine Jtlea^ First IPrin- 
 ciples qf Ecclesiastical Truth, Misread 
 'Passages r)/ Scripture^ The Higher Life, 
 The Doctrine of Annthilaiion, and other 
 works. 
 
 Brown, Jolin, M.D. (b. 1810), is 
 the author of Horm Subsecivce (q.v.), and 
 various contributions to the periodicals of 
 the day. 
 
 Brown John, Scottish divine (172^ 
 — 17S7), was the author of the Self-Inter- 
 preting Bible (1791), a Dictionary of the 
 Holy Bible, on the Plan of Calmet (1769)— 
 two works which have been frequently re- 
 printed— and a General History of the 
 Christian Church to ,tlie Present Times 
 (1771). See the Life by his son (1857). 
 
 Brown Jug, The. A once popu- 
 lar song by Francis Fawkes (1721—1777), 
 which relates how the body of Toby Fill- 
 j)ot, having in time turned to clay, was 
 fashioned into the form of a brown jug, — . 
 
 "Now sacred to iriendship, and mirth, and mild ale. 
 
 Bro^7n Robyn's Confession. 
 
 A ballad, founded on the story of a Roman 
 " Catholic miracle, and printed by Buchan 
 in his Collection. 
 
 Brown, Thomas, metaphysical 
 writer and poet (b. 1778, d. 1820), wrote 06- 
 servations on Darwin's Zoonomia (1798) ; 
 Poems (1804) ; The Relation of Cause and 
 Effect (1804) ; The Paradise of Coquettes 
 (1814) ; TAB Wanderer in Norway (1815) ; 
 TJie War Fiend {UUy, The Bower of Spring 
 (1817) ; Agnes (1818) ; Emily (1819) ; and 
 Xectures on the Philosophy of the Mind 
 (1820). His Life has been written by Dr. 
 "Welsh (1825). See Morell's History of 
 Modem Philosophy and Mackintosh's Sec- 
 ond PreliTninarp Dissertation in The En- 
 cyclopedia Bntannica. "As a philoso- 
 pher," says Dr. McCosh, *' he may be re- 
 tarded as a sort of combination of the 
 cottish school of Beid and Stewart, and 
 of the Frenoh sensational school:" 
 
 Brow^n, Thomas, poet (d. 1704), 
 and described by Addison as '^ of facetious 
 memory," was the author of numerous 
 dialogues, letters, poems, and other mis- 
 cellanies, first collected m* 1707. He was 
 not, says Dr. Johnson, in his Life of Dry - 
 den, "a man deficient in literature, nor 
 destitute of fancy ; but he seems to have 
 thought it the pinnacle of excellence to be 
 'a merry fellow,' and therefore laid out 
 his powers upon small jests and gross buf- 
 foonery, so that his performances have 
 little intrinsic value, and were read only 
 while they were recommended by the nov- 
 elty of the event tliat occasioned .them. 
 "What sense or knowledge his works con- 
 
 tain is disgraced by the garb in which it ia 
 exhibited.'' The Beauties of Tom Brown 
 were published in 1808 by C H. Wilson. 
 
 Brown, Thomas, the Younger. 
 
 The?io77i rfeijfume under which Thomas 
 MooUE, tlie poet (1779 — 1852), issued several, ' 
 of his earlier publications. 
 
 Brown's, Tom, School Days! 
 
 A story of Thomas Hughes (q.v.), pub- 
 lished in 1856. 
 
 Browne, Charles Parrer. An 
 
 American humorist (b. 1832, d. 1867), best 
 known under his nom de plume ot "Ar- 
 temus "Ward" (q.v.). 
 
 Browne, Bd'ward Harold, D.D., 
 
 successively Bishop of Ely and "Winches^ 
 ter (b. leil), has published (185(^1853) an 
 Exposition of the T}iirty-^ine 'Articles ; 
 Sermons On the Atonement (1859), and On 
 the Messiah as Foretold and Expected 
 (1862) ; and a work, in reply to Bishop 
 Colenso (q.v.), on The Pentateuch and Elo^ 
 histic Psalms (1863). Bishop Browne has 
 also contributed to Aids to Faith, and 
 other religious works, besides publishing 
 various charges, sermons, and pamphlets. 
 
 Browne, Frances, poet and novel- 
 ist (b. 1816), has written Songs of Our Land 
 (1840) ; Legends of Ulster ; The Ericksons ; 
 My Share of the World (1861) ; The Hidden 
 Sin (1865) ; and The Exile's Trust. 
 
 Browne, Isaac Hawkins, poet 
 (b. 1706, d. 1760), was' the author of Design 
 and Beauty, The Iminprtality of the Soul, 
 and other works. "" , 
 
 Browne, John Ross, American 
 
 traveller, &c., has written Etchings 'ofd 
 Whaling Cruise, and Notes of a Sojourn. ^ 
 on the Island of Zanzibar; Tusef: or, th4 
 Journey of the Frangi, a Crusade in the 
 East; Washoe; An, American Family in- 
 Germany; The Land of Thor ; Crusoe's 
 Island ; The Apache Country ; and other 
 works. 
 
 Browne, Mary Anne, American 
 poetess (b. 1812, d. 1844), wrote poetry at 
 the early age of fifteen, and published 
 among other works, MontBlanc, The Coro^_ 
 nal. The Birthday Gift, and Ignatia. 
 " Though her poetry never reaches the 
 height she evidently 'sought, to at^in, it is 
 excellent for its pure taste and just senti-: 
 ment, while a few instances of bold imag- 
 ination show vividly," says Mrs. Hale, in 
 her Becords of Women. " the ardour of a 
 fancy which prudence and delicacy always 
 controlled." 
 
 Browne, Matthew. The -nom de 
 plume underwhich W. B. Rands has con- 
 tributed largely to the periodical literature 
 of the day. He is also the author of 
 Chaucer's England, Views and Opinions, 
 and Lilliput Lev4e. See Holbeach, 
 Hexky, andFiELDMOUSE, TiMoy. 
 
114 
 
 BRO 
 
 BBO 
 
 Bro'wne, Moses, clergyman and 
 
 poet(b. 1703, d. 1787), wrote Poems on 
 
 Various Subjects (1739) ; and Angling 
 
 ,iSportSf ill Nine PisccUorial Eclogues (1773). 
 
 Bro^vne, Robert, founder ctf the 
 sect of Browiilsts (b. 1^, d. 1630), was the 
 author of a work on Tkt> Life and Manners 
 of True Ci'tristians. 
 
 Bro'wne, Sir Thomas, physician, 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1605, d. 1682), 
 wrote Jieligio Medici (1643) ; J'seudoxia 
 Epidemica (1646) ; Uydrotaphia (1658) ; 
 Tlie Garden Q/*Q/rits(1658).; and A Treatise 
 on Christian Morals (1756), (all of which 
 Bee.) A collection of his Miscellanies was 
 published by Dr. Tenisou iu 1684. His 
 Xife has been written by Dr. Jbhnsou 
 (1756). Complete editions of the Works 
 ■were published in 1686, and by Simoii 
 'Wilkin, in 1836. The latter edition has 
 since been republished in Bolm's Antir- 
 quarian Library. " The mind of Browne," 
 says Hallam, " was fertile, and, accord- 
 ing to the correct use of the word, ingen- 
 ious ; his analogies are original, and some- 
 times biilliant ; and, as his learning is 
 also in some things out of the beaten 
 path, this gives a peculiar and uncommon 
 ur to his writings, and especially to the 
 Jieligio Medici. He was, however, far re- 
 moved from philosophy, both by histumof 
 miiid, and by the nature of his erudition ; 
 he seldom reasons, his thoughts are de- 
 sultory, sometimes he appears sceptical or 
 paradoxical, but credulity and deference 
 to authority prevail. He belonged to the 
 class, numerous at that time in our Church, 
 who halted between Popery and Protes- 
 tantism, and this gives him, on all such 
 topics, an appearance of vacillation and 
 irresotuteness which probably represents 
 the real state of his mind. His style is not 
 flowing, but vigorous ; his choice of words 
 jiot elegant, and even approaching to bar- 
 barism as English phrase ; yet there is an 
 Impressiveness, an air of reflection and 
 sincerity in Browne*s writings, which re- 
 deem many of their faults. His egotism 
 is equal to that of Montaigne, but with 
 this diflerenee, that it is the egotism of a 
 melancholy mind*-" 
 
 Browne, William, poet (b. 1590, 
 d. 1645), wrote Britannia's Pastoi'als (1613 
 and 1616), (g.v.) : Shepherd's Pipe (1014) ; 
 2V^e Inner Temple Masque (XQ^Vi) ; and mis- 
 cellaneous poems. His Works were col- 
 lected and printed in 1772, and are to be 
 found in the fifth volume of Chalmers's 
 edition of the poets. See the edition by 
 Carew Hazlitt ; also The Retrospective Re- 
 view, vol. iii., and "Woods Athena Oxoni- 
 enses. See ^lzza; Poetical Miscel- 
 lanies. 
 
 Brownie of Blednoch, The. A 
 
 ballad by William Nicholson (d. 1849), 
 known as " the Galloway Poet." 
 
 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 
 poetess (b. 1809, d. 1861), wrote The .Saale 
 qf Marathoti ; An Mssay on Mind, and 
 other Poems <W2C) ; Prometheus Mound 
 (q.v,), translated from the Greek of^schy- 
 lus, and Miscellaneous Poems (1833) ; The 
 Seraphim (q.v.), aiul other Poems (1838) ; 
 The Romaunt of the Page (1839) ; Poems 
 (1844) ; Casa Guidi Windotos (1851), (q.v.) : 
 Aurora Leigh (li:56), (q.v^; The Greek 
 Christian Poets ; essays; and various con- 
 tributions to the magazines. Her Works 
 have been published in Ave volumes. A 
 book of Selections fiom lier woiks, has 
 also been published. For notices, bio- 
 graphical aaid critical, see her Letters, 
 edited by- liichard Heniy Home (U77>, 
 Bayne's Essays, Koscoe's Essays, Poe's 
 Critical Sketches, and Contemporary lie- 
 view, 1873. A'ee Bertha in the 1.ake{ 
 CowpEB's Grave ; Cry op the Children 
 The ; Dead Pan, The ; Bead Rose, A ; 
 i)RAMA OF Exile, A; Duchess May; 
 Flush,my Dog, To; Geraldine's Court- 
 ship, Lady; Greek Christain Poets; 
 Poems uefore Congress : Rhapsody of 
 Life's Progress ; Romance of the 
 Swan's Nest ; Sonnets from the Por- 
 tuguese ; Vision of Poets, A. 
 
 Browning Robert, poet(b. 1812), 
 published in 1865 an edition of his Works^ 
 containing the following poems : — vol. i.,. 
 Lyrics, Romances, Me^i and Women; vol. 
 ii., Pippa Passen, King Victor and King 
 Charles, The Return of the Druses, A Blot 
 on the ^Scutcheon, Colombe's Birthday, 
 Luria, A Soul's Tragedy, In a Balcony, 
 Strafford; and vol. iii., Paracelsus, Christ- 
 mas Eve and Easter Day, Sordello. Since 
 then he has produced The Ring and the 
 Book (1869) ; Balausiion's Adventure (1871) ; 
 Prince ffohenstiel-Schwangau, Saviour qf 
 Society (1871) ; Eijine at theEatr(m2) ; Red 
 Cotton Nightcap Country (1873) ; Aristo- 
 phanes* Apology (1875) ; The Inn Album 
 (1876); Pacchiarotfo (1876); and a transla- 
 tion from ^schyUis (completed in 1877). 
 For Criticism see Buchanan's Master- 
 Spirits; The Quarterly Review (April, 
 1869, and July and October, 1865); The 
 Edinburgh Review (July and October 
 1864, and July, 1869) ; The North British 
 Review (December, 1868) ; The British 
 Quarterly Review (April, 1869) ; The Con- 
 temporary Review (1867) ; Eraser's Maga- 
 zine (October, 1867) ; and The Fortnightly 
 Review (vol. v., new series). See Bells 
 and Pomegranates ; Evelyn Hope ; 
 Home Thoughts from Abroad ; Light 
 Woman, A ; Lost Leader, A ; Lost 
 Mistress, The ; Paeacels-us ; Pied 
 Piper of Hamelin ; Eing and thk 
 Book, The ; Strafford ; Waring. 
 
 Bro^vnson, Orefites Augustus, 
 LL.D., an American writer (b. 1802), has 
 published Neio Vietos of Christianity, So- 
 ciety, and the Church (1836) ; Charles El- 
 wood (1840) ; The Spirit-Rapper (1854) ; 
 
BRO 
 
 BRY 
 
 115 
 
 The Convert r ovy Leaves fr<ym my Ex- 
 perience (1857) ; and The Anierican Republic 
 (1865) J besides editing The Boston Qitar- 
 ierly Review (1838— 18'42), after wards merged 
 into Brownsoii's Quarterly (1844). 
 
 Bro'wi^iTp'eTd, John, ^d. 15S9J, 
 published Progymnasmata Alimuft Poe- 
 mata (1590). and '• was deservedly," Bays 
 Anthony A wood^ " numbered among the 
 best Latin poets that lived in the reign of 
 Qu. Elizabeth." 
 
 Bruce, The. An liistorical poem 
 by John Barbour (1316-1396), which re- 
 lates the adventures of King Kobert I. of 
 Scotland. It is divided, by one of its edi- 
 tors, into twenty books, consists of about 
 14,000 octo-syllabic lines in rhyming coup- 
 lets, and was apparently compiled in great 
 measure from the accounts of eye-wit- 
 nesses of the scenes described. It was 
 written about 1376, and is described as 
 " far from being destitute of • poetical 
 spirit or rhythmical sweetness and har- 
 mony." Some of the battle-pieces are full 
 of force and fire, and the descriptive pas- 
 sages are frequently clear and vivid. It 
 has been edited by Pinkerton in 1790, and 
 by Dr Jamiesou in 1820 (reprinted iu 1869). 
 
 Bruce, Michael, poet (b. 1746, d. 
 1767). His Works were first {>ublished by 
 John Logan in 1770, were reprinted in 1784 
 and 1807, and in 1837 were republished, 
 with a Life of the author, by the Rev. Wil- 
 liam Mackelvie. His chief Poems are in- 
 cluded in Anderson's edition of the Brit- 
 ish Poets. An edition of Bruce's Works 
 was edited, with a L\fe, by A. B. Grosart 
 in 1865. See Principal Shairp in Good 
 Words for November, 1873 ; and Drake's 
 Literary Tours. See Cuckoo, Ode to 
 THE ; Elegy written ix Spring ; Loch- 
 
 LEV/EN ; MOUSIAD. 
 
 Bruised Reede and Smoaking 
 Flax, " in some sennons " by Richard 
 SiBBES '(1577-1635), a devotional work 
 which, published in 1631, was so much ad- 
 mired bylzaak Walton that he desired his 
 daughter might read it, "so as to be well 
 acquainted with it." It was to a perusal 
 of these sermons that Richard Baxter (q. 
 v.) professed to owe his " conversion." 
 
 Brunellus. An nss, and the hero 
 of WiREKER'a Speculum Stultorum (q.v.). 
 
 Bruune, Robert de, or Robert 
 Manning (b. about 1270), wrote a Handling 
 of Sins (q.v.), and a Metrical Chronicle of 
 England, the first part of which, from the 
 times of Mneas to theMeath of Cadwalla- 
 der, is translated from Wace's Brut d'Anr 
 gleterre ; and the second part, from €ad- 
 wallader to the end of the reign of Edward 
 I., from a French chronicle written by Pe- 
 ter Langtof t (q.v.). See Ellis's Specimens, 
 Warton^s English Poetry, Wright's /iio' 
 graphia Britannica, and Morley's F.vglish 
 Writers. "The stylo of Kobert de 
 
 Brunne," says Campbell, " is less marked 
 by Saxonisms than that of Kobert of 
 Gloucester ; and though he can scarcely 
 be said to come nearer the character of a 
 true poet than his predecessors, he is cer- 
 tainly a smoother versifier: and evinces 
 more facilityinrhymmg." Bruuneisnow 
 Bomcn, a town in liitcokishlre. See Cha- 
 teau d* Amour, and Richard Cieu» bsj 
 Lion. 
 
 Brunton, Mary, novelist, (b. 1778, 
 d. 1818), wrote Self Control ^1811), (q.v.) ; 
 Discipline (1814) ; and EmTHieline, an unHu- 
 ished tale. 
 
 Brut, The. See Layamon. 
 
 Brute, Sir John, in Vanbrugh's 
 play of The Provoked Wife (q.v.), " is an 
 animal of the sai^e English growth [as Sir 
 Tunbelly Clumsy (q.v.)], but of a cross- 
 grained breed. He has a spice of the de- 
 mon mixed up in the brute : is mischiev- 
 ous as well as stupid ; has improved his 
 natural parts by a town education and ex- 
 ample ; opposes the tiue-lady airs aiid 
 graces of his wife by brawling oaths, im- 
 penetrable surliness, and pot-'house valour; 
 and thinks to be master in his house by 
 roaring in taverns, reeling home drunk 
 every night, breaking lamps, and healing 
 the watch. This was Garrick's favouriti 
 part." 
 
 Brute, The. Tlie title of an his- 
 torical work, probably composed in rhyme, 
 which has not come down to us, but which 
 is attributed by Andrew Wyntoun, in hia 
 Chronykil of Scotland, to John Barbour 
 (q.v.). It seems to have contained a com- 
 plete genealogy of the Kings of Scotland, 
 whose origin was derived by the author 
 from the Trojan Brutus :— 
 
 *- Fra quham fiarberc sutely 
 Has made a propyr GenenlogTr ' 
 Tyl Robert oure secownd Kyng, 
 That Scotland had m governyng. 
 
 " Of Bruttus lyneage guha wyll her, 
 He luk the tretitt of Barbere, 
 Mad iD-ty: a Genealogy 
 Kycht wele, and mare perfytly 
 Than I can on ony wys 
 "Wytht all my wyt to yowe dewys." 
 
 See BRUCEf The, and Warton's English 
 Poetry, passim. 
 
 "Brutus is an honorable man, 
 
 FoT."~Julius Ccesar, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Brutus, Marcus and Decius. 
 Characters in Julius Ccesar. 
 
 Bryan and Fereene. A "West 
 Indian ballad, founded on an actual occur-r 
 rence, which happened in the island of St. 
 Christopher, about 1760, 
 
 Bryan, Sir Francis, poet, nephew 
 of LordBeruers, is mentioned by Drayton, 
 in one of his poetical epistles, as a contrib- 
 utor to Toitefs Miscellany (q. v.V. "Ho 
 hath written," says Anthony a Wood; 
 
116 
 
 BRY 
 
 BUG 
 
 *' songs and sonnets ; some of these are 
 printed with the Songs and Sonnets of 
 Men., Earl of Surrey, and Sir The. Wyatt 
 the elder, which Songs and Sonnets shew 
 Lim tu have been mosL p^sionate to bewail 
 and bemoan the perpiexitie» of love." Sir 
 Fi-ancis, wlio d^ed in 1520, was also the 
 translator, from the French of Allegre, of 
 Guevara, Bishop of Mondevent's Castilian 
 poem, A Dispraise qf the L'fe of a Cour- 
 tier (IMS), " Bryan," says Warton, " was 
 one of the brilliant ornaments of the court 
 of King Henry the Eighth," 
 
 Bryan, Michael.(b. 1757. d. 1821), 
 was the author of a Dictionary of Painters 
 and EngraverSf published in 1812. 
 
 Bryant, "William Cullen, Ameri- 
 can poet and journalist (b. 1784), has writ- 
 ten The Embargo or. Sketches of the 
 Times, a satire (18D8) ; The Spanish Jievo- 
 httion , and other Poems (1808) ; Thanatop- 
 sis (1817) ; The Ages (1821) ; The Fountain, 
 and other Poems (1842) ; The White-footed 
 Deer, and otiier Poems (1844) ; Letters from 
 the East (1869) ; translations of the Iliad 
 and the Odyssey (1870-71) ; Little People of 
 the Snow (1872) ; Orations, Addresses, and 
 £ssays (1873) ; Among tJte Trees (1874) ; and 
 History of the United Slates (1877). An 
 edition or his Works was collected and 
 published by Washington Ii-ving in 1832, 
 and by Gillillan in 1S56. His Poemsf Col- 
 lected and Arranged, were published in 
 1873. "The chief charm of Bryant's gen- 
 ius," wrote Professor "Wilson, " jconsista in 
 a tender pensiveness, a moral melancholy, 
 breathing over all his contemplations, 
 dreams, and reveries, even such as in the 
 main are glad, and giving assurance of a 
 pure spirit, benevolent to all human crea- 
 tures, and habitually pious in the felt om- 
 nipresence of the Creator. His poetiy 
 overflows witlx natural religion — with what 
 "Wordsworth calls 'the religion of the 
 woods.' " 
 
 Brydges, Sir Samuel Egerton, 
 
 literary critic, novelist, and poet (b. 1762, 
 d. 1837), published, among other works. 
 Sonnets and Poems (1785 — 95); Afary de Clif- 
 ford, a novel (1792) ; Arthur Fitz-Albini,' a 
 novel (1798); Le Forester, a novel (1S02); 
 Censura Literaria (1805); The British Biblio- 
 grapher (\%lQi)\ liestituta (1814); Pes Liter- 
 aria (1820); Letters on Lord Jiyron (1824); 
 and Desultoria (1842); besides the numer- 
 ous editions of old and standard authors 
 j'eferred to throughout this Bictionary. 
 His Autobiography appeared in 1834. For 
 a list of his Works, see Allibone's Diction- 
 ary of English ana American Authors. See, 
 also, vol viil. of The Gentleman's Maga^ 
 mine. 
 
 " Bubble reputation. Seeking 
 the."— ^s You Like It, act ii., scene 7. 
 
 " Bubbling cry of some strong 
 swimmer in his agony, The." See stanza 
 63, canto ii., of Byeost's Don Juan, 
 
 Buccaneer, The. A poem by 
 Richard Henry Dana, sen. (b. 1787), 
 published in 1827, and reviewed by Fi-ofes- 
 sor Wilson in Blackwood^s Magazine. *' We 
 pronounce it by far the most powerful and 
 oiigiual of American compositions. The 
 power is Mr. Dana's own ; but the style, 
 though he has made it his own, too, is col- 
 oured by that of Crabbe, of Wordsworth, 
 and of Coleridge." 
 
 Buchan, "William, M.D. (b. 1729 
 d. 1805), was the author of a popuJarwork 
 on Domestic Medicine, whiclj, published 
 in 1769, was translated into several Euro- 
 pean languages, and is said to have brought 
 in to its puDlisber the annual income of 
 £700 for forty years. 
 
 Buchanan, Claudius, D.D. (b. 
 
 1766, d. 1815), was the author of Christian 
 Researches' See the Life by Pearson (1819). 
 
 Buchanan, Greorge, poet and 
 scholar tb. 1506, d. 1582), published Pudi- 
 menta Grammatical Thomte Linacri (1550); 
 Tranciscanus, et alia Pocmafa (1564); Ajie 
 Admonition direct to the time Lordis Jtlain- 
 ienaris of the King's Grace's authoritie 
 (1571); De Maria Scotorum Regina Curia 
 (1572) ; Raptistes, seu Tragedia tie Calumnia 
 (1579), (q.v.); Tragedies Sacra Jepthes et 
 Raptistes (1554): Dialogus de Jure Regni 
 apud Scotos {1579)', Rerum Scoticorum His- 
 toria (1582), (q.v.); Paraphrasis Psahnoi^um 
 Davidi& Poetica (1569); De Piosodia LibeZ- 
 lus (1600). For a list of his other Works, 
 see Lowndes' RibUographer's Manual. His 
 LiJ^e was written by Irving in 1807. Hid 
 writings were published by Ruddiman in 
 1715, and .by Burmann in 1725. For Critir 
 cism. see Crawford's History of the House 
 of Este; Theissier's Eloges des Hommes 
 S^vansnLe Clerc*s Ribliothique Choisie; 
 Orme's Ribliothecd Riblica ; Burnet's Ifia- 
 tory of the Reformation ; Laing's History of 
 Scotland; Mackenzie's Scotch Writers; 
 Hannay's Satire and Satirists; and Hal- 
 lam's Literature of Europe. See Chame- 
 
 LKON ; SOMKICM. 
 
 Buchanan, Robert, poet nnd es- 
 sayist (b. 1841), has published Undertones 
 (1860) ; Idyls and Legends qf Invei'bum 
 (1865) ;. London Poems (1866); Ballad Stories 
 of the Affections (1866); North Coast, and 
 other Poems (1867); David Gray, and other 
 Essays {1S68); L^fe of Audubon (1869); Na- 
 poleon Fallen (1870); The Rook of Orm 
 (1870); The Fleshly School of Poeti-y (1871), 
 (q.v.)j The Land of Lome (1871); The 
 Drama qf King snsil); Master Spirits (1873); 
 St. Abe (1872); White Rose and Red (1873); 
 The Shadow of the Sioord (1876).- Balder the 
 Beautiful (1877). Besides beingjoint author 
 with Charles Gibbon of a novel called 
 Storm-beaten, he has written a tragedy call- 
 ed The Witchfinder, and a comedy called 
 A Madcap Prince. See The Contemporary 
 ^euieuj for November, 1873. See Caliban 
 
 Buckeridge, John, successively 
 
Bcro 
 
 BUL 
 
 117 
 
 Bisliop ol Kochester, Batli and Wells, and 
 Kly td. 1(331), wrote a treatise Z>e Potestate 
 J'apiB in liehus Temporalibust &c. 
 
 Buckburst, Lord. See Gorbo- 
 DVC, Tub Tkagedy of ; Induction, 
 The -, and Sacktille. . 
 
 Buckingham, Duke of, George 
 Villiers (b. 1627, d. 1688), wrote The Jle- 
 hearsal (q.v.), and The Battle^ of Sedge- 
 moor,- and adapted from Beaumont and 
 Fletcher the comedy of The Chances, Ii"e 
 also produced several religious tracts. A 
 complete edition -of his .Works was pub- 
 lished in 1775. He was the original oi the 
 famous character of -Zimri (q.v. ) in Dry- 
 den's Absalom antt Achiiophel. 
 
 . Buckinghamshire, Duke of, Jolin 
 Sheflield, poet (b. 1649, d. 1721), wrote The 
 Vision (1680), The_ Election of a Laureat 
 (1719), and many other works, included in 
 tlie Poems, Historical Memoirs, Speeches, 
 Characters, Critical Observations, and Es- 
 says, collected and edited in 1723. See 
 Ijaukeat, The Ei-ECTioir of a ; Lost 
 Mistress, The ; Poetky, Ah Essay on; 
 Satibe, An Essay upon ; Vision, The. 
 
 Buckinghaia, James Silk, (1786 
 -rl855)j is best known as the founder of 
 The Athentmm (OiV.). He also published 
 a large number of books' of travel, and 
 established a journal at Calcutta. See his 
 ■ Autobiography. 
 
 BucklEind, Francis Trevelyan, 
 
 writer on natarar history* fb. 1826),has pub- 
 lished, among other works. Curiosities of 
 Satural History (four series) ; Fish-hatch- 
 ing ; and A Familiar History of BritisTi 
 Fishes ; besides contributing largely to the 
 Times, Land and Water, and other publicar 
 tions. 
 
 Buckiand, William, D.D., Dean 
 of Westminster, geologist, and father of 
 the above (1784-^1856), was the author of 
 VindicUe Geologica (1819) ; Beliquice Dllu- 
 rnwue (1823) ; and a Bridgewater Treatise 
 on Geology (1836). 
 
 Buckle, Henry Thomas, pliil- 
 osophical writer (b. 1^2, d. 1862), wrote five 
 volumes of a History of Civilization (1857 — 
 61), but did not Jive to complete it. His 
 Miscellaneous and Postlmnurus Worksvem 
 edited by Emily Taylor, and published in 
 1^72. 
 
 Buckstone, John Baldwin, 
 comedian and dramatist (b. 1802), has 
 written and published upwards of 100 
 pieces for the stage, ^mong the best known 
 of which are. The Green Bushes, The 
 Ftmvers of the Forest, The Dream at Sea, 
 The Wreck Ashore, Jiural Felicity, Mar- 
 ried Ufe, Popping the Question, Leap Year, 
 and The Irish Lion. , 
 
 Budgell, Eustache, essayist nnd 
 peliUciari (b. 1685, d; 1736), produced in 
 
 1733 a pamphlet called The Bee (qv.), and 
 contributed to TJie Spectator the essays 
 signed " X." He also published a transla- 
 tion of Theophrastus' Characters (1713), and 
 Memoirs qf the Boyle Family (1732). Pope 
 refers to him :— 
 
 " Let Bu(l};cll charge low Grub Street on my quill. 
 And wnle whate cr he please, except my will." 
 
 The allusion in the latter line is to the 
 legacy of two thousand pounds left to 
 Budgell by Dr. Tindal in his will, which 
 Budgell was popularly supposed to have 
 forged. See Drake's Literary Essays. 
 
 Budgen, Miss L. M. See Acbeta 
 
 DOMESTICA. 
 
 Bufo, in Pope's EpLtle to Dr. Ar- 
 buthnot (q.v.), is a satirical portrait, which 
 Warton imagined was intended for Lord 
 Halifax, though Roscoe has shown that it 
 cannot so be referred. He ifi described as 
 " piiff'd by every quill," and 
 
 " Fed with soft dedication all day long." 
 
 "Build the lofty rhyme. He 
 
 knew himself to sing, and."— Line 10 of 
 MILTON'S poem of Lycidas (q.v.). 
 
 "Built God a <^urch, and 
 
 laughed His Word to scorn." See Cow- 
 per's poem of lietirement. The allusion 
 is to Voltajre, who actually erected a small 
 chapel at Ferney, on the Lake of Geneva. 
 It bore tile inscription, ** Deo erexitVol-. 
 taire." " It is the mode among tourists to 
 wonder at this piety, and to call it incon--- 
 siBtent with the tenets of its founder. But 
 tourists," says Lord Lytton, " are seldom, 
 profound inquire!^. Any one, the least, 
 acquainted with Voltaire's writings, would 
 know how little he was of an Atheist." 
 
 "Built my soul a lordly plea- 
 sure-house, I." A line in Teottyson's 
 poem of The Palace of Art (q.v.). 
 
 Bulgruddery, Dennis and Mrs. 
 The host and'hostess of the " Bed Eow " in 
 CoLMAN's comedy of John Bull (q.v.). 
 
 Bull, George, Bishop of St. 
 Davids (b. 1634, d. 1710), published Har- 
 monia Apostolica (imo) ; Defensio Fidei 
 Nicente ex Scriptus (1685) ; JDe Necessitate 
 Credendi quod Domiims noster Jesus 
 Christus stt veras Deus (1694). The 
 Corruptions of. the Church of Borne (1706) ; 
 Seven Sertnotis, ami other Discourses (1713) ; 
 A Companion for Candidates for Holy 
 Orders -aili); and various other works, 
 editions of which were published by 
 Grabe in 1703, and by Burton in 1827 and 
 1846. Translations of the first two above- 
 mentioiied are included «> tl^^.f ''™':J'^ 
 Anqlo-Cailwlic Theology. See the Life by 
 Nelson (1717). ' 
 
 Bull, The History of John. A 
 
118 
 
 Btrii 
 
 BUN- 
 
 rough and to render the nation dissatisfied 
 "witn the share of this country in the war' 
 Of the Spanish Succession. The History is 
 made to turn upon a certain lawsuit be- 
 tween John Bull, the clothier (England), 
 and Mr. Frog, the linen-draper (Holland), 
 on the one hand, and Lord Strutt (Philip, 
 Duke of Aujou), on the other band ; and, 
 in the course of the narrative, Louis XIV. 
 is personified as Lewis Baboon ; the Arch- 
 duke Charles of Austria as Esquire South; 
 the Duke of Savoy as Ned, the cliimney- 
 sweeper ; the King of Portugal as Tom, 
 the dustman ; and John Churchill, Duke 
 of Marlborough, as Humphrey Hocus, the 
 attorney ; air of whom are referred to 
 under their special headings. The Lead- 
 ing, title of the piece is Law is a Bottom- 
 less Pit. (See next paragraph.) 
 
 Btill, John, in Dr. Aubuthnot's 
 History of that name, is intended as a per- 
 sonification of the English nation, and is 
 represented as a clothier, " an honest, 
 plain-dealing fellow, choleric, bold, and of 
 a very inconstant temper," which "de- 
 pended very much upon the air ; his 
 spirits rose' and fell with the weather- 
 glass." " He dreaded not old Lewis [Louis 
 XIV. of Franc&l either at backsword, single 
 falchion, or cudgel play ; but then iie was 
 veiy apt tx) quarrel with his best friends, 
 especially if they pretended to govern him; 
 if you flattered him, you might lead him 
 like a child." " But no man alive was 
 more careless in looking into his accompts, 
 or more cheated by partners, apprentices, 
 and servants. This was occasioned by his 
 being a boon-companion, loving his bottle 
 and his divereion ; for, .to say truth, no 
 man kept; a better house than John, nor 
 spent his money more generously." By 
 John Bull's mother is intended the Church 
 of England, and by his sister Peg (q.v.), 
 the Scottish church and nation. 
 
 Bull. John. A comedy, by George 
 Cor.MAN the younger (1762—1836), produced 
 in 1805, and praised by Sir Walter Scott as 
 by far the best example of our later comic 
 drama. •' The scenes of broad humour are 
 executed," he says, " in the best possible 
 taste; and the whimsical, yet native char- 
 acters, reflect the manners of real life." 
 
 Bull, Esq., Letters to John, "on 
 
 the Management of his Landed Estates." 
 An argument by Lord Lyttox (1805—1873), 
 published in 1861, for the adjustment of the 
 Corn-Law question on the basis of a flxed 
 
 duty. 
 
 BuUen, Anne, figures as a, char- 
 acter in Shakespeabe's Henry VIII. 
 
 Buller of Brasenose. A name 
 given by Professor Wilson, in the Nodes 
 Ambrosiam.m (q.v.), to John Hughes, who, 
 however, belonged to Oriel, and not to 
 Brazenose, College, Oxford, and was the 
 author of An Itinerary qfthe Blione, 
 
 Bulls, An Bssay on Trish, liy 
 
 Maria Edgeworth (X76T— 1849), was pub- 
 lished in 1802. 
 
 Bulteel, John. See Amorous 
 Orontus. 
 
 Bulwer, Sir Bdward. See Lyt- 
 TON, Lord. 
 
 Bul-wrer, Sir Henry Lytton 
 Earle. See Dalling and Bultver, Lord. 
 
 Bul^ver, John, M.D., author of 
 Ckirologia (q.v.), and other works, flour- 
 ished about 1644. See Antheopometa- 
 
 MORPHOSIS. 
 
 Bumble, Mr. The officious, amor- . 
 ous, and afterwards hen-pecked beadle of 
 the workhouse in Dickens*s novel of Olir 
 ver Twist (q-v.). 
 
 Bumpkin's Disaster : " or, the 
 Journey to London; containing the whim- 
 sical adventures of Ploughshare and Clod- 
 pole," written by Joseph Strutt (1749— 
 1802), and published posthumously in 180S. 
 The work includes a " legendarj- history of 
 Waltham Cross-" , 
 
 Bunbury, Selina, novelist and 
 miscellaneous writer, wrote Coombe Abbey 
 (1843); Evenings and Hides in the Pyrenees' 
 (1844^-48); Star of the Court: or, the Maid 
 of Honour and Oueen of England^ Anne 
 Boleyn {184B): Evelyn (1849); Our Own , 
 Story (1856); Russia after the War (1857);-' 
 and other works. 
 
 Bunch, Mother. The fabled au- 
 thor of a curit)us and once popular book, 
 published in 1760, entitled, Mother Bunch's 
 Closet newly broke open, containing Bare 
 Secrets of Art and Nature^ tried and experi- 
 mented by Learned Philosophers, and re- 
 commended to all Ingenious loung Menand 
 Maids, teaching them, in a Natural Way, 
 how to get Good Wives and Husbands. By . 
 a Lover of M,irth and Hater of Treason^ 
 " Tt is Mother Bunch,'* says The Quarterly 
 Jievietv, " who teaches the bloominc dam- 
 sel to recall the fickle lover, or to fix the 
 wandering gaze of the cautious swain 
 attracted Ijyner charms, yet scorning the 
 fetters of the parson, and dreading the still 
 more fearful vision of the churchwarden, 
 the constable, the justice, the warrant, and 
 the jail." 
 
 Buncle, John, Bsq. : " Containing: 
 various Observations and Keflections made 
 in several parts of the world, and m«uiy 
 extraordinary Relations " by Thomas 
 Amory (1691—1788), published between 
 1756 and 1766, and written in the form of 
 an autobiography. Thus, he tells us he 
 had seven wives one after another, and 
 that he tliinks it " unreasonable and impious 
 to grieve immoderately for the dead, A 
 descent and proper tribute of tears and 
 sorrow, humanity requires, but when Uiat 
 duty is paid, we must reinember that to 
 
BUN 
 
 BUE 
 
 119 
 
 lament a dead woman is not to lament a 
 wife. A wife must be a liviiig woman." 
 He accordingly gives us a full description 
 of tlie character and appearance of each 
 successive-spouse ; enlivening his narrative 
 from time to time by dissertations on all 
 sorts of subjects, such as the Athanasiau 
 Creed, earthquakes, fluxions, muscular 
 motion, and so on. iSee Amory, Thomas; 
 
 MEMOIKS C0KTAININ6, &C. 
 
 Bungay. Tlie bookspller and .pub- 
 lisher of The Pall Mall Gazette (q.v.), in 
 Thackeray's novel of Penden^iis (q.v.). 
 
 Bansby, Jack. A sliip's com- 
 mander in Dickens's novel of Donihey and 
 Son (q.v.); described as having a '* rapt and 
 imperturbable manner," and as being 
 •' always on the look out for something in 
 the extremest distance." 
 
 . Bunyan, John (1628— 1688), wrote 
 Sighs from Bell. (1650 ; Gospel Truths 
 Opened (1656); The Holy City ■ or, the 
 NeiB Jerusalem (1665); Grace Abounding to 
 tlie Chief of Sinners (1666), (q.v.); Justijica- 
 turn by Jesus Christ (1671); Defence of the 
 JDoctrine of Justification (1672); Differences 
 about Water-Baptism no bar to Communion 
 (1673); The Pilgrim's Progress (1678' and 
 1684), (q.v.); The Life and Death of Mr. 
 £adman (1680); The Holy War (IGSi), (q.v.); 
 The Barren Fig Tree (1683); The Pharisee 
 and Publican (1685); The Jerusalem Sinner 
 Saved (1688); and other works, a full list of 
 which is given in Charles Doe's Catalogue- 
 Table (1691), reprinted at the end of George 
 Offer's edition of The Pilgrim's Progress 
 (M5(^. The Works were published in 1692, 
 and again in 1767, with a preface by George 
 Whitefleld; and, in 1784, with notes by 
 Mason. A complete edition was published 
 in 1853, with a Life by George Offer. See 
 the Biographies by Southey, Macaulay, 
 Ivimey (1809), and Philip (1839). "Ban- 
 yan's," says Southey, " is a homespun style, 
 not a manufactured one. If it is not a well 
 of English undeflled, to which the poet as 
 well as the philologist must repair, if they 
 would drink of the liviiig waters, it is a 
 clear stream of current English— the ver- 
 nacular speech of his age. To this natural 
 style Bunyan is in some decree beholden 
 for his general popularity; his language is 
 everywhere level to the most ignorant 
 reader and to the meanest capacity. An- 
 other cause of his popularity is, that he 
 taxes the invagination as little as he does 
 the understanding. The vividness of his 
 own occasioned this. He saw the things of 
 which he was writing as distinctly with his 
 mind's eye as it they were, indeed, passu»g 
 before him in a dream." 
 
 Burchell, Mr, in Golpsmith's 
 Vicar of Wakefield (q.v.), is a baronet In 
 disguise, his proper name being Sir Wil- 
 liam ThomhilU He is conspiciouS for 
 ejaculating " Fudge ! " flrteneverhe wishes 
 
 to express his dissent from any proposi- 
 tion. ' ' 
 
 Burchell, Old. A nom de plume 
 assumed by Elihu Bhrritt (b. 1610), the 
 American author and linguist (q.v.). He 
 is known, also, as " The Learned Black- 
 smith," having begun life at the forge. 
 
 " Burden of tlie Mystery, The." 
 A phrase used by Wordsworth in his 
 lines on Tintern Abbey :— : 
 
 " The heavy and the weary wcieht 
 Of all this unintelhgible world." 
 
 Burgess, Sir James Bland. See 
 ExoDiAD, The. 
 
 Burgh, Benedict, Archdeacon of 
 
 Colchester, translated, about 1470, the 
 Morals of Cato into English stanzas, and 
 Churche's Cato Parvus. He is also said to 
 have concluded the metrical version of 
 De Eegimine Principum (q.v.). left incom- 
 plete by Lydgate. He died in 1488. See 
 Warton's History qf English Poetry. 
 
 Burgon, The Rev. John 'Wil- 
 liam, miscellaneous writer (b. about 1819), 
 has published The Life and Times of Sir 
 Thomas Gresham (1839); Oxford Reformers 
 (1854); Historical Kotices of the Colleges of 
 Oj/orrf "(1857); Portrait of a Christian Gen- 
 tleman [Patrick Eraser Tytler], (1861); and 
 many other works. 
 
 Burgoyne, General John, dra- 
 matist (d. 1792), published a defence of his 
 American campaign, under the title of 
 State of the Expedttionfrom Canada (1780), 
 and was the author of the following 
 plays:— r/if Maid of the Oaks, Tlie JjOrd o/ 
 the Manor, The Heiress, and Richard Cceur 
 de Lion. 
 
 Burial of Sir John Moore, The 
 A ballad by the Kev. Charles Wolfe 
 (1791—1823), of which an admirable parody 
 may be found in Barham's Ingoldsbji 
 Legends. It begins:— 
 
 " Not a drum was heard, not a funenl note." 
 
 Buried Life, The. A "lync hy 
 Matthew Arnold (b. 1822) included In 
 his collected /'ofiwis: — 
 
 '• Through the deep_ recesaeB of our breast 
 The unregarded river of our life 
 Pursues with indiscernible flow its way." 
 
 Burke, Edmund, political! and 
 political writer (b. 1729, d. 1797), wrote A 
 VincUcatiou qf Natural Society (1766); A 
 Philosophical Inquiry into the Ongm of 
 our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful 
 (1757); The Present State of the Nation. 
 (1769); Thoughts on the Present Discontents 
 (1770); ReHectims on tlie Revolution nj 
 France in'm); Appeal from the New to the 
 Old Whigs ; Letters to a Noble Lord (1796); 
 Letters on the Proposals for Piace with the 
 Regieidi Directory of ^rcmee (1706 and. 
 
120 
 
 BUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 1797)j Observations on the C'onditct o/tJie 
 Minority (1797); and various Miscellanea. 
 A complete edition of liis Works was pub- 
 lished in 16U1, in sixteen volumes; his 
 Speeches in 1816, his Epistolary Coires- 
 pondence in 1817 and 1844, his Beauties in 
 1796. His Select IVnrks have been edited 
 by E.J. Payne (1874). His Life has been 
 written by McCormick (1797); Bisset (1798); 
 Prior (1824); Crolv (1840); Napier (1S62); 
 Morley (1867); Macknight: and Peter 
 Burke. Qoidsmith wrote of him, in his 
 Retaliation (q. v.):— 
 
 " Here lies our good Edmund, whoso genius was 
 
 6UCh, 
 
 ■We scarcely can praise it or blame it too much-, 
 "Who, bom for the univerhe, narrowed his mind, 
 And to pnrty gave* up what was meant for mau- 
 kmd." 
 
 Johnson thought him " an extraordinary 
 man," and Gibbon " admired his elo- 
 quence." Mackintosh described him as 
 "the greatest philosopher in practice the 
 world over saw; " Macaulay as "in ampli- 
 tude of comprehension and richness of 
 imagination superior to every orator, an- 
 cient or modern." " Burke," says Matthew 
 Arnold, " is so great because, almost alone 
 in England, he brings, tliought to bear 
 upon politics, lie saturates politics with 
 thought ; it is his accident that his ideas 
 were at the service of an epoch of concen- 
 tration, not of an epoch of expansion ; it is 
 his characteristic that he so lived by ideas, 
 and had such a source of them welling 
 within him, that he could float even an 
 epoch of concentration and English Tory 
 politics with them." See FItE^■CH Kfivo- 
 LUTioN ; Sublime and Beautiful. 
 
 Burke, John, genealojrist (b. 1786 
 — d. 1448), was the originator of The Peei'age 
 and Baronetage^ the first issue .of which took 
 place in 1826. He also compiled, with the 
 stid of his son. a History of the Landed Gen- 
 try, a GeJieral Armoury, and Extinct Peer- 
 ages and Baronetages. 
 
 Burke, Sir John Bernard, son 
 
 of the above, knight, and Ulster King at 
 Arms (b. 1815), has continued, since the 
 deatli of his father, the annual publication 
 of The Peerage and Baronefar/e, and is the 
 author of several works on heraldic and 
 antiquarian subjects, among otliers, The 
 Landed Gentry, Family Bomance, Anec- 
 dotes of the Aristocracy, Vicissitudes of 
 Families, and The liise of Great Families. 
 
 Burke, Peter, brother of Sir J. 
 B. Burke (b. 1811). has written The Bo- 
 mance qf the Forum, Life of Edmund 
 £urke, and numerous legal and other 
 books. 
 
 Burleigh, Lord. See Cecil, Wil- 
 liam ; Well Ordeking and Carriage 
 OF a Man's Life. 
 
 Burleigh, The Lord of. See Lord 
 OF Burleigh* The. 
 
 Burleigh, Lord, in Mr. Puff's 
 tragedy of The Spanish Armada, included 
 in Sheridan's play of The Critic, is difr-. 
 tin^uished by a famous shake of the head, 
 which is interpreted to mean a very great 
 deal indeed. *' By that shake of the head 
 he gave you to understand that even 
 though tney had more justice in their 
 cause, and wisdom in their measures — yet, 
 if there was not a greater spirit shown on 
 the part of the people, the country would 
 at last fall a sacrifice to the hostile 
 ambition of the Spanish monarchy." 
 
 Burlesque upon Burlesque. See 
 
 SCARRONIDES. 
 
 Burley, Balfour of. See Balfouk 
 OF Burley. 
 
 Burley, John, in Lord Lttton's 
 story of Jl/y Novel, is ** a finished portrait, 
 60 real that we cannot help believing that 
 it is taken from life ;— poor, honest, reck- 
 less, ne'er-do-well John Burley, a very 
 Falstait among authors^never sober, 
 never solvent, out always genial, always 
 witty, preserving through a wild and dis- 
 sipated life something of the iiniocenco 
 and freshness of his childhood; and, on 
 his death-bed, like Falstaff, babbling of 
 green fields." • 
 
 Burnand, Francis, Coiwley, 
 
 dramatist and comic writer (b. 1836), has 
 written a large number of dramatic 
 pieces, and has published, among o^er 
 humorous works, Happy Thoughts^ More 
 Happy Thoughts, Happy Thought Hall, 
 My Health, Out of Tovm, About Buying a 
 Horse, Tracks for Tourists, The New Sand- 
 ford and MertoJi, and My Time, and wliat 
 I have done withit. He has contributed 
 largely to Punch. 
 
 Burnet, G-ilbert, Bishop of Salis- 
 bury (b. 1643, d. nlo), wrote A Modest and 
 Free Conference between a Conformist and 
 a Nonconformist i A Vindication of the 
 Authority, Constitution, and Laws of the 
 Church and State of Scotland ; Memoirs qf 
 the Duke of Hamilton (1676) ; The History 
 of the B^ormaiion of tJie Church of Eng- 
 land (1679, 1681, and 1715); The I^fe and 
 Death qftJie Earl qf Rochester (1680): Life 
 of Sir Matthew Hah (1682),; Life qf Bishop 
 Bedell (1692); A Discourse of the Pastoral 
 Care (1692); Exposition of the XXXIX, 
 Articles of the Church of England (1699) ; 
 History of his Own Times (1724) ; Sermons; 
 and numerous minor work-s, a list of w^di 
 will be found in Lowndes' Bibliographer's 
 Mdmiff-l. His Life was written by Le CTero 
 (1715) ^nd Flexman. He is described by 
 Dryderin in The Hind and the Panther, 
 as— ^, 
 
 " A theoloeve more by need than prenial bent, 
 By brecdiftg Bharp, by nature roniJdent. 
 Jntereet in nil bis actions waa disceru'd, 
 More lenni'd Mxaa honeBtt niore a wit thui 
 
BUB 
 
 BUB 
 
 121 
 
 Fox considered his style perfect, Saying 
 tliat " tlie style of someautLiora migMneea 
 a little inendiug;. but tliat Burnet's required 
 none." Maeaulay refera to " his high 
 animal spirit, his hoastfulness, his undia- 
 S3mbled vanity, his propensity to plunder, 
 his provoking indiscretion, his unabashed 
 audacity." See Own Time, History of ; 
 Kefokjiation op the Church in Eng- 
 land ; KooHESTEK, Some Passages in 
 THE Life of , Thikty-xine Articles. 
 
 Bnrnet, Thomas, D.D., divine 
 and scholar (h. 1635, d. 1715), wrote Tlie 
 Sacred Theory of the Earth; containing an 
 Account of the Original of the Earth, and 
 of all the General Clmnges which it liath 
 eClteadi/ undergone, or is to undergo, tilt 
 th^ ConsummcUion of alt Tilings (1680 and 
 1691). In this work the Biblical account of 
 the origin -of the world is made the found- 
 ation of a scientific treatise. The first 
 edition was in Latin ; the second in Eng- 
 lish. See the Life by Heathcote. 
 
 Burnet, James, See Monboddo, 
 Lord, 
 
 Burnett Prize, The, was founded 
 l3y a Scottish gentleman of that name, who 
 died in-1781, bequeathing a. sum of money, 
 the interest of which is to be allotted every 
 forty years to the authors of the two best 
 _essays on "The evidence that there is" a 
 ^eing all-powerful,' wise, and good, by 
 whom everything exists," &c. The suc- 
 cessful competitors have hitherto been, 
 Dr. "W. L. Brown, Eev, J. B. Sumner, 
 afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury 
 (1815), Bev. R. A. Thompson, and Dr. J. 
 Tulloch{1855). 
 
 Burney, Charles (b. 1726, d. 1814), 
 wrote An Essay towards tJie History of 
 Comets (1769) ; The Present State of Music 
 in France and Italy (1771) ; A Plan for a 
 Music School (1774) ; A General History of 
 Music (1776—89) ; Account of the Musical 
 Performances in Commemoration of Hamlet 
 (1785) ; and a Life ofMetastasio (1796). His 
 Life was written by Ms daughter, Madame 
 d'Arblay (q.v.). See Music, A History 
 of. 
 
 Burney, Frances. ,See,D'AKBLAT, 
 
 Madame. ' 
 
 Burney, Captain James. See 
 
 South Sea. 
 
 Burney, Sarah Harriet, half- 
 sister of Madame d'Arblay, and novelist, 
 wrote Geraldine Fauconberg (1808) ; Traits 
 of Nature (1812) ; The Wanderer : or. Fe- 
 male Difficulties (1814) j The Shipwreck 
 '(1815) ; 'Country Neighbours ; and other 
 works. " This lady," says one of her 
 critics, " has copied the style of her rela- 
 tive, but has not her raciness of humour or 
 power of painting the varieties of the hu- 
 man species." 
 
 Burning Babe, The. A lyric by 
 
 Eo.BEKT Southwell (1560—1595), of which 
 Ben Jonson said, that the author ' ' had so 
 written that piece of his, that he (Jouson) 
 would have been content to destroy many 
 of his." 
 
 Burning Pestle, The Knight of 
 
 the. A comedy by Francis Beaumont 
 (1586—1616), first represented in 1611, and 
 written in ridicule of the old chivalrous 
 romances. It is said to have suggested. 
 Buckingham's farce of The Rehearsal (q. 
 v.). 
 
 Burns, at the Grave of. Stanzas 
 by William Wordsworth (1770—1850), 
 written in 1803, s^veii years after the. for- 
 mer poet's death. A companion piece waf 
 addressed by the poet To the Sons qf Burns, 
 after visiting the grave of their father. An 
 Ode to the Memory of Bums was written by 
 Thomas Campbell (1777—1844., See also 
 The Centenary Poem by' Isa (jraig-Enox 
 (q.Y.). 
 
 Burns, Helen, in Charlotte 
 
 Bronte's novel of Jane Eyre (q.v.), is 
 described by Mrs. (5askell as " being as 
 exact a transcript of Mairia Bronte as 
 Charlotte's wonderful power of reproduc- 
 ing character could give." It will be re- 
 membei-ed that in the novel, Helen is rep- 
 resented as being most cruelly treated by 
 her governess, Mrs. Scatcherd (q.v.): and 
 Mrs. Gaskell says that Charlotte's " heart 
 teeat, to the latest day on Which we' met,- 
 with unavailing indignation at the wor- 
 rying and cruelty to, which her gentle, 
 patient, dying sister" was subjected, by 
 the original of this woman at the famous 
 school at Clowan's Bridge, near Leeds. 
 
 Burns. Robert, poet (b. 1759, d. 
 1796), published his first volume of poems 
 in 1786. The second edition appeared in 
 1787, and was followed by a third edition 
 In 1793. In 1800, Dr. Curri^ issued Burns's 
 works complete, in tout volumes,includiitg 
 his correspondence and some -miscellane- 
 ous, pieces. .Since tb^date the editions 
 of Ms poems have been so numerous as, to 
 have become incalculable ; the best being 
 probably those prepared by Alexander 
 Smith,f by Dr. Eobert Chambers, and by 
 W.' S. Douglas. V,ery valuable and inter- 
 esting, also, are those printed at Kilmar- 
 noc)£ (1869), and by the Kev. P. Hately 
 Waddell (1869). The Biography of Biirns 
 has been written by, Heron (1797), Currie 
 (1800), Lockhart (1828), Allan Cunningham 
 (1847), Chambers (1859), W. S. Douglas, and 
 others. For Bibliography, see the Burns 
 Catalogue, issued 6y McKie ,(1876)!. For 
 Criticism see Carlyle's Miscellaneous Es- 
 says, Professor Wilson's Works, Hazlitt's 
 English Poets; also, the poetical tributes 
 of Campbell, Coleridge, and Montgomery. 
 "Burns," says Hazlitt, "was not like 
 Shakespeare in the range of his genius, 
 but there is something of the same mag- 
 nanimity, directness, and unaffected ohat- 
 
122 
 
 BUR 
 
 BUS 
 
 acter about him. He vias not a sickly 
 sentimentalist, or namby-pamby poet, a 
 mincing metre ballad-monger, any more 
 than Shakespeare. With but little of his 
 imagination or inventive power, he had 
 the same life of mind ; ■within the narrow 
 circle of personal feeling or domestic in- 
 cidents, the pulse of his poetry flows as 
 healthily and vigorously. He had an eye 
 to see, aheart to feel,— no more. His pic- 
 tures of good fellowship, of social life, of 
 quaint humour, are equal to anything ; 
 they come up to nature, and th^y cannot 
 go beyond jt. The sly jest collected in his 
 mughing eye at the sight of the grotesque 
 and ludicrous in manners; the large tear 
 rolled down his manly cheek at the sight 
 of another's distress.'* See Auld Lang 
 Syne; Bonnie Lesley ; Brigs of Ayr, 
 The; Clabinda; Cotter's Saturday 
 Night ; Death and Dr. Hornbook ; 
 Deil, Address TO the; Duncan Gray; 
 Edinburgh, Address to; Hallowe'en i 
 Highland Mary ; Holy Fair, The ; 
 Holy Willie's Prayer; Inventory, 
 The ; Jolly Beggars, The ; Louse, To 
 A ; Mary Morison ; Mary, Queen of 
 Scots ; Mountain Daisy, To a ; Mouse, 
 To A ; Peasant Bard ; Scots, tvha hae; 
 Sylvander; Tam o' Shanter; Tam 
 Samson's Elegy; Toothache, Address 
 TO THE ; TwA Dogs, The ; Wajiderinq 
 Willie. 
 
 "Burns -with one love, "with 
 one resentment glows." In Pope's trans- 
 lation ot The Iliad, book ix., line 725. 
 
 Burritt, Blihu, American writer, 
 linguist, and lecturer (b. 1810), has written 
 The Mission of Great Suffering^ Old Bur- 
 chell's Pocket for the Children, Prayers 
 cmd Devotional Meditations, Sparks from 
 the Anvilf Thoughts and Notes at Hbm^ 
 and Abroad, A Walk from London to John 
 O'Groat's House, Walks in the Black Coun- 
 try, Olive Leaves, and Ten Minutes^ Talks, 
 and other works. See Burchell, Old. 
 
 Burrowinga, The. A poem attrib- 
 uted to Merddin, the bard (circa 600), in 
 the Myvyrian Archaiology. 
 
 Burton, John Hill, I1I1.D., his- 
 torian and miscellaneous writer (b. 1809), 
 has wiitten A History of Scotlaiid, publish- 
 ed in 1853—70 ; Life and Correspondence of 
 J)avid /fume (1846); Lives of Simony Lord 
 Lovat, and Duncan Forbes, of Culloden 
 (1847); Political and Social ^cojiomy (1849) ; 
 Narratives from Criminal Trials in Scot- 
 land a852); The Book Hunter (1863) ; The 
 Scot ^6road (1864); The Cairngorm Jt/oim- 
 toms (1864): The Jieign of Queen Anne (1877); 
 and several works ou the law of Scotland. 
 
 Burton, Captain 3Richard Fran- 
 cis, traveller and linguist (b. 1821) has 
 written The Lake Begums of Central Af- 
 rica; Abeokuta (1863); The Highlands of 
 Brazil (1863); Zanzibar, City, lala/nd, and 
 
 Coast (1872); Ahim-Foo (1875); and other 
 works of a similar kind. 
 
 Burton, Robert (b. 1576, d. 1639), 
 wrote The Anatomy ^Melancholy fq-v.). 
 For Biography^ see Wood's Athenm Ox- 
 onienses, and Fuller's Worthies. Carlyle 
 speaks of " the mosaic brain of old Bur- 
 ton," and Beckford declared that "half 
 our modern books are decanted out of The 
 Anaioiny." See Democritus Junior. 
 
 Burton, Thomas of, nineteentli 
 Abbot of Meaux, wrote a chronicle of the 
 abbey from 1150 to 1306, of which Burd 
 edited an edition in the year 1866. 
 
 Burton WilUani, topographer (b. 
 1575, d. 1645), wrote A History of Leicester- 
 shire ; and a namesake of his (b. 1697, d. 
 1759), was the author of A History of York- 
 shire. 
 
 Bury, Lady Charlotte, n^e Camp- 
 bell, wrote A Diari/ illustrative of the 
 Times of George IV. (1838); Memoirs of a 
 Peeress : or, the Days of Fox (1867) ; and 
 numerous novels, among others, The^ Di- 
 vorced, Family Becords, Love, The emir- 
 tier's Daughter, Flirtation, Alia Giomata, 
 The Devoted, Conduct is Fate, The Disin- 
 terested and the Ensnared, High Life, and 
 The Two Baronets. 
 
 Bury, Richard of. See Philo- 
 
 BIBLON. 
 
 Burying of the Mass, The. Writ- 
 ten " in English rithme " by "William 
 Roy, and intended as a satire on Cardinal 
 "Wolsey. We find it among a number of 
 books whose circulation was prohibited in 
 1531 and 1542. It was probably first 
 printed at Worms in 1526. 
 
 " Bury the Great Duke." First 
 line of an Ode on the Death of the Duke 
 of Wellington, by Alfred Tennyson, 
 published on the day of the duke's fun- 
 eral (1850), but afterwards frequently re^ 
 vised. Landor wrote of the author in 
 1855, '* I wish be had not written the Wel- 
 lington Ode." 
 
 Busbequius. A translation of 
 the curious narrative of this old traveller 
 was published in 1610. It contains much 
 valuable information. See The Retrospec- 
 tive Beview, vol. xii.; The Penny Maga- 
 zine; and Kinesley'a Old Stories Retold. 
 Busbequius is the Latinised name of Au- 
 GHER Ghislen Bosbeo (1522—1592). 
 
 Busby, Thomas (b. 1755, d. 1838). 
 published, in 1785, The Age of Genius, a 
 poem ; Arguments and Facts proving that 
 the Letters of Junius were vyritte^i by J. F. 
 de Lolme (1816); a translation of Lucretius; 
 a Musical Dictionary ; a History of Music ; 
 Ckmcert Room Anecdotes ; and other works. 
 
 Bush aboon Traqauir, The. A 
 
BUS 
 
 BUT 
 
 123 
 
 ballad by Robert Crawford (d. 1733), 
 beginning,— 
 
 " Hear me ye nymphs, and every swain, 
 I'll tell now PesRy Ericvca me." 
 
 The locality of the Bush is still pointed 
 out to the traveller in the valley of the 
 Tweed, near Innerleithen. 
 
 Bush, Greorge (b. 1796), Sweden- 
 borgiau minister, and Professor of Hebrew 
 and Oriental Literature in New York, has 
 published a Life of Mahommed (1832) ; a 
 Treatise mi the Millennium (1836) ; a He- 
 brew Grammar; Commentaries <m Books of 
 the. Old Testament, extending to eight 
 volumes, and commenced in 1840 ; and a 
 Commentary on the JSookqf Psalms, begun 
 inl84S. 
 
 Bushnell, Horace^ D.D., Ameri- 
 can theologian (b. 1802, d. 1876), wrote 
 Christian A'urture (1S47), God in Ckii.st, 
 (18i9)X-hristin Theology, (1851), Sermonsfor 
 the New Life (1856), liature and the Super- 
 natural (1858), Work and Play (1864), The 
 Vicarious Sacrifice (1865), The Moral Uses 
 of Dark Things (1869), Sermons on Living 
 Subjects (1872), Forgiveness and Laio (1874), 
 and other works> 
 
 "Business and bosoms, Come 
 
 hometo men's." A phrase occuring in the 
 dedicatiou to Lord Bacon's Essays (1615). 
 
 Busiris, King of Egypt. A trag- 
 edy by Edward Younq (1684—1765), pro- 
 duced at Drury Lane in 1719. 
 
 Busk, Hans {b. 1816), " the Foun- 
 der of Britain's Volunteer Army," has 
 written maiiy works on the rifle, military 
 drill, the volunteer movement, and kin- 
 dred topics. Besides writing Maiden 
 Hours and fform Viatica, he founded The 
 New Quarterly Review, which he conducted 
 for some years. 
 
 " Busk ye. Busk ye, my bonny 
 bride." First line of The Braes of Yar- 
 row (q.v.). 
 
 Bussy d'Ambois. A tragedy by 
 George Chapman (1557—1634), produced 
 in 1607, and described by OampbeU as " a 
 piece of frigid atrocity." 
 
 " Busy, curious, thirsty fly." 
 
 The first line of a Song sung extempore by 
 a gentleman , occasioned by a Fly arinldng 
 out qf his Cup of Ale, attributed to the pen 
 of William Oldvs (1689—1761), and in- 
 cluded in a Select Collection of British 
 Songs, published by J. Johnson m 1783. 
 
 " Busy hum of men. The." In 
 
 Milton's L' Allegro, line 118. 
 
 Busy, Zeal-of-the-Land, in Jon- 
 son's comedy of Bartholomew Fair (q.v.), 
 intended as a caricature of the Elizabethan 
 Puritans, is represented as a Bombay man, 
 a suitor to Bame Furecraft. 
 
 Busybody, The. A comedy, by 
 
 Mi-s. Susannah Centltvbe (1667—1723), 
 acted in 1709, and founded on the Sir Mar- 
 tin Mar-All of Dryden, which in its turn 
 was taken from a play by the Duchess of 
 Newcastle.- " It is infeiior," says Hazlitt, 
 "to The Wonder in the interest of the 
 story and the characters; but it is full of 
 bustle and gaiety from beginning to end. 
 The plot never stands still ; the situations 
 succeed one another like the changes of 
 machinery in a pantomime. The nice 
 dove-tailing of the incidents and cross- 
 reading in the situations supply the place 
 of any great force of wit or sentiment." ^ 
 
 Busybody, The. A periodical 
 started in 1759 by a publisher called Pot- 
 tinger, and issued Ihrice a w^eek. Not- 
 withstanding the fact that Oliver Gold- 
 smith was one of its principal contributors, 
 it only reached twelve numbers. 
 
 "Butchered to make a Roman 
 holiday." A line in Byron's Childe Mar' 
 rokVs Pilgrimage, canto iv. , stanza 141. 
 
 Butler^ Alban (b. 1710, d. 1773), 
 wrote The Lives of the Fathers', Martyrs, 
 and other Principal Saints (1745) j Lethrs 
 on the History of the Popes (1778) ; The 
 IMeofMary of the Cross i a. Treatise on 
 Natural and Revealed Religion; The 
 Mdveable Feasts and Fasts, aiid other An- 
 nual Observances of the Catholic Churcf^ 
 (1774) ; Sermo'ns ; and A Short Life of Sir 
 Toby Matthews (1795). A L^e, by Claries 
 Butler, is prefixed to an edition of the 
 Lives published in 1812. An Account of 
 his Zt^e and Writings had preyiovLBly sip- 
 peared in 1793. See Fathers, Martyrs, 
 &c. 
 
 Butler, Charles, nephew of tbe 
 above (b. 1750, d. 1832), published among 
 other works, Horce Biblicce (1796) ; Hora 
 JuridicoB Subsecivce (1804) ; and a continua- 
 tion of'Tke Lives of the Saints {}.%2Z)- His 
 writings were issued in a collected form 
 in 1817. See Allibone's Dictionary of Eng- 
 lish a^ American Authors , OTmG'BBiblw- 
 iheca Biblica, and The Gentleman's Maga- 
 zine for 1832. 
 
 Butler, Charles, scholar, gram- 
 marian, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1559, 
 d. 1647), wrote Rheforicce Libri duo (1600) ; 
 The Feminine Monarchic : or, a Treatise 
 concerning Bees, and the due Orderintj of 
 them (1609) J SVrrENEIA De Propinqui- 
 tate Matnmonium impediente Regula 
 (1625); The English Grammar (1633) :' and 
 Oratories lAbn duo (1633) ; Principles of 
 Musick (1636). See Wood's Athenm Ox- 
 onienses. Butler's English Grammar was 
 highly praised by Dr. Johnson. " He yas 
 evidently,'* says Dr. Bimbault, " a man of 
 
 ?;reat learning and ingenuity, -but his Eng- 
 ish works are disfigured by a peculiar or- 
 thography, partly of his own invention, 
 and^partly borrowed from the Saxon alpha- 
 bet." 
 
124 
 
 BUT 
 
 BBY 
 
 Butler, Joseph, successively Bish- 
 op of Durham and Bristol (b. 1692, d. 
 1752), wrote Sermons (1726), and The Anal- 
 ogy of lieligion^ Natural and lievealed, to 
 the Constitutioti and Course of Nature 
 (1736), (q.T.). His Life was written by Dr. 
 Fitzgerald, Bishop of Corls; (1849), Bavtlett 
 (1839), and Steere. Editions of his Works 
 appeared in 180T, 1849, and 1867. For 
 G-Uiclsm, see Bishop Wilson's preface to 
 the Analoatff Hallara's Literature qf Eu- 
 rope, Mathias's Pursuits of Literature, 
 Keid's Egsay on the Intellectual Powers, 
 Mackintosh's Second Preliminary Disserta- 
 tion to Encyclopaedia Britannica, and 
 Hunt's History of Religious Thought. We 
 are told that Pitt was by no means satisiied 
 
 with the reasoniiig of the Anaf-ogy, but, on 
 the other hand, Sydney Smith says, " To 
 his Sermons we are indebted for the com- 
 
 plete overthrow of the selfish system, and 
 to his Analogy for the most noble and 
 surprising defence of revealed religion, 
 perhaps, which has ever yet been made of 
 aiiy system whatever." 
 
 Butler, Mrs. iSeeKEMBLE, Fran- 
 ces Anne. 
 
 Butler, Samuel, poet (b. 1600, d. 
 1680), wrote ffudibras (1663, 1664, and 
 1678), (4.V.), and various minor pieces. 
 His Posthumous Works in Prose and Verse, 
 with a Key to Hudibras, were published by 
 Sir Roger I'Estrange in 1715 ; but tew of 
 these are believed to be genuine. The 
 Jiemains in Verse and Prose, published in 
 1759, by Thyer, are more trustworthy. See 
 the edition of the Works edited by Gil- 
 flllan in 1854. For Biography, see the 
 Life by Dr. Johnson ; and for Criticism, 
 Hallam's Literature of Europe, Hazlitt's 
 Camic Poets, and Hunt's Wit and Bumour. 
 " Butler," says Macaulay, " had as much 
 wit and learning as Cowley, and knew, 
 what Cowley never isnew, how to use them. 
 A great command of good homely English 
 _ distinguishes him still more from the other 
 writers of the time." '* In general," says 
 Hazlitt, "he ridicules not persons, but 
 things, not a party, but their principles, 
 which may belong, as time and occasion 
 serve, to one set of solemn pretenders or 
 another. This he has done most effec- 
 tually, in every possible way, and from 
 every possible source, learned and un- 
 learned. He has exhausted the moods and 
 figures of satire and sophistry. His rhymes 
 are as witty as his reasons." Wesley 
 wrote, in reference to his statue — 
 *' While Butler, needy wretch, was yet nlire. 
 No generouB patron would a dinner give. 
 See him, when starved to death and tum'd to dust. 
 Presented with a monumental bust ; 
 The poet's fate is here in emblem shown : 
 He ask'd for broad, and he received a stone." 
 See Elephant in the Moon, The; 
 EiDiouLous Imitation. 
 
 Butler, 'William Archer, Irisli 
 clergyman, and Professor of Moral Phi- 
 losophy at Dublin (b. about 1814, d. 1848), 
 
 wrote Letters on Dr. Newman's Theory qf 
 Development (1845), and other works. See 
 the Life by Woodward. 
 
 Butts, Doctor. Physician to the 
 king, in Shakespbabe'b Jfenry VIII. 
 
 Buxton, Charles (b. 1822, d. 1871), 
 wrote Ideas oftlie Day on Policy (1868), and 
 Notes of Tlumpht (1873) ; the latter of 
 wliichwas published with a biogra[>hical 
 preface by the Kev. J. Llewelyn Davles. 
 
 Buzfuz, Sergeant, in Dickens's 
 novel of Tlie Piclcwiclc Papers (q.v.), is 
 counsel on the part of the plaintiff in the 
 case of Bardellv. Pickwick. " A driving, 
 chaffing, masculine bar orator," says Dr. 
 J3rewer, " who twists * chops and tomato 
 sauce' into a declaration of love." 
 
 Byerley, Thomas. See Pekct 
 
 Anecdotes, The. 
 
 Byrom, John, poet and essayist 
 (b. 1691, d. 1763), published Miscellaneoiu 
 Poems (1773), and a system of sten(^apliy 
 in a work entitled, The Universal Enqlish 
 Shorthand (1767). His Remains havebeen 
 edited for tlie Chetham Society, by Dr. 
 Parkinson, of St. Bees. For Btograph^, 
 see Chalmers's Dictionary, and the Bto- 
 
 fraphia Britannica. See Colin and 
 'HCEBE ; Shadow, John, 
 
 Byron, George Gordon Noel, 
 
 Lord, poet and dramatist (b. 1778, d. 1824), 
 published, t Hours of Idleness (1807); Poems 
 (1808) ; t English Bards amd Scotch Re- 
 viewers (180Q) ; The Curse of Minerva (1812) ; 
 t Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (cantos i. and 
 ii. in 1812, canto ill. in 1816, and canto iv. in 
 1818) ; t The Waltz{im); The Giaour (1S13); 
 The Bride of Abydos (1813) ; Ode to Napo- 
 leon Buonaparte (1814) ; t The Corsair (18I4)| 
 t Lara (1814) ; t Hebrew Melodies (1815) ; 
 t The Siege of Corinth, and t Parisina 
 (1816) ; t The Prisoner of Chilian (1816) ; 
 t Marifred (1817) ; t The Lament of Tasao 
 (1817) : t Monody on the Death rf the Right 
 iHon k. B. Sheridan (1817) ; t Beppo (1818) ; 
 t Mazeppa (1819) ; + Don Juan (cantos i. and 
 ii. in 1819, cantos iii.. iv., and v. in 1821, 
 cantos vi., vii-, and viii. in 1823, cantos ix., 
 X., xi.,xii., xiii., andxiv in 1823, cantos xv. 
 andxvi.. in 1824 ; ^ Zfrter to •*••*•*•» • 
 [John Murray], on the Rev. W. L. Bowles's 
 Strictures on the Life and Writings of Pope 
 (1821) ; t Marino Faliero, and t The Proplt- 
 ecy qf Dante (1821) ; t Sardanapams, 
 t The Two Fqscari, and t Cain (1821) : 
 t Werner (1822) ; t The Vision of Jmgmeta 
 (1822) : t Heaven and Earth (1822) ; t The 
 Island (1823) ; + The Age of Bronze (1823) ; 
 canto i. of the Morgante Maggiore dl 
 Messer Luiai Pulei, translated ; t The 
 Deformed Transformed (1824) : Parlioi- 
 mxntary Speeches in 1812 and 1813 (1824). 
 The following is a list of the principal 
 publications which have appeared in con- 
 nection with the life of the poet : — 
 Semarkt, OritioaX and MorM, on the 
 
BYB 
 
 CM 
 
 125 
 
 Talents of Lord Byron, and the Tendencies 
 of Don Juan,'by the Author qf Hypocrisy ^ a 
 Satire [C. Colton], (1819) ; Memoirs, Histor- 
 ical and Critical, qf the Life and Writings 
 qfLord Byron, with Anecdotes of some of 
 his Contemporaries (1822} ; Lord Byron's 
 
 -'pHvaie Correspondence, including his Let- 
 ters to his Mother, wriUen from Portugal, 
 Spain, Greece, and other parts of the Med- 
 iterranean ; published from the originals, 
 with Notes and Observations, by A. R. C. 
 Dallas (1824) ; Becollections, by A. E, C. 
 Dallas (1824) ; Conversations with Lord 
 Byron, noted during a Residence with his 
 iMTdship at Pisa in the years 1821 and 1822, 
 1^ Thomas Medwm (1824) ; Letters on the 
 Character and Poetical Genius of Lord 
 Byron, 1)y Sir EgertonBrydges (1824); Lord 
 Byron, by Madame Louise — Sw. Belloc 
 (1824) ; Ajiecdotes of Lord Byron, from Au- 
 thentic Sowrces, with Jiemarks illustrative 
 qf his Connection with the Principal Lit- 
 erary Characters qftJie Present Hay (1825); 
 The Last Days of Lord Byron, with his 
 Lordship's Opinions on various Subjects, 
 particularly an- tlie State and Prospect of 
 Greece, by William Pari-y (1825) ; Lord 
 Byron en Italic et en Gr^ce, on Apergtt de sa 
 Ft« et de ses Ouvrages, d'apr^s des Sources 
 authentimtes, by the Marquis de Salvo 
 
 .d825) ; Narrative qf Lord Byron's Voyage 
 h Corsica and Sardinia, 1821 (1826X; A 
 Short Narrative of Lord Byron's last 
 Journey to Greece, extracted from the 
 Journal of Count Peter Gamba (1825) ; Cor- 
 respondence of Lord Byron with his Friend, 
 including his Letters to his Mother, written 
 t« 1809, 1810, and 1811, edited by A. E. C. 
 Dallas (1826) ; Life by J. Gait (1825) ; An 
 Inquiry into the Moral Character of Lord 
 Byron, by J. W. Simmonds (1826) ; memoir 
 
 ' by Sir H. Bulwer (1826) : Life, by W. Lake 
 (i826) J Lord Byron and som£ of his Con- 
 temporaries (1828) ; Life, by Sir Egerton 
 Brydges (1828) ; Memoirs of Lord Byron, by 
 G. Clinton (1828) ; Life,Letters, akd Journals, 
 edited by Moore (1830) ; Conversations with 
 Lord Byron, by Lady Blessington (1831) ; 
 LUe, by Armstrong (1846) ; Tlie True Story 
 ^ Lady Byron's ii/«, byMrs. Beecher- 
 Stowe (1887) : Medora LeighA>yT>i. Maekay 
 
 g869) i Becollections of Lord Byron, by the 
 ountess Guiecioli (18T0) ; Idfe, by Karl 
 Elze (18T1). For Critioism, see Jeffrey's 
 Essays ; Hazlitt's Spirit of the Age, and 
 English Poets ; Maoaulay's Essays ; Swin- 
 burne's preface to a Selection jrom the 
 Poems ; Sir Henry Taylor's preface to his 
 own Poems; Brimley's Essays; W. M. 
 Eossetti's preface to an edition of the 
 Poems; Kmgfi[ey'B Miscellanies ; Quarterly 
 Review for July, 1868. Separate notices 
 of poems marked t will be found under 
 their respective letters. See. also, Dark- 
 ness ; Dream, The ; Hints from Hor- 
 ace ; HoBNEM, Horace ; Maid op 
 Athens. 
 
 Byron, The Life of Lord, by 
 
 Thomas Moobb, the poet (1779—1852), was 
 
 published in 1830. The noble lord's me- 
 moirs had been entrusted to Moore for the 
 purpose of working them up into a biog- 
 raphy ; but they contained so much that 
 retlected disagreeably upon many influen- 
 tial persons, that Moore destroyed them ; 
 and the present work was compiled chiefly 
 from Moore's own recollections and the 
 letters he had received from his friend. 
 
 Byron, Miss Harriet, in Bich- 
 ARDSOK's novel of Sir Charles Grandison 
 (q.v.), is eventually married to the hero. 
 
 Byron, Henry James, novelist, 
 dramatist, and comedian (b. 1835), has 
 written numerous pieces for the stage^ in- 
 cluding Cyril's Success , An American 
 Lady ; Old Sailors ; Our Boys ; and Weak 
 Woman ; a novel, called Paid in Full ; and 
 various contributions to periodical liter- 
 ature. 
 
 Cabbala, The Threefold. A 
 
 work by Henry Moore (1614—1687),, in 
 which he interpreted and defended the 
 first tliree chapters of Genesis. The Jewish; 
 Cabbala was a sort of traditional exposi- 
 tion of the Pentateuch said to have been 
 received by Moses from the mouth of Qod.. 
 
 "Cabined, cribbed, confined." 
 
 — Macbeth, act iii., scene 4. 
 
 Cabinet Cyclopaedia, The, was 
 
 edited by Dionysius Lardner (1793 — 
 1859), from 1829 to 1846. It includes works 
 by Eobert Bell, Sir David Brewster, Pro- 
 fessor De Morgan, Eyre Crowe, Sismondi, 
 John Forster, Gleig, Grattan, Herschel, 
 James, Keiglitley, Mackmtosh, Nicholas, 
 Eoscoe, Scott, Stebbing, and Swainson. 
 
 Cabinet Minister, The. A novel 
 by Mrs. Gore (1799—1861), published in 
 1839. The scene is laid during the regency 
 of (George IV., and among the draTnatis 
 persona is Eiohard Brinsley Sheridan 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Cadenus. The pseudonym under 
 wHch Swift describes himself in his poem 
 entitled Cadenus and Vanessa. Cadenus 
 is the Latin word decanus, dean, trans- 
 posed ; Vanessa is made iip of " Van," the 
 first syllableof Vanhomrlgh, and " Essa," 
 the diminutive of Esther, and was the 
 poetical name bestowed by Swift upon 
 Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, a young lady 
 who had fallen in love with him, and had 
 proposed marriage. The poem is Swift's 
 reply to her proposal. 
 
 Cadwal. Tlie name assumed by 
 Arviragus in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 CymbeUne (q.v.). 
 
 Cadwallader, Mrs. The rector's 
 wife in George Eliot's novel of Middle- 
 march (q.v.). 
 
 Ceedmon (d. about 680), is first 
 
126 
 
 C^ 
 
 CAIi 
 
 mentioned by Bede in his Ecclesiastical 
 History as celebrating in magnificent 
 strains much oftbe Old and New Testar- 
 ment liistory, "the terrors of the day of 
 judgment, the pains of hell, and the sweet- 
 ness of the heavenly kingdom." In 1655, 
 Junius published a MS. supposed to con- 
 tain some of the poetry of this distin- 
 guished bard. The most complete edition 
 18 that of Thorpe, published in 1832 by the 
 London Society of Antiquaiies, and coia- 
 Bistlng of a text founded carefully on the 
 original MS., a-nd accompanied by a literal 
 Engjlish version. See Morley's English 
 Writers^ the same writer's Librari/ ofJEng- 
 lisli lAteraturBj and Warton's English 
 Poetry, See Paraphrases. 
 
 "Caesar (Imperial) dead, and 
 
 turned to clay." — Hamletj act v., scene 1 — 
 " Might stop a hole to keep the wind away." 
 
 "Csesar -with a senate at his 
 
 heels. "^Pope's Essay o?i JI/tMi, epistle iv., 
 line 254. 
 
 Cain. " A Mystery/' by Lord 
 Byeon (1788—1824), published, in three 
 acts, in 1821, and called " a mystery," the 
 ■writer tells us, in conformity with the 
 ancient title annexed to dramas upon 
 similar subjects. He further explains 
 that he has adopted in this poem the 
 theory of Cuvier, that the worla had been 
 destroyed several times before the crea- 
 tion of man ; that where he at any time 
 uses the language of Scripture, he gives it 
 with as little alteration as possible ; and 
 that he gives the name of Adah to Cain's 
 wife, and of Zillah to the wife of Abel, 
 because these are the earliest female 
 names that occur in Genesis. Adam and 
 Eve and Lucifer also Hgure in the poem. 
 "Cain," says Campbell, "disdains the 
 limited existence allotted to him ; 
 he has a rooted horror of death attended 
 with a vehement curiosity as to its nature ; 
 and he nourishes a sullen anger against 
 his parents, to whose misconduct he as- 
 cribes his degraded state. Added to this, 
 he has an insatiable thirst for knowledge 
 be^^oud the bounds prescribed to mor- 
 tality ; and this part of the poem bears a 
 strong resemblance to Manfredj whose 
 counterpart, indeed, in the main points of 
 character, Cain seems to be." 
 
 Cain, The "Wanderings of. A 
 
 prose poem, written by Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge, at Stowey, in 1798. 
 
 Caird, John, D.D., Principal of 
 
 Glasgow University (b. 1823), has published 
 by command of Queen Victoria, a sermon 
 on The Feligion of Common Life (1856), a 
 volume of Sermons (1858), The Universal 
 Meligion (lfe74), and other works. 
 
 Caius, Dr. A French physician in 
 Shakespeare's comedy of The Merry 
 Wives of Windsor (q.v.), whose "clipped 
 English," ifl referred to by Macaulay. 
 
 Caius Marius, The History and 
 
 Fall of. A play by Thomas Ot-way 
 (1651—1686), acted in 5680. 
 
 " Cakes and ale." See Shakes- 
 peare's Twelfth Night, act ii., scene 3, 
 where Sir Toby Belch asks the clown, 
 "Dost thou think, because thou art vir- 
 tuous, there shall be no more cakes and 
 ale ?" aud the clown replies, ** Yes, by 
 Saint Anne ; and ginger shall be hot i' the 
 the mouth too." 
 
 Calamitate, Bxcidio, et Con- 
 
 questu Britannise, De. A well-known 
 treatise, attributed to the old- English 
 writer, GiLDAS (q.v.), and characterised by 
 Ellis as " a viinlent and frantic satire on 
 the miseries and vices of his countrymen." 
 It was translated into Enghsh by Habing- 
 ton in 1638, by Dr. Stevenson in 1838, and 
 by Dr. Giles in 1841, and is included in 
 Bohn's Six Old English Chronicles. 
 
 Calamy, Benjamin, D.D. (d. 
 1686), wrote A Discourse about a Scrupulous 
 Conscience, 
 
 Calamy, iEdmund, Nonconformist 
 divine (b. 1600, d. 1666), wrote Jus Divinum 
 Ministerii Evangelici Anglicani (1654) ; 
 The Godly Man's Ark; or, a City ofliefuhe 
 in the Day of his Distress ; Sermons on the 
 Trinity ; and memoirs of John Howe, Dr. 
 Mather, and other persons. He was one 
 of the writers whose initials formed the 
 famous word " Smectymnuus" (q.v.). His 
 Account of his oioii Life appeared in 1829, 
 edited with notes by Butt. 
 
 Calandriuo. A character in the 
 Decameron of Boccaccio, " whose misfor^ 
 tunes have made all Europe merry for cen- 
 turies." 
 
 Calderon de la Barca. Scenes 
 from the Magico Prodigioso of this famous 
 Spanish writer were translated by PERcy 
 Bysshe Shelley (q.v.j. See, also, Dramas 
 from the Spanish of Calderon by Denis 
 Florence McCarthy (1853) ; Six Dramas 
 of Calderon, freely translated hy Edward 
 f^tzgerald (1853) : aiidasmall volume on 
 Calderon by Archbishop Trench (1856). 
 
 Calderwood, David, Presbyte- 
 rian Divine (b. 1575, d. 1651), wrote The 
 Tnte History of the Church of Scotland, 
 from the beginning qfthe Jieformation to 
 the end qf the Reign of James VI. (1678) ; 
 Altare Damascenum (1621), (q.v.) ; and 
 other works. See the publications of the 
 "Wodi'ow Society. 
 
 Caleb. The personification of 
 Lord Grey in Absalom and Achitophel 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Caleb Stukely. A novel by 
 Samuel Phillips (1815—1854), published 
 in 1843. 
 
 Caleb Williams. See Williams, 
 Caleb. 
 
CAIi 
 
 CAM 
 
 127 
 
 " Caledonia, stern and •wild." — 
 Scott, L-xy of the Last Minstrelf canto vi., 
 stauza 2 i — 
 
 "Meet nurse for a poetic child.'* 
 
 Calendar of Shepherds, The. 
 
 An anonymous work, translated from the 
 KalcTidrier de Bergers. " It is a sort of 
 perpetual almanack, consisting of mingled 
 prose and verse, and containing, like many 
 of our modem almanacks, a vast variety of 
 heterogeneous matter. It was published 
 about 1480. See Warton's English Poetry* 
 
 Calianax. " A blunt, satirical cour- 
 tier " in Beaumont and Fletchbii's 
 Maid's Tragedy (q.v.), "a character of 
 much humour and novelty." 
 
 Caliban. The savage and deform- 
 ed slave of Prosper© (q.v.), in Shake- 
 speare's play of The Tempest (q.v.) ; de- 
 scribed by Coleridge as * ' all earth, all con- 
 densed and gross in feelings and images. 
 He has the dawnings of understanding, 
 without reason or the moral sense ; and in 
 him, as in some brute animals, this advance 
 to the intellectual faculties, without the 
 moral sense, is marked by the appearance 
 of vice." He is represented as the " freck- 
 led whelp " of Sycorax, a hideous hag, who 
 had been banished from Algiers to the 
 desert island on which Prospero was after- 
 wards shipwrecked. See Caliban— the 
 jilissing Linkf by Dr. Daniel Wilson. 
 
 Caliban. The signature under 
 which Robert Buchanan fb. 1841) con- 
 tributed several poems to The Spectator' i\\ 
 1867. 
 
 Calidore (from tlie Greek, " finely 
 or beautifully endowed ") represents Cour- 
 tesy in Spenser's Fd&rie Queene, andper- 
 ' goiiilies Sir Philip Sidney. 
 
 Calidore. The title of a poetical 
 fragment by John Keats (1796—1821) :— 
 
 •* A hand that from the world's bleak promontoiy 
 Had lifted Cahdore for deeds of glory.'* 
 
 Calipolls. A character in Peele's 
 play of Tlie Battle of Alcazar (q.v.) 
 
 Calista. The heroine of Rowe's 
 tragedy of Tfie Fair Penitent (q.v.). "The 
 title of the play," says Dr. Johnson, " does 
 not sufficiently correspond with the be- 
 haviour of Calista, who at last shows no 
 evident signs of repentance, but may be 
 reasonably suspected of feeling pain irom 
 detection rather than from guilt, and ex- 
 presses more shame than sorrow, and more 
 rage tlian shame." 
 
 Calistus. " A trag:ical comedy/' 
 of which the full title runs as follows :— 
 " A new comodve in englyshe, in maimer 
 of an enterlude, ryght elygant and full of 
 craft of rhetoryk, wherein is shewd and 
 dyscrybed, as well the bewte and good pro- 
 perties of women, as liieyr vycys and evyll 
 
 oodicios, with a morall coclusion and ex- 
 hortacyon to verte w." This was published 
 in 1530, and is apparently referred to in- a 
 Puritanical tract called A Second, and Third 
 Blast of Retraitfrom, Plaies and Theaters^ 
 printed in that year. The hero of the piece 
 is one Calistus, who is enamoured of Me- 
 libpia, but is not considered favourably by 
 that damsel. He accordingly calls to his 
 aid.a vile woman, called Soelestina, who 
 endeavors to entice the heroine into her 
 tolls, and, failing, pretends that Calistus 
 has a dreadful Ht of toothache, which cs^ix 
 only be cured by the loan of the relic-hal- 
 lowed girdle of Melibea. 
 
 Callcott, Lady (b. 1788 d. 1843), 
 is best known, perhaps, as the author of , 
 lAMle Arthur's History of Engla/ndj and 
 other books for children. She also wrote 
 a History of Spain, and a Life of Poussin* 
 
 " Call it not vain ; — ^they do not 
 
 err." See stanza i., canto v., of Scoi*r's 
 Lay of the Last Minstrel (q.v.) : — 
 
 " "Who say, that, when the poet diea, 
 
 Afute Nature mounts her worshipper, 
 And celebrates his obsequies." 
 
 " Calm is the morn "without a 
 
 sound." Sect. xi. of Jn Memorianif by Al- 
 fred Tennyson. 
 
 Calvary: " or, the Death of Christ." 
 A poem, in eight books, by HicEUAJBD CuM- 
 BEiiLAND (1732—1811), published in 1792, 
 and extravagantly characterised by Dr. 
 Dralce as " a work imbued with the genuine 
 spirit of Milton, and destined, therefore, 
 most probably, to immortality." 
 
 Calverley, Charles Stuart, comic 
 poet, hymn writer, and translator, has 
 published, under the initials " C. S. C." 
 Verses and Translations, Translations into 
 English and Latin, and Fly Leaves (1872), 
 
 Calvert, George Henry, Ameri- 
 can poet and miscellaneous writer (b, 1803), 
 has published Illustrations of Phrenology 
 (1832) ; a metrical version of Schiller's D(m 
 Carlos (1836) ; Scenes and Thoughts in Eit- 
 rope (1846 and 1852) ; Calnri.B. poem (1840 
 and 1804) ; C(ymedies (1856) ; The Gentleman 
 (1863) ; First Year in Europe (1867) ; Ellen, 
 a poem (1869) ; and other works. 
 
 Calvo, Baldassare. See Bal- 
 
 DASSABE CALVO. 
 
 Calypso and Telemachus. An 
 
 opera, by John Hughes (q.v.), *' intended 
 to show that the English language might 
 be very happily adapted to music. ' 
 
 Camaralzaman. A prince in the 
 Arabimi Nights who fell in love with 
 Badoura at ^rst sight. 
 
 Camball. See Cambuscan. 
 
 Cambel, or Cambalo. A charac- 
 ter in Spenser's Fd&rie Queene (q.v.), who 
 challenged every suitor for the hand of Ma 
 
128 
 
 CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 Bister Canace. He vanquished all except 
 Triamond, who married her. 
 
 Cambridge, Richard O-wen, 
 
 poet and miscellaneous writer (b. 1717. d. 
 1802), wrote An 'Account of the War in In- 
 diOy 1750—60 (1761) ; A Histwy of the Coast 
 of Coromandel <1761); The Scrlblerlad (17^1), 
 (q.v.) ; and other Works, republished, with 
 an account of his Life and Clia/ractery by 
 the liev. George Owen Cambridge, his son, 
 . in 1803. 
 
 Cambrio - Britons and their 
 
 Harp, To the. In The Ballad ofAgincourt, 
 by Michael Drayton (1563—1631), inclu- 
 ded in his Odes, and other Lj/ric Poesies. 
 See Charge of the Light JBrigade. 
 
 Cambuscan. A king of Tartary, 
 in Chaucer's Squier's Tale, referred to by 
 Milton in the following lines : — 
 " Or call up him ■who left half told 
 The stoiy of Camhuscan bold, 
 Of Camball, and of Algar&ife, 
 And who had Caqace to wife, 
 That owned the virtuous ring and glass ; 
 And of the wondroua horse or brass 
 On which the Tartar king did ride." 
 
 ** I think it not imllkely," says Keightley, 
 "that Chaucer had seen The Travels of 
 Marco Polo, and that Cambuscan, or Cam- 
 bu*s Can, is a contraction of Cambalu 
 Can. "We may observe that one of his sons 
 is Cambalio. Of Algarsife, the other son, I 
 can give no account. The name of his 
 daughter, Canace, is Greek." It is notice- 
 able, further, that whereas Milton throws 
 the emphasis on the second syllable of the 
 word Cambuscan, Chaucer throws it on 
 the third. See Cambel. 
 
 Cambyses. The Iiamentable 
 
 Tragedy of King, by Thomas Preston, 
 was licensed to be acted in 1569, and 
 reprinted in Hawkins' Origin of the Eng- 
 lish Drama, vol. i. It is referred to fcy 
 Shakespeare in 1 Henry IV., act ii., scene 
 4 : " For I must speak in passion, and I 
 will do it in King Cambyses* vein." "There 
 Is, indeed," says Campbell, " matter for 
 weeping in the tragedy ; for in the course 
 of it an elderly gentleman is flayed alive. 
 To make the skinning more pathetic, liis 
 son is witness to it, and exclaims :— 
 
 •• ' What child is he of Nature's mould could bide 
 the same to sec, 
 His father flcaed in this wise ? O how it grievctli 
 me I ' " 
 
 It may comfort the reader to know that 
 this theatric decortication was meant to be 
 allegorical, and we may believe that it was 
 performed with no degree of stage illusion 
 that could deeply affect the spectator." 
 
 Camden Society, The, :in asso- 
 ciation for the republication of British 
 historical documents, was founded in 1838, 
 and still exists. A number of works or 
 great historical value have been published 
 by the society, for the details of which see 
 The Descriptive Catalogue of the Works of 
 
 the Camdefii Society, by John Gough Nichols 
 (1862). 
 
 Camden, William, scholar and 
 antiquary (b. 1551, d. 1623), published Brir 
 tannia (1586—1607); Institutio Grceccn Gram- 
 maticesConipendiaria (1597); Anglica,Hiber- 
 nica, Normanica, Cambrica, and Veteris 
 ScHpta (1604) ; Itemains Concerning Britain 
 (1605) ; llegeSf Regince, Nohiles, et alii in 
 Ecclesla CollegiataB. Petri Westmonasterii 
 Sepulti, usque ad annum 1606 (160G) ; An- 
 nates Itenim Anglicarum et Hibernicarum 
 regnante EHzabetha (1615) ; A Description 
 of Scotland (1G95) ; and some minor works. 
 For Biography, see G-uillelmi Camdeni et 
 Illustrium yirorum ad G. Camdenum Epis- 
 fofoi, published by T. Smith in 1691 ; 
 "Wood's-^^Aenec Oxonienses; The Biographia 
 Britannica; and Gough's edition of the 
 Britannia. See Britannia. 
 
 Camelot. The seat of Arthur's, 
 court in Tennyson's Idylls, described in 
 Gareth and Lynette, and refeiTed to in The 
 Lady of Shalott. 
 
 CamiUa: " a Picture of Youth." 
 A novel by Madame d'Akblay (1752— 
 1840), published by subscription in 1796. 
 It realised three thousand pounds, but it is 
 very inferior to Evelina (q-v.) and Cecilia 
 (q.v.). The heroine, Camilla, is a " light, 
 airy, poor, and imprudent, but gentle " 
 girl. Her lover, Edgar, is a *' prudent, 
 rich, and wise" young man. ' "Camilla 
 trusts too much, and Edgar too little," 
 and, consequently, they are "miserable 
 through the five volumes," in which the 
 story originally appeared. 
 
 " Camilla scours the plain, Not 
 
 so. when swift."— Pope's Essay on Criti- 
 cism, part ii., line 365. 
 
 Camoens: "The Lusiad." Eng- 
 lish translations of this poem were pub- 
 lished by Sir R. Fanshawe, in 1665 ; by 
 Mickle, in H71 ; and by Sir T. Mitchell, in 
 1854. John Adamson, the biographer of 
 the poet (1820), also edited another version 
 of a portion of the work; and Lonl Straiig- 
 ford executed some translations of Ca^ 
 moens' minor poems. 
 
 Campaign, The. A poem address- 
 ed by Joseph Addison (1672—1719) to the 
 great Bulie of Marlborough, whose vic- 
 tories he celebrates in heroic ver^e. It 
 was published in 1704, and contams the 
 famous passage about the angel, who 
 
 " Pleased th' Almiprhtv's orders to perform. 
 Bides ill tlic whirlwind and directs the storm. 
 
 "Warton calls it a " gazette in rhyme.'* 
 
 Campaigne, Sir John Suck- 
 ling's. A satirical ballad by Sir John 
 Mennis, in Musarxim Delicice (1656), ridi- 
 culing the retreat, before the Scots at 
 Dunse. of a troop of horsemen equipped 
 and presented to Charles I. bySucknng 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
CAM 
 
 CAN 
 
 120 
 
 Campaigner, The Old. Mrs. 
 Mackenzie, motliei' of Eosa, who marries 
 Clive Newcome, in Thackeeat's novel of 
 The Newcomes (q.T.). 
 
 Campaspe. See Alexander and 
 Campaspe. 
 
 Campbell, Bonnie George. A 
 l)all£ul printed in The Scottish Minstrel 
 (1810 — H), and showing how the hero— 
 
 '* Bode out on a day, 
 Saddled and bridled. 
 And gallant to sec ; 
 Hame cam' his gude horse. 
 But hame cam' na he." 
 
 Campbell, Greo., CD., tlieologian 
 and miscellaneous writer (b, 1719, d. 1796), 
 Bublished A Dissertation on Miracles (1763) ; 
 The Philosophy of BJietoric (1776); Tlie Suc- 
 cess of the Jt'irst Publishers of the Gospel^ 
 c<msidered as a Proof of its Truth (1777) ; 
 A New Translation of the Gospels (1778) ; 
 Lectures on Systematic Theology (1807) ; 
 Lectures on the Pastoral Character (1811) ; 
 Lectures on Ecclesiastical History ; and 
 other works, "since published in a uniform 
 edition. Some account of the Life and 
 Writings of Dr. Campbell was prefixed by 
 the Kev. G. S. Keith to an edition of the 
 last-named work in- 1813. 
 
 Campbell, John, historical and 
 political writer (b, 1708, d. 1775), published 
 The Military History of Prince Eugene and 
 the Duke of Marlborough (1736) ; A History 
 qf the New Testament^ Digested into the 
 Order of Time (1738); Uvea of the British 
 Admirals (1742) ; Hermippus Revived (1743): 
 A Political Survey of Britain (1774) ; and 
 other works. See M'Culloch's Literature 
 of Political Economy, Boswell's Life of 
 Johnson, and the Bwgraphia Briiannica. 
 See Banbury, The Shepherd of ; Her- 
 mippus Revived. 
 
 Campbell, John, Lord Chancel- 
 lor (b. 1T79, d. 1861), wrote The Lives of the 
 Lard Chancellors and the Keepers of the 
 Great Seal of England, from the Earliest 
 Times till the Reign of George IV. (1845— 
 47) ; and The Lives of the Chief Justices of 
 England, from the Norman Conquest till 
 the Death of Lord Mansfield (1849). See 
 The Quarterly Review, December, 1847 ; 
 and Tlie Edinbu/rgh Reviev), October, 1857. 
 
 Campbell, Thomas, poet and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1777, d. 1844), wrote 
 Tlie Pleasures of Hope (1799) ; Poem-s (1803) ; 
 Armals of Great Bntam,from the Accession 
 of George II T. to the Peace qf Amiens (1806); 
 Gertrude of Wyoming, umd other Poems 
 (1809) J Specimens of the British Poets, with 
 Biographical and Critical Notiees, and an 
 Essay on Enqlish Poetry (1819, 1841, 1845, 
 1848); Theodnc (1824); The lAfe of Mrs. 
 Siddons (1834); Letters from the South 
 (1837) ; The life and Times of Petrarch 
 (1841) ; The Pilgrim of Olencoe, and other 
 Poems (1842):. iyedericls the Oreat: his 
 
 Court and Times (1843) ; The History of 
 Our Own Times (1843) ; and A Poet's Resid- 
 ence in Algiers (1846). Tor Biography, see 
 the Life aiid Letters by Dr. Beattie (1849), 
 and the Sketch prefixed by William AUing- 
 ham to the Aldine edition of the Poetical ' 
 Works (187B). For Criticism, see Hazlitt's ' 
 Spirit of the Age, Jeffrey's Essays, Moir'3 
 Poetical Literature of the Past Half~Cen-^ 
 twry, and W. M. Eossetti's Introduction to- 
 his edition of the Poems. Camphell, says 
 Allingham, " wrote in the taste bf " -the 
 time, yet with recognisable originality; - 
 and he handled topics of immedi^ej 
 though not ephemeral interest. Hishajtle- 
 pieces, too, on names and subjects known 
 to all, had the true popular ring, a hold 
 tramp of metre. Little matters how Camp- 
 hell managed to produce Ye Mariners of 
 England, The Soldiers' s Dream, The Battle- 
 of the Baltic, the fine passages of Th§ 
 Pleasures of Hope, Gertrude, and' O' Co?!* 
 ner's Child, Indeed, ?iow, exactly, no 
 criijical acumen c<mld by any possibility 
 find out. He had the touch, that is what is 
 certain. Many of his other short poema 
 have the unmislakble stamp of our artist 
 upon them. Compared as lyrical writers,- 
 Campbell seems to me to have a finer touch 
 than Scott or Byron, the former of wh6m 
 is apt to be rough, the latter turgid. But 
 in whatever rank one or another reader 
 may place the poetry of Thomas 'Ciamp- 
 bell, all will agree that he made genuine" 
 additions to English literature. ' See 
 Aknalb of Great Britain ; JlxitE op 
 Erin ; Gertrude of WrokiNO ; Hohex- 
 LiNDEN ; Letters from the South ; 
 Pleasures of Hope ; Specimens op 
 THE British Poets. 
 
 Campden Hugh, (temp. Henry 
 v.), translated The History of King Boccui 
 and Sydrack from the French. See 
 Boccus. 
 
 Campion, Thomas, poet, critic, 
 and musician (1B40 — 1623), was the authoi;- 
 of Observations in tlie Art of English 
 Poesie (1604) ; The Description of a MasKej , 
 presented before the Kinges Majestic (1607); 
 A Relation of the late lioyall Entertaiii- 
 went, giAjen by the Lord Knowles (^613) ; - 
 Songs of Mowming, bewailing the unttmely 
 Death of Prince Henry (1613) ; A New Way 
 qf Making foure parts of Coimterpoint, by a 
 most familiar and idfalliUe rule (1613) ; ' 
 The Description of a Maske presented at"- 
 WhitehalU16U) ; Tim. CampioniEpigramr 
 matum, libri ii., and Umbra Elegiarum, 
 liber i. (1619) ; and four pieces contributed 
 to Davison's Poetical Rhapsody (q-v.). See 
 Hazlitt's Early English Literatwe. See 
 Art op English Poesie. 
 
 Canace. See Cambell and Cam- 
 
 BUSCAN. 
 
 " Candid, friend, The." 
 
 " Save me 1 OH, SAVE 4ie 1 " 
 
 See: 
 
130 
 
 CAN 
 
 CAP 
 
 Candliah, Robert Smith, D.B., 
 
 Presbyterian minister (1807—1873), wrote 
 Contrilnitiona toioards the exposition of the 
 Book of Genesis; The Atonement: its 
 lieality and Extent ; L'lfe in a Risen Sa- 
 viour and numerous other works, chiefly of 
 a theological and doctrinal character. See 
 the Biographical Sketch prefixed to " the 
 -Semums (1873). 
 
 Candour, Mrs., in Sheridan's 
 
 comedy of The Sclioolfor Scandal (q.v.), is 
 a conspicuous scandal-monger, " whose 
 name," says Moore, " has become one of 
 those formidable by-words which have 
 more power in putting folly and iU-nature 
 _out Df countenance than whole volumes of 
 the wisest remonstrances and reasoning." 
 
 Cane-bottomed Chair, The. A 
 
 poem by William Makepeace Thack- 
 eray. 
 
 Canning George, statesman (b. 
 1770, d. 1827), contributed several poetical 
 ^jeitx d'esprit to The Anti-Jacnhin Jievieto 
 'q.v.), and an article in The ComJiill 
 Magazine for 1867, For Biography, see 
 the Lives by Therry (1828), Stapleton (1831), 
 and Bell (1846). See Microcosm, The. 
 
 Canterbury Tales, The, by 
 Geoffrey Chattcer (1328—1400), consist 
 of a Prologue and twenty-four narratives, 
 of which two only, Chaucer's Tales of 
 Melibceus and The Parson's Tale, are in 
 prose, the remainder being written iu 
 couplets of ten 'syllables, which have laid 
 the foundation for the most popular form 
 of English verse. The plan of the poem is 
 as follows :— The author supposes that, ou 
 the evening before he starts on a pilgrim- 
 age to the shrine of St- Thomas-iirBecket, 
 at Canterbury, he stops at the Tabard Inn, 
 in Southwaric, where he finds himself in 
 the midst of a company of twenty-one of 
 all ranks and ages and both sexes, who are 
 also bound for the same destination. 
 After supper, the host of the Tabard, 
 Harry Bailly by name, proposes that, to 
 "beguile the joumey there and back, the 
 pilgrims shall each of them tell two tales 
 as they come and go, and that he, who by 
 the general voice shall have told his story 
 best, Ethall on their return to the hostelry, 
 be treated to a supper at the common cost. 
 This is agreed to with acclamation ; and, ac- 
 cordingly, the pilgrims start next morning 
 ^n their way, listening as they ride to the 
 heroic tale of the brave and gentle knight, 
 who has been chosen to narrate the first tale. 
 It will be understood that Chaucer does not 
 profess to give to the world all the stories 
 told. As a matter of fact, he gives only 
 twenty-four, of which two have been al- 
 ready named, the remainder being those 
 told by the Knight, the Miller, the Reeve, 
 the Cook, the Man of Law, the "Wife of 
 Bath, the Friar, the Sompnour, the Clerk, 
 the Squire, the Franklin, the Doctor, the 
 Pardoner, the Shipmau, the Prioress, the 
 
 Monk, the Nun's Priest, the second Nun. 
 the Canon's Yeoman, the Manciple, and 
 Chaucer himself (Sir Topas). Unfinished 
 as it is, however, the poem was immensely 
 popular, even in the author's time, and it 
 was one of the first books that issued f rom* 
 the press of Caxton, probably in 1475. The 
 first edition of importance was that by 
 Godfrey, in 1532, succeeded in 1721, by that 
 of Urry, and, in 1775j by that of Tyrwhitt. 
 Saunders published, in 1845, Chaucer's Can- 
 terbury Tales Explained, and Cowden 
 Clarke has done for them the office that 
 Charles Lamb performed for Shakespeare's 
 plays. For references to criticism, see the 
 article Chaucer ; also, seeDibdin's Typo- 
 graphical Antiquities, and Lowndes' Jiib- 
 liographer's Manual. There is an allusion 
 to this famous poem in Hawea's i*afi/ime 
 qf Pleasure:— 
 
 " And upon hys imacinacyon. 
 He made also the Talcs of Canterbury, 
 Some virtuous, and some glad and merry." 
 
 Canterbury Tales, The. Stories 
 by Sophia (1750-1824) and Habbiet Leb 
 (1756—1851) : of which, The Young Lady*s 
 Tale and T/ie Clergyman's Tale were writ- 
 ten by Sophia, and the remainder, in- 
 cluding Kruitzner: or, the German's Tale, 
 by her sister Harriet. It was on the story 
 of Kruitzner that Byron founded his dra- 
 matic poem of Werner {<\.w.). "It made a 
 deep impression on me,"' he says, "and 
 may Indeed be said to contain the germ of 
 much that I have since written." " The 
 main idea," says a writer in Blackwood's 
 Magazine^ *' wV^h lies at the root of it, is 
 the horror of an erring father— who, havmg 
 been detected in vice by his son, has dared 
 to defend his own sin, and so to perplex 
 the sou's notions of moral rectitude — on 
 finding that the son in his turn has pushed 
 the false principles thus instilled to the 
 last and worse extreme — on hearing his 
 own sophistries Hung In his face by a 
 miu'derer." 
 
 Canton. A valet to Lord O^leby 
 in CoLMAN and Garrick's comedy of The 
 Clandestine Marriage (q.v.). 
 
 Cantwell, Dr. The leading char- 
 acter in Cibber's comedy of The Hypo- 
 crite, who endeavours to seduce Lady Lam- 
 bert, the wife of the man who has be- 
 frieuded and enriched him. 
 
 Capella, Bianca. See Bianca 
 
 Capella. 
 
 Capern, Ed^rard, poet (b. 1819), 
 has published Poems (1856) ; Ballads and 
 Songs (1869) : Wayside Warbles (1865) ; The 
 Devonshire Melodist ; and various miscel- 
 laneous pieces. See Bideford, The 
 Rural Postman of ; Postman Poet, 
 The. 
 
 Capgrave, John, Provincial of the. 
 Austin Friars in England (b. 1393. d. 1464), 
 wrote a Nova Legenda^ sive vitce SanctO' 
 rum Anglia (1616) ; A Chronicle of Eng-' 
 
CAP- 
 
 CAR 
 
 131 
 
 land,' The Book of the ITbble -Henries ; and 
 numerous religious works, all in Latin ; 
 also, A Life of Saint KatkaHne^ in English 
 verse. " He exceeded," says Morley, " all 
 men of the reign of Henry VI. in the in- 
 dustry of a great erudition without genius. 
 See Warton's English Poetry ; also, Book 
 OF THE Noble Hbkries; Chronicleof 
 Englaxd; Katharine, Life of St. 
 
 Capricious Lovers, The. A 
 
 comic opera by Hobert Lloyd (1733 — 
 1764), produced in the latter year at Drury 
 Lane. It is founded on Favart's Caprices 
 d'Amour. 
 
 Captain, The. " ALegend of the 
 Navy," by Alfred Tennyson, first pub- 
 lished in Selections from the Works. 
 
 Captain Mario. A comedy by 
 Stephen Gosson (1554—1623), written in 
 1577; called by the author "a cast of 
 Italian'devises," and probably founded on 
 some Italian novel. 
 
 Captives, The. A tragedy bv 
 John Gay (1688—1732)^ produced at Druiy 
 Lane in 1723. 
 
 Captivity, The. An oratorio iji 
 three acts by Oliver Gold.smith -(1728— 
 1774). The dramatis personoe are two Jew- 
 ish prophets, two Chaldean priests, an 
 Israelitish and a Chaldean woman, and a 
 chorus of youths and virgins, 
 
 Capulet, in Shakespeare's tra- 
 gedy of Romeo and Juliet (q.v.), is the 
 head of a noble family in Verona, whose 
 rivalry with the house of Montague in the 
 thirteenth and fourteenth centuries is a 
 matter of history. His wife . Lady Capulet, 
 '* with a train of velvet, her- black hood, 
 her fan, and her rosary," is described by 
 Mrs. Jameson as " the very bean-ideal of 
 a proud Italian matron" of that time. 
 *• Yet she loves her daughter, and there is 
 a touch of remorseful tenderness in her 
 lamentations over her which adds to our 
 impression of the timid softness of Juliet 
 .and the harsh subjection in which she has 
 been kept." 
 
 "Capulets, The tomb of all 
 
 the."— Bt7RKE, Letter to Mattheio Smith. 
 
 Carabas, The Marquess of. A 
 
 character in Disraeli's novel of Vivian 
 Grey (q.v.), said to be intended for Lord 
 Lyndhurst. •* He was servile, and pomp- 
 ous, and indefatigable, and loquacious— 
 so whispered the world ; his friends hailed 
 him as at once a courtier and a sage, a man 
 of business and an orator." 
 
 Caractacus. A drama by Wilt 
 LiAM Mason (1725 — 1797), which Campbell 
 thought superior to Beaumont and Fletch- 
 er's play on the same subject. It was pro- 
 duced in 1759. See Gray's Letters. 
 
 Caradoc the Great : " or, the 
 
 Valiant "Watchman." A "Chronicle His- 
 
 tory," by Robert Arnim, published in 
 1615. 
 
 Carathis. Tlie motlier of the 
 
 Caliph Vathek. in Beckford's story of 
 that nam© (q.v.). 
 
 " Card, Speak by the." An ex- 
 pression used in Hamlet (q.v.), where the 
 gravedigger says, " How absolute the 
 knave is ! we must speak by the card, or 
 equivocation will undo us " (act v., scene 
 1). 
 
 Card, The. A novel in the form 
 of letters, published by Newberry in 1755, 
 and said to be written by a well-known 
 clergyman of the period. It is probably 
 the earliest example in English literature 
 of that burlesque imitation of novels and 
 novelists which lias in our own time re- 
 sulted in Thackeray's Noi^els hy Eminent 
 Hands and Bret Harte's Sensation Novels 
 Condensed. Sec Clara Heeve's Progress of 
 Romance (q.v.), where reference is made 
 to it. 
 
 Cardiphonia: "or Utterance of 
 the Heart, in the coui-se of a real Corre- 
 spondence." A series of letters by the 
 Rev. John Newton (1722—1807), published 
 in 1781. 
 
 " Care for nobody, no, not I, I." 
 
 The refrain of the well-known old Eng- 
 lish ballad, The Miller of Dee. 
 
 Careless. A friend of Charles 
 Surface, in Sheridan*s comedy of The 
 School for Scandal (q.v.). 
 
 Careless Husband, The, a play. 
 by COLLEY CiBBER (1671—1757), acted in' 
 1704, is " a very elegant piece of agreeable, 
 thoughtless writing ; and the incident of ' 
 Lady Easy throwing her handkerchief over 
 her husband, whom she finds asleep in a * 
 chair by the side of her waiting-woman, 
 was ail admirable contrivance, taken, as 
 the author informs us, from real life." 
 
 Careless Iiover, The. A lyric by 
 Sir John Suckling (1609—1641). 
 
 " Caressed or chidden by the 
 
 slender hand, And singing airy trifles, this 
 or that." First lines of a sonnet by Al- 
 fred Tennyson. 
 
 Carew, Lady Elizabeth. The 
 
 author of a tragedy, published in 1613, and 
 entitled, Marian^ the Fair Queen of 
 Jeiory, of which Lan^baine remarks that, 
 " for the play itself, it is very well p6n'd, 
 considering these times and the lady's 
 sex." 
 
 Carevr, Thomas, poet (b. 1589, d. 
 1639), wrote Cfiehim Jtritannicwn, a Maske 
 (q.v.), (1634), and some miscellaneous 
 pieces, which first appeared in a collected 
 edition, in 1640: afterwards, under the 
 editorship of T. Maitland, Lord Duudren- 
 j^en, in 1624. They are included; with the 
 
132 
 
 CAB 
 
 CAR 
 
 masques, in the collection edited by An- 
 derson and Chalmers. See the complete 
 edition of Carew's fForts, prepared by W. 
 Garew Hazlitt for the Roxburghe Club. 
 See, also, Tke Jietrospective lieview, vol. 
 vi., and The Quarterly lieview j vol. iv. 
 The Life of. Carew is given in Wood's 
 AtkencR Oxonienses. For CriUci$m. see 
 Hailam's Literary History, Campbell's 
 English Poets, . and Hazlitt's English 
 Poetry ami Age of Elizabeth. There are 
 allusions to Carew in Oldys* MS. notes on 
 Langbaine's Dramatick Poetry, Lloyd's 
 Worthies, and the works of Bishop Percy, 
 Phillips, and the Earl of Clarendon. He 
 figures in Suckling's Sessimi of the Poets : — 
 
 " Tom Carew was next, but he had n fault 
 That would not well stand with a laureaL 
 His muse was hede-bound, and the issue of 'a 
 
 brain 
 "Was seldom brought forth but 'vith trouble and 
 
 pain." 
 
 Carey, Alice, American antlioress 
 (b. 1822), has published Poems (1850) ; CIo- 
 vemoolc: or, JiecoUections of our Jffeiahbour- 
 hood in tJie West (1851), {5. v.) ; Imgar, a 
 Story of To-day (1851) ; Lyra, and other 
 Poems (1852) ; Clooernook, second series, 
 and Clovemook Children (1851) ; Poems 
 (1855) ; Married, not Mated, a novel (1865) ; 
 ifolywood, a novel (1855)- See Griswold's 
 Female Poets of America, and Mrs. Hale's 
 Jiecords of Women. * * No American wo- 
 man," says The Wesimd,7ister Jievietv, " has 
 evinced, in prose and poeti-y, anything 
 like the genius of Alice (5arey,'* 
 
 Carey, G-eorge SavilIe,son of the 
 poet (d. 1807), was, like his father, a vol- 
 uminous song wi'iter, and published, 
 among other works, Poetical Efforts (1787), 
 Balnea (1799), and Eighteen Hundred (1800). 
 See the Biographia DramaUca. 
 ' Carey, Henry, second Earl of 
 Monmouth (b. 1596, d. 1661), wrote a His- 
 tory of FlanderSf some Politic Discourses, 
 and various translations. 
 
 Carey, Henry, poet, dramatist, 
 and musician (1663 — 1743), published Poems 
 (1713): The Contrivances, and another 
 farce (1715) ; Poems (1720) ; Hanging and 
 Marriage (1722) ; Cantatas and JEssays 
 (1724) ; Verses on Chilli.ver's Travels (1727) ; 
 an enlarged edition of his Poems (1729) ; 
 Chroiionhotonthologos (1734), (q.v.) ; Amelia 
 and Teraminta (1732) ; TJie Honest York- 
 shireman (1736) ; The Dragon of Wantley 
 (1737) ; Margery : or, the Dragoness (1738) ; 
 Nancy .* or, the Parting Lovers (1739) ; and 
 The Mu:^ical Century in 100 English Bal- 
 lads (173-1 — 40). He is best known, per- 
 haps, as the author of the famous ballad, 
 Sally in our Alley (q.v.). His dramatic 
 .Worlis were collected and published in 
 1743. See the Biographia Dramafica, and 
 Sir John Hawkins' and Burney's Histories 
 t^ Music. See Namby Pamjjy, 
 
 Carey, Henry Charles, Ameri- 
 can political economist (b. 1793), has pub- 
 
 lished The Prvnciples of Political Economy 
 (1837—40) ; The Credit System (1838) ; The 
 Past, the Present, and the Future (1848) ; 
 The Principles of Social Science (1858) ; 
 Miscellanies (1869) ; The Unity of Law 
 (1873) ; and other works. 
 
 Carey, Henry Lucius, Viscount 
 Falkland (d. 1663)^ wrote The Marriage 
 Night, a play, published in 1664. See Wal- 
 pole's Boyat and Noble Authors, Lloyd's 
 State Worthies, Langbaine's Dramatick 
 Poetry, and the Biographia Dramatica. 
 
 Carey, Matthevr, Irisli publisher 
 and author (b. 1760, d. 1840), is best known 
 as the publisher of The Freeman's Jiyumal 
 (1783), and The Pennsylvania Herald (1785). 
 He also wrote The Otive Branch (1814), and 
 VindicicB HibemicB (1818). See his Auto- 
 biography contributed to The New England 
 Magazine. 
 
 Carker.Mr., in Dickkns's novel of 
 Dombey and S<yn (q.v.), is the confidential 
 manager of Mr. Dombey's business, and is 
 chiefly remarkable for his villainy and 
 his white teeth. 
 
 CarJeton. See Coffin, Charles 
 Carleton. 
 
 Carleton, "William, novelist (1798 
 —1869), wrote Traits and Stories ^ the 
 Irish. Peasantry (1830 and 1832) ; Farda- 
 rougha, the Miser: or, the Convicts of Lis- 
 namaiia (1839) ; The Faxon of Spring Vale, 
 and other stories (1841) ; Valentine M'- 
 Chttchy (1845) ; Willy Reilly (1855) ; and 
 other works. "His tales," says.the Quar^ 
 terly Peview, ''are full of vigorous, pic- 
 turesque description, and genuine pathos. 
 They may be referred to as furnishing a 
 veiy correct portrait of the Irish peasantiy . 
 " Jfl^ever," according to Professor Wilson, 
 " was that wild, imaginative people better 
 described ; and, amongst all the fun,f rolic, 
 and folly, there is no want of poetrj-, 
 
 Sathos, and passion." See Denkis 
 'Shaughnessy, &o. ; Fardaroogha; 
 Hedge School, The ; Scholar, The 
 Poor. 
 
 Carlisle.Earl of,Frederick Hownnl 
 (1748—1826), produced Poems (1773); The 
 Father's Revenge, a tragedy (1783) ; The 
 Stepmotlier, a tragedy (1800) ; Thoughts on 
 the Present Conditimi of the ^fcrge (1808) ; 
 and other works. His Tragedies and 
 Potms were collected and published in 
 1807. Lord Carlisle was the subject of an 
 acrimonious attack by Byron in tiie Eng- 
 lish Bards and Scotch Beviewers,f or which 
 tl\e poet afterwards made reparation in 
 the third canto of Childe Harold. 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas, historijui, bi- 
 ographer, essayist, and miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1795), has written in Brewster's 
 Edinburgh E7icychpmdia{lS'20— 23) articles 
 on Lady Mary "Wortley Montagu, Mon- 
 taigne, Montesquieu, Montfaucon, Dr. 
 Moore, Sir John Moore, Necker, Nelson, 
 Netherlands, Newfoundland, Norfolk 
 
CAR 
 
 CAB 
 
 133 
 
 NbrthamptonsliirejNorthumberlandjMuii- 
 go Park, Lord Chatham, "William Pitt ; 
 fn The Ifew Edinburgh, Review (1821—22), 
 papers on Joanna Baillie's^ Metrical Le~ 
 gendSt and on Goethe's ^aust j* a transla- 
 tion of Legendre's Geometry, with an essay- 
 on Proportion (1824); Schiller's Life and 
 Writings (1823—25) ; a translation of 
 Goethe s ivilhelm Meister (1824) ; German 
 Jioinances : Specimens of the Chief Authors j 
 with Biograp Meal and Critical JYb^ices 
 (1827) ; essays in various reviews and 
 magazines', republished in the Miscellanies 
 (1827— 3T) ; Sartor Resartus (1833—34) ; The 
 French Revolution (1%Z1) ; CAar^ism (1839); 
 Heroes and Hero- Worship (1840) : Past and 
 Present (1843) ; Oliver OromwetVs Letters 
 mid Speeches^ with JElncidations and a 
 Connecting Jsarrative (1845) ; Latter-Day 
 Pamphlets (1850) ; articles in The Examiii- 
 cr (1848), on ** Louis Philippe " (March 4), 
 "liepeal of the Union " (April 29), "Legis- 
 lation for Ireland " (May 13) ; articles in 
 The Spectator (1848), on ** Ireland and the 
 British Chief Governor," and " Irish Regi- 
 ments (of the New Era) " (May 13) ; " The 
 Death of Charles Buller," m The Ex- 
 ammer (December 2, 1848); Life ^ John 
 Sterling (^X&oX) \ Life <if Friedrlch II. (1865); 
 
 Shooting Niagara and after? in Mac- 
 
 millaji's Mauazbie for 1867 ; and On the 
 Choice of Books (1866). In 1875, Mr. Car- 
 lyle published a small volume on the £aWy 
 Kings of Norway, and the Portraits of 
 John Knox. For Biography, see Men of 
 the Time; Imperial dictionary of Biog- 
 raphyt by Professor Nichol ; Home's 
 Spirit of the Age; the preface to 2'Ae 
 Choice of Books. And for Criticism, see 
 Essays, by George Brimley ;- Greg's Liter- 
 ary a/nd Social Judgments; Morley's Oriti- 
 cat Miscellanies ; Quarterly Review for 
 July, 1865; Westminster Review for Janu- 
 ary, 1865 ; British and Foreign Review for 
 October, 1843, by Giuseppe Mazzini ; and 
 J.- Russell Lowell's My Study Windows. 
 "With the gift of song," says Lowell, 
 "Carlyle would have been the greatest or 
 epic poets since Homer. Without it to ' 
 modulate and harmonise and bring parts 
 into proper relation, he is the most amor- 
 phous of humoriste, the most shining 
 avatar of whim the world has ever seen. 
 Beginning with a hearty contempt for 
 shanu. he has come at length to believe in 
 brute force as the only reality, and has as 
 little sense of justice as Thackeray allowed 
 to women. We say brute force because, 
 though the theory is that this force should 
 be directed by the supreme intellect for 
 the tim3 being, yet all infei-iqr wits are 
 treated rather as obstacles to be contemp- 
 tuously shoved aside than as auxiliary 
 forces to be conciliated through their rea- 
 son. But, with all deductions, he remains 
 the profoundest critic and the most dra- 
 matic imagination of modem times. 
 Never was there a more striking example 
 of the ingenivmperfervidvm long ago said 
 to be characteristic of his countrymen. 
 
 Though he seems more and more to con- 
 founa material with moral success, yet 
 there is always something wholesome in 
 Ills unswerving loyalty to reality, as he, 
 understands it. Histoiy, in the true 
 sense, he does not and cannot write, for 
 he looks on mankind as a herd without 
 volition and without moral force j but 
 such vivid pictures of events, such living 
 conceptions of character, we find nowhere 
 else in prose. Though not the safest of 
 
 guides in politics or practical philosophy, ' 
 is value as an inspirer and awakener 
 cannot be over-estimated." See Fbench 
 Eevolutiom-, The; JFhiedkich II. of 
 Prussia; Heroes AifD Hero-Wokship; 
 Latter-day Pamphlets ; Past akd 
 Present ; Romakces, German, &c. ; 
 Sartor Kesartus ; Schiller ; Wil- 
 HELM Meister. 
 
 Carmen de Comxnendatione 
 
 Cerevisise. Apoemby KobertdeBeau- 
 fev (circa 1197), writteninhonour of ale. 
 
 Carmen LilUehse Titmarsh's. 
 
 A ballad in four parts,hy William Make- 
 piece Thackeray, written on September 
 2, 1843, when awaiting remittances from 
 England :— 
 
 " He had no cash, he lay in pawn, 
 A stranger in the town of Lille." 
 
 Carmen Seculare for the year 
 
 1700. A poem in English verse, by Mat- 
 thew Prior (1G64— 1721), in which the 
 author celebrates the virtues of King 
 William III ., and which Johnson charac- 
 terises as " one of his longest and most 
 splendid compositions." It is notable as 
 containing an incidental suggestion of an 
 academy such as Swift had hinted at in 
 his Proposal for ascertainirig the English 
 Language, l^ickell had suggested in his 
 Prospect of Peace, and Matthew Arnold' 
 has foreshadowed in one of the most in- 
 teresting of his Essays in {jriticism. 
 Prior advocates a society that 
 
 "With care true eloquence shall teach, 
 And to just idioms fix our doubtful speech ; 
 That from our writers distant realms may know 
 The thanks we to our monarche owe." 
 
 Carmen Triumphale, "for the 
 Commencement of the Year 1814;" writ- 
 ten by Robert Southby il774^1843), and 
 published in 1815- 
 
 Carolan, Turlough 0\ An Irish 
 
 bard (b. 1670, d. 1738). ** His songS in gen- ' 
 oral," says Goldsmith, " may be compared 
 to those of Pindar, as they have frequently 
 the same flight of imagination, and are 
 composed (I don't say written, for he could 
 not write) merely to flatter some man of 
 fortune upon some excellence of the same 
 kind." See Walker's Irish Bards. 
 
 Caroline. A poem in two parts, 
 by Thomas Campbell (1777—1844), the 
 second part being addressed * ' To the Even* 
 IngStar."' 
 
134 
 
 OAE 
 
 CAS 
 
 " O bring with theo my Caroline, 
 And tliou Bhalt be my Ruling Star I " 
 
 Caroline Ganii. Tiie lieroine of 
 THAOKEitAY's Shabby Genteel Story (q.v.). 
 She afterwards reappears as the deserted 
 ■wife of Brand Firmiii (q.v.), in The Ad- 
 ventitres of Philip (q>v.), where she figures 
 as " the little sister." 
 
 Carpenter, VTilliam Benjamin, 
 
 M.D. physiological writer (h. 1813), has 
 published The Principles of General and 
 Comparative Physiology (1839), The Micro- 
 scope and its Revelations, and many other 
 works of high scientific interest. 
 
 Carr, Sir John, b.irt., of tlieMidflle 
 Temple (b. 1772, d. 1832), published The 
 Stranqer in France (1803), Poems (1803, 1809), 
 The Stranqer in Ireland (1806), A Pove 
 through Holland (1807), Calea<mian Sketches 
 (1809), and Descriptive Travels (1811). See 
 
 3TBANGEB IN IRELAND. 
 
 Carrington, Noel Thomas, poet 
 
 (1777—1830), wrote The Banks of Tamar 
 (1820), Dartmoor (1826), and My Native Vil- 
 lage. His Poems were afterwards col- 
 lected. 
 
 Carroll, Le^vis. The nam deplume 
 Tinder which C Lutwidge Dodgson has 
 
 Published Alice in Wonderland (q.v.). 
 ^hrough the Looking-glass ^ Phantasma- 
 goria, Hunting of the Snark, and miscella- 
 neous contributions to the magazines. 
 
 Carruthers, Robert, Scottish jour- 
 nalist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1799), 
 has published a History qf Huntinffdon 
 (1826), and The Poetry of Milton's Prose 
 (1827). Conjointly with Dr. Robert Cham- 
 bers, he edited The Cyclopadia of JEnglish 
 Literature, of which he wrote nearly all the 
 original portions. He has also e(uted the 
 worksof Pope (1858), and contributed to the 
 Encyclopf^dia Britannica. He has edited 
 the Inverness Courier since 1828. 
 
 Carte, Thomas, historian (b. 1686, 
 d. 1754), produced A Mstory of the Life of 
 James. I>uke of Ormonde, 1610—88 (1735— 
 36) ; A General History of England from 
 the Earliest Times to A.D. 1654 (1747—55), 
 and other minor works. 
 
 Carter, Elizabeth, poetess and 
 scholar (b. 1717, d. 1806), published Poem^ 
 on Several Occasions (1738); A Series of 
 Letters between Mrs. Elizabeth Carter and 
 Miss Catherine Talbot 1741-70, to which 
 are added Letters to Mrs. Vesey, 1763—87 
 (1808) ; Letters to Mrs. Montagu, 1755—1800 
 (1817) ; translations of Epictetus, Crousaz's 
 Examen of Pope's Essay on Man, Alaaroth*s 
 Explanation of Newton's Philosophy ; two 
 papers in The Rambler (Nos. 44 and 100), 
 and Poems (1762). Jler Memoirs, with anew 
 edition of her poems and other miscella- 
 neous writings, appeared in 1807. See the 
 I^fe by PeniOngton (1816). See Eliza. 
 
 Carton, Sydney. A leading char- 
 acter in Dickens's Tale of Two Cities* 
 Cartwright, Edmund, poet and 
 
 inventor (b. 1743, d. 1823), wrote Cnnstantia 
 (1768), Armine and Elvira (1775), The Prince 
 of Peace (1779), Sonnets to Eminent Men 
 (1783), Letters and Sonnets addressed to 
 Lord John Russell (1807), some contribu- 
 tions to The Monthly Review, and other 
 works. 
 
 Cartwright, William, poet and 
 dramatist (b. 1611, d. 1643), wrote The Royal 
 Slave (1639), (q.v.); The Lady Errant 
 (1651) ; The Ordinary (1651), (q.v.) ; The 
 Siege: or, Love's Convert (1661) ; To Philip , 
 Earle of Pembroke and Montgomerie (1641) ; 
 Of the Signal Days in the Month of Nov., 
 in Relation to the Crown and Royal Family 
 (l641) ; An Offspring of Mercy, issuing out 
 of the IFomb of Cruelty : or, a Passion Ser^ 
 mon preached'ln Ch. Ch, in Oxon (1652); and 
 other poems,printed in Henry Lawes* Ayres 
 and Dialogues (1653). His Comedies, Tragi- 
 comedies, with other Poems, appeared in a 
 collected form in 1651. See Wood's Athena 
 Oxonienses. " My son Cartwright," said^ 
 Ben Jonson, "writes like a man." 
 
 Carvel, Hans. A story in verse, 
 by Matthew Prior (1664—1721) character- 
 ised by Johnson as "not over decent." 
 " The adventure of Hans Carvel," he says. 
 '*has passed through many successions of 
 merry wits, for it is to be found in Ariosto's 
 satire, and is perhaps yet older." 
 
 Cary, Henry Francis^ poet and 
 biographer (b. 1772, d. 1844), published a 
 translation, in English blank verse, of 
 Dante's Divina Comm^dia (1814), An Irregu- 
 lar Ode to General Elliot (1787), Sonnets and 
 Odes (1788), versions of The Birds of Aris- 
 tophanes and the Odes of Pindar, Lives of 
 the English and the Early French Poets, 
 and editions of the works of Pope, Cowper, 
 Milton, Thomson, and Young. See the 
 Life by his son. * 
 
 Caryll, John, dramatist (b. 1687, 
 d, 1718), produced The English Princess: 
 or, the Death of Richard III. (1667) j and 
 Sir Solomon: or, the Cautious Coxcomb 
 (1671) ; besides a translation from the Vul- 
 gate of the Psalms of David (1700). He 
 was an intimate friend of Pope, and is 
 said to have suggested to the poet the idea 
 of TJie Rape of the Lock (q.v.). 
 
 Casa Guidi Windows. A poem, 
 in two parts, by Elizabeth Barrett 
 Browning (1809-1861), the first part of 
 which was written in or about 1848. It 
 gives " the impressions of the writer upon 
 events in Tuscany, of which she was a 
 witness " from the house she inhabited, 
 called Casa Guidi. 
 
 Casabianca. A well-known poem 
 by Mrs. Hemaks (1794—1836). 
 
 Cassa Wappy. An elegiac poem 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 135 
 
 by David Macbeth Moir (1798—1851), on 
 tne death of an infant son of the writer, 
 who died after a very short illness. " Gasa 
 "Wappy " was a pet name for the child. 
 
 Casaubon, Mr. The scholar, in 
 Geo ROE EuoT's novel of Middlemarch 
 (q.T.), who eventually marries the heroine, 
 Dorothea Brooke. 
 
 Casca. One of the conspirators 
 against Julius Caesar, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of that name (q.v.). 
 
 " See what a reut the envious Caeca made ! " 
 
 Case is Altered, The. A comedy^ 
 hy Ben Jonsox, written between 1596 and 
 1598. 
 
 Cash, Corn, aud Catholics, Odes 
 
 on, hy Thomas Moore, published in 1828. 
 
 Casimere. A Polisli emigrant in 
 CANNrNG's mock tragedy of The Movers 
 (q.v.)j in The Anti-Jacohin (q.v.). 
 
 Cassandra. A prophetess, daugh- 
 ter of Priam, in Shakespeare's Troilus 
 and Cressida (q-T.). 
 
 Cassio, lieutenant to Otliello, " is 
 portrayed," says Schlegel, ** exactly as he 
 ought to be to excite suspicion without 
 actual guilt — amiable and nobly disposed, 
 but easily seduced." It was with Cassio 
 that Desdemona was said by lago to be 
 " false to wedlock." 
 
 Cassius. A character in Julius 
 Ckesar (q.v.)— 
 
 " Yond* Cassius has a lean and hungry look ; 
 He thinks too much : such men are dangerous." 
 
 Castara. A collection of love- 
 Bongs, by William Habinoton (1605— 
 1645). Castara was the lady-love whom he 
 afterwards married — Lucy, daughter of 
 William Herbert, first Lord Powis. ■ Prob- 
 ably the name is irom " Casta," and " ara," 
 a virgin shrine. The poems were printed 
 in 1634, and revised in 1640. 
 
 Castel-Cuille, The Blind Girl of. 
 See BLiifD Girl of Castel-Cuille, 
 The. 
 
 Castle of Health, The,.hy Sir 
 
 Thomas Elyot (d. 1546), first printed in 
 1533, is full of professional advice concern- 
 ing diet and regimen. 
 
 Castle of Indolence, The. An 
 
 allegorical poem in two cantos, by James 
 Thomson (1700—1748), published in 1748. 
 " This poem," says the writer, ** being writ 
 in the manner of Spenser, the obsolete 
 words, and a simplicity of diction in some 
 lines which borders on the ludicrous, were 
 necessary to make the imitation more per- 
 fect," "The first canto," says Dr. John- 
 son, " opens a scene of lazy luxury that 
 fills the imagination." " To The Castle qf 
 Itidolence he brought," says Campbell. 
 «( not only the £ull nature but the perfect 
 
 urt of a poet. The materials Of that ex- 
 quisite poem are derived originally from 
 Tasso, but he was more immediately in- 
 debted for them to the Fairy Queen, and 
 in meeting with the paternal spirit of 
 Spenser he seems as if he were admitted 
 more intimately to the home of inspiration. 
 Every stanza of that charming allegory, at 
 least of the whole of the first part of it, 
 gives out a group of images from which 
 ttie mind is reluctant to part, and a flow 
 of harmony which the ear wishes to hear 
 repeated." I'he poet, it may be added, 
 was probably indebted not only to Tasso, 
 but to Alexander Barclay's Castle of 
 Labour ^ and to a poem by Mitchell on J?i- 
 dolence.^ 
 
 Castle of Labour, The, liy Alex- 
 ander Barclay (d. 1552). is an allegori'cal 
 poem from the French, in seven-line stan- 
 zas, printed in 1506. 
 
 Castle of Love, The. A romance, 
 
 translated into English from the Spanish^ 
 by John Bourchier, Lord Berners - 
 (1474—1532). Some specimens are printed 
 in Park's edition of "Walpole's Moyal and 
 Noble Authors. 
 
 Castle of Otranto, The. "A 
 Story," by Horace Walpole, fourth Earl 
 of Orford (1717—1797), published by him 
 in 1765, as "translated by William Mar- 
 shal, gent., from, the original Italian of 
 Onuphro Muralto, canon of the Church of ■ 
 St. Nicholas at Otranto." , It was the 
 author's object, in this story, " to unite the , 
 marvellous turn of incident and imposing 
 tone of chivali-y, exhibited in the ancient 
 romance, with that accurate displajf^ of 
 human character and contrast of feelings 
 and passions which is, or ought to be,"' 
 says Sir Walter Scott, ** delineated in the 
 modem novel." It was written, it ap- 
 pears, in less than two months, and its 
 author explains its origin by recounting 
 how he " waked one morning from a. 
 dream, of which all I could recover was, 
 that I had thought myself in an ancient 
 castle (a very natural dream for a head^ 
 like mine, filled with Gothic story), and . 
 that on the uppermost bannister of a great 
 staircase I saw a gigantic hand in armour. 
 In the evening I sat down and began to 
 write, without knowing in the least what 
 I intended to say or relate. The work 
 grew on my hands, and I grew fond of it." 
 **I confess to you, my dear friend," he 
 continues, writing to Madame du Dei^and, 
 "tbat this is the only one of my works 
 ■with which I am myself pleased. I have 
 composed it in defiance of rules, of critics, 
 and of philosophers, and it seems to me 
 just so much the better for that very 
 reason." The poet Gray, writing to Wal- 
 pole, said the book made some of them at 
 Cambridge " cry a little, and all, in gene- 
 ral, afiaid to go to bed o' nights." 
 
 Castle of Feraeverancef The. 
 
136 
 
 CAS 
 
 CAT 
 
 One of the oldest morals in our language, 
 and in some respects bearing resemblance 
 to a miracle-play. It is ably analysed by 
 J. P. Collier in his History of Dramatic 
 Poetry. 
 
 . Castle Rackrent. An Irish story, 
 by Maria Edoeworth (1767—1849) illus- 
 trating the eviJs of absenteeism and other 
 Irish grievances, published in 1799. 
 
 Castle Spectre, The. A drama 
 by Matthew Gregory Lewis (1775—1818) 
 produced in 1797, and acted sixty succes- 
 sive nights. ** It is full of supernatural 
 horrors, deadly revenge, and assEtssination, 
 with touches of poetical feeling, and some 
 well-managed scenes," and is still occasion- 
 ally performed in the provinces. 
 
 Castles of Athlin and Dun- 
 
 bayne. The. A romance by Mrs. Rad- 
 CLIFFE (1761—1823), published when the 
 authoress was twenty-five yeare old^ The 
 scene is laid in feudal Scotland, and the 
 plot is wild and improbable. 
 
 Castle-wood, Beatrix, in Thack- 
 eray's novel o Esmond (q.v.), is the 
 daughter of Lady Rachel Castlewood (q.v.), 
 and is described by Hannay as " brilliant, 
 radiant, full of life and force— a Marie 
 Stuart orCleopatra of the every-day world." 
 
 Castle-wood, Lady Rachel, in 
 
 Thackeray's novel of £smo?irf (q.v.), is 
 the mother of Beatrix, and in love with, 
 and beloved by, Harry Esmond. *' Very 
 sweet and pure, without ceasing to be 
 human and fallible." 
 
 Cat, Beware the. See Beware 
 the cat. 
 
 "Catch the manners living as 
 they rise." A line in Pope's Essay on 
 Man (q.T.y. 
 
 Cath-G-abhra, i.e., the battle of 
 Gabhra. A poem by Fergus Fibueoil 
 (circa 290), which describes the warfare 
 between the Fenii and Caibre, King of Ire- 
 land, who desired to crush out that power- 
 ful party. 
 
 Catharos : '* Diogenes in his Sin- 
 gularitie," &c. By Thomas Lodge (1555 
 —1625) ; christened by him "A Nettle for 
 Nice Noses. ' 
 
 Catherine " A Stor^'," by W. M. 
 Thackeray, originally published in 
 Fraser's Maaazine, in 18^9 and 1840, under 
 thenomde plume of" Ikey Solomons, jun." 
 It was intended " to counteract the inju- 
 rious influence of some popular fictions of 
 that day, which made heroes of highway- 
 men and burglars, and created a false 
 sympathy for the vicious and criminal.' 
 With this purpose, the author chose for 
 the subject of his story a woman named 
 Catherine Hayes, who was burned at Ty- 
 burn, in 1726, for the deliberate murder of 
 
 her husband under very revolting circum- 
 stances. The aim of the author was obvi-. 
 ously to describe the career of this wretch- 
 ed woman and her associates " with such 
 fidelity to truth as to exhibit the danger 
 and folly of investing such persons with 
 heroic and romantic qualities." He was 
 so far unsuccessful, however, that many 
 Irish readers of the story regarded it as a 
 deliberate insult to the memory of Cathe- 
 rine Hayes, the Irish singer, and were pro- 
 portionately angry, until the author hu- 
 morously undeceived them. 
 
 Catherine Parr, Queen of Enj?- 
 land (b. 1509, and married to Henry VIII. 
 in 1643), was the author of a volume of 
 Prayers and Meditations collected out of 
 Holy Woorkes, published in 1545, and of 
 The Lamentation of a Sinner Bewailing the 
 Ignorance of her Blind Life ^ published in 
 1548. with a preface by Lord Burleigh. 
 She died in 1518. 
 
 Catiline's Conspiracy. A trag:- 
 edy by Ben Jonson (1574—1637), produced 
 in 1611 ; " spun out," says Hazlitt, ** to an 
 excessive length with Cicero's arciticial 
 and affected orations." Catiline's Con- 
 spiracies is the title of an historical play 
 by Stephen Gosson (1554—1623). 
 
 Catius, in Pope's Moral Essays, 
 epistle i., is intended for Charles Darti- 
 NEUF, is described as — 
 
 " Ever moral, ever grave. 
 Thinks who endures a knave is next a knave, 
 Save just at dinner— then prefers, no doubt, 
 A rogue with vcniaon to 9 roffue without." 
 
 See the Imitations of Horace, bk. ii., ep. ii.« 
 87. Warburton calls Dartineuf "a cele- 
 brated glutton." 
 
 CatUn, George, American artist 
 and author (b. 1795). has published lUuS' 
 trntions of the Manners, Citstoms.and Con- 
 dition of the North American Indians^ with. 
 tliree hundred engravings on steel (1841) ; 
 The North American Portfolio qf Hunting 
 Scenes and Amusements qf tne Pocky 
 Mountains and Pi'airies qf America ; Notes 
 of Eight Years' Travel in Europe ; and 
 various other works, including The Breath 
 of Life : 0J-, Shut your Mouth (1864), issued 
 in fac-simile of the author's handwriting. 
 
 Cato. A tragedy by Joseph Ad- 
 dison (1672—1719), produced in April, 1713, 
 with a measure of success which was owing 
 in some degree to political circumstances, 
 but was not undeserved by its excellent 
 dialogue and declamation. It is one of the 
 few English tragedies that foreigners have 
 admired, and was immediately translated 
 into the French. Italian, and German lan- 
 
 fuages. The prologue was written by 
 ope and the epilogue by Garth, 
 
 Cato, Dionysius. The Momh of 
 this writer were translated into English 
 verse by Benedict Burgh, for the use of 
 his pupil. Lord Bouohier, son of the Earl 
 
CAT 
 
 CAX 
 
 137 
 
 of Essex, in 1470 ; and printed in 1483 by 
 Gaxton. They consist of moral precepts 
 for the young, and in the original are 
 hexameter distiches. See Warton's En- 
 glish Poetry. 
 
 " Cato gives I\is little senate 
 
 laws. While." Line 23 of Pope's Pro- 
 logue to Addison's Cato, 
 
 Catullus, Caius Valerius. A 
 
 famous Latin poet (b. about 87 B. c.) whose 
 works have often been translated into 
 English. See, especially, the versions by 
 i)unlop and Landor, and those of Cran- 
 ston, Martin, and Bobinson Ellis (1871), 
 who ■ has also edited the original text. 
 Tennyson has " a tiny poem," 
 
 ""AU composed in a metre of Catullus," 
 ■which will be found among his " Experi- 
 ments in Quantity." 
 
 Caudle's Curtain Lectures, Mrs. 
 The title of a series of humorous papers, 
 written by DOUGLAS Jekrold (1803—1857), 
 and first published in Punch. They have 
 frequently been printed in book form. 
 
 Cauline, Sir. The hero of a, bal- 
 lad printed in Percy's Reliques. 
 
 Cause of Grod against Pelagius 
 
 and the virtue of causes. A Latin prose 
 work by Thomas Bkadwardine, Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury (d, 1349), first printed 
 in 1618, in which the author endeavours to 
 treat theology mathematically on the two 
 hypotheses, first, that God is supremely 
 perfect and supremely good j and, second, 
 that no process is infinite in etitibus, but in 
 every genus there is one that is first. 
 
 Caustic, Christopher. Tlie pseu- 
 donym adopted by Thomas Green Fes- 
 SENDEX (1771—1837), author of a satirical 
 poem^ called Terrible Traotoration. 
 
 Caustic, Colonel, in Henry Mac- 
 kenzie's Lounger (q.v.), is represented as 
 " a fine gentleman of the last age, some- 
 what severe in his remarks upon the pres- 
 ent." 
 
 Cavalier, The History of a. A 
 
 tale by Daniel Defoe (1663—1731), pub- 
 lished in 1723. The great Lord Chatham 
 is said to have been misled, by the extraor- 
 dinary air of truthfulness which distin- 
 guishes this book as a facsimile of nature, 
 into considering it " a true biography." 
 
 Cave, Edward, printer and pub- 
 lisher (b. 1691, d. 1764), contributed to 
 Mint's Journal, corrected the Gradus ad 
 Pamassum, wrote An Accmtnt of the Crim- 
 inals, and several pamphlets, and started 
 Tilt Gentleman's Magazine in 1T31. His 
 Ufe was written by Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Cave, William, tlieological writer 
 (b. 1637, d. 1713), was the author of Primi- 
 tive Christianity (1672), Tabulee Eeclesias- 
 tiece (1674), Anttquitates Apostolica (1676), 
 
 Apostolicl (1677), Ecclesiasticl (1682), and 
 Scriptorum Ecclesiasticortlm lilsioria Lit- 
 erana (1688—98), reprinted in 1740—43. 
 
 Cave of Mammon, The, is the 
 abode of the god of wealth, in Spenser's 
 Falne Queene (q.v.). 
 
 Cavendish. An accepted author- 
 ity on whist. His real name is Henry 
 Jones. 
 
 Cavendish, George. See Wool- 
 
 sey. The Negotiations of Thomas. 
 
 Cavendish, Margaret. See New- 
 castle, Duchess of. 
 
 Cavendish, 'William. iSee New- 
 castle, Duke of. ' 
 
 " Caviare to the general." — Ham.- 
 let, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 Ca-wthorne, James, poet (b. 1719, 
 d. 1761), was the author of several works, 
 chiefly in imitation of the style of Pope, 
 which has long since fallen into well-merit- 
 ed oblivion. They included an Epistliof 
 Abelard to Eloisa, and an heroic poem on 
 Prussia, celebrating the victories of Fred- 
 erick the Great. .., 
 
 Cazton Society, The, was es- 
 tablished in London in 1845, and became 
 extinct in 1854. Its object was the pub- 
 lication of the chronicles and literature 
 of the Middle Ages ; and sixteen wOTks 
 were published during jts existence. A 
 complete list will be found in the supple- 
 ment to Bohii's edition of Lowndes' Mbli- . 
 ographer's Manual. ' •■ , 
 
 Caxton, 'William, author, trans- 
 lator, and printer (b. 1412, d. 1491), trans- 
 lated into English Le Fevre's Jiecueil des 
 Histoires de Troyes, begun in Bruges in 
 1468, finished at Oologne in 1471, and after- 
 wards printed by him at his English press ; • 
 also j the Lives of the Fathers, finished, ac- 
 cording to Wynkyn de "Worde, '• at the 
 last day of his life" For Biography, see 
 the MeTnoirs by Knight, Lewis, and Blades; 
 Oldys, in Biographia Britannica ; Warton's 
 English Poetry ; Dibdin's Typographical 
 Antiquities. For a list of the works issued 
 from his press, see Lowndes' Bibliogra- 
 pher's Manual. See Game and Playe ; 
 Dictes ; Pylgrimage of the Sowle, 
 The ; Troye, Eecueil of, &c. 
 
 Caztoniana : " or. Essays on Life, 
 Literature, and Manners," by Edward, • 
 Lord Lytton, originally published in 
 Blaclcwoad's Magazine, and reproduced 
 in 1863. 
 
 Castons, The, A novel by Ed- 
 ward, Lord Lytton, which, originally 
 appearing in Blackwood's Magazine, was 
 published in a complete form in 1849. It 
 is supposed to be written by one Pisistra- 
 tus (jaxton, the nom de plume under which 
 the author wrote Mg Novel (q.v.), and the 
 
138 
 
 CEA 
 
 CEN 
 
 series of essays called Caxtmiiana, and re- 
 xninds the reader in style, character, and 
 incidents, of Sterne's Tristram Shandy 
 (q.v,). The author, says J. C. Jeaffreson, 
 *' conceived the happy idea of drawing a 
 picture of life in the present century, 
 which should be in every respect a com- 
 panion picture to Sterne's of the last. 
 Conscious of his power to realise the' hold 
 and bewitching Imagination, he did not 
 hesitate to put on his canvas the self- 
 same charactera that are preserved in Tris- 
 tram Shandy. The scholarly recluse, re- 
 siding in the country ; the old captain, 
 wounded and on half pay ; the simple, 
 gentle wife ; the family doctor ; the son, 
 the pride and hope of his father ! Just 
 as Sterne had these in the foregi'ound of 
 his worlt, so are they to be found In The 
 Caxtonsy 
 
 "Cease your funning." First 
 line of a song in Gay's Beggar's Opera 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Cecil : " or, the Adventures of a 
 Coxcomb." A novel by Mrs. Gore, pub- 
 lished in 1841. It contains some descrip- 
 tions Of life in London clubs, which are 
 said to have been furnished by William 
 Beclcford, author of Vathek (q.v.). 
 
 Cecil, Davenant. The nom de 
 plume adopted by the Rev. Derwest 
 Coleridge (b. 1800) in contributing to 
 Charles Knight's Quarterly Magazine 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Cecil, Richard, divine (b. 1748, d. 
 1810), wrote several biographies, sermons, 
 and micellaneous tracts, and published a 
 collection of psalms and hymns. His 
 H''ori's were published in 1811, and again 
 in 1838 ; his Original Thoughts in 1851. 
 
 Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury, 
 (b. 15S0,d. 1612), wrote The State and Dig- 
 nity o/ a Secretary o/ State's Place (164^). 
 Some of his papers are in the Harleian 
 MSS. 305 and .154. See Walpoie's Hoyal 
 and Noble Authors. Ben Jonson has an 
 allusion to him in one of his Epigrams. 
 
 Cecil, William, Lord Burleigh, 
 father of the above (b. 1520, d. 1598), wrote 
 The E.recutimi o/ Justice m England {ISS3). 
 Precepts ilfiSG),.Advice to his 5otj, and many 
 other worlts. See his Memoirs o.t his Life, 
 Walpoie's Royal and Noble Authors, and 
 the Siograpliies by Collins (1732), and 
 Nares (1828). Like bis son he is referred 
 to in Ben Jonson's Epigrams, 
 
 Cecilia. A novel bv Mad.nme 
 r'ARBLAY (1752-1840) published in 1782, 
 the proof-sheets having been revised by 
 Dr. Johnson. It realised lor tlie author 
 Ihe sum of two thousand pounds. Miss 
 Kavanagh describes it as "an acute mir- 
 ror of the passing tollies of the day. It is 
 admirably adapted to display Miss Bur- 
 ney's [Madame d'Arblay's] faculty for 
 
 bringing out forcibly the weaknesses and 
 foibles of men and women." The heroine 
 is an heiress, and hei- lover is a Mr. Del- 
 ville. 
 
 Cecilia Vaughan. The heroine 
 of Longfellow's story of Kavanagh 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Cecilia's Day, A Song for St., 
 
 was written by John Drvden (1631— 
 1701), and set ,to music by Handel. See 
 Alexabder's Feast. 
 
 Cecilia's Day, Ode for St., by 
 
 .Joseph Addison (1672—1719) with music 
 by Henry Purcell, was performed at Ox- 
 ford in 1699. 
 
 Cecilia's Day, Ode on St., by 
 Alexander Pope (1688—1744), was writ- 
 ten in 1708 at the desire of Sir Richard 
 Steele, in praise of an art, " of the princi- 
 ples of which he was ignorant, while to its 
 eifects he was insensilAe." It was set to 
 music by Maurice Greene, and performed 
 at the public commemoration at Cam- 
 bridge, July 6, 1730. 
 
 Cecropia, in Sir Philip Sidney's 
 Arcadia (q.v.), " cruel, deceitful, bloody," 
 is probably intended for Catherine de 
 Medici." 
 
 Cedric. A Saxon thane in Sir 
 Walter Scott's romance of Ivanhoe 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Celadon, figures in Thomson's 
 
 Seasons. 
 
 " Celestial rosy red, love's pro- 
 per hue."— Milton's Paradise Lost, boolt 
 viii., line 618. 
 
 Celia. Daughter of Frederick, the 
 usurping duke, in As You Like It (q.v.) ; 
 the mother of Faith, Hope, and Charity, in 
 tlie Faerie Queene (q.v.) ; also the name 
 given to his ''lady-love," by Thouas 
 Cabew (q.v.). 
 
 Celia Brooke. Sister of Dorothea, 
 and wife of Sir James Chettam, in Middle- 
 march (q.v,). 
 
 Celia Singing. The title of sev- 
 ral songs by Thomas Carew (1589—1639). 
 
 Cenci, Beatrice. See Beatrice 
 Cenci. 
 
 Cenci, The. " A tragedy in five 
 acts by Percy Bysshe Shelley, pub- 
 lished in 1819, dedicated to Leigh Hunt, 
 and worthy to be ranked with some of 
 Shakespeare's dramas. '* Unfortunately, 
 in his indignation against every conceiv- 
 able form of oppression, Shelley look a 
 subject unsuitable to the stage ; otherwise, 
 besides grandeur and terror, there are 
 things in it lovely as heart can worship ; 
 and the author showed liimselt," says 
 Leigh Hunt, " able to draw both men and 
 women, whose names would have be- 
 
CBN 
 
 CHA 
 
 139 
 
 come * familiar in our mouths as liouse- 
 hold words.* The utmost might of gentle- 
 ness, and of the sweet habitudes of domes- 
 tic affection, was never more' balmily 
 impressed through the tears of the reader 
 than in the unique and divine close of 
 this dreadful tragedy." 
 
 Ceunlm. The jeweller in George 
 Eliot's novel of Rotnola (q.v.)* 
 
 Censor of the Age, The. The 
 
 name given by certain reviewers to 
 Thomas Carlx^le (q.v.). 
 
 Centlivre, Susannah, dramatist 
 (b. 1667, d. 1723), wrote TJte Petjttred Hus- 
 band ; The Gamester ; The Busybody 
 (q.v.); The W^owrfer (q.v.); A Bold Stroke 
 For a Wife (q-v.) ; and fourteen other 
 dramas, all of which were published in a 
 collected edition in 1761. See the Biograpkia 
 Dramatica and Hazlitt's Cmnie Writers. 
 " Her plays," says the latter writer, "have 
 a provoking spirit and volatile salt in 
 them, which still preserves them from de- 
 cay." 
 
 Century White. A soubriquety 
 bestowed upon John White (1590 — 1645), 
 author of The First Century of Scandalous 
 Malignant Priests, made and admitted into 
 JSeneJices by ike Prelates. 
 
 Ceolfrid, Abbot of "Wearmouth 
 (b. 642, d. 716), is said by Bale to have writ- 
 ten homilies, epistles, and other works ; 
 among others, one I>e Sua Peregrinatione. 
 See Bede's Abbots of Wearmouth and 
 Ecclesiastical History , "Warton's English 
 Poetrjf, and Wright's Biograpkia Britan^ 
 nica lAteraria. 
 
 "Cerberus, three gentlemen at 
 once. Like." ■ A phrase used by Mrs. Mala- 
 prop in Sheridan's comedy of The mvals, 
 act IV., scene 2. 
 
 Cerdon. A rabble leader in But- 
 ler's Hudibras (q.v.) ; said to be a personi- 
 fication of Hewson. a one-eyed cobbler, 
 afterwards a colonel and preacher in the 
 Kump Army. 
 
 Cerimon. A lord of Ephesus in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of Pericles (q.v,). 
 ', Cervantes. Among the leading 
 translations into English of Don Qjiixote 
 are those by Skelton, Motteaux, Smollett, 
 Jarvis, and Wilmot. 
 
 Chabot, Philip, Admiral of 
 France, The Tragedy of, by Qeorge Chap- 
 man (1557—1634), produced in 1639. Shir- 
 ley is mentioned on the original title-page 
 as co-author of the play ; but Swinburne 
 is inclined to believe tnat it is entirely 
 Chapman's: "the subject, the style, the 
 manner, the metre, the construction, the 
 characters,*' all are his. In this drama, 
 Chabot, suspected of treason, is proved in- 
 nocent, but dies, broken-hearted, of the 
 shame of suspicion. 
 
 Chadband, The Rev. Mr. A 
 
 character in Dickens's novel of Bleak 
 House (q .v.). 
 
 Ch£ullu, Paul Belloni du, travel- 
 ler and author (b. 1829), published, in 1861, 
 Explorations and Adventures in Central 
 Africa. A Journey to Ashango Land ap- 
 peared in 1867 ; and he has also written 
 several books for youtli on the subject of 
 African sports, &c, 
 
 Chainmail, Mr. A character in 
 Peacock's novel of Crotdiet Castle (q-v.) ; 
 eventually married to Susannah Touchand- 
 
 go (q.v.). 
 
 Chaldee Manuscript, Transla- 
 tion from an Ancient. A famous jeu- d*- 
 esprit, originally published in Bla^lcwood's 
 Magazine for October, 1817, where it is 
 said to have been " preserved in tlie Great 
 Library of Paris, Salle 2nd, No. 53, B-A-M. 
 M., by a gentleman, whose attainments in 
 Oriental learning are well-known to the 
 public." Iti8reS,ly " a pithy and symboli- 
 cal chronicle of the keen and valiant strife 
 between Toryism and Whiggism in the 
 Northern Metropolis ; " describing," under 
 the guise of an allegory, the ongin and 
 early history of BlacJcwood's Magazine, 
 and the discomfiture of a rival journal car- 
 ried on under the auspices of Constable." 
 It consists of four chapters, written in par- 
 ody of the style of Scripture, and contain- 
 ing respectively 65, 52. 52,. and 42 verses, 
 being 211 in all, of which the firat thirty- 
 seven, with the general conception, of the 
 composition, are due to Hogg, the Ettrick 
 Shepherd ; "the rest," says Prof essor Fer- 
 rier, " falls to be divided between Profes- 
 sor Wilson and Mr. Lockhart, in propor- 
 tions which cannot now be determined." 
 The following are some of the most import- 
 ant persons satirised or otherwise described 
 in this amusing squib :— Blackwood ' and 
 Constable, the publishers ; Henry Mac- 
 kenzie, the novelist ; Sir Walter Scott, Pro- 
 fessor Jameson, Sir David Brewster, Pat- 
 rick Uraser Tyttler, Charles Kirkpatrick 
 Sharpe, Professor Wilson, J. G. Lockhart, 
 Hogg, McCrie, Sir William Hamilton, Lord 
 Jeffrey, Macvey Napier, John Ballantme, ' 
 and Prof essors Playfair and Leslie. The 
 publication <S£ the Chaldee Manuscript led 
 to literary strife and litigation, and it was 
 suppressed shortly afterwards. It was re- 
 printed in the collected edition of Profes- 
 sor Wilson's works, with explanatory notes 
 by his son-in-law, Professor Ferrier (1855^ 
 58). 
 
 Chalkhill, John. The reputed au- 
 thor of " a pastoral history in smooth and 
 easie verse," entitled Thealma and Clear- 
 
 chus, publishedby I^aak Walton in 1683. , 
 For the details oi his career, see the Life of ' 
 Walton, by Sir Harris Nicolas. Campbell 
 says that, " as a poetical narrator of fiction^ 
 Chalkhill is rathei; tedious ; but he atones 
 for the slow progress of his Jiarrative by 
 many touches of rich and romantic descrip- 
 
140 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 tioii. His numbers are as musical as those 
 of auy of his contemporaries who employ 
 the same form of versification," 'See The 
 Jietrospeehve Review, vol. iv., andBeloe's 
 Ancedotes. By some critics, " John Chalk- 
 hill " is treated as a mythical personage, 
 whose name was but a iwrn de plume for 
 Izaak Walton himself. 
 
 Chalmers, Alexander (b. 1759, d. 
 1834), is cluefly known as the editor of 
 many of our standard authors ; among 
 others, of Shakespeare, Fielding, Johnson, 
 "Warton, Bolingbroke, Gibbon, Cruden, Ad- 
 dison, and Pope. Besides these, he pro- 
 duced editions of the British Poets and^s- 
 sayistSi and wrote A General Biographi- 
 cal Dictionary, containing an historical 
 and critical account of the most eminent 
 men q/" every nation (1812—17). 
 
 Chalmers, George, antiquary and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1742, d. 1825), pub- 
 lished Political Annals qf the United Col- 
 onies from their Settlement till 1763 (1780) *, 
 An Estimate of the Comparative Strength 
 of Great Britain (1782) ; Caledonia (1807, 
 1810, 1824) ; a Life of Mary, Queen of Scots 
 (1822) ; Biographies of Befoe, Kuddiman, 
 Sir John Davies, Allan Kamsay, Sir James 
 Stewart, Gregory, King, and Charles Smith ; 
 and editions of Allan Kamsay, Sir James 
 Stewart, and Sir David Lindsay, besides 
 several minor works, a list of which is given 
 in Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual. See 
 Smith's Lectures on Modem History, IVrCul- 
 loch's Literature of Political JEconomy, and 
 Cunningham's Literature of the Last Fifty 
 Years. 
 
 Chalmers, Thomas, D.D., Fres- 
 hyterian minister (b. 1780, d. 1847), wrote 
 The Evidence and Authoriti/ qf the Chris- 
 tian Revelation {\^\Ay, A Series of Discours- 
 es on the Christian Religion, viewed in con- 
 nection with Modem Astronomy (1817) ; Ser- 
 jnons preached in the Tron Church, Glasgow 
 (1819^ ; Considerations on the System of Par- 
 rochial Schools in Scotland, and on the Ad- 
 vantageqf Establishing them in Larrje Tovyiis 
 (1819): The Application of Christianity to 
 tile Cfommerciat and Ordinary Affairs of 
 LifCf in a Series of Discourses (1820) ; The 
 Christian andCivil Economy in Large Toions 
 (1821); Speeches andTracts (1822) ; Bridge- 
 water Treatise on the Power, Wisdom, and 
 Goodness of God, as manifested in the ad- 
 aptation of external Mature to the Moral 
 and Intellectual Constitution of Man (1833). 
 His Original Works, were published, in 
 twenty-five volumes, in 183G \ his Posthu- 
 mous Works, in nine volumes, m 1848. His 
 Life was written by his son-in-law, Dr. 
 Kanna, in 1851, and by Dean Kamsay in 
 1850. See, also. The North British Review, 
 vol. vli, i M'Culloch's Literature of Politir- 
 cal Economy : and Sinclair's Old Times 
 and Distant Places. 
 
 Chaloner, Sir Thomas (h. about 
 1515| d. 1565)i besides writing his great I 
 
 book of The Right Ordering of the English 
 Republic, published translations of TJie 
 Oj/ice of Servants, from Coquatus (1543) : 
 the Works of St. Chrysostom (1544) ; The 
 Encomium MoruK (1549), and other works. 
 His mi^ior tracts and poems were after- 
 wards published by Lord Burleigh. See 
 the Biographia Britannica. 
 
 Cham, the Great, of Zjiterature. 
 
 A title bestowed \ipoi\ Dr. JoHxsoir by 
 Tobias George Smollett in a letter to 
 John "Wilkes, of the North BrltoUf dated 
 March 16, 1759. 
 
 Chamberlayne, "William, poet 
 and dramatist (b. 1619, d. 1689), was the 
 author of Love's Victory, a Tragi-comedy 
 fl6o8); and Pharronida, a poem (q.v.). 
 See Campbell's Specimens of tlie English 
 Poets, The Retrospective Revieto, vol. i., 
 and Brydges' Censura Literaria. Southey 
 describes Chamberlayne as *' a poet who 
 has told an interesting story in uncouth. 
 rhymes, and mingles sublimity of thought 
 and beauty of expression with the quaint- 
 est conceits and tixe most awkward inver- 
 sions." 
 
 Chambers, Ephraim (d. 1740], 
 published, in 1728, his Cyclopcedia: or, an 
 Universal Dicttonan/ of Arts and ScieTices, 
 It was very frequently reprinted, with sup- 
 plements ; and in 1788 — 91, was entirely re- 
 cast, with " the supplements and modem 
 improvements incorporated in one alpha- 
 bet," by Abraham Eees, D.D. (b. 1743, d. 
 1825), forming " an invaluable treasury of 
 scientific knowledge." Chambers also as- 
 sisted in preparing a translation and 
 abridgment of the Philosophical History 
 and Memoirs of the Royal Academy of 
 Sciences qf Paris, issued in 1742 ; and was 
 connected with Tlie Literary Magazine, 
 established in 1735. 
 
 Chambers, Robert, miscellaneous. 
 
 writer fb. 1802. died 1872), wrote Illustra- 
 timis of the Author of Waverley (1823) j 
 Traditions of Edinburgh (1824) ; Popular 
 Rhymes of Scotland ; Picture of Scotland 
 (1827) ; Scottish Rebellions; Life qf James 
 I. ; Biographical Dictionary of EmXnent 
 Scotsmen ; History qf Scotland for Juvenile 
 Readers; Domestic Annals of Scotland; 
 Essays Eamiliar and Humorous: L{fe of 
 Sir Walter Scott, with Abbot^ord Notanda; 
 Smollett, his Life and Select Writings ; 
 and other works ; besides editmg a Gazet- 
 teer of Scotland, Scottish Songs, Ballads, 
 Jests and Anecdotes, The Cyclopcedia of 
 English Literatwe (in conjunction with R. 
 Carruthers), (q.v.), and The Book of Days, 
 and publishing, in connection with his 
 brother William, The Educational Course, 
 Information for the People, Papers for tlie 
 People, Chambers's Journal. andChambers's 
 Encyclopoidia. See Memoirs of W. and Ji, 
 Cliambers, by the former. 
 
 Chambers, "William, miscellane- 
 ous writer (b. 18Q0), has written The Book 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 141 
 
 of Scotland (1830), Sketches of America, A 
 History of Peebleshire, Ailie GUroy, and 
 various other works. See the precedlug 
 paragraph. 
 
 Chambers's Journal. A weekly 
 miscellany, edited by William and 
 EOBEKT Chambeks (q.v.), the first num- 
 ber o£ which appeared on February 4, 
 1832, six weeks before Charles Knight's 
 Penny Magazine. Since then it has under- 
 gone some changes of size, and has run 
 through several ''new series." See the 
 Memoirs of W. and li. Chambers^ and 
 Knight's Autobiography, for particulars of 
 its rise and progress. 
 
 Chameleon, The. A prose satire 
 in the Scottish vernacular, directed by 
 George BuoHANAit (1606 — 1582), against 
 Secretary Maitland, of Lethington, whose 
 desertion to the party of Queen Mary 
 Buchanan could not forgive. It was pub- 
 lished in 1570. 
 
 Chamier, Captain Frederick, 
 
 novelist (b. 1796, d. 1870), wrote The Life of 
 a Sailor (1834) ; £en Brace (1835) ; Saucy 
 Arethusa (1836) ; Jack Adams (1838) ; Tom 
 fowling (1839) ; Trevor Hastings (1841) ; 
 Passion and Principle (1842) ; a continua- 
 tion of James's Naval History ; A Review 
 of the French Revolution of 1848 ; and other 
 works, " The naval sketches of Chamier," 
 says Allan- Cunningham, "are truths 
 touched slightly by the Augers of fiction." 
 
 Cbamont. A character in Otwat's 
 tragedy of The Orphan (q.v.). 
 
 I "Champagne and a chicken at 
 last." A line in Lady Mary Wobtley 
 Mo3TTAGU's verses on Tlui Lover. 
 
 Champion, The. A periodical of 
 which JFlELDi?rG, the novelist (1707— 1754), 
 became part jproprietor in 1739, and to 
 which he contributed a series of popular 
 
 " Change came o'er the spirit of 
 my dream. A." A line from Btbon's 
 poem, A Dream. 
 
 Changes, The. A comedy, pro- 
 duced in 1632, by James Shirley. 
 
 Channing, 'William Ellery, Uni- 
 tarian minister and essayist (b. 1780, d. 
 1842), published essays on National Litera- 
 ture (1823) J The Character amd Writings 
 of Milton (1826) ; The Life and Writings of 
 i'enelon (1829) ; Self-Culture and tlie Elevor 
 turn of the Masses (1838) : and other works, 
 collected and published in five volumes 
 (1841). A posthumous volume of sermons, 
 called The Perfect Life, appeared in 1872. 
 His Memoirs, with extracts from his cor- 
 respondence, have been written by his 
 nephew, W. H. Channing (1848). 
 
 Channing, "William Ellery, 
 American poet and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1818), has published I^oems (1843) ; Con- 
 
 versations in Rome (1847) ; Poems (1847) ; 
 The Woodman (1849) ; Near Home (1858) ; 
 Tlie Wanderer (1872) j and Thoreau, the 
 Poet-Naturalist (18T3). 
 
 Chanson, Laura. See Paul Feb- 
 roll. 
 " Chanticleer, To ciovr like." — 
 
 As You Like It, act 2, scene vii. 
 
 "Chaos is come again." — Othello, 
 act lii., scene 3. 
 
 Chapin, Edwin HubbeU, D.D., 
 American divine (b. 1814), has published, 
 among other works, Jfowrs of Cmnmimion, 
 Crown of Tliams, and The Moral Aspects 
 of aty Life. 
 
 Chapman, George, pnet and dra- 
 matist (b. 1667, d. 1634), wrote Sulai/UKTos 
 - the Shadow of Night (1596) ; Ovid*s Ban- 
 quet of Sense (1696) ; Tlie Shield of Achilles 
 (1696) ; The Blinde Beggar of Alexandria 
 (1598) ; An Humorous Dayes Myrth (1599) ; ' 
 All Footes (1605) ; Eastward Hoe (q. v.) ; 
 Monsietir d' Olive (ISOB) : The Gentleman 
 Usher (1606) ; Bussy d'Ambois (1607) ; The 
 Conspiracieand Tragedieof Cltarles,I>uke 
 of Byron (1608) ; Euthymim Raptus : or, 
 tlie Teares of Peace (1609) ; May Day 
 (1611) ; An Epicede, or Fwrnrall Song^ on 
 the most Disastrous Death of Henry, Prince 
 of Wales (1612); Tlte Widowes Teares 
 (1612) ; The Revenge of Bussy d^Ambois 
 (1607) ; The Memorable Maske qf the two 
 honorable Houses or Inns of Court (1614) ^ 
 Andromeda Liberaia: or, tlie Nuptials. <^ 
 Perseus and Andromeda (1614); Eugenia: 
 or. True Nobilities 2Vance(1614) ; Two Wise 
 Men and all the rest Fooles (1619) ; Pro 
 Vere Autumni I/OchrymtB, to the Memorie 
 qf Sir Horatio Vere (1622) ; A Justification 
 of the Strange Action of Nero, being the fifth 
 satire of Juvenal translated (1629) : Ccesar 
 and Pompey (1631) ; The Ball; The Tragedie 
 qf Chabot, Admirall of France (1639) ; Re- 
 venge for Honour (1654) ; The Tragedie qf 
 Alphonsus, Emperor of Germany (1654) ; 
 and The Second Maiden's Tragedy. He 
 also published translations of Homer 
 (1596), Musaeus (1616), and Hesiod (1619). 
 Chapman's Works were edited, in 1874, by 
 K. H. Shepherd. For Biography and 
 Criticism, see Wood's Atliente Oxonienses, 
 Langbaine's Dramatick Poets, Warton's 
 English Poetry, Campbell's English Poets, 
 Hazlitt's Age of Elizabeth, IHallam's 
 Literature of Europe, and Swinburne's in- 
 troduction to the Works (1875). He has 
 been panegyrisfed by Waller, Pope, Pr. 
 Johnson, Godwin, Lamb, and Coleridge. 
 See All FooLg: Andromeda ; Chabot, 
 Philip ; Two Wise Men, &o. ; Widow's 
 Tears, The. 
 
 Chapman's Homer, On first 
 
 looking into. A Sonnet by John KeatS 
 (q.v.): "epical," says Leigh Hunt, "in 
 the splendoui' and dignity of its images, 
 and terminating with the noblest Greek- 
 simplicity." 
 
142 
 
 OHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 " Oft of one wide expanse had I been told 
 
 That dcep-hrow'a Homer ruled as his demesne : 
 Yet did I never breathe its pure serene 
 Tim heard Chapman speak out loud and bold.'* 
 
 Chapone, Mrs. Hester, miscella- 
 neous writer (b. 1727, d. 1801), wrote several 
 Sapers in The Sambler; a story called 
 "idelia (q. v.), which appeared in Tlie Ad- 
 venturer; an Ode to Peace; and au Ode 
 addressed to Elizabeth Carter on her 
 translation of Epictetus, Also, a series of 
 Letters on the improvement of the Mind 
 (1773), and A Letter to A N'ewly^married 
 Lady (1777). Her Miscellanies in Prose 
 and Verse appeared in 1775 ; her Fosthvr 
 7710US Works, with an Account of her Life 
 and Character, in 1808. See Improvement 
 OF THE Mind. 
 
 Chappell, 'Williani, musical anti- 
 quary (b. 1809), has published Popular 
 Music of the Olden Time (1846—69) ; A 
 Bistory of Music (1874) ; and other works. 
 
 Chappell, "William, Bishop of 
 Cork (b. 1582, d. 1649), wrote Methodus Cojif 
 cionandi, and his own Life. 
 
 Chapter of Accidents, The. A 
 
 comedy by Sophia Lee (1750—1824), pro- 
 duced at the Haymarket in 1780. 
 
 Character, A. A lyric by Alfred 
 Tennyson, published in 1830, and descrip- 
 tive of one who 
 
 " Blew his own praises in his eyes. 
 And stood aloof from other minds 
 In impotence of fancied power.'* 
 
 " Character, behind me I leave 
 my.'* — Sir Peter Teazle, in The Scliool for 
 Scandal, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 Character of a Happy Life, The. 
 Verses by Sir Henry Wotton, written 
 area 1614. 
 
 Character Sketches, by "W. M. 
 Thackeray (1811—1863), including Cm- 
 tain Rook and Mr. Pigeon, Tlie JFashwmaSle 
 Authoress, and The Artists, 
 
 Characteristics of Men, Man- 
 ners, Opinions, and Times. Seven treat- 
 ises by Anthony Ashley Cooper, third 
 Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713), pub- 
 lished collectively in 1711 and 1713, having 
 previously appeared in the order indicated 
 under the neading, Shaftesbury, Eakl 
 OF (q. v.). Pope said of them, " that, to his 
 knowledge, the Characteristics had done 
 more harm to revealed religion in Eng- 
 land than all the works of infidelity put 
 together." 
 
 Characters : " or, Wittie Descrip- 
 tions of the Properties of Sundry Persons," 
 by Sir Thomas Overbury (1681—1613), 
 printed In 1614, and described by Hallam 
 as a work which belongs " to the favourite 
 style of apophthegm, in which every sen- 
 tence is a point or witticism. Yet the 
 entire character, so delineated, produces 
 a certain effect ; it Is a Dutch picture, a 
 
 Gerard Dow, somewhat too elaborate. 
 The wit is often trivial and flat ; the senti- 
 ments have nothing in them general or 
 worthy of much remembrance : praise is 
 only due to the graphic skill in delineating 
 character." Compare with the Cliaracters 
 of Vertues and Vices, published by 
 Bishop Hall, in 1608, and the Microcostno- 
 graphy (q. v.) of Bishop Earle. 
 
 " Charge, Chester, charge! On, 
 
 Stanley, on 1 " A famous line in SCOIT'S 
 poem of Marmion, canto vi., stanza 32. 
 
 Charge of the Light Brigade, 
 
 The. A ballad by Alfred Tennyson; 
 " written," as the poet himself tells us, 
 " after reading the first report of the Times 
 correspondent, where only 607 sabres are 
 mentioned as having taken part in the 
 charge," and first published in Tiie Ex- 
 aminer, December 9, 1854. The version 
 now accepted is that which the soldiers 
 themselves selected from several different 
 readings, and sang by their watch-fires in 
 the Crimea. It bears many points of re- 
 semblance to Drayton's ballad of The Bat- 
 tle of Agincourt, one vei^se of which is es- 
 pecially recalled to mind by a passage in 
 the laureate's stirrmg lines : — 
 
 " They now to fight ore gone. 
 Armour on nmiour shone, 
 Drumme now to drummc did grone. 
 
 To hear was wonder I 
 That with the crycs they make, 
 The very earth did shake, 
 Trumpet to trumpet spake, 
 
 Thunder to thunder. 
 
 Charles, in Fletcher's Elder Bro- 
 ther (q.v.), is " a mere helluo librorum, 
 absorbed in study, who is awaked to love 
 at the first sight of Angelina," 
 
 Charles I. (b. 1600, d. 1649), is 
 said to be the authorof two pieces of verse, 
 entitled, respectively. Majesty in Misery 
 and On a Quiet Conscience (q.v.). He also 
 translated Bishop Sanderson's lectures De 
 Jiiramenti Promissorii Obligatiotie. Two 
 years after his death appeared JteligwB 
 Sacrce Carolines .* or, the Works of that 
 Great Monarch and Glorious Martyr, Xing 
 Charles the First, both Civil and Sacred. 
 printed at the Hague in 1651- The Books, 
 Speeches, Letters, tUc, of Charles I. were 
 published in 1661, and another edition of 
 his Works in 1664. How much of ' these 
 was really written by the king is not cleai^ 
 ly ascertained. See ■Walpole*s Nohle and 
 Royal Autltors, and Disr.ieU*s .Curiosities qf 
 Literature. SeeEiicoN Basilike. 
 
 Charles n. (b. 1630, d. 1685) is 
 credited, by Sir John Hawkins, with the 
 authorsliip of the song beginning — 
 
 " I pass all my days in a shady old grove. 
 See Walpole's Royal and Noble AuthorSj 
 and "Watt's Bibliotheca Mritannica. 
 
 Charles the First. An historical 
 tragedy by Mary Kussell Mitford 
 (1786 — 1866), produced at the Cohurg Thea- 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 143 
 
 tre, after having been interdicted by George 
 Colman, licenser of pl&ys, as containing 
 dangerous matter, w. G. Wills (q.v!) 
 has also written a play with this title 
 (1872). 
 
 Charlesworth, Maria Iiouisa, 
 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1830), is the author 
 of Ministering Children (q-v.), and its ^e- 
 quel ; Sunday Afternoons in the Nursery j 
 The Female Visitor to the Poor; A Book 
 for the Cottage ; The Light qf Life ; A Letter 
 to a Child; The Ministry of Life; Eng- 
 land's Yeoman ; The Sabbath Oiven : the 
 Sabbath Lost ; TIte Sailor's Choice ; Letter 
 to a jFriend under Affliction; The Last 
 Command; Where Dwellest T/tou? and 
 other publications. 
 
 Charleton, "Walter, physician (b. 
 1619, d.l70T), wrote The Morals of Epicurus 
 (1653); The Natural History of the Passions 
 (1674) ; and other works. 
 
 Charlotte. The daugliter of Gen- 
 eral andMi-s. Baynes ; in love with, and 
 afterwards married to, Philip Firmin, the 
 hero of Thackekay's novel of The Ad- 
 ventures of Philip (q.v.). 
 
 Charlotte-Elizabeth. Tiie name 
 nnder which Mrs. C. E. Toisx A (1792—1846) 
 published many juvenile and religious 
 books. The best known are The Siege of 
 Derry^ Jadah's Lion, Helen Fleetwood, and 
 Chapters and Flowers. 
 
 Charm fan. A female attendant on 
 the Queen of Egypt in Shakespeaee's 
 Antony and Cleopatra (q.v.). 
 
 "Charming is divine philoso- 
 phy, How,'* — Line 476 in Milton's Comus 
 <q.v.). See "Apollo's Lcte." 
 
 Chamock, Stephen, Nonconfor- 
 mist divine (b. 1628, d. 1680), wrote dis- 
 courses Of the Existence and Attributes of 
 God (1682) ; and. Of Man's Enmity to God 
 (1699). His Works were printed in 1684. 
 See the Life by Parsons. 
 
 Charolols. A gallant and gener- 
 rous knight in Kassingqb's Fatal Dowry 
 (q.v). 
 
 Chartism, by Thomas Caeltle 
 (b. 1795), -was published in 1839. 
 
 Chase, The. A poem in four 
 books, by William Somerville (1692— 
 1742), published in 1735. It is written in 
 blank verse, and is chiefly occupied with 
 practical admonitions to sportsmen : — 
 
 '* The chase I eiug, hounds, and their various 
 breed, 
 And no leas various use. ■ ■ . 
 
 • My hoarse-sounding hom 
 Invites thee to the chase, the sport of kings, 
 Image of war, without its guilt.' 
 
 Chastelard. A poetical tragedy 
 by Algernon Charles Swinburne (b. 
 1837), published in 1865, and founded on 
 the story of the gentleman of Dauphiny 
 
 who fell in love with, and was beloved by, 
 Mary, Queen of Scots, and^ whose story is 
 related by Brantome and Ijaboureur. He is 
 discovered in the queen's bedchamber, and 
 the matter is hushed up; but the offence is 
 repeated, and he is arrested, condemned, 
 and beheaded. '* There are defects in the 
 play," remarks Lord Houghton, " but not 
 to be mentioned beside its artistic merits. 
 There are faults of sensuousness, but they 
 are accompanied by exceeding tenderness 
 and refined emotion. There is an exuber- 
 ance and often an obscurity of expression; 
 but any student of our earlier dramatists 
 win feel that these arise far more from the 
 poet's overflowing knowledge of, and sym- 
 pathy with, those masters of art and lan- 
 guage, than from any carelessness or ig- 
 norance." 
 
 Chat, Dame. A gossip in Bishop 
 Still's comedy of Ga/mmer Gwrton's JVee- 
 dle (q.v.). j 
 
 Chateau d' Amour. A work writ- 
 ten in French verse by Bobert, Bishop of - 
 liiNGOLN, and translated into Ehglish by 
 Bobert de Brunne (q.v.). I 
 
 Chatterton, Lady Georgina (d; 
 
 1876), novelistj wrote, among other works, 
 Country Coteries, Grey's Court, The Heiress 
 and Tier Lovers, Leonore, Oswald of Deira, 
 The Lost Bride, and Won at Last. , ' 
 
 Chatterton, Thomas, poet (b. 
 1752, d. 1770), wrote various pieces— as- 
 cribed by him to one Thomas liowley — 
 which were first published in a collective 
 form by Thomas Tyrwhitt, in 1777, under 
 the title of The Poems supposed to have 
 been written at Bristol by Thomas liowley 
 and others In the Fifteenth Century , with 
 an Introductory Account of the several 
 Pieces, and a Glossary, This was fol- 
 lowed, in 1778, by Chatterton's Miscellanies 
 in Prose and Verse, and, in 1784, by a Sup- 
 plement to the Miscellanies of Thomas 
 Chatterton. Of the bitter and protracted 
 controversy that arose upon the question 
 of the authenticity of the poems, an ac- 
 count is given in Klppis's Biographia Bri' 
 ta/nnica; a list' of the principal pamphlets 
 published in the course of the dispute being 
 contained in Lowndes' Bibliographer's 
 Manual, under the heading of " Rowley." 
 Editions of the poems were issued in 1803, 
 1842, 1865, and 1871. For Biography, see 
 the Zdves by Gregory (1789), Dix (1837), 
 Davis (1809), Martin (1805), Wilson (1869), 
 and Masson (1875). For Criticism, see the 
 essays by Tyrwhitt, Southey, Warton, 
 Campbell, Scott, Masson, and Wilson, 
 The following maybe mentioned among 
 those of Chatterton's contemporaries who 
 disbelieved in the existence of ** Thomas 
 Kowley :— Horace Walpole, Dr. Johnson; 
 Steevens, Bishop Percy, Malone, Gibbon, 
 Farmer, Colman, Shendau, Hayley, Lord 
 Camden, IVIason, Johnson said that Chali- 
 terton was *'the most extraordinary yoimg 
 
144 
 
 CHA 
 
 OHA 
 
 man that had encountered his knowledge." 
 Byron, even more characteristically, de- 
 clared him mad, whiUt Coleridge cele- 
 brated him as — 
 
 " Tounc-ey'd Pocey( 
 All deftly masked aa hoar antiquity." 
 
 Chatterton, A Monody on the 
 
 Death of, was written by Samuel Taylor 
 COLBBIDG-E (1772 — 1834). Wordsworth also 
 has an allusion to the youthful poet as — 
 
 " The marveUous boy, 
 The Bleeplesa soul that perished in his pride ! " 
 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey, poet (b. 1328, 
 d. 1400), was the author of the following 
 works -.—The Canterbury Tales ; The Cowrt 
 of Love: The Parlement of JBHddes ■ or,the 
 Assembly of Foules ; The Bake of Cupide^ 
 God of Love : or, the Cuckoxo and the Night- 
 ingale; The Flower and the Leaf ; Troylus 
 and CresseyUe ; CJiavcer's AS C; Chaucer^ s 
 Dream; The JBoke of the Diwhesse; Of 
 Quene Anelyda and the false Arcite ; The 
 House of Fame; The Legende of Goode 
 Women; The Itomaunt qf the Rose; The 
 Complaynt of a Loveres Lyfe Tlie Com- 
 playntofMars and Venus; A Goodly Bal- 
 lade of Chaucer ; and A Praise of Women. 
 His minor poems are : — The Oompleynteof 
 the Dethe of Pite, Ballade de Vilage Sauns 
 peyntwre. Ballade sent to King Richard, 
 The Compleynte of Chaucer to his Purse, 
 Good Counseil of Chaucer, Prosperity, A 
 Balladet L Envoy de Chaucer a Scoqan, 
 I/Envoy de Chaucer a Bulctoni ^tas 
 Prima, Leaulti, Vault Richesse, Proverbes 
 de Chaucer, Roundel. Virelai, Chaucer^s 
 Prophecy, Chaucer^s iVords unto his own 
 Scrivener imdOratio GalfridiChau^ei: The 
 Works of Chaucer were first printed in 1532 ; 
 followed by editions in 1542, 1561 (Stowe) ; 
 1598 (Speght); 1721 (Urry); 1775 (Tyrwhitt); 
 1822 (Singer) : 1845 (Sir H. Nicolas) ; and 
 1855 (Bell). Editions have been published 
 in America by Professor Childs, and by 
 Dr. Morris in the Aldine Poets. A Biog- 
 raphy of the poet is given by all his edi- 
 tors, and a Life has been written by God- 
 win, See, also, Ilhtstrations by Todd (1810), 
 Poems of Chaucer Modernized, by w ords- 
 worth, Leigh Hunt, Home, Bell, and 
 others, with Life by Schmitz (1841) ; The 
 Riches <f Chaucer, with a Memoir, by 
 Charles Cowden Clarke (1835) ; Tales from 
 Chaucer in Prose ; andCflaMcer's Mngland, 
 by Matthew Browne. Also, the leading 
 reviews, and the publications of the Chau- 
 cer Society, passim ; "Warton's English 
 Poetry, Hazlitt's English Poets, CampbelPs 
 English Poets, Coleridge's Table Talk, 
 Lowell's My Study Windows, &c. '*It is 
 good," says Lowell, " to retreat now and 
 Sien beyond ear-shot of the introspective 
 confidences of modern literature, and to 
 lose ourselves in the gracious worldiness 
 of Chaucer. Here was a healthy and hearty 
 man, so genuine that we need not ask 
 whether he was genuine or no^ so sincere 
 as quite to forget his own sincerity, so 
 truly pious that ne could be happy in the 
 
 best world that God chose to make, eo- 
 humane that he loved even the foibles of 
 his kind. Here was a truly epic poet, 
 without knowing it, who did not waste 
 time in considering whether his a^e was 
 good or bad, but, quietly taking it for 
 
 f ranted as the best that ever was or could 
 e for him, has left us such a picture of 
 contemporary life as no man ever painted, 
 ' A perpetual fountain of good sense/ 
 Drydeii calls him ; yes, and of good humour, 
 too, and wholesome thought. He was one 
 of those rare authors whom, if we had met 
 him under a porch in a shower, we should 
 have preferred to the rain." See Bread 
 AND Milk for Babhs ; Cakterbury 
 Tales, The ; Court of Love, The ; 
 Cuckoo And the Nightingale ; Fame, 
 The House of ; Flower ajs'd the Leaf ; 
 Flower of Poets ; Foules, The As- 
 sembly OF ; Good Counsel ; Goodly 
 Ballad ; Legende of Goode Women ; 
 Love, The Testament of; Plough- 
 man's Tale, The ; Bemedy of Love, 
 The ; Troilus and Cresseide j Women, 
 A Praise of. 
 
 Chaucer's, ABC. A poem by 
 Geoffrey Chauoer (1328 — 1400), in the 
 form of a prayer to the Virgin, and consist- 
 ing of twenl^-three verses, each of which 
 begins with a letter of the alphabet in 
 order. It is said to have been written at, 
 the request of Blanche, Duchess of Lan- 
 caster, as a prayer for her private use, 
 " being a woman in her religion very de- 
 vout." It was first printea in Speght's 
 edition in 1597. 
 
 Chaucer's Dream. A poem by 
 Geoffrey Chaucer (1328 — 1400), first 
 published in 1597. "This dream," says 
 Speght, " devised by Chaucer, seemeth 
 to be a correct report of the marriage 
 of John of Gaunt, the king's son, with 
 Blanche, the daughter of Henry, Duke 
 of Lancaster ; who, after long love (dur- 
 ing the time whereof the poet feigneth 
 them to be dead), were in the end, by con- 
 sent of friends, happily married ; figured 
 by a bird bringing in his bill an nerb, 
 which restored uiem to life again. Her© 
 also is shown Chaucer's match with a cer- 
 tain gentlewoman, who, although she was 
 a stranger, was, notwithstanding, so well 
 liked and loved of the Lady Blanche and 
 her lord, as Chaucer himself always was, 
 that they gladly concluded a marriage 
 between them." 
 
 Chauncey, Charles, D.D., Ameri- 
 can divine (b. 1705, d. 1787), was the author 
 of A Complete View of Episcopacy (1771) j 
 The Mystery kid from all Ages : or, the Sal- 
 vation of all Men (1784) ; and other works. 
 
 Cheap Clothes and Nasty. A 
 
 pamphlet, published in 1850, in which the 
 Rev. Charles Kingsley, under the pseu- 
 donym of "Parson Lot," denounced the 
 iniquitieB of the " sweating " system. 
 
CHE 
 
 CHE 
 
 145 
 
 Cheap Repository, The. A series 
 of popular religious tales, iu the form of 
 traeta, by Hasxah Mo itE (1745—1833), pub- 
 lished between the years 1790 and 1798. 
 They were translated into French and Ger- 
 man, and one of them, entitled the Sliep- 
 herd qf Salisbury Plain, obtained great 
 popularity. 
 
 Cheapside, The Chaste Maid in. 
 A comedy by Thomas Middleton (1570— 
 1627), produced in 1620. 
 
 Cheapside Eaight, The. An 
 
 epithet which the wits contemptuously ap- 
 plied to Sir Richard Blackmokis (1650— 
 1729), author of The, Creation. Ho was a 
 physician, and 'resided at Sadler's Hall, 
 Cheapside^ He was liinighted by William 
 III., in acknowledgment of his political 
 faitli and professional merit. Early in life 
 he had been a schoolmaster, a fact to 
 which the wits made frequent allusion — 
 
 •* Unwieldy pedunt, let thy awkwnrd muse 
 With conscious praise, with flatteries abuse ; 
 To lash, and not be felt, in thcc's an art : 
 Thou ne'er made any but thy schoolboys smart." 
 
 " Cheer, but not inebriate. The 
 
 cups that." A line iu Cowpek's Task, 
 book iv. 
 
 Cheeryble Brothers, the philan- 
 thropic merchants, iu DiCKEKS's novel of 
 Nicholas A'lckleby (q-v.), are generally iden- 
 tified with the Brothers Grant, tlxe cotton- 
 mill owners of Manchester, both of whom 
 are now dead, the elder one dying in 
 March, 1855. In the original preface Dick- 
 ens stated that they were portraits from 
 life and still living. In a later edition, he 
 says : " If I were to attempt to sum up the 
 hundreds of letters from all sorts of peo- 
 ple, in all sorts o£ latitudes and climates, 
 to which this unlucky paragraph has since 
 given rise, I should get into an arithmeti- 
 cal difficulty from which I should not 
 readily extricate myself. Suffice it to 
 say that I believe the applications for 
 loans, gifts, and offices of profit that I 
 have been requested to forward to the orig- 
 inals of the Brothers Cheeryble (with 
 whom I never exchanged any communi- 
 cation in my life) would have exhausted 
 the combined patronage 'of all the Lord 
 Chancellors since the accession of the 
 House of Brunswick, and would have 
 broken the rest of the Bank of England." 
 
 Cheever, George Barrell, D.D., 
 
 American divine and author (b. 1807), has 
 written numerous works, the best known 
 6£ which are Wanderings of a Pilgrim, and 
 TVindings of the Biver of the Water of Life. 
 
 Chefe Promises of God unto 
 
 Man by all Ages in the Olde Lawe, The 
 Tragedye or Enterlude Manyfesting. A 
 miracle-play by John Bale, Bishop of 
 OsaoRY (1495—1563), printed in 1538, and 
 reprinted in Dodsley's collection of Old 
 Plays. 
 
 1 
 
 Cheke, Sir John, scholar and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1514, d. 1557), wrote A 
 Remedy for Sedition, xolierein are conteyned 
 many Tkinges concerm/nge the true and 
 loyall obeysance that COmens ow^unto their 
 Prince and Soverynge Lorde th^ Kynqe 
 (1536) ; De obitu Martini JBuceri. EpistoUe 
 duce (1551) ; The Hurt of Sedicion, how 
 grievous it is to a Commonwealth (16i9) ; Dis- 
 
 fmtat, de Pronunciatione Lingute GrcecfB 
 1555) ; A Poyall Elegie upon. King Edward 
 the Vith (1610) ; and several minor works. 
 His Life was written by Langbaine. and 
 Strype. Milton speaks of him in a well- 
 known passage as having "taught Cam- 
 bridge and King Edward Greek. See Hurt 
 
 OF SEtHTI02f. 
 
 Chemarims, The, in Posdage's 
 satiric poem of Azaria and Hushai (q.T.), 
 are Intended for the Jesuits. 
 
 Cherrie and the Slae, The. A 
 
 Scottish allegorical poem by Alexander 
 Montgomery (d. 1607), published in 1597. 
 
 Cherry, Andre-w, Irisli dramatist 
 (b. 1762, d. 1812), produced Tlie Soldier's 
 Slaughter (1804), ^H /or Fame (1805), The 
 Village (1805), The Travellers (1806), and 
 other plays and operas. 
 
 " Cherry ripe, ripe, ripe, I cry," 
 
 First line of a lyric by Bobert Herrick, 
 and the refrain of another by Kichabd 
 Allison, 
 
 Chesse, the Game and Flaye of, 
 
 printed by William Caxton at Westmin- 
 ster In 1474, was the first book printed iu 
 England. 
 
 " Chest, A, contrived a double 
 
 debt to pay."— Goldsmith's Deserted Fit- 
 lage, lines 29, 30 :— 
 
 *' A bed by night, a chest of drawers by day." 
 
 Chester. See Bkoome, William. 
 
 Chester, Sir John. A character 
 in Dickens's novel of Bamaby Rudge 
 (q. v.), intended for Lord Chestereield. 
 (q.v.), author of Letters to his Son (q.v.). 
 
 Chester Plays, The. Undoubted- 
 ly the oldest series of English mysteries 
 that set forth " matter from the creation 
 of the world'! to doomsday. They were 
 acted at Chester every Whitsuntide, and 
 are said, in a proclamation dated 1533, to 
 have been composed "of old time" "by 
 one sir Henry Francis, some time monk of 
 this monastery dissolved," who obtained 
 from the Pope a thousand days of pardon, 
 and from the bishop o£ the diocese forty 
 days' pardon, for those "resorting in 
 peaceable manner and with good devotion 
 to hear and see the said plays from time to 
 time." In 1327—28, when Sir John Am- 
 way was Mayor ot Chester, the plays are 
 recorded to have been written by one Ban< 
 dal Higgeuet, who is no othec than .thii) 
 
146 
 
 CHE 
 
 CHB 
 
 Ralph Higden who composed the Poly- 
 ckronicon (q.v.), and died probably in 1363. 
 The Chester myateries included twenty- 
 four distinct plays, which were apportioned 
 amongst the twenty-four companies of the 
 city, and were played, the first nine on 
 "Whit-Monday, the next nine on Tuesday, 
 and the remaining six on the following 
 Wednesday. "They began first at the 
 abbey gates, and wnen the first pageant 
 was played, it was wheeled to the high 
 cross before the mayor, and so to every 
 street ; and so every street had a pageant 
 playing before them at onetime, till all the 
 pageants for the day appointed were play- 
 ed?' A full description of them will be 
 found in Collier's History q^ Dramatic lAt- 
 eraiure. Several MS. copies exist: that 
 of the Duke of Devonshire is dated 1581 : 
 those in the British Museum are dated 
 1600 and 1607 ; and that at Oxford is dated 
 1604. A specimen was printed, in 1818, for 
 the Koxburghe Club by J. H. Markland ; 
 but the only complete publication of the 
 Chester mysteries was made for the Shake- 
 speare Society, in 1843, by Thomas Wright. 
 
 Chesterfield, Earl of, Fhilip 
 Dormer Stanhope (b. 1694, d. 1773), wrote 
 Letters to his Son, Philip Stanhope, which, 
 together with several other Pieces o?i Fari- 
 ous Subjects, were first published in 1774. 
 In an edition of his Miscellaneous Works. 
 
 Sublished with Memoirs of kis Life by Dr. 
 [aty in 1777, are included Miscellaneous 
 Pieces and Characters; Letters to his 
 li'riends ; The Art of Pleasing ; Free 
 TJuyughts and Bold Truths; The Case of 
 the fianover Force,s, with Vindication and 
 FurtJier Vindication ; The Lords' Protest ; 
 Letter to the AbM de Ville; and Poems, 
 Selections from the Wjorks were published 
 in 1874. His Letters w.ere edited by Earl 
 Stanhope in 1845. See Mrs- OliphanVs 
 Historical Sketches of the reign of George 
 IL, Hayward's Biographical Essays, 
 Quarterly Review for 1845, and M. Salute 
 Beuve's Causeries de Lundi. "Lord Ches- 
 terfield," says the latter writer, " has been 
 accused of a breach of morality in the let- 
 ters addressed to his son. The strict John- 
 son, who was not impartial on the subject, 
 and who thought he had cause of com- 
 plaint against Chesterfield, said, when the 
 letters were published, that * they tauglit 
 the morals of a courtesan and tlie manners 
 of a daucing-master.' Such a judgment is 
 extremely unjust, for if Chesterfield, in 
 particular instances, insists upon graces of 
 manner at any price, it is because he has 
 already proviaea for the more solid parts 
 of education, and because his pupil is not 
 in the least danger of sinning on the side 
 which makes a man resjjectaole, but rather 
 on that which makes him agreeable. Al- 
 though more than one passage may seem 
 strange, as coming from a father to a son, 
 the whole is animated with a true spirit of 
 tenderness and wisdom. If Horace had a 
 Bon,IiQiagiiiebe woiUd not have written 
 
 to liim very differently-" ^ce Letters to 
 HIS Son. 
 
 Chester, Thomas, temp. Henry 
 VI., Englished The Day of Sir Lauiifal 
 (q.v.). See Warton's English Poetry, sect, 
 xliii. 
 
 Chettam, Sir James. A character 
 
 in Geokge Eliot's novel of Middle-- 
 inarch (q.v.), married to Celia Brooke (q.v). 
 
 Chettle, Henry, poet and drama- 
 tist (b. about 1540, d. 1604), produced A 
 Doleful Ditty, or Sorrowful Sonet, of the 
 Lord Darly (1567); Kinde Harts Dreame 
 (1593); Piers Plainnes Seven Yeres Prenti- 
 ship (1595); The Pope^s Pittiful Lamenta- 
 tion for the Death of his ' Deere Darling, 
 Don Joan of Austria : and Death's Answer 
 to the Same ; Ent/la/nd^s Mourning Gar- 
 ment, worn here by Plain Shepherds in 
 Memory of Elisabeth (1603); and TIte Trag- 
 edy of Hoffman : or, a revenge for a Father 
 (1631). He is said to have bqcn concerned, 
 with others, in the production of over two 
 hundred dramatic pieces. See Collier's 
 Dramatic Poetry, and Warton's English 
 Poetry, sect. Ixvl. See Blind Beggar op 
 Bethnal Green ; England's Mourn- 
 ing Garment ; Hoffman ; Kinde 
 Hart,s Breame, The ; London Floren- 
 tine, The. 
 
 Chetwood, 'William Rufus, 
 
 dramatist (d. 1766), wrote A General Histroy 
 of the Stage (17419). 
 
 Chevelere Assigne(i'.c., De Cigne) : 
 or, The Knight of the Swan. An old" Ei\g- 
 lish poem, translated and abridged from a 
 Eronch metrical romance— /i' Vs/oire du 
 Clievalier an Signe — a copy of which is 
 among the Royal MSS. of the British M»t. 
 seum. The Chevelere Assigne is quoted by - 
 Percy. 
 
 Chevy Chase. A ballad, printed 
 in Tergy's lieliques, the original of which 
 was probably iis old as the reign of Henry 
 VI. The modem version is probably not 
 more ancient than the time of Queen Eliz- 
 abeth, and is copied from an old manu- 
 script at the end of Hearne's preface to 
 Gitlielmus J^ubrigiensis Hist. "(1719), vol. i. 
 It is referred to in an old book, called The 
 Complaynt of Scotland, MivXer the title of 
 Huntis of Chevet, of which two lines are 
 quoted. Sir Philip Sidney says of it, in his 
 Defense ofPo6sie, that "1 never heard the 
 old story of Percie and Douglas that I 
 found not my heart moved more tlian a 
 trumpet." It is well known that this bal- 
 lad, which was originally called The Hunt- 
 ing a' the Cheviat, and which should be' 
 read together with that on The Battle of 
 Otterboume, arose out of the hereditary 
 rivalry and feud between the two families' 
 of Percy and Douglas. 
 
 "Chewing the cud of sweet 
 and bitter fancy,"— -45 Yov, Like It, act iv., 
 scene 3. 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 147 
 
 " Chieftain to the Highlands 
 
 bound, A" First line o( Campbell's 
 baliadj Jjord Utlin^s DauglUer (q. v.). 
 
 " Chiel's amang ye, takin' notes, 
 
 A." A line ill BuitNS*s verses on Captain 
 Grose's peregrinations ill Scotland. 
 
 " Child is father of the man, 
 The." A line in the poem by "William 
 WOKDSWOKTH (1770—1850), whioh begins— 
 
 "My heart leniiB up when I heboid 
 A raiabow in the sky." 
 
 Compare it with Milton's lines in Paradise 
 Hegained^ book iv. — 
 
 " The childhood shows the man 
 As coming shows the day." 
 
 Child, Lydia Maria, n^ Francis, 
 American -writer, (b. 1802), has written 
 Hohomok, a Tale (1824) ; The Rebels, a Tale 
 (1825); The Mother's Book (1831): A History 
 of the Condition of Women in all Ages and 
 Nations (1832); The Girl's Book (1832); The 
 Coronal (1833); Philoihea (1835); Letters 
 from New York (1845); Spring Flowers 
 (1846); The Progress of lieligwus Ideas 
 through Successive Ages (1855); Autumnal 
 Leaves (1860); and other works. See Gris- 
 wold's Prose Writers of America, Mrs. 
 Hale's Records of Woman, &c. 
 
 Child of Elle, The. A ballad, 
 printed in Peecy's Beliques. 
 
 Child, Sir Josiah(b. 1630,(1. 1699), 
 published in 1668, a New JHscowrse of 
 Trade-- 
 
 Child Waters. A ballad included 
 in Percy's Beliques. 
 
 Child's livening Prayer, A. A 
 
 poem by Samuel Tayloe Colbbidge, 
 written in 1808. 
 
 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage : "a 
 
 Komaunt," or poem. In the Spenserian 
 stanza, by Lord Bybon (1788—1821). It 
 consists of four cantos, of which the first 
 and second were published in 1812, the 
 third in 1816, and the fourth in 1818; and 
 the preface to the first two cantos con- 
 tained the following explanation of the 
 origin and purpose of the poem. " It was 
 wrftten," says Lord Byron, " for the most 
 part, amid the scenes which it attempts 
 to describe. It was begun in Albania; and 
 the parts relative to Spain and Portugal 
 were composed from the author's observa- 
 tions in those countries. .... The 
 scenes attempted to be sketched are in 
 Spain, Portugal, Epirus, Acamania, and 
 Greece [the tUrd canto describes scenes in 
 Belgium, Switzerland, and the Valley of 
 the Rhine ; and canto four is chiefly oc- 
 cupied with Kome]. , , . A fictitious 
 character is introduced for the sake of giv- 
 ing some connection to the piece, which, 
 however, makes no pretension to regular- 
 ity. It has been suggested to me by 
 fnends, on whose, opmiou I set & high 
 
 value, that in this fictitious character, 
 Childe Harold, I may incur the suspicion 
 of having intended some real personage; 
 this I beg leave, once lor all, to disclaim. 
 Harold is the creation of imagination, for 
 the purpose I have stated. In some trivial 
 particulars, and those merely local,' there 
 might be grounds for such a iiotidn; but in 
 the main points, I shouldhope, none what- 
 ever. It IS almost superfluous to mention 
 that the appellation ' Childe ' is used as 
 more consonant with the old stmcture of 
 versification which I have adopted." 
 
 Children in the Wood, The. 
 
 See Babes in the 'Wood, The. Eefer- 
 ence may also be made to a play published 
 in 1601 by Koeekt Yakhisgton, and 
 called The Tragedy of a Young Child mur~ 
 thered in a Wood by Two Rujffins, with the 
 consent of his Unkte. This was probably 
 derived from, an Italian novel, ana is so far 
 different from the ballad, that it includes 
 but one child, and that, besides other 
 slight particulars, the scene of the nar- 
 rative is laid in Padua. 
 
 " Children of a larger growth. 
 
 Men are but." — Dkydbn, AU for Love,- act 
 iv., scene 1. 
 
 Children of the Iiord's Supper, 
 
 The. A poem translated by Hekky 
 Wad,swokth Lougeellow from the 
 Swedish of Bishop Tegkeu. 
 
 Children's Hour, The. A poem 
 by Heuby Wadswoeth Lojjgeellow — 
 
 "Between the dark and the daylight. 
 
 When the nijjht is beginning to lower. 
 Comes a pause in the day's occupations, 
 Whicli IB known aa the Children's Hour." 
 
 Chillingworth, William, contro- 
 versial writer (b. 1602, d. 1644), was the 
 author of The Religion of Protestants, , a 
 way to Salvation (q.v.). " His other wri- 
 tings," says Principal TuUoch, " are com- 
 paratively unimportant, as they are com- 
 paratively unknown. A few sermons — 
 nine in all; a series of tracts under the 
 name of Additional Disc<mrses — ^most of 
 them mere sketches, or studies for his , 
 great work; and a brief fragment, more 
 significant than the rest, entitled Tim 
 Apostolical Institution of Episcopacy De- 
 monstrated, comprise the whole." His 
 Works were printed with a Life by Birch 
 in lii2. See Principal Tulloch's Rational 
 Theology in England, Hunt's Jtistory. of 
 Religious Thought, Wood's Athenw Oxon- 
 ienses. Fuller's Worthies, Mazeaux' Jiis- 
 torical and Critical Account of the Life a/nd 
 Writings of William Chillingworth, and 
 Cheynell's Chillingworthii Novissima. 
 
 Chillon, The Prisoner of. A 
 poem by Lord Byeon, founded on the 
 story of Bonnivard, the hero of Genevan in- 
 dependencOj and published in 1816. Bon- 
 nivard was born in 1496, and died in 1571. 
 An account of his life, lu French, is pre- 
 fixed td the poem. 
 
143 
 
 CHI 
 
 CHR 
 
 Chimes, The. "A Gnblin Story 
 of some Bells that ranc an 'Old Yeap out 
 aiid a Kew Year in," by Charles Dick- 
 ers ri812 — 1870), published in 1844. 
 Among the characters are Toby Vecic, his 
 daughter Meg, her sweetheart liichard, 
 Mr. Filer, Mr. Tugby, Sir Joshua Bowley, 
 and Alderman Cute. Of these the only 
 one that has attained celebrity is Toby, 
 otherwise Trotty, Veck (q.v.), "a little old 
 Jjondon ticket-porter," whose dwelling is 
 in the mews, with his wooden card-board 
 at the door, witli his name and occupation, 
 and the " jvr. £. Messuages carefully de- 
 livered.^* "This," wrote Tom Hood of 
 The Chimes^ "is another of those season- 
 able books intended by Boz (i.T.) to stir 
 up and awaken the kindly feelings which 
 arc generally diffused among mankind, 
 but too apt, as Old Weller (q.v.) says, to 
 ' lie * dormouse in the human bosom.' It 
 is similar in plan to The Christmas Carol 
 (q.T.), but is scarcely so happy in its sub- 
 ject—it could not be." 
 
 " Chimes at midnight, W'e have 
 
 heard the." — Henry lY-, part ii., act iii., 
 scene 2. 
 
 China, Old. One of the Last Es- 
 says of Elia (q.T.), by Charles Lamb 
 (17T5— 1834). 
 
 Cbingachcook. The name of the 
 Indian chief who figures in Fejtimore 
 Cooper's novels. The Last of the Mohicans^ 
 The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, and The 
 Pioneer. 
 
 Chips concerning Scotland. A 
 
 miscellany in prose and verse by Thomas 
 Churchyard (1520—1604), (q.v.), pub- 
 lished in 1576, and reprinted by Chalmers 
 in 1817. 
 
 Chirologia: "or the Natvrall Lan- 
 age of the Hand ; whereunto is added 
 Ihironimia." A curious work by John 
 BuLWER, published in 1644. 
 
 Chittiface. The liero of an old 
 popular story which has not come down 
 to us. Drayton alludes to him in some 
 commendatory verses on Tom Coryateand 
 his Crudities, 
 
 Chloe. A name very popular in 
 amatory and pastoral poetry. Thus in 
 Dryden— 
 
 •* chloe found Amyntas lyinff. 
 All in tears, upon the plain." 
 
 Chloe, in Pope's Moral Essays, 
 epistle il., is intended for Lady Suffolk, 
 the mistress of George II., who had offend- 
 ed the poet by neglecting to confer some 
 favour iipon Swift. She is described by 
 Lord Chesterfield as " placid, good-na- 
 tured, and kind-hearted, but very deaf, 
 and not remarkable for wit;" by Pope as 
 " wanting heart " — 
 
 K 
 
 '* she Bpcaks, bchaTes, and aeta just ait she ought. 
 But never, never reached one gcn'rouB thought ; 
 Virtue Rhe flndit too painful an endeavour. 
 Content to dwell in aecencies for ever." 
 
 Chloris, the goddess of flon-ers, 
 was a favourite name with the poets of tho 
 modern as well as the classic world. Thus 
 Lord Dorset sings— 
 
 "Ah, Chloris, 'tis time to disarm your bright eyes." 
 
 And Sir Charles Sedley — 
 
 " Ah, Chloris, could 1 now but sit." 
 
 Choice, The. A poem hy John 
 POMFRET (1667—1703), published in 1699, 
 in which the writer describes the .joys of 
 rural life, combined with lettered ease — 
 " Near some fair town I'd have a private seat, 
 Built uniform, not little, nor too great. 
 Better, if on a rising ground it stood ; 
 Un this side ftelds.on tliat a neighbouring wood. , • 
 A little garden, grateful to tho eye. 
 And a cool rivulet run murmuring by. 
 On whose delicious banks a stately row 
 Of shady limes or sycamores should grow, 
 Attn' end of which, a silent study placed. 
 Should be with all the noblest authors graced. 
 
 Chollop, Hannibal. An American 
 "patriot" ill Dickens's novel of Martin 
 Chuzzleivit (q.v.). 
 
 Choridia: "Rites to Chloris and 
 lier Nymphs, personated in a Masque at 
 Court, by the Queen's Majestv and her 
 Ladies at Shrove-tide," 1630. The inven- 
 tors were Ben Jonson and INIGO Jokes. 
 
 Chorley, Henry Fothergill, au- 
 thor and musical critic (d. 1872), wrote 
 Pomfret, Roccabella, The Prodigy, and 
 other works, besides several plays and 
 numerous librettos. He acted as musical 
 critic of Tile AtltevtBuum for upwards of 
 thirty-five years. See his Memoirs by Hew- 
 lett (1873). 
 
 Chorus Poetarum. "A Miscel-. 
 lany of Poems on Various Occasions," by 
 the Duke of Buckingham, Lord Koches- 
 ter. Sir John Denham, Sir George Ethe- 
 rege, Andrew Marvell, Edmund Spenser, 
 Mrs. Behn, and otliers ; edited by Ghas. 
 GiLDON, and published in 1693. 
 
 Chrestoleros : " Seven Books of 
 Epigrams, written by T. B." (Thomas 
 Bastard), and published in 1508. Bas- 
 tard died in 1618. 
 
 Chrestomathia. A work on edu- 
 cation, by Jeremy Bentham (1748 — 1832), 
 publisned in 181T. 
 
 Christ, The Idf e of. A work by 
 rKEDEBic William Farrar, D.D. (q.v.), 
 published in 1874. 
 
 Christabel. A lady in the ancient 
 ballad of Sir Cauline (q-v-), the daughter 
 of a " bonnye kynge " in Ireland. 
 
 Christabel. A poem by Samuel 
 Taylor Colebidob (1772—1834), written 
 
CHR 
 
 CHR 
 
 149 
 
 at Stowey, Somersetshire, in 1797, and 
 piiblislied in 1S16. Swinburne thinks it 
 IS the loveliest of the author's poems ; for 
 simple cliarm of inner and outer sweet- 
 ness, unequalled hy either The Ancient 
 Mariner or Xubla Kahn. " The very ter- 
 ror and mysteiy of magical evil is imbued 
 with this sweetness ;'* and " as for the 
 melody, here again it is incomparable with 
 any other poet*s." Leigh Hunt quotes 
 with strong approval the passage — '* the 
 
 Serfectiou of grace and sentiment," which 
 escribes Cristabel retiring to rest — 
 
 " Quoth Christabel,— so let it be I 
 And as the lady bade, did she. 
 Her gentle limbs she did undress, 
 And lay down in her lovelinesa." 
 
 '• The lady_ " is the fair witch, Geraldine, 
 who exercises an evil influence over Chris- 
 tabel. The poem is a~fragment. 
 
 Christabel, The Ballad of Babe. 
 See Bade Christabel, The Ballad of. 
 
 Christe's Teares over Jerusa- 
 lem, by Thomas Nash, was published in 
 1593. 
 
 Christian. The chief character 
 of BvsYAX^s PilgrinCs Progress (q.v.)._ 
 
 "Christian is God Almighty's 
 
 gentleman. A." — ^Hake's Guesses at Truth. 
 " Christian is the highest style 
 of man. A." — Yodsg's Night Thoughts, 
 night iv., line 330. 
 
 Christian Divinity, An Apology 
 
 for the True. See Apology fok the 
 Tbde Christian Divinity. 
 
 Christian Hero, The. A prose 
 work by Sir Kichabd Steele, dedicated 
 toIiOrdCutts, and published iu 1701. It 
 was written, the author tells us, " with a 
 design principally to Ax upon lus mind a 
 strong impression of virtue and religion, 
 in opposition to a strong propensity to 
 unwarrantable pleasures." It was in four 
 parts : (1) Of the Heroism of the Ancient 
 World ;■ (2) of the Bible Story a's a Link 
 between Man and his ' Creator ; (3) of the 
 Life a Christian should lead, as set forth 
 by St. Paul ; and (4) of the Common Mo- 
 tives of Human Action, best used and im- 
 proved when blended with religion." 
 
 Christian Iiife, The. A work, in 
 three parts, by John Scott (1638—1694), 
 published in 1681 , 1 685, and 1686. The first 
 part is purely practical ; the second places 
 the foundation of the Christian life in the 
 principles of national religion ; and the 
 third proves and explains the doctrine of 
 our Saviour's mediation. "The work will 
 always be interesting in an historical point 
 of view, as illustrating the state ot Eng- 
 lish theology during that period of decline, 
 when it was passing downward from the 
 high level reached by such great divines 
 OS Sanderson, Stilliugfleet, and Howe, to 
 
 the rationalistic ilats and swamps of the 
 following century." 
 
 , Christian Morals, A Treatise 
 
 on. A prose fragment by Sir Thomas \ 
 Bbowne (1606—1682), published, in 1766, ' 
 by Dr. Johnson, with a Memoir of the 
 author and explanatory notes. It is also 
 included in the edition of Browne's works 
 published in 1836. 
 
 Christian Religion, A discourse 
 of the Grounds and Keason of the. By 
 Anthony Collins (1676—1729), published 
 in 1721, and remarkable as calling forth no 
 fewer than thirty-live replies, a list of 
 which is given by Collins at the end of the 
 preface to his Scheme of Literal Prophecy. 
 
 Christian Religion, Evidences 
 of thg. By Joseph Addison (1072—1719). 
 A posthumous work, published in 1807, and 
 inserted by Bishop Watson in his colleor 
 tion of Theological Tracts. 
 
 Christian Seneca, The. A name 
 given to Joseph Hall, Bishop of Nor- 
 wich (q.v.), on account of, his eloquence 
 and high morality. 
 
 Christian Year, The. " Thoughts 
 In verse for the Sundays and Holidays 
 throughout the Year," by John Keble 
 (1792—1866), published in 1827. " The ob- 
 ject of the present publication," says the 
 preface, ," will be attained if any person 
 find assistance from it iu bringing his own 
 thoughts and feelings into more entire 
 unison with those recommended and ex- 
 emplified in the Prayer Book." The 
 special characteristics of these poems, ac- 
 cording to Principal Shairp, are " first, a 
 tone of religious feeling, fresh, deep, and 
 tender, beyond what was common even 
 among religious men iu the author's day, 
 perhaps in any day; secondly, gieat in- 
 tensity and tenderness of home affection; 
 thirdly, a shy and delicate reserve, which 
 loved quiet paths and shunned publicity ; 
 fourthly, a pure love of nature, and a 
 spiritual eye to read Nature's symbolism." 
 In the poem on the Twenty-fourth SvMdag 
 after Trinity occurs the well-known quay 
 train — 
 
 " Why should we faint and fear to live alone. 
 Since all alone, so Heaven has willed, ift'e die ; 
 Nor even the tenderest heart, and next our own, 
 Knows half the reasons why we smile and sigh ?'^ 
 
 See MissYonge'sil/usm^s on tlie Christian 
 year. 
 
 Christiana. Wife of Christian in 
 Bunyan's Pifnrim's Progress, who sets 
 out with her children, under the guidance 
 of Mr. ttreatheart, to join her husband in 
 the Celestial City. Her story is told In 
 tha second part of the allegory. 
 
 Christianity, The Abolishing 
 of. See Abgument, An. 
 
 'Christianity , not Mysterious : 
 " or, a Treatise showing that there is. 
 
150 
 
 OHR 
 
 CHR 
 
 nothing in tlie Gospel Contrary to Keason 
 or above it, and that no Christian Doc- 
 trine can properly be called a Mystery." 
 A work by John To land (1669—1722), pub- 
 lished in 1696, which excited much popular 
 feeling against its author, and induced 
 Dr. Brown, afterwards Bishop of Corlc, to 
 wish that he could have handed him over 
 for punishment to the civil magistrate. It 
 ■was condemned by the Irish parliament, 
 and ordered to be burnt at the hands of 
 the common hangman. 
 
 Christie of the Clint Hill, in Sir 
 
 "Walter Scott's novel of The Monastery 
 (q.v.), is one of the retainers of Julian 
 Avenel. 
 
 i Christine : " the Maid of the South 
 Seas." A tale in metre, after the manner 
 of Sir Walter Scott, published by Mary 
 KussELL MiTFORD (1786—1855), at a very 
 early age. It was founded on the well- 
 known story of The Mutiny of the Bounty, 
 subsequently treated by Lord Byron in his 
 poem of The Island (q.v.). 
 
 Christis Kirk of the Grene. A 
 
 poem, attributed to King James I. of 
 Scotland, in which the rustic merry-making 
 of his time is humorously described in the 
 apace of twenty-three stanzas. It was 
 printed in J.783, under the editorship of 
 William Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee, A 
 continuation of it was written by Allan 
 
 ,BAflISAY(q.V.). 
 
 Christmas Carol, A, " in prose, 
 being a Ghost Story of Christmas," by 
 Charles Dickens (1812—1870), was pub- 
 lished in December, 1843, with illustrations 
 jby John Leech. "We are all charmed,'* 
 wrote Lord Jeffrey to the author, "with 
 'your Carol, chiefly, I think, for the genu- 
 ine goodness which breathes all through it, 
 and 3S the true inspiring aiigel by wliich its 
 genius has been awakened. The whole 
 scene of the Cratcliits (q.v.) is like the 
 dream of a benevolent angel, in spite of its 
 broad reality, and little Tiny Tim (q.v.) in 
 life and death almost as sweet and touch- 
 iiig as Nelly." A notice of the story appear- 
 ed in Fraser*s Magazine for July, 1844, 
 from the pen of "Michael Angelo Tit- 
 march" (q.v.).' Sec Scrooge. 
 
 " Christmas comes but once a 
 year. For." A line in Tusser's Farmers* 
 JJaily Viet. 
 
 Christmas Eve. A poem by 
 Robert Browning (b. 1812), in which, 
 "after following through a long course of 
 reflection the successive phases of relig- 
 ious belief, he arrives at the certainty 
 that, however confused be the vision of 
 Christ, where His love is, there is the Life, 
 and that the more direct the revelation of 
 that love, the deeper and more vital its 
 power." 
 
 Christmas, Rev. Henry. See 
 Nobl-Feabn. 
 
 Christopher. The head-waiter in 
 Dickens's story of Somehody^s Jjuggage 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Christo Triumphante, De. A 
 
 Latin comedy by John Fox or Foxe (1517 
 —1587), printed in 1551 ; translated and 
 published in English in 1579. The story is 
 taken from New Testament history, and 
 among the dramatis personm (twenty-five 
 in all), are Christus, Eva, Sanctus Maria, 
 and Petrus. 
 
 Christ's Victory" and Triumph 
 
 over Death. A sacred poem by Giles 
 Fletcher (1588 — 1623), > displaying in 
 many passages an imagination of thehigh- 
 est order. "Inferior as he is," says Hal- 
 lam, " to Spenser and Milton, he might be 
 figured in his happiest moments as a link 
 of connection in our poetry between these 
 congenial s[>irits, for he reminds us of 
 both, and evidently gave hints to the lat- 
 ter in a poem on the same subject with 
 Paradise Hegaliied." See Macdonald's 
 England's AntipJum, 
 
 Chronicle, The. A ballad by 
 Abraham Cowley (1618—1667), which 
 ^Johnson calls " a composition unrivalled 
 and alone ; such gaiety of fancy, such f a^ 
 cility of expression, such varied simili* 
 tude, such a succession of inian;es, and 
 such a dance of words, it is in vain to ex- 
 pect except from Cowley." It is a rapid 
 characterisation of the poet's various lady- 
 loves, beginning with Margarita, who 
 
 " rirst possosB'd, 
 If I remember well, my breast,'* 
 
 and ending with his " present emperess," 
 
 " Helconoro, first of the name. 
 Whom Ood graut long to reign." 
 
 Chronicle, in Metre, "fro the 
 first Begynning of Englande unto the 
 Beigne of King Edward ye Foui-tli," by 
 JoH2f Haeding (b. 13T8), in rhyme, was 
 completed about 1470, and was printed at 
 London in 1543. It was carefully edited by 
 Sir Henry Ellis in 1812. Though Fuller 
 asserts that our author " drank as deep a 
 draught of Helicon as any of his age," his 
 work is utterly devoid of the poetic spirit. 
 
 Chronicle of England, written in 
 English by Johk Capgraye (1393—1464), 
 was dedicated to Edward IV* It was ed- 
 ited by Hingeston in 1857—58, and is nota- 
 ble as beginning its history with the crea- 
 tion of the world. 
 
 Chronicle of the Drum, The. 
 
 A poem by Willi ABE Makepeace Thack- 
 eray, "in which Pierre, the last of a race 
 of brave French drummei-s, gives a sketch 
 of the wars of two centuries back. Here," 
 says Hannay, "the threads of humour, 
 and poetry, and philosophy, are subtly 
 woven together." 
 
 Chronicle of the Kings of Scot* 
 
CHB 
 
 CHU 
 
 151 
 
 land, by As1)KE\v" ■Wyktoun, was begun 
 ill- September, 1420, and completed in 
 April, 1424. It is in rhyme, and has been 
 edited by Macpherson, TurubuU, Stuart, 
 and otherB. 
 
 Chrononhotonthologos. A mock 
 tragedy, in "lialf an act," by Henry 
 Carey (1663— 1T43) ; produced in 1734. 
 
 Chubb, Thomas, deistical Avritcr 
 (b. 1679, d. 1746), published The Supremacy 
 of the Father Vindicated (1715); The True 
 Gospel of Jesus Asserted (1738) ; A I>is- 
 course on Reason ; On Moral ana Positive 
 Duties ; On. JFuture Jtidgment and Eternal 
 Panishmeiit ; Inquiry abmit the Inspira- 
 tion of the New Testament; The Doctrine 
 qf Vicarioxis Suffering and Intercession 
 Befated ; and other Tf^orks, published col- 
 lectively in 1754. His Memoirs appeared 
 in 1747. See Iceland's View of Deistical 
 Writers^ Lemoine on Miracles, Mosheim'a 
 Ecclesiastical History, and Van Mildert's 
 Mamptmi Lectures. 
 
 Chubbuck, Emily. See Forres- 
 ter, Fanny. 
 
 Chudleigh, Lady Mary, (b. 1656, 
 d. 1710), published a collected edition of 
 her poems in 1703, followed by a collection 
 of Essays in Prose and Verse in 1710. 
 
 Chuffey, in Charles Dickens's 
 novel of Martin Chuzzlewit (q.v-)» is the 
 old servant of Anthony Chuzzlewit. 
 ** Chuffey," wrote Sydney Smith to the 
 author, " is admirable. I have never read 
 a finer piece of writing ; it is deeply pa- 
 thetic and affecting.** 
 
 Church and State, The Alliance 
 
 between. See Alliance. 
 
 Church Gate, At the. A lyric 
 by William Makepeace Thackeray:— 
 
 " Near the sacred gate 
 "With longing eyes I wait 
 Expectant of her." 
 
 Church Militant, The. A poem 
 by George Herbert. 
 
 Church of Brou, The. A poem 
 in three parte, by Matthew Arnold. 
 
 Church of England Man, The 
 
 Sentiments of a, " with respect to lieligion 
 and Government." A tract by Jonathan 
 Swift (b. 1667, d. 1745), writen in 1708, and 
 published in the same year. " It con- 
 tains," says Scott, " a statement concern- 
 ing the national religion and establish- 
 ment, fair, temperate, and manly, unless 
 it may be thought too strongly to favour 
 the penal laws against nonconformity. In 
 civil politics, the Revolution principles are 
 strongly advocated ; and the final conclu- 
 sion is, ' that in order to preserve the con- 
 stitution entire between Church aiid State, 
 whoever has a true value for both would 
 be sure to avoid the extremes of the Whig 
 
 for the sake of the former, and the ex- 
 tremes of the Tory on account of IJie 
 latter.' " It is divided into two chapters. 
 
 Church, Of the. A famous treat- 
 ise by EiCHARD Field (1561—1616), the 
 first four books of which appeared in 1606, 
 and the fifth book in 1610, the whole being 
 reprinted at Oxford in 1628. This work, 
 which ranks in the same category with 
 Hooker's Ecclesiastical: Polity, is anelalp 
 orate defence of the Church of England- 
 and was highly praised by Coleridge. It 
 was edited by the Rev. J. S. Brewer in 
 1843, and for tne Ecclesiastical Historical 
 Society in 1847—52. 
 
 " Church repair, Some to." — 
 Pope's Essay on Criticism j part ii., line 
 142: — 
 
 " Not for the doctrine, but the music there," 
 
 Church, Richard William, 
 Dean of St. Paul's (b. 1815), has written a 
 Life of Anselm (1870) ; University Sermons 
 (1870) ; Civilization before and after Chris- 
 tianity (1872) ; Some Influences of Divinity 
 on Natural Character (1873) ; and The 
 Sabred Poetry of Early Religions (1874). 
 
 Churchill, Charles, poet (b. 1731, 
 d. 1764), wrote TAe J?osciad (1761), (q.v.) ; 
 An Apology to the Critical Reviewers (1761); 
 Night, an Epistle (1761), (q.v.) ; The Ghost 
 (1762) ; The Prophecy of Famine (1763); Ail 
 Epistle to William Hogarth (1763); The Cmi- 
 ference (1763) ; The Duellist (1763) ; The ' 
 Author (1764) ; Gotham (1764) ; The Candi- 
 date (17G4) ; The'Farewell (1764); The Times 
 (1764) ; Independence (1764) ; T/ie Journey ; 
 and the Dedication to Churchill's Sermons, 
 The Works of Churchill were first collected 
 and printed in 1770, See, ^Iso, the edition 
 of 1804, with An Authentic Account of his 
 lAfe, by W, Tooke. . They are included in 
 all the best collections of the poets. See 
 Campbell's English Poets fCowpeT's Leiters, 
 Forster's Essays, and the introductory > 
 essay, by Ilannay, prefixed to the Aldine 
 Edition of the Poems. " Churchill," sa^a 
 Lowell, " is a remarkable exgjMple of this 
 [that an author may make himself very 
 popular, and justly so, by appealing to the 
 passion of the moment, without liaving 
 anything in him that shall outlast the 
 public whim which he satisfies]." " He 
 had a surprising extemporary vigour of 
 mind ; his phrase carries great weight of 
 blow ; he undoubtedly surpassed all con- 
 temporaries, as Cowper says of him, ' in a 
 certain rude and earth-born vigour ; ' but 
 his verse is dust and ashes now, solemnly 
 inurned, of course, in the Chalmers colum- 
 barium, and without danger of violation. 
 His brain and muscle are fading tradi- 
 tions." Cowper called him the great 
 Chuchill," but Rogers says that to his 
 thinking his poetry was mediocre. 
 
 Churchill, Ethel. A novel by 
 LetitiA E. LANDOIT (b. 1802, d. 1838), 
 
152 
 
 CHU 
 
 orr 
 
 published in 1837, in which she boldly 
 grapples with the historical characters of 
 the reigns of the first Georges, and brings 
 npon the stage Sir Kobei-tWalpole and his 
 contemporaries. " It contains jnany elo- 
 quently-written passages; the plot is affect- 
 ing ; and the conversations are frequently 
 distinguislied by genuine art and tender 
 seutiment."' 
 
 Churchill's Grave: " a fact liter- 
 ally rendered " in verse, by Lord Byron 
 (1788— 1S24). This lyric was written at 
 piodati in 181C, and begins — 
 
 '* I ptbod beside the fn^ve of him who blazed 
 The comet of a Beason." 
 
 Churchill, Mr., in Longfei-low's 
 
 romance of JCavatia^h (q.v.), is a character 
 of whom it is said that " Nature had made 
 him a poet, but destiny made him a school- 
 master." 
 
 Churchyard, Thomas, poet (b. 
 1520, d. 1604), published, among other 
 works, Davie Vicar's Dream (1562—63), A 
 Discourse of Rebellion (1510\ Chippes (1575)t 
 A Praise and IteporU of Marty ne Froboish- 
 •er's Voyage io Meta Iiicognita (1578), A 
 Iiamentable and Pitifull Descrijjtion of the 
 Wofall WarresinFlaunders(l5>7S), Church- 
 yard's Challenge {1593), The Mirror of Man 
 and Manners of Men (1591), Churchyard's 
 Cherishing (1596), The Lamentation of 
 Freyndshtppe, and Chips Concerning Scot- 
 land (1575), (q.v.). Some of these have 
 been reprinted at the Auchinleck Press. 
 For a list of Churchyard's various publica- 
 tions, see Lowndes*iii6ito(;rapA€r'53fanita^* 
 See A'otices of his Life, by Chalmers (1817) ; 
 also. Wood's Athene. OxonienseSj and Dis- 
 raeli's Calamities of Autliors, 
 
 Chuzzle'wit, Jonas. A tyrannical, 
 brutal, and mean character in Charles 
 Dickens's Mai'tin Chuzzlewit (q.v.). 
 
 Chuzzle^'it, Martin. A story of 
 American life and manners, by Charles 
 Dickens (1812—1870), the first monthly 
 number of which appeared on January 1, 
 1843. It is remarkable for the attention it 
 directed to the system of ship-hospitals and 
 to Uie workhouse nurses whose prototype 
 in Sarah Gamp (q.Y.) has become faraouB all 
 over the world. See Bailey, Junior ; 
 Brick, Jefferson ; Chollop, Hanni- 
 iJAL ; Chuffey ; Chuzzlewit, Jonas ; 
 DrVER, Colonel ; Lupin, Mrs. ; Peck- 
 sniff; Pinch, Tout and Ruth ; Pogram, 
 Elijah; Tap ley, Mark; Tigo, Mon- 
 tague; andToDGERS. 
 
 Cibber, Colley, dramatist and 
 poet-laureate (b. 1C71. d. 1757), wrote Love's 
 Last Shift : or, fJie H'ool in Fashion (1695); 
 Woman'i Wit (1697); Xerxes ^1699); The 
 Careless Husband (1704); The Nonjuror 
 (1717), and other plays, to the total number, 
 says the Biographia Dramatical of thirty 
 pieces, an edition of which appeared in 
 1721, and again in 1777. "Cibber," says 
 
 "Warton, "with a great stodk of levity, 
 vanity, and affectation, had sense, and wit, 
 and humour." " His treatise on the stage,'* 
 says "Walpole, " is inimitalale." See 
 Apology for his own Life, An; Care- 
 less Husband,; Doxtble Gallant ; 
 Hypocrite, The ; Love in a Riddle ; 
 Love's Last Shift ; Nonjuror, The. 
 
 Cibber, Theophilus, son of the 
 above (b. 1703, d. 1758), actor and dramatist, 
 wrote The Lover (1730); Paiie and Peggie 
 (an adaptation into English of Allan Ram- 
 say's Gentle Shepherd), (1730); The Mock 
 O^ccr (1733); an(r»ther pieces. The Lives 
 qf the Poets of Great Britain and IreluTul 
 fr<ym the time of Dean Swift (1753), were. 
 attributed to his pen, but Dr. Johnson was 
 of opinion that the work was written by 
 Robert Shields, a Scotchman. 
 
 Cicero. Various Orations of this 
 orator have been translated into English. 
 Among modem versions are those by Cal- 
 vert (1870), Green (1871), Parton (1873), 
 Reynolds (1876), and others. 
 
 Cider. The title of a poem by 
 John Philips (1676—1708), published in 
 1708, and written in imitation of Virgil's 
 Georgics. 
 
 Circuit, through Po-n-is, The. A 
 poem by Owain Kyveiliog, Prince of 
 Powis (circa 1162), in which he describes his 
 progress through his dominions to receive 
 his revenues and to hold his courts. ■ i 
 
 Circmnlocution Office, The. A 
 term applied by Charles Dickens (1812— 
 1870), in his novel of Little Dorrlt (q.v.), 
 to that public department which he repre- 
 sents as possessing pre-eminently, " the art 
 of perceiving how, Tioi to do it.'* "The 
 Administrative Reform Association," says 
 Professor Masson, "might have worked 
 for ten years without producing half the 
 effect which Mr. Dickens has produced in 
 the same 'direction, by flinginp; out the 
 phrase, ' The Circumlocution Oflice.' '* 
 
 Circumstance. A poem by Al-' 
 FRED Tennyson, published in 1830. 1 
 
 Citizen of the "World, The. A 
 
 series of papers contributed by Oliver 
 Goldsmith (1728—1774) to The Public 
 Ledger newspaper (q.v.), the first appearing 
 on tne 24th of January, 1760, in the course 
 of which year ninety-eight papers were 
 
 Sublished; the remainder (there are one 
 undred and twenty-three altogether) being 
 printed later and at irregular intervals. 
 They are written in the form of lettei-s 
 froman imaginary philosophical Chinaman 
 iu London to f rienas in China, and consist 
 of his observations upon men and things 
 in the western world. They were published 
 collectively in 1762. Masson speaks of 
 them as " that delightful Citizen of the 
 World, whose place among our English 
 classics is now sure after more than a hun- 
 dred years, 
 
CIT 
 
 CLA 
 
 153 
 
 "City clerk, but gently born 
 
 and bred, A." First line of Sea Vreams^ a 
 lyric by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 City Mouse and Country 
 
 Mouse, The. A poem written by Matthew 
 Prior (1664—1721) and Charles Monta- 
 GCE, Earl of Halifax (1661—1715), in ridi- 
 cule of The Hind and the Panther ^ by John 
 Dryden (q.T.). 
 
 City Nightcap, The. A tragi- 
 comedy by Robert Davenport, written 
 in the reign of James I. or Charles I., but 
 notprinted until 1661. Itis partly founded 
 on The Cunous Impertinent hi I>on Quixote^ 
 and partly on Boccaccio's Decameron (day 
 Vii.,jiovel7). 
 
 City of the Plague, The. A dra- 
 matic poem, in three acts, written by John 
 "Wilson, "Christopher North" (1785— 
 1854), and published in 1816. 
 
 " City pent, in populous." — 
 
 Milton's Paradise Zost, book ix,,line 445. 
 
 Citye Match, The. A comedy by 
 Jasper Mayne (1604—1672) printed in 
 1639, and reprinted in Dodsley's collection 
 of Old Plays. 
 
 Civil "Wars, The, "between the 
 two Houses of Lancaster and York." A 
 poem by Samuel Daniel (1562—1619), the 
 first four- books of which were printed in 
 1595; the whole work, complete in eight 
 books; in 1609. It is written in octave 
 rhyme, and has been described as, *' too 
 much of a history to be a poem in the true 
 artistic sense; " but it is '* musical in ver- 
 sification, patriotic, and religious, aud 
 somewhat tUffuse in moralising, with so 
 much of the conservative in tone that, in 
 Church matters, some thought Daniel 
 inclined towards Catholicism," 
 
 Clan Alpine's Vo^w. A poem by 
 Sir Alexander Boswell (1775—1822), 
 founded on the murder of Drununond- 
 Emich by the Macgregors, referred to in 
 Scott's Legend of Montrose. 
 
 Clandestine Marriage, The. A 
 
 comedy by George Colmak and David 
 Gakbick, acted in 1766. Hazlitt says it is 
 nearly without a fault, and has some lighter 
 theatrical graces, wbich he smpecte Garrick 
 threw into it- 
 
 Clapham Academy, Ode on a 
 
 Distant Prospect of. A humorous parody, 
 by Thomas Hood (1798—1845), of Gray's 
 Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton CoUene. 
 Charles S. Calverley has, in his Verses and 
 Translations, an Ode "on a Distant Pros- 
 pect " of Afakinff a Fortune^ 
 
 " Clapper-clawing, And one 
 
 another,"— Butler, Hudibras, part ii., 
 canto 2. 
 
 Clare, John, poet (b. 1793, d. 
 1864), wrote Poems Descriptive of Jlv/ral 
 
 Zife and Scenery (1820) ; The Village 
 Minstrelf and other Poems (1821) ; Moments 
 of Fon'getfulnesSf in Verse (1824) ; The 
 Shepherd's Calendar, with Village Stories 
 ana other Poems (1827) ; and 'the Pural 
 Muse (1835). For Biography^ see the Lives 
 by Martin (1865), and Cherry (1873). See 
 Peasant Poet ; Village Minstkel. 
 
 Claremont. A descriptive poem 
 written, by Sir Samuel Garth (d- 1719), 
 published in 1715, and addressed to the 
 Earl of Clare, afterwards Duke jof New- 
 castle, on his giving that name to his villa 
 at Esher, in Surrey. 
 
 Clarendon, Earl of, Edward 
 Hyde (b. 1608, d. 1674), wrote The History 
 of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England^ 
 to which is addedf an Historical View of 
 the Affairs of Ireland (1702) ; The History 
 of the Eehellion and Civil War in Irelcma 
 (1720) ; The Life of Edward, Earl of Cla/r- 
 endon, Lord High Chancellor of Engldnfl, 
 and Chancellor of the University of Oxfor^ 
 being a continuation qf tJie History of the' 
 Grand Rebellion, from the Restoration to 
 his Banishment in 1067, written bu himself 
 (1759); Brief View and Survey of^theDan^ 
 gerous and Pernicious Errors to Church and -" 
 State in Hobbes* *' Leviathan" (1676); E^so/y 
 on an Active and Contemplative lAfe, ana 
 Dialogue on Education and the Respect due 
 to Age (1764 — G5) ; Religion and Policy, cmd 
 the Countenance and Assistance each should 
 give to the other (1811) ; Essays, Moral and 
 Entertaining, on the vq>rious Faculties a/iid 
 Pcbssions Q/" the Human Mind (1815) ; The 
 Natural Histon/ of the Passions'; and a 
 few minor worics. The History of the, 
 Rebellion in England was originally pu^ 
 liahed, under the editorship of Bishop 
 Sprat and Dean Aldrich ; and an edition 
 was published by Dr. Baudinel in 182G. 
 For Biography, see "Wood's Athenm 0x6^ 
 nienses. An Historical Inquiry respecting 
 the Character of Edward Hyde, Earl qf 
 Clarendon, hy the Hon. Agar Ellis (1827). 
 and the Life of Clarendon by T. H. Lister. 
 " Clarendon," says Hume, *< will always 
 be esteemed an entertaining writer, even 
 independent of our curiosity to know the 
 facts which he relates. His style Is prolix 
 and redundant, and suffocates us by th^ 
 length of its periods ; but it discovei*s ' 
 imagination and sentiment, and pleases us 
 at the same time that we disapprove of it. 
 He is more partial in appearance than in 
 reality ; for he seems perpetually anxious 
 to apologise for the Hing ; but his apologies 
 are often well groundea. He is less partial 
 in his relation of facts than In his account 
 of characters ; he was too honest a man tq 
 falsify the former ; his alfections were 
 easily capable, unknown to himself, of 
 disguising the latter." See Hallam*s Lifer' 
 ary History, Macaulay's History, aud 
 Campbell's Lord Chancellors. 
 
 Claribel. "A Melody," by AtrKisn 
 Tennyson, publishedin 1830. ^ 
 
154 
 
 OLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 Claribel. The name assumed by 
 Mrs. Chables Babstard, the author of 
 numerous popular songs, whose Fireside 
 Tlioughts, Ballads, &c„ were published in 
 1865. 
 
 Claridge, John. See Banbury, 
 The Shepherd of j Shepheard's Leg- 
 acy, The. 
 
 Clariuda. The name under which 
 a Mrs. Maclehose corresponded for some 
 time with the poet Burns, who had met 
 her in Edinburgh at the house of a common 
 friend. His first letter arose out of a slight 
 accident that happened to him in the 
 course of the following evening ; and the 
 lady, in reply, making Bums a K)rmal offer 
 of her sympathy and friendship, he replied, 
 " Your friendship. Madam ! By heavens, 
 I was r.ever proud before To- 
 morrow, and every day till I see you, you 
 ehall hear from me." The correspondence 
 BO rapturously opened, proceeded, says 
 Alexander Smith, guite as rapturously. Jt 
 was arranged that in future Burns should 
 sign himself Sylvandery and the lady, 
 CTarinda. Each day ^ave birth to its 
 epistle. Poems were interchanged, and 
 on irhe part of Mrs. Maclehose there can 
 be no doubt that there was a regard, 
 amounting almost to a passion, for the 
 poet, which he, notwithstanding the exag- 
 gerated sentiment of his lettei-s, does not 
 seem to have entirely reciprocated. By- 
 and-by, the letters grew fewer and fewer, 
 until at last the correspondence vanished 
 altogether *' into the light of common day." 
 The first edition was published in 1802, and 
 immediately suppressed. It was reprinted, 
 however, in 1845. 
 
 Clarissa Harlo'we. See Harlowe, 
 Clarissa. 
 
 Clark, Le^T'is Gaylord, Amer- 
 ican journalist and editor (b. 1810), was 
 appointed editor of the American Knicker- 
 bocker magazine, in 1834, and published, 
 in 1853, JOiick-KTiacks from mi Editor's 
 Table. 
 
 Clark, ■William George (b. 1821), 
 has edited, in conjunction with W. Aldis 
 Wright, the Cambridge and Globe editions 
 of Shakespeare ; has written Gazpacho 
 (1849), Peloponnesus (1856), &c. ; and has 
 also edited Cambridge Assays and The 
 Journal of Philology . 
 
 Clarke, Adam, LL.D., Wesleyan 
 minister (b. 1760, d. 1832), wrote A Biblio- 
 graphical J^ictionary and Miscellany (1802 
 —6) ; A Concise Account of the Siiccession 
 qf Ancient Literature (180T— 31) ; A Com- 
 menta/ry on the Holy Scriptures (1809) ; 
 Memoirs of the Wesley Family (1823); and 
 other works included in the collected edi- 
 tion of his writings. See the Lives by 
 Etheridge, J. B. Clarke (1833), and Dunn 
 (1863). 
 
 Clarke, Rev. C. C. The pseudo-' 
 nym assumed, it is believed, by Sir KiOH- 
 ARD [Phillips (1768—1840), in the publi- 
 cation of The Hundred Wonders of the 
 World, published in 1818. 
 
 Clarke, Charles Co-wden, prose 
 writer (b. 1787, d. 1877), produced, among 
 other works, Shakespeare Characters, chic- 
 ly subordinate ; Tales from Chaucer ; and 
 Moli&re Characters. 
 
 Clarke, Edward Daniel, IiL.D., 
 
 traveller and mineralogist (b. 1769, d. 1822), 
 published Travels in Various Countries of 
 Europe, Asia, and Africa (1810—23), ; The 
 Tomb of Alexander (1805) ; The GasBJow- 
 pipe .* or, Art of Fusion (1819) ; and other 
 works. See the Life by Otter (1825). 
 
 Clcirke,^ The Rev. Mr. The name 
 under which John Galt (1779—1839) pub- 
 lished his story of The Wandering Jexo. 
 The initials of the last sentences form the 
 words, "this book was written by John 
 Gait," 
 
 Clarke, Mary Cowden, n^e No- 
 vell©, miscellaneous wi'iter (b. 1809), has 
 published A Complete Concordance to the 
 Works of Shakespeare (1845) ; The Adven- 
 tures of Kit Bam, 3/dri?ier(1848) ; The Girl- 
 hood of Sliakespeare's Heroines (1850) ; The 
 Iron Cousin (1854) ; World-J^oted Women 
 (1857) ; Many Happy Returns of the Day : a 
 Birthday Book (I860) ; Trust and Remit- 
 tance (1873) ; A Rambling Story (1874) ; 
 and several editions of the works of Shake- 
 speare. 
 
 Clarke, Samuel, divine (b. 1599, 
 d. 1682), wrote A Mirror : or, Looking-Glass 
 for Saints or Sinners ; The Marrow ofEc- 
 'clesiasticalHtstori/; AGeneral Martyrology; 
 The Marrow of Divinity ; and other works. 
 His son SAMUEL (b. 1627, d. 1701), pub- 
 lished some annotations ou the Bible. 
 
 Clarke, Samuel, D.D., theologian 
 and philosopher (b. 1675, d. 1729), wrote 
 Sermons (including those on The Being and 
 Attributes of God, and The Evidences of 
 Natural and Revealed ReligUni); A Para^ 
 phrase oftlie FourEvangelists ; Three Prac- 
 tical Essays on Baptism^- Confii'mation, and 
 Repentance ; An Exposition of the Church. 
 Catechism ; A Letter on the Immortality <f 
 the Soul; Reflections on Roland's ^^Amyn- 
 tor; " The Scripture Doctrine oftheTrinity ; 
 Several Tracts relating to tlie Subject of 
 the Trinity; Papers on the Principles of 
 Natural Philosophy and Religion; A Let" 
 ter on Velocity and Force in bodies in Mo^ 
 tioji ; all included in the collected edition 
 of Clarke's Works, published in 1738 mw 
 dertlie editorship of Benjamin Hoadley, 
 Bishop of Winchester. See the Lives by 
 Hoadley and by Whiston (1748). Addisou 
 called Clarke one of the most accurate, 
 learned, and judicious writers the age had 
 produced. 
 
CLA 
 
 CLI 
 
 155 
 
 Clarkson, Thomas, philanthro- 
 pist (b. 17G0, d. 1846), wrote a blstary of the 
 Itise, Progress^ and Accomplishment of the 
 Abolition of the African Slave Trarfe, pub- 
 lished in 1808, besides numerous essays on 
 the same subject. 
 
 Classical Dictionary of the 
 
 Vulgar Tongue. The, by Francis Grose 
 
 grsi — 1791), was the percursor of The Slang 
 ictionarii and works of a similar charac- 
 ter. " Captain Grose ** has been immor- 
 talised by Burns. 
 
 Claude. The hero of Clough's 
 poem of Amours de Voyage (q.v.). 
 
 Claude Melnotte. The hero of 
 LoKD Lytton's play, Tlie Lady of Lyons. 
 
 Claudio. A character in ^Teasure 
 for Measure (q.T.) ; in love with Juliet. 
 
 Claudio, in Much Ado about Noth- 
 ing (q.v.), is a young noble of Florence. 
 
 Claudius, in Hamlet (q.v.), is a 
 usurping king of Denmark. 
 
 Claypole, Noah. An undertaker's 
 appreutice, of a tyrannical and cowardly 
 disposition, in Dickens's Oliver Twist 
 (q.T.). 
 
 " Cleanliness is next to Godli- 
 ness." A sentence quoted apparently 
 as a proverb in John Weslev's Sermon 
 xcii.," On Dress." 
 
 Cleishbotham, Jedediah. Tlie 
 imaginary editor of The Tales of My Land- 
 torrCbySirWALTEKScoTT. The pretended 
 author was a certain Mr. Peter Pattie- 
 Bou, assistant teacher of Gandercleuch. 
 
 Cleland, 'William, poet (b. about 
 1661, d. 1689), wrote The Highland Host 
 (1678), (q. v.), and some miscellaneous 
 pieces, published under the title of A Col- 
 lection of several Poems and Verses comr 
 posed upon Various Occasions, in 1697. 
 ^*It is true,** says Lord Macaulay, in 
 chapter xiii., of his History, " that his 
 liymns, odes, ballads, and Hudibrastic sa- 
 tires a-re of very littlp intrinsic value ; but 
 when It is considered that he was a mere boy 
 when most of them were written, it must 
 be conceded that they show considerable 
 vigour of mind." See Hallo my Fancy. 
 
 Clelia. A frivolous, vain coquette, 
 in Crabbe's poem of The Borough. 
 
 Clemanthe. Tlie heroine of Tal- 
 FOCTED's tragedy of Ion (q.v.). 
 
 Clemens, Samuel Laughorne. 
 An American humourist (b. 1835), who 
 writes under the nom de plume of " Mark 
 Twain," and has published The hmocents 
 Abrocul,Tlie New Pilgrim' t Progress Jfiomh. 
 ing It, and Humorous Stories o^o Sketches, 
 all of which are Jnolufted in the editions or 
 bis Works issued in England. He has 
 ^p ^tten, in coiijungtion with Charles 
 
 DcnLEY' 'Warner, a novel called The 
 Gilded Age (1874). His brother humorist, 
 Bret Harte (q.v.), writes of him : '* He has 
 caught, with great appreciation and skill, 
 that ungathered humour and extravagance 
 which belongs to pioneer communities. 
 Mr. Clemens deserves to rank foremost 
 among Western humorists." 
 
 Clement, Justice. A maftistrate, 
 and a merry old fellow, in Ben Jonson's 
 comedy of Every Man in his Humour 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Clementina, Lady, in Richard- 
 son's Novel of Sir Charles Grandison 
 (q.v.), is in love with the hero. 
 
 Cleon. A character in which Glory 
 is personified in Spenser's Fw&rie Queene 
 (q.v.).^ 
 
 Cleopatra. A tragedy by Samuel 
 Daniel (1562—1619), published in 1599, and 
 written in partial imitation of the Greek 
 drama, with a chorus between each act. 
 Also the name of the Queen of Egypt in 
 Antony and Cleopatra (q.v-).. 
 
 - Clerk, John (d. 1812), was the 
 author of a famous essay on Naval Tactics, 
 Systematical and Historical. 
 
 Clerk of Tranent. See Gawaik, 
 
 The Adventures of Sir. 
 
 Cleveland, John, poet (b. 1613, d. 
 1659), wrote The CJiaracter o/^a London 
 Diumall (1644) ; another edition of the 
 same work, with several select Poems- 
 (1647) ; Monumentum JRegale : or, a Tombe 
 erected for that incomparable and glorious 
 monarch, Charles I. (1649) ; Poem's (1651) ; 
 Poems (16S3) ; Idol of the Clownes (1654) j 
 Poems (1654) ; Poems (1657) ; Pustick Eam^ 
 pant: or. Rural Anarchy affronting Mon- 
 archy in the person of Wat Tyler (1658) ; 
 Poems (1659) ; J. Cleveland revived (1659 — 
 60) ; Poems (1661) ; and Cleivelandi Vin- 
 diclce: or^.Cleiveland's genuine Poems, 
 Orations, Epistles, &c., purged from tlie 
 many false anrf spurious ones which have 
 usurped his name, and from innumerable 
 Errovrs and Comtptions in the true copies; 
 to which are added many additions never 
 printed before, with an Account of the 
 Author's Life (1677). His Works were 
 published complete in one volume, with a 
 Life in 1687. See The Gentleman's Mag- 
 azine for 1873. See Mixed Assembly, 
 The. 
 
 Clifford, Paul. A novel by Lord 
 Lytton (1806—1873), published In 1830, 
 and,, like Fielding's Jonathan Wild and 
 Ainsworth's Jcusk Sheppard, describing the 
 cw^^T P* ^ Jiighwayman. 
 
 Climbing Boy's Soliloquy, The* 
 A poem descriptive of the suflEerings of 
 boys employed in sweeping chimneys, 
 contributed by James Montgomery (177|. 
 —1854), to, a yplume entitled TIic Chimney 
 
156 
 
 CLI 
 
 GliQ 
 
 Sweeper^s Friend and Climbing Soi/'s 
 Album, edited and publislied by him in 
 1824. 
 
 " Climbing sorro-w, Do-wn, 
 
 thou..* ^— King Lear^ act ii., scene 4. 
 
 CHnker, Humphrey, The Ex- 
 pedition of. A novel by Tobias George 
 Smollett (1721— 1771), published in 1771. 
 " The very inijenious scheme of describing 
 the various effects produced upon different 
 members of the same family oy the same 
 objects* was not original, though it has 
 been supposed to be so. Anstey, the 
 facetious author of Tke New Bath Guide, 
 had employed it six or seven years before 
 Humphrey CTmfter appeared. ButAnstey*8 
 diverting satire was," says Sir Walter 
 '^cott,, '' but a light sketch compared with 
 'Qie finished and elaborate manner in which 
 Smollett has, in the fii-st place identitied 
 ^s characters, and then fitted them with 
 language, sentiments, and power of obser- 
 vation, in exact correspondence with their 
 talents, temper, condition, and disposi- 
 tion." 
 
 Clinton, Henry Fynes, classical 
 scholar and writer (b. 1781, d. 1852), wrote 
 ^^asti Hellenici: the Civil and Literary 
 Chronology of Greece (1834, 1841, 1851); 
 Jfasti liomani: the Civil and Literary 
 Chronology of Rome and Constantinople 
 (1845, 1850) ; and other works. See the 
 Life, by himself (1854). 
 
 Clio. A miscellany of prose and 
 verse by James Gates Percival (1795— 
 1856), the first two parts of which were 
 published in 1822, and the third in 1827. 
 
 Clio. The letters forming the name 
 of the Muse of History, C. L. I. O., were, 
 according to Cibber, rendered famous by 
 ^ Addison in T)ie Spectator, his best essays 
 beins; signed with each consecutively. It 
 hna been suggested, however, that the 
 author had no intention to identify him- 
 self with the goddess, and that the letters 
 were only used to indicate where the 
 papers were written, in Chelsea, London, 
 IslingtOQ, or the OfEce t 
 
 Clive, Mrs. Archer. See Paul 
 Feeroll; Queen's Ball; *'V." IX. 
 Poems by. 
 
 Clodpole. A character whose 
 "adventures " are described in Sumpkin's 
 Xyisaster (q.v.). 
 
 Cloe and Clorin. Shepherdesses in 
 rLETCHER's Faithful Shepherdesa (q.v.). 
 
 Clorinda. A female knight in 
 Tasso/s Jerusalem Delivered. 
 
 Cloris. A clmracter in the Duke 
 of Buckingham's farce of The Rehearsal 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Cloten, in Shakespsake's play of 
 Pifmbeline (q.T.)» is "the conceited, booby 
 
 lord, and rejected lover" of ImojEcen (q.v) : 
 a portrait *' not very agreeable in itself, and 
 at present obsolete, but " drawn with 
 great humour and knowledge of character. 
 The description which Imogen cives of his 
 unwelcome addresses to her— * Whose love- 
 suit hath been to me as fearful as a siege* 
 —is enough to cure the most ridiculous 
 lover of his folly. It is remarkable," con- 
 tinues Hazlitt, " that though Cloten makes 
 so poor a figure in ]ove, he is described as 
 assuming an air of consequence as the 
 queen's son in a council of state." 
 
 Cloud, The. A lyric by Percy 
 Bysshe Shelley (1792— 1822>, written in 
 1820. 
 
 "Cloud-capped To-wers, The." 
 
 — The Tempest, scene iv., act 1. 
 
 Cloudsley, Young. A continua-. 
 tioh of the ballad of Adam Bell (q.v.) ; re- 
 counting the adventures of the son of 
 "William of Cloudesley. 
 
 Clough, Arthur Hugh, poet and 
 xyiiscellaneous writer (b. 1819, d. 1861), wrote 
 The Bothie of Tober-na~ Vuolich ; a Long 
 Vacation Pastoral (1848) ; Dipsychus ; 
 Amours de Voyage; MariMagno; Ambar- 
 valia (all of which see) ; numerous short 
 lyrics, several critical papers, and a trans- 
 lation of the Lives of Plutaich, founded on 
 the text by Dryden. His Poems and 
 Essays, with a Life by J. A. Symonds, 
 were published in 1871. " We have a fore- 
 boding," says IJowell, "that Clough, im- 
 perfect as he was in many respects, and 
 dying before he had subdued his sensitive 
 temperament to the sterner requirements 
 of his art, will be thought, a hundred years 
 hence, to have been the truest expression 
 in verse of the moral and intellectual 
 tendencies, the doubt and struggle towards 
 settled convictions, of the period in which 
 he lived." See the Memoir, by F. T. Pal- 
 grave, prefixed to the Poems (1863); JSssays, 
 by R. H. Button; Quarterly Review ior 
 1869 ; Contemporary Review for 1869 ; 
 Macmilla7i's Magazine, vols. vi. and xv., 
 and Comhilltov 186^. 
 
 Clout, Colin, The name of the 
 hero of a satirical work by JohnSkelton 
 (1460 — 1529); also, the name under which 
 Spenser describes himself in The Faerie 
 Queene and The Shepherd's Calendar. A 
 Colin Clout figures in Gay's Shepherd'^ 
 Walk as a rural swain, in love with. Blou- 
 zelinda (q.v.), 
 
 Clovernook : " or, Recollections 
 of Our Keighbourhood in the "West." 
 Sketches by Alice Carey (h. 1822), pub- 
 lished in 1851, and succeeded, in 1854 hy 
 Clovernook Children. ,** They bear," says 
 Whlttier, "the true stamp of genius- 
 simple, natural, truthful, and evince a 
 keen sense of the humour and pathos .of 
 the comedy and tragedy of Jif $ in the coun- 
 ti7," 
 
CLTT 
 
 COO 
 
 157 
 
 Clumsy, Sir Tunbelly. A chsir- 
 acter in Vakubugh's play ol Tlie JRelapse 
 («.v.)- 
 
 Cluppins, Mrs., in DicicENsfa Pick- 
 wick Papers (q.v.), is the leading witness 
 for the piaintltf In the famous case of Bar- 
 dell ». Pickwick. 
 
 Clutterbuck, Captain Cuthbert. 
 
 The name of the pretended editor of Sir 
 'Walter Scott's novel The JTortunes of 
 Nigel (q.v.) ; also, the name of the imagi- 
 nary patron to whom he dedicated his 
 novel of Tll£ Abbot (q.v.). 
 
 Clyde, The. A descriptive poem 
 by John Wilson (1720—1776), published 
 ori^ually in 1761, and, in a revised form. 
 In the tirst volume of Leyden's edition of 
 Scottish Descriptive Poems. 
 
 Clyomon and Clamydes, The 
 
 History of Sir. A curious combination of 
 histoiy with a moral play, relating chiefly 
 to the adventures of a knight. Sir Clyomon, 
 and his lady-love, Neroni's. A personifica- 
 tion of Rumour conveys intelligence to the 
 different parties, and a personitication of 
 Providence steps In to save the life of one 
 of the heroines. B tit the piece is rendered 
 hopelessly improbable by the introduction 
 of Alexander the Great, " as valiantly set 
 forth as may be, and as many souldiers as 
 can,'* and a cowardly enchanter, called 
 Bryan Sansfoy, who keeps a dreadful dra^ 
 'gdu in the Forest of Marvels. 
 
 " Coach, Go, call a." — Caret's 
 ChrononhotonthologoSf act ii. , scene 4 : — 
 
 •' Let a coach be called, 
 And let the man who calleth be the caller ; 
 And in his calling let him nothing call. 
 But coach ! coach Lcoach 1 O for a coach, 70 gods I " 
 
 Cob, Oliver, in Ben Jonson's 
 comedy of Everif Man m his,Ifumour(q.Y.)f 
 is a devoted admirer of Captaui Bobadil 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Cobb. Tlie " Boots," in Dickens's 
 story of Tlie Holly Tree Inn (q.v.). 
 
 Cobb, Samuel, poet (<\. 1713), pub- 
 lished A Collection of Poems on Several 
 Occasions (1707), some translations, a ver- 
 sion of Chaucer's Miller's Tale^ and a 
 Pindaric ode on The Female Reigny printed 
 iiiDodsley's collection. 
 
 Cobb, Tom. One of tlie quadri- 
 lateral, in Dickens's novel of Bamaby 
 Jludge (q.v.), of which Willet, sen., Phil 
 ParKes,'and Solomon Daisy are the other 
 members. 
 
 Cobbe, Frances Power, miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1822), has published, 
 among other works, Alotie to the Alone ; 
 Prayers for Theists ; Broken Lights; Pros- 
 pects of Religious Faith: Cities oftliePast; 
 jOarwitiism i/ii Morals; Dawning Lights; 
 Essays op the Pursuits of Women; The 
 Hopes of the Humam, JSace; Hours of Work 
 and Play ; Intuitive Morals ; Italics ; Pol- 
 
 itics in Italy; Religious Duty; Studies of 
 Ethical and Social Subjects; and Thanks- 
 giving : a Chapter on Religious .Duty* 
 
 Cobbett, 'William, miscellaneous 
 
 writer (b. 1762, d. 1835), wrote The Works 
 of Peter Porcupine (1801) ; Tlie Political 
 Register (1802—35) ; A History of tlie Ref-, 
 ormatiofn (1810) ; A Year's Residence m' 
 the United States (1818—19) ; Ayi English 
 Grammar in a series of Letters to his Son . 
 (1819) ; Cottage Economy ; Rwral Rides in 
 England; Curse of Paper Money ; Advice 
 to Young Men ; A Legacy to Parsons ; and 
 other works. A selection from his polit- 
 ical writings was published, with a Life, 
 by his son, in 1837. See the Life, by Huish 
 (1835). Hazlltb wrote of him 'that he was 
 not only unquestionably the most powerful 
 political writer of the day, but one of the 
 best writers In the language. " He might 
 be said to have the cleverness of Swift, the 
 naturalness of Defoe, and the picturesque 
 satirical desciiption of Mandeville." Set 
 Porcupine, Peter. 
 
 Cobbin, Ingram, divine and com- 
 mentator, published The Child's Commen- 
 tator ; The Domestic Bible (1849—52) ; an' 
 English edition of Barnes' Notes (1853) ; A 
 Condensed Commentary on the Bible (1837); 
 and other works. 
 
 Cobbler's Prophesy, The. A 
 
 drama, by Robert Wilson, printed in 
 1594, and characterised by J. P. Collier as 
 " a mass of absurdity without any leading 
 purpose, but here and there exhibiting 
 glimpses of something better," \ 
 
 Cobbold, Richard, clergyman, 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1797,, d. 1876), 
 wrote Margaret Catchpole (184D) ; Jlfarj/ 
 Ann Wellington (1846) ; Zentm the Martyr 
 (1847) ; Freston Tower (1850) ; and numer- 
 ous religious works and poems. 
 
 Cochrane Alexander D. R. 'W. 
 
 Baillie (b. 1816), has written Poems (1838) j 
 Exeter Hall (1841) ; Tlie Morea (1841) ; Ef- 
 nest Vane (1849) ; Florence tlie Beautifiil 
 (1?54) ; ,Yourig Italy (1865) ; Historic Stud- 
 ies (1870) ; aiid other works. 
 
 Cockain, Sir Aston. See Cok- 
 
 AysfE, Sir Aston. 
 
 Cockaygne, The Iiand of (from 
 coquvna, a kitchen). An English poetical 
 satire of the thirteenth century, which 
 told, says Professor Morley, of a region 
 free from trouble, where the rivers ran 
 with oil, milk, wine and honey j wherein 
 the white and grey monks had an abbey of 
 which the walls were built o£ pasties; 
 which was paved with cakes, and had pud- 
 dings for pinnacles. Geese there flew 
 about roasted, crying, " Geese, all hot I " 
 and the monks— so the song says- did not 
 spare them. 
 
 Cockburn, Henry Thomas, 
 Lord, Scottish judge (1779— 18B4),wrot« TH 
 
158 
 
 COC 
 
 COK 
 
 Zi/e and Correspondence of Lord Jeffrey 
 ■(1852) ; Memorials of his Times (186()), of 
 ■wliicli additional volumes appeared in 1874; 
 andvarious contributiona to tlie early num- 
 bers of The Edinburgh Jieview, 
 
 Cockburn, Mrs. Catherine, clrn- 
 
 .uiatist and miscellaneous writer (1679 — 
 1749), wrote Agnes de Castro; The Fatal 
 Friendship ; Gustavus Erikson^ King of 
 Sweden : Love at a Loss ; and some philo- 
 Bophical treatises. See lier Life by Birch. 
 
 Cockburn, Mrs., n^e Eutlierforcl, 
 poetess (d. 1794), wrote a ballad called The 
 Flowers of the Forest (q-v.), and some other 
 poetical pieces. See Miss Tytler's and Miss 
 Watson's Songstresses of Scotland. 
 
 Cocke. The *prentice-boy, in Bis- 
 hop Still's comedy of Gammer Gurton's 
 Needle (q.v.). 
 
 Cocker, Ed'ward, engravep and 
 teacher of writing and arithmetic {b. 1631, 
 d. 1677), was the author of the celebrated 
 book on Arithmetick, being aplain andfami- 
 Jiarmetltod suitable to the meanest capacity, 
 for understanding that admirable art, pub- 
 lished in 1678. A list of the other works 
 attributed to him is given in Lowndes' 
 Sibliographer' s Manual. 
 
 Cockney School, The, was a 
 name given to the London literary coterie 
 of which Shelley, Keats, Leigh Hunt, Haz- 
 litt, and others were members, and whose 
 writings were characterised as consisting 
 of " the most incongruous ideas in the 
 most uncouth language.'* 
 
 Cockton, Henry, humorous novel- 
 ist, has written numerous works, the best 
 known of which are The Ventriloquist^ being 
 Life and Adventures ofValentine Vox (1840); 
 Sylvester Sound, the Somnambulist (1844) ; 
 Stanley Thx)m ; and Tlie Love Match. 
 
 Codlingsby. Tlie title of one of 
 Thackeray's Novels by Eminent Hands 
 (q.v.); written in parody of Disraeli's Con- 
 ingsby (q.v.). 
 
 Ccelebs in Search of a 'Wife : 
 
 "comprehending observations on Domes- 
 tic ilabils and Manners, lleligion and Mor- 
 als." A novel by Hannah More (1745— 
 1S33), published in 1809. 
 
 Ccelum Britannicum. A masque 
 
 by Thomas Carew (1589—1639), written at 
 the request of Charles I., and performed at 
 "Whitehall,. February 18, 1633, by the king 
 and "several young lords and noblemen's 
 sons.*' The subject iS partly mythological. 
 
 " Coffee, -which makes the poli- 
 tician wise."— Pope's ^ape of the Lock, 
 canto lii., line 117, — 
 "And see through all things with his half -shut eyes." 
 
 Coffey, Charles (d. 1745), wrote 
 The Devil to Pay, and eight other plays, 
 Bome of which have kept the stage. 
 
 Coffin, Charles Carleton, Ame- 
 rican author, has published, My Days and 
 Nights on the Battle Field, Four Years of 
 Fighting, }Vinning his Way, Following 
 the Flag, Our New Way Round tlie Worlds 
 and other works. 
 
 Coffin, Joshua. Tlie pseudonym 
 under which H. W. Longfellow pub- 
 lished his History qf Newbury. 
 
 Coffin, Long Xoni, in Cooper's 
 
 novel of The Pilot (q.v.), is " probably the 
 most widely-known sailor character in ex- 
 istence. He is an example of the heroic 
 ill action, like Leather-stocking (q.v.), los- 
 ing not a whit of his individuality in his 
 nobleness of soul." " Long Tom Coflhi," 
 says Hannay, " is a creation quite distinct 
 from those of our side of the Atlantic ; for 
 Cooper anticipated Hawthorne in seeking 
 inspiration among native scenes, and treat- 
 ed his countrymen to home-brewed. Long 
 Tom Coffin is the most marked character 
 in The Piio^— perhaps, in all Cooper's 
 books of the class." 
 
 Coffin, Robert Barry. See Gray, 
 Barry. 
 
 Coffin, Robert S. See Boston 
 Bard, The. 
 
 Coggeshalle, Ralph, chronicler 
 (d- about 1228), wrote a Chronicon Angli- 
 canunif Libellus de Motibtis Anglicanis sub 
 Johanne Jiege, and other works. 
 
 " Cogitative faculties immers'd, 
 His." — Carey's Chrononhotonthologos, act 
 i., scene 1—" In cogibundity of cogitation.*' 
 
 "Coigne of Vantage." — Macbeth, 
 
 act i., scene 6. 
 
 Cokayne, Sir Aston, poet (b. 
 1G08, d. 1684). The poems and plays of this 
 now almost forgotten writer were printed in 
 1658- The latter number only three, and 
 are entitled respectively. The Obstinate 
 Lady, Trappolin supposed a Prince, and 
 The Traqedy of Ovid. See Ellis's Specir 
 mens of t)ie Early English Poets. 
 
 Coke, Sir Ed-ward, Chief Justice 
 Co. 1551, d. 1632), wrote Tlie Institutes, the 
 first part of which, originally published in 
 1628, was reprinted in 1823 and 1832 as The 
 Institutes of the Laws of England : or, a 
 Commentary upon Littleton (q.v.), by Lord 
 Coke, revised and collected, loith' Additions 
 of Notes, References, and proper TableSj by 
 Francis Hargrave and Charles Butler, in- 
 cluding also the Notes of Lord Hale and 
 Lord Chancellor Nottingham, ^oith addi- 
 tional Notes by Charles Butler, qf Lincoln^ s 
 Imi' The second part of The Institues, con- 
 taining a commentary on Magna Charta 
 and an exposition of many ancient and 
 other statutes, appeared in 1642 ; tlie third 
 part, concerning high treason and other 
 pleas of the crown and criminal causes, 
 fn 1644 ; and the fourth part, concern- 
 ing the juilsdictlon of courtSi- in the 
 
OOIi 
 
 COL 
 
 159 
 
 same year. Coke was also the author of 
 The JBook of Entries (1614) ; Reports from 14 
 Elizabeth to 13 James /. (1600 — 16); The 
 jComplent Cojyy holder ; Reading on 27 Ed- 
 %oara the Firsts called tJie Statute daFinU 
 hits levatis ; and A Treatise on Bail and 
 Mainprizcj the last three heing published 
 in 1764. 
 
 Colden, Cad^vallader, American 
 histonaii (b, 1688, d. 1775), wrote a History 
 of tlie Five Indian J/diitMis, aud other 
 works. 
 
 Coldstream, Sir Charles. The 
 hero of Chables Mathew's comedy of 
 Used Up. 
 
 Cole, King. The hero of a famous 
 
 nursery rhyme, whose history may be read 
 in Halliweirs I^Turseri/ Rhymes of England, 
 He is said to have reigned over Britain in 
 the third century, and to have been the 
 father of the celebrated St. Helena, 
 
 Cole, Mrs., in Footers play called 
 The Minor, is intended for Mrs. Douglass, 
 a notorious person of the last century, who 
 resided "at the north-east corner of Co- 
 vent Garden," and died there on June 10, 
 1761. 
 
 Cole, Sir Henry (b. 1808), has 
 written a work on Light, Shade, and Col- 
 our; has edited at various times The 
 Guide, The Historical Register, and The 
 Journal of Design ; and has contributed 
 to the Westminster, British and Foreign 
 and Edinburgh Reviews. He has also pub- 
 lished Henry the Eighth's Scheme of 
 Jiishf^ricJiSt and his pamphlets on Record 
 Beform did much towards the establish- 
 ment of the General Record Office. See 
 
 SUMMEBLYf FEIiIX. 
 
 Colenso, John WiUiam, D.D., 
 Bishop of Natal (b. 1814), has published 
 several works on arithmetic and algebra, 
 but is best known by his Pentateuch and 
 Book of Joshua critically examined (1862 — 
 72). - This work created considerable dis- 
 cussion, and was censured by the Bishops 
 in Convocation, 1863. Bishop Colenso has 
 also written Village Sermons (1853) ; Ten 
 Weeks in Natal (1855) ; a translation of 
 TJie Epistle to the Romans (1861) ; Natal 
 Sermons (1866) ; and a criticism on The 
 Speaker's Commentary (1871). 
 
 Coleridge, Derwent, clergyman 
 and miscellaneous writer (b, 1800), has 
 published The Scriptural Character of the 
 English Church ( 1839) ; a Biographical 
 Sketch of his brother Hartley, a Life of 
 Winthrop Mackworth Praed, and some 
 letters on ed.ucation, addressea to Sir John 
 T. Coleridge in 1861. See Cecil Daven- 
 
 A.TST. 
 
 Coleridge, Hartley, poet and 
 critic (b, 1796, d. 1B4Q); contributed to the 
 London and Blackwood* s Magazines and in 
 3832—33 published biographies of the 
 Worthiea of Yorkshire cma Lancashire. His 
 
 Poeticat Remains and Essays and Margi- 
 nalia appeared in 1851, with a. Memoir oy 
 his brother, the Rev. Derwent Coleridge. 
 Wordsworth has a poem addressed To H. C, 
 six years old. See MacmiUian's Magazine, 
 vol. V. " A noble moralspirit willlongcon- 
 tinue," says tb'e QiwiWeW?/ Revieio (1851), **to 
 be diffused from hispoetry ; a moral lesson 
 no less deep is to be found in that poetry 
 taken in conjunction with his life." 
 
 Coleridge, Henry Nelson, mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1800. d. 1843), was the 
 author of Six Months in the IVest Indies 
 (1825); An Introduction to the Study of the - 
 Greek Classics (1830) ; and edited many of 
 the writings of his uncle, Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridgei. ^ee Haller, Joseph. 
 
 Coleridge, Sir John Taylor, 
 
 nephew of the poet (;b. 1790, d. 1876), edited 
 The Quarterly Review after the death of 
 Gifford, and before the appointmeiit of 
 Lockhart, and published in 1^25 an edi- 
 tipn of Blackstone's Commentaries with 
 notes, and in 1869 a Memoir of the Rev. John 
 Keble. 
 
 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, poet 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1772, d. 1834), 
 wrote The Fall of Robespierre {VIQ'^)\ Poems 
 (1794) ; Condones 'ad Populum (1795) ; 
 The Friend (1812) ; i^emorse (1813) ; Chris- 
 tabel (1816) ; The Ancient Mariner (1798) ; 
 Biographia LiteraHa (1817) ; Zapolya 
 (1818) ; Aids to Reflectitm (1825) ; and other 
 works, included in his Remains (1836), His 
 Jfor/ijs appeared in 1847. See the Xi/eby 
 Gillman (1838) : and the Reminiscences by 
 Cottle (1847). For Criticism, see Shairp's 
 Studies in Poetry, Swinburne's Essays a/nil 
 Studies, Hazlitt's English Poets, Hunt's /*«-" 
 agination and Fancy Quarterly RevievT for 
 1868, and WestminsterReview tov 1%Q%. See 
 alsoCarlyle'si^/c of Sterling, Coleridge's 
 own Biographa Mteraria, and Lamb's 
 Letters. Notices of some of the foregoing 
 works will be found under the respective 
 letters ; and, in addition, see Earth, 
 Hymn to the; Fears in Solitude; 
 Garden of Boccaccio ; and Youth and 
 Age. Algernon C. Swinburne says of 
 Coleridge :— " Receptiye at once, and com- 
 municative of many influences, he has" 
 received from none, and to none did he 
 communicate any of those which mark him 
 as a man memorable to all students of men. 
 "What he learnt and what he taught are, 
 not the precious things in him. He has 
 founded no school of poetry, as Wordsworth 
 has, or Byron, or Tennyson ; happy in 
 this, that he has escaped the plague of 
 pupils and parodists. Has he founded a 
 school of philosophy ? He has helved men 
 to think : he has touched their thought, 
 with passing colours of his own thougnt ; 
 but has he moved and moulded it into niew 
 and durable shapes? To me, set beside 
 the deep direct work of those thinkers who 
 have actual power to break down and build 
 up thought, to instruct iaXth or destroy 
 
it, Ma work seems not as theirs is. And 
 yet how yery few are even the great names 
 we could not better afEord to spare, would 
 not gladlier miss from the roll of ' famous 
 imen and our fathei's that were before us.' 
 Of his best verses 1 venture to affirm that 
 the world has nothing like them, and can 
 never have ; that they are of the highest 
 kiudf aiidof their own. They are jewels 
 of the diamond's price, flowers of the rose's 
 rank, but unlike any rose or diamond 
 kno^vn." " The highest lyric work,'* adds 
 Swinburne, **is either passionate or im 
 aginative ; of passion Coleridge has noth- 
 ing ; but for height and perfection of 
 imaginative quality he is the greatest of 
 lyric poets. This was his special power,^ 
 and is his special praise." 
 
 Coleridge, Sara, poetess and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b- 1803, d. 1852), pro- 
 duced Phantasmion, a poem (1837); an Es- 
 say on liatiotMlism, with a special applica- 
 tion to the Doctrine of Baptismal Hegener- 
 ation, appended to vol. ii. of lier father's 
 Aids to liejlection, an introduction to his 
 Biographia Literaria ; a preface to his Es- 
 says an his own Times ; and Pretty Lessons 
 Jbr Good Children, a volume of juvenile 
 poetry, published in 1834 ; besides two 
 translations, viz.. Memoirs of the Chevalier 
 Bayard, by the Loyal Servant (1825); and 
 An Account of the Abipones, an Egtiestricm 
 people of Paraguay: from the Latin of 
 Martin Dobrizlioffer, eighteen years a Mis- 
 sionary in that Coventry (1822). See the 
 Memoir by her daughter (1873). See Bay- 
 ard, The Chevalier. 
 
 Colet, John, Dean of St. Paul's 
 (b. 1466, d. 1519), wrote Rudimenta Gram- 
 matices, Epistolce ad Erasmum, and other 
 woAs. See Biographies by Knight (1726), 
 and by Erasmus in the Phoenix, ii. 
 
 Colgan, John (d. 1658), wrote 
 Acta Sanctorum Hibemics (1645); Triadis 
 TJiaumaturgoe Acta (1M7). 
 
 Colin and Lucy. A ballad by 
 Thomas TIckell (1686—1740), which telis 
 how Lucy was deserted by her lover in 
 favour of a more wealthy sweetheart, and 
 how she died of the disappointment that 
 the desettion caused her. 
 
 " She died. Her corpse ■was borne 
 The bridefrrooin blithe to meet. 
 He in his wedding trim bo gay, 
 • She ia her winding sheet?' 
 
 Colin and Phcebe. A pastoral 
 poem by Jonx Byrom (1G91— 1763), was 
 published originally in No. 603 of Th» Spec- 
 tator' It is said that Phcebe was intended 
 for Joanna, daughter of tlie famous Dr. 
 Bentley . and afterwards the wife of Bishop 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Colin Clout's Come Home 
 
 Again. A poem by Edmuttd Spekser, in 
 memory of his friendship for Sir Walter 
 Baleigh, who is therein described as *< the 
 Shepherd of thp Ocean. : "^ 
 
 •' Full Bwcetly tempered is that muse of his. 
 That can impicrce a prince's miglity heart.* ' 
 
 " Coliseum ('While stands the), 
 Kome shall stand."— Byrox, Childe Har- 
 old's Pilgrimage^ canto iv., stanza 145 : — 
 
 " When falls the Colieeum, Rome shall falL 
 And when Home falls, the world." 
 
 Collean, May. The heroine of 
 an old Scottish ballad. 
 
 Collectanea de Rebus Britan- 
 
 nicis. By John Lelajnd (1506 — 1552), ed- 
 ited by Hearne in 1710—15. 
 
 Collier, Arthur, raetaphysical 
 writer (b. 1680, d. 1732), wrote Clavis Unl* 
 versalis: or, a new inquiry after Truths 
 being a demmistration of the Non^Existence 
 or Impossibility of an External World (1713); 
 The Specimen of Tnte Philosophy (1730); 
 and The Logology (1732), 
 
 Collier, Jeremy, a Non-juring 
 bishop H). 1650, d. 1726), published in 1708 
 An Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain^ 
 chiefly of England, from thejirst Planting 
 of Christianity to the End of the Beign of 
 King Charles the Second, with a bri^ Ac- 
 count of the Affairs of Religion in Ireland, 
 collected from the best ancient Historian^. 
 This had been preceded in 1628 by-<4 Shm^ 
 View of the Profaneness and Immorality of 
 tlie English Stage, which excited much 
 indignation among the dramatists of the 
 day, and was answered by Congreve, Van- 
 brugh, Dennis, Dr. Drake, and others. 
 Among Collier's other works were The 
 Great Historical^ Geographical^ Genealog- 
 ical, Dictionary (1701); Essays upon Sev- 
 eral Moral Subjects (1697—1705); and Dis- 
 courses on Practical Subjects. *' Collier,** 
 said Dr. Johnson, "was formed for a con- 
 troversialist, with sufficient learning; with 
 diction vehement and pointed, uiough 
 often vulgar and incorrect ; with uncon- 
 querable pertinacity ; with wit in the 
 highest degree keen and sarcastic ; and 
 with all those powers exalted and invigoi^ 
 ated byiust confidence in his cause. Thusi 
 qualified, and thus incited, he walked out 
 to battle, and assailed at once most of the 
 living writers, from Dryden to D'Urfey." 
 Macaulay says that Collier's " notions 
 touching episcopal government, holy or- 
 ders, the efficacy of sacraments.the author- 
 ity oC the fathers, the guilt of schism, the 
 importance of vestments, ceremonies, and 
 solemn days, differed little from those 
 which are now held by Dr. Pusey and Mr. 
 Newman." 
 
 Collier, John Payne, bibliogra- 
 pher and commentator (b. 1789), has pub- 
 lished among other works The Poetical 
 Decameron (1820); The Poet's Pilgrimage, 
 an allegorical poem (1822): an edition of 
 Dodsley^s Old Plays (1825); a History (f 
 Dramatic Poetnj (1831); New Facts regard" 
 ing the Life of Shak'espeare (1835); editions 
 of Shakespeare's WorJ^s (1842) and 1863)( 
 
COIi 
 
 OOIi 
 
 lai 
 
 Metnoirs uf Actors in the Plays of Shake- 
 speare (1846) ; an edition qt the Wortis of 
 Spenser (1862); and a Biblioqraphical Ac- 
 count of Rare Books (186B). Mr. Collier is 
 ■well-known for his reproductions of some 
 of our curious old classic works, begun in 
 1866. 
 
 Colliugs, Arthur, antiquary (b. 
 1682, d. 1760), compiled a Peerage (1708); a 
 Baronetage (1720—41); and a Baronetage of 
 England (1727). 
 
 Collins, John, a Nonconformist 
 divine (d. 1690), -wrote. The Weaver^ s Pocket 
 Book : ort Weaving Spiritualized (1675). 
 
 Collins, Anthony, controversial 
 writer (b. 1676, d.' 1729), wrot« An Essa^ 
 concerning the Use of Eeason in Proposi- 
 ^ns, the evidence of which rests upon Tes- 
 timony (1707); Priestcraft in Perfection: OTr 
 a Detection qf the fraud of inserting and 
 continuing that clause " The Church hath 
 power to decree rites and ceremonies^ and 
 authority in controversies of faith " — in the 
 Tweiitleth Article (1700); A Vindication of 
 the Divine Attributes (1710): A Discourse 
 of Free-thinking f occasioned by the rise and 
 growth of a Sect catted Free-thinking (1713); 
 A Philosophical Inquiry concerning Human 
 lAberty (1717); Grounds and Reasons of the 
 Christian Religion (1724); and The Scheme 
 of Literal Prophecy Considered (1727). See 
 Collier's Ecclesiastical History,^ Leland's 
 Delstical Writers, the Biographia Britan- 
 nica, and Hunt's History of Religious 
 Thought. See Christian Keligion ; 
 FKEE-THrNKUro, A Discoukse of. 
 
 Collins, Charles Alston, (b. 1828, 
 A. 1873), wrote, among other books, At the 
 Bar, Strathcatm, Tlie Bar Sinister, and A 
 Cniii&e upon Wheels. 
 
 Collins, Mortimer, poet and 
 novelist (b. 1827, d.l876), wrote, besides The 
 Inn of Strange Meetings, and otiier Poems, 
 and The Secret of Long Life, the following 
 novels : Marquis and Merchant, The Ivory 
 Gate, Tlie Vivum Romance, Who is the Heir? 
 Miranda, Sweet Anne Page, Two Plunges 
 for a Pearl, Squire Sileliester, Transmigra- 
 tion, Frances; Princess Clarice, Sweet and 
 ^Twenty, From Midnight to Midnight, A 
 Fight with Fortune, and Blacksmith and 
 Scholar. See Bbitish Birds. 
 
 Collins, 'William, poet (b. 1721, 
 d- 1756), wrote Persian Eclogues and Odes 
 (1742); Verses to Sir Thomas Hcutvmer on his 
 Edition of Shakespeare^s Works (1743) ; 
 Odes on several Descriptive and Allegoric 
 Subjects (1717) ; and An Ode occasioned by 
 the Death of Mr. Thomson (1749). His 
 Poetical Works were published, with a 
 Memoir and criticism by Langhonie, in 
 1765 ; with a prefatory essay by Mrs. Bar- 
 bauld, in 1797 ; with a Life by Dr. Johnson, 
 in 1798 ; with biographical and critical 
 notes by Dyce, in 1827 ; with a Memoir by 
 Sir Harris Nicholas, in 1830 ; with a Me- 
 
 moir by Moy Thomas, in 1858 ; and they are 
 included in many collections of the English 
 poets. " Collins," says Hazlitt, " had that 
 
 fenuine inspiration, whicli alone can give 
 irth to the highest efforts of poetry, He 
 is the only one of the minor poets of whom, 
 if he had lived, it cannot be said that he 
 might not have done the greatest things. 
 He is sometimes affected, unmeaning, and 
 obscure ; but he also catches rich glimpses 
 of the powers of paradise, and has lofty 
 aspirations after the highest seats of the 
 Muses. Inhis best works there isan Attic 
 simplicity, and pathos, and fervour of im- 
 agination, which make us the more lament 
 that the efforts of his mind were at first 
 depressed by neglect and pecuniary em- 
 barrassment, and at length buried in the 
 gloom of an unconquerable and fatal 
 malady." See Eclogues, Obiektal; 
 " Music (When), heavenly maid, was 
 
 YOUNG." 
 
 Collins, William Wilkie, novel- 
 ist and dramatist (b. 1824), has published 
 the following novels :—Ant09iina: or, the 
 Fall of Rome (1850) ; Basil (1852) ; Mr. 
 Wray's Cash-Box (1862); Hide and Seek 
 (1854) ; After Dark, and Other Stories (1856); 
 The Dead SecreHlSSl); The Queen of Hearts 
 (1859) ; The Woman in White (1860) ; 'Jfo 
 Name (1862) ; My Miscellanies (1863) ; Ar- 
 madale (1866) ; 2 he Moonstone (1868) ; Man 
 and Wife (1870) ; Poor Miss Finch (1872) ; 
 Miss, or Mrs? and Other Stories (1873) ; 
 The New Magdalen (1873); The Law and 
 the Lady (1875) ; and Two Destinies (1876). 
 He has also written two plays called The 
 Lighthouse, and The Frozen Deep ; and a 
 .book of home travel, entitled. Rambles be- 
 yond Railways: or, Notes on Cornwall 
 (1851). 
 
 Colman, George, the Elder, dram- 
 atist and translator (b. 1733, d. 1794), wrote 
 Polly Honeycomb (IVX) ; The Jealous Wife 
 (1761) ; The Clandestine Marriage (in coii- 
 junction with Garrick) 1766 ; a translation, 
 of Horace's De Arte Poetica (1783) ; a trans- " 
 lation of Terence; a translation of the 
 Merchant of Plautus ; and two parodies on 
 Gray and Mason, written in conjunetioil; 
 with Lloyd. He was also associated witihi. 
 Bonnel Thornton in The Connoisseui* aiia 
 The St. Jameses Chronicle. See HazUtt's 
 Comic Writers. See Clandestine Mak- 
 biage. The ; Oonnoisseub, The ; Jeal- 
 ous Wife, The. 
 
 Colman, George, the Younger, 
 dramatist and comic writer (b. 1762, d. 1836), 
 wrote Two to One (1784) ; Turk and no Turk ,■.' 
 Inkle ami Yarlco (1787) : Ways and Meani 
 (1788) ; The Battle of Hexham (1789) ; The 
 Surrender of Calais (1791) ; The Mountain- 
 eers (1793); The Iron Chest (1796), (q.v); 
 The Heir at Law (1797) ; Blue Beard (nss) ; 
 The Review: or, the Wags of Windsor 
 (1798) ; The Poor Gentleman (1802), (q.v.) ; 
 Ixwe Laughs at Locksmiths (1803) ; Gay De- 
 ceivers (1804) ; JohnBM (1805), (q.v.) ; Who 
 
162 
 
 COL 
 
 COM 
 
 Wants a Guinea ? (1805) ; We Fly by Night 
 ^ (1806) ; The Africans (1808) ; X. Y,Z.{XB,m ; 
 The Law of Jam (1822) ; The Man of the 
 People; The Female Dramatist ; and some 
 other plays ; My Nightgown anA. Slippers 
 (1797) ; Poetical Vagaries (1814) ; Vagaries 
 Vindicated (1815) : Eccentricities for Edin- 
 burgh (1820); anfL Broarf GWjw (q!v.), being 
 My Nijjhfgowii and Slippers with additions. 
 For Bwgraphy,see Pandom Pecords by Col- 
 man himself, published in 1830 ; and Me- 
 moirs of the Colman Family, "by Peake 
 (1842) ; also, Baker's Miographia Dramatica. 
 
 Cologne. The subject of an epi- 
 gram by Samuel Taylob Coleridge :— 
 
 " The river Khine, it is seeM known. 
 Doth wash tlie city of Cologne ; 
 But tell me, nj'mphs, what power divine 
 Shall henceforth wash the nvcr Khine i 
 
 Colon. A rabble-leader in Butler's 
 
 Hudibras (q.v.). 
 
 Colton, Charles Caleb, miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1780, d. 1832), wrote La- 
 con: or. Many Things in Few Words, Ad^ 
 dressed to Those who Think (1820) ; and lie- 
 marks on the Talents of Lord Byron, and 
 the Tendencies of Don Juan (1819). See 
 Lacon. 
 
 Columbanus, St. (d. 616). The 
 Works of this writer were printed by Gold- 
 asti in Para;7ie(in veneres (1G04); by Canisius 
 in Antigua Lectiones ; by Fleming in Col- 
 lectanea Sacra (1621) ; in vol. viii. of 
 Pibliotheca Magnum Pairum (1644); and in 
 -vol. xii. of Bioliotheca Maxima Patrum 
 (1677). For Biography and Criticism, see 
 "Wright's Biographia Britannica Literaria ; 
 pahr's Die Chinstliebe^i Dichter (\%Zii)\&\\(\. 
 Polycarp Leyser's Hist. Poet. MediiJEvl ; 
 and Histoire Litteraire de FrOiice, tome iii. 
 
 Columbiad, The. See Barlow, 
 
 Joel. 
 
 Columbus, The Voyage of. A 
 
 poem by Sakuel Kogeks (1763 — 1865), 
 published in 1812. "It has here and there," 
 says the poet himself, " a lyrical term of 
 thought and expression. It is sudden In 
 its transitions, and full of historical allu- 
 sions ; leaving much to be imagined by the 
 reader." 
 
 Columella : " or, tlie Distressed 
 Anchoret." A novel, by Kiciiakd Graves, 
 in which the peculiarities of the poet 
 ShenstonG are supposed to be glanced at. 
 
 Colvil, Samuel, " tlie Scottisli 
 Hudibras," produced in 1681, The Mock 
 Poem : or, JVhiggs* Supplication, written in 
 imitation of the style of Butler (q.v.). 
 
 Colvin, May. A ballad, printed 
 by Herd, Buchan, Motherwell, Sharpe, and 
 others, and founded on a story which seems 
 to have been familiar in Swedish and In 
 German ballad-lieraturo. "The country 
 people on the coast of CaiTick, iu Ayrshire, 
 
 point out 'Fause Sir John's Leap,' and an 
 equally authentic claim in this matter is 
 made for a locality iu the north of "Sect- 
 land.'* 
 
 " Combat (The) deepens : On, 
 
 ye brave ! " From Campj&ell's poem of 
 Hohenlinden (q.v.). 
 
 Combe, George, miscellaneous 
 
 writer (b. 1789, d, 1858), wrote Essays 07i 
 Phrenology {lS19y The Cojistituiion of Man 
 (1828), (q.v.); A System of Phrenology 
 (1836); Notes an the United States (1841), 
 Phrenology Applied to Painting and Sculp- 
 ture ; The Peiation of Science to Peligion; 
 Capital Punishment ; National Education; 
 The Currency Question ; and other works. 
 
 Comber, Thomas, D.D. (1644 — 
 1699), was the author of A Companion to 
 th£ Altar (16^); A Companion to the Tem- 
 ple ; or, a Help to Devotions in the Use of 
 
 the Common Prayer (1672-4-5); discourses 
 upon the Common Prayer (1684) ;_ The 
 Plausible Arguments of a Pomish Priest 
 Answered (1686); On the Poman Forgeries in 
 Cou7icils during the First Four Centuries 
 (1689); and other works. A Memoir of his 
 Life and Writings was written by his 
 grandson, Thomas Comber, in 1799. 
 
 " Come, and trip it as you go." — 
 
 MiLTOJf'S L'Allegi'o, lines, 33, Zi: — 
 " On the light fantastic toe." 
 
 " Come a-way, come a'way, 
 death.' ' A song in S h ak espeare's 
 Twelfth Night, act ii., scene 4. 
 
 "Come back again, my olden 
 
 heart." From " The Higher Courage," a 
 lyric by Arthur Hugh Clough. 
 
 *' Come back, come back, be- 
 hold with straining mast." From a "Song 
 in Absence " (q.v-), by Arthur Hugh 
 Clough. 
 
 "Come, dear children, let us 
 
 away." From " The Forsaken Merman," 
 a lyric by Matthew Arxold. 
 
 •'Come, gentle sleep! attend 
 
 thy votary's prayer." The first line of a 
 translation by John Wolcot (1738— IPIT), ^ 
 of a Latin epigram on sleep by Thu-has 
 Worton (1728—1790), beginning. 
 " Somno levis, quauquam certiseima mortis imago." 
 
 " Come, gentle Spring, ethereal 
 mildness, come." The first line of the 
 poem on Spring (q.v.)i in Thomson's Sea- 
 sons (q.v.): — 
 
 " And from the bosom of yon dropping cloud, 
 While music wakes around, veil d in a shower 
 Of shadowing roseia, on our plains descendi" 
 
 " Come, hang up your care, and 
 cast away sorrow." First line of a song 
 by Thomas Shadtvell (1640—1692), in 
 his comedy of The Miser, which was per- 
 formed at Drui-y Lauo in 1672. 
 
COM 
 
 COM 
 
 163 
 
 . " Come home, come home, and 
 
 where is liome for me ? '• From a ** Song 
 in Absence" (q.v.), by Akthuk Hugh 
 
 C LOUGH. 
 
 " Come into the garden, Maud." 
 Sect. xxii. of Tesnyson's Maud (q.v.). 
 
 " Come, let us new resolve at 
 last." Song, Tlie Reconcilement, by John 
 Sheffield, Diike of Buckikghamshire 
 (1649—1721). ^ 
 
 "Come like shado-ws, so de- 
 part." — Macbeth, act4,scene 1. 
 
 "Come live -with me, and be 
 
 my love." First line of a lyrics', by Chbis- 
 TOPHER Marlowe (1564r— 1593). 
 
 "Come, my Celia,let us prove," 
 A song by Ben Jonsox, in Tlie Forest, v. 
 
 "Come not when I am dead." 
 A song by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 " Come o*er the sea, maiden, to 
 me." An Irisli melody by Thomas 
 Moore. 
 
 ," Come one, come all! this rock 
 sliall fly." The first line of a well-known 
 couplet in Sir Walter Scott's poem of 
 TM Lady o/tlie Lake (q.v.). 
 
 " Come, Poet, come." A lyric by 
 Arthur Hugh Clough. 
 
 " Come, rest in this bosom, my 
 young stricken deer." An Irish melody 
 py Thomas Moore. 
 
 "Come sleep, and -with thy 
 
 sweet deceiving." A song in The Woman 
 JSateVj by Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 '*^Come, Sleep, O Sleep, the 
 
 certain knot of peace." A sonnet by Sir 
 Philip Sidney (1554^—1586). 
 
 '< Come to me in my dreams, 
 and then." — From Longing^ in Faded 
 Leaves, by Matthew Arnold. 
 
 " Come, "w^hen no graver cares 
 employ." From TotheJiev.F. I). Maurice j 
 by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 Comedy, in England, can liardly 
 be said to have taken a position until 1566, 
 when the first regular comedy in thelan- 
 mx&ge,Ralph Roister i)ois<er(q.v.)appeared. 
 It is not a perfect work of art, nor is 
 Bishop Still's Gammer Gurfon's Needle 
 (q.v.), wliieh. followed it, much more con- 
 spicuous for merit ; yet in both can be 
 seen the bud which was destined to bloom 
 into such productions as the As You Like 
 /^ of Shakespeare, the Er^ery Man in His 
 Humour of Ben Jonsdn, the Country Wife 
 of "Wycherley, the ScJiool for Scandal of 
 Sheridan, and the School of T. W. Robert- 
 son. Among the Elizabethans, comedy 
 was semi-serious in character; it was not 
 wholly comic ; frequently an almost tragic 
 interest attached to it. Thus, hy the side 
 
 of the sparkle of Beatrice, there are the 
 tears of Hero : comedy, as it is now, was 
 scarcely to be obtained in Shakespeare's 
 time. In the hands of the ^reat dramatist 
 it was idyllic in character ; m those of Ben 
 Jonson, it became somewhat learned and 
 heavy. "With Jonson, however, began the 
 comedy of manners which, taken up by 
 Etherege, Dryden, and Wycherley, was 
 fully developed by Congreve, Farquhar, 
 and Vanbru^i ; and fonndits tinal apothe- 
 osis in the works of Goldsmith and Sheri- 
 dan. During all this period, the aims of 
 the writers were brilliancy of dialogue and 
 piquancy of situation; the satire was 
 bright and keen, but its object was not so 
 much the reformation, as the amusement 
 of society. Since Sheridan wrote, the com- 
 plexion of English comedy has entirely 
 changed. The comedy of manners has 
 been lef t behind, and has partially degen- 
 erated into the "drawing-room" school 
 of dramatic art, of which T. W. Robert-! 
 eotiWBLS/dcileprincejis. The best writers 
 of English comedy are : Sliakespeare, Ben [ 
 Jonson, "Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh, 
 Farquhar, Garrick, Colman, Mrs. Cent-' 
 livre, Steele, Gay, Fielding, Gibber, Bick- 
 erstaff^ Mrs. Cowley, Goldsmith, Sheridan, . 
 Macklin, Holcrof t, Foote, Douglas Jerrold, 
 Bulwer Lytton, Tom Taylor, Robertson, H. 
 J. Byron, Gilbert, and Boucicault. 
 
 Comedy of Errors, The, by "Wil- 
 liam Shakespeare, is evidently one of 
 the poei's earliest productions. From a, 
 notice in Francis Meres' Palladis Tamia 
 we learn that it was aoted before 1598 ; and 
 a passage in the Gesta Grayorum—a, record 
 of the Christmas revels at Gray's Inn — 
 shows that it was produced at that onca 
 famous "Inn of Court"' in December, 
 1594. The passage runs as follows :~^ 
 " After such sports, a Comedy of Errors 
 (like to Plautus his Mensechmus) was play- 
 ed by the players. ,So that night was be- 
 fim, and continued to the end, in nothing 
 ut confusion and errors : thereupon it 
 was ever afterwards called The Night of 
 Errors." The play was probably written 
 early in 1593, and was first printed in -the 
 folio of 1623. *' Itis," sa^s Schlegel, " per- 
 haps the best -of all written or possible 
 ' Meiiffichmi ; ' and if the play is inferior in 
 value to other plays of Shakespeare, it is 
 only because nothing more could be made 
 out of the materials." "In The Comedy 
 of Errors," ^a-ys Hallam, " there are only 
 a few passages of a poetical vain ; yet such, 
 perhaps, as no otlier living dramatist could 
 have written ; but the story is well invent- 
 ed and well managed, the confusion of 
 persons does not cease to amuse, the dia- 
 logue is easy and gay beyond what had been 
 hitherto beard on tlie stage, there is little 
 buffoonery in the wit, and no absurdity in 
 the circumstances." Steevens andHazlttt 
 write in less complimentary terms. 
 " Comet of a Season, The." See 
 
 CHUBCHILIi'S Gbave. 
 
164 
 
 COM 
 
 ;oM 
 
 Comic Annual, The, was origin- 
 ated, written, and chiefly illustrated by 
 Thomas Hood (1798—1845), from the years 
 1830 to 1842. 
 
 Comic Blackstoue ; Comic His- 
 tory of England ; Comic History of Rome • 
 Quizziology of the British Drama. A 
 series of humoroiis travesties hy Gilbert 
 A Beckett (1811—1856). 
 
 Comical Gallant, The : " or, tlie 
 Amours of Sir John FalstafC." An adap- 
 tation by John Dennis (1657—1734). from 
 SiiAKESPEAjiE's Merry Jfives of JVindsor 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Comical Hash, The. A comedy 
 by Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle 
 (d. 1673). 
 
 Comical Revenge, The : " or, 
 Love in a 'JCub." A comedy by Sir George 
 Etherege (1636—1694), produced in 1664, 
 at the Duke's Theatre, Lincoln's lun 
 Fields. " Its intention," says Robert Bell, 
 " is to exhibit in a broad light the roarers, 
 scourers, cheats, and gamblers who infest- 
 ed the town, and made the taverns ring 
 day and night with their riots. Mixed up 
 with these rampant scenes is a pure love 
 stoiy, treated more gravely and earnestly 
 than usual," which " is the weakest part 
 of the comedy." 'The heroines areGraci- 
 ana and Aurelia ; the heroes, Colonel 
 Bruce and Lord Beaufort. 
 
 Comin' through the Rye. A 
 
 Boug by Robert Burns (1759—1796) :— 
 * Gin n body meet a body, 
 " niii' th 
 
 Comin' through, the rye [ 
 ■in a body kisB a body- 
 Need a body ciy ? " 
 
 " Coming events cast their 
 shadows before^ And," A line in Camp- 
 bell's poem f Lochiel' 8 Warning. 
 
 Coming Race, The. A work of 
 fiction, fii-st published anonymously by 
 Lord Lytton (1805—1873), in 1871. It con- 
 fiists of a minute description of a mythic 
 people, who are supposed to exist many 
 ages after the present era; and has much 
 in common with Utopia (q,v.)_, and works 
 of a similar character and scope. 
 
 Commandments, The Ten, were 
 versified by William Whyttington, 
 Dean of Durham, in lines of which ,the 
 following are a specimen : — 
 
 ** Nor hia man-servant, nor his maid, 
 Nor 0X0 nor osse of Iiis ; 
 Nor any other thing that to 
 Thy neighbour proper is." 
 
 See Actes of the Apostles ; Athan- 
 AsiAN Creed. 
 
 Comment, Cuthbert. The nom 
 de plume aasnm&Oi by Abraham Tucker 
 /17u5— 1774) in replying to some strictures 
 on his work entitled. I^ree Will, Fore- 
 knowledge, and Fate (i763). 
 
 Commentarii de Scriptoribus 
 
 Britannicis, by John Lelano (1506—1552) ; 
 edited by Hall in 1709. 
 
 Commentaries on the Laws of 
 
 England, by Sir "William Blackstonb 
 (1723—1780), the first volume of which ap- 
 peared in 1765. The work was severely 
 criticised by Bentham, Priestley, and the 
 writer who veiled himself under the pseu- 
 donym of " rlunius." Sir William Jones 
 considered tire Commentaries the " most 
 correct and beautif (?1 outline that was ever 
 exhibited in any human science." 
 
 Commentary,Matthe'w- Henry'a 
 
 See Exposition of the Old and New 
 
 Testaments, An. 
 
 " Commentators each dark 
 
 passage shun, How." First line of a 
 
 couplet in Young's satire, The Love of 
 
 Fame, and the second line of which runs — 
 
 " And hold their farthing candle to the sun." 
 
 In his Parish Register, Crabbe refers to 
 the " commentators plain," 
 
 " Who from the dark and doubtful love to run. 
 And hold their glimmering tapera to the Biin." 
 
 Common Conditions, A Pleas- 
 ant Comedie called. A dramatic frag- 
 ment, a transcript of which is in the Bod- 
 leian Library, and which was probably 
 published in 1576. Common Conditions is 
 the vice of the performance, and at one 
 time endeavours to promote, and at an- 
 other to defeat, the happiness of the lovers 
 in the play. These are, respectively, 
 Lamphedon and Glarisia, Komides and 
 Sabia, whose fate is hidden from us in the 
 existing fragment. The versification 
 eeneraUy consists of lines of fourteen syl- 
 lables. 
 
 " Commonplace of Nature, 
 
 Thou unassuming."— Wordsworth, To • 
 the Daisy. 
 
 Common Prayer, the Book of, 
 
 which forms the liturgy of the Church of 
 England, is not, with the " offices " of the 
 Church, the work of any particular epoch, 
 but is really the outgrowth of many nun- 
 dred years. It may be said to date in 
 reality from the year 1085, when Osmund, 
 Bishop of Salisbury, compiled the Porti- 
 forium or Breviary, the Missal, and the 
 Manual, wJiich together made what is 
 termed "the Sarum Use^" and which, 
 coming into immediate operation over 
 nearly all the country, remained for at 
 least four centuries and a half the prin- 
 cipal devotional rule of the English 
 Church. In 1516 the , Portiforium was, 
 with some important changes, reprinted by 
 order of Cardinal Wolsey. Many of the 
 rubrics were suppressed, the Bible was 
 ordered to be read in proper order, and the 
 lessons were restored to their ancient 
 length ; in fact, we have here the initiation 
 of those principles which eventually con- 
 
COM 
 
 COM 
 
 165 
 
 trolled the preparation of our present 
 Prayer Book. In 1531 the Breviary was 
 again reprinted. In 1533 the Missal was 
 subjected to the same sort of reformation 
 as tlie breviary, and published ; and in 
 1541 the Psalter was printed botli in Latin 
 and English, the Psalms being ordered to 
 be read consecutively, as is now the custom. 
 In the same year the Breviary came into 
 use throughout the Province of Canter- 
 bury, but by this time the fate of the old 
 monastic state was sealed. Monastic w^or- 
 Bhip was giving way rapidly to congre- 
 gational worship ; and it became necessary 
 to adapt the services of the Church to the 
 new requirements. Accordingly, in 1542, 
 a committee of Convocation was ordered 
 to consider the matter, and the first result 
 of their deliberations was the publication 
 of the Litajiy in English, in 1544, followed 
 by that of Cranmer's ** Order of Com- 
 munion" (merely an English version of 
 the Salisbury Missal), in 1547. Their 
 crowning work, however, was the first ver- 
 sion of the Book of Common Prayer, 
 founded on the Reformed SaramUse of 1516, 
 but remarkable for its condensation of the 
 various services of Mattins, Lauds, Prime, 
 Tierce, Sexts, Nones, Vespers, and Com- 
 pline into two services, one for morning 
 and one for evening, called simply Matins 
 and Evensong. It is not easy at this dis- 
 tance of time, to say to whom the prep- 
 aration of the several parts was due. All 
 ■we know is, that the Book, as finally 
 amended by Committee, was submitted to 
 Convocation on November 24, 1548 ; laid 
 before Parliament, as part of the Act of 
 Uniformity (2 & 3 Edw. VI.), on December 
 9, 1548 ; passed by the House of Lords on 
 January 15, 1548-9 ; and by the House of 
 Commons on the 21st of the same month ; 
 published on March 7, 1548-9 ; and taken 
 into general use on June 9, 1549. However, 
 between 1549 and 1552 the aspect of ecclesi- 
 astical affairs in England somewhat 
 changed. Foreign influence was strongly 
 exerted in favour of the Puritan party ; 
 Peter Martyr, Martin Bucer, and John a 
 Lasco and Poullain, obtained berths in 
 England ; and an agitation started by Cal- 
 vin, fostered by these, and aided by the 
 Protestants at home, resulted in a deter- 
 mination of the young king to subject the 
 Book of Common Prayer to revision, of 
 iJourse in a Protestant direction. The Book, 
 as revised, passed through Parliament 
 (5 &G Edw. VI.), on April 6, 1552, and came 
 into use on November 1, following. It was 
 repealed by Queen Mary in October, 1553, 
 and restored by Queen Elizabeth, wiUi 
 some further modifications, in June, 1559. 
 Once more suppressed, by the Puritans, in 
 January, 162^, it was revived by Charles 
 II. in June, 1660 ; but it was destined to 
 still further alteration. Considered by the 
 Savoy Conference in Jnly, 1661, it came be- 
 fore Convocation in December of that year; 
 conoessioiu were once mord made to the 
 puritans; and the Book was again ap- 
 
 proved by the kins in February, 1661.2, 
 passed the House of Lords in April, 1662, 
 and the House of Commons in May of tho 
 same year, and came into general use in 
 August. It was adopted m November, 
 1662, by the Irish House of Convocation, 
 and was embodied in the Irish Act of 
 Uniformity in June, 16GG. It still remains 
 the service-book of the Church of Ireland, 
 and in 1863 was finally accepted as the ser- 
 vice-book of the Episcopal Church in Scot- 
 land.- It is now used, with slight modi- 
 fications, by all the Churches in com- 
 munion with the Church of England. See 
 Proctor's Historic of tJte Book of Cotamon 
 JPrayerj and J, H. Blunt's Annotated Book 
 qf Common Prayer. 
 
 Common Sense, An Inquiry 
 
 into thQ Human Mind on the Principles 
 of, published by Thomas Reid (1710 — 
 1796) in 1763, and consisting of an examina- 
 tion of the ground work of our knowledge,' 
 so far as the five external senses are con- 
 cerned. It led to the appointment of the 
 writer, in 1764, to the chair of Moral Philos- 
 ophy at Glasgow. 
 
 Commonwealth of "Women, A. 
 
 A tragic comedy by Thomas D'URpy 
 (1650—1723), acted in 1686, and founded on 
 Fletcher's Sea Voyage, 
 
 Comnenus, Isaac. The liero and 
 the title of a play by Sir Hexky Taylok, 
 published in 1827. "There is a majesty 
 about the man," says TroUope, " and a 
 fixed sobriety of heart and purposes that 
 force us to acknowledge the creation to be 
 great. And there is wit in the play. The 
 women, though their parts are compara^ 
 tively small, leave their impress behind 
 them. Theodora, with her injured love 
 and guilty heart, is not, perhaps, so power- 
 ful as Taylor might have made her ; - 
 but Anna Comnenus is a gentle, loving 
 woman, whom the reader win remember.'* 
 — The story is founded on an historical 
 basis. See Scott's Count Robert of Paris, 
 
 " Comparisons are odious." See 
 Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, -pt. iii., 
 sec. 3, mem. 1, subs. 2 ; Heywood's WO' 
 jnan Killed with Kindness, act i., scene 1 ; 
 Donne's Elegy, viii.; and Herbert's 
 Jacula Pntdentum. Shakespeare makes 
 Dogberry say, "Comparisons are odorous" 
 {Much Ado About Nothing, act iii., scene 5), 
 
 " Compass'd by the inviolate 
 
 sea." A description applied to Great 
 Britain in Tennyson's dedication of his 
 poems To the Queen, 
 
 Complaint, . The : " or, Night 
 Thoughts." A series of poems by Ei>^ 
 "WARD Young (1684— 1765)j published in 
 1742, and consisting of JSiglitl, On Life^ 
 Death, and Immortality : Night 2, On 
 Time, Death, and Friendship ; Kight 3, 
 Na/rciSsa; Night 4, T1i£ Christian 2Vi^^ 
 un^hf containmg our, only Cure fot fm> 
 
I6d 
 
 COM 
 
 COM 
 
 Fear of Death, and proper Seniimenis for 
 that inestimable Blessing ; Night 5, The 
 lielapse ; Nights 6 and 7, The injidel He- 
 clauned, in two parts, containing the 
 Naturcj Proof and Importance of Immor- 
 ^ tality ; Night 8, Virtue's Apology; or^ the 
 Manqf the World aiiswereayin which are 
 considered the Looe of this L{fe, the Ambi- 
 tion and Pleasures, with the Wit and Wis- 
 dom of the World ; Night 9, Consolations, 
 confaming, among other things, 1, A Moral 
 Sarvey of the Nocturnal Heavens, and 2, 
 A Night Address to the Deity. 'Jlie latter 
 poem was published separately in 1745. 
 The whole series is written in blank verse, 
 and was primarily occasioned by the death, 
 of Young's step-daughter and her hus- 
 band, who figui-e as Narcissa and Philan- 
 der in the poem. In 1741, his wife also 
 died, and he alludes to the tripple afflic- 
 tion in the lines — 
 
 '• Thy shaft flew thrice, and thrice my peace -was 
 
 slain, 
 And thrice, ere thrice yon moon, had fill'd her 
 
 horn." V 
 
 Complaint of Conscience, The. 
 
 A song printed in Bishop Percy's Rel- 
 
 iqiies. 
 
 Complaynt of a Loveres Xiyfe, 
 
 The. See Lover's Lyfb, The Com- 
 
 PLiYNT OF A. 
 
 Complaynt of Mars and Venus. 
 
 The. A poem by Geoffrey Chaucer. 
 
 Cpmplaynt of Scotland, The, 
 
 A rare work, published at St. Andrews in 
 1548—49, and attributed to " Sir '* James 
 Inglis, whom Lydgate mentions as 
 famous for his " hallatis, farsis, and pleas- 
 and playis." Oulyone of these produc- 
 tions, called A General Satire, has come 
 down to us ; and this is included in Lord 
 Hailes' collection of Scottish Poems- The 
 Complaynt is apparently written on the 
 same plan as the Decameron of Boccaccio. 
 A number of Shepherds meet together to 
 tell tales and sing songs, and afterwards 
 join one another in a dance. " Evyrie aid 
 scheiphird led his vyf e be the hand, and 
 evyrie yong scheiphird led hyr quhome he 
 lumt best." See the editions by Leyden, 
 and by J. A. H. Murray (1873). 
 
 Complaynt of the King's Pa- 
 
 pingo, The. A poem by Sir David Lind- 
 say (1490—1557), written in 1530, in which 
 he satirises the vices of the clergy in strong 
 and vivid language. *' In point of learn- 
 ing, elegance, variety of description, and 
 easy, playful hiftnour, the ' little tragedy * 
 of thePapingois worthy to hold its place 
 with any poem of the period, either Eng- 
 glish or Scottish." Papingo is the Scotch 
 for peacock. 
 
 Compleat Angler, The : " or, 
 
 the Contemplative Man's Recreation ; 
 being a discourse of Fish and Fishing, not 
 unworthy the Pemeal of most Anglers." 
 
 The famous treatise by Is aak Walton 
 (1593—1683) ; published in 1653. The origi- 
 nal title page bore the following motio, 
 which was cancelled, howsver, in all future 
 editions :— " Simon Peter said, ' I go a fish- 
 ing ; and they said, ' We also go with 
 thee.' '* " Whether," says Sir John Haw- 
 kins, " we consider the elegant simp" 
 
 of the style, the ease and unanected 
 humour of the dialogue, the lovely scenes 
 which it delineates, the enchanting pas- 
 toral jjoetry which it contains, or the fine 
 morality it so sweetly inculcates, it has 
 hardly iis fellow in any of the modem 
 languages." 
 
 Compleat Gentleman, The. A 
 
 work by Henry Peacham (1576?— 1660) 
 published in 1622, to which, after 1634, was 
 added The Gentleman^ s Exercise : or, an 
 Exquisite Practise j as well for draxoingall 
 Manner of Beasts in their true p(irtraitures 
 as also the Making of all kinds of Colours, 
 to be used in Dym/mmg, Paintingy Tricking^ 
 and Blason of (hates and Arms. The best 
 edition of these works is that of 1661. It 
 appears that Dr. Johnson was much in- 
 debted to Peacham for the definitions of 
 blazonry in his English Dictionary. 
 
 " Complies against his will." A 
 
 phrase (often, but wrongly, quoted as 
 *' convinced against his wilP') which occurs 
 in the well-known couplet of Butler 
 {Hudibras): — 
 
 " He that complies a^inst his will 
 Is of his own opinion Etill." 
 
 Compliment, The. A song by 
 Thomas Carew beginning— 
 
 •' O my dearest, I shall grieve thee ." 
 
 *' O ompound for sins they are 
 inclined to."— Line 215, canto i., part i., 
 of Sutler's Hudibras (q.v.):— 
 
 *' "By damning those they have no mind to.'* 
 
 Compound of Alchemie, The. 
 
 Alchemie, The Compound of. 
 
 " Compromise and barter." " All 
 government," says Burke, " indeed every 
 human benefit and enjoyment, every vir- 
 tue and every prudent act, is founded on 
 compromise and barter." 
 
 " Comrades, leave me here a 
 
 little, while as yet 'tis early morn." First 
 line of Locksley Hall, by Alfred Tenny- 
 son. 
 
 Comus. A masque, or dramatic 
 poem, by John Milton (lG0f*—16T4), pub- 
 iished in 1637. It was written for the Earl 
 of Bridgwater, and acted at his residence, 
 Castle Ludlow, in Shropshire, on Michael- 
 mas uightf 1634. ThQ music is by Henry 
 Lawes. Comus (from ku^io? a revel) was 
 the Koman god of banqueting and festive 
 amusements: but in Milton's poems he 
 appears as a lewd enchanter, whose pleas- 
 ure it is to deceive and ruin the chaste and 
 innocent. Macaulay speaks 6t Comus &a 
 
COM 
 
 CON 
 
 167 
 
 " certainly the noblest performance of the 
 kind which exists in any language. The 
 speeches must he read as majestic solilo- 
 quies, and he who reads them will be en- 
 raptured with their eloquence, their sub- 
 limity, and their music. But the finest 
 passages are those which are lyric in form 
 as well as in spirit. * I should much com- 
 mend,' says Sir Henry Wotton, ' the tragical 
 > part if the lyrical did not ravish me with 
 a certain Dorique delicacy in your songs 
 and odes, whereunto I have seen yet 
 nothing parallel in our language' " The 
 leading incidents of Comus are said by Dr. 
 Johnson to be derived from Homer's Circe, 
 by others from tho Old Wives* Tale of 
 George Peele, the dramatist ; but it is not 
 improbable that they were suggested by an 
 adventure which happened to the two 
 sons and daughter of the Earl of Bridg- 
 water in the forest of Haywood, in Here- 
 fordshire. 
 
 Comyns, Sir John, Lord Chief 
 Baron of the Exchequer (d. 1740), wrote A 
 X>igest o/tJie Laios of England, the first 
 edition of which, in five volumes, appear- 
 ed in 1762 — 67 ; a sixth volume being added 
 in 1776. He also published two volumes 
 of Reports .of Cases Adjudged in, various 
 courts, in 1744- 
 
 Concanen, Matthe^w, miscellan- 
 eous writer (d. 1749); produced several 
 poems and a comedy called Wexford Wells, 
 Perhaps his best title to distinction, how- 
 ever, is his appearance in the Dunciad, 
 which was caused by an attack upon the 
 poet Pope: — 
 
 " Be thioe, mr stationer, this magic gift, 
 Cooke shall De Prior, and Coacancn, Swift." 
 
 " Concatenation, A, according- 
 ly." A phrase used by the "fourth fel- 
 - low *' in Goldsmith's comedy of Site Stoops 
 to Conqiierf act i., scene 2. 
 
 " Concealment, like a -worm, i' 
 
 the hxid.'*— Twelfth Night, act ii., scene 4. 
 
 " Conceit, begotten by the 
 
 eyes:" •* a Poesy to Prove Affection is not 
 l^ve ;" by Sir Walter Kaleigh (1552— 
 1618), written before 1602. 
 
 Conceited News. See Newes 
 
 FKOM ANY WhESCE. 
 
 Concilia, Decreta, Leges, Con- 
 
 ■ stitutiones in reEcclesiaramOrbisBritan- 
 jiici : collected by Sir Hbnky Spelman 
 (1562—1641). and published, partly in 1629, 
 and partly in 1611. The first volume only 
 earned the subject as far as the Norman 
 Conquest; the second volume was edited 
 by Dugdale. 
 
 Concoines ad Populum : " or 
 Addresses to the People." By Samttel 
 Taylos CoLEBiDGE, privately printed in 
 1795. 
 
 " Concord of sweet sounds." — i 
 
 Merchant of Venice, act v., scene 1 
 
 Concordance. The first important 
 Concordance to the Bible in English was 
 made by John Marbeck, organist at 
 Windsor, and published in 1550, Robert 
 F. Herry, mider royal privileges, pub- 
 lished two concordances inl5T8. Alex- 
 ander Crudeh's Concordance appeared 
 in 1737, and an Index to the Bible by Ben- 
 JAMix Vincent, keeper of the Library, 
 of the Royal Institution, and editor of Hay- 
 dn's Dictionary of Dates, was prepared 
 for the Queen's Printers, - and completed 
 in 1848. Concordances to the works of 
 Shakespeare, Milton, Pope, Tennyson^ and- 
 other authors have also bpen published 
 from time to time. 
 
 Concordantia Regularum. A 
 work ascribed by Lelaud to Benedict Bis- 
 cop (b. about 654, d. 690), the object of . 
 which is to prove that all the rules of 
 monastic "life a^eed or ought to agree 
 with those of St. Benedict. 
 
 Concorduance of Historyes, 
 
 The. The name first given by Robert 
 Fabyan, to bis Chronicles, which was a 
 posthumous work, and the first attempt to 
 write English history in prose. It is in 
 seven parts ; parts one to six extending 
 from the time of the Trojan Brute to the 
 Norman Conquest, and part seven conclud- 
 ing at the year 1504 ; the whole being 
 founded on the works of Bede, Geoffrey 
 of Monmouth, Williani of Malmesbury, , 
 and other earl^ writers. The first edition 
 was pjiblished in 1516 ; the second in 1533 ; 
 continuing the history to 1509 ; the third in 
 1542, continuing the histoi-y to 1541 ; the 
 fourth in 1559, bringing down the narrative 
 to that year. The fifth edition appeared in 
 1811, edited by Sir Henry Ellis. Stowe 
 speaks of the work as " a painful labour, to 
 the great honour of the ci^ &ud of the wliol6 
 realm." 
 
 Concubine, The. A moral poem 
 in the manner of Spenser, published by 
 "William Julius Mickle (1734—1788), in 
 1767, and reissued ten years afterwards 
 under the title of Syr Martyn, 
 
 Conder, Josiah, Nonconformist 
 writer (b- 1789, d. 1855), contributed largely 
 to The Eclectic Review, The Patriot^ and 
 other periodicals, besides publishing 
 several religious works. He also edited 
 and published rAe Jibdcrji Traveller. 
 
 Conduct of the Allies, The, " and 
 
 of the late ministry, in beginning and 
 carrying on the war." A tract by Jona- 
 than Swift (1687—1745), published ten 
 days before the Parliament which, met in 
 December, 1711. It forms the first and 
 principal of a series, including The Ex-r 
 aminer. Remarks on the Bdrrier Treaty y 
 and Tns Public Spirit of the Whigs, in 
 which Swift supported the admiuistratiozi' 
 
163 
 
 CON 
 
 COjST 
 
 of Harley, and ondear oured to reflect dis- 
 credit upon tliat of Godolphin, ty exhibits 
 iug the secret causes of allaira iii England 
 and on the Continent. 
 
 Confederacy, The, by Sir Johx 
 "Va>'brugh (1666—1726), is described by 
 Hazlitt as " a comedy of infinite contii- 
 Tance and intrigue^ with a matchless spirit 
 of impudence. It is a fine careless exposi 
 of heartless want of piinciple." 
 
 Conf essio Amantis : " Tlie Con- 
 fessyon of the Lover," in eight books; 
 the tliird part of a poem by John Gowkk 
 (1320 — 1402), written in English, and first 
 printed, by Caxton in 1483. It was reprint- 
 ed again' in 1532 and 1584, by Thomas 
 Berthelette, from whose edition Chalmers 
 reprinted the Con/essio in liis Works of tlie 
 English Poets in ISIO. An edition by Dr. 
 iteinhold Pauli, was also published in 1857. 
 The poem is cast into the form of a . dia^ 
 logue between a lover and his confessor, a 
 priest of VenuH, and may be briefly de- 
 Bcribed, in the words of Thomas Warton, 
 as one In which "the ritual of religion is 
 applied to the tender passion, and Ovid's 
 Art of Love is blended with the Breviary." 
 A full analysis of it wrU be found in Pro- 
 fessor Money's Enalish WriterSt vol il., 
 part i. It ends as follows : — 
 
 " Btit thilke love, which that is 
 'Within a mannes hcrte affirmed 
 And Blant of charitii confirmed, 
 Sucli love is goodly for to have, 
 Such love may the body save. 
 Such love may the soulc amende. 
 The highe G-od Buch love us eeiide 
 Forth with the remenaunt of grace. 
 So that above in thilkS place 
 Where rcstcth joy and alle peca, 
 Our joiti may be cndcles." 
 
 Confessio Golise. A Latin poem 
 eiierally attributed to "Walter Mapes, 
 .Lrchdeacon of Oxford (1150— 1196), though 
 not with the sanction and authority of 
 Mapes's editor, Mr. "Wright. It is a general 
 confession by the poet of his three con- 
 spicuous vices: the love of dice, the love 
 of wine, and the love of women, and in- 
 cludes the bacchanalian song, a portion of 
 which, beginning — 
 
 " Mihi est propositum in tabema mori-" 
 has been translated by Leigh Hunt. A 
 " Golias" wns, in tlie time of Mapes, one 
 famous for his gulosity or cynicism. See 
 Apocaly'psis GoLiji Episcopi. 
 
 Confessionale and Penitentiale, 
 by Egbert of York (678—766), published 
 originally in Latin and English, and valu- 
 able for the information tney afford con- 
 cerning the manners and condition of 
 Englishmen in the eighth century. See 
 the edition by Thorpe (1840). 
 
 Confessions of an BngUsh 
 Opium-Eater. See Esiglish Opium- 
 Bate r. 
 
 Confessions of an Inquiring 
 
 i^ 
 
 Spirit, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge 
 (1772—1834), published in 1840. 
 
 Conflict of Conscience, The. 
 
 "An excellent new commedie," or moral 
 play, by Nathaniel Woodes, printed 
 in 1581, and ** contayninge a most lament- 
 able example of the dolefull desperation of 
 a miserable worldlinge. termed by the 
 name, of Philologus, who forsooke the ■ 
 truth of God's Gospel, for fear of lyfe and 
 worldly goods." Philologus is intended 
 for Francis Spifa, an Italian lawyer, who 
 committed suicide in 1548, and whose story 
 was widely known in England at the time- 
 The versification of the piece is generally 
 in lines of fourteen syllables. See Francis 
 Spira, a poem by J. Hain Friswell. 
 
 *' Confusion "worse Confound- 
 ed."— Pararfise iosi, ii.,995. 
 
 " Confusions of a "Wasted 
 
 youth." — Tenkysow's In Memoriamj pre- 
 face. 
 Congreve, Richard, miscellaneous 
 
 writer (b. 1818), is the author of a History 
 of the Roman Empire of the West ; an 
 edition, with notes, of Aristotle* s Politics; 
 Gibraltar; Italy and the Western Powers ; 
 Elizabeth of England ; The Catechism of 
 the Positive Religion; Essays: Political^ 
 Social, and Religwiis ; and some sermons. 
 
 Congreve, "William, poet and 
 dramatist (b. 1670, d. 1729), wrote The Old 
 Bachelor (1693) ; The Double Dealer 
 (1693) ; Love for Love (1695) ; The Mourning 
 Bride (1697); The Way of the World 
 (1700), (all of which see) ; and Poems (1710). 
 Editions of his Works appeared in 1710, 
 and in 1840 ; an introduction being written 
 to the latter by Leigh Hunt. Memoirs of 
 the Life, Writings, and Amours of William 
 Congreve were published by Charles Wil- 
 son in 1730. See Thackeray's English 
 Humorists, Johnson's Lives of the Poets, 
 and Macaulay's Essays, "His style," 
 says Hazlitt, "is inimitable, nay penect. 
 It is the highest model of comic dialogue. 
 Every sentence is replete with sense and 
 satire, conveyed in the most polished and 
 pointed terms. Every page presents a 
 shower of brilliant conceits, is a tissue of 
 epigrams in prose, is a new triumph of 
 wit, a new conquest over dulness." Mac- 
 aulay, contrasting Congreve with his fel- 
 low dramatist, ^^[cherley (q. v.), says that 
 Congi'eve maintained Ins superiority in 
 every point. "Wycheriey had wit; but 
 the' wit of Con^eve far outshines that of 
 every comic writer, except Sheridan, who 
 has arisen within the last two centuries. 
 Congreve had not, in a large measure, the 
 poetical faculty ; out compared with Wy- 
 cherley, he might be called a great poet. 
 "Wycherley had some knowledge of books ; 
 but Congreve wns a man of real learning. 
 Congreve's offences 'against decorum, 
 though highly culpable, were not so gross 
 as those of wycherley .** 
 
C'OK 
 
 CON 
 
 169 
 
 Conmgsby, Arthur. A novel by 
 JoHx Sterling (1806—1844), publibbed in 
 1830—31. *• The first and only book," says 
 Carlyle, ''that Sterling ever wrote indi- 
 cating," he says, " hasty and ambitious 
 aims in literature," and '* giving strong 
 evidence of internal spiritual revulsions 
 to going painfully forward, and in par- 
 ticular of the impression Coleridge was 
 . producing on them." 
 
 ■ Coningsby: "or, the New Genera- 
 tion." A novel by Benjauik Disra.e:li, 
 published in 1841, and characterised by 
 • The North British Jieview as "hardly 
 deserving to be called a novel. It contains 
 little of a story, and what there is, is ill- 
 conoeived and carelessly executed. Its 
 attractions are derived from two sources, 
 the supposed reality of the personages 
 whom the author introduces on his stage, 
 and the political end and scope which uie 
 author has in view. Mr. Bisraeli merely 
 uses the machinery of a tale as an instru- 
 ment of personal and political satire." 
 " Conin^by is the impersonation of Young 
 England, and in him the author intends 
 that we should see the beginning, grdwth, 
 and manhood of that school of perfect 
 statesmen." See Codlingsby. 
 
 Conington, John, Corpus Pro- 
 fessor of Latin at Oxford {b. 1825, d. 1S69). 
 published au edition of Virgil (1862—^1) ; 
 a translation of Horace into English verse 
 (1869) ; and several other classical works. 
 His- Miscillaniest with a Memoii', appeared 
 in 1872. 
 
 Connell, Father. An Irish novel 
 by Michael Baxim, (b. 1796) and John 
 Banim (1798—1842), published in 1842, and 
 having for its hero au old Roman Catholic 
 priest, whom some critics have put in 
 competition, or in the same rank, with 
 the Dr. Primrose of Oliver Goldsmith. 
 'The Father is the patron of a poor vagrant 
 boy called Neddy Fennell, whose adven- 
 tures form the narrative of the story. 
 
 Connoisseur, The. A periodical 
 conducted by GKOKaB Colman the elder, 
 and BoNNEii THOB3fTO?r, which com- 
 menced in January, 1754, and terminated 
 its career in 1756. 
 
 Conquest of Granada, The. See 
 
 Granada, Conquest of. 
 
 Conrad, in Chables Kingsley's 
 Saint's Tragedy (q.v.), is a monk of Mar- 
 purg and the Pope's commissioner for the 
 suppression of heresy ; and is described 
 by the writer of the poem as '* a noble na- 
 ture warped and blinded by its unnatural 
 exclusion from those family ties through 
 which we first discern or describe God 
 and our relations to Him, aitd forced to 
 .concentrate his whole faculties iuthe ser- 
 vice, not so much of a God of Truth -as of 
 a Catholic system." 
 
 Conrad. The liero of Btkon's 
 poem of TAe Corsair (q.v.). 
 , Conrade. A follower of Don 
 John in Much Ado About Nothing (q.v.). ' 
 
 " Conscience doth make co^v- 
 ards of us all, Thus."— ^amiei, act iii. 
 scene 1. 
 
 Conscious Lovers, The. A 
 
 comedy by Sir Kichabd Steele (1671 — 
 1729), acted in 1722, of which Parson Ad- 
 ams, in Fielding's Joseph Andrews^ de- 
 clared that it was the only play fit for a 
 Christian to see, and as gooa as a sermon. 
 Hazlitt thought it " far from good, with 
 the exception of the scene between Mr. 
 Thomas and Phillis, who are fellow-ser- 
 vants, and commence lovers fi-om being 
 set to clean the windows together, In- 
 diana is as listless and as insipid as a 
 drooping figure on an Indian screen, and 
 Mr. Myrtle and Mr. Belvil only just dis- 
 turb the still life of the scene.'* 
 
 " Conscious "water sa^^v its God, 
 
 and blushed. The."— Crashaw's transla^ 
 tion of his own Latin epigram on the mira- 
 cle at Cana:" Lympha puJdica viditDeum, 
 et erubuit;" 
 
 "Consecration and the poet's 
 
 dream, The." A line in stanza 4 of Words- 
 worth's verses Suggested by a Picture 
 of Peele Castle in a Storm. 
 
 Consolatio pro Morte Amici. 
 
 An imitation in mixed prose and verse of 
 Boethius's De Consolatione PhilosophicBt 
 by Laurence, a monk of Durham (d. 
 1154). 
 
 Conspiracy, The. A tragedy hj 
 Hesry Killigrew (b. 1612), written 
 when the author was only seventeen yealrs 
 of age, and much admired by Ben Jonsou 
 — "who," says Langbaine, "gave a. testi- 
 mony ever to be envied"— and by Lord 
 Falkland. It was republished in 1653, un- 
 der the title of Pallantus and Eudora^ 
 
 " Constable, Thou hast outrun 
 
 the." — Butler's HudibraSy part 1., canto 
 iii., line 1,367. 
 
 Constable, Henry, poet (b. about 
 1560, d. 1612), was the author of lyiana: or, 
 the Excellent Conceitful Sonnets of H, t. 
 (1584), (q.v.); Spiritual Sonnettes to tlie Hon- 
 our of God and hys Sayntes, and other 
 works of a Similar kind, printed iu the 
 Heliconia and the Harleian Miscellany.. 
 Bolton, in his Hypercritical says, " Noble 
 Henry Constable was a great master of the 
 English tongue ; nor had any gentleman 
 of our time a more pure, quick, or higher 
 delivery of conceits." His fTorfrs were first 
 collected by W. Carew Hazlitt in 1859. See 
 Warton's History, section 66. 
 
 Constance. Mother of Arthur, 
 Duke of Bretagne, aaid ^Ifiadlna charai^r 
 la Shakesfease's King Jahn (q.v.). 
 
 8 
 
170 
 
 CON 
 
 COO 
 
 Constance de Castile. A narra- 
 tive poem, -written by William Sotheb y, 
 (1757 — ^1833), in imitation of the manner of 
 Scott. It was published in 1810. 
 
 "Constancy rules in realms 
 above, And.*' A line in Coleridge's 
 poem of Christabel (q.v.), 
 
 ConstEint Couple.The. A comedy 
 by- George Fabquhab (1678—1707), pro- 
 duced In 1700. 
 
 Constant Susanna, The Ballad 
 
 of. Preserved in the Pepys Collection, 
 and quoted by Sir Toby in Shakespeare's 
 Twelfth Night. Bishop Percy calls it 
 "poor, dull, and very long." 
 
 Constitution of Man, The. A 
 
 famous work by Geokge Combe (1788— 
 18o8),* published in 1828, in which the writer 
 lays down the leading principles of phren- 
 ology as expounded b^ Spurzheim and 
 Gall, and discusses the influence of exter- 
 nal laws upon human well-being. Hence 
 he originates a philosophy far broader and 
 more elevated than Spujrzhelm ever con- 
 ceived. 
 
 Constitutions of the Archbis- 
 hops of Canterbury from Langton to Chi- 
 chele. By Thomas Likwood, Bishop of 
 St. David's (d. 1446). 
 
 " Consummation devoutly to 
 
 be wished, *Tis a." — Hamlet, act iii., sc. 1. 
 
 " Contemplation he and valour 
 
 form'd. For." — Paradise £ost, iv., 297. 
 
 Contented Mind, Of a. A lyric 
 by Thomas, Lord Vaux (1510—1557). 
 
 Contention between Liberality 
 and Prodigality, The. A moral play, at- 
 tributed to Kobert Greene, the drama- 
 tist, and printed in 1602. It was acted be- 
 fore Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Contentment, Hymn to, by 
 
 Thomas Parnell (1679— 17J8), the idea of 
 which seems to have been borrowed from 
 Cleveland (g.v.). 
 
 "Contortions of the Sybil, 
 
 irithout the inspiration. The." — ^Bubke's 
 description of Croft's imitatious of Dr. 
 Johnson. 
 
 " Contradiction still. A."— • 
 Pope's description of "woman," in The 
 Moral Essays, 11., 280. 
 
 Conversation, Hints tcn-ards 
 
 it. A " general fault in conversation is 
 that of those who affect to talk of them- 
 selves; " and again, " great speakers in 
 public are seldom agreeable in private con- 
 versation." "I have known,^' he says, 
 " two men of wit industriously brought to- 
 gether iu order to enterUln the compauy, 
 
 where thev have made a very ridiculous 
 figure, and provided all the mirth at their 
 own expense." 
 
 " Conversation Sharp." See 
 Sharp, Richard^ 
 
 Conversion of Swerers. The. A 
 
 poem by Stephen Hatves, in octave 
 stanzas, printed in 1509. 
 
 Convert, the Royal. A play by 
 Nicholas Eotve (1673 — 1708), produced in 
 1708. The scene is laid in Britain, in the 
 early days of Christianity. 
 
 "Convey, the ivise it call." — 
 
 The Merry Wives of Windsor, act i., scene 
 3 — " Steal ? foh ! a fico for the phrase." 
 
 Convict, The. A dramatic poem 
 in two parts, by John Wilson (178S — 1854), 
 published in 1816. 
 
 Conway, Henry Seymour, p;en- 
 eral (b. 1720, d. 1795), wrote a comedy called 
 False Appearances, and various poems and 
 pamphlets. See Walpole's Memoirs and 
 Letters, 
 
 Conybeare, John, D.D., Bishop 
 of Bristol (b. 1692, d. 1755), wrote a Defence 
 of Revealed Religion (1732), in reply to Tin- 
 dal's Christianity as Old as the Creation. 
 
 Conybeare, "W. J., (d. 1857), pub- 
 lished a volume of Sermons (1844), and, in 
 conjunction with Dean Howson, wrote The 
 Life and Epistles of St. Paul (1850—52). 
 
 Cook, Dutton, novelist and art 
 critic, has published Dr. Muspratt's Pa^ 
 tients and other stories ; J£obstm*s Choice ; 
 Leo ; Over Head and Ears ; Paul Foster^ s * 
 Daughter; Sir Felix Fou; The Trials of 
 the Tredgotds ; Young Mr. Nightingale ,* 
 Art in England; The Rook qf the Play; 
 and otlier works. 
 
 Cook, Eliza, poetess (b. 1817), 
 began to contribute poems to the maga- 
 zines and newspapers of the day when in 
 her twentieth year. Her first volume ap- 
 peared in 1840: her New Echoes in 1864. 
 A selection of her happiest thoughts has 
 been put together under the title of Dia- 
 mond Dust (1765). Her complete Poetical 
 Works appeared in 1874. Eliza Cook*8 
 Journal was published for about five years 
 (1849—54). 
 
 Cooke, George, 13 .D., Professor 
 of Moral Philosophy at St. Andrews (b. 
 1773, d. 1845), wrote ifistori«« of theBe- 
 formatlon (1811), and of the Church of 
 Scotland (1816) ; also A General and His- 
 torical Review if Christianity (lS22). 
 
 Cooke, John, wrote Green's Tu 
 quoque (1614). 
 
 Cooke, Thomas, poet (b. about 
 1702, d. 17B0), edited the works of Andrew 
 Marvell, and translated Hesiod, Terence, 
 Cicero's De Naiura Deorum, andPlautus'B 
 Amphiiryan, Au unlucky reference t* 
 
coo 
 
 COP 
 
 171 
 
 Pope, in a farce by Cooke called Penelqpe, 
 gave him aii unenviable notoriety in the 
 
 Sages of Uie JOunciad. See CoscjlSKV, 
 [ATTHEW. 
 
 Cooke, 'WilUcUn, clergyman, poet, 
 and miscellaneous vrriter ^d. 1814),'wrote 
 two poems. The Art of Livinrf in London^ 
 and Conversatum^ besides Lives qfMacklin 
 and Foote, 
 
 Cookery, The Art of. See Abt 
 OF CooKEKY, The. 
 
 Cook's Oracle, The, by Dr. "Wil- 
 liam Kitchener (1775-1827), "celebrated 
 for writing good books and giving good' 
 dinners ;" published in 1821. 
 
 " Cool as a Cucumber." — Col- 
 MAN"*s Heir at Law. Blanchard Jer- 
 BoiiD has written a farce with this title. 
 
 Coombe "WUliam (1741—1823), 
 wrote The Devil on. Two Sticks in England, 
 The Tour of Dr. Syntax m Search of the 
 Picturesqxte (1812), The English Dance of 
 Death, and other works. See . Syntax, 
 Dr. ; Devil upon two Sticks ; Dia- 
 
 BOLAD. 
 
 Cooper, Anthony Ashley. See 
 
 Shaftesbury, Earl of. 
 
 Cooper, James Fenimore, 
 
 American novelist (b. 1789, d. 1851), wrote 
 'Precaution (1821); The Spy (1821); The 
 Pioneers (1823) ; Tlie Pilot (1823), q.v.) ; 
 Lionel Lincoln (1825); The Last of the Mo- 
 hicans (1826); Bed liover (1B2T); TIte Prairie 
 (1827) ; The Travelling Bachelor (1828) ; 
 Wept of Wish-ton^msh (1829); The 
 Water Witch (1830) ; The Bravo (1831) ; 
 JRedenmauer (1832) ; The Headsman (1833); 
 Monihins (1835) ; Homeward Bound (1838) ; 
 Home as Found (1838) ; The Pathfinder 
 
 S840) ; Mercedes of Castile (1840) ; The 
 leerslayer (1841), (q.v.) ; The Two Ad- 
 mirals (1842) ; Wmg and Wing (1842) ; Ned 
 Myers (1843) ; Wyandotte- (1843) : Afloat 
 and Asltore (1844) ; Miles Wallingford 
 (1844) ; The Chainiearer (1845) ; Satanstoe 
 (1845) ; Tlie lied Skins (1846) ; The Crater 
 (1847); Jack Tier (1848); Oak Openings 
 (1848); The Sea Lions (1849), and The 
 Ways of the Hoar (1850). 
 
 Cooper, John Gilbert, poet (b. 
 1723, d. 1769), wrote The Life of Socrates 
 (1749) ; Letters Concerning Taste (1754) ; 
 and Poems. (1761). 
 
 "Cooper. Susan Fenimore, daugh- 
 ter of James Fenimore Cooper (b. 181B),. 
 has published Hural Hours, by a Lady 
 (1850) i Country Rambles : or, Journal of a 
 Naturalist in England (1852) ; Rhyme and 
 Reason of Country Life (1854) ; a poem to 
 the memory of Washington (1858) ; The 
 Shield; and other works. 
 
 Cooper, Thomas (b. 1805), lins 
 published TIce JHirgaiori/qf Suicides (leiS), 
 
 (q.v.) ; Wise Saws and Modem Instances 
 (1846): The Baron's Yule Feast (1846); 
 The Condition of the People <1846) ; TIis 
 Triumphs of Perseverance (1847): The 
 Triumphs of Enterprise (1847) ; Alderman 
 Ralph (1853) ; The Family Feud (1864) ; 
 The Bridge of History Over the Gulf of 
 Time (1871) ; The Verity of Christ's Resur- 
 rection (1875) ; and other works ; besides 
 editing, in 1849, The Plain Speaker, and, 
 in 1850, Cooper's Journal, See his Autobi- 
 ography (1872). 
 
 Cooper's Hill. A descriptive 
 poem by Sir John Denham (1615—1668), 
 published in 1642. Cooper's Hill is situ- 
 ated near Chertsey, in Surrejr, . The popm 
 contains a well-known description of the 
 river Thames. '*'ThiS poem," says John- 
 son, *' had siich reputation as to excite the 
 common artifice by which envy degrades 
 excellence. A report was spread that the 
 performance was not his own, but that he 
 had bought it of a vicar for forty pounds;" 
 The two following couplets were highly 
 praised by Dryden : — 
 
 " Oh, could 1 flow like thee, and make thy stream 
 My great example, as it is my theme I 
 Tno deep, yet clear ; tho' gentle, yet not dull j , 
 Strong without rage, without o'erflowiuff full.'* • 
 
 Cophetua, King, and the Bcg- 
 
 far Maid. A ballad reprinted by Bishop 
 'ERCY from Richard Johnson's Crown 
 Garland of Goulden Roses (q.v.), (1612), 
 where it is " entitled A Song of a BeggUr 
 and a King. The legend is re^rred to by 
 Shakespeare in Romeo anfl Juliet, act ii., 
 scene 1 ; in Love's Labour Lost, act iv., 
 scene 1 ; aud in 2 Hejiry IV., act v., scene 
 3 ; by Ben Jonson in Every Man in Ms 
 Hwmour, act ill., scene 4. Tennyfeon has 
 also made it the subject of one of his 
 lyrics. The name of the beggar-maid is 
 Penelophon. 
 
 Coplas de Manrique. A poem 
 translated by Henry 'Wadswobth Lono- 
 fellotv (b. 1807), from the Spanish of 
 Don Jorge Manrique, who flourished In 
 the last half of the fifteenth century, and 
 wrote the Coplas, in memory of his de- 
 ceased father, Bodrlgo Manrique. 
 
 Copleston Ed-ward, D.D., Bishop 
 of LlandafI (b. 1776, d. 1849), wrote An In- 
 quiry into the Doctrines of Necessity and 
 Predestination (1821) ; Preelectiones Aca- 
 demicte; some contributions to The Quar- 
 terly Review ; and various pamphlets, 
 speeches, and charges. 
 
 Copper Captain, The. The name 
 of Michael Perez, a character figuring la 
 John Fletcher's comedy of Rule a 
 Wife and Have a Wife'. See Bessus, BO- 
 BADiL, and Pabolles. 
 
 Copperfield, David, The Per- 
 sonal History of. A novel by Charles 
 Dickens (1812—1870), published originally 
 In twenty monthly parts, <A which tnefiilt 
 
172 
 
 COP 
 
 COR 
 
 appeared on May 1 , 1 849 . A dramatic Ter- 
 sioii was played at the Strand Theatre, 
 London, in 1850, under the title of Bom 
 with a Caul ; and another -was produced 
 later, at Drury Lane Theatre, under the 
 title of The Deal Boatman. A third 
 adaptation to the stage has been made by 
 Andrew Halliday (Duff), under the title of 
 lAttle ErtCly. "Of all my books," says 
 Dickens, "1 like this the best. It will 
 easily be believed that I am a fond parent 
 to every child of my fancy, and that no one 
 can ever love that family as dearly as I 
 love them. But, like many fond parents, 
 I have in my heart of hearts a favourite 
 child. And his name is I>avid Copper- 
 field. 
 
 Copping, Edward, journalist and 
 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1828), published, 
 in 1856, a compilation of the autobiogra- 
 phies of j\Jtieri and Goldoni,. assisted Bayle 
 hi, John in a translation o| Saint Simon's 
 Memoirs, and produced in 1858, Aspects of 
 Paris, and in 1861^ a novel eutllled The 
 Some at Rosejield, 
 
 Copyright. By the Act 5 & 6 
 Victoria, cap. 45, passed in 1842, and known 
 as Talfourd's, or Lord Mahon's, Act, the 
 right of an author in his own works was 
 ■ fixed for the term of his natural life, or 
 for forty-two years from the date of publi- . 
 cation. If the author be 'alive at the end 
 of fort^-two yeai"3, he retains the copyright 
 until his death, and his heirs or assignees 
 hold it for seven years after that event. 
 The same Act enjoins that copies of every 
 work published in Great Britain and 
 Ireland, shall be delivered^ free of cha^e, 
 to «he following four libraries : — Tna 
 British Museum, London ; the Bodleian, 
 Oxford ; Advocates', Edinburgh ; and Trin- 
 ity (College, Dublin. A copy must also 
 be deposited at Stationers* Hall, London, 
 where a register is kept. See Coppinger*s 
 and Shortt 8 treatises on the Ixzw of Copy- 
 right. 
 
 Corah, in Drtdkn's Absalom and 
 Achitophel (q.v.), Is intended for the no- 
 torious Titus Gates. 
 
 Corbet, Richard, Bisliop of Ox- 
 ford and Norwich (b. 1582, d. 1635). The 
 Poems of this writer were firs^ collected 
 and published in 1647. See Cralk's English 
 Literature and Langitage. See Distracted 
 PUKITAN, The. 
 
 Corbet, Robert St. John, novel- 
 ist, has published Sir Harry and the 
 Wldotos, The Canon's Daughters, Church 
 and Wife, The Squire's Grandson, Mince- 
 Pie Island, Golden Hippie, Holiday Camp, 
 and some other minor works. 
 
 Cordelia. Youngest (l<aup:htpr of 
 -King Lear, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 that name (q.v.)* She forms the subject of 
 B poem by John Higoins, published In 
 1574. See Wartbn's ffiitorffj section 60, 
 
 Cordyall, The Boke named. 
 
 See Boke i^amed Cordyall, The. 
 
 Corflambo, i.e., heart of flame. 
 A character ill Spenser's Faerie Queene 
 (q.v.), personifying sensual passion, 
 
 Corinna. See Thomas, Elizabeth. 
 
 Corinna, To, — " to go a-Mayingr." 
 A poem byKoBERT Herrick, written in 
 1619. 
 
 Corinthian Tom. One of the 
 heroes in Pierce Egak's Life in London 
 (q.v.), the other being Jerry Hawthorn j 
 together, *' Tom and Jerry," 
 
 Coriolanus. An liistorical play 
 by William Shakespeare, written, ap- 
 parently, in a late period of his dramatic 
 career, when he had at once developed his 
 philosophy of life and matured his theory 
 of dramatic art. Malone places it so late 
 as 1610. It was first ]printed in the folio of 
 1623, where tbe text is terribly disfigured 
 by errors, owing, perhaps, to the illegi- 
 bility of the MS. copy followed by the 
 printers. In the plot, and in many of the 
 speeches Shakespeare has followed Sir 
 Thomas North's Life of Coriolanus, includ- 
 ed in his translation of Amyot's Plutarch, 
 " The subject of Coriolamis,** says Prof. 
 Dowden, *' is the ruin of a noble life 
 through the sin of pride. If duty be the 
 dominant ideal with Brutus, and pleasure 
 of, a magnificent kind be the ideal of 
 Antony and Cleopatra, that which gives 
 tone and colour to Coriolanus is an ideal 
 of self-centred power. The greatness of 
 Brutus is altogether that of the moral 
 conscience ; his external figure does not 
 dilate upon the world through a golden 
 haze like that of Antony, nor bulk inaid- 
 ively and tower like that of Coriolanus. A , 
 haughty and passionate personal feelii^, 
 a superb egoism, are with Coriolanus the 
 sources of weakness and of strength." 
 
 Coriolanus. A tragedy by James 
 Thomson (1700— 1748), produced after his 
 death. 
 
 Corisande, Lady. See Lothair. 
 
 Cormac, Kin^c; of Munster and 
 Archbishop of Cashel (circa 7S0). See Keat- 
 ing's History of Ireland, 
 
 Cornelia. A tragedy by Thomas 
 Kyd, produced in 1594. See Pompey the 
 Great (witli which play it is identical). 
 
 Corney, Bolton {b. 1784. d. 1870). 
 was the author of numerous very useful 
 publications, and was a prolific contributor 
 to periodical literature. 
 
 Comhill Magazine, The, was 
 
 started in Januai^ 1860, under the editor- 
 ship of William Makepeace Thack- 
 eray, who, before ho died (1863), contrib- 
 uted to its pages his stories of Lovel the 
 Widower^ and Philip, his Roundabout 
 Papers, and his Lectv/res on the George^^ 
 
COB 
 
 COS 
 
 173 
 
 After his death appeared the fragment of 
 hia Denis Duval. The Comhill has number- 
 ed amougst its contributors some of the 
 ~ foremost writers of the period. 
 
 Coruhlll to Grand Cairo, Notes 
 
 ■of a Journey from, " by way of Lisbon, 
 .Athens, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, 
 performed in the steamers of the Penin- 
 sular and Oriental Company,'.* by William 
 Makepeace Thackeray, in the autumn 
 of 1844. The N^otes were published in the 
 winter of 1845. 
 
 Corn-Laiw Rhymer, The. A 
 
 name freguently applied to Ebenezer 
 Elliott (1781— 1849, author of Com-lMw 
 Hhj/mes, a volume of poems which materi- 
 ally assisted in producing that revolt of the 
 manufacturing population of the British 
 Islands against the Corn-Laws, which in- 
 duced their final abrogation in 1846. 
 
 Com'wall, Barry." The pseudonym 
 of Bkyax Waller Procter, the poet 
 (b. 1790, d. 1874). 
 
 " Corporations have no souls." 
 A phrase used by Sir Edward Coke in 
 his Case of SuttmCs Hospital. 
 
 Corpus Poeticorum Scotorum. 
 
 A raanusciipt collection made by George 
 Banxatyke (1545—1609) and for a long 
 ■' time preserved in the family of his daugh- 
 ter, Mre. Foulis. In 1712, it came into me 
 hands' of the Hon. William Carmiehael, or 
 Stirling, brothex, of the Earl of Hyndf ord, 
 and in 1772 it was presented by the then 
 earl to the Advocates' Library. Edinburgh, 
 where it still remains. Allan Ramsay 
 drew from it the specimens in his Ever- 
 green (q.v.), and a selection from it was 
 published by Lord Hailes in 1770 (reprinted 
 in 1815). 
 
 Corrector, Alexander the. See 
 
 Alexander the Corrector. 
 
 " Correspondent to command, I 
 
 will be." — The Tempest^ act i,, scene 3. 
 
 Corruptions of Christianity, 
 
 An History of, by Joseph Priestley (1733 
 — 1804), published in 1782. A refutation of 
 this work was proposed as the subject of 
 one of the Hague Prize Essays. Priestley's 
 book was burned at Dort, iu 1783, by the 
 hands of the common hangman. 
 
 Corsair, The. A poem, in three 
 cantos, written in the heroic couplet, by 
 Lord Byrox (1788—1724), and published in 
 1814. The hero is called Conrad, and is 
 described in a well-kuown p^sage, as 
 leaving 
 
 " A Corsair's name to other times, 
 Link'd with one virtue, and a thousand crimes." 
 The heroines are Medora, whom Conrad 
 loves, and Gulnare, " the Haram Queej)," 
 whose love is given to Conrad, aqd who 
 kills her master, Seyd, in order that Con- 
 rad may be free. 
 
 Corsica, An Account of. By 
 
 James Boswell (1740—1795). The first 
 edition, which contains much matter after'- 
 wards omitted, was issued in 1768. 
 
 " Cortez, Like stout." An allu- 
 sion in Keats' Sonnet xi. : — 
 
 " "When wibh cngl; eyes 
 He stared nt the Faciflc, and all his men 
 Looked at each other with a wild sunnise. 
 Silent, upon a peak in Darien." 
 
 It was really Balboa, and not Cortez, who 
 
 " stared at the Pacific " with his men. 
 
 Coryat, George, miscellaneous 
 writer^ (d. 1606). A list of his works is 
 given in Wood's Athena Ox'onienses. 
 
 Coryat, Thomas, son of the pre-, 
 ceding (1577—1617), published CoryaVs 
 Crudities hastily gobled up in Five Moneths 
 Travells in France, Savoy, Italy, lihetia^ 
 commonly called the Grisons Country,, 
 Helvetia alias Switzerland, some parts qf 
 Germany and the l^etherlands (1611) ; 
 CoT^aVs Cramhe, or his Cohoort twice sod- 
 den, and now served in with other Macaroni 
 icke Dishes, as tlie second Course to his 
 Cntdities {iGll) ; The Odcombian Banquet: 
 elished foorth by Thomas the Coriat, and 
 served in by a dumber of noble Wits in 
 Prayse of his Crudities and Crambe too 
 (l6li) ; Traveller for the English Wits 
 (1616) 'j and a few minor productions. 
 
 Corydon's Fare-well to Fhillis. 
 A song, quoted by Shakespeare in 
 TwelftJi Night, act ii., scene 3, and printed 
 in The Golde7i Garland of Princely De- 
 lights, an old miscellany. 
 
 Cosin, John, D.D., Bishop of Dur- ^ 
 ham (b. 1594, d. 1672), wrote a number of ' 
 valuable theolo^cal works, which will be 
 found reprinted in The Liorari/ qf Angto- 
 Catholic Theology, with a Memoir prefixed. 
 His Correspondence has been published by 
 the Surtees Society. 
 
 Cossack Epic, the Great : " Tlie 
 liGgend of St. Sophia of KiefE, an epic poem 
 in twenty books." By William Make- 
 peace Thackeray. 
 
 Costard. A clown in Shakes- 
 peare's Love*s Labowr^s Lost (q.v.), " The 
 phrases and modes of combination in argu- 
 ment were caught by the most ignoraiit 
 f rpm the customs of the age, and their 
 ridiculous misapplication oi them,'' says 
 Coleridge, " Is most amusingly exhibited 
 in Costard." 
 
 Costello, Iiouisa Stuart, miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1815, d. 1870), published 
 two romances entitled, The Queen Mother 
 (1831)^ and Clan'a Pane (18-18) ; a poem en- 
 titled, The Lay of the Stork (1856) ; and 
 various histoiical and descriptive works. 
 Her brother, Dudley Costello (b. 1803, 
 d, 1865), was also the authorof several pop- 
 ular works. 
 
174 
 
 COS 
 
 oou 
 
 Costigan, Captain. The father of 
 Miss Fotheringay (q.T-)» in Thackeray's 
 Pendennis (q.v.). 
 
 " Costly thy habit as thy purse 
 
 can \>VLy."—Ifamletf act i., scene 3. 
 
 " Cot beside the hill. Mine be 
 a.*'— Rogers, A Wi$h: — 
 
 ** A bee-hive's hum shall soothe my ear, 
 
 A wiUovy brook that turns a mill 
 
 With many a foil ehall linger near." 
 
 Cotta, in Pope's Moral Essaysy 
 epistle ii., is supposed to be intended for 
 the Duke of Newcastle, who died in 1711. 
 
 Cotterell, Sir Charles. See Foli- 
 
 ARCHUS. 
 
 Cotterill, Henry, D.D., Bishop of 
 Edinburgh (b. 1812), has published The 
 Genesis qfthe Churchy The Seven Ages of 
 the Church, and numerous charges^ lec- 
 tures, and sermons. 
 
 Cotter's Saturday Night, The. 
 
 A poem by Robert Burxs (1759— 17S6), of 
 T^hich his brother remarks : " Robert had 
 frequently remarked to me that there was 
 something particularly^ venerable In the 
 
 Sbrase, * Let us worship God, ' used by a 
 ecent, sober head of a family introducing 
 family worship. To this sentiment of the 
 author, the world is indebted for the 
 Cotter's Saturday Night. The hint of the 
 plan and title of the poem are taken from 
 Ferguson's Farmer*s Ingle.'* 
 
 Cotton, Charles, poet (b. 1630, d. 
 1687), wrote A Panegyrick to the King^s 
 Tnost excellent Majesty (1660) : The Valimit 
 Knight: or^ the Legend of Sir Peregrine, 
 with his strange adventures (1663) ■ Scar- 
 ronides: or^ Virgile Travestie, being the 
 first book of Virgil's JEneis in English Bur- 
 /esgue (1664), (q.v.) J Scarronides : or, Vir- 
 gile Travestie, a mock poem on the first and 
 fourth books of Vergil's jEneis in English 
 Burlesque (1672). A Voyage to Ireland, in 
 Burlesque (1673) ; The Compleat Gamester 
 (1674); Burlesque upon Burlesque: or, the 
 Scoffer Scoffed (1675) ; The Planter's Man- 
 ual (l(n5) ; The Complete Angler.being in- 
 structions how to angle for a Trout and 
 Grayling in a Clear Stream (1676) ; The 
 Wonders of the Peake (1681); and Poems 
 on Various Occasions (1689). His transla^ 
 latiou into English of Montaigne's Essays 
 appeaved originally in 1685. His other 
 translations were :— De Vaix's Moral Phi- 
 losophy of the Stoics (1663) ; Comeille's 
 Horace (1665); The Life qf the buke d'Eper- 
 «O7i(1670); The Fair One qf Tunis, and 
 Montluc's Commentaries (1674). 
 
 Cotton MSS. See Cotton, Sir 
 BoBEBT Bruce. 
 
 Cotton, Kathaniel, physician 
 ftnd poet (b. 1721, d, 1788), wrote Visions in 
 Verse, for the instruction qf Younger Minds, 
 
 His Various Pieces in Verse and Prose ap- 
 peared in 1791. 
 
 Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce, anti- 
 quarian writer (b. 1570, d. 1631)^ assisted 
 Camden in the compilation of his Britan- 
 nia (q.T.), and Speed in the publication of 
 his History of Great Britain, besides ren- 
 dering literary aid to many other writers 
 of Ms time. A list of his works is given iu 
 liOwndes* Bibliographer's Manutu. Cot- 
 toni Posthuma, a work purporting to be 
 Divers choice Pieces of that renowned antv- 
 guary, Sir Bobert Cotton, appeared in 1679. 
 lie formed the collection of MSS. known 
 as the Cottonian Library in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 Coulin. A giant in Spenser's 
 Faiirie Queene. 
 
 Counter Cuff given to Martin 
 
 Junior, A. A tract written by Thouab 
 Nash (1567—1600 V), in reply to " Martin 
 Marprelate " (q.v.), and published in 1589. 
 
 '* Count their chickens ere 
 
 they're hatched ."—Butler, Hudibras 
 part ii., canto 3, line 923. 
 
 Country Girl, The. A comedy 
 by Anthony Brown. This play was pub- 
 lished by John Leanerd, in 1677, as his 
 own, under the title of Country Innocence, 
 
 " Country, God made the." — 
 
 COTKPER, The Task, bk. l.,line 794. Cow- 
 ley, in his Garden, writes : — 
 " God the first garden made, and the first city Cain.' * 
 
 Country Justice, The. A poem 
 by John Langhorne a735 — 1779), pub- 
 lished in 1774 — 75, in which he seems to an- 
 ticipate Crabbe "in painting the rural life 
 of England in true colours- His pictures 
 of the gipsies, and his sketches of venal 
 clerks and rapacious overaeei-s are genuine 
 likenesses." The poem is in three parts. 
 
 Country Parson, A. A nom de 
 
 plume adopted in several of his publica- 
 tions by Rev. A. K. H. Boyd (q.v.), min- 
 ister of St. Andrews, Scotland. 
 
 Country Pastor, A. The pseu- 
 donym under which Archbishop "Whately 
 (1787—1863) published Lectures on Scrip' 
 ture Revelations (1855) ; Prayer (1860), and 
 other works. 
 
 Country""Wife, The. A comedy 
 by William Wycherley (1640—1715), 
 performed in 1675. "Though one of the 
 most profligate and heartless of humau 
 compositions, it is," says Macaulay, " the 
 elaborate production of a mind, not indeed 
 rich, original, or imaginative, but ingeni- 
 ous, observant, quick to seize hints, and 
 patient to the toil of polishing." Much of 
 The Country Wife is borrowedfrom VEcole 
 des Maris, and I'Ecole des Femmes. 
 
 " ' Courage/ he said, and point- 
 
cou 
 
 cov 
 
 175 
 
 ed toward the land." From The Lotos 
 Eater^j by Alfred Tennysoa'. 
 
 "Courage to the stickiug-place, 
 
 Screw your." — Macbeth^ act i., scene 7. 
 
 " Course of Empire, The." See 
 America, Os the Prospect of. 
 
 Course of English Poetry, Let- 
 ters on the, hy Johk Aiki^t, published in 
 1804. 
 
 Courss of Time, The. An epic 
 poem, in six hooks, written in blank verse, 
 by KoBERT PoLLOK (1799—1827) and pub- 
 IiBhedinlS27> 
 
 " Course of true love never did 
 
 ran smooth, The.'* — A Midsummer NighV s 
 preamt act i., scene 1. 
 
 Course of True Love never did 
 
 ftun smooth. The, The title o.f a story in 
 rerse, by Thomas Bailey Aldrich (b. 
 (836), which, published in 1858, " tells of 
 (he haps and mishaps of two Eastern lovers 
 vhoin a whimsical old caliph endeavours to 
 keep apart." Charles Reade (b. ISli) 
 had previously published, in 1857, a novel 
 with a similar title. 
 
 Court of Love, The. A poem, 
 by Geoffrey Chaucer (1328—1400), the 
 title of which was borrowed from the fan- 
 tastic institutions of that name, where 
 points of casuistry in the tender passion 
 were debated and decided by persons of 
 both sexes. *' It is a dream," gays Camp- 
 bell, '* in which the poet fancies himself 
 taken to the Temple of Love, introduced 
 to a mistress, and sworn to observe the 
 statutes of the amatory god. As the earli- 
 est work of Chaucer it interestingly ex- 
 hibits the successful effort of his youthful 
 hand in erecting a new and stately fabric 
 of £nglish numbers. Asa piece of fancy, 
 it is grotesque and meagre ; but the lines 
 often flow with great harmony." 
 
 Courtenay, Peregrine. The pseu- 
 donym under which WiKthrop Mack- 
 ■WORVH PRAED (1802—1839) contributed to 
 Knight's Quarterly Magazine in 1823 — 24. 
 
 Courtier, Advice to a. A poem 
 byQuiNTiN ScHAW (circa 1480), i*i which 
 he points out tlie resemblance between 
 the life of a courtier and that of a sailor. 
 It is too full of nautical terms and aUu- 
 Bions to be intelligible to the general 
 reader. 
 
 Courtly Nice, Sir. A comedy 
 by John Cbowne (d. 1703), founded on the 
 JVo Puede Ser ot Moreto, which is also 
 founded on the Mayor Imposibile of Lope 
 de Vega. It was played in 1685. 
 
 Courtley, "Will. A character de- 
 scribed in The Tatler (q.v.). 
 
 Courtship of Miles Standish, 
 The. A poem iu English hexameters by 
 
 Henry "Wadsworth Lozjtgfellow, pub- 
 lished in 1858. 
 
 Cousins, The. A novel by Mrs. 
 Trollofe (1778—1863), published in 1847. 
 
 Covent Garden, A comedy by 
 Thomas Nabbes, acted in 1632, and print- 
 ed in 1638. 
 
 Covent Garden Journal, The. 
 A periodical, commenced by Henry 
 Fielding (1707—1754), in 1752,ai) aliteraxy 
 new^paper and review, which was pretend- 
 ed to be under the conductorship of " Sir 
 Alexander Drawcansir " (q.v.). ''Itwasthe 
 author's failing," says Sir Walter Scott, 
 " that he could not continue anyjilan of 
 this nature, for which otherwise his ready 
 pen, sharp wit, and classical knowledge, 
 so highly fitted him, without involving 
 himself in some of the party squabbles or 
 petty literary broils of the day." This 
 time, he fell foul of Dr. Hill, who conduct- 
 ed The Inspector, and brought upon him- 
 self an attack from his brother novelist, 
 Smollett. 
 
 Coventry Plays, The. The plays 
 now known as The Coventry Mysteries, 
 and preserved in a MS. of which the prob- 
 able date is 1468, bear no evidence of hav- 
 ing been acted at that city ; certainly they 
 were never acted by the guilds or trades, 
 though it is not impossible they may have 
 been performed by the Grey Friars. The 
 actual plays were famous in their day, and- 
 there are separate notices of the visits 
 paid id them by Queen Margaret in 1456, , 
 by Itichard III. in 1484, and by Henry IU. 
 1486 and 1492. For a full description of 
 the plays in MS. see Collier*s jffistory of 
 Dramatic Literature and Morley's English 
 Writers. 
 
 Coverdale, Miles, Bisliop of 
 Exeter (b. 1485, d. 1565). The Works of 
 this writer were edited for the Parker So- 
 ciety by Pearson, in 1844. -See the list of 
 them in Lowndes* Bibliographer* s Maim- 
 al ; also, in Foxe's Acts ana Monuments, 
 See Bible; Matrymonye, The Chris- 
 ten State of. 
 
 Coverley, Sir Roger de. A 
 
 famous character in The Spectator (qjvX 
 the conception and first sketch of which 
 are owing to Steele. *' Addison has, 
 however, gained himself immortal honour 
 by his manner of filling up this character. 
 Wlio is there," says Hazlitt, " can forget, 
 or be insensible to. the inimitable name- 
 less graces, and varied ti'aits of nature and 
 of old English character in it; to his unpre- 
 tending vii'tues and amiable weaknesses.; 
 to his modesty, generosity, hospitality, 
 and eccentric whims ; to the respect of his 
 neighbours, and the affection of his domes- 
 tics ; to his wayward, hopeless, secret pas- 
 Bion , for his fair enemy, the widow, in 
 which there is more of real romance and 
 true delicacy than iu a thousand tales of 
 
176 
 
 GOV 
 
 COW 
 
 knight-errantry : .to the havoc he makes 
 among the game in his neighbourhood ; 
 to his speech from the bench to show the 
 Spectator what is thought of him in the 
 country ... to Ms doubts as to the 
 existence of witchcraft, and protection of 
 reputed witches ; to his account of the 
 family pictures, and his choice of a chap- 
 lain ; to his falling asleep in church, and 
 liis reproof of John Williams, as soon as 
 he has recovered from his nap, for talking 
 in sermon time." " Wliat," says Thack- 
 eray, " would Sir Roger deCoverley bo with- 
 out his follies and his charmins little 
 ,bralii-cracks ? If the good knight did not 
 call out to the people sleeping in church, 
 and say 'Amen' with such a delightful 
 pomposity ; if he did not make a speech in 
 the assize court, dpropos de bottes, and 
 merely to show his uignity to Mr. Specta- 
 tor ; if he did not mistake Madame BoU 
 Tearsheet [q.v.], for a lady of quality in 
 Temple Garden ; if he were wiser than he 
 is ^ if he had not his humour to salt his 
 life, and were but a mere English gentle- 
 man and game-preserver — of what worth 
 were he to us ? We love him for his vani- 
 ties as much as for his virtues. What is 
 ridculous is delightful in him : we are so 
 fond of him because we laugh at him 
 
 BO." 
 
 Covetousness, Against. " A 
 most faithful sermon," preached by Hugh 
 Latimer, Bishop of Worcester, " be- 
 fore the Kynges most excellent Maiestye," 
 in 1550. 
 
 • Coward, Dr. "William. See 
 
 LlCENTlA POETICA DISCUSSED. 
 
 " Coward on instinct, I am a." 
 
 Xing Henry 7F., part i., act ii., scene 4, 
 
 " Co^vards die many times be- 
 fore their death." — Julius C<E5ar, act ii., 
 scene 2. 
 
 Cowley, Abraham, poet and dra- 
 matist (b. 1C18, d. 1667), wrote Poetical 
 £lo8som€s (1633); Naufraglum Joculare. 
 comadia (1638) ; Lovers Riddle^ a Pastoral 
 Comedy (16S8) ; A Satyr against Separa- 
 iivity (1642); A Satyr: the Puritan and 
 the Papist (1643^ : The Mistresse: or, Sev~ 
 eralt Copies of Love Verses (1647) ; Four 
 Ages of England (1648) ; TJie Guardian, a 
 comedie (1650) ; Ode upon tJie Blessed Res- 
 toration and return of Charles the Second 
 (1660) ; A Proposition for the Advancement 
 of . Experimental Philosophy (1661) ; A 
 Vision, eonceming his late pretended High- 
 ness, Cromwell the wicked (1661) ; Plantar- 
 rum Libri duo (1662) ; Verses upon several 
 occasions (1C63) jCutter of Caleman Street, o 
 comedy (1663) ; Poemata Latina (1668); arid 
 A Poem on the late Civil War (1679). His 
 Prose Works including his Essays in Prose 
 and Verse, appeared in 1826. His Select 
 Works were edited by Bishop Hurd in 
 1772—77. His Complete Works, with a Life 
 by Bishop Sprat, were published iu 16^. 
 
 See Johnson's Zives of the Poets. Pope 
 wrote : — 
 
 " Who now reads Cowley ? If he picasea, yet 
 HiBmoml pleases, not nis pointed wit. 
 Foreot his Epic, nay, Pindaric art. 
 Ana yet I lovo the language of liis heart." 
 
 " In Cowley," says Hazlitt, " there is an 
 inexhaustible fund of sense and ingenuity 
 buried In inextricable conceits, and 
 entangled in the cobwebs of the schools. 
 He was a great man, not a great poet." 
 See Chkoxicle, The ; Cutter of Cole- 
 MAir Street ; Davikeis ; Mistress, 
 The; Naitfkagittm Joculare ; Plants, 
 Of ; Fyramus ; Wish, The ; "Wit, Ode 
 
 ON. 
 
 Cowley, Mrs. Hannah (b. 1749, 
 d. 1809), dramatist and poetess, wrote The 
 Runaway, a comedy, produced in 1776 : 
 The Reliefs Stratagem^illSO), (q.v.) ; A Bold 
 Stroke for a Husband (q.v.) ; and numer- 
 ous other dramaticv pieces ; also poems 
 entitled TheMaidofArragon, The Scottish 
 Village, and The Siege of Acre. 
 
 Co-wper, "WiUiam, poet (b. 1731, 
 d. 1800), published Anti^Thelypthora (1781); 
 Table Talk. Ti'uth Expostulation, and The 
 Progress of Error (1782) ; John Gilpin, a 
 ballad (1782), (q.v.); The Task (1784); 
 Tirocinium (1784) ; a translation of Homer 
 (1791) ; Gay's Fables in Latin, arid The 
 Castaway (1799) ; and various miscellaue- 
 ous pieces- An edition of his Works waa 
 edited by Southey, and includes his lAfe, 
 Poems, Correspondence, and Translations, 
 complete. See, also, Poems edited by Dr. 
 John Johnson (1808); The Works and Cor- 
 respondence, with Life, by Grimshawe 
 (1836) ; Poems and Translations, vnih. Life 
 by the Rev. H. F. Cary (1839) ; Poems with . 
 Life, by Sir Harris Nicolas, and the editions 
 of the Poems by Bell, "Willmott, Benham 
 (the Globe edition), and C.C. Clarke (1872). 
 For additional Biography, see the Lif€ by ^ 
 John Cori^ (1803) ; the Life and Posthu- 
 mous Writings by William Hayley (1803) ; 
 Memoirs of the Early Life of William 
 Cowper, written by himself (1816) ; and tiie 
 Life by Thomas Taylor (1835). " There is," 
 says Hazlitt, *' an effeminacy aboufCowper 
 which shrinks from and repels common 
 and hearty sympathy. "With adl his boasted 
 simplicity and love of the country, ho 
 seldom launches out into general descrip- 
 tions of nature ; he looks at her over his 
 clipped hedges, and from his well-swept 
 garden-walks. He is delicate to f astidloiis- 
 ness, and glad to get back, after a romantic 
 adventure with Crazy Kate, a party of 
 gipsies, or a little child on a common, to 
 the drawing-room and the ladies again, to 
 the sofa and tlie terukettle— no, Ibeg hia 
 pardon, not to the singing, well-scoured 
 tea-kettle, but to the polished and loud- 
 hissing urn. Still he is a genuine poet, 
 and deserves all his reputation. His worst 
 vices are amiable weaknesses, elegant 
 trifling. He has left a number of pictures 
 of domestic comfort and social refinement, 
 
cow 
 
 CBA 
 
 177 
 
 as well as of natural imagery and feeling, 
 which can hardly be forgotten but witli 
 the language itself. His satire- is also ex- 
 cellent. It is pointed and forcible, with 
 the polished manners of the gentleman 
 and the honest indignation of the virtuous 
 man- His religious poetry, except where 
 it takes a tincture oi controversial heat, 
 wants elevation and fire. He had not a 
 seraph's wiiig." 
 
 Co-wper*s Grrave. Stanzas by 
 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1S0&— 
 1S61), in which " standing on his grave," 
 she " sees his rapture in a vision. "- 
 
 Cox, George "William, clergy- 
 man and miscellaneous writer (b. 1827), 
 has published PoemSf Legendary and JUis- 
 torical (1850) ; Tales of Ancient Greece 
 (1868) ; The Mythology of the Aryan Na- 
 tions (1870) ; a History of Greece (1874), and 
 other works, besides co-editing Brande's 
 IHctionary of Science , Literaturey and Art 
 (1865—67). 
 
 Cox, Richard, Bishop of Ely (b. 
 1499, d. 1581), was one of the translators of 
 the Bishops' Bible^ to which he contributed 
 versions of the Gospels, the Acts of the 
 Apostles, and the Epistle to the Bomans. 
 
 Coxcomb, The. A comedy, by 
 3EAUMb>fT and Fletcher (q.v.), pro- 
 duced in 1612. 
 
 Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, D.D., 
 
 Bishop of Western New York (b. 1818), is 
 best known by his Christian Ballads (1840), 
 several editions of which have been pub- 
 lished in London and New York. He has 
 also written Sermons on Doctrine and huty 
 (1854) ; Impressions of England (1856) ; 
 Moral Beforms (1869) ; and Apollos : or. 
 the Way of God {l&I-i). 
 
 Coxe, "William, Archdeacon of 
 ■Wilts (b. 1747, d. 1828), published Travels 
 i» Switzerland (1778—1801) j Travels in 
 J'oland, Bussia,^ Sweden and Denmark 
 (1778—84) ; Memoirs of the Life am.d Ad- 
 ministraiion of Sir Bobert fTa^po/e (17iJ8); 
 Memoirs qfLord Walpole (1804), History of 
 the House of Austria 0.^0)1) ; Memoirs of the 
 Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon 
 (1813) ; Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough 
 (1816—29) ; Correspondence of the Suke of 
 Shrewsbury ([1821) ; Memoirs of the Pelham 
 Administration (1829) ; and some minor 
 works, including biographies of Stilling- 
 fieet and Handel. 
 
 Cox's Diary. A comic story, by 
 William Makepeace Thackeray. ^ 
 
 Coyne, Joseph Sterling, drama- 
 tist (b. 1805, d. 1868), produced, among 
 other pieces, The Phrenologist (1835), The 
 Honest Cheats (1836), The Bad Lovers (ISSff), 
 The Queer Subject (1837), How to Settle 
 Accounts with your LaumJress (1847), The 
 Tipperaru Legacy (1847), Presented at 
 Court, The Hope of the Family, My Wife^a 
 
 DaiighteTj Black Sheep, The Water Wiich- 
 est The Little Bebel, and Urgent Private 
 Affairs, 
 
 Crabbe, George, clergyman and 
 poet (b. 1754, d. 1832), wrote Inebriety 
 (1775), The Candidate (1779), The Library 
 (1781), The Village (1783), The Newspcmer 
 (1785), The Parish Begister (1807), The Bor- 
 ough (1810), Tales in Kerse (1812), Tales of 
 the Hall (1819) ; also. Variation of Publick 
 Opinion as it respects Beligion (1817), Out- 
 lines of Natural Theology (1840), and Pos- 
 thumous Sermons (1850). His L^e was writ- 
 ten and published by his son in 1838. Tor 
 Criticism, see Jeifrey's and Koscoe's Bs- 
 says. Byron not only desci-ibed Crabbe as— 
 
 " Nature's stemest painter, yet the beat," 
 
 but ranked him along with Coleridge as 
 "the first" in those times "in point of 
 genius." " Crabbe," writes another critic, 
 "is always an instructive and forceful, 
 almost always an interesting writer. His 
 works have an imperishable value as re- 
 cords of his time, and it may even be said - 
 that there are but few parts of 'Uiem but 
 would have found an appropriate place in 
 some of the reports of our various com- 
 missions for inquiring into the state of the 
 country. Observation, prudence, acuteness, 
 uprightness, self -balancing vigor of mind, 
 are everywhere seen, and are exerted on 
 the whole wide field of common life. All 
 that is wanted is the enihusiastic sym- 
 pathy, the jubilant love, whose utterance 
 IS melody, and without which all art is 
 little better than a laborious ploughing of 
 the land, and then sowing the land itself 
 for seed along the fruitless furrow." ^^ 
 
 " Crabbed age and youth can- 
 not live together." See The Passionate 
 Pilgrim, sect. viii. 
 
 Crabsba-w, Timothy. Squire to 
 Sir Launcelot Greaves, in Smoi^x^stt's 
 novel of that name (q.v.). 
 
 Crabtree. A character in Smol- 
 lett's novel of The Adventures of Pere- 
 grinis Pickle (q.v.). 
 
 Crabtree. Uncle of Sir Benjamin 
 Backbite in Sheridan's comedy of The 
 School for Scandal (q.v.)* 
 
 '* Crack of doom. The."— il/ac- 
 bethf act iv., scene 1. 
 
 " Cradled into poetry by 
 wrong." An expression In some "lin^s by 
 Shelley in his poem of Julian and Mach 
 
 dalo : 
 
 *' Most wrctchefl men 
 Arc cradled into poetry l>y wronp: : 
 ahcy learn in sufferinK what they teach in Bong. 
 
 "WoRDSTVOitTH says : 
 
 " We poetfl in our youth bcpin in gloflncas. 
 But thereof comes ia the end despondency and 
 madnesB." 
 
 Craftsman, The. A periodical to 
 8* 
 
178 
 
 CBA 
 
 CBA 
 
 which, among others, Henry St. John, Vis- 
 count Bolingbroke (q.v.), was a frequent 
 contributor. See Oldcastlis. 
 
 Craig, Alexander, poet, publish- 
 ed The Pilgrime and Bermite, inform of a 
 dialogue ; Poeticall Recreations ; and Amo- 
 rose Songes, Sonets, and Elegies. His Poeti- , 
 call Essay es were collected and published 
 in 1601. 
 
 Graig-Knoz, Isa, poetess (b. 1831 )i 
 first attracted notice by her contributions to 
 the Scotsman underthe signature of •' Isa." 
 She won, in 1859, the first prize for her ode 
 to Burns, recited at the Anniversary Festi- 
 val, and, in 1865, published Duchess Agnes, 
 and other Poems. She has contribuled 
 largely to magazine literature, and lias 
 written Esther IVest^ Fanny's Fortune^ and 
 other prose works. 
 
 Cxadg^ Sir Thomas, of Biccarton 
 lawyer (b. 1548, d. 1608), produced De Jure 
 Feudali (1655) ; Scotland's Sovereignty As- 
 serted ; being a Dispute concerning Homage 
 (1695) ; De Jure Successio7iis Regni Anglics 
 (translated in 1703) ; and other works. See 
 the Life, by Patrick Fraser Tytler (1823). 
 
 Cr^ik, George LilUe (1799-1866), 
 published A History of English Literature ; 
 A Manual of English Literature ; A His- 
 tory of the Origin of the Enqlish Lanquaqe, 
 Spenser and his Poetry ; Bacon : his Wri- 
 tings and Philosophy ; The English of 
 Shakespeare; The Pursuit of Knoivledge 
 under Difficulties ; A History of British 
 Commerce from the Earliest Time ; and 
 many miscellaneous works. 
 
 Craik, Georgiana M., novelist, 
 has publislied Faith Unwin's Ordeal^ Hero 
 Ttevelyan, Leslie Tyrell, Mildred liiver- 
 stone, tVinifred's Wooing, Only a Butterfly, 
 Sylvia's Choice^ Theresa, Cousin from 
 India, Miss Moore, and Annie Warwick. 
 
 Craik, Mrs. The married name 
 of Miss Dinah Maria MuLOCH, the nov- 
 elist (q.v.). 
 
 Crane, Ichabod. The hero of 
 Washington Ibving's story of "Sleepy 
 Hollow," in The Sketch Book (q.V.). 
 
 Cranford, A novel by Mrs. Gas- 
 KELL (b. 1811, d. 1865), published in 1853, 
 the scene of which is laid in a town that 
 has been identified with Knutsford, (Che- 
 shire. 
 
 Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury (b. 1489, d. 1556), wrote Ca(Aec/iis- 
 mus^ tJtatis to say, a Shorle Instruction into 
 Christian Religion far tite singular Commo- 
 dite mid Profyte of Childre and yong People 
 
 g548) J A Defence of the true and Cathofike 
 octrine of the Sacrament, with a confuta- 
 tion of sundry Errors concemyng the same 
 tl650) ; An Answer unto a Crafty and So- 
 phistical Cavillation devised % St^hen 
 Ctttrdiner, Byahop of WincheateTi agaynst 
 
 the trewe and Godly Doctrine of the moste 
 liolg Sacrament (1551) \ A Confutatio of Un- 
 writte Verities, both bi tJie holye Scriptures 
 and most auncient Autors (1558) ; and some 
 minorworks, included in the complete edi- 
 tion, by the liev. H. Jenkyns (1834), and by 
 the Rev. J, C. Cox, for the Parker Society. 
 See Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of Can- 
 terbury, and the Lives by Strype (1694), 
 Gilpin (1784), Todd (1831), J, M. Norton 
 (1863), and Cox. 
 
 Cranmer's Bible. See Bible, 
 
 The. 
 
 Crasha-w, Richard, poet (b. 161G 
 d. 1650), was the author of Epigrammata 
 Sacra (1634), Steps to the Temple (1646), and 
 various other works, which are to be found 
 included in the collection by Anderson. 
 "Somehow or other," says George Mac- 
 donald, "he reminds one of Shelley, in 
 the silvery shine and bell-like melody, both 
 of his verse and his imagery ; and m one 
 of Ills poems, Music's Duel, tlie fineness of 
 his phrase reminds one of Keats. His 
 Divine Epigrams are not the most beauti- 
 ful, but to me they are the most valuable 
 of his verses, inasmuch as they make us 
 feel afresh the truth which he sets forth - 
 anew. In them some of the facts of our 
 Lord's life and teaching look out upon us 
 as from the clear windows of the past. As 
 epigrams, too, they are excellent— pointed 
 as a lance.'' See Delights of the 
 Muses ; Music's Duel ; Poemata et 
 Epigrammata ; Sacred Poems ; Steps 
 TO THE Temple ; Wishes to his sup- 
 posed Mistress. 
 
 " Crash of -worlds, The."— Addi- 
 son. Cato, act v., scene 1. 
 
 Cratchit, Bob. Clerk to Scroogre 
 (q.v.), and father of Tiny Tim (q.v.), in 
 Dickens's Christmas Carol (q.v.). 
 
 Crawford and Balcarras, Earl 
 
 of, Alexander William, Lord Lindsay (b. 
 1812), has written ie^^crsoJt Egypt (1838); 
 The Evidence and Theory of Christianity 
 (1841) ; Progression by Antagonism (1846) ; 
 Sketches of the History of Christian Art 
 (1847) ; The Lives of the Lindsays (1849); 
 The Case of Gorham v. the Bishop of Exeter 
 (1850) ; Scepticism and the Church qf Eng- 
 land (1861) ; (Ecumenicity (18T0) ; Argo 
 (1876) ; and some translations. 
 
 Crawford, Robert, poet (d. 1733), 
 assisted Allan Ramsay in the compilation, 
 of his Tea Table Miscellany, and was the 
 author of two Ivrics, entitled Ttoeedside 
 and The Bush Aboon Traquair (q.v.). 
 
 Crawford, "William, Scottish 
 divine (b. 1676, d, 1742), was the author of 
 Dying Thoughts. 
 
 Crawley, Captain Rawdon, in 
 
 W. M. Thackeray^s novel of Vanity Fair 
 (q.v.), is the son of Sir Pitt Crawley (q.T.), 
 and the husband of Eebecca Sharp (q.v)« , 
 
CBA 
 
 CRB 
 
 179 
 
 Crawley, Captain. The pseu- 
 donym under which George Frederick 
 Pardon hns published several books on 
 chess and billiards. " He generally dales," 
 Bays Hamst, *• from the Megatherium Club; 
 we need sc!*rcely say, therefore, that he 
 takes his pseudonym from Tliackeray, 
 whom, in one of his dedications, he calls 
 his biographer." 
 
 Crawley, Sir Pitt, in Thacket 
 ray's novel of Vanity Fair (q.v.). 
 •*What," says Hannay, "can be broader, 
 or more superficially like a caricature, 
 when he first appears ? Buthow naturally 
 all the features of the character hold to- 
 gether when he has revealed himself as a 
 whole ; and how perfectly compatible they 
 are with the county traditions of many a 
 county ! " 
 
 Crayon, Geoffrey. The pseu- 
 donym under which "Washington Irving 
 published the collection of miscellaneous 
 Btoiles and essays called The Sketch Booh 
 (q.v.) ; also, Bracebridge Hall (1822) ; New 
 York (1822) ; Tales of a Traveller (1824) ; 
 and The Alhambra(\m2)- . 
 
 Crazy Tales, in verse, by John 
 HAI.L Stevenson (1718—1785), were pub- 
 lished in 1762. 
 
 Creakle, Mr. A tyrannical school- 
 master in Dickens's novel of David Cop- 
 perjield (q.v.). 
 
 Creasy, Sir Edvrard Shepherd, 
 
 historian (b. 1812), has published The 
 Fifiteen Decisive Battles of the JFoHrf(1831), 
 The Itise and Progress of the British Con- 
 stitution (1834), A History of the Ottoman 
 TurkSf Biographies of Eminent Etonians, 
 An Historical and Critical Account of the 
 Various Invasions of England. A History 
 of England from the Earliest to the Latest 
 TimeSi the Imperial and Colonial Consti- 
 tutions of the BritaTvnic Empire, and The 
 First Platform of Int&rruUional Law, 
 
 Creation. "A philosophical poem/' 
 1>y Sir Richard Blackmore, M.D. (1G50 
 -^1729), printed in 1712, which, though now 
 neglected, obtained, when published, the 
 approbation of Dennis and Addison. The 
 latter wrote of it in The Spectator (No. 
 339): "Tlie work was undertaken with so 
 good an intention, and executed with so 
 great a mastery, that it deserves to be 
 looked upon as one of the most useful and 
 noble productions in our English verse. 
 The reader cannot but be pleased to find 
 all the depths of philosophy enhanced by 
 all the charms of poetry, and to see so 
 m'eat a strength of reason amidst so beau- 
 tiful a redundancy of the Imagination." 
 Johnson's criticism is written in scarcely 
 less laudatory terms. 
 
 Creator of the World, Ode to 
 the, by John HtroHES (1677— 172ft), adapted 
 from the 80-caUed -Fragment qf OrpneuSf 
 
 and printed in 1713 at the recommendaUon 
 of Addison. It is praised in 2'Ae Spectator, 
 
 *' Creature (No) smarts so little 
 as a fool.*'— Pope, Epistle to Arbuthnot^ 
 line 84. 
 
 "Creature not too bright or 
 
 good." See WoRDSWORTn's poem, begin- 
 ning,— 
 
 '* She was a phantom of delight." 
 
 " Creature's at his dirty -work 
 again, The."— Pope, Epistle to Arbuthnot,. 
 line 01. 
 
 Credibility of the Gospel His- 
 tory. The. A controversial work by Dr. 
 Nathaniel Lardner (1684—1768), pub^ 
 lished in 1727, 1733, 1735, and 1743. 
 
 Creech, Thomas (b. 16-59, d.l70l), 
 is best known as the translator of Horace 
 (1684), ill which character he is alluded to 
 by Lord Byrdn (Don Juan, v, 101). His 
 version of Lucretius, published in 1682, was 
 highly praised by Dryden. 
 
 Creed, An Exposition of the. A 
 
 series of discourses delivered by John 
 Pearson, afterwards Bishop of Chester 
 (1612—1686), from the pulpit of St. Cle- 
 ment's, East Cheap, London. They were 
 printed in 1659. An Abridgment of the Ex~ 
 position, by the Rev. Charles Burney, LL. 
 D., appeared in ISiO ; Analyses of it were 
 issued by Dr. Mill in 1847, 'by Stracey in 
 1848, and by Gorle in 1849. Among othei^ 
 works on the Creed may be mentioned 
 those by Bishop Browne and Forbes. 
 
 Creichton, Memoirs of Captain 
 
 John, " coUecteii from his own materials," 
 by Jonathan Swift (1667— 1745)^ and pub- 
 lished in 1731. The captain is described in the 
 printer's advertisement as " a remarkable 
 Cavalier in the reigns of Charles II., James 
 II., and William III., who had behavti'd 
 with great loyalty and bravery in Scotland 
 during the troubles of those reigns, but 
 was neglected by the government, althougU 
 he deserved great rewards from it." Swift 
 was Introduced to him in Ireland, and be- 
 coming interested in him, received from 
 him an account of his adventures, " which 
 the Dean was so kind as to put in otder of 
 time, to correct the style, and make a small 
 book of." This realised above £200, and 
 " made the remaining part " of the cap- 
 tain's life ** very happy and easy." 
 
 Cresseid, Testiment of Fair. A 
 
 poem by Robert Henrysoitn (d. 1508), 
 whicli is one of the many proofs of the 
 populatity among our ancestors of the Tro- 
 jan legend. 
 
 Cressida, in Shakespeare's play 
 
 of Troilxts and Cressida (q.v.), is thus com- 
 pared by Hazlitt, with lier prototype in 
 Chaucer's poem. " In Chaucer," he says« 
 " Cressida is represented as a grave, sober,; 
 considerate personage (a widow— he cao^ 
 
180 
 
 GBB 
 
 CRI 
 
 not tellher age, nor whether she has chil- 
 dren or no) ; who has an alternate eye to 
 her character, her interest and her pleas- 
 ure. Shakespeare's Gressida is a giddy 
 girl, an unpractised jilt, who falls in love 
 with Troifus, as she afterwards deseits 
 him, from mere levity and thoughtlessness 
 of temper- She may he wooed and won to 
 auytliing and from anything, atamoment's 
 warning." 
 
 Cressy and' Poictiers. Two 
 poems, in six-line stanzas, by Ghablks 
 Aleyn (d. about 1640), published in 1632. 
 
 Creusa. A tragedy by William 
 Whitehead (1715—1785), produced at 
 Drury Lane in 1754, and founded on the 
 Ton of Euripides. The leading part was 
 taken by Pritchard, and Gariick and Mos- 
 rop were among the actors engaged. 
 
 ^Creyton. Paul. The pseudonym 
 under which J. T. Trowbridge, an Amer- 
 ican novelist, has published several works ; 
 among others, Father Bngkthopes (1853) ; 
 Martin Merrivale^ his mark (1854) ; and 
 Burrclifff- its Sunshine and its Clouds 
 (1855). 
 
 Crib, Tom: "liis Memorial to 
 Congress, with a preface by one of the 
 JTancy," i.e., Thomas Moore (1779—1852) ; 
 written in vei'se, and published in 1819. 
 
 Crichton, The Admirable. James 
 Crichton, of Cluny (1560—1583), a Scottish 
 gentleman and an extraordinary scholar. 
 At the age of fourteen he obtained the de- 
 gree o£ M.A., and astonished the world 
 with his prodigious learning. He was the 
 author of several works in Latin, now ex- 
 tremely rare, which are said to exhibit re- 
 markable ability. He was killed at Mantua 
 in a duel, at the age of twenty-three, by 
 his pupil, Vincenzo di Gonzao. See his 
 Life by Urquhart (1652), Douglas (1760), 
 Mackenzie, Tytler, and Irving. 
 
 Cricket on the Hearth, The, " a 
 
 Fali7 Tale of Home,'* by Charles Dick- 
 ens (1812—1870), was published in the win- 
 ter of 1845. The dramatic adaptation by 
 Dion Boucicault, entitled Hot, was first 
 performed in 1862. See Bertha ; Dot ; 
 Fielding, May ; Peerybingle, John ; 
 Plummer, Caleb ; Slowboy, Tilly ; 
 Tackleton. 
 
 .. " Cricket on the hearth, The."— 
 
 Milton, Tl Penseroso. line 82. 
 
 Cringle's Log, Tom. Anavnistory 
 by^MicHAEL Scott (1789—1835), who " in- 
 troduced himself,*' says Hannay, " to 
 ■Xlaelewood' 8 Maqazine by sending some 
 most powerful sicetches, the success of 
 which encouraged him to re-write, connect, 
 ,and re-form them into Tom Cringle's Log, 
 There was such an original force and glow 
 .aboiit Tom that it attracted the attention 
 of the Venerable Coleridge, and received 
 the rare and high meed at ma praise in the 
 TabU Talk." 
 
 Cripple, The, of Fenchurch. See 
 
 Fair Maid of the Exchange. 
 
 Crisis, The. A political pamphlet 
 by Lord Lytton, then Mr. Bulwer, pub- 
 lished towards the close of 1834, at a time 
 when Lord Melbourne's ministry was in- 
 terrupted by Sir Robert Peel's short lease 
 of power. It is said to have greatly in- 
 fluenced the general election which fol- 
 lowed, and obtained for its author the 
 offer of a place in Lord Melbourne's Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Crisp. One of the names of Puck 
 (q.v.)- 
 
 Crispinus, in Ben Jonson's play 
 of The Poetaster (q.v.), is the name under 
 which he satirises John Marston the dra- 
 matist. 
 
 Critic, The: "or, ji Tragedy Re- 
 hearsdd." A farce in three acte, written 
 by KiCHARD Brinsley Sherxdan (1751— 
 1816), and produced at Covent Garden in 
 1779. 
 
 Critic, The British. See British 
 Critic, The. 
 
 " Critical, I am nothing if not." 
 A phrase used by lago in Othello, act ii., 
 scene 1. 
 
 Critical Review, The. A perf- 
 odieal started by Archibald- Hasiilton 
 iu 1756, under tlie editoi-ship of Smollett, 
 the novelist. It was set up in opposition 
 to the "Whig Monthly Review (q.v.), and 
 Goldsmith was for some time a regular con- 
 tributor to its pages. 
 
 Criticism, an Essay on, hy Alex- 
 ander Pope (1688—1744); written hi 1709, 
 and advertised for publication in 1711. It 
 is in the heroic conplet, and consists of 
 724 lines. "It is not," says Professor Ward, 
 '* an art of poetry, but what it professes to 
 be, a connected discoui-se on criticism. It 
 divides itself into three parts, naturally 
 and easily following one another : the 
 foundation of true criticism ; the causes 
 preventing it ; and, the causes producing 
 It, and exemplified in its most eminent 
 professors." It is full of well-known sep- 
 arate lines and couplets : — 
 
 " Ten censure wrong for one who writes omiaB." 
 " 'TiR with our judgmentR ar our watches ; none 
 
 Go just alike, yet each believes hiB own." 
 "A tittle Icnming is a dangerous thing ; 
 
 Drink deep, or taatc not, the Fieriun spring.** 
 " For fools rush in where nngela fear to tread." 
 " True wit is nature to ndvantage drost. 
 What oft was thought, but ne'er so well express'd.** 
 
 And others. A criticism on the Essay, 
 from the pen of Addison, will be foun<l \\\ 
 No. 253 of The Spectator. Lowell describes 
 it as " full of clear thoughts, compactly 
 expressed." 
 
 Criticism, The Elements of, by 
 Henry Home, Lord Kahes (1696—1782) ; 
 
CRI 
 
 CRO 
 
 181 
 
 published in 1762, and described by Uugald 
 Stewart as the first systematic attempt to 
 ■investigate tlie metaphysical principles of 
 the fine arts. See Dallas's Gay Science- 
 Critics, A Fable for. A poem by 
 James Russell Lowell (b. 1819), pub- 
 lished ill 1848, and containing satirical- 
 criticisms upon his literary contemporaries. 
 
 Croaker, in Goldsmith's Good 
 Nattired Man, (q.v.)? is a cynic, who sees 
 no good in anything, but has a much better 
 heart than he would have his friends be- 
 lieve. 
 
 Croft, Sir Herbert (b. 1751, d. 
 1816), wrote A Brother's Advice to his Sis- 
 ters ; Love arid Madness ; and other works. 
 
 " Croft, Herbert, Bishop of Here- 
 ford (b. 1603, d. 1691), wrote. The Kaked 
 Truth: the true State qf the Primitive 
 Church (1675). See Wood's Atlien^ Oxon- 
 
 tenses. 
 
 Croftangry, Chrystal. The name 
 of the imaginary editor of Sir Walter 
 Scott's Chronicles of the Canongate, 
 
 Croker, John Wilson, miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1780, d. 1857), wrote 
 familiar Epistles on the Irish Si<i[fe{l803) ; 
 An intei'cepted Letter from Canton (1805) ; 
 Songs of Trafalgar (1806) ; A Sketch of Ire- 
 landf Past and Present (18071; The Battle of 
 Talavera (1809); The Battle of Albuera 
 (ISll): and voluminous contributions to 
 The Quarterly Review, besides editing 
 Boswell's Life of JoJmson. 
 
 Croker, Thomas Crofton, mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 17D8, d. I85i), wrote 
 Researches in the South of Ireland (1824). 
 Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South 
 of Ireland (1825-27)'; Legends of tJte Lakes : 
 or, Sayings and doings at Kiltamey (1828); 
 yiatiiei O'lioitrke : or, Rhymes of a Panto- 
 ijbime founded on tJiat Story {IS29); Barney 
 MaJboney (IS32) ; My Village versus Our 
 Village (1832), and other works. 
 
 Croly, George, clergyman, poet, 
 novelist, and miscellaneous writer (b. 
 1780, d. 1860), wrote Paris in 1815; . TJie 
 Times ; TJte A-ngel of the World ; Verse 
 Illustrations to Gems from the Antique j 
 Pride shall have a Fall; Catiline; The 
 Modem Orlando; Salathiel; Tales of the 
 Great Bernard ; Marston : or, the Soldier 
 ■ and tJie Statesman ; TJie Apocalypse of St. 
 John, a new Interpretation; Sfcetches; A 
 Character of Curran ; The Political Life of 
 Burke; The Personal History of Georqe 
 IV. ; Sermons ; and other works, for a list 
 of which gee the London Catalogue. His 
 Poetieal Works were collected in 1830. 
 
 Crombie, "William. See Be- 
 THUXE, Alexander. 
 
 "Crom"well guiltless of his 
 country's blood, Some." See stanza 15 of 
 GfiAY'8 Elegy written in a Cottntry Ckwfch- 
 
 yard^ Pope has a reference to " Crom- 
 well, damned to everlasting f&me." (Essay 
 on Man, iv., 281). 
 
 CromTvell. The Newdigate prize 
 poem iu English verse for 1843, written by,. 
 Matthew Arnold (b. 1822). 
 
 CromiTvell, Thomas, Lord. See 
 Trolle on Away. 
 
 Crom'welVa Bible. See Bible, 
 The, 
 
 Crom^vell's Return from Ire- 
 land, HoratianOde on. By Andrew Mar- 
 VELL (1620—1678). 
 
 " And now the Irish are ashamed 
 To Bce themeelves in one year tamed : 
 So much one man can do 
 That does both act and know." 
 
 Palgrave says tliis ode is *' beyond doubt 
 one of the finest in our language, and more 
 in Milton's style than has been reached by 
 any other poet." 
 
 Croppy, The. A novel written by 
 John Banim (1798—1842), revised by 
 Michael Banim (b. 1796) and. published in 
 1828. It is a story of the Irish insurrection 
 of 1798, and " the massacre at Vinegar Hill 
 is portraj;ed -with the distinctness of dra- 
 matic action. Nanny, the knitter, is one 
 of the author's happiest Irish likenesses." 
 
 Crosland, Mrs. Ke'wton. See 
 TouLMiN, Camilla. 
 
 Crotchet Castle. A novel hy 
 Thomas Love Peacock (b. 1785, d. 1866), 
 published in 1831. ■ 
 
 " Croinrded hour of ' glorious 
 
 life, One,"— Scott, Otd Mortality, chap- 
 ter xxxii. 
 
 Crowdero. A leader of the rabble 
 at the bear-baiting in Hudibras (qlv.); the 
 prototype of Jackson, or Jephson,>a " man- 
 milliner," in the New Exchange, Straud, 
 who lost a leg in the Roundheads' service, 
 and afterwards became an itinerant fiddler. 
 
 Crov?-e. The captain of a mer- 
 chart vessel, in Smollett's novel ot,Sir 
 Lavmcelnt Greaves (q.v.), who assumes the 
 character of a knight-errant in imitation 
 of SirLauncelot's absurd enthusiasm. 
 
 Crowe, Mrs. Catherine, miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1800), has written Aristo-. 
 demus (1838) ; The Adventures qf Susan 
 Hopley (1841) ; Men and Women: or, Man- 
 orial Rights (1843) ; The Seeress of Pi^e- 
 vorst, a translation from Kerner ; The 
 Story of Lill-y Dawson (1847) ; The Night 
 Side of Nature (q.v.) : or. Ghosts and Ghost 
 Seers {184B) ; Pippie's Warning: or, Mind 
 Your Tender (1848) ; Light and Darkness : 
 or. Mysteries of Life (1850) ; The Adven- 
 tures of a Beafity (1852) ; and tV^inny 
 Locl^ood (1854). 
 
 Cro-wfield, Christopher. A pseu- 
 donym adopted by Mrs. HAKRifiT' 
 
182 
 
 CRO 
 
 ORTT 
 
 Beeoher-Stowe (b. 1812), the American 
 novelist, in some of lier publications. 
 
 Crowly, Mrs. J. Gr. See June, 
 
 Jexnie. 
 
 0x0177X1 of Thorns, The. A sacred 
 poem in eight hooks, said to be written by 
 Sir John Beaumout (1582—1628). 
 
 Crovrne Garlsmd of Goulden 
 
 Boses, ** gathered out of England's Boy all 
 
 farden. Being the Lives and Strange 
 'ortunes of many Great Personages of this 
 Land, set forth in many pleasant newSongs 
 and Sonnets never before Imprinted;" by 
 BxcHARD Johnson, published in 1612. 
 
 Crowue, John, dramatist (d. 1703), 
 wrote Juliana (1671) j City Politics (1625) ; 
 The Destruction of Jerusalem (1677) j Sir 
 Courtley Nice (1685) ; and nine other 
 plays. 
 
 Crovrquill, Alfred. Tlie pseu- 
 donym of Alfked Henky Forrester 
 (b. 1805, d. 1872), the artist and author. 
 
 Croysado, The Great. The name 
 under which General Lord Fairfax is 
 represented in Butler's Hudibras (q.v.). 
 
 Cruden Alexander (b. 1701, d. 
 1770), wrote A complete Concordance to the 
 Holy Scriptures (1737) : A Scripture Dic- 
 tionary : or. Guide to the Holy Scriptures 
 (1770) ; and an index to the works of 
 Milton. 5ee Alexander the Corrector; 
 Concordance. 
 
 Cruel Brother, The. A ballad 
 about one who, ** misliking his sister's 
 marriage, stabs her, so that she dies.'* 
 It is printed by Herd, Jamieson, Gilbert, 
 and others, and is very similar to some 
 ballads in the Danish, Swedish, and Ger- 
 man literatures. 
 
 " Cruel (I must be), only to be 
 kind." — Hamlet, act ill., scene 4. 
 
 Crummies, Mr. Vincent, i n 
 
 Dickens's novel of Nicholas Nicklehy 
 (q.v.), is an eccentric theatrical manager, 
 who forms one of the most amusing 
 characters in the novel. Dickens himself 
 was frequently saluted by the title of 
 "Crummies" on those occasions when he 
 acted as manager of private or public theat- 
 ricals. 
 
 Crumms fal'n from King 
 'James's Table : or, "his table-talk, prin- 
 cipally relating to religion, embassyes, 
 State policy, &o., taken by Sir Thomas 
 Ovfirbury, tne originall being in his own 
 handwriting;" first appeared in print in 
 The Prince's Cabala: or, Mysteries of 
 State, written by King James I. It was 
 printed again in 1715, and is described as 
 "a choice collection of ingenious sen- 
 tences which fell from the table of the 
 learned monarch." Se© Overbury's fTorA*, 
 ed. Bimbault. 
 
 Crusoe, Robinson, cf TbrK 
 
 Mariner, The Life and Strange Surprismg 
 Adventures of, *' who lived Eight and 
 Twenty Years, all alone in an uninhabited , 
 Island on the Coast of America, near the 
 Mouth of the Great Eiver Oroonoque ; 
 having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, 
 wherein all the Men perished but himself. 
 With an Account how he was at last 
 strangely deliver'd by Pyrates. Written 
 by himself. London : Printed for W. 
 Taylor, at the Ship, in Pater-NosterEow. 
 MDCCXix.** Such is a faithful transcrip- 
 tion of the original title-page of what is 
 now the most universally popular work of 
 fiction in the English language. This, the 
 lirst volume of the book, was at once taken 
 into favour by the public ; and Daniel 
 Defoe (1663—1731), its author, felt justi- 
 fied in preparing a sequel, which, 
 though hardly equal to its predecessor, 
 has nevertheless much of the same merit 
 and attractiveness. This was published in 
 August of the same year, under the title of 
 The Farther Adventures of liobhison 
 Crusoe, and was followed, in 1720, by Serious 
 Jiefbections during tJie Life and Surprising 
 Adventures of liobinson Crusoe. The^rf^ 
 ventures and the Farther Adventures have 
 been frequently republished, the Serious 
 Reflections are still only to be met with in 
 rare copies of the first edition, and are 
 notable as being prefaced by a map of 
 Crusoe's island, in which the disregard of 
 perspective is quite ludicrous. Of the 
 origin of Bobvnson Crusoe there is nothing 
 more definite to be said than that it was 
 apparently suggested by the story of Alex- 
 ander Selkirk, the narrative of whose stay 
 upon Juan Fernandez had been published 
 by Woodes Bogers» in 1712, and was 
 almost certain to be seen and read by 
 Defoe. Still, as Professor Masson says^ 
 "the conception of a solitary mariner 
 thrown on an uninhabited island was one 
 as really belonging to the fact of that time 
 as those which formed the subject of De 
 Foe's less real fictions of coarse English 
 life. Dampier and the buccaneers were 
 roaming the South Seas, and there yet re- 
 mained parts of the land-surface of the 
 earth of which man had not taken posses* 
 sion, and on which sailors were occasion- 
 ally thrown adrift by the brutality of cap- 
 tains." Defoe himself, in the preface to 
 the Serious lieflections, assures us that he 
 intended Pobtnson Crusoe to be in some 
 sense '* a kind of type of what the dangers 
 and vicissitudes and surprising escapes of 
 his own life had been." Speaking in the 
 person of his hero, he informs the reader 
 that *' the Story, though Allegorical, is 
 also Historical, and that it is the beautiful 
 Kepreseutatiou of a life of unexampled 
 Misfortunes, and of a Variety not to be 
 met with in the World. There is a Man 
 alive, and well known too, the Actions of 
 whose Life are the just Subject of these 
 Volumes, and to whom all or most Part of 
 the Story directly alludes." Robinsim 
 
CRY 
 
 OtJM 
 
 183 
 
 Crusoe ia indeed what Forstcr calls it, 
 *'the romance of solitude and seli-siiatain- 
 ment, and could only so peil'eutlj^ have 
 been written by a man "whose own life had 
 for the most part been passed in the inde- 
 pendence of unaided thought, accustomed 
 to great rcTerses, of inexhaustible re- 
 sources in confronting calamities, leaning 
 over his Bible in sober and satisfied beliei, 
 and not afraid at any time to find himself 
 Alone, in communion with nature and 
 with God." There have been numer- 
 ous imitations of Defoe's famous work, a 
 list of which may be read in the Life, by 
 Lee. The most successful, probably, is 
 The Swiss Fajnily Robinson, written by 
 Joachim Heinrich Kainpe, which has often 
 been translated into English. 
 
 " Cry havoc ! and let slip the 
 
 dogs of war." — Julius Ccesarj act iii., scene 
 
 Cry of the Children, The. A 
 Poem by Elizabeth Barrktt Brown- 
 ing (1809—1861), published in 1844. It was 
 fluggested by terrible privations endured 
 at that time by children in our mines and 
 factories, and may compare for intensity 
 of passion and pathos with Hood's Song of 
 the Shirt It begins :— 
 " Do you hear the children weeping, Omy brothers, 
 
 £re the sorrow comes with years ? " 
 
 and ends : — 
 
 " The child's sob in the silence curses deeper 
 Than the strong mon in his wrath." 
 
 Cuckoo and the Nightingale, 
 
 The. A poem by Geoffrey Chaucer 
 (1328—1400), in which he relates how, hav- 
 ing fallen asleep one day by the side of a 
 brook, he hears the Cuckoo and the Night- 
 ingale contending about the blessings of 
 love, the Cuckoo declaring it to be full of 
 miserv, and the Nightingale asserting it to 
 be full of pleasure. The Nightingale sings 
 her jubilant song so loudly that the poet 
 awrUces and flin^ a stone at the Cuckoo, 
 whilst the Nightingale flies off to the other 
 birds and demsui^ that the matter be- 
 tween her and her rival shall be duly 
 judged. It is then decided that a parlia- 
 ment shall be held on the morrow after St. 
 Valentine's pay. The poem may thus be 
 termed a sort of introduction to the 
 Parliament of Briddes (q.v.). It is in a 
 iive-line stanza, of which tlie first, second, 
 and fifth, and third and 'fourth, rhyme 
 with one another. 
 
 Cuckoo, Ode to the, by Hichael 
 Bruce (1746—1767), or John Logan (1748- 
 nsS), It has never been positively ascer- 
 tained who was the real author. Probably 
 the poem was originally written by the 
 former, and polished by the latter into 
 its present form. 
 
 Cuckoo, To the. A lyric by 
 
 William Wordsworth, written In 1804. 
 
 Cuck - queane's Errant, and 
 
 Cuckold's Errant, The. A MS. play, by 
 William Percy, written shortly after 
 1600. 
 
 Cuddie Headrigg. See Headrigo, 
 Cdddie. 
 
 "Cudgel thy brains no more 
 
 about it." — Hamlet, act v., scene 1, 
 
 Cudlip, Mrs. Fender. See 
 Thomas, Annie. 
 
 Cudworth, Ralph, D.D., philo- 
 sophical writer (b. 1617, d: 3668), wrote TJie 
 True Nature 'of the Lord's Slipper (1642) ; 
 The Union of Christ and the Ciiurch Shad- 
 owed (1642) ; The True Intellectual System 
 of the Universe (1678) ; A Treatise concents 
 ing Eternal and Immutable Morality (1731); 
 and several manuscript works preserved 
 in the British Museum. See the Life by 
 Birch, andTuUoch's Rational Theology in 
 England. See Intellectual System. 
 
 Cumberland Poet, The. A name 
 bestowed upon Wordsworth, who was 
 born at Cockermouth, Cumberland. 
 
 Cumberland, Richard, Bishop of 
 Peterborough (b. 1632, d. 1718), wrote De 
 Legibus Nature IHsquisitio JPhilosopJiica 
 (1672) ; An Essay towards the Recovery of 
 the Jewish Measures and Weights, compre' 
 hending their Moneys (1686) ; and some 
 other works. 
 
 Cumberland, Richard, dramatist 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1732, d. 1811)J ' 
 wrote, among other plays. The West Indian 
 (1771) ; The Wheel of Fortwne ; The Jew; 
 and The Fashionable Lover ; three novels. 
 entitled, ^niwrfe^ (1789); Henry (1795) ;and 
 John de Lancaster ; and some poems. 
 Calvary : or, the Death of Christ (1792), 
 (q.v.) ; The Exodiad (1807—8), (q.v.) ; and 
 Retrospection (1811) \ also. Anecdotes of 
 Eminent Spanish Painters (1782) ; and The 
 Observer^ a collection of moral, literary, 
 and familiar essays (1785). His posthumous 
 dramatic Works were edited by Jansen in 
 1813 ; a complete list of his plays being 
 given in Baker's Riographia Dramatica, 
 The Memoirs of Richard Cumberland fWritr- 
 ten by himself, containing an Account of his 
 Life and Writings, with Anecdotes and 
 Characters of distinguished Persons of his 
 Time, appeared in 1806. See Brothers, 
 Thk ; Pla&iary, Sir Prbtful ; Ter- 
 ence. 
 
 Cumming, John, D.D., Presby- 
 terian minister and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1810), is the author of, among other 
 works. Apocalyptic Sketches ; Behold the 
 Bridegroom Cometh ; Benedictions Christ 
 the AlpJia and Oniega in the Word rf Gbd ; 
 The Cities of the Nations Fell ; C&nspla- 
 turns ; Driftwood, Seaweed and Fallen - 
 Leaves; The Fall of Babylon foreshadowed 
 in her Teaching ; The Finger of God ; The 
 Qreat Tribulation ; Millennial Rest ; R^ 
 demption Drmoeth Nigh ; Saving Truth^i 
 
184 
 
 CUM 
 
 cus 
 
 The Signs of the Times ; Voices of tlie Day; 
 and Voices of the Night* 
 
 Cunmor Hall. A ballad by Wil- 
 liam Julius Mickle (1734—1788), pub- 
 lished originally in Evans's Collection of 
 Old Ballads, and said to have suggested to 
 Sir Walter Scott the plot of his novel of 
 JCenilworih (q.v.). 
 
 Cunningham, Allan, poet, novel- 
 ist, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1784, d. 
 1842), wrote Sir Marmaduke Maxwell ; 
 Traditional Tales of tlie English and Scot- 
 tish Peasantry ; Paul Jones ; Sir Michael 
 Scott ; Lord jRoldan ; Tlie Maid of Elvar 
 (q.v.) ; Liues of Eminent British Painters, 
 Sculptors, and Architects ; and A Life of 
 Itavid IVilkie ; besides editing the works 
 of Bums, to which he prefixed a biography 
 of the poet. His Poems and Songs were 
 edited by Peter Cunningham in 1847. See 
 
 MAOBA.BIK, MAKK. 
 
 Cunningham, John, poet (b.l729, 
 d. 1773), wrote May-Eve, Cb™<en(, and other 
 songs and lyrics. See Campbell's Speci- 
 mens. 
 
 Cunningham, Feteff author (b. 
 1816, d. 1869), wrote A Handbook to London, 
 a Life of Drtimmond of Hawtlwmdenf a 
 Handbook to Westminster Abbey, a Life of 
 Inigo Jones, Modem London, a Memoir of 
 J. M. W. Turner, and The Story of Nell 
 Gwynne; besides editing The Songs of 
 England and Scotland, Campbell's Speci- 
 mens of the English Poets, the works of 
 Oliver Goldsmith, Johnson's Lives of the 
 ' Poets, and the Letters of Horace Walpole. 
 
 "Cupid and my Campaspe 
 
 played." A song by JoaN Lyly, in his 
 play of Alexander and Campaspe (q.v.). 
 " Given to Appelles," says Hazlitt, " it 
 would not disgrace the mouth of the prince 
 of painters." 
 
 Cupid and Psyche. An old Eliza- 
 bethan play, referred to by Gosson, in his 
 Plays Confuted (q.v.). 
 
 Cupid, The Assault of. A poem 
 by Thomas, Lord VAUX (1510—1557), in 
 TotteVs Miscellany (q.v.). 
 
 Cupid's Pastime. A poem of tbe 
 time of James I., printed in Davison's 
 Poetical Rhapsody (q.v.). 
 
 Cupid's Revenge. A comedy by 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, and " one of 
 the very weakest," says Campbell, '* of 
 their worst class of pieces." The materials 
 for this play were taken from Sidney's 
 Arcadia (q.v.). 
 
 Cupide, Battayle and Assault 
 of. A song, attributed by Puttenham 
 In his Arte of Englishe Poesie, to Lord 
 Nicholas Vaux (temp. Henry VIII.), 
 whom he describes as " a man of much 
 facilltie in vulgar makings," i.e., in com- 
 positions in the English tongue. 
 
 " Cups pass s-wif tly round,'When 
 
 flowing."— Lovelace, To Althea. 
 
 " Cups that cheer but not ine- 
 briate." A line in Cowper's Task, book 
 iv. 
 
 Curan. A courtier in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of King Lear (q.v-). 
 
 Curfe'W. A lyric by Henry Wads- 
 worth Longfellow, beginning : — 
 " Solemnly, mournfully. 
 Dealing its dote. 
 The curfew bejl 
 
 Is beginning to toll." 
 
 "Curfe'W tolls the knell of part- 
 ing day, The." First line of Gray's Elegy 
 written in a Country Churchyard. 
 
 Curio, in Shakespeare's comedy 
 of Twelfth Night (q.v.), is a gentleman in 
 attendance on the Duke of Illyria. 
 
 " Curled darlings of our nation, 
 
 The wealthy." — Othello, act i., scene 2, 
 
 "Current of domestic joy. 
 
 Glides the smooth." A line added by 
 Johnson to Goldsmith's Traveller 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Currie, James, M.D. (b. 1756, d. 
 1805), is best known as the editor of The 
 Works of Robert Burns, with a Life arid 
 Criticism (1800), published for the benelit 
 of the poet's widow andchildren. He was 
 also the author of several political and 
 professional works. 
 
 Curse of Minerva, The. A poem 
 by Lord Byron (1788—1824), written at 
 Athens in 1811, and published in 1812. 
 
 " Curses not loud, but deep." — 
 
 Macbeth, act v., scene 3. 
 
 Curtio, in Shakespeare's Taminr/ 
 qfthe Shrew (q.v.), is servant to Petruchib 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Curtis, George 'William, Ameri- 
 can author and journalist (b. 1824), publish- 
 ed in 1850, Nile Notes if a Jiowadji ; and 
 In 1852, The Howadji in Syria. The Poti- 
 phar Papers were issued in the following 
 year. He has also been an extensive con- 
 tributor to American perioilical literature. 
 
 " Cushion and soft dean invite, 
 
 The."— Pope, Moral Essays, iv., 149. 
 
 Custance, Dame Christian. A 
 
 fay widow, in the comedy of Ralph Roister 
 ioister (q.v.), with whom the hero is in 
 love. 
 
 " Custom aliways in the after- 
 
 noon, My."— Hamlet, act 1., scene 5. 
 
 "Custom (A) more honour'd in 
 
 the breach than the observance."— ifiimJef, 
 act 1., scene 1. 
 
cirr 
 
 CYN 
 
 185 
 
 " Cut of all, The moat tinkind- 
 
 e&U"— 'Julius CcBsnr, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Cute, Alderman. A character in 
 DiciiENS's story of The Chimes (q.v.) ; in- 
 tended, it is said, for the notorious Sir 
 Peter Lauaie, the City Magistrate, who was 
 once heard to promise a poor woman, 
 brought before him for attempting to 
 drown herself, that he would *' put down " 
 suicide. Sir Peter, in revenge, denied tlie 
 existence of the Jacob's Island described 
 in Oliver Twist, but was answered by Dick- 
 ens in his preface to the last eidition of 
 the tale. 
 
 Cutpurse, Moll. A pseudonym of 
 Mary l^ith, a notorious woman, who is 
 described by Middletox as the heroine of 
 his Soaring Girl (q.v.), and is introduced 
 by Nathaniel Field in his Amends for 
 Jjodies fq.v.)- 
 
 Cutter of Coleman Street. A 
 comedy by Abraham Cowley (1618— 
 1667), produced in 1663, and founded on an 
 earlier effort of the same author, en- 
 titled TJie Guardiq.n. " A merry shark- 
 ing fellow about the town, named Cutter, 
 is Ihe principal character in it." 
 
 Cuttle, Captain, in Dickens's novel 
 
 of Dombey and Son (q.v.)» is remarkable, 
 among other things, as the author of the 
 famous sentence, " When found make a 
 note of," which forms the motto to Motes 
 and Qfieries, ^ 
 
 Cyclopeedia. See Enctclop^edia. 
 
 , Cyclops, The. A sat^^ric drama 
 translated from the Greek of Euripides by 
 the poet Shelley . 
 
 . Cymbeline. A play by William 
 Shakespeare, which^was firat printed in 
 the folio of 1623, We have no mearis of 
 Rscertaining the exact date of its composi- 
 tion, but Malone is probably correct in 
 fixing upon the year 1609. The principal 
 incident in the play, the wager between 
 Posthumus and lachimo, is supposed to 
 have been derived from a story in Boc- 
 caccio (day 2, novel ix ,), Bemabo da Gen- 
 eva, which afterwards served as the foun- 
 dation for a coarse tale in the popular 
 collection, called, JVestivard for Smelts : 
 or, the Waterman's Fcure of Mad Merry 
 WencheSj printed in 1620. The historical 
 portions are principally taken from Holin- 
 ghed's Chronicle, in which we lind the 
 names of Cymbeline, Guiderius, and Ar- 
 Tiragus, and the tribute demanded by the 
 Boman emperor. The stealing of the two 
 young princes, and, indeed, the whole epi- 
 sode of Belarlus, are Shakespeare's own. 
 ** Cymbeline," according to Schlegel, "is 
 one of Shakespeare*s most wonderful com- 
 positions- He ha^ here combined a novel 
 of Boccaccio's with traditionary tales of 
 the ancient Britons, reaching back to the 
 times of the first Boman emperors, ^nd he 
 
 has contrived, >y the most gentle transi- 
 tions, to blend together into one harmo- 
 nious whole, the social manners of the 
 newest times with the olden heroic deeds,, 
 and even with the appearances of the 
 gods." "It is one of the most delightful 
 of Shakespeare's historical plays," says 
 Hazlitt. " It may be considered as a sort 
 of dramaUc romance, in which the most 
 striking parts of a story are thrown into 
 tlie form of a dialogue, and the interme- 
 diate circumstances are explained by tha 
 different speakers as occasion renders 
 necessary. The links which bind the dif- 
 ferent interests of the story together are 
 never entirely broken. The most strag-- 
 gUng and seemingly casual inc^ente are 
 contrived in such a mani'ier as to lead at 
 last to the most complete development of 
 the catastrophe.*' 
 
 Cynewulf. Tlie name of an old 
 English poet, whose identity has not been . 
 clearly ascertained. Grimm describes hiin. 
 as a Bishop of Lindisfarile, who died in 
 1780 ; Kemble as an Abbot of Peterborough, 
 who died in 1014. His works, so far aa 
 we know them, consist of Elene, a poem 
 of 2,648 lines on the legend of St. Helen, 
 which will be found in The Vercelli Hook 
 (q.v.) ; Juliana, the legend of a Christian 
 martyr of the time of Maximilian, and a 
 series of poems called Christ: both of 
 which are included in The Exeter BooJc 
 (q.v.). Morley says Cynewulf 's poems are 
 interesting, though their earnestness is 
 not quickened by any touch of genius. 
 
 " Cynosure of neighbouring 
 
 eyes, The." A line in MiLT02f's VAl- 
 legro (q.v.). 
 
 Cynthia. The name under which 
 Sir Francis Kynaston (1587—1642) cele- 
 brates his lady-rlove in ihis poetry. ;See- 
 
 LEOLIi'E AKD SYDANIS. 
 
 Cynthia. A poem by Richard 
 Babnfield (b. 1574), published in 1595; 
 in which the author begs the reader to 
 forgive the rudeness of Jiis work, " if for 
 no other cause, yet that it is the first imi- 
 tation of the verse of that excellent poet, 
 Maister Spenser, in his Fayrie Queene." 
 Spenser is again alluded to, in the twen- 
 tieth sonnet, as 'Igreat Colin, Chief of the 
 Shepheardes." Tlie poem is chiefly no- 
 table ns containing the well-knowu lyrie> 
 beginning — 
 
 '• As it fell upon a day ". [q-v.]. 
 which was included in The Passionate 
 Pilgrim, published in 1599, and afterwards 
 reproduced by the real author, in an al^ 
 tered form, in an edition of the Encomion 
 of Lady Fecunia (q.v,), published in 1605. 
 
 Cynthia. A poem by Sir Walter 
 Raleigh (1552—1618), of which the greater 
 part is lost, but the last book of which Dr. 
 Hannah has printed, in his Courtly Poets, 
 from the Hatfield MSS. 
 
186 
 
 CYN 
 
 >AM 
 
 Cynthia, The Quest of. A poem 
 by Michael Drayton (1B6J— 1631), pub- 
 lished ill 1627. 
 
 Cynthia's Revels. " A comical 
 satire " by Ben Jonson, acted in 1600. 
 
 Cypress, Mr., in Peacock's novel 
 of Nightmare Abbey (q.v.), is said to be 
 Intended in some points for Lord Byron. 
 
 Cypress Grove, The. A prose 
 treatise on tlie mutability of worldly 
 things, by William Deummond, of Haw- 
 thurnden, written in 1616. 
 
 Caere, Lady, wrote 77ie Recollec- 
 tions of a Chapermi, a series of tales (1833); 
 and Trevelt/an, a novel (1833). 
 
 Dactyle, Will. That " smallest 
 of pedants," in Steele's Tatler (q.v.). 
 
 Daemon Lover, The. A ballad 
 printed by Soott in his Border Minisirelsy, 
 describing how a woman, who was first 
 false to her lover and then to her husband 
 and child, is by-aud-by punished for her 
 wickedness. 
 
 " Dagger of the mind, A." — Mac- 
 beth^ act ii., scene 1. 
 
 "Dagger ^vhich I see before 
 
 me ? Is this a.."— Macbeth, act ii., scene 1. 
 
 Dagouet, Sir. King Arthur's fool 
 In Teknvson's Idylh of the King (" The 
 Last Tournament ") : — 
 
 " Dasonet. the fool, whom Oarwln in his mood 
 Had made mock-knight of Artliur'B Table Bound." 
 
 Daily News, The. A liberal 
 newspaper, the first number of which ap- 
 peared on January 21, 1846. It was edited 
 for a. short time by Charles Dickens. 
 See Grant's W(«(orj/ of The Newspaper Press, 
 and Dilke's Papers of a Critic. 
 
 Daily Telegraph, The, of Liberal 
 politics, first appeared on June 29, 1855. 
 See Grant's Neivspaper Press. 
 
 Dainties, A Banquett of. See 
 
 Banquett of Dainties, A. 
 
 " Dainty plant is the ivy green, 
 A." See Ivy Green, The. 
 
 "Daisies pied, Meado^vs trim 
 
 with." Milton, V Allegro, line 75. 
 
 Daisy, Solomon. One of " the 
 quadrilateral," in Dickens's novel of 
 Jiamahji Ilxulge (q.v.), to which Tom Cobb, 
 Phil Farkes, and Matt, senr., belong. 
 
 Daisy, To the. Two lyrics by 
 William Wordsworth, written In 1802 
 and 1805. The daisy has always been a 
 favourite with our English poets, CHAiu- 
 CEB, for instance writes ; 
 
 " So frlad am I. when that I have presence 
 Of It, to doon it alle reverence 
 Ab slie that is of alliis flourSs floor, 
 Fulfilltid of all virtue and honoiir. 
 And ever alike fair and fresh of hue. 
 And 1 love it, and ever alike new, 
 And ever shall, till that mine hertS die." 
 
 And Burns refers to it as the " wee, 
 modest, crimson-tipped flower." 
 
 Dale, Mr. The " oUl-fashioned" 
 
 S arson in Ijord Lytton's story of Afy 
 Tovel ,■ " such a parson," says The Quarter- 
 ly Review, " as Goldsmith depicted in his 
 Deserted Village and his immortal vicar ; a 
 parson in whom George Herbert would 
 have recognised a kindred soul." 
 
 Dale, Robert William, Independ- 
 ent minister (b. 1829), has published Kb- 
 courses oil Special Occasions, Week Day 
 Sermons, The Epistles to the Hebrews, The 
 Ultimate Principles of Protestantism, The 
 Atonement, and has contributed to periodi- 
 cal literature. 
 
 Dalgarno, Lord. A profligate 
 young lord in Sir Walter Scott's ro- 
 mance of The fortunes of Nigel (q.v.). 
 
 Dalgetty, Ritmaster Dugald. A 
 
 soldier of fortune in Sir Walter Scott'8 
 Legend ff Montrose. 
 
 " Dalliance, The primrose path 
 
 of." — Hamlet, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Dalling and Bulwer, Lord (b. 
 
 1805, d. 1872), wrote An Autumn in Greece ; 
 France, Social and Literary ; The Monar- 
 chy of the Middle Classes ; a Life qf Byron ; 
 Historical Characters ; a Life of Sir Robert 
 Peel ; and a Life of Lord Palmersion, un- 
 finished. 
 
 Dalrymple, David, Lord Hailes 
 (b. 1726, d. 1792), wrote many works of 
 value, especially the Annals of Scotland 
 (1056—1370), published 1776—79, on which 
 Samuel Johnson pronounced a very de- 
 cided opinion. He wrote : — '* It is in our lan- 
 guage, 1 think, a new mode of history ,w1iich 
 tells all that is wanted, and, I suppose all 
 that is known, without laboured splendour 
 of language, or affected subtility of con- 
 jecture ; ... it has sucli a stability of 
 dates, such a certainty of facts, and such a 
 punctuality of citation. I never before 
 read Scotch history with certainty." 
 
 Dalton, Reginald. A novel by 
 . John Gibson LocitHART (1794— If 64), pub- 
 lished in 1823, the scene of which is chiefly 
 laid in Oxford. The heroine is Helen 
 Hesketh. 
 
 Dalyell, Sir John Graham. Scot- 
 Ish antiquarian (d. 1851), published Frag- 
 ments of Scottish History (1798) ; Darker 
 Super3tttio7is of Scotland (1834) j and num- 
 erous other works. 
 
 Damas, Colonel. A character lil 
 Lord Lytton's playj The Lady of Lyons. 
 
DAM 
 
 DAN 
 
 187 
 
 Damciscus, The Siege of. A 
 
 tragedy by John Hdghes, produced on the 
 . day ofite author's death, February 17^ 1720. 
 
 " Damn ■writh faint praise." This 
 phrase occurs in Pope's Epistle to Br, 
 Arbuthnotj line 201. 
 
 " Damnable iteration, Thou 
 
 hast."— King Henry IV., part i., act., i-, 
 Bceue 2. 
 
 "Damnation round the land, 
 And." — Pope, Universal Prayer. 
 
 " DEunned disinheriting coun- 
 tenance, A." See act Iv., scene 1, o£ 
 Sheridan's School for Scandal. 
 
 "Damned good-natured friend." 
 
 A phrase used iu Shekidax's Critic. 
 
 " Damned to everlasting fame." 
 
 A description applied to Cromwell ~ in 
 Pope's Essay on Alan, epist. iv., 1. 281. 
 
 Damon and Musidora, .are the 
 names of two lovers in Thomson's Sea- 
 sons (" Summer "), (q.v.). 
 
 . Damon and Pythias : " The ex- 
 cellent comedie ot two of Uie most faith- 
 follest freendes." Published in 1571, by 
 BiCHAKD Sdwabds. It IS written in 
 rhyme. " The serious portions," says Col- 
 lier, "are unvaried and heavy, and the 
 lighter scenes grotesque without being 
 humorous." 
 
 "Damsel lay deploring. A."— 
 Gat's Wliat d'ye Call It? act iv., scene 8. 
 
 " Damsel with a Dulcimer, A." 
 
 See Coleridge's poem of Kubla Khan, 
 q.v.). 
 
 Damjran. The name of a " silke 
 squyer" in Chaucer's "Marchaundes 
 Tale," in the Canterbury Tales (q.v.). 
 
 "Dan Cupid." Love's Labour 
 Lost, act iii., scene 1. 
 
 " Dan to Beersheba." An expres- 
 sion used by Sterne in his Sentimental 
 Journey (" In the street, Calais ")— " I pity 
 the man who can travel from Dan to Beer- 
 sheba, and cry, ' 'Tis all barren.' " 
 
 Dana, Richard Henry, American 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1787), published a 
 
 Seriodical called The Idle Man (1821); The 
 'uccaneer (1827), ^q.v.), and other works; 
 besides contributing largely to the New 
 Yorh and North American lieviews, of the 
 latter of which he was for some time assist- 
 ant editor. 
 
 Dana, Richard Henry, son of tlie 
 ■■ ! (b. 1815), is the author of To Cuba 
 
 and Sack: a Vacation Voyage (1859); The 
 Seaman's Friend (1841); Two Years before 
 the Mast (1840); and several legal works, 
 
 Danbury ITe'virsnian, The. Tlie 
 
 pseudonym of J. M. Bailey, an American 
 .^humorist. 
 
 Dance, The, by William DnNBAB 
 (b. 1465, d. 1530). A -poem on the Seven 
 Deadly Sins. Alexander Smith says oUt, 
 that " with its fleiy bursts of imagliative 
 energy, its pictures finished at a stroll 
 it is a prophecy of Spencer and Collins, 
 and is as fine as anything they have accom- 
 plished." 
 
 Dandie Dinmont. See Dinmont, 
 Dandie. 
 
 Dangle. AcliaracterinSHEBiDAK's 
 farce, T/te Critic (q.v.). ' 
 
 " Daniel come to judgment. A." 
 
 The Merclumt of Venice, act iv., scene 1. 
 
 Daniel, Samuel, poet and drama- 
 tist (b. 1562, d. 1619), wrote Delia and Rosa^. 
 mond (1592); Tlie Civil Wars between the, 
 'Two Nouses of Lancaster and York (1595 — 
 1609), (q.v.) ; Philotas (q.v.); Cleopatra 
 (1599), (q.v.) ; Hymen's Triumph (1015), 
 (q.v.), etc. A complete edition of his works' . 
 was published by his brother in 1623. The 
 poems may be found in Chalmers's and 
 Anderson's collections of the Poets. For 
 Biography, see Wood's Athenm OxonienseSf 
 Bitson's Bibliographia Poetica, and Col- 
 lier's Dramatic Poetry, For Criticism, see 
 Campbell's Specimens qfihe English Poetic 
 Sei APOLOGY FOR Bhvme ; Mcso- 
 
 PHILUS; OCTAVIA, A LETTER EBOM: PAS- 
 SION OF A Distressed Man; Eosa- 
 MOND, The Compljunt of. 
 
 Daniel, The ■well-languaged. A 
 
 name conferred upon Samuel Daniel 
 (q.v-), by William Browne, in his Britan-^ 
 nia's Pastorals {ti.v,}, 
 
 Daniell, John Frederick, D.C.Ii. 
 
 (1790—1845), was the author of Meteoro- 
 logical Essays (1823), and of numerous 
 other scientific works. 
 
 Danish Boy, The. A poetical 
 " fragment," by William Wordsworth, 
 written in 1799. 
 
 Dante. Tlie Divina Commedia of 
 this poet has been translated into English 
 by Boyd (1802), Cary (1814), Wright (1833), 
 Bannermau (1850), O'Donnell (1862), Pol- 
 look (1854), Dayman (1865), Eossetti (1866), 
 Longfellow (1870), Ford (1871). The follow- 
 ing have been translated separately : the 
 Iiyremo, by Eogers (1782), Howard (1807), 
 Hume (1812), Volpi (1836). Carlyle (1849), 
 Pollock (1864), Brooksbank (1854), Parsons 
 (1867), and Ellabv (1871); the Paradiso,<by 
 Cayley (1853), and by Mrs. Eamsay (1863); 
 the Purgaforio, by (5ayley (1853). A ve;r- 
 sion of the Vita Nuova was published by 
 Theedore Martin in 1871. See BeatAicis 
 
 POBTINARI. 
 
 Dante, The Prophecy ■ of. A 
 
 poem by Lord Byron, written in the Ital- 
 ian measure, and published in 1821, 
 
188 
 
 DAP 
 
 DAS 
 
 Daphnaida. An elepy, by Ed- 
 mund Spenser, on the death of Douglas 
 Howard, daughter and heiress of Lord 
 Howard. It appeared in 1591. 
 
 Daphnis and Lycidas. A pas- 
 toral by Sir William Browjte, published ' 
 in 1727. 
 
 Dapper. A clerk in The AJche- 
 mist (q.v.). 
 
 D'Arblay, Madame, ne'e Frances 
 Bumey, novelist (b. 1752, d. 1840), wrote 
 JSvelina (1778), (q.v.) ; Cecilia (1782), (q.v.) ; 
 Edwin and Elgitha (1795) (q.v.) ; Camilla 
 (1796), (q.v.); The Wanderer: m\ Female 
 Difficulties (1814), (q.v.); and Memoirs of 
 Dr. Charles Bumey (1832). Her Diary, 
 edited by her niece, was published in 1846. 
 Tor Biography ana Criticism^ see JeafEre- 
 80n*8 Novels and Novelists; Miss Kavan- 
 agh's English Wom^n of Letters; and 
 Macaulay*s Essays. "Miss Bumey," 
 says Macaulay, '" did for the English 
 Jiovel what Jeremy Collier [q.v.] did for 
 the English drama ; and she did it in a 
 bettor way. She lirst showed that a tale 
 might be written in which both the fashion- 
 able and vulgar life of London might be 
 exhibited wim great force, and with Droatl 
 comic humour and which yet should not 
 contain a single line inconsistent with rigid 
 morality, or even with virgin delicacy. She 
 took away tlie rsproach which lay on a 
 most useful and delightful species of com- 
 position. _ She vindicated the right oE her 
 sex to an'equal share iu the fair and noble 
 province of letters. 
 
 Darby and Joan. See Happy 
 Old Couple. 
 
 Dargo. A poem by Fergtts Fib- 
 HROiL (circa 290), written on the invasion 
 of Ireland by a foreign prince of that 
 name. Bargo is slain by Goll, the son of 
 Morni (q.v.). 
 
 Darius. A tragredy by William 
 Alexan^deb, Earl of Stirling, published 
 iu 1603. 
 
 Darius, King. A religious inter- 
 lude, or miracle-play, printed in 1565, and 
 founded on the third and fourth chaptera 
 of the third book of Esdras. It styles itself 
 " a pretie new enterlude, both pithie and 
 plesaunt." 
 
 " Dark house, by 'w^hich once 
 
 more I stand." From sect. vii. of Tek- 
 KYSo:n'S In Memor'tam. 
 
 Dark Ladle, The Ballad of the, 
 
 by Samuel Taylok Coleridge. A frag- 
 ment, written in 1799. 
 
 Darkness. A poem by Lord Byron 
 (1788—1824), written at Diodadi, in July, 
 1816, and beginning :— 
 
 •' I had a drcftm, which was not all a dream,'* 
 
 Darkness, Hymn to, by Thomas 
 
 Talden (1671—1736) ; designed as a coun- 
 terpart to Cowley's Hymn to Light. 
 
 "Darkness visible." A phrase 
 occurring in MXLTOif'S Paradise Loaf, book 
 
 i., line 62. 
 
 "Dark unfathomed caves of 
 
 ocean, the." — Gbay's Elegy wHtten in a 
 Country Churchyard. 
 
 Darley, George, poet (h. aboat 
 1800, d. 1846), wrote The Errors o/Extasie 
 (1822) ; Sylvia : or, the May Queen (1827) ; 
 Thomas A Beckett ; Ethelstan and other 
 poems ; besides the introduction to an 
 edition of Beaumont and Fletcher, numer- 
 ous contributions to The Athenaeum and 
 several popular manuals of astronomy, 
 geometry, algebra, and the like. 
 
 Darnay, Charles, Marquis St. 
 Evr^monde, is a leading chai'acter in 
 DiCKEKS's Tale cfixoo Cities (q-v.). 
 
 Dartineuf, Charles. See Catius. 
 
 Dartle, Rosa. A character in 
 Dickens's novel of David Copperjield 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Darwin, Charles Robert, philo- 
 sophical writer (b- 1809), has wiltten The 
 Structure and Distribution of Coral Beefs - 
 (1842) ; Geological Observations on Vol- 
 canic Islands (1844) ; Geological Observa' 
 tions on South America (1846) ; Monograph 
 of the Family Cirrhipedia ^1851) ; The 
 Fossil LepodidcB of Great Britain (1855) : 
 The Origin qf Species by Means of Natural 
 Selection (1859), (q.v.) ; Fertilisation qf 
 Orchids (1862) ; Domesticated Animals and 
 Cultivated Plants : or, the Principles of 
 Variationf Inheritance, Beversion, Cross- 
 ing, Inter- Breeding, mirf Selection, under 
 Domestication (1867) ; The Descent of Man 
 and Selection in Belation to Sex (1871) ; 
 Tlie Origin of Emotion in Man and Ani- 
 mals (1872) : Movements and Habits of 
 Climbing Plants (1875) ; Effects of Cross- 
 Fertilization in Plants (1876). Also a Jour- 
 nal of Besearches in VaHous Coimtriea 
 visited by HM.S. " Beagle " in 1831—36. 
 
 Darwin, Erasmus, poet and scien- 
 tific writer (b. 1731, d. 1802) wrote The 
 Botanic Garden (1791) ; Zoonomia : or, the 
 Laws of Organic Life (1794—96), (q.v.) ; A 
 Plan for the coiuhict of Female Education 
 in Boarding Schools (1797); Phytologia: or, 
 the Philosophy of Agriculture and Garden- 
 i7ig (1799), (q.v.) ; The Temple of Natu7V. : 
 or, the Origin of Society (1S03), (q.v.) ; and 
 The Shrine of Nature, His Works were 
 published complete iu 1809> Memoirs rf 
 the Life of Dr. Darwin^ with Anecdotes of 
 his friends, and Criticisms on his Work's, 
 were written and published by Miss Seward 
 in 1804. For Criticism, See Campbell's 
 Specimens of the Bntish Poets. 
 
 Dasent, Sir George 'Webbe^ 
 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1818), has written, 
 among other works, The Prose or Younger 
 
DAS 
 
 DAV 
 
 189 
 
 Edda (1842) ; Theophilus Eutychianvs,-from 
 the ortgiiuU Greeks in Icelandic^ Low Get'' 
 man,amlother LaiiguagesiiaWj; Tlie Norse- 
 man In Iceland (1856) ; Popular Tales from 
 the Norse, with an Introductory Essay 
 (1859); The Story qfGisli, from the Icelandic 
 (1866) ; Amials of an Eventful Life (1870) ; 
 Three to One (1872) ; Jest and Earnest 
 (1S73): Tales from the Field (1873); and 
 The Vikings <f the Baltic (1875). 
 
 Dashall, The Hon. Tom. Cousin 
 of Rob Tallyho, Esq ., in PlEKOE Eqan's 
 Heal Lifein London (q.v.). 
 
 Dashwood. A character in Mur- 
 phy's comedy of Know your own Mind, 
 Borae of whose speeclies and satirical 
 sketches are written, Hazlitt says, with 
 quite as iirm and masterly a hand as any of 
 ■those given to the members of the scanda^ 
 lous club, Mrs. Candour, or Lady Sneer- 
 well, in Sheridan's School for Scandal. 
 
 "Daughter of Jove, relentless 
 
 power." First line of Gray's Hymn to 
 jidversity, 
 
 " Daughter of my house and 
 
 heart." See Asa. 
 
 Davenant, Sir William, poetlau- 
 reate and dramatist (b. 1605, d. 1668), is the 
 author of Tlte Tragedy of Albovine, King 
 of the Lombards (1629) ; The Cruel Brother 
 (1630) ; The Just Italian (1630) ; The Temple 
 of Love (16.34) : The Triumphs of the Prince 
 (V Amour (1635) ; The Platonick Lovers 
 (1636); The Witts (1636) ; Britannia Trium- 
 pharis (1637) ; Madagascar, and other 
 Poems{163S) ; Salmacida Spolia{ie3S)\ The 
 Unfortunate Lovers (1643) ; London, King 
 Charles,- his Augusta, or City Royal (1648) ; 
 Love and Honour (1649) ; Gondibert, an- 
 Heroic Poem (1651), (q.T.) ; The Cruelty of 
 the Spaniards in Peru (1658) : A Panegyric 
 to his Excellency the Lord General Monck 
 (1659) ; Tlte History of Sir Francis Drake 
 (1659) ; A Poem on his Sacred Majesties 
 most happy Return to his Dominions (1660); 
 TJie Siege qf Rhodes (1663) ; The Rivals 
 (1668); and The Man's a Master (leeS} ; His 
 Works were priiit-ed collectively in 1672-t- 
 73. See ALBoymE, Ki»o or Lombakdy; 
 Masques. 
 
 Davenport, Robert. See City 
 
 Uightcap, The. 
 
 D'Averanches. See Avekanches, 
 Heuby D'. 
 
 David, in Djjyden's poem of Ab- 
 salom and Achitopliel (q.v.), is intended for 
 King Charles II. 
 
 David, A Song to, by Chris- 
 topher Shart (1722—1770), composed 
 whilst in confinement, and, in the absence 
 of writing materials, scratched, in p^rt, 
 upon the walls of his Chamber. It 6pens 
 thus :— . I 
 
 " O thou that Bit'et upon athrone, 
 With harp of high majGEtic tone. 
 
 To praise tlio King of Kings : 
 And voice of heaven, ascending Hvrell 
 
 'Which, while its deeper notes excel. 
 Clear as a clarion nnga." 
 
 David and Bethsabe. See Kiiro 
 David and Fair Bethsabe, The Love 
 or. 
 
 David and Goliah. A poem by 
 Michael Dbaytoh (1563—1631), publish- 
 ed in 1630. 
 
 David Copperfield. See Cop- 
 
 PEBFiELD, David. 
 
 Davideis. "A Sacred poem of 
 the Troubles of David," in four Docks, by 
 Abraham Cowley (1618—1667), of which 
 Johnson wrote : — " In the perusal of the 
 Davideis, as of all Cowley's works, we find 
 art and learning unprolitably squandered. 
 Attention has no relief ; the affections are 
 never moved ; we are sometimes surprised, 
 but never delighted, and tind much to ad- 
 mire, and little to approve." He quotes 
 the following lines as " an example of 
 representative versification, which per- 
 haps no other English line can equal :" 
 
 "Begin, behold, and venture to be "wise : 
 He who defers this work from day to day, 
 1>0C5 on a river's banlc expecting stay. 
 Till the old stream that stopp d him shall be 
 _, gone, 
 
 Which runs, and as it runs, for ever shall run 
 on." 
 
 A sacred poem_, called the Davideis: or, 
 the Life of David, King of Israel, was writ- 
 ten by Thomas Ellwood (163^-1713), and 
 published in 1712. 
 
 Davidson, Iiucretia Maria, 
 
 American poetess (b. 1808, d. 1825), wrote 
 several pieces, highly praised by Southey, 
 which were printed in 1829, in a collected 
 foi-m, under the title of Amir Khan, and, 
 other Poems. Seethe ii/fe, by MissSedg- 
 wlck(1843). 
 
 Davidson, Margaret Miller. 
 
 American poetess, sister of the preceding 
 (b. 1823, d. 1838). Her Poems, with JAfe by 
 Irving, appeared in 1842. 
 
 Davidson, Samuel, D.D., Bibli- 
 cal scholar and critic (b. 1807), has publish- 
 ed Sfflcred Hermeneutics (IM3) ; The Eccle- 
 siastical Polity of the New Testament (1848 
 and 1858) ; An Introduction to the New Tes- 
 tament (1848) ; The Interpretation of the- 
 Bible (1866) ; The English Old Testament 
 Versi/m Revised (1873) ; and an English 
 version of Tischendorf's New Testament 
 (1875) ; besides various contributions tO. 
 The Cyclopcedia of Biblical Literature. 
 
 Davie, Adam (b. circa 1S12), "has 
 left," says Warton, " several poems, never 
 
 Erinted, which are almost as forgotten as 
 is name." These are i>reserved in the 
 Bodleian Library, arid include Visions, 
 Thd Battell of Jerusalem, The Legend q^ 
 St, Alexius, Scripture Bietariet, Of Fifteen 
 
ISO 
 
 DAV 
 
 DAY 
 
 Tokties b^ore the Day of Judgment, and 
 Lamentations* qf Souls. Davie was Mar- 
 
 shall of Sti-atfoid-le-Bow. 
 
 Davies, Sir John, lawyer, poet, 
 and politician (b. 1670, d. 1626) wrote Or- 
 chestra (1596), (q.v.) ; Hymns of Astrea, m 
 acrostic verse (1699) ; Nosce Teipsum (1599), 
 (q.v.) : New Post, with Salve to cure the 
 Worldes Madness, beinij Essaies or Witty 
 Discourses (1620) : A Discoverie of the True 
 Causes why Ireland was never entirely 
 Subdued, nor brought under Obedience to 
 tile Crowne of England, until tile begin- 
 ning of his Majesty^ s raigne (1612) ; and 
 historical Tracts, to which, in 1786, a Life 
 waa prefixed by George Chalmers. His 
 Poems were published collectively in 1773, 
 hy Thomas Davies, and in 1876, by the Rev. 
 A. B. Grosart. See Astkea, Hymns to. 
 
 Davies, John Llevrelyn, clergy- 
 man (b. 1826), has translated, conjointly 
 with Dr. Vaughan, Tlie Re^blic of Plato ; 
 edited the Epistles to the JEphesians, Col- 
 ossians, and Philemon ; and written Mor- 
 ality according to the Sacrament of the 
 lord's Supper (1865) ; The Manifestation 
 of the Son of God (1864): The Qospel and 
 Modem Life (1869) ; Theology and Morality 
 (1873) ; Warnings against Superstition 
 (1874) ; and other works. 
 
 Davies, Thomas (b. 1712, d. 1785), 
 author, actor, and bookseller, wrote the 
 lAfe of David Garrick (1780) ; Dramatic 
 Miscellanies (1784) ; and many other works. 
 He was befriended by Dr. Johnson, and 
 frequent reference is made to him in Bos- 
 well's Life. It was of him. that Churchill 
 wrote : — 
 
 " With him came mighty Davies ; on my life. 
 That Davies hath a very pretty wife." 
 
 and that — 
 " He mouths a sentence as curs mouth a hone." 
 
 Davis, John, navigator (d. 1605) 
 wrote The World* s ffydrographical De- 
 scription (n.v.). 
 
 Davison, Francis, poet (temp. 
 Elizabeth), was the editor of the Poetical 
 Rhapsody (q.v.), besides being himself the 
 author of some fugitive poems, and a 
 translation of the Psalms, which surpasses 
 many of its successors. 
 
 Davy, Sir Humphry (b. 1778, d. 
 1829, wrote Researches, Chemical and Phi- 
 losophical (1800) The Elements of Chemical 
 Phuosophy(lSl2) ; Six Discourses delivered 
 before tlie Royal Society (1827) : Consola- 
 tions in Travel ■■ or, Tlie Last Days of a 
 Philosopher (1830) ; and other Works, in- 
 cluded in the collected edition published, 
 with a Life, by his brother. See, also, the 
 Biographies, by Ayrton (1830), and Dr. 
 Davy (1839): the former of which includes 
 a full list of Sir Humphry's writings. 
 
 Davy. Servant to Shallow, in the 
 
 second part of Shakesf£ABi:'s King 
 Henry IV. 
 
 DavT-, Tobias, Priar. A popular 
 song of the time of Bichard II., which de- 
 fended the friars against the attacks of 
 the Wicliffltes. See Wright's Political 
 Songs (1861). 
 
 Dawkins. See Dodoek, The Abt- 
 
 FtJI,. 
 
 Da-wson, Jemmy. A ballad writ- 
 ten about the time of his execution iu the 
 year 1745, by William Shenstohe. 
 
 Day, John. A printer and pub- 
 lisher (temp. Edward VI., Mary, and Eliza- 
 beth), for whom John Fox at one time 
 worked as author, translator and editor. In 
 the first of three reigns he was well known 
 as a printer of Bibles j in the last, he had 
 the distinction of being the only man in 
 his trade who possessed Old English char- 
 acters, and with these Fox's edition of the 
 Saxon Gospels was printed. 
 
 Day, John, poet, wrote The He of 
 Guls (1606); The Travailes of the three 
 English Brothers, Sir Thomas, Sir Anthony, 
 Mr. Robert Shirley (1607 ,in conjunction with 
 W. Eowley and G. Wilkins); Humour out 
 of Breath (1608); Law Trickes: or. Who 
 would have thought it? (1608); The Parlia- 
 ment of Bees (1640), (q.v.); and The Blind 
 Beggar qf Bethnal Green-, with the Merry 
 Humour qf Tom Strowd, the Norfolk Yeo- 
 man (q.v.) (1659, with Henry Chettle). See 
 Wood's Athenoe Oxonienses- 
 
 Day, Thomas (b. 1748, d. 1789):, 
 was the author of The Dying Negro (1773); 
 The' History of Little Jack, and The His- 
 tory of Sandford and Merton (1783 — 89). 
 His Life was published by James Keir in 
 (1791). See Sandfokd akd Merton. 
 
 Day Dream, The. A poem by 
 Alfred Tennyson, written in 1842, and 
 embodying the famous old legend oc the 
 Steeping Beauty. 
 
 Day Estival, The. A lyric by 
 
 Alexander Hume (d. 1609), descriptive 
 of the glories of a summer day. 
 
 "Day is dying! float, O Song!" 
 First line of a song by Juan, in Georob 
 Eliot's dramatic poem of The Spanish 
 Gypsy (q.v.). 
 
 Day of Judgment, On the. A 
 
 translation into English verse of the fa- 
 mous Dies Ira, made by Wentworth 
 Dillon, Earl of Koscommon (1633—1684), 
 The earl expired with two lines of thiB 
 translation on his lips. 
 
 Da^r of Judgment, The. A sacred 
 poem, in twelve parts, by William Alex- 
 ander ; published in 1637. 
 
 "Days that are no more, The." 
 TESNTSOir, rAePrinoeis, canto iv. 
 
DEO 
 
 DEC 
 
 191 
 
 De Pacis Commendatione in 
 
 Laudem Hewrici Quarti, by Johjt Gower 
 (1320—1402), written in Englisli verse, and 
 prefaced by a Latin prologue of seven 
 hexameters. It was printed by TJrry in Ms 
 edition of Chaucer's poems. 
 
 " Dead for a Ducat." — Hamlet, act 
 iii., scene i. Also the title of a play by 
 GHARi.KS Mathews. 
 
 Dead Pan, The. A poem by 
 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1609— 
 1861), published in 1844 ; ** excited," as the 
 authoress tells its, "by Schiller's G'dtter 
 Greichenlands, and partly founded on a 
 well-known tradition mentioned in a trea^ 
 tise of Plutarch (J)e Oraculorum Defecta), 
 according to which, at the hour of the 
 Saviour's agony, a cry of ' Great Pan is 
 dead ! ' swept across the waves in the hear- 
 ing of certain mariners, aud the oracles 
 ceased." 
 
 Dead Rose, A. A lyric by Eliza- 
 beth Barrett Browning :— 
 
 " The heart doth owe thee 
 More love, dead rose, thnn to an^ roses bold 
 Which Julia wears at dances, einiling cold : — 
 Lie fitill upon this heart which breaks below thee." 
 
 Deans, David. An Edinburgh 
 cow-feeder, father of Efiie and Jeanie 
 Deans, in Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 The Heart of Midlothian (q-v.). 
 
 Deans, Effie. The unfortunate 
 Bister of Jeanie Deans, who, after being 
 ruined by her lover, is deserted by him. 
 She is subsequently coudemxied to death. 
 See next paragraph. 
 
 Deans, Jeanie. The heroine of 
 Sir Walter ScoTT*s Heart of Midlothian 
 (q.v.); described by Senior as " a perfect 
 model of sober heroism, of the union of 
 good sense and strong affections, firm prin- 
 ciples, and perfect disiiiterestednes::i ; and 
 of calm superiority to misfortune, danger, 
 and difficulty which such a union must 
 create." 
 
 "De£U: son of memory, great 
 heir of fame." A line of Milton's Epi- 
 taphon Shakespeare- 
 
 "Dear Tom, this bro-wn jug 
 
 that now foams with mild ale." First line 
 of The Brown Jug, a aong by Francis 
 Fawkes (1721—1777). 
 
 Death and Doctor Hornbook. 
 A satirical poem by Robert Burns (1759 
 — 1796), founded on a real . event. The 
 poet had met the apothecary, called John 
 Wilson, at a meeting of the Torbolton 
 Masonic Lodge, and the next afternoon he 
 repeated the poem entire to his brother 
 Gilbert. It attracted so much attention to 
 its unfortunate subject that it ultimately 
 drove him out of the country, and he went 
 to reside in Glasgow, where he died in 1839. 
 
 " Death and his brother Sleep." 
 Shelley, Queen Mah> 
 
 Death, Sonnets upon the Pun- 
 ishment of, by William Wordsworth ; 
 fourteen in number, written in 1840. 
 
 Death's Final Conquest. The 
 
 verses thus entitled, beginning — 
 
 " The elories of our birth and state 
 Are ahadows, not substantial things." 
 
 occur in the Ajax and Ulysses of James 
 Shirley, and are said to have been much 
 admired by Charles II. 
 
 Death's Jest Book: "or, the 
 Foors Tragedy." A play by Thomas Lov- 
 ELL Beddoes (1803—1849), printed in 1850. 
 "Nearly two centuries," wrote Savage 
 Landor, "have elapsed since a work of the 
 same wealth of genius hath been given to 
 the world." "As to the extracts which 
 might be made," says Browning, "why 
 you might pick out scenes, passages, lyricSf 
 fine as tine can be. The power of tlie nlaii 
 is immense and irresistible." The story 
 has an historical foundation. The nanfe 
 of the hero is Isbrand ; the heroine of the 
 play is called Sybilla. See The Fortnightly 
 Review, vol, xii. (new series), for an anal- 
 ysis of the plot. 
 
 Debarry Family, The, in Georob 
 
 Eliot's novel of Felix Holt (q.v.), consists 
 of Sir Maximus, the squire : nis son Philip; 
 and his brother Augustus, the rector. 
 
 Debauchee, The. A comedy by 
 Aphra Behn, produced in 1677. 
 
 Debut, The Baby's. See Baby's 
 
 Debut, The. 
 
 Decameron, The, by Giovanni 
 
 Boccaccio (1313—1375). Of this collection 
 of romances several English trianslations 
 are extant : one printed in 1625 ; another 
 in 1684 ; another in 1741 ; and another in 
 1804. An edition is also included in one 
 of Bohn's " libraries." It derives its name 
 from its framework. Seven gentlemen 
 and three ladies retire from Florence, 
 during the plague, to a pleasant garde;|i 
 retreat, where they beguile the time by 
 narrating various stories of love adventure. 
 These have proved a treasury of sugges- 
 tions to our poets, amongst others to 
 Shakespeare, Keats, and to Tennyson in 
 his Golden Supper. 
 
 "Decency (Want of) is want 
 
 of sense."— Roscommon, Essay on Trana^ 
 lated Verse, 
 
 Decline and Fall of the Roman 
 
 Empire, The. The famous historical work 
 by Edward Gibbon (1737—1794), publish- 
 ,ed 1776 — 88. Porson, we are told, thought 
 'it the greatest literary production of voA 
 eighteenth century, and was in the habit 
 or repeating long passages from it. Fox 
 used to say that it was immortal, for no- 
 body could do without it. Kogers and 
 Lord Grenville considered the introduct- 
 ory chapters the finest part of the history. 
 
192 
 
 DED 
 
 DEP 
 
 as they were certainly the most difficult to 
 ■write. It was in reference to this work 
 that Byron described Gibbon in Childe 
 Harold (iii. 107) as 
 
 " Sapping a solemn creed witli Bolcmn sneer. " 
 
 Dedlock, Slr.Xieicester, in Dick- 
 ens's novel of lileak House (q-v.), is " an 
 honourable, obstinate, truthful, high- 
 spirited, intensely prejudiced, perfectly 
 
 uni'easonable man." 
 
 "Deed -without a name, A." — 
 MacbetJh act It., scene ]. 
 
 "Deem not devoid of elegance 
 
 the sage." First line of a sonnet, by 
 Thomas Wakton, " written in a blank 
 leaf of Dugdale's Monasticon" 
 
 " Deep on the convent roof the 
 
 snows." First lino of iSt. Agnes* Ev€j\>j 
 Ai^RED Tennyson. 
 
 Deep Groan, A, "fetched at the 
 funeral of the incomparable and glorious 
 King Charles I.," by Henry King. Bishop 
 of Chichesteb (1591—1669) ; published in 
 
 1649. 
 
 Deerbrook. A domestic noyel by 
 HiitKiET Mabtineax; (1802—1876) j pub- 
 lished in 183:). 
 
 Deerslayer. A novel by James 
 Fenimore Cooper (1789—1851) ; the hero 
 of which is described by Duyckinck as 
 " the author's ideal of a cliivalresque man- 
 hood, of Uie grace which is the natural 
 flower of purity and virtue ; not the Stoic, 
 hut the Christian of the woods, the man of 
 honourable act and sentiment, of courage 
 and truth." 
 
 Defense of the People of Eng- 
 land, A, "in answer to Salraasius's Defence 
 of the King ; " translated from the Latin 
 of Milton's Defensiopro Populo Anglicano 
 '(1650), by a Mr. Washington, gentleman, 
 of the Temple ; and followed by A Second 
 Defence of the People of England (1654), 
 against an anon;^ous libel, entitled The 
 Jtoyal Blood crying to Heaven for Venge- 
 ance on the Enplish Parricides, translated 
 from the Latin of Milton by Bobert 
 Fellowes. 
 
 Defence of Poetry, A, by Percy 
 Bysshe ShelJjEY. An eloquent piece of 
 writing, unfortunately incomplete. iSee 
 Poexrie, An Apology tor. 
 
 Defence of Stage Plays, " in 
 
 three divisions : Defence of Poetry. De- 
 fence of Music, Defence of Plays,*' by 
 Thomas Lodge (1555 — 1625) ; published in 
 1580. This ti'act is now veiy rare : per- 
 haps, as Lodge himself suggests in his 
 Atarm against Usurers (q.vT^, " the godly 
 and reverend, misliking it, forbade the 
 publishing." It was after a perusal of " a 
 private imperfect copye *' of the suppress- 
 ed pamphlot tbat( as Lodge complains. 
 
 Gosson was able to pen his reply, entitled 
 Plays Confuted in Five Actions (q.v.). 
 
 Defence or Apologye of Good 
 
 "Women, The : "devised and made by Sir 
 Thomas ElVot, Knyght ,^' and published 
 in 1545, the year before the writer's death. 
 
 Defensio Iioclesiae Auglicanse. 
 
 A Latin work by Dr. "Willam Nicholls 
 (1664—1712), which was afterward* trans- 
 lated into English, under the title of A 
 Defence of tJie Doctrine and Discipline of 
 the Churchof England, and is notable as 
 occasioning the well-known Vindication 
 df Dissenters, by James Pierce, of_ Exeter. 
 
 Defensio pro Populo Angli- 
 cano. A treatise by John Milton, pub- 
 lished in 1650, in vindication of the execu- 
 tion of Charles I. See Defence of th^ 
 People of England, A. 
 
 " Defiance in their eye." — Gou>* 
 
 SMITH, The Traveller, line 327. 
 
 Defoe, Daniel, novelist, journalist, 
 and miscellaneous TJvTiter (b. 1663, d. 1731)i 
 wrote Presbyter;/ Roughdrawn (1683) ; A 
 Tract against the Proclamation of tJie 
 Repeal of tlie Penal Laws (1687); A Tract 
 upon the Dispensing Poioer (1689) ; Essay 
 on Projects (1697); The True Bom Enylish- 
 man (1701) ; The Shortest Way with Dis- 
 senters (1702): A Hi/mii to the Pillory 
 (1703) ; Jure Divino (1706) ; A History of 
 the Union (1709) ; Reasons against the Suc- 
 cession of the House of Hanover (1713) ; Ap- 
 peal to Honour and Justice (1715) ; JioHn-- 
 son Crusoe (1719) : Captain Singleton (1720); 
 Duncan Campbell (1720) ; Moll Flanders 
 '" 21) ; Colonel Jack (1722) ; Journal of the 
 
 ^; 
 
 •lague (1722) ; Memoirs of a Cavalier (172S)J 
 Jioxaiia (1724): New Voyage Hound the 
 World (1725) ; The Life of Captain Carleton 
 (172S) : and other -works. Tlie Work) were 
 publislied in twenty volumes in 1841. Hiit. 
 Life, and Recently-discovered Writings, by 
 Lee, appeared in 1869. See, also, the Bi^ 
 ographies bj; Chalmers (1790), "Wilson (1830), 
 and Chadwick (1869). For Criticism, see 
 Forster's Essays, Ma&8on*8 British Novel- 
 ists, Kingsley'3 introduction to his edition 
 of Robinson Crusoe, Roacoe's Essayii, 
 Lamb's Works, Scott's JBiographies, and 
 Stephen's IJours in a Library, *' Defoe/* 
 says Masson, " had been a political phamr 
 phleteer, and had written with a blunt, 
 straightforward energy, and even witli a 
 sarcastic irony, in the cause of liberty and 
 Whiggism ; yet when he betook himself to 
 concocting stories, the sale of which might 
 bring him in more money than he could 
 earn as a journalist, he was content to 
 make them plain narrations, or little more. 
 In tlie main, as all know, he drew upon his 
 knowledge of low English life, framing 
 imaginary histories of thieves, courtesans, 
 buccaneers, and the like, of a kind to suit 
 a coarse, popular taste. On the whole, 
 however, it was his own robust sense of 
 reality that led him to his style. There is 
 
DBF 
 
 DEL 
 
 193 
 
 none of the sly humour of the foreign 
 picturesque novel in his representations 
 of English ragamuffin life ; there is 
 . nothing of allegory, poetry, or, even of 
 didactic purpose ; all is hard, prosaic, and 
 matter-of-fact, as in newspaper paragraphs ' 
 f)r the pages of Tke Neiogate Calendar. 
 Minuteness of imagined circumstance, and 
 filling up— the power of fiction in fac- 
 simile of nature — is Defoe's unfailing char- ' 
 acteristic." See Cavaliek, History 
 OF A ; Crusoe, KoBiNsoif ; Flanders, 
 Moll ; Jack, Colonel ; Plague of 
 London ; Pillory ; Eevietv, The ; 
 RoxANA ; Shortest "Way -with Dis- 
 senters ; Singleton, Captain ; True 
 Born Englishman. 
 
 Deformed Transformed, The. 
 
 A drama, in two parts, by Lord Byron 
 (178&~1S24), published in 1824, and founded 
 partly on the story of a novel called The 
 Three Brothers, published many years ago, 
 from which M. G. Lewis's Wood Demon 
 was also taken, and partly on the Faust of 
 Goethe. 
 
 " Degenerate Douglass ! O the 
 
 Unworthy lord ! " First line of a sonnet 
 by William "Wordtvorth, composed at 
 27eidpath Castle, in 1803. 
 
 Degore, Sir, An old English ro- 
 mance in Terse, preserved among the 
 Auchinleck MSS., and printed in Garrick's 
 collection of plays, &c. It contains ^QQ 
 lines, and should be styled, properly, Sir 
 JOe0are, from degari, or V&gar&; the name 
 being intended, as the author himself tells 
 us in line 230, to express " a thing [or per- 
 son] almost lost." See Ellis's EaHy Eng- 
 lish Romances. 
 
 Deil, Address to the. A satirical 
 poem by Robert Burns (1769—1796), sug- 
 gested to him, says his brother, '* by turn- 
 ing over in his mind the many ludicrous 
 accounts and representations we have from 
 ' varions quarters of this august personage." 
 It begins :— 
 
 " O thou ! whatever title suit thee, 
 Auld Homie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie." 
 
 Dejection. An ode by Coleridge. 
 Shelley has some Stanzas written in De- 
 jection. 
 
 Dekker Thomas, dramatist (b. 
 about 1570, d. 1641), wrote Plmeton (1597) ; 
 Old Fortunatus (1600) ; Shoemaker's Holi- 
 day (1600) ; Satiro-mastix (1602) ; and other 
 plays A collected edition of his Works 
 appeared in 1873. See Hazlitt's Age of 
 Elizabeth. See Baohelbr's Banquet ; 
 Fortunatus, The Comedy op Old ; 
 Honest Whore, .The ; Satiro-mabtix ; 
 Warres, "warres, tvarres ; "Wonder- 
 ful Year, The. 
 
 Delane, John Thadeus (b, 1817), 
 became assistanir-editor of The Times, 
 under the late T. Barnes, in 1839, and suc- 
 
 ceeded to the chief-editorship of the jouri* 
 nal on the death of the latter in 1841. 
 
 Delectable Mountains, The, in 
 BuNYAN's Pilgrim's Progress, are a range 
 of mountains from which the " Celestri 
 City " may be seen. 
 
 Delia. The lady of "William 
 Shenstone's love-poetry, to whom his 
 Pastoral Ballad was addressed, but whose 
 name is not known. 
 
 Delia : " contaynlng eertayne Son- 
 nets, with the Complaint of Rosamond." 
 A poem by Samuel Daniel (1562—1619), / 
 published in 1592. 
 
 Delicate Diet for Daintie- 
 
 mouthed Droonkardes, A. A tract by 
 George Gascoigne, published in 1^76, 
 and reprinted by Waldi-on in his lAterary 
 Museum in 1789. See Wyll op the 
 Devyll, The. 
 
 "Delightful task! to rear the 
 tender thought." A line in Thomson's 
 poem of The Seasons (" Spring "), 
 
 Delights of the Muses, The. 
 
 Poems by Richard Crasha-w (1616— 1650), 
 published in 1646, aud contaming, among 
 others, Music's Duel (q.v.), and Wishei to 
 his (Supposed) Mistress (ci.v.). Here is an" 
 epigram on Ford's tragedies. Love's Sacri- 
 fice and The Broken ffeart : — 
 
 " Thou cheatst us, Ford ; mak'st one BCem two b* 
 art. ' ' 
 
 What is lore's eocrifiCo but a broken heart ? " 
 
 Delitiee ^Foetarum Scotorum. 
 
 A collection of miscellaneous poems, pub- 
 lished in 1C37, under the editorship of ABf- 
 thub Johnson (q.v.). 
 
 Delia Cruscans or Delia Crusca. 
 
 School. A term applied to some Euglisli 
 residents at Florenee who printed senti- ■ 
 mental poetry and prose of an inferior and 
 insipid stylCj in 1785. Coming to England, 
 and publishiuff their lucubrations in The 
 World and The Oracle, they fot a time 
 created a small/wrore among certain liter- 
 ary circles, but were at length extinguished 
 by the merciless sarcasm of Gifford in his 
 Baviad (q.v.) and Mceviad (q.v.). 
 
 Deloney, Thomas, described by 
 Kempe as " the great ballade-maker, T. 
 D.,'* wrote the Garland of Good-will (q.v.) ; 
 Jaeke ofNeiobury (q.v.); Strange Histories: 
 or, Songes of Rings (q.v.) ; Thomas of 
 Beading (q.v.) ; and other works. 
 
 Deljihin Classics, The. An edu/ 
 tion of this classical scries (originally 
 issued in 1674 — 91), was published, with ad- 
 ditional notes, in 1818. 
 
 Delta, Tlie pseudonym under 
 v/hich David Macbeth Moir (1798—1851), 
 the poet and essayist, contributed to 
 Blackwood's Magazine (q.v.). 
 
 Delta. The nom de plume of Bek- 
 9 
 
194 
 
 DEL 
 
 D3B 
 
 JAMiN Disraeli, in the puMication of 
 Ws Vetielia (1837), and The Tragedy of 
 Count Alarms (1839). 
 
 Delville, Mr. One of the puard- 
 3ans of Cecilia, in Madame D*Abblay's 
 story of tliat name. 
 
 Demagogue. The. A poem by 
 "William Falconeh (1730—1769), pub- 
 lislied in 1765, and including a fierce de- 
 nunciation of those — 
 
 *' Licentious times 
 When with such towering strides sedition climbs." 
 
 Demetrius, in Shakespeare's 
 Midsummer Niffht's Dream^ in love with 
 Hermia (q.v.). 
 
 Democritus Junior. The pseu- 
 donym under whicli Robert Bitrtom" 
 (1576 — 1639) "wrote his Anatomy of Melait- 
 clwly (q.v.). Democritus of Abderawaathe 
 famous " laughing philosopher " of anti- 
 quity. 
 
 Demonology. A MS. work by 
 Edward Fairfax (d. 1632). 
 
 Demonology and 'Witchoraft, 
 
 I.etter8 on, by Sir Walter Scott ; pub- 
 lished in 1830. 
 
 De Morgan, Augustus. See 
 
 Morgah, AuonsTus De. 
 
 Demosthenes. Tlie Orationcs 
 . Publicos of this orator have been translated 
 into English byWylson (1570); by " several 
 hands " (1702); by Dawson (1732); by " emi- 
 nent hands " (1744) ; by Mountenay (1748); 
 by Francis (17B7); by teland (1771); and, 
 more recently, by Kennedy (1863); by 
 Beatsop (1864) by Heslop (1868). The Be 
 Corona has been translated by Bryant 
 (1870). Versions of the Olynthiacs have 
 been published by Crogan (1866), and Hao- 
 nally (1868). 
 
 Denham, Sir John, poet and dra- 
 matist (b. 1615, d. 1668), wrote Cooper's 
 Hill (q.v.), a poem (1642); and The Sophy, 
 A tragedy (1642), (q.v.). His Poems and 
 Translations were collected and published 
 in 1709, and again in 1719. See 'Wood's 
 Atkence Oxonienses, and Johnson's Lives 
 of the Poets. Prior spoke of Denham as 
 having improved English versification; 
 Dr. Johnson, as " one of the writers that 
 improved our tastes and advanced our 
 language." Dryden describes him as 
 
 *' That limping old bard, 
 "Whose fame on ' The Sophy ' and ' Cooper's IliU' 
 
 stands." 
 See Fletcher, To Johk. 
 
 "Denmark, Something is rotten 
 in the state of." — Hamlet, act X, scene 4. 
 
 Dennie, Joseph, American writer 
 (b. 1708, d. 1812), edited Tlie Farmer's 
 Museum. anA The Portfolio (q.y-),tmd was 
 the author of The Farrago and The Lay 
 
 Preacher (q.v.). See Addison, The Amer- 
 ican. 
 
 Dennis. The hangman, in Dick- 
 isNS's novel of Bamaby Budge (q.v.). 
 
 Dennis, John, dramatist and critic 
 (b. 1657, d. 1734), wrote the following 
 plays:— ^ Plot and No Plot (1697); Renaldo 
 and Armida (1699); Tlie Comical Gallant 
 (1702) ; Jphigema (1704); Liberty Asserted 
 O704), (q.v.); Gilyraltar [noi); Orpheus and 
 £nrydtce (1704) ; Appius ana Virginia 
 (q.v.); and The Invader of his Country. 
 Among his miscellaueous Works published 
 collectively in 1718, were critical essays on 
 Milton and Congreve (1696); Shakespeare 
 (1712); Addison (1713); andPope (1717, 1728— 
 W)\&\ao, The Impartial Critick (1692); Tlie 
 Usefulness of the Stage (1698); The Ad- 
 vancement and R^ormation of Modem 
 Poetry (1701) ; Grounds^ of Criticism in 
 jPoc«i^(1700; and.<4»i.Bsjaj/07i the (^Fras 
 after the Italian Manner (1706) ; See The 
 lietrospective Hevi-etp. See Battle op - 
 Ramili^s, On the ; Italian Opera ; 
 Public Spirit, 
 
 Dennis, Narrative of the Mad- 
 ness of John. A prose defence, by Alex- 
 ander Pope, of Addison's Cato, against 
 the hostile criticism of John Dennis. 
 
 Dennis O'Shaughnessy going to 
 
 Maynooth. A story by William Carle- 
 ton (1798— 1869), in which many autobio- 
 graphical particulars are introduced. 
 
 Denny, Sir "William. See Pele- 
 
 CANICIDIUM. 
 
 Denounced, The. A volume of 
 Irish stories published by John Baniu 
 (1798—1842), in 1830, and consisting of The 
 Last Haronof Crania, and The Conformists, 
 The object of the latter was to depict the 
 evils of the penal laws against the Catho- 
 lics, who were compelled to put their child- 
 ren under the instruction of Protestant 
 teachers. " The more rigid of the Catho- 
 lics abjured all instruction thus ministered; 
 and Mr. Banlm describes the effects of 
 ignorance and neglect on the second son of 
 a Catholic gentleman, haughty, sensitive, 
 and painfully alive to the disadvantages 
 of his position." The hero's family name 
 is D'Arey. 
 
 Departing Year, Ode to the, hr 
 
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge ; publishe'd 
 in quarto in 1796. 
 
 De Quincey, Thomas. See Eng- 
 LisH Opium-eater, The ; and Quincey, 
 Thomas De. 
 
 Derby, Capt G. H. ^See Ph<enix, 
 JonN. 
 
 " Derby dilly, carrying .three 
 
 insides. The." Line 178, in Canning's 
 burlesque poem, The Loves qf Vie Tri- 
 dngJes. 
 
DEB 
 
 DEV 
 
 195 
 
 Derby, Earl of, Edward Geoffrey- 
 Smith Stanley, statesman and author (b. 
 1799, d. 1869), published a translation in 
 blank verse of Homer's Iliad. 
 
 Deronda, Daniel. A novel by 
 Ghokoe Eliot, published in 1876. 
 
 Derry and Raphoe, The Bishop 
 
 of. See Alexandek, William. 
 
 jbesoriptive Sketches ; " taken 
 during a Pedestrian Tour among the 
 Alps." A poem, by "William wokds- 
 -ffORTH, written in 1791—92. 
 
 Desdemona, wife of Othello, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of that name, 
 "comes, as a character,!* says Mrs. Jame- 
 son, *^ nearest to Miranda [q.Tj, both in 
 herself as a woman, and in the perfect 
 simplicity and unit^ of the delineation. 
 The figures are difterently draped : the 
 proportions are the same. There is the 
 Bame modesty, tenderness, and grace ; the 
 same artless devotion in the alfections ; 
 the same predisposition to wonder, to pity, 
 to admire ; the same almost ethereal re- 
 finement and delicacv; but all is pure 
 poetic nature within Miranda and around 
 her. Desdemona ia more associated with the 
 palpable realities of every-day existence, 
 and we see the forms and habits of society 
 tinging her language and deportment. No 
 two beings can oe more alike in character, 
 nor more distinct as individuals." Words- 
 worth makes an allusion to Desdemona 
 as 
 
 •* The gentle lady married to the Moor." 
 
 Desert Born, The. A humorous 
 poem by Thomas Hood. 
 
 Deserted House, The. A lyric 
 by Alfred Tennyson, published in 1830. 
 
 Deserted Village, The. A poem 
 in the heroic couplet by Oliver Gold- 
 smith (1728—1774), published in May, 1770, 
 and dedicated to Sir Joshua Reynolds. 
 It was " instantaneously popular. Two 
 new editions of it were called for in the 
 following month, and a fourth in August, 
 and passages from the poem were in every 
 month, and the topics which it suggested, 
 of depopulation, luxury, and landlordism, 
 were discus^d in connection with it." 
 The Deserted Village has been identified 
 with Lissoy, a quaint Irish villa^re in the 
 palish of Kilkenny West, of which Gold- 
 smith's father was the pastor, and whose 
 natural features are accurately described 
 in the poem. The reader will perhaps re- 
 member the sketches of the " village 
 preacher's modest mansion," and of the 
 preacher himself ^^ as one who was 
 
 . " To all the country dear, 
 And passing rich with forty pounds a year. " 
 
 Nearly every line in Tlie Deserted Village 
 
 is a familiar one ;— 
 
 " Sweet Auburn, loveliest village o£ the plain." 
 
 " The hawthorn bush, with Beats beneath the 
 shade. 
 For talking age and whispering lovers made." 
 
 *' HI fares the Innd to hastening ills a prey, 
 "Where weolth accumulates and men decay.* 
 
 ' And still they gazed, and still the wonder grew." 
 That one Bmall head could carry all ho knew 
 
 Despair, Giant, is the owner of 
 Doubting Castle, in Bunyan*s Pilgrim's 
 Progress (q.v.). 
 
 Despairing Shepherd, The. A 
 ballad by Nicholas Rowe, in which he 
 ridicules the courtship ana marriage of 
 Addison' with the Countess Dowager of 
 Warwick. It was written in 1716. 
 
 Destiny of Nations, The. A 
 
 " vision," by Samt7EL Taylob Col- 
 eridge, begun in 1794, and not finished. 
 
 Destiny : " or, the Cliief* s Daugh- 
 ter." A novel by SasAN Edmonston 
 Ferbier (1782—1854), published in 1831. 
 The leading characters are the chief, Glen- 
 roy ; his daughter Edith^ the heroine ; and 
 Duncan MacDow, the Highland minister. 
 
 Detraction Displayed. A novel 
 by Amelia Opie (1769—1853), published in 
 1828, and intended to expose that "most 
 common of all vices," which she assures 
 the reader is to be found ** in every class 
 or rank in society, from the peer to the 
 peasant, from the master to the valet, 
 from the mistress to the maid, from the 
 most learned to the most ignorant, from 
 the man of genius to the meanest car 
 pacity." 
 
 Deutsch, Emanuel, Hebrew schol- 
 ar (d. 1873), first obtained distinction as the 
 writer of an article on the Talmud in the 
 Quarterly- His R^nains, with a Memoir^ 
 were published in 1874. See The Contenv' 
 porary Seview for that year. 
 
 " Devil and his dam, The." A 
 
 phrase used by Shakespeare on several 
 occasions. 
 
 " Devil can cite Scripture for 
 
 his purpose, The^"— The Merchant of Ven- 
 ice, act i., scene 3. 
 
 "Devil his due, He "will give 
 
 the.*' Xmg Henry IV., part i., act i., scene 
 2. 
 
 "Devil sends cooks, The."-?-, 
 
 Garrick*s Epigram on Goldsmith's lie^ 
 taliation (q.v.). 
 
 " Devil take the hindmost, The." 
 
 A phrase to which reference is made by 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, inBonduca,BGt 
 iv., scene 3 ; by Butler, in HudibraSt 
 parti., canto ii., line 633; by Prior, in 
 his Ode on the Taking ofNamwr; by Pope, 
 xn^The Z>Mwciarf, book ii., line 60; and by 
 Burns, in his poem, To a Haggis. 
 
 Devil upon Tvfro Sticks in Ung- 
 
196 
 
 DEV 
 
 DIB 
 
 land. The. A continuation and imitation, 
 by William Coombe (1741—1823), of Le 
 Sage's IHable JBoiteux, published in 1790. 
 
 "Devil -with devil damned." An 
 
 expression used, by Milton in Paradise 
 Lost, book ii., line 496. 
 
 Devil's an Ass, The. A comedy 
 by Bex Joksos in wliioh Satin, Pug, and 
 Iniciuity Ugure. It vfas produced in 1616. 
 
 Devil's Inquest, The, by William 
 DSTKBAK (1465—1530), probably gave Col- 
 eridge and Southey a hint for their DeviVs 
 Thoughts (q.v.). 
 
 Devil's Thoughts, The. A satir- 
 ical poem printed among Coleridge's 
 works, and dated September, 1799. It 
 seems impossible to ascertain how much 
 of it was Coleridge's, and how much Sou- 
 they's, in whose works a very similar pro- 
 duction is included. Compare with Hood's 
 Death's JRamble. 
 
 De Vere, Aubrey Thomas. See 
 
 Verb, Aubrey Thomas, De. 
 
 Devereux. A novel by Lord Ltt- 
 TON, published in 1829. 
 
 Device of the Pageeuit, The. By 
 
 George Peele, written in 1586. 
 
 Devonshire Poet, The. The 
 
 pseudonym adopted by O. Jones, an un- 
 educated wool-comber, author of Poetic 
 Attempts (1786). 
 
 De'wrey, Orville, D.D., American 
 Unitarian minister (b. 1794), published The 
 Old World and tlie Ifew (1836) ; Moral 
 Views qf Commerce, Society, and Politics 
 
 il838) ; and other works, many of which 
 lave been repiinted in England. 
 
 "De-ws of the evening most 
 
 carefully shun. The."— Chesterfield, 
 Advice to a Lady in Autumn:— 
 " Thoae tears of the sky for the loss of the sun." 
 
 " De-wy freshness fills the silent 
 air. A." A line in the description of the 
 phenomena of night, in Sodthby's poem 
 of Thalaba the Destroyer. 
 
 Diabolad, The. A satirical work 
 by William Coombe (1741—1823), an 
 account of which Is glyen in The Gentle- 
 itian's Magazine for May, 1852. 
 
 " Dial to the sun, True as the." 
 Butler's Uudibraa, part iii., canto ii., 
 line 175. 
 
 Dialogues, by John Heywood 
 (d. 1565), comprised among others The Play 
 of Love; A Menj Play between the Pardon- 
 er and thf, Frere, the Cm-ate and Neybour 
 Pratte (1532) and TIte FoureP's: a very 
 Meru JEnterlude of a Palmer, a Pardoner, a 
 Potecary, and a Pedlar; QfOemtylnetand 
 Nobylyte (1636). 
 
 Dialogues of the Dead. A series 
 of conversations, somewhat in the style of 
 Landor, by George, Lord Lyttelion 
 (1709—1773). 
 
 Dialogues upon the Usefulness 
 
 of Ancient Medals, " especially in relation 
 to the Latin and Greek Poets,'' by Joseph 
 Addison (1672-1719) ; published by his 
 friend Tickell, in 1726. 
 
 " Diamonds cut diamonds." An 
 
 expression used in Ford's play of The 
 Lover's Melancholy, act i., scene 1. 
 
 Diana : "or, the excellent concelt- 
 ful Sonnets of H. C. ; Augmented with 
 divers Quatorzains of honorable and Jemed 
 Personages; divided into viii. Decads;" 
 and published in 1684. The author was 
 Henry Conbtable (b. about 1560, d. 1612). 
 
 Diana, in Shakespeare's All's 
 Well tliat Mnds Well, is beloved by Ber- 
 tram (q.v.). 
 
 Diana Vernon. One of the hero- 
 ines of Scott's Bob Roy (q.v.) ; beloved by 
 Francis Osbaldistone (q.v.). 
 
 " Diaphenia like the daf f adcwu- 
 dilly." First line of a lyric by Hbkbt 
 Constable, which originally appeared in 
 England's Helicon, published in 1600. Pal- 
 grave calls it a charming little poem, 
 truly " old and plain, ana dallying with 
 the innocence of love," like that spoken of 
 In Twelfth Night. 
 
 Diaries. Among the most famous 
 of these compositions in the English lan- 
 guage may be named those of Madame 
 u'Abblay, John Evelyn, Thomas 
 MoORB, Pepys,Crabb K0BiNS0N,andSir 
 Walter Scott, some of which will be 
 f oiuid referred to under the names of their 
 authors. 
 
 Dibdin, Charles, poet .and miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1745, d. 1814), wrote A 
 Complete Histort/ of the English Stage 
 (1795) ; Observations on a Tour throtJMh 
 almost the whole q/" England (1801) j Ths 
 Sliepherd's Pastoral; The Waterman; The 
 Quaker ; and other works. An edition of 
 his Songs (wljich number nearly 1,200, and 
 were said to have aided the maiming of 
 the British navy to a remarkable extent) 
 was published by George Hogarth, in 1843, 
 with a Me7noir of the author. See, also. 
 Dibdin's own account of his Professional 
 Life (1824), and the Life by his son (1850). 
 
 Dibdin, Thomas, son of the pre> 
 ceding (b. 1771, d. 1841), was a prolifie 
 writer of plays and songs ; among other 
 works, of The Cabinet, an opera ; Past Ten 
 o'clock, a farce ; Mother Goose, a pantd^ 
 mime ; The Sigh-Mettled Racer, an eques- 
 trian piece ; and A Metrical History qf 
 England : or. Recollections in Rhyme of the 
 Most Prominent Features in our Nauimal 
 Chronology, (1813). See his Reminisceiicei 
 (1828). 
 
BIB 
 
 DIG 
 
 197 
 
 Dibdin, Thomas Prognall, D.D., 
 
 bibliographer (b. 1770, d. 1847), published 
 Poems (1797); An Introduction to the Knowl- 
 edge of Rare and Valuable Editions of 
 ike Greek and Litin Classics (1803) ; Bib' 
 liomania, or Book-Madness (1811) (q.v.); 
 Bibliotheca Spenseriana (1814) ',The £ib- 
 Uographical Decameron: or, Ten Days' 
 PleasantDiscourse upon Illumin^itedManu- 
 scr£»/s <fcc . (1817) ; Sermons (1820— 25) ; The 
 Jiioliographical, Antiguarian, ana IHc- 
 iuresque Tour in France and Germany 
 (1821) ; ^des Althorpianee (1822) ; The Lv- 
 hrary Companion (1824) ; La Belle Marv- 
 Q,nne : a Tale of Truth and Woe (1824) ; 
 Simday Library (1831) ; Bibliophobia (1832); 
 A Bibliographical, Antiqiiarian, and Bic- 
 turesque Tour in the N^ortkem Counties of 
 England atid of Scotland (1838); and edi- 
 tions of the works of Ames, Sir Thomas 
 More, Thomas k Sempls, Fenelon, and 
 others. See his R&aiiniscences of a Liter- 
 ary Life (1836). 
 
 Diccon the Bedlam, in Brshop 
 Still's comedy of Gammer Gurtmi's 
 Needle (q.v.). A bedlam was one of those 
 itinerant beggars who, in the Klizabethan 
 age, went about feigning madness as an 
 inducement to almsgiving. 
 
 Dicey, Ed-ward Stephen, jour- 
 nalist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1832), 
 has produced A Memoir of Cavour; Borne 
 in 1860 ; Six Almiths in the Federal States 
 (1863); The Schleswig-Holstein W^ar (1864); 
 The Battle-field 3 qfliOG (1866) ; A Mmith in 
 Bussia (1867) ; The Morning Lcmd (1870) ; 
 and other works. 
 
 Dick, Mr., in Dickens's novel of 
 David Copperiield (q.v.), is remarkable for 
 the memorial concerning himself which 
 he is engaged in compiling, and for the 
 difficulty he experiences in keeping 
 Charles I. out of it, 
 
 Dick, Thomas, LL.D., Scottish 
 Secessioii minister and miscellaneous 
 •writer (b,1772,.d. 1857), was the author of 
 The Christian Phihswhy (1823) ; Tlie Philo- 
 sophy of a Future State (1828) ; Celestial 
 Scenery (1838) ; Sidereal Heavens (1840) ; 
 and The Solar System (1846). He also 
 wrote a number of other books, many of 
 which have been translated into several 
 languages. 
 
 Dickens, Charles, novelist (b. 
 1812, d. 1870), wrote Sketches by Boz (1836); 
 The Pickwick Papers (1836) ; Sunday under 
 three Heads (1836) ; The Strange Gentlpma/ii 
 (1836) ; The Villaqe Coquettes (1836) ; Oliver 
 Twist (1838) ; Ificholas Nickleby (1838) ; 
 The Old Cwriosit/y Shop (1840); Ba/niaby 
 Budge (1840) ; Americaai J^otes (1842) ; 
 Martin Chuzzlewit (1843) ; A Christmas 
 Carol (1843) ; The Chimes (1844) ; Dombey 
 and Son (1846) ; The Haunted Man (1847) ; 
 David Copperjield (1849) ; The Child's 
 History of England (1861) ; Bleak House 
 
 (1862); Hard Times (1854) ', Little Dorrit 
 (1855) ; A Tale of Two Cities ii859) ; Hunted 
 Doion (1860) ; The Vn-Commercial Trav- 
 eller .-(1S60) ; Our Mutual Friend (1864) ; 
 The Holiday Romance (1868) ; Great Ex- 
 pectations (1868) ; The Mystery of Edwin 
 Drood, unfinished (1870) ; and various 
 Christmas numbers, or portions of Christ- 
 mas numbers, contributed' to All the Year 
 Roun'd. His Works are published In, 
 various forms and at various prices. For 
 Biography, see A Story of his Life, by Theo- 
 dore Taylor (1870) ; the Life, by R. S. 
 Mackenzie (1870) ; and the Life, by John 
 Forster, completed in 1873. For remin- 
 iscences and other biographical memo- 
 randa of Dickens, the reader may refer to 
 the Sketch by tr. A. Sala : Testerdays with 
 Authors, by J. T. Fields: and Forster's 
 Lifeofnandor. For Criticism, bbb Essays 
 by George Brimle^ ; George Stott, in Tite 
 Contemporary Review for Febmary, 1869 ;. 
 JeafEreson's Novels and Novelists ; Ma&- 
 son's Novelists and their Styles; Bu- 
 chanan's Master Spirits ; Home's Sew 
 Spirit of tile Age ; The Westminster Re- 
 view for July, 1864, and April, 1865 ; and 
 the various reviews and magazines and 
 weekly journals during 1870. " The fairy 
 tale of human life," says Robert Bu- 
 chanan, " as seen first andlastbv this good 
 genie of fi.ction, seems to us far too de- 
 lightful to find fault with just yet. A bun- 
 dredyears hence, perhaps, we shall have 
 it assorted on its proper shelf in the temple 
 otfame. We know well enougb (as in- 
 deed, who does not know ?) that It con- 
 tains much sham pathos, atrocious bits of 
 psychological bungling, a little fine writ- 
 ingj and a thimbleful of twaddle ; we know 
 (quite as well as the critical know) that It 
 is peopled, not quite by human beitigs, 
 but by ogres^ monsters, giants, elves, 
 phantoms, faines, demons, and willow-o'- 
 the wisps ; we know, in a word, that it has 
 all the attractions as well as the limita- 
 tions of a story told by a child. For that 
 diviner oddity, which revels in the incon- 
 gruity of the very universe itself, which 
 penetrates to the spheres and makes the 
 very angel of death share in the wondeilul 
 laughter, we must go elsewhere— say to 
 Jean Paul. Of the satire, which illumi- 
 nates the inside of life and reveals the 
 secret beating of the heart, which un- 
 masks the beautiful and anatomises the 
 ugly, Thackeray is agreater master. Buffer 
 mere magic, for simpledeliglitf ulness, com- 
 mend us to our good genie. He came, when 
 most needed, totelluie whole story of life 
 anew, and more funnily than ever ; and it 
 seems to us that his child-like method 
 has brightened all life, and transformed 
 this awful London of ours — with its stait'- 
 ling facts and awful daily phenomena — 
 into a castle of dream. He was the great- 
 est work-a-day humorist that ever lived. 
 He was the most beneficent good genie 
 that ever wielded a pen," See American 
 Notes ; Baknaby Rudge ; Battle op 
 
163 
 
 DIG 
 
 DIN 
 
 Life ; Bleak House : Boz : Boz, 
 Sketches by ; Chimes, The ; Cheist- 
 MAS Cabul ; Chuzzlewit, Martin ; 
 COPPEBFIELD, David ; Dombey asd 
 Son ; Dbood, Edvtik ; Hard Tisies j 
 Haunted Man, The ; Holiday Bo- 
 MANCE ; Holly Tree Inn ; Household 
 "Words ; Humphrey's Clock, Master ; 
 Hunted Down ; Ivy Green, The ; Lir- 
 KiPEB's Lodgings, Mrs ; Marigold, 
 Doctor ; Muqby Junction ; Mutual 
 Friend, Our ; Nickleby, Nicholas ; 
 No Thoroughfare ; Oliver Twist ; 
 Picnic Papers ; Pickwick Club ; 
 Silverman's Bxplaxation ; Some- 
 body'sluggage ; strange gentleman, 
 The ; Sunday under three Heads ; 
 Tale of Two Cities, A ; Tom Tiddler's 
 Ground j Un-Commercial Traveller ; 
 Village Coquettes, The ; Wiltshire 
 Labourers. 
 
 " Dickens, The." A phrase used 
 by Shakespeare in his comedy, TJt^ 
 Merry Wives of Windsor^ act iii., scene 2 ; 
 " I cannot tell what the diclceus his name 
 is." 
 
 Dictes and Sayings of the 
 philosophers. The. A translation from the 
 PrenchofJehandeJeanville,by Anthony 
 ■WOODVILLE, Earl Kivers (1442—1483), 
 and the first hook printed by Caxtonat 
 Westminster, November 18, 1477. 
 
 Dictionary of the Varieties of 
 
 Life ; or, '* Lexicon Balatronicum ;" by 
 Jon Bee (John Badcock), published in 
 1823 ; explaining many colloquial phrases 
 and slang words. 
 
 Dictionary, Latin-English, by 
 Sir Thomas Elyot (d. 1646), published in 
 1538. The first published in England, and 
 " one of the earliest attempts towards the 
 promotion of lexicographical literature. 
 
 Dicuil, an Irish monk (b. 755), 
 wrote, in 825, a Latin description of the 
 earth. 
 
 Didaco. See Achelet, Thomas. 
 
 Diddler, Jeremy. In Kenny's 
 farce of Raising the Wind (q-v.), " a needy 
 and seedy individual, always contriving by 
 his songs, bortr^motSt or other expedients, 
 to borrow money or obtain credit," 
 
 Dido, Queen of Carthage. A 
 
 tragedy, by Thomas Nash and Chris- 
 topher Marlowe j produced in 1594. 
 
 "Dl do dum." The point of an 
 epigram which will be found in Porson's 
 i'aceticB Oxntabrigienses. The professor 
 was asked to rhyme and pun upon the end- 
 ings of the Latin gerunds, and immediate- 
 ly produced the following ;— 
 " When Dido found ^ncan would not come, 
 She mourned in silence and was £1 do dum." 
 
 " Die, and endovr a college or a 
 
 cat." Line 96, epistle 1. of Pope's Moral 
 Essays. 
 
 " Die 'with harness on our back, 
 
 At least -we'll,"— Macbeth, act v., scene 5. 
 
 " Die, Taught us ho'w to." A, 
 
 description applied to Addison by Tick-' 
 ELL, who declares, in a poem on the death 
 of the essayist, that he first taught us how 
 to live, and then — 
 
 " (Oh I too high 
 The price for knowledge) taught us how to die. 
 
 " Dies and makes no sign. He." 
 
 King Henry IV., part ii., act iii„ scene 3, 
 
 "Dies Irae." See Day of Judg- 
 ment, On the. 
 
 "Difference to me, Oh, the." — 
 
 Wordsworth on Inuiy. 
 
 Digby, Sir Eenelm (b. 1603, d. 
 1665), wrote an Interpretation of Spenser's 
 Faerie Queene, bk, it., canto ix., stanza^ 
 (1644); two Treatises onthe nature of Bodies 
 and of Man's Souie (1645) : Observations 
 upoii Sir Thomas Browne' sEeligio Medici ; 
 and other works. 
 
 Digby, Kenelm Henry (b. 1800), 
 wrote Tlie Broad Stone of Honour (1826 — 
 27); Mores Catholici; or. Ages of Faith {)Mi 
 —47); and other works. 
 
 Diggory, in Goldsmith's comedy 
 of Site Stoops to Conquer (q.v.), has been 
 " taken from the barn to make a show at 
 the side-table." 
 
 Dilke, Charles Wentworth, 
 
 journalist (b. 1789, d. 1864), was for many 
 years editor and proprietor of The Athen- 
 <Bum, to which he contributed a large num- 
 ber of critical essays. See next paragraph, 
 
 Dilke, Sir Charles Wentn-orth, 
 
 grandson of the above (b. 1843), has written 
 Greater Britain (1868) ; The Fall of Prince 
 Florestan of Monaco (1874), He edited in 
 1875, his grandfather's Papers of a Critic, 
 to which he prefixed a biographical preface. 
 He was for a time the editor of TJie Athen- 
 ceum, of which he is the proprietor. 
 
 Dillon, ■Went^»'orth. See Eos- 
 common, Earl of. 
 
 "Dim and perilous ■way, A." 
 
 Wordsworth, Tlie Excursion, bk. iii. 
 
 " Dim eclipse, disastrous tw^i- 
 light." — Milton, Paradise Lost,\>V, i., line 
 697. 
 
 "Dim religious light, A." — Mil- 
 ton's II Penseroso, line 159. 
 
 "Diminished heads. Hide their." 
 
 — Paradise Lost, bk. iv., line 35. 
 
 Dinah, Aunt, in Sterne's novel 
 of Tristram Shandy (q.v.), is aunt to Mr. 
 Walter Shandy ; also a character in Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin. 
 
 Dinarbus. A supplement to Dr, 
 Johnson's Basselas (q.v.), published by 
 Cornelia Knight (1757—1837) in 1790. 
 
DIN 
 
 DIS 
 
 199 
 
 Dingley Dell, in Diceeks's novel 
 of The Pickioick Papers (q.v.), is tlie liome 
 of old Wavdle ami his family, and the scene 
 of Mr. Tupmau's love adveiLture with, the 
 foil* Miss liachael. 
 
 Diniuout, Dandle. A store-farmer 
 ill Sir Walter Scott's novel of Guj/ Man~ 
 nering (q.v.). 
 
 Diogenes's Lanthorne. A satire 
 upon London Life, by Saku£L Rowlastds 
 (b. 1570, d. 1625), published in 1607, in 
 which every man is represented as seeing 
 the faults of his neighbour as through a 
 glass, and being pleased accordingly. " in 
 Athens, says the author, — ' 
 
 '• I seckc for honest men. 
 But 1 shall find tfaein God knows when : 
 I'll searche the citic, where if I can Bee 
 An honest man, lie ahnll gnc with me." 
 
 "We may notii6e in connection with this 
 work, another satire, comically entitled 
 The letting Hiimfnir^s Blood in the Ifead- 
 Vayne, with a new Morrisco daunced by 
 Seven Satyrs upon the Bottom of DiogeTies' s 
 Table, which appeared in 1600, and was 
 ■ proscribed by the government of the day. 
 
 Dion. A poem by William Words- 
 worth, written in 1S16. 
 
 Diohe. A pastoral tragedy by 
 JoH2f Gay, written in imitation of Guar- 
 ini's Pastor Fklo^ and produced in 1720. 
 
 Dipsychus. Apsychblogical, semi- 
 humorous, semi-satirical poem by Arthu r 
 Hugh Clough (1819—1861), begun in the 
 autumn of 1850 atVenice, w^nere the scene is 
 laid. It consists of a series of conversations 
 between Dipsychus and the Spirit, who acts 
 towards him somewhat the same part that 
 Mephistopheles acts towards Faust in 
 Goethe's dramatic poem. It was not pub- 
 lished during the author's lifetime, and 
 should not therefore be regarded as having 
 received his finishing touches. Numeroua 
 lyrics, chiefly satirical, are introduced to 
 relieve the monotony of the conversations. 
 
 Dirge, A. A poem, by Alfred 
 Texxysox, written in 1830 :— 
 
 " Now is done thy lonp day'fl work i 
 Fold thy palms across thy "breast. 
 Fold thine arms, turn to thy rest, 
 X«t them rave." 
 
 Dirge in Cymbeline: "To fair 
 Fidele's gi-assy tomb ; " written by "Wil- 
 liam CoLLixs,in 1748. 
 
 Dirk Hatteraick. A smuggler, in 
 Scott's Guy Mannering (q.v .). 
 
 Discoverie of the Empyre of 
 
 Guiana, The, written by Sir Walter 
 Kaleioh ; published in 1596. 
 
 Discoveries made upon Men 
 and Matter, ** as they have flowed out of 
 his Daily Keadings, or had their Keflux to 
 his peculiar notion of the Times." A prose 
 
 work, of comment and quotation, by Beic 
 JONSON ; also called Sylvia and Timber. 
 
 " Discourse most eloquent 
 
 music." — Hamlet, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 "Discourse, "With such large."^ 
 — Hamletf act iil., scene 2, 
 
 Discovery of the Cross, The. 
 
 An oldEnglishpoem,byCYKEWULP (q.v.). 
 
 Discreetest. best ! (Seems -wis- 
 est, virtuouaest)." — Paradise Lost, bk. 
 viii., line 548. 
 
 Discretion in Giving, Of. A 
 
 poem by "William Dunbak (1465—1530), 
 the moral of which is contained in the 
 title. There is a compauion piece ou Dis- 
 cretion in Taking. 
 
 " Discretion, The better part of 
 
 valour is." See Skakkspeabe's play of 
 King Henry JV., part i., act v., scene 4; 
 Beaumont and Fletcher's A King and 
 No King, act iv,, scene 3 ; and Church- 
 ill's poem of The Gliost, book i., 1, 1. 232, 
 
 Disdain Returned. A lyric by 
 Thomas Carew (1589—1639), beginning— 
 
 *' He that loves a rosy cheek." 
 
 The last verse is generally — and most un-i 
 accountably — omitted in collections of 
 poetry. 
 
 Disobedient Child, The. A 
 
 moral play, by Thomas Ingelent> (b- 
 circa 1575), *' late student in Cambridge," 
 setting forth the misery arising from, 
 imprudent matrimonial connections. The, 
 hero is called " the Rich-man's son," and 
 has married the " Young woman" — whose 
 name, apparently, is Rose — against his 
 father's wishes. Whereupon the lady turns 
 out to be a spendthrift vixen, and the 
 husband is set to do the most disagreeable 
 drudgery. A copy of this rare drama is in 
 the collection at Bridgwater House. 
 
 Diso-wned, The. A novelby Lord 
 Lytton, published in 1828. 
 
 Dispensary, The. A burlesque 
 poem in six cantos, by Sir SamuelGarth; 
 written in defence of an edict passed by 
 the College of Physicians, July, 1687, which 
 required medical men to give gratuitous 
 advice to the poor. The poem was pub- 
 lished in 1696. 
 
 " Dispraised (Of -whom to be) 
 
 were no small praise."— Parat/tse Regained, 
 bk. iii., line 56. 
 
 Disputatlo inter Clericum et. 
 
 Militem : " super potestate Prelatis eccle-^ 
 sise atque Frincipibus terrarum commissa 
 in forma dialogi ; et Compendium de Vita 
 Antichristi." A tract, by William of 
 Occam (1270—1347), published in 1475 ; the 
 first part of which, A Dialogue hetwene a 
 Knyght and a Clerke concerning the Power 
 Spiritual a/nd Temporal, was written in 
 
200 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIV 
 
 1305, " to silence the clergy, and answer 
 their unreasonable expectations that the 
 Pope ini^bt exercise jurisdiction over tlie 
 temporalities of Princes, and the Churcli 
 l>e exempted from contributing to the 
 relief of the Poor or the security- of the 
 nation." 
 
 , Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Bea- 
 constield (b. 1805), has written Vivian Grey 
 (1826 and 1827) ; The Voyage of Captain 
 Popanilla (1828 ; The Young Duke (1831) ; 
 Oantarini Fleming (1832) ; The Wondrous 
 Tale ofAlroy (1833) ; The Rise of Iskander 
 (1833) ; Ixion in Heaven (1833) ; The Crisis 
 Examined (1833) ; The JRevotutionary Epic 
 (1834) ; Vindication of the English Consti- 
 tution (1835) ; Letters of Runnyinede (1835); 
 Henrietta Temple (1837 ; Venetia (1837) ; 
 jUarcos, a tragedy (1839) ; Coningsby , or, 
 the New generation (1844) ; Sybil : or, the 
 Two Nattons (1S45); Tancred : or, the 'New 
 Crusade (1847); Zord George Rentinck, a 
 political biography (1851) ; Church and 
 Queen: Speeches (IseS) ; Constitutional Re- 
 -form : Speeches (1866) ; Parliamentary Re- 
 form : Speeches (1867) ; Speeches on Conser- 
 vative Policy of last thirty years (1870) ; 
 Lothair' (1871) ; and Address delivered at 
 Glasgow University (1873). Collected edi- 
 tions of the novels and tales have been 
 published. See Coningsbv : ob, the 
 New Generation ; Delta ; Ixion in 
 Heaven ; Lothaib ; Eunnymede, Let- 
 ters OF ; SvBiL : OK, the Two Nations ; 
 Tancred : or, the New Crusade ; 
 Vivian Grey. 
 
 Disraeli, Isaac, author, father of 
 the preceding (b. 1766, d. 1848), wrote A 
 Poetical Epistle on the Abuse of Satire 
 (1789) ; A Defence of Poetry (1790) ; Vauricn 
 (J797) ; Romances (1799) ; Narrative Poems 
 (1803) ; Flim^Flams (1805), (q.v.) ; Des- 
 potism : or, tlie Fall of the Jesuits (1811) ; 
 The History of Capld and Psyche (1S13) ; 
 The Genius of Judaism (1833) ; The Crisis 
 Examined (18;M) ; and a lewothers, besides 
 his better-known works, such as The 
 Curiosities of Literature (1791, 1793, 1823) ; 
 The Calamities of Authors X1812) ; The 
 Quarrels of Authors (1814) ; The Literary 
 Chajracter (1816) ; and The Literary and 
 Political Character of James I. (1816). See 
 the Life, by his son, prefixed to the library 
 edition of the Curiosities. See Abuse of 
 Satire ; Tag, Kag, and Bobtail, 
 Messrs. 
 
 Distaffina. The heroine of Bhodes' 
 
 Bombastes Furioso (q.v.). 
 
 " Distance lends enchantment 
 
 to tlie view. And." Line 7, in part i. of 
 Campbell's poem, The Pleasures of Hope 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " Distilled damnation." A phrase 
 used by Kobert Hall. See his lAfe by 
 Gregory. 
 
 Distracted Lover, The. A song 
 by Henry Carev. See his Poems (1729). 
 
 Distracted Puritan, The. " A 
 
 mad song," written about the beginning of 
 tlie seven teeiith century by Bishop Corbet 
 (1582—1636). 
 
 Distrest Mother, The. A play 
 byAMBR0SEPHiLiPS(1671— 1749), founded 
 on the Andi-mnaque of Bacine. " Before 
 its appearance," says T>r. Johnson, ** a 
 whole ^ec/a^or, none indeed- of the best 
 [it was No. 290, by Steele], was devoted to 
 its praise ; while it still continued to be 
 acted, another Spectator was written [No. 
 335, by Addison] to tell what impression it 
 made upon Sir Roger ; and on the first 
 night a select audience, says Pope, was 
 called together to applau^ it." 
 
 Distrest Wife, The. A comedy 
 by John Gay, printed in 1743 ; acted at 
 Covent Garden, 1772, 
 
 Dittie to Hey Do'v^ne, A. Ap- 
 parently of Henry VIIl.'s time. 
 
 Diver, Colonel. A character in 
 Dickens's novel of Martin Chuzzteteit 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Divers Balades agenst the 
 
 Seven Dedely Synnes, were written by An- 
 thony WooDViLLE, Earl Bivers (1442 — 
 1483). 
 
 Diversions of Purley, The: 
 EHEA nTEPOENTA. A philological trea. 
 tise by John Horne Tooke (1736 — 1812), 
 so called from the residence of his bene- 
 factor, William Tooke, at Purley, and pub- 
 lislied, the first part in 1786, the second 
 part in 1805. A review of this famous work 
 will be found in an article in The Quarterly 
 Review, No. xiv., where the writer, prob- 
 ably Lord Dudley and "Ward, says of its 
 author ; " What he has proved is, that all 
 words, even those that are expressions of 
 the nicest operations of our minds, were 
 oiiginally borrowed from the objects of ex- 
 ternal perception— a circumstance highly 
 curious in tile history of language, conse- 
 <luently, in the history of the liumaii mind 
 itself, and the complete demonstration of 
 which of course reflects great credit on its 
 author. What lie thinks he has proved is, 
 that the etymological history of words is 
 our true guide, both as to the present im- 
 port of the words themselves, and as to the 
 nature of those things which they are in- 
 tended to signify — a proposition so mon- 
 strous that he has nowhere ventured to 
 enunciate it in its general foi-m, liut has 
 rather left it to be collected from the gen- 
 eral tenour of his remarks upon particular 
 instances. ' An edition of the JJiversions, 
 edited, with notes, by Bichard Taylor, was 
 published in 1840. 
 
 " Divided duty, t do perceive 
 
 here a." — Otliello, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Divine Art of Poesie. <S«e Es- 
 SAYES OF A Prentice. 
 Divine Attributes, On the. A 
 
DIV 
 
 DOD 
 
 201 
 
 series of prize poems written by Ghbis- 
 TOPHEB Smakt (1722—1770), on the Eter- 
 nUy (1750) ; the Immensittj (1751) ; the Om- 
 niscience (1752) ; the Power (1753) ; and the 
 Goodness of the Supreme Being (1755). 
 
 " Divine in hookas, glorious in 
 
 a pipe." A line in an apostrophe to to- 
 bacco, occurring in stanza 19, canto ii. of 
 Byron's poem of The Island : — 
 
 " Tet thy true lovers more admire by for 
 Thy naked beauties— Give me a cigar I " 
 
 Divine Legation of Moses de- 
 monstrated. The. A controversial work by 
 William Wabbubton, Bishop of Glou- 
 cester (1698 — 1779), of which the first vol- 
 ume appeared in 1738, and in which the 
 author endeavoured to prove that the Pen- 
 tateuch must be aDiviue revelation because 
 it is silent on the subject of a luture state. 
 In order to enforce this theory, the writer 
 laid nearly all ancient and modem authors 
 under tribute, with the result that his 
 work was characterised by a leading critic 
 in The Edinburgh Review .as " the most 
 learned, most arrogant, and most absurd 
 work which has been produced in England 
 for a century." Another critic writes of 
 the bishop's " glorious extravagance, which 
 dazzles while it is unable to convince." 
 An able review of the controversy which 
 followed upon the publication of this work 
 may be read in the second volume of The 
 Quarterly Review. See, also, Disraeli's 
 Quarrels of Authors. A list of the bishop's 
 own Vindicatums, and of several contro- 
 versial tracts occasioned by his produc- 
 tions, is given in Lowndes' Bibliographer's 
 Manual, under the beading " Warbur- 
 ton." 
 
 Divine Love. A sacred poem, in 
 six cantos, by Edmund Waller (1605— 
 1687). 
 
 " Divine Philosophy." See 
 •• Apollo's Lute." 
 
 Divine Poems, by Francis Qc ais- 
 les (1592—1644), published in 1630 ; and in- 
 cluding the histories of Jonah, Esther, Job. 
 alnd Samson. John Donne published 
 some Divine Poems in 1613. ' 
 
 "Divinity doth hedge a king, 
 
 There's such."— flamfet, act iv., scene 5. 
 
 "Divinity in odd numbers, 
 
 They say there is." — Merry Wives of Wind- 
 sor, act v., scene 1. 
 
 "Divinity that shapes our ends, 
 
 There's a."— Hamlet, act v., scene 2,— 
 .'* Rough-hew them how we will." 
 
 " Divinity that stirs Turithin us, 
 
 The."— Addison's Cato, act v., scene 1. 
 
 Divisione Naturae, De : " Hspi 
 ^vtreiov /xcpio-jitoD." A treatise by Jo- 
 hannes ScoTUS (d; 877), In which he con- 
 tends that after the resurrection, Vba cor- 
 
 poreal body. In its reunion with the soul, 
 will be changed into a spiritual body. 
 
 Divorce, The Doctrine and Dis- 
 cipline of. A treatise, by John Miltost 
 (1608-1674), published in 1644, and occa- 
 sioned by a disagreement witli his ,wife, 
 Mary Powell, who declined to return to 
 his house. It was followed shortly after by 
 Tlie Judgment of Martin Bucer conccrhing 
 Divorce ; and Tetra^hordon : Expositions 
 upon the four chief places of Scripture 
 which treat of Marriage. 
 
 Dixon, 'William Hep'worth, 
 
 journalist and miscellaneous writer (b. 
 1821), has produced, among other works, 
 John Howard, a Memoir (1^9) ; A JAfe of 
 William Perm (1861) ; Robert Blake, Ad- 
 miral and General, at Sea (1852); The Holy 
 Land (1865): New America (1867); Spi'rltudl 
 Wives (.ISeS); Free Russia (lilQ); Her Maj- 
 esty's Tower (1871); The Switzers {1872); 
 Tlie History of Two Queens (1873): White 
 Conquest (1875); and Diana, Lady Lyle 
 Cl8lf). Mr. Dixon was for some years the 
 editor of The AthentBum (1853—09). 
 
 Dobbin, Captain 'William, in 
 
 Thackeray's novel of Vanity Fair (q.v.), 
 is the friend of George Osborne, whose 
 widow, Amelia Sedley, lie eventually mar- 
 ries. 
 
 Dobbins, Humphrey. The body- 
 servant of Sir Kobert Bramble, in Col- 
 man's comedy. The Poor Gentleman (q.v.). 
 
 Dobell, Sidney, poet (b. 1824, d. 
 1874), was the author of The Roman (1850); 
 Balder (1854); and, with Alexander Smith 
 (q.v-). Sonnets of the War (1865). He also 
 wrote some miscellaneous pieces. His 
 Works were collected in 1875. 
 
 Dobson, Austin, poet (b. 1840), 
 has written Vignettes in Rhyme and Prov- 
 erbs in Porcelain. 
 
 Doctor Ordinatissimus, or, 
 
 " Most Methodical Doctor." A name be- 
 stowed upon John Bassol (d. 1347), for 
 the order and method displayed by him in 
 his compositions. 
 
 Doctor Slop. A r nme applied to 
 Dr. (afterwards Sir .John) Stqddart (1773 
 —1856), on account of his attacks in The 
 Times on Napoleon I. Also a character in 
 Sterne's Tristram Shandy. 
 
 "Doctors disagree ? "Who shall 
 decide when," Pope, Moral Essays, ep. 
 iii.. line 1. 
 
 Doctrinale Antiqultatum Ec- 
 clesiio, by Thomas of Walden, a Car- 
 melite monk. A long and systematic 
 asseirtion of Church doctrine against the 
 Wycliffite heresies, continued. In the 
 author's Sacraments. Walden lived be- 
 tween 1380 and 1430. 
 
 Dod, Charles Roger, journalist 
 
 9* 
 
202 
 
 DOD 
 
 DOG 
 
 and compiler (b. 1793, d. 1865), was con- 
 nected with The Times for twenty-tliree 
 years, and compiled The Parliamentary 
 Companion ; The Peerage. Baronetage, and 
 Knightage of the United Kingdom ; and 
 Electoral Facts. 
 
 Dod, John, cleric and religious 
 writer (b. 1547, d. 1645), wrote A Plain and 
 JFamiUar ExpositUm of the Ten Command- 
 ments t and of certain C/iapters of the Book 
 of Proverbs (1606). 
 
 Dodd, Charles. The vom deplume 
 of a writer — the author of Certamen utrius- 
 gue EcclesicR, a List of all the Eminent 
 Writers of Controversy, Catliolic and Pro- 
 testant, since the lieformaiion (1724), and 
 The Church history of England from 1500 
 to 1688, chiefly with regard to Catholics 
 (1737 — 42) — whose name is variouBly assert- 
 ed to be Richard ToOke and Hugh 
 TooTEL. He is said to have died in 1745. 
 The best, though an uncompleted, edition 
 of the Church History is that of Tiemey, 
 begun in 1839. 
 
 Dodd, ■William, D.D. (b. 1729, d. 
 1T?7), wrote The Beauties of SJiakesptare 
 <1753), (q.v.); The Sisters (1754): Practical 
 Discourses on the Miracles and Parables 
 (1757); Rejlections on Death {ViGZy, Comfort 
 for the A^lctedunder every Affliction (1764); 
 The Visitor (XIQ^)', Poems (1767) ; A Com- 
 mentary on the Books of the Old and New 
 Testament (1770); Sermons to Young Men 
 (1771); ajiid Thoughts in Prison {1717). See 
 the Lfe hy Reed. 
 
 Doddrige, Philip, D.D., religions 
 writer (b. 1702, d. 1751) wrote Some Re- 
 markable Passages in the Life of Col. 
 James Gardiner {17^7); The Rise and Pro- 
 gress of Religion in the Saul (1750) ; The 
 Ji'amily Expositor (1760); A Courae qf Lec- 
 tures on the Princijpal Subjects in Pneuma- 
 tology. Ethics, ana Divinity (1794; and Ser- 
 mons, on Various Subjects (1826). For 
 Biography see the Memoirs, by Job Orton 
 (1766), and the Life, published in 1831. 
 
 Dodge, Mary Abigail, American 
 authoress (b- about 1830), has written 
 Country lAving and Country Thinking, 
 Gala Days, Woman's Wrongs, Twelve 
 Miles from a Leman, Nursery Noonings. 
 and other works, besides contributing 
 largely to periodical literature. See 
 Hamilton, Gail. 
 
 Dodger, the Artful. An alias of 
 Jack Da vvkins, a young thief, in Dickens's 
 
 Oliver Twist. 
 
 Dodgsoii, C. Lutwidge. See 
 
 CAttitoLL, Lewis. 
 
 Dodsley. Robert, bookseller, au- 
 thor, and editor (1703—1764). wrote The 
 Muse in Livery (1732); The Toy Shop, and 
 other plays, besides publishing, in 1744, A 
 Select Collection of Old Plays, edited by 
 T/iomas Coxeter (12 vols.); The Preceptor 
 
 (1748); The (Economy of Human L'fe 
 (1751); and numerous oUier works. He 
 also published the London and Vanity of 
 Human Wishes of Dr. Johnson. His Col- 
 lection of Old Plays has been edited by W. 
 Carew Hazlitt (1875). 
 
 Dods, Meg. Tlie landlady of the 
 Cleikum Inn, in Sir "Waltek Scott's 
 novel of St. Ronan's Well (q.v.). '■ One 
 of those happy creations, approaching ex- 
 travagance but not reaching it, formed of 
 the most dissimilar materials without in- 
 consistency." 
 
 Dodson and Fogg. Two petti- 
 fogging lawyers who, in Dickens's Pick- 
 loicK Papers, figure in the famous trial of 
 " Bardell vs. Pickwick," as attonieys for 
 the plaintiff. 
 
 Doeg, in Drtden's poem of Absa- 
 lom and Achitophel (q.v.), is iiitended for 
 Klkanah Settle, the city poet (q.v.). 
 
 Doesticks, Q. K. Philander. A 
 
 pseudonym adopted by Mortimer M. 
 Thompson (d. 1875), an Americaji humorist, 
 who published Doesticks: what he says 
 (1855); Plu^i-bus-tah, a song thxit's by no 
 author (1851); and other works. 
 
 " Dog at Ke-w, I am his High- 
 
 ness's-" First line of a couplet, engrared 
 by Pope, on the collar of a dog. which he 
 gave to Frederick, Prince of Wales. The 
 second line ran — 
 
 •* Pray tell roc, air, whose dog are you ? ' ' 
 
 "Dog it was that died. The." — 
 
 Goldsmith's Elegy on a Mad Dog. 
 
 "Dog, Something better than 
 
 his." — Tenkysox, Looksley Hall. 
 
 Dogberry. A " city-officer '' in 
 Shakespeare's Mv^h Ado About Nothing 
 (q.v.), overbearing, ignorant, self-satisfied, 
 but withal good-natured. He is the author' 
 of the famous saying, that '* comparisons 
 are odorous," and is notable for his anxiety. 
 to be " written down an ass." There can. 
 be no doubt that he sugg^ted to Sheridan 
 the idea of Mrs. Malaprop (q.v.). 
 
 Doggett, Thomas, Actor and dra- 
 matist (d. 1721), wrote The Country Wake,.- 
 a comedy. He founded the famous " Coat 
 and Badge" prize, which is annually rowed 
 for on the Thames, by six young watermen. 
 
 " Do good by stealth, and blush 
 
 to find it fame." See Allworthv, Mr. 
 
 *' Dogs delight to bark and bite, ' 
 
 Let," First line of a verse by Dr. Watts, 
 in Song xvi. : — 
 
 " Let dogs delieht to bark and bite, 
 For God hath made them eo ; ' 
 Let bears and lions fcrowl and fight, ' 
 For 'tis their nature too." 
 
 " Dogs of war, The." 
 
 HAVOO." 
 
 See "Crt 
 
BOG 
 
 DOR 
 
 203 
 
 " Dogs, Thro-w , physic to the." 
 
 Macbeth, act. v., scene 3. 
 
 Dol Common, lu Ben Jonson's 
 
 Mchemist, is the colleague of Subtle and 
 Fun in. tlieir practices upon Sir Epicure 
 Mammon. 
 
 Dolly Varden, in Dickens's novel 
 of Barnaby Ritdge (q.v.), is the daughter of 
 Gabriel Varden (q.v.), and eventually mar- 
 ries Joe Willet (q.v.). ** She has given a 
 name to a peculiar style of feminine attire." 
 
 Dolorous Dettie and -Much La- 
 mentable Chaunce of the Moost Honorable 
 Earl of Northumberlande, Upon the, by 
 John Skeltok (b. 1460, d. 1529). The 
 subject of this elegy is the fourth Earl, 
 Henry Percy, who fell a victim to the ava- 
 rice of Henry VII., in 1489. 
 
 Dombey and Son, a novel by 
 Charles Dickens (1812—1870), was first 
 published in 1846 — 47, and ran through 
 twenty monthly numbers. 
 
 Dombey, Florence. Tlie heroine 
 of Dickens's novel of Dombey and Son 
 (q.v.) ; daughter of Mr. Dombey. The 
 name of the •' son " is Paul, and the descrip- 
 tion of his death is one of the most pathetic 
 hits of Dickens's writing. 
 
 "Dome of thought, the palace 
 
 of the soul, The.'* In BYitos*s Childe 
 Harold's Pilgrimage, stanza 6, canto ii. 
 
 Domestic Poet, The. A name 
 given to William Covtpeii. 
 
 Domett, Alfred. See "Waring. 
 
 Dominie, Sampson. See Samp- 
 son, DOMISIE. 
 Don Juan. See Juan, Don. 
 
 Donne, John, D.D., poet and 
 clergyman (1573 — 1631), wrote The Pseudo- 
 Martyr (1610) ; Conclave IgnatU : or, Igna- 
 tius, his Cmielave (1611) ; An Elegy on the 
 tlntimely Death of the Incoviparaole Prince 
 Henry (1613) ; Devotions upon Emergent 
 OcQasimis, and Severall Steps in my Sick- 
 ness (1624) ; An Anatomy of the World 
 (1625) ; Polpdoron : or, a Miscellania of 
 Morall, Philosophical, and Theological Sen- 
 tences (1631) ; Death's Devil (1632) ; A Sheaf 
 of Miscellany Epigrams (1632) ; Juvenilia : 
 or, Certaine Paradoxes and. Problems (1633) ; 
 BIA 0ANATO2 (1644) ; Essayes in Divi- 
 nity (1651) ; Letters to Severall Persons of 
 Honour (1651) ; and other Works, collected 
 in 1635, and republished with a Memoir by 
 Dean Alford in 1838. His Sermons, with a 
 Life by Izaak Walton, orieinally appeared 
 in 1640—49. "Of Donne,'^ wrote Hazlitt, 
 "I know nothing but some beautiful 
 versss to his wife, dissuading her from ac- 
 companying htm on his travels abroad, and 
 some quaint riddles, in verse, which the 
 sphinx could not unravel." " Donnei" says 
 Hartley Coleridge— 
 
 " Of Btubhorn thout^hts a f^rland thought to twine | 
 To his fair maid brought cabalistic noses, 
 And sung fair ditties ot inctcinpsycnosis : 
 Twifita iron pokers into true love knots, 
 Coining hard words not found in poli'glots." 
 
 He has been called by excellent judges a 
 " great wit," " a man of very extensive and 
 various knowledge," and " the greatest 
 preacher of the seventeenth century." 
 See FunebalEleoxes ; Pseudo-Mabtyr, 
 The, 
 
 Donnithorne, Arthur, in George 
 Eliot's novel of Adam Bade (q.v.), is in 
 love with Hetty Sorrel (q.v.). 
 
 , Donzel del Fhebo. A hero of 
 
 romance, whose story is told in The Mirror ' 
 of Knighthood (<i.y.). He is usually asso- 
 ciated with Kosiclear, and is mentioned in 
 the play of The Malcontent (q.v.j. 
 
 Doolan, Morgan. A journalist, 
 in Thackeray's Pendennis (q.v.). 
 
 "Do or die, Let us.'* — Burns, in 
 his poem of Bannoclcbum. 
 
 Dora. The. "child wife" of the 
 hero of Dickens's iJauM? Copperjield (q.v.). 
 
 Dora. An idyll, by Alfred Ten- 
 nyson, published in 1842. 
 
 Doran, John, LL.D., author and 
 editor (b. 1807), has published the following 
 works '.■:—£Rstory and Antiquities of the 
 Town and Borough of Peading (1835) ; Eiiia 
 Dolorosa, Memoirs of the Ductless ofAngm(r 
 l&me (1852) ; Anthon's Anabasis of ^enqphon ,■ 
 (1853) ; A Life of Dr. Young (1P54) ; Table 
 Traits,and Something on Them (1854); Habits 
 and Men (1855) ; Lives of ilie Queens of the 
 House of Hanover- iX^oo) ; Knights and their 
 Days (1856) ; Monarchs retiredfrom Business 
 (1857) ; The History of Court Pools (1858) ; 
 New Pictures and Old Panels (1859) ; Tiit 
 Last Journals of Horace Wa'poU (1859) ; 
 Lives of the Princes of Wales (1«60).; A Me- 
 moir of Queen Adelaide (1861) ; The Bentle.y 
 Ballads (1861) ; Tlietr Majesties* Servam^ts. 
 (1863) ; Saints and Sinners : or, In Church 
 and About 7^(1868) ; Ancient Castles, Abbeys, 
 and Baronial Mansions of England (1873) ; 
 " M'dnn " and Manners at the Court of 
 Florence 1740—1786 (1875), and others. Ht.^ 
 Borau became the editor of Notes and 
 Queries in 1873, 
 
 Dorastus. The liero of Greene's 
 Pa/ndosto: or, the Triumph of Time (q.y.). 
 
 Dorax. A noble Portuguese, in 
 Dryden's play entitled Don Sebastian ; ' 
 described by The Edinburgh Review (I8fl|8) ' 
 as "the chef-d*ORuvre of. Bryden*s tragic,, 
 characters, and perhaps the only one in- 
 which he has applied his great knowledge 
 of human kind to actual delineation." 
 
 "Dorian mood of flutes, and 
 soft recorders. The."— Paradise Lost, book 
 i„ line 550. 
 
 Doricourt. A character in GoK< 
 
204 
 
 DOB 
 
 botr 
 
 greve's comedy of The Way of the World 
 (q.v ) ; also tlie name of the hero of The 
 Beliefs Stratagem (q.v.). 
 
 Dorimant. A witty rake in Eth- 
 EREGE's play of the The Man of Mode 
 (q.v.) ; intended for the Earl of Koches- 
 ter> 
 
 Dorinda^ in the Earl of Dorset's 
 vereea^ is intended for the Countesa of 
 Dorchester (Catherine Sedley), miatresa of 
 James II. : — 
 
 *' Tell mc, Dorinda, why bo gay, 
 Why Buch embroidery, fringe, and lace ? " 
 
 Doris. A lady celebrated by "Wil- 
 liam CoNGBEVE in some lively stanzas. 
 
 " Dormouse in the human 
 
 bosom, To lie." A phrase xised by Tony 
 Weller in the Pickwick Papers (q.v.). 
 
 Dorothea. The heroine of Mas- 
 singer's Virgin Martyr (q.v.). "A beau- 
 tiful display of Christian heroism." 
 
 Dorothea Brooke. The heroine 
 of George Eliot*s novel of Middlemoich 
 (q.v.); married first to Mr. Casaubon, the 
 scliolar, and afterwards to Will Ladislaw, 
 the artist. '*She is described," says The 
 Oaarterly Review, " as a shortsighted girl, 
 dislikincr lapdogs, but fond of a horse ; with 
 
 . beautiful profile, beautiful bearing, and 
 particularly beautiful and frequently un- 
 gloved hands ; with perfect sincerity of 
 
 . thought^ and as perfect straightforward- 
 ness and transparency of expression, 
 though she cannot always make others 
 understand her." 
 
 Dorriforth, Mr., in Mrs. Inch- 
 bald's novel A Simple Story (q.v.), is a 
 " young, handsome, and amiable " Catho- 
 lic priest, who afterwards becomes Lord 
 Elm wood and is first the guardian and then 
 the lover of the heroine. Miss Milner. 
 •' The characters of the graceful frivolous 
 girl, and of the grave, virtuous, but inexor- 
 ably wilful piiest, are finely contrasted," 
 
 ^ Dorset, Earl of, Thomas Sack- 
 ville, Lord Buckhurst (b. 1527, d. 1608). 
 See Sackville, Thomas. 
 
 Dorset, Earl of, Charles Sack- 
 Tille, poet (b. 1637, d. 1706). The Works of 
 this writer, consisting chiefly of short 
 songs and lyric«, are included in all the 
 best collections of the poets. Lord Ma- 
 canlay said of them, that "in the stnall 
 volume of his works may be found songs 
 which have the easy vigour of Suckling, 
 and little satires which sparkle with wit as 
 splendid as that of Butler." 
 
 Dory, John. A character in 
 0*Keefe'8 comedy of Wild Oats: or, 
 the Strolling Gentleman (q.v-); alwo, the 
 title and hero of an old ballad, which is 
 constantly referred to in the literature of 
 the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries* 
 
 Dot. The wife of John Peery- 
 bingie (q.v,), in Dickens's story of The 
 CricJcet on iJie Hearth (q.v.). The name 
 gives the title to Dion Boucicault's dra- 
 matic version of the story. 
 
 -'Dotage flow, Streams of." 
 
 from J OKK SON* B Vanity of Human Wishes, 
 line 315. 
 
 "Dotes, yet doubts, "Who." — 
 
 Othello, act iii., scene 3. 
 
 Dotheboya' Hall, in Dickexs's 
 novel of Nicholas Nickleby (q-v.), is an 
 educational establishment in Yorkshire, 
 kept by one Squeers(q.v.), ** whose system 
 of tuition consisted of alternate beating 
 and starving." 
 
 Dotted Bible, The. A name 
 given to an edition of the Scriptures, 
 printed in 1578, page for page with that oi_ 
 157i. 
 
 Double Dealer, The. A comedy 
 by William Cosgreve, produced in 1693, 
 and received at first with coolness, but 
 soon estimated at its proper value. Dry- 
 den addressed the author in most encomifw- 
 tic terms, preferring him to Ben Jonson 
 and Fletcher :— 
 
 '* In dilferent talents both adorned their age, 
 One for the etudy, t'other for the stage. 
 But both to Congrovc justly Rhall submit. 
 One match'd in judgment, both o'ennatch'd 
 in wit." 
 
 " Double, double, toil and trou- 
 ble." — Macbeth, act iv., scene 1, 
 
 Double Gallant, The. A comedy 
 
 by COLLEY ClBBER (1671—1767). *'It 
 abounds," says Hazlitt, " in character, 
 bustle, and stage effect, and very happily 
 mixes up the comedy of intrigue, such as 
 we see it in Mrs, Centlivre's Spanish plots, 
 with a tolerable share of the wit and spirit 
 of Congreve and Vanbrugh. At-AU and 
 Lady Dainty are the two most prominent 
 characters in the comedy." 
 
 Double Transformation, The. A 
 
 tale in verse by Oliver Goldsmith (1728 
 
 —1774). 
 
 "Doubt, More faith in honest." 
 
 Tennyson, In Memoriam. 
 
 "Doubt thou the' stars are fire." 
 
 Hamlet, act ii., scene 2 :— 
 
 *' Doubt that the Bun doth move ; 
 Doubt truth to be a liar. 
 But never doubt I love." 
 
 Doubting Castle, in Bunyav's 
 Pirgrim's Progress (q.v.), is a castle be- 
 longing to Giant Despair, in which Chris- 
 tian and Hopeful are confined, but from 
 which they make tlieir escape by means 
 of the key Promise. 
 
 "Doubts are traitors (Our)/'— « 
 Measure/or Measure, act i., scene 6, 
 
DOU 
 
 DRA 
 
 203 
 
 " And make us lose the eood wo oft nllght win. 
 By fearing to attempt,'' 
 
 Douce, Fraucis, antiquary (b. 
 1762, d. 1834), was the author of Illustrcu- 
 tioits 0/ Shakespeare, and of Ancient Man- 
 ners, with I>issertations on the CiOtcns and 
 ^ools of SJtakespeare, &c. (1807) ; a disser- 
 tation on the Dance of Death (1833); and 
 various contributions to the Archceologia 
 and the magazines. See Fbospero, 
 
 "Dougal Cratur, The." A char- 
 acter in Scott's l?ob Royt a rugged, hut 
 faithful follower of the celebrated chief. 
 
 Douglas. A tragedy written by 
 John Home, a minister of the Church of 
 Scotland (172't— 1808), and first plaved in 
 Edinburgh in 1756. Its production so 
 much offended the Presbytery that the 
 author found it expedient to resign his 
 living and become a layman. In this play 
 occur the lines — 
 
 " My name ia Nerval ; on the Grampian hills 
 My father feeds hJa flocks ; a fru;!;al Bwalu 
 whose constant cores were to increase his store. 
 And keep his only son, myself, at home." 
 
 Douglas, Clara. The heroine of 
 Lord Lytton's comedy of Money (q.v.). 
 
 Douglas, Gawin, Bisiiop of Dun- 
 keld (b. 1474, d. 1522). The King Hart of 
 ttda writer was included in Pinherton's 
 Ancient Scottish Poems (1 786) ; The Palace 
 tf li<mxmr (q.v.), in the same editor's Scot- 
 tish Poems (17^) ; and Virgil's Mneid was 
 published by Ruddiman in 1710, with a Life 
 of the author by Bishop Sage. A complete 
 edition of the Works appeared in 1874, 
 edited by J. Small. See Hart, King. 
 
 Douglas, Sir Robert, published, 
 in 17G4, The Peerage of Scotland, and in 
 1798 issued The Baronetage of Scotland. 
 
 Douglas Tragedy, The. A ballad, 
 printed in The Border ifinstrelsp, a-ndde- 
 seribed by Scott as •' one of the few to which 
 popular tradition has ascribed complete 
 locality. The farm of Blackhouse, in Sel- 
 kivkshire, is said to have been the scene.*' 
 The ballad is indeed a tragedy. "Lord 
 "William, stealing away L^y Margaret 
 Douglas, Is pursued by her-father and her 
 two brothers, with whom he fights,' and 
 leaves them dying or sore wounded. But 
 Lord William" himself is hurt, and no 
 pooner gains his mother's house than he 
 lies down to die. and before the morning 
 his lady also Is dead." 
 
 Dousters-wivel, Herman. A Ger- 
 man plotter in Sir Walter Scott's 
 novel of The Antigtiary. (q.v,). 
 
 Dove Doctor. The principal char- 
 acter in SouTHEY'8 Doctor. 
 
 Dover Beach. A lyric by Mat- 
 thew Abxold. 
 
 Do^ juu. The pseudonym of 
 
 Eldridge F. Paige (d. 1859), author of 
 Patent Sermons, &c. 
 
 Do^nrden, iCidward, has published 
 Shakespeare'' 8 Mind and Art (1875), and 
 Poems (1876)- 
 
 Dowlas, Dick, in Colman the 
 Younger's comedy of^ The Heir at Law 
 (q.v.), is the son or Daniel Dowlas, an old 
 Gosport shopkeeper, who, on account of 
 the supposed loss of the son of Lord 
 Duberly, succeeds to a peerage and an 
 estate oE£15,0D0 a year. See Pangloss, 
 Dr. 
 
 Dcwling, Captain. " A great 
 drunkard," who figures in Grabbers 
 
 Borough. 
 
 ""Dovrn (He that is) can fall no 
 
 lower. "—Butler's Hudibras^ part i., 
 canto iii., line 877. Bunyan, in his Pil- 
 grim's Progress, has— 
 
 " He that is down need fear no follJ* 
 
 Do'wnfall of Charing-Cross, A. 
 
 humorous ballad directed against the or-^ 
 der of the House of Commons which, in 
 1647, led to the demolition of the Gothic 
 obelisk at Charing Cross, raised by Edward 
 T. to the memory of nis deceased wife 
 Eleanor. 
 
 Downing Major Jack. The pseu- 
 donym of Seba Smith, an American 
 humorist (1792—1868), whose series of let- 
 ters, in the Yankee dialect, on the polities 
 of the United States^ was first published 
 collectively in 1833. 
 
 Doyle, Sir Francis Hastings, 
 poet and essayist (b. 1810), has published 
 The Itetum qf the Guards, and other Poems 
 (1866), and Lectures on Poetry/ (1869 and 
 1877). He was appointed Professor of 
 Poetry at Oxford in 1867. 
 
 " Drachenfels, The castled crag 
 
 of," is referred to in stanza 55 of the third 
 canto of Byron's Childe Harold's Pil- 
 grimage (q.v.). ' 
 
 Dragon of Wantley, The. A 
 
 famous' ballad which is really a satire on 
 the extravagance of the old romances, and 
 has apparentlv, some occult connection 
 with a lawsuit between two Yorkshire 
 families. The narrative, machinery, and 
 imagery of tlie piece are, to a great extent, 
 borrowed from The Fa'irie Queene. It was 
 written early in the eighteenth century. 
 Wantley is a mispronunciation of Wharu- 
 cliff, a lodge and wood in Yorkshire. 
 
 Dragon ofWantley, The. A bur- 
 lesque opera, the libretto of which was 
 written by Henry Carey (1663— 1743), aTid 
 the music by Lampe. It was produced in 
 1737, at Cove'nt Garden. A sequel, entitled 
 Margery ; or, the Dragoness, was brought 
 out, though with considerably less suo 
 cess, in the following year. 
 
206 
 
 DRA 
 
 DEA 
 
 Drake, Nathan, M.D., author (b. 
 1766, d. 1836), wrote Literary Hours: or. 
 Sketches, Critical, Narrative, and Poetical 
 (1798); Assays, Biographical, Critical, and 
 Mistoricalf ulustrative of the Essayist {WiS 
 — 9) ; The Gleaner (1811); Shakespeare and 
 his Times (1817); Winter Nights: or. Fire- 
 side Lucubrations (1820) ,- Evenings in Aur 
 lumn: a SeHes ojf Essays (1822); Momivgs 
 in Spring: or, Recollections, Biographical, 
 Critical and Historical {\%2%)\ and Memo- 
 rials of Slutkespeare (1S28). 
 
 Drama, The, in England took its 
 rise undoubtedly in the miracle plays (q.v.). 
 These were so called because they were 
 generally devoted to the presentment in a 
 tangible form, bo far as might be, of the 
 great deeds of the saints, and were started 
 by the monks of the Middle Ages with the 
 view of instructing the people more easily 
 and effectually in the sacred history than 
 was possible by mere recitations of the 
 parts of Scripture. They did not always 
 deal in facts, but sometimes dealt in le- 
 gend ; and here, in reality, is the true dis- 
 tinction between them andmysteries (q.v.)- 
 The miracle plays were dramatic represen- 
 tations of the lives or incidents of the lives 
 of the great saints. Tlie mystery plays 
 were dramatic representations of passages 
 in the Bible. We have examples of both 
 kinds in two of the three plays by Hila- 
 rius, a pupil of Abclard, and an English- 
 man, whicJi have been handed down to us. 
 One is called St, Nicholas, and was acted, 
 like all tiiese plays, as an integral portion 
 of divine service. When the proper time 
 arrived the image of the saint was removed 
 from its pedestal in the church; a living 
 actor took its place ; a rich heathen was 
 supposed to come in and lay his treasure 
 at the shrilie ; and then, when he had 
 gone, thieves would come in and steal his 
 property. Then would the heathen come 
 back and scourge .the saint, who, in his 
 tuni, would come down from his niche, 
 and go out and reason with the robbers, 
 threatening to denpunco them ; and then 
 the robbers wovUd return tremblingly with 
 their booty, the heathen would rejoice, and 
 the saint would return silently to his place. 
 Another of these plays was called The 
 Jiaising rf La-arus, and was descriptive of 
 the mystery of the resurrection. The offi- 
 ciating priest, as Lazarus, would rise from 
 the tomb, and admonish the people, and 
 then, he being done, if it were matins, the 
 " Te Deum" would be begun ; if vespers, 
 the "Magnificat anima mea Dominum." 
 Both the miracles and the mysteries were, 
 in fact, interludes in the church services, 
 and, as such, were long highly popular, 
 and no doubt very useful. The miracles 
 declined perhaps, but the mysteries in- 
 creased in acceptability. At first restrict- 
 ed entirely to the clergy, they were by-and- 
 by opened to the laity, and we recall the 
 the tact that Chaucer's Absalom, of whom 
 It was said that— 
 
 *' Sometimes to Bhcw his liE^htncss and moiBtrie 
 He playetii Herod on a bcaffold high,'* 
 
 was a parish clerk. At length the time 
 came when the laity may be said to have 
 usurped the entire right to act these mys- 
 teries. We read not only of single mys- 
 teries, but of whole series of them, stretch- 
 ing from the Creation to the Day of Judg- 
 ment. In every town, where the trades 
 were divided into guilds, each guild had 
 its particular mysteiy to j)erform,andtook 
 great pride in performing it. Thus, at 
 Chester, the tanners played " The Fall of 
 Lucifer," the drapers ''The Creation, and 
 Fall, and Death of Abel," and the water- 
 leaders and drawers of Dee " The Story of 
 Noah's Flood." Each guild kept the re- 
 quisite " properties " in repair, and replen- 
 ished its stock when necessary. The actors 
 rehearsed carefully, and were paid accord- 
 ing to the length of their parts. The^ 
 dressed or painted themselves as appropri- 
 ately as they could, in order to represent 
 the various characters, and they bad a 
 certain amount of rude scenery, *'heU 
 mouth," for example, being painted on 
 linen with great open jaws, which were 
 open or shut by men, and behind which a 
 fire was lighted to give the impression of 
 flames. jSometimes the series of plays oc- 
 cupied three whole days, sometimes eight; 
 there was no limit fixed. The whole fa- 
 cred history was often gone thi'ough in 
 rotation, as we are told was tbe %:ase at 
 London, Dublin, York, Newcastle, Lancas-, 
 ter, Preston, Kendal, Wakefield, Chester, 
 Coventry, and elsewhere. Some account _ 
 of the plays named after tbe three last 
 places will be found under their respective 
 headings. Meanwhile, it may be stated 
 that the acting was by no means confined 
 to the stages erected lor the purpose, but 
 frequejitly bleiided, as Professor Morley 
 says, with the real life of the town. The 
 IMagi rode through the streets, sought 
 Herod on his throne, and addre^ed him 
 from their horses ; then rode on and found 
 the infant Christ. Everything was taken 
 literally, an grand sirieux, No suspicion 
 of levity interfered witli the solemnity of 
 the scenes enacted. These scenes would 
 of course be impossible now, but they were 
 quite possible then, and. exercised a salu- 
 tary influence upon tlie people, giving 
 them an intimate familiarity with, and, so 
 to speak, mastery over, the Sacred Story, 
 which otherwise they would not have had, 
 and which in our own days^t has been 
 attempted to realise in the Passion-play 
 still lingering at Ober-Ammergau. But 
 from the mystery to the morality (q.v.) 
 was a step which the religious drama could 
 not fail to take, and accordingly we find 
 that about the reign of Henvv VI., the 
 morality, or moral play, took its origin, 
 and for many years ran side by side with 
 the mystery, from which it differed in hav- 
 ing for its characters personified abstrac- 
 tions, such as Envy, Hatred, Malice, in- 
 stead of real Scripture personages. Good 
 
DRA 
 
 DRA 
 
 207 
 
 examples of this new phase of the drama 
 ■will be found in the Magnificence (q.v.) of 
 Skelton, and the Satire of the Three Kstates 
 (q.v.) of Lindsay. In the firet, we have 
 Felicity, Liberty, Measure, Fancy, Large- 
 ness, Counterfeit Countenance, and the 
 like ; in the second, King Humanity^ 
 Wantonness, Sandie Solace, Good Counsel, 
 Flattery, Falsehood, Deceit, and oilers. 
 In these, and plays of a similar nature, the 
 object ot the writers was to inculcate some 
 direct moral lesson, and the opportunity 
 was taken, and iiobly taken by some of 
 our writers, to warn and rouse the popu- 
 lace against the errors which were con- 
 tinually making their appearance in high 
 places. After this, we find the' morality 
 insensibly emerging into the drama proper. 
 The next step was to come down from the 
 heights to practical life, and this was first 
 done by Nicholas Udall, in Halph Jtoister 
 Doister (q.v.) and by Sackville and Norton 
 in Gorhodiic (q.v.). The first is the earliest 
 extant specimen of English comedy ; the 
 second, of Kugli&h tragedy. The first is 
 avowedly modelled upon the great works 
 of Plautus and of Terence, but there can 
 be no doubt that, it was the miracles, the 
 mysteiles, and the moral plays, and not 
 the works of the Latins, or of their imitar 
 tors, which had struck the root of the 
 drama firmly into English soil. The 
 drama had by this time penetrated to the 
 Court ; it had become fashionable, and no 
 iXobleman of any pretensions was without 
 his own company of players. Udall's play 
 was written for the edification of the Ktoii 
 boys, his scholars : Gorbodiic was intended 
 for the delectation of the Templars, of 
 whom he was one. But the latter was 
 presented before Oneen Elizabeth ; and 
 there is historical testimony to the fact 
 that ** good Queen Bess" extended an 
 enlightened patronage to the players. And 
 we say players, instead of the theatre, 
 because, as yet, theatres, in anything like 
 the modern sense of the terra, were quite 
 unknown. At first, the players went 
 about from town to town, acting in inn- 
 yards and booths, and it was only with the 
 advent of Shakesx>eare that theatres began 
 to make their appearance in the metrop- 
 olis. At this time, there was no sceneiy 
 as we understana it, A few properties 
 were allowed, but that was all. The cur- 
 tains were drawn back on either side of 
 the stage, and there the players disported 
 themselves, reciting the immortal words of 
 Sliakespeare, without any of those scenic 
 and spectacular adjuncts which are now 
 deemed not only necessary but indispensa' 
 ble. An elevated platform was all that 
 the Elizabethan actor asked for. Down 
 below hint stood the " groundlings " of the 
 pit, whose ears he was bo anxious to split ; 
 whilst the galleries round theold inn-yards 
 often formed what would be the dress 
 circle of our more modem days. The actor 
 was at this period hemmed, in on every 
 side by restrictious. He mu^t get his play 
 
 over before sunset, for there was ho acting 
 after dark. If he did not belong to the 
 royal or some nobleman's company, he 
 was declared a vagabondj and generally he 
 was regarded as a suspicious character. 
 The corporation of London fulminated 
 against him ; and we know how, under 
 the Puritans, he was regarded not only as 
 a wrong-doer, but as inciting to wrong. 
 There can be no question that — apart al- 
 together from the players — the drama was, 
 in the time of Elizabeth, at its highest 
 pitch of perfection. If the status of, the 
 actor was not socially high, the genius of 
 the dramatists was undoubted. There 
 have been many admirable plays written 
 by Englishmen since the death of Shakes- 
 peare ; but it was duiin^ the Shakespear- 
 ian period that our national drama was 
 at its meridian. Not only was the sun a 
 marvellously brilliant one, but its satel- 
 lites were so wonderfully splendid. There 
 was not only Shakespeare— there were 
 Marlowe, and Massinger, and Fold, and 
 Ben Jonson, and Beaumont and Fletcher,, 
 to say nothing of nearly a hundred others 
 of almost equal eminence. This was when 
 the people were emphatically a theatre- 
 going race^and when plays and playwrights 
 had the distinct patronage of the Court. 
 This was the order of affairs under Eliza- 
 beth, and, partially, under the two first 
 Stuarts. , With the Puritan interregnum, 
 however, came the disgrace of the drama, 
 until the return of the second Charles 
 restored the old condition of things, and 
 Dryden, Davenant, and Killigrew were" 
 permitted to charm the Court with plays, 
 which, however clevei' and effpctive, could 
 not compare for a moment Avith the won- 
 derfully fresh, vigorous, and permanently 
 interesting productions of their predeces- 
 sors- From this date up to the last half 
 century, the frivolous and artificial may 
 be said to have reigned paramount in our 
 drama. At one time we had the plays of 
 Etherege, Shadweil, D'Urfey, Settle, 
 Crowne, Lee, Otway, Behn, aiul othei-s ; at 
 another those of Wycherley and Southern, 
 succeeded immediately by those of -Con-^ 
 ^reve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar, who ably 
 toUowed in the path which Wycherley had 
 marked out for them. After that we had 
 Steele and Addisoii, and Mrs. Centlivre, 
 Colley Gibber, Gay, Gfarrick, and Sheridan, 
 the latter of whom brings us down to 
 what may be termed the commencement 
 of the modern drama. Home had endea- 
 voured in Douglas to return to the nature 
 which had been scouted and ignored for a 
 whole century, but the experiment was not 
 very successful, andthepfayis now ranked 
 among the number of those which have aiv 
 historical significance and no more. Of the 
 dramatists si)ice Sheridan not much is to, 
 be said. Lord Byron's drama^aie occa- ^ 
 sionally played, but those of Misa Baillie 
 and Miss Mitford are exploded. The 
 Hunchback of Sheridan Knowles still find! 
 audieuces, but perhaps the most popular 
 
208 
 
 DBA 
 
 DBE 
 
 of nineteenth-century dramatists is the 
 late Lord Lytton, whose Money, JRichelieu, 
 and Lady oj^ Lyons appear and re-appear 
 unfailingly in the contemporary dramatic 
 repertoire. Among modern writers, Tom 
 Taylor, H. J. Byron, W. S. Gilbert, and 
 Dion Boucicault, are perhaps the best 
 representatives of the historical, domestic, 
 faery, and Irish drama ; whilst Alfred 
 Tennyson has, in Qiieen Mary and Harold^ 
 provided two of the finest plays in the 
 Shakespearian manner that we have had 
 since Shakespeare. For other particulars 
 on the general subject of the drama, see 
 the articles on Comedy, Extravaganza, 
 Farce, and Tragedy. See, also, the 
 works \yy Geneste and Langbaine , Schle- 
 gel's JDramatic Literature ; Hazlitt's 
 Age of Elizabeth, and Comic Writers ; 
 Goleriage*8 Remains ; Lamb's Specimens ; 
 Collier's Dramatic Poetry and Annals of 
 the Stage; Ward's History of the I>ramaf 
 &c. 
 
 Drama of Exile, A. A poem, by 
 Elizabeth Barrett Browmng (1809— 
 1861), published in 1844, and including 
 Among t^Q dramatis persona Lucifer, Ga- 
 briel, Adam, Eve, and Christ. The sub- 
 ject is described by the authoress as "the 
 new and strange experience of the fallen 
 humanity, as it went forth from Paradise 
 into the wilderness, with a peculiar refer- 
 ence to Eve's allotted grief, which, con- 
 sidering that self-sacilfice belonged to her 
 womanhoodf and the consciousness of 
 originating the fall to her offence, ap- 
 peared to me imperfectly comprehended 
 hitherto, and more expressible by a woman 
 than a man." 
 
 Dramatis Personse. A collection 
 6f poems by Bobert Browsing. 
 
 Dramatist, The. A play by 
 Frederick Reynolds (1765—1841), pro- 
 duced in 1789. The hero is a man called 
 Vapid (q.v.). 
 
 Draper, John 'Williamf M.D., 
 chemist and physiologist (b. 1811), has pub- 
 lished A Treatise on the Forces which pro- 
 duce tlie Organisation of Plants (1844); A 
 Text Book on Chemistry (1846) ; Experi- 
 mental Physiology (1856) \ A History qf the 
 Intellectual Development of Europe (1862) ; 
 A History of the American Civil War (1867 
 — 70); ana. A Histoi~y of the Conflict between 
 Heligion and Science (1874). 
 
 Drapier Letters, The, were writ- 
 ten in 1724 by Jonathan Swift (1667— 
 1745), under the pseudonym of " M. B. 
 irapier," an Ii-ish trader. Copper coin 
 having become scarce in Ireland, the Eng- 
 lish Government had granted a patent to 
 a certain William Wood, of Wolverhamp- 
 ton, by which, in order to supply the de- 
 mand, he was to coin farthings and lialf- 
 pence for fourteen years, to the amount of 
 £80,000. This, however, Swift denounced 
 as an enrichment of Wood at the expense 
 
 of Ireland; and, by the vigour of hia 
 writing, he succeeded in arousing quite a 
 storm of indignation among the Irish. The 
 Government offered a reward for evidence 
 to prove the authorship of the Letters, and 
 the "Drapier" became quite an idol iji 
 the eyes of Milesia. More than tliis, his 
 eloquence eventually carried the day. The 
 patent was revoked, and the praises of their 
 deliverer were sung by the Irish all over 
 their country : — 
 
 " Fill bumperB to the Drapier, 
 Whose convincing paper 
 Set UB, gloriously. 
 From brazen fetters free." 
 
 Dra^vcansir. A boaster and a 
 bully in Buckingham's burlesque of The 
 Rehearsal (q.v.)j described by one of the 
 characters as a ** great hero, who frights 
 his mistress, snubs up kings, baffles ai-mies, 
 and does what he will, without regard to 
 number, good sense or justice." Compare 
 with BoBADiL, Bessus, and Farolles. 
 
 Drawcansir, Sir Alexander. 
 
 The nam de plume adopted by Henry 
 Fielding (1707—1754) in the editoi-ship of 
 the Covent Garden Journal (q.v-). 
 
 Drayton, Michael, poet (b. 1563, 
 d, 1631), wrote Polyolbion (q.v.) ; The 
 JBarons'' Wars (q.v.) ; England's Heroical 
 Epistles (q.v.) ; The Man in the Moone ; 
 Endimion and Phabe ; Idea ; The Shep- 
 herd's Garland; Matilda ; Mortimeriados; 
 The Owle; The Battle qf Agincoii/ri (q.v.); 
 The Muses Elizium (q.v.) : Piers Gaveston; 
 Nymphidia, the Court of Fairy (q.v.) ; and 
 other Works, a collected edition of which 
 appeared in 1752, with An Historical Essay 
 <m his Life and Writings. They are in- 
 cluded in all the best editions of the poets. 
 See Cambrio-Brjtons ; Harmonie ; Le- 
 gends. 
 
 Dream, Chaucer's. See Chau- 
 cer* s Dream. 
 
 Dream Children: "a Reverie," 
 in the ^£5sai/5 of Elia (q.v), by Charles 
 Lamb (1775—1834). 
 
 Dream of Fair Women, A. A 
 
 poem by ALFRED Tennyson, containing 
 pictures of "fair renowned brides of 
 ancient song," and suggested, as the poet 
 himself tells us, by Chaucer's Legend qf 
 Good Women, 
 
 "Dream, which -was not all 
 
 a dream, A."— Byron's poem of Dark- 
 ness. 
 
 Dream, The. A narrative poem 
 in blank verse, by Lord Byron (1788 — 
 1824), written in July, 1816, and suggested 
 by incidents in the early career of the poet. 
 The "boy" is Byron himself; the '*lady 
 of his love " is Mary Chaworth. 
 
 "Dreams, I talk of." Romeo and 
 Juliet, act i., scene 4 : — 
 
DHE 
 
 DRY 
 
 209 
 
 " The children of an idle bniin, 
 Begot of nothing but vain fantasy." 
 
 Dreamthoi^e. A series of essays, 
 on literary and miscellaneous Bubjects, by 
 AiiEXAKDEB Smith (1S30— 1867), publislied 
 iu 1863. 
 
 Dreme, The. A poem by Sir 
 David Lindsay, apparently written about 
 1528. It coulaina 1,134 lines, and is through- 
 out^ in Chaucer's Btauza. See Morley'a 
 JF%rat Sketch qf English Literature. 
 
 Drennan, William. See Glen- 
 
 DALLOCH. 
 
 Drift "Wood. • Tlie title under 
 which HenkyWadswobth Longfellow 
 (b. '1807), republished, iu 1866, the following 
 fdgitiye prose pieces : — Ancient French 
 Roma-nces (1833) ; FHthiof's Saga (1837) ; 
 Twice-Told Tales (1837); The Great Me- 
 tropolis (1837) ^ Anglo-Saxon literature 
 (1838) ; Paris vn the Seventeenth Century 
 (1838); and Table Talk, 
 
 "Drink deep, or taste not the 
 Pierian Sgring." — Pope's Essay on Critv- 
 cisnit pt. ii., line 15. 
 
 " Drink, pretty creature, drink." 
 "Wordsworth, The Pet Lamb. 
 
 " Drink to her -who long." First 
 line of an Irish melody by Thomas 
 Moore. 
 
 "Drink to me only with thine 
 
 eyes." First line of verses ** To Celia*' in 
 Bex Jonsoa**s Forest (q.v.). 
 
 Drinke and "Welcome : " or, tlie 
 famous Historie of the most Part of Drinks 
 in Use now in the Kiugdomes of Q. Britanie 
 and Ireland, with an especiall Declaration 
 of the Potency, Vertue, and Operation of 
 our English Ale. With a Description of 
 all sorts of Waters, from the Ocean Sea to 
 the Teares of a Woman. As also, the 
 Causes of all sorts of Weather, faire or 
 foule, Sleet, - Baine, Haile, . Frost, Snow, 
 Fogges, Mists, Vapours, Clouds, Storms, 
 Windes, Thunder and Lightning. Com- 
 piled first in the high Dutch Tongue, by 
 the painefull and industrious Huldricke 
 Van Speagle, a grammatical Brewer of 
 Lubeck ; and now most learnedly en- 
 larged, amplified, and translated into Eng- 
 lish verse and prose : by John Taylor," 
 the "Water Poet" (1580—1654) ; published 
 in 1637. 
 
 "Drives fat osen should him- 
 self be fat. Who," A parody on a line 
 from Brook's Gustavus Vasa (q.v.) : — 
 
 •' Who rules o'er freemen should himself be free ;*' 
 
 suggested by Dr. Johkson. See 'hisLife 
 by Boswell, under the year 1784. 
 
 Dromio of Ephesus, Dromio of 
 
 Syracuse. Twin Brothers, servants of 
 Jjiitipholus of Epliesus . and Antlpholus 
 of Syracuse, iu Shakespeare's Cot " 
 qfErr&rs. 
 
 Drood, Ed-win, The Mystery of. 
 
 The last, unfijiished novel by Charles 
 DiCKEKS (1812—1870), the publication of 
 which began in 1870, and only extended to 
 eight numbers. 
 
 "Drudgery divine, Makes." See 
 George Herbert's lyric, Tiie Elixir. 
 The whole vferse runs : 
 
 '• A servant -with this clauee 
 
 Makes drudgery diviue ; 
 ■■ Who sweeps tlie room aa for thy,lawfl- 
 Makes that and the action i^ue." 
 
 Drugger, Abel. The leading char- 
 acter in Ben Jouson's play of the Tobac 
 conist. 
 
 "Druid lies, In yonder grave 
 
 a."— Collins, On the Death of TJuymson. 
 
 Drum, the Laird o'. An old Scot- 
 tish ballad, turning upon the love of Alex- 
 ander Irvine of Drum, for Margaret Coutts, 
 a girl of humble rank, whom he married in 
 spite of the remonstrances of his faixdly. 
 His first wife had been Mary, daughter Of 
 the Marquis of Huntly. AlUnghani points 
 out that a courtship between persons of 
 unequal rank is a frequent source of in- 
 terest in our ballad literature. Many of 
 the current Irish ballads, ' he says, turn 
 upon this : for example. The B<mny La- 
 bour mg Boy ^ Willy Heilly, WiUy of Lough- 
 Erne ^hore. 
 
 " Drum was heard. Not a." — 
 
 Wolfe's verses on T/ie Burial of 8i/r John 
 Moore. 
 
 Drummer, The : " or, the Haunt- 
 ed House." A comedy by Joseph Ad- 
 Disosr, founded on a tradition connected 
 with Hurstmonceux House, and produced 
 in 1715. 
 
 Drummle, Bentiey. Hiishand of 
 Fstella (q.T.) in Dickens's novel of Great 
 
 Expectations (q-v.). 
 
 Drummond, William, of Haw- 
 
 thornden, poet and prose writer (b' 1585, d. 
 1649) wrote The Cyprus Grove (q.v.) ; Tecvrs 
 on the Death of Meliailes (1613) ; Poems : 
 Amorous, Fwnerall, Divine, Pastorall, in 
 Sonnets, Songs, Sextains, Madrigals, 
 (1616) j For the Feasting, a Panegyric on 
 the King's most excellent Majestie (1617) ; 
 Floures of Sum (1623) ; Polemo-Middinia, 
 carmen Ulacaronieum (1684) ; and The J^s- ' 
 tory of Scotland from the Year 1423 untill 
 the Year 1542 (1655). His Conv^rsatumS 
 with Ben Jonson (1619) were editedln 1842 by 
 David Laing, who has also written a 
 Memoir of the poet, included In. the fourth 
 volume of Archceologica Scotica. See the 
 Memoirs by Cunningham (1823) and Mas- 
 son (1873.) See 'Flowers of Sign ; Meli- 
 
 ADES, &C. ; POLEMO-MlDDIIfIA J ElVER 
 
 OF Forth Feasting. 
 
 " Dry drudgery at the desk's 
 dead wood, That."— Charles Lamb's 
 poem of Work* 
 
210 
 
 DRY 
 
 DUO 
 
 "Dry those fair, those crystal 
 
 eyea." A lyric by Henry King, Bishop 
 01 Chichester (1891—1669). 
 
 Dryasdust, The Rev. Dr. A 
 
 pseudonym used by Sir Walter Scott 
 ill tlie lutroductious to several o£ Ms 
 uovels. 
 
 Dryden, John, poet and dramatist, 
 (b. 1631, d. 1701), poet-laureate from 1670 to 
 16S8, wrote Heroic Stanzas on the Death of 
 Oliver Cromwell (16S8) ; Astrma Itedux 
 (1660) ; To Ms Sacred Majesty (1661) ; To 
 My Lord Chancellor (1662) ; The Wild Gal- 
 lant (1663) ; The Rival Ladies (1663) ; The . 
 Indian Queen (with Sir Robert Howard, 
 1664) : The Indian Emperor (1665) ; Annus 
 Mirahilis (1667) ; Essay of Dramatic 
 Poesie (1667) ; Secret Love (1667) ; Sir 
 Martin Marr-atl (1667) ; All /or Love 0.668) ; 
 An Evening* 8 Love (1668) ; Tyrannic Love 
 (1669) ; Of Heroick Plays, and The Con- 
 guest of Granada (1672) ; Marriage A la 
 Mode (1672) ; The Assignation (1672) ; Am- 
 boyna (1673) ; 27ie State <if Innocence and 
 the Fail of Man (1674) ; Aarenge Zehe : or, 
 the Great Mogul (1675) ; (Edipus (1679) ; 
 Limlierham(l6i9) ; Epistles of Ovid (1679) • 
 Tlie Spanish Friar (.1681) ; Absalom and 
 Achitopliel (1681) ; The Medal : a Satire 
 against Sedition (1681) ; Mac-Fleclmoe 
 (1682) ; Beligio Laici (1682) ; Tlie Duke of 
 Guise (1682) ; Albion and Albanius (1685) : 
 Threnodia Augustalis (1686) ; The Hind 
 and tJie Panther (1687) ; £rita7inia Redir- 
 viva (1680) ; Don Sebastian (1690) ; Amphi- 
 tryon (1690); King ^r(7mr (1691); Cleamenes 
 (with Thomas Southern, 1692) ; Love Tri- 
 umphant (1694); a Translation of Virgil 
 (1697) ; Alexander's Feast (1697) ; Fables 
 (1700) ; and other works, including trans- 
 lations and editions. The Dj'amatic Works 
 'have been frequently reprinted, and 
 editions of the Poems published by Bell 
 and Christie. For Bigraphy, see the Lives 
 by Scott, Hooper, and Malone ; for Criti- 
 cism, Bell, Christie, Scott, Hazlitt's Eng- 
 lish Poets, Campbell's Specimens, Clougti's 
 Life and Letters, Lowell's Among My 
 Books, and Masson's Essays, — " Was he," 
 asks Lowell, *'a great poet? Hardly, in 
 the narrowest definition. But he was 
 a strong thinker, who sometimes carried 
 common sense to a height where it catches 
 the light of a diviner air, and v^armed 
 reason till it had well-nigh the illuminat- 
 ing property of intuition. Certainly he is 
 not, like Spenser, the poets' poet, but other 
 men have also tlieir rights. Even the 
 Philistine is a man and a brother, and is 
 entirely right, so far as he sees. To de- 
 mand more of him is to be unreasonable. 
 And he sees, among other things, th.at a 
 man who undeHakes to write should first 
 have a meaning perfectly defined to him- 
 self, and then should be able to set it forth 
 clearly in tlie best words- This is precisely 
 Dryden's praise j and amid the rickety 
 sentiment looming big through misty 
 phrase, which marks so n^ch of modem 
 
 literature, to read him is as bracing as' a 
 north-w^st wind. He blows the mind 
 clear. In rijpeness of mind and blufi 
 heartinet^s of expression, he takes rank 
 with the best. His phrase is always a 
 shortcut to his sense ; for his estate is' too 
 spacious for him to need that trick of wind- 
 ing the path of his thought about, and 
 planting it with epithets, by which tJie 
 landscape-gardeners of literature give to a 
 paltry halt-acre the air of a park. In poe- 
 try, to be next best is. in one sense, to be 
 nothing ; and yet to be the first in any 
 kind ot writing, as Dryden certainly was. 
 is to beoneofaveiy small company. He 
 had, beyond most, the gift of the right 
 word. And if he does not, like one or two 
 of the greater mastei's or song, stir our 
 sympathies by that indefinable aroma so 
 magical in arousing the subtile associa- 
 tions of the sou], he has this in common 
 with the few great writers, that the 
 winged seeds of his thought embed them- 
 selves in the memory, and germinate 
 there." See Absalom and Aceitophsl ; 
 Alexander's F£ast; Annus Mira- 
 BiLis ; Arthur, Kino ; Granada ; Con- 
 quest OF ; Hind and Pajs'THER, The ; 
 Mao-Fleoknoe : OB, A Satire on the 
 Teue-Blue Protestant Poet, T. S. ; 
 Martin Mar-all, Sir j Medal, The ; 
 Beligio Laici ; Satire, An Essay upon ; 
 Spanish Friar, The ; Tyrannic Love. 
 
 Drydog Doggrel. A pseudonym 
 adopted by Charles Clark, in his Sep- 
 tember: or, Sport and Sporting (1856). 
 
 Dublin, The Arclibishop of. See 
 
 Trench, Richard Chenevix. 
 
 Dubois, Edvrard. See Sibangeb 
 IN Ireland. 
 
 Dubthach, Mac Lughair. An 
 
 Irish bard (circa 448). 
 
 Ducas, Theodore, The Travels 
 
 of, " in various countries of Europe at the 
 Eevival of Letters and Art." A voyage 
 imaginaire, the account of which was writ- 
 ten by Charles Mills (1788—1826). and 
 publislied in 1822. It was much admired 
 by Lord Jeffrey. 
 
 Du Chaillu. SfcCiiAiLLu, Du. 
 Duchess de la Valliere,The. A 
 
 play, in five acts, by Edward, Lord Lyt- 
 TON ; acted in 1836. 
 
 Duchess May, The Rhyme of 
 
 the. A poem by Elizabeth Barrett 
 Browning (1809—1661), published in 1844, 
 and " full of passion, incident, and mel- 
 ody." 
 
 Duchesse, The Boke of the: 
 " or, the Dethe of Blanche." A poem by 
 Geoffrey Ohauceb (1328—1400). 
 
 Duck, Stephen, poet (d. 1756), 
 wrote various pieces, among others The 
 Thrasher's Labmvi- (q.v.), and The Shu- 
 namite, which wore oolleoied and pub- 
 
DOO 
 
 DUN 
 
 211 
 
 lished in 1736, See tlie Life by Speuce 
 (1764). 
 
 Doctor Dubitantium : " or, the 
 Bule of Conscience in all her general 
 Measures." An " extended treatise on 
 casuistic Divinity," by Bishop Jeremy 
 Taylor (1613—1667), wliicli be had long in 
 preparation, and which be himself was 
 disposed to deem the great pillar of his 
 fame. It was published in 1660. 
 
 Duddon, The River. A series of 
 sonnets by William Wordsworth, writ- 
 ten in 1820. . 
 
 Dudu. One of tbe ladies of the 
 Iiarem, in Byrow's poem of I>on Juan, 
 canto vi., where she is described as— 
 " Being somewhat large, and languiijliing, and lazy, 
 Yet of a beauty that would drive you crazy." 
 
 Duenna, The. A comic opera by 
 KiCHAKD Brinslby Sheridax (1751— 
 1816), produced at Coveut Garden in 1775. 
 Hazlitt says it is "a perfect work of art. 
 It has the utmost sweetness and point. 
 The plot, the characters, the dialogue, are 
 all complete in themselves, and Uiey are 
 all bis own ; and the songs are the best 
 that ever were written, except those in The 
 beggar's Opera." 
 
 Duessa. An enchantress in Spen- 
 ser's FaSrie Queene, who has the power 
 of disguising herself under the semblance 
 of a beautiful damsel. 
 
 Dufarge, Jacques, and Madame. 
 
 Characters in Bickeks's Tale of Two 
 (Hties; presiding genii of the Faubourg 
 St. Antoine, and chief instigators of many 
 of the crimes committed by the Bed £e- 
 publicans. 
 
 Duff, Andrevr Halliday. See 
 Halliday, Andrew. 
 Duff, Alexander, D.D., missionary 
 
 (b. 1806), has written On India and Indian 
 Missions (1839) ; Qualifications, Duties, and 
 Trials of the Indian Missionary (1839) ; 
 'Uie Indian Rebellion: its Causes andlie^' 
 suits' (l^B) ; and other works. 
 
 Duff, Mountstuart, Elphinstone 
 
 Grant, politician and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1829), has published amon^ other works. 
 Studies on European Politics (lf6J); A 
 Glance over Eu/rc^e (1867) ; A Political 
 Survey (1868) ; East India Financial State- 
 ment (1869) ; Elgin Speeches (1871) ; and 
 Expedit Laboremus (1872). 
 
 Dufferin, Earl of, Frederick Tem- 
 ple Blackwood (b. 1826). has published 
 Letters from Sigh Latitudes ; Narrative of 
 Jirwrney from Oxford to Slibbereen ; The 
 Jlonourable Impulsia Gushington ; Irish 
 Emigration, ana the Tenure of Land in 
 Ireland ; Contributions to an Ir^quiry i/nto 
 the State of Ireland, and other works* 
 
 Dugdale, Sir William, antic[uary 
 
 (b. 1606, d. 1685), wrote the Monasticon 
 Anglicanum a656, 1661, 1673), (q.v.); Tlie 
 Antiquities of JVarwicKshire, Illustrated 
 (1656); The Historp of St. Paul's Cathedratf 
 in London (1658); Tlie History of Imbanklng 
 and DrayninQ of Rivers, Fenns and Marsh- 
 es (1662); Origives Juridiciales, also a Chro- 
 nologic of the Lords Chancelors and Keep- 
 ers of the Great Seal, &c. U666); The Ba- 
 ronage of^ England (1675—76), (q.V.) ; and 
 some minor works. "The Life of that 
 learned Antiquary, Sir William Dugdale, 
 Knight, Garter Principal, King of Arms,"' 
 was published '* from an original manu- 
 script" in 1713. See also Dallaway's Her- 
 aldic Miscellanies, Sir Thomas Browne's 
 posthumous works (1712) ; and The Life, 
 Diary, and Correspondence, by WiUiain 
 Hamper (1827). " What Dugdalc has done 
 is prodigious. His memory,' ' says Anthony 
 a Wood, " ought to be venerated, and had 
 in everlasting remembrance." See War- 
 wickshire, Antiquities of- 
 
 Duke Coombe. Aname conferred: 
 npon William Coombe (q.v.), who, before 
 he became an author, was noted for the 
 ** splendour of his dress, the profusion of 
 his table, and the magnificence of his de- ' 
 portraent.*' 
 
 Dulcina. A son^, referred to hy 
 Izaak Walton as very popular in hi3 
 time. 
 
 Dull. " A constable " in The Two 
 
 Gentlemen of Verona. 
 
 "Dulness ever loves a joke^ 
 
 And gentle." — Pope, The Dunciad, bk.ii., 
 line 34. 
 
 Dumachus. An "impenitent thief ," 
 in Longfellow's dramatic poem. The 
 Golden Legend- 
 
 Dumaine, in Love's Labour's Lost, is 
 a lord in attendance on the King of Na- 
 varre. 
 
 ' Dumb forgetfulnesB a prey. 
 To." See stanza 22 of Gray's ^ie^^ Writ- 
 tenin a Country Chxvrchyard. 
 
 Dumbiedikes, in Sir Walter 
 ScoTT*s novel of the Heart of Midlothian 
 ^q.v.), is a young and basliful Scotch laird, 
 in love with Jeanie- Deans. 
 
 Dunbar, "William, Scottish poet- 
 (b. 1465, d. 1530), wrote The Golden Terge; 
 The Thrissil and the Hose (q.v.) ; Fhe 
 Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins (q.v.) ; 
 The Jus'fes between the Zailyour and Sou- 
 ter ; Flytlng ; The Friars of Berwich 
 (q.v.); The. Manner of the Crying of rtTie 
 Plaif ; and other poems, a selection from 
 which appeared in 1608 and 1568. His 
 . Works were edited by Lord Hailes in 1770, : 
 and by Laing (with a Memoir) in 1824. See 
 Warton's English Poetry, sect. xxx. " No 
 poet, from iDhaucer till his own time, 
 equalled Dunbar," says Morley, ** in the 
 
212 
 
 DUN 
 
 D'UB 
 
 range of genius. He could paes from T>road 
 jest to a pathos ti'uer for its homeliness; 
 he had a play of fancy reaching to the 
 nobler heights of thoughts ; a delicacy 
 joined with a terse vigour of expression in 
 Bhort poems that put the grace of God into 
 th^T worldly wisdom." See Discretiok 
 IN Giving, Of ; Golden Tekgb, The ; 
 Tidings fra the Session ; Trick for 
 TmcK ; Two Married Women. 
 
 Duncan. King of Scotland, and 
 murdered by Macbeth, in Shaxespeare's 
 tragedy of thatname (q.T.)- 
 
 Duncan Gray.' A song by Robert 
 Burns (1759—1796), founded on " a some- 
 what licentious " ditty published in John- 
 son's Museum. Burns wrote of it, in 1792, 
 " Duncan Gray is that kind of horse-gallop 
 of an air which precludes sentiment. The 
 ludicrous is its ruling feature." 
 
 " Dunce that has been sent to 
 
 roam, How much a." First line of a coup- 
 let in Cowper'S poem, TJte Progress of 
 Errtyr^ of which thesecond line runs: — 
 Excels a dunce that has heen left at home. 
 
 These two lines are quoted with much ef- 
 fect by Evelyn in Lord Lytton's Mo7iey. 
 
 Dunciad. The. A poetical satire, 
 in heroic verse, by Alexander Pope 
 (1688— 1744), the first three books of which 
 were published in May, 1728, and followed, 
 in 1729, Iw another edition, with the vari- 
 ous not^ and prolegomena of Martinus 
 Scriblerus. The fourth book, or New Dun- 
 ciadj as it was called, appeared in 1742. 
 Hitherto, the hero of the poem had been 
 Lewis Theobald, who had annoyed the poet 
 by his SJiakespeare Restored, a pamphlet 
 criticising the edition of that writer which 
 Pope had edited. In 1743 appeared a ver- 
 sion of The Dunciad, in which Colley Gib- 
 ber was substituted for Theobald, and to 
 which Warburton contributed a prefatory 
 dissertation, csW^dMicardus Aristarchus of 
 the Hero of the Poem. Pope had always at- 
 tributed the idea of the satire to his friend. 
 Dean Swift, to whom he wrote, in Novem- 
 ber, 1728, tliat without him ** the poem had 
 never been." But there can be no doubt 
 that the original conception was that of 
 Pope himself, except so far as he was in- 
 debted to the Margites ascribed to Homer, 
 and to Dryden's satire of MacFlechnoe 
 (q.v-). The work was probably begun be- 
 lore 1727, in which year, however, " the 
 main labour of the execution was accom- 
 plished; and to Swift, who had watched 
 over its birth and influenced its character, 
 the first complete edition was duly dedi- 
 cated.'* The following are among the per- 
 sons celebrated in the poem : — Ambrose 
 Philips, Sir Kichard Blackmore, Richard 
 Bentley, Daniel Defoe, John Dennis, Rich- 
 ard Flecknoe, Francis Quarles, Thomas 
 Shadwell, Elkanah Settle.Lewls Theobald, 
 John Taylor (the Water Poet), and Sir 
 Robert Walpole. Pope himself gives ** a 
 
 list of books, papers, and verses, in which 
 our author was abused, before the publica- 
 tion," and " after" the publication of this 
 famous poem. 
 
 Dundreary, Lord. Tlie leadinj^ 
 character, although not originally intend- 
 ed by the author to be so, in TOM Tay- 
 lor's play of Our American Ckmsin. In 
 1862, the Rev. Canon Kingsley published 
 Xha Speech of Lord Dundreary %n Section 
 D , , , , on the great Ifippocampus Ques- 
 tion, 
 
 Dunlop, John (d.l842], wrote Tlie 
 History of Fiction (1814) ; llie History of 
 RoTttan Literature (1823 — 28) ; and Memoirs 
 of Spain during the Reigns of Philip IV. 
 and Cfiarles //.(1834). 
 
 Dunshunuer, Augustus. A pseu- 
 donym used by Professor William Ed- 
 monstottne Aytoun (1813—1865) in sev- 
 eral contributions to Rlackwood's Maga- 
 zine. 
 
 Dunstable, Robert. Monk of St. 
 Albans. See Alban, St. 
 
 Dunstan, Arclibishop of Canter- 
 bury (b. 925, d. 988), wrote an adaptation of, 
 and commentary on, the Benedictine rule. 
 See the Biographies by Bridf erth, Adelard, 
 Osbern, Eadmer, Surius, and William of 
 Malmesbury. See, also, Wright's JSio- 
 graphia Briiannica, where a list of the 
 editions of his writings is given. 
 
 Dunton, John. See BibliopoLls:, 
 Keliqio. 
 
 "Durance vile, In." Burns, From 
 Esopus to Maria. 
 
 Durandarte and Belerma. A 
 
 ballad by Matthew Gregory Lewis 
 (1776 — 1818), which originally appeared In 
 The Monk (q.v-), in 1795. 
 
 Durden, Dame. The heroine of 
 a famous old English song. ' The name is 
 applied to Esther Summerson, in, Dick- 
 ens's Bleak House (q.v.). 
 
 D'TJrfey, Thomas, dramatist, poet, 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1650, d. 1723), 
 wrote twenty-six plays (a list of which is 
 given in Lowndes* Bibliographer's Man- 
 ual); Butler* s Ghost: or, HwHbras, the 
 fourth part, with Rejections upon these 
 'Times (1682) ; Archerie Revived: or, the 
 BoivTnan's Excellence, an heroic poem (1676); 
 The Progress of Honesty, a Pindarique 
 Poem (1681) ; Songs (1687); Collins* Walk 
 through London and Westminster, a poem 
 in biirlesmie (1690) ; Satires, Elegies, and 
 Odes (1690) ; Stories, moi'ol ana comical 
 (1091) ; Tales, tragical and comical (1704) ; 
 A Collection of New Ballads (1715) ; The 
 Memj MnsicianiVll^) ; Neio Operas (1721) ; 
 and the English Stage Italianized, in a 
 neio Dramatic Entertainment called Dido 
 and jEneas (1727). His dramatic Works 
 appeared in a collective form in 1676— 1709. 
 
DUR 
 
 DYI 
 
 213 
 
 His poetical pieces were published in nix 
 volumes, in 1719 — 20, underthe title of Wit 
 and Mirth : or^ Pills to Purge Melancholy ^ 
 and liave since been reprinted. See Com- 
 monwealth OF "Women, A; Fool's Pris- 
 FEBMENT, A ; Fkantic JjADY ; Injuked 
 Princess, The ; Laugh and be Fat ; 
 Makkiage-Hater Matched j Plotting 
 Sisters, The j Two Queens of Brent- 
 ford. 
 
 Durham Book, The. A Latin, 
 text of the Gospels, written by Bishop 
 £adfrith, of Lindisfarne, with Ms own 
 hand, and accompanied by an old English 
 translation, by Aldred. 
 
 Durward, Quentin. A romance 
 by Sir "Walter Scott (1771—1832), pub- 
 lished in 1823. The hero is a young mem- 
 ber of the guard of Scottish archers at the 
 court of Louis IX. of France. 
 
 Dutch Courtezan, The. A comedy, 
 
 by John Marston ^d. after 1633), pro- 
 
 " duced in 1605, and revived in 1680, under 
 
 the title of The Revenge, and again, in 
 
 1746, as The Vintner Tricked. 
 
 Duty, Ode to, by William Words- 
 worth ; written in 1805, and beginning— 
 
 " Stem daughter of the voice of God." 
 
 Duty of Man, The Complete. A 
 
 religious work by Henry Venn (1725 — 
 1797), written with a view of supplementing 
 and correcting the deficiencies of The 
 Whole Duty of Man (q.v.), and published 
 in 1764. Sir James Stephen says of it ; 
 " To Henry Venn, among the ' evangelical* 
 cler^, belonged, as by inherent right, the 
 province which he occupied of giving to 
 the world a perfect and continuous view 
 of their system of Christian ethics. The 
 sacred consonance of all the jtassages of 
 his own life, and the uniform convergence 
 of them all towards one great desi^, ren- 
 dered his conceptions or duty eminently 
 pure, large, and consistent ; gave singular 
 acuteness to his discernment of moral er- 
 ro^ and imparted a rich and cordial unction 
 to his persuasions to obedience.'* 
 
 "Duty, thafs to say, comply- 
 ing." — Duty, a satirical lyric by Arthur 
 Hugh Clough (1819—1861). 
 
 Duval, Denis. An unfinished 
 novel, by William JVTakepeace Thack- 
 eray, the last chapter of which appeared 
 in The Comhill Magazine for June, 1864. 
 
 Duyckinok, Evert Augustus (b. 
 1816), an American author, is, with his bro- 
 ther, George L. (d. 1863), part author of 
 the Clycopadia of American Literature 
 (1856—66). He has also contributed largely 
 to the leading American reviews, and nas 
 written a History of the Wa/r of the Union 
 (1861—65); a History of the World from the 
 JSarliest to tlie Present Time (1870) ; and 
 ether works. 
 
 Dwight, Timothy, D.D. (1752— 
 1817), was the author of Theology Explain^ 
 ed and D^ended ; Travels in New , Eng^ 
 land and Neio York ; and many other 
 works, including an epic poem, The Con^ 
 quest of (Janaan (1786). 
 
 Dyce, Alexander, clergyman and 
 critic (b. 1798, d. 3869), publiphed the fol- 
 lowing works;— An edition of Shakespeare, 
 with a Glossary and Life of the Poet ; Se- 
 lect Translations from Quintus SmymcEus ; 
 Specimens of the British Poets ; Specimens 
 of British Sonnets / Jiemarks on Collier^s 
 and KnighVs Editions of Shakespeare :■ A 
 Few Notes on Shakespea/re ; Strictures on 
 Collier's New Edition of Shakespeare ; 
 Lives of Shakespeare, Fope^ Akenside^nd 
 Beattie, in the Aldine edition of the fene- 
 lish Poets; Recollections of the Table Talk 
 of Samuel Rogers ; and Editions of Peele, 
 Greene, "Webster, Middleton, Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, Marlowe, Shirley^ Bentley, 
 and Skelton, besides Kempe's Nine Day^ 
 Wonder, and the old tragedies of Timtinl 
 and Sir Thomas More. 
 
 Dyer, George (b. 1765, d. 1841), 
 wrote amongst other works a. History of the 
 
 University of Cambridge (1814). 
 
 Dyer, John, poet (b. 1700, d.l758)» 
 vprote Grongar^s Hill, The Ruins of Rome, 
 The Fleece, and some miscellaneous pieces. 
 His Poems were published in 1761. Fot 
 Criticism see Johnson's Lives of the PoetS) 
 and Drake's Xiferorj/^ffowrs. 
 
 Dyer, Thomas Henry, historian 
 (b. 1804), has written a lAfe of Calvin (1850) ; 
 a History of Modem Europe (1861) : a His- 
 tory of the City of Rome (1865) ; a Htstory of 
 the Kings of Rome (1868) ; and Ancient 
 Athens (1873). 
 
 Dying Christian to his soul^ 
 
 The. An ode by Alexander Pope (1688 
 — 1744), written in 1712, at the request of 
 Sir llichard Steele. *• You have it," said 
 the poet, " as Cowley calls it, just warm 
 from the brain ; it came to me the first 
 moment I waked this morning f yet you'll 
 see it was not absolutely inspiration, but 
 that I had in my head, not only the verfics 
 of Hadrian, but the fine fragment of 
 Sappho." Warton says, " There is a close 
 and surprising resemblance between this 
 Ode of Pope and one of an obscure and for- 
 
 fotten rhymer of the age of Charles tlie 
 econd, Thomas Flatman [q.v.]." " Prior," 
 says Bowles, "also translated this little 
 Ode.fbut with manifest inferiority to Pope." 
 Bishop Warburton thought Pope's version 
 ** as much superior to his original as the 
 Christian religion is to the Pagan." Had-» 
 rian's lines begin : — 
 
 •' Animula, vagula, blandula." 
 Pope's :— 
 
 " Vital epaik of heavn'ly flame.'* 
 
 Dying, The Art of. A Latin 
 
214 
 
 DYl 
 
 EAT 
 
 treadse by Thomas Stuebs, Archbishop of 
 YoBK (d. 1373). 
 
 ^' Dying man to dying men, As 
 
 a." — BA.XTEJI, Love Breathing Thanhs and 
 Praise. 
 
 Dying Silvan, The. A poem, by 
 Alfeed Tennyson,, printed in 1820. 
 
 Eadfrith, Bishop. See Durham 
 Book, The. 
 
 Eadie, John, LIi.D., Presbyterian 
 minister and religious writer (b. "1813, d. 
 1876), edit^ The Bible Cycloptxdia^ and has 
 published among other works Commentaries 
 on several of St. Paul's Epistles ; Divine 
 Looe: Docirinalj Practical, and Experi- 
 mental ; Paul the Preacher ; The Classified 
 Bible ; and a Dictionari/ of the Bible for 
 Young Persons. He also edited an edition 
 of Cruden's Concordance. 
 
 Eadmer, monk of Canterbury, and 
 Archbishop-designate of St. Andrews (d. 
 1124)^ wrote a Ilistoria Novorum or History 
 6f his own Time, from the Conquest to the 
 year 1122 ; also, Biographies of An3elm,Wil- 
 irid of York, Archbishop Breewin, Oswald 
 of York, and Bunstan ; besides works on 
 The Excellence of the Virgin Marg, The 
 Four Virtues that were in the Virgin Mary, 
 and The Heavenly Beatitudes. See Mor- 
 ley'a English Writers. 
 
 Bagles, John, clergyman, ess.iyist, 
 and poet (b. 1784, d. 1855), wrote The 
 SketcJier, published in 1856 ; Essays (1857) ; 
 and Sonnets (1858). 
 
 Earl Mar's Daughter. A b.iUad, 
 in which the heroine finds a lover In a dove 
 which turns out to be an enchanted prince. 
 " * O Coo-my-doo, my love sac true, 
 Nae mair frac mo ye'ae ffoen.' 
 ' There he haa lived m btiwcr with her, 
 For sax lang years and ane." 
 
 " Barl March look'd on his 
 
 dying child." A song by Thomas Camp- 
 bell. A poem on the same subject, called 
 The Maid of Neidpatht_ was written by Sir 
 ■\Valter Scott. 
 
 Barle, John, successively Bishop 
 of Worcester and Salisbury (b. about 1601, 
 d. 1665), wrote Microcosmogrcmhy (1628) ; a 
 Latin translation of the Eikon Basilike 
 (q.v.), and some minor works. 
 
 "Earth hath not anything to 
 
 show more fair." A sonnet by William 
 WOBDSWORTH, composed upon Westmin- 
 Bter Bridge, in 1802. 
 
 Earth, Hymn to the. An liexame- 
 tor poem, by Samuel Taylob Coleridge, 
 which has, says Swinburne, **a sonorous 
 and oceanic strength of harmony, a grace 
 and glory of life, which fill the sense with 
 a vigorous delight." 
 
 Earth, Sacred Theory of tl 
 
 See Burnet, Thomas. 
 
 Earthly Paradise, The. A po 
 
 by William Mokris, published in 1868 
 which " certain gentlemen and mariner 
 Norway, having considered all tliat t] 
 have heard of the Earthly Paradise, set j 
 to find it ; and, after many troubles, i 
 the lapse of many years, came old mei 
 some Western land, of which they ] 
 never before heard." There theybegi 
 the time by telling tales of old raytl 
 ogy in various metres, interspersed w 
 brief lyrics on the subject of the vari< 
 moutlis. 
 
 " Ease in mine inn ? Shcdl I n 
 
 take mine." — K. Henry IV.; part i., act : 
 scene 3. 
 
 "Ease in 'writing comes frc 
 
 art, not chance." — ^Pope, Essay on Or 
 cism, i., 162. 
 
 East Indian, The. A comedy 
 Matthew Gregory Lewis (1775 — 18: 
 produced in 1800. 
 
 East Lynne. A novel by M 
 Hesry Wood, published in 1861. 
 
 Easter, on the Observance ( 
 
 A tract by Ceolfrid of Wearmou 
 (642—716), printed in Bede's Ecclesiastii 
 History, xv. 
 
 Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock 
 
 1T93, d. 1865), published, in 1847, Materi 
 for a History of Oil Painting ,• and in 18 
 Qmtributions to the lAterature qf the F 
 Arts ; besides Hints on Household Taste 
 Furniture ; and a History of the Gothic . 
 vival. He also edited, from the Genni 
 Kugler's Handbook of Painting (1843), a 
 translated Goethe's Theory of 'Colors {iBi 
 
 Eastman, Mairy Hendersc 
 
 American authoress, has written Dacota 
 or, Life and Legends of the Sioux (184 
 Bomance of Indian Life Q.W2) ; Chico 
 and other Jiegions of the Conquerors a 
 the Conquered (1854) ; and other works, 
 eluding Aunt Phillis's Cabin (1852), a : 
 joiner to the Uncle Tom's Cabm of M 
 H. B. Stowe. 
 
 East-ward-Hoe ! A comedy 
 Ben Jonson, George Chapman, a 
 John Marston, performed by the co 
 pany of actors known as " the Children 
 the Bevels," in 1605. On account of 
 satirical reflections on the Scottish nati< 
 its authors were threatened with t 
 pillory. It was revived, in 1685, by Ta 
 under the title of The Cuckold's Hav: 
 and, in 1777, by Mrs. Lennox, under tl 
 of Old City Manners. 
 
 " Easy writing's cursed hai 
 reading."— Sheridan, Clio's Protest. 
 Eatanswill Gazette, The, 
 
EAT 
 
 ECL 
 
 215 
 
 DiCKEKS's Picktcick Papers (q.v.), is the 
 perfiisteut enemy of The EatanswUl Inde- 
 pendent. 
 
 " Eaten me out of house and 
 
 home, He hath." — K, Henry IV., pt. ii., 
 act U., scene 1. 
 
 Eaton, John, divine (b. 1575, d. 
 Iftll), produced The Discovery of a Most 
 DangeroVrS Dead Faith and The JSoney- 
 comh of Free Justification. 
 
 Ebony. A Immorous appellation 
 applied to William Blackwood (1777 — 
 1834), the original publisher of Blackwood's 
 Magazine, hy James Hog^, *• the Ettrick 
 Shepherd" (q.v.), in the jeu d^esprit, The 
 Chaldee MS. (q.v.)j whiwi appeared in 
 the Magazine for October, 1817, and in 
 which Blackwood is introduced in these 
 terms : — " And I looked, and behold a 
 man clothed in plain apparel stood in the 
 door of his house ; and I saw his name, 
 and the number of hianame ; and his name 
 was as it had been the colour of ebony." 
 
 Ecce Homo. Tlie title of a semi- 
 theological work, attributed to Professor 
 SeeIiEY iq.v.), and published in 1865, in. 
 which the humanity of Christ is con- 
 sidered and enforced, apart from His 
 Divinity. The phrase, ** The enthusiasm 
 of humanity,*' was originated in this work; 
 to which, it maybe mentioned, Dr. Joseph 
 Parker replied in his Ecce Deusj published 
 in 1866. 
 
 "Ecce Homo," On. The title of a 
 series of papers contributed to G^oofZfTorrfs, 
 by William Ewaiet Gladstone, and 
 reprinted in 1868. 
 
 Eccho : " or, the Infortunate Lov- 
 ers." A poem by James Shirley (1594 — 
 1666), of which no copy is known to be in 
 existence. It is supposed to be almost 
 identical with Narcissus: or, tJie Self- 
 Lover t a poem published by Shirley in 1646. 
 The Eccho appeared in 1618, and was the 
 writer's earliest production in verse. 
 
 Ecclesiastical History of Eng- 
 land : " Ecclesiastics Histories Genti 
 Anglorum, by the Venerable Beds (q.v.), 
 translated by King Alfred, and first pub- 
 lished about 1473. Later translations were 
 issued in 1565, 1622, 1723, 1814, and by Dr. 
 Giles, in 1843. 
 
 Ecclesiastical Politie, The 
 
 Lawes of. A treatise by Richard Hooker 
 (1553—1600), the first four books of which 
 were published in 1594, with " A Preface 
 to them that Seeke (as they tearme it) the 
 Keformation of Lawes and Orders Eccle- 
 siasticall in the Church of England, " These 
 four books treated (1) of laws in general ; 
 (2) of the use of Divine Law contained in 
 Scripture : whether that be the only ]aw 
 which ought to serve for our direction in 
 all things without exception ; (3) of laws 
 concerning Ecclesiastical Polity ; whether 
 
 the form thereof be in ^Scripture so set 
 down that no addition or change is lawful-, 
 and (4) of general exceptions taken against 
 the Lawes of the EnglishXJhurch Polity, 
 as being Popish, and banished out oi 
 certain reformed churches. The fifth book 
 appeared in 1597 ; the sixth, seventh, and 
 eighth, after Hooker's death, in 1618. 
 Morley characterises the whole as " the 
 work of a good man ; a work perfect in 
 spirit, earaest, eloquent, closely reasoned, 
 and, in the best sense of the word, reli- 
 gious." 
 
 Ecclesiastical Sonnets, by Wil- 
 liam Wordsworth, are forty-seven in 
 number. 
 
 Ecclesiis, De non temerandia. 
 
 A treatise written by Sir Henry Spelmait 
 (1562 — 1641), ** against the violation Of 
 churches." It was published in 1616, and 
 is said to have had the effect of inducing 
 many lay iraproprietors to surrender such 
 church property as they had acquired. 
 
 Echard, La'wrence, divine and 
 historian (b, 1671, d. 1730), wrote A General 
 Ecclesiastical History from the Birth of 
 Christ to the Establishment of Christianity 
 tmder Constantvne (1719) ; The History of 
 England from the Entrance of the Boma/ns 
 to the Establishment ofK. William and 
 Q- Mary (1707—1718) j some translations 
 and other pieces. 
 
 " Echoing "cralks between, The," 
 
 — MiLTOB", Paradise Lost: book ix., line 
 1107. 
 
 Eclogues, five in number, by 
 Alexattder Barclay (d. 1552), are no^ 
 table as probably the first productions of. 
 the kind in English literature. The fourth 
 is a poem called The Tower of Vertue and 
 Hon&wr (q.v.). The first three, paraphrased 
 from the Miseries Cnrialiimt of ^neas 
 Sylvius, with large additions^ treat of 
 " the m^rseryes of couriers and courtes of 
 prynces in general." Michael Drayton 
 (1563-1631) was the author of ten Eclogues ; 
 John Gay (1688—1732), wrote several, 
 under such titles as The Birth of the 
 Squire^ The Toilet ^ and the Tea- Table ; and 
 Thomas Parnell (1679—1718) has one 
 called To Health, and another called The 
 Flies. There are one or two satirical 
 Eclogues in Robert Buchanan's North 
 Coast. See next two paragraphs. 
 
 Eclogues, English. Poems by 
 Robert Southey (1774—1843) written be- 
 tween 1798 and 1803. " They bearno resem- 
 blance, I believe," wrote their author, "to 
 any poems in our language. This species 
 of composition has become popular in Gei^ 
 many, and I was induced to attempt it by 
 what was told me of the GerraaA idylls by 
 my friend, Mr. William Taylor, of Norwich. 
 So far, therefore, these pieces may be 
 deemed imitations, though I am not ac- 
 quainted with the Qerioan language at pre- 
 
216 
 
 ECL 
 
 EDI 
 
 Bent, and have never Been any translations 
 or specimeuB of ttuB kind." 
 
 Ziclogues, Oriental, were publish- 
 ed in 1742, under the title of Persiam, Ec- 
 logues, by William Collins (1721—1766). 
 
 Economy: "aEliapsody address- 
 ed to young Poets," by William Shen- 
 BTOXB (1714—1763). 
 
 Economy of Love, The. See 
 
 Love, The Ecokomy of. 
 "Eostacy of love, This is the 
 
 very." — Hamlet, act ii., scene i, 
 
 Eddius, Stephanus, wrote A Life 
 of Wilfrid of York, which has been de- 
 scribed as "the first independent piece of 
 genuine biography in our literature." He 
 was Wilfrid's chaplain, and therefore lived 
 circa 634—709. 
 
 Eden. The name of the " estate " 
 in America, purchased by young Martin 
 Chuzzlewit, 
 
 Eden, Sir Frederick Morton (h. 
 
 1766, d. 1809, wrote The State of the Poor: 
 or, an History of the Labouring Classes in 
 England, from the Conquest to the present 
 
 Eeriod (1797) — pronounced by M*Culloch to 
 e "the great storehouse of information " 
 on the subject ; and other works. 
 
 EdenhaU, The Luck of. A bal- 
 lad translated from the German of Uhland, 
 by Hekby Wadswokth Longfellow. 
 The tradition on which it is founded still 
 exists in England, and the goblet, — 
 " The drinking glass of crystal tall ; 
 They cai: it the Luck of EdenhaU,—-* 
 
 came into the possession of Sir Christopher 
 Musgrave, Bart., of EdenhaU, Cumberland. 
 
 Edgar. Son of Glo'ster, in King 
 Zear ; also a character (the Master of Ea- 
 venswood), in Sir Walter Scott's Bride 
 of Zammermoor. 
 
 Edgar, Sir John. A pseudonym 
 of Sir Richard Steele, under which he 
 edited a periodical called The Theatre, and 
 was afterwards satirised by Dennis. 
 
 Edge HilL A descriptive poem, 
 by KiCHARD Jago (1716 — 1781), published 
 in 1769. 
 
 Edge'vrorth, Maria, novelist and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1767, d. 1849), 
 wrote various works, a collectea edition of 
 which first appeared, in fourteen volumes, 
 in 1825. The edition of 1866, in ten vol- 
 umes, includes Moral Tales; Popular 
 Tales ; Belinda (q.v.) ; Castle liackrent 
 (q.v.) ; Essay on Irish Bulls ,- The Nohle 
 Science of Self-Justification ,- Eunice ,- The 
 Dvjn ; Tales of Fashionable Life , Patron- 
 age; Comic liramas : Leqnora; Letters for 
 Literary Ladies; Harringtnn ; Thoughts 
 ml Bores ; Ormemd ; and Helen. Besides 
 these. Miss Edgeworth |iublished Early 
 
 Lessons for Children ; The PanrenVs Assist^ 
 ant .' or, Stories for Children ; Little Plays 
 for Young People ; and Orlandino ; and, 
 brought to a conclusion the Memoirs of her 
 father, Bichard Lovell Edgeworth, which 
 he had himself commenced. *' Her merit," 
 says Sir James Mcintosh, " her extraordin- 
 ary merit, both as a moralist and a woman 
 of genius, consists in her having selected a 
 class of virtues far more difficult to treat 
 as the subject of fiction than others." 
 '* The art or Miss Edgeworth's stories is," 
 thought Haydou, " too apparent. The fol- 
 lies and vices of the actors bring tbem too 
 regularly to ruin. They act in circumr 
 stances arranged for them, and do not, as 
 in Shakespeare, produce the circumstances 
 in the development of their characters." 
 See The Edinburgh Review for 1830. 
 
 Edge-worth, Richard Lovell, 
 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1744, d. 1817), 
 wrote Poetry Explained for the Use of 
 Young^ People (1802) ; An Essay on the Con- 
 struction of Roads and Carriages (1813), and 
 some other works. His Memoirs appeared 
 In 1820. See preceding paragraph. 
 
 Edina. A poetical name for Edin- 
 burgh. BtTRNS has an apostrophe to 
 
 " Edina, Scotia's darling seat." 
 See next paragraph. 
 
 Edinburgh, Address to. A pnem 
 by EoBERT Burns (1769—1796), written in 
 the Scottish capital in 1786. 
 
 "All hail thy palaces and tow'rs, 
 "Where once beneath a monarch's feet 
 
 Sat legislation's sov'reigr. pow'rs \ 
 Now marking wildly-scattered flow 'IB 
 
 As on the banks of Ayr I stiay'd, 
 
 And singing, lone, the ling'ring houiB, 
 
 1 shelter in your honor*cl shade." 
 
 Edinburgh, Bishop of, See Cot- 
 
 TERILL, 
 
 Edinburgh : " or. Ancient Royal- 
 ty." A poem by Sir Alexander Bos- 
 well (1776 — 1822), containing some curious 
 particulars as to the manners of the citizens 
 of Edinburgh during the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Edinburgh G-azette, The. Tlie 
 
 first newspaper started in Scotland after 
 the Revolution, and originally commenced 
 by James Watson (1676 — 1722), in Eebru- 
 ary, 1699. 
 
 Edinburgh Review, The, pub- 
 lished quarterly, was established in 1802 by 
 Lord (then FrancisI Jeffrey, Lord (then 
 Henry) Brougham, Sydney Smith, and 
 other prominent literary members of tlie 
 Whig party. Sydney Smith himself gave the 
 foUownig account of the origin of the Re- 
 ricwj.-— Towards the end of my residence in 
 Edinburgh, Brougham, Jeffrey and myself, 
 happened to meet in the eighth or nirth 
 storey, or flat. In BuccleuiSi Place, the 
 then elevated residence of Mr. Jeffrey. 1 
 proposed that we should set up a review'. 
 
EDI 
 
 EDW 
 
 217 
 
 This was acceded to with acclamation. I 
 "waa appointed editor, and remained long 
 enough in Edinburgh to edit the first num- 
 ber ot the Reolew^ The motto I proposed 
 for the Review was—* Tenui Musam me- 
 ditamur averjl *— * We cultivate literature 
 on a little oatmeal.* But this was too near 
 thd truth to be admitted ; so we took our 
 present grave motto from Publius Syrus, 
 of whom none of us had, I am sure, read a 
 Mngle line ; and so began what turned out 
 to be a very important and able journal. 
 "When I left Edinbu^h, it fell into the 
 stronger ' hands of Lords Jeffrey and 
 Brougham, and reached the highest point 
 of popularity and success." The history 
 ©f tiie Edinlmr^h^s criticisms upon Byron, 
 Moore, and, Wordsworth is probably well 
 known. The first was written by Brougham, 
 and resulted in the English Bards and 
 Scotch Rcoieioers ; the second was penned 
 by Jeffrey himself, and resulted in a duel 
 between the critic and the indignant poet. 
 JetErey, in his latter years, apmogised for 
 his treatment of Wordsworth. Since then 
 the Revieio has enjoyed the assistance of 
 the ablest writers in every department of 
 literature, and is still a powerful organ of 
 the higher criticism. It is now edited by 
 Mr. Henry Reeve. See Empsox, William. 
 
 Edith Dombey, n^e Edith Skew- 
 ton, and afterwards married to Mr. Dom- 
 bey, is a character in Dickens's novel of 
 Dombey and Son (q-v.). 
 
 Edmonton, The Merry Devil 
 
 of. A comedy printed in 1607. The hero 
 was one Peter Fabell, who lived in tlie 
 reign of Henry VII., and waa buried in 
 the church of Edmonton. As the prologue 
 has it : 
 
 " *Tis Peter Fabell, a renowned schollcr, 
 That, for his fame in slights and magicke won, 
 "Waa cald the Merry Devil of Edmonton. V 
 
 Edom o' Gordon. A Scottish 
 ballad, printed by Sir David Dalrymple, in 
 1755. " IHbie house o* .thfe Kodes," referred 
 to in it, was about a mile from Dmise, in 
 Berwickshire ; but the event on which the 
 ballad is founded happened in the north of 
 Scotland. See Spottiswoode's History qf 
 the Church of Scotland, under A.i>. 1571. 
 Adam of Gordon was the name of a noted 
 freebooter of the reign of Edward I. 
 
 Education. A didactic poem, in 
 imitation of Spenser, by Gilbert West 
 (1705—1756). 
 
 " Education forms the common 
 
 mind, *Tis."— Pope's Moral Essays, epis- 
 tle i., line 1^. * 
 
 ■ Education, Thoughts on. by 
 
 ■John IjOOKB (1632—1704) ; written before 
 1690 to his friend, Edward Clarke, of Chip- 
 ley, and giren to the world in an enlarged 
 form in 1693. They were afterwards trans- 
 Jated into French and German. Dr. John- 
 son oaid bt them : " Locke*s pl^i has been 
 
 tried often enough, but it is very imper- 
 fect ; it gives too mubh to one side, and 
 too little to the other ; it gives too little to 
 literature.'* 
 
 Ed'ward: "or, Various Views of 
 Human Kature, taken f lom Life and Man- 
 ners, chiefly England." A novel, by Dr. 
 John Moore (1730—1802), published iu 
 1796, of which the hero is, like Sir Charles 
 Graudison, intended to be a personiliua- 
 tion ot all the virtues. 
 
 Edward and Eleonora. A trn^erl v 
 by James Thomson (1700i— 1748), which 
 was produced in 1739, but was afterwards 
 refused a licence on account of its politic- 
 al allusions, and more especially because 
 it contained a too flattering portrait of the 
 Prince of Wales, who was not in good 
 odour with the Court or Ministry. One of 
 the latter is reported to have said that the 
 dramatist had 'taken a "liberty" which 
 was not agreeable to " Britannia " in any 
 *• season.'*^ 
 
 Edward the First, On the Death 
 
 of K. A very early attempt at elegj'-wri- 
 ting, to be found in the Harleian MSS. at 
 the 33ritish Museum. 
 
 Ed-ward the First, The Famous 
 Chronicle of King. A drama, in blank 
 verse, by George Peele, printed in 1593, 
 and since reprinted in Dodsley's Olil 
 Plays. " It is borroiyed," wrote his con- 
 . temporary, Nash, " out of our old Eng- 
 lish Chronicles, wherein our forefathers* 
 valiant acts (that have lien long buried jh 
 rustic brasse and worme-eaten bookes) are 
 revived, and they themselves raised from 
 the grave of ohlivion, and brought to plead 
 their aged honours in open presence." 
 " As one of the earliest of our chroTiicle 
 histories," says Dyce, "Edward the First 
 is a curious and interesting production. A 
 yein of. extravagance pervades the whole 
 play; but the tragic portion is occasion- 
 ally written with power, and the comic 
 part is by no means destitute of humour." 
 
 Edward the Second, King of 
 England ; " The troublesome ralgne and 
 lamentable death of," , A tragedy by 
 CHRisTOPHEii Marloto:, published in 
 1598, and considered by many critics aa, 
 after Shakespeare's, " the finest specimen 
 of the English historical drama."' The 
 death of the king is described with a power 
 whichr well deserves the eloquent praise 
 bestowed by Lamb and Hazlitt. 
 
 Edward the Third, History of : 
 
 "together with that of Edward the Black 
 Prince," by Joshua Barnes, D.D. ; pub- 
 lished in 1688. The facts are accurate ; 
 only the speeches are imaginative, and 
 some of these, couched in Barnes's pecu- 
 liar style, have a strange efEect when put 
 into the mouths of kings and.princes. 
 
 Edward I Vj, History, of, by Wil- 
 
 10 
 
818 
 
 EDW 
 
 BDW 
 
 tlAM HABtN 0T05 ; published in 1640, and 
 Written and printed By desire of Cliarles X. 
 
 Edward IV., and the Tanner of 
 
 ■Tamwortli. An old ballad, described as 
 "a-merrie, pleasant, and delectable bis- 
 torie." 
 
 Sdward V., and the Duke of 
 
 York, bis brother, The Historie of the pit- 
 tieful Life and unfortunate Death of 
 King, by Sir Thomas More; written 
 about 1509, and described by Hallam as 
 the first example of good English language, 
 pure and perspicuous, well-chosen, with- 
 out yulgarisms or pedantry. It has been re- 
 printed entire in Hollushed'a Chronicle, 
 
 Edward, VI. <See Whore op 
 Babylon, The. 
 
 Edward, Edward. An old Scot- 
 tish ballad, printed in Percy's JReliqtiegj 
 and probably written by Lady Wardlatv, 
 to whoia several other pieces are attrib- 
 uted. 
 
 Edwardes, Annie, novelist, has 
 published Archie Lovell; Miss Forrester; 
 StepJienLavjrenbef Yeoman ; Morals of May- 
 fair; Susan Fielding; Ought We to Visit 
 Her ? A Vagabond Heroine ; Leah ; A 
 Blue Stocking ; and Other works. 
 
 Ed'wards, Amelia Blandfoi-d, 
 
 'jjovelist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1831), 
 ■fe the author of The IVhite House by the 
 .Sea; My Brother's Wife (1S55): The tail- 
 ,dero/£ife (1857) ; Hand and Glove (1859) ; 
 'Jktchel Iwble's Experience (1863); Barbara's 
 History (1864); Half a Million of Money 
 (1865) ; Miss Carew (1865) ; DebeanJiam's 
 Vom (1869) ; The Sylvestres (1871) ; In The 
 IHtys qf My Youth (1873) ; Monsieur Mav^ 
 rice^ and Other Stories (1873); a volume of 
 Ballads (1865); several works of travel, and 
 some stories for the young, 
 
 Edwards, Bryan (b. 1743, d. 1800), 
 was the author of a History ^ Civil and Comr- 
 merciaLof the British Colonies in the West 
 ■ Indies (1793). See his Autobiography, 
 
 Ed^varda, Edward, bibliographer 
 and librarian (b. 1812), has published .Me- 
 moirs of Libraries, together with a Practi^ 
 eal Handbook of Library Economy (1850) ; 
 Libraries and Pounders of Libraries (1864); 
 Free Public Libraries (1869) ; and other 
 works on similar subjects. 
 
 Edwards, Henry Sutherland; (b. 
 
 1828), has published The Russians at Home 
 (1868); A History of the Opera (1862); Mal- 
 vina (1871); and other works. 
 
 Edwards, John, D.B. (b.l6i37, d. 
 1716),' wrote a Discourse concerning the 
 Authority, Style, and Perfection ' qf the 
 Books of the Old and New Testaments 
 (1693) ; Theologta Beformata (1713) ; and 
 other works. 
 
 -~ Ed:wardB, Jonathan, CD., (1629, 
 
 d. 1712), wrote, among other works,' A 
 Preservative against Socinianism (1698 — 
 1703). 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan, American 
 divine (b. 1703, d. 1768), wrote A Treatise 
 concerning Beligious .Affections, (1746) ; A 
 careful and strict Inquiry into the Modem 
 notion tliat Freedom of Will is supposed 
 to be essential to Moral Agency (1754) ; The, 
 Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 
 (1768),; A Sliorl Account of the Spread d/ 
 the Gospel among the Indians (1788) ; A 
 History of the Work of Redemption (1788) : 
 and Practical Sermons (1791) ; His Works 
 were collected and published with a Life 
 by Williams and Parsons, in 1817; and 
 were reprinted, with an essay by Henry 
 Bogers, in 1834. See the Life by Hopkins^ 
 
 Edwards, Matilda Betham, 
 
 novelist, has published, among other 
 works. Doctor Jacob ; Kitty ; Winter with 
 Swallows ; Through Spain to the Sahara ; 
 Bridget; and Felicia. 
 
 Edwards, Richard, dramatist (K 
 circa 1523, d. 1666), wrote The , excetletii 
 Comedie of two of the moste .faitl(fiillesi 
 freejideSf Damon and Pythias (1571);; and ' 
 Palamon iind Arcyte, a Comedy in two 
 parts (1566), (q.v.). The first is reprinted in 
 Dodsley's collection. Edwards was also-a 
 principal contributor to The. Paradise of 
 Dainty Devices (q.v.). " Besideshisregul;^'' 
 .verses, he appears," says Campbell, l*-^ 
 have cotitrived masques,' and to ^ hav '^ 
 written verses for pageants ; and is de 
 scribed as having been the first fiddle, the 
 TQOst fashionable sonneteer, and the most 
 Xaeetious mimic .of the court." For Bi- 
 ography and Criticism, see Puttenham'a 
 Arte of English Poesie, Warton'a English 
 Poetry/, Kitson's Bibliographia PofHca, 
 "Wood's Athenw Oxonienses, Collier's Dra- 
 matic Poetry, &c. See An^JSTlVll lK.a; j 
 Lute in Musiokk. 
 
 Edwards, Thomas, Puritan writer 
 (d. 1647), was the author of Gangrmia (q.v.). 
 and other tracts. See Wood's Fasti. 
 
 Edwin. Tlie hero of Goldsmith's 
 ballad of The Herrtiit (q.v.); 
 
 Edwin. Tlie liero of Bbattie's 
 poem. The Minstrel (q.T.). 
 
 Edwin and Angelina. The title 
 iJuider which Goldsmith's Hermit (q.T.) 
 originally appeared. 
 
 " Edwin and Elgitfaa. A trapedy 
 by Madamr D'Ahblay (176S— 1840). 
 brought out Drury Lane- in 1795, but 
 without success. It is only remarkable as 
 including three bishops among the drck- 
 ■matis personcE. 
 
 Edwin and Emma. A ballad, by 
 
 Dayid Mallet (1700—1765). ; 
 
 Edwin of Deira. A poem by 
 
EDW 
 
 EXiB 
 
 219 
 
 Alexasdek Smith (1830—1867), published 
 inl861. 
 
 ■ Ed-win of the Green. The hero 
 of Pabvell's poem of A Fairy Tale. 
 H&ia represented as despised by bis lady- 
 love, fair lilditb, because tbougb — 
 
 " Endowed with courage' Bense, and truth." 
 
 yet " badly-sbaped he'd been." Happily, 
 lie is restored to beauty by the f airiesj and 
 overcomes his rival, Sir Topaz, in the 
 lady's affections. 
 
 Edwin the Tail, an historical poem 
 by SiK HESEy Tatlob (b. 1800), " has," 
 says Anthony Trollope, "the merit of tell- 
 ing Its story very clearly. But the play 
 as a whole, leaves no strong impress on the 
 ' mind of the reader. It is read with pleas- 
 ure — with the double pleasure arising 
 from poetry and historic story — but there 
 is no personage who strikes the senses 
 ^ith power and leaves his picture clearly 
 behind him. Dunstaii, the saint and 
 tyrant of the time, is intended for such a 
 part, but by some -weakness the aim is" 
 missed, and Dustan is not a great poetical 
 success. Leolf is probably the best charac- 
 ter in the play," which was published in 
 1842. 
 
 Egan, Pierce, novelist, wns the 
 author of Tom and Jerry ; Life in Zondtm 
 '(^.v.). ; Finish to the Adventures of Tom 
 frtrf Jerry ; and other works. See Thack- 
 
 '*y*s Roundabout Papers {De Juveniute). 
 
 . « Amateue, An ; Xiri! m London ; 
 ^EAL IijFE IN London. 
 
 Egbert of York. See Confes- 
 
 SIONALE AND PENITENTIAI,E. 
 
 Eger, Sir, Sir Grahame, and Sir 
 
 ^raystecle. An old English romance in 
 Terse, which was extremely popular in the 
 sixteenth century, and is alluded to . in 
 The Complaynt~<^ Scotland (q.v.), pub- 
 lished in 1549. See, also, Sir Walter 
 Scott's edition of Sir Tristram, alid Ellis's 
 Early English Romances. 
 
 Egerton, Audley. The statesman, 
 in Lord Lttton's story of My Novel,-vho 
 is the rival, of Harley I'Estrange for the 
 love of 2Tora Avenel. 
 
 Egerton, Francis Henry. . See 
 
 Bridgewater, Earl of. 
 
 Egens. Father to Hermia, in A 
 Midsummer Night's Dream. 
 
 Eglamour. The friend of SyMa, 
 in The Two Gentlemen of Ve-Qna (q.v.). 
 
 Eglamour, Sir, of Krtoys. An 
 
 old English romance, of which an analysis 
 is given in Ellis's Early English Romcmces. 
 It IS probably of French origin. SirEgla- 
 more is the title of a humorous ballad by 
 Bowlands, -printed in TAe Meldneholie 
 ■Xnighti^aS). : - - . 
 
 Eglantine, Madam. The pnore'ss, 
 in Chaijoek's Ccmterbuni Tales (q.v.). i 
 
 Egwin, Bishop of Worcester (d, 
 about 718). His Biography was written by, 
 William of Malmesbury); See Wright's 
 Uiographia Eriiannica. See Evesham, 
 The Poundaiion of. 
 
 Eighteen Hundred and Eleven- 
 
 A poem by Anna Letitia B Area old 
 (1743—1825), published in 1612 : " of a polit- 
 ical character, and anything but cheerful 
 in its tone." 
 
 Eikon Basilike : , " Portraiture of 
 His Sacred Majesty in his Solitudes and 
 Sufferings." A, bopk of private devotion, 
 the authorship of which was at first at- 
 tributed to Charles I. ; but the work is 
 now understood to have been partly if not 
 wholly wniten by Bishop Gauden, of 
 Exeter. - It was possibly approved by the 
 king, and was published in 1648. See next 
 paragraph. , ^,- 
 
 Eikenpplastes. " Iconoclast : or. 
 Image Breaker," a treatise by John Mil- 
 TON, written in reply to the Eikon Basi- 
 like (q.v.). Macaiilay speaks of "thB 
 nervous rhetoric of the Iconoclast." 
 
 Eiloart, Mrs., novelist, has written, 
 among other works. The Curates Discip- 
 line ; From Thistles — Grapes ? Just a 
 Woman; Madame- Silva*s Secret; Meg,' 
 St. Bede's; Wonicfm's Wrong; ZadyJUorer 
 toim's Daughter; The Love that Lived; 
 Our Oirls;' Kate Randal's Bargain ; iuac^ 
 His Second Wife. 
 
 Einion ap G-walchmai. A Welsh 
 bard (circa 1180). . See Stephens's Literature 
 oftheKymri. 
 
 ' 'ExaTo;jt.7za0{a,The: "or, passion- 
 ate Centurie of Love, divided into t*o 
 parts ; whereof the first expresseth the 
 Author's Sufferance in Love ; the lattei^ 
 his long Farewell to Love and all his Tyr- 
 annie.'° , A poem: by Thomas Watson 
 (1560—1592), published in 1682. 
 
 Elaine. Tlie title of one of Ten- 
 nyson's Idylls. Elalhe it is who dies of 
 love for Lancelot (q.v.) :— 
 - " I loved yon, and my love hod no return. 
 
 And therefore my true lore hath been my 
 death." 
 
 Eitjow. A constable ifl: Measure 
 for Measure (q-v.) 
 
 Elder Brother, The. A comedy 
 by John Flbtchek (1676—1626) ; gener- 
 ally considered the best of that writer's 
 comic pieces. It endeavours to describe 
 the power of love, on the first sight of 
 woman, to vivify a soul which, like that or 
 Charles, the hero, has hitherto been utter- 
 ly ignorant of the passion. See Charles. 
 
 Eleazar. The moor in Maklowp'b 
 IHist't Dominion (q.v.) ; " siicH , another 
 
220 
 
 ELI! 
 
 ELI 
 
 character as Aaron in Titus Andronicus " 
 (qjT.). 
 
 Election, The. A pooni by John 
 Btekling (1806—1844), " reaching to tvfo 
 thousand verses," and " in a new vein— 
 what might be called the mock-heroic, or 
 sentimental Hudibrastic, reminding one a 
 little, too, of Wieland's Oberon;" pub- 
 lished anonymously in 1841. " The style," 
 says Cavlyle, " is free and flowing ; the 
 rhyme dances along with a certain joj^f ul 
 triumph — everything of due brevity with- 
 al. That mixture of mockery on the sur- 
 face, which finely relieves the real earn- 
 nestness within, and fiavoui-s even what 
 is not very earnest and might even be in- 
 sipid otherwise, is not ill-managed." The 
 title of the piece suflficiently explains its 
 action, which concerns the sontest between 
 Frank Vane and Peter Mogg for the rep- 
 resentation of an English borough. In 
 the end, Frank runs away with the heroine, 
 Aime, and leaves the course open to his 
 more popular rival. 
 
 Election Ball, An, "in Poetical 
 Letters from Mr. Inkle at Bath, to his wife 
 at Gloucester," by Chkistophee Akstey 
 .{1724—1805)) published in 1776, and exhibit- 
 ing the same characteristics as his well- 
 known New Bath Guide (q.v.). It was 
 adorned with illustrations after the mau- 
 ner of Hogarth. 
 
 Elegies, by John Scott (1730 — 
 1783) ; of which Johnson said that " they 
 were very well, but such as twenty people 
 toight write." 
 
 Elegies, by William Shenstone 
 (1714 — 1763). " A series of poetical truths, 
 devoid," says Disraeli, "of poetical ex- 
 pression ; truths — for notwithstanding the 
 pastoral romance in which the poet has 
 enveloped himself, the subjects are real, 
 and the feelings could not, therefore, be 
 fictitious." 
 
 Elegies upon Several Occa- 
 sions, by Michael Draytok (1563— 
 1631); published in 1627. 
 
 Elegy vrritten in a Country 
 
 Churchyard, by Thomas Gray (1710— 
 1771). The original title was Stanzas wrote 
 in, &c. j indeed, the poem, as now printed, 
 differs m many ways from the earliest ver- 
 sions. Some of the stanzas are omitted 
 bodily, though happily they have been 
 preserved ; whilst in one of those still 
 retained, " Cromwell " and " Milton " have 
 been substituted for "Ciesar" and "TuUy." 
 Dr. Johnson gives 1750 as the date of pub- 
 lication ; and declares that the piece 
 " abounds with images which find a mirror 
 in- every mind, and with sentiments to 
 Which every bosom returns an echo." The 
 churchyard was that of Stoke Fogis, near 
 Eton. 
 
 Elegy written in Spring, by 
 
 Michael Bruce (1746—1767): described 
 as " the finest of all his productions." 
 
 Elena, the beroine of the second 
 part of Sir Henry Taylor's Van Artevelde 
 (q.v.), is also the subieot of a poem by the 
 same writer, in which her later history is 
 given : which tells ns, says Trollope, " how, 
 after the crushing ruin of early sorrow, 
 she partly recovers her strength, and in 
 that recovery assumed a higher spirit than 
 had heretofore been hers." 
 
 Elenchus Motuum nuperorum 
 
 in Anglia : "-simul ac juris Begii et Parlia- 
 mentarii brevis Enarratio," by George 
 Bate, M.D., physician to Oliver Cromwell 
 and Charles II. ; published in 1640, and 
 forming an historical narrative which 
 Bishop "Warburton describes as " worth - 
 reading." 
 
 Elene: "or, the Finding of the 
 Cross." A poem in the Vercelli Book 
 (q.v.), attributed to Cysewulf (q.v.). 
 
 Elephant in the Moon, The. A 
 
 humorous poem, written originally by 
 Samuel Butler (1600—1680), in -octo- 
 syllabic, and afterwards in heroic, veree, 
 as a satire upon the Boyal Society and Sir- 
 Paul Neal. It tells how 
 " A leam'd Society of late. 
 
 The glory of a foreign atatc, 
 
 Agreed, upon a summer's night. 
 
 To search the Moon hy her own light; 
 
 To take an invent' ry of all 
 
 Her real estate and personal; 
 
 And make an accurate survey 
 
 Of alt her lands, and how they lay." 
 It is whilst one of their number is gazing at 
 the moon through an " optic-glass " that he 
 discovers the presence in the luminary of 
 the "Elephant " which figures in the title 
 of the poem. 
 
 Elfrida, A, tragedy by "William 
 Mason (1725 — 1797, " written," says 
 Southey, " on an artificial model, and in a 
 
 forgeous diction, because he thought 
 hakespeare had precluded all hope of 
 excellence in any other form of drama." 
 The author followed the example set by 
 the Greek dramatists, and introduced the 
 classical accompaniment of the chorus. 
 The play was produced at Drury Lane, 
 under the auspices of the elder Colman, in 
 1753, but was not very successful, 
 
 Elia. The .pseudonym under which 
 Charles Lamb contributed a series of 
 Essays to The London Magazine. "The 
 adoption of the signature," says Talfourd, 
 " was purely accidental. His first contri- 
 bution was a description of the old South 
 Sea House, where Lamb had piassed a few 
 months' novitiate as a clerk, thirty years 
 before, and of its inmates, who had long 
 passed away ; and, remembering tlie name 
 of a gay, light-hearted foreigner, who 
 fluttered there at that time, he subsflribed 
 his name to the essay." This was in 
 August, 1820. The first Series Of Elia 8* 
 
ELI 
 
 ELL 
 
 221 
 
 tended from that date till October. 1822, 
 aad was republished iii 1823. The second 
 series began iii May, 1824, and ended in 
 August, 1825, 
 
 Eliakim, in Foudage's satiric poem 
 of Azaria and JIusItai (q.v.), ia intended 
 for the Buke of York, afterwards James 
 II. 
 
 £Uot, George, is the nom de plume 
 uiloptedby Mrs. Georgs Henry Lewes, 
 nie Marian Evans (b. about 1820), who, 
 besides translating Strauss' a Z^e qf Jesus 
 (1846), and Feuerbach's Essence of Chris- 
 tianity (1953)^ has published the following 
 jioYelsi— Scenes <^ Clerical Life (ISSSJ; 
 Adam Bede (1859) ; The Mill on the Moss 
 (1-860) ; Silas Mamer (1861) ; Somola (1863); 
 Felix Hole (t-8G6) ; Middlemarch (1871—72) ; 
 and Daniel Dernnda (1876). She has also 
 ,.Tirritten 7^ Spanish Gypsy (1868), and 
 several misoellaneous poems, collected in 
 the volume entitled The Legend of Jubal 
 n.874), and has largely contributed to The 
 Westminster Heview. " George Eliot, in 
 all her novels, instils her own faith in 
 * plain living and high thinking/ by show- 
 ing," says Professor Morley, " that it is 
 w^l ill life to care greatly for something 
 •worthy of our care ; choose worthy work, 
 believe in it with our souls, and labour to 
 live, through inevitable checks and hin- 
 drances, true to our best sense of the 
 highest life we can attain." See R. H. 
 Hutton*a Essays, See Agatha ; Bede, 
 Adam ; Jubal, Legend of ; MiDDiiE- 
 
 MAKCH ; MiLIi ON THE FLOSS ; EOMOLA J 
 
 Silas Marnee ; Spanish Gypsy, &o. 
 
 Eliot, Sir John, and statesman (b. 
 1590, d. 1632), wrote 7'he Monarchy of Man 
 (q.v,). See the Life by Forster (1864). 
 
 Eliot, Samuel, American liistorical 
 writer (b. 1821), has published The Liberty 
 of Rome : a History (1849) ; The Early 
 Christians (1853) ; A Manual of t/nitea 
 States History (1856) ; and other works. 
 
 EHssa, in Spenser's Faerie Queene, 
 is the stejp-Bister of Medina and Perissa, 
 and contrives to disagree with them on 
 every point. 
 
 Eliza : " or, An Elegy upon the 
 Unripe Decease of Sir Antony Irby ; com- 
 posed at the llequest (and f or a Monument) 
 of his surviving lady." by William 
 Browne (q.v.). 
 
 Eliza. The name under which 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Carter (1717—1806) be- 
 gan to contribute verses to The Gentle- 
 man's Magazine, at the age of seventeen. 
 Eliza wsiB also made the subject of a Greek 
 -epigram by Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Eliza, Letters to, by Laurence 
 Sterne (1713—1768); published, after his 
 death, in 1775. Tliey are teia in number, 
 and were addressed to Mrs. Draper, the 
 wife of a counsellor of Bombay, with 
 
 whom, at one time, Sterne was very inti- 
 mate. See Bramine. 
 
 Elizabeth. Dauprhter of the king 
 of Hungary, and the heroine of Charles 
 Kingsley's dramatic poem of The SainVs ' 
 Tragedy (q.v.). She is intended, says the 
 author, as. *' a type of two great mental 
 struggles of the Middle age ; first, of that 
 between Scriptural or unconscious, and' 
 Popish, or conscious, purity ; in a word, 
 between innocence and prudery : next, of 
 the struggle between healthy human afEec^' 
 tion, and the Manichsean contempt with 
 which a celibate clergy would have all nieir . 
 regard the name oi husband, wife, and 
 parent. To exhibit this latter falsehood 
 in its miserable consequences is the main 
 object of my poem," 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen (b. 1533, d. 
 
 1603). is represented in Puttenham's Art of 
 English Poesie (q.v.) as the author of a 
 short poem, written, as Professor Morley 
 points out, when the presence of Mary, 
 Queen of Scots, in England was br^ding- 
 all manner of sedition. "The Queen."" 
 says Puttenham, "nothing ignorant in 
 those secret f avoui'S, though she had long, 
 with great wisdom and pacience, dissem- 
 bled it, writeth this ditty most sweet and 
 sententious, not hiding from all such aspir- 
 ing miuds the danger of their ambition and 
 di^oyaltie." 
 
 EllzabethaTriumphans. A poem . 
 in blank verse, written by James Aske,, 
 in commemoration of the defeat of the 
 Spanish Armada, in 1588,-and published in 
 tliat year. It is included in Percy's volume 
 of Blank Verse Anterior to Milton, and is 
 to be found complete in Nichols* Progress- 
 es of Queen Elizabeth^ vol. il. 
 
 Ella, in Chaucer's Man of Lav/s 
 Tale, was a king of Northumberlaud, who 
 married Cunstance. 
 
 Ellen Burd. A ballad given by 
 Percy in his Reliques as Childe Waters ; 
 by Jamieson and Buchan, under the above 
 title : and by Kinloch as Lady Margaret, 
 It relates how Burd Ellen followed her 
 lord in the guise of a page, and how she 
 gave birth to a son in a stable. 
 
 Ellen Irwin ; " or, the Braes of 
 Kirtle." A legendary poem by "William 
 Wordsworth, written in 1803- The Kirtle 
 is a river in the south of Scotland. 
 
 EUesmere, Earl of, Francis Eger- 
 ton (b. 1800, d. 1857), published some poems 
 and translations of Faust and other Ger- 
 man works, and contributed some Essays 
 to The Quarterly Review ^1858). He is bet- 
 ter known under his original title of Lord 
 Leveson Gower. 
 
 EUicott, Charles John, D.D,, 
 Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol (b. 1819), 
 has written dmimeniaries on the Paulhie 
 Epistles f Lectures Oil the lAfe of our Lord, 
 
222 
 
 •RT.T. 
 
 ELM 
 
 Considerations on the lievision of the Attr 
 thorised Version of the New Testament, 
 Characteristics of Modem Unbelief, and 
 otlier works. 
 
 - Elliott, Charlotte, was tlie author 
 of several well-knowii "hyinna ; amoug oth- 
 ers, of tliose commencing — 
 
 " Just as I am, witKout one plea," 
 
 and 
 
 " My God, my Father, while I stray." 
 
 MerUnpublislied Journals, Correspondence, 
 and Poems appeared in 1874. 
 
 ■ Elliott, Ebenezer, poet {h. 1781, d. 
 1849), wrote Corn-Law lihymes, Conv-Lavi 
 ffymns, The Vernal Walk, Love^ Tlie Vil- 
 lage Patriarch. The Splendid Village, &c. 
 His Works appoared in, 1834, 1840, and 1876. 
 See the Life by Searle. "Elliot," says 
 Alexander Smim,-^" is the poet of the Eng- 
 lish artisans — men wbo read newspapers 
 and books, who are members of mechanics' 
 institutes, who attend debating societies, 
 who discuss political measures aiid politi- 
 cal men, who are tormented by ideas. His 
 poems are of the angriest^ but their anger 
 is not altogether unaivine. His scorn blis- 
 ters and scalds, his sarcasm flays ; but then 
 outside nature is constantly touching him 
 ■syith a summer breeze, or a nranch of pink 
 and white apple blossoms, and his mood 
 becomes tenderness itself. He is far from 
 being lachrymose ; and when he is pa- 
 thetic he affects one as when a strong^ man 
 Bobs. His anger is not nearly so frightful 
 as his tears." See Corn-Law ItHYKEB. 
 
 Elliott, Jane, of Minto. Daughter 
 
 of Sir Gilbert Elliott, and authoress of the 
 
 first version of The Flowers of the Forest 
 
 q^T.) See CoCKBUiUf, Mrs. 
 
 Elliott, Sir Gilbert. 5ccAmynta. 
 
 ; EUis, George, literary antiquarian 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1745, d, 1815), 
 published Specimens of the Early English 
 iPoets, to vjJiich is prefixed, an Historical 
 Sketch of the Jiise and Progress of the Eng~ 
 Jish Poetry and Language (1790); Specimens 
 of early English Metrical Romances^ chiefly 
 written during the early part qf the Four- 
 Seenih Century ; to which is prefixed, an 
 SistoHeal Introduction intended to illus- 
 •irate the Jtise and Progress of Romantic 
 Composition inFrance and England (1805); 
 Poetical Tales and Trifles, by Sir Gregory 
 ■'Gander (1778); and various contributions 
 to the Jiolliad (q.v.), the Probationary 
 Odes, and Political Eclogues, See Gan- 
 der, Sir Gregory. 
 
 Ellis, George James "Wellbore 
 
 Agar, Lord Dover (b. 1797, d. 1833), wrote a 
 iRstory of the State Prisoner, covimonly 
 called the Iron Mask ; Historical Inquiries 
 respecting the cliaracter of Edward Hyde, 
 EarlofCiareiidon; and a Life of Frederick 
 the Great, besides editing the Ellis Cor- 
 resmmrlenee and Horace walpole'a Letters 
 io $ir Horace Mann* 
 
 ElUa, Sir Henry, literary anti- 
 quary (b. 1777, d. 1869), published Original 
 Letters Illustrative, of English History 
 (1814) ; a History of the Antiquities of the . 
 Parish qf St.^Lemiard, ShoredUc^, and 
 Liberty of Norton Folgate^ in the suburbs 
 qf London (1798) ; introductions to editions 
 of the Doomsday Survey and Dugdale's 
 Monasticon, besides editions of Brande's 
 P(mular Antiquities, and of Hardyng and 
 Fabian's Chronicles, and various contribu- 
 tiojis to the ArchtRologia and other works. 
 
 Ellis, John, poet (b. 1698, d. 1791), 
 contributed to Ifodsley's Miscellany sev- 
 eral short pieces, including The Cheat's 
 Apology, and Tartana : or, tJte Pladdie, 
 
 Ellis, Mrs. 'William, n^e Sarah 
 Stickney, miscellaneous writer (b. 1812), 
 wrote The Women of England (1838) ; 
 A Summer and Winter in the Pyr' 
 enees (1841) ; The Daughters of Eng- 
 land (1842) ; The Wives of England, and 
 The Mothers of England (1843) ; Preveib^ 
 tion better than Cure (1847) ; Hints on For- 
 m.ation of Character (1848) ; Pictures qf 
 Private Life ; Family Secrets : or. Hints 
 to those w/to would make Home happy ; A 
 Voice from the Vintage; and other works, 
 
 Ellis, 'William (d. 1872) missionary 
 and miscellaneous writer, published Mis- 
 sionary^ Narrative of a Tour through 
 Hawaii or Owhyhee (1826) ; Polynesian 
 Researches (1829) ; A History of Madagas- 
 car {IS39); and many other works. His 
 second wife was Miss Stickney. (See pre- 
 ceding paragraph.) 
 
 . Ellwood, MrF. A. K., published 
 in 1848, Memoirs of the Literary Ladies of 
 England from the Commencement of /Ac 
 Last Century. This work commences 
 with Lady Mary "Wortley Montagu and 
 ends with Miss Landon (Mrs. Maclean), 
 and is " marked by good taste and excel- 
 lent judgment.*' Mrs. EUwood also wrote 
 Narrative of a Journey Overland from 
 England to India (1830). 
 
 Ell'wood, Thomas, a Quaker di- 
 vine (b. 1639, d. 1713). wrote The Davideisrr 
 or, the Life of David, King of Israel,^ 
 sacred poem (1712) ; The Wmindation qf 
 Tithes Shaken (I6h2) ; Sacred History or, 
 the Historical Part of the Holy Scriptures 
 of the Old and New Testaments, digested 
 tnto due Method, with Obsei'vatioi}s (1705 
 and 1709) ; and other works. The History 
 qf his Life, written by himself, appeared 
 in 1714. See The Retrospective Review, vol. 
 xili. See Davideis. 
 
 EUys, Anthony, Bishop of St. 
 
 David's (b. 1693, d. 1761), wrote a Reply to 
 Hume's Essay on Miracles, and Vandua 
 Tracts on the Liberty, Spiritual and Tern- 
 poral, of Protestants in England. 
 
 Elmham Thomas of, Prior of 
 _ Lentou, in Nottinghamshire, till 1426| 
 
ELM 
 
 EMA 
 
 223 
 
 ■wrote a prose IRsiorj/ qf- Henry K., printed 
 by Heame in 1727 ; a summary of the same 
 in Latin yerse, edited by Cole, in Memo- 
 Hals of Henry V, ; and a History of . the 
 Afonctstery of St. Augustine at Canterbury ^ 
 to which he belonged in early Ife, edited 
 by Hardwiek, in the HoUs Series qf Chron- 
 icles and Memorials* 
 
 Sim Tree, The. A poem by 
 Thomas Hood. 
 
 Eimsley, Peter,. D.D., classical 
 critic (b. 1773, d. 1825), vas one of the 
 earliest contributors to The Edinburgh 
 HevieiPt in which he wrote papers on Wit- 
 tenbach's Plutarch^ Schweig;hauser's^^7te- 
 nfeus, Bloomfield's jEschylus^ and For- 
 son's Hecuba. He also wrote lu'gely for 
 The Quarterly^ Review. Among nis edi- 
 tions of classical works are— the Achar- 
 iianes (1809) ; the (Edipus Tyranmis (1811); 
 the Heracleidce^ BacchcBj and Medea (1815, 
 )S18, and 1821), and the (Edipus Coloneus 
 (1823). 
 
 Slocution "Walker. A name 
 given to John Walker (1732—1807), the 
 author of The Pronowncing Dictionary, 
 from the fact of his being a distinguished 
 teacher of elocution. 
 
 Eloisa to Abelard, Epistle from, 
 by Alexander Pope ; founded on the 
 veil-known and pathetic story of these 
 two famous persoiii^es. Peter Abelard 
 (107J— 1142) was an illustrioiiB philosopher 
 anddirifie, whom Heloisa, the niece of 
 f albert, an ecclesiastic, loved " not wisely, 
 but too well-" Abelard would willingly 
 have repaired tiie injury lie had done 
 her, -by marriage ; but Heloisa, from a 
 strange combination of devoted generosity 
 andperverted moral and religious senti- 
 inent, objected to matrimony, and even 
 after a pHvate espousal had taken place, 
 denied its existence on oath. Hallam is 
 of OfHnion that Pope, in his passionate 
 and musical efEusion, has done great in- 
 justice to Helotsa'B character, in putting 
 into her moutJtL the sentimentB of a coarse, 
 ■abandoned woman. Her refusal to marry 
 Abelard arose, not from an abstract .pre- 
 dilection for uie name of mistress above 
 thnt of wife, but from her disinterested 
 affection, which would not deprive him 
 of the prospect of ecclesiastical digni- 
 ties, to which his genius and renown 
 might lead him. 
 
 Elphinston, James, miecellaneoiis^ 
 -writer (b. 1721, d. 1809), published a Gram- 
 mar of the' English Lan^age, a poem on 
 :Eilucafion, and translations of Martial 
 and of Bacine's ReUgUm. He also wrote 
 ^kfty ■ Years* Correspondence, Inglish, 
 Jf'rench, and Laitin, in Froze and in Verse, 
 between Geniusses ov' boath Sexes, a/nd 
 James Elphinston (1794). 
 
 Slphinstone, Hon. Mountstuart, 
 statesman (b. 1778, d. 1859), wrote An Ac- 
 
 count qf (he Kingdom of Cabaul (1815), and 
 ,a History of India (1841). 
 
 Elshender the Recluse. Tha 
 
 BlacJs Dwarf, in Sir Walter Scott's 
 novel of that name. 
 
 Elsie. The heroine of liOmG' ' 
 FELLOW'S dramatic poem of The Golden 
 Legend (q.v.) ; in love with Prince Henry. 
 
 dsinore. A town in Denmark, in 
 which Shakespeare laid the scene of 
 Hamlet* 
 
 Elspat, Lady. A ballad printed 
 in Jamieson's ooliection, telling how ** het 
 mother, on false pretiBnces, imprisons the 
 the lover of Lady Elspat, who bears wit- 
 ness for him and procures his release- 
 ment." 
 
 Elspeth. A character in Sir Wait 
 TER Scott's novel of The Antiquary 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Xilspeth. A servant to Dandie 
 Dihmont <q.v.), in Sir Walter Scott's 
 novel of Guy Mannering (q.v.). 
 
 Elspie. The heroine of Clough's 
 Bothie of Toher-na- Vuolich (q.v.) ; in love 
 with Pmlip, 
 
 Elsynge, Henry, Clerk of the 
 
 House of Commons (b. 1598, d. 1654), wrote 
 a work on The Anci&nt Method and Man- 
 ner of Holding Parliaments in ETigland. 
 
 Elton, Sir Arthur Hallam (b. 
 
 1818.) is the author of a novel entitled 
 Below the Surface, and of various tracts oti 
 the leading social and political questionB 
 of the day. 
 
 Elvira : *' or, the Worst not always 
 true."' A cx)medy by George Dige^, 
 Earl of Bristol ; printed in 1667. and 
 probably founded on a Spanish play. 
 
 El'win, Whitwell, clerprynnan and 
 critic (b. 1816), was editor of The Quarterly 
 Review from 1853 to 1860, and has published 
 a complete edition of the works and cor^ 
 I'espondence of Pope. He has also produced 
 a volume of essays ou literary subjects. 
 
 Elyot, Sir Thomas, physician, and 
 miscellaneous writer (d. 1546), wrote The 
 .BoIceiKtmed the Governor (1531) : Pasnuil 
 the Playne (1533) ; Of the Knoteleage which 
 maketh a wise man (1533) ; The Cfistle of 
 Helthe (1533) ; The Bankette of Sapience . 
 (1542) ; A Preservative agaynste Death 
 (1545) ; A Defence or Apologye of Goml 
 Women (1545) ; and various tranalatiohs: 
 For Biography* ' See Wood's Afhence Ox- 
 oniensea and. The Retrospective Review, 
 See Castle of Health, The ; Defexcb 
 OR Apologie of Good Womest ; Dic- 
 tionary, Latin-English ; Governor, 
 The ; Preservative against Deth, A. 
 
 Emare. An old Englisli story, dis- 
 covered by Tyrwhitt in the Oottoulon 
 Library, and described ae— 
 
224 
 
 EMB 
 
 EMM 
 
 •' On of Biytayne layeB 
 That was UBed by olde dnyea." 
 See Kitsoii's Metrical Romances. 
 
 , Iiinblem5,Ancient and Modern, 
 
 Collection of. " quickened with Metrical 
 Illustrations/' by George Witheu ; 
 publislied in 1635. These emblems are 
 '* bolh moral and divine " in character, 
 and are, in the words of the author, " dis- 
 posed into lotteries, that instruction and 
 aood counsel may be farthered by an 
 honest and pleasing recreation." Wither's 
 Emblems were preceded in 1586 by Whit- 
 liey's Choice qf Emblemes, and in 1612 by 
 Peacham's Minerva Britannia: or^ a 
 Garden qf Heroical Devises. See Green's 
 Shakespeare^ and the Emblem Writers; 
 also The Retrospective Review, vol. ix. 
 
 Iimblems, Divine and Moral. 
 
 Poem- by Fraxcis Quarles (1592—1644), 
 published in 1635, and intended to illustrate 
 the emblematic character of the engravings 
 by which they were accompanied. Some 
 oi them were translated, others para- 
 phrased, from the Pia Desiaeina of Herman 
 Hugo, the Jesuit, who was himself largely 
 indebted to Andreas Alciatus, the auuior 
 of Emblematum Libellus (1522). Wood 
 says that Quarles' Emblems were '' in 
 ■wonderful veneration among the vulgar '• 
 of his time. *' His visible poetry," says old 
 Fuller, " (I mean his * Emblems '), is 
 excellent, catching therein the eye and 
 fancy at one draught, so that he hath out- 
 Alciated therein in some men's judgment." 
 " His writings," says James Montgomery, 
 *' are occasionally defaced by vulgarisms 
 and deformed by quaint conceits, out his 
 beauties abuiidautly atone for his defects ; 
 the latter being comparatively few, while 
 his works are generally characterised by 
 great learning, lively fancy, and profound 
 piety." " He uses language," says Thoreau, 
 hyperbolically, " almost as greatly as 
 Shakespeare ; and though there is not 
 much straight grain in him, there is plenty 
 of tough crooked timber. In an age when 
 Herbert is revived, Quarles ought surely 
 not to be forgotten." 
 
 Embury, Mrs., n€e Emma Catherine 
 Manley, an American authoress (b. 1806, d. 
 1863), produced G^ddo, and other Poems ; 
 Con.siance Latimer ; or, the Blind Girl ; 
 Pictures of Early Life; Nature's Gems: 
 or, American Wild Flowers ; The Waldorf 
 Family ; Glimpses of Home Life ; and 
 other works. See Iakthe. 
 
 Emerald Isle, The. A nnme first 
 bestowed upon Ireland by Dr. 'William: 
 Drennan (1764—1820), in his poem called 
 Erin. 
 
 Emerson, Ralph "Waldo. Amer- 
 ican author and essayist (b. 1803), has writ- 
 ten Literary Ethics (1838) ; Nature, essays 
 (1839), (q.v.); TJie Method qf Nature (1841) ; 
 Man the Reformer (1841); Lectures on 
 the Times (1841) ; Essays (1841) ; JSssays 
 
 (1844) ; Poems (1846) : Representative Men 
 (1849), (q.v.); Memoirs of Margaret Fuller 
 Marchesa d'Ossoli (1852); English Traits 
 (1856), (q.v.) ; The Conduct of Life (1860); 
 May-Day. and other Pieces (1867) ; Society 
 and Solitude (1870) ; ParTiassus : Selected 
 Poems (1871) ; Essays (1871) ; Letters 
 and Social Aims (1876: besides deliv- 
 ering an oration on " Man-Thinking " in 
 1837, an address to the senior class of 
 Cambridge Divinity College in 1838, and 
 orations and lectures on various subjects 
 at different periods. liowell writes of 
 Emerson :— 
 
 *' Hi3 ia, we may say, 
 A Greek head on right Yankee Ehoulders, whose 
 
 range 
 Has Olympus for one pole, tor t'other th* Exchange. 
 'Tis refreshing to old-fashioned people like me 
 To meet such a primitive pagan as lie. 
 In whose mind till creation is duly respected 
 As ports of himself— just a little projected." 
 
 Emerson, "William, mathemati- 
 cian (b. 1701, d- 1782), author of MechanicSj 
 Method of Increments, Doctrine of Fluxions, 
 and other works. See the Life by Bowe 
 (1793). 
 
 Emigrants in the Bermudas, 
 The. A poem by Andrew Mauvell 
 (1620—1678), which may possibly have sug- 
 gested to Thomas Moore the idea of hxs 
 Canadia7i Boat-Song : — 
 
 " From a small boat that row' d along 
 The listening winds received this song." 
 
 The emigrants are supposed to be driven 
 to America by the government of Charles- 
 I. Leigh Hunt calls this poem " devout 
 and beautiful." 
 
 Emilia, in Chauxjer's Kniqhfs Tale, 
 is beloved by Palamon and Arcite (q.v.). 
 
 Emilia. A character in Shakes- 
 peare's play of The Winter's Tale <q.v.). 
 
 Emilia, in Othello (q.v.), is the wife 
 of lago, and waiting-woman to Desdemona 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Emilia, in Smollett's novel of The 
 Adventures of Peregrine Pickle, is beloved 
 by the hero. 
 
 Em'ly, Little. The niece of Daniel 
 Peggotty (q.v.), in Dickens's novel of 
 David Copperfield (q.v.) : afterwards be- 
 trayed and deserted by Steerforth (q.v.). 
 She has given the title to a dramatic ver-* 
 Bion of me novel by Andrew Halliday 
 (Duff), produced in 1869, 
 
 Emma. The title of a novel by 
 Jane Austen, published in 1816. 
 
 Emmeline: "or, the Orphan of 
 tlie Castle." A novel by Mra. Charlotth 
 Smith (1749—1806), published in 1788 : " the 
 graceful story of an orphan girl pining 
 under the stigma of illegitimate birth ana 
 the miseries of dependence. The course of 
 events at lengtli restores her to her genuine 
 rank and her long alienated inheritance,. 
 
EMP 
 
 END 
 
 225 
 
 and. makes lier happy with the man she 
 loves. Neither the story nor the charac- 
 ters show much vigour ; the incidents are 
 often utterly improbable ; the cast of the 
 tale, moreover, helongs to a school that 
 never was good— the school of distressed 
 maidens, missing f athei-s, children changed 
 at nurse, &c. ; but for all tliat, Emmeline 
 has many pleasing and tender passages we 
 could iind in no other writer." 
 
 Empedocles on Etna. A drfima- 
 fcic poem by Matthew Arnold (b. 1822), 
 published in 1853, but withdrawn shortly 
 afterwards ; to be reproduced at the sug- 
 gestion of Robert Browning, in 1868. Of 
 me historical Empedocles,Prof essor Nichol 
 writes that, " at once philosopher, law- 
 giver, physician, and poet, he was revered 
 as a prophet during his life, and afterwards 
 worahipped as a god. His career was ora- 
 bellished by imputed miracles, and mar- 
 vellous legends cluster round his death 
 [one of which, representing him as having 
 thrown himself into the crater at Etna^ is 
 adopted by Mr. Arnold in the poem]. IjU- 
 cretiua speaks of him as the greatest 
 among the wonders of Sicily — ' clarum et 
 venerabile nomen.* '* " Good Master Em- 
 
 gedocles," cries Ch£U-les Lamb in one of 
 is wildest moods, " it is long since you 
 went a-salaniander-gathering down ^tna. 
 "Worse than samphire-picking by some 
 odds. 'Tis a mercy your woi'ship did not 
 singe your moustachios." 
 
 limperor's Bird's ITest, The. A 
 
 humorous ballad by H. W. Lostgfellow. 
 
 Empson, in Sir "Walter Scott's 
 . Peveril o/tbe Peak, is the favourite flageo- 
 let-player of Charles II. 
 
 Empson, William, Professor of 
 Law at Haileybury (b. 1790, d. 1852), suc- 
 ceeded Macvey Napier (q.v.) in the editor- 
 ship of The Edinburgh Review, to which 
 he contributed a large variety of papers 
 between 1823 and 1849. 
 
 Enchiridion : " cpntainiiifir Institu- 
 tions Divine, Contemplative, Practical, 
 Moral, Ethical, Economical, Political." 
 A collection of maxims by Frakcis 
 QUABLES (1592— :16i4.) Many of these 
 "guesses at truth" are, really gems of 
 thought. They were published in 1652, 
 
 Sncomion of Lady Peounia : 
 
 " or, the Praise of Money ; the Complaint 
 of Poetrie for the death of Liberalitie,t.e., 
 The Combat between© Conscience and Cov- 
 etousness, in the mind of Man ; with 
 Poems in Divine Humors," by Richard 
 Barnfield (b. 1574), printed in 1598, 
 Several of the pieces in this volume were 
 included in The Passionate Pilgrim, pub- 
 lished iu 1599. 
 
 Encyclopaedia. The earliest Kn^- 
 lish Encyclopedia was the Lexicon Tech- 
 Tiieum of Dr. JoHN Harris, published in 
 twofoliovolumesinmo. It was suggested- 
 
 by Dr. HofCman*8 Lexicon Universale', 
 which appeared in Germajiy in .1677. In 
 1728, Ephraim Chambers (q.v.) produced,- 
 on an improved basis, a Cyclopcedia in two 
 volumes, and this work was followed by 
 Owen's Dictionary (four volumes) in 1764. 
 The first edition of the JUncycIopwdia 
 Britaimica, which was mainly a Dictionary 
 of Arts and Sciences, was published in 
 three volumes in 1771 ; the second, con- 
 taining large editions, in ten volumes, in 
 1776 — 1783 ; the third was comi>leted in 
 eighteen volumes in 1797 ;' the fourth, in 
 twenty volumes, in 1810 \ the fifth and 
 sixth, with supplements, in six volumes,* 
 in 1815—1824 ; the seventh, in twenty-one 
 volumes, in 1830— -1842 ; the eighth, in 
 twenty-one volumes, in 1852— 1860 ; and the 
 publication of the ninth was commenced 
 in 1875. In 1802, Dr. Abraham Kees pro4 
 jected a new edition of Ephraim Chambers'r 
 Cyclopadia, which was completed in forty-i 
 five volumes in 1819. The Edinburgh En- 
 cyclopedia, edited by Dr. (afterwards Sir) 
 David Brewster, was commenced in 
 1810, and completed, in eighteen volumes, 
 hi 1830. This was followed by The Ency- 
 clopcedia Metropolitana, a work in thirty 
 volumes (1818—1845), the earlier volumes 
 of which were produced under the super- 
 vision of Samuel Taylor Coleridge ; 
 The Penny Cyclopaedia, in twenty-nine; 
 volumes, edited by Charles Knight, for, 
 the Society for the Diffusion of Useful 
 Knowledge (1833—1843), which was repub- 
 lished in an improved form under the title'^ 
 of The English Encyclopedia, in twenty- 
 two volumes (1853 — 1861) ; and CJiambers's 
 Encyclopaedia (ten volumes), the first edi- 
 tion of which was commenced: in 1859, and 
 the second in 1874. 
 
 " End must justify the means, 
 The," — Prior, Hans Carvel. 
 
 Enderbie, Percy, wrote Cambria 
 Triumphans ; or*, Britain in its perfect 
 lustre, from the jirst of its Princes to 
 Charles I. : Being a History of Wales 
 (1661). It was reprinted in 1810, 
 
 "Endure (We first), then pity, 
 then embrace."— Pope, Essay on Man, ep, 
 ii., line 217. 
 
 Endymion. A poem by John"- 
 Keats, published in 1818. " Thamodels," 
 says Lord Jeffrey, "upon which he has 
 formed himself in the Endymion, the ear- 
 liest, and by much the most considerable of 
 his poems, are obviously The Faithful 
 Shepherdess of Fletcher, and The Sad 
 Shepherd of Ben Jonson, the exquisite 
 metres and inspired diction of which he 
 has copied with great boldness and fidelity, 
 and, like his great oiiginals, has also con- 
 trived to impart to the whole piece that 
 true rural and poetical air which breathesj 
 only in them and iu Theocritus." This 
 was In The Edinb^irgh Review of 1820. 
 The poem had previ<>usly been cri^ifliset}: 
 
223 
 
 ^IND 
 
 ENG 
 
 l)y Croker in The Quarterly Review, ^vitH 
 a severity which undoubtedly hastened, if 
 it did not cause, the Uhiess which resulted 
 in. the poet's death. It is worth noting 
 that Shelley pronounced it ** full of some 
 of the highest and the fiue^it gleams of 
 poetry." 
 
 Eudyznion. A lyric by Henry 
 Wadsworth Longfellow ; founded on 
 the old raytliic story of the mortal youth 
 who Wiis oeloved by JDianaf and received 
 
 her kiss — 
 
 " When Bleeping in the grove, 
 He dreamed not of her love." 
 
 Endymion, the Man in tlie 
 
 Moon. A play, by John Lyly, published 
 ill 1592, and highly praised by Hazlitt. 
 " Lyly, says that cntic " made a more 
 attractive picture of Grecian manners at 
 Second-hand, than of English characters 
 from his own observation." 
 
 Eneas, "Wandering Prince of 
 
 Troy. An "excellent old ballad," con- 
 cerning which Bishop Percy says : "Tlie 
 reader will smile to observe with what 
 natural and affecting simplicity our an- 
 cient ballad-maker has engrafted a Gothic 
 conclusion on the classic story of Virgil." 
 
 Enfield, 'WiUiam, LL.D. (^. 1741, 
 d. 1797)j was the compiler of The Speaker^ 
 a collection of prose and poetry. He was 
 also a prolific writer both of books and of 
 contributions to the magazines. 
 
 England and its People, First 
 
 Impressions of, by Hugh Miller (1802— 
 1856) ; published m 1847. 
 
 England and the English. 
 
 , Sketches of the national life and manners, 
 by Edward, Lord Lytton ; published in 
 1833. 
 
 "England ! with all thy faults I 
 love thee still." A line occurring in Cow- 
 PER's poem of The Task; a parallel for 
 which may be found in Churchill's 
 poem, The Farewell : — 
 
 " Be Enffland what she will, 
 
 With all her faultH she is my country still." 
 
 England's Helicon. A well- 
 known collection of Poems by Shake- 
 speare, Marlowe, Breton, Spenser, Drayton, 
 Sir Philip Sidney, and others ; edited by 
 John Bodjenham, published in 1600, and 
 consisting of one hundred and fifty pieces 
 in all. An edition was issued by Sir Eger- 
 ton Brydges, in 1812. 
 
 England's Heroical Epistles. A 
 
 series of twenty-four poems, by Michael 
 DitAVTON ; published about 1595, and 
 written in celebration of the loves of cer- 
 tain English worthies. Thus, Edward the 
 Black Prince writes to Alice, Countess of 
 Salisbury, and Moi'timer to Queen Isabel. 
 
 England's Mourning Garment, 
 
 l>y .Heni^y CoETTLii: (b. about 1510, d. 
 
 1604), consists of notices of contemporary 
 poets* It was published in 1603, ^nd re- 
 printed in The Harleian Miscellanj/^ 
 
 England's Parnassus: "or, the 
 Choicest Flowers of our Modem Poets, 
 with their Poetical Comparisons," selected 
 by Robert Allot (q.v.), and printed in 
 1600. Warton says the method is judicious, 
 whilst the extracts are copious, and made 
 with a degree of taste. Among the authors 
 quoted are Chapman, Constable, Dai^el 
 Davies, Drayton, Dekker, Gascoigne, 
 Greene, Harington, Jonson, Kyd, Ziodge, 
 Marlowe, Middleton, ^ash, Peele, Sack- 
 ville, Shakespeare, Sidney, Spenser, Sur- 
 rey, and Wyatt. See Collier's Seven Eng- 
 lish Poetical Miscellanies (1867). 
 
 England's Trust and other 
 
 Poems, by Lord Joh:n Manners (b. 1818) ; 
 published in 1841, and containing the 
 couplet : — 
 
 " Let wealth and commerce, laws and learning die, 
 ' But leave us still our old nobility." 
 
 Englefield, Sir Henry Charles, 
 
 natural philosopher (b. 1752, d. 1822),. pub- 
 lished, among other works. The Determin- 
 ation of the Orbits of Comets ; A Walk 
 throuf/h Southampton; and various papers 
 printed in the Transa>ctions of the Royal. 
 Society. 
 
 English Aristophanes, The. A 
 
 name assumed by Sasiuel Foote, the 
 comic dramatist. 
 
 English Bards and Scotch Re- 
 viewers. A satlfe, by Lord Byrox (1788 — 
 1824), published in 1809, and occasioned by 
 a severe Criticism of his early volume of 
 poetry, the Hours of Idleness (q.v.). The! 
 writers in TJie Edinhwrih Review are 
 primarily the objects of attack, but from 
 them he diverges to characterise all, or 
 nearly all, the leading authors of the day. 
 The poem thus includes references to 
 Fitzgerald, Jeffrey, GifEovd, Scott, South- 
 ey, Moore, "Wordsworth, Lewis, Str'ang- 
 ford, Hayley, Orahame, Bowles, Cottle, 
 White, and many others. It is written in* 
 the customary heroic verse, and begins : — 
 
 " SHU mufct I hear ?— shall hoarse Fitzeemld bawl . 
 His creakint; couplets in a tavcrn-halY, 
 And I not sing, Icet, hoply, Scotch reviews 
 Should dub mc scribbler, and denounce my muse? 
 Prepare for rhyme— I'll publish, right or wrong : ■ 
 Fools ore my theme : let Batirc be my song I " 
 
 English Garden^ The. A descrip-- 
 tive poem in four books, written in blank 
 verse, by "William Mason (1725—1797), 
 and published at intervals between 1772 
 and 1782. 
 
 English Grammar, The : '* made 
 by Ben Jonson, for tlie benefit of all 
 strangers, out of his observation of the 
 English language." 
 
 English Juvenal, The. A name 
 given to John Oldham (1653—1684), a poet 
 of strong satirical power, and an .accopi-. 
 
ENG 
 
 EOT 
 
 227 
 
 pushed delineator of contemporary life 
 and manners. 
 
 English Mersenne, The. A name 
 bestowed upon John Collins, the malhe 
 inaticiau (1024 — 1683), after that of Mariu 
 Meifienne, a contemporary French phi- 
 losopher. 
 
 BngUsh Opium - Eater, The . 
 
 Thomas De Quincey (1785—1850), whose 
 experiences of the effects of opium-eating 
 are described in his C<yi}fessions, published 
 in 1821". 
 
 English Petrarch, The. A name 
 conferred upon Sir Philip Sydney by 
 Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 English Rabelais, The. A de- 
 scription sometimes applied to Jonathan 
 Swift and others. See Babelais, The 
 English. 
 
 English Sappho, The. A title 
 bestowed upon Mrs. Robinson (1758—1800), 
 ail actress, and the author of some lytic 
 poetry. See Pekdita. 
 
 English Seneca, The. Bisliop 
 Joseph Hall (1574—1656) was so called. 
 See Seneca, The English. 
 
 English Terence, The. A name 
 sometimes bestowed upon Richakd Cum- 
 berland, the dramatist, to whom Gold^ 
 smith alludes in his Jietaliation (q-v.) as 
 
 " The Terence of England, the mender of hearts." 
 
 English Tongue, The. A Pro- 
 posal of Correcting, and Improving, and 
 ascertaining, by Jonathan Swift (1667— 
 1745), in a Letter to tJie most Honourable 
 MoberU Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, Lord 
 H^fh Trejzsurer of Great Britain, published 
 in May, 1712. In this essay Swift suggests 
 the establishment of an Academy in the 
 iollowing terms : — *' In order to reform our 
 language, I conceive that a free judicious 
 choice Bhould be made of such persons as 
 are generally allowed to be best qualified 
 for such a work, without any regard to 
 quality, party, or profession. . . - The 
 persons who are to undeiiake this work 
 will have the example of the French before 
 them, t-o imitate where these have pro- 
 ceeded right, and to avoid their mistakes." 
 He further intimates his opinion that 
 "some method should be thought on for 
 ascertaining and fixing our language for 
 ever," and that ** it is better a language 
 should not be wholly perfect, than that 
 it should be perpetually changing." 
 
 English Traits- A series of 
 sketches of English life and character, 
 written by Ralph Waldo Emerson (b. 
 1803), and publishedin 1856. In the chap- 
 ter which describes his " first visit," the 
 writer givjee interesting reminiscences of 
 Landor, Coleridge, Canyle, Wordsworth, 
 and others. 
 
 English Travellers, The. A 
 
 comedy, by Thomas Heywood, printed 
 in 1133. 
 
 "Eng:lish undefyled, Well of." 
 
 A . description applied by Spensek to 
 " Dan Chaucer^" in the Fd^rle Queenet 
 book iv., canto li., stanza 32. 
 
 Englynion. Printed in tlie Welsh 
 Arch(Bology, and commemorating the val- 
 iant deeds of the seven sonsof Kedivor; by 
 Perif-ab- Kedivor, foster-brother of Howe- 
 ab-Owain (q.v.). 
 
 Englynions. " In praise of Madoc- 
 ap-Metedydd, Prince of Powys ; " poems 
 by Llywarch Llew Cad (circa 1190). 
 Stephens characterises them as among the 
 most interesting productions of the period: 
 ** they throw," he says " much light upon 
 the military history and habits .of the 
 country." 
 
 Enid. Tlie title of one of Tenny- 
 son's Idylls of the King (q.v.). Enid is 
 the wife of Geraint. 
 
 Enigma. See Enigma. 
 
 £noch Arden. See ArdeN| 
 Enoch. 
 
 "Enough is good asaFeeist." A 
 
 proverbial expression which is to be found 
 in scene 1, act ill. of Bickerstaff's Xove 
 in a Village (q-v.). 
 
 Ent, Sir George (b. 1604, tl. 1689), 
 
 wrote Apologia pro Circulaiione Sanguinis 
 (1641). His Works appeared in 16S7. 
 
 Enthusiasm,Xietter Concerning,^ 
 
 by Anthony Ashley Coop£r, thirdEarf 
 of Shaftesbury (1671—1713) ; published 
 in 1708, and afterwards forming the fii:st' 
 treatise of his Characteristics (q.v.). 
 
 Enthusiasm of Methodists and 
 
 Papists Compared, The. A controversial 
 work against Whiteficld, Wesley; and the 
 Moravians, by Bishop Lavington, of 
 Exeter (1683—1762); published in 1754. 
 
 Enthusiasm, The Natural His- 
 tory of, by Is.\Ac Taylor (1787—1865);; 
 published anonymously in 1829, and in- 
 tended as the-iirst of a series of works, of 
 which Fanaticism^ (1833), and Spiritual 
 Despotism (1835), form parts. 
 
 " Entrance to a quarrel, Beware 
 
 ot."— Hamlet, scene 3, acti, : — 
 
 " But, being in, 
 Bear't that the opposed may beware of thee." 
 
 Eolian Harp, The. A poem hy 
 S. T. Coleridge, composed at Cleve- 
 don, Somersetshire, and dated 1796 — 1828. 
 
 Eothen: "or, Traces .tff ..Tr^vfil^^ 
 brought home from the East,'* by Alex- ' 
 ANDER William Kixolake (q.v.), arid 
 published in 1844. The Critic said of.it 
 that " nothing so sparkling, so grapldc, so^ 
 truthful in seutlibeut, aud so poetic iu.. 
 
228 
 
 EPH 
 
 EPI 
 
 vein, had'issued from tlie press for many a 
 day." 
 
 E-KEa IlrsposvTa. See Diversions 
 OF PuRLEY, The. 
 Ephemerides of Fbialo, The, 
 
 " divided into three books : 1, A Method 
 by which he ouglit to follow that desireth 
 to rebuke his Freeiid, when he seeth liim 
 Bwarue ; without kindling his choler, or 
 hurting hiniselfe. 2. A Canuazado to 
 Courtiers in four points. 3. The Defence 
 of a Curtezan overthrowen. And a Short 
 Apologie of the Schoole of Abuse." By 
 Stephes Gosson, 1579. 
 
 Epic Poetry is the highest of all 
 poetry, and has to do with the fortunes of a 
 hero or of a nation, sometimes of both. 
 Thus Virgil's ^neid not only details the 
 adventures of .^neas, but is a magnificent 
 'npotlieosis of the glories of the Boman 
 race. In the same way with Tasso's Jem-' 
 ealnn Delivered and Ariosto's Orlando 
 Furioso. French literature has no great 
 epic, nor can we in Britain boast of any 
 other than the .Pai-adise Lost of Milton, 
 unless we concede the epic character of 
 Teniiyson's Idylls of the Kiiig. There 
 have been many attempts at epical produc- 
 tion in Great Britain, but the very mag- 
 nificence of the intention has generally 
 displayed and intensified tlie poverty of 
 the result. 
 
 Epicene:" or, tlie Silent Womnn." 
 A comedy by Bex Jokson", produced in 
 1609. " The Epicene^*' says Campbell, "in 
 my humble apprehension, exhibits Jon- 
 son's humour in the most exliilarating per- 
 fection." It is built, as Haslitt reminds 
 us, upon the supposition of an old citizen 
 disliking noise, who takes to wife Epicene 
 (flsupposed young lady) for the reputation 
 of her silence, and with a view to disin- 
 herit his nephew, who has laughed at his 
 infirmity. But no sooner is the mariiage 
 over than Epicene turns out to be a shrew, 
 and ttie old citizen (called Morose) is 
 very glad when his nephew, called in to 
 settle the difficulty, proves Epicene to be 
 no woman. 
 
 Epicurean, The. A tale hy 
 Thomas Moore, the poet, published in 
 1827. See AooiPHROX . 
 
 "Epicurus' sty, the fattest hog 
 in." — Mason's Heroic Epistle^ 
 
 Epigoniad, The. A poem in nine 
 books, by William Wilkie (1721—1772), 
 published originally inl7S7, and again re- 
 vised in 1759. The scene of action is the 
 siege of Thebes, and the hero and heroine 
 are respectively Siomed and Cassandra. 
 
 Epigrammata, by Sir Thomas 
 Moke, were printed at Basle in 1620, and 
 translated In p^rc iii Pecke's Famasai Puer- 
 ptrium (16S9), 
 
 Epigrams, Most Elegant and 
 Wittie, by Sir- John Hakyngton (d. 
 1612) ; published in 1633, and containing 
 the couplet ; — 
 
 " Treason doth never prosper } what's the reason ? 
 Tot if it prosper, none dare call it treason." 
 
 Epigrams. Tlie following are some 
 of the most important and interesting col^ 
 lections that have appeared since 1600 : — 
 Two Centuries of Epigrams, by Joha 
 Heath (1610) ; Lagicet llidiculosi ■ or, 
 Springes for Woodcocks, by Henry PaiTot 
 (1613) ; Linsi- Woolsie : or. Two Centuries 
 <if Epigrams,\iy Wijliam Gamage (1613) ;■ 
 Quodltbets lately come over from New Bri- ■ 
 laninla, Old Newfoundland, by Robert 
 Hayman (1628) ; Velitia: Delitiarum (1637) ; 
 Ififs Jiecreations (1640) ; Clarastella, by' 
 Robert Heath (1650) ; Epigrams, by S. 
 Sheppard (1051) ; Recreations for Ingenious 
 Head-pieces (1054) ; Musarum Delitia 
 (1656) ; na.Tpi.K6v Sapov, by Henry De-' 
 laune (1657) ; IVit Restored (1658) ; Par- 
 nassi Puerpcrium, by Thomas Pecke 
 (1659) ; Safes Epigrammafum, by James' 
 'Wright, (1663) ; Epiqrams or all Sorts, by 
 Richard Flecknoe (1671) : limit's Interpreter ' 
 (1671) ; The London Medley (1730—31) ; The- 
 Honey-Suckle (1734) j JVil's Cabinet 
 (1737) ; The BHtlsh Apollo (1740) ; . 
 The Foundling Hospital for Wit (1743) ; " 
 Theatre of Wit : or, a Banqttet of the ■ 
 Muses (1746) ; A Collection .of Select Epi- ' 
 grams, by Hackett (1757) ; The Poetical 
 Calendar by Francis Fawkes and William 
 Wolff (1763) ; Tlie Festoon by Richard 
 Graves (1767) ; The Wit's Miscellany . 
 (1774) ; The Repository, by Isaac Reed 
 (1777—1783) ; The New Paradise of Dainlw. 
 Sevices (1777) ; Euphrosyne, by Richard 
 Graves (1783) ; The New Foundling Hos- 
 pital for Wit (1784) ; The English An- 
 thology (1793) J The Poetical Farrago 
 (1794) ; Select Epigrams (1797) ; The Metri- 
 cal Miscellany (1803) ; Panorama of Wit 
 (1809) ; The Flowers of Wit, by Henry 
 Kett (1814) ; Epigrams, Ancient and ■ 
 Modern, by John Booth (1865) j andDodd's 
 Ejiigrammatists (1870). 
 
 Epilogue, The, was an address 
 that in fonner times was often delivered 
 by one or more of the actors at the con- 
 clusion of a play, being most frequently 
 introduced after the performance of a 
 comedy. It was usually of a light and 
 merry character, %nd was Intenited spe- 
 cially to encourage a friendly feeling 
 among the spectators towards the actors oi_ 
 the play, and to form a means by which 
 apologlesconldjif necessary, be made for" 
 any defects in the perf onnailCB. See Pko- 
 LoaUES. 
 
 Epilogue to the Tragedy of the 
 
 Church of England, The. A controversial 
 work, in three books, by Herbert Thorx. . 
 DIKE (d. 1672), The first book treated of 
 the principles of Christian truth, the 
 
EPI 
 
 £jxc£fi 
 
 229 
 
 second of the covenant of grace, and the 
 third of the laws of the church. 
 
 Epipsychidion: " Verses address- 
 ed to the noble and unfortutiate lady, 
 Emilia Viviani, now imprisoned in tlie 
 Convent of St. Aune, -Pisa," hy Percy 
 Bysshe Shelley ; published in 1821. 
 " A pure outpouring of poetry ; a brim- 
 ming and bubbling tountain of freshness 
 and music, magical," says W. M. Rossetti, 
 " with its own spray rainbows." 
 
 Episcopacy Asserted : '^Against 
 the Aoephali and Aerians, new and old." 
 A controversial work, by Bishop Jeremy 
 Taylor (I6ia— 1667), published " by his 
 Majesty's command " m 16i2. It is char- 
 acterised by Principal TuUoch as giving no 
 indication of the liberal and comprehen- 
 sive spirit wliich was by-and-by to expand 
 into tlie Liberty of Pro2>hesying (q.v.). Its 
 chief excellence, he says, consists in the 
 concise and rapid divisions into which he 
 throws his reasoningj so as to bring all his 
 points sncc^sively in good order before 
 the, reader. 
 
 Spistle of Comfort, An. Ad- 
 dressed " to the reverend _ priests and 
 others of the lay sort restrained in durance 
 for the Catholicke fayth," by Robert 
 SoTTTHWELL (1560—1595), and published 
 anonymously in 1605. 
 
 Spistle to a Friend, An. A poem 
 by Samuel Rogers (1763—1855), in which 
 tiie writer iaidicates the manner In which 
 soci^ comfort is influenced by residence, 
 furniture, books, pictures and companions. 
 
 Cpistles. Poems, by Samuel 
 Daniel (1562-1619) ; addressed to Lord 
 Keeper Egerton, Lord Henry Howard ; 
 Margaret, Countess of Cumberland ; Lucy, 
 Countess of Bedford ; Anne, Countess of 
 Dorset ; and the Earl of Southampton- the 
 latter being the patron of Shakespeare and 
 the friend of Essex. 
 
 Epistles, "in Six Decades," by 
 Joseph Hall, Bishop of Exeter and Nor- 
 wich ; published in 1608—11, with a dedica- 
 tion to Prince HeniT'. They are notable 
 as being the first of their kind in the lau- 
 guage- 
 
 Bpistles, by John Keats, in verse, 
 addressed to George Felton Matthew, to 
 his brother George, and to Charles Cowden 
 Clarke. 
 
 Epistles on Several Occasions, 
 by Jows Gay. The sixth, being addressed 
 to Pope, is in the same metre as Byron's 
 Don Jaan. 
 
 Epistolse, by Alcuin op Tours 
 (735—801) } interesting as the chief source 
 of information about their author, and as 
 throwing light upon contemporary history. 
 
 Epistolae S. Bonif acii Martyris. 
 First published by the Jesuit Kicholaus 
 
 Serarlus in 1629. They are valuable as 
 memorials of his time, and contain, says- 
 Wright, interesting illustrations of history. 
 
 Eiptaphs, by Alexander Pope ; 
 on the Earl of Dorset, Sir William Trum- 
 bull, Simon. Harcourt, James Craggs, 
 Rome. Mr. Corbet, llobert Digby, Sir God- 
 frey Kneller, General Withers, Fenton, 
 the poet ; Gay, the poet ; Sir Isaac Newton, 
 Butler, Bishop Atterbury, Edmond, Duke 
 of Buckingham, and others. 
 
 Epithalamion, A song by Bew- 
 Joxsos", celebrating the marriage of 
 Jerome Weston, son of the Lord Treasurer 
 Weston, with the Lady Frances Stewart. 
 daughter of Esme, Duke of Lennox. It 
 is included in the collection known as 
 " Underwoods." 
 
 Epithalamion. A Marriage Song, 
 in which Spestser celebrates his own 
 espousals : — 
 
 ** Help me mine own love's praises to resound." 
 
 It was written in 1595. 
 
 Xippie. Tlie adopted child of Silas" 
 Mamer, in George Eliot's novel of that 
 name (q.v.) ; really the daughter of God- 
 frey Cass and Molly, and afterwards mar-,. 
 ried to Aaron, 
 
 Bpping Hunt, The, by Thomas 
 Hood, published in 1829. 
 
 Erasmus. Ampng the translations 
 into English of this writer are the New 
 Testainent Paraphrases (1548 — 9, aiid a 
 portion of the Apoph thegms (1542) by Udall ; 
 The Praise of Folly (1870) ; The Prayers 
 (1872) : and 27ie Pilgrimages (1875). 
 
 Erckmann-Chatrian. The names 
 of the joint authors of a series of novels, 
 many of which, as translated from the orig- 
 inal French, have been very popular in 
 this country. Among them are Tlie Cdn- 
 script, Waterloo, the Blockade ofPhalshura, ■ 
 TJie History of a Peasant, The Story of tne 
 Plebiscite, and Brigadie'r Frederic. Emila - 
 Erckmann was bom in 1822 ; Alexandra ^ 
 Chatrian in 1826. 
 
 "Ercles' vein, This is." — Mid- 
 summer Night* s Dreamt act 1, scene ii. 
 
 " 'Ere on my bed my limbs I 
 
 lay."— First line of A Child's Evening 
 Prayer, by Samuel Taylok Colekidgis. ' 
 
 Erigena, John Scotus. Se6 
 ScoTUB, John. 
 
 Ermiiiia. Tlie heroine of Tasso's^ 
 Jerusalem Delivered ; in love with Tancred. ^ 
 
 Ei'omena ; '* or, tlie Noble 
 Stranger." A prose version of Chambeu- 
 LAYNE's poem of Pharronida (q.v.), which 
 appeared In 16S3. 
 
 "Err is human, to forgive di- 
 vine. To." Lino 325, part ii., of POPE*s 
 Essay on Critieism (q.v.). 
 
230 
 
 ER3 
 
 ESS 
 
 Erskine, John {h. 1695, d. 1768), 
 ■was the author of two standard works on 
 Scottish Law : The Principles of Vie Law 
 of Scotland (17M) ; and Institutes qf the 
 Laws qf Scotland (1773). 
 
 Erskine, Ralph, Presbyterian di- 
 Tine {b. 1685, d. 1752), wrote Gospel Sonnets, 
 Faith no Fancy, Fancy no Faith, and 
 other works, published with his Sermonsin. 
 1764, and again in lb21. 
 
 Erskine, Thomas, of Linlathen, 
 wrote Itemarks on the Infernal Evidence of 
 the Truth of Revealed Religion, An Essay 
 on Truth. The Unconditional freenesS of 
 the Gospel, and other works. See Bishop 
 Ewing's Present Day Papers^ 
 
 Escalus, in Shakespeare's play 
 oi Measure for Measure (q.v.), is a noble 
 in the court of the Duke of Vienna. 
 
 Escalus. Prince of Verona, in 
 Romeo and Juliet (q.Y,), 
 
 Escanes. A'Tyrian nobleman, in 
 Shakespeabe's play of Pericles (q.v.). 
 
 Eskdale, Lord, in Disraeli's 
 Coningsby, is said to be intended for Lord 
 lionsoale. 
 
 Esmond. A novel hy W. M. 
 Thackeray (1811—1863), published in 
 1852. " It was a continuous story, and one 
 worked out with closer attention to the 
 thread of the narrative than he had hither- 
 to produced. But its most striking fea^ 
 ture was its elaborate imitation of the 
 style and even the manner of thought of 
 the time of Queen Anne's reign, in which 
 its scenes are laid." " The distance of 
 time," says Hannay, " at which the action 
 of Esmond goes on, seems to have acted on 
 Thackeray's imagination like a stimulant, 
 for there is not only more romance, but 
 more sentiment in Esmond than in his 
 other fictions. That tlie hero, after having 
 been the lover of Beatrix, should become 
 the husband of her mother, jars on the 
 feelings of some of his admirers. But it 
 would be well worth their while to study, 
 phase by phase, the admirable delicacy 
 with which Henry Esmond's attachment 
 is made to grow, and the exquisite art by 
 which the final result is hinted at." 
 
 Espriella. An imaginary Spaniard 
 whose Letters from England, about 1810, 
 were written by Robert Southey (1774— 
 1843). 
 
 Essay on Criticism. See Criti- 
 cism, An Essay on. 
 
 Essay on Man. A poem by Alex- 
 ANHKR Pope, in four epistles, the first 
 and second of which, " Of the Nature .and 
 State of Han, with respect to the Uni- 
 veree,** and " Of the Nature and State of 
 Man with respect to Himself, as an Indi- 
 vidual," appeared in 1732 ; followed in 
 1733 by the third epistle, «.0£ th^Kature 
 
 and State of Man with respect to Society," . 
 and in 1734 by the fourth epistle, " Of the 
 Nature and State of Man with respect to 
 Happiness." Its fundamental idea is to 
 the effect that the system of the universe- 
 is " a benevolent system, in which every 
 virtue, as well as every passion, has its 
 object and end." It seems certain that it 
 was from Bolingbroke that Pope received 
 the leading principle of his poem, but the 
 treatment, which is Pope's own, is far more 
 valuable than the principle. *'lf," says 
 Professor Ward, " the Essay on Man were 
 shivered into fragments, it would not lose 
 its value ; for it is precisely its details 
 which constitute its moral as well as liter- 
 ary beauties. Nowhere has Pope so abun- 
 dantly displayed his incomparable talent 
 of elevating truisms into proverbs^ in his 
 mastery over language and poetic form." 
 
 Essayists, The British. The title 
 given to the periodical writers of those 
 short papers on morals, criticism, man- 
 ners, and subjects of general interest, 
 which were so popular in the eighteenth 
 century. The earliest work of the kind 
 was IVte Tatler^ originated by Addison 
 and Steele, and quickly followed by many 
 others of a similar character. The follow- 
 ing were collected by Alexander Chalmers 
 and published in 1803, under the title of 
 The British Essayists :—Tatler, Spectator^ 
 Guardian, Rambler, Adventurer, World, 
 (Joiinoisseur, Idler, Mirror, Lounger, Ob- 
 server, Olta Podriaa, and the Microcosm. 
 Brief notices of most of these will be 
 found in other parts of this volume. 
 
 Essays: "or, Counsels, Civil and 
 Moral," by Francis, Lord Bacon (1561— 
 1626) ; the first edition of which appeared 
 in 1597 ; the second edition, with adilitions, 
 in 1612; the third edition, still further 
 augmented, in Ifiiil. In the dedication to 
 his brother Anthony, the author says he 
 published the ^ssaj^s ''because many of 
 them had been stolen abroad in writing," 
 and he desired to give the world a correct 
 version of his work.. The word Essays, he 
 says, " is. late, but the thing is ancient, for- 
 Seneca's Epistles to Luoilius, if you mark 
 them well are but esaays,^ Uiat is^ dispersed, 
 meditations, thouofh conveyed in the form 
 of Epistles." " The transcendent strength' 
 of Bacon's mind is visible," savs Hallam, 
 *' in the whole tenour of these Essavs. un- 
 equal as they must be, from the very nature 
 of such compositions. They are deeper 
 and more discriminating- than any earlier, 
 or almost any later, work in the English 
 language ; full of recondite observations, 
 long matured, and carefully sifted," 
 
 Essays, hy Oliver GoLDSMirn 
 (1728—1774); published at intervals be- 
 tween 1758 and 1765, and including among 
 other pieces, Asem, An Eastern Tale ; A' 
 Reverie at the Roar's Head Tavern; and 
 Tltft Adventures qfa Strolling Player, 
 
ESS 
 
 EUP 
 
 231 
 
 Essays of a Prentice in the 
 
 Divine Art of Poesle : " with the Bewlis 
 and Cautelis to be pursued and avoided," 
 published in 1S84, in his eighteenth year, 
 by icing James Vt. of Scotland, afterwards 
 Icing James I. of England. 
 
 Essays and Keyiews. A collec- 
 tion of seven articles, by six clergymen 
 and one layman of the Chu ch of England ; 
 published in 1S60. The authors were Dra. 
 Temple and Kowland Williajns. Prot 
 Baden Powell, Prof. Jowett, H. B. Wil- 
 Bon, Mark Pattison, and C. W. Goodwin. 
 on account of the viewsset forth in it, the 
 book was condemned by the Bishops in Ooh- 
 vocation,lS61, The ReVs. H.B.Wilson and 
 K.'Williams were suspended for one year by 
 the Ecclesiastical Courts in ]«62, but the 
 sentence was reversed on appeal in 1864. A 
 volume of replies to Essays and Reviews 
 was published by a number of dlstinguish- 
 . ed Churchmen. 
 
 Essays on His Own Times, liy 
 
 Samuel Taylok Colekidge ; forming 
 a second series of The friend (q.v.). They 
 were published in 1850. 
 
 Essex, The Earl of. See Unhappy 
 
 Pavoukite, The. 
 
 Estcourt, Richard, actor and dra- 
 matist (b. 1668), wrote two plays, entitled, 
 Ji'air Example, and Prunella. 
 
 Estella. The heroine of Dickens's 
 novel of Great Expectations (q.v.). 
 
 Esther, Ijyon, in George Eliot's 
 novel of Eelix Holt (q.v.), is the daughter 
 of Buf us Lyon, the minister, and is beloved 
 by, and in love- with Felix, whom she 
 eventually marries. 
 
 Estmere, King. A romantic bal- 
 lad, the scene of which is laid in Spain, 
 and which seems to have been written 
 whilst that country was in the hands of 
 the Saracens. It was printed in Percy's 
 Meliques, 
 
 Etarre. A female character in 
 Teksyson's Idylls of the King (q.v.). 
 " Eternal sunshine settles on its 
 
 head."— Line 189 in Goldsmith's Deserted 
 Village (q.v.). It is part of the passage be- 
 ginning — 
 
 " Ab BOme tall cliff, that lifts its awful form." 
 
 Eternity of Love Protested. A 
 
 lyric, by Thomas Cakew (1589—1639). 
 
 Ethelinda. A novel, by Mrs. 
 Chablotte Smith (1749—1806), published 
 in 1789, and showing far more power, says 
 MisB Kavanagh, than her former novel, 
 Emmeline (q.v.). "The characters are 
 better drawn, the scenes more vivid, than 
 In Mrs. Smith's first novel ; but the tale is 
 not so pleftsing." 
 
 Etberege, Sir George, dramatist 
 
 and poet (b. 1636, d. 1694), wrote Tlie Com- 
 ical Bvenge : or, Love in. a T^ib (q.v.), 
 (1664) J She Would i/ She Could (1668), 
 (q.v.) ; and The Man of Mode : or. Sir Fap- 
 ling i'luiter (1&!6), (q.v.) ; The Trialo/the. 
 Poets for the Bays : and many nuscel- ■ 
 laneous poems. His fTorfts were first pUb-- 
 lished collectively in 1704. Por Biograpli^ 
 see ' the Biograjihia Britamiica, and The 
 Fortnightly Review, first series. 
 
 Etin tHe Forester. A ballad, 
 which tells how Lady Margaret, after 
 living seven years in the forest with -her 
 love Etin, is again received by her father, 
 and her husband and children takeil 
 into favour. "Etin" is apparently an- 
 other word for "giant;" and in some 
 versioiis of the story the hero is obscurely 
 referred to as a -supernatural being. In 
 the present ballad, however, " Etin '-* 
 probably means " a man living -a wild 
 sylvan life." In ICinloch's Ballads, 
 •' Etin " appears as " Hynde Etin," and 
 in Buchan's as " Young Aikin." . , ._ -, 
 
 Eton, 'William, wrote A Survey 
 of the Turkish Empire (1798), SM^MateriaU 
 for the History of the People of Malta 
 (1802). 
 
 Ettrick Shepherd, The. James 
 Hogg (1772—1835), the poet, who was bom 
 in the forest of Ettrick, Selkirkshire, and - 
 in early life followed the occupation of a - 
 shepherd. Hence Wordsworth's lines— . 
 " When first descending from the moorlands, ~ 
 I saw the stream ol Yarrow glide 
 Along a bare and open valley. 
 
 The Ettrick Shepherd was my ^ide. " 
 
 Euarchus, in Sidney's Arcadia 
 (q.v.) is said to be intendedfor the author's 
 father. 
 
 Eubulus. A character in Gorhodue 
 
 (q-v.). 
 
 Eucharistica, Ce. A treatise by 
 Johannes Sootus (d. 877), in which he 
 denies the doctrine of transubstantiation. . 
 and asserts that the bread and wine are 
 not the real body and blood of Christ, but 
 "tantum memoria veri corporis et saii>.', 
 guinis ejus." 
 
 Euganean Hills, Lines Tnrritten 
 
 among, by Percy Bysshe Shelley, in 
 1818. A " beautiful description of a day's 
 landscape in Italy." 
 
 Eugene Aram. See Arau, Eu- 
 gene. 
 
 Eugenius, in Sterne's Life ■ and 
 Opinions of Tristram S/iandy, Gentleman 
 (q.v.), is supposed to be intended as a 
 portrait of the writer's friend, John Hall 
 Stevenson (q.v.). 
 
 Euphormion. A satirical worfe, 
 written in Latin by John BARCLA.Y (1562 
 —1621), and printed, the first part, in 1604 j 
 complete in 1629. It made the author so , 
 many enemies that he was glad to eubUsli,, 
 
282 
 
 EUP 
 
 EVA' 
 
 in 1610, an Apology for his pungent book, 
 Hallani says that the Latinity is very like 
 that of Petronius Arbiter. 
 
 Euphrasia, in Beaumont and 
 Fletcher's play of PJiUaster (q.v.), is a 
 girl who, disguised as a page, callB herself 
 Bellario. She is in love with Philaster, 
 who at one time threatens to take her life, 
 and draws from her the pathetic exciama* 
 tion :— 
 
 '"Tisnot alife ; 
 'Tis but a piece of chililhooci thrown away." 
 
 Compare with Shakespeare's Viola (q.v.). 
 
 Euphrasia. An interlocutor in 
 the four prose dialogues, by Claba Reeve 
 (1725—1803). called The Progrens of Ro- 
 mance (q.v.). She stands for the authoress 
 herself, the other interlocutors being 
 called Hortensius and Sophronia. 
 
 Euphues . " or, the Anatomy of 
 "Wit." A famous work by John Lyly 
 (1553—1601), published in 1579, and said by 
 Morley to have been suggested by The 
 Scholemaster (q.v.) of Roger Ascham. " Its 
 form is that of an Italian story ; its style 
 a very skilful elaboration of that humour 
 for conceits and verbal antitheses vrhich 
 had been coming in from Italy, and was 
 developing itself into an outward fashion 
 of our literature. In substance it was the 
 argument of Ascham's Scliolemaster re- 
 peated : corruption of English life by the 
 much going of our young men to Italy ; the 
 right (TevelopmeiLt of the young mind by 
 education on just principles, to a worthy 
 life and a true faith in tiod." Suphuesis 
 represented as a young^ gentleman of 
 Athens, who corresponds in his readiness 
 of wit and perfection of form to the quality 
 called Euphues by Plato. A portion of 
 the work having been devoted to his ad- 
 ventures, we have, und -r tlie heading of 
 "Euphues and his Euphebus," a system- 
 atic essay on education ; as sound, says 
 our authority, as Ascham's in its doctrine ; 
 dealing with the- management of children 
 from their birth, and advancing to the 
 ideal of a university. ** Rising still in 
 earnestness," Lyly gives us a dialogue be- 
 tween Euphues and Atheos, which is an 
 argument against the infidelity that had 
 crept in from Italy. " It is as eai-nest as 
 if Latimer himself had preached it to the 
 courtiers of King Edward. Euphues ap- 
 peals solemnly to Scripture and to the 
 voice within ourselves. In citation from 
 the sacred text consist almost his only il- 
 lustrations." In 1580 appeared Eitphue.s 
 and his England^ which was "apparently 
 designed to mitigate some of the severity '* 
 of its predecessor. In the fn-st work, Lyly 
 "satisfied his conscience ; " in the second, 
 " but still without dishonesty, he satisfied 
 the court." "The story is tuU of covei-t 
 satire, and contains much evidence of 
 religious earnestness. It is designedly en- 
 riched with love-tales, letters between 
 lovers, aud ingenious examples of those 
 
 fanciful conflicts of wit in argument upon 
 some courtly theme, to which line ladies 
 and gentlemen of Elizabeth's court for- 
 mally sat down, as children now sit down 
 to a round game of forfeits." The af- 
 fectation of speech, afterwards called 
 Euphuism, was ridiculed by Ben Jonsun ' 
 in the character of Fastidius in Every Man 
 -out of Jiis Humour ; and, in France, by * 
 Moliere and Boileau. Sir Walter Scott 
 represents his Sir Piercie Shafton (q.v.; aa 
 a Euphuist. 
 
 Euphues, his Censure to Fhi- 
 lautuB, by Robert Greene, published in 
 1587. 
 
 Euphues or Iiucilla: "or, the 
 False friend and the Inconstant Mistress," 
 by John Lyly ; first published in 1716. 
 
 Euphues' Shado-w, hy John 
 
 Lyly ; published in 1592. 
 
 Euripides. The complete plays of 
 this tragic poet have been translated into 
 English by Potter (1781), Woodhull (1782), 
 and Buckley, A version of select tragedies 
 (the Fh(Bniss<B, Iphigenia in Aulis, the 
 Troades, and . Orestes), by J. Bannister, 
 appeared in 1780. The following are trans- ■ 
 lationsof the separate plays : Alcestis, by' 
 Edwards (1824), aud Nevins (1870), and 
 Williams (1871); Andromache, by Edwards 
 and Hawkins (1868) ; Hecuba, by Morgaii>' 
 (1865), aud Giles (1866); Hippolytus, by 
 Williams (1871) ; /07i, by Crooke (1866) ; . 
 Jphigenia in Tauris, by West (1751), and' 
 by Crooke (1869) ; Medea, by Mongan (1865), 
 Giles (1865), Lee (1867), Webster (1868), and - 
 Williams (1871) ; Phcenissoe, by Mongan 
 (1865), and Giles (1865) ; the Bacchoi (1872) ; 
 and the Croioned Hippolytus, by Fitzgerald 
 (1867). A series ot "Translations from' 
 Euripides " were published by Cartwright 
 in 1866. See Ancient Classics for English 
 Readers^ by Rogers, and, ^\so,Bal<msium*a- 
 Adventn.r€, by Robert Browning. 
 
 Eusden, Lawrence (d. 1730),wa3 
 the author of a collection of Poems, He 
 was made poet-laureate in 1718. 
 
 Evadne, wife toAmintor, in Beau- 
 mqnt and Fletcher's Maid's Tragedy, 
 slays the King, who has dishonored her. 
 
 Evadne. A drama, b}' Richard 
 Lalor Shiel (1794—1851), produced in 
 
 1819, with Miss O'Neil in the title rdle. The 
 plot is derived from Shirley's Traitor. 
 
 Evangelic Doctor, The. A name 
 bestowed upon John Wvcltffe, " the 
 morning star of the Reformation." 
 
 Evangelist. A character in Bun- 
 
 YAN's Pilgrim^s Progress. 
 
 Evangeline: "a Tale of Acadie." 
 A poem In English hexameters, foinid^ 
 on the dispossession of the French inhab- 
 itants of Nova Scotia fey the British, in 
 
EVA 
 
 EVH 
 
 233 
 
 1755; written by Henkv Waosworth 
 LoKGFELLow, and published in 1848. 
 
 EvEingelium Medici. A work by 
 Bernardo Conkob, published in 1697, in 
 whicli, among other things, the writer 
 " goes through the different parts of the 
 body, and decides which will, and which 
 will^ not find a place in our bodies when 
 glorified." The book was evidently sug- 
 gested by the Religio Medici (q.v.). 
 
 Evans, Marian. See Eliot, 
 
 George. 
 
 Evans, Sir Hugh. A pedantic 
 Welsh parson and schoolmaster In Tin 
 Merry Wives qf Windsor (q.v.). 
 
 Evelina : " or, a Young Lady's En- 
 trance into the World." A novel, by 
 Madame D'Arblay (1752—1840), published 
 in 1778, after having been refused by Bods- 
 ley and other booksellers. It was highly 
 praised by the reviewers of the day, passed 
 through the hands of Burke, Reynolds and 
 Mrs. Thrale, and was pronounced by Dr. 
 Johnson to contain passages worthy of the 
 pen of Richardson. It had been sold for 
 the modest sum of twenty pounds, and 
 jprobably realised for its publisher some 
 fifteen hundred. It is described by Miss 
 Kavanagh as " the pure and womanly con- 
 tinnation of the gfeat school of £nglish 
 humorists who flourished in the last age. 
 It has not the strength of Fielding, Uie 
 sweetness of Goldsmith, but it has a power 
 of its own — great reality. Apart from its 
 merits," she adds, ' 'Evelina is valuable and 
 interesting as a womna's picture of Eng- 
 lish life and society in the year 1778." 
 
 Evelyn, Alfred. The hero of 
 Lord LYTT02f*s comedy. Money. 
 
 Evelyn Hope. A lyric by Robert 
 Bbowsino. 
 
 Evelyn, John, scientific and mis- 
 cellaneons writer (b. 1620, died 1706), wrote 
 8ylv(i: or, a Discourse^ Forest Trees, Und 
 the Propagation of Timber in his Majesty^ s 
 Dominions (1664), (q.v.) : Terra ; a Discourse 
 of the Earth (167^, (q.v.); The French Gar- 
 diner (1668) ; Fumifagium (1661) j Tyram- 
 nus: err, the Mode; Sculptura: or, the His- 
 tory cmd Art of CJialcography amd En- 
 graving in Copper (1662) ; Public Employ- 
 ment, and an Active Life, preferred to 
 Solitude, and all its Appendages (1667), 
 (q.v.). Kalendariwm Hortense: or, the 
 Gardener's Almanac (1664) ; Navigation 
 and Commerce, their Orighti and Progress 
 0674) ; Mundus Muliebrts : or, the Ladies' 
 Dressing^oom Vntock'd ami her Toilet 
 Spread (1690), (q.v.) ; Numismata, a Dis- 
 ^eaUrse of Medals; Acetiaria, A Discourse of 
 '.Sallets (1699) ; and other works, enumera- 
 ted under "Evelyn" in Lowndes* Jiihlio- 
 grapher's Manual, Evelyn's Diary , and 
 A Selection frorii his Familiar Letters, were 
 edited by Bray in 1818, and by John Forster 
 in 1857. See Fop Dioiioitaby. 
 
 "Even in a palace, life may be 
 
 led well." A sonnet by MAthew Ab- 
 KOLD (b. 1822). 
 
 " Even such is time that takes 
 
 in trust." First line of versesfound in Sir 
 Walter Raleigh's Bible in the Gate- 
 House at Westminster, in 1618. 
 
 Evenings at Home, br Johh 
 AiKEK (1747-1822), and his sister. Ansa 
 Letitia Barbauld (1743—1825) ; publish- 
 ed in 1792— 95. Not more than a twelfO) 
 part of this famous work, which has been 
 translated into almost every European 
 language, was written by Mrs. Barbauld. 
 
 Evenings of a Working Man, 
 
 The : " being the Occupation of his Scanty 
 Leisure," by John Overs, published 
 in 1844 ; to which a preface " relating to 
 the author " was prefixed by Charles 
 Dickens. It was the genuine production'of 
 a carpenter, who was desirous to establish 
 his wife in business and to give his chil-, 
 dren a better education, ana whom Dick- 
 ens consented to -introduce to the read- 
 ing public. The sketches appear to have 
 contained some very fair writing, both iu 
 prose and verse ; but the author did not 
 11 ve long enough to enjoy the success which, 
 attended his efforts. 
 
 Evening Hymn, The. See Ken, 
 Thomas. 
 
 Evening Voluntaries. Sixteen, 
 short poems, by William Woedstvobth," 
 written between 1832 and 1846. 
 
 Evening Walk, An. A poeni, 
 by William Wordsworth, written in 
 1787—89., 
 
 " Ever let the fancy roam." First 
 line bf Fancy, a poem by John Keats. - 
 
 Everett, Ed-ward, American 
 scholar, orator, and critic (b. 1794, d. 1865),. 
 was the author of A Defense of Christian- 
 ity, published in 1814. He also published 
 many volumes of orations and addresses. 
 
 Evergreen, The: "being a col-, 
 lection of Scots poems, wrote by the In-' 
 genious before 1600 ;" edited by Allan. 
 Ramsay (1686—1758), and including two 
 pieces of his own, one of which, The 
 Vision; " exhibits hl^h powers of poetry. " 
 Otherwise, the selection is not a very suc- 
 cessful one. " Ramsay had the taste, feel- 
 ing, and geidus of a poet, but he wanted 
 learning and judgment as editor." The 
 Evergreen was reprinted in 1875. 
 
 Every-day Book and Table 
 
 Book, The ; " or. Everlasting Calendar of 
 Popular Amusements ;" edited by Wil- 
 liam Hone (1779—1842), and published in 
 1831. It has since been reprinted. 
 
 "Every Day hath its Night." A 
 song, by Alfred Tennyson, in Poema 
 
234 
 
 EVE 
 
 EXC 
 
 (1830), not reprinted, but well worthy of 
 reproduction. One passage,— 
 
 " Joy is sorrow's brother t 
 Grief and gladness steal 
 Symbols of eaeli other," — 
 may be compared witli another in The Gar- 
 dener'i Daughter : 
 
 " Sighs 
 "Whieh perfect Joy, perplexed for utterance. 
 Stole from her sister Sorrow." 
 
 Every Man. A " morall playe," of 
 which the full title runs as follows :— " A 
 Treati.se, how tlie hye Fader of Heven 
 sendeth Dethe 1.0 somon every ci'eature to 
 come andgyve a couute of theyr lyvesin 
 this Worlae." According to Collier, it is 
 ** one of the most perfect allegories ever 
 formed," It was probably written in the 
 reign of Edward IV., was printed once by 
 Pynson, and twice by Slot ; and has been 
 teprintedin vol. i., of Hawkins's Oriffin of 
 the English Drama. The original is m the 
 library of Lincoln Cathedral. Every Man 
 is, of course, intended as a representation 
 of the entire human race. 
 
 Every Man in his Humour. A 
 comedy, by Ben Jonson, first acted in 
 1596. " In its present shape it was per- 
 formed in 1898 by the company to which 
 Shakespeare belonged, the name of Shake- 
 speare himself standing at the head of the 
 list of actors. Evern Man in hia Humour," 
 Bays Professor Morley, ** is a true comedy 
 carefully constructed." See Bobadil; 
 Bbainwobm ; Cob. 
 
 ' Every man out of his Humour. 
 
 A comedy by Ben Josson , acted in 1699. 
 Queen Elizabeth, gays Bavies, honoured 
 tile play with her presence;' and the autlior, 
 out of compliment to his sovereign, 
 altered the conclusion into an eloquent 
 panegyric. 
 
 " Every tub must stand upon 
 Its own bottom." See BuNYAtr's Pili/rlm's 
 Progress, and Macklin'8 Man of the 
 World, act i., scene 2. 
 
 " Every vrby hath a ivherefore." 
 
 See Shakespkake's Comedy of Errors, . 
 act ii., scene 2, and BuiLEB's Umlibras, 
 part i., canto i., line 132. 
 
 "Every 'Vtroman is at heart a 
 
 rake."— Pope, Moral Essays, part ii., line 
 216. 
 
 "Everye white will have its 
 
 blacke.!' First line of the second part of 
 the ballad of Sir C'auline (q.v.). 
 
 "Everything by starts, and 
 nothing long." Part of a description of 
 the Duke of Buckingham, in Dkyden's 
 Absalom and Achitopbel (q.v.). 
 
 Evesham, The Foundation of. 
 An historical work, iu Latin, by Egwin, 
 Bishop of WoKOESIEK (d, about 718). 
 
 Evidences of Christianity, A 
 
 View of. — A work in tliree parts, by Wil- 
 liam Pale Y (1743—1805), published in 1794, 
 annotated by Archbishop Whateley in 
 1859j condensed by Valpy in 1831, and epi- 
 tomised by Smith in 1816. 
 
 " Evil is 'wrought by -want of 
 
 thought." — Hood, Tlie Lady's Dream. 
 
 "Evil ne'ws rides post, 'while 
 good news bates ."—Milton, Samson Agon-' 
 tstes, line 1538.- 
 
 " Evil that men dp lives after 
 
 them, The." — Julius Ckesar, act iii., scene 
 2— 
 
 " The good is oft interred with their bones." 
 
 "Evils, Of Two, I have chosen 
 
 the least." — PitioB, Imitation of Horace. 
 
 E'w-Bughts Marion, The. A very 
 old ballad, printed in Bishop Pebcy'b 
 Heliques. 
 
 Ewing, Alexander, D.C.Ii., Bis- 
 hop of Argyll and the Isles (d. 1873), wrote 
 An Address cni the Present State qfJieligion, 
 The Celtic Church, The Relation of the 
 Church of England to Foreign Churches,- 
 An Apology for Creeds, The Eucharist, Ar^ 
 qyllsliire Seaweed, &Tii Revelation constdei^- 
 ed as Light. See the Life by Ross (1876); 
 
 Examiner, The, a weekly Liberal 
 and literary journal, was established in 
 January, 1808. 
 
 Example of Vertu, The, A poem 
 by Stephen Hawes, printed in 1530, "in 
 the whiche ye shall linde many goodly 
 storys, and naturall dysputaeyons, b©^' 
 tweene foure ladyes, named Hardynes, 
 Sapyence, Fortune, and Stature." - i 
 
 Excalibur. King Arthur's mystic 
 sword. See Tennyson, The Coming qf 
 Arthur :— 
 
 "- 1 beheld ExeolibuT 
 Before him nt his crowning home, the sword 
 'That rose from out the bosom of tlie lake 
 And Arthur row'd acrOB and took it —rich 
 l/Vith jewels, clfln TJrim, on the hilt. 
 Bewildering heart and eye — the blade so bright 
 That men ore blinded by it." 
 
 " Tliia great brand the king 
 Took, and by this will beat his locmcu down." 
 
 See, also, Tlie Passinfi qfArtlmr, where Sir 
 Bedivere is commissioned by the king to 
 return it to the Lady of the Lake, from 
 whom it came. 
 
 "Excellent thing in 'woman, 
 
 An,"— King Lear, act v., scene 3 — 
 
 " Her voice was ever soft, gentle and low." 
 
 Excelsior. A lyrie, by Henht 
 Wadswobth Longfellow, published in 
 
 1607. 
 
 Excursion, The. A poem in 
 blank verse, by David Mallet (1700— 
 1765), written In imitation of Thomson^ 
 
EXO 
 
 EXT 
 
 235 
 
 Excursion, The. A poem, in 
 Iflaiik verse, by WilltaM "Wordswokth. 
 publiBhed m ISU, and forming the second 
 M,rt of a poem in three parts, to be entitled 
 The liecliise, which l^e author had at one 
 time contemplated. {See PreIjUDe, The.) 
 It consists of nine books, respectively en- 
 titled Tke FTaiwfcrer, TIte Solitary, Despon- 
 4lencijtDespo7ideiicy Gorrected, The Past<yr^ 
 The Cktirckyard among the Mountaiiis, 
 Tile same Subject Continued t The JParson- 
 (we. Discourse of the IFanderer, and An 
 •Evening Visit to the Lake, Byron, in his 
 •Don JuaUf refers to it as - 
 
 *' A drowsy frowsy poem is my aversion." 
 
 Excuse, The. "A most excellent 
 dittie," says Puttenham, " written by Sir 
 Walter Baleigh." 
 
 Exemplar, The G-reat. A " Life 
 of Christ," published by Bishop Jeremy 
 Baylor (1613—1667) in 1&49, ami character- 
 ised by Principal Tulloch as " one of th€i 
 -Tnost solid and interesting of his works.*' 
 The title-page of the first edition runs:— 
 -''The Great Exemplar of Sanctity and 
 Holy Life according to the Christian Insti- 
 tution, described jn the History of the Life 
 ^id Beath- of Christ." 
 
 Exeter Book, The, is the name 
 given to a collection of poems, presented 
 to the library of his cathedral by Leofric, 
 Bishop of Exeter, between the years 1046 
 and 1073. It contains Hymns to the Sav- 
 iour, the Virgin, the Trinity, on the Nativ- 
 ity, Ascension, and Harrowing of Hell; 
 Hymns of Praise and Thanksgiving; Poems 
 on the Crucifixion, Doomsday, and Souls 
 after Death ; A Sermon in Verse ; the Le* 
 gend of St. Guthlac; the Song of Hananiah; 
 ^shael and Azariah; the Phcenix ; the 
 Panther ; the Whale ; Cynewulf's Juliana; 
 the Wanderer; the Traveller's Song; Va- 
 rious Gifts of Men ; A Father to his Son ; 
 the Song of Deor the Bard; Address of the 
 Soul to the Body; Song on the Wonders of 
 Creation ; rhymed paraphrase of a passage 
 in Job; and Riddles. These, together with 
 the contents of the Vercelli Book, form 
 the earliest specimens of English poetry 
 we have. 
 
 Exeter Domesday, The, publisli- 
 ed in 1816, by Sir Henry Ellis, as a supple- 
 ment to the Great Doomsday, was a record 
 containing a description of Wilts, Dorset, 
 Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall, 
 
 Exeter, Joseph of. See Joseph 
 OP Exeter. 
 
 Exile of Erin, The. A poem, by 
 Thomas Campbell, wi-itten at Altona in 
 1801. '* This poem," so we are told, " gave 
 -Bume umbrage to the authorities of his na- 
 tive country, and on his resettlingin Edin- 
 burgh, somebody chose to suspect him of 
 being a spy, and he was subjected to an 
 examination." 
 
 Exile, Reflections upon, by 
 Henry St. John^ Viscount Bohng- 
 JJKOKE (1678—1751) ; published in 1752; 
 It is partially a translation from Seneca. 
 
 "Exits and their entrances, 
 
 s They have their." As You Like //, act ii., 
 scene 7. 
 
 Exodiad, The. An epic poem, in 
 two parte, written by Kichabd CumbeRt 
 liASD (1732—1811), m conjunction wi(h 
 Sir Jakes Blak]> Burgees. 
 
 "Expectation makes a bless- 
 
 ~ing dear, 'Tis."— A line in Sir JoHK 
 Suckling's lyric Against Fruition. 
 
 Expectations, Great, See Great 
 
 EXPECTATIOKS 
 
 Exposition of the Old and New 
 
 Testaments, An, by Matthew Hem by 
 (1662—1714), was first published in five 
 volumes in 1710, sinpe which time numer-^ 
 ous editions have been issued. Tff^ 
 'Becmties of Henry : d selectionof tke most 
 striking passages in his Expositioitf by 
 John Geabd, appeared in I7ffr. ', 
 
 Expostulation. A poem, by 
 William Cowper, published in 1782. 
 
 " Expressive silence." — ThoM? 
 
 SON, A Hymn, line 118. 
 
 Extraordinary' Painters, Me- 
 moirs of, by William Beckford (176Q-i 
 1844) ; written when the author was about 
 eighteen, and printed in 1780. Th^ old 
 housekeeper at Fonthill, Beclcford's resi- 
 dence, had been wont to show visitor§ 
 thrpugh the pipture galtery, and, knowing 
 hothiilg whatever of either art or artists, 
 she was accustomed to give both painters 
 and pictures such names and praise as 
 ha]3pened,to occur to her at the time. This 
 trait of her suggested to Beckford the 
 composition of a satirical essay, entitled 
 as above, which is an amusing caricature 
 of the language of art connoisseurs, and 
 was afterwards used by the housekeeper 
 as a text-book , in the veracity of which she 
 thoroughly believed. See TheRetrospective 
 Review, vol. x. 
 
 Extravaganza is a term which, as 
 applied, broadly to the drama, includes 
 eveiy eccentricity or departure from 
 the domain of the legitimate. So far 
 as English literature is concerned, almost 
 the first extravaganza on the stage 
 was that work, The Rehearsal (q.v.>, 
 in which the Duke of Buckingham 
 took it upon him to ridicule the plays 
 of John Dryden and Sir Robert Howr 
 ard. There had been, before that, many 
 dramatic pieces of a quizzical and satirical 
 kind, but none which so boldly and so 
 obviously partook of the nature of a 
 parody. The example once set, however, 
 our cdmlo writers soon learned to follow 
 It. Gay's Beggar's Opera (q.v.)- was in 
 
233 
 
 EYB 
 
 FAB 
 
 every sense a burlesque ; so was Tom 
 Thumb (q-v.) ; so was Carey's Chrimon- 
 hotontltotogos (q.v.), whicli is full of the 
 wildest and funniest in)probabilities. 
 Directly copied from The Rehearsal, 
 Sheridan's Critic (q.v.) exhibits all the 
 best qualities of an extravaganza ; and 
 coming down more closely to our own day, 
 what piece of the kind is still so truly 
 popular as Jiombastes Furioso (qv.) ? 
 Among subsequent writers of this species 
 of composition, J. K. Planch^ (q.v.) justly 
 holds the foremost place, for he was wont 
 toimpart to his creations a chann which 
 his successors have so generally missed — 
 the cham\ of a poetic fancy, unadulter- 
 ated by vuiearity or cynicism. The names 
 of W. S. Gilbert, Robert Eeece, Henry S. 
 Leigh, F. C. Burnand, and H. J. Byron, 
 may also be mentioned as those of play- 
 wrights whose productions are witty with- 
 out being coarse, and satirical without 
 being too cynical. The first-named writer 
 is perhaps more disposed to cynicism than 
 is quite agreeable ; but his Princess is, 
 on the whole, an extravaganza in which 
 the moti/ot the Tennysonian poem is not 
 unfairly quizzed. The extravaganza is 
 not, however, a form of art so elevated in 
 its tendencies, that we need view its 
 gradual decline among us with any feeling 
 of regret. 
 
 " Eye and prospect of his soul. 
 
 Into the." — Much Ado About J^othing, act 
 iv., scene 1. 
 
 "Bye, Harvest of a quiet." — 
 
 ■WOBDSTVOETH, A Poet's Epitaph, stan- 
 za 6- 
 
 "Eye like Mars, to threaten 
 
 and command, Xa."— Hamlet, act iii., 
 scene 4, 
 
 " Eye of Greece, The." A descrip- 
 tion applied to Athens, in Paradise Se- 
 gainea, book iv., line 240. 
 
 "Eyes looked love to eyes 
 
 which spake again." — Childe Harold's 
 Pilgrimage, canto ill., stanza 21. 
 
 " Eyes not down-dropped nor 
 
 overbright, but fed with the clear-pointed 
 ^ame of chastity." — Isabel, by Alfred 
 Teknyson. 
 
 Eyre, Jane. A novel bv Chak- 
 LOTTE Bronte (1816— 185.'i). published in 
 1847, with a dedication to William Make- 
 peace Thackeray, as "the first social re- 
 generator of the day." The early scenes 
 are laid in the " Lowood Institution," 
 which has been identified with a school 
 established by the Eev. W. Carus, Wilson, 
 at Cowan's Bridge, near Leeds, and which 
 is described with stem bat unpleasing 
 realism. Much of the book was derived 
 from the author's own personal ex- 
 perience. 
 
 Ezechias. A drama by Nicholas 
 Udall (1506—1556), founded on the 
 Second Book of Kings, and acted before 
 Queen Elizabeth at Cambridge in 1564. 
 
 Paber, George Stanley (b. 1773, 
 d. 1854), wrote The Origin nf Pagan hUl- 
 atry (1816) ; Horce Mosaicce (1818) ; The 
 Sacred Calendar of Prophecy (1844) ; and- 
 other works. " In all ms writings," says 
 I>r. Alexander, "great learning is com- 
 bined with great perspicuity and exactly 
 tude." 
 
 Fabian. Servant to Olivia (q.v.) 
 in Twelfth Hight (q.v.). 
 
 Fabian, Robert. <See Fabtak, 
 
 BOBEKT. 
 
 Fabii, The. An liistorieal pla.y of 
 the sixteenth century, mentioned by Gos- 
 Bon in his Plays Covfuted (q-v.), and prob- 
 ably identical with Quintus Fabius, acted 
 before Queen Elizabeth in 1573. 
 
 Fable of the Bees, The. See 
 
 Gkiimbling Hive, The. 
 
 Fables for the Holy Alliance, 
 
 by Thomas Mooue ; published in 1820. A 
 series of satirico-humorous pieces in verse. 
 
 "Fabric of a vision. Like the 
 
 baseless." — Tempest, act iv., scene i. 
 
 Fabyan, Robert, chronicler (d. 
 1512), was the author of the Concorduance 
 qfHistoryes (q.v.). 
 
 Facing-both--wrays, Mr. A char- 
 acter, whose disposition is indicated by bia 
 name, in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, 
 
 " Faculty divine. The vision and 
 
 the."— WOKSWOKTH, Tlie Mxeursion, book 
 i. 
 
 Faded Leaves. Tlie title of five 
 love lyrics by Matthew Aritold. 
 
 Fadladeen. Tlie bombastic and 
 omniscient chamberlain of the harem, in 
 MooBE's Lalla liookh (q.v.). 
 
 Faerie Queene, The. A poem by 
 Edmund Spensek, ijublisbedinlSOO. This 
 great allegorical epic is divided into six 
 books, of which the first contains the 
 Legend of the Knight of the Ked Cross, or 
 Holiness ; the second the Legend of Sir 
 Guyon or Temperance; the third the 
 Legend of BritomartJa, or Chastity : the 
 fourth the Legend of Cambal and Tela- 
 mond, or Friendship ; the fifth the Legend 
 of Artegall, or Justice : and the sixth the 
 Legend of Sir Calidore, or Courtesy, There 
 originally existed twelve books, but the 
 last six, excepting two cantos on Mutabil- 
 ity, were lost. by the "poet's servant in cross- 
 ing from Ireland to England— a oircum- 
 stance to be deeply regretted by every 
 lover of true poetry. Hazlitt is of opiuioa 
 
FAG 
 
 PAI 
 
 237 
 
 that Spenser " in some measure borrowed 
 the plan of his poem (as a number of dis- 
 tinct narratives) from Ariosto ; but he has 
 engrafted upon it an exuberance of fancy 
 and an endless voluptuousness of senti- 
 ment, which are not to be found in the 
 Italian writer. Further, Spenser is even 
 more of an inventor in the subject-matter. 
 There is an originalitv, richness, and 
 variety in his allegorical ijersonages and 
 fictions, vrhich almost vie with the splend- 
 our of ancient mythology. If Ariosto trans- 
 ports us into the regions of Komaiice, 
 Spenser^B poetry is all fairy-land. In 
 Ariosto, we walk upon the ground, in a 
 company gay, fantastic, and adventurous 
 enough. In Spenser, we wander in an- 
 other world, among ideal beings. The poet 
 takes and lays us in tlie lap of a lovelier 
 nature, by the sound of .softer streams, 
 among greener hills and fairer valleys. . . . 
 The finest things in Spenser are the char- 
 acter of Una, in the first book, the House 
 of Pride, the Cave of Mammoth, and tlie 
 Cave of Despair ; the acccount of Memory ; 
 the description of Belphcebe ; the story of 
 Florimel and the Witch's son; the gar- 
 dens of Adonis and the Bower of Bliss ; 
 the Mask of Ciipid ; and Colin Clout's Vis- 
 ion, in the last book." 
 
 Fag, in Sheridan's comedy of The 
 Rivals (q.v.) is servant to Cajptain Abso- 
 lute. " The mendacious Mr. Fag assures 
 us," says Sir Walter Scott, " that, though 
 he never scruples to tell a lie at his master's 
 command, yet it hurts his conscience to be 
 found out." 
 
 Fag, Frederick. Tlie nom de plume 
 under which Dr. James Johnson publish- 
 ed The Recess : or. Autumnal Relaxation in 
 the Highlands and Lowlamds (1834). 
 
 Fagin An old tliief -training Jew, in 
 Pickens's novel of Oliver Twist (q.vA How 
 the remarkable figure drawn by Gleorge 
 Cmikshank was first conceived, is told by 
 George Hodder in his Memories of his Time. 
 The reader will remember the picture of 
 the Jewish malefactor in the condemned 
 <^11, biting his nails in the agony of re- 
 morse. The artist had been labouring at 
 the subject for some days, and was about 
 to give It up as hopeless, when sitting up 
 in bed one morning, with his hand on his 
 chin and bis fingers in his mouth, his whole 
 attitude expressive of despair, he saw his 
 own face in a cheval glass. " That's it ! " 
 he cried; " that's the very expression I 
 want ! " and completed the picture. 
 
 ' ragnell. The Fair Lady of. An 
 
 old English romance, very popular, and 
 according to Warton, very beautiful. Itis 
 In ballad metre. See W. C. Hazlitt's Early 
 Popular Poetry. 
 
 " Fail, No such word as." — Lord 
 Lttton, Richelieu, act ii., scene 2. 
 "Failings leaned to virtue's 
 
 side. And e'en his." Line 104 pf Gold- 
 smith's poem. The Deserted Village (q.v.), 
 
 " Fain -would I, but I dare not ; 
 I dare, and yet I may not." First line of 
 a lyric by Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 Fainall, Mr.andMrs. Cliaracters 
 in CoNGKEVE's comedy of The Way of the 
 World (q.v.). 
 
 •' Faint heart never -won fair 
 
 lady." See Spenser's Britain's Ida, 
 canto v., stanza 1 ; King's Orplieus and 
 Murydice ; Bubns's To Dr. Blacklock, and 
 Colman's Love Laughs at Locksmiths, 
 act i. 
 
 "Fair Amoret has gone astray." 
 
 First line of a lyric by Cokgkeve. 
 
 Fair and Happy Milkmaid, 
 The. A " character " by Sir Thomas 
 OvEBBURY ; often quoted, and considered - 
 by Hallam to be his best. 
 
 " Fair daffodils, ■we -weep to 
 see." First line of a lyric by Robert 
 Hebrick. 
 
 Fair Ethiopian, The. A poem, by 
 William Lisle (d. 1637) ; printed in 1631. 
 
 " Fair good night. A." — L' Envoy, 
 To the Reader, in Scott's poem of Marmiiyn 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Fair Imogene, The. <SeeALoiizo- 
 THB Brave. 
 
 " Fair is her cottage in its 
 place." First line of Requiescat, by Al^ 
 FRED Tennyson. 
 
 Fair maid of the Exchange, The. 
 
 A comedy, by Thomas Heytvpod. Its 
 full title is : The Fair Mteid of thfi JSx- 
 chamge, with the Merry Humours and 
 Pleasant Passages of the Cripple of Fenr- 
 church, fwrmsht with variety of delectable, 
 mirth. The Cripple,, a gallant, witty, and 
 generous-hearted fellow, ■' with heroic 
 qualities of mind and body," is the prin- 
 cipal character of the -piece, which was 
 produced in 1637. 
 
 Fair Maid of Perth, The. A 
 
 novel by Sir Walter Scott (q.v.). Hie 
 name of the heroine is Katie Glover. 
 
 Fair Margaret and Sweet Wil- 
 liam. A ballad quoted by Beaumont in 
 his Knight of the Burning Pestle, acts li. 
 and iii., of which the full title is : Fair 
 MargareVs Misfortunes ; or. Sweet Wil- 
 'liam's frightful dreams on his wedding 
 night, with the sudden death and burial 6/ 
 t/iose noble lovers. It was a verse of this 
 ballad which suggested to David Mallet 
 the composition of his Margaret's. Ghost 
 (q.v.). 'rhe following lines will be familiar 
 to manv readers ; and, indeed, they figure 
 not unfrequently at the end of ballads 
 which otherwise might b6 thOug;ht to con- 
 clude too tragically :— 
 
238 
 
 PAI 
 
 PAI 
 
 *' Miirgarct woa buried in the lower cliancelf 
 And William in the higher ; 
 Out of her breast there sprang a rose-bush, 
 And out of his a briar. 
 *' They grew till they grew utito the church-top. 
 And then they could grow no higher. 
 And there they tied a true-lover'a Knot, 
 Which made all people admire." 
 
 Pair Penitent, The. A play by 
 Nicholas Eowe (1673—1718), acted in 
 1703, and founded on Tlie Fatal Dowry of 
 Massinger, It la " one of the most pleasing 
 tragedies on the stage. The story," says 
 Dr. Johnson, " is domestic, and therefore 
 easily received by the imagination^ and 
 ' assimilated to common life ; the diction 
 is exquisitely harmonious, and soft and 
 -sprightly as occasion requires." See 
 Calista and Lothario. 
 
 " Pair pledges of a fruitful tree." 
 
 First line of a lyric in Hekbick's Hesper- 
 ides. 
 
 " Fair ship that from the Italian 
 shore." Sect, ix, of In Memoriam, by 
 Alfred Tennysok. Classical readers 
 ■will recognise the parallel with Horace, 
 ode xiv., book 1. 
 
 " Pair, s'weet, and young, receive 
 
 the prize." First line of a lyric by 
 Dbyden. 
 
 Pair Syrian, The. A romance by 
 EOBERT Bage (1728—1801), published in 
 1789. 
 
 Pair Virtue, by George Wither. 
 " A charming poem," says Howell. 
 
 Fairbairn, Sir Thomas. See 
 
 Amicus. 
 
 Fairbairn, Sir William, IiL.D. 
 
 (b. 1789, d. 1874), published Ir<yn : its Hisf'^ry 
 and Manufacture, and numerous works on 
 engineering and building subjects. 
 
 Fairfax, Edward, poet (il. 1632), 
 published a translation of Tasso's Gieru- 
 salemme Llberata, under the title of Ood- 
 frey of BuUogne (q.v.), and a series of 
 eclogues, one of wMoh appeared, in 1741, 
 in Cooper's Muxes' Library. > He was also 
 the author of a treatise on Denumolon9/f in 
 which he was a believer, whence Collins's 
 allusion to liim as a 
 " Frevailing poet, whose undoubted mind 
 Believed flie magic wonders wliich ho sung." 
 
 Fairfield, Leonard, in Lord 
 
 liYTTOS's Story of My Novel, makes, like 
 the youth in Alphonse Karr'a Fort en 
 Thimei, his first start in lite as the prize- 
 boy of his village ;. but, unlike Karr's hero, 
 more than fulfils his early promises, 
 " breaks his birth's invidious bar," and, 
 from a bookseller's drudge, becomes, by 
 the force of patient genius, a great author. 
 
 Fairholt, P. W., literary and artistic 
 antiquary (b. 1814, d. 1866), wrote Coetume 
 m Enaland ; a Hietory of Dress to the Close 
 Of thelith Centurif (1846) ;, TIte Home <tf 
 
 Shahespeaxe lUUstrated --nd,' Described 
 (184T) ; Dictionary of Termairn Art (1854) j 
 and numerous other works, Ihe^reater 
 portion of which appeared in Tlut Art 
 Journal. 
 
 Fairies' Farewell, TK': "or,Gor1- 
 amercy Will ; a proper new ballad, to be 
 sung or whistled to the tune of tlie Meddow 
 Brow, by the learned ; by the unlearned, 
 to the tune of Fortune." It is to be found 
 in the Poetlca Stromata {IQ^i) of Bishop 
 ConnET i the departure of the fairies being 
 ascribed, as Bishop Percy phrases it, to 
 the abolition of monkery. 
 
 " Fairies' midwife. The." Queen 
 
 Mab, Romeo and Juliet, act i., scene 4. 
 
 Fairleigh, Frank. The pseudonym 
 under which Francis E. Smedley edited 
 Sharpens London Magazine in 1848 — 49. It 
 is also the title of a novel by the same 
 writer. 
 
 Fairservice, Andrew. A shrewd 
 and humorous but selfish Scottish garde- 
 ner at Osbaldistone Hall, in Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott's novel of Sob Roy (q.v.). 
 
 "Fairy fiction drest. Truth 
 
 severe by,"— Gray, The Bard, part ill., 
 stanza 2. 
 
 Fairy Tale, A, "in the ancient 
 English style." A poenibyTHOMAH Par- 
 NELL (1679—1718), of which Goldsmith 
 says.: ."It is, incontestably, one of th6 
 finest pieces in any language. The old 
 dialect is not perfectly well preserved, but 
 this is a very slight defect where all th^ 
 rest is so excellent." The story tells how 
 Edwin of the Green wins the affections of 
 fair Edith, against his rival Sir Topaz. 
 
 " Faith and morals hold which 
 
 Milton held. The."— Wordsworth, Son- 
 net to National Independence. 
 
 "Faith has centre everywhere, 
 
 Whose. "— Tenkyson, In J/emoriom, 
 xxxiii. 
 
 Faith no Fancy ; and Fancy no 
 
 Faith. Metaphysical works by RALPH 
 Erskinb (1685—1762). 
 
 Faithful. A character in BuNtan's 
 Pilgrim's Progress (q.v). i 
 
 Faithful, Jacob. The liero of 
 Captain Marryat's nautical i;ovel of the 
 same name. 
 
 "Faithful dog shall bear him 
 company. His." — Pope. Mssay on Man, 
 epistle i., line 3. 
 
 "Faithful found among the 
 
 faithless." See Abdiel. 
 
 Faithful Shepherdess, The. A 
 
 pastoral drama, by John Fletcbes, wrtt> 
 ten in imitation of Guarini's II Pastor 
 FMo (lfi90), and containing the germ of 
 
PAI 
 
 FAL 
 
 239 
 
 Milton's m&Uiat of Cnmus (q.T.). " It is a 
 
 Slay very cliai? teristic of Fletcher," says 
 [allam^ " beuig a mixture of tenderness, 
 purity, indecency, and absurdity." " The 
 songs, and lyrical descriptions," remarks 
 
 . Haziitt, " are Wxuriant and delicate to a 
 high degree. The whole composition Is 
 
 ' an exquisite union of dramatic and pasto- 
 ral poetry." It was badly received on its 
 first representation, the audience '* missing 
 "Whitsun ales, cream, wassail, and mor- 
 rice dances," and " growing angry." 
 
 Faithful Shepherdess, Upon 
 
 the. Lines by Fbaxcis Beaumont to 
 his friend John Fletcher. 
 
 Faithfull, Emily, a miscellaneous 
 writer (b.l835), is the editor of The Victoria 
 Magazine^ and has written Change upon 
 Change, and other works. 
 
 Faithless Salljr Bro-wn; and 
 
 Faithless Nellie Gray. The titles of two 
 Iiumorous poems by Thomas Hood. 
 
 Fakenham Ghost, The. The title 
 of a ballad by Kobert BIiOOmfield 
 (q.v.), in which a harmless strayed donkey 
 for some time became; unwittingly, the 
 terror of a neighbourhood. 
 
 Falconbridge, Iiady, Philip, 
 
 and Robert. Characters in Shake- 
 SPEABE'S jKin^. John, 
 
 . Falconer, Thomas (h. 1736, d. 
 1769), published Devotions for the Sacra- 
 ment o/tlie Lord's Supper (1786), and Chro- 
 'nological Tables from Solomon to Alex- 
 ander (1796). 
 
 Falconer, William, poet (b. 1730, 
 d. 1769), wrote Tlie Shipwreck (1762) ; The 
 Mari/ne DVctvmary (1769) ; Tlie Demagogue 
 (1765), (q.v.), and various miscellaneous 
 poems, included in the Aldine edition, and 
 ia Anderson's edition, -of the Poets. For 
 biography, see the Kev, J. Mitford's pre- 
 face to the Aldine edition of his Poems, 
 The Lives of the ScottishPoefs, andJjaAhg's 
 Lives of Scottish Authors, For criticism, 
 see Campbell's Specimens of the English 
 Poets. See Loves, The Fomo ;PoEXBYj 
 Ok the TJhoommok Soabcitv of. 
 
 Falkland, in Shekidan's Rivals, 
 is the model of a stage lover— je^ous, de- 
 voted, generous, and a gentleman ; in love 
 with tjalia. 
 
 Falkland. Tlie liero of Godwin's 
 novel 6i Caleb Williams (q.v.). " The gay 
 and gallant Falkland," says HazUtt, 
 '» lives only in' the good opinion of good 
 men; for this he adorns his soul with vir- 
 tue, and tarnishes it with crime ; he lives 
 only for this, and dies as he loses it. Stung 
 to madness by a brutal insult, he avenges 
 himself by a crime of the deepest dye ; and 
 the remorse of his conscience, and the stain 
 lipon hie honour, prey upon nis peace and 
 reason ever after." 
 
 Falkland. A love story, by Ed- 
 ward, Lord Ltttos, jiublished in 1827, 
 ■ anonymously, and described by The Quar- 
 terly Review as " a work of marvellous 
 promise for a boy, showing precocious 
 knowledge of the world, but tinged with 
 morbid sentimentality of the German 
 rather than the Byronlc type, and full of 
 faults of taste, of which no one was 
 more conscious than the author-. The'boOk 
 was subsequently recalled ; ,and, in' after 
 years, he spoke of his ' Werther,' and, like 
 Gogthe, rejoiced at having ' rid his bosom 
 of its perilous stuff.' " 
 
 Falkland, Henry Cary, First 
 
 Viscount (b. 1676, d. 1633), wrote a History 
 of the Most Unfortunate Prince Edward If,, 
 edited by Sir James Harrington, in 168S. 
 See Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, 
 
 Falkland, Iiucius Cary, Second 
 
 Viscount (b. 1610, d. 1643), wrote A Dis- 
 course of the Infallibility of the Church qf 
 Home, A Discourse Concerning Episcopacy j 
 and other controversial treatises, besides 
 some miscellaneous poems. For biography, 
 see Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, 
 Lady Theresa Lewis's Contemporaries a/nfl_ 
 Friends of Loi^d Clarendon, and Principal 
 TuUoch's Rational Theology in England, 
 
 Falkland, Henry Cary, Third 
 
 Viscount, published, in 1664, a tragedy 
 called The Marriage Night, reprinted in the 
 first edition of Dodsley's Old Plays, but 
 omitted in the later impressions. 
 
 Fall of Jerusalem, The. A dra- 
 matic poem by Dean Milman (1791—1868), 
 founded principally on Tacitus and Jos©- 
 phus, and published in 182(1. 
 
 Fall of Robespierre, The : " nn 
 
 Historical Drama," by Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge ; published at Cambridge, iu 
 1794. 
 
 "FaU was there! O what a." 
 
 — Julius Casar, act iii., scene 2. In Ham- 
 let, act i., scene 5, read — 
 
 " O Hamlet, what a f a11iDg.off was then} I " 
 
 Fallacies, The Book of, by Jiiee:- 
 
 MY Bentham ; published in 1824. 
 
 Fallacies, Popular. One of the 
 
 Last Essays of Elia, by Chab£es Lamb 
 (1776—1834).. The fallacies are : (1) That a 
 bully is alVays a coward ; (2) That ill- 
 gotten gain never prospers ; ' (3)' That a 
 man must not laugh at his own jest : (4) 
 That such a one shows his breeding— that 
 it is easy to perceive he is no gentleman; 
 (5) That the poor copy the vices of the 
 rich ; (6) That enough is as good as a 
 feast ; (7) That of two disputants the 
 warmer is generally in the wrong ; (8) 
 That verbal allusions are not wit, because 
 they will not bear a translation ; (9) That 
 the worst puns are the best; (10) Tliat 
 handsome is as handsome does ; (11) That 
 we must not look a gift-horse in tlie 
 
240 
 
 PAL 
 
 mouth ; (12) That homo is home though it 
 is never so homely ; (13) That you must 
 love me and love my dog ; (14) That we 
 phould rise with the lark ; (15) That we 
 should lie down with the iamb ; (16) That 
 a sulky temper is a misfortune. 
 
 "Falling 'with a falling state, 
 And greatly."— Pope, prologue to Addi- 
 son's Cato. 
 
 "Falls like Lucifer, never to 
 
 hope again."— ifcnry K///., act iii., scene 
 il. 
 
 Falls of Princes, The. A poem 
 hy John Lydgate (b. 1375, d. 1460), writ- 
 ten iu Ghaucer's seven-line stanza, and 
 founded on the prose of Boccaccio's De 
 Casibus Itlustrium Virorum. The stories 
 are, however, told by Lydgate in his own 
 way and with a good many Interpolations 
 3n the way of songs and ballai^. It was 
 Boccaccio's work which suggested to Sack- 
 ville the idea of his Mirroi'Jor Magistrates 
 (q.v.). 
 
 False Alarms. An operetta by 
 James Kenney (1780 — 1849), produced in 
 1807, with music by King and Braham. 
 
 False One, The. A tragedy by 
 JoHJf Fletcher, written before 1625. and 
 founded on the story of Cleopatra and her 
 love for Julius Ciesar. In the prologue 
 i;he author vindicates its originality, evi- 
 dently with reference to Shakespeare's 
 play :— 
 - ** Toung Cleopatra here, and her vast mind 
 
 Expresa'd to th'heipht. . . . 
 
 'Wc treat not of what boldness she did die, 
 
 Nor of her fatal love to Antony." 
 
 "False though she be to me 
 
 land love." First line of a lyric by CON- 
 
 GBEVE. 
 
 Falstaff, Sir John. A famous 
 character in Shakespeare's plays of 
 Henry IV. ^ parts i. and ii. (q.v.) and The 
 Merry Wives of Windsor (q.v.). In the 
 former he is represented as the boon-com- 
 panion olE Henry, Prince of Wales ; a 
 soldier, fat, witty, boastful, mendacious, 
 and sensual to a degree. In the latter, he 
 is in love with Mrs. Ford and Mrs. Page, 
 the " Merry Wives,*' who pretend to en- 
 courage his suit, only to overwhelm him in 
 confusion. There seems no doubt that in 
 the former of the two plays FalstafE was 
 oriffinally called Oldcastle, for we find 
 Pnnce Hal (in part i., act i., scene ii.) 
 evidently punning on his name and calling 
 him, " My old lad of the castle," and (in 
 part ii., act iv., scene ii.) Shallow de- 
 scribes him as "page to Thomas Mowbray, 
 Duke of Norfolk," which Oldcastle really 
 was. It is thought that the dramatist 
 eventually altered the name to Falstaff at 
 tho request of the queen, some of the real 
 Oldcastle's family "being then remain- 
 ing." '* Falstaff," says Schlegel, " is the 
 crown of Shakespeare's comi^ iijventioiu 
 
 FAM '. 
 
 . i , . 
 
 He is the most agreeable apdj entertaining 
 knave tbat ever was portrftyed. His con- 
 temptible qualities are not disguised : old, 
 lecherous, and dissolute ; corpulent be- 
 yond measure, and, sdways intent upon 
 cherishing his body with eating, drinking, 
 and sleeping ; constantly in debt, and any- 
 thing but conscientious in his choice of 
 means by which money is to be raised ; a 
 cowardly soldier, and a lying braggart ; a 
 flatterer of his friends before their face, 
 and a satirist behind their backs ; and yet 
 we are never disgusted with him. We see 
 that his tender care of himself is without 
 any mixture of malice towards others ; he 
 will only not be disturbed in the pleasant 
 repose of his sensuality^ and this he ob- 
 tains through the activity of his under- 
 standing. Always on the alert, and good- 
 humoured, ever ready to crack jokes on 
 others, and to enter into those of which he 
 is himself the subject, so that he justly 
 boasts he is not only witty himself, but the 
 cause of wit in others, be is an admirable 
 companion for youthful idleness and 
 levity." 
 
 "Fame is the spur that the 
 clear spirit doth raise." See MiLTOif*s 
 poom of Lycidas, line 70. 
 
 Fame, The House of. A poem, 
 in three books, by Geoffrey Chauceh 
 (13:^8—1400); written in octo-syllabic rhyme. 
 In this work the poet dreams that he -waa 
 canled up into tlie air by an eagle, who 
 took liim to a place between heaven and 
 earth and sea, to which all rumours fall. 
 It is on a rock of, ice, and was inscribed 
 with the names of men once famous. 
 " Many were melted or melting away, but 
 the graving of the fames on men of old 
 fame was as fresh as if just written. Of 
 the goddess who sat within, some asked 
 fame for their good works, and were de- 
 nied good or bad fame. Others who had 
 deserved well were trumpeted by slander. 
 Others obtained their duo reward. Some, 
 who had done well, desired their good 
 works to be hidden, and had their askine. 
 Others made like request, but had the& 
 deeds trumpeted tiirough the clarion <ut 
 gold. Some who had done nothing asked, 
 and had fame for deeds only to be done by 
 labour ; others, who had asked like favour 
 were jested at through the black clarion. 
 Chaucer himself refused to be petitioner." 
 He was then taken from the House of Fame 
 to the House of Humour, full of reports 
 aiid lies, and in a comer of that house he 
 recognised himself in the guise of one who 
 was telling love stories, and about whom 
 the people crowded. Then the clamour 
 made by them at last awoke him. 
 
 Fame, The Temple of. A poem 
 by Alexander Pope (1688—1744), written 
 ill partial imitation of The House qf Fame 
 (q.v.), by Chaucer, and published in 1714. 
 
 "Familiar, but by no meaus 
 
 vulgar."— iftlswfc/, act i., scene 3. 
 
FAM 
 
 FAB 
 
 241 
 
 "Familiar in their mouths as 
 
 household words.'* — King Henri/ F., act 
 iv., scene 3. ^ 
 
 Familiar Letters, by James 
 HowblIj (b. 1594, d. 1666) ; published orig- 
 inally under the title of Epistolw Ito- 
 EliaiuB, in 1645, 1647, 1650, and 1655. The/ 
 ■were written for the most part in the soli- 
 tude of the Fleet Prison, in which Howell 
 had been confined for debt. Isaac Disraeli 
 calls them, "one of the most agreeable 
 works in the English language." 
 
 Family Itegend, The. A play by 
 JOANZTA Baillie (1762—1851), founded on 
 a Highland tradition, and produced with 
 some success at Edinburgh, in 1810. 
 
 Famous Homes of Serving 
 
 Men : ** or, the Lady turned Serving-man." 
 A popular ballad, of which a modem ver- 
 sion 13 given in Percy's Reliques, 
 
 " Famous Man is Robin Hood, 
 
 A.'* — First line of Rob Roy^s Grave, a poem. 
 by William Words-worth (1770—1850), 
 containing the following lines : — "" 
 
 " The good old rule 
 Sufficeth them, the simple plan. 
 That they should talte who have the power, 
 And they ahould keep wlio can.'* 
 
 " Famous Victory, But 'twas 
 a." — SoDTHEY, The Battle of Blenheim^ 
 (q.T.). 
 
 Fan, The. A semi-mytholoprical 
 and fanciful poem, in three books, by John 
 Gay. 
 
 Fancies, Chaste and Noble : 
 "or, the Bower of Fancies." A tragi- 
 comedy by John Ford, produced in 1638. 
 
 Fancyr A poem by John Keats. 
 
 " Ever let the fancy roam ! 
 Pleaaure never iu at home." 
 
 Fancy, Sir Patient. A comedy 
 by Mrs. Aphka Behn, produced in 1678. 
 
 Fane, Julian (b. 1827, d. 1870), wns. 
 Bays Dennis, " a poet, a musician, a lin- 
 guist, a diplomatist, an eloquent speaker, 
 - a wit, a mimic, a delightful talker," but 
 will best be remembered as the author of 
 some delightful sonnets. His lAfe has 
 been written by his friend Robert, Lord 
 Lytton. See Temple, Neville. 
 
 Fang. A sberiff's officer in the 
 second part of Shakespeare's KingHenry 
 
 Fang, Mr. Tlie j iistice in Dickens's 
 novel of Oliver Twist (q.v.) ; intended, it is 
 said, for a Mr. Laing, "a coarse magis- 
 trate," who "felt," we are told, "the 
 power of the novelist, and was glad to re- 
 sign." ' 
 
 Fanny, Lord. A term used by 
 Pope aiid Byron to characterise Lord 
 Hervey, who was a contemporary 6f tho 
 
 n 
 
 former, and was distinguished for his fop- 
 pery and effeminacy. It seems to have 
 been derived from Lady Fanny Shirley, a 
 famous beauty in the time of Queen Anne, 
 
 Fanshawe, Catherine. A well- 
 known fashionable poetess, who flourished 
 about the beginning of this century. She 
 was the author of the famous riddle on the 
 letter H, which was at one time univer- 
 sally attributed to Byron. One of her 
 pieces is reproduced in Locker's Lyra 
 Elegantkvrum. They were collected in 
 1876. 
 
 Fansha-we, Sir Richard, diplo- 
 matist and poet (b. 1608, d. 1666), published 
 translations of Camoens' Xusioa, of Guari- 
 ni's Pastor Fido, of the fourth book of 
 Virgil's JSneidj of Horace's Odes^ and of 
 'El^ohQx's Faithful Shepherdess in Latin 
 verse, besides A Short Discourse of the 
 Long Wars of Rome. His Original Letters 
 and JVegotiations were published in 1702. 
 
 Faraday, Michael, D. CL. (b. 
 
 1791, d. 1867), chemist, published Chemical 
 Manipulation (1827) ; a series of Experi- 
 mental Researches on Electricity ; and 
 numerous other philosophical and scien- 
 tific works. See his Life and Letters (1870) 
 and Tyndall'B Faraday as a Discoverer. 
 
 Farce may lie said to be an exten- 
 sion downwards of low comedy, to which it 
 is sometimes so closely £illied as to be 
 almost indistinguishable from it. Its chief 
 quality is extravagance of humour, as 
 shown ill absurdity Doth of dialogue aiid 
 situation. It dates in our own literature 
 from about the beginning of the eighteentli 
 century, when writers arose who devoted 
 themselves almost wholly to this species of 
 production. Among these was Fielding, 
 though Foote was perhaps the most suc- 
 cessful^ as well as the most prolific, oE all 
 playwrights in this style. His Mayor of 
 Ga/rrat (q.v.) will at once occur to the 
 reader. Later still, we find O'Keefe, whojn, 
 Hazlitt calls our English Molifere, and 
 whose Agreeable Surprise is quite a mas- 
 terpiece. Of late years our farce writers 
 have been very numerous, but few stand 
 out from the throng as pre-eminently able. 
 Perhaps the most popular of tihese is Mad- 
 dison Morton, whose Box and. Cox is as 
 certain of immortality as anything we have 
 of its particular kind. See Comedy and 
 Extravaganza, 
 
 Fardarougha the Miser: "or,' 
 the Convict^) of Lisnamona." A novel by 
 William Cableton (1798 — 1869), " iu 
 which the passion of avarice is strikingly 
 depicted, without its victim being wholly 
 dead to natural tenderness and affection. 
 Scenes of- broad humour and comic ex- 
 travagance are Interspersed throughout 
 the work.'* It is interesting as giving 
 very accurate descriptions oi Bibbouism 
 as it existed some years ago. 
 
242 
 
 PAB 
 
 FAS 
 
 "Fare thee -well! and if for 
 ever, still forever faro thee well." From 
 Bome verses addressed to Ms vvif e by Lord 
 Bybos (1788—1824), and written on March 
 17, 1816. 
 
 Fare'well, A. A lyric by the 
 Eev. Charles Kikg8I,ey'(1819— 1875), con- 
 taining the following lines :— 
 
 " Be good, eweet maid, nod let who will he clever j 
 Do noble thingn, not dream them, all day long | 
 And so make lite, death, and that vast forever, 
 One grand, aweet song." 
 
 "Farewell, a long farewell, to 
 all my greatness ! "—K. Henry VIII., act 
 iii., scene 2. 
 
 "Farewell! if ever fondest 
 
 prayer." First line of a lyric by Lord 
 Bybon (1788—1825), ending :— 
 
 " I only know we loved in vain — 
 I only leel— Farewell 1— Farewell I '* 
 
 "Farewell, thou art too dear 
 
 for my possessing." First line of a sonnet 
 hy Shakespeake. 
 
 "Fjirewell to Ziochaber, and 
 
 farewell, my Jean." First line of Lochor 
 ber No More, a song by Allan Ramsay. 
 
 Farewell to Militarie Profes- 
 sion, by Barxabe BicHj published in 
 1581. To a tale jlncluded in this volume, 
 entitled The Historie of Apolonius and 
 Sllla, and adapted by Bich from a tale in 
 Biondella (^arte seconda, novella 36), 
 Shakespeare is supposed to have been in- 
 debted for a portion of the plot of Twelfth 
 Night (q.v.). 
 
 Farewell to the Fairies. A lyric 
 by EicHARD CoBBET, Blshop of Oxford 
 and Norwich. 
 
 Parjeon, B. L., norelist, has writ- 
 ten, among other stories, JosMia Marvel, 
 London*a Heart, Jessie Trim, and At the 
 Sign qf the Silver flagon. 
 
 Farmer, Richard, D.D. (b. 1735, 
 d. 1797), wrote An Essay on the Learning 
 qf Shahespeare, the first edition of which 
 appeared in 1766, the second in 1767 and 
 the third in 1789. It was reprinted. 
 
 Farmer's Boy, The : " a Eural 
 Poem," by Bobert Bloomfield (1766 — 
 1823), published in 1800, but written in 
 1798. The author had been in the employ- 
 ment of a farmer from his eleventh to his 
 fifteenth year, and it occurred to Iiim in 
 1797 to embody liis experience in a poem. 
 This was printed at the instance of Gapel 
 Loift, at a time when Bloomfield was a 
 journeyman shoemaker ; and its success 
 was so immediate and decisive that in 
 tliree years 26,000 copies were sold, and it 
 was translated into French, Italian, and 
 Latin, the last named under the title of 
 Agricolm Paer, by W. Club. 
 
 Farquhar, Oeorge, dramatist (b. 
 
 1678, d. 1707), wrote Love and a Bottle 
 (1608), (q.v.); The Constant Couple (1700) ; 
 Sir Harry yvildair (1701) ; The Inconstant 
 (1703), (q.v.) ; The Stage Coach (1704) ; Tlie 
 Twin MoalaCnoS) ; The Becrmtlng Officer 
 (1706) ; and The Beaux's Stratagem. (1707), 
 (Q.v.). His Works, rcontainiug all his 
 poems, letters, essays, and comedies, ap- 
 peared in 1714. The comedies were edited, 
 with a critical introduction, by Leigh 
 Hunt. See also Haalitt's Comic Writers. 
 Horace Walpole said of Parquhar's plays 
 that they talk the language of a marching 
 regiment in country quarters. Dr. John- 
 son conceded to them considerable merit, 
 whilst James Prior (the biographer of 
 Goldsmithj said that Farquhar's genius 
 for comedy was not excelled by Congreve 
 or Sheridan. Hazlitt says : " His inci- 
 dents succeed one another with rapidity, 
 but without premeditation ; his wit is easy 
 and spontaneous ; his style animated, un- 
 embarrassed, and flowing ; his characters 
 full of life and spirit. There is a constant 
 ebullition of gay, laughing invention, cor- 
 dial good humour, ana fine animal spirits, 
 in his wiltings." .See FIELDI3JO OF THB 
 Drama, The. 
 
 Farrar, Frederic 'William, D.D., 
 
 Canon of Westminster, and miscellaneous 
 writer (b, 1831), has published Origin of 
 Language ; Chapters on Language (1865) ; 
 The Fall ofAfan^and other Sermons (1865); 
 A Lecture on Public School Education 
 (1867) ; Seekers after God (1869) ; Families 
 of Speech (Ism) ; The Witness qf History to 
 Christ (1871) ; The Silence and Voices of 
 God (187.^) ; The Life qf Christ (1874) ; and 
 Marlborotigh Sermons (1876). He has also 
 written the following stories : — Eric : or. 
 Little by Little ; Julian Home ,- and St. 
 Winifred* s: or, the World qf School. 
 
 Fasciculi Zizaniorum. A work 
 by Thomas of 'Walden (1380 — 1430). 
 There is an edition of 1858. 
 
 Fasciculus Chemicus: "Chymi- 
 cal Collections expressing the Ingress, Pro- 
 
 §ress, and Egress of the secret Hermetic 
 cience, out of the choicest and most fa- 
 mous authors," by James Hasolle, t. e, 
 ELIA3 ASHMOLE (1617—1692) ; published 
 in 1654. Prefixed to it are sundry prole- 
 gomena, ** farc'd," says Anthony a wood, 
 " with rosy-crucian language." 
 
 "Fashion, The glass of." — Hamlet, 
 act iii., scene 1. 
 
 Fashions, Sir Novelty. The 
 
 hero of Gibber's comedy of Love's Last 
 Shift, and a part frequently acted by Cib- 
 ber himself. 
 
 " Fashions, The," in the Taming 
 q/ the Shrew, act iii., scene 2, means " the 
 farcy," a disease to which horses are sub- 
 ject. 
 
 "Fast and furious, The mirth 
 
FAS 
 
 FAXT 
 
 243 
 
 and fun grew.'* A line in BtTKXs's poem, 
 Tarn o' Siianter. 
 
 "Fast and Loose." A cheating 
 gamCj alluded to iii Lovers Labour Lost^ 
 act ill., scene 1. 
 
 Fat Boy, The. A character in 
 Dickens's Pickwick Papers, "wlio, when 
 he was not eating or driuKing, was sure to 
 be fasttasleep. His name is Joe. 
 
 Fatal Boots, The. A" tale hy 
 William Makepeace Thackekay ; re- 
 published in 1841 from the pages of Cruik- 
 shank^ Comic Almanack. 
 
 Fatal Constancy : " or, Love in 
 Tears : " "a Sketch of a Tragedy in the 
 Heroic Taste." A poetical parody, by 
 ■William Whitehead (1715—1785), in 
 which the characteristics or the tragedy of 
 his day are hit off and satirised in a happy 
 manner. Thus, to the lines — 
 
 " How frail is man what fears, what doubts, per- 
 plex 
 Bis firmc&t resolutions I Sure the gods, &c.," 
 the satirist appends this note : — ** It is a 
 usual complaint in tragedy, as well as in 
 common life, that the gods have not made 
 us as Uiey should have done." 
 
 Fatal Curiosity, The. A domes- 
 tic tragedy by George Lillo (1693—1739), 
 produced in 1737. See Wilmot. 
 
 Fatal Do-wry, The. A tragedy, 
 by Philip Massinger, acted in 1620. It 
 furnishes Eowe with the story of hia Fair 
 Penitent (q.v.), which is far inferior in 
 merit, but better adapted for representa- 
 tion. 
 
 Fatal Falsehood, The. A tragedy 
 by Hanxah More (1745 — 1833). produced 
 in 1779, and originally called The Bridal 
 l)ay. It was acted for three nights only. 
 
 Fatal Marriage, The. A play, 
 the original title of which was The Inno- 
 cent AmiUery. See Isabella. 
 
 Fatal Revenge, The : " or, the 
 Family of Montorio." A novel by Chas. 
 KoBERT Maturin (1782—1824), which en- 
 deavoured to unite the characteristics of 
 Mrs. KadcliflEe and M. G. Lewis. It was 
 published in 1807. 
 
 Father Hubbard's Tales : " or, 
 the Ant and the Nightingale." A work by 
 Thomas Middleton (1570—1627), printed 
 In 1604. " A coarse but humorous attack," 
 Bays Dyce, " on the vices and follies of the 
 times, and peculiarly interesting on ac- 
 count of the passages -^which relate to 
 Thomaa Nash, of whose admirable prose 
 satires it maybe considered no unhappy 
 imitation." 
 
 "Father of all! in every age.'' 
 First line of Pope's Universal Prayer, 
 
 Father of Angliugj The* A name 
 
 by which Izaak "Waltow was known by 
 lus contemporaries. See Compleax Am- 
 
 GLER. 
 
 Father of English Poetry, The. 
 
 A name given by Drvdew to Chaucer. 
 
 Father of English Prose, The. 
 
 A name applied to Boger Aschak. 
 
 Father of Jests, The. A name 
 ironically conferred upon Joseph Miller 
 (1684—1738), who, being a dullard himself, 
 became, as a joke, the butt on which to 
 fasten the origin of every good story cur- 
 rent at the time. " Joe Miller " was a 
 low comedian ; but the Jests, of which he 
 is supposed to be the author, were not pub- 
 lished until after his death, and they were 
 then issued solely for the benefit of his 
 family. 
 
 Father Prout. See Peout, Fa- 
 ther. 
 
 Fathers, Martyrs, and other 
 
 Principal Saints Lives of the, by the Kev, 
 Alba^ Butler ; published in 1745. " A 
 work of merit," says Gibbon, who adds, 
 characteristically, " the sense and learning 
 belong to the author ; his prejudices are 
 those of his profession." 
 
 Fathom^ Ferdinand, Count, The 
 Adventures of. A novel by Tobias 
 George Smollett (1721—1771), published 
 in 1753, and characterised by Sir Walter 
 Scott as " one of those works which seem 
 to have been written for the purpose of 
 showing how far humour and genius can 
 
 §0 in painting a complete picture of human 
 epravity." Sniollett himself declares 
 that he chose his principal character 
 "from the purlieus of treachery and fraud," 
 on purpose that he might " set him up as 
 a beacon for the benefit of the inexperi- 
 enced and unwary, who, from a perusal of 
 these memoirs, may learn to avoid iho 
 manifold snares with which they are con- 
 tinually surrounded in the paths of life." 
 
 Fatima. A lyric by Alfred Ten- 
 nyson ; one of the most passionate of the 
 poet's pieces. ' 
 
 Fatima. Tlie name of characters 
 who figure in the Arabian Nights : 1. in 
 '* Aladdin ; " 2. in " Blue-Beard." 
 
 Faulconrie, The Booke of, by 
 
 George Turberville (q.v.) ; published 
 in 1675, and followed in 1576 by the NoUe 
 Art of Venerie or Hunting. 
 
 Faulkner, George. See Atticus, 
 The Irish. 
 Faustus, The Tragicall History 
 
 of Doctor : " written by Ch. Marl.," i.e., 
 Chbistopher Marlowe ; first printed 
 in 1604, and declared by Hallam to be *• hia 
 greatest work, though an imperfect and 
 unequal performance." Goethe, when 
 spoken to on thd subject of it, " burst out 
 
244 
 
 PAU 
 
 FEE 
 
 with, an exclamation of praise.: How 
 greatly it is all planned 1 Ho liad thought 
 of translating it. He was fully aware Ijiat 
 Shakespeare did not stand alone." The 
 student should compare the Faust and 
 Mephistopheles of Marlowe with tlie same 
 characters in the great Gennan poem. 
 Helen of Greece takes the place of Mar- 
 garet in Marlowe's play. " Marlowe," 
 says Charles Lamb, " la said to have been 
 tainted with atheistical predilections. . . 
 To such a genius the History of Faustus 
 must have heen delectable food ; to wan- 
 der in fields where curiosity is forbidden to 
 go, to approach the dark gulf near enough 
 to look jn, to be buried in speculations 
 which are the rottenest part of the core of 
 the fruit that fell from tiie tree of knowl- 
 edge." See Faustus. 
 
 Faustus. The hero of Marlowe's 
 Faustus (q-v.).' **A rude sketch," says 
 H^^llam, ** but a gigantic one. This charac- 
 ter may be said to be a personification of 
 the pride of will and eagerness of cuil- 
 osity sublimed beyond the reach of fear 
 and remorse." The hero of this famous 
 legend seems, says Morley, " to have been 
 really aman who, at the beginning of the 
 sixteenth century, affected pre-eminence 
 in necromancy, astrology^ and magic, and 
 took as one of his sounding names, Faus- 
 tus, from its Latin meaning — favourable, 
 or auspicious. About him, as a centre of 
 crystallisation, tales, ascribed in the first 
 Instance to other conjurors, arranged 
 themselves, luitil he became the popular 
 idenl of one who sought to sound the 
 depths of tills world's knowledge and en- 
 joyment without help from God." 
 
 " Favourite has no friends, A.'" 
 
 Gray, On the Death of a Favourite Cat, 
 
 Fa-wcett, Henry, political econ- 
 omist (b. 1833), has written A Manual of 
 Political Economy ; The Economic Posi- 
 tion of the JSritish Labourer ; Pauperism, 
 its (kiuses art^- Remedies ; and other works, 
 besides contributing largely to periodical 
 literature. 
 
 Fa-wcett, John, D.D., Baptist 
 minister (b. 1740, d. 1817), published a Com- 
 mentary on the Bible f and an essay On 
 jinger, which attracted the attention of 
 George III. 
 
 Pa^wcett, Millicent Garrett (!>. 
 1847), wife of Henry Fawcett, has written 
 Tales in Political Economy t Janet JDon~ 
 caster, and other works. 
 
 Favrkes, Francis, poet and trans- 
 lator (b. 1721, d. 1777), wrote a poem on 
 Bramham, Park, and Descriptions of May 
 and Winter, besides translations of Ana- 
 creon, Bion, Moschus, Sappho, Apollonius 
 Bhodius, and Theociitufl. A volume of 
 his Original Poems and Translations ap- 
 peared in 1761. See BiON : Bbown Jug, 
 The. 
 
 Fawnia (or Faunia). Tlie hero- 
 ine of Green's Fandosto : or, the Triumph 
 of Time (q.v.). 
 
 "Fay," in JJamletj act ii., scene 2, 
 means " faith." 
 
 Fay, Theodore Sedgwick, 
 
 Ameiican novelist, poet,- and miscella- 
 neous writer (b. 180y), has written The 
 Dreams and lieveries of a Quiet Man (1832) ; 
 
 TheMinuTe Book (1835) ; Norman Leslie 
 (1835) ; Sydney CliftonilSSd) ; The Cotintess 
 Ida (1840) ; Ifoboken, a . liomance of New 
 
 York (1843) ; Robert Rueful (1844) Ulric : 
 or, the Voices (1851) ; and other works. 
 
 Fazio. A tragedy, by Bean Mil- 
 MAX (1791—1868), produced in 1815 ; first at 
 the Surrey Theatre under the title of Tlie 
 Italian Wife, and afterwards, as Fazio, at 
 Covent Garden, the part of Bianca 
 being taken by Miss O'Neill. It is still 
 occasionally acted. 
 
 " Fear no more the heat o' the 
 
 sun." AsongbyGuiderius, in Cymbeline, 
 act It., scene 2. 
 
 Fearne, Charles, law writer (b. 
 1749, d. 1794), wrote a famous work on 
 Contingeiit Remainders, to which he after- 
 wards made an addendum on Executory 
 
 Devises. 
 
 "Fears do make us traitors. 
 
 Our." Macbeth, act it., scene 2. See 
 "Conscience doth make cowakds of 
 
 us ALL." 
 
 Fears in Solitude. A poem, by 
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, " written 
 in April, 1798, during the alarm of an in- 
 vasion ;" "nerveless andhysterical," says 
 Swinburne, " exquisite as id the overture, 
 faultless in tone and colour, and worthy 
 of abetter sequel." See the sonnet writ- 
 ten by Wordsworth on the same subject 
 and at the same tim.e. 
 
 " Feast of reason, and the flow 
 
 of soul. The.'* Lice 128 of Pope's Imita- 
 tion of Horace, satire l,bk. ii. 
 
 Featley, or Fairclough, Daniel, 
 D. D., controversial writer, (b.l582, d. 1645), 
 wrote The Dippers Dipt (1642) ; Ancilla 
 Prelatis (1620) ; Glavis Mystica (1636) ; and 
 The Leariue Illegal (1660) ; See his son's 
 Doctor Daniel Featley revived^ with hifi 
 L^e and Death (1660). 
 
 Featherstonhaugh, The Death 
 
 of. A ballad written by Robert Surtees 
 (1779—1834), and palmed off by him upon 
 Sir Walter Scott as a mediaeval production, 
 in the character of which it was printed 
 by the latter in the notes to Marmion* 
 
 Fedalma. The heroine of George 
 Eliot's dramatic poem of The Spanish 
 Gypsy (q.T.),belQved byI>on Silva, 
 
 Feeble. A recruit in the second 
 
FEE 
 
 FEN 
 
 245 
 
 part of Shakespeake'8 King Henry IV., 
 whom FalstaS uesiguates as " most forci- 
 ble Feeble," whence the popular phrase. 
 
 Feenis, Cousin, in Dickeits's 
 novel of Dombey and jSo»(q.v.), is an aris- 
 tocratic personage, remarkable for his al- 
 lusions to his "lovely and accomplished 
 relative," the wife of Mr. Dombey. 
 
 " Feet beneath her petticoat, 
 
 Her." A line in Suckling's Bailadupon 
 a Wedding (q.v.) : 
 
 " Her feet beneath her petticoat. 
 Like little mice, 6tole i» and out. 
 As if they feared the light," 
 
 An idea which Herrigk adopted in the 
 following verse :— 
 
 " Her little feet, like Bnaile, did creep, 
 A little out, and then, 
 As if they play«d at bopeep, 
 Did Boun draw in again. ' 
 
 " Feet to the foe, His," — Camp- 
 BBLL, Lochiel's Warning (q-v.). In Mac- 
 beth^ Siwardasks of his deadson, " Had he 
 his hurts before ?" and Boss says, *• Ay^ to 
 the front." To whi(dL Siward replies, 
 " Why, then, €rod*s soldier be he." 
 
 Felice. The wife of Sir Guy of 
 Warwick, in the romance of that name 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Feliz. Abbot of Croylarid (circa 
 730). See Wright's £iographia Britannica. 
 
 Felix, Don The hero of Mrs. Cent- 
 trvBE's comedy of TJie Wonder (q.v.) ; a 
 jealous lover, *' whose every appearance 
 i»mbines to excite and confirm his worst 
 suspicions, while we who are In the secret 
 laugh at his groundless uneasiness and 
 apprehensions." 
 
 Felis Holt, the Radical. A novel 
 
 by George Eliot, published in 1866. 
 * Felix Lorraine, Mrs., in Bis- 
 BAELi's Vivian ffre?/ (q.v.), is intended for 
 Lady Caroline Lamb- 
 
 Pell, Dr. The liero of a famous 
 
 ?iuatrain, the original of which is to be 
 bund in Martial : 
 
 " I do not love thee. Dr. Fell ; 
 The reason why I cannot tell j 
 But this alone I know full well, 
 I do not love thee. Dr. Fell." 
 
 Fell, John, D.D., Bishop of Ox- 
 ford (b. 1625, d. 1686), published an edition 
 of the Greek Testament and a lAfe of 
 Me^ry Hammond. 
 
 " Fellow feeling makes us -won- 
 drous kind, A.'* A line occurring in 
 CrARBiCK*s prologue On Quitting tlie Stage 
 in 1776. 
 
 "Fellow of infinite jest, of most 
 
 excellent fancy, A." — //am^e/, act v., scene 
 1. Vorick is here described. 
 
 "Fellow that hath had leases, 
 
 A." Dogberry's description of himself in 
 Much Ado about Nothing, act iv., scene 2. 
 
 Fellowes, Robert, LL.D., relig- 
 ious and miscellaneous writer (b. 1770, d. 
 1847), published A Picture of Christian 
 Philosophy (1798) ; The Antl-Calvinist 
 (1800) ; Religion without Cant (1801) ; A 
 Guide to Immortality (1804) ; A £ody qf 
 Theology (1807) ; A Manual of Piety (180J) ; 
 The Iteligion of the Universe (1836) ; and 
 other works. 
 
 Feltham, Owen (b. about 1608, d, 
 after the Bestoration), wrote Resolves, 
 Z>ivine,Moral, and Political (q. v.). A Short 
 Accountofthe Author and his Writings,hy 
 James Gumming, appeared in 1800. 
 
 Feltou, Henry, D.D. (b. 1679, d. 
 1740), wrote, among other works, a sermon 
 on The Resurrection of the Same Numerical 
 Body, and its Reunion with tfie Same Soul 
 (1725) ; and eight sermons, entitled The 
 Christiam Faith Asserted (1728^29). See 
 Sermons (1748). 
 
 Female Academy, The. A com- 
 edy by Mabgabet, Duchess of Newcas- 
 tle (d. 1673). 
 
 Female Quixote, The. A novel 
 by Charlotte Leknox (1720—1804), pub- 
 lished in 1752 ; the heroine of which, like 
 the hero of Cervantes' story, has her head 
 turned by the perusal of absurd romances, 
 which, in this case, are of the school of 
 Scuderi. The tale is worked out with 
 considerable power, and culminates in a 
 concluding chapter which many have sup- 
 posed was written by Dr. Johnson, and- 
 which leaves the heroine happy in her 
 conversion to common sense. 
 
 Female Spectator, The, by Anna 
 Letitia Babbauld (1743—1825), was pub- 
 lished in 1811. 
 
 Female Vagrant, The. See Guili 
 
 AND SOBBOW. 
 
 Female Volunteer, The. A dra- 
 ma, with a patriotic purpose, by the Bev. 
 L. H. HALliOBOM, a chaplain in the Boyal 
 Navy, 1801. 
 
 Fenella, in Sir Walter Scott's 
 novel of Peveril of the Peak (q.v.), is a deaf 
 and dumb attendant upon the Countess of 
 Derby. The Idea of her character is said 
 to have been derived from Mignon, in 
 Goethe's Wilhelm Meister. 
 
 Fenn, George Manville (b. 1831), 
 has written Bent, not Broken ; By Birth a 
 Lady ; Mad;Midniqht Webs ; The Sapphire 
 Cross ; Thereby Hcmgs a Tale ; and A 
 Little World. 
 
 Fenn, John. 5ee Paston Letjeks, 
 
 The. 
 
 Fenn, Lady Eleanor (1743 — 
 1813), wrote a number of books for chil- 
 drea* 
 
24S 
 
 PEN 
 
 PES 
 
 Penton, in The Merry Wives of 
 Windsor (q.v.), is suitor to Anue Page 
 (q.Y.). 
 
 Fenton Elijah, poet, translator; 
 and editor (b. 1683, d. 1730), published 
 Poems (1707 and 1717); Mariaitmef a tragedy 
 •(1723) ; an edition of Paradise Lost, with a 
 Jjife qf Milton (1727); and an edition o£ 
 
 Waller (1729) ; besides contributing books 
 i., iv., xix., XX. to Pope's translation of the 
 
 Odyssey, for which he got £200, 
 
 Feramors. The name assumed 
 by the Prince when disguised as a Cash- 
 merian minstrel in MOOKE'S Lalla Uookh 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Ferdinand, in Love's Labour Lost 
 (q.v.), is the name of the King of Navarre. 
 
 Ferdinand, in The Tempest (q.v.), 
 is the son of the King of Naples, and in 
 love with Miranda (q.v.), daughter of the 
 banished Duke of Milan, Prosper© (q.v.). 
 
 Ferguson, Adam, IiL.D., philo- 
 sophical writer and historian (b. 1724, d. 
 1816), wrote A History of Civil Society 
 (1767) ; A History of the Progress and 
 Termination of the Soman JRejmOlic (1783) : 
 The Principles of Moral and Political 
 Science (1792) j and other works. 
 
 Ferguson, James (b. 1710, d. 
 1776), published, among other works. 
 Astronomical Tables (1763) ; Introduction 
 to Astronomy (1769) ; and Introduction to 
 Electricity (1770). His Lectures were 
 edited by Sir David Brewster. 
 
 Fergusson, James (b. 1808), has 
 written A Handbook of Architecture (1855) ; 
 A History qf Ancient and Modem Architec- 
 ture (1865) : and other works. 
 
 Fergusson, Robert, Scottish poet 
 (b. 1750, d. 1774), contributed poems to 
 Ku'ddiman'B Weekly Magazine, which were 
 published in a volume in 1773. The 
 poems are remarkable in themselves ; they 
 are doubly so as having served as models 
 for many of the best pieces of Bums. See 
 the Lives by Peterkin and Irving. See 
 Bbaid Claith. 
 
 Ferme, Charles (d. 1617), wrote 
 a Latin Commentary on the Epistle to 
 the Bomans, edited for the Wodrow 
 Society, with a Life, by Dr. Lindsay Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 Pern, Fanny. The literary pseu- 
 donym of Mrs. Sakah Paysost Parton 
 (q.v.), an American authoress (b. 1811, d. 
 1872). 
 
 Feme, Sir John, antiquary (d. 
 about 1610), published, in 15S6, The Blazon 
 of the Gentry, "in the form of dialogues, 
 which are quaint and curious, giving 
 critical accounts of arms, the prin- 
 ciples of precedence, and strictures upon 
 the times." 
 
 Perrarecchi, BrattL See Bbatti 
 
 FllBKABECCHI. 
 
 Ferrers, George, liistorian and 
 poet (b. about 1512, d. 1679), besides writing 
 A Double Translation of Magna CItarIa, 
 from French into Latin ami English; Tlie 
 Laws Enxtcted in the Time qf Henry III. 
 and Edward I. translated into English, 
 and A History qf the Reign qf Mary, con- 
 tributed the following metrical narratives 
 to the Mirror fof Magistrates (q.v.) :— T/ie 
 Fall of Judge Tresilian ; Tim Murder tj^ 
 Woodstock, Duke of GUmcester; King 
 Hichard II. ; Eleanor Cobham, Duchess of • 
 Gloucester ; Humphrey Plantagenet, Duke 
 of Gloucester; and Edmund, Duke qf 
 Somerset. Two other English poets have 
 borne the name of Febrebs— Edwakd (d. 
 1664), and Henry (b. 1649, d. 1633). 
 
 Ferrez and Porrex. See Gob- 
 
 BODUC. 
 
 Perriar, John (b. 1764, d. 1815), 
 published Medical Histories and Reflec- 
 tions, and Illustrations of Sterne. 
 
 Ferrier, James Frederick, philo- 
 sophical writer (b. 1808, d. 1864), wrote 
 Institutes of Mefaphysics: the Theory of 
 Knowing and Being (1854) ; besides editing 
 the collected writings of his father- 
 in-law. Professor "Wilson (" Christopher 
 North"). 
 
 Ferrier, Susan Edmonston, 
 
 novelist (b. 1782, d. 1864), wrote Marriage 
 (1818) ; The Inheritance (1824) ; and Des- 
 tiny : or, tile Chiefs Daughter (1831) ; each 
 of which see. An edition of her works 
 appeared in 1841. 
 
 Ferroll, Paul. See Paul Ferroll. 
 
 Ferumbras, Sir. An old English 
 romance in verse, professedly translated 
 from the French, and containing 3,386 
 lines. It is probably identical with the 
 French Fter-dr-bras. Skelton, in his poem of 
 Ware the Hawke, mentions it by the name 
 of Syr Pherumbras, and Barboui', in his 
 Bruce, refers to The Eomanys qf Wtyrthi 
 Ferambrase as one which the Scottish hero 
 related to his followers. According to the 
 legend, Fierabras was a Saracen, who cap- 
 tured Rome and carried off from it numer- 
 ous valuable relics, including, it was said, 
 the balsam used in embalming the body of 
 our Saviour. 
 
 Fessenden, Thomas Green. iSee 
 Caustic, Christopher. 
 
 Festoon, The. A collection of 
 epigrams, ancient and modem, with an 
 essay On that Species qf Composition, by 
 the Kev. Richard Graves; published in 
 1767, The same author published Euphro- 
 syne: or. Amusements ot\ the lioad qfLife, 
 in 1783. 
 
 Pestus. A dramatic poem by 
 Philip Jaues Bailey (b. 1816), published 
 
FEW 
 
 'IB 
 
 247 
 
 in 1839, and including, among tlie inter- 
 looutora, God, Christ, tlie Holy Gliost, 
 Seraplum and Cherubim, Lucifer, Saints, 
 Guai-dian Angel, Angel of Earth, Thrones, 
 I)ominations,Powers,Princedonis,Virtue8, 
 Archangels, and Angels. The mortal 
 characters include Festus, Helen, Clora,. 
 ]£lissa. Laurel, Frederick, Marian, Emma, 
 Charles, Lucy, Walter, Caroline, and many 
 others. The poem is interspersed with 
 Bongs. Its aim is probably that indicated 
 by a critic in TheTimei: " The exhibition 
 of a soul gifted, tried, bufieted, beguiled, 
 striclcen, punfied, redeemed, pardoned, 
 and triumphant." It has been highly 
 praised. - Thackeray described its author 
 as a writer " of much merit and genius ; " 
 X>ouglas Jerrold called ',t "a truly wonder- 
 ful poem; "'Lord Lytton thought it "a 
 most remarkable poem, of great beauty, 
 and greater promise ; " and Tennyson 
 *' could scarcely trust himself to say how 
 much he admired it, for fear of falling into 
 extraTaganee" The later editions of 
 ^estits^ the scene of which is laid .indiffer- 
 ently in earth, heavens, " anywhere," cr 
 " another and a better world," include an- 
 other poem, called The AngellVorld, Vfhich 
 origiually appeared in 1850. 
 
 "Fe-wr and far between, Like 
 
 angels' visitB." See " Akgels' Visits, 
 
 LiKS." 
 
 "Few are thy days and full of 
 
 Woe." First line of a lyric by John Logak 
 (1748—1788). 
 
 "Fhairson swore a feud." First 
 line of Aytouh's Massacre of the Mac- 
 ■phersons. 
 
 Fibheoil, Fergus. An Irish. bard, 
 who lived circa 290. See Walker's Histor- 
 ical Memoirs of the Irish Bards. See 
 Cath-Gabhka ; Daego. 
 
 Fiddes, Richard, D.D., relisjioil.s 
 tfriter (b. 1671, d. 1725), wrote Theologia 
 Speculativa (1718) ; Theologia Practica 
 (1720); a lA/e of Cardinal Wolsey (1724); 
 and other works. One of his critics says 
 he was ingenious rather than learned — 
 a clever rhetorician, but an inaccurate 
 thinker. 
 
 Fidele. A name asanraefl "by Imo- 
 gen (g.v.) in Shakespeare's play of 
 Ciimheline (q.v.). 
 
 Fidele and Fortunio. See Two 
 Italiak Gentlemen, The. 
 
 Fidelia. Tlie hefoine of a prose 
 narrative contributed to Nos. 77, 78 and 79 
 of The Adventurer, in 1753, by Hester 
 Chapone (1727— IS'Ol). 
 
 Fidessa, more Chaste than 
 
 Kinde. A volume of amatory sonnets by 
 Baktholomew Gbiefin (b. 1570), printed 
 In 1596. The tUrd sonnet closely resem- 
 
 bles one of Shakespeare's, published in 
 the Passionate Pilgrim (1599) ;— 
 
 " Fair Venus, with Adonis Bitting by her." 
 
 "Fie, foh, and fum." — ^Edgar, in 
 King Lear, act iii., scene iv.: — 
 
 " I Bmell the blood of a BritiBh*man." 
 
 Field, Barron (b. 1786, d. 1846), 
 published iu 1811 an analysis of Black- 
 stone's Commentaries. 
 
 Field, Nathaniel, dramatist (d. 
 1641), besides being associated with Mas- 
 singer (1584—1640) in the composition of 
 r/ie Fatal Dotcry, wrote A iVbmtin's a 
 Weathercoclc (q.v.), and Amends for Ladies 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Field, Richard, divine (b. 1561, 
 d. 1616), wrote a treatise Of tlie Church. 
 Some short Memorials of his life were pub- 
 lished by Nathaniel Field, in 1716—17 . See 
 Chhrch, Of the. 
 
 Field Spprts. A poem by "Wilr 
 liam Sombeville (16S2— 1742), published 
 in the last year of the writer's life. It is 
 written in blank verse, and includes de- 
 scriptions of "Flying at the Stag with 
 Eagles, after the manner of the Asiatic 
 Princes,"of "Hem-hawking," of" Flying 
 at the Kiver," of " Partndge-ha\{king,'' 
 of "Driving the Carts with a Hobby just 
 mentioned," of "Shooting Flying," of 
 " Setting," of " Angling," 
 
 Fielding Henry, novelist, drama- 
 tist, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1707, d. 
 1754, produced the following novels : — The 
 Adventures of Joseph Andrews (q.v.); A 
 Journey from this World to the NexttXIi^)] 
 The mstory of Jonathan Wild (1743); Tlie 
 History of Tom Jones (1749); Amelia (V!B1); , 
 the • following dramatic pieces: Zove in 
 Several Masques ; The Temple Beau; The 
 AutIior*s Farce; The Coffee-house Poliiu. 
 dan, Tom Thumb; The Modem Husband; 
 Tlie Mock Doctor; The Miser; The Intrigu- 
 ing Chambermaid; Don Quixote in Eng- 
 land ; Pasquin ; The Historical Pe^ister ; 
 » Tlie Weddmg-Day ; and various miscella- 
 neous works, including Essays on t/he 
 Characters of Man, and A Journal of a 
 Voyage to Lisbon. Collected editions of 
 Jiis -writings appeared in 1743, 1762, and 
 (edited by Eoscoe) 1848. His novels were 
 published, witK an introduction by Sir 
 Walter Scott, in 1821, in Ballantyne's 
 Novelist's Library ; and have since been 
 frequently reprinted. For Biography and 
 Criticism, sne tlie Lives by Murphy and 
 Lawrence ; Thackeray's Lectures on the 
 Humorists, Massnn's Novelists and their 
 Styles. Bvron called Fielding '' the prose 
 Homer of human nature." Coleridge says: 
 " What a master of composition Fielding 
 was ! Upon my word, 1 think the (Edwus 
 Tyrannus, The Alchemist (q.v.), and lorn 
 Jones, the three most perfect plots ever 
 planned. And how charming, how thor- 
 oughly wholesome Fielding always is I 
 
243 
 
 PIE 
 
 FIB 
 
 To take him up after Bichardson, I3 like 
 emerging from a sick room heated by 
 stoves into au open lawn on a breezy day 
 in May." Sir Walter Scott, writing in 
 1820, described Fielding as " the father of 
 th3 Knglish novel, and in his powers of 
 strong and national humour, and forcible 
 yet natural exhibition of character, unap- 
 proached, as yet, even by his successful 
 followers. Of all the works of imagination 
 to which English genius has given origin, 
 the writings of Fielding are, perhaps, 
 most decidedly and exclusively her own." 
 Comparing Fielding and Smollett, Profes- 
 sor Masson says : ** Fielding's construc- 
 tion is the more careful and well-consid- 
 ered ; his evolution of his story the more 
 perfect and harmonious, his art altogether 
 the more classic and exquisite. His hu- 
 mour, too, is the finer and more subtle, 
 like that of a well-wrought comedy. Both 
 are satirists, but Fielding's satire is that of 
 a man of joyous and self-possessed temper- 
 ament, who has to come to definite conclu- 
 sions as to what is to be expected in the 
 world, while Smollett writes with pain, 
 and under irritation," See Amelia ; Co- 
 VEXT Garden Jouknal : Dkawcansir, 
 Sib a. ; Jones, Tom ; jouksey from 
 THIS Would, &o. ; Mock Doctok, The ; 
 Pasquin ; Tragedy of Tragedies ; 
 •AVeddinq-day, The; Wild Jonathan. 
 
 Fielding, May. One of the hero- 
 ines of Dickens's story of The CHcket em 
 the Hearth (q.v.); afterwards married to 
 Edward Plummer. 
 
 Fielding of the Crama, The. A 
 name given to George Farquhak (q.v.). 
 
 Fielding, Sarah, novelist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1714, d. 1768), wrote 
 The Adventures 0/ David Simple (1752); 
 The Cry^ a l>ravuxtic Fable (1754); a trans- 
 lation of Xenophon's Memoirs of Socrates 
 (1702); The Governess: or ^ Little Female 
 Academy; The Lives of Cleopatra and Oc- 
 tavia; The'History of Opitetia; The His- 
 tory of the Countess of Delwyn; and other 
 works. See Simple, The Adventures 
 OF David. 
 
 Fieldmouse, Timon, is one of the 
 noms cle plume under which W. B. Rands 
 has contributed to the magazine literature 
 of the day. See Browne, Matthew; and 
 JIOLBEACH, Henry. 
 
 "Fields, Babbled o' green." — 
 King Henry K., act ii., scene 3, 
 
 Fields, James Thomas (b. 1817), 
 has published Poems (1849, 1854, and 1858), 
 Yesterdays with Authors (1873), and other 
 works. 
 
 Fig for MomuB, A : " Satyres, 
 Eclogues, and Epistles," by Thomas 
 J,(0DGE; published m 1595. Inoneofthem 
 the author states his intention of retiring 
 from the ill-paid profession of poet : — 
 " I'll ccaac to ravel out my wits in rhyme, 
 For auch who make so base account of art t 
 
 And since by wit there is no means io chink, 
 I'll hold the plough awhile, and ply. the cart, 
 And if my muse to wonted course return , 
 I'll write and judge, peruse, commend, and bum." 
 
 "Fill the bumper fair." First 
 line of a song by Thomas Moore. 
 
 Filmer, Sir Robert, pliilosophical 
 writer (d. 1688), wrote The Anarchy of a 
 Limited, or Mixed Monarchy (16*6), and 
 Fatriarcha (q.v.). 
 
 Filomena, Santa. A lyric by 
 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, sug- 
 gested by the noble deeds of Florence 
 Nightingale : 
 
 " A lady with a lamp shall stand 
 In the great history of the land, 
 A noble type of good. 
 Heroic womanhood." 
 
 Fin-Bee. The nom deplume under 
 which W. Blanchard Jerrold publish- 
 ed some works on the subject of gastron- 
 omy. 
 
 Pinch, Anne. See Winchilsea, 
 Countess of. 
 
 Finding of Truth, Of the, car- 
 ried away by Ignorance and Hypocrisy. 
 A moral play by Henry Medwell, acted 
 before Henry VIII. in 1516. It is instinct 
 with the most pungent satire, and the 
 Fool gave great satisfaction to his various 
 audiences. See Collier's History of Dra- 
 matic Poetry. 
 
 " Pine by degrees, and beauti- 
 fully less." A line in Prior's poem of 
 Henry and Emma ((i.^.) ; imitated byPoPB 
 iuhis Moral Essays, cp. ii., 1. 43 :— 
 " Fine Dy degrees, and delicately weak ." 
 
 Fine Flowers of the Valley. A 
 
 ballad. Ill which it is told how a mother 
 cruelly put an end to the life of her child. 
 It is pven in Johnson's Musical Museum, 
 and by Motherwell as The Cruel Mother. 
 "The burden," says Allingham, "singing 
 of fiowers and leaves, at once deepens and 
 softens the tragedy." 
 
 Fingal. An epic poem, in six books, 
 published in 1762, by James Macpheb- 
 SON (1738—1796) as the production of a 
 Gaelic poet, called Ossian (q.v.). 
 
 Finnesburh, The Battle of. See 
 
 Battle of Finnesburh, The. 
 
 Finucane, Jack. Sub-editor of 
 The Pall Mall Gazette (q.v.), in Penden- 
 nis (q.v.). 
 
 Fire, Famine, and Slaughter r 
 
 "a War Eclogue," by Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge, written in 1796. 
 
 Pire-'Worshippers, The. One of 
 
 the tales In verse told by Feramors in 
 Lalla Rookh. 
 
 Firmilian : "a Spasmodic Tragedy, 
 by T. Percy Jones," i.e., William Eo- 
 
FIB 
 
 FIT 
 
 £J49 
 
 MONSTOUNB Aytoxtk (1813—1865) ; pub- 
 lished in 1854, and intended as a satire on 
 the spasmodic school of poetry, which may 
 be said to be represented by Alexander 
 Smith, Philip James Bailey, Stanyan 
 Bigg, and others. 
 
 Pirmin, George Brand. Fatlior 
 
 of Philip Firmin, in Thackekay's novel 
 of The Adventures of PJtilip (q.v.) ; ap- 
 pearing as Mr. Brandon in " The Shabby 
 Genteel Story " (q.v.). 
 
 First Blast of the Trumpet 
 
 against the Monstrous Begiment of Wo- 
 men, The. A pamphlet by John Knox 
 01505 — 1572), first printed at Geneva. It is 
 directed principally against Queen Mary 
 of England and the Queen Regent Of Scot- 
 land. " Beglment '• means regime, or gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 " First love will with the heart 
 
 remain." First line of a lyric by John 
 Glare : — 
 
 " When ita hopes are all gone by." 
 
 " First shall the heavens want 
 
 starry lirfit." First line of a lyric by 
 Thomas Xodge. 
 
 " First true gentleman that 
 
 ever breathed, The." A description ap- 
 plied to Our Lord by Dekkeb in his 
 £rmies€ Whore, pt- j., act i., scene 12. 
 
 Fish, Simon (d. 1531), wrote a 
 satire on the clergy of his day, entitled 
 The Supplication ^Beggars* It was pub- 
 lished in 1527. 
 
 " Fish, nor flesh, nor ^ood red 
 
 herrin?. Neither." A proverbial phrase 
 to which allusion is made in Sir H. 
 Shebks' Satyr on the Sea Officers, Tom 
 Bbown's Mneus Sylvius* s ie«er,and Dry- 
 pen's epilogue to The Duke of Guise, 
 
 Fisher, Bdward, theological writer 
 (circa 1620—1660), wrote The Marrow of 
 Modern Divinity (1646), (q.v.) ; and other 
 works. See "Wood's Alhenoa Oxonienses. 
 
 Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester 
 (b. 1459, d. 1'535), wrote A Treaty se Concem- 
 j'nge the FruytfaU Sayings of Davyd the 
 Kynge and Prophete in the Seven Penyten- 
 cyail Salmes, devyded in Seven Sei'mons 
 (1509) ; Me Causa Matrimonii Anglice Regis 
 {Henrici VIII. c^tm. Catharine Aragonensi)\ 
 The Sermon made Against ye Pernicious 
 Doctryne of MaH-yn Luther; and many 
 other fugitive works, a list of which is 
 given inLowndes' Bihlingrapher* s Ma/nual. 
 and an edition of which was published at 
 Wizcburg in 1597. See MoBHiNO Remem- 
 brance. 
 
 Fisher, Payne, poet and soldier 
 (b. 1616, d. 1693), wrote MarsUm-moore^ sive 
 deohsiditme proslwque Eboracensi Carmen 
 (1650) ; Threnodia Gratulatoria (1652), Ora- 
 su> Anniv&rsaria, and other works. 
 
 Fisk, in Hudibras (q.v.), was meant 
 for Nicholas Fisk, a physician and astrol- 
 oger of Bother's day. 
 
 " Fit audience find, though 
 
 few." — Line 31, book vii., of Paradise 
 Jjost (q.v.). 
 
 "Fit for treasons, stratagems, 
 and spoils." — The Merchant of Venice, act 
 v., sc. 1. 
 
 "Fits, by starts. By." A phrase 
 occurring- in Collins's Ode on the Pas- 
 sions, line 28 : — 
 
 " 'Twas aad by flta, by startB 'twas ■wild." 
 
 Fitzboodle Papers, The, 'by 
 
 "William Makepeace Thackeray ; 
 contributed to Praser's Magazine in 1842,. 
 under the iwm de plume of. " George Fitz- 
 boodle," and including his " Confessions'* 
 and "Professions." It was under this 
 pseudonym that Thackeray contributed 
 Men's Wives (q.v.) to the same periodical.: 
 
 Fitzborn, in Disraeli's Vivian 
 Grey (q.v.), is intended for Sir Kobert 
 Peeif. 
 
 Fitz-both, Robert, Earl of Hun- 
 tington, and in love with the heroine in. 
 Peacock's novel of Maid Marian (q-v.). 
 
 Fltz-Fulke, The Duchess of. A 
 
 lady who figures in Byron's poem of Don 
 Juan, canto xlv., xli., xlii., where she is 
 described as — 
 
 " A fine and somewhat full-grown blonde. 
 Desirable, distinguished, celebrated 
 For several winters in the ^rnnd, grande monde . ,' ' 
 Her late performance had Deen a dead eet 
 At Lord AuguBtus Fitz-Plantagenet." 
 
 Fitzgerald, Lady Elizabeth. See 
 
 Geraldine. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Percy, novelist and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1834), has pro- 
 duced the following amoiig other novels ; 
 —Beauty Talbot; Diana Gay ; Never For- 
 gotten; The Second Mrs. Tillotspn; The 
 Dear Girl; Two Pair Daughters; The_ 
 Fatal Zero; and The Parvenu Family. 
 He has also written The Kembles, David 
 Garrick, Laurence Sterne, Charles Towns- 
 hend, Charles Lamb, Alexandre Dumas, 
 Principles of Comedy, Romance of the 
 English Stage, TJie Great Canal at Suez, 
 and other works. 
 
 Fitzgerald, ■William, D.D., Bish- 
 op of Killaloe (b. 1814), has written Holy 
 Scripiwe, the Ultimate RvXe of Faith 
 (1847>. and a Life of Butler (1849), besides 
 publishing a selection from the Nico-- 
 mnchean Ethics of Aristotle (I860), and 
 other works. 
 
 Fitzgerald, 'William Thomas. 
 
 See Small-beer Poet, The. 
 
 Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony (d. 
 1538), published A Grand Abridgmtnt of . 
 
250 
 
 PIT . 
 
 FLB 
 
 the Law (1516) ; The Jfew Natura Brevium 
 (1534), and other works. 
 
 Fitzosborne, Sir Thomas. The 
 
 viom de plume under which William 
 Melmoth (1710—1799) published his Zet- 
 ters on Several Subjects (1742). 
 
 Fitzpatrick, 'William John (b. 
 
 1830), has written Lives of Bishop Doyle, 
 Lord Cloncurry, Lady Morgan, Arch- 
 bishop Whately, Lord E. Fitzgerald, and 
 many other works. 
 
 Fitzstephen, William, monk of 
 Canterbury (d. 1191), published in 1170, 
 The Life and Passion qf Archbishop Becket, 
 and A Description of the City of London, 
 
 Fitz'water, Baron. Father of 
 Maid Marian, in Peacock's novel of that 
 name. 
 
 "Flag has braved a thousand 
 
 years, Whose." — A line in Campbell's 
 well-known lyric, Ye Manners of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 FlagellumParliamentarium. See 
 Seasonable Abgument, A. 
 
 Flagg, Fdmuud, American jour- 
 nalist, novelist, and dramatist (b. 1815); 
 has written Sketches of a Traveller (1836) ; 
 Tlie Fa/r West (1838) ; Venice, the VUy of 
 the Sea; Carrero: or, the Prime Minister; 
 The Howard Queen; Francis qf Valois; 
 Blanche of Artois ; and other works. 
 
 Flagitium Pontiiicis et Hpis- 
 
 coporum Latialium. An attack on Epis- 
 copacy by John Bastwick (1593 — 1618) 
 for which the author was summoned be- 
 fore the High Commission, lined /1,000, 
 prohibited' from practising his profession, 
 and condemned to be imprisoned til} he 
 recanted. He was so far, however, from 
 recanting that, after lying in the Gate 
 House Prison for two years, he issued 
 another work, the Apologeticus ad Pros- 
 sutes Anglicanos, which excited still 
 more indignation, and brought down upon 
 him a fine of ^[5,000, the loss of his ears 
 in the pillory, and perpetual incarcera- 
 tion in a remote part of the kingdom. In 
 1640 he was released, by order of the 
 House of Commons, and received jf5,000 
 out of the estates of his judges ; an act of 
 clemency which he rewarded by eventu- 
 ally writing as bitterly against Indepen- 
 dency as he had written against Episco- 
 pacy. 
 
 Flamboroughs, The Miss. Char- 
 acters in Goldsmith's novel of The Vtcar 
 of irakefleld (q.v.). 
 
 Flanders, Moll. The title of a 
 novel written by Daniel Defoe ; the 
 heroine of which is a female of question- 
 able reputation, who afterwards becomes 
 religious. The whole story is one of low 
 vice. It was published iu 1721. 
 
 "Flap-dragon," in Love's Labour 
 Lost (act v., scene 1), is simply the'modern 
 snap-dragon. 
 
 "Flap-Jacks," in Pericles (act ii., 
 scene 1) — pancakes. 
 
 " Flashes of merriment." — Ham- 
 let, act v., scene 1. 
 
 Flatmau, Thomas, poet (b. 16S5, 
 d. 1688), was the author of some trifles, 
 one of which. On Marriage, survives iu 
 Locker's Li/ra Elegantiarum. 
 
 "Flattering unction to your 
 
 soul. Lay not that." — Hamlet, act iii., 
 scene 4. 
 
 Flavel, John, Nonconformist di- 
 vine (b. 1627, d. 1691), published SiMiimdry 
 Spiritualised {li&<) ; A Saint Indeed (WIZ); 
 liivine Conduct (XeiS) ; and numerous other 
 works. 
 
 "Flaws," in 2 Hetiry 7F. (activ., 
 scene iv.) — icicles. 
 
 Fleance, in Macbeth (q.v.), is a son 
 of Banquo (q. v .). 
 
 Flecknoe. A poem by Andbew 
 Makvell (1G20— 1678), written in ridicule 
 of Richard Flecknoe (q. v.), an Irish poet, 
 bom in the early part of the seventeentli 
 century, who also forms the subject of a 
 satire by Dryden, called MacFlecknoe 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Flecknoe, Richard, poet, dram- 
 atist, and miscellaneous writer (d. 1678), 
 wrote Hierothalamium .* or, the Heavenly 
 Nuptials qf our Blessed Saviour with a 
 Pious Soule (1626) , The Affections of a 
 Pious Soule unto our Saviour Christ (1640) ; 
 Miscellania : or. Poems qf all Sorts (1653) ; 
 A Relation of Ten Years l^ravells in Eu- 
 rope, Asia, Affrique, and America (1654) ; 
 Lovers Dominion (1654) (q.v.) ; The Dianum 
 or Journal, divided into twelve jomadas in 
 burlesque Bhime, or l3rolling Vtrse (1656) ; 
 Enigmatical Characters, all taken from the 
 Life (1658) ; The Marriage of Oceanus and 
 Britannia (1659) ,• Heroic Portraits (1660) j 
 Love's Kingdom, a Pastoral Tragi-Comedy, 
 with a Short Treatise on the English Stage 
 (1664); Erminia,a Trage-icmedy (leeb) ; 
 The Damoiselles-ilrla-Mode, a Comedy 
 (1667) ; Sir Williain Daramnt's Voyage to 
 the other World, with his Adventures in the 
 Poets' Elizium (1668) ; Epigrams rf all 
 Sorts (1669) ; Euterpe Bevtved (1675) ; and 
 A Treatise on the Sports qf Wit (1675). See 
 MacFlecknoe. 
 
 Fledgeby, Fascination. The 
 drunken father of Jenny Wren (q.v.), in 
 Dickens's story of Our Mutual Friend 
 (q. v.). 
 
 " Flee from the press, and d'well 
 with soothfastness." First line of the 
 poem entitled Tht Goixi Countel qf 
 'Chaucer (q. v.). 
 
FLB 
 
 FLI 
 
 251 
 
 Fleece, The. A poem by John 
 Dyeh (1700—1758), published in 1757, and 
 devoted to the subject of wool, ■which is 
 celebrated tliroughout three books of blank 
 verse. ■ 
 
 Fleet'wood, John, CD., is best 
 known as the author of the Life of Christ, 
 cmdthe Lives of the Apostles, yohn the Bap- 
 tist j and the Virgin Mary (L813), a work 
 which has been frequently -reprinted. 
 •• John Fleetwood " is thought to have been 
 a nom de plume. 
 
 Fleet-wood, William, successive- 
 ly Bishop of St. Asaph and Ely (b. 1666, d. 
 1723). A Compleat Collection or the Ser- 
 Tuons, Tracts, a}Ki Pieces of all hinds of 
 this divine was published in 1737, with a 
 biographical preface by his son. 
 
 Fleming, Robert, Presbyterian 
 divine (b. 1630; d. 1694), vrrote The Fulfil- 
 ling of Scripture, and other works. His 
 son Robert (d. 1716) was the author of A 
 Discourse on the IHse and Fall of ilte Por 
 pacy (1701). 
 
 Fleming, Patrick (b. 1599, d. 
 1631), author of Collectanea Sacra: or. 
 Lives qf tile Irish and Scotch Saints. 
 
 Flemming, Paul. The hero of 
 liOSGFELLO-w's prose romance of Hyperion 
 (q.v.), and in some sort an idealisation of 
 Longfellow himself. 
 
 "Flesh is heir to. The thousand 
 
 natural shocks." — Hamlet, act iii., scene 1. 
 
 Fleshly School of Poetry, The. 
 
 A term originally applied by Robert 
 BucHANA.ir,_ in an article in the Contem- 
 porary Review, to that school of living 
 poets of whom Dante Gabriel Rossetti 
 and Algernon Charles Swinburne are the 
 leaders. 
 
 Fleta. A Latin treatise on the 
 body of English la,w, published by Selden 
 (q.v.) in 1835. It is supposed to have been 
 composed by William db Bbampton 
 (q.v.) ^hllst imprisoned in the Fleet, hence 
 its name. It is also attributed to Thomas 
 de Weyland, J. de Lovetot, and Adam de 
 Strutton. 
 
 Fletcher, Alexander, D.D. (b. 
 
 about 1787, d. 1860), published The Devo- 
 tional Family Bible, Guide to Family De- 
 votion, and numerous other works. 
 
 Fletcher, Andre-w, of Saltoun 
 (b. 1963, d. 1716), wrote A Conversation Con- 
 cerning tile Right Regulation of Govern- 
 ments for the Conimon Good of Manldnd 
 (1703) ; A Discourse of Government with Re- 
 lation to Militias (1698) ; Speeches by a 
 Member of the Parliament (1703) ; and 
 oLhei political works, which were collected 
 and publljhed in 1737. See Life by D. S. 
 Erskine (1792). See, " Ballads of a Na- 
 tion," and GOVEBHMESX FOB THE GoOD. 
 
 Fletcher, Giles, poet and clergy- 
 man (b. 1588, d. 1623), wrote Christ's Vic- 
 tory and Triumph in Heaven and Earth 
 over and after Deatli (q.v.). Wood, in his 
 Atheitw Oxonienses, says that Fletcher was 
 " equally beloved by the Muses and the 
 Graces." See yVorlcSt edited by Groaart, 
 (1876). 
 
 Fletcher, John, dramatist (b. 
 1576, d. 1626), wrote The. Elder Brother; 
 The Spanish Curate ; Tlie Humorous lAevr. 
 tenant f The Faithful Shepherdess ; Boa^ 
 dicea; The Loyal Subject; Rule a Wife 
 and Have a Wife ; The Chances ; The Wild- 
 goose Chase ; A Wife for a Month ; The 
 Captain; The Propjietess ; Love's Qu/r€; 
 Women, Pleased ; The Sea Voyage ; The 
 Fair Maid of the Inn ; The Two M)ble 
 Kinsmen (supposed to have been revised by 
 William Shakespeare) ; The False One ; 
 The Lover's Progress And The Noble Gen~ 
 tleman (which are supposed to have been 
 written with Shirley) ; Love's Pilgrimage ; 
 The Night Walker ; the Queen of Corinth ; 
 The Maid in the Mill ; 'The Nice Valour ; 
 a number of plays written in conjunction 
 with Beaumont, for which see Beaumont 
 AND Fletchek ; and some miscellaneous 
 poems. See the Life, by Dyce. See BoA- 
 DiOEA ; Eldek Brother, The ; Faith:- 
 ruL Shepherdess, The ; False One, 
 The ; Island Princess, The j Kinsmen, 
 The Two Noble ; Loyal Subject, The ; 
 Spanish Curate, The. 
 
 Fletcher, John, To. Verses by 
 Sir John Dunham (1615—1668), addressed 
 to the celebrated dramatist, in which 
 occurs the following reference to 
 
 " Eastern kings, who, to secure their reign 
 Mustliavc their brothers, sons, and kindred sl^n." 
 
 Orrery has, in one of his prologues' : 
 
 Poets are sultans, if they had their will. 
 For every author would his brother kill.'* 
 
 And Pope writes concerning j4«m;«s (q.v.) 
 •' Should such a man , too fond to rule alone. 
 Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the thR>ne."j 
 
 Fletcher, Fhineas, brother of 
 Giles (b. 1582, d. 1650), wrote The Locustes, 
 or Appollyonists (1627) ; Sicelides, a Pisca- 
 tory (1631) ; Sylva Poetica and The Purple 
 Island (1633) ; Piscatorie Eclogs (1633), and 
 other works. See Purple Island, The. 
 
 Flibbertigibbet. The name given 
 to Didkon Sludge, a boy who appears in 
 Sir Walter Scott's novel qtXenilworth, 
 and acts the part of an imp in the enter- 
 tainments given to Queen Elizabeth by the 
 Earl of Leicester. Flibbertigibbet is de- 
 scribed by Shakespeare in King Lear as 
 the Hend of " mopping and mowing, who 
 since possesses chambermaids and waiting 
 women." 
 
 Flim-FIams: "or, the Life and 
 Errors of my Uncle, and the Amours of 
 my Aunt." by Isaac Disbaem (176^ 
 1848) ; published in 1605, 
 
252 
 
 FLI 
 
 FLO 
 
 Flint, Timothy, American clergy- 
 man and author (b. 1780, d. 1840), published 
 several novels ; among others, Francis 
 Uerrian ; Arthur Clenning ; George Mason , 
 and The Shoshonee Valley ; besides edit- 
 ing The Knickerbocker Magazine, and writ- 
 ing a Life of Daniel Boone, a History of 
 Indian Wars, Geography of the Mississippi 
 Valley, and other works. 
 
 Flippanta and Iilssardo. Two 
 
 characters in Mrs. Centuvbe's comedy 
 of The Wonder (q.v.), ** who come in very 
 well to carry on the under plot. Tlie airs 
 and gi'aces of an amorous waiting-maid 
 and conceited man-servant, each copying 
 after their master and mistress, were 
 never hit off with more natural volubility 
 and affected nmichalance than in this en- 
 viable couple." 
 
 Flodden Field. A famous old 
 ballad ; published originally in 1664 ; with 
 notes by Weber, in 1808. Compare with 
 The Flowers of the Forest (q..v.). 
 
 Florae, The Comte de, iu Thack- 
 eray's novel of The Kewcomes (q.v.), is 
 a Trench emigri, who, with his bonhomie 
 and his extravagance, his mixture of 
 sense, levity, good breeding, and oddity, is 
 perhaps a more marvellous achievement 
 for the English novelist than any of these 
 [the Newcome family]. He is thoroughly 
 French ; yet no Frenchman could have 
 drawn him, for he belongs to both coun- 
 tries, and it would have been vain to ex- 
 pect even from Balzac, D^ Stendhal, or 
 Be Bernard, such a knowledge of England 
 as Thackeray possessed of France and the 
 French." 
 
 Florence Dombey. The daughter 
 of Mr- Dombey, in Dickens's story of 
 J)ombey and Son (q.v.). See Dombey, 
 
 FXiOBEXCE. 
 
 Florence of "Worcester (d. 1118), 
 wrote a Chronicle, " which at first was a 
 copy of that of Marianus Scotus, witli in- 
 serted additions to enlarge the record of 
 English events, taken chiefly from the 
 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Bede, Lives of 
 Saints, and Assev'B IJfe <f Alfred. From 
 1082, where Scotus ended, Florence con- 
 tinued the work on the same plan, noting 
 events abroad, although chiefly concerned 
 with English history. He brought his re- 
 cord down to 1107, from which time to 1141 
 it was continued by brethren of his monas- 
 tery." 
 
 Florentine, The London. See 
 LoxDON Florentine, The. 
 
 Florentius, in book i. of- Gower*8 
 Coiifessio Amantis (q.v.), is a knight who 
 undertakes to marry a deformed old hag, 
 on condition that she teaches him the 
 answer of a riddle on the solution of which 
 his life depends. Shakespeare refers to 
 him iu th9 JiiJ9— 
 
 " Be she foul as woa Florentius' love " 
 
 Flores Historiarum. See Roger 
 
 OF WENDOVEa 
 
 Flores, Jean de. See Aurelio 
 
 AND ISABELL. 
 
 Flores Solitudinis ; " or, certain 
 rare and elegant Pieces." A prose work 
 by Henbv Vaughan (1621—1695), pub- 
 lished in 1654. 
 
 Florlbel. The heroine of Bed- 
 does' play of TheJSride's Tragedy (q_.v.). 
 
 Florice and Blancheflour. An 
 
 old romance,ori gin ally composed in Frei oh 
 in the 13th, and translated into English iu 
 the llth^ century, a copy of the latter ver- 
 sion being still extant in the Auchlnleck 
 MSS. Tho hero and heroine are met with 
 iu diiferent languages, as Florlo andBian- 
 coflore. Flores and Blancalore, andFlorius 
 and Platzaflora. See Warton's History^ 
 and Ellis's Early English Jiomances. 
 
 Florimel : " lioney of flowers," 
 from " mel " and " floris." A character 
 in Spenser's Fd&rie ^teeTw, representing 
 the sweetness, timid love, and bashful deli- 
 cacy of women. This sweetness is some- 
 times counterfeited by the loose and un- 
 chaste for their own base purposes, which 
 Spenser symbolises by the device of a hate- 
 ful witch moulding ** with tine mercury 
 and virgin wax *' a false Floiimel. When, 
 however, the true and false are brought 
 together face to face, the deception is im- 
 mediately detected. 
 
 " The enchanted dflmscl vanished into naught ; 
 Ilcr snowy bubstaiire melted as with heat ; 
 Nc of that goodly hue remained aue;ht 
 But the empty girdle which about her waist was 
 wrought." 
 
 Florio, John. See Armado ; 
 
 HOLOFERKES. 
 
 Florizel, in Shakespeare's play 
 of The Winter's Tale (q.v.), is a prince of 
 Bohemia, in love with Perdita (q.v.). 
 
 Plosky, Mr. A transcendentalist, 
 in Peacock's novel of Nightmare Abbey 
 (q.v.), said to be intended for S. T. Cole- 
 xldge. 
 
 " Flos regum." The flower of 
 kings. A term applied to the fabled Ar- 
 thur by Joseph of Exeter. 
 
 Floures for Xiatine Spekynge : 
 
 " selected and gathered out of Terence, 
 and the same translated into Englysche," 
 by Nicholas Udall (1506—1556); pub- 
 lished in 1533. This book ** being esteemed 
 good in its time, and very useful for young 
 scholars, Joh. Leland and Tbo. Newton 
 wrote verses in commendation of it," and as 
 it is quoted from The Taming qfthe Shrew 
 (act i., scene 1), it was probably familiar to 
 Shakespeare. Tlie selection is from the 
 flrst three plays o£ Xereixce. 
 
FliO 
 
 PLY 
 
 253 
 
 " Plow of soul." See " Feast of 
 Reason." 
 
 Flower and the Leaf, The A 
 
 poem by Gkoffkey Chauceb (1328— 
 1400), described by Campbell as " an ex- 
 quisite piece of f aiiy fancy, Witih a moral 
 that is just sufficient to apologise fur a 
 dream, and yet which sits so lightly on the 
 story as not to abridge its most visionary 
 parts ; there is in the whole scenery and 
 objects of the poem an air of wonder and 
 sweetness, an easy and surprisLug transi- 
 tion, that Is truly magical." 
 
 Flowe«-de-Luce. The title of a 
 poem by H. AV. Longfellow. The flower 
 is referred to in 2 Hem-y VI., act 5, scene 1, 
 and is probably the white lily, or lilmm 
 album. 
 
 ** Flower in the crannied wall." 
 First line of a lyric by Alfred Tejjny- 
 
 S02f. 
 
 Flower of Fame, The. A volume 
 of verse and prose, by Ulpiax Fxtlwell 
 (b. circa 1530), " containing the bright re- 
 nown and most fortunate reign of Henry 
 VIII." It was published in 1575. 
 
 Flower of Poets, The. A name 
 bestowed uptin Chauceb by some of his 
 contemporaries. 
 
 Flower of Yarrow, The. A song 
 by William Hamilton (170^—1754). 
 
 Flowers. A lyric by Henry 
 Wadswoeth liONGFELLOTT, of which the 
 following are the concluding verses :— 
 
 " In all places, then, and in all seasons, 
 
 FLoyrers expand their hglit and soul-like wings, 
 Teaching us, by most persuasive reasons. 
 How akin they are to human things. 
 
 '* And with child-like credulous afCection 
 We behold their tender buds expand ; 
 Emblems of our own great resurrection. 
 Emblems of the bright and better land." 
 
 Flowers of Sion : " or, Spiritual 
 Poems," by William Drummond (1585 
 — IWy) ; printed at Edinburgh in 1630. 
 They are thirty-five in number, and in- 
 clude the sonnet beginning : — 
 •* A good that never satisfies the mind, 
 A benuty fading like the April flowers, 
 Jk. sweet with floods of gall that runs comhin'd, 
 A pleasure passing ere in thought made ours." 
 
 A line in sonnet vi. — 
 
 *■ The grief was common, common were the cries." 
 
 has been imitated by Pope in the Epistle 
 to Abelard — 
 " The grief was common, common be the pain." 
 
 Flowers of the Forest, The. 
 
 Two ballads, one of which, beginning — 
 
 " IVc heard the lilting at our ewe-milking," 
 
 was written by Miss Jane Elliott, of 
 Minto, and was suggested by the losses 
 Sustained by the Scottish axmy at the Bat- 
 tle of Plodueu : — 
 
 "Doolnndwae fortho order sent our lads to the 
 Border ! 
 The English, for ance, by guile wan the day i 
 The Flowers of the Forest, that loucht nye the fore- 
 most. 
 The prime o' our land, are cauld in the clay." 
 
 The other, beginning — 
 
 • " I've seen the smiling 
 
 Of Fortune beguiling," 
 
 was composed by Mrs. Cockbubn (d. 1794), 
 and was occasioned by the bankruptcy of a 
 number of gentlemen in Selkirkshire. 
 Both poems end with the line, 
 
 " The Flowers of the Forest are a wede away." 
 
 Flowers of Wit, The : " or, a 
 Choice Collection of Bons Mots, both An- 
 cient and Modern, with Biographical and 
 Critical Kemarks/' by the Bev. Henry 
 Kett ; published in 1814. 
 
 Floyer, Sir John, M.D. (b. 1649, 
 
 d. 1734), was the author of Pharmalcobasa- - 
 nos. or the ToucJistoi}e of Medicines (1687), 
 and The Physician's Pulse-Watch (1707). 
 
 Fludd, Robert, pliysician and 
 philosopher (b. 1571, d. 1637), wrote Philo- 
 sophia Mosaica, sm.d' Jffistoria Macro and 
 Micro Cosmi, Metyphysica, Phpsica, et 
 Technical He was a follower of Parace- 
 lano. 
 
 Fluellen, in Shakespeare's play 
 of Henry V. (q.v.), is a Welsh captain and 
 a pedant. 
 
 Flur. The bride of Cassivelfinn 
 in Tennyson's Geraint and Enid, " for 
 whose love the Komiin Csssar first invaded 
 Britain.'* 
 
 Flush, my Dog, To. Stanzas hy 
 Elizabeth Babbbtt Browning (1809 — 
 1861) . Flush was a gift to the authoress 
 from her * ' dear and admired ' ' friend. Miss 
 Mitford, and belonged to "the beaiiriful 
 race she has rendered celebrated among 
 English and American readers.'' 
 
 Flute. The hellows-mender in A 
 
 Midsummer Night's Dream (q.v.). 
 
 Flutter, Sir Fopling. The hero 
 of Ethbbege's comedy of The Man of 
 Mode (q.v,), by whom the author is sup- 
 posed to have intended a certain Beau 
 Hewit, who. was a notorious fop in his 
 time. 
 
 Flutter. Tlift name of a silly, 
 effeminate fop in Mrs. Cowley's Belle's 
 Stratagem (q.v.). 
 
 "Fly from the world, O Bessy, 
 
 to me.** First line of a song by Thomas 
 Moore ; addressed to his wife. 
 
 " Ply not yet, 'tis just the hour." 
 First line of a poem by Thomas Mdoke. 
 
 Flyting betwixt Montgomerie 
 
 and Polwart, The; A poem by Albxan- 
 DEK MosTQOMEKY (1540—1607), published 
 iu 1629, and included in Watson's Choice 
 
254 
 
 PCE 
 
 POO 
 
 Collection of Poems (1711). The old idea of 
 a " flyting " was that of a " flit " (as our 
 old word haa it), or contention between 
 two poets, and was derived from the " ten- 
 son," or *'ieu parti " of early Provenpal 
 poetry. Morley aptly calls it a " metrical 
 scolding-match." Of such was the Flyting 
 qf Danbar and Kennedy (1507), and, Tater 
 GtiU, that in which John Skelton and Sir 
 Christopher Gamesche, gentleman-usher 
 to Henry VIII., engaged. 
 
 Fcjedera, Conventiones, Iiiterse: 
 "et cujuscunque generis Acta publica 
 inter Reges Anglias.^et alios quos vis Im- 
 peratores, Reges, etc. Ab anno 1101, ad 
 nostra usquo tempora habita aut tractata." 
 A work compiled by Thomas Bymer 
 (1638—1714), the nature of which is suffi- 
 ciently explained by its title. The first 
 volume was published in 1703, but the work 
 finally grew to fifteen volumes folio be- 
 fore Kymer's death, after which five more 
 were added by Robert Sanderson. The 
 whole was reprinted at the Haaue in ten 
 volumes in 1739, and an abridgment- in 
 French by Rapin was included in Le 
 Clerc's Biblioih&que, an English translar 
 tion of which was made by Stephen What- 
 iey in 1731. 
 
 " Foemen -worthy of their steel, 
 In." See stanza 10, canto v., of Scott's 
 J^ady of the Lake (q.v.). 
 
 Foible. A chamber-maid in Con- 
 greve's comedy of The Way of the World 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Foigard. A priest in Farquhar's 
 comedy of The Beaux's Stratagem (q.v.). 
 
 Foker, Mr. Henry. Lady Agnes 
 Poker's son, in Thackeray's novel of 
 Pendennis (q.v.). He eventually marries 
 Blanche Amory (qjV.). 
 
 Follie's Anatomie : " or. Satyrs 
 and Satyricall Epigrams, with a compendi- 
 ous history of Ixion's Wheele," by Henry 
 HuTTOir (1600—1671) ; printed iu 1C19, and 
 reprinted by the Percy Society. This in- 
 teresting work gives a vivid and caustic 
 description of the manners of the time. 
 
 Folliott, Rev. Dr. A character 
 in Peacock's novel of Crotchet Castle 
 (q.v.). ; designed, it is said, as an amende 
 honorable to the clergy, whom the author 
 had satirised under various characters in 
 his other novels. See Gaster, Dr. ; 
 Grovelgrub, Dr. 
 
 " Follo'w a shadow, it still flies 
 you." Song by Bex Jonson, in The 
 
 Jf'orest, viii. 
 
 "Folly as it files. Shoot."— 
 
 Pope's Essay on Man^ epistle i., line 12. 
 
 "Folly at full length, But." Last 
 line of a two-verse epigram by Lord Ghes- 
 lERFiELD, On seeing a •whole-length Par- 
 
 trait of Nash between the busts of Sir Ijoao 
 Newton and Pope in tJie rooms at Bath : — 
 " The picture, plac'd the busts between, 
 GivcH Batirc all Ita etrength ; 
 ■Wisdom and Wit nrc little seen, 
 But Folly at full length." 
 
 "Folly to be wise." See " Igno- 
 rance 3S Bliss." 
 
 Fonblanque, Albany W., jour- 
 nalist (b. 1797, d. 1872), was for some time 
 editor of The Examiner, and published a 
 series of his contributions to that paper 
 under the title of England under Seven 
 Administrations, See his Life and Labours 
 (1874). 
 
 Fondle"wife. -A banker in Cox- 
 GREVE's comedy of The Old Bachelor 
 (q.v.). 
 
 "Fontarabian echoes borne, 
 On." — ScojT, Marmion, canto vi., stanza 
 23. 
 
 "Food for po*wder." — K. Henry 
 IV., part i., act iv., scene 2. 
 
 " Fool at forty is a fool indeed, 
 
 A." A line in Young's poem, Night 
 TJioughts, night i., 1. 418. 
 
 "Fool me to the top of my 
 
 bent, They." — Hamlet, act iii., sc. 2. 
 
 " Fool must now and then be 
 
 right, by chance, A."~Cowper, Conversa- 
 tion. 
 
 Fool of Quality, The. A novel 
 by Henry Brooke (1706—1783), published 
 in 1766, during which year it ran through 
 three editions. Wesley issued an abri^- 
 ment of it at a later date, and it was also 
 edited by the Kev. Charles Kingsley, with 
 an appreciative memoir of the author. 
 Soutliey styled Brooke " a man of undoubt- 
 ed genius," and Charlotte Bronte made 
 The Fool of Qualify one of the dearest pos- 
 sessions of her childhood. 
 
 Fool, The, in Shakespeare's tra^- 
 edy of King Lear, " is no comic buffoon to 
 make the groundlings laugh, no forced 
 condescension of Shakespeare's genius to 
 the taste of his audience. Accordingly," 
 says Coleridge, " the poet prepares for his 
 introduction— which he never does 'witji 
 any of his common clowns and fools— by 
 bringing him into living connection with 
 the pathos of the play. He is as wonderful 
 a creature as Caliban (q.v.) ; his wild bab- 
 blings and inspired idiocy articulate and . 
 gauge the horrors of the scene." *' The 
 king'afool," says Schlegel, " notwithstand- 
 ing the voluntary degradation which is 
 implied in his situation, is, after Kent, 
 Lear's most faithful associate, his wisest 
 counsellor." 
 
 " Fools admire, but men of 
 sense approve." See Pope's Essay wj 
 Criticism, pt. ii., 1. 191. 
 
FOO 
 
 FOR 
 
 255 
 
 "Fool's Paradise, In this." A 
 
 ?liraso used by Ckabbe in his poem of 
 ^Ae JBorougk, letter xii., '* Players." See 
 Paradise Lost (iii., 495) :— ' 
 
 "The Paradise of Fools, to few unfenown.'* 
 
 Fool's Preferment, A ; " or, the 
 Three Dukes of Dunstable." A comedy 
 by Thomas D'TIrfey (1650—1723), acted in 
 1688. It is little more than a transcript 
 from Fletcher's tragedy of The Two Noble 
 Kinsmen ,* one scene being taken from a 
 novel called The Humours ctf Basset. The 
 Bongs ill this play were all composed by 
 Purcell, 
 
 " Fools rush in "where angels 
 fear to tread.*' Line 66, pt. iii., of Pope's 
 Essay on Criticism.^ 
 
 "Fools that roam, And they 
 
 are.'* Cotton, The Mreside, stanza 3 — 
 
 "From our own selves our joya inuat flow, 
 And that dear hut — our home." 
 
 " Fools, -who came to scoff, 
 remained to pray, And." Line 180 in 
 Goldsmith's poem of The Deserted Vil- 
 lage (q.v.). 
 
 Foord, Emanuel. See Farismus. 
 
 " Foot has music in 't, His 
 
 very." — ^Mickle, TJie Mariner^ s Wife. 
 
 " Foot is on my native heath, 
 My." — See Scott's novel of Mob Boy, ch, 
 xxxiv. 
 
 " Foot of time, Noiseless falls 
 
 the." — W. R, Spencer, Lines to Lady A. 
 Hamilton:— 
 
 "That only treads on flowers." 
 
 Poote, Samuel, dramatist (b. 1722, 
 d. 1777), wrote The Auction of Pictures 
 (1784) ; Taste (1752) ; The Englishman in 
 Pans (1753) ; Tlie Knights (1754) ; The 
 Englishman returned from. Paris (1766) ; 
 The Author (1757) ; The Minor (1760) ; The 
 Orators (1762) ; The X/yar (1762) ; The 
 Mayor of Gwrrat (1764) ; The Patron (1764); 
 The Commissary (1765) ; Prelude on Open- 
 ing tJie Theatre (1767); The Lame Lover 
 (1770) ; Piety in Pattens (1773) ; TJie Jlanlc^ 
 rupt (1776) ; The Devil upon Two Sticks 
 (1768); The Maid of Hath (VI7-i) ; The Na- 
 bob (1772) ; The Cozeners (1774) ; TJie CapVr- 
 chin (177C) ; A Trip to Calais (1778) ; Th& 
 Tryal of Samuel Foote {ViGZ) \ The Diver- 
 sions of the Morning (1747) ; Lindamira 
 (1805); TJie Slanderer; and The Yowig 
 Hypocrite. His Dramatic Works appeared 
 m 1778. For Biography, see the TJfe by 
 Cooke (1805); Davies's I/ife of Garrick; 
 Boswell's Life of Johnson ; the Piographia 
 Drarnatica, ajid For sterns Essays. "Foote," 
 says Davies, ** was certainly a great and 
 fertile genius, superior to that of any 
 writer of the age ; his dramatic pieces 
 were, most of them, it is true, unfinished, 
 and several of them little more than 
 sketches ; but they are the sketches of a 
 
 master, of one who, if he had laboured 
 more assiduously, could have brought 
 them nearer to perfection. Foote saw the 
 follies and vices of mankind with a quick 
 and discerning eye ; his discrimination of 
 character was quick and exact ; his 
 humour pleasant, his ridicule keen, his 
 satire pungent, and his wit brilliant and 
 exuberant. He described withlidelity the 
 changeable follies and fashions of the 
 times, and his pieces, like those of Ben 
 Jonson, were calculated to please the 
 audiences of the day ; and for this reason 
 posterity will scarcely know anything of 
 them." 
 
 " Footprints on the sands of 
 
 time." A line from The Psalm of Life, by 
 
 H. W. LONGFELLOW^. 
 
 Footprints of the Creator : " or, 
 
 the Asterolepsis of Stromness." A geo- 
 logical work by Hugh Miller (1802— 
 1856), published in 1850. 
 
 Pop Dictionary, The : " Compiled, 
 for the use of the fair sex," by John 
 Evelyn (1620—1706). See Mundus Muli- 
 
 EBKIS. "^ 
 
 Foppington, Lord, irj Van- 
 brugh's comedy of The Relapse (q.v.), is 
 " the prince of coxcombs," and "proud of 
 being at the head " of so prevailing a 
 party. See Froth, Lord. 
 
 " For ever, Fortune, "wilt thou 
 prove." First line of a song addressed by 
 James Thomson (1700—1748) to his 
 "Amanda" (q.v.) :— 
 
 "All other blcBsings I resign ; 
 Make but the dear Amanda mine." 
 
 " Forbearance ceases to be a 
 virtue, Tliere is a limit at which."— 
 Burke, The Present Slcite of the Nation. 
 
 Forbes, Alexander, Lord Pitsliiro 
 (b. 1678, d. 1762), is said to have been the 
 prototype of Scott's Baron Bradwardine 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Forbes, Alexander Penrose, 
 D-C.L., Bishop of Brechin (b. 1817, d. 1875), 
 wrote An Explanation of the Thirty-nine 
 Articles, The Church of England and the 
 Doctrine of Papal Infallibility, A Commen- 
 tary on the Litany, An Explanation of the 
 Nicene Creed, The *D/eepening of ilU 
 Spiritual Life, and various charges and 
 sermons and devotional manuals ; besides 
 editing The Remains of A. W. Hadden. See 
 Memoir (1876). 
 
 Forbes, Archibald, journalist 
 (b. 1838), has written Draion from Life, a 
 novel ; My Experiences of the JVar between 
 Prance and Germany (1871) ; and Soldier- 
 ing and Scribbling (1872). 
 
 Forbes, James David, D.C.L.» 
 
 scientific writer (b. 1809, d. 1868), wrote 
 Travels in the Alps of Savoy, Norway and 
 its Glaeicrst Th6 Theory of Glaeierst aud 
 
256 
 
 FOR 
 
 FOB 
 
 numerous miscellaneous papers and 
 pamphlets. See his Life of Principal 
 Sliairp and others (1873). 
 
 Forbes, John, of Corse (b. 1593, 
 d. 1648)) wrote Instmctiones Hiatorico^ 
 TheologiccB de Doctrina Christiana^ which 
 Dr. Lindsay Alexander descilbes as *' one 
 of the few very learned books which Scot- 
 land has produced." 
 
 Forbes, Patrick, Bishop of Aber- 
 deen (b. 1564, d. 1635), wrote a Commentary 
 on the Revelation (1613), and Exercitatumes 
 He verbo Dei et Dissertatio de ■ Versionibus 
 vemaculis. 
 
 Forbes, Sir John, pliysician (b. 
 1787. d. 1861), wrote a Manual of Medical 
 Jiibkography (1835) ; Ifomceqpatky, Allo- 
 pathy j and Physic (1846) ; and other works. 
 
 Forbes, "William, Bishop of Edin- 
 burgh (b. 1585, d- 1634), produced Consider- 
 ation.es Modestce et Pacificales Controver- 
 siarum de Justijicatione, Purgatorio, &c, 
 
 Forbouius and Frisoeria, The 
 
 Delectable History of. See Alaum 
 
 AG-AiNST Usurers. 
 
 Forced Marriage, The. A play 
 by John Armstrong (1709—1779), refused 
 hy Garrick, and published among other 
 Micellanies in 1770. Campbell describes it 
 as " a mortutim caput of stupidity-" 
 
 Ford, John, dramatist {b. 1586, d. 
 1639), wrote The Lover's Mela-ncJioly (1629), 
 (q.v.) ; 'Tis a pity she's a WJiore (1633), 
 (q.v.) ; The Broken Heart (1633), (q.v.) ; 
 P&rJdn Warbeck (1634) ; The Fancies, Chaste 
 and Noble (163}S), (q.v.) ; The Lady's Trial 
 (1639) ; Love's Sacrifice (1633), (q.v.) : Beau- 
 ty in a Trance (1653) ; The Sun's Jjarting 
 (1657) ; }yitch of Edmonton (with Dekker 
 and Rowley) ; The Royal Combat; An III 
 Beginning lias a Good End ; The Fairy 
 Knight (with Dekker) ; A Late Mwrther cf 
 the Sonne upon the Mother (with Webster) ; 
 and r/tc Bristowe MercJtant (with Dekker). 
 *'No poet," says Swinburne, in his ^ssa?/* 
 and Studies, "is less forgetable than Ford ; 
 none fastens, as it were, the fangs of his 
 genius and his will more deeply in your 
 memory. You cannot shake hands with 
 him and pass by ; you cannot fall in with 
 him and out again at pleasure : if ho touch 
 you once he takes you, and wliat he takes 
 he keeps his hold of ; his work becomes 
 part of your thought and parcel of your 
 spiritual furniture for ever ; he signs liim- 
 self upon you as with a seal of deliberate 
 and decisive power. His force is never 
 the force of accident ; the casual divinity 
 of beauty, which falls as though direct 
 from heaven upon stray lines and phrases 
 of some poets, falls never by any such 
 heavenly chance on his ; his strength of 
 impulse is matched by his strength of will ; 
 he never works more by inpllnct than by 
 resolution : he knows what he would have 
 
 and what he will do, and gains his end 
 and does his work with full conscience of 
 purpose and Insistence of design. By the 
 might of a great will, seconded by the 
 force of a great hand, ho won the place ho 
 holds against all odds of rivalry in a race 
 of rival giants. In that gallery of monu- 
 mental men and mighty memories, among 
 or above the fellows of his god-like craft, 
 the high figui-e of Ford stands steadily 
 erect ; his name is ineffaceable from the 
 scroll of our great writers ; it is one of the 
 loftier landmarks of English poetry." 
 
 Ford, Master, in Shakespeare's 
 comedy of Tlie Merry Wives of Windsor, 
 is husband to the Mrs. Ford with whom. 
 Sir John Falstaff is in love. 
 
 Ford, Mrs. One. of the "merry 
 wives of Windsor," in Shakespeare's 
 comedy of that name (q.v.). Sir John Fal-* 
 staff is in love with her, but the doughty 
 knight is circumvented by her ingenuity, 
 and ultimately disgraced. 
 
 Ford, Richard (b. 1796, d 1858), 
 published^ Handbook to Spain (1845), a 
 selection from which, issued as Gaiheririgs 
 from Spain (18^), was highly commended 
 by "Washington Irving. He was also a fre- 
 quent contributor to The Quarterly Be-, 
 view. Mauromachia : the Bullfights of 
 Spain, by Lake Price and Richard Ford, 
 appeared in 1852. See the Memoir by Sir 
 W. Stirling Maxwell. 
 
 Fordun, John of, who derived his 
 name from a small village in Kincardine- 
 shire, and was a contemporary of Eichard 
 II., wrote a history of Scotland, from the 
 fabled emigration of the Scots from 
 Greece, in the days of Moses, to the death 
 of David I., in 1153, under the title of 
 Scotichronicon. This was continued, from 
 materials John left behind him, down to 
 the death of James I., hy Bower. The 
 Scotichronicon has been fi-equently printed, 
 
 "Forefinger of all time. The 
 stretched." — Tennyson, The Princess, 
 canto ii. 
 
 Foresight. An eccentric profes- 
 sor of astrology, and wealthy London citi- 
 zen, in CoNGKEVE's Love for Love (q.v.) 
 "The character of Foresight," says Dr. 
 Johnson, "was then common. Drydcn 
 calculated nativities ; both Cromwell and 
 King William had their lucky days ; and 
 Shaftesbury himself, though he had no re- 
 ligion, was said to regard predictions." 
 
 Forest, The. Fifteen short lyrics 
 by Ben Jonson, gathered together under^ 
 that title, and published for flie first time 
 in 1616. They include some of the most 
 admirable of the poet's pieces, such as the 
 address "To Penshurst," and the songs 
 beginning — 
 
 " Como, my Cello, let ua prove ;" . 
 " Kiss me, sweet, the waiy lover i ' 
 
FOB 
 
 POK 
 
 257 
 
 " Follow a shadow, it still flies you ; " 
 ** Drink to nic only with tliinc eyes.'* 
 
 Forester, Frank. The IJterfiry 
 pseudonym of Hekry William Herbert 
 (1807— 1858), an Englisli writer, long resi- 
 dent in America, who wrote many sporting 
 and other works. 
 
 Foresters, The. A tale by Pro- 
 fessor John Wilson (1785—1854), pub- 
 lished in 1825. 
 
 Foresters, The. A poem by 
 Alexander Wilson (1766—1813), descrip- 
 tive of a pedestrian jouYiiey performed by 
 two friends and himself to the Falls of 
 Niagara. 
 
 "Forget not yet the tried in- 
 tent." First line of a lyric by Sir Thoihas 
 
 WVATT. 
 
 "Forgiveness to the injured 
 
 does belong." First line of a couplet in 
 DiiYDEN's play of The Conquest of Gra- 
 nada^ pt. ii., act i., sc, 2 : 
 " For they nc er pardon who have done the wroug.' 
 Tacitus had already said, " Proprium 
 liumani generis odisse quern laeseris." 
 
 Formosa. Tlie name of the pre- 
 tended island, " subject to the Emperor of 
 Japan," which George Psalmanazar 
 ^.vO professed to describe in his famous 
 Mistorical and Geographical Description, 
 
 Forrester, Alfred Henry, comic 
 and miscellaneous writer and artist (b. 1805, 
 d. 1€72), published Leaves from my Memo- 
 randum Book, Eccentric Tales, The Wan- 
 dering^ of a Pen and Pencil, The Comic 
 Arithmetic, The Phantasmagoria of F^i/n, 
 A Bundle of Crowquills, Magic and Mean- 
 ing It, Railway Raillery, Absurdities, and 
 many other works. See Growquill, 
 Alfred. 
 
 Forrester, Fanny. Tlie nom de 
 plume of Miss Emily Chubbuck, after- 
 wards Mrs. Adoniram JuDSON(1817-la54), 
 an American authoress, who wrote, among 
 other works, Tlie Great Secret : or. How to 
 
 be Happy ; Allen lAicas : or, the Self -made 
 Man ; Memoir of Mrs. So/rah B, Judson ; 
 aud Trippings in Author-land. 
 
 Forrester, G-ilbert. The nom de 
 plume under which Henry Bbaddon, 
 lather of the novelist, contributed to sport- 
 ing periodicals. 
 
 Forrester, Mrs., novelist, lias writ- 
 ten Miss Forrester, My Hero, Fair Women, 
 From Olympus to Imdes, Diana Carew, 
 and other stories. 
 
 Forsaken Merman, The. A lyric 
 by Matthew Arnold, telling the story 
 of a merman who marries a mortal woman 
 and is deserted by her. 
 
 Forster, John, historian, biog- 
 rapher, essayist, aud jourualist (b. 18ia, 
 
 d. 1876), wrote Statesmen- of the O)mmon- 
 loealth qf England (1831—34) ; A Life of 
 Oliver Goldsmith (1848) ; Biographical and 
 Histoi^cal Essays (1869) ; The Arrest of the 
 Five Members oy Charles the First, and- 
 Debates on the Grand Remonstrance (1860); 
 Sir John Eliot, a bio^-aphy (1864) ; Walter 
 Savage Landor, a biography (1868) ; The 
 Life of Charles Dickens (1872—74) ; and^ 
 Li fe (^ Jonathan 5w*/c-(untinished)^ 1876). 
 He was at one time editor of The Daily 
 News (1846), and afterwards conducted 
 Tite Examiner (1847—58.) 
 
 Forsyth, "William, LL.D., miscel- 
 laneous writer (b 1812)^ has publishedj On 
 the Law of Composition with Creditors 
 (1841) ; Hortensius : or, the Officeand Duty 
 of an Advocate (1849) ; On the Law relating 
 to the- Custody of Infants (1850) : The His- 
 tory of Trial by Jury (1852) ; Napoleon at 
 St. Helena, and Sir Hudson Lowe (1853) ; 
 A Life of Cicero (1864) ; Rome and its Ruins 
 (1865) ; Cases and Opinions in Consiitv^ 
 tional Law (1869) ; Novels and Novelists of 
 the Eighteenth Century (1871) ; Hannibal 
 in Italy, a drama (1872) ; and Essays, Criti^ 
 cal and Narrative (1874). 
 
 Fortesoue, Sir John (circa 1422 
 —1476), was the author of De Laudtbua 
 Legum Anglice (q.v,), and The Difference 
 between Absolute ana Limited Monarchy, 
 See Foss's Livesof the Judges of England, 
 
 Fortinbras. Prince of Norway, 
 
 in Hamlet (q.v.). 
 
 Fortunate Isles, The. A masque 
 by Ben Jonson, produced in 1627. 
 
 Fortuuatus, Old. A comedy by 
 Thomas Dekker, produced in 1600, and 
 founded on a popular romance of the 15th 
 century, in which Fortuuatus is presented 
 by Fortune with an inexha'ustible purse, 
 aud a wishing-cap, which had the power 
 of transporting its wearer to any part of 
 the world he willed. The same legend 
 supplies the groundwork of Ludwig Tieck's 
 Pluxntastes (1816), and innumersible allu- 
 sions to it occur in the old English poets. 
 
 Fortune, Lady: "TheBoke of 
 
 the fayre Gentylwoman, that no man 
 shulde put his truste, or conf y dence in, that 
 is to say, Lady Fortune," by Sir Thomas 
 More (1478 — 1535) ; printed circa 1540. It 
 is prefaced by ti poetical prologuCj in which 
 Fortune is represented as sitting on a 
 lofty throne, smiling on all mankind, who 
 are gathered around her, eagerly expect- 
 ing a distribution of her favours. 
 
 "Fortune and to fame Un- 
 known, To."— Gray, Elegy in a Country 
 Churchyard. 
 
 "Forty feeding like one." An 
 
 expression used by Wordsworth in some 
 verses, Writtenin Ma,rch. 
 
 "Forty-parson poyrer, A." See 
 
258 
 
 FOR 
 
 FOU 
 
 Btaiiza 34, canto x., of Bysok's poem, of 
 jUcn Juan, 
 
 Forty Thieves, The. A leading 
 Bet of robbers in tbe story of "' All Baba," 
 
 in the Arabian Nights. Also, tbe title of 
 a burlesque, by J. 11. Planche. 
 
 Foscari. A tragedy hy Mary 
 Russell Mitford (1786—1855), produced 
 in 1826. 
 
 Foscari, The Two. An historical 
 tragedy, in five acts, by Lord Byron (1788 
 — 1824), publisbed m 1811, and founded, 
 like Miss Mitford's play, upon a famous 
 event in Venetian bistoi^'. 
 
 FosB, Corporal. An attendant on 
 Lieutenant Wortbington, in The Poor 
 
 Gentleman (q v.). 
 
 Foss, Edward (b. 1787, d. 1870), 
 wrote The Judges o/^nfifZand(1848— 64), &c. 
 See GiFFORD. 
 
 Fossile. A character in Three 
 Hours after Marriage^ a farce by Pope, 
 Gay, and Arbuthxot, whlcb seems to 
 bave been intended for Dr. Woodward, a 
 pbysician by profession and an antiquary 
 by taste. 
 
 Foster, James, Baptist minister 
 (b. 1697, d. 1753), published four volumes 
 of sermons, a treatise on natural religion, 
 and a reply to Maltbew Tindal'a Christi- 
 anity as old as the Creation. 
 
 Foster, John, (b. 1770, d. 1843), 
 published Essays^ in a Series of Letters to 
 a Friend, the best known of wbich is " On 
 Decision of Character. " " On tbe Evils of 
 Popular Ignorance" appeared in 1830, and 
 was followed by other works, the chief onr , 
 Contributions, biographical^ Literary^ and 
 Philosophical^ ip tlie "Eclectic Jievietc" 
 being publi^ed in 1840. A volume of se- 
 lections from his writmgs has been pub- 
 lished in Bohn's Standard Librari/- " Not 
 properly," says Isaac Taylor, " is this 
 great writer spoken of as philosophic ; 
 much less was bis turn scientific ; nor, in 
 any ordinaiy sense of the term, was his 
 mode of thinking theological, or simply 
 scriptural ; yet religious it was in the full- 
 est sense, and most decisively Christian. 
 We say his style was absolutely his own — 
 elaborate in a high degree, but, at the 
 game time, singularly inartificial and op- 
 posed to whatever is conventional, Foster 
 possessed in an eminent degree the power 
 of presenting the most trite themes in a 
 manner so novel, and which yet was 
 neither quaint nor affected, as actually to 
 startle the reader. It is in this way that 
 his religious and ethical writings com- 
 manded FO much attention at the moment 
 of their first appearance.". See The Life 
 and Correspondence of John Poster, by Dr. 
 Eyland ; also the Life by Shepherd. 
 
 Fotheringay, Miss. An actress 
 
 in Thackeray's novel of Pendeimist 
 with whom the hero is at one time in love. 
 Her real name is Costigan. 
 
 Foules, The Assembly of. A 
 
 poem by Geoffrey Chaucer (1328—1400), 
 probably written in 1358. It is composed 
 of Chaucer's characteristic measure, and 
 is in the form of a dream, in which Kature 
 holds ** as chief of the birds to be mated, a 
 female eagle, of which the poet celebrates 
 the grace and beauty." The different male 
 eagles urge their suit, and Chaucer •* there- 
 upon exercises his sense of humour by 
 representing the opinions of other classes 
 of birds upon this suit in particular and 
 love in general. Nature, bidding tbe quar- 
 rel cease, calls on the lady eagle to speak 
 for herself, but counsels "her to take the 
 royal tercel. She answers, timidly, that she 
 must wait another year. Nature, there- 
 fore, counsels the three suitors to wait 
 patiently, and proceeds to the family of 
 the other birds." Much of the poem is 
 founded upon Alfdn de I'lsle's Be Planctu 
 NaturcB* 
 
 Foundling Hospital for Wit, 
 
 The: "intended for the reception and 
 preservation of such brats of Wit and Hu- 
 mour whose parents choose to droptliem." 
 A collection of epigrams published in 1743. 
 The New Foundling Hospital for Wit, be' 
 ing a Collection of Pngitive Pieces in prose 
 and verse, appeared in six volumes, in 
 1784. 
 
 Fountain of Life, The. A name 
 
 fiven to Alexander Hales, a friar and 
 istiuguished scholar of the thirteenth 
 century. He was also called "Th» Irre- 
 fragable Doctor.'* 
 
 Fountain, The. A lyric hy Wil- 
 liam Wordsworth (1770—1850), in which 
 the poet starts, Hutton says, from the same 
 mood as Tennyson in his Tears, Idle Tears 
 (q.v.). It contains these lines — 
 
 " The wiser mind 
 Mourns less for what afsc tnk^R away 
 
 Than what it leaves behind." 
 " And often, glad no more, 
 TVe wear a face of joy bccauEe 
 
 We have been glad of yore." 
 
 Fountaine, Sir Andre'w, anti- 
 quary (b. 1680, d. 1753), is said by Warton 
 to be the original of Annius in The Dunr 
 dad (q.v.). 
 
 Four dements. Of the Nature 
 
 of the. "A new interlude and a mery, 
 declarynge many proper poynts of phylos- 
 ophy, and of dyuers strange laudys." by 
 John Bastell (d. 1536), a leame'd typo- 
 grapher, brother-in-law to Sir Thomas 
 More. The characters are a Messenger, 
 who speaks the prologue, Nature, Human- 
 ity, Studious pesire. Sensual Appetite, a 
 Taverner, Experience, and lemorance. 
 *' In the cosmographical part of the play,'* 
 says Warton, '* the tracts of America re- 
 
POTJ 
 
 FRA 
 
 259 
 
 cently discovered, and the maimers of the 
 natives, are described." 
 
 Fourth Estate, The. A term gren- 
 eraily, thougli not veiy accurately, applied 
 to the Newspaper press. It is also the 
 title , of a work by Fkedeeick Knight 
 HcNT(q.v.). See Newspapers. 
 
 Fo-wler, Edward, Bishop of Crlou- 
 cester (b. 1632, d. 1714), wrote The Design 
 of Divinity, and other works. 
 
 Fox, Francis, clergyman, (d. 
 1738), wrote The New Testament Explain- 
 ed, and other works. 
 
 Fox, The. A comedy by Ben 
 JoNSON ; also known as Volpone : or, the 
 JbiE (q.T.)- 
 
 Fox, or Foxe, John, martyrolo- 
 gist and miscellaueous writer (b- 1517, d. 
 15S7), wrote De Non Plectendis Morte Adul- 
 teris Consultatio (1548); De Censurd seu 
 4£xcommunicatione Eeclesiastica (1551); De 
 Chr^to Triumphante (1551) ; Tables of 
 Gramindr (1552); Acts and Monuments qf 
 the Church (11:62); and many other works, 
 for a list of which see Wooa's Athencs Ox~ 
 onienses. See, also,.Churton's Life of No- 
 well, Fuller's Church History, and other 
 authorities, ^ee Acts ajsh Monuments, 
 audCHRiSTO Tbiumphants;, De. 
 
 Fradubio, in Spensek's Faerie 
 Queene wooed and won Duessa (q.V-), He 
 surprised her while bathing one day, how- 
 ever, and discovered that she was a "filthy 
 old hag," and resolved to leave her, where- 
 upon he was instantly changed into a tree. 
 
 Frail Iiady. The person " of qua- 
 lity," whose adventures are related hy 
 SmoIjIiETT in his nov^ of Peregrine Pickle 
 (q.v.). Her real name was Lady Vane. 
 
 "Frailty, thy name is "Woman." 
 
 — Hamlet, act i., scene 2, 
 
 Frampul, Lord. See Goodstock, 
 The Host. 
 
 Francatelli, Charles Elme (b. 
 3805, d. 1876), published The Modem Cook 
 <1845)-; TM Cook's Guide (1861) ; and The 
 Moyal Mnglish and Foreign Confectionery 
 Book, 
 
 France, Ode to, by Samuel Tay- 
 lor Coleridge ; published in 1797. "His 
 finest," says Swinburne. 
 
 Francesca. A Venetian maiden 
 In Byron's Siege of Corinth (q.v.). She is 
 in love with Alo (q.v.), and when he re- 
 fuses to recant, dies of a broken heart* 
 
 Francesca da Rimini. A drama- 
 tic poem by James Hfnry Leigh Hunt 
 (1784—1859), published in 1816. Fraucesca 
 was the daughter of Guido da Polenta, 
 liord of Kavenna, in the latter part of the 
 thirteenth century, and was married to 
 Ijanciotto. son of Malatesta da Biminl. 
 
 who, discovering her criminal intercourse 
 with his brother, revenged blmself by put- 
 ting them both to death. Her story forms 
 an episode in Dante's Divina, Commedia. 
 
 Francesco's Fortunes. A novel 
 by UoBERT Greene, published in 1590. 
 
 Francillon, R. S., has published 
 Olympia, Pearl and Emerald, and other 
 novels. 
 
 Pi^ncis, Phillip, D.D. (d...l773), 
 is best known as the translator of Horace 
 and Demosthenes. He also wrote two 
 tragedies, called Eugenia and Constantine, 
 and several political pamphlels, 
 
 Francis, Sir Philip {b. 1740, d. 
 
 1818), was the author' of several political 
 and social pamphlets which are now of no 
 literary interest. His reputation depends 
 entirely upon the amount of credibility to 
 be bestowed tipon the theory which has 
 indicated him as the author of the famous 
 Juniuii Letters (q*v.). 
 
 Franciscanus. A satirifial poem 
 by George Buchanan (1506—1582). See 
 
 SOMNIUM. 
 
 Francklin, Thomas, ■ D.D. (b. 
 
 1784), published Translation, a poem 
 (1753) ; A Dissertation on Ancient Tragedy 
 (1760); A .Collection of Serm<^s (1787); 
 some dramatic pieces, and English ver- 
 sions of Sophocles, Cicero, Lucian, and 
 Voltaire. 
 
 Franco, Harry. The vom de ■plume 
 of Charles F. Briggs, an American au- 
 thor, who published Adventures of H. Ha, 
 a Tale (1839) ; The Trippings of 2mi Pep- 
 per (1847) ; and other works. 
 
 Frank, Mildmay : ^' or, the Naval 
 Officer." A novel by Captain THarry at, 
 published in 1829, and described by Han- 
 nay as "autobiography under a mask of 
 fiction — that is to say, the sea adventures 
 are the author's own,, while the character 
 of the hero pretends to no such reality." 
 
 Frankenstein : " or, the Modern 
 Prometheus." A novel by Mrs. Shelley 
 (1797^1851), published in 1818. It was com- 
 menced in the summer of 1&16, when 
 Byron and the Shelleys were residing on 
 the banks of the Lake of Geneva, and 
 when, " during a week of rain, having 
 amused themselves with reading German 
 ghost stories, they agreed at last to write 
 something in imitation of them. ' You 
 and I,' said Lord Byron, to Mrs. Shelley, 
 ' will publish ours together.' He then be- 
 gan his tale of the rampire ; " but " the 
 most memorable resrilt,'^ writes Moore, 
 ■'of their story-telling compact was Mrs. 
 Shelley's wild and powerful romance of 
 Frankenstein, one of those original con- 
 ceptions that take hold of tjiie public mind 
 at once and for ever." The hero of the 
 book, a native of Geneva, and a student 
 
260 
 
 PBA 
 
 FRB 
 
 at the University of lugolstadt, tells his 
 own story, and relates how, having dis- 
 covered the secret of the cause of life, he 
 creates a living being, eight feet high, who 
 thenceforth becomes the bane and torture 
 of his existence. The monster feels that 
 he is unlike all other human beings, and, 
 in revenge for the injury inflicted upon 
 him by his creator, murders his friend, his 
 brother, and Ids bride, and linally seeks 
 out Frankenstein himself, with a view to 
 wreaking a similar revenge on him. The 
 hero, however, happily escapes his enemy, 
 "Who retires to the utmost extremity of the 
 globe, in order to put an end to his mis- 
 erable life ; and Frankenstein himself 
 falls ill and dies on his way home after 
 his last final flight from the monstrosity 
 whom he has himself brought into the 
 world. 
 
 Franklin Benjamin. See Kich- 
 ARD, Poor. 
 
 Franklin, Eleanor Ann, first 
 wife of the famous navigator (b. 1795, d. 
 1825), published The Triumphs of Con- 
 stancy (1815), Ckxur de Lion (1822), and 
 other poems. 
 
 Franklin of Theology, The. A 
 
 title bestowed upon Andrew Fuller 
 <q.v.). 
 
 Frantic Lady, The: **a mad 
 Bong." Originally sang in one of D'Uk- 
 FEY's comedies, acted about 1694, and 
 probably composed by that popular song- 
 writer. It is printed in The aive : a Col- 
 lection of Songs. 
 
 Fraaer, Alexander Campbell, 
 
 LL.D., Professor of Logic in Edinburgh 
 University (b. 1819), has published Essays 
 in Philosophy (1856), Rational Philosophy 
 
 S858), and The Life and Letters of Bishop 
 erkeley ; besides contributing largely to 
 The North British RevieWf of which he 
 was editor from 1850 to 1857. 
 
 Fraser, James Baillie, novelist 
 
 and miscellaneous writer (b- 1783), d. 1856), 
 wrote The Kuzzilbash, The Highland Smug- 
 glers, a History of Persia^ and various 
 books of travel. 
 
 Praser's Magazine for To-wn 
 
 and Country. The first number of this pub- 
 lication Was issued in February, 1830- It is 
 notable as having been at one time or an- 
 ■ other the receptacle of contributions by 
 Coleridge, Carlyle, Thackeray, and other 
 of the foremost writers of this century. It 
 was edited for a short time by Mr. J. A. 
 Froude, who was succeeded by Mr. W. 
 Allingham. 
 
 Frateretto. The name of a fiend 
 mentioned by Edgar, in King Lear. See 
 
 FLIBBEBTiaiBBET. 
 
 Fraunce. Abraham, lawyer and 
 poet (circa 1550—1600), wrote Tfie Lamenta- 
 tions qf Amyntas, a poem (1587), and Lavh 
 
 iers' Logike (1588), besides various fugitive 
 
 verses. 
 
 Fray o' Support, The. A ballad, 
 printed by Scott in his Border Minstrelsy, 
 *'An English woman residing in Suport 
 (Cumberland), near the foot ot the Kers- 
 hope, having been plundered in the night 
 by a band of the Scottish moss-troopers, is 
 supposed to convoke her servants and 
 friends for the pursuit, or Hot Trod." 
 " Fr, lads I shout a' a* a' a' o' , 
 My gear's a* ganc." 
 
 " Free field, free love — ^we love 
 
 but while we may." Sir Tristram's song in 
 
 Tennyson's /d^Ws of the King (The Last 
 
 Tournament)^, 
 
 " The woods are hus'd, their music is no more ; 
 
 The leaf i» dead, the yearning past away ; 
 
 New leaf— new life — the days of frost are o'er : 
 
 New life — new love — to suit the newer day : . 
 New loves are sweet as those that went before : 
 Free love— free field— we love but while we 
 may" 
 
 " Freedom has a thousand 
 
 charms to show."— COWPER, Table Talk, — 
 
 " That slaves, howe'er contented, never know." 
 
 "Freedom shrieked — as Kos- 
 ciusko fell." Line 3S2, in Campbeix'S 
 poem, The Pleasures of Hope (q..v.). 
 
 Freeholder, The. A political peri- 
 odical, conducted by Joseph Addison, 
 and published twice a. week, from Decem- 
 ber 23, 1715, to the middle of the following 
 year. Steele said of it that the ministry 
 made use of a lute when they should have 
 called for a trumpet. 
 
 Freeman, Edward Augustas, 
 
 D.C.L., LL.D., historian and miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1823), ha§ written A History of 
 Architecture (1849) ; An JSssay on Window 
 Tracery (1850) ; The Architecture ofLland~ 
 aff Cathedral (1851) ; The History and Coti- 
 quests of the Saracens (1856) ; Ancient 
 Greece and Mediceval Italy in Oxford 
 Essays (1858) ; The History and Anttqui^ 
 ties of St. David'Sj with Rev. "W. Basil 
 Jones (1860) ; Tlte History of Federal 
 Government (1863) ; The Histon/ of the Nor- 
 man C^mguest (1866—76) ; Old English His- 
 tory far Children (1869) ; The Cathedral 
 Church of Wells (1870) ; Historical Essays 
 (1871—2—3) ; Growth of the English Con- 
 Btitutifm (1872); The Unity of History (1872); 
 Comparatii^e Politics (1873) ; T^sestablish- 
 ment and Disendotoment (1874) ; Historical 
 and Architectural Studies (1876) ; and vari- 
 ous articles. 
 
 Freeman, Thomas (b.ahoutl590), 
 had in his day some reputation as an 
 epigrammatist. See Wood's Athence Oxonr- 
 
 ienses. 
 
 Preeport, Sir Andrew. One of 
 
 the imaginary members of tlie Spectator 
 Club (q.v.); described as a London mer- 
 chant of great wealth and experience. 
 
PRE 
 
 FRI 
 
 261 
 
 Freer, Martha Walker, historian 
 (b. 1822), has written TJie lAfe of Marguerite 
 iPAngoul&me. Queen of Navarre (1854) ; 
 . Jeanne d^Albret, <^een of Navarre (1864) ; 
 Elizjbbeth de Valois and the Court of Philip 
 IX. (1857) ; Life of ifenry ///. qf France 
 (1858) ; The Last Decade of a Glorious Seign 
 (1863) J The Married L\fe of Anne of 
 Av^tHa (1864) ; and The Hegency of Anne 
 qf Austria (1866). 
 
 Freethinker, The. A periodical 
 started in 1718 by Asf bsose Philips (1671 
 — 1749), who was assisted by Dr. Hugh 
 Boulter, afterwards Archbishop of Ar- 
 magh ; the Bight Hon. Kichard West, 
 Lord High Chancellor of Ireland ; the 
 Bevs. Gilbert Buniet and Henrj Stevens, 
 and Welsted, whose contributions wefe 
 chiefly poetical. 
 
 Freethinking, A Discourse of, 
 
 by ANTHOiTY Collins (1676—1729) ; pub- 
 lished in 1713, and characterised by Drake 
 as a production which, though in a high 
 degree superficial and abusive, had, from 
 its novelty and effrontery, a considerable 
 circulation. "It takes for granted that 
 those who support revealed religi.on must 
 be the enemies of free inquiry, and the 
 clergy, as being professionally on the side 
 of scripture, are perpetually assailed with 
 invective and ridicule." It was satisfact- 
 orily answered by WTiarton, Hare, Hoad- 
 ley, and Bentley, the latter of whom wrote 
 under the signature of ** Phileleutherus 
 IJtpsiensis." 
 
 French lia-wyer, The Little. See 
 
 Little Fkench Lawyer, The. 
 
 "Frenchman's darling, The." — 
 
 OowpEB. The Taski book iv., *' Winter 
 Evening." 
 
 French Revolution, Reflections 
 
 on the, by Edmund Burke ; published in 
 1790. This eloquent attack on the prin- 
 ciples of the Revolutionists provoked Sir 
 Jam^ Mackintosh to a reply, entitled 
 VindicicB "GallicoR (q.v.). 
 
 French Revolution, The. A his- 
 tory, in three parts, by Thomas Caklyle 
 (b, 1795), published in 1837, aiid described 
 by Lowell as " a series of word-pictures, 
 unmatched for vehement power, m which 
 the figures of such sons of earth as Mir- 
 abean and Danton, loom gigantic and ter- 
 rible as in the glare of an eruption ; their 
 shadows swaying far and wide, grotesquely 
 awful. But all is painted by eruption 
 flashes in violent light and shade. There 
 are no half tints, no gradations, and we 
 find it impossible to account for the con- 
 tinuance in power of less Titanic actors in 
 the tragedy, like Robespierre, on any 
 theory, whether of human nature or of in- 
 dividual character, supplied by Mr. Car- 
 lyle." 
 
 French Revolution, the History 
 
 of the Kext. A humorous work by Wil- 
 liam Makepeack Thackeray (1811— 
 1863), illustrated by the author. 
 
 Frere and the Boye, A Mery 
 
 Geste of. An old poem, probably of 
 French origin, printed by Ritson in his 
 Ancient Popular Poetry. ** A punishment 
 similar to that of the wife in this story 
 appears tcv have been inflicted upon the 
 widow of St. Gengulph for presuming 
 to question the reality of her husband's 
 miracles." 
 
 Frere, John Hookham, diploma- 
 tist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1769, d. 
 1846), was the author of The Monks and 
 the &iants (q.v.) ; A Translation of the 
 Plays qf Aristophanes (1839), and a 
 volume of miscellanies called Theognis 
 Jiestitutus. He was also a contributor to 
 the Anti-Jacobin Review (q.v.). Ilis works 
 were published in two vole. (1872). See 
 WhistlecjBAft. 
 
 " Fresh woods and pastures 
 
 new. To-morrow to."— Mh-ton, I/ycidas, 
 line 193. Frequently quoted, though in- 
 correctly, "Fresh fields and pastures 
 new." 
 
 "Fretful porcupine. Like quills 
 
 upon the," — jydwiiei, act i., scene 5. 
 
 "Fretted with golden fire."— 
 
 Hamlet, actii., scene 2. 
 
 Friar of Orders Grey, The. A 
 
 ballad, compiled by Bishop Pebcy, of 
 Dromore, chiefly from fragments of 
 ancient songs which he found in Shake- ' 
 speare's plays. One passage is from Beau- 
 mont s^nd Fletcher. 
 
 Friars of Berwick, The. A 
 
 comic story by 'William Dukbar, in 
 which two friars describe how they de- 
 tected another in a love intrigue. 
 
 Fribble. A coxcomb in Gakeick's 
 farce of Miss in her Teens, *' sadly troubled 
 with weak nerves." 
 
 Friday, Man. A young Indian in 
 Bobmscm Crusoe (q.v.). He was saved 
 from death by Crusoe on a Friday, and 
 kept for a servant and companion . 
 
 Friedrich II. of Prussia, His- 
 tory of, by Thomas Carlyle (b. 1795) ; 
 begun in 1858 and completed in 1865. "-Mr. 
 Carlyle was hard bestead," says Lowell, 
 " and very far gone in his idolatry of mere 
 plucky when he was driven to choose Fried- 
 rich as a hero. Friedrich was doubtless a 
 remarkable man, but surely very far 
 below any lofty standard of heroic great- 
 nesB. Tlie book, we believe, has been 
 comparatively unsuccessful as a literary 
 venture. Nor do we wonder at it. It is 
 disproportionately long - a bundle of lively 
 episodes rather than a conti](iuouB narra:' 
 tfT€i. But the episodes are lively, thd 
 
262 
 
 FBI 
 
 mu 
 
 humour and pathos epring from a profound 
 nature, the sketches of character are mas- 
 terly, the seizure of every picturesque 
 incident infallible, and the literary 
 judgments those of a thorough scholar 
 and critic." 
 
 Friend, The. A series of essays, 
 hy Samuel Taylor Coleridgii:, orig- 
 inally published as a periodical, which 
 ran through twenty-seven numbers. A 
 few articles were written by other hands. 
 
 Friends in Council. A collection 
 of essays and conversations, by Sir 
 Akthub Helps (1817—1875), the first 
 series of which was publlslxed lu 1847. 
 
 " Friends, Komans, country- 
 men, lend me your ears." First line of 
 Marc Antony's speech over Geesar, in 
 Julius Ccesar, act iii., sc. 2, 
 
 " Friendship but a name ? And 
 
 what is."— Goldsmith, The Vicar of 
 Wakefield, chapter viii. (" The Her- 
 mit.") : — 
 
 " A chann that lulla to sleep, 
 A shade that follows wealth or fame. 
 
 And leaves the wretch to weep." 
 
 " Friendship, like love, is but 
 
 a name." — First line of T}ie Hare and 
 Many Friends, by John Gay. 
 
 "Friendship's laws (True) are 
 by this rule exprest : Welcome the com- 
 ing, speed the parting guest."— Pope's 
 Odyssey, xv., 83, 84. 
 
 Friendship in Death " Twenty 
 Letters from the Dead to the Living." By 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Kowe (1674—1737), pub- 
 lished in 1721. 
 
 "Frights the isle from her pro- 
 priety, It." — Othello, act ii., scene 3. 
 
 Friscobcildo. The name of n char- 
 acter in Thomas Dekkek's Honest WJtore 
 (q.v ) ; pronounced by Hazlitt " perfect, 
 in its way, as a picture of a broken-hearted 
 father with a sneer on his lips and a tear 
 in his eye." 
 
 "Frisked beneath the burden 
 
 of four-score, Has." Line 254 of Gold- 
 smith's poem of The Traveller (q.v.). 
 
 FrisTirell, James Hain, essayist, 
 novelist, and poet (b. 1827), has published, 
 among, numerous other works, Zife 
 Portraits of Shakespeare, The Gentle Life, 
 The Better Self, Other People's Windows, 
 One of Two, Out and About, About in the 
 World. Vana, and Francis Spira, and 
 Other Poems, besides editing and transla^ 
 ting works by Sidney, Montaigne, A 
 Kempis, and others. 
 
 Frith, Mary. See Cdtpukse, 
 Moll. 
 
 Frog, Nio. A personification of a 
 Dutdunan in Dr. Asbdihkoi's eaUre, 
 
 The History , of John Bull (q.v.) ; described 
 as " a cunning, sly rogue, covetous, fru- 
 gal," one who " minded domestic affairs, 
 would pinch his belly to save his pocket, 
 never lost a farthing by .careless seiTants 
 or bad debtors." 
 
 Froissart : " Thfe Cronicles of Eng- 
 lande, Fraunce, Spayne, Portyugale, Sdot- 
 lande,Bretayne, Flanders, and other places 
 adjoynynge, translated out of Frenche 
 into our maternalle Englysche Tonge/' by 
 " JoHAN Bourchier, Knight, Lord Ber- 
 NERS." Printed in 1523. The history ex- 
 tends from 1326 to 1400. Froissart resided 
 in England as Secretary to Queen Philippa 
 from 1361 to 1366, and visited it again m 
 1395, when he paid a visit to Scotland. 
 
 Frolicksome Duke, The : " or, 
 
 the Lucker's Good Fortune. A ballad on 
 the same subject as the induction to 
 Shakespeare's Taming cj/" the Shrew, re-_ 
 printed in Bishop Percy's Peliques. The 
 story is told of Philip the Good, Duke of 
 Burgundy, and is related in the pages of 
 Burton's Anatomy qf Melancholy, pt. il., 
 sec. 2, mem. 4. 
 
 "From his brimstone bed at 
 
 break of day." — Tlie Devil's Thoughts, by 
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 
 
 " From noiseful arms and acts 
 and prowess done." — " The Holy Grail," in 
 Tensyson's Idylls of the Xing. 
 
 " Frosty, but kindly." — As You 
 Like It, act ii., scene 3. Adam's descrip- 
 tion of his age. 
 
 Froth, Iiady, in Congreve's Double 
 Dealer, is a great coquette, who makes ri- 
 diculous pretensions to poetry, wit, and 
 learning. Lord Froth (q.v.), her husband, 
 is as solemn as she is silly* 
 
 Froth, Iiord. A solemn coxcomb 
 in CoNGREYE's Double Dealer, who, how- 
 ever, says some very amusing things. It is 
 he who would " as leave you had called 
 him fool " as " merry," and who " laughed 
 at nobody's jest but his own or his lady's." 
 He is a kindred spirit with Lord Fopping- 
 ton (q.v.). 
 
 Froth, Master. A character in 
 Measure for Measure (q.v.). 
 
 Froude, James Anthony, IiL.D., 
 
 historian and essayist (b. 1818), contributed 
 to The Lives of the English Saints ; and 
 has published The Shadows of the Clouds 
 (1847) ; The Nemesis of Faith (184D) ; The 
 History of England fromihe Fall of Wolsey 
 to the Death of Elizabeth (1856—70) ; two 
 series of Short Studies on Great Subjects 
 (1869, 1872, and 1877) ; and The English in 
 Ireland in the Eighteenth Century (1871— 
 4). He was for a short time the editor of 
 Eraser's Magazine (1871). 
 
 " Fruit of that forbidden tree, 
 Ihe."— Paradise Lost, book i., line 1 ;— 
 
-FUD 
 
 PUN 
 
 263 
 
 , " 'WTibae mortal tasto 
 Brought death into the world, and all our woe." 
 
 Fudge Doiivgs. See Lorgnette, 
 The, 
 
 Fudge, Foaming, in Vivian Grev 
 (q.T.), is said to be intended for Lord 
 Brougham. 
 
 Fudge Family in Paris, The : 
 
 " edited by Tlaomas Brown the Younger," 
 t.e., Thomas Moore. A series of partly 
 humorous, partly satirical poems, in the 
 form of letters, published in 1818, and 
 supplemented by The Fudges in Enqland, 
 1835. 
 
 " Fuel to the flames, Adding." 
 A phrase occurring in Milton's Samson 
 AgonisteSy line 1,350. 
 
 Fugitive Pieces, by Joanka Bail- 
 lie (1762—1851) ; consisting of Scottish 
 Bongs and some miscellaneous pieces. 
 
 Fulke, William. See Antiprog- 
 
 NOSTICON. 
 
 "Full fathom five thy father 
 lies." — ^First line of a song in T/ie Tempest, 
 act i., scene 2. 
 
 " Full many a flo^wer is born 
 to blush unseen.'* — Grav's Elegy written 
 in a Countri/ Churchyard, stanza 14 : — 
 
 " And va£te its sweetness on the desert air." 
 
 " Full many a gem of purest 
 
 ray sefene." — Grav's Elegy written in a 
 Country Churchyard, stanza 14 : — 
 
 " The dark tinfathoin'd caves of ocean bear." 
 
 " Full resounding line, The." 
 
 — Pope, Imitations of Horace, book ii., 
 epistle i., line 266, The description refers 
 to Bryden's verse :— 
 
 *• The long majestic march, and energy divine." 
 
 Fuller, Andre-w, Baptist minister 
 (1754 — 1815), wrote The Calvinistical and 
 Socinian Systems. examined and compared 
 as to their Moral Tendency (1794) ; TheGospel 
 its own Witness (1799—1800) ; The Baclc- 
 slider (1801)-; . and other epistolary and ex- 
 pository works. His complete works have 
 Dean reprinted in various forms. See 
 FRAjiKiiiif OF Theology. 
 
 Fuller, Sarah Margaret. See 
 
 OSSOLI. 
 
 FuUer, Thomas (b. 1608, d. 1661), 
 wrote Z>avid's Hainous Sinne, ITea/ftie Be- 
 pentance, Seavie Pv/nishmentt a poem 
 (1G31) ; The Histone of the Holy Warre 
 (1639^0—42—47—61) ; The Holy amd Pro- 
 fane States (1642 — 48 — 62 — 58) ; . Good 
 Tltoughfs in Bad Times (1643) ; Good 
 Thoughts in Worse Times (1646): Mixt 
 Contemplations in Better Tvmes (1660) ; Ati- 
 dronicus: or, the Unfortunate Politician 
 0649) ; A Pisgahrsight of Palestine (1650) ; 
 Tlie Church History of Britain from the 
 Bir£h<if Christ to 1648 (1656) ; The Appeal qf 
 
 Injured iTvnocence (1659) ; Tlie History of the 
 Worthies of England (1662) ; Ahel Itedivi- 
 VU8 : or, the Dead yet Speaking (1651) j and 
 many fugitive works, a list of which is 
 given by Lowndes in liie Bibliographer's 
 Manual. A Selection from the Writtngs of 
 Fuller was made by Arthur Broome (1816) ; 
 see also Charles Lamb's Works, and Basil 
 Montagu's Selections. The Lif^ of Fuller 
 was piiblishedby the Rev. A. T. Eussell in 
 1844. " The writings of Fuller," says 
 Charles Lamb, *' are usually designated by 
 the title o^ quaint, and with sufticieiit rea- 
 son ; for such was his natural bias to con- 
 ceits that, I doubt no.t, upon most occa^ 
 sions, it would have been going out of his 
 way to have expressed himself out' of_ 
 them. , But his wit is not always lumen 
 slccum, a, dry faculty of surprising. On the 
 contrary, his conceits are oftentimes deeply 
 steeped in human feelilig and passion. 
 Above all, his way of telling a story, for its 
 eager liveliness, and the perpetual running 
 c< >mmentaiy of the narrator, happily blendr 
 ed with the narration, is perhaps un- 
 equaljed." " Next to Shakespeare,^' says 
 Coleridge, " I am not certain whether 
 Thomas Fuller, beyond all writers, does 
 not excite in me the sense and emotions of 
 the marvellous.' 
 
 FuUerton, Lady Georgiana, nov- 
 elist (b.l812), has published Ellen Middleion 
 (1544); Grantley Manor ; Lady Bird (1852); 
 Jiose Deblcmc (1860) ; Lawrentia- : a Taleof 
 Japaji(lS61); Too Strange not to he True 
 (1864) ; ConstdSkce Sherwood (1665) ; A 
 Stormy Life (1867) : Mrs. Gerald's Niece 
 (1871); The Gold Digger, and other Verses 
 (1871) ; A Life of Louisa De Ca-rvajal 
 (1873); and a Life of Father Henry Touna 
 qf Dublin (1874). 
 
 Fulwell, U. See Flower op Fame ; 
 Like "Will, 
 
 Funeral Elegies, by Dr. John 
 Donne (1573—1631). These exhibit all bis 
 subtlety of thought and ruggedness of ver- 
 sification, and many passages have a sonor- 
 ous dignity, like the prose of Bacon or 
 Sir Thomas Browne. 
 
 Funeral of Napoleon the Sec- 
 ond, by William Makepeace ThacIc- 
 ERAY (1811—1863); originally published in 
 a separate form, and reprinted in The 
 Coniltill Magazine. 
 
 Funeral, The. A play by Sir 
 Richard Steele (1671—1729), acted in 
 1703, and described by Hazlitt as " trite, 
 tedious, and full of formal grimace. The 
 characters are made either affectedly good 
 and forbearing, or purposely bad ana dis- 
 gusting." 
 
 "Funeral baked meats, The." 
 — Hamlet, act i., scene 8. 
 
 Fungoso. An unlucky character 
 in Ben Jonson's play, Eve)'y Man in Hia 
 Humour (q.v.). 
 
264 
 
 PUR 
 
 JAM 
 
 Tur Frsedestinatus : " sive, l)ia- 
 logismus inter quendam OrdiniePraedican- 
 tiuin Calvinistam et Furem ad haqueam 
 damnatum habitus/ ' Attributed variously 
 to Henry Slatins (by Jackson in Ma ii/is 
 cf Ooodwin), and to Wiluam Sancboft, 
 Arcllbisliop o£ Canterbury (1616—1693). It 
 •was translated into English and published 
 hy the Rev. B. Nichols in 1814, under the 
 title of The Predestined Thief: or, a Dior 
 logue between a Calvinistic Preacher and a 
 Thief condemned to t?te Gallows, Macaulay 
 characterises it as " a hideous caricature of 
 Galvanistic theology." 
 
 Furioso, Bombastea. See Bou- 
 
 BASTE3 Furioso. 
 
 Furor. Tlie son of Occasion, who 
 was bound by Sir Guyon "with a hundred 
 iron chains and a hundred knots," In 
 Spenser's Faerie Queene (q.v.). 
 
 "Fury of a patient man. 
 Beware the." Bryden, Absalom and 
 Achitopliely part i. , lino 1,005. 
 
 " Pye on sinful fantasy." — ^First 
 line of a song in T/te Merry Wives of Wind- 
 
 Gabbler Gridiron. The pseudo- 
 nym under which Joseph Hazlewood 
 published Greenroont Gossip, or Gravity 
 Gallinipt : a Gallimaufry, consisting qf 
 Tkeatrical Anecdotes (1809). 
 
 Gaberlunzie Man, The. A ballad 
 by James V. of Scotland (1612—1642), in 
 which, as in The Jolly Beggar (q.v.), he de- 
 scribes a love adventure of his own. The 
 GaberlunzWs Wallet is tlie title of a work 
 by James BAiiLANTiKE (b. 1808). 
 
 Gabriel Lajeunesae. The affi- 
 - anced husband of Evangeline in Longfel- 
 low's poem of the latter name (q.v.). 
 
 Gaddesden, John of (circa 1320). 
 See KosA Anglica. 
 
 Gadshill, near Rochester, in Kent, 
 is noted as the place where Sir John Fal- 
 BtafiE (q.v.) and his companions attacked 
 and robbed a party of four travellers. It 
 is the name also of one of Falstaff's com- 
 panions (King Henry /K., part i.). Warton 
 speaks of having read a ballad by Phaer 
 called Gads-Hilt, and of a certain '* bal- 
 lette" called The liobery at Gads-Hill, un- 
 der the d^ite 1568. Charles Dickens resided 
 at Gadshill for many years. 
 
 Gaelic Society, The, formed " to 
 accustom members to ■ the Language. 
 Poetry, Music, and Dress of the Gael," was 
 instituted in 1830, 
 
 Gaheris, Sir. A Knight of tlie 
 Eotind Table, celebrated in the old ro- 
 
 Galahad, Sir. A lyric, by Ali-ked 
 Tennyson, published in 1842. This mono- 
 logue of "a maiden knight " should be 
 read in connection with The Holy Grail, in 
 which Sir Galahad makes his re-appear- 
 ance. See Wartou's English Poetry. 
 
 Galathea. A play, \>y John Ltlt, 
 produced in 1592. Galathea and Phillida' 
 are two maidens, who, meeting one another 
 in masculine attire, fall in love with each 
 other. 
 
 " Galileo with his ■w^oes, The 
 
 starry."- Byron, Childe .Harold, cautb 
 iv., stanza 54. 
 
 " Galled jade wince, Let the." — 
 
 Hamlet, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 "Gall enough in thy ink, Let 
 
 there \ie."— Twelfth Night, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 " Gallery critics." — Cowpek, The 
 
 Task, book 11. 
 
 Galloway Poet, The. A title 
 given to William- Nicholson, author of 
 Tlte Brownie of Blednoch (q.v.). 
 
 Gait, John, novelist and miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1779, d. 1839), wrote The 
 Ayrshire Legatees (1820), Annals of the 
 Parish (1821), Sir Andrew Wylie (1822), 
 The Provost (1822), The Entail (1823), and 
 many other works, including a* Life of 
 Byron (1830), a list of which is given in 
 Lowndes' Bibliographer^ s Manual. For bio- 
 graphy, see his Life, written by himself 
 (1833-4), and Mrs. Thompson's Recollec- 
 tions of Literary Characters. For criticism, 
 see Ttie Quarterly JReview, vols. vii. and 
 xxvi. ; The Edinburgh Beview, vol. xxiii. ; 
 and The Westminster Review, vols. xii„ 
 xiii., xvi., and xvii. See Clabke, Eev. 
 Mr. ; Todd, Laurie. 
 
 Galton, Francis (b. 1822), has 
 written Hereditary Genius, its Laws and 
 Consequences (1869), and other works. 
 
 Gamage, William. See Linsi- 
 
 WOOLSIB. 
 
 Game and Flaye of Chesse, The 
 
 by William Oaxton, was produced at 
 Westminster in 1474j being the first book 
 printed iii Great Britain. 
 
 Game at Chesse, The. A comedy, 
 by Thomas Middleton, produced In 
 1624, and, after having run nine nights, 
 prohibited, as being " a very scand^oua 
 comedy, acted piiblicly by the King's 
 players, wherein tliey take the boldness 
 and presumption, in a rude and dishonour- 
 able fashion, to represent on the stage the , 
 persons of his Majesty the King of Spain, 
 the Conde de Gondomar," and so on. The 
 author was threatened with imprisonment, 
 and his play." antiquated and silenced." 
 
 Game of Speculation, The. A 
 
 comedy, adapted from the French of Bal' 
 
QAM 
 
 GAB 
 
 265 
 
 xac's Mercadet le Faiseur^ t>y G. H. Lewes 
 and Chakles Mathews ; the liero of tlie 
 piece being played by the latter. See 
 
 LAUKEIfCE, SlIKGSBY. 
 
 - Gamelyu, The Tale o£, in Chau- 
 cer's Canterbury Tales, is "a bright piece 
 of the class of poetry to which the Bobin 
 Hood ballads belong," but is probably by 
 another hand than Chaucer's. '* There is 
 in this tale an Adam Spencer— that is, 
 Adam the butler, or cellarer— who, with 
 certain changes, re-appeared after many 
 years in As You Like It." 
 
 Gamester, The. A comedy, by 
 James Shirley (1594—1666), printed in 
 1537, and a work of considerable merit, 
 founded on a tale in Malespinl's IHicento 
 Kovelle, The principal characters are 
 Hazard, Wilding, M rs. Wilding, and 
 Pfenelope. Three alterations of this play 
 were acted at later -periods: the first, in 
 1711, by Charles Johnson, as The Wife's 
 Relief, or theltusband's Cure; the second, 
 Jn 1758, by Garrick, as The Gamesters ; and 
 the third, in 1827, by -John Poole, as The 
 Wi/e's Stratagem. 
 
 Gamester, The. A tragedy, "by 
 Edward Moore (1712—1757), produced in 
 1753, with Ganick in the tite rdle of 
 Beverly. Hi's. Siddons afterwards attract- 
 ed much attention in the part of Mrs. 
 Beverley. The play has a miserable end- 
 ing. 
 
 Gammer Gurton's Needle. A 
 comedy, by John Still, Bishop of Bath 
 aiid Wells, written ai d printed in 1551) and 
 showing some knowledgd of the construc- 
 tio-i of a play, and some discrimination of 
 jcharacter. It is founded oh the circum- 
 stance of an old woman having lost her 
 ■needle, which throws the whole viUage 
 into confusion, andis found at length stick- 
 ing in an unlucky part of Hodge's dress. 
 The humour of the piece is coarse, bnt 
 clever. See Comedy; Hodge; Still, 
 
 JOHX. 
 
 Gamp, Sarah. The famous month- 
 ly nurse, in Dickens's novel of Martin 
 Chuzzlemit (q.v.), whose continual refer- 
 ences to hep mythical friend, Mrs. Harris, 
 and equally frequent resorts to the bottle^ 
 when "so dispoged," have obtained for 
 her a world-wide celebrity. '*She is, 
 with a vengeance," says a critic, 
 
 " The grave, conceited nurse, of office proud." 
 
 coarse, greedy, inhuman, jovial — prowling 
 about young wives with a leer, and old 
 men with a look that would fain lay them 
 out,* Ready at every festivity * to put the 
 bottle to her lips,* and at every calamity to 
 sr\uat down and find in it her account of 
 pickled salmon and cucumber ; and 
 crutclied up in a sort of sham sympathy 
 and zeal, by the perpetual praises to her- 
 self by that eiddlon, Mrs. Harris— there are 
 not many things of their kind so living in 
 
 fiction as this nightmare. The touch of 
 exaggeration in her dialect is so skilfully 
 distnbuted everywhere that we lose the 
 sense of it^^as we read." 
 
 Gander, Sir Gregory. The as- 
 sumed name under which Geobg:e Ellis 
 (1745—1815) published, in 1778, a series of 
 Poetical Tales and Trifles. 
 
 Gandercleugh. An imaginary- 
 town, the residence of Jedediah Cleish- 
 botham (q.v.), situated on the river Gan- 
 der, in '*the central part, the navel of Scot- 
 land.** It is described as '* a place fre- 
 quented by most, at one time or other in 
 their lives." 
 
 Ganderetta. The heroine of Som^ 
 erville's burlesque poem of ffobbinol 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " Bright Gandcrettn tripped the jovial queen 
 Of Ti^^ia'a joyous mouta profuue in flowers." 
 
 Gangrsena t " or, a Catalogue of 
 many of the Errours,* Heresies, Blas- 
 phemies, and pernicious Practices of the 
 Sectaries of this Time." A tract, in three 
 parts, by Thomas Edwards (d. 1647), pub- 
 lished in 1646 ; in which the writer " makes 
 it his business to blacken the opponents of 
 Presbyterian uniformity, that the Par- 
 liament might check their growth by penal 
 statutes.'* Milton calls nim " shallow 
 Edwards," in his poem On the New Force , 
 o/Conscience under the Zong Parliam&iit, 
 
 " Garden in her face, There is 
 a.** First line of a lyric, by Bichakd 
 Allison, in An Howre's' Recreation in 
 Mu^ilce, published in 1606. 
 
 Garden of Boccaccio, The. A 
 
 poem, " sun-bright and honey-sweet," by 
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 
 
 Garden of Cyrus, The : " or, tlie 
 Quincunxifil Lozenge of the Ancients : "* 
 in which the ancient figure, of the quin- 
 cunx is made the tlieme of numerous 
 elaborate disquisitions. By Sir Thomas 
 Browne. It was published in 1658. 
 
 Garden, Thoughts in a. A lyric, 
 
 by Attdrbw Marvell (1620—1678), of 
 
 which Palgrave says that, like Lycitlas, it 
 
 may be regarded as a test of any reader's 
 
 insight into the most poetical aspects of 
 
 poetry. It is printed as a translation in 
 
 Marvell's Works, but tlie original Latin is 
 
 obviously his oavu. The most striking 
 
 verses in It answer more or less to stanzas 
 
 2 and 6 : 
 
 " Alma Quiea. teneo tc I et te, germana Quietie, 
 
 Simplicitas i voa ergo diu per templo, per urbek 
 
 QuiEflivi, reeum porque ftlta palatia, frustra : 
 
 Scd vos hortorum jjer opaca silentla, longc 
 
 Celarunt plan tic virides, et concolor umbra." 
 
 " Garden, "Who loves a. " — 
 
 CowPER, Tlie Task, book iii — 
 
 " Loves a greonhouso loo." 
 
 " Gardener and his "wife. The 
 
 grand old.** This occurs in the Origin^ 
 is> 
 
263 
 
 GAB 
 
 GAS 
 
 Tersion of Tenityson's Lady Clara Vere 
 de Vere. In the " Author's edition " of 
 his works, the Poet Laureate has altered 
 the line to — 
 
 " The gardener Adam and his wife." 
 
 Gardener's Daughter, The. A 
 
 poem, byALFKED Tennyson, published 
 m 1S42. 
 " She etood, a Bight to make an old man yonng." 
 
 Gardiner, Bishop of "Winchester, 
 appears in Shakespeake's Henry VIII. 
 and in Tennyson's Queen Mary. 
 
 Gareth and Lynette. The title 
 of one of Tennyson's Idylls of the King. 
 
 Gargery, Joe. Tlie blacksmith, in 
 Dickens's novel of Greal Expectations 
 (q.T.) ; first married to Pip's sister, and 
 afterwards to Biddy. 
 
 Garland, John (circa 1210). See 
 Teiumphis Eoclesi^. 
 
 "Gcirland and singing robes 
 
 about him. His." — Milton's description 
 of " a poet soaring iu the high region of 
 his fancies," in Season of Church Govern- 
 ment, book ii. 
 
 Garland of Good-'will, The, by 
 
 Thomas Delone y (circa 1B60— 1600). " A 
 collection of local tales and historical dit- 
 ties in verse, which hjis run through nu- 
 merous editions." It has been reprinted 
 by the Percy S.ociety. 
 
 Garrett, Ed-ward. Tlie nom de 
 plume under which Isabella Fyvie 
 Mayo has written several popular works; 
 among others, The Occupations qf a Re- 
 tired LifCf and Premiums paid to Ex' 
 perieiice. 
 
 Garrick, David, tragedian and 
 dramatist (b. 1716, d. 1779), wrote The 
 Lying Valet, Miss m her Teens, The Clatt- 
 destine Marriage (with Colman), (q.v.), 
 and many other dramatic pieces, an im- 
 perfect collection of which appeared in 
 1768. His Poetical Works were collected 
 and published in 1786. I'or biography, 
 see the Lives, by Davies (1780), Murphy 
 (1801), and Percy Fitzgerald (1872) | also 
 the Correspondence (1821.-22), the Biogra- 
 phia Dramatica, Nichol's Literary Anec- 
 dotes, 'BoavelVa Life of JohnsonfCuTaber- 
 land's Life, Mason's Life qf Whitehead, 
 and Colman's Itandom Decords. "Gar- 
 rick's genius," says Hazlitt, " does not 
 seem to have been equal to tne construc- 
 tion of a solid drama ; but he could re- 
 touch and embellish with great gaiety and 
 knowledge of the technicalities of his art. 
 Garrick not only produced joint-pieces 
 and after-pieces, but often set off the 
 plays of his friends and contemporaries 
 witli the garnish, the sauce piqucmte, of 
 prologues and epilogues, at which he had 
 an adxiUrable knack. ' 
 
 Garrison, William Lloyd, Ameri- 
 can journalist and anti-slavery advocate 
 (b. 1804), was successively conductor of 
 The Free Press, The Natural PhilanthrO' 
 pist (1827), The Genius of Universal E:nan- 
 cipation (1829), and The Liberator tl&il), 
 the publication of which he discontinued 
 in 1865. He has issued a volume of Poerns 
 (1843), and of Selections from his Writings 
 and Speeches (1852). 
 
 Garter, The Institution of the. 
 
 A dramatic poemj by Gilbert West 
 (1705 — 1756), of which Dr. Johnson says 
 that it was " written with sufficient knowl- 
 edge of the manners that prevailed iu the 
 age to which it is referred, and with great 
 elegance of diction ; but, for want of a 
 process of events, neither knowledge nor 
 elegance preserves the reader from weari- 
 ness." » 
 
 Garter, The most noble Order 
 
 of the ; " its Institutions, Laws, and Cere- , 
 monies." An historical work, by Elias 
 ASHMOLE (1617—1692), published ill 1672, 
 and' described by Chalmers as "his great- 
 est undertaking. Had he published noth- 
 ing elsej it would have preserved his mem- 
 ory, as It certainly is in its kind one of 
 the most valuable works in oar lan- 
 guage." 
 
 Garter,, The Register of the 
 
 most Noble Order of the ; usually called 
 the "Black Book;" with notes, &e.,by 
 John AnstiS, Garter King-at-Arms ; puli- 
 lished in 1724. 
 
 Garth, Mary, in George Eliot's 
 novel of Middlemarch (q.v.), is eventually 
 married to Fred Viney. 
 
 Garth, Sir Samuel, physician and 
 poet (b. about 1660, d. 1719), wrote The 
 Dispensary (1696) (q.v.), Claremont (q.v.), 
 the epilogue to Addison's Cato, and a 
 t-anslation of the fourteenth and part of 
 the fifteenth hook of Ovid's Metamoi^ 
 
 f hoses. For biography, see Johnson's 
 ives of the Poets, Gibber's Lives, Spence's 
 Anecdotes, and the Birtgraphia Britannica. 
 Thackeray, in his Humorists qf the Eigh- 
 teenth Century (q.v.) speaks of ''Garth, 
 the accomplished and benevolent, whom 
 Steele has described so charmingly, of 
 whom Codrington said that his character 
 was all beauty, and whom Pope himself 
 called the best of Christians without 
 knowing it." 
 
 Gas, Charlatan. A character in 
 Vivian Grey (q. v.) ; supposed to be in- 
 tended for Canning. 
 
 Gascoigne, Caroline Leigh, n& 
 
 Smith, novelist and poet (b. 1813), has pub- 
 lished Temptation: or, a Wife's Perils 
 (1839) ; Tlie School for Wives (1839); Evelyn 
 Harcourt (1842) ; Belgravia (1851) ; Spen- 
 cer's Cross Manor House (1862) ; Eecollec- 
 ions qf tlie Crystal Palace 0862) ; The 
 
aAS 
 
 GAT 
 
 267 
 
 Next-door Neighbours (1855) ; Doctor Har- 
 old (1865) ; Ml/ Aunt Prue's Railway Jour- 
 ney (1866) ; and Doctor Harold's Note-book 
 (1869). 
 
 Gascoigne, George (b. 1530 — 
 15T7)- The Works of this author were first 
 published in 1589, under the following 
 title : — The Pleasauntest Works of George 
 Gascoignej Esquire ; netolye compyled into 
 one volume; that is to say, his Flowers, 
 Searbes, Weedes ; The Fruites of Warre, 
 The comedy called Supposes (q.v.)j '^he 
 Tragedy qf locastaj Tlie Steele Glasse 
 (q.v'.), Tfte ComjolaylU qf Phylomcne, The 
 Story of Ferdinando Jeronimi, and the 
 PUasure at Kenelworth Cattle. See War- 
 ton*s History of English Poetry, Also Ar- 
 
 KAIG2fMEifT OF A LOVER ; DELICATE 
 
 Diet, &c. ; Glasse of Government, 
 The j Tbaise of the Fair Brydges ; 
 "Wyll of the Dettll. 
 
 Gaskell, Mrs., n^e Fromkin, nov- 
 elist (b. 1811, d. 1865), wrote Mary Barton, 
 (ISISI, The Moorland Cottage (1850), Jiuth 
 (1853), North and South (1855), Cranford 
 (q.v.), Lizzie Leigh, Silvia's Lover, Cousin 
 Phlllis, a Life of Charlotte Bronte (1857), 
 and Wives and Daughters (unfinished). 
 
 Gaster, Dr. A cliaracter In Pea- 
 cock's novel of Headlong Hall. 
 
 Gath, in Drtdes's Absalom and 
 Achitophel (q.v.), means Brussels, where 
 Charles II. ("David'*) Jresided while in 
 exile. 
 
 " Gather ye rosebuds 'while ye 
 may." First line of a lyric by Kobert 
 Eesrice, imitated from Spenser. 
 
 Gatty, Alfred, D.D. (b. I8l3), 
 besides writing, with his wife Margaret 
 (q.v.), a Life of Dr. Scott, a Life of Dr. 
 Wolff, and The Old Folks from Home, has 
 ^so published The Bell, Tlie Vicar and 
 his Ihities, Plain Sermons, The Testimony 
 ofDaxidt and Sheffield, Past and Present. 
 
 Gatty, Margaret, n^e Scott (b. 
 1809, d. 1873), wrote The Fairy Oodmother 
 and Other Tales, Parables from Nature, 
 Worlds not Realized, Proverbs Illustrated, 
 The Poor Incumbent, Legendary Tales, 
 Aunt Judy's Tales, Aunt Judy's Letters, 
 Old Folks from Home, The Human Face 
 Divine, British Seaweeds, Domestic Pic- 
 tures and Tales, the Hundredth Birthday, 
 and Other Talet, The Mother's Book of 
 Poetry, Waifs and Strays of 'Natural Hia- 
 torji, and other works. She was also the 
 editor of Aunt Judy's Magazine. A com- 
 plete edition of her writings has been 
 published. 
 
 Gauden, John, successively Bish- 
 op of Worcester and Exeter (b. 1605, d. 
 1662), was the reputed author of Eik^ 
 BasiXiheiH.Y.). ,See Beacty, A DiscouBSB 
 OF. 
 
 Gaultier, Bon, Ballads. See'Bas 
 Gaultier Ballads. 
 
 Ga'nrain, Sir. A kniglit in Arthur's 
 court. See Tennyson's Idylls, especially 
 Pelleas and Etarre: 
 "Art thoti not lie whom men callLightK)f-LDTe ? " 
 
 Gawain, The Adventures of 
 
 Sir. A metrical romance, by Clerk, of 
 Tranent, of which only two cantos are pre- 
 served. They are written in stanzas of 
 thirteen lines, with alternate rhymes and, 
 much alliteration. 
 
 Ga'TC-aine. The Marriage of Sir. 
 
 A ballad which is said to have furnished 
 Chaucer with the ground-work of his Wife 
 of Bath's Tale. 
 
 Gawayne, Sir, and the Greene 
 Knight. An old romance, first edited by 
 Sir S". MADDEJf for the Boxburgh Club, 
 and in 1864 by Dr. MORRIS for the Early 
 English Text Society. See also an article 
 by Professor Morley in The Edinburgh Re- 
 view, No. 155. 
 
 Ga'wreys, in Egbert Paltock's 
 romance of Peter Willdns (q.v.), is the 
 name given to the flying women among 
 whom the hero is accidentally thrown, a^ 
 ter being shipwrecked. See Glusims and 
 
 YOUWARKEB. 
 
 Gavirtrey , Stephen, in Lord Ltt- 
 toit's Night and Morning, is a cliaracter il- 
 lustrating the force of circumstances in 
 driving a man of strong passions, l^ut uat* 
 urally honest disposition, to commit of- 
 fences against society and its laws. 
 
 Gay, John, poet and dramatist (b. 
 1688, d. 1732), wrote the following poems : 
 —Rural Sports (iril); The Star and The 
 Shepherd's Week (1714), (q. v.) ; Trivia 
 (1715); and Fables (1727); also the following 
 dramatic pieces -.— The Wife of Bath (1713), 
 (q.v.),- What d'ye Call It! (1714), (q.v.); 
 Three Hours after Marriage (in conjunor 
 tion with Pope^l717), (q.v.) ; The Captives 
 (1723) ; and ZTie Beggar's Opera (1727), 
 (q.v.): besides The Distressed Wife, 
 Achilles, DionCj and others. His poems 
 were first published collectively in 1720. 
 For biography, see the Lives, by Coxo 
 (1796) and Owen (1804) ; The Biographia 
 Britannica,Saence'6 Anecdotes, andThack- 
 eray's English Humorists. " Gay's Fables " 
 says Hazl'itt, " are certainly a work of great 
 merit, both as to the quantity of invention 
 implied, and as to the elegance and facility 
 of the execution. His Pastorals are pleas- 
 ing and poetical. But his capital work is 
 his Beggar's Opera." See Acis and Gala- 
 tea ; Black-eyed Susan ; Dione ; Ec- 
 logues ; Epistles on Several Occa- 
 sions ; Molly Mog ; Orpheus of ^igh- 
 
 WAYMEN. 
 
 Gay, Lucien, in Disraeli's Con- 
 ingsby (q.v.), is said to be intended for 
 ^eodore Hook (q.v). 
 
268 
 
 GA-S 
 
 GEN 
 
 Gay, Walter, in Dickens's novel 
 of Dombey and Son (q.v.), is the lover, and 
 eventually the husband, of Florence Dom- 
 bey (q.v.). 
 
 Gay Science, The. The fanciful 
 title of a book on criticism, by E. S. Dal- 
 I,AS. 
 
 "Gazelle, I never nursed a 
 
 dear."' First line of a song, by Tuomas 
 Moore, in the Fire Worsliippers, which 
 has been parodied by C. S. Calverley, and 
 H.S.Leigh. 
 
 " But when it came to know me well 
 And love mc, it was Bure to die." 
 
 Gazette. The first Englisli or 
 , " Oxford " Gazette was issued at Oxford, 
 In 1665, the court having removed there 
 from London on account of the plague. On 
 the return of the court to the metropolis 
 (1666), it was styled Tlie London Gazette, 
 which title it still retains. 
 
 Geddes, Alexander, LL.D., bib- 
 lical critic and miscellaneous writer (b. 
 1737, d. 1802), published a translation of the 
 Bible (1792, 1793, and 1800, in the latter 
 • year with Critical Remarks on the Hebrew 
 Scriptures) ; also The Confessional, a 
 poem; Tlie Battle qf B — ng—r: or, the 
 Churches Triumph, a comic-heroic poem ; 
 and Bardomachia: or, the Battle of the 
 Bards, by Good (1803). 
 
 Geikie, Alexander, geological 
 writer (b. 1835), has published The Story of 
 a Boulder (1858), The Life of Professor Ed- 
 ward Forbes (1861), Tlie Phenomena of tlie 
 Glacial Drift of Scotland (1863), T.'ie 
 Sceneri/ of Scotland viewed Geotogicutli/ 
 (1865), and Tlie Life of Sir Jtoderick Mar- 
 chtson (1874), besides various contributions 
 to journals, magazines, and reviews. 
 
 Gelert, Beth. See Beth Gelert. 
 
 Gellatley, Davie. A " puir, daft," 
 but shrewd servant of the Baron of Brad- 
 wardine, in Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 Waverley (q.v.). 
 
 GeU, Sir William, antiquarian (b. 
 1777, d. 1836), was the author of The Topog- 
 raphy of Troy (1804), The Geography of 
 Ithaca, The Itinerary of Greece (ISIO), 'Pom- 
 peiana (1817), TIte Topography of Borne 
 (1834), and other works, 
 
 "Gem of purest ray serene, 
 
 Full many a." A line in Gray's Elegy in 
 a Country Churchyard. 
 
 "Gem of the crimson-colour'd 
 
 even." First line of "To the Evening 
 Star," in part ii. of Caroline, a poem by 
 Thomas (Sampbkll. 
 
 Genealogies of Scripture, The: 
 
 "according to every Familie and Tribe, 
 with the Lyne of our Saviour Jesus Christ 
 observed from Adam to the Blessed Virgin 
 Mary, Gathered and contrived by Joan 
 
 SPEED" (1555—1629), and issued in 1640. 
 They were printed to accompany various 
 editions of the Bible, and are often found 
 BO appended. 
 
 General Satire, A, was written 
 by " Sir " James Ikglis. See Com- 
 playnt of Scotland, The. 
 
 " Generous friendship no. cold 
 
 medium knows. A." See Pope's trans- 
 lation of The Iliad, book ix., line 725 : 
 " Bums witti one love, with one resentment glows." 
 
 Genesis and Exodus. An early 
 English song of about the year 1250 ; edited 
 by Dr. Morns in 1865. 
 
 Geneva Bible, The. See Bible, 
 
 The. 
 
 Genevieve. The heroine who gives 
 the title to the ballad by Samuel Tatlob 
 Coleridge. 
 
 " I've seen your breast with pity heave. 
 And therefore love I you, sweet Genevieve I" 
 
 Genevieve is also the heroine of his poem 
 of Love : — 
 
 " And BO I won my Genevieve, 
 
 My bright and beauteous bride." 
 
 Genii, Tales of the : " or, the 
 
 Delightful Lessons of Homar the Son of 
 Asmar ; translated from the Persian by 
 Sir Charles Morell," and published in 
 1765. The real author of this work was the 
 Kev. James Ridlev (q.v.), who died im- 
 mediately after the completion of its first 
 edition. Both ** Sir Charles Morell " and 
 "Homar" are fictitious personages. The 
 titles of the tales are ; Tlie TaUsman of 
 Aromanes : or, the History qf the Merchant 
 Abudah ; The Dervise Atfooran: or, the 
 Man of the Mountain; Hassan Assar: or, 
 the History qfthe Caliph ofBagdat; Kelaun 
 and Guzzarat ; Tlie Adventures of Urad: 
 or, the Fair Wanderer; The Enchanters: 
 or, Misnar the Sultan of the East; Sadale 
 arid Kalasrade ; and Mirglip the Persian : 
 or, Fincal the Dervise qfthe Groves, 
 
 Genius and Valour. "A pas- 
 toral poem," by JoHIf Langhorne (1735 
 —1779), " written in honour of the sister 
 kingdom," and " inscribed to the Earl ot 
 
 — by 
 
 Churchill, in his Prqpliecy qf Famine. 
 
 Genius of Christianity Unveiled, 
 
 The. A series of essays, written mostly in 
 the last years of his life, by William 
 Godwin (1756—1836), and published in 
 1873 under the title of Essays, Hitherto 
 Unpublished. 
 
 Genius, The. A poem by Leonard 
 Welsted (1689—1747) ; written in honour 
 of the great Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 Genteel Style of Writing, The. 
 One of the "last essays of EUa," by 
 
GEN 
 
 GEO 
 
 269 
 
 Charles Lamb (1775—1834), consisting of 
 a criticism on the literai-y style of Sir 
 "William Temple (q.v.>. 
 
 " Gentdl that doth gentil dedis, 
 
 He is."— Chaucer, TJie Wife of Bath's 
 Tale. 
 
 "Gentle dulness ever loves a 
 joke, And." Line 34 of book ii. of Pope's 
 satire, Tlie Dunciad (q. v.). 
 
 " Gentle herdsman, tell to me." 
 First line of an old ballad, printed by 
 Bishop Percy, the scene of which is laid 
 near "Walsingliam, in Norfolk. A few of 
 the stanzas were imitated by Goldsmith 
 in bis Edwin and Angelina (q. v.). 
 
 Gentle Life, The. Two serfes of 
 essays towards the formation of character, 
 by James Hain Fkiswell (b. 1827), the 
 first of which was published in 1864. 
 
 " Gentleman and Scholar, The." 
 
 —Burns, The Ty^a Dogs. 
 
 Gentle Shepherd, The. A " Scots 
 pastoral comedy," or dramatic poem, by 
 Allan Ramsay (1686—1758), published in 
 1725. The first sketch of this production 
 had appeared in 1720, under the title of 
 Patie and Roger ; and a second scene under 
 that of Jenny and Meg. Like the Beggar's' 
 Opera^ it is interspersed with songs. 
 
 " Gentleman that ever breath- 
 ed, Thefirst true."- A description applied 
 to Our Lord by Thomas Dekker, in his 
 tragedy T?ie Honest Whore, parti., acti., 
 scene 12. Dame Juliana Berners, in 
 her book on Heraldic Blazonry also refers 
 to " Mary, of whom that gentilman Jhesus 
 was borne." The profanity in both cases 
 is apparently quite unintentional. 
 
 " Gentleman, The grand old 
 
 name of.'*— Tennyson, In Memoriam, 
 section ex. : — 
 
 " Defamed by cverj^ charlatan. 
 And soiled by all ignoble use." 
 
 "Gentleman, the Prince of 
 
 Darkness is a." — King Lear, act iii., 
 scene 4. 
 
 Gentleman I7sher> The. A com- 
 edy by George Chapman, produced in 
 1606. 
 
 Gentleman -who has left his 
 Lodgings, A. The name under which Earl 
 KussELL (b- 1792) published Essays and 
 Sketches of lAfe and Character (1820). 
 "The preface," says Olphar Hamst, "-is 
 signed ' Joseph Skillet,' the lodging- 
 house keeper who is supposed to publish 
 these letters to pay the rent the gentle- 
 m:in had forgotten." The preface, which 
 is dedicated to Thomas Koore, is left out 
 iu the second edition- 
 Gentleman's Journal, The. A 
 periodical started by Grif&n the publisher, 
 
 in 1768, to which Goldsmith, the poet, was 
 an occasional contributor. 
 
 Gentleman's Magazine, The, 
 was started in 1731 by Edward Cave 
 (1691-1754), and had the honour of in- 
 cluding Dr. Johnson among its early con- 
 tilbutors. 
 
 Gentlemen of Verona, The 
 
 Two. See Two Gentlemen of Verona. 
 
 "Gentlemen -who "write -with 
 
 ease. The mob of."— Pope, Imitations of^ 
 Horace, book ii., epistle 1., line 108. 
 
 " Gently scan your brother" 
 man. Then." — A litoe in Bukks's Address * 
 to the Unco Guid. 
 
 Geoffrey de Vinesauf (circa 
 "1198). See NovA Poetria. 
 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth, Bisho|f 
 of St. Asaph, and chronicler (d. 1154), 
 wrote a Chronicon^ sive Hisforia Britonunif; 
 a Latin version of the propLecies of Mer- 
 lin, and some other works. The Ckronicon 
 was first printed in 1508, translated into' 
 English by Aaron Thompson in 1718, and ^ 
 edited by Dr. Giles in 1842. It is charac- 
 terised in the Biographia Britannica Li^^ 
 eraria as *' a tissue of fables," and was' 
 indeed the foundation for much of the 
 •' historical " matter in Milton's History 
 of Britain and in Shakespeare's plays.. 
 We are also indebted to it for the great 
 work of Layamon (q.v.), Sackville's Eer- 
 rex a7id Porrex (q.v.), and Eome episodes 
 in Drayton's Polyolbion (q.v.)andMilton*2 
 Comus. Geoffrey professed to have traais-' 
 lated it from a Welsh history of Britain 
 handed over to him by Walter Caleniua 
 of Oxford, but much of it is evidently o£ 
 his own invention. The PropJiecics were 
 printed for tlie Roxburgh Club in 1830, 
 See Bale, Pits^ Tanner, Thompson (pre- 
 face to translation), Nicholson (Eng. Hist,: 
 Xt6.),Warton {English Poetry), and "VVright 
 (Biographia Britannica). 
 
 Geoffrey the Grammarian was 
 
 one of the Dominicans of Bishop's Lynn, 
 and published in 1440 a Promptorium Par' 
 vulorum, or English-Latin dictionary. 
 He is also said to have written a Latin- 
 English dictionary called Medulla Gram- 
 malices. 
 
 George k Greene, the Pinner of 
 Wakefield. Acomedy by Kobeet Greene 
 (1560—1592). See Greene, George a. 
 
 George Barn'well. A ballnd on 
 the same subject as the play by George 
 Lillo. See Barnwell, George. 
 
 George, St., and the Dragon. A 
 ballad, which, together with another on 
 The Birth of St. George, was evidently 
 taken from the prose history of the Seven 
 Champions of Christendom, by Bichard 
 Johnson (q-v.). 
 
270 
 
 GEO 
 
 iJIA 
 
 Georges, The Pour. Lectures by 
 William Makepeace Thackeray, de- 
 livered in England and America in the 
 years 1856—57, and described as " a raix- 
 turfr, often inimitably liappy, of the pic- 
 torial with the critical powers, the whole 
 seasoned with a finished but rarely ex- 
 travagant epigram." "Each of these 
 lectures," says Hannay, ** though bearing 
 the title of an individual, contains a pan- 
 orama of a whole age.'* Thackeray nad 
 origiially intended to devote them to Men 
 of tJie World, a subject which had been 
 Buggested to him as a companion volume 
 to the Humorists (q.v.). 
 
 Geraint, "the brave/' A knight 
 of Arthur's court," 
 
 " A tributary Prince of Devon, ono 
 Uf that great order of the Table Hound 
 Hod wedded Enid." 
 
 See Tennyson's Idylls of the King. 
 
 Geraldine. The heroine (Lady- 
 Elizabeth Pitzgerald) of the love-sonnets 
 of Hexry Howabd, Earl of Subkey 
 (1515 — 1547). As ScoTr sings in The Lay 
 of iJie Last Minstrel : — 
 " That favoured strain waa Surrey's raptured line [ 
 
 That fair and lovely form, the I^ady Geraldine." 
 
 The poet Nash adopted the love-strains of 
 Surrey as the basis of romantic fictions, 
 in which the noble lover is represented as 
 travelling in Italy, proclaiming the match- 
 less charms of his beloved, and defending 
 her beauty in tilt and tournament. As a 
 matter of fact, the Lady Elizabeth was 
 only seven years old when Surrey mar- 
 lied. 
 
 Geraldine'a Courtship, Lady. 
 
 A " romance of the age," in a poem by 
 Elizabeth Barrett Bkowning (1809— 
 1861), published in 1844, and describing 
 how a noble lady falls in love with a peas- 
 ant-poet, on whom she bestows her hand. 
 The poem is said to have been the origin 
 of the authoress's acquaintance vrith her 
 future husband, Robert Browning. 
 
 Gerania: "a new discovery of a 
 little Sort of People, anciently discovered 
 of, called Pigmies ; " by JoshuaBarnes, 
 D.D. ; published in 1675. 
 
 Gerardo, The Unfortunate 
 
 Spaniard. See Spanish Curate, The. 
 
 Gerland, the first' of our English 
 xaathematicians, produced a work on the 
 Computus, or Calculation of Easter. 
 
 Gertrude. Queen of Denmark, 
 and mother of Hamlet, hi the trafiedy of the 
 latter name. 
 
 Gertrude of "Wyoming. A poem 
 by Thomas Campbell, published In 1809, 
 and having for its subject the destruction 
 of the village of "Wyomine, in Pennsyl- 
 vania, in 1778, by a party of Indians. See 
 Bbandt. 
 
 Gervase of Tilbury, says Profes- 
 sor Morley, " studied in -foreign schools, 
 and served abroad the Emperor Otho IV, , 
 for whom he wrote, about the year 1211, 
 his Otio Imperialia, full of learning, bor- 
 rowed without acknowledgment from 
 Fetrus Comestor,but also an amusing book, 
 most ricli in illustration of the traditions, 
 popular superstitions, histoiy, geography, 
 and science of its time." 
 
 Gesta Regum Anglorum, and 
 
 Gesta Pontificum. See William of 
 Malmesbuby. 
 
 Gesta Romanorum. First pub- 
 lished about 1473, with this title : Incip- 
 iunt Historic Mobiles collectce ex Gestis 
 Homcmorum et guibusdam aliis libris cum 
 applicationibus eorum. They are divided 
 into 152 chapters, and are made up, says 
 "Warton, " from the obsolete Liatin chron- 
 icles of the later IComan, or rather German 
 story, heightened by romantic inventions, 
 from legends of the saints, Oriental apo- 
 logueSj and many of the shorter fictitious 
 narratives which came into Europe with 
 the Arabian literatiure, and were familiar 
 in the ages of ignorance and imagination. 
 To every tale a moralisation is subjoined, 
 reducing it into a Christian or moral les- 
 son." See the English Poetry, vol, i., ed. 
 Hazlitt. 
 
 " Get place and -wealth, if pos- 
 sible, with grace." See Pope's Imitatixm 
 ofH&race, epistle i., book i., line 103. The 
 original has : 
 
 '* Rem, 
 Si pOB&ia Tcctfi, fli non, quocunque mode rom.*' — 
 Hornt. Epia. i. 65, 66. 
 
 So Ben Jonson, in his play of Every Man 
 inhis Humour, act ii., scene 3: 
 
 " Get money i Btill get money boy ; 
 No matter by -what means." 
 
 Ghost Hunter, The, and hia 
 
 Family. A tale, by John Banim (1798— 
 1842). 
 
 " Ghost, Vex not hia."~Kmg 
 
 Lear, act v., scene 3 : 
 
 " O let him pass I he hates him 
 That would upon the rock of this tough world 
 Stretch him out longer." 
 
 It will perhaps be remembered how strik- 
 ing an effect Thackeray produced with tl^s 
 quotation at the end of one of his Lectures 
 on the Georges. 
 
 Giaffir. Tlie pasha, and uncle of 
 Zuleika, in Bykon's Bride of Ahydoa 
 
 (q-v.). 
 
 "Giant's strength, *Ti3 excel- 
 lent to have a." — Measure for Measure, act 
 ii., scene 2. 
 
 *' But tyrannous 
 To use it like a giant" 
 
 Giaour, The. "A fragment of a 
 Turkish tale," told in octo-syllabic coup- 
 lets, by Lord Bybon (1788—1824), and pub- 
 
OIB 
 
 GIL 
 
 27* 
 
 liahed in 1813. " The story, when entire, 
 contained the adventures of a female slave, 
 who was thrown, in the Mnssulmaii man- 
 ner, into the aeaforinlidelity, and avenged 
 by a young Venetian, her lover, at the time 
 the Seven Islands were possessed by the 
 Bepublic of Venice." As it is, the poem is 
 literally a fragment, and deals largely in 
 asterisks. The word " Giaour " is a dis- 
 syllable, and the name of the heroine is 
 Leila. The poem includes, among other 
 passages, those beginning — 
 
 " He who hath bent him o'er the dead," 
 and — 
 
 " Clime of tlie unforgotten brave. '* 
 
 •* The reciter of the tale," as Ellis tells us, 
 " is a Turkish £.sherman, who has been 
 employed during the day in the Gulf of 
 .^^na, and in the evening lands with his 
 boat in the harbour of Port Leone, the 
 ancient Pir£eus. He becomes an eye-wit^ 
 ness of nearly all the incidents in the 
 story, and in one of them is a principal 
 agent." 
 
 . Gib. The eat, in Bishop Still's 
 comedy of Gammer Gurton's Need/f { :.v.), 
 *' Gib " is a contraction of Gilbert. See 
 Winter's Tale, act i., scene 2. 
 
 Gibbet. Ahigrbwayman.in Farqu- 
 HAR*s comedy of The JSeaux's Stratagem 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Gibbie, Goose, in Sir Waiter 
 
 Scott's novel of Old Mortality {(i.\.), is 
 the half-witted servant of Lady Belienden 
 (q-T.). 
 
 Gibbon, Charles, novelist, is the 
 author of Dangerous Connection& ,• Dead 
 iieat : a Tale <tf t?ie Bastille , ^or Lack of 
 0old ; liobin Gyay y For Honour's Sake / 
 and What toill tJie World Say ? He is co- 
 author of a volume called Storm-beaten. 
 
 Gribbon, Bd-ward. historian (b. 
 1737, d. 1794), wrote The History of the De- 
 bline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776 — 
 88), Essais sur V Etude de la Litt&ratv/re 
 (1761), Antiquities of the House of Bruns- 
 vnckj and other miscellaneous works, pub- 
 lished, with memoirs of his Life cmd Writ- 
 jmgs composed by himself, in 1799, under 
 tiie editorship of John, Lord Sheffield. The 
 Autobiography was afterwards edited, with 
 selections from his correspondence and il- 
 lustrations, by Dean Milman (1839). Stop- 
 ford Brooke says of Gibbon's gi-eat work : 
 — " Gibbon's conception of the whole sub- 
 ject was as poetical as a great picture. 
 Rome, eastern and western, was painted in 
 the centre, slowly dying like a lion. 
 Around it he pictured the nations and 
 hordes that wrought Its ruin, told their 
 stories from the beginning, and the results 
 on themselves and on the world of their vic- 
 tories over Borne. The collecting and use 
 of every detail of the art and costume and 
 manners of the times he described, the 
 reading and use of all the cojitemporary 
 
 literature, the careful geographical detail^ 
 the marshalUug of all this information 
 with his facts, ttie great imaginative con- 
 ception of the work as a whole, and the use 
 of a full and perhaps too heigntened stylo 
 to add importance to the siK>ject, gaye a 
 new inlpulse and new model to historical 
 literature. The contemptuous tone of thi>- 
 book is made still more remarkable by thr» 
 heavily-laden style and the monotonous 
 balance of eyery sentence." See DEOLiifSi 
 AND Fall of the ItosrAN Empire, The. 
 
 Gibby. Servantof Captain Breton, 
 in Mrs. Centlivre's comedy of The Won^ 
 der(q.v.), whose '* undaunted, incorrigible 
 blunderiug, with a dash of rationally in 
 it, tells in a very edifying way," says Haz- 
 litt. 
 
 Gifford, Humphrey. See Gilli- 
 
 FLOWEBS, A POESIE OF. 
 
 Gifford, John. The pseudonym, 
 under which Edward Foss, author, of 
 The Judges of England, published an 
 abridgment of Blackstone's Commentaries 
 
 (1821). ■ 
 
 Gifford, John. See Gkben, John 
 
 BiCHARDS. 
 
 Gifford, "William, poet and critic 
 (b. 1757, d. 1826)i published The Baviad 
 (1794), (q.v.); TheMcBviad (1795), (q.v.); A 
 Poetical Epistle to Peter Pindar (1797); 
 a translation of Juvenal (1802), an edition 
 of Massinger (1805), an edition of Ben Jonrt 
 son ^1816), an edition of Ford (1827), and an 
 edition of Shirley (1833). He was editor of 
 'The Quarterly Review from 1809 till 1824. 
 See Hazlitt's Spirit oj the Age, Southey*s 
 Life and Correspondence, Allan Cunning- 
 ham's Biographical and Critical History 
 of the Last Mftjf Tears* Literature, aUd 
 The North Amerwan Revieio, vol. Ixi, 
 
 " Grift horse in the mouth. Look- 
 ing." An illustration of' this phrase will 
 be foimd in Butler's Hudibras, part i., 
 canto i., line 499. 
 
 Gil Morrice. . An old ballad which 
 suggested the plot of Home's tragedy of 
 Douglas (q.v.). The original title was 
 probably Child Mcmrice. 
 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey. A bal- 
 lad by Henry "Wadsworth Longfel- 
 low, which tells the story of the heroic 
 navigator's death at sea : 
 
 " Ho sat upon the deck. 
 The Book wna in hin handj 
 'Do not fear 1 Heaven is as near,' 
 He said, 'by water as by land I ' " 
 
 Gilbert, Williain, natural philos- 
 opher (b. 1540, d. 1603, wrote De Magnete, 
 Magnetioisfjue Corporibus, et de Magno 
 Magnete, Tellure, PhysiologiaNbva (1600), 
 and De Mundo Nostra Subluna/rio Philo- 
 sophia Nova (1651). Whewell says of the 
 first work that it contains all the funda. 
 noental faets of the science o£ magnetism, 
 
272 
 
 aHi 
 
 SIN 
 
 and so fully examined that " even at this 
 day we liave little to add to them." i^BisUyry 
 of the Inductive Sciences), 
 
 Gilbert, William, novelist, has 
 ■written the following, among other works: 
 De Prq/hndis: a Tate of Social Deposits; 
 Dr. A^isiin*s Guests ; Ttte Doctor of Beavr 
 ivelr ; The Inquisitor : or. Struggles in J^er- 
 rara; Clara Lev6sque; The Landlord of 
 the Sun; Martha ; Shirley Hall Asylum; 
 Sir Thomas Bramston; Disestablishment; 
 The City: and several stories for the 
 young. 
 
 Gilbert, William Sch-ro-enck, 
 
 dramati'it and comic writer (b. 1836), son of 
 the preceding, is the author of the Mab 
 Ballatls, and various popular plays, includ- 
 ing Pygmalitm and Galatea^ The Princess, 
 The Wicked World, The Palace of Truth, 
 Sweethearts, Broken Hearts, Charity, Baitr' 
 datl's Thumb, Dan*l Druce, and others. A 
 volume of Original Plays by him appeared 
 in 1875. 
 
 Gilchrist, Alexander (b. 1827, d. 
 1861), biographer of Blaise and Etty, and 
 writer on art. 
 
 " Gild refined gold, to paint the 
 lily, To." — King John, act. iv., scene 2. 
 
 Gildas (b. 516, t1. 570) is described 
 as the authorot a short and slight History 
 of Britain from the lirst invasion of the 
 Somans to his own time, entitled De Ex- 
 cidio et Conquestu Britannia, and first 
 printed at London in 1526. See the edition 
 published by the Historical Society (1838) 
 and that included in the Monumenta His- 
 torica Britannica (1848). Gibbon describes 
 Gildas as " a monk who, in profound igno- 
 rance of human life, presumed to exercise 
 the office of historian." 
 
 Gilderoy. An old Scottish ballad, 
 reprinted by Bishop Pekcy, in his Bel- 
 iques. The hero was. according to some 
 authorities, a famous robber who lived, in 
 the middle of the 17th century, and robbed, 
 amongst other ijeople, Oliver Cromwell 
 and Cardinal Richelieu. According to 
 others, he was a contemporary of Mary 
 Queen of Scots, 
 
 Gilderoy. A lyric by Thomas 
 
 CA.MPBELI.. 
 
 Gildon, Chsurles, critic (b. 1665, 
 d. 1724), published The Complete Art of 
 J'ontry (1718), a Satirical Life of Defoe 
 (mS), and The Laws qf I'oetry (1720). See 
 Chobus Poetabum. 
 
 Giles. The hero of BLOOMriELD's 
 poem. The Farmer's Boy (q.v.'). 
 
 GilfJIIan, George, Presbyterian 
 minister and miscellaneous writer (b. 1813), 
 has written A Gallery of Literary Por- 
 traits I The Bards of the Bible ; Martyrs 
 tmi Heroes (jf the CKiocnant; Night; a 
 
 Poem; a Life of Sir Walter Scott ; niii 
 many other worlcs. He has contributed 
 largely to contemporary periodical literar 
 ture. 
 
 Gilfil's Love Story, Mr. One 
 of the Scenes of Clerical Life (q-v.) by 
 Geobqe Eliot. 
 
 Gill, Harry, in Wadswobth's bal- 
 lad of Goody Blake and UTarry Gilt. 
 
 GiUies, John, LLD. (b. 1737, d. 
 1836), published translations of Aristotle's 
 Ethics, Politics, and Rhetoric, and of tlio 
 Orations of Isocrates and Lysias, with 
 Lives of each J also, a Life of Frederick 
 the Great, a-IUstory of Ancient Greece, and. 
 a History of the World from Alexander to 
 Augustus. 
 
 Gillies, Robert Fierce. See 
 
 KEUPfEBHAVSEH. 
 
 Gilliflo'wers, A Poesle of, " eche 
 differing from other in colour and odour, 
 yet all swete," byHuMPHBEY Giffobd 
 (b. circa 1650), published in 1680. Shake- 
 speare has a reference to ** gillyvors," in 
 Winter's Tale, act iv., scene 3. See also 
 Spenser and Herrick. By gilliflowers are 
 meant pinks and cloves. 
 
 Gills, Sol. A ship's instrument- 
 maker, in Dickens's novel of Dombey and 
 Son (q.v.). 
 
 Gilmore, 3. R. See Kibke, Ed- 
 mund. 
 
 Gilpin, John. A Ballad by Wil- 
 liam COWPEB (1731 — 1800), first published 
 anonymously by The Public Advertiser, in 
 1782. Its full title is The Diverting His- 
 tory of John Gilpin : showing hoio he went 
 further than he intended, and came safe 
 home again. The story was related to 
 Cowper by a Mrs. Austen, and is supposed 
 to refer to a Mr. Bayer, *' an eminent 
 linendraper," whose shop was situated at 
 the corner of Cheapside, London. 
 
 Ginevra. A tale, in verse, by 
 Samuel Eogbbs (1763 — 1865), published in 
 his poem of Italy (1822), and referring to a 
 young Italian lady, who, on her wedding 
 day, hid herself for fun in a self-locking 
 oaken chest, the lid of which fell down 
 and buried her alive. 
 
 Gingerbread, Giles. The hero 
 of an old English nursury tale. 
 
 Gingerpop School of Poetry, 
 
 The. A nickname bestowed by I>Avii> 
 Macbeth MoiK (1798— 1861) in his Sfce<c7ie» 
 of the Poetical Literature of the Past Half 
 Century (1866), on the school of poetry re- 
 presented by John Hookham Frere (q.v.). 
 This species of poetry, he says, was char- 
 acterized more especially by its light hum- 
 our, by its approximating and blending 
 together seeming incongruities ; by its 
 aii-y, rapid, picturesque narrative ; by Its 
 
GIP 
 
 3-LA 
 
 273 
 
 ^1 
 
 commixture of the grare, the pathetic^ and 
 the majestic, with the frivolous, the farci- 
 cal, and the absurd ; and bore the same 
 relation to high imaginative verse that 
 gingerpop bears to champagne, or Grim- 
 aldi the clown to John Kemble the trage- 
 dian. It includes such works as Byron's 
 Beppo and Don Jxtan, and Barry Corn- 
 wall'fi Ring of Gyges and Spanish Story. 
 
 Gipsies Metamorphosed, The. 
 A masque, by Ben" Josson, in which the 
 
 Ipsy "patter" is sparingly introduced. 
 
 *hough thrice acted before James 1., it is 
 so exceedingly coarse liiat now-aF4ays it 
 would offend any decent audience. 
 
 Gripsy Child by the Sea Shore, 
 
 To a. Lines by Matthew Abkold (b. 
 
 1822). 
 
 Giraldus Cambrensis (the Lati- 
 nised name of Gerald oC Wales, b. 1147, 
 d. 1216),was the author of ftinerarium Cam- 
 bricB, Topographia Hiber^iice, Expugnatio 
 SibernicEf DescHptio CambricB^ Gemma 
 Ecclesiasticay Symbolum Electorum, St. 
 DavitVs, and De Rebus a se GestiSf an au- 
 tobiographical sketch. See Warton's An- 
 glia Sacra and Ware's Antiquities of Ire- 
 land. 
 
 " Girdle round about the earth, 
 I'll put a." — A Midsummer Night's Drea/nij 
 act li., scene 1. 
 
 Gisborne, Letter to Maria, 
 " from Leghorn, July 1,1820." A lyric, 
 byPEBCY Bysshe Shelley, 
 
 '* Give me but vrhat this ribbon 
 
 bound." — ^WalIjEE*s lines On a Girdle. 
 " Take all the reat the sun goes round." 
 
 "Give me more love, or more 
 
 disdain." First line of Mediocrity in love 
 rejected, by Thomas Carew (1589—1639). 
 
 " Give me my scallop-shell of 
 
 quiet." First line of Sir Walter Ra- 
 leigh's Pilgrimage (q.v.)- 
 
 '* Give" place, ye lovers, here 
 before," First line of a lyric by Henry 
 HOWARD, Earl of Surrey. 
 
 "Give place, you ladies, and 
 
 begone." First line of A Praise of His 
 Lady, by Viscount Rochefort, in TotteVs 
 
 Miscellany (q.v.). 
 
 "Give thee sixpence! I 'will see 
 
 thee, d d first ! " See CANNI^'G^'s 
 
 humorous poem. The Friend of Humanity : 
 or, the Needy Knife-grinder. 
 
 " Give thy thoughts no tongue." 
 
 ■^Hamlet, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Gladstone, 'William Bwart, 
 
 statesman and miscellaneous writer (b. 
 1809), has published The State considered 
 in tts Relations with the Chweh (q.v^ ; 
 (^iwreh Pnnciplei considered in - their Jre- 
 
 sults (1841) ; Remarks on recent Commercial 
 Legislation (1845); Stitdiesori Homer and 
 tJie Homeric Age. (1858) ; Wedgwood: an 
 Address (1863) ; Ancient Greece : an Ad- 
 dress (1865) ; A Chapter of Autobiography 
 (1868); On ** Ecce Homo" (a-r.), (1868); 
 Juventus Mundi : Gods ana Men of t/ifi 
 Heroic Age in Greece (1869) ; Rome and tJie 
 Latest Fashions in Religion (lS7o) ; Homeric 
 Synchronism (1876) ; and Tarious pamph- 
 lets, speeches, and financial statements. 
 For sketches of his life and character, seQ 
 Political Portraits, reprinted from the 
 Daily News; and R. H. Hutton's Sketches 
 of Contemporary Statesmen. See also Mao- 
 aulay's Essays. 
 
 Glanville, Ranulph de, Chief 
 Justiciary of England under Henry' II,. 
 (d. 1190), was the author of Tractatus d€ 
 Legibus et Consuetudinibus Regni Anglim, 
 written about 1181, and first printed in 
 1554. " Glanville's authorship of the book 
 has been questioned, but is not open to 
 much doubt. He says that the confusion 
 of our laws made it impossible to give a 
 general view of the whole laws and cus- 
 toms of the land ; he sought rather to give 
 a practical sketch of forms of procedure in 
 the king's courts, and of the principles of 
 law most frequently arising; discussing 
 only mcidently the first principles upon, 
 which law is based." See Coke's Institutes 
 and Campbell's Dives of the Chief Justices. 
 The latter writer says that, Glanville " ex- 
 plains with much precision the distinction 
 and Bubtilties of the ' system which, in the, 
 fifth, Norman reigiT, had nearly superseded 
 the simple juridical institutions of oui' 
 Anglo-Saxon ancestors." 
 
 Glasgerion. Apparently tbe^same 
 
 Serson as he whom Chaucer celebrates in 
 ia House of Fame (q.v.) under the name 
 of Glaskyrion. He was a famous harper, 
 and is the subject of a ballad printed by 
 Bishop Percy in his Reliques, in which he 
 is anticipated in the embraces of a king's 
 daughter by " Jacke, his boj^." The 
 legend may possibly have given rise to the 
 incident in the tragedy of The Orphan, 
 where Folidore intercepts Monimia's in- 
 tended favours to Castalio. A Scottish 
 version of the story is given by Jamleson, 
 the hero being called " Glenduckie.** 
 
 " Glass of fashion, and the 
 mould of form, The."~Hamlet, act iii., 
 scene 1. 
 
 " Glass "wherein the npble 
 
 youth did dress themselves, The."— ^enr^^ 
 IV., partii., act ii., scene 3. 
 
 Glasse, Mrs. The author, real or 
 fictitious, of a famous cookery book, first 
 published in 1747, and attributed to a Mi's. 
 Hannah Glasse, a habitmaker, who livod 
 in the beginning of the eighteenth century, 
 and to S& John H^l. the phyBioian (1716-- 
 
 17Tfl). 
 
 12* 
 
274 
 
 6LA 
 
 GLO 
 
 Glasse of Government, The : 
 
 A " traglcall oomedie," by Geokge Gas- 
 COIGNE, *' wherein are handled as well the 
 reward for vertues as also the punishment 
 for vices," It is, in fact, according to 
 Collier, a tedious Puritanical treatise upon 
 education, illustrated by the different 
 talents and propensities of four young 
 men, two of whom, the cleverest, fall into 
 evil ways, whilst the two others, the dull- 
 est, persevere in the path of virtue, and 
 become respectively secretary to the land- 
 grave and a famous preacher. It was 
 printed iu 1575. 
 
 Glaucus. A character in Lord 
 Lytxon's novel The Last Days qf Pom- 
 peii. 
 
 Glaucus : " or, the Wonrlers of 
 the Shore." A book on the natural his- 
 tory of the beach, by the Rev. Charles 
 KijrGSLEY {1819—1875), published in 1855. 
 
 Glaucus and Scilla. Poems hy 
 Thomas Lodge, published in 1610. 
 
 Gleig, George Robert, clergyman 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1796), has 
 written The Subaltern, The Story of the 
 Battle of Waterloo, The Life of Lord Clive, 
 The Life of Warren Hastings, The Country 
 Curate, The Hussar, The Military History 
 6f Great Britain, The Life of the Duke of 
 Wellington, Serrrwns, Soldiers^ Help *<o 
 Divine Truth, The Great Problem, and 
 other works. 
 
 Glenara. A lyric, by Thomas 
 Campbell. 
 
 Glenarvon. A novel by Lady 
 Cakoline Lamb (1785—1828), published in 
 1816, and supposed to describe Lord Byron 
 in the person of its hero. It is intended to 
 represent the dangers arising out of a life 
 devoted to fashion. 
 
 Glendalloch : " and other Poems," 
 by Dr. William DBEuirAJr (1754— 182U). 
 See Emekald Isle. 
 
 "Gleniffer, The Braes o'. A song 
 by BOBEKT Tannahill (1774—1810) begin- 
 ning— 
 " Keen bliiws the win' o'er the braes o' GenifEer." 
 
 Glenlogie. A ballad printed by 
 Smith In his Scottish Minstrel, and by 
 Sharpe in his Ballad Book. It tells of the 
 love that Bonnie Jean bare fof* Glenlogie, 
 
 " Wi' hiB milk-white steed and hia bonnio black 
 e'e." 
 
 Globe, and Traveller, The. A 
 
 London evening paper, f ormerely advocat- 
 ing Whig, but now Conservative views; 
 established in 1803. 
 
 " Gloomy -winter'a noo a'wa." — 
 
 First line of a song, by Eobbkt Tahjta- 
 bill. 
 Gloriana. The Queen of Fairy- 
 
 land ; a personiUcation botJi of Glory and 
 of Queen Elizabeth, in Spensek's FcHrie 
 Queene : 
 
 " The grenteet glorious Queene of Faeiyland. 
 
 Glorious John. A name given to 
 John Dbyden . 
 
 " Glory and loveliness have 
 
 passed away." Dedicatory sonnet to Leigh 
 Hunt, by Johu Keats. 
 
 " Glory, jest, eind riddle of the 
 
 world, The." — line 18, epistle ii., of Pope*3 
 Essay on Man (q.v.). 
 
 " Glory or the grave, 'Who rush 
 
 to." — Campbell's Hohenlinden. 
 
 "Glory of "Warrior, glory of 
 
 orator, glory of song." — ^ITirst line of 
 Wages, by Alpbed Tennyson. 
 
 GlossariumArchseologicum. A 
 
 collection, by Sir Heney Spelman (1562 
 — 1641), of historical and legal terms cur- 
 rent in old records. Part 1 was published 
 in 1626 ; Part 2 (by Dugdale) in 1664. 
 
 Glossin, Gilbert. A knavish law- 
 yer in Scott's novel of Guy Mannering. 
 
 Glossographia, " or, Diclionary 
 of Hard Words," by Thomas Blont ; 
 published in 1719. 
 
 Gloucester, Robert of. A monk 
 who lived temp, Henry III. and Edward I., 
 and wrote, in English rhyme, a history oi 
 England from the imaginary days o{ Bru- 
 tus to his own time. He is thought to have 
 finished it about the year 1280, though an 
 allusion in it to St. Louis of Prance would 
 seem to show that a portion of it was writ- 
 ten after 1297, "This rhyming chroni- 
 cler," says Warton, "is totally destitute of 
 art and imagination. The author has 
 clothed the fables of Geoffrey of Mon- 
 mouth (q.v.) in rhyme, which have often 
 a more poetical air in Geoffrey's prose. 
 The language is full of Saxomsms, but 
 this obscurity is perhaps owing to the 
 western dialect in which our monk of 
 Gloucester was educated." See Ellis's 
 Specimens of the English Poets. 
 
 Glover, Richard, poet and d«i- 
 matist (b. 1712, d, 1785), wrote a poem to 
 the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton (1728) ; 
 Leonidas (1737), (q,v.) ; London : or, the 
 Progress of Commerce (1739) ; Hosier's 
 Ghost (1739) ; Boadicea (1758), (q.v.) ; 
 ,^fe* a (1761) ; The Atheniad (um) : Jason 
 (179.0) ; and some minor pieces, I'^or -bio- 
 graphy, see Johnson's . and Chalmers' 
 editions of the Poets, and Ch.ilmers' Bio- 
 graphical Dictionary, ■ For criticism, see 
 TJie Biographia Dramatica ; The Quarterly 
 Review, vol. xi. ; The Edinburgh Beview, 
 vol, xxii. ; and The Betrospect'ive Beview. 
 See Admibal Hosiek's Ghost. 
 
 Glowry, Mr. The owner of Night- 
 mare Abbey, inPBACooK's novel of. that 
 
GLH 
 
 BOD 
 
 275 
 
 name ; lather of Scythrop (q.v.). lASe 
 the man in the play, he thinks it most 
 gentlemanlike to be melancholy. 
 
 Grlub-dub-drib. An imaginary is- 
 land, said to he inhabited by 'sorcerers, 
 ■which Gnlliver is supposed to have visited 
 in his Travels (q.v.). 
 
 Glum-dalclitoh, in Swift's Gul- 
 liver's Travels (q.v.), is aeirl nine years 
 old, and nearly forty feet high, in whose 
 charge Gulliver is supposed to he placed 
 during his stay at. Brobdingnag. So 
 Pope : 
 
 '*^ Soon as Gum-dalclitch mieaed her pleaBing care, 
 She wept, she blubbered, and she tore herTiair." 
 
 Glumms. The male inhabitants 
 of Nosmnbdsgrsutt, the *• strange coun- 
 try*' discovered by Peter Wilkins in The 
 h^fe an^ Adventures of that personage, 
 by EOBEKT Paltock. They are repre- 
 sented as a flying people. See Gawbeys. 
 
 Glutton's Peaver, The. A work 
 by Thomas Bancroft (d. about 1600), 
 printed in 1633, and republished by the 
 Boxburghe Club. 
 
 Glycine. A cliaraeter in Cole- 
 BiDGE's tale of Zapolya (q.v.). 
 
 Glyndon, Howard. The literary 
 pseudonym -of Laura G. Bedden, an 
 American authoress. 
 
 "Go fetch to me a pint o' 
 
 wine." First line of a song by Bobert 
 BtTEirs (1759— 1796), the first four lines of 
 which are from an older composition. 
 
 " Go, Lovely Rose." A song by 
 EDMtniD Waller, published in 1664. 
 
 "Go, soul, the body's truest." 
 First line of a poem by Sir Walter 
 Ealbigh, sometunes called The Soul's 
 Errand, or The Lie (q.v.). 
 
 "Go -where glory waits thee." 
 
 First line of an Irish melody by Thomas 
 Moore. 
 
 " Go, Yarrow flower, thou shalt 
 be blest." A line in a songby William 
 Eamilton, called The Flower of Yarrow. 
 
 Gobbo, Launcelot. A clown in 
 Shakespeare's play of Tlie Merchant of 
 Venice (q.v.). 
 
 Gobbo, Old. Father of Launcelot 
 Gobbo (q.v.). 
 
 . Gobilive, Godfrey. A character 
 InHAWES's aljegorical romance of The 
 Pastyme of Pleaswre (q.v.). 
 
 Goblins, The. A comedy hy Sir 
 John Sucklino, acted in' 1636. Eegi- 
 nella in this play is copied from Shake- 
 speare's Miranda, ' and the goblins are 
 poor imitations of Ariel. 
 
 - "God Almighty's gentlemen, 
 
 His triDe were." — Dryden, Absalom, and 
 Achitophelf part i., line 645. 
 
 "Grod helps them that help 
 themselves." A proverb included in 
 Franklin's Poor Richard (q.v.). 
 
 "God made the country, and 
 man made the town." Line 794 in Cow- 
 PER's poem uf Tlie Sofa {The Task, book 
 i.). So COWPEB in The Garden, essay 5 :— 
 "God the first garden made and the first city Cain. ' ' 
 
 "God moves in a mysterious 
 
 way." First line of Cowper's poem, 
 lAght Shining out of Darkness, 
 
 "God of my idolatry, The." 
 
 Romeo and Juliet, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 "God never had a church." 
 
 Opening words of a quatrain by William 
 Brummond, that contains an idea met 
 with more than once in English litera- 
 ture. Thus Drumraond says — 
 
 " God never bad a church hue there, men say. 
 The devil a cliapel had raised by some wyles." 
 
 Georoe Herbert says, in his Jacula 
 Prudenium (q.v.), that* 'No sooner is a 
 temple built by God, than the devil builds 
 a chapel hard by." And Bcbton, in The 
 Anaiomv of Melancholy, has — " Where 
 God hath a temple, the devil will have a 
 chapel." Lastly, we have Defoe, whose 
 couplet is the best known of all four pas- 
 
 " Wherever God erects a house of prayer, 
 The devil always builds a chapel there." 
 
 " God or devil. Every man 
 
 with him was."— Drvden, AhsdUym, and 
 Achiiophel, part i., line 558. 
 
 "God said, 'Let Newton be, 
 and all was light," was one of the lines in 
 an epitaph intended by Pope for Sir Isaac 
 Newton. 
 
 " God save the King," the re- 
 frain of the national anthem, was original- 
 ly written by Henry Carey (1663—1743), 
 in honour of a birthday of George II. 
 Both words and music are by this writer, 
 and were first sung at a dinner given by 
 the London Mercers' Company, in 1740. . 
 They were published in 1742 in the Har- " 
 mmiUi Anrjlicajna, and appeared in TJie 
 Gentleman's Magazine for 1745. According 
 to Arne, the air has preserved its origin^ 
 form, but its harmonies have been modi- , 
 fied by successive artists. The words have 
 also undergone slight changes in the course 
 of time, the present version differing 
 slightly from the orinlnal by Carey. The 
 tra'dition which ascribed the anthem 1o a 
 Mr. John Bull may probably be traced to 
 the fact that a musician of that name (1563 
 —1622) composed and played before the 
 King, shortly after the Gunpowder Plot, 
 an ode beginning, " God save great James 
 the King." See Chappell's Popular Muaio 
 <tf the Olden Time, 
 
276 
 
 GOD 
 
 GOD 
 
 " God tempers the -wind to the 
 
 ■ shorn lamb." A proverbial expression, to 
 be found iu StekNe's Sentimental Journey. 
 A. very similar seuteuce occurs in Herbert's 
 Jacula Prudentum : " To a close-shorn 
 sbeepi God gives wind by measure." 
 
 Qod's Acre. A poem by Hekby 
 ■Wadswoeth Longfellow :— 
 
 " 1 like that ancioot Saxon phrajie, which calls 
 The burial-ground God'a Acre I ' 
 
 God's Arithmetick. A religions 
 traatise by Francis Mebes (d. 1646), pub- 
 lished in 1597. 
 
 " God's prophets of the beauti- 
 fuli"— Mrs. Bkownino's description of 
 the poets in A Vision, 
 
 Godfrey, Prior of Winchester (circa 
 1100). See Camden's Remains. 
 
 Godfrey Cass, in George Eliot's 
 novel of Silas Mamer (q.v.), is eventually 
 married to Nancy Lammeter. 
 
 Godfrey of Bullogne. Tlie chief 
 character of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, 
 and the title under which Edward Fair- 
 fa < (d. 1632) published in the year 1600 his 
 traiislallou, in the Spenserian stanza, of 
 that poem. A version by Richard Carew 
 had already appeared, in 1594, in the same 
 measure, and under the title of A Boke 
 called Godfrai of JiitUoignj an heroicale 
 poem of S. Torquato 'I'asso, Englished by 
 
 jt. a 
 " God-given strength, Profaned 
 
 the." Scott's introduction to Marmum 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Godiva. A poem by Alfred 
 Tesnysos (1842). The story of the lady 
 and Peeping Tom of Coventry is told in full 
 by Diigdale, and is laid somewhere about 
 A.D. 1057. Godiva was the wife of Leofric, 
 liarl of Uercia, and undertook to ride 
 naked through the town if he would remit 
 a tax under which the people groaned. 
 The earl consented, and the lady kept her 
 word ; and thus, as Tennyson says, she 
 " Built herself on everlaating name." 
 
 Godkin, James, niiscellnnenus 
 writer and journalist (b. 1806), has written 
 The Outcast: a Story of the Jieformation ; 
 A Guide to the Church of Christ-; Tli^Toiwll- 
 stone of Orthodoxy ; Apostolic Christianity; 
 T/te Rights of Ireland ; A Popular Jits- 
 ton/ of Ireland ; Religious Education in 
 In^ia ; A History of E'ducation in Ireland; 
 An Illustrated History of England from 
 1820 to 1852 ; Ireland and her Churches ; 
 and T/ie Land War in Ireland. He was 
 at one time editor of 'I he Christian Patriot 
 and other papers, 
 
 Oodlie and Spirituall Songs, 
 
 Ane Compendious Bnoke of : " CoUeotit 
 out of sundrie partes of the Scripture, with 
 nundrie of other Ballates, changed out oi; 
 prophaue Souges, for avoydlug of Sinue 
 
 and Harlotrie." Ptiblished in 1597, re- 
 printed in 1602, and said in the last edition 
 to have been written b^ " one Weddeb-- 
 BURN, of whom we know little," This was, 
 probably, Wedderbum, "Vicar of Dundee, 
 who lived circa 1550, and of whom it is 
 related that he " turned the tunes and 
 tenour of many profane ballads into godly 
 songs and hymns, which were called the 
 Psalms of Dundee, whereby he stirred up 
 the affections of many." 
 
 Godly Queen Hester. A very 
 singular miracle-play, printed in 1561, and 
 chiefly " draweii oute of the Holy Scrip- • 
 ture." though various allegorical characters 
 are introduced. The play is remarkable, 
 as including amongst its dramatis personte 
 a very early specimen of the stage jester, 
 who is called Hardy-dardy, and assumes 
 weakness of intellect in order to give 
 greater effect to what he utters, 
 
 Godmer, A Britisii Giant in 
 Spesseb's Falirie Queene (q.v.), 
 
 Godbdin. A poem by Aneurin, a 
 Welsh bard-(ciica 500), descriptive of the 
 adventures of the Ottadini, a Kymric tribe, 
 which in very early times inhabited the 
 county of Cumberland, but at a later 
 period emigrated into Wales. Th3 poem 
 has its scene laid in the north, and cele- 
 brates an attack by the Ottadini upou ihe 
 town of Cataracton, now Catterick. 
 
 Godolphin. A novel by Edward, 
 Lord Lytton, published anonymously in 
 1833. 
 
 Godwin. Son of Gutlihic, and a 
 hero of some of the old English fables. 
 
 Godwin, George, architectural 
 writer (b. 1815), has written An Essay on 
 Concrete (1835), The Churches in London 
 (1838), History in Ruins (1863), London 
 Shadows (1854), and other works. He be- 
 can.e editor of The Builder in 1844. 
 
 Godvicin, Parke, American writer 
 and journalist (b. 1816), has written Cmi- 
 sfruciive Democracy (1844) ; Vala, a ro- 
 mance (1861); The History of Labottr, and. 
 other works. 
 
 Godwin, Mary. See Wollstoxe- 
 
 CEAFT. 
 
 God'win, William, philosopher, 
 novelist, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1766, 
 d. 1836), wrote An Answer to Alalthus, Caleb 
 iVilliams (q.v.), Life of Lord Chatham, 
 Clowlesley^ Damon and Delia, Velorainc, 
 The Enquirer, The Genius of Christianity 
 Unveiled (q .v.). The Herald of Literature, 
 The History of the Commonwealth of Eng- 
 land, Imogen, Lives of the Kecroma')icers, 
 Mandeville, Life of Geoffrey Chaucer, Polit-< 
 ical Justice (q.v.), St. Leon (q.v.), SiieMies 
 ofHistxyry, and Thoughts on Man. He also 
 published a Memoir of his wife in 1798i 
 See the Life, /by Kegan Paul (1876) : also 
 HazUtt's Comic IVrittrs. 
 
GOB 
 
 GOL 
 
 277 
 
 Groethe. The works of this poet 
 are published in English as follows :— 
 Vols. i. and ii., Autobiography, translated 
 by Oxenford ; Letters from Hwttzertand&nA 
 Travels in Italy, translated by Morrison ; 
 vol. iii., Faxtst, Iphigenia in Tauris, Tor- 
 gttato Tasso, Egmont, translated by Swan- 
 wick ; Goetzvon Berlichingeii, translated by 
 Scott ; and vols iv. arid v., tiieNovels, trans- 
 lated chiefly by Boylau. The separate 
 works have been translated as follows : — 
 Egmont, by Coleridge (1868) ; Faust, by 
 Leveson-Gtower (1823), Hayward (1833), 
 Blackie (1834), Anster (1835). Talbot (1836), 
 Birch (1839), Hills (1840), FUmore (1841), 
 MacDonald (1842), Gvirney (1843), Grant 
 (1868), Martin (1870), and Bayard Taylor 
 (1871) ; Hermanji and Dorotliea, by Hol- 
 croft (1801), Winser (18S0), Cochrane (1850), 
 Apel (1865), Bavensberg (1869), Frothing- 
 ham (1S70), and Teesdale (1874) ; Iphigenta 
 Ml Taviris, by Taylor (1793), and Hartwig 
 (1841); The Sorrows of Werter, by Pratt 
 (1813) ; Goetz of Berlichingeii, by D'Aguilar 
 (1796) : Stella, by Thompson (1801) ; Wil- 
 helm Meister*s Apprenticeship, by Carlyle 
 (1824) ; Torguato Tasso, by Des Voeux- 
 (1827) ; Lyric Poems, by Bowring (1853) ; 
 Theory of Colours.'by Eastlake (1840) ; and 
 Autobiography, by Godwin (1847). See the 
 English biographies of Goethe, by Brown- 
 ing (1844), and Lewes (1855) ; also Carlyle's 
 Essays. 
 
 Goi'wffed. A poem by Gwalch- 
 MAi, a Welsh bard (circa 1150), " which 
 has passages that remind one of the Allegro 
 of Milton, and of some of the smaller poems 
 of Wordsworth." 
 
 Golden Age, The. A poetical 
 satire by Alfred Austin, published in 
 1871. 
 
 Golden Booke of the Leaden 
 
 Goddes, The ; " wherein is described ttie 
 vayne Imaginations of Heaths Pa^ns and 
 counterfaict Christians : wyth a Descrip- 
 tion of their several Tables, what ech of 
 their pictures signified ; '* published in 
 1677, and described as the earliest manual 
 of classical mythology in our language. 
 The author was Stephen Batmax (1537— 
 1587). 
 
 " Golden fire, Fretted with."— 
 Hamlet, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 Golden Garland of Princely 
 
 Delights, The. An old miscellany of songs 
 and ballads. 
 
 Golden Grove, The : " or, a 
 
 Manual of Daily Prayers and Letanies, 
 fitted to the Dayes of the Week ; also Festi- 
 val Hymns jiccordiiig to the manner of the 
 -Ancient Church," by Bishop Jekbmy 
 Taylor (1613—1667) ; published in 1655, 
 and including In the nrst edition a curious 
 folding frontispiece of the "Golden Grove," 
 the seat of his neighbour and patron, the 
 £arl of Caib6ny, In GamaxTousliixe. 
 
 Golden Legend, The. A drama- 
 tic poem by Henry Wadsworth Long- 
 fellow, published in 1851. 
 
 " Golden Mean, The." Illustra- 
 tions of this proverbial expression will be 
 found In Sir Edward Dyer's My Mind to 
 me a Kingdom is ; Massinger's Great 
 JMke of Florence, i. 1. ; and Pope's Moral 
 Essays, iii. 246. It probably originated 
 with the Horatian maxim, " In medio tuns' 
 simus ibis," Odes ii. x. 5. 
 
 "Golden opinions from all 
 sorts of people, I have bought." — -Macbethf - 
 act i., scene 7. 
 
 Golden Supper, The. A story, 
 founded on Boccaccio, by Alfred Tekny- 
 
 SON. 
 
 Golden Terge, The. A poem by 
 William Dunbar (q.v.), in the form of a 
 moral allegory, the object of which is to 
 describe the gradual and imperceptible' 
 influence of love, which even the golden- - 
 target of Beason is unable to repel. Cupid, - 
 Venus, Youth, Beauty, Presence, Dis- 
 simulation, Heaviness, and Danger are' 
 amongst the characters of thepoem, which 
 was flrst printed in 1508. It is in stanzas' 
 of nineten-syllabledlines. See Alexander' ' 
 Smith's l>reamtliorpe. 
 
 Golden Treasury for the Chil- 
 dren of God, The, by Ch. V. Bogatsky, 
 Sublished in 1754. A religious work which 
 as been frequently reprinted, and is still 
 very popular. 
 
 Golden Violet, The. A poem by 
 Letitia Elizabeth Landon (1802—1838); 
 published in 1826. 
 
 Golden Year, The. An idyll by 
 Alfred TENNYSON,'published in 1842. 
 
 Golding, Arthur (d..l59'0), pub- 
 lished translations of Justin's History. 
 (1564), Caesar's Commentaries' (1565), C>vid's 
 AZetamorphosis (1565), and Du Plessis Mor-, 
 nay's Truth of Christianity (1687). See- 
 Abraham's Sacrifice. 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver, poet, novelist, 
 and essayist (b. 1728, d. 1774), wrote The 
 Vicar of Walsefteld (1766), (q.v.) ; The Citi^ 
 zen of tlle World (1760—1762), (q.v.) ; 
 Essays (1768—1765), (q.v.) ; The Bee (1759) ; 
 An Enquiry into the Present State of 
 Polite Learning (1759); Biographies (Bol- 
 ingbroke, 1770 ; Thomas Parnell, 1768 ; 
 Voltaire, 1759 ; Richard Nash) ; The Trav- 
 eller : or, a Prospect of Society (1764), (q-v.) ; 
 Th^ Deserted Village (1770), (q.v.); The 
 Hermit: a Ballad (1766), (q.v.); Jietalia- 
 tion ; a Poem (1774), (q.v.) ; The Good-Na- 
 iured Mam (1768), (q.v.) ; She Stoops to 
 Conquer (1773), (q.v.) ; The Captivity : an 
 Oratorio ; some miscellaneous poems ; and 
 various compilations, including Memoirs^- 
 of a Protestant condemned to the Galleys 'of^' ' 
 JPratKe for his HeUgion; History ^ Mv^i'"' 
 
278 
 
 GOL 
 
 GOO 
 
 land in a Series of Letters from a Nobleman 
 to his Son; A Survey of Experimental 
 Philosophy; A Short English Grammar; 
 a tranalatfon of a French History ofPhilos' 
 ophy ; a coUeotion of Poems for Young 
 Zaaies ; another collection called Heauiies 
 cf English Poetry ; a Hainan History; a 
 ffistorj/of the Earth ancl qf Animated Na- 
 ture; a History of England; a History qf 
 Greece; a translation of Scarron's Comic 
 Romance; aitd contributions to The Xien- 
 ileman^s Journal; The Lady's Magazine; 
 T/ie Westminster Magazine; The Public 
 Ledger ; The Busy Body ; The Critical He- 
 view ; The Monthly Iteview ; and Tlie Brit- 
 ish Magazine. Hia Lift has been written 
 by Sir Jamea Prior (1837), John Forster 
 (1848), and Washington Irving (1849). *' In 
 all that he wrbte," says Masson, " his com- 
 pilatiouB included, there was the charm of 
 his easy, perspicuous style. This was one 
 of Goldsmith's natural gifts ; with his hu- 
 mour, bis tenderness, and his graceful 
 delicacy of thought, he had it from the 
 first. No writer in the language has ever 
 surpassed him, or even equalled him, in 
 that witcliing simplicity, that gentle ease 
 of movement, sometimes careless and slip- 
 shod, but always in perfect good taste, and 
 often delighting with the subtlest turns and 
 felicities, which critics have admired for a 
 hundred years in the diction of Golilsmith. 
 In his original writings, where the charm 
 of his style is most felt, there is, with all 
 their variety of form, a certain sameness 
 of general effect. The field of incidents, 
 characters, sentiments, and imagined situ- 
 .ations within which the authoi: moves, is 
 a limited one, though there is great deftness 
 of recombination within that horizon. 
 But, over and above this limitation, there 
 was a something in his own method and 
 choice of subjects causing a further and 
 inner circumscription > of his bounds. All' 
 Goldsmith's phantasies, whether in prose 
 or verse, are phantasies of what may be 
 called reminiscences. Less than even 
 SmoUet did Goldsmith invent, if by inven- 
 tion we mean a projection of the imajgina- 
 tion into vacant space, and a filling oipor- 
 tion after portion of that space, as by sheer 
 bold dreaming, with scenery, events, and 
 brings never known before. He drew on 
 l^e recollections of his own life, on the 
 history of his own family, on the charac- 
 ters of Ms relatives, or whimsical incidents 
 that had happened to him in his Irish 
 youth or during his Continental wander- 
 ings, or his experience as a literary drudge 
 in London. But in most of his writings, 
 even when it may have been Irish recol- 
 lections that suggested the theme, he is 
 careful to drop its origin, and transplant 
 the tale into England. Goldsmith's heart 
 and genius was Irish; but in the matter 
 and form of his writings he was purposely 
 English." See Animated Natukb, A 
 History of the Earth and of ; Ed- 
 vns AND Angelina ; Goody Two- 
 Shoss ; iBiSf To ; Mad BoOf Elbov on 
 
 a; Polite Learning ; Public Ledger, 
 The ; Terence, The English j Thri;- 
 NODiA Augusta LIS. 
 
 Goldy. A name given by Dr. 
 Johnson to Oliver Goldsmith. 
 
 Golias. Tile name of a pretended 
 bishop, on whom Walter Mapes fathered 
 his satirical poemSj \phich became so far 
 mous that other writers also made use of 
 the name for their own. effusions. See 
 
 CONFESSIO GOIAM. 
 
 GoU, the Son of Morni A 
 
 poetical panegyric by Fergus Pibheoil 
 (circa 290). See Dargo. 
 
 Gondibert. An herioc poem hj 
 William Davenant (1605—1668), printed 
 in 1651, with a long dedicatoiy epistle to 
 the philosopher Hobbes, of Malmesbury. 
 It was never finished, but the three books 
 of it now extant, notwithstanding a ro- 
 mantic plot and some passages of great 
 beauty, will test the courage of the most 
 persevering reader. 
 
 ** Gone and for ever, Thoii 
 
 art."— Scott's Lady of the Lake^ canto iii., 
 stanza 16 : — 
 
 " I/ike the dew on the mountain, 
 Like the foam on the river. 
 Like the bubble on the fountain-** 
 
 " Gone before, Not dead, but." 
 
 See BoGERS's poem of Human Life. 
 
 Goneril. A daughter of King Lear, 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of the latter 
 name (q.v.). 
 
 Gonzalo. A councillor in The 
 Tempest- 
 
 " Good are better made by ill, 
 
 The."^E0GERs, Jacqueline^ stanza 3. 
 
 "Good by stealth, Do, and 
 
 blush to find it fame." See Allworthy, 
 Mr. 
 
 Good Counsel of Chaucer, The. 
 
 A poem by Geoffrey Chaucer (1328— 
 1400), which he is said to have composed 
 upon his death-bed, whilst *' lying in 
 anguish," 
 
 ■Good gods! how he will 
 talk !"— I^athaniel Lee, Alexander the 
 Great, act!., scene 3. 
 
 "Good man never dies, The." 
 
 MoNTGOMFJftY, The Wanderer qf Switzer- 
 land. 
 
 "Gopd men and true." — Much 
 Ado about Nothing J act iii., scene 3. 
 
 " Good name in man and 
 
 woman." — Othello, act iii., scene 3. 
 
 Good-Natured Man, The, A 
 
 comedy by Oliver Goldsmith (1728 — 
 1774), performed at Covent Garden in 
 1768, with a prologue by Dr. Johnsok, who 
 pronounced it the best comedy that had 
 
GOO 
 
 GOO 
 
 279 
 
 appeared since The Provolxd Husband 
 (q.T.). 
 
 " Goodness in things evil, There 
 
 is a BO\ilot."—K. Henry F., activ., scene 1. 
 
 " ' Good-night ? ' No, love ! The 
 
 night is ill." — First line of Good Night, 
 by Pekcy Bvsshe Shelley (1820). 
 
 '.' Good, old-gentlemanly vice, 
 
 A." See stanza 216, canto 1, of Byrojt's 
 JOon Juan. 
 
 " Good old rule, The." A phrase 
 in WoKDSWOKTH's poem o£ Rob Boy's 
 Grave (q.v.). 
 
 " Good sense, which only is the 
 
 gift of Heaven."— Pope, Moral, Ms says, 
 epistle It., line 43 :— 
 And though no sciei^e, fairly worth the seven." 
 
 "Good the gods provide thee, 
 
 Take the."— Dkydeit, Mexander's Feast, 
 line 106. 
 
 " Good the more communica- 
 ted, ■ more abundant grows." — Paradise 
 Lost, book v., line 71. Cowper says, in 
 Conversation : — 
 " That good diffused may more abundant grow." 
 
 " Good will be the final goal of 
 
 ill." See Tennysos's poem of In Memo- 
 riam, sect. liii. 
 
 Goode Women, The Legende 
 
 of. See Legends of Goode Women, The. 
 Goodenough, Dr. A physician in 
 Thaokekay's novel of Tlie Adven- 
 tures of Philip (q,v.). 
 
 Goodfellow, Robin. A " shrewd 
 and knavisb sprite," otherwise "Puck," 
 in Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's 
 Dream (q.v.). 
 
 <jroodIucke, Ga'win. A character 
 in Ralph Roister Bolster (q.v.). 
 
 Goodly Ballade of Chaucer, A. 
 
 A poem by Geopfeey Chaucer (1328 — 
 1400), said to have been addressed to Mar- 
 garet, Countess of Pembroke, in whose 
 name, says a critic, Chaucer found one of 
 those opportunities of praising the daisy 
 he never lost. 
 
 Goodrich, Frank Booth. See 
 TiNTO, Dick. 
 
 Goodrich, Samuel Griswold. 
 See Parley, Peter. 
 
 Goodstock, The Host; alias 
 LordFrampul, in Ben Jonson's comedy 
 of The New Inn : or, the Light Heart. He 
 pretends to be a gentleman and a scholar, 
 neglected by the times, and masquerades as 
 the host of the " Xiight Heart " Inn, at 
 Bamet. 
 
 Goody Blake. A character in 
 ■Wordsworth's ballad of Qoody Blake 
 and Harry Oill. 
 
 Goody Two-Shoes,The History 
 
 of Little. A famous nursery story, fiist 
 published by Newbevy, a bookseller in St. 
 Paul's Churchyard, in 1765. It is not im- 
 probable that it was written by Oliver 
 Goldsmith, who was at that time doing 
 literary work for Newbery, and whose " sly 
 and playful humour " has been detected iii 
 the following advertisement of the liLtle 
 book :— *' We are desired to give notice 
 that there is in tlie press, and speedily will 
 be published, either by subscription or 
 otherwise, as the public may please to de- 
 termine. The History of Little Goody Two- 
 SJwes, otherwise, Mrs. Ma/raery Two-SJtoes ; 
 with the means by which she acquired 
 learning and wisdom, and, in conse- 
 quence thereof, her estate ; set forth at 
 large for the benetit of those 
 
 " ' Who from a state of rags and care. 
 And having shoes hut half a pair, 
 Their fortune and their fame should fix, 
 And gallop in a coach and six.* " 
 
 Googe, Barnaby (b. about 1540, 
 d. 1894), published translations of Man- 
 zolli's Zodiac qf Life (1565), of Kirch- 
 meyer's Popish Kingdoms (1570), and Her- 
 esbach's Husbandrle{157T). Healso'issued 
 a volume of Eglogs, Epytaphes, and Soti- 
 nettes (1563). See Kaooeorgus. 
 
 Goose Gibbie. A half-witted lad 
 in Sir Walter Scott's Old Mortality. 
 
 Goose, Mother : her " Songs for 
 the Nursery, or Mother Goose's Melodies 
 lor Children ;" published in 1719 by Thomas 
 Fleet, " at his Printing-House, Pudding 
 Lane (now Devonshire Street)." This 
 famous volume owed its origin to the fol- 
 lowing circumstances : — Its author, 'Mo- 
 ther Goose, was the mother-in-law of its' 
 publisher, who had married her eldest 
 daughter, Elizabeth Goose ; and she was 
 so overcome with delight at the birth of 
 her first grandchild that she spent most of 
 her time in wandering about the house,' 
 pouring forth, in anything but melodious 
 strains, the nursery songs and ditties she 
 had learned " in other days," much to the 
 annoyance of her neighbours generally, 
 and Thomas Fleet in particular. The lat- 
 ter found, however, that remonstrances 
 were useless, and therefore contented him- 
 self with taking down Mother Goose's 
 words and notes as she uttered them, and 
 issuing them to the public in the way in- 
 dicated above. 
 
 Gooseberry Pie. "A Pindaric 
 Ode," by Kobert Southey (1774—1843), 
 written in 1799, and concluding thus :— 
 " The flour, the sugar, and the fruit. 
 
 Commingled well, how well they suit, 
 
 And they were well bestowed. 
 O Jane, with truth 1 praise thy pie, 
 And will notyou in just reply. 
 Praise my Pindaric Ode ? '' 
 
 Goosecap, Sir Giles. An anony- 
 mous comedy, played In 1606. 
 
280 
 
 GOR 
 
 GOV 
 
 Gorboduc, The Tragedy of. 
 
 The first regular drama in English hlaiik 
 verse > written in 1661, by Thomas Nok- 
 TO>" and Lord Buckhurst. "This trag- 
 edy," says Hazlitt, "considered as the 
 first in our language, is certainly a 
 curiosity, and in otlier respects it is also 
 remarkable. As a work of genius, it may 
 he set down as nothing, for it contains 
 hardly a memorable line or passage ; as a 
 work of art, it may be considered as a 
 monnment to the taste and skill of the 
 authors. Its merit is confined to the regu- 
 larity of the plot and metre, to its general 
 good sense, and strict attention to common 
 ecorum." Its object is to set forth the 
 dangers arising from the division of sov- 
 erign power, and the author, in -the 
 end, declares for the doctrine of pas- 
 Bive obedience and non-resistance. Gor- 
 boduc was highly praised by such dif- 
 ferent men as Sir Philip Sidney and 
 Pope, It was first printed in 1565. 
 Among the characters are Gorboduc, King 
 of Britain ; Videna, his wife ; Ferrex and 
 Porrex, tlieir sons, after whom the play is 
 sometimes called ; Bordan, Philander, 
 Hermon;, Tyndar, and Marcella. The trag- 
 edy is in five acts, each of which opens 
 with a masque or dumb show, and closes 
 with some utterance by the chorus. The 
 two following lines have been noted as 
 strangely Xennysonian in style and senti- 
 ment :— 
 
 " For ri^ht will alwayes live, and rise nt length. 
 But wrong can never take deepe roote to lost." 
 
 Gordon, Lady Duff, n^e Lucy 
 Austen (d. 1869), w^ the author of Letters 
 from the Cape^ Vacation Tourists (1864), 
 and Letters from Egypt (1865), besides 
 various translated works. 
 
 Gore, Mrs. Catherine Grace 
 
 Francis, novelist (b. 1799, d. 1861), wrote 
 Theresa MarchmoJit (1823) ; The Letter de 
 Cacltet and The lieian of Terror (1827) ; 
 ffungarian Tales; Women, as they are: or^ 
 the Manners of the Day ^1830) ; Mothers 
 and Daughters (1831) ; The Fair qf May 
 Jfctir (18321 ; Mrs. Armytage (1836) ; Mary 
 Jiaymond arul Memoirs of a Peeress (1837) ; 
 The Dian/ of a D6$ennui/4e (1838) ; T/ie 
 W(»nan of the World (1838) ; The Heir of 
 Selwood (1838); The Book of Hoses: or, 
 JiQse-fancier* 8 Manual (1838); The Cabinet 
 Minister (1839), (q.v.) ; PreferTtient; or, My 
 Uncle the Earl (1839) ; The Courtier of Vie 
 Days of Charles TI., and other Tales (1839); 
 The Dowager : or, the New School of Scan- 
 dal (1840) ; Cecil : or, the Adventures of a 
 Coxcomb (1841), {q.Y.);Greville : or, a Season 
 in /'orw (1841), (q.v.); Dacreofihe South: a 
 Drama (1841); TheLover and her Husband , 
 translated (1841): Fascination (1842) ; The. 
 Ambassador's Wife 0842); The Banker's 
 Wife : or, Cov/rt and City (1843) ; and many 
 others* amounting altogether to about one 
 hundred volumes. 
 
 Ooslingf Giles, in Sir Walteb 
 
 ScoTT*s novel of Kenilworth (q.v.), is the- 
 landlord of . the "Black Bear" Inn at 
 Cumnor. 
 
 " Gospel -light first davrned 
 from BuUen's eyes, And.''— Second line of 
 a couplet by Gkay, intended to have been 
 introduced into his poem on The Alliance 
 of Education and Government. 
 
 Gospel Sonnets, were written 
 by Ralph EKSKLtfE (1685—1752). 
 
 Gosse, Iidmund "W., living poet, 
 author of On Viol and Flute, King Eric, 
 and other works. 
 
 Gosse, Phillip Henry (b. 1810), 
 has published The Canadian Naturalist 
 (1840), The Aquarium (1854), Omphalos 
 (1857), Actinologia Britannica (I860), A 
 Year at the Shore, and many other worki 
 on natural history. 
 
 Gosson, Stephen (b . 1 554. d. 
 1623), wrote Captain Mario (1577), (q-v.) : 
 The Schoole cf Abuse (1579), (q-v.). The 
 Ephemerides ofPhialo fl579), (q.v.) ; Plays' 
 Confuted in Five Actions (1581) (q.v.) ; 
 Praise at Parting, Caiiline^s Ck>nspiracies, 
 and other works. For biography, see 
 Wood's Athenm Oxenienses. 
 
 Gotham, Merry Tales of the 
 
 Mad Men of. Supposed to have been 
 compiled by Andbew Bobde, the phy- 
 sician of Henry VIII. *' This," says "Wood, 
 "inthe reign of Henry VIU. and aftei*, 
 was accounted a book full of wit and~nurth 
 by scholars and gentlemen.'* (Athence 
 Oxenienses, i. 74.) Gotham was a town in 
 Nottinghamshire, noted for some ridicu- 
 lous law-tenures. In Amcncan Literature, 
 the name is bestowed upon New York, in 
 reference to the humourous allusions in 
 Salmafjundi (q.v.). Fuller says, in 1^ 
 Worthies, that *' the proverb of * As wise 
 as a man of Gotham* passed publicly as 
 the periphrasis of a fool ; and a hundred 
 fopperies are forged and fathered on the 
 townsfolk of Gotham." 
 
 Goulbourn, Edward Meyrick, 
 
 D.D., Dean of Norwich (b. about 1818), hi^ 
 published The Doctrine of the liesurrection 
 of tlie Body (1851), The Idle World (1855). 
 Inspirations of the Holy Scriptures (1857), 
 Thoughts on Personal Reliqion (1862), The 
 Pursuit of Holiness (1869), Tlve Holy Cath- 
 olic Church (1873), and other works. 
 
 Governail of Princes, The. See 
 
 Beoimine Pbincipum, De. 
 
 Government, A Fragment on, 
 
 by Jeremy Beittham (1748—1832) ; pub- 
 lished in 1776, and consisting of an examina- 
 tion of a passage in Blackstonc's Commen- 
 taries. It treats (1) of the formation of 
 government, (2) of tlie forms of govern- 
 ment, and (3) of the British Constitution, 
 and was prompted, the author tells us, 
 *' by a passion for imprQv^ment in tliosa 
 
GOV 
 
 GRA 
 
 281 
 
 shapes ill which the lot of mankind is 
 atmelioratedhy-it." It was in this pam- 
 phlet that Bentham first adopted the 
 famous phrase of Dr. Priestley, about 
 '*tlie greatest happiness of the greatest 
 number." 
 
 Government for the Good of 
 
 Mankind, A Conversation concerning the 
 Eight Kegulation of. Contained in *• a 
 letter" from Andkew Fletchek, of Sal- 
 toun (1653—1716), " to the Marquis of Mon- 
 trose, the Earles of Ilothes, Roxburgh, and 
 Hadoingtou, from London, the j^rst of 
 December, 1703." Iti3in the course of this 
 letter that Fletcher makes use of the 
 familiar, but generally misquoted, passage 
 that follows :— " I knew a very wise man 
 that believed that if a man were permitted 
 to make all the ballads, he need not care 
 who should makethe laws of a nation." 
 
 " Government is founded upon 
 compromise and barter. All." Bukke's 
 Speech on Conciliation with America. 
 
 Government, Two Treatises on 
 
 Civil, by John Locke (1632—1704), pub- 
 lished in 1690 ; the.first being a refutation 
 of the paradox of Sir Robert Filmer, that 
 kings have an absolute divine right to the 
 obedience of their subjects, akin, says 
 Professor Fraser, to some modem reason- 
 ings in support of slavery ; and the other 
 an expository indication of Locke's own. 
 theory of the social compact and rights of 
 man-^f government in the interest and 
 for the sake of the governed. They were 
 intended, as the author himself tells ua, to 
 " establish the throne of our great restorer, 
 King William, ... to make good 
 his title to the consent of the people, . . 
 . and to justify to the world the people of 
 England," 
 
 Governor, The, by Sir Thomas 
 Elyot (d. 1546) ; first printed in 1531, and 
 chiefly devoted to the subject of educa- 
 tion. The author recommends that chil- 
 dren should be taught Latin from their in- 
 fancy, and is strong in his deprecation of 
 the savage ill-treatment which distinguish- 
 ed the schools of that period. 
 
 Gower John (b. 1350, d. 1402), 
 wrote Spectclum MecHtantis, Vox Claman- 
 tiSj Con/essio AmantiSj and TJie Tripartite 
 ChroniclCf all of which see. See, also, 
 Baladks ; De Commexdatione, &c. 
 Gower is introduced as Chorus into Peri- 
 cles (q.v.). 
 
 "Gower, Moral." A mmne be- 
 stowed by Chaucer on JohnGoweb : — 
 
 " O moral Gower, this book I direct 
 
 To thee and to the philosophical Strood ; 
 To voucheauf there need is to correct 
 Of your benignitieB and zeaiSs good." 
 
 Gowkthrapple, Maister, in Sir 
 Waltkk Scott's novel otWaverley (q.r.). 
 Is a Covenanting preacher, and is referred 
 to " as a chosen vessel." Carlyle talks 
 
 about "the vehemence of some pulpit- 
 drumming Gowkthrapple." , 
 
 Gracchus, Caius. A tragedy, by 
 James Shebipan Knowles (1784— 1862)# 
 produced at Belfast in 1815. 
 
 Grace Abounding to the Chief 
 
 of Sinnei's. An autobiographical and de- 
 votional narrative, by John Bunyan, pub- 
 lished in 166G. 
 
 Grace before Meat. One of the 
 
 EsRcus o/Elia, by Charles Lame (171£» 
 —1834). " I own 1 am disposed to say giac© 
 upon twenty other occasions in the course 
 of tho day besides my dinner. I want a 
 form for setting out upon a pleasant walk, 
 for a moonlight ramble, for a friendly 
 meeting, for a solved problem. "Why have 
 we none for books — those -spiritual tepasts 
 —a grace before Milton, a grace before 
 Shakespeare, a devotional exercise proper 
 to be said before reading the Fairy 
 Queen ? " 
 
 "Grace beyond the reach of 
 
 Art, A." Line 155, part i., of Pope's Es~ 
 saif on Criticism (q.v.). 
 
 Gradasso. A king of Sericana, 
 who appears in Boiardo'S Orlando Innor- 
 morato, andinARiosTO's Orlando EuriosOf 
 as a miracle of martial bravery. 
 
 Gradgrlnd, Thomas, in Dickens's 
 novel of Hard Times (q.v.). is " a man of 
 realities ; a man of facts and calculations ; 
 a man who proceeds upon the principal 
 that two and two are four, and nothing 
 over, and who is not to be talked into al- 
 lowing anything over." 
 
 Graduate of O^ord, A. The 
 name under which John Ruskin origin-, 
 
 ally published his Modem Painters : t/ieir' 
 Superiority in the Art of Landscape Paint-r 
 ing, proved by Examples (1843). He first 
 avowed the authorship on the title-page of' 
 the third volume in the edition of 1846. 
 
 Graeme, Adam, of Mossgray. A 
 Scotch story, by Mrs. Oliphant. 
 Grafton, Richard, wlio finished 
 
 Hall's Chronicle, published in 1563, An 
 Abridgement; in 1565, A Manual of the 
 Chronicles of England, from the Creation 
 to the date of publication j and in 1668 — 
 69 A Chronicle at large, ana meere History 
 qftheAffayres ofEnglande and Kinges of 
 the same. 
 
 Graham Hamilton. A. novel, by 
 Lady Caroline Lamb (1785—1828), in 
 which the authoress depicts the difficulties 
 and dangers inseparable, even in the most 
 amiable minds, f rem weakness and irreso- 
 lution of character. 
 
 Grahame, James, poet (b. 1765, d. 
 1811), wrote Mary Stewart (1801) ; Th^ Sab- 
 bath (1804) ; Eibltcal Pictures (1805) ; £irda. 
 of Scotland (1806) ; Poems (1807) ; British 
 
282 
 
 GRA 
 
 GBA 
 
 Georgics (1809); and Poems on the. Abolition 
 qfthe Slave Trade (1810). See Allan Cun- 
 iiiugham's Literature of the Last Fifty 
 Years ; Moir's Poetical Literatwre of the 
 last Half Century; -Montgomery's Lectures 
 on General Literature ; Professor Wilson's 
 Recreations; Quarterly Jteview, vol. iii. ; 
 and Edinburgh Heview, vol. v- 
 
 Grahame, James, Marquis of 
 Montrose. See Montrose, 
 
 Graliame, The. An heroic poem, 
 in four cantos, by Thomas Blacklock 
 (1T21— 1791), published in 1774. 
 
 Grail, The Holy. The title of one 
 of Tennyson's Idylls of the King (q.v.) 
 where Sir Percivale describes the grail 
 as— 
 
 " The cap, the cup itself from which our Lord 
 Drank at the last sad supper with his own. 
 This, from the blessed land of Aromat — 
 After the day of ddrkness, when the dead 
 "Went wandering over Moriah— the good saint, 
 Arimathiean Joseph, journeying brought 
 To Glastonbury, where the winter thorn 
 Slossoms at Chrlstmiis, mindful of our Lord. 
 And there awhile it bode ; and if a man 
 Could touch or see it, he was heal'd at once, 
 By faith, of all his ills. But then the times 
 Grew to such evil that the holy cup 
 Was caught away to heaven, and uisappeared," 
 
 After that it weis the object of anxious 
 search by many pious knights, of whom 
 alone Sir Galahad (q.v.) was successful in 
 discovering it. 
 
 Grainger, James, physician and 
 poet (b. 1723, d. 1767), wrote The Sugar 
 Cane (17&1), and translated the Elegies of 
 Tlbullus find the Poems of Sulpicia (1758). 
 See Campbell's Essay on English Poetry, 
 The Quarterly lieview vol. xi., and Dr, 
 Johnson's Life, by Boswell. 
 
 Grammatica Anglo-Latina. An 
 
 English and Latin Grammar, by James 
 SaiRLEV (1594—1666); "the Rules com- 
 posed in English and Latin Verses for the 
 greater Delight and Benefit of the Learn- 
 ers." This was published in 1651. It had 
 been preceded, in 1640, by Via Ad Latinam 
 Linguam Complanata — The Way made 
 Plain to the Latin Tongue, and was fol- 
 lowed, in 1656, by The Rudiments of Gram- 
 mar: **the Rules composed in English 
 Verse for the greater Benefit and Delight 
 of young Beginners." The second and 
 enlarged edition of the latter was entitled 
 Manuductio ; or, a Leading of Children by 
 the Hand ihi'ough tlie Principles of Gram- 
 mar (1660). Shirley's last production of 
 the kind was his Essay towards an Univer- 
 sal and Rational Grammar, published in 
 1726, sixty years after his death. 
 
 Granada, The Conquest of. A 
 tragedy, by John Dkyden (1631—1701), 
 produced in 1672. 
 
 Granada's Devotion. A reli- 
 gious treatise, translated from the Spanish, 
 
 by Francis Mebes (d. 1646), and published 
 in 1598. 
 
 Granby. A novel of fashionable 
 life, by Thomas Henry Lister (1801— 
 1842), published in 1826. 
 
 " Grand old gardener and his 
 
 wife. The." See " Gardener and his 
 Wife." 
 
 Grandamour, or, " Gallantry." 
 The hero of Hawes's allegorical romance 
 of The Pastyme of Pleasure (q.v.). 
 
 Grandcourt, Mallinger. Hus- 
 band of Gwendolen, in George Eliot's 
 Daniel Deronda. 
 
 Grande Chartreuse, Stanzas 
 from the. By Matthew Arnold. 
 
 Grandison, The History of Sir 
 
 Charles. The title of a novel by Samuel 
 Richardson, published in 1754. The hero 
 is represented as a combination of the 
 Christian and tjbe gentleman, and is so 
 perfect, according to the author's con- 
 ception, that Sir Walter Scott wrote of 
 him as ''the faultless monster that the 
 world ne'er saw." " To consider Sir 
 Charles Grandison as a work of amuse- 
 ment, it must be allowed," he says, " that 
 the interest is destroyed in a great meas- 
 ure by the unceasing ascendency given to 
 the fortune as well as to the character of 
 the hero. We feel he is too much under 
 the special protection of the author to 
 need any sympathy of ours. Neither are 
 our feelings much interested about him 
 even whilst his fate is undetermined. He 
 evinces too little passion and certainly no 
 preference, being clearly ready, with heaiii 
 and goodwill, to marry either Clementina 
 (q.v.), or Harriet Byron (q.v.), as circum- 
 stances may render most proper, and to 
 bow gracefully upon the hand of the re- 
 jected lady, and bid her adieu." 
 
 Grandmother, The. A ballad, 
 by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 Grandmother's Review, My. 
 
 A nickname bestowed upon The British 
 Revieio, by Lord Byron, in a passage in 
 his Bon Juan (q.v.). He had playfully ac- 
 cused the editor, a Mr. Roberts, of taking 
 a bribe from him ; and Roberts accepting 
 the accusation literally and denying it in- 
 dignantly, Byron retaliated in an amusing 
 letter. 
 
 "Grandsire phrase, A." — Romeo 
 and Juliet, act i., scene iv. 
 
 Granger. James, clergyman and 
 biographer (b. 1716, d. 1776), pubUshed, 
 among other works, A Bioqrnvhical His- 
 tory of England fi-om Egbert the Great to 
 
 the Revolution (1769). 
 
 Grant, Anne, of Lagpan, poetess 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 17B6, d. 1838): 
 wrote The Highlanders and other Poems 
 
OBA 
 
 GBA 
 
 283 
 
 ns03); Letters /ram the Hfquritains (180G); 
 Memoirs of , an American Lady (1808);' Es- 
 says on the Superstitions oftlie Highlanders 
 i« Scotland (1811); and Eighteen Hundred 
 and Thirteen, a poem (1814). A Memoir of 
 Mrs. Grant written by herself, and includ- 
 ing lier correspondence, appeared in 1844. 
 For Criticism, see The Edinburgh Review, 
 vol. xvill., Moir's lAferature of the Last 
 Half Century, De Quincy's Literary Remin- 
 iscences, Mrs. Elwood's Literary Ladies of 
 England, and The North American Review, 
 YOl. Ix. 
 
 Grant, Ed'waTd, master of West- 
 minster School (d. 1601), is hest known 
 as the biographer of Ascham, whose Life 
 he published under the title of Oratio, de 
 Vitm et ohitu Rogeri Aschami ac dictionis 
 elegantid, cum adhortatione ad adolescen- 
 tulos (15T?). He also published Groeca 
 Lingua Spicilegium (1575). 
 
 Grant, James, journalist and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. about 1805), has 
 written Random Recollections of the House 
 qf Lords ^ Random Recollections of. tJie 
 House of Commons ; The Great Metropolis ; 
 The Bench and the Bar; Sketches in Lon- 
 don; The Newspaper Press; Hymns of 
 Heaven; Religious Tendencies and Errors 
 of the Times ; Seasons of Joy and Seasons 
 of Sorrow ; God is Love ; Our Heavenly 
 Mimei The End of Ml Things; and other 
 works. He was at one time editor of the 
 Morning^ Advertiser, and has been con- 
 nected, in different capacities, with vari- 
 ous newspapers of the day. 
 
 Grant, James, novelist (b. 1822). 
 has written the following works; — The 
 Romance of War: or, Highlanders in Spain 
 (1846); Highlanders of Belgium (1847); Tlie 
 Adventures of^ an Aide-de-C^mp (1848) ; 
 Memoirs of Kit^kcald-y of Grange (1849) ; 
 Walter Fent&n (1850); Edinburgh Castle 
 (1850) ; Bothwell ' or, tJte days qf Mary, 
 Queen qf Scots (1851); Memoirs of Sir John 
 Hepburn, Marshal of France and Colonel 
 of the Scots Brigade (1851) : Jane Seton : or, 
 the King*s Advocate (1S53); Philip Rollo: 
 or, the Scottish Musketeers (1854); Frank 
 Hilton; or, the Queen's Own (1855); The 
 Yellow Frigate (1855); The Phantom Reg- 
 iment (1856); Harry Ogitvie : or. The Black 
 Dragoon (1^); Laura Everingham (1857) ; 
 Memoirs of the Marquis of Montrose (1858); 
 Arthur Blane; or, the Hundred Cuirassiers 
 
 il858) ; The -Cavaliers of Fortune (1858); 
 luey Arden ; a Tale 0/1715 (1859); Legends 
 of the Black Watch (1859); Mary of Lor- 
 raine (I860): Oliver Ellis : or, the Fusiliers 
 (1861); Diet: Rodney ; or, the Adventures of 
 an Eton Boy (1861) ; The Captain of the 
 Guard (1862); Tlie Adventures of Rob Roy 
 (1863); Letty Hyde's Lovers (1863); Second 
 to None (1864); The King's own Borderers 
 (1865); The Constable of France (1866); The 
 White Cockade: or. Faith a/nd Fortitude 
 Q867); First Love and Last Love (1868); 
 Whe Secret Despatch (1868); The Gvrl he 
 
 Married (1869) : Jack Manly, his Adven- 
 twns (1870) ; Lady Wedderjmm's Wish 
 (1870) ; Oiily an Ensign (1871); Under the 
 Red Dragon (1871); BritishHattles on Land 
 and Sea; Shall I Win Her? (1874); Fairer 
 than a Fairy (1874): One of the Six Hmv- 
 dred (1876); Morley Ashton (1876); Cassell's 
 History of India ; and other works. 
 
 Granville, George. See Lans- 
 
 DOWSE, LOKD. 
 
 Grateful Pair, The. A play hv 
 Chbistopheb Smart (1722—1770), notable 
 as being the last performed before either 
 of the English Universities. It was pro- 
 duced at Pembroke College, Oambridge, 
 about 1747. 
 
 Grateful Servant, The. A play by 
 James Shibley. 
 
 Gratiano, in Othello (q.v.), is broth- 
 er to Brabantio (q.v.). 
 
 Gratiano, in The Merchant of 
 Venice (q.v.), is friend to Antonio and Bas- 
 sanio (q.v.). 
 
 " Gratitude is a lively sense of 
 
 future favours.*' — Sir Eobert Walpole. 
 
 "Gratitude, The still small voice 
 
 of."— Geay, Ode to Music, line 64. 
 
 Grattan, Thomas Colley, novel- 
 ist, dramatist, and poet (b, 1796, d. 1864), 
 wrote Highways and Byways, The Heiress 
 of Bruges, Jacqueline of Holland, Legends 
 of the Rhine, and Agnes of Mansfeldt ; also 
 BenNazir, the Saracen, a tragedy, (1827) ; 
 Philibert.a, poetical romance (1819); Traits 
 of Travels i and a History of the Nether-, 
 lands ; besides numerous contributions t'o 
 reviews. See Walkino Gestlemak. 
 
 Grave, The. A poem, by Robeet 
 Blaib (1699—1746), printed in London in 
 1743, and in Edinburgh in 1747, after the 
 author's death. It consists of 767 lines, 
 and has been illustrated by William Blake, 
 the artist-poet. 
 
 " The grare, dread thing I 
 Men shiver when tnou'rt named i Nature, appalled. 
 Shakes o£C her wonted firmneBS." 
 
 Grave, The. One of tbe IX. Poems 
 by V. (q.v.) In this poem, says the Rev. 
 J. Davies, " the world of shadows, the 
 shrines of death, the sepulchres of nations, 
 with the dust and ashes that represent 
 earth's grandest and most memorable 
 names, are scanned by a mind predisposed 
 to approach the mysteries of life and death 
 with a fascination that will not be re- 
 pressed, and that yet in its revelations 
 never descends to familiarity or trivial de- 
 tail." 
 
 " Grave to gay, from lively to 
 severe, From."— Pope, Essay on Mdrju, 
 epistle iv., line 379. Boilean, In his L'Art 
 Poetique, says — 
 
 *' Heureux qui, dans ees verB, Bait diuno voix Ugire, 
 Fasecr du grave au doux, du plaia aunt au severe.' 
 
284 
 
 GRA 
 
 QBE 
 
 " Grave, "where is thy victory ? 
 O." — Pope, The Dying Christian to his 
 
 Soul. 
 
 Graves, Richard (b. 1715, d. 1804), 
 wrote numerous works, tlie best known of 
 which is his Spiritual Quixote (1772). See 
 Columella ; JFESTOo^', The. 
 
 Graves, Richard, D,D, (b. 1763, d. 
 1829), published an Essay on the Clmracter 
 
 of the Apostles and Evangelists (1798), 
 XectAires on the Pentateiich (ISODjScrijjtural 
 Proofs of the Trinity (1819), and Calvinistic 
 Predestination repugnant to tlie general 
 tenor of Scripture (1825). 
 
 Gray. The liero of Cooper's novel 
 of The Pilot (q.v.). " The pilot himself, 
 Gray— PaulJones passing incognito — has,'* 
 says Hannay, " a kind of theatrical gloom 
 about him wnich smells of Uie stage lamp. 
 . . . Cooler was obliged to concentrate 
 the deepest interest on the figure of one 
 who was only American (as he afterwards 
 became Kussian and French) officially, 
 John Paul, who called himself Paul Jones. 
 Except for his ideal appearances in The 
 Pilot, the stout Galwegian has been unfor- 
 tunate in literature. Formal naval history 
 treats him as a ' pirate ' and a ' renegade,' 
 and accuses him of something like mere 
 plunder ; while tlie novel, by Allan Cun- 
 ningham, of which he,is the hero, is a very 
 bad one." 
 
 Gray, Axild Robin. See Auld 
 
 BOBIX Gkay. 
 
 Gray, Barry. The literary pseu- 
 donym of Robert Barky Coffin, an 
 American writer. 
 
 Gray, David, poet (b. 1838, d. 
 1861)j wrote The Luggie, and other Poems, 
 published in 1862,wi'th a Life of the author, 
 by James Hedderwick. His Poetical Works 
 appeared in 1874, edited by Henry Glass- 
 ford Bell. See also Buchanan's David 
 Gray, and other Essays (1868)- " Gray," 
 says a critic, " lived long enough to ex- 
 hibit many flaws of character— among 
 which not the least was an exaggerated 
 confidence in his own powers — and many 
 intellectual deficiencies ;_ but he also lived 
 long enough to give evidence qf a warm 
 heart and a sensitive nature ; of a keen 
 sympathy with all that is true, tender, and 
 beautiful ; of poetic insight, and consider- 
 able power of expression. He was born a 
 poet as surely as the skylark is born to 
 mount apd sing." He wrote his own epi- 
 taph as follows : — 
 
 " Below ]icB one whoBC name wdb traced in sand- 
 He died, not knowing what it wbb to live : 
 Died wliile the first sweet consciouBDcsa of man- 
 hood 
 And maiden thought electrified his soul : 
 Fnint beatings in the calyx of the rose. 
 Pass withoufa sigli, bewildered reader, 
 In a proud Borrow ! There is life with God, 
 In, otner kingdomi of a sweeter air ; 
 In £den every flower is blown.— Amen." 
 
 Gray, Duncan. A humorous ballail, 
 by Robert Burns. 
 
 Gray, Lady Jane. An historical 
 tragedy, by Nicholas Kowe, produced in 
 1715. 
 
 Gray, Thomas, poet (b. 1716, d. 
 1771), published Ode on a Distant Prospect 
 of Eton College (1742) ; Ode on Spring f 
 Hymn to Adversity, Elegy written in a 
 Country Churchyard (q.v.), (1760); The 
 Alliance of Education and Govemmentf 
 Ode to Vicissitude, The Progress of Poesy, 
 and The Bard (1757), (q.v.) ; Ode on the 
 Installation of the Duke of Grafton to the 
 Chancellorship of- the University of Cam- 
 bridge (1769) : and some minor pieces- His 
 poems nave been edited by Gilbert "Wake- 
 tield (1786), Mitford (1814), Moultrie (1845). 
 Mathias (1814), and others. The standard 
 Biography is that by Mason, published in 
 1778- For Criticism, see Johnson's Lives 
 of the Poets, Hazlitt's Lectures on the 
 English Poets, Boscoe's Essays, Drake's 
 Literary Hours, Biydges' Censura Liter- 
 aria, and other worhs. "Gray," says 
 Lowell, " if we may believe the commen- 
 tators, has not an idea, scarcely an epithet, 
 that he can call his own, and ;^et he is, in 
 the best sense, one of the classics of Eng- 
 lish literature. He had exquisite felicity 
 of choice ; his dictionary had no vulgar 
 word in it, no harsh one, but all culled 
 from the luckiest moods of poets, and with 
 a faint but delicious aroma of associatiou ; 
 he had a perfect sense of sound, and one 
 idea, without which all the poetic outfit 
 (si absit prudentia) is of little avail— that of 
 combination and arrangement, in short, of 
 art." 5ec Agkippin A ; Lokg Stoky, A. 
 
 Great Cham of Literature, The. 
 
 See Cham, The Great, 
 
 Great Exemplar The. See Ex- 
 emplar, The Great. 
 
 Great Expectations. A novel by 
 Charles Dickens (1812— 1870), published 
 towards the end of 18G8. See Dkummle, 
 Bentley ; Estella ; Gargery, Joe ; 
 Havisham, Miss ; Jaggers ; Mag- 
 witch, Abel ; Pip ; Puwblechook ; 
 Satis House ; and Wemmick. 
 
 "Great families of yesterday 
 
 we show." — Defoe, 2'he True-born Eng- 
 lishman : — 
 
 *- And lords whose parents were the Lord knowt 
 
 who." 
 
 Great Magician, The. A name 
 given by Professor Wilson to Sir Walter 
 Soott, m a poem called The Magic Mirror 
 (1812). So in the Chaldee MS. (q.v.) we 
 find Scott called "The Great Magician, 
 who dwelleth in the old fastness rAbbot&- 
 f on n, hard by the River Jordan [Tw6edi 
 which is by the Border." 
 
 " Great men have been among 
 
GBE 
 
 GBE 
 
 286 
 
 us; liatids that penned." 
 
 "WlLIiIAM 'WORDSWOKTH, 
 
 A sonnet, by 
 
 Great Moralist,. The. A title 
 often applied to Dr. Samuel Johnson 
 (q-v.). 
 
 " Great Pan is dead.'* See Dead 
 Pax, The. 
 
 " Great spirits no-w on earth are 
 
 Bojouming." First line of a sonnet to 
 Haydou the painter, hy John" Keats. 
 
 "Great, the important day, 
 
 The." — Addison, Cato, act i., scene 1. 
 
 GPreat TJnknown, The. Sir Wal- 
 TEK Scott was so designated by James 
 Ballantiiie, on account of the extraordi- 
 nary success ■which the Waverley Novels, 
 although published anonymously, met Yrith. 
 on their first appearance. 
 
 "Grreat vulgar and the small, 
 The."— Cottle Y's Tersion of Horace's 
 Odes J bk. iii., ode i. 
 
 *' Great -wits are sure to mad- 
 ness near allied." — Dkyden, Absalom and 
 'Achitqphel: — 
 
 " Apd thin partitions do their bounds divide. " 
 
 Charles Laaib has an essay in disproof 
 of this couplet. 
 
 " Great -wits -will jump." — 
 Stebne, Tristram Shandy. 
 
 " Greatest' happiness of the 
 greatest number, The." A phrase attrib- 
 uted to the philosopher Bentham (q.v.), 
 ■who really -wrote : " It is the greatest good 
 to the greatest number which is the meas- 
 ure of right or wrong." 
 
 Greatheart, Mr. The puicle of tlie 
 wife and children of Christian to the 
 Celestial City, in Bunyan's Pilgrim's 
 Progress (q.v.). 
 
 " Greatness and goodness are 
 
 not means, but ends."— Colebidg-e, Re- 
 proof:— 
 
 " Hath he not always treaiiures, always friends. 
 The Rood great man ? three treasures— love oAd 
 
 Ana calm thoughts, regular as infant's breath* 
 ^nd three firm friends, more sure than day and 
 
 night— 
 Himself, his Maker, and the angel Death.** 
 
 " Greatness thrust upon them." 
 
 See Shakespeabe's comedy of Twelfth 
 Jiightf act ii., scene 5. The whole passage 
 runs : " Some are bom great, some achieve 
 greatness, and some have greatness thrust 
 upon them." 
 
 GreaveSr Sir Lapncelot, The 
 
 Adventures of. A novel, by Tobias 
 Geoboe Smollett (1721—1771), written in 
 imitation of Cervantes' famous work, and 
 published, in 1762, in The British Magazine 
 (a.v.). The hero is a young English squire 
 of the reign df George II., good-looking 
 
 and jgooid, but quite as wildly enthusiastic 
 as his_great prototype- He is attended by 
 an old sea-captain as his Sancho Panza, 
 and goes'out, like Bon Quixote, to redress 
 the wrongs, and correct the wickedness of 
 all the world. 
 
 Grecian TTrn, Ode on a. By 
 
 John Keats. 
 
 , " Greece, but living Greece no 
 more.*' Line 91 of Bykon's poem. The 
 Giaour. 
 
 " Greece ! sad relic of departed 
 
 worth ! "— Byeon, Childe Harold, canto 
 ii., stanza 73. '^ 
 
 Greedy, Justice, in Massikger's 
 comedy of A New Way to Pay Old J)ebts, 
 is supposed to be intended for Sir Francis 
 Michell. See Oveekeach, Sib Giles. 
 
 Greek . Christian Poets, The, 
 
 and the English Poets. Essays by Eliza- 
 beth Babbett Bbowning, originally 
 contributed to the Athencemt/m. 
 
 " Greek to me. It -was." — Shake- 
 SPEABE, Julius CcBsar, act i., sc. 2. Casca 
 is the speaker. 
 
 " Greeks joined Greeks, then 
 
 was the tug of war, "When." A line in 
 Lee's tragedy of Alexander the Great, act 
 iv., scene 2. 
 
 Greeley, Horace, American 
 journalist (b. 1811, d. 1872), started in 1833' 
 the first penny newspaper ever published 
 in the United States. It was called the 
 The Morning Post, and lasted three weeks. 
 It was succeeded in 1834 by The New 
 Yorker, a weekly journal, ana in 1841 by 
 The New York Tribune, with which Gree- 
 ley was associated till his death. He wrote 
 Glances at Europe (1851), and Hints to- 
 wards Ji^orm (1851). See the Life by Par- 
 ton. 
 
 " Green-eyed monster, The." 
 
 A description applied to jealousy (Othello, 
 act iii., scene 3). 
 
 " Green fields of England ! 
 
 wheresoe'er." First line of a lyric by A. 
 H. Clough (1819—1861). 
 
 Green gro-w the Rashes. A 
 
 song by RoBEET Bubks, in which occurs 
 the verse ; — 
 
 *' Anld Nature swears, the lovely dean 
 
 Her noblest work she classes, O ; 
 Her prentice han' she tried on man, 
 And then she made the lasses, O." 
 
 Green, John Richard, olerprymnn, 
 has written A Short History of the Eng^sh 
 People (1875), and Stray Studies from Eng- 
 land and Italy. 
 
 Green, John Richards, better 
 known under his assumed name of John 
 Gifford (b. 1758, d. 1818), was the publisher 
 of TJu Anti-Jacobin Seview (1798), and of 
 
286 
 
 GBE 
 
 GRB 
 
 The British Hevieio. He was also the au- 
 thor of a History of France to the Death of 
 Louis XVI.. anil a number of pamphlets 
 against Paine and Priestley. 
 
 "Green little vaulter in tUe 
 sunny grass." — First line of Leigh 
 Huxt'3 sonnet To the Grasshopper and 
 the Cricket: — 
 
 *' Sole voice that's heard amid the lazy noon." 
 
 Green, Mrs. Mary Anne Everett, 
 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1818), has written 
 Lives of the Princesses of England (XSid—- 
 55) ; and has edited, among other works, 
 Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies 
 (1846), The Diary of John Sous (1856), The 
 Letters of Qtieen Henrietta Maria (1857), 
 and Sfafe Papers o/the Heign of James !• 
 (1857-^9). 
 
 Grieen, Matthe-w, poet (b. 1(396, 
 d, 1737), wrote The Spleen^ The Grotto, and. 
 6ther poems. '•' To compare Green with 
 the author of Hudibras, as has sometimes 
 been done, is," says Dr. Waller, ** idle. 
 They have no characteristics in common. 
 Green had no wit— ho was scarcely humor- 
 ous ; he was shrewd, and sometimes 
 sharp, hut had no pretensions to the pro- 
 found knowledge of human nature, the 
 extensive learning, and the caustic satire 
 of Butler." 
 
 "Green old age, A." A phrase 
 used by Dryden in scene i., act 3, of his 
 play of (Edipus. 
 
 " Green-robed senators of 
 mighty woods. Those." — Keats, Hype' 
 rion : — 
 
 " Talloaka, branch-charmed by the eamest stars." 
 
 Green Sleeves and Pudding 
 Plea. A parody on a hymn, designed to 
 ridicule the clergy, and originated by the 
 Ileformation in Scotland. 
 
 Green, Thomas, D.D., succes- 
 sively Bishop of Norwich and Ely (h. 1658, 
 d. 1738), wrote The ^ Sacrament of the 
 Lord's Supper explained to the meanest ca- 
 pacities, The Principles of Peligion ex- 
 plained for the Instruction of the Weak, 
 Four Discourses on tfie Four Last Things, 
 vhz., Deathj Judgment, Heaven, and Hell; 
 and occasional sermons. 
 
 " Green thought in a green 
 
 shade." See ** Annihilating all that's 
 
 MADE." 
 
 Greene, Albert C. See Grimes, 
 Old. 
 
 Green, George-a-, The History 
 
 of : " Pindar of the Town of Wakefield ; " 
 that is, pinner, or keeper of the public 
 pound or pen. An English prose ro- 
 mance, as old as, if not older than, the 
 reign of Elizabeth, celebrating George-d- 
 Greene's contest with Eobin Hood and 
 little John. See G^osaE-A-GiCEENE. 
 
 Greene, George "Washington (b. 
 
 1811), has published Tlie Hlst6ry ftTtrf 
 Geography of the Middle Ages, and Bio- 
 graphical Studies (1860) ; The American 
 Revolution (18Q.0) ; and a Life of General 
 NathoAiiel Greene (1867—68). 
 
 Greene, Robert, novelist and dra- 
 matist (b, 1560, d. 1592). A full catalogue 
 of this writer's Works may he found in 
 Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual. The 
 following are the most important :^Ro- 
 mances — Pandosto, the Triumph qf Time : 
 or, the History ofDoraustus and Faunia 
 (1588), (q.v.) ; The Historic of Arbasto, 
 King of Denmark (1617) : A Pair of Ttk-tU' 
 Doves ' or. the Tragicall History ofBellora 
 and Fidelia (1606) ; Menaphon (1587). Au- 
 tobiography — GrefCne's Never too Late 
 (1590) ; Greene's Groat* s-tcorth of Wit, 
 bought with a Million of Repentance (1592) ; 
 Greene's Vision (1592) ; The Repentam.ce of 
 Robert Greene 0.592) ; Fareioell to Folly 
 (1591). Plays— TAe Honorable Historic of 
 Frier Bacon and Frier Bongay (1594), 
 (q. V.) ; The Historie of Orlando Furiosa 
 (1591) J The Comical Historie ofAlphonsus, 
 King of Arragon; A Looking'Glass for 
 Londonand England (with . Lodge) (q.v.)"; 
 The Scottish Historie of James tV. (1598) ; 
 Jl/ammi^ia (1593). Miscellaneous — TkeMyr- 
 rour of Modestie (1584), (q.v.) ; Morando 
 (1584) ; Euphues, his Censure to Philautus 
 (1587) ; Perimedes the Blacksmith (1588), 
 (q.v.) ; Alcida (1588) ; The Spanish Mas- 
 quertmo (1589) j and numerous pamphlets . 
 exposing the sins and follies of town life. 
 For Biography and Criticism, see Collier's 
 Poetical Decameron and Dramatic Poetry^ 
 Campbell's Specimens of the English Poets, 
 'K3i.z\\tt''& Age of Elizabeth, JDyce's edition 
 of Greene's Works, Brydges' Censura Lit' 
 erariaj Beloe's An'-cdotes, Bitson's BibliO' 
 graphta Poetica, Wood's Fasti Oxonienses, 
 The Retrospective Review, and the Shaker- 
 speare Library. See Bacon and Fhieu 
 Bongay ; Contention between Lib- 
 erality, &c. ; George- a-Gkeene ; 
 Planetomachia ; Quip for an Up^ 
 start Courtier. 
 
 Greene's Mourning Garment, 
 " given liim by Repentance at the Fune- . 
 rats of Love "(1590). For similar autobio- 
 graphical productions of this writer, see 
 Greene, Bobert. 
 
 Greenland. A poem by James 
 Montgomery (1771— 1854>, published in 
 1819. Icis in five cantoa, and Includes an 
 historical sketch of the Moravian Church, 
 .and the planting of its missions in Green, 
 land in 1733. It is in the course of thia 
 poem that occurs the passage begin'- 
 iiing,— 
 
 •' There is a land, of every land the prido, 
 Beloved -by Heaven o' er all the worl<i beside." 
 
 *' Greenland's icy mountains, 
 
 From." First line of a well-known miS" 
 sionary hymn by Bishop Heber (q.v.). 
 
GBB 
 
 GBI 
 
 287 
 
 G-reeu-well, Dora, poetess nnd 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1821) has published 
 Poems, (1848) ; Stories that Might be Tllte 
 (1851) ; Christina (1860) ; Mssays (1860) ; 
 Two Friends (1866) ; Poems (186T) ; The 
 Covenant of Life and Peace (1867) ; Pat 
 ti&nce of Hope (1867) ; Carjnina Cmcis 
 (1869) ; John Woolman (1871) ; Colloquia 
 Crucis : a Sequel to Ttoo Friends (1871) ; 
 Camera 06sc«rrt(1876) ; and other -works. 
 
 Green^»-ood, Grace. The nom de 
 plame of Mrs. Sarah Jane Lippisoott, 
 an American authoress, who' has written a 
 , History of My Pets (1856) ; a Forest Trag- 
 edy ; Recollections of My Childhood 
 (1858) ; and many other works. 
 
 G-reen-wood, James, journalist 
 and miscellaneous writer, has written The 
 Adventures qf Reuben Davidger^ The Sev^n 
 Boar-footed Foresters, The Rear King^ 
 Curiosities of Savage Life, Escaped at Last, 
 The Hatchet-Throwers, The History of a 
 
 The Seven Curses ofLvndon, Silas the Con- 
 jurer, Unsentimental Jmirneys, Low Life 
 Depths, Dick Temple, and other works. 
 
 " Greetiug3 'srliere no kindness 
 
 is." — ^Wordsworth, Lines on Tintem 
 Abbey. 
 
 Greg, William Rathbone, jour- 
 nalist and miscellaneous writer, (b. 1809), is 
 the author of Tlie Creed of Christendom, 
 The Great Duel : its Meaning and Results, 
 Literary and Social Judgments, Political 
 Problems for our Age and Country, Truth 
 versus EHiJication, Why are Women Re- 
 dundant ? Mistaken Aims and Attainable 
 Ideals of tlie Artisan Class, Enigmas of 
 Life, and other works. He has contributed 
 largely to periodical literature. 
 
 Gregory, Edmund (d. 1650), 
 wrote TJie Anatomy . of Christian Melan- 
 chaly. ,S'ee Mklasoholy, Anatomy of. 
 
 Gregory, John, M.D. (b. 1724, d. 
 1773) was the author of Human cmd Ani- 
 mal Faculties. See Lives by Woodhouse- 
 Ice and Smellie. 
 
 Gregory, Lord. A ballad by 
 Robert Burns (1759—1796), on a subject 
 which has been treated also by T>f. Wolcot 
 (Peter Pindar). " His Gregory,'* wrote 
 Bums, " is beautiful. My song, though 
 much inferior in poetic merit, has, I 
 think, more of the ballad simplicity' in 
 it" 
 
 Gregory Nonsense, Sir ; " his 
 Newes from no place." A poem, partly 
 written in blank verse, by John Taylor, 
 the "water poet" (1580—1654); probably 
 published in 1622. 
 
 Gregory, Pope, on the Care of 
 
 the Soul. Translated by King Alfred, 
 and printed in 1574, 1597, 1603, and 1722. 
 
 Gremio, in The Taming of the 
 Shrew (q.v.), is in lovewith Bianca. 
 
 Grendel. A malignant fiend, who 
 figures in the old poem of Beowulf (q.v.). 
 
 Grenville, George Nugent. See 
 
 Nugent, Georoe. 
 
 Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke, 
 poet and philosopher (b. 1654, d. 1628), 
 . wrote the tragedy of AlaJtam Mustapha, 
 fragments of which appeared in 1609. 'Cer- 
 taine Learned and Elegant Worhes of 
 LordBrooke's were published in 1633 ; bis 
 Life of Sir Philip Sidneyia. 1652; hisiZe-' 
 mains in 1670. Sir Egerton BrydgeB 
 printed a revised edition of the I/ife of 
 Sidney in 1816. 
 
 Grey, Agnes. A novel, by Anke 
 BrontS (1820—1849), published in 1847. 
 
 Grey, Mr., in Disraeli's novel of 
 Vivian Grey (q.v.), is the father of the 
 hcro^ a scholar, and a man of the world, 
 and IS " drawn, in some measure, from 
 the author's own revered and beloved 
 father," the author of The Curiosities qf 
 Literature. 
 
 Grey, Richard, D.D. (b. 1694, d. 
 1771), was the author of Jlfemorio Technica 
 (1730). 
 
 Grey, Zaohary, IiL.D. (b. 1687, 
 d. 1766), will be remembered as the editor 
 of Butler's Hudibras (1744) ; also as the 
 author of The Ministry of the Dissenters 
 proved to be null and void from Scripture 
 and Antiquity (U2^, and .4 Virtdicatum of 
 the CImrch of England (1740). 
 
 Gride, Arthur. A usurer, in Dick- 
 ens's novel of Nicholas Nickleby (q.v.). 
 
 Grief of Joy, The : " Certeyne ele- 
 gies wherein the doubtful Delight of 
 Mane's Lyfe are displayed," by George 
 Gasooigne, printed in 1S76. 
 
 Gri£Sn, BartholomeVT-. See Fi- 
 
 DKSSA.. 
 
 Griffin, Gerald, noTelist (b. 1803, 
 d. 1840), wrote Hollandtide (1827) ; Tales qf 
 the Minster Festival (1827); The Collegians 
 (1828) ; The Rivals, and Tracy's Ambition 
 (1830) ; Tales of the Five Senses (1832) ;. a 
 tragedy, called Gissipus, producedinl842; 
 and some miscellaneous poems, all of 
 which are included in the collective edi- 
 tion of his Works, published in 1857, with 
 a memoir by Dr. Daniel GrifBn. See Misa 
 Mitford's Recollections of a Literary Life, 
 
 Griffin, Gregory. See Microcosm, 
 
 Griffith, Elizabeth (b. 1730, d. 
 1793), was the joint author, with her hus- 
 band, of The Letters of Henry and Frances', 
 which were exceedingly populai!. in theii 
 
288 
 
 GEI 
 
 GEO 
 
 day. She also -wrote Tlie Morality of 
 Sliakespeare^s Dramas Illustrated^ and 
 several plays. Her linsband, Eichakd 
 Griffith, was also a dramatist. He died 
 in 1788. 
 
 Griffiths, Ralph, LL.!). (b. 1720, 
 d. 1803), was the founder, and editor until 
 his death of TiieMonikl^ lievieWf which was 
 started in 1749 and expired in 1842. It had 
 at one time the advantage of the services 
 of Oliver Goldsmith. 
 
 G-rile, Dod. The pseudonym of 
 M. A. B [ERCE, an American writer, author 
 of The Jf^iend*s Delight, and other pieces. 
 
 Grim, the Collier of Croydon. 
 
 A curious old comedy, by an unknown 
 writer (J, T.), first printed In 1662. The 
 story is partly taken from Machiavelli's 
 Itelphegor. 
 
 Grim, Giant, in Buntan's Pil- 
 
 frinVs Progress (q.v.), is slain by Mr. 
 ireatheart (q.v.). 
 
 Grimbold, Nicholas, poet (1519— 
 1562), produced John the Baptist, a tragedy 
 (1648) ; translations from Cicero (1663—96), 
 'End from Virgil (1691) ; and various Songes 
 in Tottel's Miscellany (q.v.); See Bale's 
 Xires. Tanner, Strype's Cranmer, Wood's 
 AihetuF, Oxonienses, "Warton's English 
 'Poetry f Hallam's Literary History, and El- 
 lis's Specimens of the Early English Poets. 
 See Arohipbopheta, &c. ; Modkbatioit, 
 Is Praise of ; Zoboas. 
 
 Grimello's Fortunes, by Nicho- 
 'X.AS Breton ; published in 1604. 
 
 Grimes, Old. A ballad, by Albert 
 G. Gbeene (b. 1802), an American versi- 
 fier. 
 
 Grimes, Peter. A drunkard, tliief, 
 and murderer, in Grabbe's poem, Tlie 
 Jiorough. 
 
 Grimsba'OT'e, Rev. Thomas Shut- 
 
 Ueworth (b. 1777, d. 1860), wrote Li/e of 
 Legh Bichmond ^1823), and of Cowper. 
 whose works he edited (1836). 
 
 " Grim-visaged. -war." — Shake- 
 BPEARE, Richard III. , act i., (scene 1. 
 
 Gringo, Harry. The literary pseu- 
 donym of Hekby Augustus Wise (b. 
 1819), an American writer, author of Los 
 Grinnns, Captain Brand, and other works. 
 "Gnngo" IS the Spanish for ''unintel- 
 ligible." 
 
 Griselda, The Patient. A char- 
 lujter in Chaucer's Clerk of Oxenford's 
 Tale, The name is variously spelt Griseld, 
 Grissel, Grlzzel, and Griseldis. The story 
 is told by Boccaccio in his Decameron, ana 
 was probably communicated both to him . 
 and to Chaucer by Petrarch. It has fre- 
 quently been treated in prose and verse. 
 The song and prose history of Patient 
 
 Grissel both date from 1665. See Haugh- 
 TON, William. 
 
 Griselda, The Modern. A tale, 
 by Maria Edgewoeth, published in 1804, 
 
 , Griselda, A tragedy in blank 
 verse, by Mart Elizabeth Bbaddon (b. 
 1837), produced in 1873. 
 
 Gii 3-word, Rufus 'Wilmot, D.D., 
 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1815, d. 1857), was 
 the founder of Gralvam^s Mtigazins, editor 
 of the New York Biographical ATinual, and 
 a contributor to Brother Jonathan, the 
 New Yorker, and the New World. Among 
 his published works were The Poets and 
 Poetry of America (1842), Tlie Prose Wri- 
 ters of America (1847), The Female Poets 
 of America (1849), and Curiosities ofAmer- 
 ic&n Literature. 
 
 Groats--n'orth of Wit, bought 
 
 with a Million of Repentance, A. A novel, 
 by Robert Greene (1660—1592), in which 
 he is supposed to relate some of his own 
 adventures. 
 
 Grongar's Hill. A descriptive 
 poem, by John DyER (1700—1758). written 
 in the metre of Milton's L^ Allegro, and 
 containing pictures of scenery on the 
 banks of tiie Wye. It was first printed in 
 a Miscellany of Poems, in 1726- 
 
 Grosart, Alexanders., Presby- 
 terian minister, has published editions of 
 the poems of Giles Fletcher, Grashaw, 
 Southwell, Herbert, Vaughan, Marvell, 
 Sidney, Herrick, and others, besides an 
 edition of the Prose Works of Words- 
 worth. 
 
 Grose'B(Francis)Peregrinations 
 
 through Scotland, On the late Captain: 
 " collecting the antiquities of that king- 
 dom." A poem, by Robert Burns (1759 
 — 1796), containing the familiar lines : — 
 
 " A cKiel'B nmang you taking notes. 
 And, faith, he'll prentit." 
 
 Grote, George, historian, biogra- 
 pher, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1794, d. 
 1871), wrote The Essentials qf Parliamen- 
 tary lief orm; The History of Greece (1846 
 — 66) ; Plato and other Companions of 
 Sokrates (1865) : A Beview qf Mill's Exr 
 amination of Sir W, Hamilton (1868) Aris- 
 totle (1873) ; and various contributions to 
 the several Quarterly Reviews. See the 
 Life, by- his wife (1873), and Minor Works 
 (1873). 
 
 Grove, George, D.C.L., miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1820), is the present edi- 
 tor of Macmillan*s Magazine. He has 
 published a translation of some Essays on 
 the Fine Arts, by Guizot (1854), and has 
 contributed to tlie Dietianary of t!ie Bible, 
 edited by Dr. Smith, besides writing a 
 large number of musical oritioisms and 
 annotations. 
 
 Grove, Sir William Robert, 
 
GEO 
 
 GUL 
 
 289 
 
 Bclentific writer (b. about 1811>, has writ- 
 ten A Lecture on tJie Progress of Physical 
 Science f X842) ; An Essay on <ftc CkyrrelaMon 
 of Physical Forces (1846) ; A Lecture on Vol- 
 taic ignition, and on the Decomposition qf 
 ' Water into its c<mstituetit Gases, by Heat 
 (1847) ; A7i Address to the British Associor- 
 tion (1867) ; and other works. 
 
 Grovelgrub, Dr. A character in 
 Peacock's norel of Melincourt (q.v.). 
 
 Groiwing Old. A lyric, hy Mat- 
 thew Arnold (b. 1822). 
 
 Grub Street, now Milton Street, 
 near* Moorfields, London, ; where, before 
 the discovery of printing, lived those in- 
 genious persons, called text-writers, who 
 penned the books then in use, such as the 
 Paternoster, Ave, Credo, Grace, and the 
 like. Here, too, Foxe wrote his Acts qnd 
 Monuments, and here resided Speed, the 
 historian. At a later period it was in- 
 habited by the authors of the pamphlets 
 and libels issued during the Common- 
 wealth era---men whose poverty compelled 
 them to live in the obscurest parts of 
 the town,— and, in ridicule of these bad 
 writers, the term now so common was first 
 used by Andrew Marvell, in his witty and 
 sarcastic work, The Rehearsal Transposed 
 (1672): "He, honest man» was deep in 
 Grub Street and polemical divinity. See 
 Pope's DunciMl, '.,38. 
 
 Gruffyd, Ode to Prince. By 
 
 BirNlON" AP Madawe ap Rhahawd 
 (circa 1250). 
 Gniffyd ap yr yuad Coch. A 
 
 Welsh poet (circa 1282.) 
 
 Grumbling Hive, The : " or, 
 
 -Knaves tumea Honest.'* A poem, con- 
 sisting of four hundred lines, in octo- 
 syllabic verse, i>ublished by Berxabd de 
 MANDEViLLE, in 1714, and afterwards re- 
 cast In prose, and issued under the title of 
 The Fable of tite Sees ; or. Private Vices 
 Public Benefits, in the same year. It is an 
 endeavour to prove that the vices of the in- 
 dividual may really be of service to society, 
 and that not only floes society depend 
 upon immorality for its welfare, but it; 
 could not possibly exist without it. This 
 doctrine the author of The Fable of the Bees 
 supports, with much perverted ability, in 
 a work which was presented at Quarter 
 Sessions in 1723 a» injurious to the public 
 morals. The True Meaming^ qf the Fable of 
 tJie Bees appeared in 1726, 
 
 Grumio, In The Taming of the ShreiVf 
 (q.v.), is servant to Petruchio. 
 
 Grundy, Mrs. A person wlio is 
 frequently referred to in Morton's comedy 
 of Speed the Plough (a.Y.), but who is npt 
 introduced amongst the dramatis personce. 
 Dame Ashfield is continually expressing 
 her anxiety as t6 « What will Mrs. Grundy 
 
 say?" and hence the popular allusion. 
 Frederick Locker says :— 
 
 " Many are afraid of God, 
 
 And more of Mrs. Orundy.*' 
 
 Gryll Grange. A novel by Thomas 
 Love Peacock (q.v.). 
 
 Guardian, The. A periodical pub- 
 lication, edited by Steele, in 1713. It 
 appeared daily., price one penny, and ex- 
 tended to 175 numbers. Steele wrote 
 eighty-two papers, and Addison tiftj^-three. 
 A Church of England newspaper is pub- ■ 
 lished under the same title. 
 
 Guary Miracle, The. A drama ti(! 
 performance of precisely the same kind as 
 the ordinaiy English miracle play, except, 
 that it was spoken in the idiom of the, 
 county (Cornwall) in which it was acted, 
 i-e., in a mixture of the Celtic and Saxou 
 languages. Collier says that several speci- 
 mens of these productions are extant ; and. 
 one of them, said to have been written by 
 a person of the name of Jordan, and sub-' 
 sequentl;^ rendered from the Cornish into 
 English, is in the British Museum (Harl. 
 MSS.). 
 
 "Gude time coming, There's a." 
 Scott, Rob Boy, chapter 32- 
 
 Guesses at Truth. A series of 
 prose notes and comments, upon a wide 
 variety of subjects ; written by Julius and 
 Augustus Habb (q.v.), and published in 
 1847. 
 
 " Gruide, philosopher, and 
 
 friend." A phrase occurring in Pope's 
 Essay on Man, ep.Ir., hne 390. 
 
 Guiderius, in Ci/mheline (q.v ), is a 
 son of the king, passing under the as- 
 sumed name of Polydore, and supposed to 
 be a son of Belarlus. 
 
 Guildenstern. A courtier, i ii 
 Hamlet (q.v.); "a favourable example," 
 says Cowden Clarke, " of the thorough.: 
 paced, time-serving Court knave." 
 
 Guilt and Sorro^w. A poem in. 
 seventy-four stanzas, by "Wili^iam "Wobds- 
 tvokth, written in 1793—94, and published 
 in 1798, under the title of Tlie Female Vet- 
 grant. 
 
 Guinevere. The title of one of 
 TEyiTYSON's Idylls. She is Arthur's 
 queen. See Lancelot. ^ 
 
 Guiscardo. See SiGiSMimDA and 
 
 Guise ARDO. 
 
 'Gulbeyaz. Qneen of the harem, 
 inBvRON's poem of Don Juan, in canto 
 v. of which her interview with the Don is 
 described. 
 
 " She wa« a Sultan'a bride (thank Heaven ! not 
 mine !) " 
 
 Gulielxnus Peregrinus, poet (circ^ 
 1197). See Odoeporican Kicabdi Kbois- 
 
290 
 
 GUL 
 
 GUY 
 
 Gulliver s Travels. See Travels 
 INTO Several Kemotb Natioks of 
 THE World. 
 
 Gulnare. Tlie wife of the Sultan, 
 in BVRON's Corsair, who assists the latter 
 to escape from prison, and follows him, 
 disguised as a page. 
 
 Gummidge, Mrs., in Dickens's 
 novel of David Copperjield (q.v.), describes 
 herself as a *' lone, lorn creetur, and 
 everythink that reminds me of creetura 
 that ain't lone and lorn goes contrairy with 
 me." 
 
 Gunaikeion: TTNAIKEION: 
 " or, Kine Boolces of various History con- 
 ceminge Women ; inscribed by the Names 
 of ye nine Muses," by Thomas Hey- 
 ■WOOD (b- circa 1570), published in 1614, 
 and characterised by Lowndes as " a most 
 amusing work, displaying much research 
 and learning." Heywood also wrote Tfie 
 Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts of 
 Nine of the most IVnrthy Women g^ Vie 
 World (1640); and The Generall mstory 
 of Women; containing the Lives of the 
 most Holy and Profane, the most Faimms 
 and Jvfamous in all Ages, exactly de- 
 scribed, not only from Poetical Pictions, 
 but from, the most Ancient, Modem, and 
 Admired Historians in our Times (1667). 
 
 Gunning, Peter, D.D., Bishop of 
 Ely (b. 1613, d. 1684), is notable as the 
 author of the General Thanksgiving in the 
 Book of Common Prayer. He produced 
 various theological works. 
 
 Gnmall, William, of Lavenham 
 (b. 1617, d 1679) ; author of The Christian 
 \n Com-plete Armowr (1656 and 1658). 
 
 Gurney, Hudson, antiquary and 
 poet Co. 1774, d. 1864) ; author of Cupid and 
 Psyche. 
 
 Gumey, Thomas, shorthand writer 
 (b. 1705, d. 1770) ; author of Brachygraphy. 
 
 Gurth. A Saxon swine-herd, in 
 Sir "Walter Scott's romance of XvanJioe 
 (q.v.) ; servant to Cedric of Kotherwood. 
 
 Gurton, Gammer. See Gammeb 
 GuRTON's Needle. 
 
 Gushing Teares of Godly Sor- 
 row, A poem by "William Lithgow 
 (1580—1640), published in 1640. 
 
 Gustavus Vasa.' A play, by 
 Henry Brooke (1706—1783), which, on 
 account of its reflections on the thfen 
 Prime Minister, Sir Eobert Walpole, was 
 refused permission to be acted in 1739. 
 It was thereupon printed by the author. 
 Lord Chesterfield taking forty copies, and 
 the Prince of Wales 400 copies ; and it be- 
 came so popular that Brooke derived a 
 thousand guineas from its sale. Dr. 
 Johnson published a Complete Vindication 
 
 of it, in which he eulogised the play and 
 satirised the Government which had sup- 
 pressed it. 
 
 Gntadgarv7ch Hywell : i.e., How- 
 ell's Patriotism. A poem, by Ho"WELL ab 
 Owain (circa 1840), written in praise of 
 Wales and the Welsh, 
 
 Guthlac, Life of St. By Abbot 
 Felix, of Croyland (circa 730). The 
 Legend of St, Guihlac is contained in the 
 £xeter Book (q.v.). 
 
 Guthrie, Thomas, D.D., Presby- 
 terian minister and religious writer (b. 
 1803, d. 1873), was for some years editor of 
 the Sunday Magazine. His chief works 
 are : — Man and' the Gospel ; Our Father's 
 Business; Out of Harness; Sketches, NaT' 
 rative and Descriptive ; Parahles Bead in 
 the Light of the Present Day; Speaking. t6 
 the Heart ; Studies of Character from the 
 Old Testament ; and Sundays AJyroad, 
 His Life appeared in 1873. 
 
 Guthrie, "William, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 170R, d. 1770), was ther author of 
 a large number of works, chiefly histor- 
 ical, none of which have survived the days 
 in which they were written. Among them 
 were Histories of England, Scotland, the 
 
 World, and the English Peerage; to which 
 may be added a Geographical Qramnuir, 
 Remarks on English Tragedy, and a very 
 large number of pamphlets. He preceded 
 Br. Johnson in the compilation of the 
 debates in " The Senate of Lllliput " for 
 
 The Gentleman's Magazine. 
 
 Guy and Amarant. A fra^^ment 
 of The Famous Historic of Guy, Earl of 
 Warwick, by SAMUEL Bo'WLANDs: pub- 
 lished in 1649. 
 
 Guy Li-vingstone. See Livikg- 
 
 STONE, Guy. 
 
 Guy Mannering. See Manneh- 
 
 ING, Guy. 
 
 Guy of 'War"W"iok, Sir. "A pleas- 
 ant song of the valiant deeds of chivalry 
 achieved by that noble knight, who, for 
 the love of fair Phelis^becarae a hermit, and 
 died in a cave of craggy rake, a mile distant 
 from Warwick." It was very popular 
 among the ElizabeUians, and is referred 
 to by Beaumont in his Knight of the Burn^ 
 ing Pestle, act ii., last scene. The legend 
 it narrates is to be found in a very ancient 
 romance in English verse, which is quoted 
 by Chaucer as celebrated in his time, and 
 of which a few fragments are preserved 
 in Garriok's ColleeHon of Old Plays. It 
 appeared in French in 1625. Sir William 
 Dugdale regards the story of Sir Guy as 
 only partially apocryphal, and mentions, 
 as a matter of fact, a duel fought by that 
 hero ivith the Danish Champion in 926. 
 See Guy and Amarant. 
 
 Guyoa, Sir. The personification 
 
awA 
 
 HAL 
 
 2Q1 
 
 of Xemperance in Spksseb's ^aUrie 
 Queene (book ii.). 
 
 G'walchinai. A Welsh banl (circa 
 1160). See GomwFEDD and TAIi Y MoE- 
 
 LIBE. 
 
 Gwendolen Harleth. The hero- 
 ine of Daniel DerorMa (q.v.). 
 
 OTivilym, David of. Welsh bard 
 (b. 1340, d. 1400). 
 
 G-ymnasiad. A mock heroic 
 poam, by Paul Whiteheai) (ITIO— 1774), 
 ridiculing boxing. 
 
 . Habington, 'William, poet (b. 
 1605, d. 16«), wrote Castara (1634), (q.T.), a 
 series of ^oems, afterwards included in 
 the collections of Johnson and Clialmers ; 
 The Queene of Arragon, a tragi-comedy 
 (1640). and a Hisiery of Edward IV. (1640). 
 See Wood's Athence OxonienseSf the Bio- 
 graphia Dramaticaj Hallam's Literary 
 History^ and Brydges' Censura Literaria. 
 See Edward IV., History of. 
 
 "Habits (Small) vrell pursued 
 betimes:"— Hashah More, Aloris, part 
 I.:— 
 
 " May reach the dignity of crimes." 
 
 Hacket, John, Bishop of I/ich- 
 fleld and Coventry (b. 1592, d. 1670), wrote 
 ComcRdta Loila, Christian Consolation, and 
 a Life, of Archbishoj^ WilliamS' See his 
 Idfe by Plume, pretixed to a volume of 
 his Sermons (1675). 
 
 Haddon, 'Walter, LIi.D. (b. 1516, 
 A. 1572), took part with Sir John Cheke in 
 preparing Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasti- 
 conim, besides writing Lucubrationes 
 (1567). His -Life and Latin Poems were 
 published in 1576. 
 
 " Had I a heart for falsehood 
 
 framed." First line of a song in Sheri- 
 dan's comic opera. The Duenna (act i., 
 scene 5). 
 
 Hafed. The liero of Moore's tale, 
 "The Fire "Worshippers," in Lalla Jioolch 
 (q.v.) ; beloved by Hinda. 
 
 Haggis, To a. A poem by Egbert 
 BCESS (1759—1796) : 
 
 '■ Fair fa' your honest, sonsie face. 
 Great chieftain o* the puddiii' race I 
 Aboon them a' ye tak your place, 
 
 Painch, tripe, or thairm : 
 "Weel arc ye wordy o' a jirace 
 
 As ling's my arm." 
 
 Haidee. One of the heroines of 
 Byron's poem of Don Juan (a. v.) ; the 
 daughter of Latnbro (q.v.)^ ana in love 
 with the hero. See canto ii., cxii.— cxxi., 
 where her meeting with the ship-wrecked 
 Don is described. 
 
 "HaU, beauteous stranger of 
 
 the grove ! " First line of the Ode to the 
 Cuckoo (q.v.), by Brdoe or Logan. 
 
 "Hail, fello-w, -wrell met. ' See 
 Thomas Brown's Amusement, viii., and 
 Swift's My Lady* 8 Lamentation. 
 
 "Hail, mildly pleasing Soli- 
 tude ! " First line of Thomson's Hymn 
 on Solitude* 
 ' "Hail to thee, blithe spirit!" 
 
 To a Skylark, by Percy Bysshe SheI/- 
 
 LEY. 
 
 Hailes, Lord. See Dalktmplb, 
 David. 
 
 " Hair-breadth 'scapes."-^OJ/ie//o, 
 act i., scene 3. 
 
 Hajji Baba of Ispahan, The Ad- 
 ventures of. 5ee Baba, Hajji. , 
 
 Hake, Edward. Author of The 
 Touchstone of Wittes (1588), founded on 
 Webbe'8 Discourse of FoetrU. See Has- 
 litt's Early English Literature. 
 
 Hakewill, George, divine (b. 
 1579, d. 1649), wrote Scutum Begium ad' 
 versus omnes Segicidas et Regicidarum 
 Patronos (1612) and An Apolopie or Declar- 
 aHon of the Power and/ Providence of God 
 ire IMe Gouemment qfthe World (1627). 
 
 Hakluyt, Hichard, Prebendary 
 of Bristol and Westminster (b. 1653, d. 
 1616), was the compiler of a series of Voy- 
 ages which have made bis name famous. 
 These celebrated narratives were pub- 
 lished in the following order : — (1) Divers 
 Voyages touching the Discoverie of America 
 and the Lands adjacent unto the Sanik 
 (1582) ; (2) Fiyure Voyages unto Florida 
 (1587) ; and (3) The Primcii • " ■ - 
 Vc 
 
 oyages, Trajfiques, and Discoveries f^t 
 English Nation, made by Sea or over Land, 
 to the most remote, and farthest distant 
 quarters of the Earth, at any time within 
 the compasse q/" these 1500 years (1589). , Of 
 these a new edition was publlshea in 1809 — 
 12, foliowedby a supplementary volume in 
 1812, containing several Voyages which. 
 Hakluyt had recommended for pltbli cation. 
 For biographical and bibliographical i>ar- 
 ticulars, see the Biographia Britaffvfiica, 
 Oldys'- Librarian, Wood's Athenw Oxon- 
 tenses, and owndes' Bibliographer's Marv* 
 udl. 
 
 Hakluyt Society, The, " for the 
 
 publication of Hare and 'Valuable Voyages, 
 Travels, and Geographical Records," was 
 instituted in London in 1846, 
 
 Hakluytus Posthumus. See 
 
 PlLGRIMES. 
 
 Haldane, James Alexander 
 
 (b. 1768, d. 1851), wrote ft work on The 
 Atonement, besides Expositions qf the 
 Epistles to the Hebrews and Galatians. Seo 
 bis l^e by Alexander Haldane, 
 
292 
 
 HAL 
 
 HAL 
 
 Haldane, Robert (b. 1764, d. 
 ,1842), wrote The Evidence and Autftority of 
 ^Ivine Revelation (1816) and a Commentar]/ 
 on the Epistle to the Romans (1835). See the 
 Life by Alexander Haldane. 
 
 Hale, Ed-ward Everett, Ameri- 
 can Unitarian minister (b. 1822), has pub- 
 lished The Itosary (1848) ; Margaret Per- 
 ceval in America (1850) : Sketches of 
 Christian History (1850) ; JDaily Bread, and 
 oilier Stories (1870) ; and many othei works- 
 
 Hale, Sarah Josepha, nd'e BueUr 
 nOTolist, poet, and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1795); author of Tlie Genius of Oblivion, 
 and other Poems ; Korthwood; Sketclies of 
 American Character; Traits of American 
 Life; The Way to lAve Well, and to he 
 Well while we Live ; Grosvenor: a Trag- 
 edy ; Alice Kay : a Romance in Rhyme ; 
 Jlarry Gay, the Widow^s Son; Three 
 Hours: or, the Vigil of Love; and other 
 Poems ; The Judge : a Drama of American 
 Life; Woman* s Record: or, Sketches of 
 Distinguished Women, from the beginning 
 till 1850 ; and various other works. See 
 Gris wold's Eemate Poets of America. 
 
 Hale, Sir Matthe-w, Life of, ny 
 
 Gilbert Bcrnet, Bishop of Salis bury 
 (1S43— 1715) ; published in 1682, and reprint- 
 ed in Worasworth*s Ecclesiastical Bio- 
 graphy . Some Additional Notes were 
 written by Richard Baxter. Sir Matthew 
 (1609—1676) wrote, among other works. 
 Contemplations, Moral and Divine (1676) ; 
 Pleas of the Crown (1680) ; and The Nature 
 of Religion (1684). 
 
 Hales, Alexander. See Alex- 
 ander OF Hales ; Fountain of Life, 
 The. 
 
 Hales, John (d. 1572), wrote In- 
 troductiones ad Grammaticam, The High- 
 way to Nobility, and a translation of Plu- 
 tarch's Precepts for Health (1543), besides 
 minor works. 
 
 Hales, John, called " The Ever 
 Memorable " (b. 1584, d. 1659), wrote a tract 
 on Schism (1642), and other works, pub- 
 lished by Lord Hailes in 1765. His Golden 
 Remains appeared in 1658. See the Life 
 by DesMaizeaux. 
 
 Hales, Stephen, natural philoso- 
 pher (b- 1677, d. 1761), published Vegetable 
 Statics (1727), Statical Essays (1733), and 
 other works. 
 
 " Half a league, half a league."— 
 The Cliarge of the Light Brigade, by Al- 
 fred Tennyson. 
 
 " Half-drunk lean over the half- 
 dressed. Where the."— Alfred Austin, 
 Tlie Season- 
 
 "Half-seas o'er in death, I'm.'' 
 Dryden, Cleam^nes. 
 
 Haliburtou, Thomas Chandler, 
 
 Canadian judge (b. 1796, d. 1865), wrote Sam 
 Slick, The dockmaker (1835, 1838, and 1840); 
 The Attach^: or, Sam Slick- in Eiwlaiia 
 (1843 and 1844) : The Old Judge : or. Life in 
 a Colony (1847) ; Rule and Misrule of the 
 English in America (1851) ■; Yaiikee Stories 
 (1852) ; Nature and Human Nature (1855) ; 
 and other works. See Slick, Sam. 
 
 Halifax Earl of, Cliarlcs^ Mon- 
 tague (b. 1661, d. 1715), was the joint author 
 withPKiOit(q. V.) of The City aTul Country 
 Mouse, and the author of many miscellane- 
 ous poems. His Miscellanies, with a Life, 
 appeared in 1716. See the Biographia 
 Britannica and Johnson's Lives of tlie 
 Poets. 
 
 Halket, Elizabeth, afterwards 
 Lady "Wardlaw (b. 1677, d. about 1727), was 
 the autlior of the ballad of Hardyknufe, 
 first published in 1719, and af terwardu in 
 The Evergreen^ See Percy*8 Religues. 
 
 Halket Lady Anne fb. 1632, d. 
 1699), wrote The Mother's Will to the Uiv- 
 bom Child, and a volume of Miscellaniesi 
 published in 1701. 
 
 Hall, Arthur. See Homer. 
 
 Hall, Anthony (b. 1679, d. 1723), 
 edited Leland's De Scriptoribus (1709) and 
 Triveti Annales (1718). 
 
 Hall, Basil, Captain R.N. fb. 1788, 
 d. 1844), A Voyage of Discovery io the West- 
 em Coast of Corea and tlie Great Loo-Choo 
 Island in the Japan Sea (1817) ; Extract 
 from a Journal written on the Coast qf 
 Chili, Peru and Mexico, in the years 1820, 
 1821, and 1822 (1823) ; Travels in North 
 America (1828) ; Patchwork (1841) ; Pra^~ 
 ments of Voyage and Travels, Schloss 
 Heinfeltlt and other works. 
 
 . Hall, Edward, liistorian (d. 1547), 
 wrote a chronicle, entitled The Union of the 
 Two Noble and Illustre Families qf Laiir- 
 castre and Yorke, with all the Actes done 
 in both the Tymes of the Princes both of the 
 one Linage and the other, beginnynq at the 
 tyme of kynge Henry the fowertli, the first 
 auctlior of this deuision, and so successively 
 proceadyng to the reigne of the high and 
 jJitident prince kyng Henry the eight, the 
 indubitable flower and venj heire of both 
 the said linages ; first published by Berthe- 
 lette in 1542. Hall's chronicle is valuable 
 on account of the minuteness with which 
 he describes the manners of his time, and 
 remarkable as being the foundation on 
 which many of the JQlizabethan plays were 
 constructed. 
 
 Hall, George, Bisliop of Cliester, 
 (b. 1612, d. 1668) i author of The Triumphs 
 'Of Rome over despised Protestancy (1655). 
 
 Hall, John. The name of two 
 English poets^ one of whom published, in 
 1660, a metrical versioi: of portions of the 
 Proverbs, th6 Psalms, and Ecclesiastious. 
 
HAL 
 
 HAL 
 
 293 
 
 The oOier (b. 1627, d. 1666) published 
 Horm VacivcE, and a translation otZongimts 
 
 Hall, Joseph, Bishop of Exeter 
 and Norwiuh(b.lo74,d. 1656). His fTarks, 
 of which the Contemplations are the most 
 famous, were edited by Pratt in 1808, and 
 Peter Hall in 1837. See Chalmers' edition 
 o£ the Poets. A full list of the works may 
 b3 seen in Lowndes' Bibliographer's Man- 
 ual. Biography by Pratt, Jones, and Mor- 
 ris (1846). Criticism in Hannay's Satire 
 and SatiristSy and Warton's English 
 Poetry, "Hall," says Campbell, " was 
 the master satirist of his a^e ; obscure and 
 quaint at times, but full o± nerve and pic- 
 turesque illustration. No contemporai'y 
 satirist has given equal ^ace and dignity 
 to moral censure." See Epistles' ; MuK- 
 Dus Altbb et Idem ; Satires in Six 
 Books ; Senega, The English j Vibgi- 
 
 SEKIABUAi;. 
 
 Hall, Mrs. Anna Maria, novel- 
 ist and. miscellaneous writer (b. 1802), has 
 written Sketches of Irish Character (1829) ; 
 Chronicles of a SchoolroQm (1830) ; The 
 Buccaneers (1832); Tales of Woman's Trials 
 (1834) ; The Outlaw (1835) ; Uncle Horace 
 (1835) ; Lights and Shadmvs rf Irish Life 
 (1838); The Groves of Blarney (1838); 
 Marian : or, a Young Maid's Fortunes (1840), 
 (q-v.) ; Stones of the Irish Peasantry (1840); 
 Ire'and: its Scunery^ Character, &c. (in 
 conjuBctipn with her husband, Mr. S. C. 
 Hall) (1840) ; The White Boy (1845) ; Mid- 
 summer Eve (1847) ; A Woman's Story 
 (1857) ; Can Wrong be Bight ? (1862) ; Union 
 Jack (1863) ; Marian • or, a Young Maid's 
 Fortune (1864) ; ThelMcky Penny (1864) ; 
 Bonald's Reason: or, the Little Cripple 
 (1865) ; The Prince of the Fair Family •• a 
 Fairy Tale (1866) ; 'The Playfellow (1868) ; 
 The Fight of Faith : a Story (1869); Digging 
 a Grave with a Wine Glass (1871) ; besides 
 various children's books, and the follow- 
 ing works, contributed, with the assistance 
 of her husband, to the pages of the Art 
 Journal .-—The Book of the Thames, The 
 Book of South Wales, and Pilgrimages to 
 English Shrines. See IKISH Chakacteb, 
 Sketches of. 
 
 Hall, Newman, Confrregationalist 
 minister (b. 1816), has written Come to 
 Jesus, Homeward Bound, The Forum amd 
 the Vatican, Pilgrim Songs, From Liver- 
 pool to St. Louis, and many other works. 
 
 Hall, Robert. Baiitist preacher 
 (b. 1764, d. 1831). The works of this famous 
 divine were published after his death, with 
 a Life, by Olinthus Gregory. See also the 
 Biography by Greene (1832) and by J. W. 
 Morris (1846). 
 
 HaU, Rowland. See Breeches 
 Bible, The. 
 
 Hall, Samuel Carter, author (b. 
 1801), has published The Book of Gems, 
 The Book qf British Ballads, The Stately 
 
 Hermes rf England., A Book of Memories of 
 Great Men and Women, and other works ; 
 among them. The Trial of Sir Jasper ; a 
 Temperatvce Tale in Verse. He eatab- 
 lished and became editor otVhe Art Jour- 
 nal, iu 1839. 
 
 Hall, Sir James (b. 1761, d. 1832), 
 author of Tlie Principles amd History of 
 Gothic Architecture (1813). 
 
 Hallam, Arthur Henry (b. 1811, 
 d. 1833), will live in English literature as 
 the inspirer and in part the subject of Ten- 
 nyson's In Memorkvm (q.v.), where he is 
 credited with — 
 
 " Heart affluence in discunive talk. 
 
 From household fountains never dry i 
 The critic cleamesB of an eye, 
 That saw thro' all the Musee walk. 
 " Seraphic intellect and force 
 
 To seize and throw the doubts of man \ 
 Lnuoasion'd logic, which outran 
 The hearer in its fiery course. 
 " Hiffh nature, amorous of the good. 
 But touch'd with no ascetic gloom i 
 And passion pure in snowy bloom 
 Thro' all the years of April Dlood. 
 " A love of freedom rarely felt, 
 Of freedom in her regal seat 
 Uf England— not the schoolboy heat. 
 The blind hysterics of the Celt, 
 " And manhood fused with female grace 
 In such a sort, the child would twine 
 A trustful hand, unesk'd, in thine. 
 And find his comfort in thy face." 
 
 Whilst still a boy he contributed to The 
 Eton Miscellany, Later he translated the 
 sonnets of Dante's VitaNitova, composed a 
 draipa on the Life of Raphael, and wrote 
 memoirs of Petrarch, Voltaire, and Burke. 
 His Remains were published,- with a lAfe, 
 bv his father, Hemy Hallam, in 1834. See 
 also the IMe by Dr. John Brown, and The 
 Atlantic Monthly for December, 1860. 
 
 Hallam, Henry, historian and 
 essayist (b. 1777, d'. 1859), was the author of 
 a View of Europe during the Middle Ages 
 (1818) ; a Constitutional History of England 
 (1827) ; an Introduction to the Literature of 
 Europe (1838—9) ; and various essays in 
 The Edinburgh Review. See sketch of his 
 £»/e, by Dean Milman, in TrcunsactUms of 
 the Royal Society, vol. x. Byron alludes to 
 him, in his English Bards, as 
 
 " Classic Hallam, much renowned for Greek." 
 
 Halleck, Fitz-Greene, American 
 poet (b. 1790, d. 1867), was co-author of Tlie 
 Croaker Papers (1819). afterwards publish- 
 ing Fommy (1821), and a volume of Poems 
 (1827), which included Marco Bozsaris, 
 Alnwick Castle, Bums, Wyoming, and 
 others. A further . selection appeared 
 in 1835. For Biography, see the Life by J, 
 G, Wilson (1869), the Memorial by F. S., 
 Cozzens (1868), and Allibone's Dictionary 
 of English amd American Authors. For 
 Criticism, see Griswold's Poets and 
 Poetry of America, and Tuokerman's 
 Sketen qf Jmericcm Literatwe, "It may 
 
294 
 
 HA] 
 
 HAM 
 
 be said of his compositions," remarks a 
 writer in Fraser's Jodgazine, " as if can be 
 affirmed of few American Terses, that 
 they have a real innate harmony." " In no 
 poet," says William Cullen Bryant, " can 
 be found passages wlilch flow with more 
 sweet and liquid smoothness." 
 
 Haller, Joseph. , The signature 
 under which Hesry' Nelsox Cole- 
 ridge (1800—1843), at one time contributed 
 to Knight's Quarterly Magazine. 
 
 . Hallet, Joseph, divine (b. 1692, (I. 
 1744), published Tlie Unity of God (1720), 
 The Reconciler (1726); and Tlie Study of 
 Holy Scriptures (1729—36). 
 
 Halley, Edmund, astronomer (b. 
 1656, d. 1742), wrote Catalogus Stellarum 
 Australium (1699) ,■ The Circulation of the 
 Watery Vapours of the Sea (1691); Tlie 
 Theory of the Change in the Variation of 
 the Needle (1692). 
 
 Halliday (Duff), Andre-w, dra- 
 matisiand miscellaneous wi'iter (b. 1830, d. 
 1877), published, among other works, 
 Every-Day Papers (1864) ; Sunnyside 
 Papers (1866) ; and Town and Country 
 (1866) ; besides wiiting the following 
 plays -.—The Great City, Checkmate, For 
 Xove or Money, Little Mm'ly, Nell, King 
 o* Scots, Amy iiobsart, Rebecca, Notre 
 liame. The Lake of tlie Lake, HearVs 
 Delight, Richard Cf£.ur de Lion, and Nich- 
 olas Nickleby, most of them founded upon 
 the works of Scott or Dickens. He also 
 contributed to The Morning Chronicle, The 
 Leader, The Cornhill Maf/azine, All tlie 
 Year Rouncl, and other periodicals. 
 
 Halifax, Samuel, D..D. (b. 1733, 
 d. 1790), is best known as the author of an 
 Analysis of Fuller* s Analogy ; he also pub-- 
 lished an Analysis of the Romcm Civil Law 
 (1774) ; and Twelve Sermons on the Proph- 
 ecies (1776). 
 
 Halliwell-Phillips, James Or- 
 chard, editor and writer (b. 1820), has pub- 
 lished editions of the Works of Shake- 
 speare (1851—3^ 1853—61), a Life of Shake- 
 speare, A Victtonary of Archaic and Pro- 
 vincial WordSj An Historical Sketch of the 
 Provincial Dialects of England, Popular 
 Rhymes and Nursery Tales, and many 
 other works. 
 
 Hallo my Taney. A poem by 
 ■William Cleland (b. about 16B1, d. 1689), 
 written when he was not quite eighteen 
 years of age. The first verse runs-r 
 
 *' In melancholy fancy. 
 Out of myself. 
 In the vulcan dnncy. 
 All the world Burveying, 
 Nowhere Btaying, 
 JuBt like a fairy elf t 
 
 II O er UIK UUCnil HKUD, niUlUUV lUl UH>1 Ul nil.. 
 
 Hallo my fancy, whither wilt thou go ? " 
 
 Hallorom, Rev. L. H. See Fe- 
 male VOLUMTEER, THE. 
 
 HallO'ween. A poem by Robekt 
 BUKKS (1759—1796), descriptive of the 
 various customs which obtain in Scotland 
 on that night of the year. " Halloween," 
 he says^ " is thought to be a night when 
 witclies,- devils,, and other mischief-making 
 beings are all abroad on their baneful, 
 midnight errands: particularly those 
 aerial people, the fairies, are said on that 
 night to hold a grand anniversary." See 
 the author's notes to the poem. A poem 
 on the same subject, contributed by John 
 Mayne (1759—1836,) to Ruddiman's Maga- 
 zine in 1780, is said to have suggested 
 Burns*s composition. 
 
 Hallo wed Ground. A lyric by 
 Thomas CAMPBELL,containing the lines— 
 
 " To live in hearts we leave behind, 
 la not to die." 
 
 Halpine, Charles G. See O'Beillt, 
 Pbivate Miles. 
 
 H. A. L., The Old Shekarry. 
 
 The pseudonym under which Major 
 Levesoit has published several sportnig 
 works ; among others. The Camp Fire, 
 The Forest and the Field, The Hunting 
 Grounds of the Old World, and Wrinkles : 
 or, Hints to Travellers. 
 
 Halyburton, Thomas, divine (b, 
 1674, d. 1712) wrote Natural Religion LiKf- 
 ficient, an d Revealed necessary to Salvatitm 
 (1714), The Great Ccmcern of Salvation 
 (1721), and Ten Sermons (1722). See hla 
 Memoirs of himself. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander. See Pdb- 
 
 LIUS. 
 
 Hamilton, Count Anthony (b. 
 
 about 1646, d. 1720), wrote the Memoirs de 
 Grammont, and translated Pope's Essay 
 on Criticism into French. His complete 
 Works appeared in 1813. 
 
 Hamilton, Elizabeth, miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1768, d. 1816), wrotis 
 Letters ofaHindoo Rajah (1790), The Mod- 
 em Philosopher (1800) ; Letters on Educa- 
 tion 1801) ; Agrimtina (1803); The Cottagers 
 of Glenbumie ; The Elementary Principles 
 of the Human Mind ; and other works. See 
 her Life by Miss Benger (1818). 
 
 Hamilton, Grail. The nom de plume 
 of Miss Mary tihigail Dodge, of Hamilton, 
 Massachusetts, an American writer, 
 
 Hamilton, Hugh, D.C, Bishop of 
 Ossory (b. 1729, d. 1806), wrote De Sectioni- 
 bus Conicis (1768), and an Essay <m the 
 Existence and Attributes of the Supreme 
 Being (1792), His Works were pubUshed 
 In 1809. 
 
 Hamilton, James, D.D. (b. 1814, 
 d. 1867), author otLife in Earnest, The 
 
HAM 
 
 HAM 
 
 235 
 
 Mount of Olives. The Royal Preacher^ The 
 Hanpy ffome, Tne Lamp and the Lantern.} 
 and many others. 
 
 Hamilton, Richard Winter, 
 
 D D. (b. 1791, d, 1&48), author of Sermons 
 (1833 and 1845), Tfie lievealed Doctrine of 
 Jiewards and Punishments <1846,) Miga 
 ZiterariiBf and others. 
 
 Hamilton, Robert, IiLD., po- 
 litical economist (b. 1743, d. 1829). wi'ote 
 treatises on Merchandise {1717); Arithmetic 
 (1796) ; and TheNatUmal Debt (1813); also, 
 The Progress of Society (1830). See Cham- 
 bers's Eminent Scotsmen, 
 
 Hamilton. Thomas (b. 1789, d. 
 1&12), author of The Youth and Manliood of 
 Cyril TItomton (1827), Annals of the Penin- 
 stUar Campaign, and Men and Manners in 
 America,. He was a constant contributor 
 to Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 Hamilton, Sir William, Profes- 
 sor of Metaphysics at Edinburgh (b. 1788, 
 d. 1856), was the author of I>i3cussions on 
 Pkilosoplty, contributed to The Edinburgh 
 Review, and re-published in 1852 ; of an 
 edition of Reid (q.T.). with notes and dis- 
 sertations (1846) ; and of various lectures 
 on metaphysics and logic, published by 
 Professoi-s Mansel and Veitch in 185^—60. 
 •* In common with Reid," says the latter 
 Writer, '* Hamilton holds lirnlly by fact 
 and reality, even where these transcend 
 philosophical comprehension, and cannot 
 be brought within the sphere of symmetri- 
 cal deduction. This is manifest from even 
 a general view of what may be called his 
 pmlosophical method, which is simply the 
 study of consciousness in its integri^, as 
 the supreme organon of philosophy. The 
 facts of consciousness are to be accepted 
 by us, not in so far only as we can make 
 them the points in a chain of reasoiwd 
 explication or demonstration, but as the 
 co-ordinate data of an authentic testimony, 
 which it is sufficient to show are not incon- 
 sistent with each other. Although Sir W. 
 Hamilton was largely indebted to his pre- 
 decessors,and obtained,as mu^tbe acknowl- 
 edged, his doctrines more by way of criti- 
 cism of the results of others than by direct 
 physiological observation, he was, jowever 
 no servile borrower. The half-applied 
 principle, the neglected truth, was grasped 
 with a steadier and bolder hand ; its full 
 force and significance were disclosed; 
 found inoperative, it was rendered living 
 and fruitful by the touch of philosophical 
 genius-" 
 
 Hamilton, William, of Bangour, 
 poet (b. 1704, d. 1764). His collected Poems 
 appeared in 1760. ^ccBbaes of Yarrow, 
 The ; Flower of Yarrow, The ; Pin- 
 dar , Triumph of Love, The. 
 
 Hamlett, Prince of Denmarke, 
 
 The Revenge of. The title of the first 
 edition of the famous tragedy by "William 
 
 Shakespeare (1564—1616), which ap- 
 peared in 1602, under the imprint of 
 James Roberts, and "as yt was latell^ 
 acted by the Lord Chamberlain his sei"^ 
 vantes." In 1603 appeared a quarto editioH 
 of the play, in which Polonius and Re^ 
 naldo figure under the names of CorambiS 
 and Montano, and in 1604 , appeared an- 
 other quarto edition,, under the title of The 
 Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of 
 Denmarke, which, '* enlarged to almost a$ 
 much againe as it was " in the edition ^f 
 1602, contains the text of Hamlet as ita^ 
 author finally left it to the world. A plaj- 
 of Hamlet had been in existence before 
 1589, but this was neither Shakespeare' b» 
 nor, as far as we know, seen by Shake-:' 
 speare, who probably derived the plot of 
 his tragedy from the prose Historie of 
 Hamhlet, translated from the account of 
 that prince found in the Danish history of 
 Saxo Grammaticus, and inclnded by Belle- 
 forest in his collection of Novels m 1564. 
 "To me it is clear," says Goethe> "that 
 Shakespeare meant in the preseiit case to 
 represent the effects of a great action, laid 
 upon a soul unfit for the performance of it. 
 In this view the whole piece seema.to 'me 
 composed. A lovely^ pure, noble, and 
 most moral nature, without the strength of 
 nerve, that forms a hero, sinks beneath- a, 
 burden which it cannot bear and must not 
 cast away. All duties are holy for him ; 
 the present is too hard. Impossibilities 
 have been* required of him— not in them- 
 selves impossibilities, but such for him. 
 He winds, and turns, and torments him- 
 self ; he advances and recoils j is ever put 
 in mind, ever puts himself m mind; at 
 last does all but put his purpose from his 
 thoughts ; yet still without recovering his 
 peace of mind." Tor further criticisms on 
 this play , see Coleridge's Literary Remai'^s, 
 Schlegel's Drartiatic Literature, Hartley 
 Coleridge's Essays and Marginalia, Mrs< 
 Jameson's Characteristics of Women, Hazi^ 
 litt's Shakespeare Characters, Maginn's 
 Shakespeare Papers, Grant "White's Shake- 
 speare Scholar, a.a.lla.m's Literary History^ 
 Dowdeu's Mind <ind Art of Shakespeare, 
 and the works of Ulrici and Gervinus. 
 
 Hammond, Anthony, miscella- 
 neous writer (b. 1668, d. 1738), edited and 
 contributed to a Miscellany qf Original 
 Poems (1720), besides publishing manj' 
 prose pieces Bolingbroke called hiila 
 " silver'-tongued," in allusion to his parliar 
 mentary eloquence. 
 
 Hammond, Henry, D.D., com- 
 mentator (b. 1605, d. ]660), published a 
 Paraphrase and Annotations on the N&d) 
 Testament (1653), a Paraphrase- arid Comf 
 mentary on the Psalms, a Practical Cate- 
 chism, and other works. See the Lives by 
 Fell (1661) and Fulman (1684). 
 
 Hammond, James, son of An- 
 thony (b. 1710, d. 1742), "translated tihullus 
 into English verse, to let," says Hazlitt, 
 
296 
 
 HAM 
 
 HAP 
 
 " Ilia mistress and the public Itnow ol liis 
 passion for tie former." " His Eki/ies," 
 says Johnson, " have neither passion, na- 
 ture, nor manners." See the Lives of the 
 Poets. 
 
 Hampden, Renn Dickson, D.D., 
 
 Bisliop of Hereford (b. 1793, d. 1868), wiote 
 treatises on The Scholastic, PhUosophij, 
 The Philosophical Evidence of Christianity ^ 
 and Moral Philosophy; besides several 
 volumes of Sermons and contributions to 
 the EncyclopwdiasBritannica SLndMetropoU 
 itanna. "AH those works," says Dr. Lind- 
 say Alexander, " indicate on the part of the 
 author a sincere love of truth, great powers 
 of thought and argument, and some of 
 them the possession of copious stores of 
 learning, especially in ancient and me- 
 diaeval philosophy." 
 
 Hampden, The Spirit of. The 
 
 signature adopted by Dr. Robert FEii- 
 LOWES (1770—1847) in various letters to 
 the public prints in 1821. 
 
 Hampole, The Hermit of. See 
 
 BOLLE 
 
 Hamst, Olphar. The assumed 
 name of Ralph Thomas (of which it 
 forms the anagram), author of TJie Hand- 
 book of FictitimLS Names. 
 
 Handful of Honeysuckles. A 
 
 collection of metrical translations of the 
 Athanasian Creed, &c., by "William Huk- 
 Nis, published in 1S85. jSee Seven Sobs 
 
 OF A SOKHOWFUL SOUL FOR SiN. 
 
 Handling of Sins, A. A trans- 
 lation into English by Robert de Brunxe 
 of a French work by William of Wadding- 
 ton (q. v.), which treats of the decalogue and 
 the seven deadly sins. It is illustrated by 
 many legendary stories, and is preserved 
 in the Bodleian Library aud the British 
 Museum. 
 
 Handy Andy. A novel by Sam- 
 uel Lover (1797—1868), originally pub- 
 lished as a strial. 
 
 " Hangs a Tale, And thereby." 
 
 — As FouiiA:e7<, act ii., BcencT. 
 Hanmer, Rev. Meredith (b. 1548, 
 
 d. 1604), compiled a Chronicle of Ireland^ 
 and translated into English the ecclesiasti- 
 cal histories of Eusebius, Socrates, Evag- 
 .ilus, and Dorotheus, to which he prefixed 
 a Chrmwgraphie (1576—77). 
 
 Hanna. 'William, D.D., Presby- 
 terian minister (b. 1808); author of a Life 
 cflh-. Chalmers (1849), and other works. 
 
 Hannah. The heroine of Mrs. 
 IKCII B A ld' s story of Nature and Art (q.v.). 
 
 Hannah, John, D.C.L. (b. 1818), 
 has published Lectures on the Relation be- 
 tween the Divine and Human Elements in 
 Holy Scripture (1863), Discourses on tlie 
 
 Fall and its Results, editions of the Worlis 
 of Dr. Henry ICing and of Sir Walter 
 Raleigh, a volume of selections from Tlie 
 Courtly Poets, and some miscellaneous 
 lectures, sermons, and pamphlets. ~ 
 
 Hannay, James, novelist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1827, d. 1873), wrote 
 Biscuits atid Groq (1848), A Claret Cup 
 (1848), King Dobbs (1848), Hearts are 
 Trumps J (IStS), Singleton Fontenoy (1860), 
 Sketciies in Ultramarine (1853), Satire anU 
 Satirists (1854), Eustace Conyers (1855), 
 Essays from the " Quarterly " (1861), Char- 
 acters and Criticisms (1865). A Omrse of 
 English Literature (1866), Three Hundred' 
 Years of a Norman House (1866), and 
 Studies on Thackeray (1869). He was for 
 some years editor of TTie Edinburgh Cour- 
 ant. 
 
 Hannibal and Scipio, A tragedy 
 by Thomas Hashes, acted in 1635 ; print- . 
 ed in 1637. 
 
 Hanno, in Mookb's novel of Zehco 
 (q.v.), is a slave, the description ot whose 
 death is considered one of the finest pas- 
 sages in the book. 
 
 Hansard, Luke (b. 1752, d. 1828), 
 whose name survives in the well-known 
 edition of the parliamentary debates, was 
 for a long time printer to the House of 
 Commons. See The Gentleman's Magazine 
 for 1828. 
 
 Hanvil, John See Archixrenius. 
 
 "Happiness that makes the 
 
 heart afraid. There is ev'n a." — Hood, Ode 
 to Melancholy, 
 
 Happiness, The Idea of. A 
 
 tract published by JoHjr NORRis (1657 — 
 1711) in 1688, in which, says Professor 
 Fraser, "he describes divine meditation, 
 distinguished from mere morality, as tlie 
 essence of a happy life on earth." 
 
 " Happiness -was born a twrin." 
 
 — B YKOif , Don Juan, canto ii., stanza 172, 
 
 " Happy lover ivho has come, 
 A." Line 1, sect, viii., of In Memoriam, 
 by Alfred Tenkyson. 
 
 Happy Old Couple, The. A 
 
 ballad of uncertain authorship, sometimes 
 attributed to Matthe^v Prior. It tells 
 the story of Darby and Joan, a married 
 couple who are said to hav^ lived more 
 than a century ago in the village of Hod- 
 laugh, Yorkshire, and who were celebrated 
 for their long life and conjugal happiness. 
 Timperley says that Darby was a printer 
 in Bartholomew Close, who died in 1730, 
 and that the ballad was written by one of 
 his apprentices called Henry Woodfall. 
 
 "Happy the man whose wish 
 
 ' and care." First line of the Ode to Soli- 
 tude, by Alexander Pope (1688—1744). 
 
HAP 
 
 HAB 
 
 297 
 
 Happy Valley, The, in Johnson's 
 prose romance of Jiasselas (q.v.), is repre- 
 sented as situated iii Abyssiuia. 
 
 " Happy Warrior, Character of 
 
 the. A poem by William Wokdswokth, 
 written in 1806. 
 
 Hardcastle, Mr. and Mrs. Char- 
 acters in GOLT>SMiTH's comedy She Stoops 
 <& Ck)nquer (q.v.). Their daughter is the 
 heroine of tiie piece, and is eventually 
 married to Marlowe (q**?)- 
 
 Hardinge, George, son of iJich- 
 olas (b. 1744, d. I8t6),was a contributor to 
 the Literary Anecdotes of Nichols (q.v.), 
 who, in 1818, published, with a lAfe, the 
 works of Hardinge, which included charges, 
 lay sermons, parliamentary speeches, lite- 
 rary essays, and poems. 
 
 Hardinge, Nicholas (b. 1700, 
 d. 1758), was famous in his own day as a 
 scholar and a poet. His Denhill Iliad, 
 described as " very much in the manner of 
 Pope," was printed by Nichols in his col- 
 lection. 
 
 Harding, John (b. 1378, d. 1465), 
 wrote a Chronicle in Metre from the first 
 £egynning of England^, unto ye Reigne of 
 Edwarde ye Fourth (q.v.), with a biogi'aph- 
 ical and critical preface. 
 
 Harding, Thomas, D.D. fb. 15X2, 
 d. 1572), is celebrated as the controversial 
 opponent of John Jewell (q.v.). For a list 
 of his Works see Wood's AtJtetUB Oxoni- 
 enses. 
 
 " Hard is the fate of him -who 
 
 loves." First line of a song by James 
 Thomson (1700—1748), of which the last 
 Terse runs — 
 
 " But if, at firet, her virgin fear 
 
 Should start at Love's Buspected name, 
 With that oE friendship Boothc her ear- 
 True Love and Fnendship are the same." 
 
 Hard Times. A novel by Chakles 
 Dickens (1812—1870), which, after appear- 
 ing from week to week in Household 
 Words, was published in a complete form 
 in Augudt, 1854. It is one ofthe least suc- 
 cessful of the author's writings. See 
 Gbadgbind. 
 
 Hardwicke, Earl of, Pliilip Yorke 
 (b. 1720, d. 1790), was part 2M.X\iov of Athe- 
 nian Letters^ or the Epistolary Correspond- 
 ence of an Agent oj tlie King of Persia 
 residing at Athens during the Peloponnesian 
 War (1743) ; besides editing the Correspond- 
 ence of Sir Dudley Carlefon (1775), the 
 Hardwicke State Papers (VJ1% and Wal- 
 poliana (1783). Life \>y Cooksey (1791). 
 
 Hardy-dardy. The jester in Godli/ 
 Queen Hester (q.v.). 
 
 Hardy, Letitia. Tlie heroine of 
 Whe Sella* 8 Stratagem (q^v.). 
 
 Hardy, Sir Thomas Duffus (b. 
 1804), has published several editions of 
 ancient manuscripts from the Record 
 Office, and has "written a Life of Lord 
 Langdale, Master of the Bolls. 
 
 Hardy, Thomas, riovelist, has 
 written Desperate Pemedies, Under the 
 Grreenwood Tree y A Pair of Blue EyeSt Far 
 from the Madding Crowdj and The Hand 
 of Ethelberta. 
 
 Hardyknute. >S'eeHALKET, Eliza- 
 beth, 
 
 Hare, Augustus 'William (b. 
 
 1792, d. 1834), author of Sermons to a Cown- 
 try Congregation and O>tton. Sermons, and 
 co-author of Guesses at Truth (q.v.). 
 
 Hare, Francis, D.D., Bisliop of 
 Chichester (b. 1688, d. 1740), wrote apamph- 
 let on The Di;fficulties and Discouragements 
 which attend the Study ofthe Scriptwres. 
 and published an edition of the works of 
 Terence, besides wiiting against Bishop 
 Hoadley in the Bangorian controversy 
 (q.v.). His theory of Hebrew metre, in 
 which he published an edition of the 
 Psalms, was refuted by Bishop Lowth, 
 
 Hare, Julius Charles, Yicfir of 
 Hurstmonceaux (b. 1795, d. 1855), wrote 
 The Mission , of the Comforter (18^6), The 
 Victory of Faith (1847), and a Life of John 
 Sierlinq (1848), besides being oo-authbr, 
 with his brother Augustus, of Guesses at 
 Truth (q.v.). 
 
 Haredale, Hugh and Emma. 
 
 Characters in BiOKE&^s's novel of Barnor 
 by Pudge (q.v.). 
 
 "Hark, hark ! the lark at heav- 
 en's gate sings." First line of a song in 
 Cpmoeline, ii. 3. Chaucee had written in 
 his Knight's Tale : — 
 
 ■ " The busy lark, the mcBsenger of day, 
 Saluteth in her song the morning gray," 
 
 liYLY had said in his Alexander and 
 Campaspe (q.v.) _: — 
 
 " The lark so ehrill ijnd clear. 
 Now at heaven's gate she claps her wing ;** 
 
 and Milton afterwards wrote : — t. 
 
 "Ychirdfl, 
 That singing up to heaven's gate ascend.' ' 
 
 Harley. The hero of Mackenzie's 
 novel of The Man of Feeling (q.v.), 
 
 Harlowe, Clarissa. A novel, by 
 Samuel Richardson (q.v.), published in 
 1748. *' The work," says Sir "Walter Scott, 
 "on which Bichai'dsou's fame as a classic 
 of England will rest for ever." 
 
 Harmer, Thomas, Independent 
 minister (b, 1715, d. 1788), wrote Observa^ 
 turns on Various Passages <f Scripture., 
 which was published, with a Life of tlie 
 author, in 1816. His MisciUaneous Work* 
 appeared in 1823, . 
 
 13* 
 
298 
 
 HAB 
 
 HAB 
 
 Harmonie of the Church, The: 
 
 " containhig the spiritual Songs and lioly 
 Hymuea oi godly Men, Patriarches, and 
 Propliets, all sweetly sounding to the gloiy 
 of the Highest," hv Michael Dkayton 
 (1563—1631) ; published in 1691. 
 
 Harold, The Last of the Sazon 
 
 Kings. A romance by Edwakd, Lord 
 Lytton ; published in 1860. 
 
 Harold. A dramatic poem by 
 Alfred Tennysos ; published in 1876. 
 
 , Harold Transome, in George 
 Eliot's novel of Felix Holt (q.v.), is the 
 sou of Mrs. Transome and Matthew Jer- 
 myn, the lawyer : and in love with, but re- 
 fused by, Esther Lyon. 
 
 " Harp that once through Tara's 
 
 Halls, The." First line of a familiar song 
 by Thomas Mooke. 
 
 Harpalus. Tlie hero of "an ancient 
 English pastoral," included amongst tlie 
 "Works of " uncertain auctors." in Songes 
 and Sonettes (1657)- His lady-love is called 
 PhllUda ; his rival, Corin. 
 • Harpalus, in Spenser's Colin 
 CloiU's come home again (q.v.), is probably 
 intended for the Earl of Dorset. 
 
 Harrington. A novel by Maeia 
 Edgeworth, published in 1817. 
 
 Harrington, Dr. See Witch oi? 
 WoKEY, The. 
 
 Harrington, James, political 
 writer' (b. 1611, d. 1677), was the author of 
 Oceana (q,.v.). Life by Tolaud (1771). 
 
 Harrington, John jb. . 1534, d. 
 1582). The poems of this writer were pub- 
 lished in the Nuq{E AntiqutB, See also 
 Hannah's Courtly Poets. 
 
 Harriott, Thomas, mathematician 
 (b- 1560, A. 1621), author of Artis Analyt- 
 icce Praxis ad Mquatiaaes Algebraicas 
 Hesolvendas (1631). 
 
 Harris, James, philosophical writer 
 (b. 1709, d. 1780), wrote treatises on Art, 
 Music, Painting, Poetry, and Happiness, all 
 published in 1744 ; also, Hermes, a Philoso- 
 vhical Inquiry concerning Language and 
 TTniversal Grammar (1751) : Plulosopliical 
 Arrangements (1796) ; and Philological In- 
 
 guirles (1781). His Works, with a Life by 
 is son, appeared in 1801. 
 Harris, John (b. 1667,.!. 1719), 
 author of Lexicon Technicum, an Universal 
 Sicticnari/ of Science and Art, and various 
 other compilations. See ENCYCLOP.ffi:DiA. 
 Harris, John, D.D., Independent 
 minister (b. 1802, d. 1856), wrote Tlie 
 Great Teacher (iSSS); Mammon: or, Covei- 
 oamless-tlte Mn of the Christian Church 
 (1886); ChrUHan fjitoir »everal prize 
 
 essays, and numerous verses. His Posthu- 
 mous Works were issued in 1857. 
 
 Harris, Mrs. See, Gamp, Mrs. 
 
 Harris, Thomas Leonard, poet 
 and religious writer, has produced Hymns 
 of Spiritual Devotion /o?' the New Chris- 
 tian Age; First Bookofth&Chrislian UeHg- 
 ion ; The Arcana of Christianity ; A Song, 
 of Satan; The Wisdom of Angels; Art 
 Epic of the Starry Heavens : A Lyric of the. 
 Morning Lands • A Lyric of the Golden 
 Age; Requia : a Song ofManj/ Days; and 
 many other works. Mr. Harris is by birth 
 an Englishman, but emigrated to America 
 at an early age. His works profess to be 
 written " in the spirit," and to be impro- 
 vised. 
 
 Harris, "Walter (b. 1647, d. after 
 1725), author of Be Morbis Acutis Ini 
 fantv/m, Pharmacologia Anti^mpirica, and 
 other medical works. 
 
 Harris, 'William, biographer (b^ 
 1720, d. 1770), wrote the Lives of Hugh 
 Peters (1751) ; .Tames /. (1753) ; Charles I. 
 (1768) ; Cromwell (1761) ; and Charles II. 
 (1766). 
 
 Harris, 'William, D.D., PresbvT 
 terian minister (b. about 1675, d. 1740),. 
 published The Messiah i7i the Old Testa- 
 ment, in reply to CoUins's Discourses, and 
 wrote the Commentary on the Epistles to 
 the Philippians and Colossians, in continu- 
 ation of Matthew Henry's work. 
 
 Harrison, Frederic (b. 1831), is 
 the author of The Meaning of History 
 (1862) i Questions for a B^rmed Parlia- 
 ment (1867) ; Order and Progress (1875) ; a- 
 translation of Comte's Social Statics (1875); 
 and many other works ; besides numerous 
 contributions to the Westminster and Fort- 
 nightly Reviews. 
 
 Harrison, William (d. 1592),-con- 
 tributed to Holinshed's Cfironicles a His- 
 torical Description cfthe Island qf Britain: 
 and to Holinshed's History of Scotland a 
 translation of Boethius' Description of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Harrison, 'William, poet and es- 
 sayist (d. 1713), conducted Tlie Tatler (q.v.) 
 after Steele's withdrawal from it. For 
 specimens of his verse see the collections 
 of Bodsley and Nichols. Swift described 
 him as *' a pretty little fellow, with a great 
 deal of witj good sense, and good iiature," 
 and as having written " some mighty pret- 
 ty things." 
 
 Harrowing of Hell, The. See 
 ExETEB Book. 
 
 Harry, Blind, or Henry the Min- 
 strel, flourished circa 1460, when he pro- 
 duced his chronicle-history of Wallace 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Hart, King. A. poem by Bishofi 
 
HAR 
 
 HAT 
 
 299 
 
 Gaw ATX Douglas, of Dunkeld. in which 
 the hero is intended as an allegorical repre- 
 sentation of human life. The heart' a.s be- 
 ing the noblest part of man, ia descnbed as 
 his sovereign, and the Court Of this imag- 
 inary Sovereign is composed of tbe univer- 
 sal attributes of youth. The King is as- 
 saulted by Queen Plesaunce, whom he 
 marries after a long resistance. At length, 
 Age makes hia appearance, followed by 
 Conscience, and the Queen having taken 
 her departure Decrepitude attacks and 
 wounds the King, who, after making his 
 will, succumbs to Death. 
 
 Harte, Francis Bret, an Amer- 
 ican humorist (b. 1839), has written numer- 
 ous prose tales and sketches, of which the 
 following are fhe best known and most 
 popular : — The Luck of Roaring Camp, 
 Mrown of Calaveras, Mr. Thompson's Prod- 
 igal, and The Iliad of Sandy Barr. Of bis 
 poems, in dialect and otherwise, the fol- 
 lowing will be most familiar to tbe English 
 reader : — HerXietter, Dickens in Camp,- Jim, 
 Iiow*8 Flat, In the Tunnel, Pla'm Languaqe 
 from Truthful James, The Society upon the 
 Stanislaus, To the_PMocene Skull, A Geo- 
 logical Madrigal, The Lost Tails qf Mile- 
 tus, Truthful Ja/mes's Answer to "Her Let- 
 ter," Furtlier Language from Truthful 
 James, Aspiring Miss Delaine, and Songs 
 witJtout Sense. Bret Harte has also writr 
 ten Sensation Novels Condensed, a series 
 of parodies on our leading novelists (1867); 
 and Gabriel Conroy, a novel (1876). See 
 Heathen Chinee, The; KoaringCamp, 
 The Luck of. 
 
 Harte, Walter (b. 1700, d. 1774), 
 wrote a Historif of ike L{fe of Gustavus 
 Adolphus and Essays on Husbandry. 
 
 Hart-leap "Well. A poem, in two 
 parts, by William Wordsworth, writ- 
 ten in 1800> The well is a small spring of 
 water, about five miles from Kichmond, in 
 Yorkshire, near the side of the road that 
 leads from Richmond to Askrigg. Its 
 name is derived from a remarkable chase, 
 the memoiy of which is preserved iji the 
 ^monuments referred to in the second part 
 of the poem. 
 
 Hartley, David, metaphysician (b. 
 1705, d. 1757), wrote Observatidns on Man : 
 his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations 
 (1749). His Life was written by his son. 
 See MAN, Observations on. 
 
 Hartson, Hall (b. about 1739, d. 
 1773). wrote a tragedy called The Countess 
 of Salisbury (1765), aud a poem called 
 Youth. 
 
 "Harvest of a quiet eye, The." 
 See Wordsworth's poem, A Poet's Epi- 
 taph — 
 
 , " That brooda and Bleeps on his own heart.* 
 
 " HarvjeBt-time of Love, The." 
 
 See stanza 10, canto x., of Southey*s poeni 
 of The Curse ofKehama. 
 
 Harvey, Christopher. See Syna- 
 gogue, The. 
 
 Harvey, Gabriel, poet (b. 1545, d., 
 
 1630), wrote a variety of verse, of interest 
 onl3^ to antiquarians ; yet Spenser speaks 
 of him as " the most excellent and learned 
 both orator and poet." He was one of tha 
 tilst to, write English hexameters. See 
 
 HOBBINOL. 
 
 Harvey, "WUliam, M.D. (b. 1578, 
 d, 1657), wrote Exercitationes de moiu Cor- 
 dis et Sanguinis (1628). See the X^e by 
 Laurence ; also that prefixed to his Works, 
 by Dr. Willis (18«). 
 
 Harwood, Ed^vai*d,D.D , scholar 
 and divine (b. 1729, d. 1794), wrote A View, 
 of the varioits Editions of the Greek andf,he 
 lioman Classics, An Introduction ■io- the 
 JVew Testament, A New Translation of the 
 New Testament, and an edition of thd 
 Greek Testament. See The Gentleman's 
 Magazine foT 119^. ' ■-'■ 
 
 Haryngton,^ Sir John, miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1561, d. 1612), published 
 The Metamorphosis of Ajax (1596);'rAe 
 EngUshma/n's Dodor; The History of Po- 
 linaar and Flostella ; Nugts Anfiquce ; and 
 other works. See JBkiefe View of the 
 State of the Church of England, A ; 
 Epigrams most Elegant and Wittie. 
 
 Haslewood, Joseph, bibliogrnr 
 pher (b. 1769, d. 1833), was a cojitributor to 
 the Censtt/ra lAtertirla an:d British' Bibli- 
 ographer of Sir Egei*ton Brydges. -/^ee . 
 Behnardo ; Gabbler Gridiron. 
 
 Hasolle, James. See FAscrcuLifd 
 Chbmicus. 
 
 Hastings, Warren, Charges 
 Against. See "Warren Hastings. 
 
 Hatch^vay, Lieutenant Jack. A 
 
 retired naval officer, in Smollett's novel 
 of The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle 
 (q.v.) ; represented as living with, Commo- 
 dore Trunnion (q.v,). 
 
 " Hate found only on the stage, 
 
 A.*'— BVRON's Don Juam, canto iv., stanza 
 93. 
 
 Hathaway, Richard. See Ar- 
 thur, ICiNO OF England. 
 
 Hatteraick Dirk. A Dutch smug- 
 gler captain, in Sii "Walter Scott's novel 
 of Guy Mannering (q.v.). 
 
 Hatton, Joseph, novelist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1837), has written 
 the following '.—Bitter Sweets, Against the 
 Stream,The TallantsofBa/rton, Christopher 
 Ken/nek, The Memorial Window, The Fat* 
 ley of Poppies, In the Lap of Fortune^ 
 Clytie, The Queeji of Bohemia ; in addition 
 to Heministffnces <^ Mark Lev^toni Pippiltt 
 
300 
 
 HAXJ 
 
 HAY 
 
 and 0ieese, Kites and Pigeons^ and other 
 works. He was at one time editor of The 
 Oentleman't Magazine (1868 — 74). 
 
 Haugbton, 'William, dramatist 
 (circa 1600), wrote the comedy of JSnglisIi- 
 msnfnr my MoTieff : or, a Woman will have 
 luv Will: and, with Deltker and Chettle, 
 the play of Patient Grissell, which was re- 
 printed by the Shakespeare Society iu 1841. 
 See Henslowe'3 Diary, 
 
 Haunted House, The. A poem 
 by Thomas Hood. 
 
 Haunted Man, The : " and the 
 Ghost's Bargain." A Christmas tale by 
 Charles Dickens (1812—1870), published 
 in December, 1847. The name of the hero 
 is Redlaw, and among the other characters 
 are Tetterby, the newsvendor, his sou 
 Johnny, and the baby Sally. 
 
 Have at Ye All :- " or, tlie Drury 
 Lane Journal." A periodical edited by 
 BoNSELL Thobnton (1724—1768) in 1762. 
 It wfis stated to be conducted by " Madame 
 Itoxana Termagant." 
 
 Have 'With you at Saffron 
 
 Walden : " or, Gabriel Harvey's Hunt is 
 up ; " by Thomas Nash, published in 
 1.q96. *'This pamphlet," says Lowndes, 
 ** co:itains an inexhaustible stock of 
 humotir, full of the most amusing tem- 
 porary allusions, and seeins to have closed 
 the wordy conflict between Nash and 
 Hervey." See Habvey, Gabbiel, and 
 
 STB.i.NQE NEWES, &C. 
 
 Havelok the Sane. The liero 
 of an Anglo-Daniah legend, which was 
 *' rhymed by a Norman into French not 
 many years' after the lirst crusade, and 
 afterwards retaken for the English by 
 a native poet. The earliest shape," says 
 Mbrley, "In which we have the story 'is 
 that of a French romance, which was 
 abridged by Geoflroi Gaimar, the Anglo- 
 Norman trouv&re, who composed bia 
 Chronicle of Anglo-Saxon Kings between 
 the years 1142 and 1145. To the fir.«thalf, 
 therefore, of the twelfth century belongs 
 Xtf Lai de Aoelok, upon an English tradi- 
 tion that must hjive been extant iu Anglo- 
 Saxon times, for Gaimar speaks of it as an 
 aucieut story." Tli3 French version and 
 an English translation, found in the Bod- 
 leian, were published by Madden in 1828. 
 
 Havisham, Miss. An eccentric: 
 character, in Dickens'8 novel of Great 
 Bxpeclatlona (q.v.). See Satis House. 
 
 Ha-wes, Stephen, poet (148S — 
 1.512. Hid chief works a.TQ:— The Passe 
 Ti/me of Pleasure (q.v.). The Conversion of 
 Siperer,i (q.v.). The Example of Vertu (q.v.), 
 The Comfort of Lovers, and The Temple of 
 Olas.ieiq.v.). For Biography and Criticism, 
 see Ellis's Specimens of ilie English Poets, 
 'Warton's English Poetry, Wood's Mhfna 
 
 Ox&iiienses, Brydges' Censura Literaria, 
 and Hitsoii's Bibliograpliia Poetica, 
 
 "Hawk from a handsaw, I 
 
 know a." — Hamlet, act ii., scene 2- 
 
 Hawk, Sir Mulberry, in ITick- 
 ENS's novel of Ntclmlas Nickleby (q.v.). Is 
 a dissolute young aristocrat, whose insultr- - 
 ing behaviour to ICate Nickleby is related 
 in chapter xix. 
 
 Hawkesworth, John, LL.D., 
 
 essayist (b. 1715, d. 1773), published a tale 
 called Atmuyran and Hamel, an edition of 
 Swift's Works, a translation of TlUmtique, 
 and An Account of tlie Voyages of Byron, 
 Wallis, Carteret, and Cook, from 1761 to 
 1771 (1773). 
 
 Hawking and Hunting, The 
 
 Bokys of. A work by Dame Juliana 
 Bebnebs, published in 1486. 
 
 Hawkins, Sir John (b. 1719, d. 
 1789), published an edition of Walton's 
 Angler (1760) ; a History of Music (1776) ; 
 and an edition of Dr. Johnson's Works 
 (1717). 
 
 Hawthorn, Jerry. See Jekry 
 Hawthorn. 
 
 Hawthorne, Julian, son of 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne, has written Saxon 
 Studies (1875), and the following novels : — 
 Septimus (1871), Bressant (1873), Idolatry 
 (1874), and Garth (1877). 
 
 Haiirthorne, Nathaniel, novelist 
 (b. 1804, d. 1864), published Tioice Told 
 Tales (1837, 1842) ; Mosses from, an Old 
 Manse (1846) j The Scarlet Letter (q.v.) ; 
 The Bouse of the Seven Gables (q.v.) ,* The 
 Blithedale Romance (q.v.) ; Tran^orm^tion 
 (q.v.) ; American Note Books (1868) : English 
 Note Books (1870) ; Erench and Italian Note 
 Books (1871) ; Our Old Home, and several 
 minor works. > 
 
 Hayes. See Kobanzzo's Feast. 
 
 Hayley 'William, poet and drama- 
 tist (b. 1745, d. 1820), wrote The Afflicted 
 Father, a drama ; The Triumphs ofMiisic, 
 and The Triumphs cf Temper, poems j and 
 The Life of William Cowper (1803). He is 
 referred to in Byron's English Bards. See 
 his Auto biography (1823). 
 
 Hayward Abraham (1). 1803), 
 has p'ublished a prose translation of 
 Goethe's Faust (1833) ; Juridical Tracts 
 (1856) ; Biographical and Critical Essays 
 (1868, 1873, and 1874) ; and editions, with 
 notes, of the Autobiography, Letters, and 
 Literary Hemains of Mrs. l^iozzi (1861), and 
 the Diary of a Lady of Quality. 
 
 Hayward, Sir John, liistorian 
 (d. 1627), wrote Lives of Three Norman 
 Kings of England (1613) ; OfSupremaoie in 
 Matters of ReligUm (1624) ; TAe Complete 
 History qf Edward IV. (1630) ; and Certain 
 Yeeres <\f Queen Elixabeth's lieign (1C40), 
 
HAY 
 
 HEA 
 
 361 
 
 .- Haywood, Sliza, Tiiiscellaneous 
 ■writer (b. 1693, d. 175B), wrote The Female 
 J^ectator (1744) ; The New Utopia ; The 
 Court of Caraniania : aiid many other 
 works. She is described iii the liiographicb 
 Dramatica as " perhaps the moat volumiii- 
 oua female writer this kingdom ever pro- 
 duced ; " and in the Dunciad as one of 
 '* those shameless scribblers who, in libel- 
 lous memoir and novels, reveal the faults 
 or misfortunes of both sexes, to the ruin of 
 public fame or disturbance of private hap- 
 piness." 
 
 Hazeldean, Squire, in LordLYx- 
 TOX's Story of Mu Novel (q.v.), is an em- 
 bodiment of .'* the bluff old English 
 squire, as he existed before the days of 
 steam-plougha and labourers' strikes, an 
 embodiment of the virtues of a feudal 
 age, as Sqture Western (q.v.) is of the 
 vices." 
 
 Hazlitt, 'William, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1778, d 1830), wrote An Essay cm tlie 
 Frvnciples of Human ActUm (1805) ; Free 
 Tfumghts on Public Affairs (1806) ; A He- 
 ply to Malthus (1807) ; an abridgment of 
 'Tueker'a Light of Nature Pursued (1807) ; 
 The Eloquence oftlte British Senate (1807) ; 
 A New Grammar of the English. Tongue 
 (1810) : Memoirs of Thomas Itolcroft (1^16) ; 
 Characters of S Iialcespf are's Plays (1817) : 
 TIte Rmind Table (1817) ; A View cf the 
 English Stage (1818) ; Lectures on the 
 English Poets (1818) ; Lectures on the Eng- 
 lish Comic Writers (1819) ; Political Es- 
 says (1810) ; Table Talk (1821) ; Lectures 
 o7i tJie DraTiiatic Literature of the Age of 
 Elizabeth (1821) ; CJiaracteristics in the 
 Manner ofJtocJiefoucauld's Maxims (1823) ; 
 Liber Amoris : or, tJie New Pygmalion 
 .(1823) ; SbetcJies of the Principal Picture 
 Galleries of England (1824) ; Notes of a 
 Journey through France and Italy (1825) ; 
 Tfte Spirit rft/te Age: or, Contemporary 
 portraits (1825) ; Select Poets of Great 
 ^>JfHtain (1825) ; The Plain Speaker • or 
 0})inion.t on Books, Men and Things (1826) : 
 T'le Life of Napoleon Bonaparte (1828); 
 ConversatUyns with James Norihcote (1830) ; 
 and A Life of Titian (1830). See the Life 
 byhia grandson (1867), and the Literary 
 Itemains, to which the first Lord Lyttoii 
 preflxed a biographical introduction. 
 " The faults of Hazlitt," says the latter 
 writer, " have been harshly judged, be- 
 cause they have not been fairly analysed : 
 they arose mostly from an arro§;ant ana 
 lordly sense of superiority. It is into this 
 that resolve his frequent paradoxes, his 
 bold assertions, his desire to startle. As 
 Johnson in conversation, so Hazlitt in 
 books, pushed his own theories to the ex- 
 treme,, partly to show his powers, partly 
 J)erhaps from contempt for the logic of 
 lis readers. He wrote rather for himself 
 than others. He had a keen senae of the 
 beautiful and the subtle, and what is 
 -more, he was deeply imbued with sympa^ 
 
 thies for the humane. His intellectual 
 honesty makes him the I>umont of letters^ 
 even wliere his fiery eloquence apxtroaches 
 him to the Mirabeau." 
 
 Hazlitt, "WilUam Carew (b. 1843), 
 grandson of the above, is the author of 
 
 Tlie History of the Venetian Republic 
 (1860), Sophie Lawrie (1865), Handbook to 
 Early English Literature (1868), Memoirs 
 of William Hazlitt (1867), and Populanr An- 
 tiquities of GreatBritain(}%Q9),'):iz%\€ie>BhQi\\% 
 the editor of the works of Henry Constable 
 and Kichard Lovelace, of Old English Jest 
 Books, of English Proverbs and Proverbial 
 Phrases, of the Early Popular Poetry of 
 England, of Warton's English Poetry, of 
 Dodsley's Collection of Old Plays, and 
 Charles and Mary Lamb's Poems and 
 Letters. 
 
 "He rose at da'wn, and, fired 
 
 with hope." — TJie Sailor Boy,}>y Alfked 
 Tenkyson. 
 
 " He that loves a rosy cheek." — 
 
 Disdain Returned, by Thomas Carew 
 (1589— 1G39). The third and last verse is 
 rarely quoted. 
 
 "He that only rules by terror." 
 
 The Co/j/ain, by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 " He that fights and runs away." 
 PIrst line of a quatrain, quoted in Ray*s 
 History of the Rebellion (1752), which runs 
 as follows : — 
 
 " He that fights and runs away 
 May turn and figlit another day, 
 But he that is in battle slain 
 Will never rise to fight again." 
 
 An almost identical quatrain is included 
 in Tlie j^rt of Poetry on a New Plan, said 
 to be edited by Oliver Got-dsmith, and 
 published in 1761. Both are evidently 
 an expanaion of the pithy lines in But- 
 ler's Hudibras, pt. iii. canto 3, published 
 in 1663—78 :— 
 
 " For those that fly may fight again. 
 Which he can never do that's slain." 
 
 Butler probably derived his lines, in turn, 
 from a translation of the Apothegms of 
 Erasmus, published by Udall m 1542 :— 
 
 " That same man, that runnith awaie/ 
 Maic again fight another daie." 
 
 " Head and front of my offend- 
 ing. The very," — Othello, acti., scene 3. 
 
 Head, Richard, dramatist ( d. 
 1678). See Shipton, Mother. 
 
 Head, Sir Francis Bond, mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1793), has written 
 Rough Notes on the Pampas (1826) ; A Life 
 of Bruce tlie Traveller (1830) ; Bubbles from 
 the Brunnen of Nassau (1833) ; The Emi- 
 grant (1846) J The Defenceless State of 
 Britain (imn) ; A Faggot of French Sticks 
 (1851) ; A Fortnight in Ireland (18.52) ; De- 
 scriptive Essays (1857) : and The Horse and 
 hie^id0r{lBQO). 
 
303 
 
 HEA 
 
 HEB 
 
 Head, Sir G-eorge, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1782, d. 186S), published Foreat 
 Scenes and Incidents in North America 
 (1829) ; A Home Tour (1836 and 1837) j Itome : 
 A Tour of Many Z>a7js (IM3) : and a trans- 
 lation of the Metamorphoses of Anuleius 
 (1851). 
 
 Headley, Henry, poet and critic 
 (h. 1766, d. 1788). See the Life by Kett 
 (1810). 
 
 Headrigg, Cuddie, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of Old Mortality (q.v.), is a 
 ploughman in the service of Lady BeUen- 
 den (q.v.). 
 
 Heale, ■William. See Woman, An 
 Apology. 
 
 Health, The Art of Preserving. 
 
 See Akt of Presekvisg Health. > 
 
 "Hear, ye ladies that despise." 
 
 Song from Tlie False One, by John 
 Fletcheb and Philip Massinoeb. 
 
 Hearne, Thomas, anticiuary (b. 
 1678, d. 1735). See the Lives by Huddes- 
 ford, Kett, and Headley. 
 
 "Heart-affluence in discursive 
 
 talk." Sect. cix. of 771 JlfcmoriaTTi, by Al- 
 fred Tennybok. 
 
 "Heart for falsehood framed." 
 
 See " Had I A Heart," &o. 
 
 " Heart knock at my ribs, Make 
 
 my seated." — Macbeth, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Heart of Midlothian, The. A 
 
 novel by Sir Walter Scott (b. 1771, d. 
 1832), puolished In 1818. It has for hero- 
 ines Jeanie and Kffie Deans (q.v.), Aiuon? 
 the other characters nro Dumbiedykes and 
 Madge Wildfire, hoth of which see: It has 
 often been dramatised. " The Heart of 
 Midlothian " was the popular name for the 
 Tolbooth at Edinburgh, the capital of the 
 county of Midlothian. 
 
 " Heart on her lips, and soul 
 
 within her eyes," — Byron, Beppo, stanza 
 45:- 
 
 " Soft as her clime, and Bunny as her skies." 
 
 " Heart, untravelled, fondly 
 turns to thee. My."— Goldsmith, The 
 Traveller (<i.v.). 
 
 "Heart upon my sleeve for 
 
 daws to peck at." — Othello, acti., scene 1. 
 
 "Hearts are dry as summer 
 
 dust, Those whose."— Wordsworth, The 
 Excursion, book i. 
 
 Heath, James, liistorical writer 
 (b. 1629, d, 1664), wrote A Brief Chronicle 
 of the Late Intestine Warin England, Scot- 
 land, and Ireland (1661), and other works. 
 
 Heathoote, Ralph, D.D., mis- 
 ceUuuons Writer (b. 1721, d. 1795); pub- 
 
 lished Historia Asironomite (1746); Iren- 
 arch • or, tlte Justice o' the Peace's Manual 
 (1771) ; and Sulva, a Collection of Anecdotes 
 (1786). See the Autolnography attached to 
 Irenarch. 
 
 Heathen Chinee, The. Tlie sub- 
 ject of a humorous i)oem by Bret Harte 
 (q.v.). Its proper title is Plain Langimge 
 from Truthful James, It begins ; — 
 
 " Wliich I wish to remark,— 
 
 And my language is plain,— 
 That for ways that are dark, 
 
 And for tricks that are vain, 
 llie Heathen Chlnoe ia peculiar, — 
 
 Which the same I would lise to explain." 
 
 Heaven and Earth. A " Mys- 
 tery," or dramatic poem, by Lord Byron 
 . (1T88— 1821), first published in No. ii. of 
 Leigh Hunt's Liberal (1822), and founded 
 on the following passage in Genesis vi. ; — 
 
 " And It came to pass that the sons of 
 
 God saw the daughters 61 men that they 
 were fair ; and they took them wives of aU 
 which they chose." Among the dramatis 
 persona are the angels SamiasaandAza- 
 ziel, the archangel Eaphael, Noah, Irad, 
 Japhet, Anah, and Aholibamah. Aholi- 
 bamah is beloved by Irad, and Anah by^ 
 Japhet, but the former has given her affec- 
 tions to Samiasa, and the latter bei'S to 
 Azaziel, and their passion Is returned. 
 
 "Heaven and Home, True to 
 
 the kindred points of." — Wordsworth, 
 To a Skylark, 
 
 "Heaven first taught letters 
 
 for some wretch's aid." — Pope, Eloisa to 
 Abelard, line 51 : 
 
 " Some banished lover, or some captive maid. 
 
 "Heaven lies about us in our 
 
 infancy." — Wordsworth, l7itimations of 
 Imtnot'tality (q.v.). 
 
 "Heaven of hell, a hell of 
 
 of heaven. The mind can make a.'- — Mil- 
 ton, Paradise Lost, book i., line 253. 
 
 "Heaven on earth. A." — Mil- 
 ton, Paradise Lost, book iv., line 208. 
 
 " Heaven sends us good meat, 
 
 but the Devil sends cooks."— Garkick, in 
 an epigram on Goldsmith's lietaliation 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Heaven's glory, seeke it : 
 
 " Earth's Vanitie, flye it : Hell's Horror, 
 fere it." "Essays and prayers," by Sam- 
 uel Rowlands (1570—1625), interspersed 
 with a few poetical pieces, and published 
 in 1628. 
 
 "Heavenly days that cannot 
 die. One of those."— Wordsworth, Nut- 
 ting. 
 
 Heber, Reginald, Bishop of Cal- 
 cutta (b. 1783, d. 1826), published /"oem* 
 (1812) : The Personality and Office itf'ihe 
 Christian Ce7i\forter C^US) ; au' edition of 
 
H£B 
 
 HEL 
 
 303 
 
 the works of Jeremy Taylor, and numer- 
 ous essays in The Quarterli/ Review ; be- 
 sides his Oxford prize poem, called Pales- 
 tine. See the Ltfe by his widow ( 1830), 
 The Last Days qf Heber, by Thomas Ko- 
 hinson, and the ATemoirs by Potter and 
 Taylor. 
 
 Hebre-w Melodies. A series of 
 poems by Lord Byron (178R— 1824), pub- 
 lished in 1815, and written at the request of 
 a friend, for a selection of Hebrew Melo- 
 dies arranged hy Braham and Nathan. 
 They include— SAe walks in beauty ; The 
 Harp the Monarch Minstrel Swept ; If that 
 High World, The Wild Gazelle; Oh,ioeep 
 for those, On Jordan's Sanies; Jephthas 
 Daughter, Oh! snatched away in beautifs 
 .bloom; My Soul is Dark; I Saw Thee 
 Weep, Thy Days are Bone; Saul: All is 
 Vaiuty ; When Coldness wraps this sujfer- 
 ingClay; Vision qf JBelsliazzar ; Sun of the 
 Sleepless ; Were my bosom as false as thou 
 deem'st it to be ; Herod's Lament for Mari- 
 amne, On the Day of the Destruction of 
 Jerusalem by Titus ; My the Mvers of Baby- 
 lon., The Destructio)^ of Sennacherib and 
 A Spirit passed before me- 
 
 Hebrides, Joiimal of a Tour to 
 
 the, with Dr. Samuel Johnson, by James 
 BoswEiiE ; published in 1785. 
 
 Hebron is the name under which 
 
 Scotland is personified in Dryden's poem 
 of Absalom and ^chitophel (q.v.). 
 
 Hecate. A witch in Macbeth {q.v.). 
 
 Hecatompathea : "n Passionate 
 Century of Love." Poems by Thomas 
 
 "Watson (1560—1592). 
 
 *' Hecuba to him, or he to He- 
 cuba, What's."— ^amZe^, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 Hedge School, The. A story by 
 ■William Caeleton (1798—1869), in which 
 the school-master, Mat Kavanagh, is drawn 
 from a former teacher of the author called 
 Pat Frayne. 
 
 Heep, Uriah. A character in 
 Dickens's novel of David Copperfield 
 (q.v.). " 1 am well aware," lie says, " that 
 I am the umhlest person going, let the 
 other be who he may. . My mother is like- 
 wise a very umble person. We live in a 
 numble abode, Mater Copperfield, but 
 have much to be thankful for. My father's 
 former calling was umble ; he was a sex- 
 ton." 
 
 " Height of this great argument, 
 
 The."— MiLTOA'v -^twa(^i«e Lostj book i., 
 line-22. 
 
 Heine's Grave. A poem by Mat- 
 thew Arnold (b. 1822), containing the 
 well-known description of England as a 
 •* weary Titan/' who 
 
 - "With deaf 
 £fln and labour^dimmed eyvf, 
 
 Repardinff neither to right" . 
 Nor left, Koes paBsivcly by, 
 Staggering on tohci-goal; 
 Bearing on Bhouldcrs imracnse, 
 Atlnntean, the load. 
 Well-nigh not to be borne. 
 Of the too vast orb of her fate." 
 
 Heine, the German poet and Htiirateur, 
 who also forms the subject of one of Mat- 
 thew Arnold's Essays in Criticism, was 
 born in 1800, died in 1856, and was buried 
 in 
 
 "TrimMontmartre I the faint 
 Munnur of Faria outside." 
 
 His Poems have been translated by Edgar 
 A. Bowring (1859). See his JJfe by Sti- 
 gand (1876). 
 
 Heir at La-w, The. A comedy hy 
 Geokqe Colman the Younger (1762— 
 1836), produced in 1797, See Dowlas, 
 Dick, and Paxgloss, Dk. 
 
 " Heir of all the ages : I, the." 
 
 — Tennysox, Locksley Hall. 
 
 Heir, The. A comedy by Thomas 
 May (1595—1650). printed in 1622, and re- 
 printed in Dodsley's Collection of Old 
 Plays. 
 
 "He is gone on the mountain." 
 First line of CoronacJi, by Sir Walter 
 Scott. 
 
 Helen. A novel by Maria Edge- 
 Wi)KTH, published in 1834. 
 
 Helen Hesketh. The lieroine of 
 LocKHABT's novel of Reginald L>alton 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Helen of Corinth, Queen. A 
 
 character in Sidney's Arcadia (q-v.). She 
 is in love with Amphialus. 
 
 Helen of Kirconnell. The hero- 
 ine of a ballad of which versions have 
 been printed by Scott, Herd, Kitson,- 
 Jameson, and others. The story goes that 
 Adain Fleming loved Helen Irving or 
 Bell, the daughter of the Laird of Kir- 
 connell, in Dumfriesshire, and that the 
 lovers were standing together one day 
 near the river Kirtle, when a rival suitor 
 suddenly appeared on the opposite bank, 
 and pointed his gun at Adam. Then Helen 
 threw herself in front of her lover, re- 
 ceived the bullet inher body, and died in 
 his arms ; and Adam fought with the 
 murderer and slew him. "Wordsworth 
 lias a poem on the same subject, called 
 Ellen Inoin, which Allingham character- 
 ises as '* of little merit." Another ballad 
 on the same story was written by John 
 Maykk (1759—1836), and published by Sir 
 Walter Scott in the Edinburgh Annual 
 R(}gi8teT (1815). 
 
 . " Helen's beauty in a bro*w of 
 
 Egypt." — A Midsummer Nighfa Dreamy 
 act v., scene \. 
 
 Helena, in A Midsummer NighV» 
 Jiremrt, is in love with Dexnetriue. "-~ 
 
804 
 
 HEL 
 
 HEN 
 
 Helena, the heroine of All's Well 
 that Ends Well (q.v.), has '* a character of 
 tlie greatest sweetness and delicacy." 
 *'Tliere never was, perhaps," Bays Mrs. 
 Jameson, " a more beautiful picture of a 
 woman's love, cherished in secret, not 
 self-consuming in silent languishment, 
 not pining in thought, not passive and 
 * desponding over its idol,' hut patientand 
 hopeful, strong in its intensity, and sus- 
 tained hy its own fond faith. The situa- 
 tion of Helena is the most painful and de- 
 grading in which a woman can be placed. 
 She is poor and lowlv ; she loves a man 
 vrho is far her superior in rank, "Who re- 
 pays her love with indifference, and re- 
 jects her hand with scorn. She marries 
 him against her will ; he leaves her with 
 contumely on the day of their marriage , 
 and makes his return* to her aims depend 
 on conditions apparently impossible." See 
 Bertram, Count of Boussillok. 
 
 Helenore: "or the Fortunate 
 Shepherd." A pastoral tale in the Scot- 
 tish dialect, bv Alexander Boss (1699— 
 1784), printed in 1768. 
 
 "Helicon's Harmonious 
 
 springs. From." — Geay, Progress of Poesy 
 
 (ci.v.) :— 
 
 *' A thousand rills their mazy progress take." 
 
 Helicon was a mountain in Greece, sacred 
 to Apollo and tlie Muses. See England's 
 Helicon. 
 
 " Hell a fury like a Tvoman 
 
 scorned, Nor."— Congrevb, Tlie Mourn- 
 ing Bride, act iii., scene 1. Tb6 passage 
 lecaUs the "spietse Injuria formse" of 
 Virgil. 
 
 "Hell broke loose, AH."— Mil- 
 ton^ Paradise Lost, book iv., line 918. 
 
 "Hell hath no limits."— Mar- 
 lowe, Faustus (q.v.) : — 
 
 "Where wc ore is hell, 
 And where hell is, there must we even be . . . 
 All places shall be hell that are not heaven." 
 
 " Hell is full of ^ood meanings 
 
 and wishes." See Herbert's Jacula 
 Prudentum (q. v.). A Spanish proverb 
 runs— "The road to hell is paved with 
 good intentions." 
 
 " Hell of -waters, The." — Byron, 
 
 CMlde Harold, canto i., stanza 20. 
 
 " Hell of -witchcraft lies ; O 
 father, what a." A line in stanza xliii. 
 of Shakespeare's poem, A Lover^s Com- 
 plaint (q.v.). 
 
 "Hell to ears polite, "Who 
 never mentions." — ^PoPE, Moral Essays, 
 ejnstle iv., line 160. 
 
 Hellas. A lyrical dramn, by 
 Percy Bysshe Shelley, published in 
 1821. " Xh« />cr«)s of iSschyluB," says the 
 
 poet, " afforded me the first model of my 
 conception." 
 
 Helps, Sir Arthur, poet, cssa^-ist, 
 and miscellaneous writer (b, 1817, d. 1875), 
 was the author of Thoughts in the Cloister 
 and the Crowd (1835) ; Essays written in 
 the Intervals of Business (1841) ; King Hen- 
 ry II. : an historical drama (1843) ; Catll^ 
 erlne Douglas: a tragedy (1843) ; Tlie 
 Claims of Labov/r (1846) ; Friends in Co^1tr^ 
 ell (q.v.), (1847 — 49); Companions of my Sol- 
 itude (1851) ; A History of the Spanish Con^ 
 guest of America (18'65— 61) ; Oulita, the 
 Serf (1868); Realmah (1869) ; Casimir 
 Maremma (1870) ; Brevia : Short Essays 
 and ApltorisTns (1870) ; Conversat-ions on 
 War and General Culture (1873) ; Thoughts 
 upon Government (1871) ; aud Social Pres- 
 sure (1874). 
 
 Hemans, Felicia Dorothea, 
 poetess (b. 1794, d. 1835), wrote Early Blos- 
 soms (1808) ; The Domestic AfectionsllSii) ; 
 Tales and Historic Scenes; Modem Greece; 
 Songs of the Affections ; Records of Women ; 
 The Vespers of Palermo. A volume of 
 Poetical Remains appeared after her 
 death. 
 
 Hemingford, Walter de, chroni- 
 cler (d. 1347), wrote a History of England 
 from the Norman Conquest to 1308, which 
 was published by Bale in his Veteres Scrip- 
 tores, and again by Hearne in 1731. 
 
 " Hence, all you vain delights." 
 First line of a well--known lyric by Beait- 
 MONT and Fletcher. 
 
 "Hence, loathed melancholy." 
 
 First line of Milton's L' Allegro (q.v.). 
 
 " Hence, vain deluding joys." 
 First line of Milton's /( Penseroso (q.v.). 
 
 Henderson, John, sometimes 
 called the Irish Crichton (b. 1757, d. 1788), 
 left behind him only a few poems and es- 
 says. 
 
 Henley, Anthony (b. 1600, d. 
 1711), contributed some essays to The 
 Tatter and The Medley. He was intimate 
 with Pope, Swift, Garth, and Arbuth- 
 not; 
 
 Henley, John, popularly called 
 " Orator " Henley (b. 1692, ' d. 1766), was 
 the author of a Universal Grammar and a 
 poem oji Queen Esther, besides some con- 
 tributions to The Spectator. 
 
 Henries, The Book of the Noble 
 
 See Book of the Noble Henries, The. 
 Henry and Emma, "A poem 
 upon the model of The Nut-Brovm Maid " 
 (q.v.), by Matthew Prior (1664—1721). 
 Johnson calls it " a dull and tedious dia- 
 logue, which neither creates esteem for 
 the man, nor tenderness for the woman." 
 See " Fine by degrees akd beauti- 
 fully LESS." 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 305 
 
 Henry, Matthew {b. 1662, d. 171-^ ), 
 ■was the author of Aji Exposition of the 
 Old and New Testaments (q.v.) ; Life of 
 iJie Sev. Philip Henry (1696); Discourse 
 concerning Meekness (1698) ; The C&mmuni- 
 eant^s Oampanion (1704) ; Directions for 
 Daily Communion (1712) ; and The Pleas- 
 antness of a Religious Life (1714). See the 
 Lives by Tong and Williams. 
 
 Henry of Huntingdon. See Hun- 
 
 TINGDOX, HeKRY OF. 
 
 Henry, Prince. Thelieroof Long- 
 FELLOTV's dramatic poem of The Golden 
 Legend (q.v.), in love with Elsie. 
 
 Henry, Robert, D.D., Presbyte- 
 rian minister and historian (b. 1718, d. 
 1790), wrote a History of Great Britain rm a 
 NeiD Plan (1771, 1774, 1777, 1781, and 1785), 
 and translated Goguet*s Origin of the Laws^ 
 Arts, and Sciences (1775). 
 
 Henry the Minstrel. See Harky, 
 Blind. 
 
 Henry IV.. A Booke-intitled 
 
 the History of : " with his Battail at 
 Shrewsbuxye, against Henry Hottspurre 
 of the Northe, with the conceipted Mirth 
 of Sir John FalstafF," by "William Shake- 
 PPEAKE ; written before 1598. according to 
 Meres, and entered in the Stationers* Reg- 
 isters on February 25, 1597—98. Five 
 other editions followed before the folio of 
 1623. 
 
 Henry IV.. The Seconde Parte 
 
 of the History of King : " with the humors 
 of Sir John Falstaff : wrytten by Mr. 
 ghakespeare." This is an entry in the 
 Stationers' Eegister of August 23, 1600. 
 Wise and Apsley, in the same year,-pub- 
 lished the only known edition of the play 
 iu quarto, under the title of The Second 
 Pari of Henrie Hie Fowrthf continuing to 
 his Death and Coronation of Henrie the 
 Fifth. With the Humours of Sir John 
 Falstaffe and swaggering PistolJ. The 
 quarto was very carelessly printed, but 
 a later edition in folio seems to have 
 been rendered from a more correct 
 copy. For some of liis incidents, Shake- 
 speare was indebted to an old anonymoue 
 play, Tlie Fammis Victories of Henry the 
 Fifth. Hifl historical authority, howeyer, 
 was ^olinshed, whom in many places he 
 lias closely-followed. The period comprised 
 extends over nine years ; from Hotspur's 
 defeat and death, at Shi-ewsbuiy, in 1403, 
 to the accession of Henry V., in 1412. See 
 Babdolph; Falstaff ; Potns ; Quick- 
 ly ; Shallow ; Silexce ; Tearsheet. 
 
 Henry the Fifth, The Chronicle 
 
 History of: "with his Battel fought at 
 Agin Court, in France. Togither willi 
 Auntient Pistol." By William Shake- 
 speaee. It was probably written in the 
 middle of 1599, and first printed in 1600, 
 In a quaito form. It appears, evidently 
 
 corrected and revised by the poet, in the 
 folio of 1623. For many incidents Shake- 
 speare was indebted to the old anonymous 
 play of <rhe Famous Victories of Henry 
 the Fifth, containing the Honowrable Battell 
 of Jgincourt, produced before 1688. The 
 historical portion is closely copied from 
 Holinshed. The action of the piece ex- 
 tends over a period o^ eight years ; from 
 1413, the year of Henry's accession, to 1420, 
 the year of his marriage with the Princess 
 Katheriue. 
 
 Henry the Sixth, the First Fart 
 
 of. This chronicle play was originally 
 printed in the folio of 1623. Henslowe, 
 the player, refers in his Diary to a drama 
 called Henry the vj., acted for the first. 
 time on March 3,^1591—92; and probably 
 this was the play referred to. It may also . 
 be identical, as Dyce suggests, with the 
 one alluded to by Thomas Kash in bis 
 Pierce Pennilesse (ed. 1595). There seems 
 no doubt that The First Part of Henry 
 the Sixth was not written by Shakespeare, 
 though it is generally admitted that it 
 contains some Shakespearian touches. 
 Who was the original author cannot be 
 satisfactorily determined ; but from the 
 character of the versification it would 
 seem to have been almost wholly written 
 by Marlowe. The action of the piece ex- 
 tends over a period of twenty-three years 
 — namely from the accession of Henry 
 VI., in 1422, to his marriage with Mar- 
 garet of Anjou, in 1445. 
 
 Henry the Sixth, The Second 
 
 Eart of : *• with the Death of the good 
 Duke Humfrey." First printed in the 
 folio of 1623. The commentators differ 
 widely as to its origin ; but the conclusion 
 to which the best authorities have come 
 is, that it is a modification by Shake- 
 SPEAitEof an old drama, The First Part of 
 the Contention between the twofamousHouses 
 of Yorke and Lancaster^ with the Death of 
 the good Duke Humphrey; and the Banr 
 isJiment and Death of the Duke of Suffolke, 
 with the notable PebelHon of Jack Cade; 
 and the Duke of -Yorke' s first claim unto 
 the Crowne, originally printed in 1694, 
 quai-to, and' reprinted for the Shake- 
 speare Society in 1843. At the same time 
 jt is equally ceriain that, though not 
 wholly written by the poet, considerable' 
 portions of the play are from the poet's 
 pen ; or^ as Mrs. Jameson says^ " the 
 poet's mighty hand is discernible m par- 
 ticular parts, but his spirit is not to bo 
 recognised in the conception of the 
 whole." Thfe action of the play begins 
 with the marriage of Henry VI., in 144?, 
 and terminates with the first battle of St. 
 Albans, the opening scene of the Wars of 
 the Roses in 1465, 
 
 Henry the Sixth, The Third 
 
 Part of. In- 1795 appeared, for the first 
 time, a drama entitled The True Trabedie 
 of Jiichard Duke qf Yorkj and the Death 
 
306 
 
 HHN 
 
 HEB 
 
 ojTgood King Henry the Sixt, with the whole 
 Cont&ntwn between the iwd HoitseSf Lan- 
 caster and Yorke. as it was sundrie times 
 acted by the Right Honourable the Earl of 
 Pembroke his servants. This play, wheth- 
 er, as some authorities think, it was 
 written by Marlowe, or, aa other commen- 
 tators fancy, by Greene, or possibly by 
 both in conjunction, was adapted, and of 
 course improved, by Shakespeare, into 
 the historical drama now known as The 
 Third Part of Henry the Sixth, which, in 
 its present form, first appeared in the 
 folio of 1623. "Wliile, in many, places, the 
 poet has done no more than ^mootn the 
 versification of the old play, and link its 
 scenes more closely together, in others 
 he has introduced whole speeches, or 
 lightened up a commonplace passage by a 
 flash of genius. It was apparently Shake- 
 speare's treatment of the Contention that 
 drew down upon him the wrath of Greene, 
 the dramatist, who seems to refer to him 
 in the Groafs- Worth qf Wit (1592)^ (q.v.), 
 as "an upstart crow, beautified with our 
 feathers, that, with his tyger's heart 
 wrapped in a player's hide, supposes he 
 is as well able to bombast out a blank 
 verse as the best of you, and being an ab- 
 solute Johannes factotum, is, in his own 
 conceit, the only Shakescene in the 
 country." Hallajn is inclined to believe, 
 however, that the greater part of the play 
 lu question is far above the powers of 
 Greene, and that it exhibits more of what 
 Ben Jonson calls the " mighty line " of 
 Christopher Marlowe. 
 
 Henry the Eigixth, The Famous 
 
 History of the Life of King. An histor- 
 ical drama, attributed to Shakespeare, 
 and first printed in the folio of 1623. 
 James Spedding was the first critic of im- 
 portance who contended, in The Gentle- 
 man's Magazine f for- August, 1850, that 
 the play was not wholly written by Shake- 
 speare. A writer in Notes and Queries 
 (vol. ii., first series) went even farther, 
 and ascribed act i. (scenes 1 and 3), act ii. 
 (scenes 3 and 4), act iii. (scene 2, down to 
 " what appetite you have "), and act v. 
 (scene 1), to Shakespeare ; and all the rest 
 of the play to Fletcher. So, too, Emer- 
 son, in his Jimresentative Men, says : — 
 "In Henr^i Vlll.^ I think I see plainly 
 the cropping out of the original rock oil 
 \phlch his own liner stratum was laid. 
 The first play was written by a superior, 
 thoughtful man, with a vicious ear. I can 
 mark his lines, and know well their 
 cadence. In Wolsey's soliloquy, and the 
 following scene with Cromwell, the lines 
 are conscructed on a given time, and the 
 verae has oven a trace of pulpit eloquence. 
 But the play contains, through all its 
 length, unmistakable traits of Shake- 
 speare s hand, and some passages, as the 
 account of the coronation, are like auto- 
 graphs. What is odd, the compliment to 
 Queen Elizabeth is in the bad rhythm." 
 
 Two plays on the same subject were acted , 
 in 1601, called respectively The Rising of 
 Cardinal Wolsey and Cardinal Wtilsey. 
 Dyce, Collier, and Hunter are of opinion 
 that Shakespeare's drama, if it was Shake- 
 speare's, was written after the death of 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Henrysoun, Robert, Scottisli 
 poet (d. 1508), wrote, among other works, 
 Testiment of Fair Cresseid (1493), Robin 
 and Makyne, The Abbey Walk, The Praise 
 of Age, and Moral Fables. The last 
 named were printed for the Maitland 
 Club : Robin and A^akyne by the Banna- 
 tyne Club in 1824. See Abbey "Walk, 
 The ; Cresbeid, Testimekt op Fair ; 
 Kqbik and Makyne. 
 
 Heptaxneron of Civill Dis- 
 courses, An : " concemingthe Christmassa 
 Exercise of sundrie well-counted Gentle- 
 men and Gentlewomen." A translation 
 by George Whetstone (b. circa 1550) of 
 Giraldo Cinthio'a Hecatommithi, pub-. 
 lished in 1582. Several pieces of poetry 
 are interspersed. The Heptameron was 
 republished in 1593 under the title of 
 Amelia. 
 
 ''Her arms across her breast 
 
 she lay." — The Beggar Maid (q.v.) by Al- 
 fred Tennyson. 
 
 " Her eyes are homes of silent 
 
 prayer." — Section xxxii. of In Memoriam,, 
 by Alfred Tennyson, The allusion is ' 
 to the sister of Lazarus. 
 
 Heraud, John Abraham, poet 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1799), is th-e 
 author of Tottenham (1820) ; The Legend 
 of Sf. Lou (1821) ; The Descent into Hell 
 
 (1830) ; The Judgment of the Flood (1834) ; 
 Videna • a tragedy (1854); Wife, or no Wife; 
 Agnola Diora ; The Roman Brother ; Sal- 
 
 vator : or, the Poor Man of Naples ; A Life 
 of Girolamo Savonarola ; and, more rei 
 cently, Shakespere : His Inner Life (186^ ; 
 The Wreck of iJie London (1870) ; hv-gather- 
 ing , and TJw War of Ideas (1871). He 
 has contributed largely to periodical literal 
 ture. 
 
 Heraud, Sir. A character in the 
 romance of Sir Guy of Warwick (q.v.), 
 
 Herbert, Edward, Lord of Clier- 
 buiy (b. 1581, d. 1618), wrote De Veritate 
 (1624) ; Expeditio Buckinqhami Duds in 
 Ream Insulam (1630) ; A History of the Uft 
 and Reign of Henry 7T//. (1649); De Refig- 
 ione Laici (1645), (q.v.) ; and other work'sr 
 See his Autobiography (1764;. 
 
 Herbert, George, poet and divine 
 (b. 1593, d, 1633), was the author of The 
 Temple, The Country Parson, and other 
 poems. See the Lives by Izaak Walton 
 (1670), and Duyckinck (1858); alfio, the edi- 
 tion of his Works, yfitli a Memoir, by A. B. 
 Grosart (1875). " In George Herbert," says 
 George MacDonald, *' there is poetry, and 
 
HEB 
 
 HEB 
 
 307 
 
 «nongh and to spare ; it is tlie household 
 -bread of his heiiig. In every song he singe 
 a spiritual fact will be found its fundar 
 mental life. "With a conscience tender as 
 (fcjchild's, almost diseased in its tenderness, 
 and a heart loving as a woman's, his intel- 
 lect is none the less powerful. Its move- 
 ments are as the sword-play of an alert, 
 poised, well-knit, strong-wristed fencer 
 with the rapier, in which tlie skill impres- 
 ses one more than the force, while-Tvithout 
 the force the skill would be valueless, even 
 hurtful to its possessor. There is a grace- 
 ful humour with it occasionally, even in 
 his most serious poems, adding much to 
 their charm. No writer before him has 
 shown such a love to God, such a child-liUe 
 confidence in Him. The divine mind of 
 George Herbert was, in the main, bent 
 upon discovering God everywhere. His use 
 of homeliest imagery for the highest 
 thought is in itself enough to class him 
 witli the highest kind of poets. He has an 
 exquisite feeling of lyrical art. Not only 
 does he keep to one idea in it, but he 
 finishes the poem like a cameo. No man 
 has more of the 'quips and cranks and 
 wanton wiles '-of the poetic spirit of his 
 time than George Herbert, but with this 
 difference from the rest of Dr. Bonne's 
 school, that such is the in-dwelling potency 
 that it causes even these to shine with a 
 radiance such that we wish them still to 
 bum and not be consumed. His muse is 
 seldonL other than graceful, even when 
 her motions are grotesque, and he is alwa;^B 
 a gentleman, which cannot be said of his 
 master. "We could not bear to part with 
 his most fantastic oddities, they are so 
 interpenetrated with his genius as well as 
 his art." See Jacula. Pbudentum ; 
 Temple, The. 
 
 Herbert, Henry ^VilliaIn. See 
 
 POBEBTEB, FRAXK. 
 
 Herbert, Mary. See Pembroke, 
 Countess of. 
 
 Herbert, Sir Thomas (b. 1610,' 
 d. 1682), wrote Threnodia Carolina, contain- 
 ing an historical account of the two last 
 years of King Charles I., written in 1678, 
 and first published in 1702. He is said to 
 have assisted Dugdale in the Moriasticon 
 Anglicanum. 
 
 HerbertrWilliam. See Pempkoke, 
 Eakl of. 
 
 Herbert, 'Williain, antiquarian 
 (b. 1718, d. 1795), revised and edited the 
 Typographical Antiquities (q.v.) of Joseph 
 Ames. 
 
 Hercules Furens. A play adapt- 
 ed from the Greek of Seneca by Jaspbb 
 Heywood in 1561. 
 
 Hercules, Judgment of. A moral 
 poem, by William Sheustone, published 
 hi 1741. 
 
 Hercules ditaeus. A play adapt- 
 ed from the Greek of Seneca by Johs" 
 Studley (]587),and written in Alexandrine 
 measure (q.v.)- """ 
 
 Herd, David, antiquarian (b. 
 1732, d. 1810), published, in 1769 and 1772, a 
 Collection of Scottish Songs, described by 
 Sir Walter Scott as " the first classical col- 
 lection." 
 
 *' Here awa', there awa', ■wan- 
 dering Willie." , First line of Wandering 
 Willie, a song by Kobebt Burks. 
 
 " Here, it is here; the close of 
 the year." — The Spiteful Letter, hy Alfred 
 
 Texnybon. ' 
 
 " Here nor there, 'Tis neither." 
 
 — Othello, act iv., scene 3. 
 
 " Here's to the maiden of bashr 
 
 ful fifteen," A song in Sheridan's 
 comedy of The Sclioolfor Scandal, act iii., 
 scene 3. 
 
 " Hereditary bondsmen ! know 
 
 ye not." A line in stanza 76, canto ii., of 
 B YRON ' s Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 
 
 (q.v.) :— 
 *' Who would. be free, themselves must strike the 
 blow ? " 
 
 "Heritage of woe. That." See 
 *' Lord of himself." 
 
 Hermia. Daughter of -ffigeus, 
 and in Ibve with Lysander, in A Midsum- 
 mer Night's Dream. 
 
 Hermione, in Shakespeare's 
 play of 27te Winter's Tale (q-v.), is the 
 wife of Leontes, King of Sicilla, and the 
 mother of Perdita (q.v.). "The character 
 of Hermiotie," says Mrs. Jameson, " ex-t 
 hibits what is neverfonnd in the other sexj 
 and but rarely in bur own— yet sometimes 
 — dignity without pride, love without pas- 
 sion, and tenderness without weakness." 
 
 Hermippus Revived. A curious 
 
 work by Johk Campbell (1708—1775), ^ 
 founded on a French book with a similat 
 title, and published in 1743. "Its osten- 
 sible and apparently serious object was. to 
 prove the possibility of prolonging human 
 life indefinitely by the inhalation of the 
 breath of young girls ; and great learning 
 arid ingenuity are expended upon the 
 illustration of thid thesis. But the writet 
 afterwards confessed that his real purpose 
 was to rival thecelebratedBayle,by show- 
 ing that neither the serio-comic style of 
 writing, nor recondite and curious learn- 
 ing, was confined to the French side of the 
 Channel," 
 
 Hermit, The: "or, the Unparal- 
 leled Adventures of Philip Quarll." A 
 curious book, the authorship of which is 
 unknown, and which was originally pub- 
 lished in 1727. It is an imitation of Robin- 
 son Crusoe^ with some original features, 
 
308 
 
 HER 
 
 HSR 
 
 and tjie introduction of an ape instead of 
 the afCectioiiate Friday. 
 
 Hermit, The. A ballad by Olivbr 
 Goldsmith (1728—1774), published in his 
 novel, The Vtcarof tVakeJieidt in 1766. In 
 reply to the accusation that it was taken 
 from The Friar of Orders Gray in Percy's 
 Jie'igttesof Ancient English Poetry, Gold- 
 smith wrote : " I do not think tl^ere is any 
 resemblance between the two pieces in 
 question. If there be any, his ballad is 
 taken from mine. I read it to Mr. Percy 
 some years ago, and he told me, witli his 
 usual good humour, the next time I saw 
 him, that lie had taken my plan to fonn 
 the fragments of Shakespeare into a ballad 
 of his own." Edwin and Angelina are the 
 hero and heroine of The Hermit, which 
 contauiB the following familiar lines, 
 quoted from Young's " Man wants but 
 little, nor that little long : "— 
 
 " Man wants butlittle here below, 
 Norwaots that little long.'' 
 
 Hermit, The. A poem by Thomas 
 Parnell (1679— 171S), which was char- 
 acterised by Pope as being "very good. 
 The story," he says, " was originalW writ- 
 ten in Spanish, whence, probably, Howell 
 translated it into prose, and inserted it in 
 one of his letters." "However this may 
 be," adds Goldsmith. '*Dr. Henry Moore, 
 in his Dialofjues, has the very same story ; 
 and-I have been informed by some that it 
 is originally of Arabian invention," The 
 poem begins— 
 
 •* Far in a wild, unknown to public view. 
 From youth to aga a. reverend hermit grew ; 
 The moss his bed, the cave his humble cell. 
 His food the fruits, his drink the crystal well ; 
 Bemote from men, with God he passed his days, 
 Fniycr all his business, all his pleasure praise." 
 
 Hermstrong : " or, Man as he is 
 not." A novel by Robert Bagb (1728— 
 1801), published in 1796. See Mas as he 
 
 IS. 
 
 Hero, in Shakespeare's comedy 
 of Much Ado About Nothing (q-v.), is the 
 daughter of Leonato, the friend of Bea- 
 trice, and betrothed to Glaudio. "Her 
 character," says Mrs. Jameson, " is well 
 contrasted with that of Beatrice, and their 
 mutital attachment is very beautiful and 
 natural. When they are both on the scene 
 tog&ther. Hero hasbut little to say for her- 
 self ; Beatrice asseiiis th^ rule of a master 
 spirit, eclipses her by her mental superior- 
 ity, abashes her by her raillery, dictates to 
 her, answers for her. But Hero, added to 
 her grace and softness, and all the interest 
 which attaches to her as the sentimental 
 heroine of tlie play, possesses an intellec- 
 tual beauty all her own." 
 
 Hero and Leander. A poem in 
 six sestiads, by Christopher Marlowe 
 and George Chapman, published in 1598. 
 The first three f estiads are by Marlowe. It 
 is the subject also of a poem by Thomas 
 
 Hood, published in 1827, and of a translait 
 tion by Edwin Abnoi-d, published in 
 1873. 
 
 " Hero perish, or a sparro^v 
 
 fall, A."— Pope, JEssay on Man, epistle i., 
 
 line 87 :— 
 
 •' Who sees with equal eye, as God of all. 
 Atoms or Bystems iuto ruin huiTd, 
 And now a bubble burst, and now a world.* 
 
 Herodotus. Tlie Works of tTiis 
 Greek historian have frequently appeared 
 in English : among others, by Woods (1873) 
 and Lovell (1874). See also the Life by 
 Wheeler and the monograph in Ancient 
 Classics for English JiecMers. 
 
 Heroes, Hero- "Worship, and 
 
 the Heroic in History. A series of lectures 
 by Thomas Cablyle (b. 1795), delivered in 
 IJoudon ill 1840. 
 
 Heroic Epistle to Sir Williani 
 
 Chambers, Knight, An, by William Ma- 
 son (1725—1797) ; published in 1773, in which 
 the prevailing taste for Chinese f""'"'"° 
 
 and Eastern bowers is happily ridiculed. 
 The volume in whiph the epistle appeared 
 contained several pieces in the same satiric 
 style. 
 
 Heron, Robert. Tlie pseudonym 
 under which John Pinkerton (1758— 
 1826) published his Letters on lAteraiure 
 (1785), (q..v.), and other works. 
 
 Heron, Robert, miscellaneous 
 (writer (b. 1764, d. 1807), produced A Crit- 
 ique on tlie Genius and Writings of Thomp- 
 son, A History qf Scotland, and many other 
 works. 
 
 Herrick, Robert, poet and cleric 
 (b. 1591, d. 1674), published in 1647 Noble 
 Numbers, or Pious Pieces. The remainder 
 of his writings appeared in 1648 under 
 the title ot Hesperiaes. "Herrick," says 
 Kobert Buchanan, "has scores of unpity- 
 ing yet flawless 'mistresses,' real and ide^, 
 ^whom he has transmitted to posterity * 
 *under such euphonious names as Silvia, 
 Corinna, Electra, Perinna, Perilla. and 
 others. As a rule, he sings their praises 
 sweetly and modestly. His sentimental 
 morality was by no means of the dull,heavy 
 kind ; on the contrary, it was brisk and 
 easy, like the religious morality of Herbert 
 and. Wither. His songs sugcest Th6 picture 
 of a respectable British Bacchus, stout 
 and middle-aged, lipping soft lyrics to the 
 blushing Ariadne at his side ; while, in *hQ 
 back-ground of flowera and green leaveswe 
 catch a glimpse of Oberon and Titania, 
 walking through a stately minuet on a ' 
 close-shaven lawn, to the frollicking ad- 
 miration of assembled fairyland. Herrick's 
 best things are his poems "in praise of the 
 country life, and his worst things are his 
 epigrams. Whenever he sings good-hum- 
 ouredly, as in the former, ne sings well 
 and sweetly ; whenever he sings ill- 
 humouredly, as in the latter, he sings 
 
HEB 
 
 HEY 
 
 309 
 
 falsely and harshly. His gladsome, mer- 
 curial temiier had a great deal to do with 
 the composition of his bestjyrics ; for the 
 parson of Dean Prior was no philosopher, 
 and his lightest, airiest verses are the best. 
 His wan a happy, careless nature, throw- 
 ing olf verses out of the fulness of a joyous 
 heart, rioting in a pleasant sunny ele- 
 ment.'* See the Complete Poemsj edited 
 by A. B. Grosart (1877), and the Selection, 
 by F. T. Palgrave (1877). See, also, Hes- 
 PEBiDEs ; SoBiN, Poor. 
 
 Herschel, Caroline! Lucretia, 
 
 astronomer (b. 1760, d. 1848), published, in 
 1798, A Caicdogue of Stars. See lA/e and 
 Correspondence (1876). 
 
 Herschel, Sir John Frederick 
 
 "William, astronomer (b. 1792, d. 1871), pub- 
 lished A Treatise on Astronomy (1826) ; 
 Mesults cf Astronomical Observations made 
 , at the Cape of Good Hope (1839) ; Tke Study 
 of Natural PhUosophy (1831); and a large 
 number of separate contributions to the 
 Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews, the 
 Sncyclopcedias Britannica and Metropoli- 
 tana , and various Philosophical Transac- 
 tions' 
 
 Hertfordshire Incumbent, A. 
 
 The title assumed by the Very Kev. J. "W. 
 Blakeslby, Dean of Lincoln (then Vicar 
 of Ware), in writing a series of letters to 
 the Times during the Crimean "War. 
 
 Harvey, James, clergyman and 
 .miscellaneous writer (b. 1714, d.- 1758), 
 wrote Meditations amon'gthe Tombs (1746) ; 
 Contemplations (1747) ; Remarks on Lord 
 Bolingbroke^s Letters on the Study and Use 
 of History (1753) ; and Theron and Aspasio 
 U755)- See his Memoirs (1760), and the 
 Lives by Brown (1822) and Cole (1822—26). 
 
 B.enrey, Lord John, political and 
 memoir writer (b. 1696, d. 1743), is well 
 known as the Sporus (q.v.), satirised by 
 Pope, with whom Hervey had a prolonged 
 and bitter controversy concerning Lady 
 M. W. Montagu. His Memoirs qfthe Reign 
 of George II., from his Accession to the 
 jbeath of Queen Caroline, were published 
 in 1848, with a Life of the author by John 
 Wilson Croker. 
 
 Hervey, Thomas Kibble, poet 
 fb. 1804), wrote Australia (1825), TIk Poet- 
 ical Sketch-book (1829), and numerous 
 fugitive lyrics. His ability as a verse 
 writer is described byD. M. Moir as "not 
 unallied to that of Priugle and Watts, but 
 with a dash of Tom Moore.", Hervey 
 edited the Athenawm from 1846 to 1854. 
 His wife, Eleanora Louisa (b. 1811), has 
 also written some very facile, if not very 
 powerful, verse, as well assome occasional 
 novels. 
 
 Hesketh, Helen. See Helen 
 Hesketh. 
 Hesiod : "or, the Rise of Woman." 
 
 A poem by Thomas Pabisell (1679— ■ 
 1718), and "a very fine illustration," says 
 Ooldsmith, " of a hint from Hesiod. It 
 was one of his earliest productions, and 
 first appeared in a miscellany published 
 by Tonson." The creation of woman hav- 
 ing been described, we are toldliow 
 
 " The new-sprung creature, iiniBhed thus for harms, 
 Adjusts her habit, practices her charms ; 
 With blushes glows, or shines with lively smiles, 
 Confirms her will , or recollects her wiles ; 
 Then, conscious of her worth, with easy pace. 
 Glides by the gloss, and turning views her face." 
 
 Hesperides : " or, the Works both 
 Humane and Divine of Robert Her- 
 KICK," (b. 1591, d. 1674), published in 1648, 
 and probably so named because mostly 
 written at the vicarage of Dean Prior, in 
 Devonshire. 
 
 Hesperus, in Beddoes' play of 
 The Bride's Tragedy (q.v.), is the husband 
 of Floribel, whom he murders. 
 
 Hesperus, The 'Wreck of the. 
 
 A ballad by Henry Wadswobth Lojtq- 
 
 EELLOW. 
 
 Hester. A poem by Charles 
 Lamb (1775—1834), " made," as he told 
 his friend Manning, " on the death of a 
 young Quaker you may have heard me 
 speak of as being in love with for some 
 years while I lived at Pentonville, though 
 I had never spoken to her in my life." 
 The young lady's name was Savory. 
 " Her parents held the Quaker rule, 
 Which doth the human feeling cool. 
 But she was trained in Nature's school, 
 Nature had blest her." 
 
 Hetty Sorrel. A character in 
 George Eliot's novel of Adam Beds 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " Hey day in the blood, The." 
 
 — Hdm,let, act ill., scene 4. 
 
 Hey for Honestey, down with 
 
 Knavery : " a plesant (lomedie, trans- 
 lated out of Aristophanes his Plutus,',' by 
 Thomas Randolph (1605— 1634), and 
 printed in 1651. Sir Christopher Wren en- 
 acted one of the characters of this play 
 when it was performed on the stage. 
 
 Heylin, Peter, miscellaneous writer 
 (b; 1600, d. 1662), produced Microcosmus : 
 or, a Description of the World (1621) ; a 
 Life of Archbishop Laud ; a Memorial nf 
 ' Bishop Waynjlete in verse, printed in 1851 ; 
 and a History of the Reformation in Eng- 
 land, republished in 1819. See the Lives 
 by Barnard and Vernon. 
 
 Heywood, JEiliza. See Hatwood, 
 Eliza. 
 
 Heywood, Jasper (h. 1535, d. 
 1598). See Hercules Fubeks ; Para- 
 dise or Dainty Devices. 
 
 Heywood, John, dramatist (I). 
 1506, d. 1565). Works :— The Play qf LOve 
 
810 
 
 HEY 
 
 HIP 
 
 fl533) ; A Mery Play betweene Johan tlie 
 misband, Tyb the Wife, and St. Johan the 
 Frestyr (1633) ; A mery Play betwene the 
 Pardoner ami the Frere, the Curate and 
 Neuhour Prattle (1,633) ; Of Genlylnes and 
 Nobylyte, a Dyalogue (1535) ; A Dialogue, 
 &c. (1546) J The Spider and the File (1656) ; 
 A breefe Balet (1557) ; The Play called the 
 foure P's (1669) ; A Balade, <6c., in MS. 
 Marl. ; Dialogue of Wit and Folly, in Fair- 
 holt's edition; Pbetical Dialogue, &c., in 
 MS. Harl., Brit. Mus. ; A Description of a 
 Most noble Ladye, in MS. Harl. An edition 
 of the Works was printed in 1562. See also 
 "Warton's English Poetry, Ritson's Biblio- 
 graphia Poetica, "Wooirs Athena Oxoni^ 
 enses, Ellis's Specimens of Early English 
 Poets, and Comer's History of Dramatic 
 Poetry. 5ee Dialogues; Play betwene 
 Johan the Husband, &c. ; Play be- 
 twene THE Pakdonek, &c. ; Play 
 
 CALLED THE FOUK P'S ; PLAY OF LOVE, 
 
 A ; Play of the Wethee ; Spider and 
 
 THE FLIE, THE- 
 
 Heywood, Thomas (d. 1640)> 
 had, he himself tells us, '* either an entire 
 hand, or at least a main linger, in two hun- 
 dred and twenty dramas," of which only 
 twenty-two are "in existence. He also 
 wrote several poems and prose works. 
 See the Life by Collier (1860). See Apol- 
 ogy FOB Actors ; Fair Maid of the 
 Exchange , Gcnaikeion ; Hiebarchie 
 OF THE Blessed Angels, the ; London 
 Florentine, The ; London, The Foitb 
 Pbentises of ; Oldcastle, Sir John j 
 Silver Age, The ; Troia Britannica ; 
 Woman kilde with Kindnesse. 
 
 HiavT-atba, The Song of. A poem 
 by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 
 written in the following peculiar 
 measure : — 
 
 " should TOu ask me whence these Etoriea ? 
 1 shoula answer, 1 should tell you, 
 ' 1 repent them as I heard them. 
 From the lips of Nawadaha 
 The musician the sweet tiingcr.' " 
 
 The poem is entirely devoted to a descrip- 
 tion of life among the aboriginal tribes of 
 America. It was published in 1856. 
 
 Hickathrift, Jack. The hero of 
 a popular old English story. He is re- 
 ferred to by Sterne. 
 
 Hick Scorner. A raoral-play, 
 printed by, Wynkyn.de Worde, in which 
 the hero, says Bishop Percy in the Peliques 
 " agreeably to his name, scoffs ac religion 
 with so much strength and freedom that 
 'Hick Scorner iesta' came to be used pro- 
 verbially for the blasphemous scurrility 
 with which the Scriptures had been 
 attacked by the Puritans about the middle 
 of Elizabeth's reign." Hick Scorner only 
 appears in one scene, however. The 
 whole piece is reprinted in Hawkins's 
 Origin^ the English Drama. 
 
 Hickes, George, nonjuring Bish- 
 
 op of Thetford (b. 1642, d. 1715), author of 
 Linguajrum veterum eeptentriimalium The- 
 
 Hicks, Francis (b. 1566). A 
 translator of Lucian^ 
 
 Hicks, WiUiam (b. 1620, <1. 
 1659), was author of Sevelation Pevealed 
 (1679). 
 
 Hicks, 'William. The compiler^ 
 of Oxford Jests (1669) Oxford Drollery 
 (1679), and some other works, 
 
 "Hidden soul of harmony, 
 The." — Milton, L' Allegro, line 144. 
 
 "Hide, O hide those hills of 
 
 snow." — »Sfie " TAKE, take those lips 
 
 AWAY." 
 
 Hide Parke. A comedy bj- 
 JAMES Shirley (1694—1666), produced in 
 1637, and characterised by Dyce as "a 
 finished specimen, replete with airy, spark- 
 ling wit." Pepys records in his Diary, 
 July 11, 1668, that he went " to see an old 
 play of Shirley's, called Bide Park, the 
 first day acted ; where horses are brought ' 
 upon the stage ; but it is a very moderate 
 play, only an excellent epilogue spoke by 
 ]3eck Marshall." 
 
 " Hide their diminished heads, 
 The stars." See " Diminished heads." 
 Pope, in his Moral Essays, ep. iii., 1. 282, 
 has :— 
 
 "Ye little stare ! hide your diminished rays." 
 
 Hierarchie of the Blessed 
 
 Angels, The : •' their names, orders, ani 
 offices : the fall of Lucifer, with his 
 angels." A ^oem, in nine books, wil^ 
 prose annotations, by Thomas Heywood, 
 published in 1635. 
 
 Hieroglyphick Tales, by Horace 
 Walpole, fourth Earl of Obfobd (1717— 
 1797) ; published in 1785. 
 
 Hieronimo. A trap;edy . by 
 Thomas Kyd, first produced in 1688, and 
 followed a few years afterwards by asecond 
 part, called TAe Spanish Tragedy;' or, 
 Hieronimo is Mad Again, printed in 1603. 
 The second part ran through a large num- 
 ber ol editions. Ben Jonson is supposed 
 to have been engaged to write additions to 
 it, in 1601 and 1602, though Lamb Is in- 
 clined to attribute his contributions to 
 some '■' more potent spirit," such as Web- 
 ster, for instance. The play is full of the 
 bombast Which is to be found in Marlowe, 
 and. which is ridiculed by nearly every 
 writer of the time. 
 
 Hiffernan, Paul, dramatist and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1719, d. 1777), was 
 the author of Tlie Heroine of the Cave, and 
 the New Hippocrates, the latter of which 
 was acted in 1761 : also of Miscellanies in 
 Prose and Verse. H« edited T/ie Tickler 
 and The Timer, 
 
HIG 
 
 HIL 
 
 311 
 
 Higden, Ralph, Benedictine 
 mouk (d. 1363), author of the Pblychronicon 
 (q.v.)- To this writer, who is Bometimes 
 called Randal Higgenet has been ittiib- 
 uted the autliorship of the Chester Plays 
 (q.T.). 
 
 Higgins, John (1544—1605), 
 published in 1574 the First Part (if The 
 Mirror for Magistrates (q.v.), containing 
 sixteen Legends of his own, from a very 
 early period to the time of the birth of 
 Christ. He also prefixed a general Induc- 
 tion, Higgins, who was a clergyman and 
 schoolmaster at Winsham, wrote some 
 scholastic books. 
 
 Higgins, Matthevr J. See Om- 
 BiuM, Jacob. 
 
 Higgons, Sir Thomas (b. 1624, 
 d. 1691), was author of The Histtyry of Isvf 
 JBassttt Captain-General of the Ottoman 
 Empire, (1684), and other works. His son, 
 Bevil (b. 1672, d. 1735), had also some rep- 
 utation as an historian and a poet. 
 
 "High is our calling, friend! 
 
 —Creative art.'* A sonnet by "William 
 WORDSWOKTH, addressed toB.E. Haydon, 
 tJie painter. 
 
 High Life below Stairs. A farce, 
 ridiculing the pretentions, of the servants 
 in rich and aristocratic families. It ap- 
 
 Seared in 1759. It has been ascribed to 
 le' Eev. James Townley, Master of the 
 Merchant Taylors' School, but. it is prob- 
 able he only suggested tiie idea which 
 Garrick carried out. 
 
 " High life high characters are 
 
 drawn, 'Tis from." — Line 135, epistle i., of 
 Pope's Moral Essays (q.v.):— 
 
 " Afiaint in crape ia twicca saint in lawn." 
 
 "High over-arched and echo- 
 ing walks between."— Porac^ise Lost, bk. 
 ix., line 1,107. 
 
 " Higher, higher, -will •we climb." 
 
 First line of Aspirations of Vouth, a lyric 
 by James Montgomeky (1771—1854). 
 
 Highland Girl, To a. Lines by 
 William Wordsworth, written at In- 
 versnald. Loch Lomond, in 1803. 
 
 Highland Host, The. A Hudi- 
 brastic satire on the Jacobite army, writ- 
 ten by William Cleland (b. about 1661, 
 d. 1689), and published in 1678. 
 
 Highland Mary A snnp by 
 Egbert BtrRNS (1759—1796), which Bums 
 himself thought was in his happiest man- 
 ner, and which refers, he says, to one of 
 the most interesting pas- ages of his youth- 
 ful days. By this he means his attach- 
 ment to Mary, a servant in the family of 
 Mr. Hamilton, who vrill be remembered, 
 says Alexander Smith, with Dante's Bea- 
 trice and Petrarch's Laura. It was ar- 
 ranged that the lovers should become man 
 
 and.wife,,and that Mary should go to her 
 friends to prepare for the wedding. But 
 before her departure came the farewell 
 scene so touchingly described in the poem : 
 
 " Our parting was f u' tender ; 
 And pledging' oft to meet again, 
 
 We tore ourfiels asunder. 
 But oh 1 fell Death's untimely frost, 
 
 That nipt my flower sae early 1 
 Now green's tlic sod, and cauld's the clay. 
 
 That wraps my Highland Mary." 
 
 Highlanders, The. An heroic 
 poem, in six cantos, by James Macpher- 
 SOK (1730 — 1796), published about 1768. 
 
 Highmore, Nathaniel (b. 1618, d. 
 1686). Author of Corpora Bumani iis- 
 qnisito Anaionica (1661). 
 
 Hilarius (temp. Stephen), wrote 
 the miracle play of St Nicholas (q.v.), arid 
 the mystery plays of The liaising of Laza- 
 rus (q.v.), and Danielj which were among 
 the earliest of their kind ; also numerous 
 Latin lyrics. See Morley's English 
 Writers, vol. i., pt. i. 
 
 Hildesley, Mark, Bishop of So- 
 dor and Man (b. 1698, d- 1772), completed 
 the translation of the Bible into Manx, be- 
 gun by Bishop Wilson (q.v). See the Life 
 by Butler (1799). 
 
 Hill, Aaron, poet and dramatist 
 (b. 1685, d, 1750), wrote the following, 
 among other poems : — Camillus, The 
 Northern Star, and The Progress of Wit ; 
 also Elfrid, a tragedy ; Rinaldo, an opera : 
 a History of the Ottoman Empire ; ^ ana 
 ■other works. He figures in the Vunciad. 
 
 HUl, Abraham (b. 1633, d. 1721). 
 Author of Familiar Letters (1767). 
 
 Hill, Frank Harrison, journalist 
 (b. 1830), was formerly editor of The North' 
 em Whiq, and succeeded, in 1870, to the con- 
 duct oi The Daily News. He- has pub- 
 lished Political Portraits (1873): was a 
 contributor to Questions for a Jieformed 
 Par(tamen« (1867); and has written for the 
 leading periodicals of the day. 
 
 Hill, George. D.D., Principal of 
 St. Andrews (b. 1750, d. 1819), was author 
 of Lectures on Divinity (1821), Sermons 
 (1796), and other writings. 
 
 HUl, Matthew Davenport (b. 
 
 (1792, d. 1872), was author of Suggestions 
 for tlie ItepressUm qf Crime (1857), and 
 other works. 
 
 Hill, Rowland (1744—1833), was 
 the author of. among other works, Village 
 Dialogues, published in 1801. 
 
 Hill, Sir John (b. 1716, d. 1775). 
 Author of The Vegetable System, and a 
 variety of other works. See his Life (1779); 
 also Disraeli's Quarrels of Authors and the 
 Caricature History of the Georges- It was 
 of HUl, who was a physician, and, among 
 
81^ 
 
 HIL 
 
 HI3 
 
 other thinge, a dramatist, that Garrick 
 
 •wrote— 
 
 *' For physic and farces hia equal there scarce is, 
 Jlis farces are physic, his physic a farce is." 
 
 jSeeGLASSE, Mbs.; Hilliad, The. 
 
 Hill, Sir Richard (b. 1733, d. 
 1808). Author of Fietas Oxonienses (1768), 
 and An Apology for Brotlierly Love and 
 for the Doctrines qf the Church qf England 
 (1798). 
 
 Hill, Thomas, D.D., American 
 minister (b. 1«18), has published Geometry 
 and y^aiWfc (1849), Liberal Education (1858), 
 aud other works. He was at one time 
 President of Harvard University. 
 
 HUlard, George Stillmann, 
 American author and journalist (b. 1808). 
 has- written Six Months in Italy (1853), and 
 a Memorial of Daniel JFebster (1S5S), besides 
 contributing largely to The North Amerir- 
 can lieuiew and other petiodicals. 
 
 Hilliad, The. A satire in verse, 
 ■written by Christopher Smart (1722— 
 1770), in revenge for some attacks maile 
 upon him in certain newspapers by Dr. 
 (afterwards Sir) John Hill (q.v.), who is 
 styled Hillaris in the poem. Only one 
 book of the pretended epic was published, 
 ■with notes variorum. 
 
 Hilton, Walter, Carthusian friar, 
 ■was author of Scala PerfectioniSj trans- 
 lated into English in 1494. 
 
 Hind and Panther, The. A poem 
 by John Drvden (1631—1701), published 
 in 1687, and designed as an argument for 
 Roman Catholicism. It may be regarded 
 as the natural sequel to the Religio Laid 
 (q.v.). The hind is the Church of Rome, 
 the panther the Church of England, and in 
 the course of the poem the two engage in a 
 theological controversy. James II. is rep- 
 resented as the lion, who protects the 
 hind ; whilst the Independents, Presby- 
 terians, Quakers, Freethinkers, Anabap- 
 tists, and Arians, are figured in the bear, 
 ■the wolf, the hare, the ape, the boar, and 
 the fox. The poem was amusingly satirised 
 by Montagu and Prior in The City and the 
 Country Mouse (q.v.), in which two mice 
 are made to imitate the discussions of the 
 hind and panther. I>rydeu had described 
 the former thus : — 
 
 *' A milk-white hind, immortnl and unchang'd. 
 Fed on the lawns, end in the forest mng'u t 
 Without unspotted, innocent within, 
 She feared no danger, for she knew no sin." 
 
 This was parodied :— 
 
 *' A milk-white mouse, immortal and unchanged, 
 Fed on Hoft cheese, and o'er the dairy ranged I 
 Without nnnpotted, innocent within. 
 She feared no danger, for she knew no ginn." 
 
 "Hind that -would be mated by 
 
 the lion, The."— -4 Ws WellthatEnds Well, 
 act!., scene 1. 
 
 tale. The Fire Worshippers, m Lalla 
 liookh; beloved by Hafed. 
 
 " Hint a fault, and hesitate dis- 
 like."— Pope's Epistle to Dr. ArbutJinot, 
 
 hue 204. 
 
 "Hint I spake. Upon this." — 
 
 OthellOf act i, scene 3. 
 
 Hints from Horace : " being an 
 allusion in English verse to the Epistle 
 Ad Pisones de Arte Poetica^ and intended 
 as a sequel to English Bards and Scotch 
 Reviewers" by Lord Byron ; written in 
 the heroic couplet, at Athens, in 1811. 
 
 "Hippocrene, The true, The 
 
 blushful."— Keats Ode to a Mghtinr 
 
 gale : — 
 
 '* With headed buhbles winking at the brim." 
 
 Hippolyta. Queen of tlie Ama- 
 zons in A Midsummer Nighfs Dream. 
 
 Hippolytua. A play adapted from 
 the Greek of Seneca, by John Studley 
 (d. 1587) ; printed in 1581, and written in 
 the Alexandiine measure. 
 
 Hiren. A "fair Greek." and the 
 heroine of Peele's play of The Turkish 
 Mahomet (q.v.). Shakespeare refers to her 
 in his Henry IV. (act ii., scene 4). Hiren 
 is a corruption of Irene, and is used by the 
 Elizabethan dramatists to designate a 
 woman of bad character. 
 
 Hirlas Horn. A poem by Owain 
 Kyveiliog, Prince of Powis (circa 1162), 
 in which the author fancies that he and 
 his followers have assembled in the even- 
 ing after a bloody battle, when he bids 
 his cup-bearers fill the " Hirlas Horn "—a 
 long blue, silver-rimmed drinking-goblet 
 — and present it to each warrior present, 
 whose deeds are then recounted in terms of 
 happily-diversihed praise. 
 
 Hislop, James, Scottish poet (b. 
 1798, d. 1827), was author, of The Came- 
 ro7uan*s Dream, and other fugitive pieces. 
 
 Historia Anglicana, by Thomas 
 Walsingham, monk of St. Albans ; ex- 
 tending from 1272 to 1422, aud first printed 
 in 1574. 
 
 Historia Britonum. A short trea- 
 tise on early English history, attributed to 
 Nennius, who lived probably in tlie early 
 part of the sixth century, and is charac- 
 terised by Ellis as '* a credulous compiler, 
 though, from the antiquity of his ma- 
 terials, valuable to an inquisitive his- 
 torian." The Historia was published in 
 1758, 1818, and 1838, at the latter date 
 under the able editorship of Dr. Stevenson; 
 and an English translation, written by 
 T)t. Giles in 1841, is now included in Bohn*8 
 Six Old English Chronicles. 
 
HIS 
 
 HOB 
 
 313 
 
 Historia- Rerum Anglicarum. 
 
 See William of Newbury. 
 
 Historic Doubts on the Life 
 
 and Beigu of Kichard the Third, hy 
 HoKACE Walpole, Earl of Okfokd 
 (1717— 1T97) ; published in 1768, and aitord^ 
 uig, says Sir Walter Scott, " an acute" and 
 curious example how minute antiquarian 
 research may shalve our laith in the facts 
 jnoit pointedly avowed by general his- 
 tory." Whately wrote a very similar jeu 
 d'esprit under the title of Historic Doubts 
 relative to Napoleon Bonaparte^ published 
 in 1821. *' Its object was to tlirow ridicule 
 upon the criticism to which the Gospel 
 narratives were subjected by sceptical 
 vTriters, by applying the same kind of criti- 
 cism to events wittiin the memory of all 
 the world, and starting doiibts as to 
 whether these events had occurred." 
 
 Historical Register, The. .See 
 
 PASaUIH. 
 
 Historicus. Tlie psudonym 
 under which Sir William Veknojt Hak- 
 couRT (b. 1S27) contributed a number of 
 letters on international questions to The 
 Times, 
 
 " History in a nation's eye. And 
 read their." — Gray's Elegy in a Country 
 Churchyard, 
 
 " History is philosophy teach- 
 ing by examples." An aphorism which 
 liOrd BOLINGBBOKE, in his essay Ori the 
 Study and Use qf Hisiori/ (letter ii.), men- 
 tions as having " readsomewhere or other: 
 in Dionysius of Halicaniassus, I think." 
 
 Histrlo - Mastix : " tlie Player's 
 Scourge or Actor's Tragedie." A tract by 
 William Pbyhne (1600—1669), published 
 in 1633, in which he inveighs with great 
 vehemence against plays, masks, and 
 other theatrical performances. The work 
 gave great offeree at court, and, at the in- 
 stigation of Archbishop Laud, the writer 
 was charged before the Star Cnamber, and 
 condemned to pay a fine of £5,o00 ; to stand 
 twice in the pillory, and lose his ears ; to 
 have his book burnt by the common hang- 
 man ; tri be expelled from the Society of 
 Lincoln's Inn, and from the University of 
 Oxford ; and to be imprisoned for life— a 
 sentence which was duly carried out. 
 
 Hitchcock, Edward, D. D., 
 American theologian and naturalist (b. 
 1793, d. 1864), was the author of Fossil Foot- 
 prints in the United States (1848) ; The Re- 
 ligion of Geoloqy (1851) ; Outlines of Geo- 
 togy (1863) ; Riligvrus Truth Illustrated 
 from Sd&nce (1857), and otlier works. 
 
 Hive full of honey, A, by Wil- 
 liam HiTTfNis ; being a poetical version 
 of the Book of Genesis, published in 1578. 
 
 Hive, The. A collection of songs 
 (1721). . 
 
 H., Mr. A farce by Charles 
 Lamb (1775—1834), produced at Drury Lane, 
 on Wednesday, December 10, 1806, and 
 never afterwards performed, being effec- 
 tually condemned by the audience on the . 
 only night of its performance. " The 
 story," ari the author wrote to a friend, "is 
 a coxcomb appearing at Bath, vastly rich 
 — all the ladies dying for him— all bursting 
 to know who he is ; but he goes by no other 
 name than Mr. H.' At length, ** after much 
 vehement admiration, when his true name 
 comes out— Hogsflesh- all the women 
 shun him, avoid him, and not one can be 
 found to change their name for him," 
 until he obtains permission from the king 
 "to take and use the surname and arms of 
 Bacon," and is happily united to his Mele^ 
 sinda. 
 
 Hoadley, Benjamin, successive- 
 Iv Bishop of Bangor, Salisbury, Hereford, 
 and Winchester (b. 1676, d. 1761), was au- 
 thor of a Life of Samuel Clarke, and of the 
 famous Sermon which occasioned the Ban- 
 gorian Controversy (q.v.). His Works were 
 published in 1773, with a Life, by his son. 
 
 Hoadley, Benjamin, physician 
 and dramatist, son of the above (b. 1706, d. 
 1757) was author of TJte Suspicious Husband 
 (q.v.), acted in 1747 ; and The Tatter^, 
 performed once in 1797. His brother 
 John (1711— 1776) was also a dramatist of 
 some repute. 
 
 Hoare, Prince, dramatist and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1764, d. 183-1), wrot^ 
 No Song, No Supper ; Lock and Key ; My '' 
 Grandmother, and Other Fairies ; besides a 
 Life of Grenville SJtarpe. i ' 
 
 Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, topog- 
 rapher (b. 1758, d. 1838, was author of 
 A Classical Tour thrmtph Italy and Sicily 
 (IBIS), oadA History of Ancient Wiltshire,, 
 
 Hoax, Stanislaus. A character 
 in Disraeli's Vivian Grey, said to be in- 
 tended for Theodore Hook. See Gay, 
 LuoiEN. 
 
 Hobbes, Thomas, of Malmeshury, 
 philosopher (b. 1588, d. 1679) published 
 The Wonders of the Peak, a poem (1628) ; 
 De Cive (1646) ; Human Nature (1050) ; Dp 
 Corpore Politico (1650) ; Leviathan (1651) ; 
 Liberty and Necessity (1664) ; Decameron 
 Physiologicum (1678) ; The Behemoth, a free 
 translation of Aristotle's Itheioric ; a 
 translation of Homer into English verse ; 
 and his own Life in Latin- verse (16T2). See 
 also the Life, by Blackburne (16R1). A 
 complete collection of his Works was pub- 
 lished by Sir W. Molesworth. ' ' No Eng- 
 lish author in that age was more-celebrat- 
 ed," says Hume, "both abroad and at 
 home, than- Hobbes. In our time he is 
 much neglected ; a lively Instance how 
 precarious are all reputations founded on 
 reasoning and philosophy I A pleasant 
 comedy, which paints the manners of the 
 
314 
 
 HOB 
 
 HOD 
 
 age and exposes a faithful picture of na- 
 ture, is a durable work, and is transmitted 
 to tae latest posterity. But a s^'stem, 
 vhetlier pli^^sical or metaphysical, cuin- 
 monly owes its success to its noveltyj and 
 is no sooner canvassed with, impartiality 
 than its weakness is discovered. Hobbes' 
 politics are htted only to promote tyranny, 
 and his ethics to encourage licentiousness. 
 Though an enemy to religion, he partakes 
 nothing of the spirit of scepticism, but is 
 as positive and dogmatical as if human 
 reason, and his reason in particular, could 
 obtain 4 thorough conviction in these sub- 
 jects. Clearness and propriety of styl^ are 
 the chief excellences of Hobbes' writ- 
 ings.'* " His main principles,'* says Bur- 
 net, *' were that all men acted under an 
 absolute necessity, in which he seemed 
 protected by the tiien received doctrine 
 of absolute degrees. He seemed to think 
 that the universe was God, and that souls 
 were material, thought being only subtil 
 and imperceptible motion. He thought 
 Interest and fear were the chief princi;^es 
 of society, and he put all morality in the 
 following that which was our own private 
 will and advantage. He thought religion 
 liad no other foundation than the laws of 
 the laud : and he put all the law in the 
 will of the prince, or of the people ; for he 
 writ his book at nrst in favor of absolute 
 monarchy, but turned it afterwards to 
 gratify the republican party.*' 
 
 Hobbididance, " Prince of dumb- 
 ness." A fiend referred to in King Lear^ 
 act iVy scene 1. The name was taken 
 from Harsnet's Declaration of Egregious 
 Popish Impostures. 
 
 Hobbinol: *'or, the Rural Games. 
 A burlesque poem in blank verse,*' by 
 "William Somervillts (X692— 1742),' dedi- 
 cated to Hogarth. A transcription of 
 the author's j4rgument, prefixed to the 
 first canto, will show the nature of his 
 work : " Proposition. Invocation, ad- 
 dressed to Mr. John Phillips, author of 
 the Cyder Poem and Splendid Shilling, 
 Description of the Vale of Evesham. The 
 Cleat of Hobbinol ; Hobbinol, a great man 
 in his village, seated in his wicker, smok- 
 ing his pipe ; has one only son. Young 
 Hobbinol's education, bred up with Gan- 
 deretta, his near relation. Young Hob- 
 binol and Ganderetta chosen king and 
 queen of the May. Her dress and attend- 
 ants. The May games. Twangdillo the 
 fiddler ; his character. The dancing. Gan- 
 
 deretta*s extraordinary performance. Bag- 
 pipes good music in the Hiffhlands, Mil- 
 oiudee, master of the rin^, di8cii)Iines the 
 
 mob ; proclaims the various prizes. His 
 speech. Pastorel takes up the belt. His 
 character, his heroic figure, his confidence. 
 Hobbinol, by permission of Ganderetta, 
 accepts the challenge, vaults into the ring. 
 His honorable behaviour escapes a scower- 
 ing. Ganderetta's agony. Pastorel foiled. 
 
 " Hands, tongues and caps 
 OufrageouB joy proclaim, Bhrill fiddles Bqnealc, 
 Hoarse bagpipes roar, and Ganderetta Bmiles." 
 
 The name of Hobbinol is probably derived 
 from Spencer's Shepherd's Calendar^ 
 where it stands for Gabriel Harvey, a man 
 of learning and virtue. 
 
 Hobhouse, John Cam. See 
 Broughton, Lobd. 
 
 Hoccleve, 
 
 CLEVE. 
 
 Thomas. See Oc- 
 
 ^ Hocus, Humphrey, in Dr. Ar- 
 
 BUTHNOT*8 ffist-ory of John Bull (q.v.), ia 
 intended for the Duke of Marlborough^ 
 who is described as an " old cminine at- 
 torney '* who " loved money," and *"pro- 
 vided j^lentifuUy for his family ; but he 
 loved himself better than them all. Hia 
 neighbours reported he was henpecked, 
 which was impossible by such a mild- 
 spirited woman as his wife was." The 
 Duchess of Marlborough was really noted 
 for the extreme violence of her temper. 
 
 Hodder, Edwin. See Mebrt, 
 Old. 
 
 Hodge. A countryman in Bishop 
 Still's comedy of Gammer Gurton's Needle 
 (q.v.), from whom the name Hodge has 
 come to be applied as a representative 
 and general term for the bucolic jwpula- 
 tlon. 
 
 Hodge, Archibald Alexander, 
 
 American minister (b. 1823), has written 
 Outlines qf Theology (1860), The Atonement 
 (1867), and Presbyterian Theology Briefly 
 Stated (1869). 
 
 Hodge, Charles, D.D., American 
 minister Cb. 1797), is the author of Theo- 
 logical Essays : Ctmimentanes on the 
 Pomans (1836) ; Constitutional History of 
 the Presbyterian Church (1840) : The Way 
 of Life (1842) ; Systematic Theology (1871) ; 
 and What is Darwinism ? (1874). 
 
 Hodges, Nathaniel, physician 
 (b. 1630 d. 1684), author of An Apology for 
 the Profession and Professors <^ Physic, and 
 An Historical Account of the Plague of 
 London^ in Latin, translated into English 
 in 1720. 
 
 Hodgson, Francis, provost of 
 Eton, scholar and poet (b. 1780, d. 1852). 
 
 Hodgson, Rev. John (b. 1779, 
 d. 1845), author of a History of Northum- 
 berland. See the Life by Raine (1857). 
 
 Hodgson, Robert, D.D., Dean 
 of Carlisle (d. 1844), was author of a Life qf 
 Porteus. 
 
 Hodgson, William Ballantyne. 
 
 Professor of Political Economy at Edin- 
 burgh (b. 1816), published a Lecture o?i 
 JSducatum (1837) ; Classical Instruction 
 (1853) ; The Conditions 6f Health and 
 Wealth (ISeffi: What ia Caoital? nse^i 
 
HOD 
 
 HOIi 
 
 3t6 
 
 The Education of Girls and the Employ' 
 mentqf Women (1869) j Competition (1870) ; 
 and Tkirgot (1870). 
 
 Hody, Humphrey, Archdea,con 
 of Oxford (b. 1659, d. 1706), published a 
 X>issertation against Aristeas' Account of 
 tlie Septuagint (1684) j The Unreasonable- 
 ness of Separation (1689) ; A History of 
 English Councils and Convocations (1701) ; 
 De Bibliorum Textibus Originalibus {llOi) ; 
 and other works, 
 
 Hoffmann : '* or, a Eevenge for a 
 Father." A tragedyby Henky Chettle, 
 described by Collier as a " revolting mass 
 of blood and murder, in which it seems to 
 have been the author's object to concen- 
 trate all the terrors he could multiply." It 
 was printed in 1631. 
 
 Hoffmann, Ch arles Fenn, 
 
 American writer (b. 1806), has published A 
 Winter in the West (1834) ; Wild Scenes 
 (1837); Greysloe (1840); The Vigil of Faith 
 and other Poems (1842) ; Love's Calendar 
 and Otiier Poems (1848) ; Vanderlyn ; Bor- 
 rowed Notes ; Sketches of Society ; and 
 other works. His collected Poems appear- 
 ed in 1874. 
 
 Hofland, Barbara, niiscellaneoiis 
 writer (b. 1770, d. 1844), author of The 
 Daughter-irC-LaWf Emllyy The Story of a 
 Genius^ and many other works. See The 
 Gentleman's Magazine (1845), and the- Life 
 by Kamsay (1849). 
 
 Hog hath Lost his Pearls, The. 
 A comedy by Egbert Tailok, published 
 in 1614. 
 
 "Hog in Epicurus' sty."^-5'ee 
 " Epicubus' bty." 
 
 Hogarth, George, journalist 
 (b. 1777, d. 1870), wrote aTolume of Musical 
 Hislxjry, Biography^ and Criticism fl836), 
 a.n6. Memoirs of the Musical Drama (IS32), 
 besides contributing dramatic and musical 
 criticisms to the Morning Chronicle^ Daily 
 NewSf and Illustrated London JVjags. 
 He was the father-in-law of Cha^-les nKk- 
 ens. 
 
 Hogg, James, poet and prose 
 writer (b. 1772, d- 1835), wrote The Mistakes 
 of a Night (1794) ; Verses (1801) ; The Moun- 
 tain Bard (1807) ; The Queen's Wake (1813) ; 
 Modoc of the Moor ; The Pilgrims of the 
 Sun ; The Poetic Mirror : Queen Hynde ; 
 and other poems ; together with Xhe fol- 
 lowing prose works : — The Brownie of Bods- 
 beck. Winter Evening Tales, The Three 
 Pertts of Man, The Three Perils of Women, 
 TheAirive Tales, Tlie Confessions of a Jus- 
 tified Sinner, Lay Sermons, and A Life of 
 Sir Walter Soott. Professor Wilson did 
 much towards immortalising him, by 
 drawing liim as the Shepherd in the Nodes 
 AmbrosiancB (q.v.). "His poeros,'* says 
 Hewitt, ** are generally extremely diffiise ; 
 they surprise and charm you on opening 
 
 them, at the vigour, liveliness, and strength 
 of the style, but they are of that kind th?^t 
 the further you go tbe more this charm 
 wears off; you grow weary you hardly 
 know why'; you cannot help protesting to 
 yourself that the^ are very cle.ver, nay, 
 wonderful ; yet there wants a certain 
 SQiU, a condensation, a something to set 
 ui)on them the stamp of that genius which 
 seizes on your love and admiration 
 beyond question or control." See Et- 
 TKiOK Shepherd, The. 
 
 Hohenlinden. A poem by Thomas 
 Campbell, published in 1802, and cele- 
 brating the battle of Hohenlinden, gained 
 bj^ Moreau and the French over the Aus- 
 trians. The poet visited tlie battle-ileld 
 on December 3, 1800. 
 
 Hohenstiel-Schwangau, Prince. 
 
 A poem b^ KoBebt Bkowning (b. 1812), 
 published in 1871, in winch Napoleon III., 
 in the guise of a *' Prince Hohenstiel- 
 Schwangau," is supposed to describe or 
 imagine the leading actions of his reign 
 under three different aspects— as they ap- 
 peared in the light of his own conscience, 
 as they would have been if they had con- 
 formed to a general rule of right, and as 
 they must have appeared to those who 
 measured them by such a rule. See The 
 Contemporary Bevteio for 1874. 
 
 " Hoist vrith his ovrn petar."— 
 
 Hamlet, act ill., scene 4. 
 
 Holbeach, Henry, is the nom de 
 plume under which W. B. Rands has con- 
 tributed several papers to The Contenir- 
 poramj Review, besides^ publishing Slioe^ 
 maker's Village' See Brottxe, Mat- 
 thew ; and Fibldmouse, Timoit. 
 
 Holcot, Robert (d. 1349). See 
 
 SUPEK SENTENTIAS. 
 
 Holcroft, Thomas, dramatic and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1745, d. 1809), was 
 the author of a large variety of composi- 
 tions, few of which are now remembered. 
 His best novel , was The Marriage <f 
 Figaro ; his best play. The Road to Ruin, 
 of which Hazlitt says that it " set the ex- 
 ample of that style of comedy in which 
 the slang phrases of jockey ndblemen and 
 thp humours of the four-in-hand club are 
 blended with the romantic sentiments of 
 distressed damsels and philosophic wait- 
 iiig-maids." His Memoirs were edited by 
 Hazlitt in 1816. 
 
 '< Hold a candle, Is scarcely fit 
 
 to."— Swift, Chi the Feuds between Han^ 
 del and Bononcini. 
 
 Holden, Henry, Roman Catlioiic. 
 divine (b. 1596, d. 1662), published Analy- 
 sis Fidei (1652), and an edition of the New 
 Testament, witli notes (1660)^ 
 
 Holdfast, Aminadab. Friend nf 
 Simon Pure, in Mrs. Centuvke's comedy 
 of A Bold Stroke for a Wife (q.v.). 
 
816 
 
 HOIi 
 
 HOL 
 
 t 
 
 Holding, Ephraim. The pseu- 
 donym under which Geobgg Mogbidoe 
 wrote a large number of Sunday-school 
 tales tor the young. See Humphbby, 
 Old. 
 
 Holds-worth, Sdward, miscella- 
 neous writer (b. 1688, d. 1747), wrote Be- 
 marks and Dissertations on Virgil (1768), 
 and Muscipitla : or^ the Mousetrap, a Latin 
 poem (1709), translated by Lewis in 1728. 
 
 Holds-worth, Richard, theologian 
 „. 1590, d. 1649), was author of Tlie VaU 
 eu of Vision, and Prcelectiones Theologic(B. 
 His Life appeared in 1661. 
 
 Hole, liichard, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1750, d. 1803), was author of 
 Arthur, a poem, with notes (I'lSl), Remarks 
 on the Arabian Nights (1797), and other 
 works. 
 
 Holiday Romaace, A, by Cha.s. 
 
 DICKES9 (1812—1870), was originally pub- 
 lished in America, and afterwards in All 
 the Year Sound in 1868. , 
 
 Holinshed, Raphael, liistorian 
 (d. about 1580), was the compiler of a 
 Chronicle of knglande, Scotlande, and 
 Irelande, the first edition of which, pub- 
 lished in 1577, was the source whence 
 Shakespeare drew much of the material 
 for his historical dramas. Thesecond edi- 
 tion appeared in 1587, with sonie passages 
 which had proved disagreeable to Queen 
 Elizabeth omitted. The first edition was 
 reprinted in 1808. Holinshed is so far 
 from being the author of the chronicle 
 with which his name is connected, that he 
 only worked upon the foundations laid by 
 Beginald Wolfe, and was assisted, be- 
 sides, by 'William Harrison, Richard 
 Stauihurst, John Hooker, and other wri- 
 ters. 
 
 Holland. See Hodlat, The. 
 
 Holland, a Whimsical Satire 
 
 on. Some humorous verses by Akdbew 
 Maevell (1620—1678), the gist of which, 
 says Leigh Hunt, " lies in the intentional 
 and excessive exaggeration." It begins :— 
 
 " Holland, that Bcarcc deBCrres the name of land, 
 Ab but the ofE-BCouring of the BritiBh sand. 
 And BO much earth oa waa contributed 
 By English pilots when they heaved the lead,"— 
 
 and should be compared with Butler's de- 
 scription of the same country as : — 
 '* A country that drawa fifty foot of water t 
 In which men live, aa in the hold of Natun ; 
 That feed, like cannibalB, on other flBhes, 
 And Berve their couainB-Gernmn up m diBhee ;— 
 A land that rides at anchor, and is moor'd ; 
 In which men do not live, but go oboard." 
 Holland, it will be remembered, was the 
 enemy of the Commonwealth, and conse- 
 quently of the author of the Whimsical 
 Satire- 
 
 HoUand, Joaiah Gilbert, M.D., 
 American writer (b. 1819), has produced A 
 
 History of Western Massachusetts (1855), 
 The Bay Path, a colonial tale (1857), Tim- 
 othy Tiicomb's Letters to the Young (1858), 
 Bitter-sweet, a poem (1858), Plain Talks 
 on Familiar Subjects (1865), Timothy Tit- 
 combos Letters to the Joneses (1866), The 
 Heroes of Crampton, a novel (1867), Kath- 
 rina, a poem (1867), Arthur Bonnicastle, a 
 novel (1873), The Mistress of the Manse, a 
 poem (1874), and Every-day Topics (1876). 
 His Collected Poems appeared in 1873. 
 
 See TiTCOMB, TIMOTHY. 
 
 Holland, Iiord, Henr3'^ Kichard 
 Fox (b. 1773, d. 1840), was author of Life 
 and Writings of Lope de Vega (1806); Three 
 Comedies from the Spanish (1807) ; besides 
 Foreign Ileminiscences, and Memoirs of the 
 Whig Party during My Time, both of which 
 appeared posthumously. The Opinions ff 
 Lord Holland appeared in 1841, and were 
 reviewed by Macaulay in The Edinburgh 
 Review. See the latter*s Essays. 
 
 Holland, Philemon, translator {b. 
 1551, d. 1636, produced English versions of 
 the works of Livy, Suetonius, and Arminiua 
 Marcellinus ; as well as of the Natural 
 History of Pliny, the Morals of Plutarch, 
 and the Cyropcedia of Xenophon. He also 
 translated Camden's Britannia (q.T.) into 
 English (1610). 
 
 Holland, Sir Henry, physician 
 
 ?j. 1788, d. 1873), published Travels in the 
 tynian Islands, &c. (1815); Essays on Medir- 
 cat Science and Philosophy (1840); Chapters 
 on Mental Physiology (1852) ; and other 
 works. See his Recollections of Past Life 
 (1871). 
 
 HoUingshead, John, journalisf, 
 translator, dramatist, and miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1827), has written Under Bow 
 Bells (1869), Rubbing the Gilt Off (I860), 
 
 Ways of Life (1861), Ragged in London 
 (1861), To-day (1864), Underground London, 
 Rough Diamonds, and other works. His 
 
 collected Miscellanies were published in 
 1874. 
 
 A lyric by 
 
 ^oily-Tree, The. 
 
 EOBEKT SOUTHEV (1774—1843) :- 
 
 " A pleasant rhyme. 
 One which may profit in the after-time." 
 
 Holly-Tree Inn, Boots at the. 
 
 A story by Chakles Diokens (1812—1870), 
 included in the Christmas number of 
 Household Words for 1855. It records the 
 amusing adventures of a young gentlemaii 
 of eight, who ran oif with his lady-love, 
 aged seven, to Gretna Green. See Cobb. 
 
 Holman, James (1787 — 1857), 
 known as the " Blind Traveller," published 
 A Journey in France (1824), Travels in Rus- 
 sia and Siberia (1825), for which, although 
 blind; he was imprisoned as a spy by the 
 Russian Government, and A Voyage Round 
 the World (1840). 
 
 Holman, Joseph Q-eorge, dra- 
 
Hon 
 
 HOM 
 
 317 
 
 matist (b. 1764, d. 1817), was the author, 
 among other works, of The Red Gross 
 Knights; The Votary of Wealth; Abroad 
 and at Home / and What a Blunder I 
 
 Holmes, Nathaniel, Nonconfor- 
 mist divine (d. 1768), was author of Jie8ur~ 
 rection Revealed. 
 
 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Ameri- 
 can poet and prose writer (b. 1809), is the 
 author of The Autocrat of the Breakfast 
 Table (1857), which was followed by The 
 Professor and The Poet at tlie Breakfast 
 Table, Elsie Venner (1861), Songs in Many 
 Keys (1864), Soundings from the AtlQ,ntic 
 (1864), The Guardian Angel (1868). and Me- 
 chanism in TJiought and Morals (1870). 
 
 Holmes, Robert, D.D., tlieologian 
 and poet (b. 1749, d. 1805), was author of 
 Alfred, and other Poems (1778) ; Bampton 
 Lectures (1782) ; and Divinity Tracts (1788). 
 He began a collation of the Septuagint 
 MSS., which was completed by Parsons in 
 1827. 
 
 Holofernes. A schoolmaster in 
 Lovers Labour's Lost (q-v.). The name is 
 said to be an anagram on J'h'nes Floreo, 
 or John Florio (d, 1625), the philologist and 
 lexicographer, whom Shakespeare ridiculed 
 in the person of this pedantic character. 
 
 Holte, John (b. about 1570), pub- 
 lished the first Latin grammar of any note 
 ever issued in England, under the title of 
 Xac Puerorum (" Hylke for Chyldren "), in 
 1497. 
 
 ■ Holy Pair, The. A satirical poem 
 by KOBEKT BCTBNS (1759—1796). " Ifohj 
 Fair," he says, " ia a common phrase in 
 the west of Scotland for a sacramental oc- 
 casion," The scene of the poem is Mauch- 
 }ine, in Ayrshire. 
 
 Holy Grail, The. See Gkail, 
 The Holy. 
 
 Holy Living and Dying, The 
 
 Bule and Exercises of. A devotional 
 manual by Bishop Jeremy Taylor (1613 
 —1667), published in 1650 ; " perhaps the 
 best known, and still," says Principal Tul- 
 loch, *' the most widely read of all Ms 
 yrotKB." 
 
 Holy Sonnets, by John Donne; 
 sixteen in number. 
 
 Holy "War, The, hy John Bun- 
 YAN ; an allegory, inferior only to The Pit- 
 grimes Progress, and containing, perhaps, 
 - some higher flights of imagination. It was 
 published in 1684. 
 
 Holy "Willie's Prayer. A satiri- 
 cal poem by Robebt Burns (1759— 
 1796) :— 
 
 " I bless and praise thy matchlesB ml^ht, 
 'Whan thouBands thou hast left in night, 
 That J am here afore thy sight, 
 
 ForgiftB ail' eraoe, 
 A bumin* and a shinin* liffht, 
 Toa'thiBplace," 
 
 Holy Willie was a certain William Fisher, 
 the leading elder in tlve Kev: Mr. Auld's 
 kirk-session. It is a sufficient justification 
 for Burns' s bitter satire that this individual 
 was afterwards found guilty of embezzling 
 money from the church offerings, and that 
 he died in a ditch into which "he had fallen 
 whilst intoxicated. Burns wrote an epitaph 
 upon him. 
 
 Holyday, Barten, divine and poet 
 (b. 1593, d. 1661), wrote a poem called A 
 Survey of the World ; a comedy called 
 Technogamia : or, the Marriage of the 
 Arts ; a Latin disquisition on -The Soul ; , 
 various Sermons^ and Translations of 
 Juvenal and Persius. 
 
 Holyoake, George Jacob, secu- 
 larist writer (b. 1817), has written TJie I^gic 
 of Facts ; The Trial of Theism ; The His- 
 tory of Cooperation ; A New Defence of tJie 
 Ballot ; and other works. 
 
 Holywood, John (d. 1235), was 
 author of De Sphcera Mundi, De Anni 
 Batione, and other -Works. 
 
 Home, Henry. See Kames, Lord. 
 
 " Home is on the deep, Her."— 
 
 Campbell, Ye Mariners of England. 
 
 Home, John, divine and poet (b. 
 1724, d. 1808); author of Douglas (1756), 
 The Fatal JMscovery, Alonzo. and Alfred, 
 as well as a History of the Rebellion of 1745 
 (1802). See the Life by Mackenzie (1822). 
 5ee Douglas. 
 
 " Home - keeping youth have 
 ever homely wits." — Two Gentlemen of 
 Verona, act i., scene 1. 
 
 Home, Sweet Home. A popular 
 lyric, contained in the drama of Clari, the 
 Maid ofMilan^ by John Howard Payne 
 (1792—1852). The beautiful melody to 
 which it has been wedded is said to beof 
 Italian or Sicilian origin, though by ::ome ib 
 is attributed to Sir Henry Bishop. Per- 
 haps the latter merely arranged and har- 
 monised it. 
 
 , " Home they brought her -war- 
 rior dead.'* First line of a song, by 
 Alfred Tennyson, in The PrmceM(q.v,). 
 Home 'Thoughts, from Abroad. 
 A lyric by Eobert Browning, containing 
 the fine allusion to the " wise thrush : " 
 
 ** He Binge each Bong twice over, 
 Lest Tou should think he never could recapture 
 The firat fine careless rapture." 
 
 Home Thoughts, from the Sea. 
 A lyric by Robert Browning, in which 
 he describes how :— 
 
 ** Sunset ran, one glorious blood-red, reeking into 
 
 Cadiz Bay, 
 Bluish 'mid the burning, full in face, Trafalgar 
 
 lay ; 
 In the dimmest north-east distance, dawned 
 
 Gibraltar grand and grey.V 
 
318 
 
 HOM 
 
 HON 
 
 "Home to men's business." See 
 
 BcsijfEsa AND Bosoms." 
 
 Homer. The Odyssey has been 
 translated into Englisli by Chapman (1611), 
 Ogllby (1669), Hobbes (1677), Pope (1715) 
 Cowper (1791), Gary (1823), Norgate (1865), 
 Hayman (1866), Worsley and Conington 
 0868), Mnsgrave (1869), Bdginton (1869), 
 ■Wither (1869), Collins (1870), Bryant (1871), 
 and Merry (1871) ; the /(tad, by Hall (1581), 
 Chapman (1598), Ogllby (1660), Hobbes 
 (1677), Tickell (1715), Pope (1716), Macpher- 
 ion (1773), Cowper (1791), Morrice (1809), 
 Brandveth (1846), Barter (1854), Newman 
 (1856), Wright (1859 and also in 1864), Nor- 
 gate (1864), Selwyn (1865), Green (1865),Sim- 
 cox (1865), Dart (1865), Herschel (1866), Lord 
 Deiby (1867), Worsley and Conington (1868), 
 Merivale (1869), Collins (1869), Cordery 
 (1670), Bryant (1870), and Newman (1871) ; 
 the Batrachomi/omachia, or " Battle of the 
 Frogs and Mice," by Fouldes (1603), Parker 
 (ir0U),Paniell (1717), Wesley (1726),andPrice 
 (1736), the Hj/mn to Ceres, by Lncas (1781), 
 and ^Hole (1781) ; the Hymn to Venus, by 
 Kitson (1788) ; the Odes, by Hawkins (1631), 
 the Hymns and Epigrams, by Pye (1810). 
 For the best edition of the text of Homer, 
 published in England, see Lowndes* Bibli- 
 ographer's Manual and The English Cata- 
 logue, from 1858 to the present date. The 
 following are some of the best English 
 Ifurlesque versions of Homer : — Homer d la 
 Mode, a Mock Poem by James Lord Scud- 
 amore (1664 and 1681) ; Corner m a Nutshell 
 or J the Iliad in Doggrel, by Nichodemus 
 Nmneyhammer (1715) ; and Homer-ides ■ or. 
 Homer's First Book Modernised, by Sir Hiad 
 Doggrel (Bamet and Ducket, 1716). On 
 the general Bubjeet, see Matthew Arnold's 
 Lectures oa Translating Homer, Blackie's 
 Homer and the Iliad, and Gladstone's 
 Homer and the Homeric Age and Homeric 
 Synchronism, 
 
 Homilies. Eighty in number, 
 translated chiefly from the Laan, by 
 .^LFRIO, an abbot of the tenth century, 
 and written In " simple English," " quo 
 facilins possit ad cor pervenire legentium 
 Tel audientium." See Paschal Homily. 
 
 Homilie3, The Book of, was 
 
 compiled by Archbishop Ceanmek and his 
 colleagues, and issued in 1547, " appointed 
 by the King's majesty to be declared and 
 read by all parsons, vicars, or curates, 
 every Sunday, in their churches where they 
 have cure." The object of these homilies 
 was to secure uniformity of preaching. 
 They were adopted by Queen Elizabeth in 
 1559, and enlarged in 1563. 
 
 Homo. A manuscript Latin trag- 
 edy, by Thomas Atkinsox (d. 1639), pre- 
 served among the Haiielan MSS. in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 Hondreth Good points of Hus- 
 bandry, by Thomas Tosseb (1516—1680); 
 first published In 1657, and oontaiuinga 
 
 direct "outline ' of agriculture' as it was 
 understood and practised in his age. This, 
 the first didactic poem in the language, may 
 be read iu Southey's Early British Poets. 
 
 Hone, William, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1779, d. 1842), produced The 
 Apocryphal New Testament (1821), and 
 Ancient Mysteries Described (1823). He is, 
 however, better known as the compiler of 
 The Every-Vay Book and Table-Book, 
 (q.v.), and The Tear Book, which have 
 often been reprinted. See his Early Li/c 
 and Conversion^ written by himself, 
 
 "Honest lover, -wheresoever." 
 
 Song by Sir John Suckling (1609—1641), 
 
 Honest Man's Fortune, The. A 
 
 comedy by Beaumont and Fletoheb, 
 produced in 1613. 
 
 "Honest man's the noblest 
 
 work of God, An." Line 248, epistle iv., 
 of Pope's Essay on Man (q.v.). 
 
 Honest Whore, The, " with the 
 Humours of the Patient Man and the Lov- 
 ing Wife." A comedy by Thomas Dee- 
 KEK (b. circa 1570, d. 1641), acted in 1602 
 under the title of " The Converted Courte- 
 zan," and published in 1604. It was writ- 
 ten in conjunction with Thomas Middle- 
 ton, and a second part was published in 
 1630. It is included in Dodsley's collection 
 of Old Plays. 
 
 Honeycomb Will. One of the 
 
 characters in the Spectator Club, intended 
 for Colonel Cleland. 
 
 Honeyman, The Rev. Charles, 
 
 fashionable preacher In Tbcaokebay's 
 novel of The Newcomes (q.v.). 
 
 Honeymoon, The. A play by 
 John Tobin (1770— 1804), producedshortlyT 
 after the author's death, and described as 
 " a romantic drama, partly in blank verse, 
 and written somewhat in the style of Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher." Thesceneis laidin 
 Padua, and the plot, which is strikingly- 
 similar to that of The Taming qf the Shretv, 
 relates how the Duke of Aranza, by iire- 
 tending that he is a peasant, and retiring 
 to a cottage in the country, brings down 
 the spirit of his proud wife, tjuliana. The 
 moral of the piece is summed up in the toV 
 lowing lines : — 
 
 " Thia truth ia manifeet— A gentle wife 
 1b still the aterliug: comfort of man 'a life ; 
 To fools a torment, but a InstinD: hoon- 
 To thoae who wisely keep their Honeymoon." 
 
 It is in this drama that the following pas- 
 sage occurs (act ii., scene 1) : — 
 
 " The man thnt laya his hand u]jon a woman, 
 Save in the way of kindness, ia a wretch, 
 Whom, twere base flattery to coll a coward.'* 
 
 Honey-Suckle, The. Original 
 poems, epigrams, songs, tales, odes, and 
 translations, ','by a Society of (tentle- 
 men ; " published in 1734. 
 
HON 
 
 HOO 
 
 319 
 
 Honeywood. The hero of Gold- 
 . smith's comedy of Tlie Good-Natured Man 
 (q.v.) ; eventually mairled to Miss Bicix- 
 land, the heiress* 
 
 Honoria and Mammon. A play 
 l)y James Shirley (1594^1666) published 
 in 16Q9. 
 
 Honorius. See MacFingall. 
 
 "EPonour but an empty bubble." 
 Drydbx, Alexander's Feast, line 99^ 
 
 " Honour, love, obedience, 
 
 troops of friends." — Macbeth, act v., 
 scene 3. 
 
 Honour, Mrs., in !Fibli>in&'s 
 novel of Tom Jones, is waiting maid to 
 Sophia Western (q.v.). 
 
 " Honour (new-made) doth for- 
 get men's names." — King John, act i;, 
 Bcene 1. 
 
 Honour of the Garter, The. A 
 
 poem, by George Peele (q.v.), published 
 111 1593, in commemoration of some ap- 
 pointments to the order. 
 
 " Honour pricks me on." The 
 
 commencement of Falstaff'a soliloquy in 
 King Menry IV., parti., acty., scene 1. 
 
 " Honourable men. All, all."— 
 J'uUus CcBsar, actiii., scene 2. 
 
 " Honours thick Upon him." See 
 "Blushing Hokodrs." 
 
 Hood, Edwin Fazton, Dissent- 
 ing minister (b. 1820) is the author of a Life 
 of Wordsworth; a Lifeof Swedenborg ; 
 The Uses of Biography ; Latnps, Fitcliers, 
 and Trwmpets ; and other wortcs. 
 
 Hood, Robin. See Robin Hood. 
 
 Hood, Thomas, poet and humor- 
 ist (b. 1798, d. 1845), published the follow- 
 ing works : — Odes and Addresses to Great 
 People, in conjunction with J". H. Rey- 
 nolds (1825) ; The Plea of their Midswmaer 
 Fairies, and other Poems (1827): National 
 Tales (1827) ; The Epping Hunt (1829) : 
 Tiflney Hall (1834) (q.v.) ; Comic Annual 
 (1830 to 1839) ; Hood's Own (1838—39) ; Up 
 the Rhine (1840), (q.v.) ; and Whimsicalities 
 (1843 — 44). The Poems, and Poems of Wit 
 and Humour, are published in a collected 
 form. For biography, see the Life, by 
 Hood's son and daughter. 'Uthas been 
 well said," says W, M. Rossetti, " that 
 ' the predominant characteristics of Hood's 
 genius are humorous fancies grafted upon 
 melancholy impressions.* xet the term 
 * grafted' is hardly strong enoixgh. Hood 
 appears, b_y natural bent and permanent 
 habit of mind, to have seen and sought for 
 ludicrousness under all conditions — it was 
 the first thing that struck him as a matter 
 of intellectual perception or choice. On 
 the other hand, his nature being poetic, 
 and his sympatlues acute, and the condi- 
 
 tion of his life morbid, he Teiy frequently 
 wrote in a tone of deep and indeed melan-- 
 choly feeling, and 'was a master both of liis 
 own art and of the reader's emotion ; but 
 even in work of this sort, the intellectual 
 exercltation, when it takes precedence of 
 the general feeling, is continually fantas- 
 tic, grotesque, or positively mirthful. 
 Hood is too often like a man grinning 
 awry, or inxerlarding serious and beautiful - 
 discourse with a nod, a wiuk^ or a leer, 
 neither requisite nor convenient as aux- 
 iliaries to his . speech. Sometimes, not 
 Tery often, we ai-e allowed to reach the 
 close of a poem of his without having our 
 attention 30gged and called off by a single^ 
 interpolation of this kind, and then we 
 feel unalloyed— what we constantly feel' 
 also even under the contriary condij^ons — 
 how exquisite'^a poetic sense and choice a 
 cunning of hand were his. On the whole," 
 we can prononnce him the finest English . 
 poet between the generation of Shelley 
 and the generation of Tennyson." See' 
 
 KiLMANSEGG, MlSS ; SONG OF THE 
 
 Shirt. 
 
 Hood, Tom, son of the preceding, 
 (b. 1835, d. 1875), was the editor of Fun, 
 and wrote amongst other works, Captain' 
 Masters's Children, The Disputed Inlierit- 
 ance, Golden Heart, The Lost Link, Love 
 and Valour, Money's Worth, and other, 
 novels, besides some fairy stories for the 
 young, and several comic pieces. His' 
 Poems were reprinted in 1877. 
 
 Hood's Own : " or, Laiigliterfrom 
 Year to Year,'/ by Thomas Hood: pub-' 
 lishedin 1838 — 39, and consisting of a re- 
 print of his Comic Annuals. 
 
 Hook, Theodore Hdward (b. 
 
 1788, d. 1841), wrote among other novels,' 
 Sayings and Doings (1824, 1825, 1828), MaX' 
 well (1830), Gilbert Gumey (1736), Gwmey 
 Married (1837), Jack Brag (1837), Births, 
 Deaths, am,d Marriages (1839), Precepts and 
 Practice (1840), FatJiers and Sons (1840), 
 and Peregrine Bunce^ published posthu- ' 
 mously. He also produced several plays, , 
 including /•eferowo.Pou/ and Killing No 
 Murder, His Life of Sir David Baird ap- 
 peared in 1832. He became the editor of 
 John Bull in 1820^ and of the New Monthly 
 in 1836. His satiric verses in the former 
 were full of vigour and vivacity. His Life 
 by Barham was published in 1848. " His 
 name," says The Quarterly Review, " snWl 
 be preserved. His political songs andjeua; 
 d'esprit, when the hour comes for collect- ' 
 ing them, will form a volume of sterling 
 and lasting attraction, and after ,jEany 
 clever romances of this age shall have, 
 sufficiently occupied public attention, and 
 sunk, like hundreds of those Of former 
 generatiojis, into utter oblivion, there are 
 tales of his which will be read with, we 
 venture to think, even greater interest 
 than they commanded in their novelty." 
 5ee Brag Jack; Ramsbottom, Mrs, 
 
320 
 
 HOO 
 
 HOP 
 
 Hook, "Walter Farquhar, D.D., 
 
 Deau o£ Chichester (b. 1798, d. 1875), was 
 the author of Lives of the Archbisltops of 
 Canterbury f besides "being the editor of 
 The Church liictionary, Mcclesiastwal Mir- 
 ographi/t and The Devotional Library, 
 
 Hooke, Nathaniel, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1690, d. 1763), is best remembered 
 as the author of a History o/JJome (1733— 71). 
 He also assisted the Buchess oi Marlbo- 
 rough in the composition of her Memoirs. 
 See Nichols' Literary Anecdotes, 
 
 Hooke, Robert, natural pliiloso- 
 ph'er (b. 1635, d. 1702), was author of Mi- 
 crographia and other works. See the Life 
 by 'waller. 
 
 Hooker, irolin. See Holinshed, 
 Baphael. 
 
 Hooker, Richard (b. 1653, d. 
 1600). The author of The Laws of Ecclesi- 
 astical Politic (q.v.). See the Life by Tzaak 
 Walton (1666) ; also Keble's Works (1836), 
 and The North British Review, No. 62. 
 
 Hoole, Charles, of Botlierham (b. 
 1610, d. 1666), was the translator of Terence, 
 and author of several Latin school-books. 
 
 Hoole, John (b. 1727, d. 1803), 
 published translations of Tasso's Gierus- 
 alemme Liberata (1763); Ariosto's Orlando 
 i'urioso (1773—83) ; Tasso's Itinaldo ; and 
 Metastasio's Dramas' and other Poems f 
 also several tragedies (1768—76); a Life of 
 Scott of AmweU (1785) ; and Memorials of 
 I>r, Johnson (1799). 
 
 Hop-G-arden, The. " A Georgic," 
 In two books, by Christopher Smart 
 (1722—1770), devoted to a celebration of the 
 beauties of the county of Kent, in which 
 Smart was born. 
 
 " The land that answers best the fanner's core. 
 
 And silvers to maturity the hop j 
 
 When to inhume the plants, to turn the glehe. 
 
 And wed the tendrils to th' aspiring poles ; 
 
 Under what sign to pluck the crop, and how 
 
 To cure, and in capacious sacks infold, 
 
 1 teach in verse Miltonian." 
 
 Hope, Alexander James Beres- 
 
 forfl, Lli.D. (b. 1820), is the author of Let- 
 ters on Church Matters; The English 
 Cathedral of the " Nineteenth Century ; " 
 Worship in the Church of England (1874); 
 and of numerous pamphlets and articles. 
 
 " Hope, for a season, bade the 
 world farewell."— Campbell's Pleasures 
 of Hope, part i., line 381. 
 
 "Hope, like the gleaming 
 taper's light."— Goldsmith, The Captiv- 
 ity : — 
 
 " Adorns and cheers the wny ; ^^ 
 And still, as darker grows the night. 
 Emits a brighter ray." 
 
 Hope, Sir Thomas, Scottish law- 
 yer (d. 1646), was author of ilfinor Prac- 
 ticks, published in 1734, and some Latin 
 
 "Hope springs eternal in the 
 human breast." Line 95, epistle i. of - 
 Pope's Essay on Mem (q.v,). 
 
 "Hope tells a flattering tale." 
 First Line of a song by Miss Wbother, in 
 The Universal Songster. The verse runs; — 
 
 ** Hope tells a flattering tale, 
 Delusive/ vain and hollow. 
 Oh, let not Hope prevail. 
 Lest disappointment foUow." 
 
 In the same work occurs the following 
 verse, from a poem by an anonymous 
 writer : — 
 
 " Hope told a flattering tale. 
 That Joy would soon return i 
 Oh, nought my sighs avail, 
 For Love is doomed to mourn." 
 
 Hope, Thomas, novelist and phil- 
 osopher (b. 1720, d. 1831), was the author 
 of Household Furniture (1805) ; Tlie Cos- 
 tume of the Ancients (1809); Anastasius: or. 
 Memoirs of a Modem Greek (1819) The 
 Origin amd Prospects of Man {1S31; and an. 
 Historical Essay on Architecture (1836). 
 See Anastasius. 
 
 Hopeful. A pilgrim in Bcntan's 
 Pilgrim's Progress (q.v.). 
 
 "Hopes (Our very) belied our 
 fears." — Hood, Tlie Death Med, 
 
 *' Our fears our hopes belied ; 
 We thought her dying when she slept, 
 And sleeping when she died." 
 
 Hopkins, Charles, poet and trans- 
 lator (b. 1664, d. 1699), wrote many original 
 verses, besides a version of Ovid's Art of 
 Love, He was also the author of several 
 tragedies, one of which, Pyrrhus, was 
 printed in 1695. 
 
 Hopkins, John, poet, and brother 
 of the above (b. 1676, d. after 1700), wrote 
 Amasia: or, the Works of the Muses; The 
 TriumptCs of Peace; and tlie Victory of 
 Death, 
 
 Hopkins, JohU; contributed four- 
 teen psalms to the version of Psalms of 
 David (q.v.), which goes tinder his name, 
 and that of Thomas Stemhold (q.v.). 
 Seven of them appeared i^i 1649, and seven 
 more in 1551. 
 
 Hopkins, Samuel, D.D., Ameri- 
 can Divme (b. 1721, d. 1803), and origina- 
 tor of the theological system called by his 
 name. His Works and Life appeared in 
 1793 ; a second L^e, by Professor Park, in 
 1862. 
 
 Hopkins, "William, divine and 
 scholar (b. 1647, d. 1700), was author of sev- 
 eral antiquarian works. See the L{fe by 
 Hlokes (1708). 
 
 Hopkins, "William, Arian divine, 
 (b. 1706, d. 1786), was author of An Appeal 
 to the Common Sense of all Christian PeO' 
 pie, and an edition of Exodus, with notes. 
 
Hor 
 
 HOR 
 
 321 
 
 Hopkinson, Joseph, IiL.D. 
 
 American poet (b. 1770, d. 1842), and author 
 at Hail Columbia I ^ 
 
 Hoptou, Susanna (b. 1627 d. 
 1709). Author of Daily Devotions (1673), 
 and Meditations on the Six Days of CreOf 
 tion (1717). 
 
 Horace. The famous Latin lyrist 
 found his first translator into English in 
 1365, when Thomas Colwell published a 
 version of the two first Satires. This was 
 followed in 1566 by a Medicinable Morally 
 that is the two Bookes qf Horace his Satyres 
 Engly sited, by Thomas Drant, who publish- 
 ed 111 1567 Horace : His Art and Poetries Pis- 
 ties, and Satyres Englished. A few of the 
 Odes were rendered into English by John 
 Ashmore in 1621, and the whole by Sir 
 Thomas Hawkins in 1625. Among later 
 traiislatioiiB may be mentioned Odes, books 
 I. and ii., by Jones (1865) ; Epodes, Carmen 
 ' Seculare, and First Satire^hj C. Hughes 
 (1867) J Epodes and Secular Song, by U. S. 
 
 of Poetry, by J. Conington (1869) ; Odes 
 and Epodes, by Lord Lytton (1869) ; Odes 
 Epodes, and Satires, by T. Martin (1869) ; 
 <Mes, four books, by E. Yardley (1869) ; 
 Satires, by A. "Wood (1870) ; Satires, bv R. 
 M. Milliiigton (1870) ; Lyrics, by T. C. fear- 
 ing (1870) ; Epistles, by Millington (1870) ; 
 Epistles, and Art of Poetry, by R. Wood 
 (1872) ; Works, by Lonsdale and Lee (1873) ; 
 Odes, by Hoveden (1874), by F. W. New- 
 man (1875) ; and by W. ForSyth (1876). Of 
 these, the best are the versions by J. Con- 
 ington, T. Martin, and Lord Lytton. See 
 Martin's Horace, in Ancient Classics for 
 English Readers. 
 
 Horace in London: "consisting; 
 of the first two books of the Odes, of 
 Horace," adapted to modern times in mod- 
 em verse, *' by the authors of ' Rejected 
 Addresses,' " i.e. James and Hobace 
 Smith (1775—1839, 1779—1849), and publish- 
 ed in 1813. 
 
 Horace, Satires and Spistles 
 
 of, imitated, by Alexander Pope (1688 
 —1744) ; published in 1733, 1734, and 1737. 
 They are written in heroic verse. "In 
 Pope's Imitation" says Professor Ward, 
 " the original is here turned upside down, 
 and what in Horace was panegyric in the 
 English poem becomes a covert satire. As 
 Pope meant to suggest that Georg^e II. was 
 a parod}' on Augustus, so his epistle is a 
 parody on, and not an imitation of, the 
 Latin poem." 
 
 Horace, Young. See Satiro- 
 Mastix. 
 
 Horae Homileticae : " or, Dis- 
 courses digested into one continued series, 
 and forming a. Commentary upon every 
 Book of the Old and New Testaxneut," by 
 
 the Rev. Chakles Simeoit (1759—1836); 
 published in a complete form in 1832. 
 
 Horae Lyricse. A collection of 
 poems by Dr. Isaac "Watts. 
 
 Horga Faulinae. '* or, tlie truth 
 of the Scripture History of St. Paul 
 evinced by a comparison of the Epistles 
 which bear his name with the Acts of the 
 Apostles, and with one another." An ex- 
 egetical work by William Palev (1743 
 —1805), published in 1790. In this work, 
 says a critic, Paley " has furnished a mass 
 of most valuable evidence, which is pecu- 
 liarly his own, and which no one else could 
 have invented so well or traced so clearr 
 
 ly." 
 
 Horae Subsecivae. Two series 
 of essays by Dr. John Bkown (b. 1810), 
 published in 1858—60. 
 
 Horatio. A friend of Hamlet, in 
 the tragedy of that name (q.v.). 
 
 Horatio : " or the Memoirs of tlie 
 Davenport Family." A novel by Horace 
 Smith (1779—1849), published in 1807, 
 
 Horbery, Matthe^r, divine (b. 
 1707, d. 1773), was author of The Scripture 
 Doctrine of Future Punishments, and other 
 works. 
 
 Horn, The Geste of Kiug. A 
 metrical romance attributed to a poet 
 called JCsNDALE (tem^. Edward I.). "It 
 is preserved," says Ellis^ **in a very curi- 
 ous miscellany,*-' is mentioned by Chaucer 
 as one of <* the romances of price,*' and is 
 apparently founded upon an Old English 
 original. It is given in Ritson's Ancient. 
 English Metrical Pojnances ; and has been 
 edited for the Roxburghe and Early Eng- 
 lish Text Societies. See also Warton, who 
 gives an anaWsis of and extracts from it 
 (vol. ii., ed. Hazlitt). There is in existence 
 a ballad abridgment, which, under the 
 title of Hynd Horn, is printed in the col- 
 lections by Cromek, Kinloch, Buchan, and 
 Motherwell. " Hynd " means " court- 
 eous," "gentle;" and the story tells how 
 Hynd Horn, having plighted troth with a 
 king's daugter, is exiled for seven years^ 
 but^t last returns in disguise on the day 
 she is to be wedded to another, and wina 
 her after all :— 
 
 •' The Bndegroom thought ho had her wed, 
 But she is young Hynd Horn'a inatead-" 
 
 Hornbook, Adam. The nom de 
 plume under which Thomas Coopkr (b. 
 1805), published his novel of Alderman 
 Ralph. 
 
 Hornbook, Doctor. See Death 
 AND Doctor Hornbook. 
 
 Horn-book, The, "A poem in 
 praise of," by Thomas Tickell; publish- 
 ed in 1749. 
 
 Home, George, D.D., BIshou oi 
 
322 
 
 HOR 
 
 H03 
 
 Norwich (b. 1730, d. 1792),wrote The Theo- 
 logy and Philosophu qf Cicero's Sovfinium 
 Scipionis (1751) ; A Defence of the Thirty- 
 nine Articles (1772) ; A Commentary on the 
 Book of Psalms (1776) ; and other publicar- 
 tions. See Life,Dy Jones (1796). 
 
 Home, Richard Henry, poet and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1803), has pub- 
 lished CosTHio de Medici, an historical trag- 
 edy (1837) ; TJie Death qf Marlowe, a tragedy 
 (1838) ; Exposition of the False Medium and 
 Sarriers exclitding Men of Genius from the 
 Public (1338) ; Gregory tlie Seventh, a 
 tragedy (1840) ; A Life qf Napoleon nM\) ; 
 Orion, mi ^picT'oem (1843), (q. v.); A New 
 Spirit of the -<4ffe(1844); Ballads and Mo- 
 mances (1846) ; Judas Iscariot (q.v.), (a 
 "Miracle Play,") with poems (1848) ; The 
 Dreamer and tlte Worker (1851) ; and many 
 other works, including Undeveloped Char- 
 acters of S/iakespeare, Australian Pacts 
 aaid Prospects^ and various contributions 
 to magazines and reviews. 
 
 Home, Thomas Hartwell, divine 
 (b. about 1780, d. 1862), wrote A BH^ View 
 of the Necessity and TnUhof the Christiian 
 revelation (1800) ; An Introduction to tlie 
 Study of Bibliography (1814) ; A History qf 
 the Mahomedan Empire tn Spain (1816) ; 
 An Introduction to the Critical Study of 
 the Holy Scriptures (1818) ; and many other 
 minor works. See the Life, by Cheyne. 
 
 Hornem, Horace. The assumed 
 name whichLoRDBYKON (1788— 1824) pub- 
 lished in 1813, his Waltz, an Apostrophic 
 Poem (q-v.), which he had written atChelt^ 
 enham in the autumn of the previous year. 
 
 Horner, Francis, politician and 
 •writer on finance and political economy 
 (b. 1778, d. 1817), was one of the founders 
 of The Edinburgh Review, to which he con- 
 tributed many valuable papei'S. See his 
 Memoirs and Corresponednce (1843). 
 
 Horner, Little Jack. The subject 
 of a well-known nursery rhyme of which 
 ttie history may be read in Halliwell's 
 Nursery Rhymes of England, See also 
 Notes and Queries, xvi. 156, xvii. 83. Jack 
 Homer is said tohave been steward of the 
 -Abbott of Glastonbury, in Somei-setshire, 
 and the "plum" was apparently the title- 
 deeds of the manor of Wells, which he 
 stole from among a number of similar 
 documents sent by the abbot as a present 
 to King Henry VIII. 
 
 " Horrible imaginings." — Mac- 
 beth, act i., scene 3. 
 
 "Horror's head horrors accumu- 
 late, On.**— Othello, act iii., scene 3. 
 
 "Horse (A), a horse, my king- 
 dom for a horse ! "—King Richard III., act 
 v., scene 4. ^^ 
 
 Horsfield, Thomas "Walker, di- 
 vine and antiquary (.b. 1837), ia author of a 
 ITntory qf Sussex. 
 
 Horsley, John, Scottish antiquary 
 (b. 1685, d. 1731), was author of Britannia 
 jRotnana: or, the Roman Antiquities qf 
 Britain (1732). 
 
 Horsley, Samuel, D.D., Bishop 
 of St. David's, Rochester, and St. Asaph 
 (b. 1733, d. 1806) was the author of The 
 Power of God, deduced from, the Instan- 
 taneous Production qf tt in the Solar Sys- 
 tem (1767); Apollonii Pergaei inclinationum, 
 lib. ii. (1770); A Charge to the Clergy of the 
 Archdeaconry of St. Albans (1783), and 
 other works, among the most notable of 
 which are those arising from his contro- 
 versy with Priestley, lie also edited the 
 Works of Newton. His own occupy eight 
 volumes, and include three of Biblical Crit- 
 icism, a commentary on the Psalms and 
 Hosea, charges, tracts, and sermons. " He 
 was the last of the race of polemical ^ants 
 in the English Church — a learned, mighty, 
 fear)es8 champion of the theology ana con- 
 stitution of the Anglican establishment." 
 
 Hortense, Mademoiselle, the 
 
 French lady's maid, InDicKENs'snovelof 
 Bleak House (q.v.). is intended as a portrait 
 of Mrs. Manning, the murderess, at whose 
 trial Bickens was present, and whose 
 broken English, impatient gestures, and 
 volubility of speech he has produced with 
 wonderful exactness. 
 
 Hortensio. Suitor to Bianca in 
 The Taming of the Shrew. 
 Hortensius. See Euphrasia. 
 
 Hortop, Job. The author of 
 Tlie Rare Travales of an Englishman 
 who was not heard of in three-and- 
 twenty years* space ; wherein is declared 
 the dangers Tie escaped in Jds voyage to, 
 Qynnie, where, after he was set ashore in a 
 loildemess near to Panico, he endured much 
 slaverie and bondage in the Spanish Gaily 
 (1591). 
 
 Hosklns, John, lawyer and poet, 
 (b. 1566, d. 1638), wrote The Art qf Memory, 
 
 and other works. 
 
 "Hospitable thoughts intent; 
 
 She turns, on." See line 332, book v. of 
 Paradise Lost (q-v-). 
 
 Hospital for Incurables, An: 
 
 " a serious and useful scheme," propound- 
 ed by Jonathan Swift (1667—1745), in 
 1733, " to make such an institution of uni- 
 versal benefit to all liis Majesty's sub- 
 jects ; " among whom the author includes 
 "incurable fools, incurable knaves, incur- 
 able scolds, incurable scribblers (besides 
 myself), incurable coxcombs, incurable 
 infidels, incurable liars, — not to mention 
 the incurably vain, incurably envious, in- 
 curably proud; incurably affected, incur- 
 ably impertinent, and ten thousand other 
 incurables which I must of necessity pass 
 over in silence, lest X should swell rbji s 
 essay into a volume.'* 
 
HOS 
 
 HOW 
 
 323 
 
 *'■ Hostages to fortune." An ex- 
 pression occurring in Bacon's essay of 
 Marriage and Single I/ifCj where he says : 
 — " He that hath a wife and children hath 
 given hostages to fortune, for they are im- 
 pediments to great enterprises, either of 
 virtue or mischief." 
 
 Hothom, "Walter, poet (temp, 
 fifteenth century), was author of Bibiia 
 Versijicaia. 
 
 Hotspur, Henry Percy. Son of 
 Northumberland, who figures in Hetvry 
 IV.f parts i. and ii. 
 
 Houghton, liOrd (Richard Monck- 
 ton MJlnes), poot and prose writer (b. 
 1809), has published several volumes of 
 verse, including Palm Leaves (1844), and 
 Poems of Many Tears; besides a Life of 
 Keats (1848) ; Monographs^ Personal and 
 Social (1873), various articles, and numer- 
 ous contributions to reviews. A collected 
 edition of his Poems appeared in 1876. 
 
 Houlat, The. An allegorical sa- 
 tire by a Scottish poet called Holland, 
 probably written before 1455. See Piuker- 
 ton's Scottish Poems. 
 
 Hour and the Man, The. A story 
 by Harriet Martineau (1802—1876), 
 founded on the career of Toussaint TOuver- 
 ture, and published in 1840. 
 
 " Hour of virtuous liberty, An." 
 
 Addison, Cato, act ii., scene 1 ; — 
 
 " Is worth a whole eternity in bondage." 
 
 Hours of Idleness : " a Series of 
 Poems, Original and Translated, by Lord 
 Bykon, a minor ; " published in 1807, and 
 severely criticised by Henry (afterwards 
 liOrd) Brougham in a paper m The ISdin- 
 hurgh Review, No. xxii., which occasioned 
 the famous satire of English Bards and 
 Scotch Reviewers (q.v.). The allusion to 
 Brougham in that poem is as follows : — 
 
 ** Beware lest blundering Brougham destroy the 
 sale, ^ 
 
 Turn beef to bannocks, cauliSower to kail "~ 
 
 a comparatively innocent allusion to an 
 article contributed by the critic to No. xxv. 
 of the same Review. Lord Byron was not 
 at that time aware- of the name of the real 
 author of the obnoxious criticism, and his 
 most pungent indignation was reserved 
 for Lord JefErey and the other " Review- 
 ers." 
 
 House of Fame. See Fame, 
 House of. 
 
 House of "Wisdom. See "Wis- 
 dom, House of. 
 
 Household "Words. A weekly 
 periodical, started by Charles Dickens 
 In 1850, and discontinued in 1857* Sec ALL 
 TSB XBas Bou^'D. 
 
 Houseman. A character in Lord 
 Lytton's novel of Eugene Aram. 
 
 Houyhnhnms. The name of a 
 race of horses, findowed with reason, which 
 Swift introduces into his story of the 
 Travels of Lemuel Gulliver. The word 
 should be pronounced as **hoo-inmz," a 
 dissyllable, and is probably intended to be 
 imitative of the whinnying of a horse. 
 Pope refers to it in his — 
 
 " Nay, would kind Jove ray organs eo dispose 
 To liymn harmoniouB Houyhnhnms through the 
 
 UOBC." 
 
 Hoveden, Hoger d^ historian of 
 
 the twelfth century, wSs" the author of 
 AnnalSi of which the first part^ written 
 in continuation of Bede's History, begins 
 with the year 732 and eudsvcith the year 
 1154 ; whilst the second part includes the 
 period between 1154 and 1201, In tbe first 
 part Roger appears to have chiefly follow- 
 ed Simeon of Durham. Henry of Hunting- 
 don, and the Chronicle of Melrose ; and in 
 the second, Benedict of Peterborough. 
 The last nine years of his history are, how- 
 ever, treated with the fulness and accu- 
 racy of a contemporary, who, as Morley 
 says, had every opportunity and disposi- 
 tion to compile authentic informatfon.'* 
 '■ Tbe Annals include many ecclesiastical 
 documents not to be found elsewhere. 
 Their compiler made also a few Insertions 
 of facts whilst he was copying— is alone in 
 
 tiving several particulars ^relating .to 
 pain, Portugal, and Scotland— and adds, 
 to what is told elsewhere of Richard I.'s 
 expedition to Messina, his captivity, and 
 his return to England." The A7in-als were 
 first published by Sir Henry Savi]e,in his 
 Scriptores Post Redam (1595). See Bohn's 
 Antiquarian Library. 
 
 Ho-w a Mercbande dyd hys 
 
 "Wyfe Betray. An old poem of Scottish bJ? 
 North-country origin, the story of which 
 reappears in the ancient ballad of The 
 Pennyworth qf Wit, and is contained, be- 
 sides, in a tract published in 1631, called 
 Penny-wise-, Pound-foolish : or, a Rristow 
 Diamond, -set in two Rings, and both 
 crack* d ; profitable /or married men, pleas- 
 ant for young men, and a rare example for 
 all good women. 
 
 "How beautiful is night!" First 
 line of SouTHEY's poem of ThalabG, Ol'"^-)- 
 
 " How do I love thee ? Let me 
 
 count the ways." First line of a Sonnet 
 from the Portuguese, by Elmaeeth Baet 
 
 RETT BifiOWNINO. 
 
 " How doth the little busybee." 
 
 The opening line in No. xx. of watts' 
 Songs. The whole verse runs— 
 
 " How' doth the little busy bee 
 Improve each HliininF hour. 
 And gather honey all the day 
 From every openine flower.** 
 
324 
 
 HOW 
 
 HOW 
 
 " How fleet is a glauce of the 
 
 mind ! "— Cowper, Alexander Selkirk:— 
 
 " Compared with the speed of its flight, 
 The tempest itself logs behind, 
 
 And the swift-winged arrows of light." 
 
 " How happy could I be with 
 either." A soTig, by Gay, iii The Beggcvr's 
 Opera. 
 
 "How happy is he born and 
 
 taught." First line of Tlie Character of 
 a Happy ii/e, by Sir Henry Wotton. 
 
 "How ill doth he deserve a 
 
 lover's i\B.v[ie.'*~ Eternity of Love Protest- 
 ed, by Thomas Carew (158a— 1639). 
 
 "How like a winter hath my 
 
 absence been." First line of a sonnet by 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 "How many bards gild the 
 
 lapses of time,*' First line of a sonnet by 
 John Keat.s. 
 
 "How many times do I love 
 thee, dear ?*' The first line of a lyric by 
 Thomas Lovell Beddoes. 
 
 ' Ho^T* many thousands of my 
 
 poorest subjects."— (Second Part of King 
 Henry /F., act iii., scene 1. 
 
 " How not to do it,'' — Dickens, 
 JAttle Borritf chapter x. See Circumlo- 
 cution Ofjpice, 
 
 " How often sit I, poring o*er." 
 A lyric by Arthur Hugh Clough (1819— 
 1861). 
 
 "How should I your true love 
 
 know." First line or a song sung by 
 Ophelia iu Hamlet, act iv., scene 5. 
 
 "How sleep the brave who sink 
 to rest." First line of Collins's Ode 
 iorltten in the year 1746 :— 
 
 " There honour comes, a pilgrim grav, 
 To bless the turf that wraps their clay." 
 
 "How small, of ail that human 
 hearts endure."— Dr. Johnson, iu lines 
 added to Goldsmith's Traveller:— 
 
 •' That part which laws or kings can cause or cure I" 
 
 " How sweet the answer echo 
 
 uiakes." First line of a song by Thomas 
 Moore. 
 
 " How sweet the moonlight 
 
 Bleeps upon this bank." — Merchant of 
 Venice, act v., scene 1. 
 
 How the Wise Man Taught his 
 
 Son. "A little moral piece," printed in 
 the Ancient Popular Poetry, b^ Kitson, 
 who sees in it a stiiking coincidence of 
 idea with the old song, " It's good to be 
 merry and wise." It is to be found in the 
 Harleian Library, British Museum, No. 
 15S6, among MSS. compiled iu the reign of 
 Henry VI. 
 
 "How the world wags." — As 
 
 You Like It, act ii., scene 7. 
 
 How they brought the Good 
 
 News from Ghent to Aix, A ballad by 
 Robert Browning (b..l8l2). 
 
 " How we apples swim." — Mal- 
 let, Tybv/m. 
 
 " How wonderful is death." 
 
 The opening line of Shelley's Queen 
 Mob (q.v.). 
 
 Howard Edward, Lieutenant 
 
 (d. 1841), was the author of some stories of 
 naval life. 
 
 Howard, Frederick. See Car- 
 lisle, Earl oe. 
 
 Howard, George Sdmund, dra- 
 matist and political writer (b. 1725, d. 
 1786), was the author of a variety of works, 
 which till fifteen volumes, but are none 
 of them of merit or renown, though cele- 
 brated in their day. 
 
 Ho^vard, Henry, Earl of Surrey, 
 poet (b. 1516, d. 1547), was the author of 
 Songs and Sonnets, first piinted in Tottel's 
 Miscellany (1557) ; of paraphrases of por- 
 tions of Ecclesiastes and the Psalms ; and 
 of a translation in blank verse (the first 
 in our language) of the second and foui'th 
 books of the laSneid.. Puttenham, in 1589, 
 wrote of him and Sir Tbomas Wyatt as 
 "two chieftanes, who having travailed 
 into Italie, and there tasted the sweete 
 and stately measures and stile of Italian 
 Poesle, as irovices newly crept out of the 
 Bchooles of Dante, Ariosto, and Petrarch, 
 they greatly polished our rude and homely 
 manner of vulgar Poesie, from that it has 
 bene before, and for that cause may iustly 
 be sayd the first reformers of our English 
 meetre and stile." ** I repute them," he 
 says eLsewhere, "the two chief lantemes 
 of light to all others that have since em- 
 ployed their pennes upon English Poesie ; 
 their conceits were loftie, their stiles 
 stately, their conveyance cleanly, their 
 termes proper, their meetre sweet and 
 well-proportioned." Drayton, writing of 
 Poets and Poesie in 1627, speaks of — 
 
 " That Princely Surrey, early in the time 
 Of the eiehth Harry, who was then the prime 
 Of JEnglcmd's noble youth," 
 and of 
 
 '* Those email poems, which the title beare 
 Of Eones and Gonnets, wherein of they hit 
 On many dainty pasuages of wit." 
 
 See the Life of Surrey by Nott ; also War- 
 ton's Enalish Poetry, and Arbor's reprint 
 of Tottel's Miscellany. Surrey's Poems 
 are in the Aldine edition* 
 
 Howard, Henry, second son of 
 the above, and Earl of Northampton (b. 
 about 1539, d. 1614), was the author of A 
 Jiefensative against the Poison of sup4 
 pos^d Prophecips, an Apology for t/ie Qov~ 
 
HOU 
 
 HOW 
 
 325 
 
 emment qf Women^ and other works, still 
 iu manusuript. 
 
 Ho-ward, Hon. Ed'VQ'ard. A con- 
 temporai7 of Sir Robert Howard (q.v.), 
 with whom he is someUmes confounded ; 
 also wrote bad plays, and his poem or 
 Bmiduca^ the, British Princess (1669), was, 
 says Morley, a jest of the wits. Lord Dor- 
 set called his verse the "solid nonsense 
 that abides all tests." 
 
 Ho^vard, Sir Robert, liistorian 
 and poet (b. 1626, d. 1698), was the co- 
 author (with Dryden) of The Indian 
 Queen (1664), and the author of several 
 bad plays, ot which alone The Committee 
 has survived him. His more noteworthy 
 works were a History of Edward II. and 
 Sichard II. and a History of Religion. 
 Sir Walter Scott describes his fugitive 
 poemsasbein^of ** a freezing mediocrity." 
 He also published translations of Virgil 
 and Statius. He was the Crites of Dry- 
 den's dlalo^e on Dramatic Poetri/ (1667)^ 
 and is said to be satirised in the Sir Pos- 
 itive At-all of Shadwell'a Sullen Lovers, 
 See Bayes. 
 
 " Ho-wards, Wot all the blood of 
 
 all the." See " Blood of all the How- 
 ards." 
 
 Ho^ve, Charles, religions writer 
 (b. 1661, d. 1745), was author of Devout 
 '^^i^ditatioTis . 
 
 Hcwe, John, clmplain to Crom- 
 well (B>sl630, d. 1705), was the author of 
 The Uvm%^Temple (] 676— 1702), TIte lie- 
 fleemer's 2Wto, Tlie Calm and Sober in- 
 qiiiiry coTieernwf/ the possibility of a Trin* 
 %ty in, the Godheads The Blessedness of the 
 ififfhteous, The Ite'deenier's Dominion over 
 the Invisible World, Delighting in God, 
 and many other works of a like nature. 
 Isaac Taylor describes Ms writings as 
 characterised by ** majesty in the thought, 
 not grace and care in the conveyance of it: 
 depth and elevation of religious feeling) 
 always well governed and conti'olied by a 
 sound judgment ; an intensity and intim- 
 acy of the spiritual discernment; and 
 above and with all, the pure and lofty 
 moral feeling of a mind which was by 
 nature sensitive, in an unusual degree, to 
 sentiments of this order." See the lAves 
 by Calamy, Hunt (1823), and Bogers 
 (1836). 
 
 Hovre, Josiah, divine and poet 
 (d. 1701), was the author of recommen- 
 datory verses prefixed to the folio edition 
 of the works of Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 See Warton's English Poetry. 
 
 Hoinre, Miss, in Kichakdson's 
 novel of Clarissa Ha/rlowe (q.v.), is " an 
 admirably sketched character, drawn in 
 strong" contrast to that of Clarissa, yet 
 worthy, of being her friend, with more," 
 says Sir Walter Scott, " of worldly per- 
 
 spicacity, though less of abstracted prin- 
 ciple." 
 
 Howe, Mrs. Julia "Ward, Ameri- 
 can author and poetess (b. 1819), has writ- 
 ton Passion Flowers (1851) ; Words for the 
 ifo«r (1856); The World's Omi: a Drama 
 (1857); Hippolytus: a Tragedy (1858); -4 
 Triv to Cuba (1860) ; Zater' Lyrics. (1866) ; 
 and -From the Oak to ■ the- Olive : a Plain 
 Record of a Pleasaant Journey (186T), 
 
 Howell ab Owain. A "Welsh 
 bard, circa 1140. See Stephen's iuera^are 
 qf the Cym/riy and Morley's English 
 Writers, vol. i., pt. ii. " Prince HowelV 
 says the latter, ' wrote delicate and gay 
 love poetry." See Gutadgahwch. 
 
 Howell, James, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1594, d. 1666), was the author of a 
 large variety of writings, including histo- 
 ries, biographies, poems, grammars.dictiou- 
 aries^ letters, and the like. Peter Pisher, 
 publishing in 1664 Howell's Poems upon 
 Divers Emergent Occasions, says of the 
 latter : "Not to know the Author of these 
 Poems, were an Ignorance beyond .Barfia?^ 
 ism, he being known and easily distinguish- 
 able from others by his Genius and Stile.. 
 . . . He may be called the Prodigie of his 
 Age, for the variety of his volumes, 
 for from his Parly of Trees to his Parly 
 of Beasts , . there hath pass'd to. 
 the Press above forty of his "Works 
 on various subjects. . . . And 'tis ob- 
 served, that iu all his Writings there is 
 something still NeWj whether in the ISIat- 
 ter, Method, or Paricy, and in an untrodden 
 Tract. He teacheth a new way of Epistol- 
 izing : and that Eamiliar Letters may not 
 onely consist of Words, and a bombast of 
 Complements, but that they are capable of 
 the highest Speculations and solidst kind 
 of Knowledge. He chalks out a Topical 
 and exact way for Foreign Travel, not 
 roving n general Precepts only." Fisher 
 here refers to Howell's best-known works, 
 the Epistolce Ho-Elianm, issued in 1645, 
 1647, 1650, and 1655, and the Instructions for ^ 
 Forreine Travell, published- iu 1642, ton 
 modern editions of which see Arber's re- 
 prints. His Londmopolis (1657) is still re- 
 membered. 
 
 Howell, Thomas. Author of 
 Devises, poems published in 1681, which 
 " denote him," says Warton, " to have had 
 a contraction of metrical spirit, which 
 fitly adapts itself to posies for rings." See 
 Areoii of Amitie, The. 
 
 Howell, 'William (b. 1680, d. 
 1683). Author of A History of the World. 
 
 Howells, W. D., American writer, 
 has published Venetian Life (1867) ; Italian 
 Journeys (1868) ; No Love Lost (1869) ; Sub- 
 wrban Sketches (1871) ; The Wedding 
 Journey (1872) ; A Cfumce Acquaintance 
 (1873) • and Poems (1873). His Works &p- 
 peared in 1872. - 
 
326 
 
 HOW 
 
 HUG 
 
 Howie, John. iSee Scots Wor- 
 thies. 
 
 Howitt, Mary, poet and prose 
 -writer (b. 1800), has written The Sevan 
 Temptationa, Wood L'eighton. The Heir qf 
 We8t Wayland, the Dial of Love^ Lilieslea, 
 Stories of Stapl^ford, The CoatofCaergwyn, 
 and other works. She has also translated 
 into English Andersen's Imm-ovisatoref 
 and all the works of Frederica IBreiner. 
 
 Howitt ^ATilliam, miscellaneous 
 author (b. 1795), has written The Book of 
 the Season (1831) ; The Hist(yry of Priest- 
 craft (1833) ; TJie Rv/raL Life of England 
 (1837); Student Life in Germany (1841); 
 The Rural and Domestic L{fe qf Germany 
 Q.842) ; The Aristocracy qf England (1846) ; 
 The Haunts and Homes of British Poets 
 a847).; The Man of tlie People (1860); The 
 Ruined Castles and Abbeys of Englcmd 
 (1861) ; The History qf the Supernatural 
 (1863) ; and The Mad War Planet and other 
 Poems (1871) ; besides many other works, 
 both from his own pen andin collaboration 
 ■with his wife Mary (q.v.). 
 
 Ho-wson, John Saul, D.D., Dean 
 of Chester (b. 1816), is the author of The 
 Life and Epistles of St. Paul (with the Rev. 
 W. J. Conybeare) The Character of St. 
 Pa/ul, Companions of St. Paul, Metaphors 
 of St. PoMlj The Miracles of Christ, Before 
 the Table, and various contributions to 
 Smith's Dictionary of the Bible and per- 
 iodicals. 
 
 Hubbard, Mother. The heroine 
 of a well-known nursery tale. 
 
 Hubert de Burgh. Chamberlain 
 to King John in Shakespeare's play of 
 the latter name. 
 
 Huddesford, G-eorge, poet, pub- 
 lished Topsy Tumy (1790), Salmagundi 
 (1793), and Les Champignons du Diable, or 
 Imperial Mushrooms (1800). He also con- 
 tributed to and edited The Wiccamical 
 Chaplet (1804). His collected Poems ap- 
 peared in 1801. 
 
 Hudibras. A humorous poem, in 
 three parts, written by Samuel Butler 
 (1600 — 1680), " in the time of the late wars," 
 and published in 1663 1664, and 1678. Its 
 object, undoubtedly, was to satirise the 
 Puritans, but as George GilfiUan remarks, 
 " the author has no objections to take a 
 little sport out of all the parties and per- 
 sons who came across his path, and the 
 bad poetry, the pretentious pliilosophj', 
 the fasliions, manners, the arts and 
 sciences, of his age, are all saluted with a 
 touch enpassant more or less withering." 
 The hero of the poem, Hudibras, a Presby- 
 terian, who is variously said to be intend- 
 ed for Sir Samuel Luke and Sir Henry 
 Bosewell, sets out with Ralpho, his ser- 
 Tant and an Independent, on an expedi- 
 tion agaiost the follies and amiuemeuts of 
 
 the time ; and the first six hundred lines 
 are occupied in " a description of the per- 
 sons, gifts, and principles of this redoubted 
 pair, diversified with the keenest satirical 
 side-touches at the parties to which they 
 belonged, and at certain of their more re- 
 markable members, as well as at scholastic 
 theologians, and men of science gene- 
 rally ." Cromwell and his son, Fleetwood, 
 DesDorough, Lambert, Calamy, Case, By- 
 field, Lentham, Prynne — all these are 
 satirised by name ; Sir Antho)iy Ashley 
 Cooper figures as the " Politician," and 
 John Lilbume, who opposed.alike Charles 
 and the Protector, as the ** brother haber- 
 dasher.*' Sidrophel is said to be intended 
 for William Lilly, the astrologer, and 
 Whackum, his assistant, for one Tom 
 Jones, a Welshman. But the most com- 
 plete, if accurate, identification of the 
 characters in Hudibras is that of Sir Roger 
 I'Estrange, who gives us what he declares 
 to be the real names of Crowdero, Orsin, 
 Bruin, Talgol, Magnano. Tnillo, Cerdon, 
 and Colon— all of whom figure in thie 
 amusing satire. See George GilfiUan's in- 
 troduction to the Works of Butler, where 
 an admirable analysis of the poem is given. 
 Hudibras Was translated into French by 
 John Towneley in 1757. 
 
 Hudibras Redivivus : " or, a 
 Burlesque Poem on the Times," by 
 Edward Ward (1667—1731), who was a 
 professed imitator of the manner of But- 
 ler. This work was originally published in 
 1705—7, and obtained for its writerfhe 
 penalty of standing twice in the pillory 
 and paying a fine of forty marks. He re- 
 turned to the charge, however, in 1710, 
 when he published Vulgus Britannicus : or, 
 the British Hudibras, in. fifteen cantos / 
 followed, in 1711, by The Life and Advent 
 tures of Don <^ixote, merrily translated 
 into^ Hudibrastic 7-^erse; and in 1714, by 
 Tlie Hudibrastic Brewer: or, a Preposter- 
 ous VnUm between Malt and Meter. 
 
 Hudson, John, D.D., classical 
 scholar (b. 1662, d. 1719), was editor of 
 Thucydides, Josephus, and other classics. 
 See Athenos Oxonienses, and the edition of 
 Josephus, which contains an account of 
 Hudson. 
 
 Hudson, Thomas, poet, contri- 
 buted to England's Parnassus (q.v.) He 
 translated into English, in 1584, 1)u Bar- 
 tas' Judith and Holof ernes. He is referred 
 to in The Return from Parnassus (q.v.). 
 
 Hue and Cry after Cupid, A. 
 A song inoneof Ben JoHJffSON'sATasgwes; 
 translated from the Amore Fuggitivo of 
 Tasso^ in that poet's Aminta, and origi- 
 nally imitated from the first Idyllium of 
 Moschus. 
 
 "Hugged the offender, and for- 
 
 give the offence, She." Line 367 of 
 RYDEN's Cymon. 
 Hugh of Xdncoln. A ballad print- 
 
HtTG 
 
 HUM 
 
 327 
 
 ed in various versions My Herd, Percy, 
 Jameson, Motherwell, aiid others, and de- 
 Bcribed as " showing the cruelty of a 
 Jew's daughter," who slew a Christian 
 boy of Lincoln, called Sir Hugh. Matthew 
 Paris records that in 1255 the Jews of that 
 city stole a little boy named Hugh, tortur- 
 ed and crucifi.ed him, and flung his body 
 into a pit, where his mother found it. The 
 occupant of the house then confessed the 
 crime, and stated that the Jews killed a 
 child regularly every year, whereupon he 
 and eighteen of the richest Jews in Lin- 
 coln were straightway hanged, and the 
 child's body was buried in the cathedral 
 with all honour. Chaucer's Prioress's 
 Tale is ou a similar subject. 
 
 Hugh of Rutland (circa 1190}. 
 See IPOMEDON. 
 Hughes, John, poet and essayist 
 
 2'. 1677, d. 1720), published The Peace of 
 yswick (1697), The Cowrt of Neptune 
 (1699), aiid other poems, original and trans- 
 lated. He was also the author of a di'ama 
 called The Siege of Datnascus (1720). He 
 contributed some papers to TJie Tatler 
 (q.v.). The Guardian (q.v.), and The Spec- 
 tator (q.v.). His Poems are included in 
 Anderson's collection. See Apollo and 
 Daphne ; Calypso anb Telemachus ; 
 Creator of the World ; Bamasocts, 
 The Siege of ; Lay Monastery, The. 
 
 Hughes, John, Wesleyan minister 
 (b. 1776, d. 1843), wrote Horce BritanniccB, 
 a contribution to the history of the «arly 
 English Church. 
 
 Hughes, John. See Bdller of 
 Brasenose. 
 
 Hughes, Thomas (b. 1823), has 
 written Tom Brown's Softool Days (1856) ; 
 Tom Brownat Oxford, a sequel, which ap- 
 peared in 1861 ; the Scouring of the White 
 Horse (1858) ; Alfred the Great (1869) ; The 
 Memoirs of a Brother (1873) ; and has con- 
 tributed largely to magazine literature- 
 Hughes, Thomas. See Arthcb, 
 The Misfortunes of. 
 
 Hugbie Graham. A ballad which 
 tells how Graham, a Borderer, was hanged 
 at Carlisle for stealing the bishop's mare. 
 It was contributed by Burns the poet, 
 "from oral tradition in Ayrshire," but 
 considerably improved by him, to The 
 Scot's Musical Museum, and it was again 
 retouched by Allan Cunningham for his 
 Songs of Scotland. Scott includes in his 
 Border Mlnistrelsy a version *' long current 
 in Selkirkshire," which must have been 
 revised by him. An early copy is to be 
 fouad In Wit and MlrtJi (1714). Ailingham 
 calls it " a spirited little picture from the 
 rude time on the Border. 
 
 Hugo. The bastard son of Azo, 
 Marquis of Este, iu Byrox's poem of 
 Parisi/na. 
 
 Hugo, Victor. The following 
 works by this French writer havei among 
 others, appeared in English '.—By Order^ 
 the King, Claude Gueux, Tlte Hwnchbackof 
 Notre name, Les Miserables, Napoleon le 
 Petit, Notre Dame, and The Toilers of the 
 Sea. 
 
 Hull, Thomas, novelist and dra- 
 matist (b. 1728, d. 1808), published Sir Wil- 
 liam Harrington,^, novel (1771), and Richard 
 Plantagenet, a romance (1774), besides a 
 number of plays, not one of which is now 
 remembered. See Baker's ^io^ra^Aia Dra- 
 Tfiatica. 
 
 " Human face divine, Or." — Par- 
 adise Lost, book iii., line 40. 
 
 Human Knovrledge, The Prin- 
 ciples of. Two treatises by George Ber- 
 keley, Bishop of Cloyne (1684—1753), 
 published in 1710 ; in which the author 
 gives expressions to those peculiar views 
 which are now familiarly known under the 
 name of the " Berkeleian Philosophjf." 
 This may briefly be described as a denial 
 of the reality of matter according to tljo- 
 commonly received conception of it, and an 
 argument to prove that " sensible objects 
 are nothing more than impressions made 
 internally upon the mind, according to cer- 
 tain rules wMch are termed laws of nature," 
 The reader will recall Lord Byron's allus- 
 ion in Don Juan, canto xi, : — 
 
 " When Eishop Berkeley aaid * there was no matter,*. 
 And proved it— 'twas no matterwhathe eaid ; 
 They say his Byt^tem 'tie in vain to batter, 
 Tbo subtle for the airiest human head." 
 
 Berkeley's system was further developed 
 in the Three Dialogues between Hylas and 
 Philonous, published in 1713. 
 
 Human Life. A poem by Samuel 
 BoGERS (1763—1855), published in 1819, and 
 described by William Cadwell Boscoe as 
 possessing faults, and as being a very in- ' 
 congruous whole. " The life of man is 
 described by tracing the career of an indi- 
 vidual made up of Cincinnatus, Lord Bus- 
 sell, Epaminondas, and Mr. Fox ; who ia 
 represented, now at his plough ; now in 
 the senate ; now breakfasting comfortably 
 under ' fragrant clouds of Mocha ana 
 Souchong,' with Ms newspaper and all 
 modem appliances ; now rushing out with 
 helmet and sword on a sudden cry of *' To 
 arms ! * and dyeing a neighbouring stream 
 with blood. But some of the detached pic- 
 tures of life are full of graceful drawing, 
 and forbid us to deny Mr. Kogers the claims 
 of affectionate and tender, though not deep 
 or passionate, feeling." 
 
 "Human soul take "wing, It is a 
 
 fearful thing to see the." — ^Byron, Prison- 
 er of Chilton, stanza viii. 
 
 Human Understanding, An 
 Essay concerning, by John Locke (1632— 
 1701) ; begun in 1671, and finished in 1686, 
 the year which saw the (Conclusion of 3i^ 
 
328 
 
 HUM 
 
 HUM 
 
 Iisaac Newton's Pnncipia (qiv.). It was 
 paUlished in 1690. This famous treatise, 
 which Professor Fraser characterises as 
 " on the whole the most influential in 
 modern philosophical literature,*' *' ia 
 founded on the negation of innate priciples 
 and of a continuous consciousness in man. 
 Its parts are regulated by the aim of the 
 author to determine, on the Baconian 
 method, our intellectual power and weak- 
 ness, with the nature and grounds of knowl- 
 edge and opinion. Having reasoned against 
 the dogma of innate knowledge, indepen- 
 dent of experience, malntauied in the 
 ancient schools of Pythagoras and Plato, 
 and not alien, in a modified form, from 
 Descartes and Lord Herbert, Locke, in liis 
 second book, propounds his own hypothe- 
 sis, and endeavours to test it by an induc- 
 tive comparison of our ideas. His thesis 
 is that human knowledge may be resolved 
 into external and internal experience, 
 which he indicates by what Bacon would 
 call the ' crucial instances ' of our ideas of 
 space, time, infinity, substance, power. 
 identity, and otiiers, apparently the most 
 remote from an empirical origin. On this 
 foundation rest the speculations of the 
 fourth book, on demonstration and belief, 
 and on the grounds of physical, psycholog 
 ical, and theological science." The second 
 edition of the Essay appeared in 1694, the 
 third in 16!)7, and the fourth in 1700, in 
 ■which year it was translated into French 
 by Coste, and into Latin by Burridge in 
 1701. Its subsequent history is, to a great 
 extent, the history of philosophy in Europe- 
 It was speedily attacked byKorris, Sergeant, 
 Lee, Sherlock, Lowde^ and Stillincfleet, 
 and is associated, more or less, with the 
 names of Shaftesbury, Clarke, Collins, 
 Jackson, Brown, Butler, Law, and Watts. 
 It was defended, upon different grounds, 
 hy Hartley, Priestley, Tucker, and Home 
 Tooke, and has been ably criticised by 
 Stewart, Macintosh, Coleridge, and Sir 
 William Hamilton. In France, it was sup- 
 ported by the writings of Condillac and his 
 school, and opposed in the publications of 
 Consin and his followers. In Germany it 
 gave birth to the Ntmveaux Essais of Leib- 
 nitz, and the metaphyeic of Kant was 
 meant, says Fraser, to be a modification 
 and supplement of the metaphyslc of 
 Locke. 
 
 " Humanities of old religion. 
 
 The fair." — Coleridge, Wallenstem, part 
 i., actii., scene 4. 
 
 " Humble port to imperial To- 
 kay, From." — High Life below Stairs, act 
 ii., scene 1. 
 
 . Hume, Alexander, Scottislt poet 
 (b. 1560, d. 1609), was the author of ffymnes 
 or Sacred Songs (1590), also a poem on tlie 
 defeat of the Spanish Armada, called The 
 Triumph of the Lord afler the Manner of 
 Men. S'eeDAYEsTiVAii, The; Summer's 
 Dax. 
 
 Hume, David, Scottish antiquar- 
 ian (circa 1581—1630), wrote a treatise, De 
 Unione fnsulcB Britannim (1605), Imsuh 
 Poetici (1605), The History of the House and 
 Race of Douglas and Angus, A History of 
 the House of Wedderbwni, and some works 
 still in manuscript. 
 
 Hume, David, liistorian and phil- 
 osopher (b. 1711, d. 1776), wrote a Treatise 
 of Human Nature (1738) ; Essays, Moial, 
 Political, and Literary (1742) : an Inquiry 
 Concerning the Principle of Morals (1751); 
 Political Discourse (1751) ; The History of 
 England {Vt^, 1756, 1759, and 1761); and the 
 Naiwral History of Religion (1755). See the 
 Autobiography edited by Adam Smith 
 (1789) ; and the Lives by Pratt (1777): Dal- 
 rymple (1787), Ritchie (1807), and Hill Bur- 
 ton (1846). " Hume," says Macaulay of 
 the former's historical method, " without 
 positively asserting much more than he 
 can prove, gives prominence to all the suh- 
 jects which support his case. He glides 
 lightly over those which are unfavourable 
 to it. His own witnesses are applauded 
 and encouraged ; the statements which 
 seem to throw discredit on them are contro- 
 verted ; the contradictions into which they 
 fall are explained away : a clear and con- 
 nected abstract of their evidence is given, 
 Everytiiing that is offered on the other 
 side is scrutinised with the utmost sever- 
 ity; every suspicious circumstance is a 
 ground for c<.>mment and invective ; what 
 cannot be denied is extenuated, or passed 
 over without notice. Concessions even 
 are sometimes made, but this insidious 
 candour only increases the effect of this 
 vast mass of sophistry." " The^loctrine of 
 Mr. Hume." wrote a critic in The Edin- 
 burgh Review for 1821, " is not tliat we have 
 not reached truth, but that we never can 
 reach it. It is an absolute and universal 
 system of scepticism, professing to be 
 derived from the very structure of the un- 
 derstanding, which, if any man could 
 seriously believe it, would render it im- 
 possible for him to form an opinion upon 
 any subject— to ascribe any meaning to the 
 words Truth and Falsehood — to believe, to 
 inquire, or to reason ; and on the very same 
 ground, to disbelieve, to dissent, or to 
 doubt— to adhere to his own principle of 
 universal doubt — and, lastly, if he be^ con- 
 sistent with himself, even to think." ** As - 
 a philosopher, Hume denied miracle, 
 and drew, from Locke's doctrine that 
 knowledge comes to us only from the 
 outside world, an argument that the 
 experience we reason from is based 
 only on custom, without assurance that 
 we see cause and effect. Our notion 
 of necessity, he says, only rests on the as- 
 sociation of ideas." " The inimitable 
 clearness and impartiality, says another 
 critic, " with which he has summed up the 
 arguments on both sides, on the most 
 momentous questions which have agitated 
 England, must for ever command uie ad- 
 miration of mankind." 
 
HUM 
 
 HUN 
 
 329 
 
 Hume, . Patrick. Autlior of a 
 commentary on Paradise Lost, prefixed to 
 iin edition oJE tlie poem, publlslied in 1695. 
 
 Humorous Iiieutenant, The. A 
 
 comedy, by John Fletcher. 
 
 Humors Looking - glasse, by 
 Samuel Rowlands (1570—1635), published 
 in 1608, and consisting' of epigrams and 
 rhythmical tales. In that of A Strange 
 Sighted Traveller, the writer describes the 
 Bights and shows of London in the time of 
 Elizabetlu 
 
 "Humour of it, Th.e."^Mern/ 
 JVives of Windsor, act ii., scene 1. 
 
 Humourists of the Eighteenth 
 
 Century, Lectures on the, by William 
 Makepeace Thackeray (1811—1863) : 
 delivered in England, Scotland, and 
 America respectively, in the years 1851 and 
 1852, and re-published in 1853, with notes 
 selected and arranged by James Hanuay, 
 who says : — " The volume is perhaps the 
 chief work of criticism which Thackeray 
 has left us. It is creative as well as critical, 
 for he gives us poiiiraits of the men with 
 whom he deals — portraits quite as life- 
 like as those in his novels, and far more 
 vivid than any of Macaulay's." 
 
 Humphrey Clinker.' See Clin- 
 ker, Humphrey, The Expedition of. 
 
 . Humphrey, Master, in Dickgns's 
 novel of TJte Old Curiosity Shop^ is a 
 miserable old man, with a mania for 
 gambling. ^ 
 
 Humphrey, Old, Tlie nam de 
 plume of George Mogridge, the author 
 of numerous popular books for chlldi'en. 
 5ee Holding, Ephbaim. 
 
 Humphrey's Clock, Master. 
 The title of a serial by Charles Dickens 
 (1812—1870), the first weekly number of 
 which, in imperial octavo, price three- 
 pence, appeared on April 4, 1840. Sam 
 weller and his father were resuscitated 
 from the Pickwick Papers to assist the 
 sale, but onlj two tales were included in 
 the publication, which was completed in 
 1841, and these {Bamahy Budge and The 
 Old Curiosity Shop) were afterwards re- 
 published separately. From that time, 
 says Dickens, Master Humplvrey's Clock. 
 *' as originally constructed, Decame one of 
 the lost Dooks of the earth, which, we all 
 know, are far more precious than any that 
 can be read for love or money." The 
 original " clock " is said to be in exist- 
 ence. 
 
 Humphreys, David. American 
 
 poet (b. 1753, d. 1818). 
 
 Humphreys, James, lawyer, (b. 
 1768, d. 1830), is the author of Observatums 
 <m the Law of Real Property (1826). 
 
 Hunchback, The. A play by 
 
 James Sheridan Knowlbs (1784—1862), 
 produced at Covent Garden in 1832. 
 
 Hundred Merry Tales, A. Print- 
 ed about 1525 by John Kastell. Merry 
 Tales and Quick Answers appeared about 
 
 1535. 
 
 Hungarian Brothers, The. A 
 
 romance by Miss Anna Mabia Poktee, 
 published in 1807. 
 
 Hunnis, William (d. 1568), pub- 
 lished Certayne Psalmes Chosen out of ike 
 Psalter of David and drawenforth into Eng~ 
 iish meter (1650) ; VJI Steppes to Heaven, 
 alias the vij [penitential} psalmes reduced- 
 into meter ; with The Bonny Succles and 
 the Wydoes myfe (1581) ; the latter being 
 afterwards reprinted as Seven Sobs of a 
 Sorrowful Soul for Sin; a Handful of 
 Honeysuckles ; Jiecreations on Adams Ban- 
 ishment; Christ his Cribh and the Lost 
 Sheep (1588); and a Hive full of Honey (1578); 
 besides contributions to The Paradise of 
 Dainty Devises (1576) ; to The Princelie . 
 Pleasures at Kenilworth (1575) ; and Eng- 
 land's Helicon (1600). See Handful op 
 Honeysuckles ; Hive full of Honey, 
 A ; Seven Sobs of a Soreowful Soul 
 for Sin. 
 
 Hunt, Frederick Knight, jour- 
 nalist (b. 1814, d. 1855), was the author of 
 Tlie fourth Estate., Contributions toward a 
 Historif of Newspapers (1850). He was 
 sub-editor of the Daily News, under 
 Charles Dickens (1846), and afterwards: 
 editor. 
 
 Hunt, James Henry Leigh, poet 
 and prose writer, (b. 1784, d. 1859), pub- 
 lished The Feast of ike Poets (1814) ; The 
 Descent of Liberty (1815) ; Bacchus in Tus- 
 cany (1816) ; Hero and Leander (1816) ; 
 Francesca da Rimini ^,1816); Ultra Crepida- 
 rius (1819) ; Amyntas (1820) ; Recollections 
 of Lord Byron (1828) ; Sir Ralph JEsher 
 (1832) ; Ckbptain Sword and Captain Pen 
 (1839) ; A Legend of Florence (1840) ; TJie 
 Palfrey (1842); Ckristianism (1846); JV/eJi,- 
 Women, and Books (1847); The Town (1848); 
 Autobiography (1850) ; The Religion of the 
 Heart (1853) ; Stones in Verse (1855) ; The 
 Old Court Suburb (1855) ; Table Talk,- A 
 Jar of Honey from Mount Hyiila ; A Tale 
 for the Chimney Comer; WiBking Cap 
 Papers ; and A Day by the Fire. He was 
 also the compiler, with notes, of Wit and 
 Humour and Imagination and Fancy. He_ 
 edited the Examiner from 1808 to 1821, 
 also conducting, and almost entirely writ- 
 ing, the following periodicals :—The Liter- 
 art/ Exami/ner (1817) ; The Indicator (1819 
 —21); The Companimi (1828); The Tatler 
 (1830—2); The London Journal (1834^5); 
 and The Reflector. " Leigh Hunt," says 
 Alexander Smith, " was a poet as well as 
 an essayist, and he carried his poetic fancy 
 with him into prose, where it shone like 
 some splendid bird of the tropics among 
 the sober denizens of the farmyard. He 
 
330 
 
 HUN 
 
 HUNT 
 
 loved the comitry : but one almost sus- 
 pects that his love for the country might 
 be resolved into likinga for cream, butter, 
 strawberries, sunshine, and hay-swathes 
 to tumble in. If he did not, like Words- 
 worth, carry in his heart the silence of 
 wood and fell, he at all events carried a 
 gilliflower jauntily in his button-hole. He 
 was neither a town poet and essayist, nor 
 a country poet and essayist : he was a 
 mixture of both— a suburban poet and 
 essayist. Above all places in the world he 
 loved Hampstead. His essays are gay and 
 cheerful as suburban villas — the piano is 
 touched within, there are trees and flow- 
 ers outside, but tlie city is not far distant, 
 prosiacinterests are ever intruding, visitors 
 are constantly dropping in. His essays 
 are not poetically conceived : they deal 
 — with the exception of that lovely one on 
 the ' Death of Little Children ' —with dis- 
 tinctly mundane and common-place mat- 
 ters ; but his charm is in this, that be the 
 subject what it may, immediately troops of 
 fancies search land and sea and the range 
 of the poets for its endorsement,— just as, 
 in the old English villages on May-morn- 
 ijig, shoals of rustics went forth to the 
 w.oods,and brought home hawthorns for the 
 dressing of door and window. Hunt is al- 
 ways cheerful and chatty. He defends 
 himself agamst the evils of life with pretty 
 thoughts. He believes that the world is 
 good, and that men and women are good 
 too. His essays are much less valuable 
 than Lamb's, because they are neither so 
 .peculiar, uor do they touch the reader so 
 deeply ; but they are full of colour and 
 wit." See Book of the Sonnet, The ; 
 Fkakcesoa da RIMI^'I ; Legend of 
 Florence, A ; Old Court SuBxriiB, 
 The ; Falfrev, The ; Poets, Feast op 
 The ; Ralph Esher, Sir ; Religion of 
 THE Heart, The ; Sword, Captain, 
 AND Captain Pen ; Town, The. 
 
 Hunt, Jeremiah, D.D., Dissenting 
 
 divine (b. 1678, d. 1744), published An Es- 
 say towards explaining the History and 
 Jievelations ojT tae Scripture in their Several 
 Periods^ besides other works collected 
 aft^r his death. 
 
 Hunt, Robert (b. 1807), has pub- 
 lished Researches on Light, The Poetry of 
 I Science^ Mineral Statistics, and many sci- 
 entific works. 
 
 Hunt, Thomas, D.D., HebraiRt (b. 
 1696, d. 1774), author of Observations on sev- 
 eral Passages in tJte Book of Proverbs, pub- 
 lished an edition of the works of Dr. 
 Hooper ; also some Arabic fragments, and 
 Latin speeches on Arabic. 
 
 fiunted DoTw-n. A tale by 
 Charles Dickens (1812—1870), which, 
 before it appeared in All the Year Pound 
 for August 4 and 11, 1860, had been run- 
 ning for six months in the New York Led- 
 ger, the publisher of which had paid the 
 
 writer £1,000 for the privilege. The story 
 is of an unusually sensational, character, 
 and relates how Juhus Slinkton, havine 
 effected an assurance on the life of Alfred 
 Beckwith, endeavours to poison the latter, 
 in order to get the money, but, being foiled 
 in the attempt, commits suicide. The nar- 
 rator is a Mr. Sampson, chief manager of 
 the insurance ofiice. 
 
 Hunter, Anne, wife of Jolin Hun- 
 ter, the anatomist (b. 1742, d. 1821), was 
 the author of a volume of Songs (1802), 
 of which " My mother bids me bind my 
 hair,*' is the best known. 
 
 Hunter, Henry, D.B., Scottisli di- 
 vine (b. 1741, d. 1802), was the author of 
 Sacred Biography (1784;, Sermons aud 
 Translations. 
 
 Hunter in his Career, The. See 
 
 Old Tom of Bedlam. 
 
 Hunter, John, Professor at St. 
 Andrew's (b. 1747, d. 1837), published edi- 
 tions of Horace (1797), Virgil (1800), and 
 Juvenal (1806), See The Edijiburgh Re- 
 view, vol. iii. Heyne, the German critic, 
 spoke highly of the edition of Virgil. 
 
 Hunter, Joseph, antiquary, and 
 Presbyterian minister (b. 1783 d. 1861), was 
 the author of Hallamshire : the History and 
 Topography of the Parish qf Sheffield 
 (1819) ; South Yorkshire; the History and 
 Topogrtmhy of the Deanery of Doncaster 
 (1828—51) J and Illustrations qf Sliake- 
 speare. 
 
 Hunter, Mr. and Mrs. Leo. See 
 Leo Hunter, Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 Hunter, Robert, Governor of Ja- 
 maica (d. 1734), was the author of a Letter 
 on Enthusiasm. 
 
 Hunter, William, M.D., physi- 
 cian and anatomist (b. 1718, d. 1783), was 
 the founder of the Hunterian Museum, 
 and author of various professional works. 
 See the Life by Simmons (1783). 
 
 Hunting of Cupid, The, by 
 George Feele ; published in 1591. 
 
 Hunting a' the Cheviat, The. 
 
 See Chevy Chase. 
 
 Hunting, The Bokys of. See 
 Hawking and Hunting, 
 
 Huntington, Frederic Daniel, 
 
 D.D., Bishop of Central New York (b. 1819), 
 has published Lessons on the Parables, 
 Sermons for the People, Christian Living 
 and Believing, Helps to a Living Faith, 
 and other works. 
 
 Huntingdon, Henry of, ardidea- 
 con, and historian, flourishedin the middle 
 of the twelfth century, and is best known 
 by his History of England to the Death {^f 
 Stephen, founded to a large exteut upon 
 
HUN 
 
 HTJT 
 
 331- 
 
 Bede and GeofErey of Monmouth, and edit- 
 ed by Sir Henry Savile in 1596. It was 
 translated in J 853 by Thomas Forrester. 
 See the Life, of Henry by Smith. Henry 
 wrote on Tlie Contempt qf the World and 
 other subjects, both in prose and verse. 
 
 Huutmgton, Robert, D.D., Bish- 
 op of Eaphoe (b. 1636, d. 1701) ; was the 
 discoverer of the valuable manuscripts 
 which enrich the Bodleian and other libra- 
 ries. His jonly publication was a paper 
 in The Philosophical TranHOctions, 161. 
 See the Life by Dr. Smith (1704). 
 
 Huntington, 'William, " Sinner 
 Saved," as he termed himself (b. 1744, d. 
 1S13),' was at one time a popular preacher, 
 and was the author of a gredt number of 
 theological treatises. His Works were 
 published by his son, and have been re- 
 printed. 
 
 Hunton Nicholas, Nonconformist 
 minister, published in 1643 — 44 a Treatise 
 £»i Monarchy J arguing that the sovereignty 
 of England is in the Three Estates^King, 
 Lords, and Commons. 
 
 '* Hunts in dreams, Like a dog, 
 he." — Tennyson, Lochsley Hall, 
 
 Hurd, Richard, D.D., successive- 
 ly Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, and 
 Worcester (b. 1720, d. 1808), is chiefly re- 
 membered as the author of l>lalogues, 
 -Moral and Political, and of an annotated 
 edition of the Ars Poetica of Horace. He 
 also published Sermons and Letters on 
 Chivalry and Ro7na/nce. See the lAves by 
 himself and Kilvert. See Wabbubton. 
 
 Hurdis, James, D.D., poet and 
 theologian (b. 1763, d. 1801), was the author 
 
 of The Village Cv/rate (1788) ; Adriano 
 Q790); Panthea ; Elmer and Ophelia; 
 The Orphan Twins; and a tragedy, en- 
 titled sir Thomas M<yre, 
 
 Hurlothrumbo : "or, the Super- 
 natural." A play by Samuel Johnson" 
 (b, 1705, d. 1773) ; " an absurd compound 
 of extravagant incidents and unconnected 
 dialogues." 
 
 Hurt of Sedition, The: "how 
 grievous it is to a Commonwealth." A 
 pamphlet by Sir John Cheke (1514^ 
 1557), published in 1549, and intended to 
 reprove the people who had risen in rebel- 
 lion under Ket the Tanner. 
 
 " Hurt that Honour feels, The." 
 
 Tennyson, Locksley Hall. 
 
 Hushai. A character jn Absalom 
 and Achitophel (q.v.), intended for Hyde, 
 Earl of Rochester. 
 
 Hutcheson, Francis, LIi.D., Pro- 
 fessor at Glasgow (b. 1694, d. 1747), was the 
 author of An Inquiry into the Original of 
 tywr Ideas qf Beauty and Virtue (1725) ; An 
 Essay on the Natv/re and Conduct qf the 
 
 Passions, with Illustrations of the . Moral 
 Sense (1728); Philosophies Moralls Institutio 
 Compendiarla (1742) ; Hejlections on Lauglw 
 ter (1750) ; and A System of Moral Philoso- 
 
 fihy (1755). See the Life by Leechman 
 1755). "In Hutcheson's doctrine of the 
 internal sense and the moral sense, we 
 find," says Professor Fraser, '* that habitr 
 ual appeal to common reason which marks 
 the philosophy of Reid . The vindication, 
 as essential elements of human nature, of 
 the benevolent affections, and of an in- 
 stinctive determination to be pleased by-^ 
 beauty and by virtue, arfe fundamental 
 parts of the teaching of Hutchesou." 
 
 Hutchins, Rev. John, topogra- 
 pher fb. 1698, d. 1773), was the author of 
 The History and Antiquities of the County 
 of Dorset (1774 and 1815). ' 
 
 Hutchinson, John, philosopher 
 
 (b.-1674, d. 1637), was the author tof the' 
 system called Hutchinsonianism, which 
 is chiefly embodied in his Moses Principia 
 (1724 and 1727). " This worlc," says Carew 
 Hazlitt, " propounds, in opposition to the' 
 Newtonian theory of gravitation, the dog- 
 ma of plenum and air. The leading 
 idea in the author^s mind seems to 
 have been, that the Hebrew Scrip- 
 tures contaiiied the elements and 
 root of all reli^on and philosophy ; 
 and, starting at this point, he acquired a 
 habit of reading in every radix of the 
 primeval language some recondite and 
 momentous signihcation, and of constru- 
 ing holy writ in its typical, not jts literal 
 sense." Hutchinson was the author of 
 several other works. Some autohiographi' 
 cal particulars are contained in his Trea- 
 tise of Power, Essential and Mechanical. 
 
 Hutchinson, Lucy (b. 1620, d. 
 1659), was the authoress of Memoirs of her 
 husband. Colonel Hutchinson, which, 
 though one of the most admirable bio- 
 graphies in the language, was not pub- 
 fished until 1806. 
 
 Hutton, Henry. See Follie's 
 
 Anatomie- 
 
 Huttoii, James, geologist (b. 1726, 
 
 d. 1797), was the author of what is called 
 tiie Plutonian theory of the earth, em- 
 bodied in his Theory of the Earth, pub- 
 lished in 1795. He wrote several other 
 books. 
 
 Hutton, Richard Holt. See 
 Spectator, The. 
 
 Hutton, William, (b. 1722, d. 
 1815), wrote a History of Birmingham, 
 several topographical works, and some 
 poems. His best known book, however, 
 IS his autobiography, entitled The Life of 
 William Hutton, Stationer, of Bij'mingham 
 amd the History of his Family, written by 
 Aimsc?/ (1816). This was reprinted, with 
 notes, in 1841. 
 
332 
 
 MUX 
 
 HYP 
 
 Huxley, Thomas Henry, IiL.D., 
 
 Professor of Natural History (b. 1825), has 
 publislied Man^s Place in Natwre (1863) ; 
 Lectures on Comparative Anatomy (1864) ; 
 Le.ssons on Elementary Physiology" (1866) ; 
 Lay Sermons and Addresses, ana Jievieivs 
 fl870) ; Critiques and Addresses (1873) ; 
 Mlenientary Biology (1875) ; American Lec- 
 tures and Addresses (1877) ; and . other 
 works. 
 
 " Hyacinthine locks." — Paradise 
 XiOsfi book iv., line 301. 
 
 Hyanisbe, in Barclay's romance 
 of Argenis (q.v-), " is thought," says Alli- 
 bone, " to resemble in some traits Eliza- 
 beth of England." 
 
 Hyde, Ed'ward. See Clarendon, 
 Earl of. 
 
 Hyde, Henry, second Earl of 
 Clarendon (b. 1638, d. 1709), was the author 
 of a History of the Irish Rebellion, 
 
 Hyde, Henry, tliird Earl of Clar- 
 endon, and second Earl of Rochester, was 
 the author of a comedy called The Mistakes, 
 printed in 1758. 
 
 Hyde, Thomas, D.D., Orientalist 
 
 and scholar (b. 1636. d. 1703), wrote 
 
 Veterum Persartim et Medorum Jieligionis 
 
 Historia, De Ludis OrientalibuSf and other 
 
 ' works. 
 
 Hydrotaphia : " or, a Discourse of 
 the Sepulchral Urns lately found in Nor- 
 folk." A treatise on the funeral rites of 
 ancient nations, by Sir Thomas Browxe. 
 Inferior to the Religio Medici, '* there is 
 perhaps none of his works which better 
 exemplifies his reading or memory." It 
 was published in 1658. 
 
 Hymen's Triumph: "apastorall 
 tragi-comoedie," by Samuel Daniel ; 
 printed in 1615, and quoted by Lamb in his 
 Specimens qfthe Dramatic Poets. 
 
 Hymn before Sunrise, in the 
 
 Vale of Ghamoimi. By Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge. 
 
 Hymns, or Sacred Songs, by 
 
 Alexaz^der Hume ; published in 1599. 
 
 Hymns, " in Honour of Love and 
 Beauty." Two poems by EmtUND Spen- 
 ser, in which he glorifies the Platonic doc- 
 trines, and asserts that the fairest soul 
 inhabits ttie fairest body : 
 
 '* For oil that's good is beautiful and fair." 
 
 To counteract their effect, the poet after- 
 wards wrote two hymns on Heavenly Love 
 and Heavenly Beauty. 
 
 Hymns, " for Morning, Noon, and 
 Evening-." By Thomas Parxell. 
 
 Hymns of Homer. Ili/mn to Mer- 
 cury; To Venus, and others.' Translated 
 by the poot Shellry. 
 
 Hynd Horn. See Horn, Thb 
 Geste op King. 
 
 Hynghus. See Mankind. 
 
 Hypatia. A novel by the Rev. 
 Charles Kingsley (1819— 1875), the scene 
 of which is laid in Alexandria, at a time 
 when Christianity was gaining ground 
 against Paganism and the neo-Pla'tonism 
 of the schools, Hypatia herself was born 
 about the year 370, and, after attracting to 
 her lectures on philosophy a large and 
 brilliant auditory, was torn to pieces by 
 the rabble of her native city in 415. See 
 Canon Kingsley's essays on Alexa/ndria 
 and her Schools, published in 1857. Hypa- 
 tia appeared in 1853. 
 
 Hyperaphanii. The, in Barclay's 
 
 Argenis {q.Y .), st,Te intended to typify the 
 Huguenots oi Henry IV. 's era. 
 
 Hypercritica : "or, a Rule of 
 Judgment for Writing or Heading our 
 Histories," by Edmund Bolton : written 
 in 1617, and reprinted in vol. ii. or Annient 
 Critical Essays upon English Poets and 
 Poesy. 
 
 Hyperion. A poem hy John 
 Keats (1796— 1S21) ; "a noble fragment,'* 
 as Leigh Hunt terms it ; " not faultless, 
 but nearly so." Lord Byron declared it to 
 be ** actually inspired by the Titans, and 
 as sublime as ^schylus." But the poet 
 himself thought much less highly of it, 
 " I have given up Hyperion," he writes ; 
 " there are too many Miltonic inversions 
 in it. Miltonic verse cannot be written 
 but in an artful, or rather in an artist's 
 humour." 
 
 " Hyperion to a Satyr V — Hamht, 
 act i., scene ii. 
 
 Hyerion : " a Romance," in four 
 books, by Henky Wadswobth Long- 
 fellow (b. 1807). This work, which was 
 the result of an extensivetourin Germany, 
 was published in 1839, and, with much 
 that is purely fanciful and imaginative, 
 contains much that came within the actual 
 experience of the author, who is repre- 
 sented, idealised, in the chai acter of Paul 
 Flemniing (q.v.). The episode with Mary 
 Ashburton is supposed to have reference 
 to a real occurrence. The book is full of 
 description and of eloquent discussion, be- 
 sides being interspersed with snatches of 
 legend and song, 
 
 "Hyperion's curls, the front of 
 
 Jove liimself. "—^amie^ act iii., scene 4. 
 In mythology, Hyperion was one of the 
 Titans, son Of Coelus and Terra, and father 
 of Sol, Luna, and Aurora. 
 
 Hypocrite, The. A comedv by 
 COLLEY CiBBER, founded on Molifere'B 
 Tartvffe, and afterwards altered for thd 
 modern stage by Isaac BickerstafE in 1768. 
 
 Hypognosticou. A Scriptural 
 
HTT 
 
 333 
 
 history iu nine books, written in Latin 
 elegiacs, by Laubesce, a monk of Durham 
 (d. 1154). 
 
 Hythloday, Raphael. The mj-tli- 
 ioal traveller from whom Sir Thomas 
 Mobe: (1478 — 1535), professed to have re- 
 ceived an account of the island of Utopia 
 
 "I am his Highness's dog at 
 Kew." — See '■ DOG AT Kew, I AM his 
 
 HlGHKESS'S." 
 
 " I am not one ■who much or 
 oft delight." — Sonnet on Personal Talk^ by 
 William Woedsworth j written in 
 1846. 
 
 "I bring fresh showers for the 
 
 thirsting flowers." — TAe Cloudy by Percy 
 BrsSHE Shelley, written in 1820. 
 
 "I built my soul a lordly 
 
 pleasure-house." — The Palace qf Art, by 
 Alfred Tbnxyson. 
 
 "I cannot change as others do." 
 
 First line of Constancy, a song by John 
 WiLMOT, Earl of Koohesteb (1647—1680) : 
 
 ** No, Phyllis, no ; your heart to move 
 A surer way I'll try ; 
 And to revenge my Elishted love 
 Will still love on, will still love on, and die." 
 
 " I cannot deem why men toil 
 
 so for fame." First line of a sonnet by 
 Alexandeb Smith (1830—1869) : 
 
 " Ah I 'tis our spirit's cnrse to strive and seek ; 
 Although its heart is rich in pearls and ores, 
 The sea complains upon a thousand shores ; 
 8ea-like, we moan for ever." 
 
 " I cannot eat but little meat." 
 
 First line .of a drinking song in the comedy 
 of Qammer Gurton's Needle (q.v.), act ii, 
 
 "I come from haunts of coot 
 
 and hem."— rAe Brook, by Alfred Ten- 
 irysoisr. 
 
 "I could not love thee, dear, so 
 much." A line in Lovelace's song To 
 Imcasta : — 
 
 " Loved I not honour more." 
 
 " I dare do all that may become 
 
 a man." — Macbeth, act i., scene 7. 
 
 "I'd be a butterfly, bom iu a 
 bower." First line of a song by Thomas 
 Haykes Bayly (1797—1839). 
 
 " I do confess thou'rt smooth 
 
 and fair." A lyric by Sir Egbert Ayto>" 
 (1570— 1638) jprinted anonymously in Lawes' 
 Aifresand Duiloi/itres OG69), andinWatson's 
 Collection of Scottish Poems (1706—11). 
 
 "I envy not in any moods." — 
 Sect. xxTiC oE In ManlorUim (q.v.), by 
 AUFBBD TENKyaow. 
 
 " I fear thy kisses gentle maid- 
 en." The -first line of a lyric by Pebot 
 BvssBE Shelley. 
 
 " I had a message to send her." 
 
 First line of The Message, a lyric, by 
 Adelaide Anhe Pboctee. 
 
 " I had a vision Mvhen the night 
 
 was late."— ..4 Vision of Sin, by Alfeed 
 Teuhyson. 
 
 " I hae a wife o' my ain." First 
 line otj^aebody, a song by Robert BuENs, 
 written when lie brought his wife home to 
 EUisland. 
 
 "I hate the dreadful hollo-w be- 
 hind the little wood." The opening line of 
 Maud (q.v.), by Alfred TenhysoN. 
 
 "I have seen higher, nobler 
 
 things than these." — " To koAoc," a lyric 
 by Aethur Hugh Cloitgh. 
 
 " I heard the trailing garments 
 
 of the night." First line of a Hymn to the 
 Night, by Henry Wadsworth Long- 
 fellow. 
 
 "I hold it truth, ■with him ■who 
 
 sings.'* Section i. of In Memoriam (q.v.,) 
 by Alfred Tennyson. The passage may 
 be held to apply either to St. Augustine or 
 to the poet Longfellow (" St. Augustine's 
 Ladder "), thou^ the allusion is most 
 probably to the latter. 
 
 " I kno^w a bank." See Bakk, I 
 
 know a. 
 "I kno^w a maiden, fairto see." 
 
 First line of Beware ! a lyric, translated 
 from the German, by Henry 'Wads- 
 wobth Longfellow : 
 
 " She has two eyes so soft and brown. 
 
 Take care I 
 She gives a side-glance and looks down, 
 
 Beware I beware I 
 Trust her not, 
 She is fooling thee I " 
 
 "I lothe that I did love." The 
 first line of a poem included in the Earl of 
 Surrey's works, and attributed by George 
 Gascoigne to Lord Vaux. Shakespeare 
 took three stanzas from it for the grave- 
 digger's song in Hamlet^ act v. 
 
 " I love thee \ I love thee ! " A 
 lyric hy Thomas Hood. 
 
 " I loved thee once ; I'll love no 
 more." A lyric, On Woman's Iiiconstmic^f 
 by Sir Robert Ayton (1570—1638). 
 
 " I met a traveller from an an- 
 tique land." First line of Ozymandias. a 
 Bonnet, by Percy Bysshe Shelley, writ- 
 ten in 1817. 
 
 "I ne'er could any lustre see." 
 First line of a song in Sheridan's comic 
 opera, The I>uennaj act i., scene ii. j writ- 
 ten in the same spirit as that of wither'es 
 Sfiall I, wasting in despair ?— 
 
334 
 
 IDS 
 
 " Must T, with nttentiTG eye, 
 Watch her heavinz bosom sigh 7 
 1 will do so when 1 see 
 That heaving bosom sigh for me." 
 
 " I prythee send me back my 
 heart." Song by Sir JoHir Sdcklikg 
 (1609—1641). 
 
 " I remember, I remember." A 
 
 lyric by Thomas Hood, written in 1817. 
 W. M. Praed has alao a poem commenc- 
 ing with tliiB line. 
 
 " I saw thee weep — the big 
 
 bright tear." First line of one of 
 Byron's Hehrew Melodies (q.v.). 
 
 " I see the ■wealthy miller yet." 
 The Miller's Daughter, by Alfred Tenny- 
 soir. 
 
 "I sent for Radcliffe; was so 
 
 ill." First line of The Remedy worse than 
 the Disease, by Matthew Prior (1664— 
 1721) :— 
 
 " Cur'd yesterday of my disease, 
 I dy'd last night of my physician." 
 
 " I sometimes hold it half a sin." 
 In Memoriam, sect, v., by Alfred Texny- 
 
 SON. 
 
 "I sprang to the stirrup, and 
 
 Joris, and he." First line of ifow they 
 hrtmght the good News from Ghent to Aix 
 (q.v). 
 
 " I stood in Venice, on the 
 
 Bridge of Sighs." First line of the fourth 
 canto of Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrim- 
 age (q.v.). 
 
 " I stood on a tower in the 
 
 wet." " 1865—1866," by Alfred Tekny- 
 BON ; published in 1868. 
 
 '' I stood on the bridge at mid- 
 night." First line of The Bridge, a lyric, 
 by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. 
 
 "I stood upon the mountain 
 which o'erloolcs." — Timbuctoo, a prize 
 poem, by Alfred Tennyson, published 
 in 1829, but not reprinted in the English 
 editions of his works. 
 
 " I thought how once Theocri- 
 tus had sung." First line of a Sonnet/rom 
 the I'artugnese, by Elizabeth Barrett 
 Bbownino (1809—1861). 
 
 " I waited for the train at Cov- 
 entry."— Godiuo, by Alfred Tenny-son. 
 
 lachimo. An Italian in Ci/mbeline 
 (q.v.), whose treachery brings so inuch 
 misery upon Imogen (q.v.). 
 
 lago, in Othello (q.v.), is tlie "an- 
 cient" of the Moor, and by his macWna- 
 tionS, working upon the jealousy of Othello, 
 finally procures the death of Desdemona 
 (q.v.). "A more artful villain than this 
 lago," says Schlegel, "was never pour- 
 tiayed ; he BpTea<u bis nets with a skiU 
 
 which nothing can escape. The repug- 
 nance inspired by his aims becomes toler- 
 able from the attention of the spectators 
 being directed to his mean^ ; these furnish 
 endless employment to the understanding. 
 Cool, discontented^ and morose, arrogant 
 where he dares to be so^ but humble and 
 insinuating when it suits his pui-pose, he 
 is a complete master in the art of dissimu- 
 lation ; accessible only to selfish emotions^ 
 he is thoroughly skilled in rousing the 
 passions of others, and of availing himself 
 of every openings which they give him. He 
 is as excellent an observer of men as any 
 one can be who is unacquainted with 
 higher motives of action from his own ex- 
 perience ; there is always some truth in 
 his malicious observations on them. Ho 
 does not merely pretend an obdurate in- 
 credulity as to the virtue of women : ho 
 actually entertains it ; and tliis, too, falls 
 in with his vfhole way of thinking, and 
 makes liim the more fit for the execution 
 of his purpose. As in everything he sees 
 merely the hateful side, he mssolves-in the 
 rudest manner the charm which the im- 
 agination casts over the relation between 
 the two sexes ; he does so for the purpose 
 of revolting Othello's senses, whose heart 
 might otherwise have easily convinced him 
 of Desderaona's innocence." 
 
 lanthe. The nom de plume under 
 which Mrs. Embury, the American 
 authoress, has contributed to periodical 
 literature in the United States. See Eu- 
 BURY, Mrs. 
 
 Ibbot, Benjamin, CD. (b. 1680, 
 d. 17:6). Author of Boyle Lectures (1713 
 — 14), and Sermons, SeeXi/fe by Clarke. 
 
 Icon, Animarum, by John Bar- 
 clay (1582—1621) ; published in 1614, is a 
 description of the manners and customs of 
 the nations of Europe, varied by remarks, 
 of a moral and philosophical nature, on 
 the peculiarities of mankind. 
 
 Ida. The name of the " princess " 
 in Tennyson's poem of The Princess 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Idea of a Patriot King; The. A 
 
 prose work by Henry- St. John, Viscount 
 BoLiNQBROKE (1678 — 1761), pubhshed dur- 
 inghis lifetime, with a preface, ostensibly 
 bytoavid Mallet, but really by Bolingbroke 
 himself, assailing Pope in the most oppro- 
 brious tei-ms, because, after tlie death of 
 the poet, it was discovered that he had 
 ordered 1,500 copies of the work to be 
 printed for private circulation. 
 
 Ideal or Intelligible 'World, An 
 
 Essay towards the Theory of, by John 
 NORRis (1657—1711) ; published in 1701, and 
 followed by a second part in 1704. This, 
 "the philosophical master-piece" of lis 
 aiithor, " was occasioned," says Professor 
 Fraser, "by Locke's Essay [on Human 
 Undeistandiug], the increasing popularity 
 
IDE 
 
 IMA 
 
 336 
 
 of which, induced him to devote his 
 Btrength to an exposition of the mincipled 
 he had learned in the school of Plato, St. 
 Augustine, and Malebraiiche." In the 
 first part, the world of ideas is considered 
 absolutely hy itself ; in the second, the 
 aame world is viewed relatively to human 
 Understanding. The whole treatise "is 
 the theme of one of the poatliumoua works 
 of Locke, who was naturally repelled, hy 
 his own clear and logical temper, from the 
 reveries of a devout transcendentalist." 
 
 Ideas. A series of sonnets, hy 
 Michael DitAYTON, published in 1593. 
 
 Idiot boy, The. A poem by 
 William Wokdswobth, written in 1798. 
 
 "Idle as a painted ship, As." 
 Coleridge, The Atici&nt Mariner, partii. 
 
 Idojrne and Amadas. An old 
 English romance referred to by GowEK 
 in a prologue to Cursor Mwndi. 
 
 Idylls of the King. A poem by 
 
 Alfred Tennyson, the first portions of 
 which appeared in 1859. This consisted of 
 the Idylls entitled Enid, Vivien, Elaine, 
 and Guinevere, The author had printed 
 
 ■ in 1842 a fragment called Morte d'AHliur, 
 afterwards incorporated in The PasaiTtg of 
 Arthur, and it is said that JJ^tirf^and Viv- 
 ien were privately piirited in 1857 under 
 the title of jEnirf awn Niinue: or, the True 
 .and the False (Fortnightly Jieview, no. x.). 
 Since 1859 the number of the Idylls has 
 been gradually increased by successive 
 publications, until they now include the 
 followiug. in the order as ffilven. in the last 
 edition of the poem :— Dedication, The 
 Coming of Arthur, Gareth and Lynette, 
 Geraint and Enid, Merlin and Vivien, 
 Lancelot and Elaine, The Holy Grail, 
 Pelleas and Etarre, The Last TowmOf 
 rnent, Guinevere, The Passing of Arthur, 
 To the Queen. See Arthur, King ; 
 
 - Elaine ; Enid ; Etarre ; Gareth ; 
 Geraint ; Grail, The Holy ; Guine- 
 vere ; Lancelot ; Merlin j Vivien j 
 and others. 
 
 " If all the -world and love -were 
 
 young." First line of Sir "Walter Ra- 
 leigh's reply to the Passionate Shep- 
 herd (q.v.). 
 
 " If -women could be fair, and 
 yet not fond." A lyric by Edward de 
 Verb, Earl of Oxford (1545—1604), 
 
 Igerna. Wife of Gorlois, Duke of 
 Tintagil, and father of King Arthur, by 
 Uther, King of Britain, who was enabled, 
 by the act of Merlin, to assume the shape 
 of Gorlois. Such is the legend ; but Ten- 
 nyson, in his Idylls of the King, makes 
 IJther conquer and slay Gorlois, and forci- 
 bly make Igema his wife. The poet spells 
 
 IgnQramus. , A Latin comedy, 
 written by George Ruggle (1575—1622), 
 and twice acted before King t^mes I, It 
 arose out of a dispute between the Town 
 and the University of Cambridge 1611, as 
 to whether tlie mayor of the one or the 
 chancellor of the other was entitled to 
 precedence; and its unsparing ridicule of 
 the legal profession is owing to the promi- 
 nent a,nd unpopular part taken in the 
 controversy by the Recorder of Cam- 
 bridge. Ignoramus was printed in 1662, iii 
 1789, and again in 1797, with an English 
 prologue a^id epilogue. 
 
 "Ignorance is bliss ("Where), 
 'tis folly to be wise."— Gray, On a I>iS' 
 tant Prospect of Eton College. 
 
 " Ignorance our comfort flo-ws. 
 From." A line in Prior's verses To 
 
 Charles Montague : — 
 
 " The only -wretched are the wise." 
 
 Iliad, The. See Homer.- 
 
 " 111 blows the -wind that profits 
 
 nobody," — King Henry VI., part ill. act ii., 
 scene 5. Tusser, in his Hondredth Points 
 t^ Husbandrie, ta-s : "It is an ill wind 
 that turns none to good." 
 
 "HI fares the land, to hastening 
 
 ills a prey." Line 51, in Goldsmith's 
 poem of The Deserted Village (si.v.\ 
 
 '* Hl-favoured thing, sir, but 
 mine own, An." — As Toil Like It, act v., 
 scene 4. Touchstone (q. v.) thus speaks of 
 Audley (q. v.). 
 
 "His the scholar's life assail, 
 
 There mark what." — Johssow, Vanity qf 
 Human Wishes : 
 
 " Toil, envy, ■want, the patron, and the jail." 
 
 Illustrations of Political Ilcon- 
 
 omy." A series of tales " with a moral," 
 by Harriet Martineau . (1802—1876), 
 published in 1832, and followed, in 1834, by 
 Xllustrations of tne Poor Laws and of Tax- 
 ation. 
 
 Illustrious Stranger, The. A 
 melodrama by James Kenkey (1780— 
 1849), produced in 1827. 
 
 lUustrium majoris BritaHnige 
 
 Scriptorium Sumniarium, hy John BALE, 
 Bishop of OssoRY (q. v.). Perhaps the 
 earliest biographical "work in English 
 literature. It. seems to have been "orig- 
 inally undertaken by Bale as a vehicle of 
 his sentiments in religion, and it is not 
 only full of misrepresentations and par- 
 tialities, but of several inaccuracies, pro- 
 ceeding from negligence or misinforma- 
 tion." Still it is a valuable work. 
 
 "niyriaii -woodlands, echoing 
 falls.— ro E. L., a lyric hy Alfred Ten- 
 nyson. 
 
833 
 
 IMA 
 
 IN 
 
 — A Midsummer NigliVs lyream, act v., 
 scene 1, 
 
 " Imagination for his facts, To 
 his." Shisbidas, in the course of his re- 
 ply to a speech by Dundas, said that " the 
 right honorable gentleman was indebted to 
 his memory for his jests, and to his imag- 
 ination for his facts." 
 
 Imitatione Christi, Se. See 
 
 Kempis, A. 
 
 Imitations of English Poets, by 
 
 Alexandeb Pope (1688—1744 ; " done by 
 the author in his youth." They include 
 imitations of Chaucer, Spenser, "Waller, 
 Cowley, Rochester, Swift, &c. 
 
 Imlac. A cliiiracter in Dr. John- 
 son's romance of Rasaelas (q. t,). 
 
 "Immemorial elms. The moan 
 
 of doves in."— Tenmyson, The Princess, 
 canto vii. 
 
 " Immodest -words admit of no 
 
 defence." A line in Roscommon's Essay 
 on Translated Verse. 
 
 "Immortal scandals fly. On 
 
 eafles' wings." A line in satire ix. of 
 Stephen Habvey's translation of Ju- 
 venal : — 
 
 " While virtuous actions are but bom and die." 
 
 " Immortal with a kiss." — Mar- 
 lowe's Faustus (q.v.). 
 
 Immortality, Intimations of. 
 
 See Intimations of Immortality. 
 
 Immortality of the Soul. See 
 
 NOSOE Teipsdm. 
 
 Immutable Morality. See In- 
 tellectual System of the Universe, 
 The True. 
 
 Imogen, the lieroine of Shakes- 
 peare's play of Ci/mbelhi^ (Q-v.), is de- 
 scribed by Hazlitt as, "of all Shakespeare's 
 women, perhaps the most tender and the 
 most artless." " In her character," says 
 Schlegel, " no one feature of female excel- 
 lence is omitted ; her chaste tenderness, 
 her softness, her virgin pride, her bound- 
 less resiffnation, and her magnanimity 
 towards her mistaken husband [Posthu- 
 mus], by whom she is unjustly persecuted, 
 her adventures in disguise, her apparent 
 death, and her recovery, form altogether a 
 picture equally tender and affecting." 
 
 Imogens, The Pair. Tlie lieroine 
 of a ballad, by Matthew Gregory Lew- 
 is (1775-1818), entitled Alonzo the Brave 
 and tile Fair Imogene (q.v.). 
 
 Imoinda. Tlie lieroine of Mrs. 
 Behn's History of OronoOko (q.v.). 
 
 " Imparadised in one another's 
 arms." — Paradise Lost, book iv., line 606. _ 
 
 Imperfect Sympathies- One of 
 
 the Essays of Elia (q.v.), by Charles 
 Lamb (1776—1834), containing the famous 
 character of Scotchmen, which begins, "I 
 have been trying all my life to like Scotch- 
 men, and am obliged to desist from the 
 experiment in despair." 
 
 " Imperfections on my head, 
 
 With all my." — Hamlet^ act 1., scene 5. 
 
 " Imperial Csesar, dead and 
 
 turned to clay." — Hamlet, act. v., scene 1. 
 
 Imperium Pelagi. "A naval 
 lyric," by Edward Young (1684-1765), 
 written in imitation of Pindar, and " occa- 
 sioned by his Majesty's return from Han- 
 over, September, 1729, and the succeeding 
 peace." "It was ridiculed," says Dr. 
 Johnson, " in Fielding's Tom Thumb ; but 
 let us not forget that it was one of his 
 pieces which the author of the Night 
 Thoughts deliberately refused to own." 
 
 " Impious in a good man to be 
 
 sad, 'Tis."— Young, Night Thoughts, night 
 iv., line 676. 
 
 " Impossible she. That not." — 
 
 Crashaw's Wishes to his Supposed Mis- 
 tress: — 
 
 " That shall command my heart and me." 
 
 " Impotent conclusion, O most 
 
 lame and." — Otliello, act ii., scene .1. 
 
 Improvement of the Mind, Let- 
 ters on the. Written by Mrs. Hester 
 Chapone (1727—1801), for the benefit of a 
 favourite niece, and published at the re- 
 quest of Mrs. Montagu, in the year 1773. 
 
 Improvement of the Mind, The. 
 
 A work by Isaac Watts (1674—1748), pub- 
 lished in 1741, Dr. Johnson said that few 
 books had been perused by him with 
 greater pleasure than this, 
 
 Improvisatore, The. A conver- 
 sation and poem by Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge. Also the title of a novel, by 
 Hans Christian Andersen (q.v.), which has 
 been translated into English. 
 
 Improvisatrice, The. A poem by 
 Lf.titia Elizabeth Landon (1802—1838), 
 printed in 1824, 
 
 " Impulse from a vernal wood, 
 
 One." A line in Wordsworth's lyric, 
 The Tables Turned- 
 
 " In Celia's face a question did 
 
 arise." First line of Lips and Eyes, by 
 Thomas Cakew (1589—1639). 
 
 "In Clementina's artless mien." 
 
 A lyric by Walter Savage Landor. 
 
 " In her ear he whispers gaily." 
 The Lord of Burleigh, by Alfred Tenny- 
 son. 
 
 " In her fair oheek two pita do 
 
IN 
 
 INO 
 
 337 
 
 lie." A song by Thomas Cabew (1689— 
 1639). 
 
 " In Love, if Love be Love, if 
 
 Love be ours." Vivien's song in Tekny- 
 SON's Idylls qfthe King. 
 
 la Memoriam. A poem by Al- 
 fred Tennyson, published in May, 1850, 
 and consisting of one hundred and thirty 
 "short swallow-flights of song," in a meas- 
 ure which Tennyson has made his own, but 
 which was used before him by Ben Joiison, 
 in his UncleTwoo<Is: an EUgtj. It is well 
 known tliat these," brief lays, of sorrow 
 born " were written in memory of the 
 author's friend, Arthur Heniy Hallam 
 (^.v.), who died in 1833. They are charac- 
 terised by George MacBouald as forming 
 '*Me poem of the hoping doubters, tlie 
 poem of our age — the grand minor organ- 
 fugue of In Memoriam. It is the cry of the 
 bereaved Psyche into the dark infinite 
 after the vanished love. His friend is 
 nowhere in his sight, and God is silent. 
 Deatb, God's final compulsion to prEtyer, 
 in its dread, its gloom, its utter stillness, 
 its apparent nothingness, urges the cry. 
 Meanings over the dead are mingled with 
 the prof oundest questionings of philoso- 
 phy, the signs of nature, and the story of 
 Jesus, while now and then l^e star of the 
 morning, bright Phosphor, .flashes a few 
 rays through tlie shifting cloudy dark. 
 And if the sun has not arisen on the close 
 of the book, yet the aurora of the coming 
 dawn gives light enough to make the on- 
 ■ lysrd journey possible and hopeful." The 
 Kev. F. W. Eobertson wrote an Analysis 
 of In Memoriam, published in 1862. 
 
 "In the merrie moneth of 
 
 JIaye." First line of a song, by NICHOXAS 
 Breton, called Phillida and C&ryd&n 
 (q.v.). 
 
 "In this dim world of cloud- 
 ing cares."— Gerald MasseY, Bahs Chris- 
 tabel (q.v.). 
 
 " In vain you tell your parting 
 
 lover." First line of " a song " by Mat- 
 thew Prior (1664—1721). 
 
 " In Xanadu did Kubla Khan." 
 First line of Goleridoe's Kubia Khan 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " Inactivity, Masterly." A 
 
 phrase used by Sir James Mackintosh 
 in his Vindicia Gallicm (q.v.). 
 
 " Incarnation of fat dividends, 
 
 An."— Sprague, Cariosity. 
 
 ■ Inchbald, Slizabeth, novelist nnd 
 dramatist (b. 1753, d. 1821), wrote A Simple 
 Story (1791), Natwe. and Art (1796), (q.v.), 
 and a number of plays, of which the most 
 important are The Mogul Tale (1185); Stick 
 Things Are (1787) ; Tlie Case o/Conecientie-;- 
 Eueryxyne..has hiejimit-, and Ta^arry or 
 S6t to MM^. Jttr Sife has beSn wiatlfen 
 
 by Boaden (1833). For Criticism, see Miss 
 Kavauagh's English Women of Letters, 
 Jeaffreson's Novels and Novelists. 
 
 Inconstant, The. A comedy, by 
 George Farquhar (1678—1707), produced 
 in 1703. " Its plot," says Leigh Hunt, " is 
 new, simple, 'and interesting ; the charac- 
 ters various, without confusing it ; the 
 dialogue sprightly and characteristic: 
 the moral bold, healthy, admirable, and . 
 doubly needed in those times in which sot- 
 tishness was a fashion. 
 
 Index Villaris : " or, a Geographi- 
 cal Table of all the Cities, Market Towns, 
 Parishes, Villages, and Private Seats in 
 England and wales." By John Adams, 
 a civil engineer of the seventeenth century. 
 The work is still consulted. 
 
 ' Indian Serenade, The. A lyric 
 by Percy Bysshe Shelley. 
 
 " India's coral strand." — Hebee's ■ 
 hymn. From Greenland's Icy Mountains. 
 
 Induction, The. A poem, con- 
 tributed by Thomas Sackville, Earl of 
 1>orset, toaii edition of The Mirror foT- 
 Magistrates (q.v.), published in 1563. 
 
 Inez, Donna. A oliaracter in Don 
 
 Juan (q.v.). 
 "Infant crying in the night, 
 
 An." See Tennyson's /» JIfCTnortam, sec- 
 tion liii. : — 
 
 " Ah infant ctvinp: for the light, 
 And with no language but a ciy." 
 
 " Infinite deal of nothing, An." 
 
 Mercliantof Venice, act i., scene 1. 
 
 "Infinite in faculty, How." — 
 
 Hamlet, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 " Infinite variety, Her." — Antony 
 and Cleopatra, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 "Infirm of purpose." Macbeth, 
 act ii., scene 2. . 
 "Infirmity of noble minds, 
 
 That."— Milton, Lycidas, line 70. 
 
 Inflexible Captive, The. A trag- 
 edy by Hannah More (1745—18.33), pro- 
 duced in 1774, It is a free^translaition of 
 Metastasio's Attilio Hegolo. 
 
 Ingelend, Thomas. See Dis- 
 obedient Child, The. 
 
 Ingelo, Nathaniel, CD., publish- 
 ed ill 1660 a romance called Bentiyoglio 
 and Urania, "wherein Bentivoglio or 
 Goodwill, Born in the higher Theoprepia, 
 or a State worthy of God, is enamoured of 
 Urania, who represents Heavenly Light Or 
 IMvine ;Wisdom, and has allegorical ex- 
 perience ill divers ' godly and ungodly 
 states.'? •' 
 
 ■ Ingelow Jeanr poetess and nov^l-., 
 let (b. about 1830),' ha* written Tales </ 
 
338 
 
 ING 
 
 INS 
 
 Orris (1860) ; The Hound of Bays (1861); 
 Poems (1662) ; A Story of Doom, and other 
 Poems (1867) ; Mopsa the Fairy (1869) ; 
 Little Wonder-horn (1872); Qff the SJcelligs 
 (1873) ; Fated to be Free (1876) ; and oth'ei 
 works. 
 
 Inglis, Henry Datid, Scottish 
 writer (b. 1795, d, 1835), wrote Ireland in 
 1834; Tales qf the Ardennes , The New Gil 
 Bias ; and several works of travel. 
 
 Inglis, John, Scotch divine (b. 
 1763, d. 1834), was author of Evidences oj 
 Christianity. 
 
 Inglis, " Sir " James. See Com- 
 
 PLAYNT OF SCOTI/AKD, THE. 
 
 Ingleby, Clement Mansfield, 
 LL.D., metaphysician and critic (b. 1823), 
 hiiB written Theoretical Logic (1856); Shale- 
 spere Fabrications (1859) ; The Shaksptre 
 Controversy (1861) ; An Introduction to Mela- 
 physics (1869) ; Shakspere Allusion Books; 
 and other works. 
 
 Ingdldsby, Thomas. Tlie pseu- 
 donym assumed by the Kev. Eichard 
 Harbis Barham (1788—1846) in the 
 Authorship of The Ingoldsby Legends {see 
 next paragraph. 
 
 Ingoldsby Legends, The. A col- 
 lection of legends in prose and verse, sup- 
 posed to have been found in the family 
 chest of the Ingoldsby family, and related 
 by "Thomas Ingoldsby" (see preceding 
 paraerapb). They were originally pub- 
 lished in Bentlep's Miscellany, Of the 
 poetical pieces "it is not too much to say 
 that for originality of design and diction, 
 for quaint illustration and musical verse, 
 they are not surpassed in the English lan- 
 guage. . . . From the days of Hudibras 
 to our time, the drollery invested in rhyme 
 has never been so amply or so felicitously 
 exemplified ; and if derision has been un- 
 sparingly applied, it has been to lash 
 knavery and imposture. 
 
 Ingram, James, D.D., Professor 
 at Oxford (b. 1774, d. 1850), published a 
 Lecture on the Utility of Anglo-Saxon Liter- 
 ature (1807) ; an edition of the Saxon 
 Chronicle (1823) : and Memorials of Oxford 
 (1834-7). 
 
 Ingram, Robert, D.D.. Biblical 
 writer (b. 1727, d. 1804), was author of The 
 T&n Tribes. 
 
 Ingrateful Beauty Threatened. 
 
 A lyric by Thomas Carew (1589—1639. 
 
 Ingulphus, Abbot of Croyland, 
 an4 chronicler (b. 1030, d, 1109), is said by 
 some authorities to be the author of a His- 
 tory of the Abbey of Vroyland, in which, 
 however, other authorities see large inter- 
 polations by other hands. See the intro- 
 duction to the Translation by Biley : also, 
 '^ the article by Sir Francis Palgrave in The 
 
 - Inheritance, The. A novel, by 
 Susan Edmokston Febbier (1782—1854), 
 published in 1824, and including, among 
 \is,\QB.6,mg dramatis per sonce^ Uncle Adam, 
 a rich East Indian, and Miss Pratt, an.old 
 maid. 
 
 Injured Princees, The: "or,,tbe 
 Fatal "Wager." A tragi-comedy by 
 Thomas B'Urfey (1660—1723), played in 
 1G82, and founded on Shakespeare's C^ni- 
 beline (q.v.). 
 
 Inkle, Mr. Thomas. A young 
 man, whose sLory is told by Sir Richard 
 Steele, in No. II. of The Spectator, and 
 who was made the subject or an opera by 
 the elder Colman. He had been travelling 
 on the Spanish main, and had there fallen 
 in love with an Indian girl called Yarico, 
 whom he afterwards sold into slavery. 
 
 Inn at Henley, Lines -written 
 at an, by William Shenstoke (1714 — 
 1763) ; containing the verse : — 
 
 " Wlioe'er has travelled life's dull roundT' 
 "Where'er his Btages may have been, 
 Mar sigh to think Tie still has found 
 Uis wannest welcome at an inn." 
 
 Inner Temple Masque, The, hy 
 
 William Browne (1590— 1645), is said to 
 have suggested to Milton the idea of his 
 masque of Comus (q.v.). 
 
 Innes, Thomas, antiquary (b. 1662, 
 d. 1744), was author of a Critical Essay on 
 the Ancient Inhabitants of the Northern 
 Parts of Scotland (1729), a work which, 
 according k) Pinkei-ton, "forms a grand 
 epoch in our antiquities^ and was the first 
 that led the way to rational criticism on 
 them." 
 
 Innocent Adultery, The. See 
 
 Fatal Marbiags, The. 
 
 Innocents Abroad. The. By 
 
 Samuel Langhobne Clemens, the 
 American humorist (b. 1835), writing under 
 the pseudonym of " Mark Twain " (q.v.). 
 His object was to see things as they are, 
 and record the impressions they proauced 
 on a man of humorous perception, who 
 paid his first visit to Europe without a 
 travelling tutor, a university education, or 
 a stock of conventional sentimentality 
 packed in his carpet bag. Throughout the 
 trip he looked at all objects as an un- 
 travelled American might be expected to 
 look, and measured men and manners by 
 the gauge he liad set up for himself among 
 the goM-liills of California and the silver 
 mines of half-civilised Nevada. 
 
 Insatiate Countess, The. A trag- 
 edy by John Makston, printed in 1613. 
 
 "Insolence of Office, The." A 
 
 phrnse used by Hamlet (act iii., scene 1) iu 
 bis famous soliloquy. 
 
 Inspired Idiot. The. A term ap- 
 
INS 
 
 INV 
 
 339 
 
 plied to Oliver Goldsmith (q.vi) by 
 HOKACE "Walpole (q.v.). 
 
 Iiistauratio Magna. The title 
 (" The great Groundwork *') which Bacox 
 gave to his Magnum O^iiSj the desigu of 
 which was for six divisions :— (1) The Ad- 
 vancement of Learning ; (2) the I^ovum Or- 
 ganum; (3) tlie Experimental History of 
 Nature ; (4) the Scala Intellecius, which 
 leads from experience to science ; (5) the 
 Bnf^ronic^ or anticipations of tlie second 
 philosophy ; and (6) Active Science, or ex- 
 periment. Of these, only ihe first two, and 
 a portion of the third (Sylva Sylvarum), 
 were published. The idea that was to run 
 through the Insfauratio was that invention 
 must be based upoi\ experience, and expe- 
 rience upon experiment. See Advance- 
 ment OP liEARKiNG, The ; Novum Or- 
 ganum; and Sylva Sylvakum. 
 
 Instructiones. Short discourses 
 on theological subjects, by St. Colcm- 
 BANUS (d. 615). 
 
 "Insubstantial pageant faded, 
 This," — The Tempest, act iv., scene 1. 
 
 Intellectual Beauty, Hymn to, 
 hy Percy Bysshe Shelley ; written in 
 1816. 
 
 Intellectual Po-wers and the 
 Investigation of Truth, Inquiries concern- 
 ing, by JoHx Abebcrombie (1781—1844) ; 
 published in 1830. "On the whole," saya 
 The North American Review, " this work 
 must be considered as containing much 
 useful information. If some of his argu- 
 ments are formedrwith little attention to 
 vigour, we must remember' that he wrote 
 lor many who cannot apt)reciate a course 
 of reasoning that is not conducted in a 
 popular manner." 
 
 Intellectual Po^wers of Man, 
 
 Essays on the, by Thomas Reid (1710— 
 1796) ; published in 1785, and including a 
 summary of the writer's teaching in men- 
 tal and moral philosophy. 
 
 Intellectual System of the Uni- 
 verse, The True : ** wherein all the reason 
 and philosophy of Atheism is confuted, 
 and its impossibility demonstrated," by 
 RalphCudworth(1G17— 1688) ; published 
 In English in 1678, and in I^atin in 
 1733. "It embraces," says Dugald Stew- 
 art, " a field much wider than his treatise 
 of Immutable Morality. The latteris par- 
 ticularly directed against the doctrines of 
 Hobbes and the Antinomians, but the 
 former aspires to tear up by the roots all 
 the principles, both physical and meta- 
 physical, of the Epicurean philosophy. It 
 IS a work, certainly, which reflects much 
 honour on the talents of the author, and 
 still more on the boundless extent of his 
 learning." 
 
 Intercepted Letters : "or, the 
 TwopejinyPOBtbag." ^y*' Thomas Btowii, 
 
 the younger," i.e., Thomas Moore. A 
 sciies of. satirical poems, produced in 1811, 
 with great success. 
 
 Interludes were introduced into 
 England in the reign of Henry Vlll., by 
 John Heywood (q.v.). They were dra- 
 matic dialogues of a satiric character, 
 acted at dinner-time, betweeil meat and 
 dessert, whence the name they bore. They 
 were long popular in Italy, Spain, and 
 France. 
 
 Interpreter, Th^, in Buxtan's 
 
 Pilgrim's Progress (q. v.), is intended to 
 symbolise the Holy Spirit. 
 
 Intimations of Immortality 
 from Recollections of Childhood, Ode on 
 the, by William Wordsworth j written 
 between 1803 and 1806. In this poem 
 Wordsworth adopts the idea of the pre- 
 existence of the soul, which had already 
 been treated in" one of- Henry Vaughan'i 
 lyrics : — 
 
 " Hnppy those early da^vs when X 
 Shined in my angel infancy ; 
 Before I imuerstood the place 
 Appointed for the second race, 
 Or taught my bouI to fancy aught 
 But a white celestial thought ; 
 "When yet I had not -walTted above 
 A mile or two from my first love, , 
 And looking hack, at that Bhort space 
 Could 6CC a glimpse of his'bright face.'* 
 
 .Compare this with sec. t. of the Ode, be- 
 ginning :— 
 
 " Our birth is hut a sleep and a forpetting j , 
 The Soul that rises with up, ourluc's titar,' 
 Hath had elsewhere its setting, 
 And Cometh from afar." 
 
 " Into the Silent Land." First 
 line of Song of the Silent Land, a lyric 1^ 
 Henry Wadbworth Longfello'W. 
 
 Intoleran ce and Cormption. 
 
 Poems by Thomas Moore, published 
 anonymously in 1808. 
 
 Intrigues, Bath. See Bath Ix- 
 
 TRIGUES, 
 
 Intriguing Chambermaid, The. 
 
 A farce by Henry Fielding (1707—1754). 
 
 Invader of his Country, The. 
 
 Anadaptation by John DENifis(1657— 1734) 
 of Shakespeare's tragedy of Coriolan^is 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Invalid, An. The pseudonym 
 under which Miss Harriet Marti- 
 NEAU (1802— 1876) p"UbliBhed her work en- 
 titled Life in the Sick Room (1844.) 
 
 Invective Against Mouth- 
 thankless. A poem by Walter Ken- 
 nedy (circa 1480) ; preserved by Ramsay. 
 
 Inventory, The. A liumorous 
 poem by Robert Burns (1759—1796), writ- 
 ten in answer to a mandate sent by a sur- 
 veyor of the taxes, requiring a return of 
 the number of hoieesj servantB* cOriJageSf 
 &c.,k6pti 
 
340 
 
 INV 
 
 lEI 
 
 Invincible Doctor, The. A title 
 bestowed upon William of Occam, (1270— 
 1347), who IS characterised by Professor 
 Fraseras " the greatest leader of nominal- 
 ism in the Middle Ages, a renowned 3ogi- 
 .cian, and the ecclesiasti co-political, theo- 
 logical, and philosophical reformer of the 
 fourteenth century." 
 
 lolande. Tlie lieroine of Sir 
 Henry Taylor's poem of St. ClemenVs 
 Eve (q. T.). 
 
 ^ Ion. A tragedy in five acts, by 
 Sir Thomas Noon Talfocrd (1795—1854). 
 printed in, 1835, and produced at Covent 
 Garden in 1836. It is founded on the Greek 
 idsa of destiny, and turns upon the sacri- 
 fice of Ion, King of Argos, in answer to the 
 oracle of Delphi, which had declared that 
 theTengeance brought upon the people, in 
 the form of a pestilence, by the reigning 
 family, could only be averted by the ex- 
 tinction of the race. The heroine of the 
 play is Clemanthe, daughter- of the high- 
 priest of the temple in which lonhad been 
 reared from his earliest years. 
 
 Iphigenie, in Suckling's tragedy 
 of Brennoralt (q.T.), is a young Palatine 
 lady " who has been brought up as a man, 
 and whose love-doings and sayings are 
 more according to circumstance than pro- 
 priety." 
 
 Ipomydon, The Life of. An old 
 
 English romance, analysed by Ellis in his 
 Early English Romances, and printed by 
 "Weber among his Aletrical Jiomances, It 
 .consists of two fy ttes, or cantos, and 2,342 
 verses. A French version was written by 
 Hugh of Kutland (circa 1190). See War- 
 ton's English Poetry, See Protesilaus. 
 
 Ijras, in Antony and Cleopatia (q.T.), 
 is an attendant on the Queen of Egypt, 
 
 Ireland, View of the State of. 
 A prose work by Sir Philip Sidney (1554 
 — 1586), presented to Queen Elizabeth in 
 1696, and published by Sir James Ware in 
 1633. " Curiosity," says Campbell, " turns 
 naturally to the prose work of so old ajid 
 eminent a poet, which exhibits him in the 
 three-fold character of a writer delineat- 
 ing an interesting country from his own 
 observation, of a scholar tracing back its 
 remotest history, and of a politician in- 
 vestigating the causes of its calamities. 
 The great value of the work is the authen- 
 tic and curious picture of natural manners 
 and circumstances which it exhibits ; and 
 its style is as nervous as the matter is co- 
 pious and amusing." 
 
 Ireland, John, D .D., Dean of 
 "Westminster (b. 1761. d. 1842), was one of 
 the earliest contributors to the Quarterly 
 Jteviewy and the author of PUganism and 
 Christianity Compared (1809). 
 
 Ireland, Samuel, miscellaneous 
 writer (b, 1760, d. 1800), was the author 6f 
 
 A Pictitresque Tour Through Holland 
 (1789) ; Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth 
 (1794) ; various descriptive works, and a 
 Vindication (1796) of himself from com- 
 plicity in his son William Henry's literary 
 forgeries. 
 
 Ireland, "William Henry, mis- 
 cellaneous writer, son of the above (b. 1777^ 
 d. 1835), wrote a number of novels, poems, 
 and dramas of no value whatever. His 
 claim to remembrance lies in the fact that 
 he committed a series of forgeries on 
 Shakespeare which for a time decei_ved 
 such experts as Parr, Chalmers, and Pin- 
 kerton,Ma]one being the only contempo- 
 rary scholar who had no faith in him. He 
 produced a legal deed, A Confession of 
 Faith, several Letters to Lord Southamp- 
 ton, and finallj^ a complete tragedy called 
 Vortigem, which he declared had been 
 discovered, and were in the handwriting of 
 Shakespeare. Voriigem was actually acted 
 on the strength of his assertion, on the 2nd 
 of April, 1796, with John Kemble as the 
 hero, and Mrs. Jordan as Rowena. But 
 Ireland was eventually compelled to pro- 
 claim the deception, first in a book called 
 T/te Authentic Account of the Shakspearian^ 
 Manuscripts (1796), and afterwards in his 
 Confessions (1805). Vortigem was pub- 
 lished in 1832- 
 
 Irene. A tragedy by Samuel John- 
 son (1709—1784), produced at i>rury Lane 
 by Garrick. It was begun whilst th& 
 author was a schoolmaster, and finished in 
 1737. It was then refused, and did not see 
 the light till twelve years after, when it 
 only ran nine nights. 
 
 Irenicum : ** a "Weapon-salve for 
 the Church's Wounds : or,the Divine Right 
 of particular form of Church Govemmentt 
 discussed." A treatise Ijy Edward StiI/- 
 
 LINGFLEET, Bishop of WORCESTER (1635— 
 
 1699), published in 1659, and again in 1662, 
 '* with a discourse concerning the power oi 
 excommunication." 
 
 IrenopoUs, Letter from, to the 
 Inhabitants of Eleutheropolis. A tract 
 occasioned by the commemoration of the 
 destruction of the Bastille by the Dissen- 
 ters of Birmingham, which had led to the 
 burning of the house of Priestley by a Bir- 
 mingham mob. The letter was published 
 by Samuel Parr (1747—1825) in 1792. 
 
 - Iris, To. An epigram by OliteR 
 Goldsmith (1728—1774), imitated from the 
 French :— 
 
 " Sw" cruel Iri3, pretty roke. 
 
 Dear mercenary beautv, 
 "What annual offerinc sh'all I males 
 
 Expressiveof my duty ? .... 
 I'll give tliee something yet impoid. 
 
 Not less Binccre than civil ; 
 I'll eive thee, oh I too charming maid, 
 
 I'll give thee— to the devil." 
 
 Irish Qbaracter, Sketches of, 
 by Mrs. S. C. Hall (b. 1802) j published lit 
 
EBI 
 
 ISA 
 
 341 
 
 1829, and followed in 1838 by Lights and 
 Shadows of Irish Life, and in 1840 by 
 Stories of the Irish Peasantry. 
 
 Txish Sketch Book, The, in 
 
 thirty-two chapters, by William Make- 
 peace Thackebay ; published in 1843, as 
 the result of a tour in Ireland in 1842. 
 
 Iron Chest, The. A play by 
 George Col man the Younger (1762 — 
 1836), produced in 1796, and founded on 
 Godwin's novel of Caleli Williams (q.v.). 
 
 ~lt was the ill-success of this drama that 
 decided Colman to assume the appellation 
 
 'of ** the Younger," which he retained 
 through life. " Ijest my father's memory 
 may be injured by mistakes, and in the 
 confusion of after-time the translator of 
 Terence and the author of the Jealous 
 
 , Wife should be supposed guilty of The Iron 
 Chestt I shall," he wrote, " were I to reach 
 the patriarchal longevity of Methuselah, 
 continue (in all my curamatic publications) 
 
 ,to subscribe myself George Colman tlie 
 
 . Tounger," 
 
 " Iron tears down Pluto's 
 
 cheek, Drew."— Miltou, II Penseroso, line 
 107. 
 
 Ironside, Nestor. Tlie name as- 
 sumed by Steele, wben, in the character 
 of an astrologer, he staited The Guardian 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Irrefragable Doctor, The. See 
 ^OWTAIS OF LiFE^ The. 
 
 Irving, Edward, Scottish divine 
 
 ■(b'. 1792, d. 1834), published For the Oracles 
 
 of God: Four Orations; For Judgments to 
 
 'Chme: An Argumentj in nine parts (1823) : 
 
 Babylon and Infldeltty Foredoomed of God 
 
 <}82|BX; Sermons, Lectures and Occasional 
 
 'IHscourses (1828) ; and other works See 
 
 J the Lives by Wilks and Mrs. Oliphant. 
 
 Irving, Theodore, LIi.D. (b. 
 
 1809), nephew of Washington Irving, has 
 
 Tfritten The Conquest of Florida (1836) ; 
 
 The Fountain of Living Waters (1854) ; 
 
 Ting Footfall (1869) ; and More than Con- 
 
 g»eror<18t3). 
 
 Irving, Washington, miscella- 
 neous writer (b. 1783, d. 1859), wrote The 
 -Mslory of New York (1809): Tlie Sketch 
 .Booft (1820) ; Bracebridge Halt (1^22), (q.v.) : 
 Tales of a Traveller (1824) ; The Life and 
 Voyar/es of Christopher Columbus (1828) ; 
 The Conquest of Granada (1829) ; The Com- 
 panions of Columbus (1831) j The Alhambra 
 (1832) ; The Crayon Miscellany (1835) ; in- 
 cluding A Tour of the Prairies, Xtecollec- 
 tUms of Abbotsford and Xewstead, and 
 Legends of the Conquest of Spain ; Astoria 
 (1836) ; The Adventures qf -Captain Bonneval 
 "(1837) ; A Life of Margaret Davidson (1841) ; 
 A Ufe of Goldsmith (1849) ; Mahomet and 
 Ms Successors (1849 -50) ; and Chronicles of 
 . Wolfert's Boost (1855). He was also a con- 
 -Jtdfelitor to Sapmpigvmfdi (q.v.). See . the 
 
 Life by P. M. Irving (1862). Professor 
 John Wilson wrote of Washington Irving : 
 — " His later books are beautiful, but they 
 are English; and the pictures they contain 
 cannot stand beside those drawn of English 
 scenery, character, and manners, by our 
 great native artists without an uncertaiii 
 laintness seeming to stealing over them, 
 that impairs their effect, by giving thein 
 the air. If not of copies, of imitations. Yet 
 that not much ; for Washington Irving, as 
 he thinks and feels, so does lie write, mora 
 like us than we could have thou^bt it 
 possible an American should do, while his 
 tine natural genius preserves, in a great 
 measure, his originality." Lowell's de- 
 scription of him runs : — 
 
 " To a true poet-henrt add the fun of Dick Steele, 
 Throw in all of Addison mtnua the chill. 
 With the whole of that partnerehip'B Etockand 
 
 goodwill ; , „ ^- 
 
 Mix well, and while etirrin? hnm o'er Ba a spell, 
 The Fine Old English Gentleman : simmer it well; 
 Sweeten ]uat to your own private liking s thfiil 
 
 strain, 
 That only the finest and clearest remain ; 
 Let it stand out of doois till a soul it receives 
 From the warm lazy sun loitering down througll 
 
 green leaves ; 
 And you II find a choice nature, not wholly deserv- 
 ing 
 A name either English or Yankee— just Irving." 
 
 See Agapida.Friak Antonio jCRAYOif, 
 
 Geoffrey; Knickerbocker, Diedeich; 
 
 Lajjgstaff, Launcelot; and Oldstyle, 
 .Jonathan. 
 
 Irwine, Parson. A character in 
 
 George Eliot's novel of Adam Bede 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 "Is then no nook of English 
 . ground secure ? " A sonnet by William 
 
 Wordsworth, written on October , 12, 
 
 1844, on hearing of tKe projected ICendal 
 
 and Windermere Eailway. 
 
 " Is there, for honest poverty." 
 First line of a song by Uobert Burns 
 (1T59— 1796), which contains many familiar 
 passages ; notably — 
 
 " The rank is hut the guinea stamp : 
 The man's the gowd for a' that." 
 
 "Is this a dagger ■which I see 
 before me ? " — Macbeth, act ii., scene 1. 
 
 Isa. Tlie signature under which 
 Mrs. Craig-Knox contributed several 
 poems to the Scotsman newspaper. See 
 Craig-Knox, Isa. 
 
 Isabel. A poem by Alfred Tew- 
 NYSON, written in 1830 : — 
 " The queen of marriage, a most perfect wife. " 
 
 Isaac Comnenus. See Comnencs, 
 Isaac. 
 
 Isabella. Sister of Claudio, in 
 Shakespeare's play of Measure for 
 Measure (q.v.), of which she is the heroine. 
 She ia inlovewithAngelo(q.v.). Isabella 
 is also the name of the lady-love of Zer^ 
 . bluo in Abiosio's Orlamdo Mvxioso,.- — 
 
342 
 
 ISA 
 
 ITA 
 
 Isabella : " or, tlie Fatal Marringo. 
 A play by' Thomas Sohtheen (1660— 
 1746), produced In 1694, and turning upon 
 the marriage into which the heroine per- 
 mits herself to be hurried, in the belief 
 that her husband, Biron, is no longer liv- 
 ing. • "The night," says Johnson, " that 
 Southern's Fatal Marriage was first acted, 
 a gentleman took occasion to asic Dryden 
 \rhat was his opinion of Southern's genius. 
 He replied, ' that he thought him such an- 
 other poet as Otway/ " 
 
 Isabella ; " or, the Pot of Basil ; a 
 story from Boccaccio," by John Keats 
 (1796 — 1821) ; containing these lines : — 
 " So the two brothera and their murdered man 
 
 Bode post fair Florence." 
 
 Iscanus, Josephus. See Joseph 
 
 OF Exeter. 
 
 "Iser rolling rapidly. Of." A 
 line in Campbell's Hohentinden (q.v.). 
 
 Iseult of Brittany. The love of 
 Tristram, whose story is told in Tenny- 
 soir's Idylls of the King (" The Last Tour- 
 nament'') and in Matthew Arnold's 
 Tristram and Iseult. , 
 
 Ishbosheth is the name under 
 which Richard Cromwell, the son of the 
 great Protector, is personified in Dryden's 
 poem of Absalom and Achitopliel (q-v.). 
 
 Isis. A poem by William Mason 
 (1726—1797), published in 1748, in which he 
 attacked the Jacobitism of Oxford, and 
 which was replied to by Thomas Warton 
 In his Triumph of Isis. 
 
 Iskander, The Rise of. See Cis- 
 KAELi, Benjamin. 
 
 Island, The: "or. Christian and 
 his Comrades." A poem by Lord Byron, 
 published in 1823, and suggested by some 
 of the incidents of the mutony of the 
 Bounty. • 
 
 Island Princess, The. A play 
 written by John Fletcher (1576 — 1625), 
 which has been described by Campbell as 
 perhaps the most amusingly absurd of all 
 the author's bad pieces. ''One might ab- 
 solutely take it for a burlesque on the 
 heroic drama, if its religious conclusion 
 did not show the author to be in earnest." 
 The " Island Princess " is called Quisara ; 
 her two lovers being Kuy Bias and Armu- 
 fiia. Campbell, in his Essay on Enf/lish 
 Poetry y gives a full analysis of the plot. 
 
 "Isle of Beauty, fare thee well I" 
 A line occuning in a lyric by Thomas 
 Haynes Bayly (q.v.), entitled Isle of 
 Beauty. The same poem contains the 
 line— 
 
 ** Absence makes the heart groWfondcr." , 
 
 Isle of Dogs, The. A sntirical 
 comedy, by Thomas Nash, which so of- 
 fended the Government that its perform- 
 
 ance was prohibited, and its author 
 thrown into Fleet Prison. The Isle of 
 Dogs at that time (1590—95) -was a sort of 
 Alsatia, and the resort of wild and disor- 
 derly characters. 
 
 Isle of Palms, The. A poem in 
 four cantos of irregular verse, written by 
 Professor John Wilson (1785—1854), and 
 published in 1812. 
 
 "Isles of Greece (The), the 
 Isles of Greece ! "—Byron's Don Juam, 
 stanza 86, canto ill. 
 
 Ismael. An Oriental tale, publish- 
 ed in 1820 by Edward, Lord Lytton, 
 when the author was only fifteen years of 
 age. 
 
 Isumbras, Sir. An old English 
 romance in vei-se, analy*d in Ellis's Ear- 
 ly English Romances. It consists of 138 
 six-lined stanzas. 
 
 "It is a beauteous evening, 
 calm and free." A sonnet by William 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 "It is a place where poets 
 crowned may feel the heart's decaying." 
 First line of Cowper's Grave i stanzas oy 
 Elizabeth Barrett Browking (1809— 
 1861). 
 
 "It is an ancient mariner." 
 Opening line of Coleridge's Ancient Mar- 
 iner (q.v.). 
 
 "It is not to be thought of that 
 the flood." A sonnet by William Words- 
 worth. 
 
 "It is the miller's daughter." 
 A song by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 "It little profits that an idle 
 
 King."- !7(2/s«es, by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 "It was not in the winter." A 
 
 ballad by Thomas Hood. 
 
 " It -was the schooner Hes- 
 perus." First line of a lyric by Henry 
 wadswobth Longfellow, called The 
 Wreck qfthe Hesperus. 
 
 " It w^as the time when lilies 
 blow."— iaiJj; Clare, by Alfred Tenny- 
 son. 
 
 Italian, The. A romance l>y Mrs. 
 Eadcliffe, published in 1797, in which 
 she has " selected," says Sir Walter Scott, 
 " the new and powerful machinery aHorded 
 by the Popisli religion, when established 
 in its paramount superiority, and thereby 
 had at her disposal monks, spies, dun- 
 geons, the mute obedience of the bigot, 
 and the dark and domineering spirit of the 
 crafty priest." See Schedoni. 
 
 Italian Opera, An Bssay on the, 
 
 by John Dennis (1657-1734) ; written to 
 enow the danger to which a nation is ex- 
 
IT^ 
 
 JAC 
 
 343 
 
 posed by too free aii indulgence in " effem- 
 inate music." 
 
 Italy. A poem in heroic verse by 
 Samuel Rogers (1763— 1855), published in 
 1R22, and described by William Caldwell 
 ^Roscoe as ** little more Jban a poetical 
 guide-book," and as having "no claim to 
 be considered a substantive poem- But 
 some of the fragments are not without 
 beauty ; they have a greater simplicity 
 and directness than his otliei' poems, bear 
 less trace of effort, and recommend 
 themselves by a certain aiiy elegance in 
 their descriptions and narrations." 
 
 " Itching palm, An." — Julius 
 CcBsar, act iv., scene 3. 
 
 "Iteration, Thou hast dam- 
 nable."— See " Damxable iteration." 
 
 Ithuriel^ in Miltox's Paradise 
 Lost (ci.Y.). is an angel sent l)y Gabriel in 
 company with Zephon to discover Satan : — 
 " Him, thus intent. Ithuriel with his spear 
 
 Touchetl lightly ; for nofiilsehoocl can endure 
 
 Touch of celestial temper, but returns, 
 
 Of force, to its own likeness." 
 
 Itinetary, The. An aeeomit by 
 John Leland iiaOfi— 1S52) of liis travels 
 thxou^ Sngland, including descriptions 
 oT the antiquities of the country. He also 
 gives a catalogue of English writers. The 
 Jtinerari/ was first printed by Thomas 
 Heame in 1710, from the original MS. in 
 the Bodleian Library. " There was scarce- 
 ly either cape or bay, haven, creek, or pier, 
 river or confluence of rlversj breaches, 
 washes, lakes, ineres, fenny waters, moun- 
 tainSr valleys, moors, heaths, forests, 
 chaces, woods, cities, boroughs, castles, 
 principal manor places, monasteries, and 
 colleges, which we had not seen, and 
 noted a world of things very memorable.'* 
 
 Ivanhoe. A romance hy Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott (1771—1832), published in 1820. 
 The hero is the disinherited son of Cedric 
 of Rotherwood, and the lover of the Lady 
 Kowena (q.v.). 
 
 " Tve heard the lilting at our 
 
 ewe-milking." First line of Miss Jane 
 Elliott's uallad of TAe ^lowers of tlie 
 Forest (q.v.). 
 
 Ivy Green, The. A song recited 
 by a clergyman in chapter vi. of Dickens's 
 Pichwick Papers (q.v-), beginning— 
 
 " Oh, a dainty plant is the ivy green," 
 And ending — 
 
 " Creeping on, where time hoe been, 
 A rare old plant is the ivy green." 
 
 Dickens heads the page on which it occurs, 
 " Some indiiferent verses are recited ; " 
 and the clergyman describes them as, "a 
 very slight affair ; the only excuse T have 
 for having ever perpetrated it is that I was 
 a young man at the time," They are the 
 only verses coutained in Dickens's novels, 
 
 though not ttie only poem he pxiblished. 
 See WiLTSHiBB LAboukers, Hymn op. 
 
 Ixion in Heaven. An extrava- 
 gant fiction by Benjamin Disraeli (b. 
 1805), published in 1833. It is full of bril- 
 liant wit. 
 
 J 
 
 Jack, in Dr. Akbuthnot's History 
 
 of John Bull and Swift's Tale of a Tubj 
 is intended for John Calvin, the French 
 reformer. 
 
 Jack and Gill. The hero and 
 heroine of a well-known nursery rhyme. 
 The name Gill is derived by Yonge from 
 Gillian, an old English corruption of the 
 French word Julyan, or Julienne. Wittier, 
 in his Poem on Christmas, has the line — 
 " Jack Ghall pipe, and Gill shall doiicc." 
 
 Jack and the Beanstalk. The 
 
 title of a famous nursery story. 
 
 Jack-a-Vale. Tlie hero of an old 
 popular story which is now forgotten. He 
 IS referred to by Dbayton in his verses 
 on Tom Coryate. 
 
 Jack, Colonel. The liero of De- 
 foe's History and Most Rema/rkdble Lifz 
 and Extraordinary Adventures of ike truly 
 Hon. Colonel Jacque^ vulgarly called Cot' 
 onel Jack (1722). 
 
 Jack, Gilbert, metaphysician (b. 
 
 about 1578, d. 1628), published Institutione's 
 PhysiccB (1614); Prlm^ Philosophical Insti- 
 tutiones (1616) ; and Institutiones MediccB 
 (1624). 
 
 Jack Horner, Little. SeeHoRKEE, 
 Little Jack. 
 
 Jack the Giant Killer. The hero 
 of a famous nursery story, which The 
 Quarterly Review describes as " a popular 
 degraded version of the traditions upon 
 which our earliest romances are founded;'.' 
 and which Professor Masson thinks "is 
 clearly the last modem transmutation of 
 the old British legend, told in Geoffrey of 
 Monmouth, of Corineus the Trojan, the 
 companion of the Tro^'an Brutus when he ' 
 first settles in Britain. Being a very 
 strong man and particularly good-hn- 
 moured, Corineus is satisfied with being 
 King of Cornwall and killing out the abo- 
 riginal giants there, leaving to Brutus all 
 the rest of the island." In the nursery- 
 story, Jack is a " valiant Cornishman," 
 who kills the giant Cormoran when a mere 
 child, and who, for his services in ridding 
 the country of a large number of similar 
 monsters, is made a knight of King Ar- 
 thur's Kound Table. 
 
 Jack, Thomas, Scofrh Presby- 
 terian minister (d. 1596), Wrote Onomasti- 
 con. /V)?<*cwm, described as " a topograph- 
 ical dictionary, in Latin verse, of the local- 
 ities of classical poetry," published in 1592. 
 
344 
 
 JAO 
 
 JAM 
 
 Jack Upland. The fictitious 
 name adopted by the author of sundry 
 rhythmical satires against the Church 
 (1394—1418). See Wright's Political Poems 
 and Smigs relating to English History 
 (1861). 
 
 Jacke-a-bent, his Beginning and 
 
 Entertainment : " with the mad pranks of 
 his Gentleman Usher, Shrove Tuesday, 
 that goes before him, and his Footman 
 Hungei- attending." A prose work by 
 John Xaylor, the " Water-Poet" (1580— 
 1664), published in his Works (1630). 
 
 Jacke Juggler : " anew Enterlued 
 for Chyldren to playe, both wittie and 
 pleasant," and remarkable as being one of 
 the hrst dramatic pieces in English litera- 
 ^ture, in which the author was indebted to 
 a classical original, viz., " Plautus* first 
 comedy." It seems to have been written 
 before tlie Reformation was completed 
 ■ — either in the reign of Edward VI. or 
 Mary. It was entered on the Stationers' 
 Books in 1S62. 
 
 Jacke of Ne^vbery. A prose fic- 
 tion by Thomas Deloney (q.v.), printed 
 la 1633. 
 
 Jackman, James, dramatist, was 
 the author of All the World's a Stage 
 (1T77) ; The Milesian, and other works. 
 
 Jackson, Arthur, commentator 
 (b. 1593, d. 1666), was the author of Anno- 
 tations on the Bible, 
 
 Jackson John, divine (b. 1686, d. 
 1763), wrote The Scripture Tktctrine o/] the 
 Trinity (1714) ; Chronological Antiquities 
 (17S2); A Defence of Human Liberty 
 against Collins, and A Defence of Human 
 Jteason against Bishop Gibson. His 
 Memoirs were published in 1764. 
 
 Jackson, Thomas, CD., Dean of 
 Peterborough (b. 1579, d. 1640), was the au- 
 thor of a commentary On tlie Creed, and 
 on various portions of Scripture. His 
 Works and Life appeared in J673, the lat- 
 ter being by Lloyd. 
 
 Jackson, Thomas, Scotcli meta- 
 physician (b. 1773, d. 1837), wrote Elements 
 qf Theoretical Mechanics (1827). 
 
 Jackson, William, Bisliop of Ox- 
 ford (b. 1750, d. 1816), was the translator of 
 Eratosthenes. 
 
 Jacob and Esau, The Historis 
 
 of : "taken out of the xxvii. chap, of the 
 first booke of Moses, entituled Genesis ; " 
 " a newe, mery, and wittie Comedie or 
 Enteriude," printed in 1668. It is a regu- 
 larly-constructed play, divided into five 
 acts and various scenes, and all the char- 
 acters are scriptural, except Kagan, servant 
 to Esai ; Mido, a boy who leads blind 
 Isaac Hanon and Zethar, two of his 
 neighbours; A bra, a girl who assists Ee- 
 becca ; and Debora, au old nurse. The 
 
 author directs that the players ** are to 
 be oohsydered as Hebrews, and so should 
 be apparailed with attire." 
 
 Jacob and his Twelve Sones, 
 
 The Historye of. A " doggrel poem in 
 seven-line stanzas^" printed about 1504, 
 See Warton, vol. iii., sect. 26. 
 
 Jacob, G-iles, lawyer and drama- 
 tist (b. 1686, d. 1744), wrote The Complete 
 Court-keeper : or^ Land-Stewards' Guide 
 (1715): The Poetical Hegister: or, Lives 
 and .Characters of the English Dramatic 
 Poets (1723) ; The Law Dictionary ; and 
 two plays, entitled, Love in a Wood, and 
 The Soldier's Last Stake. He figures in 
 The Dunciad (q.v.) as " the scourge of 
 grammar." 
 
 Jacob, Henry, Independent min- 
 ister (b. 1563. d. 1624), wrote a Treatise on the 
 Sufferings and Victories of Christ in the_ 
 Work of our Sedemption (1698) ; A Survey 
 of ChnsVs Sufferings for Man's Sedemp- 
 Zion (1604) ; Reasons proving a necessity qf 
 Itefonning our Churches in England (1604); 
 The Divine Beginning and Institution qf 
 Christ's True, Visible, anri Material 
 Church (1610), and other works. 
 
 Jacobite Journal, The. A peri- 
 odical, the first number of which was pub- 
 lished in December, 1747, and in which 
 Fielding, the novelist (1707—1754), largely 
 exercised his pen in ridicule of the Jaco- 
 bite party. See Patkiot, The Tkue. 
 
 Jacomb, Thomas, Nonconformist 
 divine (b. 1b22, d. 1687), wrote a Treatise of 
 Holy Dedication (1688), Sermons, AnTwta- 
 tums, and other works. 
 
 Jacqueline. A tale in verse by 
 Samuel Kogers (1763 — 1855), printed wiUi 
 Byron's Lara in 1814. 
 
 JaculaPrudentum. A collection 
 of proverbial and epigrammatic sayings, 
 by George Herbert (1593—1632). 
 
 JafBer, in Otway's tragedy of 
 Venice Preserved (q.v.), is husband to Bel- 
 videra (q.v.). 
 
 Jaggers. The criminal lawyer of 
 Little Britain, in Dickens's story of Great 
 Expectations (q.v.), 
 
 Jago, Richard, poet and clergy- 
 man (b. 1715, d. 1781), wrote Edge Hill 
 (1769), (q.v.); Labour and Oetiius (1768); and 
 other works. Seethe Life byHylton. 
 
 James I. of England (b. 1566, d. 
 1625), was the author of The Essays of a 
 Prentice in the Divine Art of Poesie (1584), 
 (q.v.) : Majesty's Poetical Exercises at Va- 
 cant Houres (1591); Demonologie (1699); 
 Hasilikon Doron (1599) ; and A Counter- 
 blaste to Tobacco (1604). His Prose Works 
 were collected in 1616. See Arber's Eng- 
 lish Reprints, and Irving's Scottish Poets ; 
 also the Lives by Wilson (1653), Sanderson 
 
JAM 
 
 JAQ 
 
 345 
 
 <1656), Harria (1753), Laiiig (1804), and 
 Thomsou (1825). 
 
 James I. of Scotland (b. 1394, d. 
 1437), wrote The King's 'Qwcdr (q.v), and is 
 the reputed autlior of Christis Kirk qf the 
 Grene (Q-v.), and Peebles at the Play (q.v). 
 See the Lives by Wilson and Chalmers 
 (1830). 
 
 James V. of Scotland. See 
 
 Gabebluszie Man, The; Jolly Beg- 
 .GAR, The. 
 
 James, George Payne Rains- 
 ford, novelist, poet, and historian (b. 1801, 
 d, I860), was one of the most voluminous 
 writers of the day. His best known works 
 are his historical novels, of which the first, 
 Richelieu, was issued in 1828. His last 
 work. Laky Montagues Page, appeared in 
 1858. He was the sole author of 189 
 volumes ; and, in addition, edited several 
 liistoxlcal and biographical works. 
 
 Jaanes, John Angell, Nonconfor- 
 mist minister (b. 1785, d. 1859), wrote The 
 AnsEtmts Inquirer^ The Young Ma/n*s 
 Friend^ Female Piety, A Pastor's Sketches ^ 
 The Qmrse of Faith, The Christian Profes- 
 sorf and numerous other hooks of the same 
 kmd, all of which had a large circulation. 
 A uniform edition of his Works appeared 
 In 1864. 
 
 .- Xanxes, John Thomas, D.B., 
 
 Bishop of Calcutta (b. 1786, d. 1828), was 
 author of The Semi-Sceptic : or, the Com- 
 mon Sense of Religion Considered; and 
 works on the various schools of painting. 
 See the Life by his son (1830). 
 
 James, Thomas, D.D. fb. 1571, 
 d. 1620), was' the author of a treatise on 
 TJie Corruptions qf Scripture (1611), and 
 editor of various publications of annqua- 
 lian interest. 
 
 James, Truthful. A character 
 into whose mouth Bret Harte, the 
 
 American humorist, puts several of his 
 most amusing poems, notably The Heathen 
 Chinee (q.v.). 
 
 James, "William (d. 1827), was 
 author of The Naval History of Great 
 Britain from the Declaration of War by 
 France to the Accession of Georr/e /F.,-*.e., 
 -from 1792 to 1820, published in 1822. 
 
 Jameson, Mrs., n^e Anna Murphy, 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1797, d. 1860), was 
 the author of The IHarj/ of an Ennuy&e 
 (1826) ; The Loves of the Poets (1859): Cele- 
 brated Female Sovereigns (1831) ; CfhcCrac- 
 teristics of Shakespeare's Women (1832) ; 
 Beauties of the Court of Charles IT. (1833) ; 
 Sketches of Germany (1837); Winter Studies 
 and Summer Bnmoles m Canada (1838) ; 
 ■JAves^ofthe Early Italian Painters (1845) : 
 MemK>irs and Essays (1846) ; Sacred amd 
 Xiegendary Art (1848) ; A Commonplace Book 
 &f-ThougJtt8f Memories, and Fancies (1854); 
 iu^ otibex works; 
 
 Jamieson, John, D.D., Scottish 
 Dissenting minister (1759—1838), was authoj: 
 of Sacinianisra Unmasked (1788) ; The 
 Deity of ChHst (1794) ; The Use of Sacred 
 History (1802) ; Etymological Dictionary of 
 the Scottish Language (1808) ; Supplements 
 to the Dictionary (1825) ; Hermes Scythi-cus 
 (1814)^; , a treatise on The Reality of the , 
 Gracious Injkience of tlie Holy Spirit ; some 
 poems j and editioiis of Barbour's Bruce 
 and Blind Harry's Wallace. 
 
 Jamieson, Robert, was the 
 author of Popular Ballads and Songs, from 
 Tradition, Manuscripts, and Scarce Edir 
 turns, published in 1806. 
 
 Jane Eyre. See Eyke, Jane. 
 
 Jane Shore. A ballad, printed hy 
 Bishop Percy from a black-letter copy in 
 the Pepys^ collection. Its full title is :— 
 The.worfulllamentation of Jane Shore, a 
 .GoldsmitJi's ' wife in LondcM, some time 
 Kin^ Edward XV, his concubine. , She 
 eventually lived with Lord Hastings^ after- 
 wards Marquis of Dorset, as his mistrefes. 
 Her story has been graphically told by Sir - 
 Thomas More in his History of RichaT*^} 
 III. ; and Drayton, in his EngJ.aKd^:s 
 Heroical Epistles, has one from this lady 
 to her royal lover. "W., G. Wills haswnl;- - 
 ten a drama on the subject of her life. {See 
 next paragraph). 
 
 Jane Shore. A tragedy by Nich- 
 olas RowE (1673—1718), acted in 1714, and 
 wri,tten, as the author phrased it, " in imi- . 
 tatiou of Shakespeare's style." "In what," 
 says Johnson, '-'he thought himself the, 
 imitator of Shakespeare, it is not .easy to 
 conceive. The numbers, the diction, the 
 sentiments, and the conduct, everythingin 
 ■v^^hich imitation can consist, are remote in 
 the utmost degree from the manner of 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Janfaries, Katherine. A ballad, 
 printed by Scott, Motherwell, Maidment, 
 and Buchan, and notable as that on which 
 Scott founded his ballad of, Young^ Lochin- 
 var, whoi in the present poem, is called 
 Lamington. Allineham says- that .Young 
 Child Dying, translated by JamiesoUj is an 
 old Danish ballad on, the same story. , 
 
 January and May: "or, the 
 Merchants' Tale, front Chaucer," by Alex- - 
 AKpEK Pope (1688—1744), , written when 
 the poet was sixteen, or seventeen yeais tjf 
 age, and printed with the Pastoralsin 1709. 
 l^rwhitt doubts whether the soui'ce of the 
 story is Italian, though the scene is laid in 
 Italy, The adventure of the Pear: tree was 
 probably derived from Adolphue's Latin 
 Fables (1315), ■' ' . 
 
 Janet's Repentance. One of the 
 Scenes Of Clerical Life (q.v.), by Geokge 
 ELTOt. 
 
 Jaquenetta. A country wench 
 in Love* a Lahour^s tost (fl.v.)* 
 
 15* * ' -"■ 
 
346 
 
 JAQ 
 
 JEH 
 
 Jaques, in As you Like it (q.v.), is 
 a lord in attendance on the exiled duke. 
 He is distinguishedby Hazlittas " the only 
 purely contemplative character in Shake- 
 speare. He thinks and does— nothing. 
 Ilis whole occupation is to amuse liis mind, 
 and he is totally regardless of his body and 
 his fortunes. He is the prince of philo- 
 sophical Idlers, and his only passion is 
 thought. He sets no value on anything, 
 but as it seiTes as food for reflection. He 
 can ' suck melancholy out of a song as a 
 "weasel sucks eggs : * the rootlej fool, "who 
 morals on the time,' is the greatest prize he 
 meets in the forests." His famous solilo- 
 quy occui-s in act ii„ scene 7- SeeMagiun's 
 Shakespeare Characters. Scott speaks of 
 " humorous Jaques," and Lamb of the 
 " fair domain " of Arden, — 
 
 " Where Jaques fed his fiolitary vein." 
 
 Jardine, G-eorge, Professor of 
 
 Logic at Glasgow (b. 1827, d. 1872), was 
 aumoT of Outlines of Philosc^hical Educa- 
 tion. 
 
 Jarndyce, in Dickens's novel of 
 £leak House (q-v.), is a philanthropist, 
 whose suit of " Jarndyce v. Jarndyce," 
 said to be suggested by the celebrated case 
 of the Jennings' property, is intended as 
 a satire upon the proceedings of the 
 Court of Chancery. 
 
 Jarvie, Baillie Nicol. A Glas- 
 gow magistrate and a friend of Kob Bov, 
 El Sir "Walter Scott's novel of that 
 name. "Nothing," says Nassjiu W. Senior, 
 *' can promise less originality and interest 
 than tlie portrait of a conceited, petulant, 
 
 Eurse-proud tradesman, full of his own and 
 is father's dignity and importance, and 
 of mercantile and Presbyterian formalities, 
 and totally without tact or discretion, who 
 does nothing in the story but give bail, 
 take a journey, and marry his maid. Buv 
 the courage, the generosity, and the frank 
 na^iveti and warm-heartedness^ which are 
 xuiited to these unpromising ingredients, 
 make him both original and interesting." 
 
 Jay, William, D.D., Nonconfor- 
 mist minister, of Bath (b. 1769, d. 1853), 
 was author of a Life of Cornelius Winter. 
 Moral Duties of Husbands and Wives, and 
 odier religious works. 
 
 Jayle, and Jaylers, The Praise 
 
 and Vertue of, " with the most excellent 
 mysterio and necessary use of all sorts of 
 Hanging. A prose work by John Tay- 
 lor, the " "Water-poet " (1580—1654), pub- 
 lished in 1623. 
 
 Jeacock, Caleb, tlie " Literary 
 Baker" (d. 1786), wrote a J'^indtcation of 
 the Apostle Paul from the Charges of Hy- 
 pocrisy and Tnsincerity brought by Boling- 
 tyroke, Middleton, and others (1765). 
 
 JiBaffreson, John Cordy, mis- 
 cellaneous writer, haa written 'Annuh pf 
 
 Oaford, A Book about Lawyers^ A Book 
 about the Clergy, BHdes and Bridals, 
 Novels and Novelists^ A Book about the 
 Table, and several novels. 
 
 Jealous Wife, The. A comedy 
 by George Colman' (1733 — 1794), acted in 
 1761, and partially borrowed from Field- 
 ing, but sofaintly, says Hazlittj "that the 
 resemblance is hardly discernible till you 
 are apprised of it. The * jealous wife * 
 herself is, however, a dramatic cJief- 
 d^cBuvre" 
 
 Jeames de la Fluche, Esq., The 
 I>iary of C, " with his Letters." A series 
 of papers by William Makepeack 
 Thackeray (1811 — 1863). originally pub- 
 lished in Punch, with tne author's own 
 illustrations. "Jeames" is a footman, in 
 the service of Sir George Flimsey, of 
 Berkeley Square, and comes suddenly and 
 unexpectedly into -the possession of a 
 handsome fortune. 
 
 Jeanes, Henry, divine (b. 1611, 
 d. 1662}, was author of Abstinence from 
 Evil, Original Righteousness, and various 
 tracts. 
 
 Jeanie Morrison. A ballad by 
 "William Motherwell (1797—1835) :— 
 
 " 'Twos when we loved ilk ither wee], 
 'Twos then wc twa did part : 
 Sweet time !— sad time !— twa baims atschule — 
 Twa bairns, and but ae heart I " 
 
 Jebb, John, D.D., Bishop of Limer- 
 ick (b. 1775, d. 1833), wrote a work on 
 Sacred Literature (1819). See his Life by 
 Forster (1836). 
 
 Jebb, Samuel, M.D.. scholar and 
 miscellaneous writer (d. 1772), published 
 editions of Aristides, Justin ilaiiiyr, and 
 Roger Bacon, and a Life of Mary Queen qf 
 Scots. 
 
 Jebusites, The, is the name under 
 which the Papists are personified in Dry- 
 dek's poem of Absalom and Achitophel 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Jeffrey, Francis (Lord), Scotch 
 judge and critic (b. 1773, d. 1860), derives 
 his literary celebrity from his connection 
 with The Edinburgh Meview (q.v.), of 
 which he was editor from 1803 to 1829. Hia 
 Essays, contributed to the Beview, were 
 collected and published in a separate 
 volume. See his Life (with Letters) by 
 Lord CocUburn (1852). 
 
 Jeffreys, George, poet (b. 1G78. d. 
 1776), published in 1754 a volume of Mis- 
 cellanies in prose and verse, including 
 Edwin and Merope, tragedies ; and The 
 Triumph qf Truth, an oratorio. Some 
 odes ox his are included in Nichols* Col- 
 lection. 
 
 Jehosophat, the Hermit. Ttie 
 son of AVenerib, King of Barma, India,' 
 and the hero of *' a wondeiftU relation/' 
 
JEL 
 
 JBR 
 
 3^^ 
 
 iu the Histo^ of Five Wise Philosophers, 
 by Henry Peacham (1570 ?— 1650), pub- 
 lished in 1672. 
 
 Jellyby, Mrs. A character in 
 Dickens's novel of Slealc House (q.v.). 
 
 Jemmy Da-wson. A balUul by 
 William Shenstone (1714—1763), relat- 
 ing the unhappy love of Kitty for young 
 Captain Dawson, one of the eight officers 
 belonging to the Manchester regiment of 
 volunteers, in the service of the Young 
 Chevalier, who were hanged, drawn, and 
 quartered on. Kenningtou Common in 
 1746. 
 
 Jenkins, Edward (b. 1838), is the 
 author of Ginx's Baby, Lord Bantam, Lit- 
 tle Hodge, Luichmee and IHUoo, The Coolie, 
 Glances at Inner England, and various 
 minor works. 
 
 Jenkins, Winifred. Maid to Miss 
 Tabiiha Bramble, in Smollett's novel, 
 The Expedition qf Humphrey Clinker (q.v.), 
 
 Jenkinson, £phraim. A swin- 
 dler in Goldsmith's Vicar of Walcejield 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Jenks, Benjamin, divine (b. 1646, 
 d. 1724), was the author of Prayers and 
 Offices of Devotion and Meditations on 
 Various Important Subjects. 
 
 Jennens, Charles(d. 1773).deserves 
 mention as the compiler of the words for 
 Handel's Messiah, and other oratorios. 
 He was also the author *f editions of 
 separate plays by Shakespeare, which were 
 very severely handled by the critics. See 
 the Jiiographia Dramatica. 
 
 Jennings, David, D.D., Dissent- 
 ing divine (b. 1691, d. 1762), was author of 
 Jewish Antiquities, and An Appeal to 
 lieasonand Common Sense for the Truth of 
 the Holy Scriptures. 
 
 Jennings^ Henry Constantine 
 03, 1731, d. 1819), was author of An Kndea- 
 vo-iir to Prove that Reason is alone sufficient 
 far tile Firm Establishment of Religion; 
 Physical Inquiries into the Powers and 
 Properties of Spirit, and otlier treatises. 
 
 "Jenny kissed me when we 
 
 met." A lyric by Leigh Hokt. 
 
 Jenyns, Soame, poet and miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1704, d. 1787), was the 
 author of The Art of Dojnelng, a poem ; 
 A Free Inquiry into tfie Nature and Origin 
 of Evil (1756) ; and A Review of the Infernal 
 Evidences of Hie Christian Religion (1776). 
 The Free inquiry was criticised by Dr. 
 Johnson in Th^ Literary ' Magazine. 
 Jenyns's Works were collected in 1790, and 
 published, with a Biography, by Nelson 
 Gole. Burke said that Jenyns was "one 
 of those who wrote the purest English, 
 tbftt lAi-Oie most Bfmple and abOnslnal 
 
 language, the least qualified with foreign 
 impregnations." 
 
 Jephsoii, Robert, dramatist (b. 
 
 1736, d. 1803), wrote Braganza (1775) ; The 
 Law of Lomhardy (1779) ; and The Co^int 
 of Narbonne {llSl) ', and live other plays; 
 Roman Poi'traits, a poem ; and various 
 miscellaneous productions. 
 
 Jephthah, Judge of Israel. An 
 
 old song, referred to by Shakespeare in 
 Hamlet, act ii., scene 2, and printed by 
 Bisliop Percy in his ReliqueS. Plays on 
 the subject of Jephthah were written by 
 John Ohristopherson about 3546, and 
 by GiEORQK Buchanan (q.v.) iu 1554. 
 
 Jerdan, William, journalist (b. 
 1782, d. 1869), is best known on account of . 
 his connection with The Literary Gazette, 
 of which he was editor from 1817 to 185Q- 
 His Autobiography, which is full of rem^ 
 iniscences of famous men, appeai'ed. iu 
 1852—3. 
 
 Jermyn, Matthew. Tlie lawyer 
 in GEOitGB Eliot's novel of Felix Holt, 
 the Radical (q.v.) ; busband of Mrs-. 
 Transome, and father of Harold. 
 
 Jerningham, fldward, y^oet nnd 
 dramatist (b. 1727, d. 1812), was the author 
 of a number of plays not now remembered; 
 also of The Shakespeare Gallery, and of 
 The Rise and Fall of Scandinavian Poetry , 
 His Works were published in 1806. 
 
 Jerram, Charles, divine {b. 1770, 
 d. 1853), was the author of a work on Infant 
 BajHism. See his Life (1855). v ;. 
 
 Jerrold, Douglas "William, dra- 
 matist, novelist, and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1803, d. 1857), was the author, among 
 
 Other works, of Black-Eyed Susan (1829) i 
 The Rent Day (1832) : Men of Character 
 (1838) ; Cakes and Ale (1841) ; Tlie Story of 
 
 a Feather (1843) ; Mrs. Ca^idle's Curiam 
 Lectures (1845) ; Punches Complete Letter 
 
 Writer (1846) : Tlie Chronicles of Clover- 
 nook (1846) J A Man Modi qf Money (1849) ; 
 
 The Caispaw (1850) : Betiredfrom Business 
 (1851) ; and A Heart of Gold (1854). Hia 
 
 Works are published in a collected form. 
 See the Life by his son (1868). See CaudI/B'S 
 CubtAik'L£ctukes, Mbs. 
 
 Jerrold, William Blanchard, 
 
 eldest son of the above, and misoellaneoua 
 writer (b. 1826), has written The , Chaltet^_ 
 box (1857) ; Beau Brummel (1858), Oiipid in 
 Waiting (1871) ; and other plays ; , The 
 Disgrace of the Family (1847), Up and 
 Down in the World (1866), The Christian 
 Var/abond (1871), and other stories j and 
 the f ollowliig, among miscellaneous works: 
 Imperial Paris (1866) ; Life of Douglas 
 Jerrold (1868) j The Children of LuUtia 
 (1863) ; London (1872) ; and Napoleon III. 
 (1874—7). See Fik-Bec. 
 
 Jerry Hawthorn. The rustic in 
 
348 
 
 JBE 
 
 JEW 
 
 % 
 
 PiEBCE EoAK'8 story of Life in London 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Jerusalem, in Drtden's poem of 
 Absalom and AclUtophel (q.v.), is intended 
 for London, as " Israel " is intended for 
 England generally. 
 
 Jerusalem Delivered. An epic 
 poem, in twenty books, by Torquato 
 Tasso (1544—169,5), which appeared in 
 1581. See Godfrey of Bulloqhe ; and 
 Tasso. 
 
 Jerusalem, The Battell of. A 
 
 poem by Adam Davie (q.v.). 
 
 Jerusalera, The Destruction of. 
 
 An old poem, " written," says "Warton, 
 " in Langland's maimer.'* 
 
 Jerusalem, the Smanation of 
 
 the Giant Albion. A poem by Willam 
 Blake, the artist. 
 
 Jerusalem, The Fall of. A dra- 
 matic poem by Dean Milmak, published 
 in 1820. 
 
 Jesse, John Heneage (b. 1815, d. 
 1874), wrote London : its Celebrated Char- 
 acters and Semarkable Places (1871) ; and 
 many other works. 
 
 Jessica. Daughter of Shylock 
 ^.v.), and beloved by Lorenzo (q.v.), in 
 Tile Merchant of Venice (q.v.). " Jessica," 
 
 says Mrs. Jameson, "though properly 
 
 kept subordinate, is certainly 
 
 , " * A moat beautiful Pagan, a most cwcet Jew."' 
 
 She cannot be called a sketch ; or, if a 
 fiketch, she is like one of those dashed o£E 
 h\ glowing colours from the rainbow 
 
 8 alette of a Kubens ; she has a rich tint of 
 rientalism shed over her, worthy of her 
 Eastern origin." 
 
 Jessie, the Flower o' Dumblane. 
 
 A song by Bobert Tannahill (1774 — 
 1810) :— 
 
 " How sweet ia the brier, in ita saft fauldin bloasom 
 Anrl awcet ia the hill, wi' ita mantle o' green : 
 Yet fairer and awcctcr, and dear to this boRom, 
 Is young lovely Jessie, the flower o' Dumblane." 
 
 "Jest, and youthful jollity." — 
 
 Milton, L' Allegro, line 26. 
 "Jests at scars inrho never felt 
 
 II wound. He." — Romeo and Juliet, scene 
 ii., act 2. 
 
 "Jest's prosperity lies in the 
 
 ear. A." — Love's Labour's Lost, act v., 
 scene 2. 
 
 " Jesu, lover of my soul." First 
 line of a hymn by Charles Wesley 
 (1708—1788). 
 
 Jevon, Thomas, dramatist (d. 
 1688), was the author of Tlie Devil qf a 
 Wife (1686). 
 
 Jew and Ptolemy, The. An 
 
 Elizabethan play, referred to by GossoH; in 
 his Plays Canfated (q.v.), as describing 
 " the greediness of worldly chusers and the 
 bloody mincls of usurers." 
 
 Jew of Malta, The Famous 
 Tragedy of the Kich, by Christopher 
 Marlowe ; written in 1589 or 1690, and 
 published in 1633 ; " more vigorously con- 
 ceived," says Hallam, " both as to char- 
 acter and circumstances, than any other 
 Elizabethan play, except those of Shakes- 
 peare." See Baracas. 
 
 " Jew that Shakespeare drew. 
 This is the." An allusion to Shylock 
 (q.v.), which tradition attributes to Alex- 
 ander PorE. See the Biographia Dra- 
 matica, vol. i., part ii. 
 
 Jew, The. An old play, which 
 -may have afforded Shakespeare a hint for 
 his Merchant of Venice (q.v.). 
 
 "Jewel iu an Ethiop's ear, Like 
 
 a rich.— Jiomeo and Juliet, act i., scene 5, 
 
 "Jevrel in his head, A pre- 
 cious." — As You Like It, act ii., scene 1. 
 
 " Jews might kiss and infidels 
 
 adore. Which."— Pope, Tlie Pane of the 
 Lock, canto ii., line 8 ; preceded by : — 
 
 "On her white breast a sparkling cross she wore." 
 
 Jevrell, John, Bishop of Salisbury 
 (b. 1522, d. 1571), was author of Apologia 
 JCcclesice Anglicance (1562), translated into 
 English iu 1564 by Lady Anne Bacon ; and 
 of A Defence of the Apology (1667— 1B69). 
 His Works have been published by the 
 Parker Society. " He is justly regarded,** 
 says Dr. Lorimer, " as one of the ablest 
 and most authoritative expounders of the 
 true genius and teaching of the Beformed 
 Church of England." See the Lives by 
 Humfrey (1573), Featley (1645), Bohun 
 (1685), Isaacson (1823), and Le Bas. Hooker 
 called Jewell " the worthiest divine that 
 Christendom hath bred for the space of 
 some hundreds of years ; " Stillingfleet re- 
 ferred to him as "that great light and 
 ornament to the Church." 
 
 " Jev7el3 five words long." — 
 
 Tenxtson, Tlie Princess, canto ii. : — 
 
 " That on the stretched forefinger of all time 
 Spai-klc for ever." 
 
 Jewkes, Mrs. A character in 
 EiCHARDSOif's novel of Pamela (q.v.). 
 
 Jewsbury, Geraldine Endsor, 
 
 novelist, published Zoe : or, ilie History qf 
 Three Lives (1845) ; The Half Sisters 
 (1848) ; Marian Withers (1851) ; Constance 
 Herbert (1856) ; Might and Wrong (1869) ; 
 and other stones. 
 
 Jewsbury, Maria Jane (Mrs. 
 Eletcher), poetess and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1800, d. 1833), was the author of Phan- 
 lasmagoriai or, Sketcliea qf Lyft a/Oft 
 
JIM 
 
 JOH 
 
 349 
 
 • Ziterature (1825) ; Letters to the Young ; 
 . TJiree Histories ; and Lays of Leisure 
 Hours. 
 
 Jira. A striking poem, in dialect, 
 by Bret Haete, the American humorist. 
 
 Jingle, Mr. Alfred. A strolling 
 swindler, in DiCKEK"5*s novel of The Pick- 
 ujich Papers (q.v.), famous for his rapid 
 and elliptical style of speech. He makes 
 his first appearance on the scene in chap. 7. 
 
 J. J. The initials of J. J. Ridley, a 
 young artist-friend of, Olive's, in Thac- 
 keray's novel of Th£ Newcomes (q.v.). 
 
 J. O. The initials under which 
 Matthew J. Higgins contributed to the 
 Comhill Magazine his Story of the Mhow 
 Court Martial, See Omniom, Jacob. 
 
 Joan of Arc. A poem in ten books, 
 by EoBEET SouTHEY (1774—1843), pub- 
 lished in 1796. It is written in blank 
 verse, and as originally composed, iiiclud- 
 ' ed the poem afterwards reprinted as The 
 Vision of the Maid of Orleans. In later 
 editions the allegorical machinery which 
 it at first contained was wholly erased from 
 the poem. 
 
 Job Thomberry. A character in 
 Colman's John Bull (qv.). 
 
 Job Trotter, The hypocritical fol- 
 lower of Alfred Jingle (q.v.), given to what 
 Sam WeUer calls " water-works " on the 
 least provocation, in Dickens's Pickwich 
 Papers (q.v.). 
 
 Jocasta. A play, adapted \>y 
 George Gascoigne, Francis Kinwel- 
 JCERSH, and Christopher Yelvertos, 
 from the Pluenissm of Euripides. It is re- 
 markable as being the second dramatic 
 performance in our language in blank 
 verse, and the first known attempt to pro- 
 duce a Greek play upon the English stage. 
 
 Jocelin of Brakelonde produced 
 a Chronicle of tlie Monastery of St. Edmund 
 from 1173 to 1202. 
 
 Jo. Tlie crossing-sweeper in Bleak 
 House (q-v.). 
 
 Joe. The " fat hoy,'' in Dickens's 
 novel of ^e Pickwick Papers (q.v.), who 
 has such an unfortunate tendency to fall 
 asleep at the shortest notice, '* Damn 
 that boy," says Mr. Wardle, " he's gone to 
 sleep again. Be good enough to pinch 
 him, sir— in the leg, if you please ; nothing 
 else wakes him." 
 
 Joe Miller. See Miller, Joe. 
 
 Joe Willet. See Willet, Joe. 
 
 John. A Franciscan friar, in 
 Eomeo and Juliet (q.v.). Also the name 
 of p. character in Much Ada About JS'oth- 
 ' inn.ifky-h 
 
 John Anderson my Jo. A 
 
 "Scottish song," in the fotm of a dia- 
 logue between a man and a woman, de- 
 signed to ridicule Popery; The seven 
 " bairns " are probably the seven sacra- 
 ments, five of wfcich, says Bishop Percy, 
 "were the spurious oifspriug of the 
 Mother Church." 
 
 John a Kent and John a Cum- 
 ber, by Anthony Munday ; printed by 
 the Shakespeare Society in 1851. 
 
 John Bull. A weekly newspaper 
 started in 1820, imder the editorship* of 
 Theodore Hook (q.v.). See also, Bull 
 John. 
 
 John Bull and Brother Jona- 
 than, The Diverting History of, A politi- 
 cal jeu d'esprit, by James Kieke Paul- 
 ding (1779—1860), published in 1816. 
 
 John, Don. Brother of Don Pedro, 
 
 in Much Ado About Nothing (q.v.). 
 
 "John Gilpin -was a citizen." 
 
 First line of CowpEE's John Gilpin. See 
 Gilpin, John. 
 
 John Halifax, Gentleman. See 
 Mulooh, Dinah Maria. 
 
 John, King. An historical play 
 by William Shakespeare, first printed 
 ■ in 1623. It was acted before 1598, and was 
 founded on an oldei: play on the same 
 subject. 
 
 John, Little. See Little John. 
 
 John of Bromyard. See Summa 
 Predicantium. 
 
 John of Pordun. See Foedun, 
 John of. 
 
 John of Gaddesden. See Bosa 
 
 ASGLICA. 
 
 John of Hexham continued the 
 History ascribed to Simeon of Durham 
 from 1130 to 1154. 
 
 John of Oznead (temp. Edward 
 I.), wrote a Latin Chronicle, from A.D. 
 449 to A.D. 1292, His work was founded 
 upon that of lloger of Wendover, which, 
 however, he largely supplemeiitea, 
 
 John of Salisbury, Bishop of 
 
 Chartres (b, 1110, d. 1180), wrote Polycrati- 
 cus de nugis curialium et vestU/iis philosO' 
 phorum (1166), Etitheticus, ifetalogicus, 
 and many other works, first collected and 
 published iii 1848. See Wright's JSiogra- 
 phia Britannica Literaria, 
 
 John of St. Omer (circa 1197). 
 See NORPOLOHIiE desceiptionis Impug- 
 NATIfl. : 
 
 John of Trokelowe (temp. Ed- 
 watd III.), wrote AnnaU of the reign df 
 Edward EC. from 1307 to 1323. They were 
 -^6iitilIi(«dDy HelJ7 o^ EJiW^foid tp 1321. 
 
350 
 
 JOH 
 
 JOH 
 
 John the Reeve. A very old 
 ballad in the form of a dialogue between 
 King Edward I. and one of his reeves or 
 bailEEEs. 
 
 John "Woodvill. See "Woodvill, 
 John. 
 
 John, Young, and hia True 
 
 Sweetheart. A ballad printed by Buchan 
 In his collection, which relates how Young 
 John treats his lady love harshly, and how, 
 through her faithfulness, his heart was 
 softened, and he becomes 
 
 ** Ab deep in love vi* her 
 As she wi' him again." 
 
 One of the rerses— 
 
 *' Now hae ye played me thib, f ause lo 
 In Bummer, 'midthe flow'rs, 
 I Ball repay ye back agflin 
 In winter ^inid the ihow'ra.'* 
 
 recalls the refrain to one of Charles Mao- 
 kay's shorter poems. 
 
 Johnes, Thomas (b. 1749, d. 1816). 
 
 Translator of Froissart*8C7iro«icZe(1803 — 5), 
 Monstrelet's Chronicle ^1809), and other 
 classical works. See his Jji/e by Smith 
 (1810.) 
 
 Johnnie of Braidislee. A ballad 
 
 printed by Scott in his Border Minstrelsy, 
 which appears in other collectioiia ujider 
 the various titles of Johnie of Ilradisbanh^ 
 Johnmi Cock, and Johnnie of Cocklesmuir. 
 " The hero of the ballad," says Scott, '* ap- 
 peal's to have been an outlaw and deer- 
 Btealer — probably one of the broken men 
 residing on the Border." 
 
 "Hia body lies dead in DumBdecr, 
 And his hunting it is done." 
 
 Johnson, in Albert Smith's novel 
 of The Adventures of Mr. Ledbury, is said 
 to be identical with the Jack Johnson who 
 figured in London society at the beginning 
 of this century, and many of whose ad- 
 ventures are believed to be faithfully re- 
 produced in Mr. Ledbury. He is described 
 as a polished Bobemiauf good-natured^ 
 reckless and witty. 
 
 Johnson, Anna C. See Mybtle, 
 
 MiXNIE. 
 
 Johnson, Charles, dramatist (b. 
 1679, d- 1748), wrote The Gentleman Cully 
 (1702),' and other plays, nineteen in all, 
 mentioned in the Blograjihia Dramatica. 
 Ho figures in The LJunciad (q.v.). See 
 Love ix a Forest. 
 
 Johnson, Dr. James. See Pag, 
 
 Frederick. 
 
 Johnson, John. An Enj^lishmnn 
 who figures prominently in the 7th and 
 8th cantos of Bvron's poem of Don Juan 
 (q.v.) :- 
 
 " By Jove, he was a noble fellow, Johnson, * 
 And though hia name than Ajax or Achilles 
 Sounds lesB harmonious, underneath ths lun soon 
 w* fthaU. not IV8 hi» Iweneu. " 
 
 Johnson, John. Nonjuring diyine 
 (b 16G2, d. 1725), was author of The Un- 
 bloody Sacrifice. See Life by Brett. 
 
 Johnson^ Miss Esther. See Stel- 
 la. 
 
 Johnson, Richard (temp. Eliza- 
 beth and James I.)» wrote The Seven 
 Champions of Christendom (q.v-); Tke Nitie 
 Worthies of London (1592), (q.v.); The 
 Pleasant Walks of Moorfields (1607) ; A 
 Crowne Garland of Goulaen Jtoses (q.v.) 
 (1612) ; The Life and ,Deaih of liobert Ce- 
 cill, E. of Salisbury (1612) ; and The His- 
 tory of Tom of TAncoln. See AircLioRrM 
 Lacrym-e ; TOM-A-LixcoLN ; Tom 
 Thumb. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel, dramatist (b. 
 1705, d. 177.^) wrote Hurlothrumbo (q.v.), 
 
 Cheshire Comics^ The Flaying Comely The 
 Mad Lovers, All Alive and Merry, A Poet 
 rfiade Wise, and Sir John Falsiaff in 
 Masquerade. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel, LL.D., lexico- 
 grapher, biographer, dramatist, novelist, 
 f>oet and essayist (b. 1709, d. 1785), pub- 
 ished London (1738); The Life of Richard 
 Savage (1744) ; Miscellaneous Observa- 
 tions on the Tragedy of Hamlet, tcith He- 
 marks 071 Hanmer's Edition of Shake- 
 speare (1745); The Vanity of Human Wishes 
 (1749) ; Irene (1749), (q.v.); Dictionary of 
 the English Language (1755) ; J?asselas 
 (1759): A Visit to the Hebrides (1773); and 
 The Lives of the Poets (1779—81) ; besides 
 writing The Idler, a weekly essay in TAe 
 Universal Chronicle (1758—60), and nearly 
 the whole of The Rambler (q.v.). His edi- 
 tion of Shakespeare appeared in 1765. See 
 the Lives by Towers (1786), Hawkins (1787), 
 Boswell (1791), Anderson (1795), and Rus- 
 sell (1847); also Carlyle's Essays. "John- 
 son," says Macaulay iu bis Biographies, 
 " decided literaiy questions like a lawyer, 
 not a legislator. His whole code of criti- 
 cism rested on pure assumption, for which 
 he sometimes quoted a precedent or an 
 authority, but scarcely troubled himself 
 to give a reason drawn from the nature of 
 things. He took it for granted that the 
 kina of poetry which flourished in his 
 time, which he had been nccustonied to 
 hear praised from his childhood, and which 
 he had himself written with success, wns 
 the best kind of poetiy. On men and man- 
 ners—at leant on the men and manners of 
 a particular place and a particular age- 
 Johnson had certainly looked with a most 
 obsei-vant and discriminating eye. His re- 
 marks on the education of children, on 
 marriage, on the economy of families, on 
 the rules of society, are alwavs striliing nnd 
 generally sound. In his writings, indeed, 
 the knowledge of life which he possessed 
 in an eminent degree is very imperfectly 
 exhibited. But it is clear, from the re- 
 mains of hie conversations, that he had 
 more of that Uomely wisdom which notii- 
 
JOB 
 
 JOL 
 
 351 
 
 K1 
 
 ing but experience and observation can 
 
 five than any writer since the time of 
 wif t. If lie liad been content to write as 
 lie talked, be niigbt have left books on the 
 practical art of living superior to the 
 ' Directions to Servants.' Yet even his re- 
 marks on society, like his remarks on lit- 
 erature, indicate a mind at least as re- 
 markable for narrowness as for strength. 
 He was no master of tlie great science of 
 human nature. He had studied not the 
 genus man, but the species Londoner. His 
 philosophy stopped at the fust tuinplke- 
 "ate. Of the rural life of England he 
 mew nothiiiff, and he took it for granted 
 that everybody who lived in the country 
 was either stupid or miserable. The char- 
 acteristic faults of his style are so familiar 
 to all our readers, and have been so bur- 
 ■ lesqued, that it is almost superfluous to 
 point them out. His constant practice of 
 padding out a sentence with useless epi- 
 thets till it became as stiff as the bust of an 
 exquisite ; his antithetical forms of expres- 
 sion, constantly employed even when there 
 is no opposition in the ideas expressed ; 
 hisbig words wasted on little things: his 
 harsh inversions, so widely different from 
 those graceful and easy inversions which 
 give. variety, spirit, and sweetness to the 
 expression of our great old writers— all 
 these peculiarities have been imitated by 
 his admirers, and parodied by his assail- 
 ants, tin the public has become sick of 
 the subject." See Cham, The Geeat, 
 
 or LiTEKATUEE. 
 
 Johnson, The Life of Dr. Sam- 
 
 uel,by James B(>swEj:,L,was first published 
 in 1790. Of this immortal biograghy, the 
 best edition is by John Wilson Oroker, 
 with Macaulay's corrections (1835). See 
 Macaulay's Assays. 
 
 Johnson, Thomas, classical editor 
 <b. 1675, d. 1750), produced an edition of 
 Sophocles (1605), besides writing An Essay 
 on Moral Obligation (1731). 
 
 Johnston, Arthur, Scotch elas- 
 Bical poet (b. 1587, d. 1641), published a 
 unmber of works in Latin verse, including 
 MlegitE (1628); Parerga (1632); JEpigram- 
 mota(1633); Musce Aulicce (1635) : and ver- 
 sions of the Song of Solomon, the 'Seven 
 Penitential Psalms, the Seven Consolatory 
 Psalm.'*, the Creed, -and the Lord's Prayer. 
 He was editor of, and a contributor to, Idie 
 DeliclcR Poefarum Scotorum. His JVorUs 
 appeared in 1612. 
 
 Johnston, Charles (il. 1800), was 
 author of Chrj'/sal; or^ ike Adventures of 
 a Guinea (1760 and 1761) ; I'he Jieverie 
 (17112); The Hlstoru of Arsacea (VM) ; The 
 Pihirkn (1775); and The History of John 
 Juniper, Esq. (1781). Of Chrysal, Sir 
 Walter Scott writes that there is a close 
 resemblance in plan between it and the 
 Viable Hoiteux. " In both works, a spirit, 
 possesied of the powei: of reading ' the 
 
 •[ 
 
 tliouglits and explaining the motives of 
 mankind, is supposed' to communicate to 
 a mortal a real view of liumanity, stripping . 
 men's actions of ' their borrowed pi'etexta 
 and simulated motives, and tracing their 
 source directly to their passions or their 
 follies. The tracing of a piece of coin in'o 
 the hands of various possessors, and givmg 
 an account of the actions and characters of 
 each, is an ingenious medium for moral 
 satire, which, however, had been already 
 employedby Br. Bathurst, in the Adveti- 
 tures of a .?/ay)?e7m7/, which form the forty- 
 tliird number of The Adventurer, published 
 3rd April, 1753, several years before Chry- 
 sa!.'^ A key to the characters in Chrysal 
 ■will be found in Davis's Bibliographical 
 and Literary Anecdotes. See Scott's Lives 
 of Eminent Novelists and Dramatists. 
 
 Johnston, James "Weir, Profes- 
 sor at Durham (b. 1796, d. 1853), was author 
 of The Chemistry of Common lAfe* 
 
 Johnston, John, Scottish classical 
 poet(d. 1612), wrote Jnscriptiones ffisioricce 
 Jiequm Scotorum (1602); Heroes ex omni hiS' 
 tor-la Scotica, lectissimi (1603) ; Consolatio 
 Christiana sub Cruce (1609) ; and other 
 works. 
 
 Johnston, Patrick. See Tiieee 
 
 DSAD POWIS. 
 
 Johnston, Robert, LL.D., Scot- 
 tish historian (d. 1639), was the author of a 
 History of Scotland during the Minority of 
 King James (1655), and other works. 
 
 Jolly Beggar, The. A ballad by 
 King James V. of Scotland. 
 Jolly Beggars, The. A cantata 
 
 by Robert Burns (1759—1796), the scene 
 of which is laid in the Change house of 
 Poosie Nansie's in Mauchline, Ayrshire, a 
 favourite haunt of all kinds of vagrants. 
 It is said that the poet witnessed the cir- 
 cumstance that gave rise to the poem. 
 
 Jolly Goshawk, The. A ballad 
 printed differently by Motherwell, Scott 
 (under the title of The Gray Goshawk), and 
 Buchan (under the title of The Scottish 
 Squire). The heroine is able,, by swallow- 
 ing a sleeping draught, to feign death, and 
 is carried to " the fourth kirk in fair Scot- 
 land," where her lover receives her : — 
 
 " 1 cam' nfl here to bonny Scotland 
 ^ Among the dead to rest j 
 
 But I cam' here to bonny Scotland 
 To tlie man that I lo'c beet 1 " 
 
 "Jolly muse it is. The." — Ten- 
 nyson, Will Waterproof's Mmidaque, 
 
 " Joly chepert of Askeldowne " 
 
 is, according to "Wartoji, the commence- 
 ment of a poem by John Lawern, monk 
 of Worcester (circa 1448), the manuscrlpj 
 of which is included in the Bodleian libra- 
 ry. BltBou said d£ this prodaetion that 
 
352 
 
 JON 
 
 JON 
 
 "it was found impracticable to make out 
 more than the lirst two lines : — 
 
 " * Joly cheptc of As chcll downe 
 
 Can more on love than all the town.* " 
 
 Jonas is the name tinder wliich 
 Sir William Jones, a famous lawyer, is 
 personified in Drvden's poem of Absalom 
 and Achitqphel (Q[.v.)> 
 
 Jonathan. An heroic poem by 
 William Alexander, Earl of Stirling, 
 published in 1639. 
 
 Jones, Griffith, author and pub- 
 lisher (b. 1722, d. 1T80), wrote Great Events 
 from Mule Causes, contributed to The 
 Literary Magazine and The British Maga- 
 zine, and edited The London Chronicle, 
 The JDaily Advertiser, and The Public Led- 
 ger. He published several translations 
 from i^e I^ench. 
 
 Jones, Henry, bricklayer and 
 
 dramatist (b. 1720^ d. 1770), wrote The Earl 
 ^ of Essex, performed in 1753, and an un- 
 tiuished play called The Cave ofldra. 
 
 Jones, Henry. See Cavendish. 
 
 Jones, Inigo. See Choeidia. 
 
 Jones, Jeremiahf Dissenting min- 
 ister (b. 1693, d. 1724), wrote a dissertation 
 on The Gospel of St. Matthew (1719), and 
 A New. ana Full Method of Settling the 
 Canonical Authorittj of the New Testament 
 (1726), both of which were reprinted at the 
 Clarendon Press in 1827. 
 
 Jones, John, was the author of 
 The Arte and Science of Preserving JBodie 
 and Soule in Health, Wisdome, and the 
 Catholike Religion; physically, philosoph- 
 ically, and divinely devised ; right profit- 
 able for all persons, but chiefly for Princes, 
 Jiulers, Nobles, Myshoppes, Preachers, 
 Parents, and themoftlie Parliament Itouse 
 <1679). 
 
 Jones, John, was the author of 
 Adrasta : or, the Womcm^s Spleen and 
 JjOVc's Conquest, a play, published in 1635, 
 but never acted. It is founded on the 
 ^ecamei'on of Boccaccio (day 8, novel 8). 
 
 Jones, John. LL.D. (b. 1765, d. 
 1827), was author of a Greek and English 
 Lexicon (1823.) 
 
 Jones, O. See Devonsiiiue Poet. 
 
 Jones, Paul. See Gray. 
 
 Jones, Rice, Welsli poet (b. 1716, 
 d. 1801), was editor of a collection of Welsh 
 poetry called Gorchestion lieinld Cymru 
 (1770), and author of a volume of original 
 Poems (1818). 
 
 Jones, Richard, Welsh divine (d. 
 1652), was the compiler of a summary of 
 the Bible iu Welsh, published in 1655. 
 
 Jo?i9flj, Sir "William, scholar (b. 
 
 1746, d. 1794). was author of a French ver- 
 sion of a Persian Life of Nadir Shah {mO)\ 
 A Persian Grammar (1771)_; Poems and 
 Translations (1772) ; Poeseos Asiaticce Com- 
 mentarii (1774) ; a version of The Speeches 
 of Isaeus (1778) ; an Essay on the Law of 
 Bailments (1780) ; a translation of The 
 Ordinances of Menu (1794) ; and several 
 other works. A collected edition of his 
 wiitings appeared in 1799 and again iu 
 1807, with a Lifet by Lord Teignmouth. 
 
 Jones, Stephen, journalist and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1763, d, 1827), pub- 
 lished an enlarged edition of the Bio- 
 graphia Dramatica (1812). 
 
 Jones, T. Percy. The pretended 
 author dS Firmilian, a Spasmodic Tragedy 
 (q. v.), by William Edmonsxouni! 
 Aytocn. 
 
 Jones, Tom : " the History of a 
 Foundling." A novel by Henry Fieli>- 
 ING (1707—1754)^ published in 1749. " Our 
 immortal Fielding," says Gibbon, " was of 
 the younger branch of the Earls of Den- 
 bigh, who drew their origin from the 
 Counts of Hapsburg. The successors of 
 Charles V. may disdain their brethren of 
 England, but "Qie romance of Tom Jones^ 
 that exquisite picture of human manners; 
 will outlive the palace of the Escurial and 
 the imperial eagle pf Austria." "lean- 
 not Bay," remarks Thackeray, " that I 
 think Mr. Jones a virtuous character ; I 
 cannot say but I think Fielding's evident 
 liking and admiration for Mr. tJones show 
 that the great humorist's moral sense was 
 blunted by his life, and that here, in art 
 and ethics, there is a great error. A hero 
 with a flawed reputation, a hero sponging 
 for a guinea, a hero who cannot pay his 
 landladv, and is obliged to let his honour 
 out to hire, is absurd, and his claim to 
 heroic rank uutenable." 
 
 Jones, William, of Nayland, 
 divine (b. 1726, d, 1800), was author of The 
 Catholic Doctriteie of the Trinity, The First 
 Principles of Natural Philosophy, Physicn 
 logical Disquisitions, The Figurative Lan^ 
 quage of Moly Scripture, Life of Bishop 
 Home, JiemarKable Passages qf Scriptv/re 
 not commonly understood, sind other VfOiks. 
 His complete writings appeared iu 1801. 
 See the Life by Stevens. 
 
 Jonson, Ben, poet-laureate and 
 dramatist (b. 1574, d. 1637), wrote Every 
 Man in His Humour (1596) : Ever^i Mail- 
 Out of His Humour (1599) ; ■ Ct/nthia's 
 Bevels (1600) ; The Poetaster (1601) ; Se- 
 janus (1603) ; Eastward-Hoe (with Chap- 
 man and Marston. 1605) ; Voipone (1605) ; 
 Epicene, or the Silent fTomau (1609) ; Th& 
 Alchemist (1610) ; Catili/ne (1611) ; Bartholo- 
 mew Fair (1614) ; The Devil's an Ass (1616) ; 
 The Forest (1616) ; The j^taple of Neio6 
 (1625) ; The New Inn (1630) ; IVie Mag- 
 netic Lady (1632) : and The Tale qf a Tub 
 ,.««„v . ^gsj^iag i^ig uniiuished pastdrsl", 
 
JON 
 
 JOV 
 
 353 
 
 - The Sad Shepherd (1637) ; variouB Masques ; 
 ^Untderwoods ; Timber; a Gro?nmar ,• aiid 
 .many miscellaneous poems and trausla- 
 ■ tioiis> He was made poet-laureate in 
 .1616. Hazlitt draws the following contrast 
 between Ben Jonson and Shakespeare. 
 . " Shakespeare," he says, '^* gives fair play 
 to nature and his own genius, while the 
 other trusts almost entirely to imitation 
 and custom. Shakespeare takes his gromid- 
 work in individual character and the 
 manners of his a^e, and raises from them 
 a fantastical anddeJightful superstructure 
 ^of his own j the other takes the same 
 ' groundwork m matter-of-fact, hut hardly 
 ever rises above it Ben Jon- 
 son is a great borrower from the works of 
 others, and a plagiarist even from 
 Nature ; so little freedom is there in his 
 imitations of her. and he appears to re- 
 ceive her bounty like an alms. His works 
 read like translations, from a certain 
 cramped manner, and want of adaptation. 
 Shakespeare, even when he takes ^iQiole 
 passages from books, does it with a spirit, 
 felicify, and mastery over his subject, that 
 
 instantly makes them his own 
 
 Jonson's style is as dry, as literal, and 
 TOjeagre, as Shakespeare's is exuberant, 
 liberal, and unrestrained. The one 
 labours hard, lashes himself up, and pro- 
 duces little pleasure with all lus fidelity 
 and tenaciousness of purpose ; the other, 
 without putting himself to any trouble, 
 or thinking about his success, performs 
 wonders. . . . Schlegel observes, that 
 whereas Shakespeare gives tlie springs of 
 human nature, which are always the same, 
 or sufficiently" so to be interesting and in- 
 telligible, Jonson chiefly gives thehumours 
 :of men, as' connected with certain arbi- 
 trary or conventional modes of dress, 
 action, and expression, which are intelligi- 
 ble only while they last ; and not very in- 
 teresting at any time. Skakespeare's 
 characters are men ; Ben Jonson's are 
 more like machines, governed by mere 
 ■routine, or by the convenience of the 
 
 ' poet, whose property they are 
 
 "The comedy of this author is far from 
 being 'lively, audible, and full of vent j' it 
 is for the most part obtuse, obscure, forced, 
 and tedious. He wears out a jest to the 
 last shred and coarsest grain. His imagina- 
 tion fastens instinctively on some mark or 
 si^ by which he designates the individ- 
 u^, and never lets it go; for fear of not 
 meeting with any other jneans to express 
 himself by. A cant phrase, an odd 
 
 f;eBture, an old-fashioned regimental uni- 
 orm, a wooden leg, a tobacco-box^ or a 
 hacked sword, are the standing topics by 
 which he embodies his characters to the 
 Imagination." His Works were published 
 in 1616-31, 1640, 1641, 1692, 171G, 1756, 1816 
 (Gifford), 1838 (Procter), 1870 (Cunning- 
 ham). See Lowndes' Bibliographers 
 Maivual. See the Biographies by Chet- 
 woodil756), Giffoj-d^l816), Procter (1838) ; 
 Cunningham and Bell (1870) \ and Critv- 
 
 cism by the two latter, ■ Hazlitt {Comic 
 Writers), and Leigh Hunt ( Wit dndHumour 
 Imagination and Fancy , ii\\6.Men, Women, 
 and Books), See Alchemist, The ; Bar- 
 tholomew Faik ; Catjlike ; Devil's 
 AN Ass, The ; Discoveries Made, &c. ; 
 Eastward-Hoe ; English Grammar.; 
 Epicene ; Epithalamion ; Every Man 
 IK HIS Humour; Every Man out of 
 his Humour ; Forest, The ; Gipsies 
 Metamorphosed, The ; Leges Cok- 
 viviALES ; News, The Staple of ; New 
 Inn, The ;„P0ETA8TEit, The ; Kobin 
 GooDFELLOw ; Sad Shepherd, The ; 
 Sejanus ; Tale of a Tub, The ; Voi/* 
 PONE ; Widow, The. 
 
 Jordan, Thomas, dramatist and 
 poet (temp. Charles I)., was the autlior 
 of several masques' and plays, and of a 
 number of poems. For the list of his 
 Wm'ks, see the Biographia Dramatica, aaid - 
 Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual. 
 
 Jortin, John, D.D., Arelideacon 
 of London (b. 1698, d. 1770), published Tlie 
 I'ruth of the Christian Jieligion (1732) ; 
 . Remarks on . Spenser and Milton (1734) ; 
 Remarks on Ecclesiastical History (1751-r- 
 1773) ; JDissertations on Different Subjects 
 (17oD) ; andai^/'e o/ Erasmus (1758— €0). 
 
 Jose, Don. A personage in Don 
 Juan (q-v .). 
 
 Joseph Andre-ws. ^See Andrews, 
 Joseph. 
 
 Joseph of Exeter, Josephus 
 
 IscATsnrs (circa 1198). See Aktiocheis'; 
 Bello Trojano, De. 
 
 Josh Billings, ^ee Billings, Josh. 
 
 Journey from this World to 
 
 the Next, A. A novelette by Henry 
 Fielding (1707— 1754)^ published in a 
 \oVame oi'MiscellfCnies m 1743, and chara?;- 
 terised by Sir Walter Scott as " a tract con- 
 taining agood deal of Fielding's peculiar 
 humour, but of which it. is difficult to con- 
 ceive the plan or purport." 
 
 Journey to France, A. A humor- 
 ous ballad by Richard Corbet, Bishop 
 pf Oxford and Norwich (1582—1635). 
 
 " Journeys end in lovers m.eet- 
 ing." — Twelfth Night, actii., scene 3. 
 
 "Jove but laughs at lovers' 
 perjury.'' Line 758,.bookii,, of Dryden's 
 poem of Palamon and Arclte. So Shakes- 
 peare, in Bomeo and Juliet, act ii.^ 
 scene 2 : — 
 
 " At lovers* perjuries, they aay, Jove laughs." 
 Tibull'Vs (book iii., elegy vi.), has : 
 "Perjuriaridet omantium Jupiter." 
 
 Jovial Crew, A : " or, the Merry 
 Beggars." A comedy by Richard Brome 
 (d, 1652), priiited in 1652. It has frequently 
 been revived under different titles, .as in 
 
354 
 
 JOW 
 
 ITSlT^hen it was played with "music by 
 Dr. Arue, And in 1770, when it was cur- 
 tailed into a two-act opera, and called 
 The Ladks^JBrblicIc. This is one of the 
 earliest plfej^^n which tlie cant terms of 
 the gipsy language are introduced. It ij 
 reprinted in Bodsley's collection. 
 
 Jo'wler. The naine under which 
 the Enrl of Chatham is satirised iu Smol- 
 lett's political romance, The HistoDj 
 and Adventures of an Atom (q..v.). 
 
 "Joy for ever. A." — ICeats, .En- 
 di/mion, line 1, The passage runs : — 
 " A thing of beauty i^ a joy forever : 
 Its loveliness increases ; it will never 
 Fade into nothingness ; but still will keep 
 A bower quiet for us, and a sleep 
 F'lU of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet 
 breathing.' ' 
 
 Joyce, Jeremiah, miscellaneous 
 
 writer (b. 1764, d. 1816), was author of 
 Scientific Dialogues, Letters on Natural 
 Philosophy, and several Cftinpilations. See 
 The Monthly Magazine for July, 181C. 
 
 Joyfull Medytacyon, A, by 
 
 Stephen Hawes ; written on the cor- 
 onation of Henry VIII. 
 
 JToyner, 'Williain, dramatist and 
 poet (b. 161!2, d. 1706), wrote The Roman 
 jEmpress, a comedy ; and numerous poems 
 in English and Latin. 
 
 "Joyous prime, The."— Spensek's 
 
 JEeCirie Qi^eeiic, book iii.,~canto vi«, Bt^nza 
 3. "Golden prime" occurs in Tenjty- 
 sox's Recollections qfthe Arabian Nights. 
 
 Juan. A character iu Geokge 
 Eliot's dramatic poem of The Spanish 
 Gypsy (q-v.) :— 
 
 " The spare man with the lute, 
 Who makes you dizzy with Ins rapid tongue . . . 
 Juan was a troubadour revived^ 
 Freshening life's dusty road with babbling rills 
 Of wit anilaong." 
 
 Juan, Don. A poem in sixteen 
 cantos, by Lord Byron (1788—1824), pub- 
 lished in the following order : — Cantos 1 
 and 2 in 1819 ; cantos 3, 4, and 5 iu 1821 : 
 cantos 6, 7, and 8 in 1823 ; cantos 9, 10, and 
 11 in 1823 ; cantos 12, 13, and 14, in 1823 ; 
 and cantos 15 and 16 in 1824- A full his- 
 tory of the origin, pi'ogress, and reception 
 of the poem will be found in Moore's Life 
 of the author. Here it need only be men- 
 tioned that the Don Juan of Byron has no 
 further connection with the Don Juan of 
 romance than the possession of a similar 
 name. The Don Juan of tradition was a 
 young Spanish noble, who attempted the 
 Beduction of the dauj^hter of the Governor 
 of'Seville, and who, being detected, killed 
 the father of the lady in a duel, afterwards 
 brOMking into his tomb, where a statue 
 had been erected to his memory, and in- 
 viting it to a feast which he had caused to 
 be prepared. To. Don Juan's horror, the 
 fitatuo accepted the invitation, and duly 
 
 JUD 
 
 made his appearance as desired, hut only 
 to carry the Don away with Jiim to pun- 
 ishment in the inf ernfd regions. This le- 
 gend was, in course of time, adopted by 
 the Italian dramatists, and forms the sub* 
 ject of a play by Goldoni. At a later date 
 ic penetrated into France, and was brought 
 upon the stage by Molifere aiid Corneille. 
 GlUck made it the foundation of a well- 
 known ballet, and the Don Giovanni of 
 Mozart is too familiar to English opera- 
 goers to require further description. The 
 Don Juan of Byron is merely a youth 
 of amatory tendencies and disposition, 
 whose roaming adventures all over Europe 
 serve as a peg on which the poet hangs 
 his wealth of ■wit, humour, satire, pathos, 
 and descriptive beauty. Hia parents, 
 who 
 
 *' Lived bcBidc the river, 
 A noble stream, and called the Guadalquivir " — 
 are Don Jose, 
 
 " A true hidalgo, free from every stain 
 Of Moor or iiebrew blood ' '— 
 
 and Donna Inez, 
 
 " A learned lady, famed 
 For every branch of every science known," 
 
 in the main features of whose character, 
 as described by Byron, it is fashionable to 
 recognise a description, more or less ac- 
 curate, of the poet's wife. For a notice of 
 some of the remaining characters of the 
 poem, see Adelin:^ JuruKUEViLLE, The 
 Ladv ; Alfokso, Do^' ; Aukora Baby ; 
 DtJDU ; GuLBEYAZ ; Haidee ; Johnsok, 
 John ; Jux^ia, Donna ; Lambbo. 
 
 Juba. A character in Addison's 
 
 tragedy of Cato (q.v.). 
 
 Jubal, The Legend of. A poem 
 originally contributed by George Eliot 
 
 (b. about 1820) to Macmillan^s Magazine. 
 
 Jube the Sane. An old play 
 (temp. Edward VI.), probably founded on 
 the Scriptural histoiy of Job. 
 
 Judas Iscariot. A " miracle play " 
 by Btchard Henry Hobne (b. 1803), pub- 
 lished in 1848, and remarkable as founded 
 on the idea, which originated with the 
 early theologians, that ii\e arch-traitor, in 
 delivering up our Saviour to the chief 
 priests, was anxious only to precipitate 
 the triumphant vindication of his Master. 
 See De Quincey's essay on this curious 
 subject* 
 
 "Judgment as our -watches, 
 
 'Tis with OUT.**— PoFE, Essay on Criticismf 
 parti., line : 
 
 "None 
 Go just alike, yet each believes his own ." 
 
 Judgment of Desire, The. A 
 sonnet by Edward Vere. Earl of Ox- 
 ford (1545—1604), printed in The Para- 
 dise of Dainty Devices (q.v.); the "only 
 one of his productions which," in Ellis's 
 opinion, "can be said to rise a little 
 above mediocrity,'* 
 
JUD 
 
 JUL 
 
 356 
 
 Judgment of Hercules, The. A 
 treat^e by Axthony Ashlev Coopek, 
 third Earl of. Shaftesbury (1671—1713), 
 published in 1713, and afterwards included 
 m the Characteristics, published in 1711 
 and 1713. 
 
 Judgment of Paris, The. A poem 
 by James Beattie (1735— 1802), published 
 in 17G5, and on the same subject as the 
 u^none of Tennyson. 
 
 Judicious Hooker, The. See 
 Hooker, Bichard. 
 
 Judith. An oratorio by Isaac Bick- 
 EESTAFF (1735—1787), performed at the 
 Lock Hospital Chapel on the 6th of Janu- 
 ary, 1764, with music by Dr. Arne. 
 
 Judith, The Story of. A fragment 
 of old English religious poetry, preserved 
 in the Cotton MSS., and printedin 
 Thorpe*s Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. 
 
 Juggernaut, the Duke of, in 
 Vivian Grey (q.v.), is said to be intended 
 for the Duke of Norfolk. 
 
 Julia, in The Two Gentlemen of 
 Verona (q-v.)t ^^ beloved by Proteus. 
 " Julia," says Schlegel, " who accom- 
 panies her faithless lover in the disguise of 
 a page, is, as it were, a slight sketch of tlie 
 tender female figures of a Viola and an 
 Imogen, who in the later dramas of Shakes- 
 peare, leave their homes in similar dis- 
 guises on love adventures, and to whom a 
 Seculiar charm is communicated by the 
 isplay of the most virginly modesty in 
 their hazardous and problematical situa- 
 tion." 
 
 Julia, in Sheridan's Bwals (q.v.), 
 is in love with Falkland (q.v.). She has 
 become the recognised type of the senti- 
 mental heroine of modern comedy. Com- 
 pare her with Clara InLordLytton's Money 
 (q.v.)- 
 
 Julia, Donna, in Byron's poem of 
 Don Jitan (q.v.). is the wife of Don Alfonso, 
 and the lover of the hero. See canto 1. 
 
 Julia de Roubifl:ne. A novel by 
 Henry Mackenzie (1745—1831). 
 
 Julian. A tra<j:e(3y by Mary Rus- 
 sell MiTVOiiD (1786 — i855), produced in 
 1823, with Macready in the principal part. 
 
 Julian and Maddalo: "A Con- 
 versation," A familiar poem by Percy 
 Bysbhe Shelley, written in 1818. Julian 
 is the poet himself ; Maddalo is intended 
 for his friend, Lord Byron. 
 
 Juliana. Wife of Virolet (q.v.), 
 in Fletcher's play of The Double Mar- 
 riage. " A high attempt," says Campbell, 
 ** to portray the saint and heroines blended 
 In female character. Juliana is, perhaps, 
 rather a fine idol of the imagination than 
 a probable type of nature ; but poetry, 
 
 which ' conforms the shows of things to the 
 desires of the soul,' has a right to the 
 highest possible virtues of human charac- 
 ter." 
 
 Juliana, The Iiegend of St. A 
 poem by Cynetvulf, in The Exeter Book 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Juliet, in Measure for Measure 
 (q.v.), is beloved by Claudio (q.v.). 
 
 Juliet. Tlie heroine of the tragedy 
 
 of Romeo and Juliet (q.v.). '* All Shakes- 
 peare's women," says Mrs. Jameson, 
 "being essentially women," either love, 
 or have loved, or are capable of loving; but 
 Juliet is love itself. The passion is her 
 state of bein^, and out of it she has no 
 existence. It is the soul within her soul, 
 the pulse within her heart, the life-blood 
 along her veins, ' blending with eveiy atom 
 of her frame. The love that is so chaste 
 and dignified in Portia, so airily (ielicata 
 and fearless in Miranda, so sweetly con- 
 fiding in Perdita, so playfully fond in 
 Rosalind, so constant in Imogen, so devoted 
 in Desdemona, so fervent in Helen, so 
 tender in Viola^is each and all of these 
 in Juliet." '* Juliet's character," says 
 Hazlitt, " is one of perfect truth and 
 sweetness. It has nothing forward, no- 
 thiiig-coy, nothing afEected or coquettish 
 about it— itis a pure effusion of nature." 
 
 Julius Caesar. A historical trag- 
 edy by William '¥>hakespeare (1564 — 
 1616), first published in the famous Folio of 
 1623, though, probably, it had been acted 
 more 1^ian twenty years previously. There 
 is a passage in Drayton's Baroris' War, 
 produced in 1603, which strikingly recalls 
 a similar passage in this play ; and Halli^ 
 well-PMUipps considers that the following 
 lines from Weever's Mirror of Martyrs, 
 printedin 1601, refer distinctly to Shakes- 
 peare's drama : — 
 
 " The many-headed multitude were drawne 
 
 By BrutuE' Bpeccli, that CiEsar was nmbitiops i 
 "When. eloquent Mark Antonie had showne 
 His Tirtues, who but Brutus then was vicious 7 " 
 
 The poet was in this, ns in other playa, 
 materially assisted by North's translation 
 of Plutarch (q.v.). "Shakespeare's J«Zi«s 
 Ccesar," says Hazlitt, "is not equal, as a 
 whole, to either of his other plays taken 
 from the Roman history. It is inferior iik 
 interest to Coriolanus,, and both in interest 
 and power to Antony and Cleopatra. It, 
 however, abounds in admirable and affect- 
 ing passages, and is remarkable for the 
 profound knowledge of character, in which 
 Shakespeare could hardly fail." 
 
 . Julius Csesar, A Play on the 
 Beath of, by Lord Stirling ; published 
 in 1607. but bearing no greater resemblance 
 to Shakespeare's tragedy— acted probably 
 before 1601 and printedin 1623— than would 
 necessarily arise when two writers treat tho. 
 same subject. 
 
353 
 
 JUM 
 
 rxjv 
 
 Jumping Prog of Calaveras 
 
 County, The- A humorous sketch by 
 "Mark Twain" (Samuel Langiiorne 
 Clemexs, b. 1835), by which the author 
 first became known in this country. 
 
 June. Jennie.. The nom de plume 
 of Mrs. J. G. Crowly, an American au- 
 
 .thoress. 
 
 "June, The leafy month of." — 
 Coleridge, Tlie Ancient Mariner (i.r.). 
 
 Junius. The signature appended 
 to a famous series of letters on political 
 subjects, which appeared in The Public 
 Adveriisert at various intervals between 
 1769 and 1772. They were 44 in number ; 
 to whiCh must be added 15 signed Pliilo- 
 Junius, 113 under various signatures, 
 and 72 privately addressed to Woodfall, 
 the publisher of the Advertiser, and to 
 "Wilkes (q.v.). The first of those signed 
 Junius appeared on Jaiiuary 21, 1769, and at 
 once struck the key-note of the agitation 
 the writer was destined to keep up. In 
 this the Ministry were attacked with a 
 force of invective which had been un- 
 known since Swift, and the same spirit 
 and vigour animated all succeeding let- 
 ters. The £>uke of Grafton, the Duke of 
 .Bedford, and Lord Mansfield were espec- 
 ially lield up to execration. All England 
 xead the lettei-s, and talked of them with 
 surprise and curiosity. Who could be this 
 "Unknown enemy ? Every effort was made 
 to discover him, butwithout success. *' It 
 is not in the nature of things," he wrote 
 to Woodfall, '* that you or anybody else 
 should know me unless I make>myself 
 tnown." Again : " I am the sole deposi- 
 tory of my secret, and it shall die with 
 me." And there can be no doubt it has, 
 Jor Junius still remains the nninlnis umbra 
 Byron describes him as in The Vision of 
 Judgment (q.v.). There he appears among 
 the shades, and is as inscrutable as he was 
 on earth :— 
 
 *' And several people swore from out the press, 
 
 They knew him perfectly ; and one could swear 
 He was hie father : upon which another 
 'Was sure he was hia mothei 'j cousin's brother. 
 
 ** Another, that he was a duke, or knight, 
 An orator, a lawyer, or a priest, 
 A nabob, a man midwife ; hut the wight 
 
 Mysterious changed his countenance at least 
 Ab oft ns they their minds ; though in full sight 
 He stood, the puzzle only was increased : 
 * The man was a phantasmngoria in 
 
 Himself — he was bo volatile and thin .... 
 
 "I've on hypothesis — 'tis quite my own i 
 I never let it out till now, for fear 
 Of doing people harm about the throne, 
 
 And injuring some minister or peer. 
 On whom the stigma might perhaps be blown ; 
 
 It is— my gentle public, lend thine ear ! 
 •I'is, that what Junius we are wont to call 
 "Was really, truly, nobody at fill." 
 Upwards of thirty persons obtained the 
 credit of the " Letters," among whom may 
 be named Pitt, Earl of Chatham ; Philip, 
 Earl of Chesterfield : Edmund Burke ; the 
 puke of Portland ; Thomas, Jjord liyttel- 
 
 ton ; John Wilkes : Gerard Hamilton ; Mr. 
 Sergeant Adair ; John Home Tooke ; and 
 Sir Philip Francis. The latter has been 
 more associated with the authorship than 
 any one, owing, perhaps, to the fact that 
 Macaulay espoused his cause in the essay 
 on Warren Hastings, recounting a number 
 of circumstances which we know to have 
 occurred both to Junius and Francis, and 
 which together appear irresistibly to fix 
 the ''Letters" upon the latter. On the 
 other hand, Francis vehemently denied 
 the "soft impeachment," even when he 
 had nothing to fear from the avowal, and 
 it is certain that in his own person he 
 never produced any literary work at all 
 equal in power to the style and matter of 
 Junius. An authentic collected edition ojf 
 the letters appeared in 1772, See Wade's 
 edition (1850) ; also the Zife of^ra-ncis by 
 Merivale (1868), Watt's Bihlvotheca, Quar- 
 terly Review (vol. xc), Edinburgh Review 
 vol. xxix.), JirUish Quarterly (vol. x.). 
 North British Review (vol. x.) i^otes ana 
 Queries, The Athencmm, &c. 
 
 Junius Anonymous. See Ala- 
 
 zono-Mastix. 
 Jurisprudence determined,The 
 
 Province of. A famous work by John 
 Austin (1797— 1860), published in 1832, and 
 " acknowledged to be one of the most val- 
 uable contributions to the philosophy of 
 law and legislation that has been produced 
 in modern times, entitling its author to 
 rank with Hooker and Montesquieu." 
 
 " Just as the twig is bent the 
 
 tree's inclined." — ^PoPE, Moral Essays, 
 epistle 1. , line 150. 
 
 " Just for a handful of silver he 
 
 left us." First line of The Lost Leader, a 
 lyric by R. Browning. The allusion is to 
 Wordsworth's change of opinions from 
 Republicanism to Toryism. 
 
 " Justice, Even-handed." — Mac- 
 beth, act i., scene 7. 
 
 Justiiied Sinner, A. The pseu- 
 donym under which James Hogg (1772— 
 1835) published a work, entitled Private 
 Memoirs, supposed to be " written by him? 
 self," with '"a detail of curious tradition- 
 ary facts, and other evidence, by the 
 editor " (1824). 
 
 " Justify the ways of God to 
 man.And."— Milton, Para(?iscios<, book 
 i., line 26. Also in Samson Agonisies *— 
 
 " Just are tlie ways of God, 
 And justifiable to men." 
 
 Pope has, in his Essay on Man, i., 16 : — 
 
 " But vindicate the ways of Grod to man." 
 
 Justing between William 
 
 Adaroson «nd John Syme. A poem by 
 Alexander Scot, in imitation of CAm- 
 iis Kirk of the Grene, 
 
 Juvenal. See Girroim ; Vanity 
 OF Human Wishes. 
 
KAL 
 
 KEA 
 
 357 
 
 Ealauder, A character in Siu- 
 
 ITEY's Arcadia (q.v.). 
 
 Karnes, Lord, Henry Home (b. 
 1696, d. 1782), wrote Essays ty)i the Princi- 
 ples of Morality and Natv/ral Iteligion 
 (1T51); Introduction to the Art of ThinMng 
 rt761): Elements of Criticism (1762), (q.T.); 
 Sketches qf the JSsior}/ of Man (mS); The 
 Gentleman Farmer (1777); Loose Hints on. 
 Education (1781). See the Life by Tytler. 
 
 Kate, Corinthian. One of tlie 
 characters hi Piekce Egas's story of Life 
 in London (q. T. ). -• 
 
 Kate, Cousin. Tlie adopted 
 name of Miss Catherine B. Bell, an 
 American authoress, in the publication of 
 many of her popular tales for children. 
 
 Kate Kearney. A well-known 
 tons by Lady MoBGAif (1783—1859), in- 
 eluaed m Twelve of the most PatlieMc Irish 
 Melodies, arranged to English Words, 
 
 "Katerfelto, ■with his hair on 
 
 end."— Cowpek, Task, book It., Winter 
 Evening, line 86. 
 
 Katherine. The " shrew " in The 
 Taming of the Shrew (q.v.) ; also a charac- 
 ter in iowe'siaSowr's Lost (q.v.). 
 
 Katharine, The Life of St., in 
 
 English verse, by John Capgbave (1393 
 — 1464), founded upon some old rhymes of 
 a priest called Arreck, of whom Capgrave 
 
 ' " He is noueh ded, this good man, this preest, 
 EedevdotLynne, manyyear.agoo ! . . . 
 Cf the West Cuntrc itseciocth he was, 
 
 Be his manner of spcchc, and be his style \ 
 ~He was somtyme persone of Seynt Fancras 
 In the cyte of London, a f ul gretc vhile, 
 He is now above us ful many myle." 
 St. Katharine was the subject of a play 
 Acted at Dunstable before 1119. - 
 
 Katharine's Lantern, Mrs. : 
 
 " written in an album." A lyric by WiL- 
 iiAM Makepeace Thackeray (1811 — 
 1863). 
 
 Kavanagh : " A Tale," by Henrt 
 tVADSWOKTH LoKGPELLOW (b. 1807), pub- 
 lished in 1849. The hero is a clergyman, 
 whose name gives the title to the story, 
 and who eventually marries the heroine, 
 Cecilia Vaughan. 
 
 Kavana^, Julia, novelist and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1824), has written 
 The Three Paths (1847) ; Madeleine (1848) ; 
 Woman in Frcunce in the Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury (1850); Nathalie (1861); Women of 
 Christiamig (1852) ; Daisy Bums (1853) ; 
 Cfraee Lee (185S) ; Packet Gray (1856) ; 
 Ad&le (1858) ; -A Summer and Winter in the 
 Two SiciKes (1868) ; Seven Tears, and other 
 tales (i860): Frtneh. Women of Letters 
 (1861)-; ^figtiih WilMn, qf Litters (186% ; 
 
 Queen Mab (1863) ; Beatrice (1866) ; Sybil's 
 Second Love (1867) ; Dora (1868) j Sylvia 
 (1870); Bessie (1872) ; John Dorrien (1874); 
 Two Lilies (1877) ; and other works. 
 
 Kay, John (circa 1506), is notable 
 only as having committed to posterity an 
 English prose translation (printed about 
 1482) of a Latin history of the siege of 
 Bhodes, in the title of which, dedicating 
 his work to. King Edward rV"., he calls 
 himself "hys humble Poete Laureate." 
 ^fifi Laureate, Poets. 
 
 Kay (or Caius), Thomas, scholar 
 (d. 1572), published a translation of Eras- 
 mus' Paraphrase of St. Mark (1548), and 
 Assertio Antiquitatis Oxoniensis AcadC' 
 mice (1568, 1574, and 1730). 
 
 Kay, Sir. Foster-brother to Kinf 
 Arthur, and seneschal in King Arthur's 
 court. He figures in Tennyson's Idylls 
 of tile King (q.v.). 
 
 Kaye, Sir John William, miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1814, d. 1876), published, 
 a History of the War in Afghanistan iX^X)^ 
 The Adminisiration^f the East India Com- 
 pany (1853) ; biographies of Lord Metcalfe 
 (1854), Sir George Tucker (1854), and Sir 
 
 Jolvn Malcolm, (1856),; Chrisiiwnity in Inditf 
 (1859) ; A History qftlie Sepoy War, 1857-8 
 (1864 — 70) ; . Lives of Indian Officers 
 
 (1859) ; A History of the Sepoy War, 1857-8 
 (1864 — 70) ; . Lives of Indian Officei ' 
 (1867) ; and Essays of an Optimist (1870). 
 
 Keach, Benjamin, Baptist divine 
 (b. 1640, d. 1704), was author of True'GoO- 
 liness. The Child's Instructor, Scripture 
 Metaphors, and other works. 
 
 Keate, George, poet and miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1729, d. 1797), published 
 Poems (1781) ; Tile Pepublic of Geneva r 
 The Pelew Islojnds, ana other works, 
 
 Keats, John, poet (b. 1796, d. 1821), 
 published Poems (1817) ; Endymion (1818); 
 and Hyperion (1820). See the Life by Lord 
 Houghton (1845). To* .Criticism, see Jef- 
 frey's Essays and Hosetti's edition of the 
 Poejns. *' The most obvious characteristic 
 of Keat's poetry is certainly," says Mas- 
 son, "its abundant senstiousness . Some 
 of his finest little poems are all but liter- 
 ally lyrics of the sensuous, embodiments 
 of the feelings of ennui, fatigue, physical 
 languor, ana the like, in tissues of fancied 
 circumstance and sensation .... It 
 is the same in those longer pieces of nar- 
 rative phantasy which foim thelargjer por- 
 tion of his writings. Selecting, as in En- 
 dymkhi,& legend- of the Grecian mythol- 
 ogy, or, as in Isabella: or. The Pot of 
 Basil, a story from Boccaccio, or, as in The 
 Eve of St. Agnes, the hint of a middle-age 
 superstition, or, as in Lamia, a story of 
 Greek witchcraft, he sets himself to weave 
 out the little text of substance so given 
 into a; linked succession of imaginary 
 movern^ntB and incidents taking place in 
 the dim depths of Ideal scenery, whetber 
 6f forests, grotto,' seanBhcre, thd iiit<aloi 
 
858 
 
 KEB 
 
 KEI 
 
 of a Gothic castle, or the marhle veBtibule 
 of a Corinttiiaii palace, lii following him 
 in these luxurious excursions into a world 
 of ideal nature and life, we see his imag- 
 ination winging about, aa if it were his dis- 
 embodied senses hovering insect-like in 
 one humming grqup^ all keeping together 
 in harmony at the bidding of a higher in- 
 tellectual power, and yet each catering for 
 itself in. that species otcircuiustan.ee wnich 
 is its peculiar food .... His most 
 obvious characteristic, I repeat, is the uni- 
 versality of his sensuousiiess. And that 
 it is, added to hia exquisite mastery in 
 language and verse^ that makes it such a 
 luxury to read him .... There is 
 hardly any recent poet in connection with 
 whom the mechanism of verse in relation 
 to thourfit may be studied more delight- 
 fully. Occasionally, it is true, there is the 
 shock of a horrible Cockney rhyme .... 
 But where, on the whole, shall we find 
 language softer and richer, verse more 
 harmonious and sweetly-linked, and, 
 though usually after the model of some 
 older poet, more thoroughly novel and 
 original; or where shall we see more 
 beautifully exemplified the power of that 
 highartifiice of rhymes by which, as by 
 little coloured lamps of light thrown out 
 in advance of the prow of their thoughts 
 from moment to momeiic, poets steer their 
 way so wmdingly through the fantastic 
 gloom? .... In the case of Keats, 
 there is evidence of a progress both intel- 
 lectually and morally ; o:' a disposition, 
 already consciously known to himself, to 
 move lorwai'd out of the sensuous or mere- 
 ly sensuous ideal mood, into the mood of 
 the truly epic poet, the poet of life, sub- 
 limity, and action .... Even in his 
 earlier poems one is struck not only by the 
 steady presence of a keen and subtle in- 
 tellect, but also by frequent flashes of per- 
 manently deep meaning, frequent lines of 
 lyric thoughtfulness. ana occasional max- 
 ims of weighty historic generality . . . 
 From JEnnymion itself, sensuous to very 
 wilduess as the poem is considered, scores 
 of passages might be quoted to prove that 
 already, while it was being written, intel- 
 lect, feelhig, and experience were doing 
 their woik with Keats .... Seeing 
 this, we can hardly be wrong in believing 
 that had Keats lived to the ordinary age 
 of man, he would have been one of the 
 
 {greatest of all our poets. As it is, I be- 
 ieve we shall all be disposed to place him 
 very near indeed to our very best." See 
 Agnes, The Eve of St.; Endymion ; 
 Epistles ; Hyperion ; Isabella : ob, 
 THE Pot of Basil ; Lamia ; Nightin- 
 gale, Ode TO A ; Otho the Gkeat. 
 
 Keble, John, Vicar of Ilursley (b. 
 1792, d. 18G6), wrote The Christian Year 
 (1827), (q.v. ;) DePoeticcR Vi Medica (18U); 
 Lyra imwcentium (1846), (q.v.) ; besides 
 contributing to Tracts for the Times (1834— 
 36), and eiUang an edition 6t the works of 
 
 Hooker. In conjunction with Dr. Pusey 
 and J^'ather Newman, he edited the Li- 
 hrary of FaHiers <\f the Holy Catholio 
 Church Anterior to the Division of the East 
 and West, the publication of which com- 
 menced at Oxford in 1838. His Occasional 
 Sermons appeared in 1851. Among hia 
 minor works are his EucltaHstical AdorOf 
 iio7if The Litany of Our Lord's Wa^ming^ 
 The Pentecostal Year^ The Psalms of 
 David in English Verse, and Village Ser- 
 mons. His Letters of Spiritual Guidance 
 were puljlished in 1870 ; his Ocgasianal 
 Papers in 1877. See the Life by Sir J. T. 
 Coleridge. For Criticism, see Shairp's 
 Studies in Poetry and Philosophy, and 
 Miss Yonge's Musings ^n the Christian 
 Year. 
 
 "Keeps the keys of all the 
 creeds, Who." — Tennyson, In Memoriam, 
 xxxiii. : — 
 
 " The shadow clothed from head to foot." 
 
 Kehama, The Curse of. A poem 
 in twenty-four parts, by Kobert Southey 
 (1774^1843), published in 1810, and written 
 in irregular rhymed verse. It is founded 
 on the belief prevalent among the Hin- 
 doos that prayers, sacrifices, and penances 
 possess no inherent value, and in no de- 
 gree depend upon the disposition or 
 motive of the persons who perform them, 
 but are simply drafts upon lieaven, which 
 the gods are bound to honour. Among 
 the dramatis persmim are Brama, the 
 Creator ; Vieshno, the preserver ; Seeva, 
 the destroyer ; Indra, god of the elements; 
 Yamen, lord of hell and judge of the dead ; 
 Marriataly, the goddess of the lower 
 castes ; Pollear, or Gancsa, the protector 
 of travellers ; Casyapa, the father of the 
 immortals; Devetas, the inferior deities: 
 Suras, the good spirits ; Asuras, evil 
 spirits, or devils ; and Glendoveers, the 
 most beautiful of the good spirits, the 
 Grindouvers of Sonnerat. "The scene" 
 says Sir Walter Scott, " is alternately laid 
 in the terrestrial paradise, under the sea, 
 in the heaven of heavens, and in hell 
 itself. The principal actors are, a man 
 who approaches almost to omnipotence ; 
 another labouring under a strange and 
 fearful malediction, which exempts him 
 from the ordinary laws of natiu'e; a good 
 geiuus, a sorceresE, and a ghost, with sev- 
 eral Hindostan deities of several ranks. 
 The only being that retains the usual at- 
 tributes of humanity is a female, who is 
 gifted with immortality, at the close of 
 the piece." 
 
 Keightley, Thomas, miscellane- 
 ous writer (b. 1789, d. 1872), wrote, besides 
 Outlines of History and histories of Eng- 
 land (1837), Home (1835), G4*eece (1836), and 
 India (1847) ; Fairy Mythology (1828) ; 
 Mythology qf Ancient Greece and Italy 
 (1831) ; The , Crusaders (1833) j Tales and 
 Popular Fictions (1834) ; and a Life of 
 MUton (1855). He also edited the Work* 
 
KBI 
 
 KEN 
 
 359 
 
 of Milton (1S69), and portions of the Works 
 of Virgil, Horace, Ovid, and Sallust. 
 
 Keith, George, religious writer (i1. 
 about 1715), wrote, among other works. 
 Immediate Revelations not Ceased (1668) ; 
 and The Woman-Preacher of Tasmania 
 tl64I). 
 
 Keith, Robert, Bishop of Caith- 
 iiesB and Orkney (b. 1661, d. IToT), irrote 
 A History of the Affairs of Church and 
 State in Scotland, (1734) ; and compiled A 
 Catalogue of Scottish Jiisliops (1754). 
 
 Sellisoo, Matthe'VT', Botnan 
 Catholic divine (d. 1641), published A Sur- 
 vey of the New lieligioni (1603). 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, dramatist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1739, d. 1777), wrote 
 Tliespis (1762), False Delicacy (1763), ^ 
 Word to the Wise (1765), Clanentina, The 
 Scltool for WiveSt The Romance of an 
 SoWf and The Man of Reason. 
 
 Eelton, Arthur (temp. Edward 
 VI.), wrote A Cronycle with a genealogie 
 declaryng that the Britons and Welshmen 
 are lineallye descended from Brute^ in 
 verse, and printed in 1547 \ also a poetical 
 panegyric on the Cambrio-Britona. In 
 reference to the former work. Wood 
 (/itlieiUB Oxonienses)' considers that Kelton 
 was an able antiquary, but regrets he did 
 not put his learning into prose. 
 
 Kemble, Frances Anne, Mrs. 
 Bntler (b. 1811), has written two plays, 
 Francis I. (1830), and The Star of Seville 
 (1837), a volume of Poem.s (1842), Journal 
 qf a Residence in America (1835) ; A Year 
 if Omsolalian (1847), descriptive of Italian 
 life and scenery ; Residence in a Georgian 
 Plantation (1863) ; and Old Woman's Gos- 
 sip (1876). Her Plays were printed in 
 1863 ; her Poems again in 1865. 
 
 Eemble, John Mitchell, scliolar 
 and editor (b. 1807, _d. 1867), wrote A His- 
 tory nftlie English Language, First Period 
 (1834); and The Saxons in Fnglarid(l»iB) ; 
 besides editing various old Knglish re- 
 mains in prose and verse lu 1833, 1839 — 41, 
 1846, and 1819. 
 
 Eemble, Stanzas to J. P., com- 
 posed for a public meeting held in June, 
 1817 ; by Thomas Campbell. Kemble 
 (b. 1757, d. 1823), was the author of Mac- 
 beth Reconsidered (1786) ; Macbeth and 
 Riclmrd III. (1817) ; various adaptations 
 for the stage, and some fugitive pieces. 
 See the Life by Boaden (1825). . 
 
 Kempferhausen. One of tlie 
 interlocutors in the Noctes Ambros'ianm 
 (q.v.), and the name assumed by Kobekt 
 Pierce Gillies in his contributions to 
 Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 Eempion. A ballad, wliich de- 
 scribed how a maiden^ having been trans- 
 formed by a sorceress uito the shape of a 
 
 dreadful serpent, is released by three 
 kisses from her lover. The ballad called 
 Kemp Owain, printed by Buchan and 
 Motherwell, tells the same story, which 
 seems to have been a favourite one with 
 ballad-writers. The Laidhj Worm of 
 Spindlestonheugh, often printed in ballad 
 books, is a partly modernised version of 
 the same. 
 
 Eempis, Thomas A., or Thomas 
 
 Hamerken of Kempen, as he ought prop- 
 erly to be called (b. 1380, d. 1471), is famous 
 as the supposed author of the treatise De 
 Imitafione Christi, which has so frequently 
 been translated into English as to deserve 
 notice here. It has also Deeii attributed to 
 John Gerson, Chancellor of Paris, on the 
 ground that a manuscript of 1463 indicates 
 him as the author, and that It appearedaj)- 
 pended to one of Gerson's works in 1421, 
 On the other hand, the earliest editions 
 give the authorship to A Kempis, in whose 
 handwriting two manuscript copies of it 
 have been found ; John Basel, his ron- 
 temporaiy and a member of the same order, 
 names him as the writer ; and the style is 
 certainly more that of A Kempis than of 
 Gerson. See the Lives of A Kempis by 
 Brewer (1676), and Butler (1814). The /mi- 
 tatio was first published in 1415. Among 
 later English translations are those by 
 Dean Stanhopa (1866), Bishop Goodwin 
 (1868), and Benham (1874). 
 
 Ken, Thomas, Bishop of Bath and 
 Wells (b. 1637, d. 1711), is best known as the 
 author of the Morning and the Evening 
 Hymns. His Works, consisting of poems, 
 sermons, and various miscellaneous trea- 
 tises, were published in 1721. His Life has 
 been written by Hawkins (1713), Bowles 
 (1830), and " a Layman" (1854). 
 
 Eendcile. A writer of metrical 
 romances, referred to by Robert de Brunne 
 as contemporary with Thomas the Rhymer 
 (q.v.). Tlie Geste of King Horn is attributed 
 to him by many critics. See Horn, ThB 
 Geste of King. 
 
 Kenelm Chillingly : " Iiis Adven- 
 tures and Opinions." AnovelbyEDWARD, 
 Lord Lytton (b. 1805, d. 1873), published- 
 in 1873, and characterised by The Quarterly 
 Review as *' unique among Lord Lytton's 
 novels in its simplicity and the absence of 
 any elaborate construction ; It overflows 
 with humour. It is lit up with flashes of 
 wit as brilliant and as innocent as summer 
 ' lightning,, it has something even of that 
 boisterous joviality which distinguishes 
 Fielding, but at bottom it is the saddest of 
 Lord Lytton's stories. 
 
 Kenil-virorth. A novel by Sir 
 Walter Soott (q.v.), published in 1821. 
 See CuMNOK Hall. 
 
 Kennedy, Grac?, novelist (b. 
 about 1782, d. 1825), wrote Anna Ross : or, 
 the Orphan fff Waterlooi Father Claamt, 
 
360 
 
 KEN 
 
 EID 
 
 and other works, many of which have been 
 translated into the French and German 
 languageB, 
 
 Kennedy, John, mathematician 
 (b. 1700, d. 1770), was the author of Scripture 
 Chronology. 
 
 Kennedy, Walter (circa 1480). 
 The author of two satires on his contem- 
 porary, Dunbar, and a poem. In Praise of 
 Aigey included in Lord Haile's collection 
 of Scottish poems. See Aige, In Praise 
 OF ; Flvtixg ; and Invective agaikst 
 
 MoaTHTHANKLESS. 
 
 Kennet, BasU (b. 1674, d. 1714), 
 wrote RomoR Antiquce ^oiitia (1696) ; Lives 
 and Characters of the Ancient Greek Poets ; 
 An Exposition of the Creed' ; and a volume 
 of sermons ; besides a rhythmical para- 
 phrase of the Psalms, Sermons, and some 
 translations. 
 
 Kennet, White, Bishop of Peter- 
 borough (b. 1660, d. 1728), wrote Parochial 
 Antiquities (1694) ; the third volume of a 
 Comjilete History of England (1706) ; The 
 Family of Cavendish (1707); a Register and 
 Chronicle (1728) ; and many other works. 
 See the Life by Kewton (1730). 
 
 Kenney, James, dramatist (b. 
 1780, d. 1849), wrote liaising tlle Wind (1803); 
 Matrimony (1804) ; False Alarms (1807) ; 
 Ella Rosenberg (1807) ; The World (1808) ; 
 Spring and Autumn (1827) ; The IllustrUms 
 Stranger (1827) ; Masaniello (1829) ; The 
 Sicilian Vespers (1840) ; and other works. 
 
 Kennicott, Benjamin, P. D,. di- 
 vine and scholar (b. 1718, d. 1783), pub- 
 lished, among other works. On the State of 
 the Printed Text of the Ola Testament (11^ 
 and 1760) ; Vetus Testamentum Hebraicum, 
 'Cum Variis lectionibus (1776) ; A General 
 Dissertation on the Hebrew Old Testament 
 (1780) ; and an Introduction to Hebrew 
 Criticism. 
 
 Kenrick, William, IiL.D., mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1720, d. 1779), wrote 
 The Immortality of the Soul (1751) : The 
 Pasquinade (1753) ; a Review of Dr. John- 
 son's New Edition of Shakespeare (1765) ; 
 an English Dictionary (1773) ; and some 
 comedies. He founded The London Review 
 in 1775. 
 
 Kensington Gardens. An al- 
 legorical poem by Thomas Tickeli, (1686 
 — 1740), published in 1722, " of which," says 
 Johnson, " the versification is smooth and 
 elegant, but the fiction unskilfully com- 
 pounded of Grecian deities and Gothic 
 fancies. Neither species of these exploded 
 beings could have done much, and when 
 they are brought together they only make 
 each other contemptible." 
 
 Kensington G-ardens, Lines 
 
 ■Written In. By Matthew Arnold. 
 Kent, James, American writer oh 
 
 jurisprudence (b. 1763, d. 1847), was the 
 author of Commentaries on American I^aw, 
 
 Kent, William Charles Mark, 
 
 poet and miscellaneous writer (b. 1823), has 
 published ^(ei/ieto: or, the Doom of My- 
 thology, and other Poems (1860) ; Dreanv- 
 land : or. Poets in their Haunts, and Other 
 Poems (1862) ; Footprints on the Road (1864) ; 
 Charles Dickens as a Reader (1872) ; and 
 various other works in prose and verse. 
 See EocHESTEE, Mark. 
 
 Ken'Wigs. The name of an amus- 
 ing family, who figure in NichoUis Nickle- 
 by (q.v.). 
 
 Kenyon, John, poet (b. 1783, d. 
 1856), wrote A Rhymed Plea for Tolerance 
 (1833) ; Poems, for the most part Occasional 
 (1838) ; and A Day at Tivoli, with other 
 Poems (1849). There are many allusions to 
 him in Miss Mitf ord's correspondence. 
 
 Kerr, Orpheus C. Tlie literary 
 pseudonym of Robert H. Newell, an 
 American author. " Orpheus C. Kerr" is, 
 of course, " Ofice-seeker." See AvERY 
 Glieun. 
 
 Kerr, Robert (b. 1755, d. 1814). 
 The author of A History of Scotland durifig 
 the Reign of Robert Bruce, a,nd of numer- 
 ous scientific works. He published also a 
 collection of voyages and travels. 
 
 Kett, Henry, divine and miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1761, d, 1825), wrote His- 
 tory the Interpreter of Prophecy (1798); 
 Emily, a novel (1809) ; and other works. 
 
 Kettledrummle, Gabriel. A Cov- 
 enanting preacher, in Old Mortality (q-v.). 
 
 Kettle-well, John, divine (b. 1653, 
 d. 1695), wrote Measures of Christian Obe- 
 dience (1678). His Works were collected in 
 1718. See the Lives by Hickes, Nelson, 
 and Lee. 
 
 " Kick that scarce -would move 
 a house, A."— Cowpek, The Yearly Dis- 
 tress : — 
 
 " May kill a sound divine." 
 
 Kickleburys on the Rhine, 
 
 The : " A Christmas Book," by William 
 Makepeace Thackeray ; published in 
 1815, and severely criticised in The Times, 
 to which Thackeray replied in a trenchant 
 essay, prefixed to the second edition, On 
 Thunder and Small Beer. 
 
 Kidd, John, M.D. (b. 1775, d. 
 1851), was the author of Tlie Adaptation of 
 External Nature to the Physical Gonditicn 
 Iff Man (one of the Bridgewater Treatises) 
 (1833), and other works. 
 
 Kidder, Richard, Bishop of Bath 
 and -Wells (b. 1633, d. 1703), wrote A Demon- 
 stration cf the Messias (1694—1700); and 
 A CorMneiUairy on tlie Five Sdciks of Moee» 
 (1684). " ■ •" 
 
KID 
 
 KIN 
 
 361 
 
 " Kidney, A man of my." — 
 Merry Wives qf Windsor j act iii., scene 5. 
 
 Kiffen, "WnUam (b. 1616, d. 1701), 
 ■was the author of A Sober Discourse of 
 JligJit to Church Communion. See the Life 
 hy Orme (1822). 
 
 Eolburne, Richard (b. 1606, d. ' 
 1678). The author of Tlie Topographic iff 
 Kent. 
 
 KUbye, Richard, divine (d. 1617), 
 was autiior of The Burden qf a Loaded 
 Conscience. 
 
 Killigrew, Henry, dramatist (b. 
 1612, d. 1690), wrote The Conspiracy (q.v.), 
 (1638 and 1653), and a volume of sermons 
 (1685). 
 
 EiUigre'w, Thomas, dramatist (b. 
 1611, d. 1682), wrote various comedies and 
 tragedies, which were published in one 
 volume in 1661, See Pakson's Weddixg, 
 The. 
 
 KilUgrew, Sir William (b. 1605, 
 d. 1693), wrote Artless Midnight Thov.ghts 
 of a Gentleman at Court (1684), (q.v.) ; Mid- 
 night atid Daily Thoughts (1694) ; Fou/r 
 New Plays i^The Siege of Urhm, Seiindra^ 
 Loveand Friendship, Pandora)^ (1666) ; and 
 The Imperial Tragedy (1669). 
 
 Eilmansegg, Miss, and her 
 Precious Leg. A humorous, poem hy 
 Thomas Hood, which originally appeared 
 in (jolbum'a New Monthly Magazine. The 
 heroine is an heiress, with an artiUcial leg 
 of solid gold. 
 
 Kilmeny. The lieroine of % 
 pathetic story, in verse, by James Hogo 
 fq.v.), contained in one of his longer poems . 
 It is also the title of a novel by William 
 Black (q.v.). 
 
 Eimber, Isaac, Nonconformist 
 minister (b. 1692, d. 1768), wrote Bio- 
 graphies of Cromwell and Bishop Bever- 
 -dge ; also, a History of England. His son 
 Edwaed (d. 1769), published Peerages of 
 Scotland and Ireland, a Baronetage of 
 England, and a History of England. 
 
 " Ein (A little more than) and 
 less than kind.*'^— ^omZe^, act 1., scene 2. 
 
 Kinde Hart's Dreame, The: 
 
 " containing Five Apparitions, with their 
 Invectives against Abuses," by Henby 
 Chettle; published in 1593, and reprinted 
 by the Percy Society. This tract contains 
 incidental references to Greene, Marlowe, 
 and Shakespeare. 
 
 "Kind hearts are more than 
 
 coronets."— TEWNYSOif, Lady Clara Vere 
 de Vere. 
 
 King and no King, A. A t>1ay 
 by BEAtriitouT and Fletcher, described 
 as "inferior to Philaster. The language 
 has not eo much of poetical beauty." .The 
 
 s 
 
 coarsest and most powerful scenes are 
 those in which Arbaces (q.v.) reveals his 
 illicit desires. 
 
 King and the Barker, The. An 
 old poem, printed in Bitson's Ancient 
 Popular Poetry ; probably the originalof 
 ** The merry, pleasant, and delectable his- 
 tory between King Edward the Fourth and 
 a tanner of Tamworth." Dantre, in the 
 
 Soem, is Daventry, vulgarly pronounced 
 laintry, in Warwickshire. 
 
 "King Arthur made nevr 
 
 knights to fill the gap." — Pelleas and 
 Etarre, in Tennyon's Jdylls qf the King. 
 
 King David and fair Bethsabe, 
 
 , The Love of : " with the tragedy of Absa- 
 loin." A Scriptural drama, by George 
 Peele ; " the earliest foundation," says 
 Thomas Campbell, " of pathos and har- 
 mony that can be traced m our dramatic 
 poetry." It was printed in 1599, 
 
 King, Hdward (b. 1612, d. 1637), 
 will always be illustrious in English 
 literature as the friend of Milton, who 
 dedicated Lycidas (q.v.) to his memory. 
 He distinguished himself at college as 
 a writer of Latin vferse. 
 
 King, Bd^nrard, Siiitiquary (b.l735, 
 d. 1807), published Morsels of Criticism 
 (1788), Munimenta Antiqua (1799—1806), 
 and other works. 
 
 "King, Every inch a." — King 
 
 Lear, act iv., scene 6. 
 
 King, Henry, Bishop of Cliiches- 
 ter (b. 1591, d. 1669), wrote A Deep Grban 
 fetched at the ftmeral o.f the incomparable 
 and glorious King Charles I. (1649) ; Th^ 
 Psalms of David turned into Metre (1651). ;.a 
 volume of Poems, which appeared in 1667, 
 and were edited by Dr. Hannah in 1823, 
 and other works, for a list of which see 
 Lowndes* Bibliographer* s Manual. See 
 Deep Groan, A. 
 
 King John. An historical play by 
 William Shakespeare. See JoHir, 
 King. 
 
 King, John, Prebendary of York 
 (b. 1652, d. 1695), wrote among other works, 
 Tolando-Pseudologo-Mastix : or, a Curry' 
 comb for a Lying Coxcomb, 
 
 ■ King John and the Abbot of 
 
 Canterbury. A popular ballad of the reign 
 of James I,, which seems to hav?, been 
 modernised from an older composition 
 called King John and the Bishop of Canter- 
 bury. Besides these, there are extant two 
 ballads on the same subject, entitled re- 
 spectively, King Olfrey aiid tlie Abbot,3.n6. 
 King Henry ana a Bishop. 
 
 King of France's Daughteii, 
 
 The. A ballad, the full title of which is 
 "An excellent Ballad of the Prince fif 
 England's courtship to the Klhg" of 
 16 
 
362 
 
 KIN 
 
 EIN 
 
 France's Daughter." Tho " Prince of 
 England " was probably Ethelwulph, who 
 had been betrothed to Judith, daughter of 
 King Charles the Bald, but who died 
 before his marriage. The ballad describes 
 his death, and how Judith was eventually 
 won by Baldwin, Forester and Earl of 
 -Flanders. 
 
 " King of good fello-ws, The." — 
 
 Xing Hennj V., act v., scene 2. 
 
 King of Scots and AndreTv 
 
 Browne : " A new ballad, declaring the 
 great treason conspired against the young 
 King of Scots, and how one Andrew 
 Browne, an Englishman, which was the 
 Mng's chamberlaine, prevented the same.'* 
 The author, W. Elderton, is said to have 
 died in 1592. 
 
 "Bking of shreds and patches, 
 
 A." SamUtt act iii., scene 4. 
 
 King of Tars, The. An " ancient 
 tale," in verse, " touched with a rude but 
 expressive pencil," of which "Warton gives 
 Boihe specimens in his History vol. ii. , 
 sect. 5). It is printed in Ritson's collec- 
 tion. \Varton says there is a warmth of 
 description in some passages of this poem 
 not unlike the manner of Chaucer. The 
 stanza resembles that of Chaucer' 3 i2ime of 
 Sir Topaz. 
 
 King, Peter, Lord Chancellor and 
 tlieologian (b. 1669, d. 1734), wrote An /«- 
 ■'wiiry into the Constitution. Disciptinct 
 Unity, and Worship of the Primitive 
 Church (1691) ; and A Hittory of the 
 Apostles' Creed (1702). 
 
 King, Richard, divine (1). 1749, 
 d. 1810), wrote a reply to tho Letters of 
 'Peter Plymley. 
 
 " King Stephen •was a worthy 
 -Peer. First line of two stanzas sung by 
 lago in Othello, act ii., scene 3. See Percy's 
 Heliques. 
 
 King, The, and the Miller of 
 
 Mansfield. An old ballad, in two parts, 
 printed in Bishop Percy's Reliques. The 
 king is Henry II. 
 
 King, 'William, poet (b. 1085), 
 wrote 'ilie Toast, An Apology, and other 
 works 
 
 King, William, D.D., Arclibisliop 
 of Dublin (b. 1650, d. 1729), was author of 
 De Oriffinie Mali (1702). 
 
 King, William, I1L.D., miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1663, d. 1712), wrote A 
 Journey to London in the year 1678 ; The 
 Transactioner ^1700) (q.v.) ; Useful Trans- 
 actions in Philosophy and other sorts of 
 Learning (1708) ; The Art of Cookery (q.v.) ; 
 An Adaptation of Ooid^s " Art of Love " ; 
 and many other worlds, all of which were 
 collected and published, with a Memoir, by 
 Nichols,. In 1776. See Johnson's Xivej m 
 the Poeti. 
 
 " King's English, The." A phrase 
 used by Mrs. Quickly in Tlie Merry Wives 
 of Windsor, act i., scene 4. 
 
 "Kingdom for a horse. My." 
 See HoKSE, A, A horse." 
 
 Kinglake, Alexander William, 
 
 miscellaneous writer (b- 1809), has written 
 Eotlien (1844), and A History of the War in 
 the Crimea (1863—75). See Eothen. 
 
 Kingsley, Charles.Cnnon of West- 
 minster, poet, novelist, and essayist (b. 1819, 
 d. 1875), wrote The Saint's Tragedy (1846), 
 (q.v.) : Teast (1848), (q.v.) ; Village Sermons 
 (1849) ; Alton Locke (1860), (q.v.) ; Cheap 
 Clothes and Nasty (185C), (q.v.) ; Phaeton 
 (1852), (q.v.) ; Hypatia (1863), (q.v.) ; West- 
 ward Ho .' (1865), (q.v.) ; Glaucus (1855), 
 (q.v.) ; The Jleroes': or, Greek JTairy Tales 
 (1856) ; Alexandria and her Schools (1857) ; 
 Two Years Ago (1857) ; Andromeda (q.v.) : 
 Miscellanies (1859) ; The Wafer Babies 
 (1863) ; The Roman aiid ilte Teuton : Lec- 
 tures (1864) ; What, then, does Dr. Newman 
 Mean ? (1864) ; Hereward, the last of the 
 English (1866) ; The Ancien Rigime (1867) ; 
 The Hermits (1868) ; Madam Now and Lady 
 Why (1870) ; At Last (1871) ; Prose Idylls 
 (1873); Plays and Puritans (1873) ; Health 
 and Education (1864) ; The Limits of Exact 
 Science as applied to History ; and several 
 volumes of Sermons. See the Life by Mrs. 
 Kingsley (1876). See Dukdreary, Lord ; 
 laOT, Parson ; MiiniTE Philosopher, A; 
 Parson, The Chartist ; Three Fish- 
 ers, The. 
 
 * Kingsley, Henry, novelist (b. 
 18.10, d. 1876), wrote Austin Elliott ; The Boy 
 in Grey ; Geoffrey Hamlin,- TheHarveys; 
 Hetty, and other Stories ^ The Hillyars and 
 the Burtons ; Hornby Mills, and oth&r 
 Stories ; Leighion Court ; The Lost Child ; 
 Mademoiselle Maihilde; Number Seven- 
 teen; Oakshoti Castle; Old Marqaret; 
 Ravenshoe; Reginald Hetheredge; Silcote 
 of Silcotes ; Stretton ; Valentinj Tales qf 
 Old Travel; Fireside Studies; and other 
 works. 
 
 King's O'wn, The. A naval novel, 
 by Captain Marryat (1792—1848), pnb- 
 lishedinl830. '-It first showed, "says Han- 
 nay, " the extent and vaiiety of his pow- 
 ers—their manly, vigour in serious, their 
 free-and-easy fun in playful writing. The 
 opening chapters, on the mutiny of 1797, 
 the cruise of the daring smuggler, in 
 which the young hero Willy, is forced to 
 serve by accident, are full of a careless 
 strength. It appears that the picture of 
 him as a boy of six- the perfection of 
 childish beauty— dressed in mimic imita- 
 tion of a man-of-war's-m.an, was fallen 
 from Marryat's own son, 'Willy, who came 
 home with him in his ship from the East 
 Indies. Poor Willy die! at seven vears of 
 age, to ttie father's deep and lasting soi^ 
 row." 
 
KIN 
 
 KI37 
 
 363 
 
 King's Quair, The. A poem in 
 six cantos, by Kxng James I, of Scotlantl, 
 in -ffhicli he celebrates his lady-love, the 
 Lady Jane Beaufort, daughtei* of the Earl 
 of Somerset, and niece of Henry IV. ■ "He 
 sang," says Professor Morley, " according 
 to tlie fashion of the day, and with, so 
 much lionour to himself, that the common 
 seven-lined stanza, which be followed — a 
 familiar and favorite one with Chaucer, 
 and with Lydgate, Occleve, and all other 
 poete of the generation after Chaucer — 
 was thenceforth, because enamoured roy- 
 alty had used it, called, as it is still called, 
 ' rhyme royal.' " The poem closes with an 
 eulogistic reference to the three above- 
 named poets. 
 
 Kinkvervankots - dor-sprakeii- 
 
 gotchdem. The Baron. The title of a 
 dramatic piece by Peter Miles An- 
 Diucws Cd.lS14), given to the world in 1T81. 
 
 Kinmont, 'Willie. A ballad, 
 
 printed in Scott's Border Minsirelsy, and 
 relating to an historical event which hap- 
 pened inJ.5S6. In that year, Salkeld, depu- 
 ty Englisn Warden of thB West Marches, 
 and Robert Scott, as envoy of the Laird oi 
 Buccleuch, Iteeper of Liddesdale,met on 
 the Border-line for conference, and under 
 the usual truce, ^hich lasted till next day 
 at sunset. William^ Armstrong, of Kin- 
 mont, a notorious freebooter, returning 
 from this conference, was seized and lodg- 
 ed in Carlisle Castle. The Laird of Bjjc- 
 cleuch, after treating in vain for his re- 
 lease, raised two hundred horse, and on 
 the 13th of April surprised the castle and 
 carried oflE the prisoner, on hearing which, 
 It is said, Queen Elizabeth *' stormed not a 
 little." "This ballad,'* says Scott, "is 
 preserved by tradition on the West Bor- 
 ders." 
 
 Kinsayder. The nom' de plume 
 under which John Mabston published 
 The Scourge of Villanie in 1598, and xmder 
 which he figures in The Retume from Par- 
 nassus (c[.v,). 
 
 Kinsmen, The Two IToble. A 
 
 tragedy by John Fletcher, written be- 
 fore 1616, and by some authorities sup- 
 posed to have been revised by Shakes- 
 peare- It is founded on the old story of 
 PaLamon and Arciie : — 
 
 " Chancer (of nil admiredj the story givci 
 There, constant to eternity, it lives." 
 
 Kin'welniersh, Francis, was joint 
 author with George Gascoigne and Chris- 
 topher Yelverton, of Jocasta tq-v.)> and 
 probably the author of some poems with 
 the initials "F. K." in TJie Pa/radiseof 
 Dainty Devices (q.v.). • 
 
 Kippis, Andre-w, D.D., Dissent- 
 ing minister and miscellaneous writer (b. 
 '1725, d, 170^, was the editor of the second 
 edition of the Biograpkia BHtamiica (1778 
 
 —9) ; he also wrote^ A History o/KtvowU 
 edge, and a Life of Captain Cook. 
 
 Kirkby, John. See Automathes, 
 The History of- 
 
 Kirke "White, Henry. S^e 
 "White, Henky Kirke. 
 
 Kirke, Edmond. Tlie nom de 
 plume of James Roberts Gilmore, an 
 American writer, author of Life in Dtxie'6 
 Landy My Southern friends, and other 
 works. 
 
 Kirkton, Rev. James (d. 1699)/ 
 was author of A Church History of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 - Kir^van. ' The nom de plume nnder 
 which the Kev, Dr. Murray, of New Jer- 
 sey, wrote a series of '* Letters *' to the 
 Roman Catholic Bishop of New York 
 (John Hughes'), with a view to •* stripping 
 the papal controversy of its learned heavi- 
 ness, and bringing down the points in dis- 
 pute to the comprehension of all ordinary 
 minds." " They display," saya Dr. Cairns,- 
 "fairnesSj clearness, liveliness, zeal with- 
 out asperity, aud a constant and earnest 
 desire not so much to expose Romanism as 
 to win souls for Christ." 
 
 " Kiss, snatfthed hasty from the 
 side-long maid. The." — Thomson, The 
 
 Seasons (Winter), line 625). 
 
 Kiss, The: "A Dialogue." A 
 
 lyric by Robert Herriok : 
 
 *' Do you but this : 
 Part your join'd lips, then spealcB your klas i 
 And this love's sweetest language is." 
 
 Kisses. A lyric hy Samuel Tat- 
 LOR Coleridge, written iii 1793. 
 
 "K.Rses after death, Dear as 
 
 remembered.— Tennyson, The PrincesSf 
 
 canto iv. 
 
 Kit-Cat Club, The. A famous 
 society of literary men, founded in Queen 
 Anne's reign, which derived its name from 
 meeting at a taveni jn King Street, Lon- 
 doii, kept by one Christopher Cat, a pastry 
 COOK. The portraits of the members were 
 painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in three- 
 quarter lengths ; hence called kit-cats. 
 Sir Samuel Garth^ author of The Dispen- 
 sary, wrote some lively verses. for the 
 toasting-glasses of the club, in 1703. . It 
 appears that the favorite toasts at the 
 time were Ladies Carlisle, Essex, Hyde, 
 and Wharton. 
 
 Kit-Kats, The. A poem by Sir 
 Richard Blackmore, published in 1708. 
 
 Kitchener, "William, M.D. (b. 
 
 1775, d. 1827), wrote Apicius Redivivus 
 (1817), (q.v.); The Cook's Oracle (1821), 
 (q.v.); The Art of Prolonging i7/e'(lP22); 
 The Pleasure of Making a Will (1822); 
 Peptic Precepts (1824) ; The Traveller's 
 Oracle (1828); and other works. Soo The 
 GetUleman's Magazine for 1827. 
 
364 
 
 KIT 
 
 KNZ 
 
 Kite, Sergeant. The recruiting 
 officer, in Fakquhar's comedy, The JU~ 
 cruit'mg Officer sketched with so much 
 -vigour and wit that the name has become 
 proverbial. 
 
 Kitely. A rich city merchant in 
 Ben JoNsojf's comedy of Every Man in 
 hia JSvmour (q.v.). 
 
 Kittie's Confession. A poem by 
 Sir David Lindsay, written in 1541, sat- 
 irising the Boman Catholic practice. 
 
 Kitto, John, D.D., miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1801, d. 1854), produced The Pic- 
 torial Biblej, The Pictorial Hlator}i of Pales- 
 tine. Tite Christian Traveller^ The Cyclo- 
 pceaia of Biblical Literature^ The Pic- 
 torial Swnday Book, The Lost Senses, The 
 Jowmal of Sacred Literature, and Daily 
 Bible Illustrations' His Life was written 
 by Br. Eadieand Br. Kyland. 
 
 Ejiack to Know a Knave, A 
 
 A sort of moral-comedy, printed in 1591, 
 in which the dramatis personce consist of 
 Sjbstract impersonations and historical 
 characters, and of which the general ten- 
 dency is satirical. A Knack lo Know an 
 Honest Man, printed in 1596, was written 
 as a counterpart to the above. 
 
 Knatchbull-Hugessen, Sd-ward 
 
 Hugessen (b. 1829), has written Stories for 
 My Children, Crackers for Christmas, 
 Moonshine Talea at Teatime, Queer Polk, 
 Whispers Prom Fairyland, River Legends t 
 and other books for children. 
 
 Knave of Clubs, The ; " or, 'Tis 
 merry when Knaves meet." A prose satire 
 by Samuel Rowlands (1570— 1625), which 
 appeared in 1609, and gave so much offence 
 to the Government, on account of the pun- 
 gency of its allusions, that it was ordered 
 to be burned : first, publicly, as containing 
 matter "unfytt to be published," and then 
 in the Stationer's Hall kitchen, "with 
 other Popish bookes and things that were 
 lately taken." The Knave of Clubs was, 
 however, shortly followed by The Knave of 
 Harts, Haile Pelowe, well met ! More 
 Knaves Yet, TJie Knaves of Spades and Dia- 
 monds, and A Pairs of Spy Knaves — all 
 partaking of the same satirical character. 
 
 "Knave than fool, More." A 
 
 phrase used in Mablowe*s tragedy of The 
 Jew of Malta, act ii. 
 
 Knickerbocker, Diedrich. A 
 
 nom de plume assumed by "Washington 
 Irving ^1783— 1859) in the publication of 
 The History of New York (1809). 
 
 Knight, Charles, piil)lislier, editor, 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1791, d. 1873), 
 issued the following periodicals :—TheMi- 
 
 The Plam Engmtiman asxuj; aiiQAmo/tr* 
 QuUvrtdrly Magaxine (1823). He edited the 
 
 following serials : — The Penny Magazine 
 (1832); The British Almanac; llie Conwa/n^ 
 Km to the Alman^ac, The Library qf Enter^ 
 taining Knowledge (1831); The Penny Cyclo- 
 pcedia, The Pictorial Bible (1838), The Pic- 
 torial Shakespeare (1839^: English Classics, 
 English MiscellanieSjLibrari/ for theTimes, 
 Excursion Companions, Haff-Jiours qf 
 English History, Half-honrs with the Best 
 Letter Writers, Half-hours with the Best 
 Authors, Store of Knowledge for all Bead- 
 ers, The Land we Live In, Museum of Ani- 
 mated Nature, and other works. Charles 
 Knight was himself the sole author of The 
 Results of Machinery (1831); The Rights of 
 Capital and Labour (1831); tVilliam Shake- 
 speare : a Biography (1839); London (1841 — 
 4); The Pictorial Imtory of England [lUiy, 
 (hice Up(ma Time (1853); The Old Printer 
 and the Modem Press (1854) ; Popular His- 
 tory of England (1856); a Life qf Caxton; 
 The Struggle of a Book Against Excessive 
 Taxation ; Shadows of the Old Booksellers; 
 The Case of the Authors as Regards Paper 
 Duty; Old Court, a novel ; Begged at Court, 
 a novel ; and many other workB. See his 
 Passages of a Working Life during Half a 
 Ceniwy. See Encyclopedia. 
 
 Knight, Cornelia, autlioress (b. 
 1757, d. 1837), wrote several works, of which 
 her IHnarbus (1790) and Autobiography 
 (1861) are tlie most important. See DlSAVr 
 
 BUS. 
 
 Knight of the Burning Pestle, 
 
 Ae. See Burning Pestle, The Ki7ight 
 
 OF THE. 
 
 Knight of the Swanne, The. An 
 
 old English tale in prose, translated froih 
 a French Romance, by Kobebt Coplakd, 
 and printed in 1512. 
 
 Knight, Richard Payne, arclueol- 
 ogist and classical writer (b. 1750, d. 1824), 
 Wrote an /Hgiiiry into the Symbolical Lan- 
 guage of Ancient Mythology, Aiialyticid 
 Essay on the Greek Alphabet (1X90), Analyt- 
 ical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste 
 (1805), and other works. 5eeTB0G»ESS OP 
 Civil Society, The. 
 
 Knight, Samuel,D.D., divine and 
 biographer (b. 1674, d. 1746), wrote Lives of 
 Erasmus (1724), and Dean Colet (1726). 
 
 Knight. The, and the Shep- 
 herd's daughter. A ballad which was very 
 popular in the reign of Elizabeth. It ia 
 quoted in Fletcher's comedy of The Pil- 
 grim, act iv., scene 1. 
 
 " Knight's bones are dust, The." 
 
 —Coleridge, The Knight's Tomb :— 
 '• And hiB good sword rust \ 
 His Boul ia with the Boiuts, I trust." 
 
 Knighton, Henry, born towards 
 the close of the fourteenth century, wrote 
 a Latin chronicle of events in England, 
 from the time of King Edgar to the death 
 of King Biohard U., printed iu 1652. 
 
KNC 
 
 KVB 
 
 365 
 
 '* Knock as you please, there's 
 nobody at home." — Pope, An Epigram: — 
 
 " You beat your pate, and fancy wit ■will come." 
 So Cowpeh, in Conversation: 
 
 *• Tis wit invitea you by his looks to come ; 
 But when you knock it never is at home." 
 
 Knocking at the Gate in Mac- 
 beth, On the. An essay by Thomas De 
 QuiNOY (1785—1859), included in his mis- 
 cellaneous works. 
 
 KnoUes, Richard, liistorian (b. 
 1540, d. 1610), wrote A History of the Turks 
 (1610) ; The Lives and Conquests of the Ot- 
 toman Kings and Emperors to 1610 (1621) ; 
 and other works. 
 
 Knott, Ed-ward. The assumed 
 liame under which Matthias Wn^sos', a 
 
 Jesuit writei (b. 1580, d. 1656), published 
 Cliarity Mistaken (1633) ; Infidelity Un- 
 Tnasked (1652) ; and other works, on& of 
 which induced Chillingworth (q.v.) to 
 write his Religion of Protestants (q.v.). 
 
 Knotting. A love song, by 
 Ckables Sackyille, Earl of Bobset 
 (1637— 1T06). 
 
 "Know, Celia, since thou art 
 Bc proud." — Ingrat^ul Beauty Threatened, 
 by THoaiAS Cabew (1589—1639). 
 
 " Knqw ye the land where the 
 
 cypress and myrtle." Pirst line of a song 
 in Byron's poem of The Bride ofAbydos, 
 canto 1, stanza 1, evidently imitated from 
 Goethe's lyric, beginning— 
 " KennBt du daa Land wo die Cltronen blumcn." 
 
 Knowell. An old gentleman in 
 Ben Jo]^son*s Every Man in Ms Bvmour 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Knowledge, Book of the Intro- 
 duction of. By AlTDKEW BORDE, M.D., 
 
 physician to Henry VIII. It was reprinted 
 in 1814. 
 
 '* Knowledge is proud that he 
 has learnt bo much."— Cowper, The Task, 
 book vi. " Winter "Walk at Noon '* :— 
 " Wisdom is humble that he knows no more." 
 
 "Knowledge gro^v from more 
 
 to more, Let." — Tet^inysos, In Memoriam, 
 cxiii. : — 
 
 " But more of reverence in ua dwell ; 
 That mind and soul, according well. 
 May make one music as before. 
 
 Knowles, Herbert, poet (b, 1798, 
 d. 1817), wrote Mnes Written in the Chv/rcli- 
 yard of Richmond, Yorkshire (j^.t.). 
 
 KnowleSfJames Sheridan, dram- 
 atist (b. 1784, d. 1862), wrote Leo: or, the 
 Gipsy,- Brian Boroihme ; Cains Gracchus 
 (1815); The Hunchback (1832); The Love 
 Chase (1837) ; The Wife, Virgvnius, William 
 Tell, The Begga/r's Daughter of Bethnal 
 Green, Alfred the Great, Woman's Wit, 
 Maid of Mariendport, Love, John of Pro- 
 cida. Old Maids, The Pose of Arragon, a,n6. 
 The Secretary : all but the flrst two of 
 
 these were published in three volumes, 
 in 1841, The works were reprinted in 
 1873. See Gbacchus ; Caius ; Love 
 Chase, The ; Pkocida, John of ; Vir- 
 GiNurs ; "Wife, The. 
 
 Knowles, Thomas, D.D. (b. 1724, 
 d. 1802), wrote Primitive Christianity, Ad- 
 vice to a Young Clergyman, and other 
 works, 
 
 "Known, To be for ever," — 
 Cowley, The Motto. The couplet runs : — 
 
 " What shall I do to be for ever known, 
 And make the age to come my own 'i " 
 
 Knox, John (b. 1505, d. 1572),. 
 wrote The First Blast of the Trumpet 
 against the Monstrous Regiment of Women. 
 (q^v.), and a History of the Beformation of. 
 Jiellgion within the Realm, of Scotlamt. 
 His Life has been written by Smeaton 
 (15T9), McCiie (1812), Niemeyer (1824), Laing' ~ 
 (1847), and Brandes (1863). See also Lori- 
 mer's John Knox cmd the Church of Eng- 
 land, 
 
 Knox, Mrs. Craig-. See Craig- 
 Knox, ISA. 
 
 Knox, Vicesimus, D.D., diyine, 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1572, d. 1821), 
 published Essays. Moral and Literary 
 (1777) ; Liberal Education (1781) ; Winter 
 Evenings; Family Lectures; and many 
 othei works. 
 
 ■Knox, ■William, poet (b. 1789, d. 
 1825), wrote TJie Lcmely Hearth, Mari- 
 aryinCf A Visit to Dublin, Songs of Israel, 
 and The Harp ofSion. 
 
 "Knuckle-end of England, 
 That." A description applied to Scot- 
 land by Sidney Smith. See his Memoir. 
 " That land of Calvin, oat-cakes, and sul- 
 phur." 
 
 Knyght and his Wyfe, The. An 
 old English poem. See Garew HazUtt's 
 Early Popular Poetry 
 
 Koranzzo's Feast : " or, the Un- 
 fair Marriage." A tragedy, published in 
 1811. "This most extraordinary production 
 (doubtless the work of a m^idman) was 
 written," says George Daniel, " by one 
 Hayes, a footman to Lord Belgrave ; 150 
 copies were printed, of which more than 
 130 were burnt at Smeeton's Are. The 
 sixteen plates are quite as unique as t^e 
 text." 
 
 Krook. A character in Dickens's 
 novel oi Blealc House (q.v.), the descrip- 
 tion of whose death by spontaneous com- 
 bustion excited much controversy when the 
 story was first published. 
 
 Kruitzner. The title of one of 
 The Canterbury Tales (q.v.), by Sophia 
 Lee (17S0— 1824), and Haeeiet Leb (1766 
 —1851). See 'Wbener. 
 
 Kubla Khan : "or, a Vision in a 
 Dream." A poetical fragment, by SAM- 
 VEL Taylob Colebidqe, founded upon a 
 
366 
 
 KYD 
 
 LAD 
 
 passage in Purchase's Pilgrimage. Tho 
 author describes himself as haying com- 
 posed it ill a dream. It was written in 
 1797, and published in 1816. 
 
 Kyd, Ttiomas, dramatic writer of 
 the time of Elizabeth, produced Hieronimo 
 (1588), and The Spanish Tragedy : or, 
 Mleronlmo is Mad Again (1603). He also 
 translated Garnier's tragedy of Cornelia 
 (1594). for biography and criticism see 
 Collier's Dramatic Poetry^ Lamb's Dra- 
 matic Poets, Campbell's Hjpeciviens oftlie 
 English Poets, &c. "As a writer of blank 
 Terse, I am inclined," says Collier, 
 ** among the predecessors of Shakespeare, 
 to give Kyd the next place to Marlowe." 
 See Hieronimo ; Pompey the Great. 
 
 Kynaston, Sir Francis, poet (b. 
 158T, d. 1642), wrote MusoeQuereloB de Regis 
 in Scotiam Profectlone (1633) ; Musm Aulicm 
 Arthuri Johnstoni, interprete F. K. (1635) ; 
 Cfarona Minervce (16^5) ; and Leollne and 
 SydaniSj a romance, with Poems (1642), 
 (q.v.). He also translated two books of 
 Chaucers'3 Troilus and Cressida into 
 Latin. 
 
 Kyrle, John. See Man of Ross, 
 The. 
 
 Kyveiliog, Owain. See Circuit 
 Through PowYS, The j Hirlas Horn. 
 
 La Creevy, Miss. A character in 
 
 Dickens's novel of Nicholas Nicldeby, 
 afterwards married to Tim Linkinwater 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Labour and Genius. A fable by 
 BiCHARD Jago, written in 1768. 
 
 "Labour -we delight in physios 
 paiii, The." — Macbeth, actii., scene 3. 
 
 "Laboured Nothings." A phrase 
 used by Pope in his Essays on CHticism, 
 partii., line 126> 
 
 " Laburnums dropping "wells of 
 fire."— Tennyson, In Memoriam, stanza 
 Ixxxii. 
 
 Lac Puerorum : " or, Mylke for 
 Chyldren." See Holte, John. 
 - Lacon : " or Many Things in Few 
 Words, Addressed to Those Who Think," 
 by Charles Caleb Colton (1780—1832), 
 and published in 1820. 
 
 Lacy, John, comic actor an<J dra- 
 matist (temp. Charles II.), wrote TAe Dumb 
 Lady (1672) ; Old Troop (1672) ; Sir //er- 
 cules Bufomi (l6Bi) ; and Sawney the Scot 
 
 g.698). lie died in 1G81, and was celebrated 
 y D'Urfey as "the standard of true 
 comedy." See Wyl Bucke his Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 Ladialaw, WilL The artist in 
 George Eliot's novel of .Middlemarch 
 
 S.v.) ; in love witli, and eventually mar- 
 9d tO| Dorothea Brooke* 
 
 Lady, A. A pseudonym, which 
 has been frequently adopted by feminine 
 writers in .the publication of literary 
 works ; notably by Mrs. Jameson in her 
 Diary of au EnnuySe (1826) ; by Miss 
 Susan Fenimore Cooper in her JRural 
 Naurs (1850) ; and by Miss Sewell iu her 
 Amy Herbert- 
 
 Lady Bountiful. See Bountiful, 
 Lady. 
 
 Lady -Clara Vere de Vere. A 
 ballad by Alfred Tennyson, published 
 in 1830. 
 
 Lady Clare. A balled by Alfred 
 Tennyson, published in 1S42- 
 
 Lady Contemplation. A comedy, 
 in two parts, by Margaret, Duchess of 
 Newcastle (1624—1673). 
 
 Lady Isabella's Tragedy, The ; 
 
 or, "the Stepmother's Cruelty ; being a 
 relation of a lamentable and cruel murther 
 committed on the body of the Lady Isa- 
 bella, the only daughter of a duke," &c. 
 A ballad given by Bishop Percy, iii hia 
 Jieliques. 
 
 Lady of Cngland, A. See A. L. 
 O. E. 
 
 Lady of Lyons, The. A drama. 
 in five acts, by Edward, Lord LyttoN'; 
 produced in 1S38, and still very .popular. 
 The hero, Claude Melnotte, was originally - 
 played by Macready. The plot is curi- 
 ously like that of Mrs. Behn's play of The> 
 False Count (1682), in which the proud and 
 rich Isabella is betrayed into a marriage 
 with a chimney-sweeper called Guilliom. 
 It is still more hke that of MoncriefE'a 
 play, Perouse,the Bellows-mender, and the 
 Beauty of Lyons (1842). 
 
 Lady of Shalott, The. A poem 
 by Alfred Tennyson, founded on' an in- 
 cident in King Arthur. It is descriptive 
 of ** a being whose existence passes with- 
 out emotion, without changes, without in- . 
 telligible motive for living, on, without 
 hope or fear here or hereafter." 
 
 Lady of the Lake, The. A 
 poem in six cantos by Sir Waltek Scott 
 (1771 _ 1832). published in 1810. Meas- 
 ured even by the standard of the Min-' 
 strel and Marmion, the Lady of the Lake- 
 possessed," says Palgrave, •' merits of its 
 own, which raised his reputation still 
 higher. Jeffrey's prediction has been 
 perfectly fulfilled, that the Lady qf the 
 Lake would be * oftener read than either 
 of the former,' and it is generally ac- 
 knowledged to be, iu Lockhart's words, 
 'the most interesting, romantic, pictur- 
 esque, and graceful of his great poems.* " 
 " The descriptions of scenery, which 
 form one of the chief charms of the 
 poem, render it, even now, one of the 
 most minute and faithful hand-books 
 to the region in which the drama of 
 Elleu and the Knight of Snowdon Is 
 
LAB 
 
 L'AL 
 
 307 
 
 enacted." The following are tlie most 
 popular passages : — 
 
 " The western waves of ebbing day " (canto i., 12>. 
 •* Boon nature ecatter'd. free and wiid"(Cttnto ii„ 10). 
 " llail to the chief who in triumpli advimcesl" (canto 
 
 ii..l9). 
 " He is gone on the mountains*' (canto iii., 16.) 
 and 
 
 *' My hawk is tired of perch and hood " (canto 
 vi., 24)., 
 
 Among tlie persoiKS of the poems are 
 King James, Ellen Douglas, Malcolm 
 Graeme, and Koderick Dhu. 
 
 "Lady (The) doth protest too 
 
 much, Txxethiiiks." Hamlet f act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Iiady of the Lake. A name given 
 to Vivieu, the mistress of Merlin (q.v.). 
 
 Lady's Tall, The. "A lamenta- 
 ble hallad," which tells of the miseries of 
 a maid wlio loved not wisely, but too well_ 
 
 " Lady's in the case, When a." 
 Gay, The Hare and Many Friends :— 
 
 - "You know all other things give place." 
 
 Lady's Magazine, The. A peri- 
 odical, to which Oliver Goldsmitji (q-v-) 
 ' was the principal contributor. 
 
 Lady's Trial, The. A comedy 
 by John Fobd, acted in May, 1638, printed 
 in 1639. 
 
 Ladylift, Elinor. See Paul Fer- 
 
 BOLL. 
 
 Laertes. Son to Polonius and 
 brother to Ophelia (q.v.), in Hamlet (q.v.). 
 
 Lafeu. A lord in AWs Well that 
 Ends Well. 
 
 Lagado. The capital city of Bal- 
 nibarbi, in G-ulliver's Travels (q.v.)- It is 
 famous for its academy of projectors, who 
 endeavor to extract sunbeams out of cu- 
 cumbers, and so on — an obvious satire 
 upon the speculative philosophers of 
 Swift's time, 
 
 "Laid on my quiet bed, in 
 study as I were." First line of a lyric by 
 HBiiKY, Earl of Suriiey, in which he tells 
 us "How no Age is content with his Own 
 Estate, and how the Age of Cliildren is the 
 happiest, if they had SIcill to under- 
 Btandit." 
 
 "Laid on ^ith a tro*wel." — As 
 Tou Like It, act i., scene 2. 
 
 Laidlaw, William (d.l846), wrote 
 a song called Lucy's Flittin* (q.v.). 
 
 Laing, Alexander, called " Tlie 
 Brechin Poet " (b. 1787, d. 1857), was the 
 author of Waystde Flmoers, 
 
 Laing, David, antiquary (b. about 
 
 1795), has edited Select Jlemains of the An- 
 cient Popular Poetry of Scotland (1822) ; 
 Dunbar's Poems (1834) ;'Principal Baillie's 
 Letters and Jowmala (1846) ; The Works 
 of Kuox (184C) ; Ben Jotis&n's Conversation 
 
 vnth William Drummond at Hatotkomden 
 (1842) ; and various works for the Bannsr 
 tyne Club and "Woodrow Society. 
 
 Laing, Malcolm, Iiistorian and 
 critic (b, 1762, d. 1818), wrote a History of 
 Scotlanfl from the Union of the Crowns to 
 the Union of the Kingdoms fl800), with dis- 
 sertations On the Gowrie Conspiracy, On 
 the Authenticity of the Poems of Ossian, 
 and On the Participation of Mary Queen 
 of Scots in the Murder of Jbamley. Lord 
 Cockburn speaks of his "depth, truth and 
 independence as an hiBtorian." 
 
 Laing, Samuel, traveller, wrote. 
 Journal of a Residence in Norway (1836) ; 
 A Tour in Sweden in 1838.; Notes of a 
 Traveller (1842,1850, and 1852), and a trans- 
 lation of the Heims-Krinqla :or. Chronicle 
 of the Kings of Norway, hy Snorro Sturle- 
 sou (1844). 
 
 Lair is vain -without Govern- 
 ance. A lyric by William DuneaR; in 
 Pinkertoh's Scottish Poems. " Lair ia 
 learning ; " governance " good conduct. 
 
 Lake, Arthur, "Bishop of Bath and 
 Wells (b. 1550, d. 1626), was the autl^or of 
 Sermons, with Peligious and Divine MeditO' 
 lions (1629) ; and Ten Sei'mons on Several 
 Occasions (1641). His Life was appended to 
 hi3 Sermons. 
 
 Lake Poets, The. A designation 
 applied to Wordsworth, Sottthey, and 
 COLERinoifi (who at different periods of 
 their lives resided near the English lakes), 
 and afterwards extended to Lamb, Lloyij, 
 and WiLSOS", by wiiters in the Edinburgh 
 Review, notably in volume xi., p. 214, 
 where direct referencie is made to " the 
 brotherhood of poets " who " haunted for 
 some years about the lakes of Cumber- 
 land." The epithet was said by Coleridge 
 to have originated with Lord Jeffrey, " tJae 
 chief writer and conductor " of the Bevlevf 
 in question. So the epigram, by the Eev. , 
 H.Townshend : — 
 
 " They lived in the Lalces — an appropriate quarter 
 For poems diluted witli plenty of water." 
 
 Lalla Rookh. An Oriental ro- 
 mance by Thomas Moore (1779—1852), 
 consisting of four tales in verse, entitled 
 The Veiled Prophet of KJiorassan, Para- 
 dise and the Peri, The Fire- Worshippers, 
 and The Light of the Harem, and connecteiL 
 by a short prose narrative, in which it ia 
 described how Lalla Bookh, daughter o£ 
 the Emperor Arungzebe, journeys toward 
 Bueharia to meet her engaged huslj^nd, 
 and how the prince gains her love on tlio 
 way, in the guise of a C'ashmerian mins- 
 trel. Lalla Rookh was published in 1817. . 
 
 L' Allegro. A descriptive poem 
 by John Milton, probably written dur- 
 ing his college life, tirst published in 1645. 
 See Penseroso, II. 
 
 Lamb, Charles, poot, essayist, and 
 
368 
 
 laAM 
 
 LAM 
 
 itiiscellaiieouB writer (b. 1775, d. 1834), put- 
 lished Poems (1797), Rosanumd Gray (1798), 
 John Woodvill (1801), Essays of Ella (1823); 
 Album Verses (1830), and Last Essays of 
 Elia (1833); also, with liis sister Mary (q.v.), 
 Tales from Shakespeare (1806), and Poetry 
 for (Jliitdren (1809). He edited Specimens 
 of Dramatic Poets contemporary with 
 Shakespeare (1807), and was the compiler 
 of The Adventures of Ulysses (1808). lliree 
 of the tales in Mrs. Leicester's ScJiool (q.y •) 
 are his, and he contributed to the Reflectory 
 Tlie New Monthly Magazliw^ and other 
 periodicals. Some of liiB miscellaneous 
 essays were collected and published in 
 1867, under the title of Eliana. His Cor- 
 respondence and Works were published in 
 1870 (ed. Talfourd)and 1874 (ed. Shepperd). 
 The Poem^, Letters, and Remains of Charles 
 and Mary iamfi appeared in 1874(ed.Carew 
 llazlitt). The centennary edition of Lamb's 
 Works appeared in 1875, edited by Percy 
 Fitzgerald. See the Life and Letters by Tal- 
 fourd (1850) ; Fitzgerald's Lamb : his Friends, 
 Haunts and Rooks (1866); and the JfeTTtoir 
 by Procter (1869). See also Hazlitt*B Spirit 
 of the Age, Table Talk, and Plain Speaker; 
 Leigh Hunt's Autobiography ; Lord Lyt- 
 ton's Miscellaneous Woi^s; Forster, in 
 The Next) Monthly Magazine (1835); Proc- 
 ter iu the Athenceum for January 24, 1835 ; 
 the Reitiiniscences by Oilier (1867) ; and 
 Alexander Smith's Last Leaves (18T0). 
 ••Lamb's style," says Hazlitt, "runs pure 
 and clear, though it may often take an 
 underground course, or be conveyed 
 
 throu^ old-fashioned conduits 
 
 There is a fine tone of chiaroscuro, moral 
 perspective, in his writings. He delights 
 to dwell on that which is fresh to the eye 
 of memory ; he yearns after and covets 
 what sootlies the frailty of human nature. 
 That touches him most nearly which is 
 withdrawn to a certain distance, which 
 verges on the borders of oblivion ; that 
 piques and provokes his fancy most which 
 
 IB hid from a superficial glance 
 
 The streets of London are his fairyland, 
 teeming with wonder, with life and inter- 
 est, to his retrospective glance, as it did to 
 the eager eye of childhood ; he has con- 
 trived to weave its tritest traditions into a 
 bright and endless romance," " His sensi- 
 bility to strong contrasts was," says Hunt, 
 ** the foundation of his humour, wnich was 
 that of a wit at once melancholy and will- 
 ing to be pleased." "As an essayist," 
 says Forster, " Charles Lamb will be re- 
 membered, in years to come, with Rabelais 
 and Montaigne, with Sir Thomas Browne, 
 witll Steele, and with Addison. He has 
 wisdom and wit of the highest, order, ex- 
 quisite humour, a genuine and cordial vein 
 of pleasantry, and the most heart-touching 
 pa&os. In the largest acceptation of the 
 word he was a humanist. His fancy is dis- 
 tinguished by singular delicacy and ten- 
 derness ; and even his conceits will gener- 
 ally be found to be, as those of his favour- 
 ite Fuller often are, steeped In human 
 
 feeling and passion. His thoughts are al- 
 ways his own. Even when his words seem 
 cast in the very mould of others, the per- 
 fect originality of his thinking is felt and 
 acknowledged-"' "'He had more real 
 knowledge of old English liteiature," says 
 Procter, " than any man whom I ever knew. 
 .He was not an antiquarian. He neither 
 hunted after commas, nor scribbled notes 
 which confounded his text. The spirit of 
 his author descended upon him, and he 
 felt it! .... The quality of his hu- 
 mour was essentially dluerent from that 
 of other men. It was not simply a tissue 
 of jests or conceits, broad, far-fetched, or 
 elaborate ; but it was a combination of 
 humour with pathos — a sweet stream of 
 thoujght bubbling and sparkling with witty 
 fancies ; such as I do not remember to 
 have elsewhere met with, except in Shake- 
 speare." See Elia; Fallacies, Pop- 
 ular ; Grace Before Meat ; Hester ; 
 H-,Mr. ; Imperfect Sympathies ; Ros- 
 amond Gray; Sanity of True Gen- 
 ius ; Superannuated Man, The ; To- 
 bacco, Farewell to ; Ulysses, The 
 Adventures of. 
 
 Lamb, "Written after the Death 
 of Charles. Lines by "William Words- 
 worth, written in 1835 :— 
 
 " And Lit.mb, the frolic and the gentle. 
 
 Hob vanished from hie lonely hearth." 
 
 Lamb, Hon. George (b. 1784, d. 
 1834), was a contributor to The Edinburgh 
 Review, and one of the translators of Ca- 
 tullus. The former circumstance drew 
 down upon him the wrath of Byron, who 
 wrote in English Rdrds and Scotch Re- 
 viewers: — 
 
 " Not that a title's Bounding charm can eave 
 Or scrawl or scribble from an c^ual grave. 
 This Lambe must own, since his patrician name 
 Foil'd to preserve the spurious farce from shame." 
 
 The allusion here is to the farce of Whistle 
 for It, which had failed at Covent Garden. 
 
 Lamb, Lady Caroline, novelist 
 (b. 1785, d. 1828), wrote Glenarvon (1816) ; 
 Ada Reis (1823); and Graham Hamiltmi; 
 all of which see. 
 
 Lamb, Mary, miscellaneous writer 
 (d. 1847), was the joint author, with her 
 brother Charles (q.v.), of Mrs. Leicester* s 
 ScJiool (q.v.). Tales from Shakespeare (1806), 
 and Poetry for Children (1809). 
 
 Lamb, Rev. L See Manchester 
 Man, a. 
 
 Lambarde, William, anticniary 
 (b. 1536, d. 1601), wrote A Perambulatum 
 of Kent (1570), and other works. 
 
 Lambro, in Byron*s poem of Don 
 Juan (q.v.), is the father of Haid^e (q.v.)', 
 and a pirate who had built a home for him- 
 self ou 
 
 " One of the wild and emaller Cycladea. . . . 
 And there he lived exceedingly at ease ; 
 
 llcavcn knows what cosh ho got, or blood ht 
 apilt t 
 A Bad old fcUow was he, if you please." 
 
LA]\d 
 
 , LAN 
 
 369 
 
 " Upon the whole," says Coleridge, " I 
 thuik the part in Von Juaii in which Lam- 
 bro'3 return to his home, and Lambro him- 
 self, are described, is the best — that is, the 
 most individual— thing in all I know of 
 liord B.'s works. The festal abandonment 
 puts one iu mind of Nicholas Poussin's 
 pictures." 
 
 Lamb'well, Sir. See Launfal, 
 Thk Lay of Sik. 
 
 "Lame and impotent conclu- 
 sion, O most," See Impotent Conclu- 
 sion. 
 
 Lamech, The Song of. A sacred 
 poem by Akthub Hugh Clough (1819— 
 1861). 
 
 Lament, Lady Anne Both- 
 
 welVs. *'A Scottish Song," preserved in 
 Bishop Percy's Religues. It is supposed 
 to be sung by a lady of the name of Both- 
 well or Boswell, who, witJi her child, has 
 been deserted by her lover or husband. 
 
 Lament of Tasso, The. A poem 
 by Lord Bykon (1788—1824), published in 
 1817. 
 
 Lamentations of Souls. Foems 
 by Adam Davie (q.v.). 
 
 Lamia. A narrative poem by John 
 Keats (q.v.), published in 1820, and found- 
 ed on an anecdote drawn by Burton, in his 
 Aimtomy of Melanclioly tfTonx Philostratus' 
 De Vita Apollonii, book iv., of a young 
 man who fell in love with, and married, a 
 serpent, or lamia, which had assumed the 
 form of a beautiful woman. 
 
 Laxnkin. *• A very popular ballad," 
 recording how that cruel "mason," ''aided 
 by a wicked nurse, gets into Lord "Weare's 
 castle, and murders Lady Weare and her 
 little son." He appears iu Herd's collec- 
 tion as " Lammikin," in Jamieson's as 
 *' Lanekin," in Motherwell's as "Lambert 
 Linkin," in A New Booh of Old Balldds as 
 " Bold Kankin," and in TkeDrawing Room 
 Scrap Book (1837) as "Long Lankin." 
 Elsewhere he is called *' Lankin," "Be- 
 likin.'* " Balcanqual,'* and ''Lammerlin- 
 kin.'' " Lilife most ogres," says Aytoun, 
 "he is a myth." 
 
 Lammeter, Priscilla. A .char- 
 acter in Geobge Eliot's novel of Silas 
 Ma/mer (q.v.) . 
 
 Lancashire Incumbent, A. The 
 
 pseudonym under which the Rev. Abba- 
 ham Hume published several letters in 
 The Times. 
 
 Lancashire Witches, The Late. 
 A comedy by Thomas Hbywood. pub- 
 lished in 1634. 
 
 Lancaster, "William. The pseu- 
 donym under which the Hon. J. Leices- 
 9?BS WABKEsr published Prnterita (1863) ; 
 
 Eclogues and Monodrames (1864) ; and 
 Studies m Verse (1865). 
 
 Lancelot, Sir. The chief knight 
 of the Table Bound, and the real herb of 
 Tennyson's Idylls of the Kiii,g. " The 
 darling of the court, loved of the love- 
 liest," IS thus described :— 
 
 " The.great and cuilty love he bare the queen, 
 In battle with the love he bare his lord, 
 Had marred his face, and marked it ere his time. 
 Another sinnine on such heights with one. 
 The flower of all the west and all the world, 
 Hud been the eleeker for it ; but in him . 
 His mood was often like a fiend, and rose ^. 
 
 And drove him into wastes and solitudes 
 For agony, who was yet a living soul. 
 Marred as he was, he seemed the eoodliesfhiaa 
 That ever among ladies ate in hall." 
 
 It is Ms" great and guilty love " for Guinr 
 evere, and its corrupting effects -on th« 
 Arthurian court, on which the motive of 
 the poem turns ; and Lancelot is thi'ough- 
 out the /c27/2^s scarcely less prominent tl^n 
 the king himself. His latest appearance 
 is in Gareth and Zynette, and we are led to 
 believe that he eventually " died a holy 
 man." " Xiancelot, in the splendour of his 
 double nature (a double star, with just such 
 complicatedorbit), moves, and must always 
 move," says Knowles, *' upon a level with 
 the king himself iu interest, and even 
 closer iu sympathy. The ceaseless inner 
 war which tears him before our eyes breeds 
 iu us a sense of nearer kinship than we 
 dare to claim with the royal calm. But 
 through it all how lofty and how great he 
 is : no wonder that ' he knew not he 
 should die a holyman,' and no wonder also 
 that he did so die." 
 
 Lancelot du Lac, Le Roman de. 
 
 Compiled by Walter Mapes, Archdedr- 
 con of Oxford (1160—1196). " In it, while 
 developing the Arthur legend, Mapes 
 idealised that bright animal life which it 
 had been the only object of preceding 
 stories to express. The romance," says 
 Morley, f is rich in delicate poetical inveii- " 
 tion. Lancelot is the bright pattern of a 
 knight according to the flesh,cleared, ^n one 
 respect, of many scattered offences, which 
 are concentrated in a single blot, repre- 
 sented always as a dark blot on his char- 
 acter, the uulawfuUove for Guinevere." 
 
 Lancelot du Lake, Sir. A ballad 
 quoted by Shakespeare in his Henry IV.j 
 part ii., act ii., scene 4. It is merely a 
 poetical veision of chapters 108, 109, and 
 110 of the old romance of Morte D' Arthur. 
 
 Land of Cakes, The. A term 
 frequently applied to Scotland. It occurs 
 in one of Boans's lyiics. 
 
 "Land of broTvn heath and 
 shaggy wood.'*-^-ScoTT, Lay of the Last 
 Minstrel, canto vi., stanza 2 : — 
 
 " Land of the mountaui and the flood." 
 
 Landon, Letitia JQlizabeth (Mrs. 
 Maclean), poet and novelist (b. 1802, di 
 1S38). wroto The Fat* qf Ad^UiAdt (1S20) : 
 X6* 
 
370 
 
 LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 Poetical SketcJies (1821) ; The Imvrovisa- 
 trice, and other Poems (1824) ; The Trouba- 
 dour (1825); The Golden Fio^ei (1826); The 
 Venetian Bracelet (1829) ; The Lost Pleiad 
 (1829) ; Romance and Reality (1830) ; Frati- 
 cisca Carrara (1834) ; The Vow o/ the Pea- 
 cocks (1835) ; Traits and Trials of Early 
 Life (lS3fi) ; Ethel Churchill (1S37) ; and 
 Duty and Inclination (1838). Her Life ami 
 literary remains were published by Laman 
 Blaucbard in 1841. Her Ponns were edited 
 by W. B, Scott in 1873. For CrUicisJiij see 
 JeaSreson's Novels and Novelisis. '* Tlie 
 originality of her genius," says Professor 
 "Wilson, "is conspicuous in the choice of- 
 Its subjects^they are unborrowed ; and in 
 her least successful poems, as wholes, there 
 is no dearth of poetiy." See L. E. L. 
 
 Landor, Walter Savage, poet 
 
 and prose writer ^b. 1775. d. 1864), published 
 Poems (1795) ; Gehir (1797) ; Count Julian 
 (1812) ; Idyllia Heroica (1820) ; Imaginary 
 Qmversations (1824); Poems (1831); TJieEx- 
 aminaiion of William Shakespeare (1834) ; 
 Persies and Aspasia (q.v.), (1836) ; Letters 
 of a Conservative (1836); Satire on Satirists 
 (1636) ; Pentam-eron : or, Interviews ofMesser 
 Giovanni Boccaccio and Messer Francese 
 Petrarcka (1837), (q.v.) ; Hellenics (1817) ; 
 Last Fruit off an Old Tree (1853) ; Dry 
 Sticks Fapgoted (1858), and other works, 
 included in the edition edited by Foi'ster 
 (1868), whose Life of Landor appeared in 
 1869. See also Emerson's English Traits. 
 I)oug1as Jerruld speaksof Landor'slack of 
 spirituality as his chief defect. " His ele- 
 Tation, when he is elevated, springs from 
 the force of eloquence. Ho is nervous, 
 bold in argument, unsparinfj; in sarcasm. 
 He enlivens his pages with wit, with anec- 
 dotes, with jests ; he passes adroitly from 
 topic to topic ; calls into his aid sometimes 
 Bentiment, sometimes passion, sometimes 
 reason ; displays a degree of knowledge 
 rarely possessed by an author, a familiarity 
 with airtimes, and nearly all countries ; a 
 perfect acciuaintance with the laws of arts 
 and ciiticism." " What is it," said Cole- 
 ridge, in 1834, " that Landor wants to make 
 him a poet ? His powers are certainly very 
 considerable, but he seems to be totally 
 deflcien in that modif]?ing faculty which 
 compresses several units into one whole. 
 The truth is that he does not possess imag- 
 ination, in its highest form, tliat of stamp- 
 ing ill piii neW uno. Hence his poems, 
 taken as wholes, are unintelligible ; you 
 have eminences excessively bright, and all 
 the ground around and between them is 
 darkness. Besides which he has never 
 learned with all his energy how to write 
 simple and lucid English." Emerson speaks 
 of his " rich and ample page," in which 
 " we are always sure to find free and sus- 
 tained thought, a keen and precise under- 
 standing, an affluent and ready memory, 
 an industrious obsei-vatipn. honour for 
 every great and generous achleVemeut, and 
 a scourge for every oppressor."- ■ 
 
 Lane, Edward William, Orien- 
 talist (b. 1801, d. 1876), wrote an Account of 
 the Manners and Customs of the Modern. 
 Egyptians (1836) ; a translation of the 
 Arabian Nights'' Entertainments (1841) ; 
 Selections from the Kur~an^ with Introduc-. 
 Hon and Commentaries (1843) ; and an Aro: 
 hie Lexicon, the first part of which was 
 published in 1863> 
 
 Iiangbaine, Gerard (b. 1656, d. 
 1692), wrote, amonjg other works, An Ac- 
 count of the English Dramatic Poets (1691)^ 
 which is full of curious information. See 
 "Wood's Athenoe Oxonienses, 
 
 Langhorne, John, D.D., poet and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1735, d. 1779), 
 wrote various poems, collected and pub- 
 lished in 1802, of which Genius and Valour 
 
 (q.v.), The Visions of Fancy, The Enlarge- 
 m<nt of the Mind, The Death of Adonis, 
 The Tears of Music, and The Country Jus- 
 tice (q.v.) are the most important. He 
 also vfiotG Letters of Theodosius and C&ti- 
 stantia (1763), (q.v.); Sobjman and Almena 
 (1762) ; a translation of Plutarch's Lives ; 
 and many other publications, a list or 
 which is given in Dr. Anderson's Dife of 
 the authorj prefixed to his Poems. See, 
 also, the biography by Langhorne's son 
 (1802). See Owjen of Cabron. 
 
 Langland, "William, poet (temp. 
 Edward III.), was author of the Vision {f" 
 
 Piers Plowman. Bale erroneously calls 
 him " JRobert." " The verse of Landland," 
 says Campbell, "is alliterative, without 
 rhyme, and of triple time.' In modern 
 pronunciation it divides the ear between 
 an anapcestic and dactylic cadence ; 
 tliough some of the verses are reducible to 
 no ;^erceptible metre. His stj^le, even 
 malting ^lowance for its antiquity, has a 
 vulgar air, and seems to indicate a mind 
 that wouldhave been coarse, though strong, 
 in any state of society. But, on the otlier 
 hand, his work, with all its tiresome homi- 
 lies, illustrations from school divinity, and 
 uncouth phraseology, has some interesting 
 features of originality. He employed no 
 borrowed materials; he is the earliest 'of 
 our writers in whom there is a tone of 
 moral reflection ; and his sentiments are 
 those of bold and solid integrity. His. 
 allusions to contemporory life afford 
 some amusing glimpses of its mannei-s-*' 
 " Though," says Hallam, *• his measure is 
 more uncouth than that of his predeces- 
 sors, there is real energy in Ms concep- 
 tions, which he caught, not from the chim- 
 eras of knight-errantry, but the actual 
 manners and opinions of his times." " He 
 is a great satirist," says Isaac Disraeli, 
 '* touching with caustic invective or keen 
 irony public abuses and private vices, but in 
 the depth of his emotions and wildnessoi 
 Imagination he breaks forth in the solemn 
 majesty of Dante," See PiEas PLOWHAif, 
 Yiuosros*. 
 
LAN 
 
 LAS 
 
 371 
 
 Langstaff, Launcelot. The pseu- 
 donym under whicli "W'ASHiNGTOJf In- 
 viNG, "William Irving, and James K. 
 Paulding published Salmagundi (q.v. . 
 
 Langtoft, Peter, cation of the 
 order of St. Augustine, Bridlington, com- 
 posed in French, verae a Chronicle 0/ Eng- 
 Jantl, which still remains in . MSS. It be- 
 gins with the fabulous arrival of the Ti'o- 
 jans in Britain, and ends with the close of 
 tlie reign of Edward I., of whom Langtoft 
 was probably a contemporary. The Chro- 
 v^lcte was translated into English rhyme by 
 Bobert de Brunne, and was published by 
 Heai'ne in 1725, and again in 1810. 
 
 Langaage, On the Origin and 
 progress of. A prose work of great learn- 
 ing and piradox, by Lord Monboddo (1714 
 — X799). published in 1773. Its object is to 
 prove the superiority of ancient over mod- 
 ern literature, but it is chiefly famous for 
 the remarkable theories therein propound- 
 ed on the subject of the antiqnity of man. 
 
 Languish, Lydia, in Sheridan's 
 Rivals (q-v.), is a young lady, in love with 
 Captain Absolute (q.v.)) whose romance- 
 malcing and pretty affectation lead her to 
 despise the tameuess of a modern court- 
 ship. 
 
 Lansdovrne, Lord, Grorge Gran- 
 vUle, poet (b. 1667, d. 1736), wrote The She- 
 Gallants (1696) ; The Jew of Venice (1698) ; 
 J3eroic'*Zove{170l) ; 'The British Enchanters 
 (1706); Peleus and Thetis; knd various 
 poems. His Works were published in two 
 volumes in 1732. See the Life by Dr. John- 
 son. 
 
 Laodamia. A poem by William 
 ■WoBDSWORTH, wrtiten in 1814. 
 
 " Lap me in soft Lydian airs." 
 
 lino 136 in Milton's poem L'Allegro 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Laquei Ridiculosi : "or, Springres 
 for Woodcockes." A collection of epi- 
 grams by Henby Pakrot, published in 
 1813. 
 
 Lara. A poem, in two cantos, hy 
 Lord Bybon (1788—1824), published in 1814, 
 with Jaeqnelvne, a poem by Samuel Bo- 
 GEBS (1763—1855). 
 
 Lara, The Count of, in Loxa- 
 FELLOw's dramatic poem. The Spmiish 
 Student (q.v.), is in love with Preciosa, 
 
 Lardner Dionysius, LL.B.. scien- 
 tific writer (b. 1793, d. 1859), published a 
 Handbook of Natural Philosophy a/nd As- 
 tronomy (1851-53) ; The Museum of Science 
 and- Art (1854—66) ; Railway Economy ; and 
 various other works. He also edited the 
 Cabinet Cyclopcedia (t829— 1846), (q.v.). 
 
 Lardner, Nathaniel, D.D., eccle- 
 siastical writer (b. 1684, d. 176^, wrote The 
 Credibility of tlie Gospel Mttorj/ (1727, 
 
 1733, 1735, and 1743) ; a Vvndication of 
 
 Three of Our Blessed Saviour's Miracles 
 (1729) ; Counsels of Prudence for Use of 
 Young Persons (1735), sermons, p,nd other 
 worlcs, which were collected and pub- 
 lished, with a memoir, by Dr. Kippis,'in 
 1788. 
 
 "Large was his bounty, and hist 
 soul sincere." See Gray's Elegy Written 
 in a Country Churchyard, 
 
 " He gavcjamietry (all he had) a tear. 
 He gain'd from heaven ('twas all he wish'd) a 
 fiiciid." 
 
 La Roche. A clergyman, whose 
 story is told by Hexry Mackenzie in 
 The Mirror (q.v.). 
 
 Larynx, Rev. Mr. A jovial clergy- 
 man, in Peacock's novel of Nightmare 
 Abbey (q.v.). 
 
 Lascelles, Lady Caroline. The 
 
 nom de plume under which Miss Maey 
 Elizabeth Bbaddox (b. 1837), published 
 The Black Band and other stories, 
 
 Lassels, Richard (b. 1603, d.lGOS). 
 Author of Tile Voyage of Italy (1670). 
 
 Last Day, A Poem on the, iri, 
 three books by Edward Young (1684r— 
 1765) ; published in 1713, and commended, 
 probably by Addison, in the Englishman 
 for October 29, in that year. 
 
 Last Bays of Heroulaneum, 
 The. — A poem by Edwi:^ Atherstonic 
 (1788-1872), published in 1821, andtounded 
 on the story of the destruction of the city 
 by an eruption of Vesuvius in the first 
 year of the Emperor Titue, a. d. 79. The 
 author follows the narrative of Pliny in 
 his letters to Tacitus. 
 
 Last Days of Pompeii. A nov^l 
 by Edward, Lord Lytton, publisjied in. 
 1834. " The interest here," says , The 
 Quarterly Review^ "is one of " BituatiOn. 
 and action rather than character. Thi^ 
 scenes which linger on our memoriies- 
 longest are the noon-day excursion on ^e 
 Canipanian seas, the temple of Isis with 
 its hidden machinery, the funeral pomp 
 and dirge of the murdered ApsecideSi 
 Lydon perishing in the unequal struggle, 
 the price which was to have been paid for 
 a father's liberty, and lastly, the grand 
 catastrophe, a subject which called forth 
 all Lord Lytton's brilliant powers." 
 
 " Last iniirniity of noble minds, 
 That."— Milton, Lycidas, line 71. 
 
 Last Man, The. A lyric by 
 Thomas Campbell, beginning— 
 
 All worldly fihapea must melt in gloom 
 
 The BUii himself mupt die, 
 Before this mortal shall assume 
 
 UiH immortality I 
 I snvr a viBion in my sleep 
 That Rave my spirit strengtb to sweep 
 
 AUown tho £Ulf ol Tioie I - 
 
872 
 
 LAS 
 
 LAU 
 
 I naw the lasttof human mould 
 That shall Creation's death behold 
 An Adam saw her prime I" 
 
 Last Man, The. A humorous 
 poem by Thomas Hood. 
 
 " Last, not least, in love." — 
 Julius Ccesar, act iii., scene 1 . 
 
 Last of the Mohicans, The. A 
 
 iale by James Feijimore Cooper (q. v.), 
 the hero of which is the Indian chief, 
 T'ncas. 
 
 Last of the Tribunes, The. See 
 
 KlENZI. 
 
 Last Ride Together, The. A 
 
 lyric by Robert Browxing. 
 
 •■' I and my miatrcas, side by side, 
 Shall be together^ breathe and ride ; 
 So. one day more I am deified, ' 
 
 Who knows but that the world may end to< 
 night ? • 
 
 " Last Rose of Summer, 'Tis 
 
 the." First line of a famous song by 
 Thomas Moore, which, witli the tradi- 
 tional music long known aa " The Groves 
 of Blarney," is introduced into Flotow's 
 opera, Martha. 
 
 Last Tournament, The. See 
 
 Tournament, The Last. 
 
 Last Verses of Chaucer, The. 
 
 The lines, written on his death-dead^ and 
 beginning — 
 
 " Fly from the press, and dwell with sothfaBtnesa." 
 
 L.'E.L. (q.v.) had also her " Last Verses," 
 full of pathos, beginning— 
 
 "A star has Isf t the kindling sky." 
 
 " Late, late, so late ! and dark 
 the night and chill." " So sang the nov- 
 ice in Guinevere," in Tennyson's Idylia 
 of Vie King. 
 
 Latest Decalogue, The. A satir- 
 ical lyric by Arthur Hugh Clough 
 <1819— 1861). 
 
 Latham, Robert Gordon, eth- 
 nological and philological writer (b. 1812), 
 has published Natural History of the 
 Varieties of Man (1850) ; Maji aim his 
 Migrations (1851) ; The Enalish Language 
 (1851) ; D.^scriotive Ethnology (1859) ; an 
 edition of Johnaon^s Dictionary (1870) ; 
 and many other works. 
 
 Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Wor- 
 cester (b. about 1491, d. 1555), was the au- 
 thor of a Sermon on the Ploughers (1549), 
 Seven Sermons before Edwa/rd Vl.i Seven 
 Sermons on the Lord's Prayer, and Ser- 
 Tnons preached in Lincolnshire- Editions 
 of the^e appeared in 1562 and 1571 ; later, 
 In 1825 and 1846. See Lowndes' Bibliog- 
 rapher*a Manual; also the Biographies 
 by Gilpin (1780), Watkins (1824), and De- 
 tnaUB (1869), ana TuUooh's Leaders qf the 
 
 Jtefarmation. A Life and selection from 
 Ins writings are included in volume ii. of 
 The Fathers of the Church. "Latimer's 
 preaching was essentially English ; home 
 ly, practical, and straight to its purpose. 
 There was no speculative retinement, but 
 a simple sense of duty to be done for 
 love of God. He pointed distinctly to the 
 wrongs he preached against. He en> 
 livened his admonition with shrewd say- 
 ings, recollections of life, genial humour." 
 " His sermons," says Principal TuUoch, 
 " are rare specimens of vigorous eloquence, 
 which read fresh, and vivid, and powerful 
 now, after three centuries. The humorous 
 Saxon scorn and invective witli whicli he 
 lashes the vices of the time are, perhaps, 
 their most noted characteristics," . See 
 Covetousxess, Against ; Ploughers, 
 Sermon on the; Pkeaching Sermon, 
 
 &G. 
 
 Latter-day Pamphlets, by Thom- 
 as Carlyle (b. 1795) ; published in 1850, 
 and suggested by the political f^tations 
 of 1848. " In these the censor appeared i?k 
 his most irate and uncompromising mood. 
 ... as the worshipper of mere brute 
 force, the advocate of all harsh, coercive 
 measures." Nearly every institution in 
 the country was abused and ridiculed in 
 unmeasured terms. 
 
 Lauder, Sir Thomas Dick, mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1784, d. 1848), wrote 
 The Great Floods of August, 1829, in the 
 Province of Moray and Adjoining Districts; 
 two novels, called Loclutndhu and The 
 Wolf of JBadevochf and various other 
 works, chiefly of local interest. " He did 
 enough," says Lord Cockburn, " to attest 
 his capacity both for science and art ; and 
 some of his works of fiction would have 
 made more permanent impressions than 
 they have done had they not appeared in 
 the immecdate blaze of those of Scott." 
 
 Lauder, ^William (b. 1710, d. 
 1771), edited the Poetarum Scotorum Musce 
 Sacrce (1739), and wrote An Essay on Mil- 
 ton's Use and Imitation of the Modems in 
 his Paradise Lost (1751), and The Grand 
 Impostor Detected, or Milton Qynvicted of 
 Forgery against King Charles the First 
 (1754). The charges made in both these 
 latter works were refuted. 
 
 Laudibus Legum Anglise, De. 
 
 A Latin work by Sir John Fortescue, 
 written between 1461 and 1470, "for the 
 encouTagement and direction " of the 
 Prince of "Wales in his studies, and "to 
 kindle in him a desire to know and under- 
 stand the laws." The chief object of the 
 writer is to show tlie superiority of a con- 
 si itutioual over a despotic government. 
 He describes the antiquity of the customs 
 of England, explains the form of enacting 
 statutes, and points out the dilTerence be- 
 tween our law and civil law, or law depend- 
 ent upon royal will, in several ways. 
 
LAtr 
 
 LAIT 
 
 373 
 
 Iiaugh and be Pat : " or, pJlla to 
 Purge Melancholy." " A collection of 
 Boiiuets". by Thomas D'Ubfey (1650— 
 1723); published in 1719, andhighly praised 
 by Addison in No. 29 of The Guardian, 
 ■where he says : " I cannot sufficiently ad- 
 mire the facstious title of these volumes, 
 and must censure the world of Ingratitude 
 while they are sq negligent in rewarding 
 the jocose labours of ray friend, Mr. 
 D'XJrfey, who was so large a contributor to 
 this treatise, anctto w^ose humorous pro- 
 ductions so mani?^ rural squires in the re- 
 motest parts of tins island are obliged for 
 the dignity and state which corpulency 
 gives them. It is my opinion that the 
 above pills would be extremely proper to 
 be taken with asses' milk, and might con- 
 tribute towards the renewing and restoring 
 of decayed lungs." 
 
 " Laugh ' -where "vcre must, be 
 
 candid where we can." A line in Pope's 
 Essay on Man (q.v.). 
 
 " Laughter holding both his 
 
 Bides." — ^Milton's VAUegrOj line 32. 
 
 Launce. Servant to Proteus, in 
 Shakespeake's comedy of The Two 
 Gentlemen of Verona (q.v.). "The scene 
 of Launce and his dog (in the fourth act) is 
 a perfect treat," says Hazlitt, "in the 
 way of farcical drollery and invention." 
 
 Launcelot, Sir, and Queen 
 Guinevere, A " fragment" by Alfred 
 Tensttson, printed in 1842. See Lan- 
 celot. 
 
 Launfal, The Lay of Sir. ■ Trans- 
 lated into English by Thomas Chester, 
 in the reign of Henry VI. The original 
 was by Mademoiselle Marie, a Breton 
 poetess. The '* lay " celebrates one of 
 Arthur's famous knights, and appears in 
 Bitson's collection as the romance of Sir 
 Xambwell. See Lowell's VisUm of Sir 
 Lawnfal. 
 
 Laurana, in the second part of The 
 History of Parismus (q.y.), is the "King's 
 Daughter of Thessaly," beloved by Pans- 
 mus. 
 
 Laureat, The Election of a. A 
 
 poem by Jo¥LS Sheffield, Duke of 
 Buckinghamshire (1649-1721). published 
 in 1719, and satirically characterising con- 
 temporai*y poets. It was occasioned by 
 the appointment of Eusden to the office on 
 the death ofilowe, andineludes references 
 to Blackmore, Congrcve, Lansdowne, 
 Bishop Atterbury, Philips, Gay, Cibber, 
 D'Urfey, Prior, Pope, and others, 
 " At lost iu rushed JSuaden, and cned, 'WhoBhaU 
 
 have it, 
 But L the true laureat. to vhom the king: S^vo it? ' 
 Apollo beirged pardon^. and granted his clairft, 
 Bvt voweoT though; till, then he'd ne'er heard of 
 
 his name." 
 
 Compare with Suckling's Session of the 
 J*oet8f and.Xifii^ Bunt'BJ'eastqf the Poets. 
 
 Laureate Poets. Tliis terra ap- 
 pears to have had its origin in the custom 
 of the English universities, in the Middle 
 Ages, of bestowing a wreath of laurel on 
 those graduates in grammar who would 
 undertake the composition of a hundred 
 verses in praise of the university, or on 
 some stated topic. The graduates who ful- 
 filled this undertaking were called poetm 
 laureati. That is the origin of the term. 
 The origin of the, office of poet-laui:jeate to 
 English monarchs is involved in more ob- 
 scurity* It is, in fact, unknown how it 
 came first into vogue. The learned Seidell 
 investigated the matter (see his Titles of 
 JSonour, 1614), and could come to no con- 
 clusion on it. The probability is, that men 
 would always be found willing to flatter 
 the royal vanity in song, and that poets- 
 laureate, whetiier under that name or 
 another, existed from/ the earliest times. 
 The first of whom we hear in England is a 
 certain "Walo, " versificator," who is de- 
 scribed by Henry of Huntingdon as writing 
 a *'pan,eCTric on Henry I. '° Next comes 
 Boberf; Baston (q.v.)r who composed a 
 poem on Richard I<'s crusade, ana is de- 
 scribed as poet-laureate by Bale. TTie 
 first recorded holder, however, of the 
 office now so called was, apparently,Henry . 
 D'Averanches, who is distinctly referred 
 to as " Versificator Kegis," and who is 
 mentioned as receiving a yearly income of 
 *' one hundred shillings.*' This was in the 
 reign of Henry III. In the reign of Ed- 
 ward II. we hear of Gulielmus Peregrinus 
 writing an official celebration of the siege 
 of Stirling. Chaucer (q.v.) does not appear 
 to have been appointed specially as royal 
 poet, but it is recorded that he assumed 
 the title, and that in 1389 he received from 
 Ki chard II- a grant of ian annual allowance 
 of wine. John Kay (q.v.) was poet-laureate 
 to Edward IV., but has left behind him no 
 specimens of laureate work. * Henr^ VII,. 
 and Henry VIII. enjoyed the services of 
 Andrew Bernard (q.v.), who wrote in 
 Latin An Address to M&nry the Eighth 
 for the most auspicious beginning of the 
 tenth year of his rei^n, with an Epithala~ 
 mion on the marriage of Francis the Dav^ 
 phin ofErance vnth tJui 'King's daughter, a 
 Hew Year*sGlft for 15l5,anQverse8 wishing 
 prosperity to his Majesty's thirteenth year 
 of regal dignity. He appears to have been 
 succeeded by John Skelton (q.v.), who is 
 mentioned as " laureatus,'* and whose 
 Latin poems seem to have been written in 
 that character. After Skelton" came, in 
 order, Edmund Spencer (q.v.), Samuel 
 Daniel (q.v.), and Ben Jonson (q.v.), dining 
 whose tenn of office under James I., the 
 royal poet was granted a yearly income of 
 a hundred marks— a sum which was aug- 
 mented by Charles I. to £100 per annum. 
 with an additional grant of a tierce of 
 canary wine to' be. taken out of the king's . 
 stoi'e yearly. And this grant was con- 
 tinued until the appointment of SOuthey^ 
 when it was oommuted for the sum of £27. 
 
374 
 
 LAU 
 
 LAW 
 
 When Ben Jonson died, in-1637. Sir Wil- 
 liam Davenant (q.v.) succeeded to the 
 laurel, in the poBsession of which he was 
 followed, in 1670, by John Dryden (q.v.). 
 Thomas Shadwell (q.r.), was appointed in 
 1G88, Nahum Tate (q.r.). in 1692. The last- 
 named officially celebrated, in 1694, the 
 birthday of William IIT. Nicholas Howe 
 (q.v.) followed Tate, and was followed in 
 turn by the Rev. Lawrence Ensden (q.v,) 
 in 1718. Under this laureate was begun a 
 series of birtliday and new year odes to 
 royalty, which was kept up, with hardly an 
 intermission, till 1813. In 1730, CoUey 
 Cibber (q.v.) assumed the laurel, which 
 was afterwards offered to (jray, refused by 
 him, and accepted by William "Whitehead 
 (q.v.), in 1757. The latter does not appear 
 to have taken kindly to his task, fur we 
 find him uttering this complaint in re- 
 ference to the work of laureate : — 
 
 " His muBc, obliged hy sack nnd pension, 
 Vithout a subject or invention, 
 Must certain words in order set 
 As innocent as a gazette ; 
 Must eome half meaning half diBenise, 
 And utter neither truth nor lies." 
 
 When Whitehead died, William Mason 
 (q.v.) was offered the position, and on his 
 declining it, it was conferred upon Thomas 
 Warton (q.v.), of whom Park says that he 
 " gave an historical dignity and a splend- 
 our of poetical diction " to the odes that 
 he composed " which would hardly leave a 
 reader to conceive that the subjects weje 
 * imposed by constraint.* " When Warton 
 died the abolition of his office was pro- 
 .posed by Gibbon, who said, " This is the 
 best time for not tilling up the office, when 
 the prince is a man of virtue, and the poet 
 }ust departed was a man of genius." 
 However, the suggestion was not accepted, 
 Henry James Pye (q.v.) being appointed in 
 1700. He died in 1813, when the post was 
 conferred on Robert Southey (q.v.). who 
 was succeeded in 1843 by William Words- 
 worth (q-v.). The latter retained the office 
 till !I850, when Alfred Tennyson (q.v.) 
 received, as he himself described it, the — 
 
 '* Laurel greener from the brows 
 Of hini that uttered nothing base." 
 
 His laureate poems are as follows : — To the 
 Queen, prefixed to his Poems (1850) : On ihe 
 Beath of tJie Duke of Wellington (1852) ; 
 Th& Charge of the Light Brigade (1854) ; 
 Dedication to the memory of the Prince 
 Consoi-t, in Idylls of the King (1862) ; Ode 
 on the Exhibition (1?62); A Welcome to the 
 Princess Alfixandra (1863) ; Epitaph on the 
 Late Duchess of Kent (1864): and^ Wel- 
 come to the Grand-Duchess Marie (1874). 
 
 Laurence. A monk andpreoentor 
 of Durham (d. 1154.) See Wright's Biogra- 
 phia Literaria Britannica. See Hypoo- 
 
 KOSTIOON. 
 
 Laurence, Friar. A character in 
 Romeo and Juliet (q.v.)- 
 Laurence, Slingsby. The nom 
 
 de phtme under which George Henry 
 Lewes (b. 1817), has adapted, or helped to 
 adapt, a number of plays from the French 
 including The Game of Speculation (q.v.). 
 Mr. Lewes is the author of a play called 
 The Lawyers. See Lewes, George 
 Henry. 
 
 Laurie, Sir Peter. See Cute, 
 Alderman. 
 
 Lauringtons, The. A novel hy 
 Mrs. Frances Troll^pe (177S— 1863), 
 published in 1843, and containing satiiical 
 sketches of " superior jpeople," the " bustr 
 ling Botherbys " of society." 
 
 Lavaine. A knight in Artlnir'a 
 Court. See Tennys iN's Idylls (" Elaine"). 
 
 Lavengro, the Scholar, the 
 
 Gipsy, and the Priest. A prose work by 
 George Borhow (b. 1803), published in 
 1851, and containing *' a h£uf-au then tic, 
 half-fanciful " account of the author's 
 wanderings through England as tinker, 
 
 fipsy, postilion, and ostler, " after his 
 esertion of London and literature." The 
 description of his adventures, which were 
 far from being of an agreeable character, 
 is continuedin The Romany Bye, published 
 in 1857. 
 
 Lavington, George, Bishop of 
 Exeter (b. 1683, d. 1762), wrote The Enthu- 
 siam of Methodists and Papists compared 
 (1754), (q.v.). 
 
 Lavinia. Daughter to Titus An- 
 dronicus, in the play of the latter name. 
 
 Lavinia. The heroine of an episod- 
 dical narrative introduced by TabMsOK 
 into his Seasons ("Autumn "), Her lover 
 is called Palemon. 
 
 Ldw, Edmund, Bisliop of Carlisle 
 
 ?>. 1703, d. 1787), wrote An Inquiry into the 
 deasof Space and Time, Considerations on 
 the Theory of Beligiov, and liejleciions on 
 ihe Life and Character qf Christ. 
 
 La-w is a Bottomless Fit. See 
 BuLii, The History of John. 
 
 Law, -WilUam (b. 1686, d, 1761), 
 wrote Bemarhs on the Fable of the Bees 
 (1721) ; The Vnlawfalness of Stage Enter- 
 tainments (1726) ; A Treatise on Christian 
 Perfection (1726) ; The Seritms Call to a 
 Devout and Holy Life (1729) ; The Way to 
 Divine Knnwleclgef&iid other works. Dr. 
 Johnson called The Serious Call " the 
 finest piece of hortatory theology in our 
 language." 
 
 Lawlands o' HoUalid, The. A 
 
 ballad " composed," says Stenhouse, 
 " about the beginning of last century, by 
 a young widow In Galloway, whose hus- 
 band wiks drowned on a voyage to Hol- 
 land." 
 
 * I never lo'ed a lad but ane, 
 And he's drgwn'd in the geo." 
 
LA-W 
 
 LAY 
 
 375 
 
 La ^SATnt. A comic character in 
 Beaumont and Fletcher's Little French 
 Lawyer (q.v.). 
 
 Ziawrence,George Alfred, novel- 
 ist (b. 1827, d. 1876), was author of Guy 
 Livingstone, Sword and Gown, Barren 
 Honour, Sans Merci, Maurice Bering, An- 
 teros, and other works of fiction. He also 
 wrote a descriptive work entitled Border 
 and Bastille, and a volume of Ballads. 
 
 La-ws of Man's Nature and 
 
 Development, The. A series of letters, ad- 
 dressed by Habriet Marti^seau (1802— 
 1876) to her friend, Mr. H. G. Atkinson, and 
 published in 1851. 
 
 La-wyer's Fare'well to his Muse, 
 The, by Sir William Blackstoke (1723 
 — 1780), was printed in Southey*s Speci- 
 mens of the English Poets. 
 
 "Lay a garland on my hearse." 
 
 Aspasia's song in The Maid's Tragedy, by 
 Beaumont and Fletcher. "'* That's 
 one of your sad songs, madam.' * Believe 
 me, 'tis a very pretty one.' " 
 
 "Lay do-wn in her loveliness, 
 
 And." See part 1 of Coleridge's poem 
 of Christabel. 
 
 Lay le Fraine : " or, the Lay of 
 Le Fraine. An " antient and curious little 
 poem, translated from the French of Marie, 
 and preserved in the Auchinleck MSS. 
 See Launeal, TtiE Lay of Sir. 
 
 Lay Monastery. The. A perrod- 
 Ical, published three times a week by Sir 
 Richard Blackmore (1650—1729) and 
 John Hughes (1677—1720), who wrote 
 every third paper. It was " founded," we 
 are told, "on the supposition that some 
 literaiT men, whose characters are de- 
 scribed, had retired to a house in the coun- 
 try to enjoy philosophical leisure', and 
 resolved to instruct the public by com- 
 municatin;; their disquisitions and amuse- 
 ments. Whether any real persons were 
 concealed under fictiiious names is not 
 known. The hero of the club is one Mr. 
 Johnson." The papers reached the num- 
 ber of forty, %nd were then republished in 
 one volume, under the titleof A Sequel to 
 ike Spectators. 
 
 Lay of the Labourer, The. A 
 
 poem by ThoMas Hood, published in 
 Punch, and intended as a sort of counter- 
 part to The Song of a Shirt, to which it is 
 very interior in power. 
 
 Lay of the Last -Minstrel, The. 
 
 A poem in six cantos, hy Sir Walter 
 Scott (1771—1832), published in 1805, and 
 "intended," the author himself says, *' to 
 illustrate the customs and manners which 
 anciently prevailed on tbe Borders of 
 England and Scotland. The poem is put 
 into the mouth of an ancient minstrel, the 
 }agt of the race, who, a# lie Is supposed to 
 
 have survived the Revolution, might liave 
 caught somewhat of the reiinement of 
 modem poetry, without losing the simplic- 
 ity of his original model. The date of the 
 tale is about the middle of the sixteenth 
 century , when most of the persons actually 
 flourished." *' The metre," says Pal- 
 grave, " was borrowed from Coleridge's 
 Lady Christabel. The old bard himself 
 was an after-tli ought. In the poem the 
 reader will find a romantic picture of the 
 Borderers. Scott lias brought out the 
 solitary virtue — dauntless bravery — into 
 the foregromid, and has thrown the crimes 
 into the shade. Of Scott's power of word- 
 painting, there is, no doubt, more abun- 
 dant and striUing evidence in his later 
 poems, but the descriptions of natural 
 scenery in the Lay are nob only very 
 effective, but illustrate that peculiar per- 
 ception of colour rather than form which 
 has been pointed out in the very sugges- 
 tive criticism of Mr. Ruskin in the Modem 
 Painters." The Lay includes the passages 
 beginning — 
 
 " If thou wouldest view fair Melrose aright " 
 
 (canto ii., 1) ; 
 *' Call it not vain : they do not err " (canto v. ii) j 
 ** Breathes there a man with soul so dead " (canto 
 
 vLl); 
 " O Caledonia ! stem and wild " (canto vi., 2) ; 
 
 the ballad of Rosabelle (canto vi., 23), and 
 the version of the " Dies Irae," beginning-7- 
 " That day of wrath, that dreadful day " (canto vi., 
 81). 
 
 Lay of the Laureate, The : 
 
 " Carmen Nuptiale," by Robert Southey 
 (1774r— 1843) ; published in 1816. 
 
 " Lay on, Macduff." — Macbeth, 
 act. v., scene 7. 
 
 Lay Preacher, The. A series of 
 essays, founded on texts of Scripture, 
 written hy Joseph Dennie (1768—1812), 
 and published originally in The Farmer's 
 
 Musetim. 
 
 Lay Sermons were published by 
 Samuel Taylok Coleridge in 1816, 
 -1817, and 1839. 
 
 Layamon. " A priest of Emleye- 
 upon-Severne," who lived in the latter 
 part -of the twelfth century, and adapted 
 Le Brut d'Angleterre of Maistre "Wace into 
 English verse, introducing many additions 
 of his own. This work is remarkable as 
 indicatirig the period at which the English 
 and French elements of our language had 
 become almost completely fused. "The 
 whole style," savs Ellis, " which is broken 
 into a series of short, unconnected sen- 
 tences, and in which the construction is as 
 plain and artless as possible, and perfectly 
 free froifi inversions, appears to indicate 
 that little more than the substitution of a 
 few French for the present Saxon words 
 was now necessary to produce an exact re> 
 Bemblauce with that Anglo-Korman, or 
 
376 
 
 LAY 
 
 LEA 
 
 English, of wliich we possess a few Bpeci- 
 meuB, supposed to have been written in 
 the early part of the thirteenth century." 
 "Layamon's verse," says ■ Morley, " is 
 the old First English unrhymed measure 
 with alliteration, less regular iu its struc- 
 ture than in First English times, and with 
 an occasional sli^ into rhyme. Battles 
 are described as in First English poems- 
 Here, as in First English poetry, there are 
 few similes, and those which occur are 
 simply derived from natural objects. 
 There is the same use of a descriptive 
 synonym for man or warrior. There is the 
 old depth of earnestness that rather gains 
 than loses by the simplicity of its expres- 
 sion. It appears that the poem was com- 
 pleted about the year 1205." "Wace'swork 
 was itself but an Anglo-Norman version of 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth*s History of the 
 Britons. Layamon's version was edited by 
 Sir Frederick Madden, in 1847. 
 
 Iiayard, Austen Henry, D.C.L., 
 
 politician, archaeologist, and traveller (b. 
 1817), has written Ifineveh and its Jiemains 
 (1848) ; Discoveries in the Ruins of Nine- 
 veh (1853) ; and Monuments of Nineveh (1853). 
 
 Layman, A. A title which lias 
 frequently been assumed by writers in the 
 publication of literary works. For in-. 
 stance, by Sir WAtTER Scott, iu bis 
 Jieligious IHscourses (1828): Lord Hough- 
 TOK, in his One Tract More (1841) : Sam- 
 TTEL Austin Alliboxe, in his Critical 
 Dictionary of English-Literature (1859); and 
 many others, enumerated by Hamst in his 
 Handbook of Fictitious Names. 
 
 Lays of Ancient Rome. A 
 
 series of ballads by Lord Macaulay (1800 
 —1859), published in 1842. They include 
 Jloratius, The Battle of the Lake Itegillus, 
 Virginiat and The Prophecy of Capys. 
 
 Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, 
 
 by William Edmosstodne Aytoun 
 (1813—1865) ; published in 1849, and in- 
 cluding The Burial March of Dundee, and 
 other poems. 
 
 Lazarus, The Raising of. A 
 
 mystery play by Hilarius (q.v.). See 
 Morley's English Writers, vol. i., pt. 2, 
 for an analysis of it. 
 
 Lazie, The Infamous History 
 of Sir Lawrence. A popular chapmau's- 
 
 book, "no doubt often printed iu the 
 black letter prior to the great fire of Lon- 
 don. Mr. Halliwell possesses a copy, 
 minus the title, printed about 1670." The 
 date of its composition is uncertain. It 
 tolls of. the "birth and slothful breeding" 
 of Sir Lawrence Lazie j*' how he served 
 the Schoolmaster, his Wife, the Squire's 
 Cook, and the Farmer, which, by the laws 
 of Lubberland, was accounted Hifh Treor 
 son ;" his " Arraignment and Tribal, and 
 Jiappy deliverance from the many treasons 
 Jald to his charge," 
 
 Le Beau. A courtier in As Yov^ 
 Like It (q.v.i. 
 
 Le Febre. A poor lieutenant, 
 
 whose story is told by Sterne in his Life 
 and Opinions of Tristram Shandy (q.v.). 
 Hazlitt characterises it as " perhaps the fin- 
 est in the English language." 
 
 Leader, The Lost. See Lost 
 
 Leadeb, The. 
 
 Leake, Stephen Martyn (b. 1702, 
 d. 1773), was the author of Nwmmi Britanr 
 nici Ilistoria. 
 
 Leake, "William Martin, LL.D., 
 
 (b, 1777, d. 1860), wrote a large number of 
 works bearing on the topography of 
 Greece. 
 
 " Lean and slipper'd pantaloon, 
 
 The." As You Like It, act ii., scene 7. 
 
 ''Lean fello-w beats all con- 
 querors. There's a." — ^Dekkeb, Old For^ 
 tunatus. 
 
 Leapor, Mary, the " untaught 
 poetess" (b. 1722,d. 1746), was the author 
 of a number of poems, published in 1748 
 and 1751, the volume produced in the lat- 
 ter year containing a play from her pen 
 entitled The Unhappy Father. 
 
 Lear, Edward. Author of The 
 Journal of a Landscape Painter in Corsica 
 (1869), T/ie Book of Nonsense (1870), and 
 other works. He is said to be the E. L., 
 to whom Tennyson addresses one of hia 
 lyrics : — 
 
 " All things fair, 
 With such n pencil, such a pen. 
 You shadow forth to distfint men , 
 I read and felt that 1 was there." 
 
 Lear, King. A tragedy by Wil- 
 liam Shakespeare (1564—1616), which, 
 according to a suggestion by Maloue, was 
 first produced in 1605, in which year the 
 old play of King Leir, " that had been en- 
 tered at Stationers' Hall in 1594, was 'print- 
 ed by Simon Stafford for John "Wright, 
 who, we may presume, finding Shake- 
 speare's play successful, hoped to palm the 
 spurious one on the public for his.'' It 
 was certainly acted before James I. on 
 Christmas Day, 1606, and three quarto edi- 
 tions of it appeared in 1609. It was aftei-- 
 wards printed, with additions, in the quar- 
 to of 1623. The original title in the quar- 
 to ran :—Mr. William Shak-speare, his 
 True Chronicle Historie of tlie LiU and 
 Death of King Lear and his Three Daugh* 
 tefs. With the wiifortunate Life of Edgar, 
 Sonne and heire to the Earll qf Glost&r^ 
 and his sullen and assumed Jiumour of Tom 
 of Bedlam. For the plot of the play 
 Shakespeare was indebted to the narra- 
 tives recorded in Geoffrey of Monmouth, 
 Holinshed, Higgins's Mirror for MagiS' 
 trates, and the anonymous old play called, 
 The true Chronicle History of King Leit 
 and hia three Daughters, Oonorillt Sagcm, 
 
LEA 
 
 LEE 
 
 377 
 
 tmd Cordelia. The incident of Gloster'8 
 blinduess,aiid the difference in tli© char- 
 acter of his two sons Edgar, and Edmund, 
 ■were possibly taken from the story of the 
 blijid king of Paphlagonia, in Sir Philip 
 Sidney's Arcadia,- and Shakespeare was 
 probably acquainted with the stoiy of King 
 Lear, as given by Spenser in his Fa'4rie 
 Queene. The names of some of the fiends 
 mentioned by Edgar, and some other minor 
 details, were derived from Harsnet's Dis- 
 covery of Popish Impostors, which appeared 
 in 1603. and would therefore seem to fix 
 upon 1694 as the date of the composition of 
 the play. The reader should also compare 
 ■with the tragedy the Lamentable Song o/" 
 the Death ofKingLeir and his Three Daurjh- 
 terSf reprinted by Bishop Percy from The 
 Golden Garland. Hazlitt calls King Lear 
 the best of Shakespeare's plays, because '*it 
 is the one in which he is most in earnest. 
 He was here fairly caught in the web of 
 his own imagination- The passion which 
 he has taken as his subject is that which 
 strikes its root deepest into the human 
 heart, of which the band is hardest to' 
 be loosed, and the cancelling and teaiing 
 to pieces of which gives the greatest revul- 
 sion to the frame. This depth of nature, 
 this force of passion, this tug and war of 
 the elements of our being, this firm faith 
 in filial piety, and the giddy anarchy and 
 whirling tumult of the thoughts at finding 
 this prop failing it ; the contrast between 
 ■the fixed., immovable basis of natural affec- 
 tion, and the rapid, irregular starts of 
 imagination, suddenly wrenched from all 
 its accustomed holds and'restlng-places in 
 the soul — this is what Shakespeare has 
 giv^n, and what nobody else but he could 
 
 five. The character of Lear itself is very 
 nely conceived for the purpose. It is the 
 only ground on which such a story could be 
 built with the greatest truth and affect. 
 It is his rash haste, his violent impetuosity, 
 his blindness to every thing but the dic- 
 tates of his passions or affections, that 
 produces all his misfortunes, that aggra- 
 vates his impatience of them, -that enforces 
 our pity for him-*' See Leie and his 
 Thkee Daughters. 
 
 Iiearned Blacksmith, The. A 
 title bestowed ujwn Elihu Bueritt (q.v.), 
 who began life at the forge. One of his 
 works is entitled Sparks from the Anvil. 
 
 "Learned dust." — Co-wper, The 
 Task, book iii,, "The Garden." 
 
 " Leather or prunello. The rest 
 is all but.*'— Pope, Esaa/y on Man, epistle 
 iv., line 204. 
 
 Leatherhead, in Ben Jonson's 
 
 Bartholomew Fair (q, v.), is identified by 
 some authorities with Inigo Jones, the ar- 
 chitect, 
 
 Leatherstocking. The soubriquet 
 of Natty or Nathaniel Bumppo, in Coop- 
 er's novels of The Pioneers and ThePraA- 
 
 rie, "Leatherstocking," says I>uyckinck, 
 "stands half-way between savage ana 
 civilised life ; he has the freshness of na- 
 ture a.nd the firstfruits of Christianity — 
 the seed dropped into vigorous soil. These 
 are tlie elements of one of the most orig- 
 inal characters in fiction." 
 
 Leathes, Stanley, clergyman (b. 
 
 1830), has published The Witness of the 
 Old Testament to Christ, The Witness of 
 Si, Paul to Christ, TIte Witness of St, 
 John to Christ, The Gospel its own Witness, 
 The Development pf Christiamty, and other 
 works. 
 
 " Leaves that stro'w the brooks 
 
 in Vallombrosa, Thick as autumnal." — ■ 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, book i., line 302. 
 
 Lecky, Williani Sd'ward Hart- 
 pole, historian (b. 1838), was author of The 
 
 History of nationalism in Europe (1865), 
 and The History of Ev/ropean Morals^ from 
 Augustus to Charlemagne (1869). 
 
 Ledbury, Mr., The Adventures 
 
 of. A novel by Albert Smith (181C— 
 1860), published in 1844. 
 
 Leddy Grippy. The heroine of 
 John Galt's novel of The Entail. 
 
 Le Fanii, J Sheridan, novelist 
 (d. 1874), published The House by the 
 Chwrehyardj^ Uncle Silas, Guy Deverell, 
 All in the Dark, Wylders Hand, Check- 
 Ttuxte, and other works, 
 
 Lee, Arthur, American diplomn- 
 tist (b. 1740, d. 1792), was the author of 
 Letters, under the pseudonyms of " Moni- 
 tor " and " Junius Americanus." His 
 Life was written by B. H. Lee (1829), 
 
 Lee, Holme. The nom de, plume 
 
 of Miss Harriet Parr, author of ^j/Zwau 
 ffoWs Daughters, and many other works. 
 See Park, Harriet. 
 
 Lee, John, D.D., Principal of the 
 University of Edinburgh (d. 1859), wassthe 
 author of Lectures on the History of Scotland 
 (1860), and other works. 
 
 Lee, Nathaniel, dramatist (b. 
 1655, d, 1692), wrote liero (1675); The 
 Mival Queens (1677) ; Theodosius (1680) ; 
 The Princess of Clevee (1689) ; The Mas-: 
 sacre of Paris (1690); Brutus; Mithriddtes ; 
 and other plays published in 1734, Hq 
 assisted Drydeii in the composition of the 
 tragedy of The Duke of Guise. He figures 
 in Suckling's Session of the Poets :— 
 " Nat Lee stepp'd in next, in hopes of a prize, 
 
 Apollo remcmb'rinc lie had not once in thrice. 
 
 By the rubiea in 'b face, he could not deny 
 
 But he had as much wit na wine would supply ; 
 
 Confena'd that indeed he had n musical note, 
 
 But Bometimes litrained bo hard that it rattled in 
 the throat j 
 
 Yet own'd he had eense and 't encourage nim 
 for 't 
 
 He mad© him his Ovid in Augustus's court" 
 
 Lee, Samuel, Nonconformist di- 
 
378 
 
 liEB 
 
 LEI 
 
 ■^ne (b. 1625, d. 1691), was author of The 
 Temple of Solomon, Israel Redux, and 
 other works. 
 
 Lee, Samuel, D.D., Orientalist (b. 
 1783, d. 1852), published the Old and New 
 Testaments in Syviac, the New Testament 
 and the Prayer Book iit Hindostanee, the 
 New Testament in Malay, and many other 
 worlis of a similar character. 
 
 Lee, Sophia <and Harriett. Two 
 Bisters, of whom Sophia was b- 1760, d. 1824, 
 Harriett b. 1756, d. 1851— who wrote The 
 Canterbury. Tiles (1797—1805), (q. v.). 
 Sophia also produced two comedies, The 
 Chapter 'qf Accidents (1780), (q.v.), and The 
 Assignation (1807), (q.v.).: a tragedy", ^/mey- 
 da, Queen of Grenada (q.v.), (1706) ; and 
 twosbories, The Recess (1781), (q.v.), and 
 The Life of a Lover (1804). Harriett pub- 
 lished two novels. The Errors of Innocence 
 (1786), and Clara Lenox (1797) ; and three 
 dramas, The New Peerage (1787), The Mys- 
 terious Marriage (1795) ; and The Three 
 St7-a/ngers {^835). See Blackwood's Maga- 
 zine, vol. xii. 
 
 Leech, John, the artist {b. 1817, d. 
 1864), was made the subject of an essay by 
 "William Makepeacis Thackeray, con- 
 tributed to The Quarterly Review De- 
 cember, 1854, and reprinted in the library 
 edition of h^ works. 
 
 Leg-of-Mutton School, The. 
 
 An epithet bestowed bj Lqckhart in 
 Blackwood's Magazine, upon that body of 
 rhymsters -in his day who showed their 
 gratitude to their noble entertainers by 
 celebrating them in verse with fulsome 
 adulation. See volume ix. 
 
 Legend of Florence, A. A play- 
 by Leigh Hcstt (1784—1859), produced in 
 1840. 
 
 Legend of St. Alesius, The. A 
 poem by Adam Davie (q.v.). 
 
 Legend of the Rhine, A. By 
 
 William Makepeace Thackeray (1811 
 —1863). 
 
 Legende of Goode "Women, 
 
 The. A poem bj; Geoffrey Chaucer (1328 
 — 1400), consisting of a jjrologue and nine 
 separate legends, which the poet seems 
 to have intended to extend to twenty-five. 
 Those given to the world are in honour of 
 Cleopatra of Egypt, Thisbe of Babylon, 
 Dido of Carthage, Ilypsipyle and Medea, 
 Lucrece of Borne, Ariadne of Athens, Phi- 
 lomela, Phyllis, and Hypermnestra ; all of 
 them being either translated or imitated 
 from Ovid. The poem seems to have orig- 
 inated in a complaint by the ladies of the 
 English Coui-t that Chaucer " wrote large 
 Bpeeche^ against the untruth of women ;" 
 '•therefore the queen enjoin 'd liira to com- 
 pile this booto in the commendation of 
 sundry maidene and wives who show'd 
 themselves faithful to faithless men." 
 The Legende is notable as having inspired 
 
 Tennyson with the idea of his Dream <if 
 Fair IVomen (q.v.). where he says — 
 
 "I read, before my eyelids dropt their shade, 
 ' The Legend of Good Women,' long ago 
 Sung by the morning star of eong, who made 
 His music heard below." 
 
 Legends : including those of Rob- 
 ert, Duke of Normandy, Matilda the Fair, 
 Pierce Gaveston, and Thomas Cromwell, 
 Earl of Essex, Poems by Michael Dray- 
 ton (1563—1631), published in 1605. 
 
 Leges Conviviales : " Rules for 
 the Tavern Academy," by Bex Jonsox 
 (1574 — 1637); " engraven in Marble over the 
 Chimney, in the Apollo of the Old Devil 
 Tavern, at Temple Bar : that being his 
 Club Koom." 
 
 Legree. A .slave-dealer, in Mrs. 
 Beecher Stowe's novel of Uficle Tom's 
 Cabin (q.v.). 
 
 Leicester's School, Mrs. A 
 " charming work,'* by Mary Lamb ^d.. 
 1817), to whith her brother Charles contrib- 
 uted three of the tales it contains. "The 
 beet, however, are his sister's, as he de- 
 lighted to insist ; and no tales,** says Tal- 
 fourd, " more happily adapted to nurture 
 all sweet and child-like feelings in chil- 
 dren, were ever written." 
 
 Leigh, Amyas. The Iiero of 
 Charles Ktngsley's novel of Westward 
 Ho! (q-v.); "a Devonshire youth, of good 
 birth, and in no way distinguished trom. 
 other sons of country gentlemen by either 
 fortune, or learning, or genius, but of 
 great bodily strength, of lively affection 
 and sweet temper, combined with a marked 
 propensity to combat from his earliest 
 years." 
 
 Leigh. Sir Ed-ward, Biblical critic 
 (b. 1603, d. 1671), wrote a Treatise ofI>lvine 
 Promises (1633); Analecta Ccssa/rum Roma- 
 norum (1635, 1657) ; Critica Sacra, the ffe-- 
 brew words of the Old and the Greek of the 
 New Testament (lp39, 16.50, and 1662) ; An- 
 notationson tJieNew Testament ; and other 
 works. 
 
 Leighton, Alexander, Scotch Pu- 
 ritan (Jb. 1668, d. 1644), was author of An 
 Appeal to the Parliament : or, lion's Plea 
 against the Prelacie (1628). 
 
 Leighton, Robert, Archbishop of 
 Glasgow, son of the above (b. 1613, d. 1684), 
 wrote Prmlectiones Theological, a Com- 
 mentary on the Pirst Epistle of St: Peter, 
 sermons and chai'ges. See the Lives and 
 editions of the works by Pearson (1828), 
 and "West (1871), also the L^e by Burnet, 
 who credited Leighton with "the greatest 
 elevation of soul, the largest compass of 
 knowledge, the most mortified and most 
 heavenly disposition that he ever saw in 
 mortal." Coleridge described him as de- 
 serving more than any other theologian of 
 the title of '• a spiritual divine." 
 
LBt 
 
 LEO 
 
 879 
 
 Leila. Tlie heroine of Btrok's 
 poem of The Giacnir (q.T.). 
 
 Leila : " or, tlie Siege of Qranada." 
 A novel by Edward, Lord Lyttok, pub- 
 lished, with Calderon the Courtier, in 1838. 
 
 Leiuster, The Book of. A volume 
 of Latin MSS. of the 8th and 9th centuries, 
 compiled by Fi:sis M'Gorman, Bishop of 
 KiLDASE (d. 1100). It is now in the library 
 of Trinity College, Dublin, and contains 
 more than 400 pages of large folio vellum. 
 
 Leir and his Three Daughters, 
 
 A Lamentable Song of King, is in an old 
 poetical collection called The Golden Gar- 
 land, reprinted by Bishop Percy In his 
 Hellques, " This ballad," says the bishop, 
 ** bears so exact an analogy to the argu- 
 ment of Shakespeare's play, that his hav- 
 ing copied it could not be doubted, if it 
 were certain that it was written before the" 
 "tragedy. Here is found the hint of Lear's 
 madness, which the old chronicles do not 
 mention, as also the exti'avagant cruelty 
 exercised on him by his daughters ; so in 
 the death of Lear they likewise exactly 
 coincide." See L£AR, Kisg. 
 
 L. R L. Tlie initials of the name 
 of Letitia Elizabeth IjANDOif (after- 
 wards Mrs. Maclean ; 1802—1838), who 
 adopted them as the signature she ap- 
 pended to her poems. , 
 
 Leland, Charles Grodfrey. See 
 Bbietmasn, HAjfs ; Slopek, Mace. 
 
 Leland, John (b. 1506, d. 1552), 
 wrote an Itinerary (ed. 1701 — 5} ; Commen- 
 iarii de Scripiorims Britannicis (ed- 1709) ; 
 i?e Behus Britannicis Collectanea (ed. 1710) ; 
 and other works, a list of which is given 
 by Lowndes in his Bibiioffrapher*s Mamial. 
 See the Biography by Kuddesford (1772). 
 See IxiJfEEAEY, The. 
 
 Leland, John, CD., dissenting 
 divine (b. 1691, d. 1786), wrote The Divine 
 Autliority of the Old and New Testament 
 Asserted (1739), Deistical TTritersrifthenth 
 atul IBth Centuries (1754), The Advantage 
 and Neeessity of the Christian Revelation 
 (1764), a,nd Discourses on Vanons Sulyects 
 (1769). 
 
 Leland, Thomas, Irish divine (b. 
 1722, d. 1785), published an edition and 
 translation of tbeOrations of Demosthenes, 
 a History of Philip of Macedon, and a 
 History of Ireland. 
 
 Lemon, Mark, novelist, dramatist, 
 and journalist (b. 1809, d. 1870, was joint 
 editor of Punch from its establishment 
 In 1841 until 1843, when he became sole 
 editor, which post he retained until his 
 d'^ath. He wrote the following works : — 
 The Enchanted Doll (1849) ; A Christmas 
 Hamper (Km) ; Wait for the End (1863) ; 
 Loved at Last (1864) ; Falkner I/yle (1866) j 
 besides several other novels, over sixty 
 
 dramatic pieces, numerous articles in the 
 magazines, ana a collection of jeux 
 <i' esprit and amusing anecdotes called The 
 Jest Book. See Joseph Hatton's With a 
 Sliowin the North. 
 
 Lempriere, John, D.D. (b. 1765, 
 d. 1824), published Bibliotheca Classica: 
 or, a Classical Dictionary (17bS) ; Univer- 
 sal Biography (1808) ; a single Sermon 
 (1791) ; and the first volume of an English 
 translation of Herodotus (1792). 
 
 Le Neve, John, antiquary (b.l679, 
 d. 1741), was the compiler of Monumenta 
 Anglicana (1717—19), and Easti Ecclesics' 
 AnglicanoB. See Nichol's Literary Anec- 
 dotes. 
 
 Leng, John, Bishop of Norwich 
 (b. 1665, d. 1727), published an edition o^ 
 the Works of Terence (1701), besides the 
 Plutus and Nuhes of Aristophanes, and 
 volumes of lectures and sermons. 
 
 Lennox, Charlotte, novelist (b. 
 1720, d. 1804), wrote Poems on Several Oc- 
 casions (1747)^; Memoirs of Harriet Stuart 
 (1751) ; The Female Quixote (1752), (q.v.) ; 
 Sliakespeare Illustrated (1753), (q.v.) ; Tli£ 
 Sisters ; a version of Brumoy's Greek 
 Theatre ; and a translation of Sully's 
 Memoirs. 
 
 Lennoz, Lord William Pitt (b. 
 
 1799), has written Merrie England, Fifty 
 Years* Biographical Beminiscences, Drafts 
 on My Memory, Celebrities I have Known, 
 and many other works, besides contribut- 
 ing to periodical literature. 
 
 Lenore. A balled by the German 
 poet, BUROER, translated by Spencer 
 (1796), Stanley (1796), Julia Cameron (1847). 
 Sir Walter Scott also published an imita- 
 tion of the ballad, which he called William 
 and Helen. 
 
 Lenore. The heroine of Poe's 
 poem of The Ra/ven (q.v.) j " a rare and 
 radiant maiden." 
 
 Leo Hunter, Mr. and Mrs., in 
 
 Dickens's Pictuiic/s Papers (q.v.), figure 
 as " lion hunters," at one of whose 
 parties Mr. Pickwick and his friends are 
 present. 
 
 Leodogran. King of Camellard, 
 in Tennyson's Idylls of tlie King. 
 
 Leoline and Sydanis. An. 
 " heroick Romance, of the Adventures of 
 Amorous Princes ; together with sundry 
 affectionate Addresses to his Mistresse 
 under the name of Cynthia," by Sir 
 Francis Kynaston (1587—1642). "This 
 romance," which was published in 1642, 
 "contains," we are told, "much of the 
 fabulous history of Mona,_ Wales, and Ire- 
 land and, bating that it is now and then 
 a little obscene, is poetical enough." 
 
 Leonato. Governor of Messina, 
 in Much Ado about Nothing (q.v.). 
 
380 
 
 LEO 
 
 LET 
 
 Leonidas. A character in Dry- 
 den's play of Marriage d la Mode. See 
 
 PKETTYMAN, PllINCE. 
 
 Leonidas. A poem, in twelve 
 books, by Richard Glover ; once be- 
 lauded with, extravagant panegyric, and 
 now doomed to undeserved neglect. It 
 appeared in 1737. 
 
 Leonine. Servant to Dionyza, in 
 Pericles (q.v.). 
 
 Lebntes, in The Wititer's Tale 
 (q.v.), is King of SiciUa, and the husband 
 of Hermione (q.v.). 
 
 " Lesbia hath a beaming eye." 
 
 An Irisb melody by Thomas Moore. 
 
 Lesley, Bonnie. See Bonnie 
 Leslie. 
 
 Lesley, John, Bishop of Ross (b. 
 1527, d. 1596), is best known as the author 
 of De Origioie^ Moribust et Jiebus Gestis JSco- 
 torum, published at Kome in 1578, and 
 edited by Xhomson in 1830. He wrote 
 several minor works, 
 
 Leslie, Charles, Irish divine (b. 
 
 1650, d. 1722)', was the author of A Short 
 and Easy Method with the Deis's (1G94). Dr 
 Johnson described him as *' a reasoner 
 who was not to be reasoned against." 
 
 ' Leslie, Sir John, natural philos- 
 opher (b. 1766, d, 3832), wrote, amon^ other 
 works. An Experimental Inouiiry into the 
 liature and Propagation of Efeat (ISOi). See 
 his X4fe by Macvey Napier. 
 
 Lesly, Ludovic. See Balafbe, 
 
 Le. 
 Lessing's Laocoon,£paogue to. 
 
 By Matthew Arnold (b. 1822). A poet- 
 ical consideration of the province to be 
 assigned to the poet, the painter, and the 
 musician, in the region of art. Lessing's 
 Zaoco&n appeared in 1766. 
 
 L'Estrange, Harle]^, in Lord Lyt- 
 ton's story of Mp Novel, is a young noble- 
 man, "shy, dreamy, and delicate." who 
 falls in love with Nora Avenel, " a girl 
 wholly beneath him in rank, the daughter 
 of retired tradespeople, and the proteg& of 
 his lady mother." He is characterised by 
 Boscoe as "the most original, the most 
 essentially distinct, of all Lord Lytton's 
 pictures." 
 
 L'Estrange, Sir Roger, translator 
 and journalist (b. 1616, d. 1704), wrote 0&- 
 8ervati07is and Proposals in order to the 
 Pegulaticm of the Press (lfi63) j A JSrief 
 History qfthe Times (1687); and various 
 other pamphlets which are now of no im- 
 
 Sortance. He translated Josephus, ^sop'a 
 "ables, the Colloquies of Erasmus, Sene- 
 ca's Morals, Cicero's Offices, and Queve- 
 do's Visions ; and edited The Public In^ 
 telligencer, The News, The London Ga- 
 isette, and The Observaior. 
 
 " Let dogs delight." See " Dogs 
 
 0ELIGHT." 
 
 "Let me not to the marriage of 
 
 true minds." First line of Shake- 
 speare's Sonnet No. cxvi. 
 
 "Let observation -with exten- 
 sive view." Opening line of Dr. John- 
 son's Vanity qf Human Wishes (q.v.) : — 
 " Survey mankind from China to Peru.'* 
 
 - "Let the dead past bury its 
 dead." A line in Longfellow's poem. 
 A Psalm of Life: The reader will find the 
 same idea expressed in some eloquent 
 passages in the Eev. F. "W. Robertson's 
 sermon on The Irreparable Past. 
 
 " Let the toast pass." The refrain 
 of a song in Sheridan*s ScJioolfor Scan- 
 dal. See*' Here's to the maiden." 
 
 " Let those novr love "who never 
 
 loved befdre." First line of a couplet 
 tianslated by Parnell from the Pervigi- 
 lium Veneris: — 
 
 "Let those who olw^s loved now love the more.** 
 
 " Let us do or die."— Burns, Ban- 
 TCOcAftiim, 
 
 " Let us take the road." First 
 line of a ballad in Gay's Beggar*s Opera, 
 adapted by Pepusch to the march in Han- 
 del's Pinaldo. 
 
 "Let's contend no more, love." 
 
 First line of A IVoma/n's Last Word, a 
 lyric by Robert Browning. 
 
 Letter to a Friend, "upon the 
 occasion of the Death of his intimate 
 Friend ; " by Sir Thomas Browne (1605 
 —1682) ; first published as a folio pam- 
 phlet in 1690. It was reprinted in the au- 
 thor's posthumous works, and is full of 
 fine thoughts and curious images. Its gen- 
 eral tone may be judged from the two con- 
 cluding sentences : " And since there is 
 something in us that must still live on, 
 join both lives together, unite them in thy 
 thoughts and actions, and live in one but 
 for the other. He who thus ordereth the 
 purposes of this life, will never be far 
 from the next, and is in some manner al- 
 ready in it, by a happy conformity and 
 close apprehension of it." 
 
 Letters, by Jonathan Swift 
 (1667—1745), *• to a young clergyman lately 
 entered into holy orders," " to a very 
 young lady on her marriage," and "to a 
 young poet, together with a proposal fc«c 
 the encouragement of poetry in Ireland.** 
 See the Works. 
 
 Letter from Italy, A : to the 
 
 Right Honourable Charles Lord Halifax, 
 in the year 1701," by Joseph Addison 
 (1672—1719) ; in the course of which he 
 says :— 
 
LET 
 
 LEW 
 
 381 
 
 " Me into foreign rcalmo my f nte convoys, 
 Through nations fruitful in immortal li^s ) 
 whence the soft season and invitine clime 
 Conspire to trouble your repose in wiyme." 
 
 Letters from the South, hy 
 Thomas Campbell> tiio poet ; being tlie 
 result of a Tisit to Algiers in 1832 : pub- 
 lished in 183T. 
 
 Letters on Literature, by Kobert 
 Heron, i. c, John Pinkerton (1758— 
 1826) ; published in 1785. This work, 
 which is disfigured by many affectations 
 and extravagances, procured for the wri- 
 ter the friendship of Horace Walpole. 
 
 Letters to his Son, Philip Stan- 
 hope, by Philip Dormer Stanhope, 
 3Earl of Chesterfield (1694—1773) ; pub- 
 lished in 1774, having been sold to a book- 
 seller by Mrs- Eugenia Stanhop^ iJie 
 widow of the writer for £1,500. These, 
 "the letters," says M. Sainte Beuve, 
 "which Lord Chesterfield wrote to his 
 son, and which contain a whole world of 
 savoir vivre and worldly science, are in- 
 teresting in this particular, that uiere has 
 been no idea of forming a model for imit- 
 ation, but they are simply intended to 
 bring up a pupil in the closest intimacy. 
 They are confidential letters which, sud- 
 denly produced in the light of day, have 
 betrayed all the secrets and ingenious ar- 
 tifices of paternal solicitude. . .' . In 
 applying himself to tbe«formation of his 
 soil. Lord Chesterfi,eld has not given us a 
 treatise on duty as Cicero has, but he has' 
 given us letterSj which, by their mixture 
 of justness and lightness^ by certain light- 
 some airs which insensibly mingle with 
 the serious graces, preserve the medium 
 between the Memoires du CJievalier G^a-m- 
 jnont and TiUmaque. . . . He never 
 undertook long works, not feeling himself 
 sufficiently strong, but he sometimes sent 
 a^eeable essays to a periodical publica- 
 tion. The World. These essays are quite 
 worthy of his reputation for skill and ur- 
 banity. Nevertheless, nothing approaches 
 the work— which was no work to him — of 
 those letters, which he never imagined 
 anyone would read, and which are yet the 
 foundation of his literary success." 
 
 Letters to the English Nation, 
 
 by John Shebbeare (1709—1788), written 
 under the nom de plume of " Battista An- 
 geloni;" They were followed hy a series 
 of Letters to t/ie People of Englcmd on the 
 Present Sitttation and conduct of Affairs^ 
 the last of which was seized and suppress- 
 ed, Ite writer being brought to trial for 
 treason, and sentenced, on November 28, 
 1758, to pay a fine, to stand in the pillory, 
 aiid to suffer imprisonment for a certain 
 term. 
 
 Lattice, John, divine (b; 1737, d. 
 1832), wrote a poem on ^Ae Con/oersicm of St* 
 Peml (1764), and translated into English 
 blank verse Browne's Latin poeni on Tlie 
 
 Immortality of the Soul (1795)^ besides pub- 
 lishing sermons and other miscellanies. 
 
 Letting Humour's Blood in the 
 Head Vayne. See Diogenes's Lan- 
 
 thobne. 
 
 " Letting ' I dare not ' wait upon 
 
 *I would.' " — Macbeth, act i., scene 7. 
 
 Lettsom, John Coakley, physi- 
 cian (b. 1744, d. 1815), wrote many works 
 on the subject of medical science, but is, 
 perhaps, most famous as the author of the 
 following humourous epigram on him- 
 self :— 
 
 " When people'^ ill, they comes to I, 
 
 I physics^ bleeds and sweats 'em ; 
 Sometiinea they live, Bomctimes they die { 
 What s that to I ? I lets'em " (Lettsom). 
 
 Leucadio Doblado, Don. Tlie 
 name assumed by Joseph Blanco White 
 (1775 — 1841) in the publication of his Letters 
 from Spam (1822). 
 
 Lever, Charles James, novelist 
 n>. 1809, d. 1872), wrote The Adventures of 
 Harty Lorrequer (1839) ; Charles O'Malleu 
 (1841) ; Jack Hinton (1842) ; Tom Burke of 
 Ours (1844) ; The O'Bonoghue (1845) ; The 
 Knight of GioyuTie (1847) ; Roland Casltel 
 (1849) ; TheDaltons (1852); Tlie Dodd Fam- 
 ily Abroad (1854) ; The Martins of Cro* 
 Martin (1866) ; Tiie Fortunes of Glencore 
 (1857) ; Jbaverwort Dunn (1859) ; Barring' 
 ton (1863); Uittrell of Arran (1865) J A 
 Bay's Ride (1863) ; Tmy Butler (1B6^ ; Sir 
 Brook Fosbrooke (1866) ; The Bramleiqhs 
 ofBiskop'~s Folly <1868) ; That Boy of Ndr- 
 cotfs (1869) ; Paul Gosslett's Confessions 
 (1871) ; I/ord Kilgobbin (1872) ; and many 
 other romances. Lever edited The I>uSr 
 lin University Magazine from 1842 to 1845. 
 See Lorrequer, Harry ; O'Dowb, CoA- 
 
 NELIUS. 
 
 Leveson, Major. See H. A. L. 
 
 Leviathan of Literature, The. 
 
 A name sometimes given to Dr. Johnson. 
 Leviathan : " or, the Matter,Form, 
 and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesi- 
 astical and Civil." A work by Thomas 
 HOBBEs (1588— 1679), published in 1651, and 
 censured by Parliament in 1666. Pepys is 
 found writing in 1698 " To my bookseller 
 for Hobbe's Leviathan, which ■ is now 
 mightily called for, and what was hereto- 
 fore sold for 8s., I now rfve 248, at t^e 
 second-hand, and is sold for 30s., it being 
 a book the bishops will not let be printed 
 again." In Leviatfmn, Hobbes' peculiar 
 theories in politics received their fullest 
 and ablest expression. They found an 
 illustrious opponent in Lord Clarendon, 
 who, in 1676, published A Brief View and 
 Survey qf the Dangerous and Permcidua 
 Errors to Church a/n,d State in Mr. Hobbei' 
 book entitled Leviathan. ■ 
 
 Lewes, George Henry, novelist, 
 biographer, critic, historian, and scient^&i 
 
382 
 
 LEW 
 
 lilA 
 
 •writer (b. 1817), haa written A Biograph- 
 ical History of Philosophy (1847); Ran- 
 thorpe: a Tale (IS-il) ; The Spanish Brama 
 — Lopede Vega and Ca^rfermi (l&iS) ; JlosCy 
 Jilanche, and Violet (1848) : A Life of 
 Jiobespierre (1850) ; Tlie Noble Heart, a 
 tragedy (1850) ; Counters Philosophy of the 
 Sciences (1859) ; Life of GoetJie (1859) ; Sea- 
 side Studies (1859) ; 'Physiology of Cormnon 
 Life (1850) ; Studies in Animal Life (1861) ; 
 Aristotle (1861) ; a History of Philosophy 
 from Thales to Comte (1867) ; Problems of 
 Life and Mind (1874—76); and Physical 
 Basis of Mind (1877). Mr. Lewes lias con- 
 tributed to the leading reviews and mag- 
 azines, and was editor of The Leader from 
 1849 to 1854, and of Tlie Fortnightly Review 
 (which, he founded) during 1865—66. See 
 Laurence, Slingsby ; Vivian. 
 
 Lewes, Mrs. George Henry, n^e 
 Marian Evans ("George Eliot"). See 
 Eliot, George. 
 
 Leinres, John, divine and archae- 
 ologist (b. 1675, d. 1746), published An 
 Apology for the Clergy of tlie Church of 
 England, a History of John Wycliffe, a 
 History of the English Bible, and Lives of 
 Caxton and Pecock. 
 
 Lewesdon Hall, A poem by 
 Crowe, of whom Dr. Parr said that he 
 •was " the brandy of genius mixed with the 
 water of absurdity." See also Kogers's 
 Table Talk. 
 
 Lewis. Landgrave of Thuringia, 
 and husband of Elizabeth, in Cha.rles 
 -KiNGSLEY's dramatic poem of The Saint's 
 Tragedy (q.v.). He is intended as a type 
 of the husbands of the Middle Ages, and 
 of the woman-worship of chivalry. 
 
 Lewis, Estella Aiiua, American 
 authoress (b. about 1834), haa written the 
 following poems: — Records of the Heart 
 (1846), Child of the Sea (1848), and Myths of 
 the Minstrel (1862) ; tragedies : Helemar 
 (1863), Sappho of Lesbos (1868); tales: 
 Jilanche de Beauiieu, and Xajvc and Mad- 
 ness, besides Leaves of my Diary, under 
 the novi de plume of " Stella." 
 
 Lewis, Matthew Gregory, nov- 
 elist, poet and dramatist (b. 1775, d. 1818), 
 produced the f ollowingjplays : — The Castle 
 Spectre (1797), (q.v.); The Minister (1797), 
 (q.v.) ; RollaOimy, The East Indian (1800); 
 Adel-morn: or, the Outlaw (1801); Rugantio 
 (1805): Adelgitha (1806) ; Venoni (1809); One 
 o'clock: or, the Knight and the Wood De- 
 mon {i%Uy, TimourtJie Tartar (1812); and 
 Rich and Poor (1812). His novels are :— 
 The Monk (17G5); and TlieBravo of Venice; 
 his poetical productions -.—The Feudal Ty- 
 rants ; Romantic Tales ; Tales of Terror 
 (1799); and Tales of Wonder (1801). He 
 also wrote the Jourrux.1 of a West India 
 Proprietor, kept during a Residence in 
 Jamaica (1834). '*LewiB*fl Jamaica Jour- 
 «flt2." says Coleridge, " Is delightful ; it is 
 
 almosi the only unafEected hook of travels 
 or touring I have read of late years. You 
 have the man himself, and not an incon- 
 siderable man— certainly a much liner 
 mind than I supposed before from the 
 perusal of his romances, &c. It is by far 
 his best work, and will, live and be pop- 
 ular." His Life and Correspondence, 
 '• with many pieces, prose and vert-e, 
 never before published," appeared in 
 1839- See Jeatfreson's Novels and Novel- 
 ists. See Alokzo the Brave ; Mojsk, 
 The. 
 
 Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, 
 
 politici£ui and miscellaneous writer (b. 
 1806, d. 1863), wrote ^emar/cs on /Ae Use and 
 Abuse of Political Terms (1832) ; Local Dis- 
 turbances in Ireland and the Irish Church 
 Question (1^6) ; Glossary of Herefordshire 
 Provincial Words (1839) ; Essay on the 
 Origin and Formation of the Romance Lari- 
 guages (1840) ; Essay on the Government of 
 Dependencies (1841) ; Essay on tlie Influence 
 of Autliority in Matters of Ojomion (1849) ; 
 A Treatise on iJte Methods of Obsejrvation 
 and Reasoning in Politics (1850) ; An Iiiy 
 quiry into the Credibility of Early Roman 
 History ; Our Foreign Jurisdiction and the 
 Extradition of Criminals ; and some trans- 
 lations. His Letters were published in 
 1870. 
 
 Lewti : " or, the Circassian Love- 
 Chaunt." A poem by Samuel -Taylob 
 Coleridge, written in 1795, and " an early 
 sample of his admirable melody." 
 
 Lex Rex : " a Treatise of Civil 
 Policy concerning Prerogative," by Sam- 
 uel Rutherford (1600— 1C61) ; published 
 in 1644, and teaching that " the power of 
 creating a man a king is from the people," 
 that '* the law is not the king*s own, but is 
 given him in trust," that ** power is not- 
 an immediate inheritance from heaven, 
 but a birthright of the people, boiTowed 
 from them." This work, which was wi it- 
 ten in reply to the Bishop of Koss, was, 
 after the Kestoration, burnt, by order of- 
 the Committee of Estates, at the Cross of 
 Edinburgh, and the author was deprived 
 of oflace as rector of St. Andrews Univer- 
 sity, confined to his house, and linally 
 ordered to appear before the next Parlia- 
 ment on a charge of treason. 
 
 Leyden, John, poet and Orientalist 
 (b. 1775, d. 1811), wrote Discoveries and 
 Settlements of Europeans in Northern and 
 Western Africa (1799) ; edited The Com- 
 playnt of Scotland (1801 — 2); and contrib- 
 uted to Lewis's Tales of Wo7ider and 
 Scott's Border Minstrelsy. His Poetical 
 Remains were published, with a Life by 
 the Eev. James Morton, in 1819 ; his 
 Poems and Ballads, with a memoir by Sir 
 Walter Scott, in 1858. See, also, the biogra^ 
 phical notice by Sir John Malcolm. 
 
 "Liar of the first xaagnituda. 
 
LIA 
 
 LIB 
 
 383 
 
 Thou."— CoxGBiiVE's Love far Love, act 
 ii., scene 1. 
 
 Iiiar, The. A farce in two acts, by 
 Samuel Foote, founded on Le Menteur of 
 Corneille, It was first produced at Covent 
 Garden as a comedy in three acts. Among 
 the characters are Sir James Elljot, Old 
 and Young "Wilding, Papillion, Miss 
 Grautam, and Kitty. 
 
 Liber, Amoris : " or the New 
 Pygmalion," A semi-fictitious, semi-auto- 
 biographical work by William Hazlitt 
 (1778—1830), published in 1823. In it he 
 describes, in a most extraordinary and 
 rhapsodical fashion, his courtship of the 
 woman who became his second wife. 
 
 Liber de Mensura Fcenitentiar- 
 
 vm. By St. Columbanus (d. 615). 
 
 "Liberal Education." See "Love 
 HER WAS A Liberal Education, To." 
 
 " Libertine, Charter'd." See 
 
 " A}R, A charter'd libertine." 
 
 Liberty. A poem by James 
 THOMSOif (1700-1748) the first part of 
 which was published in December, 1734, 
 and the last in 1736. It is in five divisions, 
 and is thrown, as the poet himself tells us, 
 Into the form of a poetical vision ; its 
 scene, the ruins of ancient Kome. The 
 first division treats of Ancient and Modem 
 Italy Compared ; the second, of Greecej 
 the third, of Rome; the fourth, of Britain; 
 and the fifth includes a Prospect of future 
 times, given by the Goddess of Liberty. 
 
 Liberty and Order, Sonnets 
 
 dedicated to, by "William "Wordsworth, 
 are fourteen in number. 
 
 Liberty Asserted. A play by 
 JoHS Deknis (1657—1734), which, pro- 
 duced in 1704, owed much of its success to 
 the violent expressions Efgainst the French 
 with which the piece abounded. Indeed, 
 its author was under the impression that 
 his severity had caused him to become a 
 peculiar object of detestation on the part 
 of his Galli'^n neighbours. It is said that 
 he besought the Dulce of Marlborough to 
 procure the insertion of an article in the 
 Treaty of Utrecht, to protect him from the 
 vengeance of the King of Franco, and that 
 the dulie replied, " I think I have done 
 almost as much harm to the French as you 
 have, and yet I have taken no precaution 
 to escape their vengeance." 
 
 Liberty, Ode tOj-l>y Percy Bysshb 
 Shelley, was written in 1820. 
 
 Liberty, On. An essay by John 
 Stuart Mill (1806—1873), published in 
 1858. 
 
 Liberty of Prophesying, A Dis- 
 course of l£e. Published by Bisliop Jere- 
 my Tayixjb (1613—1667) in 1647, and 
 " showing the ITnreaednablenees 6i Pre- 
 
 scribing to other Mei^s Faith, and the In- 
 iquity of Persecuting Differing Opinions." 
 A fair and candid analysis of this famous 
 treatise inay be read in Principal Tulloch's 
 SalUmal Theology in Englamd. See Tay- 
 lor, Jeremy. 
 
 "Liberty's in every blow." — 
 Burns, JBannxtckbum. 
 
 Libni, in Pordage's satiric poem 
 of Jzaria and Hushai (q.v.), is intended 
 for Titus Oates :— 
 
 ** A Levite who had Baalite tum'd, (tnd bin 
 One o£ the order of the Chemarim." 
 
 See Chemarims, The. 
 
 Librarian, The British. See 
 British Librarian, The. 
 
 Libraries. The five cliief libraries 
 in the United Kingdom, entitled by Act of 
 Parliament to receive a copy of every 
 worlc published in the British Empire, are 
 the British Museum, the Bodleian Library, 
 Cambridge University Library, the Advo- 
 cate's Library, Edinburgh, and the library 
 of Trinity College, Dublin ; the first, sec- 
 ond, and fourth, of which are referred to 
 under separate headings. The privilege 
 above mentioned was enjoyed up to 1836 
 by six other libraries, viz., those of Edin- 
 burgh, GlasgoWj Aberdeen, and St. An- 
 drews Universities, of Queen's Inn, Dub- 
 lin, and of Sion College, London ; but this 
 was taken away by Act 6 and 7 "Will. IV., 
 c. 110, compensation for the loss Of privi- 
 lege being allowed in the fonn of an annual 
 grant of money from the Consolidated 
 Fund, the amount of which was determin- 
 ed by a computation of the average annual 
 value of the books received during the 
 three years immediately preceding the 
 passing of the Act. The Universities ac- 
 cordingly receive in this proportion ; Edin- 
 burgh, £575 ; Glasgow, £707 ; St. Andiew's, 
 £630 ; Aberdeen, £320 ; whilst Queen's 
 Inn, and Sion College receive respectively- 
 £433 and £363. The minor libraries in the 
 kingdom, are, of course, too numerous to 
 name in full ; but reference may be made 
 to that of the Society of "Writei s to Ihe 
 Signet, Edinburgh ; the Hunterian Li- 
 brary, Glasgow ; the Cheetham Library, 
 Manchester ; Dr. "Williams' Librarj', Eed 
 Cross St^ London ; the Archiepiscopal 
 Library, Lambeth ; Marsh's Librai-y, Dub- 
 lin; and the collections belonging to 
 the various colleges of Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge. Several very large private libra- 
 ries are in existence ; and the Public 
 Libraries Act of 1850 and 1855 has given 
 an impulse to the erection of fiee libraries 
 in most of our great cities. The following 
 is a list of the chief events in connection 
 with the history of British libraries :— 
 Glasgow University Library founded, 1473; 
 Cambridge University Library founded, 
 1475 ; Library commenced at Lincoln's 
 Inn, 1522 j Library of Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, founded, 1601 ; Bodleian Libra^ open- 
 
384 
 
 L3 
 
 LIF 
 
 ed, 1602 ; Sion College Library founded, 
 1635; Middle Temple Library founded, 
 1641 ; Clieetham Library, Manchester, 
 founded, 1651 ; Advocates' Library, Edin- 
 burgh, founded, 1682 ; Ashmolean Library 
 bequeathed to Oxford University, 1692 ; 
 Archbishop Tenison's' Library founded, 
 1695 ; Cottonian Library purchased for pub- 
 lic use, 1700 ; a circulating library opened 
 in Edinburgh, 1725 ; Dr. William's Library 
 opened, 1729 ; a circulating library estab- 
 lished in London, 1740 ; itadcliffe Library 
 opened at Oxford, 1749; Harleian Library 
 purchased by the nation, 1753 ; Royal In- 
 stitution Library founded, 1803 ; London 
 Institution Libraiy founded, 1K06 ; Russell 
 Institution Library, founded, 1809 ; Library 
 of George III. given to British Museum. 
 1823 ; City of London Library founded at 
 Guildliall, 1824 ; Taylor Institution Library 
 founded at Oxford, 1830 ; Arundel Library- 
 added to British Museum, 1831 ; Con- 
 gregational Library founded, 1831 ; Lon- 
 don Library established, 1841 ; GrenviUe 
 Llbrarybequeathedto the British Museum, 
 1845; Public Libraries Act passed, 1650; 
 free public libraries opened at Manchester 
 and Liverpool, 1852 ; a free library estab- 
 lished at Birmingham, 1865. A full list of 
 the libraries in Great Britain and else- 
 where is given, says Townshend, in Hotea 
 and Queries, 3rd series, vol. iii., 107. The 
 general subjects of libraries treated by 
 Disraeli in his Curiosities of Literature^ 
 and much more fully by Edwards in Mb 
 Free Town Libraries^ their Formation^ &c. 
 {1869), Libraries and Founders (if Libraries 
 (1865), and itueso/'i^Ae Founders of the Brit- 
 tsh Museum (1870). 
 
 "Library (My) vras dukedom 
 large enough."— TAe rempes^, act i., scene 
 2. 
 
 " License they cry, •when they 
 
 mean liberty." See Milton, On Detrac 
 tiouj sonnet xii, 
 
 Licentia Foetica Discussed : 
 
 " or, the True Test of Poetry," by Dr. 
 William Coward ; published in 1709, 
 and praised by Gay in his tenth Epistle. 
 
 Liddel, Duncan, Scottish physi- 
 cian and mathematician (b. 1561, d. 1613), 
 was author of several works upon medical 
 topics. See the Life by Stuart. 
 
 Liddell, Henry George, D.D., 
 
 Dean of Christ Church, Oxford (b, 1811), 
 Is the author of a History ofRomh (1865), 
 and joint author with Dr. Scott of the 
 Greek lexicon now familiarly known as 
 " Liddell-and-Scott " (1843). 
 
 Liddon, Henry Parry, D,D., 
 
 Canon of St. Paul's, has published Lenten 
 Sermons (1858), Some Words for God (1866), 
 The Divmiti/ of Our Lord cmd Saviour 
 Jesua Christ (1867), alid Some Ekmciit^ of 
 Bc].igi(yrb (1872). 
 
 "Lie direct, The."— ^s You Like 
 
 It, act v., scene 4. 
 
 " Lie gently on my ashes,g;entle 
 earth."— Beaumont andFLETCHEBj^oTt- 
 dvca, activ., scene 3. 
 
 " Lie in cold obstruction, To." 
 
 — Measure for Measure, act iii., scene 1. 
 
 Lie, The. A lyric by Sir Walter 
 Baleigh, written before 1596. "The 
 fityleishis," says Kiu^le^, " solid, state- 
 ly, epigrammatic.'* "It is probably the 
 best instance," says Dr. Hannah, ''^of a 
 poetical outburst of anger and scorn whic^ 
 we can find throughout the minor litera- 
 ture of the proud and hasty Tudor times." 
 It is sumetimes called T/ie Soul's Errand, 
 
 " Lies like truth."— itfac6e(A, act 
 y., scene 5. 
 
 Lieschen. Bed-maker and Btover 
 lighter, washer and wringer, cook, errand- 
 maid, and general provider to Professor 
 Teufelsdrbd£h(q.v.), InCAitLYLE's Saa-tor 
 Resartus. 
 
 "Life-blood of a master-spirit, 
 
 The previous."— Milton's description of 
 " a good book," in his Areopagiiica (q.v.). 
 
 Xiife-Drama, The. A dramatic 
 poem by Alexander Smith (1830—1867), 
 published in 1852. The characters are 
 Violet, a lady, Walter, Edward, Arthur, 
 Charles, Mr. Willmott, and a peasant* 
 " This poet," saysSteadman, " wrote of 
 
 " ' A poem round and perfect aa a etar j " 
 
 but the work from which the line is taken 
 is not Of that sort. With much ImpreS^ 
 siveness of imagery and extravagant dic- 
 tion that caught the eiwily but not long- 
 tricked public ear, it was vicious in style, 
 loose in thought, and devoid of real vig- 
 our or beauty." 
 
 '< Life ! I kno-w not "what thou 
 
 art." The first of some lines containe'd in 
 a poem by Anna Letitia Babbauld 
 (1743 — 1825), and much admired by Bogera 
 and Wordsworth : — 
 
 " Then ateal away, give little warning, 
 
 Choose thine own time ; 
 Say not good night,— but in some brighter clime, 
 
 Bid me good morning." 
 
 " Life, Tm sure, -was in the right, 
 
 His."— Cowley, On tJie Death qf Cra- 
 
 siiaw. 
 
 Life in London : " or the Day 
 and Night scenes of Jerry Hawthorn and 
 Corinthian Tom." By Pierce Egan tlie 
 elder. This work, illustrated by Georco 
 Cruikshaiik, was at one time exceedingly 
 
 Sopular, and Thackeray has an amusmg 
 escriptiou of it in that one of his Round- 
 about Papers which treats De Juventute, 
 " As for Thomas and JeremiaJi," he Says, 
 " (it is only my witty way of calling Tom 
 and Jerry), I went to the BritiBh MOieuin 
 
LIF 
 
 LIG 
 
 SS5 
 
 tlie other day on purpose to get it ; but, 
 somehow, if you press the question too 
 closely, on leperusal, Tom and Jerry ia not 
 so brilliant as I had supposed it to he. The 
 pictures are just as line as ever ; and I 
 shook hands with Jerry Hawthorn and 
 Corinthian Tom witli deliglit, after many 
 years. But the style of writing, I own, 
 wasnotpleasing to me ; I even uiought it 
 Ti little vulgar, and as a description of the 
 sports and amusements of London in the 
 ancient times, more curious than amus- 
 ing." 
 
 . "Ziife is a jest, and all things 
 
 Bhowit." Firstline of Gay's ownHpitapk. 
 The second, and last, runs : — 
 
 " I tliought so once, and now I know it." 
 
 " Life is as tedious as a twice- 
 told tale." — King Jolin^ act iii'., scene 4. 
 
 _ "Life is but aa empty dream." 
 
 — LoxgfelIjO"w, a Psalm of Life. 
 
 "Life is thorny, and youth is 
 
 vain. And." A line in Colekidge's poem 
 of Christabel (q.v.)j 
 
 " Life, like a dome of many- 
 coloured glass." See Shelley's poem of 
 AdonaiSf stanza Iii. : — 
 
 " Stains the white radiance of etemily." 
 
 Life, The Battle of. See Baiili: 
 or Life, The. 
 
 "Life (The best of), is but in- 
 toxication." — Byeok, Don Juan, canto ii., 
 stanza 17D : — 
 
 " Man being reasonable, must get drunk.'* 
 
 Life, The Conduct of. A series nf 
 essays by Balfh 'Waldo Emekson (b. 
 1803), published in 1860, and treating of 
 snch subjects as Fate, Power,Wealth, Cul- 
 ture, Behaviour, "Worship, Considerations 
 by the "Way, Beauty, and Illusions. 
 
 "Life, 'tis all a cheat." — ^Drtdex, 
 
 Aurenffzebe, act iv., scene 1, 
 
 " Life upon a cast, I have set 
 
 my." — King Richard III. act v., scene 4. 
 "Life!' ■we've been long to- 
 
 fefher," A line in a poem on i^/fe, by 
 [rs. Babbauld. See "Life ! I kkow 
 
 NOT." 
 
 " Life's a short summer, — man a 
 flower." — JoHNsos, Winter. 
 
 "Life's but a means unto an 
 end." A line In Bailey's poem of Fes- 
 tut:— 
 
 _ . , "That end, 
 
 Beginning, mean, and end to all thlngs-^God. 
 
 " Life's dull round."— Shenstonb, 
 
 Lines Written on the Window qfjin Inn, 
 
 "Life's fitful f&vet."— Macbeth, 
 e.cti!i., Bcer.oZ. . - 
 
 " L';f e's poor play." — Pope, Essa;/ 
 on Man, epistle 11., line 275. 
 
 "Light as air." — Othello, act iii. 
 scene 3. 
 "Light fantastic toe. On the." 
 
 See MiLTOir's poem, L* Allegro, line 34. 
 
 " Light flo'wa our -war of mock- 
 ing words, and yet."— Tfte Burled Life, 
 lyric by Matthew Abnold (b. 1822). 
 
 "Light for eifter times, A." — 
 
 SooTHEY's Ode Written during the War 
 with America (1814). The allusion is to 
 Washington's " awful memory." 
 
 Light, Hymn to, by Thowas 
 Yalden (1671—1736), was intended as a 
 rival to Cowley's ode on the same subject," 
 See DAKKifESS, Hymn to. 
 
 "Light of Love.", See Ga"wain, ' 
 
 Sib, 
 
 Light of Nature Pursued, The; 
 by "Edward Search," i.e., Abeaham 
 TcCKEK (1705 — 1774), was published in & 
 complete f onn in 1768. A fragment of it, 
 entitled Free Will, Foreknowledge, and 
 Fate, had been issued in 1763, and had been' 
 severely criticised in The Monthlt/ Review 
 for July of that yeai". Tucker afterwards 
 replied to his assailant^ under the nam* 
 Cuthbert Comment, in his Man in truest ofi 
 Himself: or, a Defence of the Individualitj/ 
 of the Human Mlndor Self. " Ihave fouiiit 
 in this writer," wrote Dr. Paley, " more 
 original "thinking and observation upon' 
 the 'Several subjects that he has in hand, 
 than in any other, not to say in all others 
 put "together. His talent for illustration 
 is unpvalled, but his thoughts are diffused 
 through a long, various, and irrej^ular 
 work." The Light of Nature was abridged 
 and published by "William Hazlitt in 1807. " 
 
 "Light of other days. The."-* 
 
 MOOKE, Oft in the Stilly Night- 
 
 Light of the Harem, The. One 
 
 of the tales told by Feramors in Mooee's 
 Ldlla Rookh (q.v.). 
 
 " Iiight, seeking light, doth light 
 
 of light beguile." Lom's Labour's Lesf, 
 act i., scene 1. 
 
 "Light that lies in "woman's 
 
 eyes. The." MOOEE, The Time I've Lost'. 
 
 " Light that never "was on sea 
 
 or land. The." A line in stanza 4 of 
 WoEns"WOETH's verses. Suggested by a 
 Picture of Peele Castle in a Storm. 
 
 Light Woman, A. A lyric by 
 ROBEET Beq-wning (b. 1812) ;— 
 
 " She crossed his path with her hunting nooie. 
 And over him drew hornet." 
 
 Lightfoot, John, D.D., divine and 
 scholar (b- \S09i d, 167@,^iodi;ced .SruiMnV - 
 "17 
 
383 
 
 LIG 
 
 LIIi 
 
 or, MiacellanieSj Christian and Judaical 
 (1629) ; ObstTDations onGenesis [iei2),Gtean- 
 mga <tat of Exodus (1643), Harmony of the 
 EoangeUstK (1644^-50), and Hara Uebraicie 
 and Talmudica (1658), which, together 
 with the rest of hia works, were repub- 
 lished by Pitman In 1822—25. 
 
 Iiightfoot, John, botanist (b. 1736, 
 d. 1738), was author ol Flora Scotica 
 (1775). 
 
 Lightfoot, Joseph Barber, D.D., 
 
 Canon of St. Paul's (b. 1828), has published 
 St. Paulas Epistle to the Galatiana (1865), 
 St. Paul's Epistle to the Philippianc{im<l), 
 and The lievision of the New Testament 
 (1871). 
 
 Lights and Shado-nrs of Scot- 
 tish life, A collection of tales by Pro- 
 fessor John Wilson (1785—1854), pub- 
 lished in 1822. 
 
 "Iijghts of mild philosophy, 
 
 The <ialm," — Addisox, Cato, act i., scene 1. 
 
 "Idghts that do mislead this 
 
 mom."— Shakespeare, " Take, O take 
 those lips away," a song in Measure for 
 Measure (act iv., scene 1). 
 
 "Like angels' visits." See 
 "Angels' visits." 
 
 " Like, but oh ! how different." 
 Wordsworth, Poems qf the Imagination, 
 xxix. ~ ^ 
 
 " Like hermit poor in pensive 
 place obscure." First line of a poem by 
 Sir Walter Kaleigh, written before 
 1593. 
 
 "Like souls that balance joy 
 and pain." — Sir Launcelot and Queen 
 Guinevere, a fragment by Alfred Ten- 
 nyson. 
 
 "Like the dew on the moun- 
 tain."— Scott's Lady of the Lake, canto 
 lii., stanza 16. 
 
 " Like to the clear in highest 
 
 sphere." First line of a Ivric by Thomas 
 - Lodge, written by the author on a voyage. 
 The '* clear " is the crystal or outermost 
 heaven of the old cosmography. 
 
 "Like to the falling of a star." 
 A lyric Sic. Vita, by Henry Kino, Bishop 
 of (5hichester (1591—1669). 
 
 Like will to like, quod the 
 Pevil to the Colier. A moral play by 
 Ulpin Fulwell, printed in 1568, aiid de- 
 scribed in the title as " very godly and f ul 
 ot pleasant mirth." Its moral purpose is 
 stated in the prologufe :— 
 *' To what ruin mffine and roiBters nre brought. 
 You may heer Beo.o£ thcni the final end ; 
 BeeVing is the best, though that end bd nought. 
 But hanging ia tl^ woorBC, if they db not amend. 
 . The virtuous life ia brought to honor and dignitle 
 - And'at the last to everlaating etemltie." -' 
 
 Tli^ hero is called Dlobol Ne«rfiuigl& 
 
 Lilburne, John, pampbletcer (b. 
 1618, d, 1657), wrote various tracts of a re- 
 publican character, a full list of which is 
 given in Wood's Athene ■ Oxonienses and 
 the Biograpkia liritannica, 
 
 Lilian: "Airy, fairy Lilinn ; " a 
 feminine portrait, by Alfred Tennyson, 
 
 Lilliburlero. A famous popular 
 song, which ." had once a more powerful 
 effect than either the Philippics of De- 
 mosthenes or Cicero, and contributed'not 
 a little towards the revolution of 1688." 
 "At that time," says Bishop Burnet, " a 
 foolish ballad was made, treating the 
 Papists, and especially the Irish, in ,a very 
 ridiculous manner, which, had a liurden 
 said to he in Irish words. 'Lero, lero, 
 lilliburlero,' that made an impression on 
 the [king's] army that cannot be imagined 
 by those that saw it not. The whole army, 
 and at last the people, both in city and 
 country, were singing it perpetually ; and 
 perhaps never had so slight a thing so 
 great an feffect." The authorship of the 
 song is attributed to Lord Wharton in a 
 small pamphlet published in 1712. ^ 
 
 Lilliput. Tlie imaginary country, 
 peopled by diminutive human beings,whjch 
 was visited by Gulliverlnhis Travels (q.'v-.). 
 By Lilliput Swift intends, of course, the 
 England of the time of George 1. The 
 term Lilliputian has now passed into the 
 language. 
 
 Lilliput, The Prince of Little, 
 iigures in Disraeli's Vivian Grey, 
 
 Lillo, George, dramatist (b. 1693, 
 d. 1739), wrote George Lamuell (q.v.). The 
 Fatal Curiosity (q.v.), and Jrden of Pever- 
 sham (q.v.). His Woris were published 
 in 1770, with an account of his Life " by 
 Thomas Davies. "His strength," fayS 
 Campbell, " lies in conception of situa- 
 tions, not in beauty of dialogue^ or in the 
 eloqueitce of the paesions. Yet the ei¥ect 
 of his plain and homely' subjects "was so 
 strikingly superior to that of the "vapid 
 and heroic productions of the day, as to 
 induce some of his contemporary admirers 
 to pronounce that he had reached the 
 acme of dramatic excellence, and struck 
 into the best and the most genuine path 
 of tragedy." 
 
 Lilly, John. See Ltlt John. 
 
 Lillyvick, Mr. Tbe collector, 
 uncle of . Mrs. Kenwigs, in Dickens'8 
 novel of Nicholas Nickleby (q.v.). 
 
 Lily Maid of Astolat, The. See 
 
 ASTOLAT, The Lily Maid of. 
 
 "iiilly. To paint the."— iTinj 
 John, act iv., scene 2. 
 
 Lily, WilUam. See Sideophei,. 
 " Limit of becoming mirth. The." 
 Love's Labour's Lost, act i,, scene it. ■" 
 
Lll 
 
 LIN- 
 
 387 
 
 "Limited Monarcay. a siock 
 phlrase wlUch has notyet been traced to its 
 origin. Sidkey, in Ms Arcadia, uses the 
 expression, " unlimited monarchy " (book 
 ill.). 
 
 lonacre, Thomas, physician and 
 scholar (d. 1524), was author of -De Emeti- 
 data Sh-^ictura Latina Sermanls, Libri 
 VI., and an elementary Latin Grammar. 
 
 Lincoln, Bishop of. See Wonns- 
 TTORTH, Christopher. 
 
 Lincoln's Inn Library, The, was 
 
 commenced in 1522. 
 
 Lindabrides. A heroine of the 
 romance of •Tfte Afirror of Knighthood. 
 
 Lindisfarne, Elegy on the De- 
 struction of. A Latm poem by Alcuin of 
 Tours (735—804). 
 
 Lindley, John, botanical writer (b. 
 1799, d. 1865), wrote among other works. 
 Elements of Botany and The Vegetable 
 Kingdom. 
 
 Lindsay, Lizie. A ballad printed 
 by Jamieson, Buchan, and Wliitelaw, and 
 bearing some resemblance in its motif to 
 Tennyson's ballad of The Lord of Burleigh, 
 _ Both poems turn upon the wooing of a 
 " village maiden" by a lover of high de- 
 gree. 
 
 Lindsay, Robert, of Pinscottie, 
 Scottish chronicler (b. about the beginning 
 of the sixteenth century), wrote a Chronicle 
 of Scotland's history from 1436 to yiSB. 
 Scott said of him that " his naivete and 
 humour, his minute touches of individual- 
 ity.' his picturesque and graphic style, and 
 the high spirit of chivalry and warmth of 
 heart that glow through his every page, 
 render him b^ far the most entertaining of 
 the old Scottish chroniclers." His History 
 was edited by Dalyell in 1814. 
 
 Lindsay, Sir David, poet (b. 1490, 
 a. 1557), wrote The Dreme (1528) ; The Com- 
 playnt of the King's Papingo (1530), (q.v.); 
 The Testament of the Papingo (1630) ; Ane 
 Pleasant Saljire of the Three Bstatis 
 (1535) ; The Historie' of Squyer William 
 Meldrum (1560) ; I'he Monarchie (1553) ; and 
 some minor works. His productions were 
 lii«t collected and published in 1668. An 
 edition of the poetical Works, with i Life 
 of the author, was published by "George 
 Chalmers in 1806. See Kittib's CoNrES- 
 8iO!f ; Meldrum ; Moif archie ; Pedder 
 CoFFEis ; Three Estatis. 
 
 Lindsey, Theophilus, Unitarian . 
 minister (b. 1723, d. 1808), wrote An Apology 
 for resigning his living in the Church of 
 Bnglancl (1773), besides several other works. 
 See the Life by Belsham (1812). 
 
 Lind-wood, Thomas, Bishop of 
 Bt. David's (d- 1446). See ConstitutioitS 
 eit thC Abobbishops of Castekbuby. 
 
 xiinen, xhe Praise of Cleane : 
 
 "with the commendable use of the Laun-r 
 dress." A " merry JPoemo " by Johk 
 Taylor, the " water-poet " (1680—1654), 
 published in the Works (1630). 
 
 "Linen you're vrearing out, It 
 
 is not."— Hood's Song of a Shirt :~- 
 
 *' But human creatures* lives." 
 
 Lines to an Indian Air, by Peect 
 Bysshe Shelley ; beginning :— 
 " I arise from dreams of thee." 
 
 "Lines -where beauty lingers, 
 
 The."^BYBON, The Giaour. 
 
 Lines Written in the Church- 
 yard of Richmond, Yorskshire, by Her- 
 bert Knowles (1798—1817), when the 
 writer -was only eighteen years of age. 
 They were printed bySoutheyin an article 
 contributed to Tlte Quarterly Beview (vol. 
 ii., p. 396), and soon attracted attention. 
 They are founded on St. Matthew xvii; 
 4. "The reader will remember," says 
 Southey, " that they are the verses of a 
 schoolboy, who had not long beeh taken 
 from one of the lowest stations of life, and 
 he will then judge what might have been • 
 expected -from one who was capable of 
 writing with such strength and originality 
 upon the tptest of all subjects." 
 
 Lingard, John, D.D., historian (b. 
 17J1, d. 1861), wrote AntiguUies of the 
 Amlo-Saxon Church (1806, 1810, and 1844) ; 
 a History of England (1819, 1830, and 1849)^ 
 various controversial works, and numerous 
 contributions to reviews and magazines. ' 
 
 Lingon, Parson. A character in. 
 George Eliot's novel of Eelix Holt, the 
 Badical (q.v.). 
 
 Lingua : " or, the Combat of the 
 Tongue and the Five Senses for Superior- 
 ity.'" An allegorical play, first printed in 
 1607, and attributed to Anthoky BreWiSb 
 (b. circa 1680). It turns upon the claim of 
 the tongue to be admitted to the dignify 
 of a- sixth sense. " -When this play was 
 actedat Cambridge," says Chetwood,'' Oli- 
 ver Cromwell performed the part of Tactus; 
 which he felt so warmly that it first fired 
 his ambition, and from the possession of 
 an imaginary crown, he stretched his 
 views to a real one ; to accomplish which 
 he was content to wade through a sea', 
 of blood. The speech by which he was so 
 affected is the following i— 
 
 " * Boses and bays, pack hemse I this crown and 
 robo 
 My brows and body cireles and invests ; 
 How gallantly it fits me I '" 
 
 and so on. 
 " Linked s-weetness long dra-vtrn 
 
 out, of." Liu9 140 of Milton's poem of 
 L'AUegro. 
 
38£i 
 
 Lllf 
 
 LIT 
 
 "Linked with one virtue, and 
 
 athoueanil crimes."— Bykok, T/ie Chrsair, 
 canto iii., stanza 24. See Coksaib, The. 
 
 Linkiuwater, Tim. Clerk to 
 Cheerybls Brothers (q. v.), in Dickens's 
 novel of Nicholas Nwldebij (q.v.) ; after- 
 wards married to Miss LaCreevy (q.v.). 
 
 Iiinn, Jolin Blair, American poet 
 (b. 1777, d. 1804), was author of Tlie Powers 
 of Genius. 
 
 Iiinnsean Society of London, 
 
 The, was instituted in 1788. 
 
 Liune, The Heir of. An old 
 ballad, preserved in Bishop Percy's Jiel- 
 iques. 
 
 Linsie-"Woolsie : "or, Two Cen- 
 turies of Epigrams. Written by "William 
 Gamage, Bachelor in the Arts,'* and pub- 
 lished at Oxford in 1613. 
 
 Linton, Eliza Lynn, novelist and 
 xalscellaneous writer (b. 1822), has written 
 Azetkj the Eqyptian (1846) ; Amymone : a 
 JJomance (IHB); Itealities {ISBl); Witch Sto- 
 ries (1861) ; Grasp pour Nettle (1865); Lizzie 
 Lortoti, of Greyngg (1866) ; Sowing the 
 Wind (1867) ; Joshua Davidson (1872) ; Pat- 
 ricia Kemball (1874) ; The Atonement of 
 'Learn Bundas (1875) ; From Dreams to 
 iTaJdng (1876) ; The World Well Lost 
 (1877) ; also, The Lake Country (1864) ; and 
 Ourselves: Mssagsnn fToTneii (1867.) 
 
 [ Linton, Williain James, poet and 
 artist, husband of the above (b. 1812), was 
 the author of Claribel and other Poems 
 
 il865), A Hisfonj of Wood Engraving, A 
 'Jfe of Thomas Paine, and other works. 
 See'Stedman's Victorian Poets. 
 
 Lippincott,Sara Jane, n£e Clarke 
 See Gbeeswood, Geace. 
 
 Lips and Eyes. A lyric by 
 Thomas Cakew (1689—1639). 
 
 " Lips, lips, open." First line of 
 a lyric " To a Sleeping Child," by ABTHnB 
 Hugh Clough. 
 
 Lirriper's Lodgings, Mrs. Tlie 
 
 title of the Christmas number of All the 
 Year Itound for 1863, written by Chahles 
 Dickens (1812— 1870). "The quaint man- 
 ner and ideas of Mrs. Lirriper, lodging- 
 bouse keeper, of 81, Norfolk Street, Strand 
 — her troubles with the domestics, willing 
 Sophy, Mary Anne— the fiery Carolina 
 fighting with the lodgers, and being sent 
 ou to prison — the odious Miss Wozenham, 
 4n opposition lodging-house keeper — tlie 
 adoption of poor litl le Jemmy, under the 
 joint guardianship of her eccentric but 
 good-hearted lodger, Major Jackman, his 
 education at home, and then his being 
 sent off to a boarding-house, are Inimi- 
 tably sketched." A sequel appeared in 
 December, 1864, eutitlea Mrt. lArriper'i 
 Legaoy. 
 
 Lisa, Monna. Motlier of Tessa, 
 In Geobge Eliot's novel of Roniola (q.v.)* 
 
 Lisle, 'William, antiquary and 
 poet (d. 1637), wrote Tlie Fair EthiopUm 
 (1(531), and Seaven Siralnes of the Soul ; 
 translated a work by .ffllf rlcus Abbas (1623), 
 and edited Du Bartas' Ark in French an^' 
 English (1637). 
 
 Lismahago, Captain. A superan- 
 nuated half-pay officer, in Smollett's 
 novel of Humphrey Clinker (q.v.), of whom 
 Hazlitt writes thathe is " the flower of the 
 flock," and "the best preserved and most 
 severe of all Smollett's characters." " Hia^ 
 tenaciousness in argument is not so de- 
 lightful as the relaxation of his logical se- 
 verity when he finds hisfortunes mellowing' 
 in the wintry smiles of Mrs. Tabitha 
 Bramble." 
 
 Lismore, Book of the Dean of, 
 
 is a collection of Highland traditions be- 
 fore 1550, made by Dean James M'Gregor, 
 of Lismore, in Argyllshire, and his broth- 
 er Duncan. It includes twenty-eight Fe-. 
 nian poems, nine attributed to Ossian and 
 to Fergus Fibheoil (q.v.), one to Caeilte 
 Mcllonan, three to a couple of hands not 
 elsewhere named, and the rest to hands 
 not named. The volume is in the Edinf 
 burgh Advocate's Library. A selection, 
 from it was edited and published by Mc- 
 Laughlan and Skene in 1862. -' 
 
 "Lisped in numbers, for the 
 
 numbers came ; I." Line 128 in POPE'S, 
 Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot. 
 
 Lissardo. See Flippanta. 
 
 Lissoy. See Deserted Village, 
 The. 
 
 "Listened like a three-years' 
 
 child. And." One of the lines which 
 WOKDSWOBTH added to I'he Ancient Mar- 
 iner (q.v). 
 
 Lister, Martin, M.D., naturalist 
 (b. 1712), was the author of Historia Om- 
 chyliorum. 
 
 Lister, Thomas Henry, novelist 
 and dramatist (b. 1801, d. 1842), wrote 
 Granby (1826), Herbert Lacy (1827), Arling- 
 ton (183^, and Epicharis (1829 ; besides a 
 Life of Clattindon (1838). • 
 
 Listless, Mr. A dandy, in Pea- 
 cock's novel of Nightmare Abbey (q.v.). 
 
 Literary Anecdotes of the 
 Eighteenth Century ; " comprising Bio- 
 ^aphical Memoirs of Williani Bowyer, 
 Printer, F.S.A., and many of his learned 
 friends." by John Nichols, published, in 
 nine volumes, in 1812—15. A sequel to this 
 work, entitled Illustrations of the Literary 
 History of the Eighteenth Century, appear- 
 ed in 1817-58. 
 
 lafxgcaiy Iiif e, Recollections of 
 
LIT 
 
 LIY- 
 
 889 
 
 a, by Mary Eussell Mitpoed (1786— 
 18S5); published 111 1851. 
 
 Ziiterature and Art, The G-uild 
 
 of, waa instituted in London in 1851. 
 
 "Literature is a very bad 
 crutch, but a very good walking-stick."— 
 Cetaules Lamb, in a letter to Bernard 
 Bartofi. 
 
 Literature, Royal Society of, 
 
 was instituted in London in 1823. 
 
 Litbgow, William, Scottish trav- 
 eller and poet (b, 1580, d. 1640), wrote The 
 Rare Adventures and Paivfal Peregrina- 
 tions of Long Nineteen Years' Travayles 
 from Scotland to the most Famous King- 
 doms in Europe^ Asia, and Africa (1614, 
 lias, 1632. and 1640) ; The Pilgrime's Fare- 
 well to His Native Country of Scotland 
 (1618) ; Scotland's Teares (1625), (q.v.) j 
 Scotland's Welcome to King Charles (1633) ; 
 The Last Siege of Breda (1637); Tlie 
 Gushing Teares of Godly Sorrow (1640), 
 (q.v.), two Tracts on London (1643) ; and 
 The Siege of Newcastle (1645). See Total 
 Discourse, Tiie. 
 
 Little Dorrit. A novel by Charles 
 Djckexs, published in 1855. 
 
 "Little Ellie sits alone." First 
 line of Tlie Romance of the Swan's Nest, by 
 Elizabeth Babrett Browning. 
 
 - Little-Endiahs. See Big-Endians. 
 
 " Little fleas have lesser fleas." 
 A- misquotation of the first line of a 
 quatrain in Swift's poetical RJiapsody on 
 Poetry, which runs — 
 
 ' So, naturalists observe, a flea 
 Has smaller flea^ that on him prey ■ 
 And these have smaller still to bite 'em, 
 And so proceed ad iiOiiitum." 
 
 Little French La-wyer, The. An 
 
 kmusing comedy by Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, of which " the story and most 
 of the characters are," says Hallam, 
 •' manifestly of French derivation," 
 
 Iiittle John. A companion of Robin 
 Hood, who figures frequently in the bal- 
 lads devoted to the famous robber. His 
 real name is said to have been Nailor, 
 
 Iiittle-John. Hugh. The name 
 bestowed by Sir Walter Scott upon his 
 grandson, John Hugh Lockhart, to whom 
 fie dedicated his Tales of a Grandfather 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Iiittle John Nobody. A witty 
 satire on the Reformation, in the form of 
 a ballad, written about the year 1550, and 
 preserved in the Pepys collection, the 
 British Museum, and Strype's Memoirs of 
 Pranmer. 
 
 "Little learning is a dangerous 
 
 thing. A." Line 15 of Pope's Essay on 
 ■Criticism, pt. ii. ; — 
 
 •• Orittk deep, or taste not the f ieriaa sprlne." 
 
 Little Lilliput, The Pri::ce ofi 
 
 See Lilliput, The Prince of Little. 
 
 "Little store than kin, and less 
 
 than Mild."— Hamlet, act i., scene 2. 
 
 Little Nell. See Nell, Little. 
 
 Little Pedlingtou. JSee Pedling- 
 TON, Little. 
 
 "Little pitchers have -viride 
 ears."— George Herbert's Jacula Fnir 
 dentum. 
 
 Little Red Riding Hood. A lyric 
 by Letitia Elizabeth Landon ;— 
 
 •' Red Riding Hood, the darling. 
 The flower of fair lore." 
 
 " Little said is soonest mend- 
 ed." This proverb occurs in one of George 
 WiTHER's minor works. 
 
 Little Sister, The. See Cakolhib 
 Gann. 
 
 Little, Thomas, The Poetical 
 
 Works of the late, by Thomas Moore 
 (1779—1852); published in 1801. A volume 
 of erotic poeti-y, which the poet regretted 
 in later years. The name of Little was 
 assumed in allusion to the author's diminu- 
 tive stature. 
 
 Little Travels and Roadside, 
 
 Sketches, by William Makepeace 
 Thackeray (1811— 1S63) ; contributed to 
 Fraser's Magazine, under the nan deplume 
 of " Michael Angelo Titmarsli " (q.v.). i 
 
 " Little tyrant of his fields vrith- 
 Btood, The." Gray, Elegy written, m a 
 Country Churchyard, stanza 15. 
 
 Little, William. See William oh 
 Newbury. 
 
 Littleton, Adam, D.D., lexicog- 
 rapher (b. 1627, d. 1694), was the author of 
 a Latin Hictionary (1678), superseded by 
 that of R. Ainsworth (q.v.). 
 
 Littleton, Sd'ward, D.D., divine 
 and poet (d. 1734), contributed a poeni on 
 The Spider to Dodsley's Collection, edited 
 by Reed (1782). His Sermons were publish- 
 ed posthumously in 1735, with a Life by 
 Morell. 
 
 Littleton, Sir Thomas, judge of 
 Common Pleas (b. 1421. d 1481), wrote the 
 famous Treatise on Tenures, printed in 
 1584, on which Sir Edward Coke wrote his 
 no less famous Commentary (1628). 
 
 Liturgy, The English. See Com- 
 mon Prayer, Book of. 
 
 "Live and Learn, We." — John 
 POMFRET, Reason. 
 
 " Live in deeds, not years. We." 
 
 See Bailen's poem of ,Fc«<ms (q.v.). Tho 
 whole passage runs :— 
 
890 
 
 LIV 
 
 LOO 
 
 f Wo live in deeds, not yeara i in thoughts, not 
 
 breaths; 
 In feelings, not in flares on a dial. 
 We should count time by heart-throbs. lie lives 
 - • most 
 Who thinks moat, feels the noblest, acts the best." 
 
 " Live laborious days, And." — 
 
 MlLTOU , Lycldas, line 70. 
 
 "Live to please CWe that) must 
 please tolive.".— Johkson, Prologue <m the 
 Opening of l>mry Lane Theatre. 
 
 "Live while you live, the epi- 
 cure would Bay." First line o£ an epigram 
 .by DoDitii>GE, On his Family Arms. 
 
 "Lived in Settle's numbers 
 one day more, But." Pope's Dunciadf 
 book i., line 90. 
 
 " Lively to severe, Trom." See 
 " Grave to gay." 
 "Lives along the line." — Pope. 
 
 , Essay on Man, epistle i., line 217. 
 
 " Lives of great men all remind 
 us."— A line in Longfellow's poem, A 
 Psalm of Life. 
 
 Living in London, The Art of. 
 
 A poem by William Cooke (d. 1814). 
 
 Living in London, The Art of : 
 
 V or, a Caution Jiow Gentlemen, Country- 
 inen, and StrangerSj drawn by occasion of 
 dusmesse, sbould dispose of themselves in 
 the Thriftiest Way ; not onely in the 
 Citie, but in all other populous Places. As 
 also, a direction to^the poorfer Sort, that 
 come thither to seek their Fortunes.' This 
 curious work by Henry Peacham (1576 ? 
 —1650), published in 1642, is reprinted in 
 the ninth volume of the Harleian Miscel- 
 lany. 
 
 Livingstone, David, LL.D., 
 D.CT.Ii. , missionary and traveller (b. 1817, 
 d, 1873), wrote Missionary Travels (1857), 
 ■Cambridge Lectures (1858), Expedition to 
 tlie Zambesi (1865), and Last Journals 
 (1874). Several short biographies of Liv- 
 ingstone have been published. 
 
 Livingstone, Guy. A novel by 
 George Alfred Lawrence (1827— 
 1876). 
 
 Livy. The great work of the 
 Boman historian— which has only come 
 down to us In a frijgmentary shape— has 
 been frequently translated. See Ancient 
 Classics for English Readers. 
 
 Lloyd, Charles, poet (d. 1839), 
 wrote, in conjunction with Charles Lamb, 
 Manli Verse (1798) besides Poetical Essays 
 m Pope, and other works. See Alpieri. 
 
 Lloyd, David, biographer (b. 1625, 
 d. 1891), wrote State Worthies (1665), and 
 other works. 
 
 laneous writer (b. 1733, d. 1764), wrote 
 Tlie Actor (1760), (q.y.), and other works, 
 which were collected and published with a 
 Life by Dr. Kenrick in 1774. Among these 
 are The Progress of Envy (1751) ; Tears and 
 Triumphs of Pai'nassus- iVl&i) ', Arcadia:^ 
 or, the SJiei)lterd*s Wedding (1761) ;" and' 
 The Capricious Lovers (1764), (q.v.). Sec 
 Obscurity ; Puff, The. 
 
 Llywaroh Llew Cad. A Welsh 
 bard (circa 1190). See Stephen's Literature 
 of tile Kymri. 
 
 Llywelyn ap Gruffyd. The 
 
 subject of an elegy by Bleddyn Varrd 
 (circa 1250). Llywelyn was the last native 
 Priace of Wales, and an ode to his memory 
 was written by Llygad Gwyr (circa 1270), 
 
 L. N. R. The initials adopted by 
 Mrs. Eanyard, in the publication of Tht 
 Book and its Story, and other works. 
 
 " Lo, here is God, and there is 
 
 God." First line of The New Sinai, 
 a lyric, by Arthur Hugh Clough (1819 
 —1861). 
 
 "Lo! virhen the rosy-bosom'd 
 
 hours." First line of Grays Ode to 
 Spring. 
 
 Loadstone, Lady. A character 
 in Ben Jonson's play of The Magnetic 
 Lady. 
 
 "Loan oft loses both ifaielf and 
 
 friend." — Hamlet, acti., scenes. 
 " And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandly." 
 
 Loathly Lady, The. A cliaiacter 
 in the old ballad of The Marriage of Sir 
 Gawain. As soon as she is married to the 
 knight, she is transformed into a beautiful 
 woman. 
 
 "Local habitation and a name, 
 
 A." — AMidsummer Night's Dream, act v., 
 scene 1. 
 
 Lochaber no More. A song by 
 Allan Eamsay (1686—1758) :— 
 
 " I gac then , mv lass, to win honour and fame, 
 And if I should luck to come gloriously hame, 
 I'll bring a heart to thee with love running o'er. 
 And then I'Uleave thee and Lochaber no moro.*^ 
 
 Lochart, Alexander, Scotch 
 politician (b. 1675, d. 1732), was author 
 of Memoirs of Scotland. 
 
 Lochiel's Warning. A lyrical 
 dialogue, by Thomas Campbell. 
 
 Loohleven. A descriptive poem, 
 in blank verse, by Michael Bruce (1746 
 — 1767), first printed in 1770. 
 
 Lochinvar. A balled by Sir 
 Walter Scott, sung by Lady Heron In 
 Marmion (^(\.v.). The hero is a youth who 
 runs off with his ladylove under the very 
 eyes of her expectant bridegroom and re- 
 
LOC 
 
 LOG 
 
 sgi 
 
 ' Locis Sanctis, De. A work by 
 St. Adams AK (q.v,), whidiMorley.iu Eng- 
 iish WHterSf calls ** our first Dook of 
 travel." It is the result of a visit to Adam- 
 nan at loiia of a Fraiikish bishop, who had 
 journeyed much in the East, and whose 
 descriptions of sacred places in Palestine 
 and Egypt are here reproduced. 
 
 Lock, James (K 1780, d. 1855), 
 was the author of The County qf Sunder- 
 iand. 
 
 Iiocke, Alton. tSee Altox Locke. 
 
 Locke, John, philosopliiciil writer 
 "(b. 1632, d. 1704), wrote A Letter on Tolera- 
 tion (1689), A Second Letter on Toleration 
 ^[1600), Two Treatises on Government (1690), 
 An Essay concemin-g Human Understand- 
 ing (1690), The Inspiration of the Holy 
 Scriptures (1690), A Third Letter of Tolera- 
 tion (1692), Thoughts concertiing Education 
 (1693), The Reasonableness of Christianity 
 :(1695), (q.v.), On the Conduct of the Under- 
 standing, Examination qf MalebranehCf 
 Elements qf Natural Philosophy, Tlumghts 
 on Jieadlng and Study, Essay for the Un- 
 'derstanding qf St. Paul's Epistles by con- 
 sulting St. Paul himself, and some minor 
 works, included in tlie edition of the 
 .Works published in 1777. His life has been 
 written by Le Clerc ^1713), Lord King 
 (1829), and Fox-Bourne (1S76). See also 
 the essay by J. A. St. John, prefixed to the 
 'Philosophical JForks, published in 1843. 
 See Education, Thoughts ox ; Govekjt- 
 MEXT, Two Treatises on Civil ; Hp- 
 MA>i- Ukderstanding ; Paul's Epis- 
 tles, &e. ; Toleration, Lettebs Con- 
 cerning. 
 
 . Locker, Arthur, novelist and mis 
 cellaneouH writer, has written Sweet Seven- 
 teen, Stephen Scudamore, The Village 
 Surgeon, and bther works. 
 
 Locker,Frederick, poet (b.l821), 
 has published London Lyrics (1857), a vol- 
 ume of vers de soci&li which has run into 
 .various editions. He has also edited a 
 Jittle book of drawing-room poetry called 
 Lyra Elegantiarum. Selections from his 
 works appeared in 1865. 
 
 Lockhart, John Gibson, novelist, 
 biographer, and critic (b.vl794, d. 1854), 
 wrote Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk (1819), 
 Xl'V.) ; Ancient' Spanish liallads (1821) ; 
 Essays on Cervantes (1822) ; Adam Blair 
 (1822), (q.v.):J!eginaldXialton(lS2i), (q.V.); 
 ifattliew Wala (1824), (q.v.) : ValeriuT 
 (1824), (q.v.) ; Life of Burns (1825) ; and 
 Lifenf Scott (,193i— ST). Ijockhart was for 
 some time editor of TJie Quarterly Review, 
 to which he contributed numerous bio- 
 graphical and ciitical essays (1826—62). 
 Carlyle has described Lockhart's style as 
 " good, clear, direct, and neivous ; " and 
 " so," says Miss Martineau, " itis ; and 
 with a genuine beauty in it, too, both of 
 'music and of pathos." All his novels, she 
 
 says, " are more remarkable for power hi 
 the .delineation of passion, and fox beauty 
 of writing, than for higher qualities." See 
 Morris, Peter ; Wastle, William. 
 
 Lockit. Tlie gaoler in Gay's Beq- 
 gair's Opera (q.v.) ; intended for Lord 
 Townshend.' 
 
 Lockman, John, misccllnneous ■ 
 writer (b, 1698, d. 1771), translated Vol- 
 taire's Henriade into English (1732), besides 
 producing a couplet of dramas and some 
 
 verses. 
 
 Locksley. An outlawed archer in 
 Sir. WaXtTER Scott's romance of Ivanhoe 
 (q.v.). He is Tlobin Hood, the famous 
 robber, in disguise. 
 
 Locksley Hall. A poein by Al- 
 fred Tennyson (b. 1809), published in 
 1842. It has been admirably parodied' in 
 the Eon Gaultier Ballads (q.v,). 
 
 Lodge in some vast wilderness, 
 
 O for a."— COWPER, The Task, book ii. 
 
 S' The Timepiece "). The allusion is to 
 erem, ix. 2. 
 
 Lodge, Edmund, liistorian (b. 
 1756, d. 1839), published lllustratioM of 
 British .History. (1791), Portraits of IlluSf 
 tr'ious Persons qf Great Britain (1821—34), 
 and other works.' : • 
 
 Lodge, Thomas, poet and drama- 
 tist (b. 1555, d. 1625), wrote a Reply to the 
 Schoole of Abuse (1579—80), (q.v.) ; An 
 Alarm <wainst Usurers (1584), (q.v.) ; SciL 
 la's MetamorpJtosis (1589) ; Rosalynde 
 (1590) ; Catliaros (1591), (q. v.) ; Buphues' 
 Shadow (1592) ; Phillis (1593), (q.v.) ; Wil- 
 liam Longbeard (1593) ; The Wounds of 
 Civ'ill War (1594); A Looklng-Glasse for 
 London and England (with Robert Greene) 
 (1694), (q.v.) ; A Fig for iVforons (1595), (q.v-^ 
 The Divel Conjured (1596) ; Wit's Miseiin 
 and the World's Madnesse (1596), and others. 
 See Hazlitt's ifttrndSoofc' to Early English 
 Literature, Collier's Dramatic Poetry and 
 Poetical I>ecameron, Wood's Athence ^x- 
 onienses, Beloe's Anecdotes qf Literature, 
 Kitson's Bibliographia Poetica, Brydge's 
 Censura Literaria, The Retrospective 
 Review,aTid the Shakespeare Society's pub- 
 licatioiis (1853). See Defence of Stage 
 Plays ; Lokgbeakd: Bosaline ; EosA- 
 lynde ; Wounds of Civill W^ar, The. 
 
 Lodore, The Cataract of : " de- 
 scribed in rhymes for the nursery." By 
 Kobert Southey (1774—1843). 
 
 " Lo'ed him like a vera brither, 
 
 Tam."— Burns, A Winter's Night :— 
 *' They had been fou for weeks together." 
 
 " Lofty Rhyme, The." , See Mil- 
 ton's poem of Lycidas, lines 10, 11 :— 
 " He knew 
 Himself to sing, and build tlie lofty rhyme." 
 
 Logan Braea. A ballad by John 
 
ssa 
 
 LOO 
 
 LON 
 
 Matke (1769—1836), published In 1781 ; 
 two lilies of wMcli BuBSs lucorporated 
 iiito liis poem of Logan Water. 
 
 Logan, John, divine, poet, and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1748 d. 1788), wrote 
 Lecture mi the Philosophy of History (1781), 
 The Government of Asia (1782), Foems 
 (1782), Ihmnimede (1783), (qv.). Charges 
 agaijtst Warren Hastings (1784), and Ser- 
 nwns (1799—91). Logan also contributed 
 to The English Review. An edition of his 
 poems, with a Life of the author, appeared 
 in 1805. See CucKOO, Ode to the ; Wak- 
 BEN Hastings. 
 
 Logan Water. See Logan !Bbaes. 
 
 Logic, A Treatise on, by Br. 
 Isaac Watts (1674-1748) ; published in 
 1724. The full title runs Logic : or, the 
 Jiight Use of Reason, 
 
 Logic, Bob. " Tlie Oxonian," in 
 PiEBCE Egah's story of Life in London 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Lollardie, Against. See Against 
 
 LOLLASDIE. 
 
 London. A poem by Dr. Johjj son , 
 'published in 1738. It is written in imitit- 
 tion of the third satire of Jurenal. 
 
 ' London, A Survay of : " con- 
 teyning the originall Antiquity, Increase, 
 Modeme Estate, and description of that 
 City, written in the year 1598, by John 
 Stow " (1523 — 1605). This famous work, on 
 irhich all succeeding histories of the metro- 
 polis have been based, was republished by 
 the author in 1603, " increased ynfh divers 
 rareNotesof Antiquity ; " again ** correct- 
 
 1633 ; and byW. J. Thorns, with notes' and 
 a memoir of the author, in 1842. 
 
 London, An Alarum for. See 
 Alabum foh London, An. 
 
 London Florentine, The. A 
 
 play, in two parts, written by Henry 
 Chettle and Thomas Heytvood, and 
 produced in 1602. 
 
 London iBstitntion Library- 
 was founded in 1806, Prof essor Porson be- 
 ing the first librarian. 
 
 London, Library of the Cor- 
 poration of, at Guildhall, was founded in 
 1824. 
 
 London Library, The, in St. 
 James Square, was opened on May 1, 1841. 
 Its first catalogue appeared in 1847. 
 
 London Lyckpenny, The. A 
 
 poem by John Lydgate (1.375 — 1460), con- 
 taining some curious particulars of London 
 . in the fifteenth century. 
 
 London Magazine, The. A 
 
 monthly periodical, to which James Bos- 
 well, the biographer of Dr. Johnson, con- 
 tributed a series of papers entitled The 
 HifpochondTtac^ between the yeai-s 1777 and 
 17tj2. Another magazine of the same name, 
 established in 1820, included among its 
 earlier contributors Charles Lamb, Haislitt, 
 Carlyle, De Quincey, Allan Cunningham, 
 Hood, K^ats, James Montgomery, Landor, 
 J. G. Hare, Hartley Coleridge, and others. 
 
 London Revie-w, The. A period- 
 ical founded in 1775 by Dr. William Ken- 
 BICK (1720—1779). 
 
 London, The Art of Living in. 
 
 See Living in London, The Akt of. 
 
 London, The Four Frentises 
 
 of : with " The Conquest of Jerusalem." 
 A play by Thomas Heywood, printed in 
 1615. Warton points out that this drama 
 is burlesqued in Beaumont and Fletcher's 
 Knight of the Burning Pestle (q.v.). It was 
 evidently designed to ridicule the prevalent 
 fashion of reading chivalrous romances, 
 
 " Long-dra-wn aisle and fretted 
 
 vault. The." See Gkay's Elegu written in 
 a Country Churchyard, stanza 10. 
 
 Long, Ed-vrard, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1734, d. 1813), was author of a 
 History of Jamaica (1774). 
 
 Long, George, classical scliolar (b. 
 1800), has written works on Roman Law 
 (1846), IVance and its Revolutions (1849), 
 and The Decline aiML Fail of the Roman 
 Republic (1864 — 74) ; besides translations 
 from Marcus Aurelius, Herodotus, Plu- 
 tarch, Cicero, Sallust, and Caesar. 
 
 Long Story, A. A liumorons 
 descriptive poem by Thomas Gray (1716 
 — 1771). The mansion with its " passages 
 that led to nothing " was Lady Cobham's 
 seat.- 
 
 Long, Thomas, Non-jnrinw divine 
 (b. 1621, d. 1700), wrote The Unreasonable 
 ness of Separation ; Dr. Walker's True, 
 Modest, and Faithful Account of the Au- 
 thor of Eikon Basiiike; and many other 
 works. See Wood's Athente Oxonienses. 
 
 Long, Tom. Tlie liero of a popular 
 story called The Merry Conceits of Tom 
 Long,the Carfier, containing many Plea- 
 sant Passages ana Mad Pranks which he 
 observed in his Travels. 
 
 Long Tom Coffin. See Coffin, 
 
 Long Tom. 
 
 Longaville. A courtier in attend- 
 ance on the King of Navarre, in Love's 
 Labour's Lost (q.v.). 
 
 Longbeard, The Life and Death 
 
 of William : " the most famous and wittie 
 Knglish traitor, borne in tlie Citie of Lon- 
 don, accompanied with many other plea- 
 sant and prettie histories," by Thomas 
 Lodge (1556—1625) ; printed in' 1593. Dr. 
 
LON 
 
 LOE 
 
 3dd 
 
 Charles Maclcay Las mado the life of Long- 
 beard the subject of an interesting work. 
 
 Longer thou livest the more 
 
 Foole thou art. The : ** a very Mery and 
 Pythie Coinmeaie," or moral play, by W. 
 "VVageb, which appeai-s to have been writ- 
 ten soon after Elizabeth came to the throne. 
 It must, says Collier, have been an amus- 
 ing production of Its kind, consisting of 
 fifteen characters, though the title states 
 that " f oure may play it easily." The moral 
 enforced is the necessity of giving children 
 a pious education. See Mokos. 
 
 Iio^gfellow, Henry "Wads- 
 worth, American poet and prose writer 
 (b. 1807), has pubhshed Outre-Mer (1835) ; 
 Hyperion (1839); Voices oftheNight (1841); 
 Ballatls and Other Poems (1842) ; Poems on 
 Sldvery (1843) ; The Spanish Stiident (18i5); 
 Poets and Poetry of Europe (1847); The 
 Beifry of Bruges (1847); Evangeline (1848) ; 
 Kavanaqh (1845) ; The Seaside and the Eire- 
 side (IS51); The Golden Legend (1861) ,- The 
 Son(j of Hiawatlia (1855); Miles Standish 
 (1858) ; Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863) ; Floia- 
 er de Luce (1866) ; a translation of the 
 Divina Commedia (1867 — 70) ; JVcw England 
 Tragedies (1869) : The Divine Tragedy 
 (1871) ; Three Boobs of Song (1872) ; Jfler- 
 viaih (1873); The Hanging of the Crane 
 (1874); The Masque of Pankora (mS) ; and 
 Poems on Places (1877). "liongfellow," 
 says one of his countrymen. " has studied 
 the principles of verbal melody, and ren- 
 dered himself master of the mysterious 
 affinities which exist between sound and 
 sense, word and thought, feeling and ex- 
 pression. His-tact iu the use of language 
 IS probably the chief cause of his success. 
 There is an altitude, and gracefulness and 
 vivid beauty, in many of his stanzas, which 
 at once impress the memory, and win ear 
 and heart. There is in the tone of his 
 poetry little passion, but much quiet ear- 
 nestness. His ideas and metaphors are often 
 very strikinj and poetical, but there is no 
 affluence of imagery or wonderful glow of 
 emotion, such as take ns captive in Byron 
 or Shelley ; the claim of Longfellow con- 
 sists rather in the wise and tasteful use of 
 his mateiials than in their richness or orig- 
 inality. The spirit of Longfellow's muse 
 is altogether unexceptionable in a moral 
 point of view. He illustrates the gentler 
 themes of song, and pleads for justice, hu- 
 manity, and particularly the beautiful, 
 with a poet's deep conviction of their 
 eternal claims uoon the instinctive recog- 
 nition of the man," See AitguStink, The 
 Ladder op ; Blixd Girl of Cast^l- 
 cuille ; goffin, joshua ; coplas de 
 MAJTRiQifE ; Courtship of Miles Stan- 
 dish ; Drift Wood ; Edenhall, Luck 
 OP ; Endvmion ; Evangeline; Excel- 
 sior ; FiLOMENA, Santa ; Flowers ; 
 Hiawatha. Song op ; Hyperion ; Ka- 
 Vanagh : Outre-Mer ; Prometheits : 
 Psalm OF Life, a ; Ship, -Building o^ 
 TBB ; SiLE^riXiA^'DfSosra'OF ; Skeleton 
 
 in Armour, The ; Slavery, Poems of ; 
 Spanish Student, The ; Voices of the 
 Night ; Wayside Inn, Tales of a. ^ 
 
 "Longing lingering look behind, 
 Nor cast one."- -Gray's Elegy written in a 
 Country Churchyard, 
 
 Longinus : "On the Sublime." 
 Translated by Edmund Smith (lG68-r 
 1710), (q.v.).. See also Smith, William. 
 
 "Iiook ere you leap." See Tus- 
 ser's Eive Hundred Points of Good Htis- 
 bandry, chap. Ivii., ;-ancl Butler's Hudl' 
 bras^PBxt ii., canto ii., line 502. 
 
 " Look here upon this picture, 
 and on this." — Hamlet, act iii., scene 4, 
 
 " Look on her face, and you'll 
 
 forget them all." — Pope, The Bape of the 
 Lock, canto ji., line 17 :— 
 
 *' If to her share some female errors fall." 
 
 "Look out, bright eyes, and 
 
 bless the air." Song in The False One, by 
 John Fletcher (q.v.). 
 
 " Looked unutterable things, 
 Or sighed and." — Thomson, The Seasons 
 (" Summer,") line 1,188. 
 
 " Looker-on here, A." — Measure- 
 
 for Measure, act v., scene 1. 
 
 "Looking before and after." — 
 Hamlet, act iv., scene 4. 
 Looking-Glass for Ladies, A : 
 
 " or, a Mirror for Married Women." X 
 ballad which celebrates the constancy of 
 Penelope, the wife of Ulysses, ^ndin which 
 fair ladies all are exhorted— 
 
 *' All youthful follies to forsake, - i 
 
 Ana vice from virtue to disccm/' 
 
 Looking - Glasse for London 
 and England, A. " A tragi-comedy," by 
 Thomas Lodge, assisted by Robert 
 Greene ; published in 1594. " It applies 
 the Scriptural story of Nineveh to the city 
 of London, and amidst much drunken buf- 
 foonery and clownish mirth, contains soma 
 powerful writing." 5efi Rasni. 
 
 "Loopholes of retreat, Through 
 tlie."—CowPBR,The Task, book iv. ("The 
 Winter Evening.") 
 
 Lorbrulgrud. Tlie capitnl town 
 of Brobdingnaff in the Travels ofGiiUiver. 
 Tlie word is said by Swift to mean " prid^ 
 of the universe." 
 
 " Lord Fanny spins a thousand 
 such a day."— Pope, imitations of Horace* 
 See Fannv, Lor£>. 
 
 Lord Gregory. See Annie op 
 
 LOCIIROYAN. 
 
 "Lord Garry has written a 
 
 novel." First line of a Ivrio by Xho^a^ 
 Haynes Bayly (1797—18303, wutaiuinjr 
 
 " 17* 
 
S84 
 
 LOE 
 
 liOS 
 
 " Raut ton flnda her privacv broken, 
 
 We trace all her ins and her outs t 
 The very smalt talk that ia spoken 
 
 By vciy great people at routs. . . 
 
 Our lips 111 flcnsion wc curl, 
 Unless we arc told how a Duchess 
 
 Conversed with her cousin, the £arl." 
 
 Lord of Burleigh, The. A ballad 
 'by Alfred Tennyson, published in 1842, 
 *nd founded on fact. 
 
 "Iiord of himself, that heritage 
 of -woe." — BvRON, Lara, canto i., stanza 2. 
 Shakespeare had written in Kvng John, 
 Tict i., scene 1 .— 
 
 " Lord of thy presence, and no land beside ; " 
 
 Sir Henry Votton, in his Character of 
 a JSappy Lifa : — 
 
 " Lord of himself, though not of lands." 
 
 "Lords of human kind, The." 
 
 A description applied to the English nation 
 by Goldsmith, in lijie 328 of Tlte Travel- 
 ler (q.v.V 
 
 Ziord of the Isles, The. A poem 
 . in six cantos by Sir Walter Scott, pub- 
 lislied in 1815. The scene is laid near Stir- 
 ling, the B'.ory opening in the spring of 
 1307. Scott's authorities for it "were Lord 
 Hailes and Archdeacon Barbour. " We 
 must attribute,'* says Palgrave, ** the de- 
 fects of Tlie Ijorcl of the Isles to other cares 
 than business anxieties, overwork, or 
 want of privacy, Scott had now discovered 
 'his power as a novelist, and was coiiscious 
 of his decline as a poet. There was prob- 
 ably also something in the subject which 
 impeded its success. Although the author's 
 reputation was sullicient to secure a sale 
 of 15,000 copies, it failed to ni;ake a favor- 
 able impression upon the public.'* 
 
 "Lord of the lion-heart and 
 
 feagle-eye.*'— Smollett's apostrophe To 
 Jjulependence, 
 
 Lord Thomas and fair Ellinor : 
 
 ■' a tragical ballad " on their unfortunate 
 love, " togeblier with the downfall of the 
 brow'ne giil." There is Another ballad on 
 a similar subject, called Lord TJtomas and 
 Lady Annet, 
 
 Lord Ullin's Daughter. A ballad 
 by Thomas Campbell, printed in 1809. 
 
 "Lordly pleasure-house, I built 
 my soijl a."— Tennyson, Palace of Art 
 (q.v.). 
 
 "Lords of ladies intellectual, 
 But O ye." — Byron, Don Juan, canto i., 
 stanza 22 :— 
 
 " Inform us truly. Have they not henpecked you 
 on?" 
 
 Lorenzo, in The /Merchant ofVenjcn 
 (q.v.), la In love wlUi, and beloved by, 
 jTdBUca (q.v.). 
 
 Xorenzo. AcUaracter in Youirc's 
 
 Complaint, or Xirjht Tlitmghts, who is de- 
 scribed in somewhat lurid colours, and 
 who was for some time supposed to be in- 
 tended for the poet's son. l)r. Johnson 
 points out, however, that in ITil, when the 
 poem was written, *'thi8 Lorenzo, this 
 finished infidel, this father to whose edu- 
 cation vice had for some years put the last 
 hand, was only eight years old." Hence 
 he is iiiclined to believe either that Lor- 
 enzo was entirely a fictitious person, or 
 that some other individual sat tor this de- 
 testable portrait. 
 
 Lorgnette, The. Sketches of 
 society in New York, by Donald Q. 
 Mitchell, " Ik Marvel " (b. 1822). Fudge 
 Doings, by the same writer, is a work of a 
 similar character. 
 
 Lorraine, Mrs. Felix, in Vi^fian 
 Grey (q.v.), is described as " a clever wo- 
 man, but vain." 
 
 Lorrequer, Garry. A novel by 
 Charles James Lever (1809—1872) ; also 
 a pseudonym of the author. 
 
 Lost Leader, The. A lyrie by 
 KoBEKT Browning (b. 1812) :— 
 
 " Shakespeare was of us, Milton was for us. 
 
 Burns, Shelley, were with us— they watch from 
 their graves ; 
 He alone Dreaks from the van and the freemen. 
 He alone sinks to the rear and the slaves ! " 
 See " Just for a handful of silver." 
 Lost Mistress, The : " a Com- 
 
 plaiiit against the Countess of ." A 
 
 poem by George Villiers, Duke of 
 Buckingham (1627—1088). The "mis- 
 tress " referred to is said to have been the 
 Countess of Shrewsbury, for whose sake 
 the duke killed her husband in a duel j 
 the countess, disguised as a page, holding 
 the duke's horse during the combat. 
 
 Lost Mistress, The. A lyrie by 
 BOBERT Browning :— 
 
 ' I will but say what mere friends say 
 Or only a thouKht stronger ; 
 I will hold your hand as long as all may. 
 
 Or only a thouKht stronger ; 
 will hold your hand as lor - 
 Ur so very little longer I " 
 
 "Lost (Not), but gone before." 
 
 The origin of this quotation is uncertain. 
 liuGERs, in his Human Life, has — " not 
 dead, but gone before." 
 
 Lost Pleiad, The. A poem by 
 Letitia Elizabeth Landon (1802 — 
 1838), published in 1829. 
 
 Lost Tales of Miletus, The. By 
 Edward, Lord Lytton (1805—1873). A 
 series of old legends, reproduced in uu- 
 rhymed metre, and published in 1S66. 
 
 Lost to life, and use, and name, 
 and fame."— Tennyson's Idylls qf the 
 King ("Vivien"). 
 
 " Lost to sight, to memory dear, 
 
 Though." A " familiar line," whloU has 
 Utbecto ba^ad all Jt^eaiGlt. . 
 
LOT 
 
 LOV 
 
 895 
 
 . Lot, Parson. The pseudonym 
 under wliicli tlie Kev. Chakles Kixgs- 
 lEY (1819—1875) publisheci his pamphlet 
 entitled Cheap Clothes and Kasty (q.v,). 
 
 ' Iiothair. A novel by Benjamin 
 DiSKAEH (b. 1805), published in 18T1, and 
 recounting the adventures of a young 
 nobleman of unsettled opinions, who, at 
 ter coquetting for some time with Eoman 
 Catholicism, at length succumbs to the 
 charms of Lady Corisande, and joins the 
 Church of England. Among the charac- 
 ters are Theodora Campion, Hugo BoUun, 
 St. Aldegonde, Mr. Phoebus, tinto, and 
 Monsignor Catesby. 
 
 ' IiOthario, in Howe's play of The 
 Fair Penitent (q.v.), is a handsome liber- 
 tine, who is supposed to have suggested to 
 Bichardsou the character of Lovelace 
 (q.v.), and who has stood as the prototype 
 of many of the splendid but treacherous 
 villains of later romances. "Lothario," 
 Bays that severe moralist. Dr. Samuel 
 Johnson, *' with gaiety which cannot be 
 3iated, and bravery which cannot be de- 
 spised, retains too much of the spectator's 
 Mndness," The line 
 
 " Is this that haughty gallant, gay Lothario ? " 
 occurs in act v., scene 1. 
 
 Lothrop, Amy. T^hQ nom dephtme 
 adopted by Akna B. Waknee (q.v.) in 
 several of her publications. 
 
 Lotos-Eaters, The. - A poem by 
 Alfhed Xessysos (b. 1803), printed in 
 1830. "An allegory, full of picture and 
 music, which figures forth the tendency to 
 abandon the battle of life, to retire from a 
 fi-uitless, ever-renewed struggle : " — 
 
 " What pleasure can wc have . 
 To war with evil. Is there any peace 
 In ever climbing up the climbing wave ?" 
 
 " Loud but deep. Curses not." 
 , — Macbeth, act v., scene 3. 
 
 Loudon, Jane, wife of John C. 
 Xoudon (b. 1800, d. 1858), wrote Tlui Mtim- 
 my, a tale (ISl!?), (q.v.), and various works 
 on the subject of horticulture generally. 
 
 London, John Claudius, botanist 
 and horticulturist (b. 1783, d. 1843), wrote 
 eneyclopjedias of Gardening (1822) ; Aarir 
 culture llS2a); Plants (1S29) ; Cottage, Vil- 
 la, awl Farm Architecture 0-832) ; Arbore- 
 tum Srltannicum (1838) ; and many other 
 Jtublications of a similar character, for a 
 ist of which see Lowndes' Ilibliographer's 
 Manual. Hia U/e was written by his, 
 wife, and prefixed to her Self in»lv{Ktion 
 for Young Oardenert (1848), 
 
 Lounger, The, A weekly period- 
 ical, published in Edinburgh from Satur- 
 ittj, February 6, 1T85, to January 6, 1787, 
 ondet the editorship of Henhy Macken- 
 |tB, the iiff elilt 'll^r-MSl};-wixo yraa (ils^ 
 
 a leading contributor. He was assisted by 
 George Home, clerk of the Court of Ses- 
 sions ; "William, Lord Craig ; - Alexander, 
 Lord Abercromby ; 'William Macleod, 
 Lord Baunatyne ; and others. See Kay's 
 Portraits and Drake's Essays. 
 
 Louse, To a : "on seeing one on a 
 lady's bonnet at church." A lyric by 
 EOBERT BuKJfS (1759— 179C), containing 
 the oft-quoted lines : — 
 
 " O wad some Pow'r the gif tic gic us 
 To see oursels as others sec us I 
 It wad f rae inonie a blunder free us 
 
 And foolish notion ; 
 Wliat airs in dress an' gaitwad lea'e us. 
 
 And cv'n Bevotiou ! " 
 
 Lousiad, The. " A lieroi-comio 
 poem," in five cantos, by John "Wolcot 
 (17o8 — 1819), founded on the fact that an 
 obnoxious insect had been discovered on 
 the king's plate among some green peas, 
 and thus induced a decree to the effect that 
 all the servants in the royal kitchen must 
 have their heads shaved ! See Pindab, 
 Peteb. 
 
 ■Love. A play by James Shekidan 
 Knowles (1784—1862). Also the title of a 
 poem by Samuel Taylob Coleeidge : — 
 
 " All thoughts, all passions, all delights. 
 Whatever stirs this mortal frame, 
 All are but ministers of Love, 
 And feed his sacred flame.' * 
 
 Love El la Mode. A comedy by 
 Chakles Macklin (1690—1797), produced 
 in 1760. 
 
 Love. All for. See All fob Love. 
 
 Love and a Bottle. A comedy 
 by George Faeqohab (1678—1707), pro- 
 duced in 1698. It was its autlior's first 
 dramatic composition. 
 
 Love and Death. A sonnet by 
 Alfbed Teknyson (b. 1809), printed in 
 1830., ' 
 
 Love and Duty. A poem by 
 Alfbed Tennyson, published in 1842, 
 
 Love and Truth, " in two modest 
 and peaceable Letters concerning the Dis- 
 tempers of the present Times; written from 
 a quiet and comformable citizen of- Lon- 
 don to two busie and factious shop-keepei-s 
 in Coventry." A work ascribed by Arch- 
 bishop Bancroft to Izaak Walton (1693— 
 1683), and reprinted in Zouchjs edition of 
 that writer's Lives, It is doubtful, how- 
 ever, if "Walton was more than the editor 
 of the letters. 
 
 Love Breathing Thanks and 
 Praise. A work by Ricbabd Baxteb 
 0615—1691), remarkable as containing the 
 tamous couplet :— 
 
 *' I preached fls never Bare to preach oealn. 
 And OS a dying man to dying men." 
 
 "Love can hope "vrhere reason 
 would despair." Second line of an epi- 
 gram by Lord LttteltoH (1709^1773). 
 
3dd 
 
 LOV 
 
 Lov: 
 
 Love Chase, The. A comedy by 
 JAMBS Sheridan Knowles (1784^1862), 
 produced in 1837, and played at the Hay- 
 market Theatre, London, lor one hundred 
 nights. 
 
 Love for Love. A comerly by 
 William Co>-GRKVE,producedinl695. The 
 dialogue is distinguished by a brilliancy 
 of wit and polish of style which towards 
 tiie close, become almost oppressive. It 
 was produced at a new theatre which Bet- 
 terton and some other actors had opened 
 in a tennis-court, near Lincoln's Inn, 
 *' Scarcely any comedy within tiie memory 
 of tlie oldest man,'* says Macaulay, "had 
 been equally successful. The actors were 
 fio elated that they gave Gongreve a share 
 in their theatre." 
 
 " Love gives itself, but is not 
 'bought.'* Longfellow, JSndymion. 
 
 " Love her was a liberal educa- 
 tion, To." A. saying which occurs in 
 Stbele's Tatler. No. 49. It has reference 
 to Lady Elizabeth Hastings. 
 
 Love, Hope, and Patience in 
 
 Education. A poem by Samuel Taylor. 
 Coleridge (1772—1834). 
 
 Love in a Forest. A roniedv by 
 CHABLE3 Johnson (1679—1748), acteil in 
 1721, and founded upon Shalcespeare's 
 copiedy of As You Like /^(q.v.). 
 
 " Love in a hut, -with water and 
 
 a crust."— Keats, Lamia (q.v.) :— ' 
 
 " Is, Lord forgive us ! cinders, ashes, dust." 
 
 Love in a Riddle. A comiedy 
 hy CoLLEY Gibber (1671—1757) ; written 
 in hopeless competition with Gay's Bep- 
 
 ?'a»-'s Opera (q.v.). The author himself 
 nforms us of the reception it met with at 
 the hands of the public. " My new fan- 
 gled performance," lie says, " was so 
 vilely damned and hooted at as so vain a 
 presumption in the idle cause of virtue 
 could desire." 
 
 Love in a Village. A comic 
 opera by Isaac Bickerstaff (1735—1787), 
 to a great extent founded on Johnson's 
 ViUar/e Opera, and other pieces, and played 
 in London in 1762—63, Hazlitt describes 
 it as "one of the most delightful comic 
 operas on the stage. It is trulv pasto- 
 ral," he says, " and the sense of music 
 liovers over the very scene lilse the breath 
 ■of morning." 
 
 " Love in her eyes sits playing." 
 First line of a song in Gav's Acis and 
 Galatea (q.v.), 
 
 , " Love in her sunny eyes does 
 basking pluy." First line of The Change^ 
 a lyric by Abraham Cowley (1618—1667) 
 in The Mistress (q-v.)— 
 "Love walks the pleasant mazes of Iier hair, 
 Lovo docs on both her Ups for ever stray, 
 
 And sows and reaps a thousand kisses thero i 
 In flU bcr outward parts Love's alwova socn, 
 Sut ob 1 ha nsver went within/'^ 
 
 "Love in my bosom, like a 
 bee." First line of a lyric in I.oi>GE'i» 
 Rosalynde (q.v-s). 
 
 Love in Several Masques. A 
 
 comedy by Henry Fieldikg (1707—1754), 
 produced in 1728. 
 
 "Love, indeed, is light from 
 
 heaven." — Byroit, The Giaour^ \i\vS 
 1,131 :— 
 
 " A spark of that immortal fire. 
 With angels shared, by Allah piven, 
 To lut from earth our low dcBirc." 
 
 "Love is a sickness full of 
 
 woes." First line of a lyric by Samuel 
 Daniel. 
 
 "Love is hurt vrith jar and 
 fret." — Tennyson, Miller* s Daughter. 
 
 "Love is indestructible." See 
 stanza 10, canto x., of Southey's poem of 
 
 Tlie Curse of Kekama — [ 
 
 " Its holy flame for ever bumeth j 
 From Heaven it came, to Heaven returneth." 
 
 "Love is loveliest -when em- 
 balmed in tears." See stanza 1, canto iv., 
 of Scott's poem, The Lady qfthe Lake. ^ 
 
 "Love is not love that alters 
 
 when it alteration finds. '\ See Shake- 
 speare's Sonnet, cxvi. ' * 
 
 Love, James, dramatist (d. 1774), 
 wrote Pamela, a comedy (1742) ; Cricket t 
 an Heroic Poem (1770), and other pieces. ' 
 
 Love Letters, addressed b^- Mrs. 
 Piozzi (1740—1821), to Augustus "W. Conr 
 way, when she was eighty years of age, 
 were published in 1843. 
 
 "Love lost between us, There's 
 no." — Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, 
 act i., scene 4. 
 
 "Love me little, so you love me 
 
 long,'-' occurs in one of Herrick's shorter 
 pieces. LOve me Little, Love me Long^ is 
 the title of one of Charles Keade'S 
 novels. 
 
 " Love not, love not ! ye hap- 
 less sons of clay." First line of a lyric by 
 the Hon. Mrs. Norton (b. 1808) :— 
 "Love flings a halo round the dear one's head, 
 FauldeBB, immortal, till they change or die." 
 
 Love of King David and Fair 
 
 Bethsabe, The. See King David and 
 Fair Bethsabe, The Love of- 
 
 "Love of life increased "with 
 
 years, That." A line in Mi's. Piozzi'8 
 Three Warnings: — 
 " So much, that in our latter etages, 
 
 'When pains grow eharp, and sicknesG rages. 
 
 The greatest love qI life appears." 
 
 "Love of praise, hovre^er conx- 
 
 oealed by art, The,"— Youkq, The Love qf 
 
 Fame, satire 1., line 51 :— 
 
 " Aeigua more or leasiGjid jlowi In every hpaxt.*' - 
 
liOV 
 
 LOV 
 
 397 
 
 " Love of ■women, The." — Br- 
 Bos's Don Juan, canto ii., stanza 199 : — 
 
 "It ia known 
 To be a lovely and a fearful thing." 
 
 "Love rules the court, the 
 camp, the grove."— Scott, Lay oftlie Last 
 Minstrel, canto hi., stanza 2 : — 
 
 " And men below, and saints above." 
 
 Love-Sick King, The : " an Eng- 
 lish Tragical History, with the Life and 
 Death oi Gartesmnnda, the fair Nun of 
 Winchester; " published in' 1655, and re- 
 vised in 1680, under the title of The Per- 
 jured Nun. 
 
 Love-Songs made Easy. By 
 
 William Makepbace Thackeray (1811 
 —1863). 
 
 "Love sought is good, but 
 
 given unsought is better." — Twelfth Sight, 
 act iii., scene 1. 
 
 " Love that hath us in the net." 
 A song by Alficed Tennysos. 
 
 Love, The Economy of. A poem 
 by John Akmstkokg, M.D. (170»— 1779), 
 -published in or about 1737, but suppressed 
 on account of its indecency and generally 
 licentious tone. It was, however, revised, 
 corrected, and republished in 17GS. It had 
 been intended as a burlesque upon certain 
 didactic writers. 
 
 "Love the offender, yet detest 
 
 the offeiice."^PopE, Eloisa to Abelard, 
 line 192. 
 
 Love, A Play of, by John Hey- 
 TTOOD, was written in 1533. 
 
 Love, The Testament of. A 
 
 prose work by GEOFrBEY Ciiacceb, in 
 which he defends liimself against certain 
 imputations that had been cast upon his 
 cliaracter. 
 
 "Love thou thy land, with love 
 
 far-brought." — A poem by Alfked TE^'- 
 NYSOS", in which lie gives expression to 
 "what may be termed the high poetic view 
 of politics and patriotism. 
 
 " Love to hatred turned." See 
 act iii., scene 8, of Congbeve's tragedy, 
 The Mmi/ming Bride — 
 
 " Heaven has no nige like love to hatred turned, 
 17or lieU a faty like a woman scorned." 
 
 " Love took up the harp of life, 
 
 and smote on all its chords with might." — 
 Tenkysox, Lockeley Hall. 
 
 Love unveiled. The Picture of : 
 
 ''Effigies Amor," A philosophical poem 
 by JOHS .NOKBis (16.57—1711), ill which, 
 says Professor Fraser, lore is represented 
 as throne essential natural principle. It 
 was published iu 1682. 
 
 Love Wai £^nd out the Way. 
 
 A comedy by " T. B," printed in 1661, and 
 founded on Tlie Constant Maid, by Shiiv 
 ley. 
 
 Love Will Find out the Way. 
 
 A lino old lyric, printed by Bishop Percy 
 in his liellques, and by F. T. Palgrave in 
 his Golden Treasury. 
 
 " Loved and Lost." See " Better 
 TO have," &c. It may be noticed here 
 that Co:sGEEVE makes Mrs. Marwood say, 
 in The Way of the fForZrf (act ii., scene 1), 
 " 'Tis better to be left than never to liav^ 
 been loved." 
 
 Loved not at first sight, "Who 
 ever loved that." A line in MablowS 
 and Chapmax's poem of Hero and Lean~ 
 der. Shakespeare quotes tliis in As 
 You Like ie,a^ctiii., scene 5. ' 
 
 "Loved not wisely, but too 
 well, One that." — Othello, act v., scene 2. 
 
 Lovel, Lord. Tlie liero of an old 
 and popular Scottish ballad. 
 
 Lovel the Widower. A novel by 
 
 William Makepeace Thackebay (18U- 
 — 1863), which originally appeared in The 
 Comhill Magazine, it is founded upon 
 the author's unacted comedy of The 
 Wolves and the Lamb (q.v.). 
 
 Lovelace. The hero of Richard- 
 son's novel of Clarissa Harlowe (q.v.^. 
 See Lothario. 
 
 Lovelace, Richard, poet (b. 1618, 
 d. 1G58), wrote Lucasta ; Odes, Sonnets, 
 Songs, &c. (q..v), (1649) ; and some posthu- 
 mous pieces (1659). Also, 7'fte Scholar, a 
 comedy ; and The Soldier, a tragedy, nei- 
 ther of which is extant. His Poems were 
 edited in 1864 by Carew Hazlitt. See 
 Wood's Mhenae Oxonienses. See Althea, 
 To. 
 
 Lovelick, Richard. See St. 
 
 Gbaal, The. 
 
 "Lovely and a fearful thing, 
 
 A." See " Love of Women, The." 
 
 Lovely, Anne. The lieroine of 
 Mrs. Cestlivbe's comedy of A Bold- 
 Stroke for a Wife (q.v.) ; a heiress witji 
 £30,ono, who is sought liy Captain Feign- 
 well for his wife. 
 
 • "Lovely woman stoops to 
 
 foUy, When." First line of a lyric, by 
 Goldsmith, in Tlie Vicar of Wakefield, 
 chapter xvii. 
 
 Lover and her Husband, The. 
 
 A novel by Mrs. Gobe, published in 1841. 
 Itis a free translation of H. Bertvand^s 
 Gerfaut. 
 
 Lover, Samuel, dramatist iiove!- 
 Tst.and p6et(b. 1797, d. 1868), produced tlw 
 following, amouK^iither pieces for.tKo 
 stage : — Crana 17i{e, The Midu'Xdtal, 
 
398 
 
 LOV 
 
 LOV 
 
 Olympic Pic-^ic, The White Horse of tJie 
 Peppers, Tite Happy Man, Tlie Greek JSoi/t 
 and It Paddy Wkack in Italia. His beat 
 known stories are Handy Aiuly^ Jionj 
 O'More, and Legends and Stories ; his "best 
 songs, tinder t/ie Rosej Molly Careto, and 
 lioni O'More. See the Life oy Bayle Ber- 
 naril (1874). 
 
 Lover, The Lying. A comedy 
 by Sir Richard Steele, produced in 
 1704 ; '* so moral and religious, as f>oor 
 Dick insisted, so dull the town thought, 
 that it was damned," 
 
 Lover, The Fond. A ballad 
 ■written by William Falconer (1730— 
 1769), on board '* The Royal George," m 1764 
 }ii honour of his lady-love, who afterwards 
 became his wife. Hee Miraxj>a. 
 
 Loveres Lyf e, The . Complaynt 
 of a. A poem, by Geojffrey Chaucer 
 (1328— 14pD). 
 
 Lover's Complaint, A. A tender 
 and picturesque poem by Shakespeare, 
 fii'st piinted in 1609, and containing the 
 quotation : 
 
 " O father, irhat a hell of witchcraft lies 
 In the small orb of one particular tear ! " 
 
 Lover's Lute, Tlie. A lyric by 
 Sir Thomas "Wyatt (1503—1542). 
 
 Lover's Melancholy, The. A 
 tragedy by John Ford (1586—1639) acted 
 in 1629. The plot turns upon the exliibi- 
 tion of a deep-seated love-melancholy in 
 one leading character, and of a confirmed 
 •madness in another. The play is notable 
 further as including a fine descriptioji of a 
 -contention between a musician and a 
 nightingale, such as Crashaw has treated 
 in his Music's Duet (q-v.). 
 
 "Lovers' perjury." ^ee "Jove 
 
 BUT LAUGHS," &C. 
 
 Lovers* Quarrel, The : " or, 
 
 Cupid's Triumph ; being the pleasant his- 
 tory of Fair Rosamond of Scotland. Be- 
 ing daughter to the Lord Arundel, whose 
 love was obtained by the valour of Tom- 
 my Pots, who conquered the Lord Pbenix 
 and wounded him, and after obtained her 
 to be his wife. Being very delightful to 
 read." An old ballad, i^rinted in Ritson's 
 Ancient Popular Poetry* 
 
 " Lovers love the -western 
 
 fitar."— Scott, Lay of the Last MlnstreU 
 canto iii., stanza 24. 
 
 ." Lovers are plenty, but fail to 
 relieve me."— Goldsmith, She Stoops to 
 Conquer, The line occurs in an incidental 
 song sung by Miss Hardcastle. 
 
 Lovers, The Cunning. A comedy 
 by ALEXA17DEB Bbome, produced iu 
 16M. 
 
 Lovers. The School for. A 
 
 comedy, by ■William Whitehead (1715 
 —1785), produced at Dniry Lane in 1762, 
 and founded on a suggestion of Fonten- 
 elle's, included in the eighth volume of 
 that writer's works and entitled Le Testor 
 ment. Among the dramatis personce are 
 Oelia, Arauunta, Belmour, and Sir John 
 X>orilant. 
 
 Lover's "Watch, The. A novel by 
 Mrs. AphkaBehx, published in 1686. 
 
 Loves of the Angels, The. A 
 
 poem by Thomas Moore, chiefly wriften. 
 in Pans, and published in 1823. See 
 
 Abistkas. 
 
 Love's Bominion. A play hy 
 Richard Flecknoe (d. 1678), printed in 
 1654, and dedicated to the Lady Elizabeth 
 Claypole, to whom the author eommentls 
 it, in a preliminary essay on the English 
 drama, as being full of excellent morality. 
 and written as a pattern to the reformed 
 stage . McCarthy says of this essay that 
 it is*' one of the earliest and most valu- 
 able of the kind in the English language.'^ 
 It was probably Flecknoe°s strictures oh 
 the license of his brother dramatists that 
 brought down upon him the satiric wralii 
 of Dryden and Mai-vell in their MacFleck- 
 noe and Flecknoe (q.v.). Love's JDoimnion 
 was republished in 1664 under the title of 
 Love's Kingdom. 
 
 Love's Labour's Lost. A comedy 
 by William Shakespeare (1564— 1616), 
 published in 1598 as A Pleasant conceited 
 comedie called Loves Labors Lost. As it 
 toas presented before Her Highness this last 
 Christmas. Newly corrected and augment- 
 ed by W. Shakespere. Of the comedy in 
 its earlier form no copy is known to exist, 
 nor can we hope to ascertain the exact 
 date at which it was written. There is 
 every evidence, how&ver^ that is is one o£ 
 its author's Urst productions for the stage, 
 audit appears to be of earlier date than 
 The Two Gentlemen rf Verona, though 
 " the style is more measured, the language 
 more perfect, the art more polished." 
 There is reason to believe that the comedy 
 is in all respects original. It does not 
 appear to have been founded on any poem, 
 romance, legend, or historical record. 
 The beat brief description of it is to be 
 found, perhaps, in Schlegel's criticism; 
 that *' it is a humorsome display of fro]ic ; 
 a whole cornucopia of the most vivacious 
 jokes emptied into it. Youth is certainly 
 
 gerceivable in the lavish superfluity of la- 
 our in the execution ; the unbroken suc- 
 cession of plays on words, and sallies of ev- 
 ery description hardly leave the spectator 
 time to breatlie ; the sparkle^ of wit fly 
 about In such profusion, that tbey resem- 
 ble a blaze of fireworks ; whHe the dia- 
 logue, for the most pai't, is In the same 
 hurried style in whicli the passing masks 
 at a carnival attempt to banter each 
 oilier." 
 
LOV 
 
 LOV 
 
 399 
 
 Love's Last Shift : " or, the Fool 
 In Fftshion." 4- comedy by Colley Cib- 
 BEie (1671—1757), produced in 1695. The 
 hero is a Sir Novelty Fasliipns (q.v.). 
 
 Love's Metamorphosis: " a witty 
 and courtly Pastoral!," by John Lyly : 
 published in 1601. 
 
 Love's Philosophy. A lyric l)y 
 Pekcv Bysshe Shelley, written in 
 1820. 
 
 " Nothing: in the world is eingle, 
 All thiugs by a law divine 
 In one another's beiug: mingle — , 
 Why not I with thine ? " 
 
 Love's Pilgrimage. A comedy, by 
 JoHS Fletcher. 
 
 " Love's proper hue.' 
 
 XiESTL^L nOSY BED." 
 
 See " Ce- 
 
 Love's Sacrifice. A play, by 
 John Fokd (1B86— 1639). published in 1633 ; 
 the plot and leading characters of which 
 closely resemble those of Otliello (cl.v.). 
 
 " Love's Victory. A tragi-comeJy, 
 by William Chamberlayne, published 
 in 1658. It contains some fine descriptive 
 
 Love's Young Dream. A lyric, 
 by Thomas Mooee (1779—1852) : 
 
 " There's nothing half so sweet in life 
 As Love's young dream." 
 
 Loiribond,Bd'war^,poet (cl. 1775). 
 His Life and Poems will bo found in 
 vol. xi. of Anderson's edition of The 
 British Poets- 
 
 " liovT flo'wing breezes are roam- 
 ing the broad valley dimmed in the gloara- 
 hie."— Elegiacs, by Alfred Tennysox, 
 printed in 1830, and afterwards suppressed. 
 
 • Lo-we, John (b; 1750, d. 1798), 
 wrote the ballad of Mary's Bream, and 
 some other pieces. 
 
 Lowell, James Russell, poet 
 and essayist (b. 1819), has published A 
 Year's Life (1841), Poems (1844), Conversa- 
 iions on some of the Old Poets (1845), Poems 
 (1848), The Vision of Sir Launfal (1848), 
 The Blglow Papers (1848), (q.y.), A Fable 
 for Critics (1848), Fireside Travel (1864), 
 Under the Willows (1869), Tlie Cathedral 
 (1869), Among my Books (1870), and My 
 Study Windows (1871). His CompletePoett- 
 cal Works appeared in England in 1873. 
 See Cbitics, FabLe foe; Wondebfcl 
 Quiz, A. 
 
 Lower, Mark Antony (h. 1813, 
 d. 1876), wrote English Siimames (1842), 
 Curiosities of Heraldry (1846), Patronymica 
 BHtannica (1860), The Worthies of Sussex 
 (1865), History of Sussex (1870), and other 
 works. 
 
 Loivndes, William Thomas, 
 bibliographec (4- U^>. BubUalied Xlte^Brit- 
 
 ish iibrarian (1829), and The Bibliogra- 
 pher's Manual (1834 and 1868), (q.v.). 
 
 Lowten. Clerk to Perkertlie law- 
 yer iA Tlie Pickwick Papers (q.v-). 
 
 Lowth, Robert, D.D., Bisbop of 
 St, David's, Oxford, and London (b, 1710, 
 d. 1787). wrote Prmlectiones Academical de 
 Sacra Poesi JIebrfBorum(n5S),Sh Short Intro- 
 duction to English (rmmmar (1762), a Trans- 
 lation of Isaiah with dissertation and notes 
 (1778), a Life of William of Wykeliam, and 
 Sermons aiul other Bemains, collected and 
 published, with a Life of the author by 
 Peter Hall in 1834. • 
 
 Lowth, William Prebendary 
 of Winchester, D.D. (b. 1661. d. 1732). wrote 
 a Vindication of the Divine Authority and 
 Inspiration of the Old and New Testaments 
 ^\&^1), lyirectionsfor the Profitable Reading 
 of the Holy Scriptures (1708), a series of 
 Commentartes on the Old Testament, and 
 otlier ivories. His iii/e was- written in the 
 Biograpltia Britdnnica by his son,- Boberl^ 
 (See preceding paragraph). 
 
 Loyal Convert, The. A pamphlet, 
 by Feancis QirABLEs (1502 — 1644), in 
 which he argued that Roman Catholics 
 might justifiably be employed in the 
 armies of .Charles I. This so displeased 
 the Puritan Parliament that it ordered the 
 poet's property to be confiscated, and had, 
 him denounced as a Papist. - 
 
 Loyal, Subject, The. A play by 
 John Fletcher (q.v.), partly founded on 
 The Royal King and Loyal Subject ot Hey- 
 wood. Its leading characters are two 
 sisters, distinguished respectively for their 
 boldness and timidity. 
 
 Loyalty Confined. A Koyalist 
 ballad, attributed to Sir Koqee L'Es- 
 tbange, and printed in David Lloyd's 
 Memoirs of those who suffered in the Causeof 
 Charles 1. (1668) ; also in Westminster Drol- 
 lery ; or, a Choice Collection of Songs and 
 Poems (1691). 
 
 Lubbock, Sir John, miscellaii-' 
 eous writer (b. 1834), has ,written Pre-* 
 historic Times (1865), The Orlffin of Civil- 
 isation and the Primitive C&ndition of Man 
 (1870), The Origin and Metamorphoses of In- 
 sects (1874), British Wild Flowers (1876), &0. 
 
 Lucan, The First Book of. A 
 
 translation in blank verse by Christopher 
 Marlowe, which is full of " mighty lines." 
 George's version of the Pharsalia appeared 
 in 1614 ; May's, in 1627 and 1633. Nicliolas 
 Bowe's possesses uncommon merits, and 
 has not been superseded by later versions. 
 It was published after Bowe's death. 
 
 Lucas, Frederick, journalist and. 
 politician (b. 1612, d. 18S6), founded The 
 Tablet. 
 
 Lucas, Richard, CD., divine (b. 
 1848,. d. 1715), wrote. TAe JEnguirg after 
 
400 
 
 LOV 
 
 LTJD 
 
 Jfappiness (1685), and Practical Christianr 
 
 ihj (1700). 
 
 Iiucas, Samuel, journalist (b. 1818, 
 d. 1865), publislied The Causes and Conse- 
 quences of National Revolutions {\.%^)t His- 
 iory and Condition of Social Progress {1853), 
 and other works, including coutribubionB 
 to magazines and reviews. He wiis editor 
 of Ones a Week from 1859, and, at one time, 
 a leading literary critic of The Times. 
 
 Lucasta : " Odes, Sonnets, Son^s, 
 
 &C., by RICHAKD" LOVEIiACE (1618—1658), 
 published in 1649. Lucasta — i.e., Lux 
 casta — the lady of hi3 love, was Miss Lucy 
 Sacheverell, alady of beauty and fortune, 
 who married anotlier on the report of liia 
 death from wounds received at Dun- 
 Jcirk. 
 
 Luce. A servant to Adriana 
 <q.v.), in Tlie Comedy of Errors (q.v.). 
 
 Lucentlo. Son of Vicentio (q.v.), 
 in The Taming of the Shrew (q.v.). 
 
 Iiucetta. Waiting-maid to Julia, 
 
 In The Two Gentlemen qfFerona{q.r,). 
 
 Iiuciana, in The Comedi/ of Errors 
 (q.v.), is sister-in-law to Autipholus of 
 Syracuse (q.v.). 
 
 " Lucid interval" A phrase used 
 -ty Bacos in his History of Henry VII., by 
 TUL.i.Eit in ln3 Pisgah Sight of Palestine, 
 -by South in one ot his Sermons, by Dry- 
 DEN in his satire MacFlecknoe, by Johx- 
 SON in his Life ofLyttelton, and by Burke 
 ^n his History of the French Revolution. 
 
 Lucifer. One of the dramatis per- 
 sonce in Bailey's poem of Festus (q.v.)- 
 -*• In the character of Lucifer, the spirit of 
 evil, as conceived by the author, there is 
 ■jiotliing human. It is not," says Hepworth 
 Dixon, " a bold, bad man, like Marlowe's; 
 nor a proud, defying one, like Milton*s ; 
 nor a sneering, sarcastic one, like Goethe's. 
 It ia the impersonation of a principle.'* 
 
 Lucifer. A character in Long- 
 rELLOTV's dramatic poem of The Golden 
 Legend (q.v.). 
 
 Lucile. A poem hy Robert, Lord 
 ■Lyttox (b. 1831), published in 18G0 ; " his 
 best poem," says Stedman ; "a really 
 interesting, though sentimental, parlour- 
 novel, written in fluent verse." 
 
 " Lucilia, iwedded to Lucretius 
 
 found." — Lucretius, by Alfred Tenky- 
 soy. 
 
 Lucio. A character in Measure for 
 'Measure (q.v.). 
 
 Lucius. A tragedy hy Mrs. De 
 ^A feiVTEBE Manley (167J— 1724), pro- 
 duced in 1717, and having forits hero " the 
 first Chidstian. king of Britain." It was 
 •honoured with a prologue from the pen of 
 ^tOjBle, an4 aii epUogu&froiQ tliatof Pj^or. 
 
 Lucius is the name of a lord in 
 Timon of Athens, and of a servant both in 
 Timon of Athens- anA Julius Ca;sar. It is 
 also that of a sou of Titus Andronicus in 
 tiiat play. 
 
 Luck of Roaring Camp, The, 
 
 See EoARiKG Camp, The Luck of. 
 
 Lucrece, The Rape of, A poem 
 by William Shakespeare (1564—1616), 
 fiiist printed in 1594, dedicated to the Earj, 
 of Southampton, and reprinted in 1598, 
 1600, 1607, and 1616. *'Lucrelia," s^^a 
 War ton, " was the grand example of con- 
 jugal fidelity throu^outthe Gothic ages." 
 He also suggests that Shakespeare's poem 
 may have had its origin in two ballads on 
 the subject printed in 1568 and 1569. 
 
 Lucretia : " or, the Children of 
 the Night.*' A novel by Edward, Lord 
 Lytton, published in 1847, and so severely 
 criticised that the author thousjht fit tq 
 vindicate himself in a reply to his censors, 
 entitled, A Word to the Public. 
 
 Lucretia, in Com'nfjsbi/ (q.v.), is 
 said to be intended for Madame Zichy. 
 
 Lucretius. A drnmatic mono- 
 logue, put i.i the mouth of the great Roman 
 poet and philosopher, by Alfred Tenxy- 
 sox. See in Macniiuan's Magazine al 
 clitieism by R. C. Jebb. The works of 
 Lucretius were translated by Thomas 
 Creech (q.v.). 
 
 Lucy. Tlie heroine of Macken» 
 ziE's novel of The Man of the World 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Lucy Deane. A character in 
 George Eliot's novel of Tlie Mill on iJie 
 Floss (q.v.). 
 
 Lucy Gray: "or, Solitude.'' A 
 ballad by William Wordsworth, writ- 
 ten in 1799. 
 
 Lucy's Flittin, A song by Wil- 
 liam Laidlaw (1780—1845), the last four 
 lines of which were added by James Hogg,, 
 who printed it :— 
 ** Ah, wcol may young Jamie gang dowie and cheer 
 
 ICSB ] 
 
 And wccl mny he greet on tbo bank o' the bumi 
 Tor bonny BweetXucy, sae gentle and pecrlcfifi. 
 Lies cauld in her grave, and will never return." 
 
 Lucydary, The. Referred to in 
 the Harleian catalogue as "a lytell trea- 
 tyse, good and prohtable for every well- 
 disposed person." It was printed by Cax- 
 ton, and was a translation from an old 
 French poem, Li Lusidaire, itself a version 
 of the Elucidarmm, described by Warton 
 aa a large work in dialogue, containing the 
 sum of Christian theology, Dy some attrib- 
 uted to Anselm, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury^ . 
 
 Ludicra, Epigrammata Juveni- 
 lia, by John PARKHURST.Blshopof Nob- 
 -WICB C1SU^1574) ; pubUsiied in 157^. 
 
LUi) 
 
 LTTT 
 
 401 
 
 Ludo Scascorum, Se. See Aur 
 
 "ITAKD, SlMEOS. 
 
 Ludovico. A Venetian, kinsman 
 ■ot Brabantlo in Othello (q.v.). 
 
 Lndus Coventrise. A volume of 
 miracle plays said io liave been represented 
 at Coventry on tU« Feast of Corpus Cliristi, 
 the jVIS. of wliicli y?as written. Co'lier 
 thinks, as eai'ly as tbe reign of Heiuy VII. 
 
 Iiuggie, The A poem by David 
 Gray (1838—1861), which' " shows," says 
 Stodman, ". a poverty due to the want of 
 proper literary models in his stinted cot- 
 tage-honie. It is an eighteenth centiiry 
 ^oem, suggested by a too close reading of 
 Thompson and the like." 
 
 . Luggnagg, in Gulliver's Traxiels, is 
 jin imaginary island, about a hundred 
 leagues south-east of Japan, the inliah- 
 itants of which have received, the gift of 
 istemal life, without the corresponding 
 accompaniments of health and intellect. 
 
 . Iiuke. Tlie liero of Massinger's 
 Citif Madam, who, from a state of poverty, 
 suddenly comes into the possession of un- 
 bounded wealth , a type of vindictive hy- 
 pocrisy, drawn and conceived with great 
 power. 
 
 .' Lumpkin, Tony, in Goldsmith's 
 comedy of She Stoops to Conquer (q.v.), is 
 described by Hazlitt as " that vulgar nick- 
 name, a Aobfretf/Ao?/, dramatised; forward 
 and sheepish, mischievous and idle, cun- 
 ning and stupid, with the vices of the man 
 and the follies of the boy; fond of low Com- 
 pany, and giving himself all the airS of 
 consequence of the young squire." 
 
 iiumsden, Matthevr, Orientalist, 
 (b. 1777, d. 1835), produced St Grammar of 
 the Persian Langvage (1810), aiid a Gram^ 
 hnar of the Arabic Language (1811). 
 
 Lunatic Lover, The. A Mad Soiiff 
 In the Pcpj/s Collection. See Percy's 
 J^eliques- 
 
 "Lunatic (The), the lover, and 
 the poet"— vl Midsummer Night's Dream, 
 act v., scene 1. 
 
 Lunel, Albert : " or.tlie Chateau 
 of Laiiguwloc." A novel generally attrib- 
 uted to Lord Bkougham, suppressed on 
 tlie eve of its publication, in 1S44. It was 
 reprinted in 1872. 
 
 Lupin, Mrs. Tlie landlady of the 
 "Blue Dragon" In DioKENS's novel of 
 Martin Chuzzlewlt (q.v.). 
 
 Lupton, Daniel, wrote the History 
 of the Protestant Divines (1637); tonddn 
 cmdtke Country carbonadoed o/na quartered 
 into Several Characters (,1632), and oihei 
 works. 
 
 Lupus Episcopus. Old Eiiprlish 
 homilfes by Wolfstan, Bishop of WoB- 
 
 CE.STEE, (d. 1023). The most remarkablo 
 is-the .Sermo Lupi ad Anglos, written in 
 1012, and affording a graphic picture of 
 that period of Intrigues and treasons. 
 
 Luria. A poetical drama by Rob- 
 ert Bbowkisq (q.v.). The hero is a 
 Moor, and, says a critic, "like Othello in 
 many ways : a brave and skilful general; 
 who serves Florence instead of Venice; 
 He is sacriliced by the Florence he has 
 saved, and destroys himself at the moment 
 when love and honour are hastening, too 
 late, to crown him. The language of 
 iMria Is often in the grand manner." 
 
 Lusiad, The. A translation from 
 the Portuguese of Camoens by William 
 JcTLitTs MicKLB (1734^1788), published 
 in 1775. The Lusiad had previously been 
 translated by Sir Klchard Faiishawe in 
 1655. 
 
 L\isignan, in Aaeon Hill's trag- 
 edy of Zara (q.v.), is tlie " last 6i the 
 blood of the Ohi-istian kings of- Jerusa- 
 lem." 
 
 "Lustely, lustely, lusteljr, let 
 
 us saile forth." A pirates' song in the 
 dramatic fragment of Commoyi Condiii07is 
 (q.v.); "perhaps," says Collier, " th^ 
 oldest of the kind in English." 
 
 Lust's Dominion : " or the Las- 
 civious' Queen." A tragedy by Chkisto- 
 PHEE MaklOwe (1564—1593), publishe4 
 some years after his .death, and, iii CoK 
 lier's opinion, probably written by Dekker 
 and others. There is internal evidence, 
 however, that Marlowe had a hand in it, 
 " It has been characterised as a striking 
 picture, or ratlier, caricature, of the un- 
 restrained love of power, as connected 
 with regal ambition and external sway." ; 
 
 Lusty Juventus. A moral playi 
 " lyvely describing the Frailtie ,of Youth; 
 of Nature prone to Vyce, of Grace and 
 Good (^ouiicell traynable to vertue;" writr 
 ten either very late in the reigi: of Henry 
 VIII., or very early in the reign of his son, 
 and reprinted in the lijst volume of Haw- 
 kins's Origin- of the British Drama. It is 
 rather a tedious production when compared 
 with the Interlude of Youth (q.v.) ; but it 
 contains a song by the hero beginning 
 
 " In a hcrber^rccnc, a&lcpc where &s I lay." 
 
 which may be referred to as a very early 
 specimen of an English lyric. 
 
 Lute, in Musioke, A Song to, 
 
 ascribed to Eiohabd Edwaeds in the 
 Paradise of Dainty Devices (q.v.), and 
 ridiculed by Shakespeare in Homeo and 
 Juliet, act iv., Eceiie 5. 
 
 Luther, the Pope, a Cardinal, 
 
 and a Husbandman, A Ballad of, written 
 in tbe time of Edward VI. 
 Luther, Doctor. A song by 'Wjij 
 
403 
 
 LUT 
 
 LYN 
 
 liiAM Makepeace Thaokehay (1811— 
 1863), in The Adventures of Pldlip (q.T.) : 
 •' If the ditty sound but oddly. 
 
 'Twas afatlicr \vi8c and godly 
 
 Sang it so long ago." 
 
 . Luttrell, Henry, poet (b. 1770, c1. 
 
 J851), wrote AcJvice to Julia: a Letter in 
 Hhtjme (1820), Croclford Hmse (1S2T) ; and 
 Memoirs of Tom Moore. 
 
 "Luve of life's young day. 
 The." — Motherwell, Jeanie Morrison. 
 
 . " Luve's like a. red, red rose, O 
 
 My." . The Jlrst line of a Bong called The 
 lied. Red 7.'ose, by Kobekt Burxs (1759— 
 1706). See " O MY Luve's like a bed, 
 
 BED EOSE." 
 
 " Luxury of doing good, He 
 tried llie."— Craebe, Tales of the Sail, 
 book ill. Seealso Garth, Claremxint, line 
 148:— 
 
 "For all their luxury waa doing good." 
 
 " Luxury of -woe,- I'll taste the." 
 
 —Moore, Anacreon- 
 
 Lyall, 'William Howe, D.D., 
 
 peau of Canterbury (b. 1788, d. 1857), was 
 |tt one time editor of The Uritish Critic 
 01815), and, at another of the Enciiclopcedia 
 Metropolitana (1620). He publi^ed Pro- 
 padia Prophetica (1840). 
 
 ' Lychorida. A nurse, in Pericles 
 (qt.v.). 
 
 Lycidas. By John Milton (1608 
 .—1674). A poetical monody on the death 
 of his friend and college com[)anion, Ed- 
 ward King, who perished by shipwreck on 
 his passage from Chester to Ireland, 
 August 10, 1637. The poem was writtenat 
 Horton, in Buckinghamshire, about the 
 close of tlie same year. Lycidas, it will be 
 remembered, is the name of a shepherd in 
 Virgil's third JEclogue. Compare with 
 Shelley's Admiais (q.v.), Tennyson's In 
 •Memoriam (q.v-), and Matthew Arnold's 
 Thyrsis (q.v.). 
 
 ! Lycidus : " or, the Lover in 
 Fashion." A novel, by Mrs, Aphba 
 Behn, published in 1688. 
 
 ' Lyckpeuny, The London, .^ee 
 London Lyckpenny, The. 
 
 Lycus the Centaur. A poem, by 
 Thomas Hood, published in 1827. 
 
 Lydgate, John, monk of Bury 
 (b. 1375, d. 1460), wrote The Hysttmi, Serie, 
 d/iul Destruccymi of Troye (1513) j The 
 Storie of Thebes (1561); The Falls of 
 •Princes (1494) ; and several minor works, 
 including The Werke of Sapience; The 
 Zyf of our Ladye ; The Chorle and the 
 JSyrd'e; A Lytell Treatise of the Horse, the 
 Sliepe, ami the Goos; Proverhes; The 
 Temple of Glass; and The Cronpcle of all 
 the Kymitf Names. His leading works 
 
 were first printed in the years indicated. 
 The minor works were edited for the Percy 
 Society in 1842. See "Warton's English 
 Poetry and Morley's English Writers. See 
 Falls of Princes, The ; London Lyck- 
 penny i Eegimine ; Temple ofGlassej 
 Thebes, The Stoky of ; Teoye. 
 
 Lydgate, Mr. The doctor in 
 George Eliot's novel of Middlemctrch 
 (q.v.) ; eventually married to Rosamond. 
 
 " Lydian airs." See " Lap me in 
 
 soft," &c. ~ . 
 
 Lyell, Sir Charles (b. 1797, (L 
 1875), wrote The Principles of Geology 
 (1830, 1831, 1633, and 1834); A Visit to the 
 united States (1841 and 1845) ; and various 
 contributions to the Transactions of the 
 Geological Society of London, The Edin- 
 burgh Journal, and The Quarterly lie- 
 view. 
 
 Lying in all its Branches, HIus- 
 
 trations of. By Amelia Opie (1769— 
 
 1853). 
 
 Lyke-TVake Dirge, A. Printed 
 by Scott in his Border Minstrelsy. " Lyke- 
 wake " means " dead-watch," and the 
 dirge seems to have been sung over corpses, 
 in the North of England, so far down 
 as 1624. The "Brigg o' Dread " to which; 
 the ballad says, " we come at last," is de- 
 scribed, says Scott, in the legend of Sir 
 Owain ; and Allingham says that the 
 Orientals have a similar fancy of a narrow 
 bridge over au abyss. 
 
 Lyle, Mr., in Disraeli's Conmqshy 
 (q v.), is supposed to be intended for Lord 
 Surrey. 
 
 Lyly, or Lily John, dramatic poet 
 (b. 1563, d. 1001), wrote Euphues: The 
 Anatomy of Wit (1679) ; Euphues and his 
 Eng!and (1580) : Alexander and Campaspe 
 (1584) ; Sappo and Pliao (1591) ; Pap with a 
 Hatchet (1680), (q.v.) ; Endyinimi, the Man 
 in the Moon (1592) ; Euphues' Shadow 
 (1592), Galathea (1592); Midas (1692), (q.v.) ; 
 Mother Bombie (1594), (q.v.) ; The Woman 
 in the Moon (1597), (q.v.) ; The Maydea 
 Metamorphoses (1600) ; Loves ^etamor^ 
 pilosis (1601).; Six Court Comedies (1632) ; 
 and Euphues' and Lucilla (1716). Tor 
 Biography, see Collier's History qf Dra- 
 matic Poetry and "W. C. Hazlitt'a Hand- 
 book to Early English Poetry. For Criti- 
 cism, JIazlitVs Age of Elizabeth; Hallani's 
 Literature of Europe; Lamb's Specimens 
 of English Dramatic Poets; Coletidgo'a 
 Remains; H. Coleridge's J^'b/^s and Mar- 
 ginalia. An edition of Lyly's dramatic 
 works waa edited by F. W. Fairholt in 
 1858. See al.io Alexander and Ga)i[.i 
 PASPE J Endymion ; Euphues ; Gala- 
 thea. 
 
 Lynch, John, scholar (b. abont 
 1599, d. about 1674), was tile author of 
 Cambrensis Eversus (1662), afterwards 
 
LYN" 
 
 LYT 
 
 403 
 
 translated into Englisli from the Latin by 
 Kelly, for the Celtic Society : also, of All- 
 thinologia, 
 
 Iiynde, Sir Humphrey, (b. 1579, 
 d. 1036), Author of Via Tuta and Via 
 pevia, 
 
 Lyndon, Barry, Esq., The Me- 
 moirs of. A novel, by William Make- 
 peace Thackeray. 
 
 Iiyndsay, Sir David. See Lind- 
 
 BAY. 
 
 Iiynette. Thelieroine of one of 
 Tennyson's Idt/lls of the King. 
 
 " A damBel of high lineage, and a brow 
 May-blossom, and a check of applc-blossom, 
 Ilawk-cycs ; and lightly was her tenderuose 
 Tip-tilted like the petal of a flower." 
 
 It is she whom Gareth (q.v.) wins to be 
 his bride. 
 
 Lynn, Eliza. See Linton,. Eliza 
 
 liYXN. 
 
 Lyon, Rufus. The Dissenting min- 
 ister, in Geokge Eliot's novel of felix 
 Holt (q.v.) ; father of Esther. 
 
 Lyra Elegantiarum. A volume 
 of vers (le socUte, selected and arranged by 
 
 t'KEDEItICK LOCKEB (q.V.). 
 
 Lyra Hibemica: " Tlie Poems of 
 the Molony of Kilballymolony, " written 
 in a humorous imitation of. the Irish 
 dialect, by William Makepeace Thack- 
 EEAY (IRll— 1S63). They include, among 
 others. The Crystal Palaceand The Battle 
 bf Limerick, 
 
 ■ Lyra Linocentiuin : " Thouslits 
 inverse on Christian Children, their Ways 
 and Privileges," by the Eev. John Eeble 
 (1792—1866); published in 1846. 
 
 ■ Lyric Odes to the Royal Aca- 
 demicians for 1782. See Findas, Feteb. 
 
 Lyrical Ballads. A famous 
 volume, published by Joseph Cottle, at 
 Bristol, in 1798, in which Wokdswoeth 
 Inade his first appearance as a poet, in 
 conjunction with Colebidge. 
 
 . Lysander, in ^1 Midsumma- Nirjld's 
 t>ream (q.v.), is in love with Hermia (q.v.). 
 Lyte, Henry Francis, clcrgj'man 
 and poet (b. 1T93, d. 1847), was the author 
 of some tales in verse, illustrative of the 
 Lord's Prayer, and of various hymns. Home 
 of which are very popular, notably "Abide 
 with me." An edition of his Miacellane- 
 'ous Poems appeared in 1868 ; of his Spirit 
 of the Psalms in 1864. See liiddell Carre's 
 border Memories (1876) for a sketch of 
 Lyte's life. 
 
 Lyttelton, George, Lord, states- 
 man and author (b. 1709, d. 1773), wrote 
 Zetters from, a Persian in England to his 
 JHendin Ispahan (1735), Tlie Conversion 
 
 of St. Paul (1747), Dialogues of the Dead 
 (1760), TheJUstonj of Henry if. (1764), and 
 several poems, including Blenheim, The 
 Progress cfLove, and others. See theZi/'fl 
 by thillimore (1845). 
 
 Lytton, Lord. Edward Georjie 
 Earle Lyttou Bulwer-Lytton, novelist, 
 poet, dramatist, miscellaneous writer, ana 
 politician (b. 1805, d. 187.3), wrote Ismaelf 
 with other Poems (1820) ; prize poem on 
 SculptJ,re (ISa."!) ; Weeds and Wild Flowers, 
 poems (1826) ; O'Neill : or, the Behel (1627); 
 Falkland (1827); Pelham: or, tlie Advent 
 tares of a Gentleman (1S27) ; The Disovmed 
 (1828) ; Devereux (1829) ; Paul Clifford 
 (1830) ; The Siamese Twins, and other PO' 
 ems (1831) ; Eugene Aram (1831) ; Godolphin 
 (1838) ; England and the Enr/lisR (1S33) j 
 The Pilgrims of the Phine (1834) ; The Last 
 Days of Pompeii (1834) ; Tlte Crisis, a pam- 
 phlet (1834) ; The Student, essays (183B) ; 
 Pienzi, the Last of the Tribunes (1835) ; The _ 
 Dachess de la Valliire, a play (1836)- j 
 Athens : its Pise and Pall (1836) ; Mrrtesi 
 Maltravers (1837) ; Alice : or, the Mysteries 
 (1838): Leila: or, the Siege of Granadai 
 and Cfalderon the Courtier (183fe) ; Tlie Lady 
 of Lyons, a play (1838) ; Itichelieu, a play 
 (1839) ; The Sea Captain, a play .(1839) j 
 Money, a play (1S40) ; Night and Morning 
 (1841) ; ZanoM (1842) ; Eva aiid the Ill- 
 omened Marriage (1842)'; Poems and Hal- 
 lads of Schiller, translated (1844); The 
 Last t^ the Barons (1843) ; Confessions of a 
 Water Patient (1846); The New Timon 
 (1845); Lmiretih: or, the Children of the 
 Night (18*7) ; King Arthur (1848) ; The Cax- 
 tons: a Family Picture (1849) ; Harold, the 
 Last of the Saxons (1850) ; Not so Baa as 
 we Seem, a play (1851) ; My Novel : or. 
 Varieties nf Englisli Life (1853) ; What will 
 he do with it ? (1858) ; A Strange Stcry 
 (1862); Caxtoniana : 'xor. Essays on Life, 
 Literature, and Manners (1863) ; The Lost 
 Tales of Miletus (1866) ; The Pightfal 
 Heir, a, play, (1868); Walpole (1869); The 
 Coming Race (1871) ; The Parisians (1873) ; 
 Kenelm Chillingley (1873) ; and Pausanias 
 the Spartan (1876). An edition of his Dror 
 matic Works appeared in 1863 ; of his 
 Poems in 1865 ; and of his Miscellaneous 
 Prose Works in 1868. His Novels are pub- 
 lished in numerous editions. "Bulwer," 
 says an American writer^ *'was a novelist- 
 poet, and one of the most persistent. Dur- 
 ing middle age he renewed the efforts 
 made in his youth to obtaiii for his metiical 
 writings a recognition always accorded to 
 his ingenious and varied prose-romance; 
 but whatever he did inverse was the result 
 of deliberate intellect and culture. The 
 Are was not in him, and his measures do 
 not give out heat and light, and his shoiler 
 lyrics never have the true ring ; his transr 
 lations are somewhat rough nnd pedantic: 
 his satires were often in poor tast^, and 
 brought him no great profit ; his setipr 
 comic legendary poem of King Arthur is a 
 monument of industry, buit never was 
 
404 
 
 LYT 
 
 MAO 
 
 labour more hopelessly thrown away. In 
 dramas, like Jtichelicu and Coomwellj he 
 was more successful ; they contain pas- 
 sages which are wise, eloquent, and effec- 
 tive, though rarely giving out the subtile 
 aroiiia ,which comes from the essential 
 
 goetic principle. Yet Bulwer had an 
 onest love for the beautiful and sublime, 
 r.nd his futile effort to express it was 
 t.-lmost pathetic." Foi Biogrcwhi/, see the 
 
 Memoir prefixed by Robert, Lord Lytton 
 (q.v.) to his father's Speeches (1874). For 
 i^iticism, see Essays by George Brimley, 
 
 £!ssaj/8 on Fiction by Nassau W. Senior, 
 Essaj/s by W. C Koscoe, Quarterly Jtevieio 
 for January, 1865, BlackwoorVs Magazine 
 for March, 1873. Detailed notices of most 
 of the above named works will be found 
 under the respective titles. See also Bull, 
 Esq., Letters to John, on the Man- 
 agement OF HIS Landed Estates ; 
 Ckisis, The ; Stephen's, St, 
 
 Lytton, IfOrd. Edward Robert 
 •Bulwer-Lytton, poet and statesmen (b, 
 1831), has written Clytemnestra and other 
 Poems (1855) ; The Wanderer (1859) ; Lucile 
 C1860) ^ Julian Fane : a Memoir (1861) ; The 
 Ring of Amasis (1863) : Chronicles and 
 Characters (1868); Orval: or, the Fool of 
 Time (1869) ; and Fables in Song (1874) ; 
 also, in conjunction wlt^ Julian Fane 
 (q.v.), Tannhduser: or, the Battle of the 
 iarrfs (1861). See preceding article. ''Lyt- 
 ton," says Stedman, '< ad<is to an inherited 
 talent for melodramatic tale-writing a 
 poetical ear, good knowledge of effect, 
 and a taste for social excitements. His 
 ^ society-poems, with their sensuousness and 
 affected synicism, present a later aspect 
 of the quality that commended Ernest 
 Maltravers and Pelhain to the 'young peo- 
 ple of a former day. Some of his early 
 lyrics are tender, warm, and beautiful ; 
 but more are filled with hothouse passion, 
 with the radiance, not of stars, but of 
 chandeliers and gaslights. His volumin- 
 ous later works, in wiich every style of 
 poetry is essayed, certainly have not f ul- 
 Jilled the promise of his youth." See 
 Meredith, Owen ; Temple, Neville. ■ 
 
 M 
 
 Mab, Queen. A- poem by Percy 
 
 Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822), written in 
 1810, and containing many passages of 
 ima-^inative beauty, but clisrigured by a 
 crudenesB, not to say an immorality, of 
 thought, of which the poet learned after- 
 Wards tu be ashamed. 
 
 Mab. The queen of the fairies, 
 famous in English literature if only on 
 account of the exquisite description of her 
 put into the mouth of Mercutio, in Romeo 
 and Juliet, act i.( scene 4, beginning,— 
 
 " O, then, I Bce Queca Mab hath been with you." 
 Compare this with the Hues on Mab in 
 
 Drayton*8 Nymphidia* Ben JonsoM" 
 also alludes to 
 
 " Mab, the mistress faiiy, 
 That doth niehtly rob the ilaiiy, 
 She that pinches country wenches 
 If they rub not clean Oieir benches." 
 
 She also figures in one of Herbigk*8 
 
 lyrics. 
 
 Mabinogion, The : " or, Pairy 
 Tales of the Welsh,'* so far as we know 
 them, are Included in a MS- book of tlie 
 fourteenth century, preserved in 'Jesus 
 College, Oxford, and known as the Ked 
 Book of Hergest. This has been pub-< 
 lished both in the original Cymric and in 
 ail English translation by Lady Charlbtte 
 Guest (1838—49). It contains Welsh ver- 
 sions of three French Arthurian romances, 
 two British tales, asciibed to the time of 
 Arthur, a history of Taliesin not older 
 than the thirteenth century, and other 
 tales. Mabinogion, Morley tells us (Eng^ 
 lish Writers, I., ii.), is the plural of the 
 Welsh word Mabinogi, which means enter- ^ 
 tainment or instruction for the young, the "" 
 word being derived from Mab, a chlldr of 
 Maban, a young child. 
 
 Macaronic Verse takes its name 
 from the combination of burlesque Latiu 
 and Mantuan dialect, in which Theoph- 
 ilus Folengo (1491 — 1544) wrote the ad- 
 ventures of a certain Baldus. These he 
 divided into parts called Macaronea Prima, 
 Secunda, and so on, in reference to the 
 favourite dish in Italy, which bears much 
 the same significance there as our Jack 
 Pudding does in England, signifying a 
 booby and looby combined, such as Baldu^ 
 is represented: Since then, any combina- 
 tion of burlesque Latin with a modern 
 dialect in verso is termed Macaronic. It 
 was at one time very popular in England. 
 See Warton's History, iii., 284—5. See alsoj 
 
 POLEMO-MlDDIXIA. 
 
 " Macassar ! Thine incompar- 
 able oil." — BYitoK, i>o?i Juan, canto i., 
 stanza 17. 
 
 Macaulay, Lord, Thomas Babing- 
 
 ton (b. 1800, d. 1859), wrote several papery 
 in KnighVs Quarterly Magazine (1823 — ^24) ; 
 Essays in TJie Edinburgh Review (1825 — 
 44) ; Lays of Ancient Rome (1842), (q.v.) ; 
 History of England (unfinished) (1849—58) ; 
 biographies in The Encyclopcedia Britan- 
 nicn (1857—58) ; Speeches, and various mis- 
 cellanies. His ZJ/ehas been written h^ 
 Bean Milman (1862), the Kev. Frederick 
 Arnold, (I8G2), and G, O. Trevelyan (1876). 
 The last-named has also published Selec- 
 tions from his writings, (1876). Macaulay,*' 
 says Alexander Smith. "recogniSted xn&ix 
 mainly as Whigs and Tories. His idea of 
 the universe was a parliamentary one. 
 His insight into man was not deep. He 
 painted in positive colours. Ho is never 
 so antithetical as when describing charaor 
 ter. His cuticism is good enough as f ai 
 
MAC 
 
 MAO. 
 
 4a5s 
 
 as it goes, but it does not go far. He did 
 notj as Carlyle often doss, take hold of an 
 individual, and view him against immen- 
 sity ; lie takes a man and looks at him in 
 connection with contemporary events. 
 His pictorial faculty is amazijig ; neither 
 pomp nor circumstance cumbers it; it 
 moves along like a triumplial procession, 
 wliich no weight of insignia and baniipr 
 can oppress. He is the creator of the his- 
 torical essay, and in that department is 
 not likely soon to have a successor, His 
 nnftnished History^ is only a series of his- 
 torical pictures pieced together into one 
 imposing panorama, but throughout there 
 is wonderful splendour and pomp of 
 colour. Every figure, too, is fiiushed 
 down to the buttons and the finger nails." 
 *' Ix)rd Macanlay*s Lays of Ancient Rome " 
 says Stedmaiij "was a literary surprise, 
 but its poetry is the rhythmical outflow of 
 a vigorous and affluent writer, given to 
 splendour of diction and imagery in his 
 flowing prose. He spoke once in verse, 
 aiid unexpectedly. His themes were le- 
 gendary, and suited to the author's heroic 
 cast, nor was Latinism ever more poetical 
 than under his thoroughly sympathetic 
 handling. The Lays are criticised as be- 
 ing stilted and false to the antique, but 
 to me they have a charm, and to almost- 
 every healthy young mind are an imme- 
 diate delight. Where in modem ballad- 
 verse will you find more ringing stanzas, 
 or more impetuous movement and action ? 
 Within his range — little as one who met 
 hiju might have surmised it — Macaulay 
 was a poet, and of the kind which Scott 
 would have been the first to honour. 
 '"Horatius * and ' Virginius,' among the 
 Boman lays, and that resonant battle-cry 
 oi * Ivry,' have becdme, it would seem, a 
 lasting portion of English verse." See 
 'Meston, Tristram. 
 
 Macbeth A tragedy by "William 
 Shakespeare (1564—1616), £rst printed 
 in the Folio of 1623, but probably written 
 in 1606. The foundiation of the plot is to 
 be found in Holinshed*s Hist&ry of Scot- 
 land- Middleton's play of The Witoh, 
 from which Shakespeare was at one time 
 supposed to have borrowed his super- 
 natural machinery, was not written until 
 1613. ^'Macbeth," says Hazlitt, " (generally 
 speaking) is done upon a stronger, and 
 more systematic principle of contrast than 
 any other of Shakespeare^s plays. It 
 moves upon the verge of an abyss, and is 
 a constant struggle of life and death. 
 The action is desperate, and the reaction 
 is dreadful. It is a huddline together 
 of fierce extremes, a war of opposite 
 natures, which of them shall destroy 
 the other. There is nothing but what 
 had a violent end or a violent beginning. 
 The lights and shades are laid on witn 
 a determined hand ; the transitions from 
 laintnph to despair, from the heights of 
 terror to iE^e repose of deaths are sad- 
 
 den and startling ; every passion brings 
 in its fellow-contrary, ancf the thoughts 
 pitcli and jostle against each other as in 
 the dark. The play is an unruly chaos of 
 strange and forbidden things, where the 
 ground rocks under our feet. Shakespeare's 
 genius here took its full swing, and trod: 
 upon the furthest bounds of nature and 
 passion. Macbeth himself," continues tlie 
 same critic, " appears driven along by the" 
 violence of his fate, like a vessel drifting 
 before the storm. He is not equal to the 
 struggle between fate and conscience. In 
 thou^t he is absent and perplexed, sud- 
 den and desperate in act, f lom a distrust of 
 his own resolution. His energy springs 
 from the anxiety_ and agitation of his mind. ' 
 His blindly rushing forward on the objects 
 of his ambition or revenge, and his recoiling 
 from them equally betrays the harassed' 
 state of his feelings. This part of his char- 
 acter is admirably set off by being bi-ought ■ 
 in connection with that of Lady JVEacbeth^ 
 whose obdurate strength of will , and mas- 
 culine firmness give jifer the ascendency 
 over her husband's faltering virtue. She . 
 at Qnce seizes the opportunity that offers 
 for the accomplishment of their wished-for 
 greatness,' and never flinches from her 
 object till all is over. The magnitude of ' 
 her resolution almost covers the magni- , 
 tudc of her guilt. She is a great bad woman, 
 whom we hate, but whom we fear more-, 
 than we hat^." Mrs. Jameson says of 
 Lady Macbeth, that "her amazing power: 
 of intellect, her inexorable determination, 
 of purpose, her superhuman strength of- 
 nerve, render her fearful in herself asher 
 deeds are hateful ; yet she is not a mere 
 monster of depravity, with whom we liave . 
 nothing in common, nor a meteor whose . 
 destroying path we watch with ignorant-' 
 affright and amaze. She is a terrible im.-r 
 personation of evil passions, and mighty- 
 powers, never so far removed from our; 
 own nature as to he cast beyond the pale ■ 
 of our sympathies ; for the woman herself' 
 remains a^woman to the last, still linlced' 
 with her sex, and with humanity." See 
 also Coleridge's Remains^ and Schlegel's 
 DrcOnaiic Art. 
 
 Macbriar, Ephraim. A preacher, 
 in Sir Walter Scott's novel of Old Mor- 
 tality (q.v.). 
 
 Macbride, Miss. A prmid heiress^ 
 whose story is humorously told in verse by 
 John Godfrey Saxe, the American 
 writer. 
 
 McCarthy, Denis Florence, - 
 poet and miscellaneous writer (b. about 
 1820), has published Ballads, PoemSj and, 
 other Lyrics (1850), Under Glimpses, and/ 
 other Poems (1857), Bell-Founder^ and otiier 
 Poems (1857), Shelley's Early Life (1872) :. 
 Tite Poets and Dramatists of Ireland, and 
 a translation of Calderon's dramas itito 
 English. j ' 
 
 MoCartliyi Justin npv^Ust an4 
 
,406 
 
 MAC 
 
 MAO 
 
 jounialiat (b. 1830), ha3 published The 
 Waterdale JSTelgMxmra ; Mu Enemy's 
 Daughter ; Lady Judith ; A Fair Saxoii ; 
 Linley Jioch/ord; I)ear Lady Hisdam; 
 Miss Misanthrope ; and Con Amove ; 
 Critical Essays ; besides contributions to 
 reviews aud magazines. 
 
 Maccbiavelli, Niccolo. A per- 
 son in George Eliot's novel of liomoia 
 W-v.). 
 
 McCosh, James, D.D., (b. 1811), 
 has published Tlie Method of the IHvine 
 Government ; The Supernatural in Jiela- 
 tion to tJie NaturaX ; Christianity and Pos- 
 itivism; Tlie Scottish Phil-osojjhy^ from 
 Hutclieson to Hamilton; Examination of. 
 MilVs Philosophy ; The Laws qf Discursive 
 Tliought ; and other works. 
 
 MacCrie. Thomas, D.D., bio- 
 grapher (b. 1772, d. 1835), wrote a Life of 
 Knox (1811), a Life of Andrew Melville 
 (1819), a History of the Reformation in 
 Spain (1827), a History of the Peformation 
 in Italy (1829), and other works, which were 
 edited, with a memoir, by his son (1840). 
 
 McCuUoch, John Ramsay, po- 
 litical economist (b. 1789, d. 1864), wrote a 
 Discourse on Political Economy (1815), 
 Principles of Political Economy (1825) ; 
 a Dictionary of Commerce (1834), a Statls- 
 Itical Account qf tlie British Empire (1837), 
 '^.Dictionary, Geographical, Statistical and 
 Historical, ot the fPorW (1812). a Treatise 
 on Taxation and tlie Fundinq System 
 (1845), The Literatureof Political Economy 
 (t845). Treatises on Subjects Connected with 
 Economical Policy (1J*59) ; articles on 
 Money and Taxation in the eighth edition 
 of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and other 
 works. He edited the works of RicaMo, 
 with a Memoir ; Adam Smith's Wealth of 
 Nations, with Dissertations ; and volume's 
 of scarce trficts on the subject of trade. 
 He contributed to Tlie Scotsman for some 
 years, and was for some time ^editor of 
 The Edinburgh Iteview. 
 
 MacDiarmid, John, miscellati- 
 eous writer'(b. 1779, d. 1808), -wrote an Jn- 
 ffuirt/ into the System ■ of Military Defence 
 m Great Britain (1803), an Inquiry into the 
 N'atiire of Civil arul Military Subordina- 
 tion (1804), and Lives of British Statesmen 
 (1807). 
 
 M'Diarmid, John, journalist (b. 
 1789, d. 1852), edited Tlie Dumfries Courier, 
 and wrote several works. 
 
 MacDonald, Andreinr, Scottisir 
 dram.atic writer (b. 1765, d. 1790), was the 
 author of Velina (1782), The Independent, 
 Vimonda (1782), and of numerous other pro- 
 ductions. 
 
 MacDoncild, George, novelist 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 18^), has 
 written the following works in verse :— 
 Vithin. and' Without ^SSS); Poems (1867); 
 
 The Hidden Life, and other Poems (1864) ; 
 and The Disciple, and other Poems (1868) ; 
 also, the following books of fiction : — 
 Phantasies (1868) ; David Elginbrod (1862); 
 Adela Cathcart (1864) : The Portent (1864) ; 
 Alec Forbes, of Howglen (1666) ; Annals of 
 a Quiet Neighbourhood (1866): Guild Court 
 (1867) ; Dealings with the Fairies (1867);. 
 The Seaboard Parish (1867) ; Jtobert Fal- 
 coner (1868); Ranald Baimerman's Boy^ 
 hood (1869); At the Back of the North 
 Wind (1870) ; The Princess and the Goblin 
 (1871); The Vicar's Daughter (}Si2); Wil- 
 frid Oumhermede (1872); Guttapercha Wil- 
 lie (1873): Malcolm (1874) ; St. Georqe and 
 St. Michael (1876) ; The Wise Woman 
 (1875) ; Thomas Wingfold, Curate (1876) ; 
 The Marquis of Lassie (1877) : also, Un- 
 spoken Sermons (1866) ; England's Anti- 
 phon (1868) : The Miracles of Our Lord 
 (1870) ; aud ^2;o/ic5, a series of translations 
 (1876). "MacDonald," says Stedman, " has: 
 great abilities as a preacher and novelist,- 
 and in various literar>' efforts has shown, 
 himself possessed of deep emotion, and a. 
 fertile, delicate fancy. Some of his real- 
 istic, semi-religious tales of Scottifh Jife 
 are admirable. His poetiy, too often,: 
 when not common-place, is vague, e£fem-J 
 inate, or otherwise poor. Is it defective, 
 vision, or the irresistible tendency of race: 
 that inclines even the most unimaginative^ 
 North-country writers to what is termed) 
 mysticism?" 
 
 Macduff. A Scottisli tliane, in- 
 Macbeth, (q v.). 
 
 " Macedonia's Madman." Alex- 
 ander the Great. See Pope's Essay on 
 Man, 6pistl6 iv., line 220. 
 
 Macey, Mr. A cliarncter in George 
 Eliot's novel of Silas Mamer (q.v.). 
 
 Macfarlane, Robert, political 
 writer (b. 1734j d. 1804), was the author ot 
 The Reign, qf George III. See the Life by, 
 LawBon (1862). 
 
 Macfarren, George (b. 1788, (1. 
 1843), wrote the librettos of Malvina, The 
 Devil's Opera and Don Quixote, besides 
 some miscellaneous verse. 
 
 MacFingall. A satirico-political 
 poem, in the Hudibrastic stanza, by JOHW 
 TUUMBALL (1750—1831), the hero of which, 
 is described as a New England squire of 
 the Royalist or Tory party in the Ameri- 
 can Revolution, who is continually en- 
 gaged in controversial warfare with Hono- 
 riuB, the leader of the Whigs or rebels. 
 
 MacFIecknoe: "or, a Satire on 
 the True-Blue Protestant Poet T. S." 
 (Thomas Shadwell, the dramatist) : by the 
 author of Absalom and Achitophel (JoBN 
 Drydes), (q.v.) ; published on October 
 4th, 1682. Richard Flecknoe (q.v.), an 
 Irish priest, from whom the piece takes 
 its title, was so distinguished for hlg 
 wi^ftched verses that Ills ufimeliad be^ 
 
MAO 
 
 MAO 
 
 407 
 
 come proverbial. Dryden describes Sbad- 
 vrelL as the adopted sou of this reverend 
 monarch, who long 
 
 *• In prose and verse wnB own'rt ■without dispute 
 Through all the realms of Nonsense abeolutc." 
 
 The solemn Inauguration of Shadwell as 
 his successor forms the plan of this scath- 
 ing satire, which Pope has imitated and 
 scarcely surpassed in his 7)unc*arf (q.v.). 
 Sed llazUtt's English Poets. 
 
 MacPlimsey, Flora. The lieioine 
 in Butler's humorous poem of NothiriQ 
 to Wear (q.v.)- 
 
 Macgregor, Malcolm. Tlie non 
 de -.plume under which William Maso2T 
 (I7si5— 179j) ^rotehis Heroic Epistle to Sir 
 fVilliani Chambers (q.vO- 
 
 Macheath, Captain. The high- 
 wayman-hero of Gay's Beggar's Opera i 
 ** aUne, gay, bold-faced ruthan," as Scott 
 callshim, ** who is game to the last.*' 
 
 Maclvor, Fergus. Cliief of Glen- 
 naquoicks, in Sir Walter Scott's novel 
 of Waoerley (q.v.). 
 
 Maclvor, Flora. The heroine of 
 Waverley (q.v.) ; sister of Fergus Maclvor 
 (q.v.). 
 
 .. Mackay, Charles, I1L.D., poet 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1814), has pro- 
 duced Ppems (1834), Memoirs of Extraordi- 
 nari/ Popular Delusions (1841), XVje Sala- 
 mandrine (1842), Legends oftiie Isles (184S), 
 Voices from- the Mountains (1846^ Town 
 liyrtcs (1847), Egeria (185Uh The Lump of 
 Gold (1856), Under Gre&ti Leaves (1857), A 
 Man^s Heart (I860), Studies from the 
 Antique and S/cetckes from Nature (1864), 
 Under the Blue Sky (1871), Lost Beauties 
 i^the English Language (1874), and other 
 works. A collected edition of his pOems 
 appeared in 1876, He was editor of the 
 Glasgow Argus from 1844 to 1847. See his 
 Eortg Years* Itecoilectioris (1876). *'Dr. 
 Mackay, in the course of a long and pro- 
 lidc career, has furnished many §ood 
 songs. Some of his studied productions 
 have merit, but his proper gift is con- 
 fined," says an American critic, '* to lyri- 
 cal work." ■ 
 
 Mackenzie, George, biographer 
 (d. 1726), wrote Lives and Characters of the 
 TJf^st Eminent Writers of tJie Scdts Nation 
 (1708—1722). 
 
 Mackenzie, Sir George, Scotch 
 lawyer and miscellaneous writer (b. 1636, 
 d. 1691), wrote Jieligio Stolci. Moral Es- 
 s^gs upon Solitudet Laws and Customs in 
 - Matters Criminal^ and other works. His 
 Memoirs yf ere published by M*Crie. Mac- 
 kenzie was the founder of the Edinburgh 
 Advocate's Library (q.v.), 
 
 Mackenzie, Henry, essayist alid 
 Um-ellst (tf. iT^rd. ^mxy^MTtbi^-TheMamof 
 Feeling (1771) ; The Man of the Wofl^iCm. 
 
 Julia de JioubignS ; besides contributing 
 largely to The Mirror (q.v.). (1778) ; The 
 Lounger (1785), (q.v:) ; and the Tranmc~ 
 tions of the lioj/al Society ofEdinburgh.^i.6 
 also publish'dd a volume of translations 
 and dramatic pieces, in 1791 ; a Life of 
 JHacJclock, in " 1793: and a Life of John 
 Home, author Of iJouglas {q.Y.)^ iu 1812. 
 An edition of liis Works was published in 
 1808. See Addison of the North. 
 
 Mackey, John, writer and politi- 
 cian (d. 1726), was author of the Court of 
 St. Germains. 
 
 Mackiutosh, Sir James, states- 
 mail, historian, 'and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1765,. d. 1832), wrote' jf'Ae Jiegency Ques^ 
 tion (1788) ; VmtUcice GallictB (1791), (q.v.). 
 contributions to TJie Monthly ^Beyiew 
 (1796) ; On the Study of the Law of Ndtw& 
 and Nations (1799) ; The Trial of John 
 Pelttxr^Esq. (1803) ; a, Dissertation on Ethi^ 
 cal Philosophy (1830) ; a History of Eng^ 
 la^d (1830—32) ; History of the Iteformaton 
 in England in 1688 (1834) ; a Life ofSif 
 Thojnas, More (1844) ; and other publican 
 tions. His miscellaneous 7roW:shave been 
 published in three volumes. His Memoirs 
 were edited by his son Bobert, in 1835. ^ 
 
 Macklin, Charles, dramatist and 
 actor (.b. 1690, d. 1797), wrote The Man 
 of tlie World (q.v.); Love d. la Mode 
 (1760), (q.v.) ; and_ The Married Liber^ 
 tin6 (1761). The i;wo former were printed 
 in 1793. His Life wns written by Kirk- 
 man in 1799, and by William Cooke. * His 
 Menwirs appeared in 1804. 
 
 M'Knight, James, D.D., Scotcl^ 
 Presbyterian minister (b. 1721, d. 1800!)i 
 wrote A Harmony of the Gospels (1756), 
 TJie Truth of the Gosjiel history (1763), Aftd 
 A New Ttanslation 6f the Apostolical Epis^ 
 ties (1795). ---■.- ^ ' :> 
 
 Maclagan, Alexander, poet (b: 
 
 1811), published Poems (1841), ShetcJtesfrom 
 Nature (1849), and Magged and Industrial 
 School Bhymes. 
 
 Maclaren, Charles, mis^cellnneous 
 writer (b- 1782, d. 1866), wrote The Geology 
 of Fife and the Lothians (1839), a Disserta^ 
 tion on the Topography of the Plain of Troy 
 ^1822), and Other works. His Select Writ^- 
 tngs were published^ with a Memoir, in 
 1869. He was the original editor of The 
 Scotsman newspaper, which first appearn 
 ed in 1817. 
 
 Maclehose, Mrs. See Clabini^a. 
 
 Macleod, Norman, D.D., Pres- 
 byterian minister and miscellaneous writ- 
 er (b, 1812, d. 1872), was the author of The 
 Ota Lieutenant and his Son; The Starling y 
 Wee Davie; The Gold STArecw/, and othey 
 stories ; Eastward ; Peeps at the Fp/r East ; 
 RemhiiscenceHofa £liahlandPari$}tfSimplk 
 ■2Vii«fl» Spofeeh to WorhiMg PeopU i mm. 
 
403 
 
 MAO 
 
 MAD 
 
 Bome fugitive Eermons. See tlie Life 
 ly his brother (1876) ; also, The Church 
 Quarterly HevievJ for the same year (article 
 by W. E. Gladstone). 
 
 M'Wally," Leonard, lawyer and 
 diamati3t(b. 1752,d. 1820), was the author 
 of some now forgotten tragedies, 
 
 MacNeill, Hector, poet and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1746, d. 1818), wrote 
 The Harp (1789) ; Scotland Skatth : or, the 
 Jfistortj o' Will and Jean (1795) ; The 
 'Links of Forth (1796); The Woes o' War 
 (179G) ; Memoirs of CJtarles Macpherson; 
 The Pastoral and Lyric Muse of Scotland ; 
 Town Fashions ; By-gone Times ; and The 
 Scottish Adventurer. 
 
 Macnish, Robert, LL.D. (b. 1802, 
 d. 1837), was the author of Tlie Metempsy- 
 chosis (IS25), The Anatomy of Drunkenness, 
 The Philosophy of Sleep, and other works. 
 His miscellaneous works were collected 
 and published by his friend, D. M. Moir. 
 
 Macpherson, James, poet (b. 
 ]T38, d. 179G), wrote The mghlanclers (q.v.) : 
 Fragments of Ancient Poetry (1760) ; Finr/al 
 (1762), (q.T.) ; Temora (1763), (q.v.) ; an '/«- 
 iroduction to tJie ITtstort/ of Great Britain 
 and Irelaiul; a prose translation of The 
 Iliad,- a History of Great Britain from the 
 Restoration to the Accession of the House 
 of /Tanoiier (1771— 75); and two volumes of 
 Original Papers (1776). See Shorter Enr/- 
 lish Poems, by Henry Morley. See also 
 OssiAJr. 
 
 Macquoid, Eatherine S., nnvel- 
 Jst, has written Hester Kirton, Patty, 
 Tlirough' Normandy, Through Brittany, 
 and many other works. 
 
 Macrabin, Mark. Tlie pseu- 
 donym under which a Cameronian, pos- 
 sibly Allan Cunningham (q.v.), contribut- 
 ed to Blacktoood*s Magazine a series of 
 Jiecollections, 
 
 Macrabin, Peter. One of tlie 
 'interlocutors in the Nodes Ambrosiance 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Macready, To 'William Charles. 
 
 A sonnet by Alfred Tennyson, read by 
 John Forster at a dinner given to the 
 celebrated actor on his retirement from 
 the stage, in 1851. It has never been repub- 
 lished In England, though some of the 
 lines are notable : — 
 
 ** Thine in it, tlint our dramn did not die, 
 Nor flicker down to brainless pantotnimc, 
 And tliosc Kilt gauds men-children swarm to sec. 
 
 Farewell, Mnerearty : moral, grave, sublime, 
 Our ShHkesp3aro's bland ond universal eye 
 Dwells pleased, thro' twice a hundred years on 
 thee." 
 
 MacSycophant, Sir Fertinaz. 
 
 The leading character in Macklin's com- 
 edy of Tlie Man qfthe World (q.v.). 
 
 MacTab, The Hon. Alias Luore- 
 tifti iu CoZiMAir's comedy of The Poor 
 
 Gentleman (q.v.), is a Scotch maiden iady, 
 at once proud and poor. 
 
 MaoTurk, Captain Hector, in Sir 
 
 Walter Scott's novel of St. Itonan's 
 Well, is one of the managing committee of 
 the spa. 
 
 Mad Dog, Elegy on the Death 
 
 of a. A comic ballad by Olivek Gold- 
 smith (1728—1774) ; telling how 
 
 " A dog, to gain some private ends, ^ 
 Went mad, and hit a man ; " 
 
 and how, strangely enough, though 
 
 ** The man recovered of the bite. 
 The dogit was that died." 
 
 Mad Lover, The. A play by 
 Beaumont and Fletoheb. 
 
 Mad World, my masters, A. A 
 comedy by Thomas Middleton, written 
 in 1608. 
 
 Madagascar. A poem by Sir 
 William Davenant (1605—1668), pub. 
 lished in 1638. 
 
 Madden, Richard Robert, M.D., 
 
 poet and miscellaneous writer (b. 1798), has 
 written The Infirmities of Genius (1833) ; 
 Poems on Sacred Subjects (1838) ; Poems on 
 Caban Slavery, translated from the Span- 
 ish (1840) ; Lives and Times of United Irie/^ 
 men (1842, 1843, and 1846) ; Memoirs if tlli 
 Countess of Blessington (1856) ; Pliantas- 
 mata: or, illusions and Fanaticisms of an 
 Epidemic Character (KUT) ; Irish Periodic 
 cslI Literature (186T) ; and other works. 
 
 " Madden round the land, They 
 
 rave, recite, and." — Tope, Prologue to hit 
 Satires, line 6. 
 
 " ' Made,' quoth the fello-vr, 
 
 with a smile, • to sell.* " — ^Wolcot (" Peter 
 Pindar "), Odes, ode iii. 
 
 Madeline. The heroine of Lord 
 Lytton*s novel of Eugene Aram (q.v.). 
 
 Madeline. A feminine portrait 
 by Alfked Tennyson, published in 1830. 
 
 " Smiling, frowning, evermore, 
 Tliou art perfect m iQve lore . . 
 ■ Ever varying Madeline." 
 
 " Madness in the brain. Doth 
 work like."— COLEKIDGE, Christabel, part 
 ii. 
 
 " Madness laughing •wild. 
 
 Moody."— Gkay, Ode on Eton College. 
 
 "Madness, Moonstruck." — 
 
 Paradise Lost, x\., 486. 
 
 "Madness, That fine."— Drat- 
 
 TON, Polyolbion: — 
 
 "Which rightly should possess a poet's brain." 
 
 " Madness (though this be), yet 
 there's method iu It."— Hamlet, act ii., 
 scene 2^ 
 
MAD 
 
 MAI 
 
 40S 
 
 " Madness to defer, 'Tis." — 
 
 Young, Night Tlumghts, i. 390. 
 
 Madoc. A poem, in two parts, by 
 BoBEKT SOUTHEY (1774— 1843), published 
 in 1805, and founded upou some sort of 
 historical basis. It relates 
 
 "'ITow Madoc from the shorca of Britain Hpread 
 The adveDturo.u8 suit, explored the ocean paths, 
 And quelled barbarian powcrfl, and overtm-eTT 
 The bloody altarB of idolatry, 
 And planted in its fanes triumphantly 
 The cross of Christ." 
 
 The first part relates the adventures of 
 the hero in Wales ; the second, his adven- 
 tures in Aztlan. 
 
 Madoc ap Iddon, King of Gvrent, 
 in South Wales (d. 1180) See Stephen's 
 Literature o/tjte Kymri, 
 
 • Madonilla. See Astell, Maky. 
 
 Maecenas, The Last English. A 
 
 name bestowed on Samuei, . Bogebs 
 (a.T). 
 
 Mseoniee : " certain excellent 
 poems and spiritual hymnes," by'BoBERT , 
 SoHTHWELL (1560 — 1595), published in 
 1595. 
 
 Meeviad, The. A satirical poem 
 hy William Giffokd (1757—1826), pub- 
 lished in 1795, and directed against certain 
 dramatists of the day, who had become in- 
 fected by the absurdities of the Delia 
 Gruscan school. 
 
 Maga. See Blackwood's Maga- 
 
 Mageoghegan, James (b. 1702, 
 d. 1764), wrote A History of Ireland. 
 
 Maggots: "or, poems on Sereral 
 Subjects, never before handled. By a 
 Scholar," i.e., Samuel Weslbit (1662— 
 1735). It was published in 1685. "Pre- 
 iixed to this sin^lar effusion of metrical 
 jocoseness is a figure of a man writing at 
 a table, with a laurel crown, and a large 
 maggot on his forehead, said to represent 
 Samuel Wesley, the elder." 
 
 "Magic numbers and persua- 
 sive sound. By."— COSGEEVE, The Mount' 
 ing Bride, act i., scene 1. 
 
 " Magic of a name. The." — 
 
 Campbell's Pleasures' of Hope, pt, ii., 
 line 6. 
 
 "Magic of the mind. The." — 
 Byron, The Corsair, canto i,, stanza 8. 
 
 Magician, The Great. See Great 
 Magician, The. 
 
 Maginn, William, LL.C, journal- 
 ist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1794, d. 
 1842), wrote Shakespeare Papers, Homeric 
 Ballads, and numerous contributions to 
 Blackwood* s Maganine, The JRepresenta- 
 ttse,Jolm Bull, The Stm^afd, Aadt Frit- 
 
 ter's Magaxi/ne. See The JhMin Vniver^ 
 sity Magazine for January, 1844. See 
 Odoherty, Sir Morgan. 
 
 Magnetic Iiady, The : " or; Hu- 
 mours Beconciled.!' A comedy by Ben 
 JONSON, produced in 1632. 
 
 Magnificence. See Magnyft- 
 
 CEHOE. 
 
 Magnus, Mr. Peter, is tlie liero 
 of a humorous episode in Dickens's Pic/;- 
 wick Papers (q.v.). 
 
 Magnyfycence. A moral play 
 by " Mayster Skelton, poeirlaureate, late 
 deceased ; " j>robabIy written before the 
 end of the rejgn of Henry VII., and while 
 the poet was tutor to Henry "VIII. Its 
 moral purpose is to demonstrate the van- 
 ity of earthly grandeur. See Drama. 
 
 Magus: "or, the Celcstinl Intel- 
 ligencer," being a complete system of oc» 
 cult philosophy, by FRANCIS Barrett, 
 publislied in ISOl. 
 
 Magwitch, Abel. The convict, 
 in Dickens's novel of Great ExpecteCtiqnt 
 (l-v.). 
 
 Mahogany Tree, The. A lyric 
 by William Makepeace Thackeray. , 
 
 Mahony, Francis. See Psout, 
 
 Father. 
 
 Silahu. The fiend of stealing in 
 King Lear, act i^-j scene 1. 
 
 Maid Marion. A romance by 
 Thomas Love Peacock (1785— 1866), pub- 
 lished in 1822. 
 
 " Maid-mother by the crucifix. 
 Or the:"— Tennyson, The Palace of Art. 
 
 " Maid of Athens, ere we part." 
 First line of the famous lyric by Lord- 
 Byron (1788—1824), which was written at 
 Athens in 1810, The subject of it after* - 
 wards married a gentleman named Black*: 
 The Greek refrain, Zui) juov, eras aA<iiru 
 (Zoe mou, sas agapo), means " My life, I 
 love you." "Istambol" is Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Maid of Elvar, The. A " rustitj 
 epicy" in -twelve parts, by Allan Cun- 
 ningham (1784—1842), published in 1S!32. 
 
 "Maid of my love, s-w-eet Gen- 
 evieve."— Gereeuiew, by Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge. 
 
 Maid of the Oaks, The. A play 
 by General John Burgoyne (q.v.). 
 " Maiden meditation, fancy free, 
 
 In." A description applied to Queen 
 Elizabeth by Shakespeare in A Midsum- 
 mer Nighfs Dream, act ii., scene 1. 
 
 "Maiden of bashful fifteen, 
 
 The," Celebrated, together with "the 
 widow of fifty," " the flaunting, extnw; 
 18 
 
410 
 
 MAI 
 
 MAL 
 
 gantquean," and "tlws housewife that's 
 thrifty," in a aoiig by Shekidan in The 
 iichootfor Scandal, act iii., scene 3, 
 
 Maidenhood. A lyriu by Henrt 
 Wadswokth Longfellow :— 
 
 *' Standine with reluctant feet 
 Where the brook and river meet. 
 Womanhood and childliood fleet.** 
 
 " Maidens -withering on the 
 
 stalk." — WoiiDSWOKTH, Personal Talk, 
 Btanza 1. 
 
 Maid's Revenue, The. A tragedy 
 by James Shirlev (1594— 16G6). 
 
 Maid's Tragedy, The. A play by 
 Francis Beaumont and John Fletch- 
 er, first printed in 1619. "Unfortunate- 
 ly," saya Hallam, ** beautiful and essen- 
 tially moral as it is, it cannot be called a 
 tragedy for maidSj abounding as it does in 
 that protracted indecency which distin- 
 guished Fletcher beyond all our early dra- 
 mafcistB." "The character of Evadne" 
 (q.v.), saya Hazlitt, " her naked, unblush- 
 ing impudence— her ntter insensibility to 
 any motive but her own ipride and infehna- 
 tion^her heroic superiority to any signs of 
 shame or scruples of conscience, are well 
 described. Amintor (q.v.), who is meant 
 to be the hero of the piece, is a feeble, ir- 
 resolute character ; his slavish, recanting 
 loyalty to his prince, who has betrayed and 
 dishonoured him, is of a piece with the 
 tyranny and insolence of which he is the 
 Biiort. Aspasia (q.v.) is a beautiful sketch 
 of resigned, broken-hearted melancholy." 
 It is related by Fuller, In connection with 
 this play, that "Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 meeting once in a tavern to continue the 
 rude draught of a tragedy, Fletcher under- 
 took to kill the king therein ; these words 
 being overheard by a listener (though his 
 loyalty not to be blamed therein), he was 
 accused of high treason, till the mistake 
 soon appearing that the plot was only 
 against a dramatic and scenical king, all 
 wound off in merriment. 
 
 " Main chance, Be careful still 
 of the." — Drydbn's translation of the 
 Satires of Persius, sat. vi. 
 
 Mair, or Major, John, Professor 
 of Divinity at St. Andrews (b. 1469, d. 
 1550>. wrote a History <^ Great Britain 
 (I52i)^ and various moral and theological 
 treatises. 
 
 'Maitland Club, The, consisting of 
 one hundred (formerly fifty) literary anti- 
 
 JuaHes, was instituted at Glasgow, in 
 B28. A large number of important works 
 have been published under its auspices. 
 
 Maitland MSS.of the Sixteenth 
 
 Century, CoUected by Sir Richard Mait- 
 land in 1655, and consisting of a collection 
 pf miscellaneous poetry, in two volumes, 
 ending with the year 1585. They are pre- 
 BervBd in the Pepyslan library, Magdalen 
 College, Cambridge. 
 
 Maitland, Sir Richard (!). 1496, 
 d. 1586), was the collector of the Maitland 
 MSS. (q.v.), and the author of some moral 
 and conversational pieces. 
 
 "Majestic silence!" — ^Heber,P«/- 
 
 estine, 
 "Majestic though in ruin." — 
 
 Paradise Lostj bk. ii.,line 305. 
 
 Majesty in Misery : " or, an 
 Imploration to the King of Kings.'* A 
 lyiic, in twenty-four triplets, "written by 
 his late Majesty, King Charles I. of Eng- 
 land, during his captivity at Carisbrook 
 Castle, 1648, ' and printed by Burnet in 
 his Memoirs of the Duke of Hamilton, 
 " This prince*" says Horace Walpole, 
 " like his father, did not confine himself to 
 prose. Bishop Burnet has given us a 
 pathetic elegy, said to be written by 
 Charles in Carisbrooke Castle. The poetry 
 is most uncouth and inharmonious, but 
 there are strong thoughts in it, some good 
 sense, and a strain of majestic piety." 
 " The truth of the sentiment," says Hume, 
 " rather than the elegance of the expres- 
 sion, renders them very pathetic." 
 
 Major, John. See Mair, John. 
 
 "Make a vertue of necessite. 
 
 To." See Chaucer's poem of The Kn'ghVa 
 Tale, line 3,044. See also The Two Gentle- 
 men of Verona, and Dryden'S poem of 
 Palawan and Arcite. 
 
 " Making night hideous." — Ham.^ 
 let, act i., scene 4. 
 Malagigi. A character in Abiosto's 
 
 Orlando Furioso. 
 
 Malagroiivther, Malachi. The 
 signature appended by Sir "Walter Scott 
 to several letters contributed to The Edirv' 
 burgh Weekly Journal in 1826. They were 
 written in condemnation of the proposal 
 by the British Government that the cir- 
 culation of bank notes in Scotland should 
 be restricted to those of five pounds or 
 more ; and they produced, says Lockhart, 
 " a sensation not perhaps inferior to that> 
 of the Drapier's letters (q.v.) in Ireland ; a 
 greater one, certainly, than any political 
 tract had excited in the British public at 
 large since the appearance of Burke^s ^e- 
 flections on the French Sevolution.** 
 
 Malagro-wther, Sir Mungo, in 
 
 Sir Walter Scott's novel of The Po}"- 
 tunes of Nigel, is "a ma,n of birth and 
 talents,Dutnaturally unamiable and soured 
 by misfortune, who now endeavours, by 
 the \tnsparing exercise of a malicious 
 penetration and a caustic wit, to retaliate 
 on an unfriendly world, and to reduce its 
 happier inhabitants to a momentary level 
 with himself." 
 
 Malaprop, Mrs., in Sheridan's 
 Rivals isi.v.), is a pretentious, meddling old 
 lady, who indulges iu fine longaage and, 
 
MAIi 
 
 MAIi 
 
 411 
 
 fine aits, and in her ignorance perverts the 
 meanings of words in the most ludicrous 
 manner. If some of her mistakes are ex- 
 travagantly absurd, they are always amus- 
 ing ; and many of her sayings, such as 
 ** Comparisons are odorous," ** LiJce Cer- 
 berus, three gentlemen at once," and 
 ^ •* Headstrong as an allegory on the hanks 
 of thtt Nile," have become proverbial. 
 She Is evidently the prototype of Mrs, 
 Kamsbottom, Mrs. Partington, and others. 
 The name, of course, is from the French 
 " mal-£lpropos." 
 
 Malbecco. A character in Spen- 
 SBR's FaHrie Queene. 
 
 Malcolm, Tlie eldest son of Dun- 
 can, King of Scotland, in Macbeth (q.v.). 
 
 Malcolm, Sir John, soldier dip- 
 lomatist, and author (b. 1769, d. 1833), wrote 
 A History of Persia (1815), A SketQk of the 
 Political History of India from 1784 tolSll. 
 Sketches of the Sikhs, Persia, a poem, and 
 a Life of Clive. His own Life was written 
 by Sir W. Kaye (185G)- 
 
 Malcontent, The. A tragi-comedy 
 by John Marstow (b. 1575, d. after 1633), 
 produced in 1604, and afterwards revised 
 and augmented by the author, with addl- 
 tioiia by John "Webster. Dyce has includ- 
 ed it in his edition of Webster^s works. 
 
 ^- Maldon, The Battle of. The sub- 
 feet of, an old English poem, of which 
 there is still extant the copy of a fragment 
 containing about 650 lines. The whole 
 was printed by Thomas Hearne, as prose, 
 at the end of his edition ' of The Chronicle 
 ofJahn of GlasUmpury. 
 
 Malfy.The Duchess of. A tragedy 
 by JOHN' Webster, first printed in 1623, 
 or which Charles Lamb says:— "To move 
 a. horror skilfully, to touch a soul to the 
 quick, to lay upon fear as much as^ it can 
 bear, to wear and weaiy a life till it is 
 - ready to drop, and then step in with mortal 
 ihstruments to take its last forfeit— this 
 only a Webster can do." "1 do not know," 
 says Hazlitt, "but the occasional strokes 
 of passion are even prof oundfer and more 
 Shakespearian [than in the White Devil, 
 q,T.l, but the story is more laboured, and 
 the horror is accumulated to an overpower- 
 ing and insupportable height. The scenes 
 of the mad-house and the interview* be- 
 tween the duches and her brother exceed, 
 to my thinking, the just bounds of poetry 
 iand tragedy." 
 
 Mallet, David, poet and miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1700, d. 1765), wrote Wil- 
 liammid Marfforet. (1727), (q.v.) : The Ex- 
 cursion (1728), (q.v.) ; Eurydice (1731) ; 
 l^erhal Criticism (1733), (q.v.) ; Mastapha 
 (1739); a Life of Bacon (1740) : Amyntor 
 
 Anderson's edition of The British Poets, 
 See Alfred. 
 
 Malmesbury, "William of. iSee 
 William of Malmesbury. 
 
 Malone, Udmund, critic and com- 
 mentator (b. 1741, d. 1812), published an 
 edition of Goldsmith's works in 1776 ; au 
 
 Attempt to Ascertain the Order in which 
 Shakespeare^ s Plays were Written (1176)', an 
 edition of the poems and doubtful plays o^ 
 Shakespeare (1780); an edition of the plays 
 and poems of Sbakespeare .(1790) ; Cursory . 
 Remarks on the Eowley Controversy (1782); 
 an Inquiry into the Authenticity of ceriaiii 
 Papers attributed to SJiakespeare (1796) ;. a 
 Memoir of Sir Joshua Reynolds (1797) ; an 
 edition of the works of Dryden, with a 
 Life of the author (1800) ; and an- editionof 
 Gerard Hamilton's works, with Memoir 
 (1808). The Life of Malone has been writ- 
 ten by Sir James Prior (1860). 
 
 Malory, Sir Thomas. See Ar- 
 thur, King of Great Britain. Also 
 Warton's English Poetry, ii., 3. 
 
 Malthus, Thomas Robert, polit- 
 ical economist (b. 1766, d. 1834), wrote an 
 unpublished pamphlet. The Crisis (1792), 
 A,n Essay on the Principle of Population 
 (1803), An Inquiry into the Nature and Pro^ 
 gress of Rent (1815), Principles of Political 
 Economy (1820), and various oblier works, ^ 
 list of which will be found in MacCuUoch's- 
 Literaticre of Political Economy. A L^fe 
 of Malthus was written by Dr. Otter in 
 1836. "Malthus," says Southey, " tells us 
 that the way to reduce our poor-rates is 
 to persuade our lower orders to con-_ 
 tinence ; to discourage them as much as 
 possible from marrying ; to preach wed- 
 ding sermons to them, if they will marry, 
 upon the immorality of breeding — that 
 being a luxury reserved only for those who 
 can afford it— and if they will persist in so 
 improper and immoral a practice, after so, 
 solemn and well-timed a warning, to leave 
 them to the' punishment of severe want, 
 and rigidly deny all parish assistance. The 
 rich are called upon for no sacrifices ; 
 nothing more is required of them than 
 that they should harden their hearts. 
 That we may not be suspected of exagger- 
 ating the detestable hard-heartednesa of 
 his system, we present it in his own lan- 
 guage." *' Whether," says Nassau Senior, 
 "* in the absence of-disturbing causes, it be 
 a tendency o£ subsistence or of population 
 to advance with greater rapidity, is a ques- 
 tion of slight importance, if it be acknowl*' 
 edged that human happiness or misery de- 
 pends principally on their relative ad- 
 vance, and that there are causes within 
 human control by which that advance cq,ir 
 be regulated. These are propositions 
 >vhich Malthus has established by facta 
 and reasonings \vhich, o[)posed as , they, 
 were to long-rooted prejudice, arid assailfed 
 by every spicies of sophistry and damour, 
 
413 
 
 MAIi 
 
 MAN 
 
 are now admitted Tby the- majority of 
 reasoiiers, and even by a large majority of 
 tbose who take their opinions on trust." 
 See PBtHcifLE orPopULATioif. 
 
 Maltravers, Ernest. A novel by 
 tord LYTTOif, published in 1837, and fol- 
 lowed, in 1838, by a sequel, entitled Alice : 
 '" " " tterieB. 
 
 Malvil. A character in Mcbpht's 
 comedy of Kjiow your own Mind, which, 
 formed the foundation on which Sheridan 
 erected the character of Joseph Surface 
 (q.T.). 
 
 Malvolio. Steward to Olivia in 
 Twelfth Night (q.v.). -' We have a regard," 
 says Hazlitt, " for Malvolio, and sympa- 
 thize with his gravity, his smiles, his cross 
 garters, his yellow stockings, and imprison- 
 ment in the. stocks." Tlie unfortunate 
 steward has also found an eloquent ad- 
 mirer and defender in Charles l7amb, who 
 thinks that he was " not essentially ludi- 
 crous," but " becomes comic by accident. 
 His morality and his manners are mis- 
 placed in Illyria. He is opposed to the 
 proper levities of the piece, and falls in the 
 unequal contest. His l>earing is lofty, a 
 little above his station, but probably not 
 above his station. We see no reason why 
 he should not have been brave, honourable, 
 accomplished. His dialect on all occa- 
 sions is that of a gentleman and man of 
 education. We must not confound liim 
 Tfritli the eternal, old, low steward of com- 
 edy. He is master of the household of a 
 great princess, a dignity probably conferred 
 upon him for other respects than age or 
 length of service." 
 
 Mamiliua. Prince of Sicilia, in 
 The Winter's Tale (q.v.). 
 
 "Mammie's ae bairn, I am my." 
 
 First line of a song by Bobert Burns 
 (1759"-1796), of which the chorus runs ;— 
 
 " Tm owre young, I'm owre young, 
 I'm owre young to marry yet ; 
 I'm owre young.^twould be a sin 
 To tak me fmo my mammic yet." 
 
 Mammon, Sir Epicure, in Ben, 
 
 Joitson's Alchemist (q.v.), is a .wealthy 
 knight, who falls a victim to the arts of 
 Subtle (q.v.), and expends his fortune in a 
 vain search after the secret of inexhausti- 
 ble wealth. "Epicure Mammon," says 
 Charles Lamb, "is the most determined 
 offspring of the author. It is just such a 
 swaggerer as contemporaries have de- 
 scribed old Ben to be. What a ' towering 
 bravery ' there Is in his sensuality ! He 
 affects no pleasure under a Sultan. It is 
 ae it ' Egypt with Assyria strove in lui- 
 ui-y.' " 
 "Man a flo-wer." See "Life's 
 
 A SHORT 3UMMEE." 
 
 "Man (A) he was ta all tbe 
 
 country dear." — Ooldsuith's Deserted 
 Village, line 141 : — 
 
 " And paBBing rich with forty pounds a year.'V 
 
 "Man, Apparel oft proclaims 
 
 the." — Hamlet, act i., scene 3. 
 " Man, A sadder and a -wiser." 
 
 — Coleridge, The Ancient MariTier. 
 
 Man as He Is. A novi-l bj- 
 KOBERT Base (1T28— 1801), published in 
 1792, and followed, in 1796, by Hermstrong : 
 or, Man as He is Not, 
 
 " Man delights not me ; no, nor 
 
 woman neither." — Hamlet, act ii., scene 2. ^ 
 Man, Essay on. See Essay oh 
 
 Man. 
 
 Man in Blcick, The, in Gold- 
 smith's Citizen of the World (q.v.), is a 
 portrait intended, in its leading details, for 
 the author's father, the Kev. Henry Gold- 
 smith. 
 
 Man in Black, The. A tale by 
 Washington Irving. 
 
 " Man in his time plays many 
 parts. And one." — As You Like It, act ii., 
 scene 7. 
 
 Man in the Moone, The. A 
 
 poem by Michael Drayton. 
 " Man is his o-wn star, and the 
 
 soul that can."— First line of a famous 
 passage in Fletcher's verses on An Hon- 
 est Man's Fortune : — . 
 
 " Kender nn honest and a perfect man 
 Commands all light, all influence, all fate, 
 Nothing to him falls early or too late. 
 Our acts our angels are, or good or ill. 
 Our fatal shadows that walK by ub EtilL" 
 
 " Man made the tcwn." See 
 
 " God made the country, and man 
 
 MADE the town." 
 
 "Man mairks the earth -with 
 
 nmi — ^his control." See stanza 179, canto 
 iv., of Byron's poem of Don Juan. 
 
 " Man never is, but always to 
 
 be, blest." See line 96, epistle i., of 
 Pope's Essay on Man (q.v). 
 
 Man, Observations on. A work 
 by David Hartley (1705—1767), publish- 
 eclin 1749. It is in two parts, parti, treat- 
 ing " Of the Frame of the Human Body 
 and Mind," and part ii. being devoted to 
 " Observations on the Duty and Expecta- 
 tion of Mankind." . " Hartley," says one 
 of his critics, " resolved the operations of 
 the senses into the hypothetical vibration 
 of a hypothetical ether iai connection with 
 the nervous system. His exposition of the 
 association of ideas is more valuable, as 
 explaining the sequence of all mental phe- 
 nomena ; Dut his speculations, Uborious 
 and Ingenious as he was, have long been 
 discarded. 
 
KLfiN 
 
 MAN 
 
 413 
 
 Man of Feeling, The. A novel 
 by Hexrt Mackenzie (1745 — 1831)jpub- 
 ■lislied in. 1771, anonymously. See Har- 
 
 liEY. 
 
 Man of Law, The, in Chaucer's 
 Canterbury Tales (q.v.), seemed so wise 
 tliat lie had been often Justice at assize. 
 
 " Nowher so bcsy n man as he ther n'as, 
 And yet he &ein'd bceier Uiau he was." 
 
 The tale he tells is of the pious Constance, 
 as told in Gower's Ckmfessio Amantis (q,.r.), 
 book 11. 
 
 Man of Mode, The : " or, Sir 
 Fopling Flutter." A comedy by Sir 
 George Ethebege (1636—169^.), produced 
 in 1676 ; in -which, says Professor Morley, 
 ■** EUierege painted accuratel-y the life 
 and morals of the Kestoration, and is said 
 -to have represented himself in Bellair, and 
 £eau Hewitj the son of a Herefordshire 
 baronet, in Sir Fopling, and to have formed 
 .Borimaiit upon the model of the Earl of 
 JJochester.'* Steele wrote of this play, in 
 Ko. 65 of Tlie Spectator:— " This whole 
 ^celebrated piece is a perfect contradiction 
 to good manners, good sepse, and common 
 honesty : and there is nothing in it but 
 ^hat is built "Upon the ruin of virtue and 
 Innocence. I allow it to be nature, but it 
 is nature in its utmost corruption and de- 
 generacy." 
 
 " Man of Morals." — Cowley, 
 Xdnes from Anocreon^ 
 
 " Man of my kidney, A." ^ee 
 *'Kjdsey, a Man of My." 
 
 " Man of pleasure is a man of 
 pains, A."-«-YouNG, Ifight Thoughts, 
 night viii., line 793. 
 
 "Man of Ross, The." The name 
 under which John Kyblb, of Boss, in 
 Herefordshire, a man of large benevo- 
 lence,was celebrated by 1*(5pe in his Moral 
 Essays, iii., pp. 250—274 :— 
 '* Biae, honest muse, and, sing the Man of Ross." 
 
 Coleridge has also a reference to him in 
 one of his poems. 
 
 Man of the World, The. A 
 comedy by Charles Maoklik (1690—1797), 
 consisting mainly of a satire on the Scot- 
 tish character, >See MacSycophant, Slit 
 Pertinax. 
 
 Man of the "World, The. A novel 
 by Henry Mackenzie (1745—1831), pub- 
 lished in 1773. 
 
 " Man proposeth, God dis- 
 
 poseth." — ^Herbert, Jacula Prudentum. 
 " Man proposes but God disposes " will be 
 found in the Imitatio Christi, book i., 
 chap 19. 
 
 " Man so various that he seem- 
 ed to be. A."— Dbyden, Absalom <md 
 ^clUtophel, pt. i., line 545 : — 
 
 .. " Not one, but all monkind'a epitom*." 
 
 " Man that blushes is not quite 
 a brute. The."— Young, Night Thought's, 
 night vii., Iine406. 
 
 "Man that hails you Tom or 
 Jack^ The."— Cowper, Frieiulship. The 
 remaining lines of the • verse are — 
 
 '* And proves by thumps upon your back { 
 How he esteen^s your merit, < 
 Is such africnd, that one Hod' need 
 Be very much hia f rie'hd indeed 
 To pardon or to bear it." ' 
 
 " Man that hath no music in 
 
 himself,. The." — Merclmnt of Venice, act 
 v., scene 1 : — 
 
 " Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, 
 Is fit for treasons, stratagems and spoils." 
 
 "Man that is not passion's 
 slave. Give me that." — Hamlet, act iii., 
 scene, 2. 
 
 " Man that lays his hand upon 
 a woman, The."^ToBiN, Tlie Honeymoon, 
 act ii., scene 1 : — 
 
 " Save in the way of kindnesa, is a ■wretch 
 Whom 'twere gross flattery to name a coward." ' 
 
 "Man, the hermit, sighed — ^till 
 woman smiled." -Campbell, Pleasures 
 qf Hope, pt. ii., line 38. 
 
 " Man "wants but little, nor that 
 little- long." . Line 118, in night iv.,oi 
 Young's Night Thoughts (q.v.). Gold- 
 smith has a similar idea in his ballad of 
 TJteJIermit:— 
 
 "Man wants but little here below 
 Nor wants that little long." . 
 
 Syd^tey Smith produced the following 
 parody : — 
 
 " Man wants but little here below. 
 As beef, veal, mutton, pork, laiob, venison show> 
 
 " Man was made to mourn.'^ A 
 
 lyric by Robert Burns. 
 
 "Man ! "What a piece of "work 
 
 is." — ^am?e(, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 "Man -who turnips cries, If 
 
 the." — First line of a familiar quatrain as- 
 cribed to Dr. Johnson by Mts. Piozzi :— 
 
 •' If the man who turnips cries. 
 Cry not when his father dies, 
 'Txa a proof that he had rather 
 Have a turnip than a father." 
 
 Manchester Man, A. The author 
 of some «* Free Thoughts," contributed to 
 JFrazer's Magazine, and aftei'wards re- 
 publishedinl866. The " Manchester Man " 
 IS identified with the Kev. I. Lamb. 
 
 Manchester Poet, The. A name 
 conferred on Charles Swain (1803—1874), 
 a , native of Manchester. See Swain, 
 Charles. 
 
 Manciple, The, in Chaucer's 
 Cam.tertmry Tales (q.v.), derives his name 
 from "mancepo," as a purchaser of what 
 can be taken in the hand, and has the 
 name as the buyer of victual for a corpo* 
 ration. . . - - . . , 
 
414 
 
 MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 Mandeville, Bernard de, poet 
 and pliilosophical writer (b. about 1670. d. 
 . J733), wrote Oratio de Aredecina (1685) ; 
 £sop Dressed : or, Fables writ in familiar 
 ■verse (1704) ; Typhon, in verse (1704) ; The 
 ■Planter's CItanty (1704) : Tlte Virgin Un- 
 masked mr, Female BkiXoqiies (1709), (q.v.); 
 Tlie Grumbling mve(nu),(<i.v.); The Fa- 
 ble of the Bee} (1714) ; Free Tlumghts on 
 JieligUni, tlte Church, and National Hap- 
 piness (1720) : An Inquiry into the Causes 
 of tltefrequent Executions at Tyburn (172B); 
 An Inquiry into the Origin of Honour, and 
 (Iseftilness of Christianity in War (1732) ; 
 and other works. See Leslie Steplien's 
 Assays on Free Thinking. 
 
 Mandeville, Sir John (b. 1£00, 
 a. 1372), wrote The Voyaige and Travaile, 
 which treateth of the Way to the Hierusa- 
 lem, and of the Marvayles of^ Inde, with 
 fither Islands and Countries, written in 1356, 
 in French in Latin, and in vulgar English, 
 and printed in Italian at Milan, in 1480. 
 '* Tliis father of our prose writers marks, 
 8trongly_ and at the veiy outset, that Eng- 
 lish spiiit of adventure which has in every 
 century supplied matter for a valuable 
 part of our prose literature. His book 
 may rank as, in formed English, the iirst 
 of our long series .of Travellers' Guides." 
 See Morley s English Writers, I., i. See. 
 
 TOYAIGE AXD TKAVAILE. 
 
 Manekine, Le. A metrical ro- 
 mance by Philip de Eames (circa 1190), 
 setting forth the persecutions of a daugli- 
 ter of a King of Hungai? at the hands of 
 ;a cruel mother-in-law in Scotland. It 
 was published by M. Michel in 1840. 
 
 Manfred. A dramatic poem hy 
 Lord BYRON (1788—1824), published in 1817. 
 -It is in three acts, and is written in blank 
 verse, with some occasional lyrics. The 
 scene of the ' dratna is in tlie Higher Alps. 
 <* Manfred," says Lord Jeffrey, " is sub- 
 tantially tlie same throughout the whole 
 piece. He holds no communion but with 
 ■the memory of the being he had loved, and 
 the immortal spirits whom he evokes to 
 reproach with hiB misery and their inabil- 
 ity to relieve it. It is a grand and terrific 
 vision of a being invested witli superhu- 
 man attributes in order that he may be 
 capable of more than human suflenngs, 
 and be sustained under them by more than 
 ^uman force and pride." 
 
 Mangnall, Miss Richmal, wrote 
 Historical a7id Miscellaneous Questions, 
 And a voluijie of Poems (1867). 
 
 Mankind. A moral play, of tlie 
 leign of Henry VI., which, from two Latin 
 lines at the end, seems to have been the 
 composition of a monk, who calls himself 
 I-Iynghus. It is characterised by Collier 
 as bSng grossly obscene in parts, and cal- 
 culated for an audience of low rank. Yet 
 " the piece contains a good deal that is 
 curious, aud some characters are. intro- 
 
 duced that have much individuality about- 
 them." 
 
 "Mankind's epitome." See 
 " Man so vakious." 
 
 Manley, Mrs. De la Riviere, 
 
 novelist and dramatist (b. 1672, d. 1/24) 
 wrote Secret Memoirs and Manners of seve- 
 ral Persons of Quality of both Sexes from 
 the New Atalantis (1736) ; also, Tlie lloyat 
 Mischief (1696) ; '1 he Lover Lost (1696) ; 
 Lucius (1717), (tl.v.) ; Sath Intrir/ues (q.v.); 
 A Stage Coach Journey to Exeter ; The 
 Secret History of Queen Zarah ; Tlie Ad- 
 ventures of liivella ; Memoirs of Europe ; 
 Cmt/rt -Intrigues; and other works. Her 
 Memoirs were published in 1717. . See 
 Atalantis ; Bivella, The Adtbn- 
 TUKES of ; Zakah, Queen. 
 
 Manly. Tlie liero of Wtcher- 
 LEY's plajr of The Plain Dealer (q.v.) ; " a 
 coarse caricature of The Misanthrope of 
 Molifere. The play and the actor were so 
 popular, that the author himself was com- 
 monly known by the 'flattering title of 
 Manly Wycherley." Pope says, in his 
 Moral Essays, epistle i. : — 
 
 " At half mankind when eeneroua Manly raves. 
 All know 'tia virtue, ior lie thinks them knavea ** 
 
 Manly Heart, The. A lyric by 
 Geoboe Witheb, beginnmg — 
 
 " Shall I wasting in despair ? " 
 
 Compare with Raleigh's— 
 
 *' Shall I like a hennit dwell ? " 
 
 " Manner born, And to the." — 
 
 Hamlet, acti., scene 4. 
 
 Mannering, Guy. A novel by 
 Sir WALTfeB Scott (1771—1832), published 
 in 1816. 
 
 Mannerly Maistresse Margery, 
 
 Mylke and Ale. A ballad by John Skel- 
 
 XON. 
 
 " Manners had not that repose, 
 Her."— Tennyson, Lady Clara Vere de 
 
 Vere : — 
 
 " Which stamps the caste of Vere de Vere." 
 
 " Manners living as they rise." 
 
 See Catch the manners." 
 
 Manners, Lord John, poet nnrT 
 politician (b. 1818), has written Notes of an 
 Irish Tour (1839) ; England's Trust, and 
 other Poems (1841), (q-v.) ; English Ballads 
 mid other Poems (1S50) ; A Plea for Na- 
 tional Holidays ; A Cniise in Scotch 
 Waters ; and other works. 
 
 Manners of the Great, The, 
 
 " Thoughts on their Importance to Gen- 
 eral Society," by Hannah Moke (1745— 
 1833) ; published in 1788- Seven large 
 editions of this work were sold in a few 
 months, the second in little more than a 
 week, the third in loss than four hotu-s. 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 415 
 
 Manning, Miss Anne, novelist 
 fb. 180T), has written Marij Powell (ISDO) j 
 The Household of Sir Thomas More (1851) ; 
 Cherry and Violet (1853) ; Chronicles of 
 Jtferrie England (185:1) ;.Good Old Times 
 (1S53) ; Claiule, the Cotportemr (1S57) : 
 jPoplar House Academy (1859) J Bel forest : 
 a Tale of English TAfe (1864) ; Miss Biddy 
 Frobishcr: a Salt Water Story (1866) ; 
 * Passages in the Life of the Falre Gospeller 
 
 ■ (ISC6) ; The Masque at I/iidlow, and other 
 Romanesques (1866) ; and many other 
 works. 
 
 Manning, Henry Zld'virard, Car- 
 dinal, Roman Catholic Archbishop of West- 
 minster (b. 1809), has written The Rule of 
 . Faith (1838) ; JToly Baptism (1843) j The 
 Unity of the Church (1845) ; Oxford Uni- 
 versity Sermons (1845) ; Thoughts for those 
 that Mourn (1850i ; The Grounds of Faith 
 (1853) ; The Temporal Sovereignty of the 
 Popes (1860) ; The Blessed Sacrament, the 
 Centre of Inscrutable Truth (18(34) ; The 
 Workings of the Holy Spirit <1864) ; The 
 Tetnpor'al Mission of the Holt/ Ghost (1865); 
 
 ■ Tlie Reunion of Christendom (1866) ; The 
 Temporal Power of the Pope (1866) : Eng- 
 land and Christendom (1867) ; The (Ecu- 
 menical Council (1869) ; The Vatican Coun- 
 cil (1870) ; The Dmnan of Socrates (1872) ; 
 
 Tlte Vatican Decrees (1876). Up to 1851 
 
 ■ Cardinal Manning was an English clergy- 
 man. 
 
 Manning, Robert. See Beunne, 
 
 EOBEltT HE. 
 
 Manrique,CopIas de. See Coplas 
 
 DE MASRIQUE. 
 
 "Man's best things are nearest 
 him. A."— Lord Houghton, The Men of 
 Old. 
 
 " Man's first disobedience and 
 
 the fruit. Of. '—Milton's Paradise Lost, 
 hook i., line 1. 
 
 Man's ingratitude." — As You 
 
 Like It, actii., scene 7. 
 
 " Man's inhumanity to man." — 
 Buitxs, Man was made to Mourn : — 
 " MakeB countless thousands mourn '* 
 
 " Man's love is of man's life a 
 
 thing apart." See stanza 194, canto i., of 
 Byron's poem, Don Juan. 
 
 "Man's the gowd for a' that. 
 The." — Burns, Is there for Honest 
 
 ■ Poverty. 
 
 " Man's unconquerable mind." 
 
 —Wordsworth, Sonnet to Toussaint L' Ou- 
 verture- ' 
 
 Mansel, Henry Longueville, 
 
 D.p.,Dean of St. Paul's (b. 1820, d. 1871), 
 puDlished Demons of the Winds, and other 
 Poems (1838) ! Aldnch's Logic, with Notes 
 (1849) ; Prolegomena Logica (1861) ; The 
 Philosophy rif Kant (1856) ; an article on 
 
 Metaphysics in the eighth edition of ^nc//- 
 clopoidia Britannicat^^^ \ The Limits of 
 Religious Thought (1868) ; Bampton Leo- , 
 tures (1868) ; Metaphysics : or, the Philos- 
 opliy of Consciousness (1860) ; Lectures on 
 History (1861— 62) j Tlie Witness of the 
 Church to tlie Promise of Christ's Coming 
 (1864) ; The Philosophy of the Conditioned 
 (1866); and other works. SeePHRONTIS- 
 
 TERION. 
 
 Mansfield Park. A novel of 
 domestic life by Jane Austen (1775—1817), 
 published in 1814. 
 
 Mansie Wauch, The Autobio- 
 graphy of. A humorous Scottish story by 
 David Macbeth Moir (1798-1851), 
 originally published in Blackwood's Mag- 
 azine, and republished in 1828. 
 
 Mant, Richard, Bisliop of Killalqe 
 and of Down and Comior (b. 1776, d. 1848), 
 wrote Poems (1806) ; Bampton Lectures 
 (1812) ; The Book of Psalms in an English 
 Metrical Version (1824); Biographical No- ' 
 tices of the Apostles, Evangelists, and 
 iSain^s (1828) ; A History of the Church of 
 Ireland (1839—41) ; and other works ; be- 
 sides editing a Family Bible with Notesi 
 in conjunction with the Key. Dr. D'Oyley ■ 
 (1817), and publishing an annotated edition 
 of the Book of Cominon Prayer (1820). His 
 L?fe was written by Archdeacon Bereus ' 
 (1849). 
 
 Mantalini, in Dickens's novel of 
 Nicliolas Nickleby (q.v.), is a cockney and 
 a fop, supported by his wife, who takes in 
 clothes for mangling. He is famous for 
 his habit of mild swearing. 
 
 Mantell, Gideon Ale;ernon, 
 
 .M.D. (b. 1790, d. 1852); published The Fos- 
 sils of the South Downs (1822), The Geology 
 of the South Coast of England (1833), The 
 Geology of Sussex (1827), Tlie Wonders of 
 Geologi/ (1838); Medals of Creation \liii), 
 Thouglits on a Pebble (1849), and other 
 works on the general subject of gfeology. 
 
 Manuel. A tragedy by Charles 
 BoEEKT Maturin (1782— 1824), published 
 in 1817, and characterised Uy Lord Byrou, 
 as " the absurd work of a clever man." 
 
 " Many a green isle needs must 
 be." First of the Lines Written among the 
 Euganean Hills, by PERCY Bvsshe Shel- 
 ley, written in 1818. 
 
 "Many a time and oft." — Ifer- 
 cliant of Venice, act i. scene 3. 
 
 "Many-headed monster. This." 
 
 — MA.SSINCER, The Roman Actor, act iii., 
 scene 2. Pope refers to 
 
 " The many-headod monster of the pit." 
 in Ms Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (book ii„ 
 ep. i., lino 306). Scott, in his Lady of (he 
 Lake (canto v., stanza 30), addresses '' the 
 herd" as ' 
 
 " Thou many-beaded monster tiling." 
 
416 
 
 MAI 
 
 MAB 
 
 And Tennyson, in After Reading a Life 
 and Letters, says :— ^ 
 
 " *t is •*"' just 
 The many-headed beast should know." 
 
 Mapes, Walter, poet and prose 
 writer (b. 1150, d. 1196), wrote JDe Nagls 
 OurtaiiM/n (q.v.), and various otiier works, 
 reprinted in 1841, among The Latin Poems 
 commonly attributed to Walter Mapes, pub^ 
 .lislied by the. Camden Society, and edited, 
 withi a M&hair, by Wright. Mapes, as he 
 is generally called, though he invariably 
 ealled himself Map, ' " was a wit somewhat 
 of Chaucer's pattern, bitter against cowled 
 -fiypoorites, and striking, as Chaucer often 
 '.did, after the manner of his time, with a 
 coarae jest out of the wi-ath of a clean 
 iheart. It was the wit also of a true poet. 
 Among the high dignitaries of the Bomau 
 , Church he was an entirely orthodox divine, 
 and looked down from the heights of theo- 
 logical scholarship upon what seemed to 
 him the ignorant piety of tho "Waldenses. 
 But the first -Church reform concerned 
 Church morals more nearly than theology, 
 and, Inl his sense, by his Latin prose and 
 verse, Walter Map represents," says Mor- 
 ley, " the chief of the Reformers before 
 Wioklifl. In French, then the vernacular 
 tongue of English literature, he it was who 
 gave a soul to the Arthurian romances, 
 ■writing, most probably, the Latin original 
 'of Robert Bouron's introductory romance 
 of Tile San Graal. and certainly Lancelot 
 itfihe Lake, The Quest of the Saint Graal, 
 and the Mort Artus. Unassuming as 
 Cliaucer, and before Chaucer the man of 
 highest genius in our literature-. Map was 
 a fi-ank man of the world, with ready sym- 
 pathies, .and winning courtesy, warm 
 'friendships, and well-planted hatreds." 
 See English Writers, I., ii., and Warton's 
 English Poetry, i., ii., iii. See Anacreon 
 OF THE Tw;ei,fth Oentokv; Apooa- 
 
 tVPSIS GOLIiE EPISOOPI ; CONFESSIO 
 
 GoLi.«; ; Lancelot du Lac. 
 " Marble to retain." See " Wax 
 
 TO RECEIVE." 
 
 Marcelia. The heroine of Mas- 
 . SINGER'S tragedy of The Duke of Milan. 
 
 Marcelia. A lady of the queen's 
 privy chamber, in tho tragedy of Gorboduc 
 (q.v.). -She and the queen are the only 
 female characters in the piece. 
 
 Marcellus. An officer in Hamlet 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Marcellus, in Dibdin's "biblio- 
 graphical romance," called Bibliomania 
 (q.v.), is Intended for Edmund Malone, the- 
 critic and commentator. 
 
 Marcet, Mrs. Jane, educational 
 writer (b. 1769, d. 1858), wrote Conversa- 
 tions on Cfiemistry (1809), Political Kc<m~ 
 amy (1816), Natwral Philosophy (1R19), 
 Vegetable Physiology, The History of Eng- 
 
 land, Land and Water, and other works oJ 
 a similar character. 
 
 "March, march, Ettrick and 
 
 Teviotdale." First line of a ballad by Sii 
 Walter Scott. 
 
 " Meu-ch through Coventry* 
 
 with them, I'll not."— .Kinjr Henry IV., pari 
 i., act iv., sc. 2. Falstaft is the speaker, 
 and he refers to his regiment of recruits, 
 " No eye hath seen such scare-crows . . . 
 The villains march wide betwixt the legs, 
 as if they had gyves on ; for,' indeed, I Imd 
 the most pai*t of them out of prison, 
 There's but a shirt and a half 'in my com- 
 pany ; and the half shirt is two napkins, 
 tacked together, and thrown over the 
 shoulders, like a herald's coat without 
 sleeves.'* 
 
 Marchioness, The, in Dickens's 
 novel of Tlie Old Curiosity Shop (q.v.), is 
 the " small servant " of Sampson Brass 
 (q.v.), befriended by Dick Swiveller (q.v.). 
 
 ' Marcia. A character in Addison's 
 tragedy of Cato (q.v.), beloved by Sem- 
 pronius and Juba. 
 
 Mardonius. A captain in Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher's play of A King 
 anrf no King (q.v.). 
 
 Margaret. A romance of Amer- 
 ican life, by the Rev. Sylvester Judd 
 (1813—1853). 
 
 Margaret. A feminine portrait by 
 Alfred Tennyson, published in 1832. 
 
 *' O Bweet pale Marg^et i 
 O rare pale Margaret." 
 
 Margaret, Duchess of New- 
 castle. See Newcastle, Duchess of, 
 
 Margaret Lindsay, The Trials 
 
 of, A tale of Scottish life by Professor 
 Wilson (1785—1854), published in 1823. 
 
 Margaret, The Miseries of 
 
 Queen. A poem by Michael Drayton 
 (1563—1631), published in 1627. 
 
 Margaret's Ghost. A ballad by 
 David Mallet, which appeared in 1724. 
 See Fair Margaret and Sweet Wil- 
 liam. 
 
 Margate Hoy, The Old. One of 
 
 the Last Essays of Elia, by Charles 
 Lamb (1775—1834). 
 
 " Margin, A meado'w of." — 
 
 Sheridan, School for Scandal, act i., 
 scene 1. 
 
 Marguerite. The wife of St. Leon, 
 in Godwin's novel of the latter name 
 (q.v.) ; described by Hazlitt as " an in- 
 stance of pure and disinterested affection 
 in one of tlie noblest of her sex. It is not 
 improbable that the author found the 
 model in nature." 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 417 
 
 - Mari Magno : "or. Tales on 
 ' Board. " Three storie's in verse, connected 
 by a short, Blight narrative by Akthuk 
 Hugh Clou&h (1819—1861). The Laivijer's 
 ^irst Tah, and perhaps The Clergyman's 
 TaUt were written in April and May, 
 1S61> during a Journey to Greece and Con- 
 stantinople ; The Lmoyer's Second Tale, 
 in July and August of the same year, 
 whilst travelling in Auvergne and the 
 Pyrenees. All three " deal with the prob- 
 lems connected with the questions of love 
 and maiTiage." 
 
 Maria. " Olivia's woman " in The 
 Ttoelfth ITight' Also the name of a char- 
 acter in L(yve''s Labour^s ZosL " 
 
 Maria. The heroine of Sheri- 
 dan's comedy of The School fdr Scandal 
 (q.v.) ; in love with Charles Surface. 
 
 Marian : " or, a Young Maid's For- 
 trnies." A novel by Mrs. S. C. Hall (b. 
 1802), published in 1840, and displaying the 
 writer's intimate knowledge of Irish life 
 .and character. *' Kate^r Macane, an Irish 
 cook, who adopts Marian, a foundling, 
 and watches over her >vith untiring affec- 
 tion, is equal to any of the Irish por- 
 traitures since those of Miss Ed^eworth." 
 'Hie stoiy has been translated into Ger- 
 nian and Dutch. 
 
 Marian, The Fair Queen. See 
 Cabetv, Lady Elizabeth. 
 
 Mariana. A character in All's 
 Well that Ends Well (q.v.). 
 
 Mariana, in Measure for Measure 
 (q.-v.), is in love with Angelo (q.v.). " Shake- 
 ispeare," says Grant White, "has given us 
 ^u Mariana one of the most lovable and 
 womanly of his feminine creations. We 
 see little of her, . . but the few touches 
 of the jn£^ter's hand make a charming 
 'picture." See next paragraph. 
 
 Mariana, and Mariana in the 
 
 South. Poems by Ai.fbei> Tennyson, 
 printed, the former in 1830, the latter in 
 1832, and founded on a hint from Me&swre 
 for Measure (q.v.) ; at once ** an admirable 
 instance of dramatic landscape-painting, 
 or pasBion reflecting itself on landscape," 
 and "a picture of hopeless, unrelieved 
 suffering." 
 
 "She only said, • my life is dreary, 
 He Cometh not,' sne baid." 
 
 See preceding paragraph. 
 
 Marianus Scotus (b. 1028, d* 
 1086) wrote a Chronicle from the Creation 
 to the year 1083, following chiefly Cas- 
 Biodorus, Eusebius, and Bede. 
 
 . Marie Magdalene, The JMe and 
 
 Repentance of. "A new enterlude , . 
 not only godlie. learned and frultefuU, 
 'but also well furnished with a plesaunt 
 tpyrth and pastime, very delectable for 
 tliioAB tbat siiaU h^are or ceado. tha same. 
 
 Made by the learned clarke, Lew^is Wa- 
 ger." A miracle play, printed in 1567. • 
 
 Marie Magdalen's Funerall 
 
 Teares. Poems by Robert Southwell 
 (1660—1595) ; published in 1594. 
 
 Marigold's Prescriptions, Doc- 
 tor. The title of the Christmas number of 
 All the Year Bound for 1865, written by 
 Charles Dickens (1812— 1870J. It is the 
 stoiy of an itinerent cheap-jack, called 
 •* Doctor" in rembrance of a kind-hearted 
 medical man who officiated at his birth, 
 and who would only accept a tea-tray in 
 payment of his services. The most touching 
 episode is the death of little Sophy in her 
 father's arms, w:hile he is convulsing his 
 rustic audience ;by his witty speeclies- 
 This story was one of the author's most 
 effectivp "readijigs." . 
 
 Marina. Daughter of Pericles, in 
 Shakespeare's play of that name (q.v.). 
 
 "Mariners of Ungland. Ye." 
 ^ee " Ye Mariners of England." 
 
 Mariner's "Wife, The. A Scotch 
 song by William Julius Mickle (1734^ 
 1788) ; with two additional stanzas by 
 James Beattib (1735—1802), the last two 
 lines of which run — 
 
 " The present moment is our ain 
 The neifit wc never saw." 
 
 Marino Faliero, Doge of Venice. 
 
 An historical tragedy^ by Lord Bybon, 
 published in five acts, m 1821, and founded 
 on ** oiie of the most remarkable events in 
 the annals of the most singular govern- 
 ment, city, and people of modern history." 
 This event occurred in the year 1355, and 
 is to be found recorded in all the Venetian 
 chronicles, especially in the Lives of the 
 JDogeSf by Marino Sanuto, ■•■ 
 
 Mark Twain. See Clemens, 
 Samuel Langhorne ; Twain, Makk. 
 
 Mark Rochester. See Roches- 
 ter, Mark. 
 
 Markham, Gervase, soldier and 
 poet (b. 1570, d. 1655), published The Poem 
 of Poems : or, Suyn*3 Muse : contaynyng 
 the Divine Song of King Solomonf divided 
 into Eight Eclogues (1596) ; also, England!^ 
 Arcadia, a continuation of Sidney's "famous 
 work (q.v.) ; Herod and Antipater, a trag- 
 edy ; some fugitive poems, and works on 
 sport and husbandry. *' No subject," saya 
 a critic '* appears to have been rejected by 
 Markham ; husbandry, housewifery, far- 
 riery, horsemanship, and military tactics, 
 hunting, hawking, fowling, fishing, and 
 archery, heraldry, poetry, romances, and 
 the drama, all shared his attention, and 
 . exercised his genius and industry. . . ; '. 
 His works— now becoming scarce — &t6 in 
 many respects curious and interesting, and 
 display great versatility of talent.'^ Seo 
 Wartou'B flwiory. - . - ■ .- 
 
418 
 
 MAR 
 
 MAS 
 
 Markham, Mrs. The nom de 
 plume of Mrs. Elizabeth Penrose, the 
 author of several once-popular schoo]- 
 boolcs. 
 
 Markland, Abraham, divine and 
 
 Soet (b. 1645, d. 1720), wrote Poems on His 
 ■fajesfy's Birth and Restoration (1657); 
 Pleryplegia: or, the Art of Shooting Fly- 
 vuj (1727) ; and other works. 
 
 Markland, Jeremiah, scholar (b. 
 1693, d. 1776), edited the SjjIvcb ot Statins, 
 and several plays of Euripidest. See Bow- 
 yer's Conjectures on the New Testament, 
 
 -Marley. The partner of Scrooge 
 (q.v,), whoso ghost plays an Important part 
 in the story of Dickens's Christmas Carol 
 (q.v.). The Carol opens with the state- 
 ment that " Marley was dead, to begin 
 with.'" 
 
 Marlo-w, Sir Charles. A char- 
 iicter in Goldsmith's comedy of She 
 Stoops to Conquer (q.v.). 
 
 Marlow, Young. The hero of 
 Goldsmith's comedy of She Stoops to Con- 
 qaer (q.v.), and son of the above ; " a man 
 of excellent understanding, very generous, 
 young and brave, and very handsome ; and 
 to crown all, one of the most bashful and 
 reserved young fellows in all the world." 
 
 Marlowe, Christopher, drama- 
 tist and poet (b- 1564, d. 1593) ; produced 
 Tamburtaine the Great, Part ike First 
 (1590), (q.v.); Tamburlaine The Great, Part 
 the Second (1590) ; The Traglcall History of 
 Dr. Faustus (1604); The Jew of Malta (1633), 
 (q.v.) ; Edward the Second (1598) ; Dido 
 (with T. Nash) (1594) ; Hero and Leander 
 (a poem, which was completed by Chap- 
 -jnan), (1598) ; Quid's Elegies '(translated 
 about 1597); First Book of lAican (trans- 
 lated 1600), (q.v.) ; and The Massacre at 
 Paris (q.v.). For Biogra/>hical Notices 
 of Mai'lowe, see Athence Caniabrigienses ; 
 .Beard's Theatre of God's Judgjnents (loQl) ; 
 Meres' Palladls Tamia (1598) ; Vaughan's 
 Golden Grove,moralised in three books (IGOO); 
 Byce's Edition of the Works, and Robert 
 Bell's Introduction to the Poems. See also, 
 for Criticism, Hallam's Literature of Eu- 
 rope, Lamb's Dramatic Poets, Leigh 
 Hunt's Imagination and Fancy, Hazlitt's 
 Poets and Comic Writers and Ane of Eliz- 
 abeth, Campbell's Specimens of the English 
 Poets, W, C. Hazlitt's Handbook to Early 
 English Literature, and the Life prefixed 
 to the edition of the Works by Lleut.-Col- 
 onel Cunningtam. Ben Jonson spoke of 
 " Marlowe's mightv line ; " Heywood of 
 Marlowe as "the best of poets." "In 
 felicity of thought and strength of expres- 
 sion," he was, says Jeffrey, '* second only 
 to Shakespeare liimself. Some of his 
 turns of thought are even like those of our 
 matchless poet." "Marlowe," says Haz- 
 ■Jittr " is a name that stands high, and 
 Almost first ill the list ^f dramatic wor- 
 
 thies. He was a little before Shakes- 
 peare's time, and has a marked character 
 both from him and the rest. There is a 
 lust of power in his writings, a hunger and 
 thirst alter unrighteousness, a glow of the 
 imagination unhallowed by anything but 
 its own energies. His thoughts burn with- 
 in him, like a furnace with bickering 
 flames, or throwing out black smoke and 
 mists that hide the dawn of genius, or, 
 like a poisonous mineral, corrode the 
 heart.** See Edward the Second; 
 Faustus, The Tkagicall History of 
 Dr. ; Lust's Dominion ; Passionate 
 Shepherd, &c. 
 
 Marmaduke Neville is the lover 
 of Sybil Warner (q.v.), in Lord Lvtton'S 
 romance of The Last of the Barons- 
 
 Marmion : " a, Tale of Flodden 
 Field." A poem, in six cantos, hy Sir 
 Walter S«ott (1771—1832), published in 
 1808. Comparing it with The Lap of The. 
 Last Minstrel (q.v.), Jeffrey describes it as 
 having "more flat and tedious passages, 
 and more ostentation of historical and 
 antiquarian lore, but it has also greater 
 richness and varie^, both of character and 
 incident ; and if it has less sweetness and . 
 
 fiathos in the softer passages, it has certain- 
 y more vehemence and force of colourJig 
 in the loftier aijd busier representations of 
 action and emotion, more airiness and 
 brightness in the higher delineations." 
 Each canto is prefaced by an epistle to 
 some pereonal friend of the author ; canto 
 i. by one to W. Stewart Koae, canto ii. to 
 the Bev. J. Marriott, canto iii. to William 
 Erskine, canto iv. to James Skene, canto 
 V. to George Ellis, and canto vi. to Kichard 
 Heber. The following are the most- pop- 
 ular passages in the poem : — 
 
 *' "Where shall the lover rest " (111., x.)> 
 
 "Mine own i-omcintic town " (IV., xxx.). 
 •* O young Jjochinvar iu come out of he west " (V., 
 
 xiL). 
 " O, woman ! in qurhoiirs of ease " (VI,, xxx.). 
 "Oharge, Chestc ' charge ! On, Stanley, on I " 
 
 (Vl., xxxii. . 
 
 Marmion, Shackerley, poet and 
 dramatist (b. 1602, d. 1639), published 
 Cupid and Psyche (1637) ; Holland's Lea- 
 guer (1632) ; A Fine CompanioJi (1633) ; The 
 Antiquanj (1641), (q.v.) ; and Cupid's Court- 
 ship (1666). See Wood's Athena Oxon- 
 ienses. 
 
 Marner, Silas : " the Weaver of 
 Uaveloe." A novel by George Eliot (b, 
 about 1820), published in 1S61. See Silas 
 Marner. 
 
 Marplot. The liero of Mrs. Cent- 
 LlVRE's comedy The Busy-body (q.v.) ; 
 " a standing memorial of unmeaning 
 vivacity and assiduous impertinence.". 
 
 Marplot, Sir Martin. A comedy, 
 founded on the L'Efourdioi Molifere, by 
 William, Duke of Nkwcastle, and 
 adapted for the stago by Jo2I^^ Dnvsissc. - 
 
M^ 
 
 MAR 
 
 419 
 
 Mar-Prelats, Martin. Tlie as- 
 Bumed name of the author of a seiies of 
 tracts, printed iii the reign of Elizabeth, 
 which were designed to demonstrate tlie 
 ■unscriptural character of Episcopacy, and 
 are attributed to the pen of JohnPenry, 
 or Ap Henry, who was executed on May 
 29th, 1593, for utteilne seditious words 
 against the queen. 'fiiB first of these 
 tracts, entitled ^n £)7is^^e to the Terrible 
 •Priests, appeared in 1588, under the im- 
 primatur of Oiie Hobert Waldgrave. 
 
 Marriage. A novel by Susan 
 Edmoxston Ferrter (1782—1854), pub- 
 lished in 1818. It includes among its 
 characters the three maiden aunts. Miss 
 jacky. Miss Grizzy, and Miss Kicky ; 
 Mrs. Violet MacShake, a Scottish matron 
 of the old school ; Mrs. Gaffaw, the seiiti- 
 . mental lady ; Dr. Kedgill, the medical 
 diner-out and gourmand ; Douglas, the 
 hero, aiid his sellish and pampered wife, 
 the Lady Juliana. 
 
 Marriage k la Mode. A play by 
 John Dryden (1631—1701), produced in 
 1672, 
 
 Marriage-Hater Matched, The. 
 
 A comedy by Thomas D'Ubfey (1650— 
 1723) acted in 1693. It was in the repre- 
 Bentation of a character in this play, which 
 is generally considered to be author's 
 best performance, that Dogget, the actor 
 (q.T.), first attained celebrity. 
 
 "Marriage of true minds, The." 
 
 Shakespeare, Sonnet cx\i. 
 
 Marriage ofWitte and Science, 
 
 The. A moral play, of which the date is 
 not exactly fixed, but which is known to 
 hare been licensedbetween July, 1559, and 
 July, 1570. Itis dividedinto five acts,and 
 eub-divided into scerfes, with a regularity 
 unusual in compositions of this kind. The 
 name of the author has not been ascer- 
 tained ; but" it should be observed," 
 .says Collier, "that, for the whole of the 
 allegory, he was probably indebted to an 
 older piece," by one John Kenford, who 
 was a contemporary of John Heywood, 
 and wrote some dramatic pieces. 
 
 Marriage, The Forced. See 
 Forced Marriage, The. 
 
 " Married in haste, -we may re- 
 pent at leisure," See CoNGREVE's 
 comedy of Tfie Old Bachelor, act v., 
 »cene i. 
 
 Married Libertine, The. A 
 
 farce by Charles Macklin (1620—1797), 
 produced in 1761. 
 
 "Married to immortal verse." 
 line 137 in MiLTOK's poem of VAllefjro ; 
 see also In Wordsworth's poem of The 
 Excursion^ bk. Vii., the line— 
 
 " Wisdom nuurleU to immorUl verse." 
 
 Marrcw of Modern Divinity, 
 
 The. A theological work by Edward 
 Fisher- (1620—1660), published in 1646, 
 and reprinted by Hogg in 1720, when it 
 became the subject oz a controversy in 
 which the Erskines (q.v.) took part. 
 
 Marryat, Captain Frederick^ 
 
 nbvelist (b. 1792 d. 1848), wrote Frank 
 Mildmdy : or, the Naval. Officer (1829), 
 (q.v.) ; TheKinj/'s Own (1830), (q.v.) ; iVew- 
 ton Forster (1832), (q.v.) ; Peter Simple 
 (1834), (q.v.) ; Jacob Faithful (1834) ; The 
 Pacha of Many Tales (1835) ; Jophet in 
 Search of a Father (1836) ; Mr. MidsUp- 
 man Easy (1836) : The Pirate and, tlie 
 Three Cutters (1836) ; Snartey-yoto (1837) ; 
 The Phantom Ship (1839) ; A Diary in 
 America (1839) ; Otla Podrida (1840) ; Poor 
 Jack (1840) ; Mastemian Jieddy (1641) ; 
 Joseph Rushbrook (1841) ; Percival JCeene 
 (1842) ; Monsieur Violet (1842) ; The Settlers 
 %n Canada (1843); The Privateer^ s Mfm 
 (1844) ; The Mission . or, Scenes in Africa 
 '(1845) ; The Children of the Neto Fotesi 
 (1847); The Little Savage (1847); ailid 
 Valerie (1849). His Life has been written 
 by his daughter, Florence (1872). "He 
 has," says LordLytton, " a frank, dashing 
 genius, and splashes about the water in 
 grand style." "His leading excellence,"* 
 says Campbell, "is the untiring nerve of 
 his light, easy, and flowing pen, together 
 with a. keen sense of the ridiculous, which, 
 while it rarely leads him into broad and 
 unmeaning farce, effectually preserves 
 liim from taking a dull, sententious, ox 
 matter-of-fact view either of men or 
 things. That there is no trace of effort in 
 anything he does is in itself a charm. But, 
 after all, his great and peculiar excellence 
 is his originality — ^iii that he is himself 
 alone." Professor "Wilson calls him " an. 
 admirable writer,", and says, " he wo.uld 
 have stood in the first class of sea^scribc,9 
 had he written nothing but Peter Simple." 
 
 Marryat, Florence {Mrs. "Ros^- 
 Church), novelist, daughter of the above 
 (b. 1837), has published Gyp, Love's Coi^- 
 Met, The Prey of the Gods, Veronique, • 
 Fightinp the Air, Open Sesame ! A Harvestt 
 of Wild pats, and many other novels. 
 
 Marsh, Catherine, biograplicr 
 and novelist, has ^vi-ittcn Mem6rial's of 
 Captain Hedlcy Vicars (1855) ; a, Life of . 
 the Rev, William Marsh, JXD, ; lAght for 
 the Line ; or, the Story of Thomas Ward.; 
 Memory's Pictures ; and other works. 
 
 Marsh, Herbert, D.D., l3isliop of 
 Llandaff and Peterborough (b. 1757, d. 
 1839), published a Dissertation on the Ori- 
 gin and Composition of the Three First 
 Canonical Gospels (1801) ; Remarks upop. 
 Michcelis and his Commentators (1802); a 
 History of the Translations of the Scripr 
 tures (t8i2) ; Lectures on the Criticism and 
 Jnterrjretation of the Jiible (1838)^ The Aic- 
 tluinttcitu atid Credibility qjf tJic >cw Tes' 
 
MAB 
 
 ■MAB 
 
 tament (1840) j Tkc Politics of Great Brit- 
 ain and France; and other ■works, for a 
 list of which, see Lowndes' Bibliographer's 
 ManuaL 
 
 Marshall Stephen, divine {d. 
 1655), was one of the authors whose initials 
 EC together to make up ttie famous 
 ** Smectymntms " (l.v.)* 
 
 Marston, John, dramatist (b. 
 1576, d. after 1633), wrote The Scourge of 
 VlUanie (1598),-(q.v.) ; TAfi Metamorphosis 
 ofPipmaJion's Image (1598) ; Antonio and 
 Melltda (1602), (q.v.) ; Antonio's Revenqe 
 (1602) ; The Malcontent (1604), (q.v.) ; Ea'st- 
 Ward-ffoe! in conjunction with Chapman 
 and Jonson (1605) ; The Dutch Courtezan 
 (1605), (q.v.); Parasitasterr or, the Fawn 
 (1606), (q.v.); The Wonder of Women {1G0&); 
 What you Will (1607) ; The Insatiate 
 Countess (1613) ; and several minor pub- 
 lications. His Works were edited by 
 Bowles in 1764, by HalUwell (with Life) in 
 1856, and by Gifford. See also "VVood's 
 Athena Oxonienses, Warton's English 
 Poetry i Ritson's BlbHographia Po'etica, 
 The fietrospective Pevieto. Lamb's Worhs^ 
 Hazlitt's Age oj^ Elizabeth^ and Leigh 
 Hunt's Imagination and Fancy. " Mars- 
 ton," says Hazlitt, ** is^ a writer of great 
 merit, who rose to tragedy from the ground 
 of comedy, and whose /or/e was not sym- 
 pathy, either with the stronger or softer 
 emotions, hut an impatient scorn and bit- 
 ter indignation against the vices and fol- 
 ' lies of men, which vented itself in comic 
 Irony or lofty invective. He was properly 
 a satirist." See Kinsaydicr ; Pigma- 
 LiON's Tmag:b ; SoPHOiriSBA ; Wonder 
 OP Women, The. 
 
 Marston, Philip Bourke, poet. 
 8on of Dr. Westland Marston (q.v.), has 
 published Song-tide, and Other Poems 
 (1871); and All in All : Poems and Sonnets 
 (1874). "I do not remember," says Sted- 
 man, "auy experimental volume that has 
 shown more artistic perfection than his 
 Song-tide, and Other Poems. His sonnets 
 iand lyncs approach those of Rosetti in 
 terseness and beauty, and, while he pos- 
 sesses more restraint than others of his 
 group, there is extreme feeling, pathetic 
 yearning, and that self-pity which is con- 
 solation, in his sonnets oi a love that has 
 been and is gone." 
 
 Marston, Westland, IiL.D., dra- 
 .matist and poet (b. 1820), has written the 
 following plays '.—The Patrician's Daugh- 
 ter (1841) ; The Heart and the World (1847); 
 Strafhmore (1849) ; Ann Blake (1852) ; The 
 Favourite of Fortune (1866); A Hero of 
 Pomance (1867) ; Life for Life (1868) ; Philip 
 of France ; A Life's Ransom ; Borough 
 'Polities; A Hard Struggle; Trevanion ; 
 Pure Gold; The Wife*8 Portrait; and 
 Donna Diana; also Gerald: a Dramatic 
 Poem, and other Poems (1842) ; a novel en- 
 titled A Lady in Her Own Bight (1860); 
 
 Fa)n,ily Credit, and Other Tales (1861). 
 His Dramatic and Poetic Works have been 
 published in a collected form (1876). 
 
 Mar-Text, Sir Oliver. A vicar, 
 in ^8 You Uke Itisi.v.). The title ** Sir" 
 corresponds to our "Kev." 
 
 Martia. One of the Iieroines of 
 Fletcher's play of The Doable Marriage^ 
 in love with Virolet (q.v.). 
 
 Martial Achievements of the 
 
 Scots Nation, The. See Scots Nation, 
 Martial Atchievemekts of the. 
 
 "Martial, the things that do at- 
 tain." First line of a lyric by Henry, 
 Earl of Surrey, called TJie Means to At- 
 tain a Happy Life* 
 
 Martin, in Dr. ARuuTHyoT's 7//s- 
 
 tory of John Bull (si.'v .) ajid. Swift's Tale 
 of a 7'h6 (q.v.),is a personification of Mar- 
 tin Luther, the German Keformer. 
 
 Martin Chuzzle-wit. See Chitz- 
 zLEwiT, Martin. 
 
 Martin Marr-all, Sir: "or, the 
 Feigned Imiocence." A play by John 
 Drydbn, produced in 1667. 
 
 Martin, Theodore, I1L.D., trans- 
 lator aiul biographer (b. 1816), was associ- , 
 ated with Professor Aytouu in the Bon 
 Gaultier Ballads (q>v.). He is also well 
 known as the author of The Life of iUe 
 Prince Consrxrt (vol. i., 1874, vol. ii., 1876), 
 issued under royal approval ; and as the 
 translator (with Aytoun) of Poems and Bal- 
 lads of Goethe n858), of (Eblenschlager's 
 Correggio and Aladdin (1854 and 1857)J of 
 Horace's Odes (I860), the Poems of Catullus 
 (1861), Dante's Vita Muova (1562), Goethe's 
 Faustf andHartz's King RhWs Daughter. 
 
 Martin, Thomas, antiquary (b. 
 1697, d. 1771), was author of Monumenta 
 
 Anglicana. 
 
 Martineau, Harriet, miscellane- 
 ous writer (b- 1802, d. 1876), wrote Devo- 
 tional Exercises for the Use of Young Per' 
 sons (1823) ; Christmas Day (1824) ; The 
 Friend (1825) ; Principle and Practice 
 (1826); The Rioters (1826); The Titm^Out 
 0.827) ; Traditions of Palestine (IS'M), (q.v) ; 
 Illustrations of Taxation (\SM) ; Poor Laws 
 and Paupers (1834) ; Society in America 
 (1837); Retrospect of Western Travel (1838); 
 Deerbrooke (1839) ; The Hour and the Man 
 
 (1840), (q-v.) ; Life in the SickRoom • Essays 
 by an Invalid (1833) ; Letters on Mesmerism 
 (1845), (q.v.) ; Forest and Game Law Tales 
 
 (1845) i The Billow and the Rook (1846) ; 
 Eastern Life, past and Present (1817) ; 
 History qf England during the TJiirty 
 Years Peace, 1816—46 (1849—^0); Introduc- 
 tion to the History of the Peace from 1800 <o 
 1815(1851); Letters on the Laws of ManH 
 Nature and Development (1851) ; a conden- 
 sation of the philosophie Positive of Comte 
 (1853) ; Household Editcation (1854) ; Com- 
 
MAR 
 
 MAS 
 
 421 
 
 pleie GvAde to the Lakes (1854) ; The Fac- 
 tory Controversy (1855) ; A Histortj 6/ the 
 American Compromise (1856) ; JBritish liule 
 in India (1857) ; Corporate Tradition and 
 National Rights (1867) ; Local Dues on 
 Shipping (1857) j England and her Soldiers 
 (1359) ; Endowed Schools in Ireland (1859) ; 
 Jlealth, Husbandry^ and Handicraft (1861) ; 
 Miopraphical Sketches (1872) ; and a large 
 variety of other publications. See lier 
 Autobiography (1876). See Invalid, An ; 
 Laws of Man's Nature. 
 
 ' Martizieau, James, IiL.D., phi- 
 losopher and Unitarian minister (b. 1805), 
 has published The JRatumale of Ecligious 
 Inquiry (1837), Itymns of the Christian 
 Church and Home (1840), Endeavours after 
 the Christian Life (1843, 1817), Miscellanies 
 (1862), Studies of Christianity (1858), Essays 
 (1869), Hymns of Praise ana Prayer (;i874), 
 and Religious a/nd Modem Materialism 
 (1874), Hmirs of^liought (1876). 
 
 Martyn, Henry, lawyer (d. 1721), 
 was a contributor to The Spectator (q.v.). 
 
 Martyn, Syr. See Concubine, 
 The. 
 
 Martyr of Antioch, The. A 
 
 Soem by Dean Milman (1791— 1868)j pub- 
 shed in 1822. 
 
 Marvel, Ik. The literary pseu- 
 donym of Donald Grant Mitchell (b. 
 18^), an American author (q.v.). 
 
 Marvell, Andre^v, * poet and 
 jniscellaneous writer (b. 1620, d..l678), pub- 
 lished The Reliearsal Transposed (1672), 
 (q.v.) ; Mr. Smirlce (1674), (q.v.) ; An Ac- 
 comit qf the. Growth of Popenj and Arbi- 
 trary (xovemment in England (1678) ; Mis- 
 cellaneous Poems (1681) ; and A Seasonable 
 Argument (q.v.). The Worls of Marvell 
 were panted, with a. Life of the author by 
 Cooke, iii 1772, and by Thompson in 1776. 
 The poems have since figured in almost 
 every important collection of the English 
 Poets, and arc included in the Aldine edi- 
 tion. " Some of his verses are harsh," 
 Bays Hazlitt, " as the words of Mercury ; 
 others musical as is AppoUo's lute. Of 
 the latter kind are bis boat-song, his de- 
 scription of a fawn, and his lines to Lady 
 Vere," See Cromwell's Eetubn i-rom 
 Ireland; Emigrants in the Bermu- 
 das; Elecknoe; Garden, Thoughts 
 IN A ; Holland, A Whimsical Satire 
 ON ; Nymph, The ; Popery and Arbi- 
 trary GOVRNMENT. 
 
 "Marvellous Boy, The." A 
 
 description applied to Chatterton, the 
 -poet (q.v.), by Wordsworth, in his poem 
 on Resolutuyn and Independence : — 
 
 " I thorght of Chotterton, the marvelloufl boy, 
 The BleeplesB soul that perUhed in his pride." 
 
 Mary Ambree. A biiUad, which 
 describes "the valorous acts performed 
 at Gaunt by the brflve btiuuie lass Mary 
 
 Ambree^ who, in revenge of her lov-er*8 
 death, did play her part most gallantly-" 
 For Gaunt read Ghent, at the siege of 
 which, by the Spaniards under the Prince 
 of Parma, Mary Ambree's lover, Sir John 
 Major, is supposed to be slain. The hero- 
 ine of the ballad is referred to xoiistantly 
 by Ben Jonson— in his Epicene (1609), act 
 iv., scene 2, his Tale of a Tub, aot i., scene 
 4, and his masque callecl The Eo^'tunafe 
 Isles (1626), where he quotes the veiy words 
 of the son^. See also Beaumont aiid 
 Fletcher's Scomfitl Lady, act v., and "Bnt- 
 lev's Hudibr as (pt. i., c. iii., v. 365), wherp 
 she is coupled with Joan of Arc : — 
 
 '* A bold virago, stout and toll. 
 As Joan of Arc or EngHsh Mall." ~ 
 
 Mary Ashburton, in Longfel- 
 low's romance of Hyperion (q*v.), the 
 lady with whom Paul Flemming (q..v.) 
 falls in love. 
 
 " She was not fair. 
 Nor beautiful— those words express her not ; 
 But, O, her looks had something excellent, 
 That wants a nantet " 
 
 "Mary, I believed thee true."' 
 A song by Thomas Moohe. 
 
 Mary in Heaven, To. A lyric 
 by Robert Bubns, addressed to Mary 
 Campbell : — 
 
 " O Mary, dear departed shade, ' 
 Where is thy place of bl^sful rest ? *' 
 
 Mary Morison. A sons by 
 ROEEET BuKNS (1759—1796), which lie 
 describes as one of his juvenile works. 
 The last lines run : — 
 
 " If love for love thou Wilt na gie. 
 At least be frentlc pity shown ; 
 A thought ungentle canna be 
 The thoughtof Mary Morison." 
 
 Mary Po-well. See Powell, 
 Mary. 
 
 Mary Queen of Scots, Lament 
 
 of : " on the Return of Spring." A Ivrib 
 by Egbert Burks (1759— 17S6). " Whethi- 
 er," he wrote, '* it is that the story of our 
 Mary Queen of Scots has a peculiar effect 
 on the feelings of a poet^ or whether I 
 have in the enclosed ballad succeeded be- 
 yond my usual poetic success, I know not: 
 but it has pleased me beyond any efEort of 
 my muse for a good while past." 
 
 Mary Tfevellyn. The heroine of 
 Clough's poem, Amours de Voyage (q.v.). 
 
 Mary's' Dream. A ballad by. 
 JoHK Lowe (I75cr— 1758). * 
 
 Maskwell. A character in Con- 
 
 GREViL's Double Dealer (q.v.), drawn with 
 great power as a designing hypocritical 
 villain. 
 
 Mason, John, Nonconforming 
 miiister (b. 1706, d. 1763), wrote Seff-ICnotel- 
 edge (1745) ; Lord's Day Evening EniertaiiU 
 ment (1751) ; The Student and the Pastor ; 
 Christian Morals; and other woxks^ 
 
422 
 
 MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 Mason, John Mitchell, American 
 divine (b. 1770, d. 1829), was the author of 
 a number of sermons and orations, a select 
 tion from wliich was published' iu 1H60, 
 with a Memoir by Dr. Eadie. 
 
 Mason, William, poet (b. 1725, 
 d, 1797), wrote Isis (1748), (q.v.) ; Elfrula 
 .(1753), (q.v.) ; Odes on Independence. (1756) ; 
 Memory. MelancJioly, and the Fall of Ty- 
 ranny (1756) ; Caractacus (1759), (q.v.) ; An 
 Heroic Epistle to Sir IViUiam C/iambers, 
 Knifjht (1773), (q.v.) i The English Garden 
 <1772~1782k (q.v.)- In 1776, he published the 
 Poems of Gray, with Memoirs of his Life, 
 which sea. See Macgregor, Malcolm. 
 
 Masque of Anarchy, The. See 
 
 ANAUCHy, The Masque of. 
 
 Masque of Beauty, The. See 
 
 Beauty, The Masque of. 
 
 Masque of Blackness, The. See 
 Blackness, The Masque of. 
 
 Masques nppear to have owed 
 ^their origin to the mediEeval practice of 
 introducing into state processions masked 
 pei*sons representing tictitlous characters. 
 We hear of such "disguisinga " as early 
 as 1348 ; we know that Henry VIII. took 
 great delight in them ; and it can be easily 
 understood how they gradually assumed a 
 more strictly dramatic form, at first' par- 
 taking more of the nature of tableaux vi- 
 vxnts than of any tiling else, and dtipending 
 most upon the splendour of the dresses 
 used in them, and the amount of ingenuity 
 shown in the selection of costume ; by-and- 
 hy" growing into a species of private theat- 
 ricals, which, coming into fashion under 
 Elizabeth, rose to a climax of popularity 
 untier James I. and Chrirles I- Masques 
 being asked for by their courtly patrons, 
 our poets supplied them in profusion, and 
 we tind among those who produced them 
 the honoured names of Francis Beaumont, 
 William Browne, Samuel Daniel, Bon 
 Jonson, Sir William Daveuant, and John 
 Milton. Browne's Inner Temple Masque 
 was performed at court in 1620, whilst Mil- 
 ton's Comus (q.v.) was written for the 
 family of the Earl of Bridgewater in 1634. 
 This was the culmination of the masque's 
 prosperity. Wlieit the Commonwealth 
 came, it died out, with much else that had 
 tended to make the Stuart court a brilliant 
 one ; and it was never resuscitated. See 
 Warton's English Poetry. 
 
 Massacre at Paris, The. A play 
 by Christophhr Marlowe (q.v,). A 
 fragment, and, according to Hallam, " the 
 very woi-st of his dramas." 
 
 Massacre in Piedmont, On the 
 
 late. A sonnet by John Milton, (1608— 
 1674), beginning : 
 
 "Avonge, O Lord, thy slaughter'd laints, whose 
 boneB , , , .. 
 
 Llo scattor'd on the Alpine mountainB cold." 
 
 " This ' collect in verse,' as it has been 
 justly named, is," says Palgrave, "the 
 most mighty sonnet in any language known 
 to the editor [of the * Golden Treasury']. 
 Readers should observe that, unlike our 
 sonnets of the sixteenth century, it is con- 
 structed on the origitial Italian or Proven- 
 cal model, unquestionably far superior to 
 the imperfect form employed by Shake- 
 speare and Drummond." 
 
 Masset, Stephen C. See Pipes, 
 Jeems. 
 
 Massev, G-erald, poet (b. 1828), 
 has published Poems and Cliansons (1846) ; 
 Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love (1849); 
 The Baliad of Babe Ckristabel, and other 
 Poems (1855) ; Craigcrook Castle, and other 
 Poems (1856) ; Ilavelock's March, and otlier 
 Poems (1861) ; Shakespeare's Sonnets and 
 his Private Friends (1866) ; A Tale of Eter- 
 nity, and other Poems (1869). " Massey,*? 
 says Stedman "came in tke wake of the 
 Chartist movement. Sympathy for his 
 cause gained liis social verses a wide hearr 
 ing ; but his voice sounds to better advan- 
 tage in his songs of wedded love and other 
 fireside lyrics, which often are earnest and 
 sweet." See Babe Ghristabel, Ballad 
 
 OF. 
 
 Massinger, Phillip, dramatist (b. 
 1584, d, 1640), wrote The Noble Choice ^1653); 
 The Wandering Lovers (1653); PhUenzo 
 and Hlppolyia (1653) ; Antonio and Vallia . 
 (1660); The'Tifrani (1660); Fast and Weir 
 come (1660) ; the Old Law (q.v.) ; The Vir- 
 gin Martyr (1622) (q.v^, ; The Unnatural 
 Combat (1639), (q.v.); The Znike of Milan 
 (1623), (q.v.) ; The Bovdman (1624), (q.v.) ; 
 The Reneqado {VpSff) ; The Spanish Viceroy 
 (1653) ; The Raman Actor (1629), (q.v.) ; The 
 Judge ; The Great Duke of Florence (1636) ; 
 The Honour of Women ; The Maid of Hon^ 
 our (1632) ; The Picture (1^0) ; Minerva's 
 Sacrifice (1653) ; The Emperor of the East 
 (1632); Believe as you List (1653) ; TJie Fatal 
 Dowry (1620), (q.v.) ; A New Way to Pay 
 Old Debts (1633), (q.v.) ; The City Madam 
 (1659) ; The Gtiardian (1655) ; A Very Wo- 
 man (1655), (q.v.) ; The Bashful Lover (1656); 
 Alexius: or, the Chaste Looer (1639); The 
 Fair Anchoress of Pansileppo (1640); The 
 Forced Lady ; The Woman*s Plot ; The 
 Parliament of Love ; The Unfortunate 
 Piety; The Tragedy of Cleaii'der; The 
 Orator; The King and the Subject; and 
 other pieces. The Worhs of Massinger 
 were edited by Glflord and Lieut.-Colonel 
 CunniTigliam. " Some Account of his Life 
 JUKI Writings" was published by Thomas 
 DavLes in 1859. See also the introduction 
 to the edition of the Dramatic Works, by 
 Hartley Coieridge (1859). "Massinger as 
 a tragic writer appears to me," says Hal- 
 lam, "second only to Shakespeare ; in the 
 higher comedy I can hardly think him in- 
 ferior to Jonson. In wit and sprightly 
 dialogue, as well as in knowledge of drar- 
 matlc effect, he falls very much below 
 Fletcher." 
 
MAS 
 
 MATT 
 
 423 
 
 Masson, David, biograplier and 
 literary critic (b. 1822),~lias published Es- 
 says, Biographical anU Critical , chiefly on 
 £iir,lish Poets (1856) ; The Life of John 
 iMilton (IBoS, 1871,. 1873, and 1S76); British 
 Novelists and their Styles (1859) ; Recent 
 British Philosophy (1865) ; Drumniond of 
 Ifawthomden (1873) ; and a large number 
 of contributions to Th^ Quarterlju JVo- 
 tionalj British Quarterly, and North ^ritis^ 
 Meviews ; to The EncycloptEdia BritaTi- 
 nica; to The English Cyclopedia ; and to 
 Eraser's and Macmillan's Magazines^ the 
 latter of which he edited for some years. 
 His Biographical Critical Essays have 
 been exj^anded into three separate vol- 
 umes, with additions from magazines 
 (1874). Mr. Masson has held the Profes- 
 .Eorshlp of English Literature in the Uni- 
 'vei-sity of Edinburgh since 1865. when he 
 re3ijj;ned a similar office in the University 
 College, London, which he had held since 
 1859. 
 
 " Master-passion in the breast, 
 
 One."— Pope, Essay on Man, epistle ii., 
 line 131 :— 
 
 " Like Aaron's eerpcnt, Bwallows up the rest." 
 
 " Master, such man, Such."^ 
 See TussEB*s ApriVs Abstract, 
 
 " Masterly inactivity. " See 
 " Inactivity, Masterly. 
 
 Match at Midnight, A. "A 
 
 pleasant comedie," by William Eotvley, 
 printed in 1633. 
 
 Material Phenomena, Twelve 
 
 Essays on the Proximate Causes of, by Sir 
 Richard Phillips (1768—1840) ; publish- 
 ed in 1821, and noticeable only because the 
 writer endeavours in these essays, and in 
 Eoiir Dialogues, published in 1824, to over- 
 'thro w the ' Newtonian thqory of gravita- 
 tion. 
 
 Mathews, Charles James, actor 
 .and dramatist (b. 1803), is co-author, with 
 George Henry Lewes, of The Game <f 
 Speculatimi (q.v.), and sole author of Jm/ 
 Awful Dad, Married for Money j Patter 
 verms Clatter, Little Toddfekinp, My Uife's 
 MotJier, The Dowager, and many other 
 stage pieces. 
 
 Mathias, T.J. See Pursuits of 
 Literature. 
 
 Matilda. The evil genius of 
 Ambrosio (q,v.). 
 
 Matrimonial Troubles. In two 
 parts : the first a comedy, the second a 
 tragedy ; by Margaret, Duchess of New- 
 castle (1624—1673). 
 
 Matrymonye, The Christen 
 State of : " wherein Housbandes and Wyves 
 maye lenie to kepe House together wyth 
 LoveV by Miles Coverdale, Bishop of 
 £x£T£fi ; published in 15G2. 
 
 Matter and Spirit, Disquisitions 
 
 relating to : "to which is added, The His- 
 tory of the Philosophical Doctrine con- 
 cerning the Origin of tbe Soul and the 
 Nature of Matter ; with its influence on 
 Chdstianity, especially with respect to the 
 Pre-existence of Christ," by Joseph 
 Priestley (173a— 1804) ; published in 1777. 
 In this work the writer endeavours to 
 prove that man is wholly material, and 
 that all his hppes of a f utuf e life han^ upon 
 the Christian doctrine of the resurrection. 
 
 Matthew. A lyric by William 
 Wordsworth, written in 1799. 
 
 Matthevr, Master. A person in 
 Bek Jonson's comedy of Every Man in 
 his Hummir (q.v.). 
 
 Matthe-w of "Westminster, a 
 
 Benedictine monk of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, wrote a Chronicle of Britain from 
 the Creation to 1307, which he called Florea 
 Hisioriarum, and which, down to 1273, is 
 chiefly drawn from Roger of Wendover 
 (c^.v.). " He becomes an authority for 
 himself when he treats of the reigns of 
 John, Henry III., and ' Edward I.^ whose 
 wars," says Morley, '* he describes with 
 animation." Sir Francis Palgrave argued 
 in The Quarterly'' Review (No. 67), that 
 there was no such person as this Matthew, 
 but that he is identical with Matthew of 
 Paris (q.v.). The Flares were first printed 
 in 1567, and translated from their ongiual 
 Latin in 1853. 
 
 Matthevr of Paris (sometimes 
 called Matthew Paris)'j so named, perhaps, 
 because he had studied tbere (a. 1259),, 
 was a monk of St. Albans, and wrote a sort 
 of summary or paraphrase of Boger of 
 Wendover's Flores Hlstoriarum up to the 
 year 1235, after which time, to the year 
 1273, the matter of the work— wliich Mat- 
 thew called Historia Major— is Matthew's 
 own. Such, at least, was the discovery 
 made by Coxe, who edited the Flores for 
 the Knglish Historical Society. Previousr 
 ly, the whole Historia was attributed to 
 Matthew. Seethe French translation of 
 1840—41. It has been translated into Eng- 
 lish. Matthew also wrote Lives of sundry 
 kings of Mercia and abbots of St. Albans. 
 
 Matthew's Bible. See Bible, 
 The. 
 
 Maturin, Charles Robert, nov- 
 elist and dramatist (b, 1782, d. 1824), pub- 
 lished The Fatal Revenge : or. the Family 
 of Montorio (1807), (q.y.) ; The Albigenses 
 ('1814); Bertram (1816) ; Manuel (1817), (q.v.); 
 The Milesian Chief; The Wild Irish Boy ,* 
 Women: or, Pour et Cotitre .(q.v.) : and 
 Melmofh the Wanderer (q.v.). See Mxjb.- 
 PHY, Dbksis Jasper. 
 
 Maud. A " dramatic poem " by 
 Alfred Texnybon, publislied in 1853 j 
 the section, beginniiis " that 'twere pos- 
 
424 
 
 MAU 
 
 MAY 
 
 Bible " having 'been' -puWished in ,Tht 
 Tribute iu 1837. " Maud," says Eobert 
 Buchanan, "la full of heauties ; it posi- 
 tively blossoms with exquisite expressions. 
 It is invaluable as revealing to us for a 
 moment the sources of reserved strength 
 in Tennyson, and as containing signs of 
 passion and self-revelatioii altogether un- 
 usual. In a hundred passages we have 
 glimpses that stai*tle and amaze us. We 
 see what a disturbing force the Laureate 
 might have been, it he had not chosen 
 rather to be the consecrating musician of 
 his generation." 
 
 "Maudlin poetess (A), a rhym- 
 ing peer." — Pope, JEpiatle toDr.Arbuth- 
 notf line 16. 
 
 Maunder, Samuel (b. 1790, <]. 
 1849), compiled Treasuries of Geography, 
 History, The Bible, Literature and Science, 
 Natural History, and General Science- 
 Maurice, Frederick Denison, 
 clergyman, theologian, and philosopher 
 (b. 1805, d. 1872)^ wrote Subscription no 
 Bondage, The Kingdom of Christ (1842), 
 History of Moral and Physical Philosophy 
 (1853—62), Theological Essays (1851), Patrt- 
 archs and Lawgivers qf the Old Testament 
 (1855), The Bible and Science (1883), The 
 Kingdom of Heaven (1864), Coniiict of Good 
 and Evil (1865), The Commandments (1866), 
 Christian Ethics (1867), The Conscience 
 (1868), Social Morality (1869), The Friend- 
 ship of Books (1873), and other works, 
 inciudmg many volumes of sermons and 
 lectures. Of the Theological Essays a 
 writer in The Spectator says, "They are 
 Valuable as a complete exposition of his 
 [the author's] views of Christianity— the 
 views of a man who is powerfully influenc- 
 inc his generation, and who profoundly 
 believes m revealed religion as a series 
 of facts disclosing God's plan for educat- 
 ing and restoring the human race." See 
 Southey's Life and Correspondence, 
 
 Ma'TO'-'worm, in Bickerstaff's 
 comedy of The Hypocrite (q.v.), is a vul- 
 gar, designing knave, whp makes religion 
 a cloak for tlie most odious vices, but is 
 the dupe of his own credulity. 
 
 Mazimin. A Komim tyrant, in 
 •Dbyden's play of Tyrannic Love: or the 
 Royal Martyr (<i,'v,). 
 
 Maxwell, John. See Koyal Cap- 
 tive, The. 
 
 MaxTvell, 'William Hamilton, 
 
 novelist (b. 1795, d. 1850), wrote Sta-ies of 
 Waterloo (1829) ; O'Hara ; Tlie Bivouac ; 
 The Dark Lady of Doona ; The Adventures 
 
 qf Captain Blake ; The Fortunes of Hector 
 d'Halloran; Wild Sports of the West; The 
 Victories of Wellington and the British 
 
 ./4rmiea; and other works, 
 
 . Maxwell, Sir 'William Stirling, 
 
 ^.T,, poUticlau and miscellaneous writer 
 
 (b. 1818), has published Annals qf the 
 Artists of Spain (1848), The Cloister Life of 
 Charles V. (1862), Velasquez (1866), Soltman 
 the Magnificent (1877), &o. 
 
 May-day. A comedy by George 
 Chapmak (1657—1634), printed in 1611. 
 
 Mayday 'with the Muses. A 
 
 poem by Bobekt Bloomfleld, published 
 in 1822. 
 
 May Morning, Song on. By 
 
 John Milton. 
 
 May Queen, The. A ballad by 
 Alfred Tenn yson, published in 1832, and 
 including iVew Year's Eve. 
 
 May, Thomas, historian, poet, and 
 dramatist (b. 1595, d. 1650), published The 
 Heir (1622) ; Antigone (1631) ; The Reigne ^ 
 King Henry the Second (1633) ; The Victori- 
 ous Reigne of King Edward the Third (1635); 
 Cleopatra (1639) ; Julia Agrippina,Enwresse 
 of Rome (1639) ; Supplementum Lucani 
 (1640); The History of tlie Parliament of 
 England which began November 3, 1640 
 (1647) ; A Breviary of the History of the 
 Parliament of England (1650) ; The Old 
 Couple (1658) ; translations of Virgil's Geor- 
 ffic5, Lucan's Pharsalia, some of JVIartial's 
 Epigrams, Barclay's Argenis, and some 
 other works. See The New Monthly Magor' 
 zine, vol. ii. See HsiB, The ; Pakli^ 
 
 MENT OF EKGLAND. 
 
 Maydes Metamorphoses, The. 
 
 A play by John Lyl y, produced in 1600. 
 
 Mayhew, The Brothers. A 
 
 literary fraternity, of whom Henby (1812 
 — 1876) wrote London Labour and London 
 Poor (1851) ; The Great World of London 
 (1856); The Rhine audits Picturesque Scen- 
 eru (1856—38); .The Story qf the Peasant Bog 
 Philosopher; and Wonders of Science: or, 
 Young Humphry .Davy. Henby and Au- 
 gustus published Whom to Marry, and How 
 to Get Married: The Image qfhts Brother ; 
 and Paved with Gold. 'HOBACE contrib- 
 uted to Punch and wrote, -among otlier 
 pieces. Letters Left at the Pastrycpok's, 
 Thomas commenced the Penny National 
 Library, and otherwise connected himself 
 with the publication of cheap literature. 
 Edwabd is the author of some veterinary 
 works. 
 
 Maylie. Harry, One of the heroes 
 of Dickens's novel of Oliver Twist (q.v.) j 
 eventually married to Rose Fleming. 
 
 Maynard, 'Walter. See Beale, 
 Thomas 'Willeet. 
 
 Mayne, Jasper, D.D., Canon of 
 Christ Church, poet and dramatist (b. 1604, 
 d. 1672) wrote Sermons (1653) j transla- 
 tions of Lncian's Dialogues (1638) and of 
 Donne's Latin Epigrams (1662) ; The City* 
 Match (1639), (q.v.) ; The Amorous Want 
 (1648), (q.T.) J aud other works. • 
 
MAY 
 
 MED 
 
 425 
 
 - Mayne, John, poet (b. 1759, d. 
 ;1836), wrote The Siller Gun (1777), (q.v.) ; 
 
 Mallowe'en (1780) ; Logan Braes (1781), 
 (q.v.) ; and other short pieces, contributed 
 to the periodicals of the day. 
 
 Mayo, Isabella Fyvie. See 
 Garrett, Edtvard. 
 
 Mazeppa. A poem by Lord 
 Byron (1784^1824), published in 1819. Ma- 
 zeppa, it will be remembered, was chief of 
 the (ktssacks of the Ukraine, who joined 
 Charles XII. of Sweden, and fought at 
 Pultowa against Peter the Great. The 
 poem is chiefly in the form of a soliloquy 
 by this famous wanior, who narrates in it 
 a romantic incident of his life. 
 
 " Methought I saw my late es- 
 poused saint."— John Milton, On his lie- 
 ceased Wife.' 
 
 - Meadows, Mr., in Madanie 
 D'Arelay's novel of CeciZiff (q.v.), is an; 
 
 ' enniiy&t who is described by one of the 
 characters as **i;he sweetest dresser in the 
 world. I assure you it's a great ttiing to 
 he spoke to by him ; we are all of us quite 
 angry when he won't take any notice of 
 us," He himself complains, on one occa- 
 sion, of being " worn to a thread," because 
 he has been " talking to a young lady to 
 entertain her." 
 
 "Meadow of Margin." — Sheri- 
 dan, Sclioolfor Scandal. 
 
 "Meadows trim with daisies 
 pied." — ^Milton, L' Allegro, line 75. 
 " Meaner beauties of the night, 
 
 You." First line of Sir Henry Wotton's 
 lines To His Mistress^ the Queen of Bohe- 
 mia. 
 
 " Meanest flo'wer that blows 
 can give, -To me the."— Wordsworth's 
 Ode on the Intimatuyiis of Imjnortality 
 
 (q-V.):- 
 
 " Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears." 
 
 " Meanest floweret of the vale, 
 The."— Gray, Ode mi the Pleasure arising 
 : from Vicissitude. 
 
 '' Meanest thing that feels, The" 
 
 — Wordsworth, Hart-leap Well^ part ii. 
 
 " Meanest wretch in life, The." 
 
 Burns, Tarn o' SJumter : — 
 
 " The crouching vasaal of a tyrant wife." 
 
 "Means (Not), but blunders 
 round about a meaning." — Dryden, Mac- 
 
 Fleclffiioe. 
 
 " Means unto an end." See 
 " "Life's but a means," &c. 
 
 Measure for Measure. A comedy 
 by William Shakespeare (1564—1616), 
 first printed In the folio of 1623. It was, 
 however, played at least as early as 1604. 
 
 It was probably written in 1G03. The plot 
 is derived from a drama by George Whet- 
 stone, entitled. The Bight Excellent and 
 Fainous^ ffy story e of Promos and Cassandra 
 (1578), which was itself founded' on novella 
 5, in theeighth deca, of the second part of 
 Cinthio's Hecatommithi. "A play," sajs 
 Hazlitt, " as full of genius as it is of wis- 
 dom. Yet there is an original sin in the 
 nature of the siibjectj which prevents us 
 from taking a cordial interest m it." 
 
 " Measures, not men, have 
 
 always been my mark." See Goldsmith'a 
 , comedy of The Good-Nalured Man, act 
 ii. Burke, in, his essay on Present Dis- 
 contents, speaks of "the cant of not men, 
 but measu7'es,. a sort of charm by which 
 some people get loose from every honour- 
 able engagement." ^ 
 
 " Meccas of the mind, The." — 
 
 Halleck, Bums. 
 
 Medal, The: "fi Satire ngainst 
 Seditioh," by John Duyden ; written in 
 1681.. The Earl of Shaftesbury having 
 been acquiited of high treason, the popu- 
 lace celebrated the event with great re- 
 joicings, and a inedal was struck, beariVig 
 their hero's name and heRd^ and, ontho 
 reverse, a sun, obscured with a cloud, 
 rising oyer the i^ower and City of London ; 
 also, the date (November 24, 1681), and the 
 motto " Laetamur " (we rejoice). It is sai^d 
 that the king suggested thi^ circumstance 
 as a subject for Dryden's satirical genius, 
 and rewarded his performance with a 
 hundred gold pieces. 
 
 Medals, Ancient. See Dia- 
 logues UPON THE USlSFULNESS OF AN- 
 CIENT MeI>AL8. 
 
 "Meddles "w^ith cold iron, 
 That." — Butler, Hudibras, part i., canto 
 ii., line 2. The whole quotation runs : — 
 
 *' Ay me I whatperils do environ • 
 
 The mau that meddles with cold iron ! '* 
 
 Medea. A play, adapted from the 
 Greek of Seneca, by John Studley, and 
 published in 1566. 
 
 " Medicine thee to that street 
 sleep." — Othello, act iii., scene 3. 
 
 Medina. Tiie step-sistec of EUssa 
 (q.v.), in Spenser's Faerie Queene. 
 Mediocrity in Love rejected. 
 
 A song by Thomas Carew (1589—1639). 
 
 Meditation upon a Broomstick. 
 
 See Broomstick, A Meditation upon 
 
 A. » 
 
 Meditation "written in "Winter. 
 Stanzas by William Dunbak, in Pinker- 
 ton's Scottish Poems. 
 
 Meditations Among the Tombs. 
 
 A religious work by James Hervey (1714 
 
 —1768), published in me. 
 
426 
 
 MED 
 
 MEL 
 
 Medley. A cliaraoter in Etheb- 
 EGE's comedy of The Man of Mode (q.v.), 
 ill winch the author is supposed to have 
 attempted a representation of himself. 
 The same is said, however, of Bellair (q.v.), 
 auather person in the piece. 
 
 Medora. One of the heroines of 
 Byron's poem of The Corsair (q.v.). 
 
 Medoro. A Moorish youtli in 
 AnrosTO's Orlando Furioso, who marries 
 Angelica (q.v.). 
 
 Medulla, The. A chemical poem, 
 written in 1476, by George Riplev. 
 
 Medwell, Henry. See Finding 
 OP Truth, Of the ; and Nature. 
 
 Medwin, Captain Thomas, 
 published Conversations of Lord Byron, 
 noted during a residence with his Lordship 
 at Pisa in ls2l— 22 (1824) ; Captain Medwin 
 Vindicated from the Calumnies of the Jie- 
 view€rs(lB25); The Angler in fTaies (1834) ; 
 Lady Sinf/letooi (1842) ; and The Shelley 
 Papers (1847). 
 
 "Meed of some melodious 
 tear, "Without the."— Miltox, Lycidas^ 
 line 14. 
 
 " Meek-eyed Morn appears, 
 motherof dews."— Thomsox, The Seasons 
 (" Summer," line 47). 
 
 " Meek Walton's heavenly 
 memoiy." See '* Satellites bubnixgix 
 
 A LUCID RING." 
 
 Meikle, 'William Julius. See 
 
 MiCKLE. 
 
 Meikle^'ham, Mr. Saunders, in 
 
 Scott's St- Jionan's Well, is one of the 
 luaunging committee of the Spa. 
 
 " Melancholy, And, -with a 
 ereen and yellow." — Twelfth Nighty act 
 u.; scene 4 : — 
 
 " She eat, like Fntience on a monument, 
 Smiliug at grief." 
 
 " Melancholy main, Placed far 
 
 amid the." See stanza 30, canto i., of 
 Thomson's poem, The Castle of Indolence. 
 
 "Melancholy marked him for 
 
 her own." — Gray, Elegy written in a 
 Country Churchyard. 
 
 Melancholy, Ode on. By John 
 
 Keats. 
 
 *' Ave in the very temple of Delight 
 Vcil'd Melancholy has her sovran ithrine. 
 
 Melancholy, Ode to, by Thomas 
 Hood, was wi-ltten in 1827- 
 
 " T))erc*s not a Btring attuned to Mirth 
 But has itd chord in Melancholy." 
 
 Melancholy, The Anatomy of, 
 by Robert Burton (1576— 1B39), was pub- 
 Ufibed in 1621, Of this fascinating reper- 
 
 tory of sentiment, reflection, and quota- 
 tion — often fantastical, often ridiculouB, 
 but always amusing — Br. Johnson said, 
 that it was the only book that ever took 
 him out of bed two hours sooner than he 
 wished to rise. Sterne borrowed largely 
 from it. "Twenty lines of a poet," says 
 Taine, " a dozen lines of a treatise on 
 agriculture, a folio page of heraldry, a de- 
 scription of rare llshes, a paragraph of a 
 sermon on patience, the record of the fe- 
 ver lits of hypochondria, the history uf the 
 particle that, a scrap of metaphysics — 
 that is what passes through his brain in a 
 quarter of an hour ; it is a carnival of 
 ideas and phrases — Greek, Jjatin, German, 
 French, Italian, philosoxvhical, geometri- 
 cal, medical, poetical, astrological, musi- 
 cal, padagogic— heaped one On the other ; 
 an enormous medley, a prodigious mass of 
 jumbled quotations, jostling thoughts, 
 with the vivacity and the transport of a 
 feast of unreason. He is never-ending; 
 words, phrases, overflow, are heaped up, 
 overlap one each oth», and flow on, 4}ar- 
 rying the reader along, deafened, stuimed, 
 half-drowned, unable to touch ground in 
 tlie deluge. Burton is inexhaustible. 
 There are no ideas which he does not iter- 
 ate under ILfty forms; when he has e;;- 
 hausted his own, he pours out upon us 
 other men's — the classics, the rarest 
 authors, known only by savants — authors 
 rarer still, known only to the learned ; he 
 borrows from all. At the head of every 
 part you will find a synoptical and analy- 
 tical table, with hyphens, brackets, each 
 division begetting its sub-divisions, each 
 section its sub-sections; of tire malady in 
 general, of melancholy in particular, o£ 
 its nature, its seat, ite varieties, causes,, 
 Kymptoins, prognosis ; of its cure by per- 
 missible means, by forbidden means, by 
 dietetic means, by pharmaceutical means. 
 After the scholastic processes, he descends 
 from the general to the pariicular, and 
 disposes each emotion and idea in its la* 
 belled case.'* 5eeMELAX0H0LY, Treatise 
 ox. 
 
 Melancholy, The Author's Ab- 
 stract of. Verses prefixed by Robert 
 Burton (1576—1639) to his Jtiaiomy of 
 Melancholy (q.v.). Thev are twelve in 
 number, and are said to have suggested to 
 Milton some of the imagery of his II Peiv- 
 seroso : — 
 
 " When I go musing all nlone, 
 
 Thinking of divers things foreknown— 
 
 When I Build castles in the air, 
 
 Void of Borrow, void of fcnr, 
 
 Pleasing myself with phantasms sweet — 
 
 Methiulcs tlie lime runa vpt-y fleet. 
 
 All my joys to this are folly ; 
 
 Nought so sweet as melancholy." 
 
 The reader will remember Beaumont and 
 Pletcher's famous line :— 
 
 " Nothing's so dainty sweet as lovely melancholy." 
 
 Some writer lias remarked upon the vein 
 of melancholy running through all Eliza- 
 bethan literature. 
 
MEIi 
 
 MEt, 
 
 427 
 
 Melancholy, The Pleasures of. 
 A poom by Thomas Wakton (1728—1790), 
 published in 1745. 
 
 Melancholy, Treatise on, hy 
 Timothy Bkight, M.D., was publLsheol in 
 1586. TMs probably suggested to Burton 
 his Anatomy of Melancholy (q.v.). 
 
 Melanthe: "Fjibiila Pastomlis." 
 A play by Brookes, of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, acted before King James I. on 
 Friday, March 10, 1614, and printed in 
 1615. 
 
 Melantius. A bravo, honest sol- 
 dier in Beaumont and Fletcher's 
 MaUVs Tragedy (q.v.). A favourite char- 
 acter of Fletcher's. 
 
 Meldrum, Squire. Tlie hero of 
 " the Historis of ane nobil and wailzeand 
 Squyer "William Meldrum," by Sir David' 
 Lindsay (1490—1557), printed in 1550, re- 
 printed in Pinkerton's collection (1752), 
 .ind reproduced in Sibbald's Chronicle of 
 Scottish Poetry (1802). 
 
 Melesiuda. The lieroine of 
 Charles Lamb's farce of Mr. H. (q.v.). 
 
 Meliades, Tears on the Death 
 
 of. An elegy, composed in memory of 
 Prince Henry, son of James I., bv AVil- 
 LIAM DRUMM02fD, in 1613. Meliai^es was 
 the name used by the prince in all his 
 chivalrous exercises, being the anagram 
 of Miles a Deo — God's Soldier. Fl'oissart 
 lias a romance called Meliades: or, the 
 Knight of the Sun of Gold- 
 
 Meliadus del Sspinoy and Mel- 
 
 iadus le Noir (Eil. The thirty-seventh and 
 . thirty-eighth Knights of the Round Table. 
 ^ee'Rohinson's Ancient Order (1582). 
 
 Melibea. See Calistus. 
 
 Melibeus, The Tale of, in Chad- 
 ' cEU's Canterbury Tales (q.v.), is a transla- 
 tion from the Latin text of Atbertano de 
 Brescia^ or its French version, the Livre de 
 Afelibie et fie Z>ame Prudence. It is one of 
 the two- prose tales iu Chaucer's work. 
 
 Melissa. A prophetess in Ani- 
 osto's Orlando Furioso. 
 
 Melincourt. A novel by Thomas 
 Love Peacock (1785 — 1866). published in 
 1817. 
 
 Melmoth, Courtney, The nam 
 (le plume adopted by Samuel Jacksos 
 Pratt (1749 — 1814), a poet and prose writer 
 of some popularity in his day. 
 
 Melmoth the "Wanderer. A" 
 novel by Charles Robert Maturin 
 . (1782 — 1824), written after the manner of 
 Matthew Gregory Lewis. The hero is rep- 
 resented as being enabled, by a treaty 
 with the Evil One, to live one hundred 
 aud fifty years, during which time he ex- 
 
 periences, some very remarkable adven- - 
 
 tures. 
 
 Melmoth, 'William, of Lincohi's 
 Inn (b. 1666, d. 1743), published The Great 
 Importance of a lieliffious Life (1711), and 
 lieports of the Court of Chancery (with 
 Peere Williams). He also wrote some com- 
 ments on the immoralities of the age, in 
 the form of letters to Daniel Defoe. His 
 son wrote his ZifCj under the title of 
 Memoirs of a Late Eminent Advocate 
 (1796). 
 
 Melmoth, 'William, son of the 
 precetling (b. 1710, d. 17S9), published Let-^ 
 ters on Several Subjects (1742) Pliny's Zei' 
 ters (1746), Cicero's Letters (1753), Cato: 
 or, Old Age (1773); and Lielius ' or, FrientU 
 ship (1777). See Fitzosborse. 
 
 " Melodious tear." See " Meed 
 
 of S05IE melodious TEAR." 
 
 " Melting Mood, The." A pliras e 
 occurring in Othello, act v., scene 2. 
 
 Melvill, Henry, Canon of St. . 
 Paul's (b. 1798, d. 1871), published several 
 volumes of Sermons, aud one of Lectures 
 (1850—52). ■ ' 
 
 Melville, Herman, American 
 novelist (b. 1819), has published Typee 
 (1846), Omoo (1847), Mardi (1849), Redbuni 
 (1849), White Jacketasm), Mob;/ Dick asm), 
 ■Pierre (1852), Israel Potter. (ISBB), Piazza 
 Tales (1856), The Confidence Man (1857), 
 The Refuriee (1865), and Sattle Pieces, 
 poems (1866). 
 
 Melville, James, Scottish divine 
 (b. 1556, d. 1614), was the author of a Diary, 
 published by the Bannatyne and Wodrow 
 Societies ; also, a catechism, some prose 
 treatiseSj-^nd poems. 
 
 Melville, J. G. 'Whyte, noveh'st 
 and verse-writer (b. 1821), nas published 
 Digby Grand (1853), General Bounce (1854), 
 Kate Coventry (1856), The Interpreter (1858); 
 Ilolmby House (1800), Good for Notldruj 
 (1861), Tilbury Nogo (1R61), Market Harbor- 
 ough (1861), The Gladiators (1863), Brookes 
 of liridlemere (1864),' The Queen's Maries 
 (1864), Cerise (1865), Bones nmd J(1868), The 
 White Rose (1868), M. or N. (1869). Coji/ra- 
 hand (1870). Sarchedov. (1871), Satanella 
 (1872), The True Cross (1873), Vncle John 
 (1874), Sister Louise (1876), Kalerfelto (1S76), 
 and 7?o«ine (1876), besides a translation of, 
 Horace's Odes, and a book of Songs amd 
 Verses, 
 
 Melville, Sir James (b. 1535, d. 
 1617), wrote : " Memoirs, containingan Im- 
 partial Account of the most Remarkable 
 Affairs of State daring the last Age, not 
 mentioned by other Historians ; more par- 
 ticularly relating to the Kingdoms of Eng- 
 land and Scotlard, under the. reigns of 
 Queen Elizabeth, Mary Queen of Scots, 
 and King James. In all which transactions 
 the Author was personally aud publicly 
 
428 
 
 MEM 
 
 MEN 
 
 concerned." TUs work was first printed 
 in 16S3, afterwards in 1827 for the Banna- 
 tyne Club, and again in 1833 for tlie Mait- 
 laud Club. 
 
 "Memnon drew rivers of mel- 
 ody, Morn from."— Teknyson, The' Pal- 
 ace of Art. So Keule ; — 
 
 ** So£t lu Memnon'B harp at morning." 
 
 The allusion in both cases is to the old 
 myth of Meninon, King of Ethiopia, who 
 was the son of Aurora, or tlie dawn, and 
 .whose statue, in the neighbourhood of 
 Thebes, was said to give forth sounds at 
 sunrise, this being his greeting to his 
 mother. 
 
 Memorial Verses, by Matthew 
 AitN'OLD (b. 1822), dated April, 1850, and 
 celebrating ** Goethe's sage mind,'* and 
 " Wordsworth's healing power." 
 
 Memorials of a Tour in Scot- 
 land. Poems by William Wordsworth, 
 written in 1803. and including At the Grave 
 ofBumif To ilte Sons of Bums t To a Sigh- 
 land Girl, and Yarrow lievisited. Another 
 'series was published in 1814. 
 
 Memorials of a Tour on the 
 
 Continent. Poems by William Words- 
 worth, written in 1820. 
 
 Memorials of a Tour in Italy. 
 
 Poems by WILLIAM Wordsworth, writ- 
 ten in 1837. 
 
 Memoirs: "containing the lives 
 of several ladies of Great Britain," by 
 Thomas Amoby, " John Buncle " (1G91— 
 1788) ; published in 1765. In this work the 
 author describes his visit to the daughter 
 of a deceased college acquaintance among 
 the hills of Northumberland, and their 
 agreement to take a journey to the West- 
 ■ em Islands, where they encounter various 
 adventures, and discourse upon many 
 abstruse topics of philosophy- The " several 
 ladies " seem all to have been fictitious 
 characters, and the work is apparently 
 intended by the author as a vehicle for the 
 puwagation of his peculiar religious 
 notions. It is noticed in The Retrospective 
 Jieview, vol. vi. 
 
 Memoirs of Europe toTxrards 
 the Close of the Eighteenth Century. A 
 work supposed to have been written by 
 Olgismodus, a secretary and favourite of 
 Charlemagne, and translated into English. 
 
 Memoirs of P. P., •" a Parish 
 Clerk ; " written in ridicule of Burnet's 
 garrulous History of My Ovm Times (.q. v.); 
 often attributed to Pope, but really com- 
 posed by Jonx AttnuTHMOT (1675—1735). 
 The pompous, pragmatic, self-conceited 
 clerk is drawn with so much vigour that the 
 character has become proverbial. 
 
 Memory, Ode to, by Alfred 
 Teunyson i publlshedin 1830, and notice- 
 
 able as including two lines from the 
 un-reprinted Timimctoo: — 
 
 " Listening the lordly music flowing from 
 The illimitable years;" 
 
 and the description, in part iv., of the 
 poet's early home : — 
 
 " The seven elms, the poplars four 
 That stand beside my father's door." 
 
 Memory of Christ's Miracles: 
 " in verse," by Samuel Rowlakds, wi»t>- 
 tcn in 1618. 
 
 Men and 'Women. Minor poems 
 by Robert Browning; published iii 1855, 
 and including Pictor If/notus, Fra Zippo 
 Lippi, Andrea del Sarto, Bishop Blougram's 
 Apology, and others, 
 
 " Men are April -when they ■woo, 
 
 December when they wed." — As You Like 
 It, activ.. scene 1. 
 
 "Men are but children of a 
 
 larger growth." See " Children of a 
 
 LARGER growth ; " alSO, " CHILD 18 
 FATHER OF THE MAN, ThE." 
 
 " Men are we, and must grieve 
 
 when even the Shade."— Wordsworth, 
 Poems dedicated to National Independence 
 and Liberty, part i., No. 6 : — 
 
 " Of that which once wns great is passed away." 
 
 Men as they ought to be, not 
 
 as they are." — Goldsmith, Retaliation, 
 line 64. 
 
 "Men have died from time to 
 
 time, but not for love." — As You Lihe It, 
 activ., scene 1. 
 
 "Men may rise on stepping 
 
 stones."— Tennyson, In ilfeinoHam,stanza 
 1 :— 
 
 " Of their dead selves to higher things." 
 
 Longfellow, in his Ladder of St. Augustine 
 (q.v.), says : - 
 
 " St. Augustine 1 well hast thou said 
 That of our vices wo can frame 
 A ladder, if we will tread 
 Beneatii our feet each dead of shame." 
 
 " Men, my brothers, men, the 
 
 workers ever reaping something new." — 
 Tennyson, Locksley Malk ' 
 
 Men of Character. A series of 
 witty sketches bv DoroLAS Jebrold(1803 
 —1857), published in 1838. 
 
 "Men of England! who in- 
 herit" A song by Thomas Campbell. 
 
 "Men talk only to conceal 
 
 their mind."— Young, Kight Thoughts, 
 night iv., line 843. The epigram that 
 " Language was given to men to conceal 
 their tiioughts " has been attributed to 
 Talleyrand. It is, however, to be found in 
 Goldsmith, and, with some variation of 
 expression, in more than one other Eng- 
 lish writer. 
 
MEN 
 
 MER 
 
 429 
 
 " Men "were deceivers ever." 
 
 Line 2 of a song in Much Ado About Notlir 
 ing^ act ii., scene 3. 
 
 . " Men _^7ere made for us, and 
 ■ffo for men."— Rams AY, The Gentle Shep' 
 herd. •.; ^ 
 
 Menalcas. Tlie rival of Colin 
 Clout in Sfensek*s Sheplietd^s Calendar. 
 
 Menander in Dibdin's "biblio-. 
 graphical romance)" called JBibliomania 
 (q.v.)» is intended for -Thomas "Warton, the 
 literary critic and^historian. 
 
 Menaphon.- Ji. work by Robert 
 
 Greeks " (1560— 1592), published in 1587. 
 Its second, title is, "Camilla's Alarm to 
 Slumbering Euphues, in his melancholy 
 cell at Sllixedra.** The author describes 
 it as " a work worthy the youngest ears for 
 pleasure, or the gravest censure for priijci- 
 ples." , , . 
 
 ^Mennis, Sir John, poet (b. 1591, 
 d;. 1671), wrote various lyrics,. published in 
 Musarum DelicicB ; or, the Muses* Becrea- 
 t^ms (1651), q.v.) ; notably Sir John Suck- 
 ling's Campaigne (q,.v.). 
 
 Menologiunx :. " the Poetical Cal- 
 endar of tiie Angla-Saxoria ; " first pub- 
 lished by Hicke^, and afterwards by Fox 
 inlS30. "It is religious, and not pasto- 
 ral," says Morley, " briefly setting forth in 
 verse jjot unmixed with a poetical surges-, 
 tion orthe coui-ses of the seasons, *the tunes 
 of the saints that jnen should observe.' " 
 
 Men's Wives. The collective 
 title given to, three tales, called ** The 
 Kavenswing,'* "Mr. and Mrs. Frank Ber- 
 ry," and " Dennis Haggerty's Wife," con- 
 tributed to'Fraser's Magazine by William 
 Makepeace Thackeray, under the 
 p8e*adonym of George Fitzboodle. 
 
 Mensura Orbis Terras, De. A 
 
 treatise in description of the earth, founded 
 on an older work, by Dicuil (b. 755). 
 
 , Mephistopheles. A character in 
 Mablowe's tragedy of Faustus (q.v.). 
 " There is," says Hallam, *^ an awful 
 raelanchol;^ " about this character, ** per- 
 haps more impressive than the malignant 
 mirth of that tiend in the renowned work 
 of Goethe." 
 
 Merchant of Venice, The, by 
 
 WiLi/iAM Shakespeare (1564—1616), was 
 first printed in 1600, under the title of 
 "The most excellent Historie oi the Mer- 
 chant of Venice, with the extreame cruel- 
 tie of Shylocke the Jewe tov'ards the sayd 
 Merchant, In cutting a iust pOund of his 
 flesh : and.the obtayning of Portia by the 
 choyce of three. cheats." This is one of 
 the plavs referred to by Meres in his 
 Palladii Tamidi^^.r.). and is probably 
 identical with The,- Venesyan Comedy, 
 originally acted, according to Henslowe, 
 on the 25th of August, 1594. Th^ plot 
 
 seems to have been drawn from two stories 
 which occur in the Latin collection of the' ' 
 Gesta Jiomanorum, and in IlFecorone of 
 Signer Giovanni Fiorentino, giornataiv., 
 novella i., and which may be read in Col- 
 lier's Shakespeare's Libra/ry. See also 
 I)unlop's History of Fiction, and The Bag 
 of Gold in the notes to Itogers^s Italy. 
 ; " The Merchant of Venice" sayS Schlegel, 
 "is one , of Shakespeare's most perleqc 
 ■^vorks, popular to an extraordinary aegree, 
 and calculated to produce the most power- 
 ful effect OIL the stage, and at the same 
 time, a wonder of ingenuity and art for the 
 reflectiijg critic.** **'It is generally 
 esteemed the best of Shakespeare's come- 
 dies. In the management of the plot," 
 says Hallam, " which is sufiiciently_ com- 
 plex, without the slightest confusion or 
 incoherence, I do not conceive that it haa 
 been surpassed in the annals of any thea* 
 tre. The variety of characters, and the 
 powerful delineation of those on whom the 
 interest chiefly depends, the efEectiv0nes8, . 
 of many scenes in representation, the - 
 copiousness of the wit, and the beauty of 
 the language, it would be superfluous to 
 extol." See Song, A Nett ; Jew, The. 
 
 Merchant's Tale, The, in Chau- 
 cer's Canterbury Tales (q.v.), was after- 
 wards modernised by Pope in his January 
 and May. It is said to be founded on a 
 Latin -fable by Adolphe, written about 
 1315. 
 
 " Mercies in disguise.'' — Mallet, 
 
 Amyntor and Theodora, canto iii., line 177. • 
 
 Mercutib. Priend of Romeo, in 
 
 the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Cq.v.). . 
 **0h!" says Coleridge, "how shall I de- 
 scribe that exquisite ebullience and over- 
 flow of youthful life, wafted on over the 
 laughing waves of pleasure and prosperity, 
 as a wanton beauty, that distorts the face 
 on which she knows her lover is gazing ei\ 
 raptured, and wrinkles her forehead in tho 
 triumph of its smoothness ! Wit ever wake- 
 ful ; fancy busy, and procreative as an ^ 
 insect ; (Kiurage ; an easy mind, that, with- 
 out cares of its own,, is at once disposed to 
 laugh away those of others, and yettb be 
 interested in them — these and all congenial 
 qualities; melting into the common copula 
 of them all — the man of rank and the . 
 gentleman, with all its excellences and all 
 its weaknesses — constitute the character 
 of Mercutio 1 " 
 
 Mercy. A young pilgrim ia 
 BtrSYAN's Pilgrim's Progress (q.v.). 
 
 " Mercy [The quality of) is not 
 BiraLifiGd."— MercJiant of Venice, act iv., 
 scene 1. 
 
 " Mercy is nobility's true 
 
 badge, Sweet^'—Ti^ws Andronicus, act i.^ . 
 scene 1. 
 
 " Mercy sighed f are^veU.'* -^"^^ 
 BVBoi^, T^ Coi^ir, canto i., stanza 9. 
 
430 
 
 MEIt 
 
 MBR- 
 
 Merddin. A "Welsh bard (circa 
 SOO), wliose attributed vrorks are described 
 in The Mijvyrian Archaiology. Sea Ste- 
 pliens' Literature of the Cymri. See Bdk- 
 RowiNGs, The. 
 
 Meredith, George.poet and norel- 
 iat {b. about 1828), has written Poems 
 (1851); The Shaving of Slmgpat (1865); 
 Farina : a Legend of Cologne (1857) ; The 
 Ordeal of Ricliard Fevertl (1869) ; Mary 
 Sertrand (1860) : Evan Harrington (1861) ; 
 Modern Love : Poems and Ballads (1862) ; 
 Emilia in England (1864) : lihoda Fleming 
 (1865) ; ntlaria (1866) j The Adventures of 
 Harry Richmond (1871) ; Beauchamp's Ca- 
 reer (1875); and other works. 
 
 Meredith, Owen. The nam de 
 plume under which the Hon. Edwakd 
 BOBEKT BULWEB Lytton, now Lord 
 Lytton (b. 1831), published his earlier 
 poetry. See Lytton. 
 
 Meres, Francis, miscellaneous 
 writer (d. 1G46), published The Sinner's 
 Guide (1696) ; Gog's Arithmetick (1597), 
 (c(.'r.);'Grana{la's Devotioti (1598), (q.v.) ; 
 a,h<lPallaflis Tamia, Wit's Treasury (1598), 
 being the' second part ot Wit's Common- 
 wealth (1597), Palladis Tamia (q.v.) is 
 merely a selection, but includes an original 
 chapter by Meres, called A Comparative 
 JHscourse of our English Poets with Greeli, 
 Latin and Italian Poets, which is often X-e- 
 ferred to. See "Wood's Athena OxonienseS. 
 
 See POLITEUPHIA. 
 
 Meretriciad, The. A poem by 
 EdwXbd Thompson (1738—1786). 
 
 "Merie sungen the tnuneches 
 binnen Ely." First line of a ballad said 
 to have been written by King Canute on 
 hearing the music of Ely Cathedral as he 
 rowed on the river Nen. It is preserved 
 in the Historia EUensis, and was very pop- 
 ular amongst Englishmen in the eleventh 
 century. 
 
 Merivale, Charles, D.D., Dean 
 of Ely (b. 1808^, has written A History of 
 the Romans wilder the Empire (1850—62), 
 Boyle Lectures (1864 — 66), and a transla- 
 tion ot the Iliad into English rhymed 
 verse (1869). 
 
 Merivale, John Herman, poet 
 and translator (b. 1779, d. 1844), published 
 Orlando in Poncesvalles (1814) ; assisted 
 Bland in his Collections from the Geeek An- 
 thology, of which an enlarged edition 
 appeared under his supervision in 1833 ; 
 wrote various pamphlets upon Law Re- 
 form ; issued a collection of Chancery 
 cases from 1815 to 1817; published two 
 volumes of miscellaneous poetry ; and 
 translated the minor poems of Schiller. 
 
 Merle, The, and the Nightin- 
 gale. A poem by William Bunbab, in 
 which the two birds discourse of love, and 
 come to the conelusion that 
 
 " All love it loet but upon Ood alone. " 
 
 Merlin. An old romance, translated 
 from the French of Wace or Gairaar, and ' 
 founded mainly on the fabulous history of 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth. 
 
 Merlin. The sage in Tenntsost's 
 Idylls of tlie King (q.v.) : 
 
 ••■WhoacvHstwit 
 And hundred winters arc bat as the hands 
 Of loyal TafiBals toiling for their king." 
 
 The manner of his death, as told in Vivien^ . 
 is well known. He figures also in the ' 
 FaSrie Queen, the tales and romances of 
 chivalry, and the romantic poems of Italy. 
 See "Warton's History, and Morley*s Eng" 
 lisli Writers. 
 
 Merlin The pseudonym under 
 which Alfked Tenkysok contributed to 
 The Examiner, in 1852, the poem, since re- 
 printed, entitled The Third of February, 
 1852. 
 
 Mermaid Tavern^Tie. Lines by 
 Feakcis Beaumont, in a letter (o Ben 
 Jonson. The "Mermaid" was the f avour- 
 i te resort of that famous company of which 
 Shakespeare and Ben Jonson were the 
 leading spirits. See Apollo Club, The. 
 
 " What thinf;a we hove seen 
 
 Done at the ' Mermaid' I Heard words that havo 
 
 been 
 So nimble and bo full nf eubtile flame. 
 As if that cvcjy one from whom they came 
 Had meontto put his whole wit in a jest, 
 And had resolved to live a fool the rest ' ' '^ 
 Of his dull life." ^ 
 
 Mermaid Tavern, Iiines on the. 
 
 By John Keats. 
 
 " Souls of poets dead and gone 
 "What clvsium have ye known^ 
 Happy Held or mossy cavern — 
 Choicer than the ' Mermaid ' tavern ? " 
 
 "Mermaid's yelloinr pride of 
 
 hair."— Thomas Cakew, A Sang. 
 
 Merope. A classical tragedy by 
 Matthew Abnold (b. 1822), published 
 in 1858, but now out of print. It was pre- 
 ceded by an essay, in which the author de- 
 fended, after describing, the principles on 
 which the tragedy was composed. " Ithas," 
 says Lowell, ''that one fault against which 
 the very gods, we are told, strive in vain : 
 it is dul'l ; and the seed of this dullness lies 
 in the system on which it was written.'* 
 Geobge Jeffbeys (q.v.) wrote a tragedy 
 called Merope. 
 
 Merrick, James, poet and Biblical 
 critic (b. 1720, d. 1709), published Messiah: 
 a Divine Comedy (1734) ; a translation of 
 Tryphiodorus' Destruction nf Troy (1740) i 
 A Metrical yersion of the Psalms ; A Dis- 
 sertation on Proverbs; Poems on Sacred 
 Subjects; and other works. 
 
 Merrilies, Meg. A half-witted 
 gipsy, in Sir Walteb Scott's novel of 
 Guy Mannering (q.v.). " She is most akin ," 
 says Lord Jeffrey, '< to the witches of Kac- 
 
MEB 
 
 MIA 
 
 431 
 
 beth, with some traits of the ancient sibyl 
 ingrafted on tlie coarser stoclc of tlie last 
 century.'* 
 
 "Merry as a Marriage bell, 
 
 And all went." See stanza 21, canto iii., 
 of Bybos's poem of C/iilde Harold's Pil- 
 grimage (q.v.). 
 
 " Merry as the day is long. As." 
 -^Mucli Ado About Jlfothing, act ii., scene 1. 
 
 Merry Conceited Jests, by 
 
 Gbouge Pbeljb (1552— 159S) ; pnblisbed in 
 1627. A tract in wjiich the' author pro- 
 fesses to give an account of himself and 
 his family, but which Dyce regards as, to a 
 great extent, a work of Hction. 
 
 Merry Devil of Edmonton. See 
 ED3I0ST0N, The Merry Devil of. 
 
 "Merry heart goes all the day, 
 
 A." A line in Autolycus' song in scene 
 iii., act It., of The Winter's Tate (q.T.). 
 
 "Merry in hall, 'Tls." See Tns- 
 BER*3 August's Abstract. 
 
 "Merry monarch, scandalous 
 
 and poor. A." A line in some verses on 
 Charles II., by the Earl of Koceester. 
 
 "Msrry month of May, In the." 
 
 Barxfield, Address to the Nightingale. 
 
 Merry, Old. The noni de plume 
 uiider which Edwi:^ HOddeb has written 
 several works for the young. 
 
 " Msrry -when I hear sweet 
 music, I am never." — Jlerchant of Venice, 
 act v., scene 1. 
 
 Merry Wives of V/indsor, The. 
 
 See Wives of Windsor, The Merry. 
 
 Merrygreek, Matthe'w. A ser- 
 vant in Ud ALL'S comedy of Ralph Roister 
 Jioister (q.v.). 
 
 Mersar. A Scottish poet, referred 
 to in Lindsay's Complaint of tlig Papingo. 
 His Christian name is not known. See 
 Peril is Paramours. 
 
 Merton, Tommy. One of the boys 
 in Day's Sandford and Merton (q.v.). 
 
 Merton, Tristram. The nom de 
 plums under which Lord Macaulay (1809 
 — 1859), contributed several sketches and 
 ballads to Knight's Quarterly Magazine. 
 
 Mery Talys. Printed by John 
 Rastell prior to 1533, and reprinted in 
 1815. The Book is full of amusing stories. 
 
 Mesmerism, Letters on, by Har- 
 
 KIET Marti.vf.ait (b. 1802, d, 1876), in con- 
 ;fession of her faitli in clairvoyance. .They 
 were issued in 1815.' 
 
 Mesogonus. A comedy, in four 
 acts, supposed to be written by Thomas 
 BVOHABDES, and assigned by Collier to 
 HbA ;ear 1560. "The scene is laid in Italy, 
 
 but the manners are English ; and the 
 character of the domestic fool, so impor- 
 tant in tlie old comedy, is fully aelineated." 
 
 Msssiah, The. A sacred eclogue, 
 in imitation of Virgil's Pollio, by Alex- 
 ander Pope ; published in The Spectator. 
 
 Messiah. By tlie Rev. John New- 
 ton- (1722—1807). Fifty expository dis- 
 courses on the series of Scriptural passages 
 which form the subject of the celebrated, 
 oratorio of Handel. They were published 
 in 1786. 
 
 Messiah. See Meri^ick, James. 
 
 " Metal more attraotlve,Here's.'' 
 
 — Hamlet, act iii.. Scene 2. , 
 
 "Metamorphosed Ajas:, 'Anat- 
 omy of the: "an Apology for the same J " 
 and Ulysses upon Ajax. Two Babel^isian 
 satires, full of humour, learning, and 
 grossness, by Sir John Haryngtoj.' ; 
 published in 1596. 
 
 " Meteor flag of England, The." 
 
 See Campbell's Ye Mariners of England. 
 
 "Meteor to the troubled air, 
 Streamed like a." — Gray, TIic Bard, part 
 i., stanza 2. Milton (in Paradise Lost, 
 book i., line 5301 has the line :— ^ 
 
 " Shone like a meteor etreaming to the wind." 
 
 Meteyard, Eliza, miscellaneous 
 
 writer, has written Struggles for Fame 
 (1815) ; The Doctor's Little Daughter (1860); . 
 Lilian's Golden Hours (1856) ; Maidstone's 
 Housekeeper (I860) ; Ancient London (1861) ; 
 Josiah Wedgwood (1865 — 6) ; A Group of 
 Englishmen : being Records of the Younger 
 Wedgwoods and their Friends (1871) ; and 
 other works. See Silyerpen. 
 
 "Methinks it is good to be 
 
 here." First line of Lines Written in tlie 
 Churchyard of Richmond, YorJcshtre, by 
 Herbert Kkowles (1798—1817). 
 
 Metrical Iiegends, by Joanna 
 Baillie (1762—1851) ; published in 1821. 
 
 Metrical Translations. Occurring 
 in Sir Walter Raleigh's History of the 
 World (q.v.), and reprinted in Hannah's 
 Courtly Poets. 
 
 Metrical Visions, by George 
 Cavekdish (1500 — 1562); published in 
 1815. 
 
 Mewling and puking in the 
 
 nurse's arms." — As You Like It, act ii,, 
 scene 7. 
 Meyrick,. Sir Samuel Rush, 
 
 historian (b. 1783, d. 1848),. was the author 
 of TJie Costume of the Original- Inhabit'^ 
 ants of the British Islands (1814), A Crit^ , 
 ical Inquvrij into Ancient Armour (1824), 
 and other works. 
 
 Miall, Edward, Nonconformist 
 politician (b. 1809), has written The Vohm- 
 
432 
 
 ma 
 
 MID 
 
 iarj/ Principle fl84B) ; Ethics qf Nmicon- 
 formity (1848); The Bases of Belief (1863) ; 
 The Politics of Chrisiianitp (1863) ; -and An 
 Editor.O^the Litis,; ot^ Wayside Musings 
 an^ Reminiscences (1865). The Non^mi- 
 fprmistj of which Mr. Hiall has been the 
 proprietor and editor since its commence- 
 ment, was started in 1841. 
 
 Mica-wber, Mr. Wilkins. A 
 
 character lu Dickeks's David Ckipjierfleld 
 (q.v.) ; distinguished for the pleasing te- 
 nacity of his faith in sometlijng " turning 
 ■ up." •* There never was a Mr. Micawber," 
 Bays Professor Masson, '• exactly as he ap- 
 
 gears in the pages of Dicliens ; but Mlcaw- 
 erism pervades nature through and 
 through ; and to have this quality from 
 nature, embodying the full essence of a 
 thousand instances of it in one ideal mon- 
 strosity, is a feat of invention." " Who," 
 says Thackeray, " does not venerate the 
 chief of that-illustrious family, who, being 
 stricken by misfortune, wisely and greatly 
 turned his attention to 'coals,' — the ac- 
 complished, the epicurean, the dirty, the 
 delightful Mieawber ? " 
 
 " Mice, and rats, and such small 
 
 deer." — King Lear, act iii., scene 4. 
 
 Micbael, " tlie Cornish Poet " 
 (circa 1210). See Bhymes fok Mekky 
 Englasd. 
 
 Michael. A " pastoral poem " liy 
 William Wokdswobth, written in 1800. 
 
 . Michel, Dan. See Atenbite of 
 
 IKWIT. 
 
 "Miching Mallecho (This is) ; 
 It means mischief." — Hamlet, act ill., scene 
 2. iSee Petes Bell the Thibd. 
 
 Mickle, "William Julius, poet (b. 
 1734, d. lT88),wioto i»rot>tfiemc«(1762); PoUio 
 a765); The Concubine (1767); Letter to Dr. 
 Oarwood (1769); Aforj/, Queen of Scots {Vno); 
 Voltaire in. the Shades (1770); The Lusiad 
 (1775), (q.v.) ; Almada mil (1781) ; The 
 Propliecy (^ Qneen Emma (1782) ; Eskdale 
 Braes (1788) ; and other works ; the whole 
 being published, with a Life of the au- 
 thor in 1806. See Cumnoe Hall. 
 
 Micro-Cynicon : "Sixe Snarling 
 Satyres. Insatiat. Prodigall. Insolent. 
 Cheating. Juggling. Wise." These were 
 formerly attributed to Mabstox, the 4ra- ■ 
 matist, but are included by Byce in his 
 edition of the works of Middleton. 
 
 Microcosm, The. A weekly 
 periodical, conducted by tha boys of Eton 
 College from November 6, 17S6, to July 30, 
 1787. It was published every Monday, and 
 consisted of papers written in imitation of 
 The Spectator and similar publications. It 
 prof essed to be edited by " (jregory Gufan," 
 of the College of' Eton, whose will, in the 
 concluding number, bequeaths the oon- 
 tefatB of the Jbuinal to his " much-boloved I 
 
 friends, J. Sinith, (i Canning, K. Smith, 
 and J. Frere," of whom Fbebe and Gan- 
 NiifG will be recognised as afterwards at- 
 taining to a high position in the world of 
 literature. 
 
 Microcostnography : " or, a 
 
 Piece of the World Discovered : in Essays 
 and Characters," by John Eable, Bishop 
 of WoBCESTEB and Salisbuby (1601— 
 1C65); published in 1628, and reprinted, 
 under the editorahip of Dr. Bliss, in 1811. 
 It includes descriptions of 'such persons aa 
 " a young rawe Preacher," '* a meere dull 
 Physitian," and the like. See Chabao- 
 
 TEBS. 
 
 Microcosmus : " a Morall Mas- 
 que," by Thomas Nabbes (1600—1645) ; 
 printed in 1637, and charaotensed by Gif- 
 ford as ** a very poetic rhapsody." It 
 contains the following graceJail song of 
 love ; — 
 
 *' "WelcomiH welcopie, happy pair, 
 To tKese abodes where epicy air 
 B rcatbcs perfume, and every Benae 
 Doth find ills object's cxcellenuc ; 
 Where's no hco£, nor cold extreme, 
 No winter's lee, no summer's scorching beam i _ - 
 There's no sun, yet never night, 
 Day always springing from eternal light. 
 
 All mortal sufferings laid aside, 
 
 Here in endless bliss abide." 
 
 Microcosmus is also the title of a work by 
 Peteb HEYLiif (q.v.) and by Samuel 
 PUBCHAS (q.v.). 
 
 " Mid hour of night, -vrhen stcira 
 
 are weeping, I fly At the." First line of 
 an Irish melody by Thomas Moobe (1779 
 —1852). 
 
 Midas: A play, by John Ltlt, 
 
 written in 1592. 
 
 Middle Temple Library.founded 
 in 1641, was re-opened by the Prince of 
 
 Wales in 1861. 
 
 Middlemarch : •" a Study of Pro- 
 vincial Life." A novel by GeobqS Eliot 
 (b. about 1820), published m 1872, and char- 
 acterised by The Quarterly Review as " the 
 most remarkable work of the ablest of liv- 
 ing novelists, and, considered as a study of 
 character, unique." The heroiiie is I)oro^ 
 thea Brooke, first married to Mr. Casaubon, 
 afterwards to Will Ladislaw. Among the 
 other characters are Mr. Lydgate (q.v.), 
 Bosamond Vincy, Mary Garth, and Mrs. 
 Cadwallader (q.v.). 
 
 Middleton,Conyers,D.D., clergy- 
 ms^n (hi 1683, d. 1750), wrote A Method far 
 Vie Mcmagementofa Library (1723); A Let- 
 ter from Rome (1729); A Dissertation on the 
 Origin of Printing in England (17.35) ; The 
 Historii of the Life of Marcus TuUius Cic- 
 ero (1741); The Letters <f Cicero to Bi'uhJS, 
 and qf Brutus to Cicero (1743); A H'ree' In- 
 quiry into Miracles (1749); and other works. • 
 His Works were oollectea in 17S2. 
 
 Middleton, Thomas, dramatist 
 
MID 
 
 MIG 
 
 433 
 
 (b. 1570, d. 1627), wrote The Wisdom of 
 Solomon Paraphrased (1597): Blurt, Master 
 Constable: or, the SpaniariVs Night Walke 
 (1602) ; Michaelmas Terme (1607) ; Patient 
 Grissel (1607) ; The Phmnix (1607) ; Four 
 Fine Gallants (1607) : The Familie of Love 
 (1G08) ; A Mad World, my Masters (1608) ; 
 A TricJce to Catch the Olil One (1608) ; Ac- 
 cownt of Sir Robert Sherley (1609) ; The 
 JRoaring Girl (1611), (q.v.) j The Triumphs 
 of Truth (1613) ; The Triumphs of Honour 
 and. Industri/ilGlT) ; Civitatis Amor (1616) ; 
 A Fair Quarrel (1617) ; The Triumphs of 
 Love and Antiquity (1619) ; The Masque of 
 Heroes (1619) j A Courtly Masque (1620) ; 
 The ^iin in Aries (1621) ; The Triumphs of 
 Honour and Virtue (1622) ; The Triumphs 
 of Integrity (1623)^ The Game at Chesse 
 (1624), (q.v.) ; The Triumphs of Health and 
 Prosperity (1626) ; Tlie Chast Mayd in 
 Clieape-side ; Tlie Widow (q.v.) ; The 
 Cliangeling (1653) ; The Spanish CHpsie 
 (1653) : The Old Law (q.v.) ; More Dissem- 
 blers besides Women (1657) ; Women beware 
 Women (1657) ; No Wit, no Help like a 
 Woman's (1657) ; The Mayor o/* Quin- 
 bopough (1661) ; Anything for a Quiet Life 
 (1662); The Witch (ms); aud other worfes. 
 The Works of Middleton were edited in 
 1840, with " some Account of the Author, 
 and Notes," by the Kev. Alexander Dyce. 
 For Criticismj see Hazlitt's Elizabethan 
 Jjiteratv/re, and Lamb's Specimens of 
 Dramatic Poets. "Middleton," saysLeigh 
 Hunt, " partakes of the poetry and sweet- 
 ness of Decker, but not to the same height; 
 and he talks more at random. You hardly 
 know what to make of tlie dialogue or 
 stories of some of his plays. But he has 
 more fancy ; and there is one character of 
 his (De Flores in The Changeling') which, 
 for effect at once tragical, probable, and 
 poetical, surpasses anything I know of in 
 the drama of domestic life." See also 
 Cheapside, Chaste Maid in ; Father 
 Hubbard's Tales ; Micbo-Cykicon ; 
 Puritan Maid, The; Triumphs; "Witch, 
 The. 
 
 Middleton, Thomas Fanshawe, 
 Bishop of Calcutta (b. 1763, d. 5822), was 
 the author of A Treatise on the Greek Ar- 
 ticle (1808, 1828, and 1833). See BemainSf 
 with Xi/e, by Bonney (1824). 
 
 " Midges dance aboon the burn, 
 
 The." First line of a lyric by Egbert 
 Tannahill (q.v). 
 
 Midlothian, The Heart of. See 
 Heart of Midlothian, The. 
 
 "Midnight oil, The." A phrase 
 used by Gay in his Shepherd and Philos- 
 opher : — 
 
 " Whence 19 thy learning ? Hath thy toil 
 O'er books consumed the midnight oil ? 
 
 It is also found in Quarles, Shenstone,. 
 Cowper, and others. 
 
 Midsummer Night's Dream, A, 
 
 by William Shakespeare (1564^1616), is 
 one of thq plays mentioned by Meres in 
 his Palladis Tamia, and therefore writ- 
 ten before 1598. Its exact date, however, 
 cannot be ascertained. Malone states it 
 as 1592, but this is mere conjecture ; and 
 all we can confidently afi&rm is tbat ** it 
 evidently belongs to the earlier period of 
 Shakespeare's genius.' Dowden suggests 
 that it was probably written on the octa- 
 sion of the marriage of some noble couple;, 
 possibly, as Gerald Maesey supposes, for 
 the marriage of the poet's patron, SouUi- 
 ampton, with Elizabeth Vernon (3590. 
 Karl Elze refers it to the marriage 
 of Lord Essex and Lady Sidney (ICOb), 
 which ia still .more probable. It was 
 first printed in 1600. Some hints seem to 
 have been derived by the poet from The 
 Knight's Tale of Chaucer; and, in the 
 burlesque interlude of Pyramusand Timbe 
 allusion is apparently, made to Goldirg's 
 translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Haz- 
 litt says that "the reading oi this play is 
 like wandering in a grove by moonlight. 
 The descriptions breathe a sweetness like 
 odours thrown from the beds of flowers. 
 " What I most admire in the play," says 
 George MacDonald, "is the reconciling 
 power of the poet. He brings together 
 such marvellous contrasts, without a sin- 
 gle shock or jar to your feeling of the 
 artistic harmony of the conjunction. 
 Tliink for a moment — the ordinary com- 
 mon-place courtiers ; the lovers, menand 
 women, in the condition of all condilions 
 in which fairy powers might get hold of 
 them ; the quarrelling king and queen of 
 fairyland, with the courteous Blossom, 
 Cobweb, and the rest, and the court-jester, 
 Puck ; the ignorant, clownish artisans,, 
 rehearsing their play ; fairies, clownF,- 
 lovers and courtiers are all mingled in one 
 exquisite harmony, clothed with a jiight 
 of early summer, rounded in by the wed- 
 ding of the king and queen." See also 
 HaIlam*B criticism in The Literature of 
 Etwope, See Theseus. 
 
 Midsummer Day's Dream, A. 
 
 A poem by EDwiJf Atherstoiie (1788 — 
 1872), published in 1822. 
 
 Miggs, Miss, in Dickens's novel 
 of Barnaby liudge (q.v.), is servant to Mrs.' 
 Varden. "She is an elderly maiden, who 
 by some strange neglect on the part of 
 mankind, has been stllowed to remain un- 
 married. This neglect might', in some 
 small degree, be accounted for by the fact 
 that her .person and disposition came 
 within the range of Mr. Tappertit's epithet 
 of 'scraggy.* She had various ways of 
 wreaking her hatred upon the other sex, 
 the most cruel of which was in often 
 honouring them with her company and 
 discourse." 
 
 Mightiest in the mightiest,'Tis." 
 Merchant of Venice, act iv., scette L Por- 
 tia's description of Mercj^. 
 
 19 
 
434 
 
 MIG 
 
 MIL 
 
 " Mighty dead. And hold high 
 converse -with the."— Thomson's Seasons 
 (•* Winter "). 
 
 "Mighty hopes that make ii3 
 men, The."— Tennysok, In Memoriam, 
 stauza Ixxxiv, 
 
 "Mighty line, Marlo-we*s." A 
 
 phrase used by Ben Jonson in his poem 
 
 To the Memory of Shakespeare : — 
 
 " And tell thee how far thou didst one L7I7 out- 
 ahine. 
 Or sportiiig Kyd, or Marlowe's mighty line." 
 
 " Mighty maze, but not -without 
 ft plan. A." See line 6, epistle i., of Pope's 
 JEssay on Man (q.v.). 
 
 " Mighty minds of old, The."— 
 
 SouTHEY, ill the Occasional Piece (xviii.),. 
 beginning — 
 
 •' My days among the dead ore pasBed.'* 
 
 Milan, The Duke of. A tragedy 
 by Philip Massinger (1584—1640). 
 "Among the tragedies of Massiuger/' 
 Bays Hallaiu, " I should be incliiietl to 
 prefer this. The plot borrows enough 
 from histoiy to give it dignity, and to coun- 
 terbalance in some measure the predomin- 
 ance of the passion of love which the 
 invented parta of the drama exhibit. The 
 characters of Sforza, IVtarcelia, and.' Fran- 
 cesco, are in Massinger's best manner ; 
 the story is skilfully and not improbably 
 developed ; the pathos is deeper than we 
 generally find in his writings ; the elo- 
 quence of language, especially in the cele- 
 Drated speech of Sforza before the emperor^ 
 has never been surpassed by him." 
 
 . Milbourne, Iiuke, clergyman and 
 poet (b. 1667, d. 1720), was the writer of a 
 rhythmical version of tlie Psalms^ and 
 Tarious religious publications. He is re- 
 ferred to by Doth Dryden and Pope. 
 
 " Mild splendour of the various- 
 rested night." — Sonnet, To the Autumnal 
 jl/oon, by Samuel Taylok Coleridge. 
 
 " Mildest mannered man (The), 
 that ever scuttled ship or cut a throat." — 
 Byron, Don Juan, canto iii., stanza 41. 
 
 ' " Mildness, Ethereal." A phrase 
 Tised by TiiOMSONin the Reasons, in de- 
 scription of Spring. 
 
 Mildmay, Frank. See Frank 
 
 MiLDMAY. 
 
 Miletus, The Lost Tales of. See 
 Lost Tales of Miletus, The. 
 
 Milhouse, Robert, weaver and 
 poet (d. 1839), wrote three poems, called 
 Vicissitude^ Sherwood Forestf and tae Des- 
 tinies of Man. 
 
 " Milk of human kindness, It is 
 too fall o' the."^ Macbetht neb i., scene 5. 
 
 Idill, James, historian and pliilb- 
 
 eophical writer (b, 1773, d. 1836), wrote , an 
 Essay on the Impolicy of a Country in ilte 
 Exportation of Grain (1804) ; a translation, 
 with notes, of ViUers' Essay on Luther 
 and the Reformation (1805), a History cf 
 British India (1817—18), Elements of Polit- 
 ical Economy fl821— 22), Analysis of iJte 
 Phenomena cf the Human J/i)irt (1829), The 
 Principles^ of Toleration (1837) ; and vari- 
 ous contributions to The Literary Jour- 
 nal. The Edinburgh Review, The West' 
 minster Review, and The Encyclopcedia 
 Britannica. 
 
 Mill, John Stuart, son of the pre- 
 ceding, metaphysician and political econo- 
 mist (b. 1806, d. 1873), published a Systemof 
 Logic iX^Z), Essay son some Unsettled Ques- 
 timis in Political Economy (1844), Principles 
 of Political Economy (1848), an Essay on 
 Liberty (lS5S),Dissertation8 and Discussions 
 (1859 — 67), Tlioughts on Parliamentary Re- 
 form (1859), Consider atimis on Represen- 
 tative Government (1861), Utilitarianism 
 (1862), Auguste Comte and Positivism (IBGS)^ 
 an Examination of Sir William Hamil- 
 ton's Philosophy (1865), The Subjection of 
 Womsn (1867), Address to the Students of 
 St- Andrews (1867), Ennland and Ireland 
 (1868), The Irish Land Question (1870), and 
 Ifature and other Essays (1874)_. See liis 
 Autobiography (1873). For Criticism, ^ee 
 Taine's English Literature, vol. iv. 
 " Alike as a metaphysician, a logician, a 
 moralist, and a politician, Mill," saj's one 
 of his critics, " has exercised a deep influ- 
 ence on the thought of the present day. 
 He is opposed alik6 to Ihe German and the 
 Scotch pnilosophy. On the one band, he 
 rejects the distinctions between formal and 
 material truth, and will not admit that 
 any ideas are potentially given to thought. 
 Experience, according to bim, is not mere- 
 ly the occasion, but tlie sole and simple 
 source of all knowledge. From it the 
 axioms of eeometry, the law of causation, 
 the ideas or God and immortality, must, if 
 valid, be alike derived. The existence of 
 external objects, distijict from our sensa- 
 tions, he recognises merely as aformuf 
 speech, not a fact. Induction he classes 
 along with those formal processes, which 
 modern lo^cians have generally regarded 
 as alone within their province. Society he 
 treats as the sphere of education for the 
 individual ; but this education cannot be 
 fully carried out unless liberty is allowed 
 for the development of individual tastes 
 and capacities. His ideal is a universal 
 franchise, graduated according to degrees 
 of intelligence. His work on political 
 economy is more remarkable for power of 
 statement than for novelty of view. For 
 judicial calmness, elevation of tone, and 
 freedom from personality. Mill is unriv- 
 alled among the writers of his time." 
 
 Mill on the Floss, The. A novel 
 by George Eliot (b. about 1820), pub- 
 lished in 1860. "There is a simplicity 
 about Tile Mill tm the Floss," says The 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 435 
 
 Qtit^rterhj Bevieio, *' ■vrbich reminds one of 
 the classic tragedy ; tli«, vast bower bf 
 Nature over tlie career and fate of a 
 family, figured forth lii the river, beside 
 which the child Maggie played, tilling her 
 mother's heart with gloomy and not un- 
 veracious presentiments, down which she 
 paas3il with Stephen in her hour of temp- 
 tation, with Xom in her last moments ; 
 the whole strength of association and of 
 the ties and instinct of blood breaking in 
 at every critical point in the story.like 
 the voice, of a Greek chorus, full of tradi- 
 tionary warning and stern common sense, 
 but speaking in the dialect of English rus- 
 ticity, and by the mouths of Mr. Tulliver 
 and tiis wife's relations." 
 
 Millamaut, in Congkeve's Waif of 
 
 the IVorld, is in love with Mirabell.. 'She 
 is "the perfect model," says Hazlitt, " of 
 the accomplished fine lady." 
 
 . Millar, John, Professor in Glasgow 
 
 University (b. 1735, d. 1801), wrote Observa- 
 tions conceminff tm Origin and Distinction 
 qf Ranks in Society 0T71), an Jlistorical 
 Iteview of the English Gover}iment{VI^i — 90), 
 and other works. See the Life by Craig, 
 prefixed to the fourth edition of the 06- 
 servations (1806) ; also, Lord Jeffrey's 
 Criticism on the History in The Edinburgh 
 Jievietv, No. 5. 
 
 Millbank, in Disraeli's l^vian 
 Grei/i is said to be intended for Thomas 
 Hope, the author of Anastasiits (q.v.). 
 
 Miller, Hugh, geologist jind jour- 
 nalist (b. 1802, d. ]856), wrote Poems written 
 in tlie Leisure Hours of a Jmirneyman Ma- 
 son (1829) ; Scenes and Leonids in the 
 ^{yrth of Scotland (18S4) ; The Old Jied 
 Sandstone (1841); First Impresnions of Eng- 
 land and its People (184f) ; Eootprinfs of 
 _ tlie Creator (1850), (q.v.); My Schools 
 and Sclioolmasters (1854) ; The Testimony 
 of the Pocks (1857); The Cruise qf the 
 Betsey (1858) ; The Headship of Christ ; 
 Edinburgh and its ^eiphbourhood ; Tales 
 and Sketches; a Sketch-book of Popular 
 Geoloqy ; and Miscellaneous Essays. His 
 editorship of The Witness (q.v.) began in 
 1840. His complete Works have been pub- 
 lished in a uniform shape.' His Life has 
 been written by Peter Bayne (1870). See 
 Saa'DSTOXE, The Old Red. 
 
 Miller, Jaines, dramatist nnd mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1703, d. 1744), wrote 
 TIbe Ilumorirs of Oorford, Mahomet, some 
 other plays, and a series of pamphlets 
 against Sir Robert "Walpole. 
 
 Miller, Joaquin. An American 
 poet, whose real name is C. H. Millrr. 
 Ho has written Songs of tlie Sierras, The 
 Ship in the Desertf and other works. 
 
 Miller, Joe (Joseph), comedian 
 (b. 1684, d. 1738), was tbe supposed author 
 of a book called Joe Miller^s Jests, which, 
 
 however, was compiled by one John Mott- 
 ley ((l»v.). See Father of Jests, The, 
 
 Miller, Mrs. Hugh. S(ie Mtstle, 
 Harriet. 
 
 Miller, Thomas, the " Basket- 
 maker," poet, noveliDt, and ■miscellaneoua 
 writer (b. 1808, d. ]874), published A Day 
 in the Woods (1836), Gideon Giles, the Roper 
 (1841), several novels of an historical char- 
 acter, and a number of books on cQuntry 
 life, besides contributing largely to period- 
 ical literature. 
 
 Miller's Daughter, The. A poem 
 
 by Alfred Teknyson, published in 1830. 
 An idyllic ballad, including two short 
 songs : '* It is the Miller's Daughter," and 
 " Love that hath us in the net." 
 
 Miller's Tale, The, in Ghaucer's 
 Canterbury Tales, is of a certain old car- 
 penter, whose pretty young wife plays him 
 false with a certain young clerk who lodges 
 with them. " There' is," says Morley, 
 " Chaucer's strength in the dramatic live- 
 liness with which this stoiy is told within 
 short compass. The persons in it are viv- 
 idly painted, and characterised by mas- 
 
 irly. 
 
 terly- touches. 
 
 Million, Mrs. A lady of enor- 
 moiLs wealth, in BisbaeIj^'s novel of Fiu- 
 ian Grey (q.v.), 
 
 "Million, Pleased not the." — 
 
 Hamlet, act ii., Bceiie 2. 
 
 ' Mills, Charles, liistorian (b. 1788, 
 d. 1826), published a -History of Moham- 
 medanism (1817), a History of the Crusades 
 (1818), The Travels of Theodore I)ucas(im2), 
 and a History of Chivalry (1825). See 
 DucAS, Iheodoke. 
 
 " Mills of Grod grind slCTwly, 
 
 The." See Lo2fGFEi,i.ow's poem, Eetribu- 
 tion. 
 
 " Yet the3r grind exceedinff amall ? 
 Though with patience He stauds waiting, vitb 
 exactness grinds He all." 
 
 Millinrood. in Lillo's Georrje 
 Bamwelt (q.v.), is the abandoned woman 
 who betrays the unfortunate London ap- 
 prentice to his ruin. 
 
 Milman, Henry" Hart, D.D., 
 
 Dean of St., Paul's, historian and poet (b, 
 1791, d. 1868), wrote the Newdigate Prize 
 Poem on The Apollo Belvedere (1812); Latin 
 poems, Alexander tumvilnms,s.T.\<lAcliilles 
 mvisens (iSli); Famt (1815), (q.v.) ; Samor , 
 (1818); Tlie Fall of Jerusalem (1820), (q.v.) ; 
 The Martyr of Antioeli (1822); JSelslianzar 
 (1822); Poems (1826) ; Anne Boleyn (1826) ; 
 The Offlee of the Christian Teacher- Con- 
 sidered (liW); The Cha/racter and Conduct 
 of the Apostles Considered as an Evidence 
 of Christianity (1828); a History of the Jews 
 (1829—30) ; Nala and BOmayanti, and 
 other translations from the Sanscrit (18^);. 
 a lAfe qf Ediiiaira Gibbon (1839) i ft flliti^. 
 
436 
 
 MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 of Chrtstianity (1840) ; a Life of Horace, 
 prefixed to an edition of his Works (1849); 
 a History of Latin Christianity (1854—55) ; 
 and various contributions to The Quarterly 
 Jieview, whicli have been repubushed in 
 1870. 
 
 Milner, Joseph, historian (b. 
 1744, d. 1797), published a History of tJie 
 Church of Christ (1794-1812), which was 
 completed by his brother, and biographer, 
 Isaac Milner, Bean of Carlisle. The lat- 
 ter published his Miscellcmeous Works in 
 in 1810. 
 
 Milner, Miss. The heroine of 
 Mrs. Inchbald's novel of A Simple Story 
 (q.T.); in love with Mr. Dorriforth (ci.v.). 
 *' Miss Milner," says Miss Kavanagh, "is 
 one of the most graceful embodiments of 
 youth in woman that novelist ever drew. 
 She is beautiful ; she has a quick .tongue, 
 a warm hearty and a wayward will of her 
 own, which is ever leading her to the 
 very verge of wrong." 
 
 Milnes, Richard Monckton. 
 See Houghton, Lord. 
 
 Milonides. Master of the ring, in 
 SoMEKViLLE's burlesque poem of Hob- 
 
 binol (q.v.):— 
 
 " One of gigantic size, bnt visngc wan ; 
 Milonides the strong, renown d of old 
 For feats of anns, but bending now with years." 
 
 Milton. A poem, in twelve books, 
 by WiLi/lAH Blake, the artist, written 
 in 1804. 
 
 Milton. An "experiment " in quan- 
 tity, by Alfred Tennyson, written in 
 1863. LordLYTTON (1805— 1873) has apoem 
 on the same subject. 
 
 Milton, John, poet and prose 
 writer (b. 1608, d. 1674>, wrote his leading 
 poems in the following order : — On the 
 Morning of Christ's Nativity (1629), Oft 
 Shakespeare (1631), 11 Penseroso (q.v), Ar- 
 cades (1633), Cornus (1637), Lycidas (1637), 
 i'^Wegro (1645), Nine of the Psalms done 
 into Ajtetre (1648), Eight of the Psalms done 
 into Verse (1653), Paradise Lost -(1667), 
 Paradise Regained (1671), and Samson 
 Agonistes (1671). His chief prose works 
 yrete :—0f Heformation, touching Chv/rch 
 IHscipline in England (1641), Of Prelatical 
 Episcopacy (1641), The Reason of Church 
 Chvemment urged against Prelaty (1641— 
 2) ; Tract on Education (1644) ; Areopa- 
 gitica (1644) ; Tlie Doctrine and discipline 
 of Divorce (1GH\ The Tenure ff Kings and 
 Magistrates (1648—9) ; Eikanoclastes (1649) ; 
 Defensiopro Populo Anglicana (1651) j De- 
 fensio Secunda pro Populo Anghcano 
 (1650) ; Civil Power in Ecclestastical 
 Causes (1659) ; BH^f Delineation of a Free 
 Commonwealth (1660) : History of Britain 
 to the Conquest (1670) ; Artis LogiccR Instil 
 tutio (1672) ; and Epistolm Familiares (1674). 
 For Biography, eee tiie Lives by Phillips 
 <1694), Tolaad (16fl6)» Bichardfedn (1734), 
 
 Peck (1740), Newton (1749), Birch (1733), 
 Johnson (1779), Hayley (1794), Todd (1801), 
 ■Mosneron (1803), Mortimer (1805), Sym- 
 mons (1806), Byerley (1822), Mitford (1832), 
 Ivimey (1833), Brydges (1635J, Stebbing 
 (1840), Montgomery (1843), Keightley (1849), 
 Hunter (1860), Edmonds (1851), -Hood (1851), 
 Cleveland (1853), Masaon (1868—76)^ and 
 Morris (1862), For Criticism^ see Addison's 
 Spectatorf Johnson's Livh of the Poets, 
 Hallam's Literature of Kurime, Macau- 
 lay's Essays, Leigh Hunt's Imagination 
 and Fancy, Hazlitt's English Poets, 
 Taine'^ English Literature, MaS8on*s Es- 
 says, and MacBonald's England's Anti- 
 plion. *•' The most striking characteristic 
 of the poetry of Milton," says Macaulay, 
 "is the extreme remoteness of the as- 
 sociations by means of which it acts on the 
 reader. Its . effect is produced not so 
 much by what it expresses as by what it 
 suggests ; not bo much by the ideas which 
 it directly conveys, as by other ideas which 
 are connected with them. He electrifies 
 the mind through conductors- The most 
 unimaginative man must understand the 
 Iliad. Homer gives him no choice, and re- 
 quires from him no exertion, but takes the 
 whole upon himself, and sets the images 
 in so clear a light tnat it is impossible to 
 be blind to them. The works of Milton 
 cannot be comprehended or enjoyed, unless 
 the mind of the reader co-operate with 
 that of the writer. He does not paint a 
 finished picture, or play for a mere passive 
 listener. He sketches, and leaves others 
 to fill up the outline. He strikes the key- 
 note, and expects his hearer to make out 
 the melody. We of ten hear of the magi- 
 cal influence of poetiy. The expression 
 in general means nothing ; but, applied 
 to the writings of Milton, it is most appro- 
 priate. His poetry actci like an incanta- 
 tion. Its merit lies less in its obvious 
 meaning than in its occult power. There 
 would seem, at first sight, to be no more in 
 his words than in otiier words. But they 
 are words of enchantment. No sooner are 
 they pronounced, than the past is present 
 and the distant near. New forms of 
 beauty start at once into existence, and all 
 the burial-places of the memory give up 
 their dead. Change the structure of the 
 sentence, substitute one synonym for 
 another, and the whole effect is destroyed. 
 In support of these observations we may 
 remark, that scarcely any passages in the 
 poems of Milton are more generally known 
 or more frequently repeated than those 
 tliat are little more than iriuster-rolls of 
 names. They are not always more ap- 
 propriate or more melodious than other 
 names ; but they are charmed names. 
 Every one of them is the first Ihik in a 
 long chain of associated ideas. Like the 
 dwelling-place of our infancy revisitedin 
 manhood, like the song of our country 
 heard in a strange land, they produce 
 upon us an effect wholly independent j>f 
 their intrinsic value. One transports us 
 
MIL 
 
 MINT 
 
 437 
 
 back to a remote period of history ; 
 another places us among the novel scenes 
 and manners of a distant region ; a third 
 evokes all the clear classical recollections 
 of childhood — the school-room, the dog- 
 eared Virgil, the holiday, and the Jprize ; a 
 fourth hnugs before us the splendid phan- 
 toms of chivalrous romance — the trophied 
 lists, the embroidered housings, the quaint 
 devices, the haunted forests, tiae enchanted 
 gardens, the achievements of enamoured 
 knights, and the smiles of rescued prin- 
 cesses. In none of the works of Milton is 
 his peculiar manner more happily dis- 
 played than in the Allegro and Penseroso. 
 It is impossible to conceive that the me- 
 chanism of language can be brought to a 
 more exquisite decree of perfection. 
 These poems differ from others as attar 
 of roses differs from ordinary rose-water, 
 the close-packed essence from the thin 
 diluted mixture. They are indeed not so 
 much poenis as collections of hints, from 
 each of which the reader is to raaike out 
 a poem for himself. Every epithet is a 
 text for a stanza," '*Iahe," says Taine, 
 "truly a proae-wrlter? Entangled dia- 
 lects, a heavy and awkward mind, fanati- 
 cal and ferocious rusticity, an epic gran- 
 deur of sustained and superabundant 
 images, the blast and the recklessness of 
 implacable and all powerful passion, the 
 sublimity of religious and lyric exaltation : 
 we do not recognise in these features a 
 man born to explain, persuade and prove. 
 The scholasticism and coarseness of the 
 time have blunted or rusted his logic. 
 Imagination or enthusiasm carried him 
 away, and enchained him in metaphor, 
 Thus dazzled or marred he could not pro- 
 duce a perfect work ; he did but write use- 
 ful tracts, called forth by practical inter- 
 ests and actual hate, and fine isolated mor-- 
 sels, inspired by collisions with a gi"and 
 idea, and by the sudden burst of genius. 
 Yet, in all these abandoned fragments, the 
 . man shows in. his entirety. The system- 
 atic and lyric spirit is manifested in the 
 pamphlet as well as in the poem ; the 
 faculty of embracing great effects, and of 
 being shaken by them, remains the same 
 in Milton's two careers." See Areopagi- 
 TiCA ; CoMus ; Divorce, The Doctrine 
 OF ; EiKOXOCLASTES ; L' Allegro ; Ly- 
 ciDAsj Massacre in Piedmont ; Para- 
 dise Lost ; Prelatical Episcopacy ; 
 Samson Agon ibtes. 
 
 "Miltoif! thou should'st be liv- 
 ing in this hour." A sonnet hy "William 
 Wordsworth, written in 1802. 
 
 ''Mince the sin, and mollify 
 damnation with a phrase."— Dryden, 
 The Spanish Friar. 
 
 Mind, Improvement of the. See 
 Improvement of the Mind. 
 
 *• Mind is its o-wn place, The." 
 
 — Paradise Lost, book i., line 253 : — 
 
 " And in itself 
 Can mako a Heaven o£ Hell, a Hell of Heaven." 
 
 Spenser had written in The Fd&rie 
 Queene (book vi., canto 9) — 
 
 " It is the mind that maketh good or ill, ' 
 That maketh wretch or happy, rich or poor." 
 
 Shakespeare {Tamingof the Shrew, act 
 iv., scene 3) also has the hne — 
 
 " ' Tia the mind that makes the body rich." 
 
 "Mind, The garden of the." — 
 Tennyson, Ode to Memory, verse 3. 
 
 *' Mind (The), the music breath- 
 ing from her face." — Byron, The Bride of 
 Abydos, canto i., stanza 6. So Lovelace ■ 
 (1618—1658), in Orpheus on the Death of hia 
 Wife, speaks of 
 
 " The melody 
 Of every grace, 
 And mu&ic of her faee." 
 
 "Mind to me a kingdom is, 
 
 My."— From a lyric by Sir Edward Dyer 
 in Byrd's collection of Psalms and Sonnets, 
 published in 1588, and reprinted in Percy's 
 Meliques. So cthtvell (1560— 1696) has the 
 lines : — 
 
 " My mind to me an empire ifr 
 While grace aHordeth health-' ' 
 
 Mind, "Will, and Understand- 
 ing. A moral-play of the reign of Henry 
 VI. , a large fragment of which is preserved 
 amongst the Digby MSS. in the Bodleian 
 Library. See Collier's History of Dramas 
 tic Poeiri/. 
 
 Minde's Melody, The. A poem 
 bv Alexander Montgomery (d. about 
 1607), published in 1605. 
 
 "Mind's eye, In my." — Hamlet, 
 act i., scene 2. 
 
 ''Mind's the standard of the 
 man. The." — "Watts, Iforcs Xyricce, book 
 ii. (" False Greatness "). 
 
 ''Minds innocent and quiet." 
 
 —Lovelace, To Althea{q.y-). 
 
 "Mine be a cot beside the 
 
 hill," First line of A Wish, a lyric by 
 Sakuel Kooers. 
 
 " Mine host of the Garter." — 
 Merry Wives of Windsor, act i., scene 1. 
 
 Minerva Biitanna : " or, a Garden 
 of Heroical Devises, furnished and adorn- 
 ed with Emblems and Impresas of sundry 
 Natures," By Henry Peackam (1576 ?— 
 165Q). See The Retrospective Review, ix., 
 122—40. 
 
 Minerva Press. The name of an 
 establishment in Leadenhall Street, ton- 
 'don, from whichj during the latter part of 
 last and the earlier years of this century, 
 there proceeded a flood of trashy romances 
 which, strange to say, became exceedingly 
 popular. The productions of this press are • 
 
438 
 
 MIN 
 
 MIB 
 
 frequently alluded to in every-day literst- 
 ture. ' 
 
 Minerva, The Curse of, A satir- 
 ical poem bv Lord Byron, published in 
 1812. 
 
 "Mingle, mingle, mingle, you 
 ttat mingle may."— Middleton, The 
 
 Witch, act ii. 
 
 Minion "Wife, The. A lyric by 
 KiCHoiiAS Udall (q.T.), beginning— 
 
 " "Whoso to marry n minion wife 
 Hatb. had good chance and hap." 
 
 " Minions of the moon." — 
 Xing Henry IV., part i., acti., scene 2. 
 
 Minister, The. A tracredy l>y Mat- 
 thew Gregory Lewis (1776—1818), adapt- 
 ed from Schiller, and played in 1797. 
 
 " Minister to a mind diseased ? 
 Canst thounot."— JI/ac6efA, act v., scenes. 
 
 " Ministering angel thou ! A." 
 —Scott, Marmion, canto vi., stanza 30, 
 
 Ministering Children. A story 
 for young people by Maria Louisa 
 Charlesworth (b. 1830), who is also the 
 author of a Setjfueltotlie same story, which 
 has been, and is, extremely popular. 
 
 Ministram, Ad. Verses by "Wil- 
 liam Makepeace Thackeray. *'A 
 very pleasant imitation/' says Hannay, 
 " of the Persicos Odi " (Horace, Ode 
 xxxviii., bk. 1.). 
 
 Minnisink, Burial of the. A 
 lyric by Henry Wadsworth Longfel- 
 low, which tells how 
 
 " A band 
 Of stern in heart and strong in hand 
 Came windincr down beside the wave, 
 To lay the red chief iu hia grave." 
 
 Minns, Mr., and his Cousin. 
 
 The first of the Sketches by Boz (q.v.); 
 "my first effusion," says Dickens, "drop- 
 ped stealthily, one evening at twilight, with 
 fear and trembling, into a dark letter-box, 
 in a dark office, up a dark court, in Fleet 
 Street ; " afterwards to appear in the 
 columns of the Old Monthly Magazine, 
 
 Minot, La-wrence, poet (circa 
 1350), wrote a series of short poems on the 
 victories of Edward III,, beginning with 
 the battle of Halidon Hill (1333), and end- 
 ing with the siege of Guines Castle (1352). 
 Among them is a lyiic iu celebratioii of 
 the battle of Crecv (1346). An edition of 
 his works was published by Ritson in 1795, 
 and later in 1825. See Morley's English 
 Writers, vol.i., pt. ii. 
 
 " Minstrel Boy to the war has 
 gone, The." The first line of an Irish 
 Melody by Thomas Moore (cl.v.). 
 
 Minstrel, The : '■ or, the Progress 
 of Genius*" A poem by James Beattie 
 
 (1735—1802), published, the first book ari^ 
 onymously, in 1771, and the second book, 
 with the author's name and a new edition 
 of the first, in 1774. '*The design was to 
 trace the progress of a poetical genius, 
 bom in a rude age, from the fii-st dawning 
 of fancy and reason till that period at 
 which he maybe supposed capable of ap- 
 pearing in the world as a Minstrel : that is, 
 as an itinerant poet and musician— a char- 
 acter which, according to the notions of 
 our forefathers, was not only reapeetable, 
 butsacred. I have endeavoured," says the 
 writer of the poem, "to imitate Spenser 
 in the measure of his verse, and m the 
 harmony, simplicity, and variety of his 
 composition." 
 
 Minstrel's Song, The, in Chat- 
 TERTON's^Wa, begins — 
 
 •' sing unto my roundclaj^ ; 
 
 O drop the briny tear with me i 
 Dance no more nt holiday, 
 Like a running river be ; 
 My love is dead. 
 Gone to his death-bed. 
 All under the willow tree." 
 
 Minute Philosopher, A. The 
 
 Twm deplume assumed by the Bev- ChAs. 
 KiNGSLEY (1819—1875) in publishing his 
 Hints to Stammerers, reprinted from ^ror 
 ser^s Magazine in 1859, and, again, under 
 the title of The Irraiionale of Speech. 
 
 Mirabel. A dissipated and licen- 
 tious character in John Fletcher's play 
 of The Wild-Goose Chase, 
 
 Mirabel. A gay, generous, good- 
 heai-ted roui in Farquhar's Inconstant 
 (q-v.). 
 
 Mirabell. A fine gentleman, witty, 
 handsome, and generous, in "William 
 CoNGREVE's Way of, the World (q.v.); in 
 love with Millamant. 
 
 Mirabilis, Doctor. A name given 
 to KoGER Bacon (q.v.). 
 
 "Miracle instead of -wit. A." 
 
 See "Accept a miracle." 
 
 Miracle Plays, in England, took 
 their rise from Hilarius, an English monk, 
 of whose works fifteen pieces are extant, 
 and among them, the play of The Image of 
 St.Nicholas^ which would appear to be the 
 first of die kind ever produced in England. 
 As stated in the article on the Drama (q.v.), 
 miracle plays differ from Mysteries (q.v.) 
 in being devoted to the representation of 
 passages in tlie lives of the saints, whilst 
 the mysteries have to do with sacred story. 
 At first tliey were enacted in church, and 
 were either said or sunp;, or both, accord- 
 ing to the direction of the authors. They 
 were intended origiimlly as a part of the 
 religious services, and were obviously pro- 
 jected l>y the clergy with a view the more 
 readily and effectually to impress the pop- 
 ular mind. By-and-by they acquired more 
 and more a dramatic character, and were 
 
MIB 
 
 MIR 
 
 439 
 
 then sometimes given at the church door, 
 or by the churSx wall, and, finally, on 
 platforms in large fields, or in the market- 
 places. They date from the twelfth cen- 
 tury, and were for many hundred years 
 the oiUy form of drama existijig in the 
 country See Morley's English IVriters 
 and Warton's English Poetry. 
 
 Miramont. An irritable old man 
 in Fletcher's Elder Brother, 
 
 Miranda. The name under Tvhicli 
 William Falcoiteii (1730—1769) cele- 
 hrates, in his poetry, the lady (Miss Hicks) 
 who afterwards became his wife. See 
 Lover, The Fond. 
 
 Miranda. Daughter of Prosperp 
 in The Tempest (q.v.): beloved by, and 
 eventually united to, Ferdinand, son of 
 the King of Naples. Lowell thinks she is 
 intended to typify abstract Womanhood, 
 Ferdinand being Youth, Also the name 
 of a character in The Busyhody (q.v.). 
 
 Miranda. See Mokk, Honble, 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 Mirror for Magistrates, The, 
 had its origin in the ingenuity of Thomas 
 Sackville, Earl of Borset (1527—1608), 
 ■who, about 1657, "formed;" says Warton, 
 "the plan of a poem, in ■which all the 
 illustrious but unfoi'tunate characters of 
 English history, from the Conquest to the 
 end of the fourteenth century, were to 
 pass in review before thepoet, who de- 
 ecends like Dante into the infernal regions, 
 and is conducted by Sorrow. Each person 
 was to recite his own misfortunes in a 
 separate soliloquy. But Sackville had 
 leisure only to finish a poetical preface 
 called The inrf«c(M»i(q.v,)»and one legend, 
 which 'S the Life of Henry Stafford Jiuke 
 of Buckingham. Relinquishing, therefore, 
 the design abruptly, and hasUly adapting 
 the close of his Induction to the appear- 
 ance of Buckingham, which was to have 
 been thelast in his series, he recommended 
 the completion of the whole to William 
 BALDwnr (q.v.) and George Ferrers 
 (1'V.)." Those writers, "deterred, per- 
 haps, by the greatness of the attempt, did 
 not attend to the series prescribed by 
 Sackville ; but inviting some others to 
 their assistance, chose such lives from the 
 chronicle of Fabian [and Hall] as seemed 
 to display the most affecting cat astrophes. " 
 The result wns tbe collection of narratives 
 In verse, published in 1559 as " The Myr- 
 roure for Magistrates, wherein may be 
 seen by the example of other, with how 
 grevous plages vires are punished, and 
 howe frayle unstable worldly prosperitie 
 is founde, even of those whom Fortune 
 seemeth most highly to favour." The 
 authors and titles of the narratives in this 
 edition are as followsl— Ferrers wrote the 
 lives of Eobert Tresilian (1388), Thomas of 
 Woodstock (1397), King Richard II. (1399), 
 and Edmund, Duke of Somerset (1454) ; 
 
 Baldwin, those of Henry, Earl of North- 
 umberland (1407), Richard, Earl of Gam- 
 bridge (1415), Thomas, Earl of Salisbury. 
 (1428), James I. of Scotland, William, " 
 Duke of Suffolk (1450), Jack Cade (1450), 
 Richard, Duke of York (1400), Lord Clif- 
 ford (1461), Tiptoft, Earl of Worce8ter(1470), 
 Richard,EarlofWai-wick(1471),KingHenry 
 VI. (1471), George Plantagenet (1478), Sir 
 Anthony Woodville (1483), and CoUing- 
 burne ; Cav yll, those of the two Mortimers 
 (1329, 1387), and Michael Joseph and Lord 
 Audley (1496) ; Chaloxer, that of Lord 
 Mowbray (1398). ; Phaer, that of Owen 
 Glendower (1401); Skelton, that of Ed- 
 ward IV. (1483); Dolman, that of. Lord 
 Hastings (1483) ; Seager, that of Richard 
 Duke of Gloucester (1485) ; Chcrch- 
 VARD, that of Jane Shore ; and SACKt 
 viLLE, the preface and legend above re- 
 ferred to.* The plan, it win be seen, was 
 identical with that of Boccaccio's De CasU 
 bus Virorum lUustrium, "Many stanzas 
 in the legends written by Baldwin and 
 Fen-ers and their friends have," says War- 
 ton, " considerable merit, and often show 
 a command of laiiguage and versification." 
 Sackvillo's contributions are, however, in- 
 comparably the most successful. New 
 editions of the Mi-rror appeared in 1563, 
 1571, 1574, 1575, and 1578. In 1574 John 
 HiGGiNS published a series of lives ante- 
 cedent in chronological order to the orig- 
 inal Mirror, which he called The First 
 Part of the Mirror, giving the title of Last 
 Part to the work projected by Sackville. 
 The two parts were published together in 
 1587, HiGGiNS's including legends by Fer- 
 rers, Churchyard, and others. A prose 
 version of the stories, under the title of 
 The Mirrour of Mirrours, appeared in 
 1598. Lastly, Richard Niccols pub- 
 lished in 1610 a new edition, including 
 contributions by Drayton, the whole being 
 re-arranged in chronological order, with 
 Sackville's Induction at the head. See 
 Warton, vol. iv. 
 
 Mirror of Good Manners, The. 
 
 A poem by Alexander Barclay, trans- 
 lated into the English ballad stanza from 
 the Latin elegiacs of Dominions Mancinus. 
 
 Mirror of Life, The. A transla- 
 tion, by William of Nassyngton, of a 
 Latin metrical treatise on the Trinity and 
 Unity, by John' de Waldly, provincial of 
 the Augustine friars in England. 
 
 Mirror of Mutability, by An- 
 thony MuNDAY, was published in 1579. 
 
 Mirror of Princely Deeds and 
 
 Knighthood, The. A popular romance of 
 the sixteenth century, Spaniah in origin, 
 but frequently translated into English, 
 notably by one Richard Percival. Ii con- 
 sisted of nine parts, comprised in eight 
 volumes, and appeared, says Warton, from 
 several presses between the years 1579 and 
 . 1601. 
 
440 
 
 HIB 
 
 MIT 
 
 Mirror, The. A literary paper, 
 published on Tuesdays and Fridays, in 
 Edinburgh, from January 23, 1779, to May 
 27, 1780, and including one hundred and 
 ten numbers at three-halfpence each. It 
 was edited by Henby Mackenzie, the 
 novelist (1745—1831), assisted by the con- 
 tributions of George Home, cleric of the 
 Court of Session ; William, Lord Craig ; 
 Alexander, Lord Aberorom^ ; William 
 M'Leod, Lord Ballantyne; Lord CuUen, 
 Professor Richardson, Lord Hailes, Lord 
 Wodehouselee, Cosmo Gordon, David 
 Hume (nephew of the historian), William 
 Strahan, Dr. Beattie and others. See 
 Kay's Portraits and Dralce's Essays. 
 
 " Mirror up to nature ; To hold, 
 
 as 'twere ^e."— Hamlet, act iii., scene 2. 
 Lloyd, in The Actor (q.v.), spealia of 
 holding 
 
 " The faithful mirror up to man." 
 
 Mirrour for Magistrates. See 
 
 MiKROR FOR Magistrates. 
 
 Mirrour of Mirrours. See Mie- 
 ROR FOR Magistrates. 
 
 "Mirth and innocence (O)! O 
 milk and water I "— Bvron, Beppo, stanza 
 80. 
 
 " Mirth can into folly glide." — 
 Scott, Tlie Bridal of THermain, canto i., 
 stanza 21. 
 
 Mirth diverts all Care: " being 
 Excellent New Spngs, composed by the 
 Most Celebrated Wits of the Age, on Di- 
 vers Subjects " (1715). 
 
 " Mirth (The) and fun grew fast 
 
 and furious."— Burns, Tarn O'Slmnter. 
 
 Mirza, The. A series of Eastern 
 tales by James Morier (1780—1849), pub- 
 lished ill 1841. 
 
 Mirza, The Vision of. An alle- 
 
 fory contained in No. J59 of Tlie Spectator, 
 eptember 1, 1714, and written by Addi- 
 son, who professed to have found it in an 
 Oriental manuscript. Mirza goes up to 
 the high hills of Bagdad to pray, and there 
 iiiids a genius, who shows him a huge val- 
 ley and a prodigious tide of water rolling 
 through it — the V alley of Misery, and the 
 Tide of Time, with trie Bridge of Human 
 Life tliat 8tretche£ across it, and all sorts 
 of other wonders. AVhittier refers to the 
 " Vision of Mirza," when, dreaming, 
 
 " He saw thn long hollow dell. 
 Touched by the prophet's spell. 
 Into nn ocean swell, 
 
 With its jsles teeming," 
 
 Wordsworth has also an allusion to It. 
 
 Miscellanies. Poems by Abka- 
 nAM Cowley (1618—1667), being some 
 of his earliest productions. 
 
 Miscellanies. A collection of 
 
 poetical pieces by Dr. ISAAC Watts (ICT* 
 —1748). 
 
 Miscellcinies upon Various 
 
 Subjects, by John Aubrey (1626 — 1700) ; 
 published in 1696, and containing much 
 cuiious information on such subjects as 
 day-fatality, omens, dreams, apparitions, 
 and the like. 
 
 Miscellany, Tottel's. See Toi- 
 
 TEL's Miscellany. 
 
 " Mischief that is past and gonei 
 To mourn." — Othello, act i., scene 3 ; — 
 
 " la the next way to draw new mischief on." 
 
 Miser, The. A play by Henrt 
 Fielding, founded on Moliire's L'Avare, 
 and produced in 1732. 
 
 IVIiseries of Htunan Life, The. 
 
 A humorous work by James Beresforu 
 (1764—1840), published in 1800— 7, and con- 
 taininsT The Groans of Timothy Testy and 
 Samuel Sensitive, with a few Supplemenfarff 
 Siglisfrom Mrs, Testy. 
 
 " Misery acquaints a man ■with 
 
 strange bed-fellows,"— ITftercmpes*, act ii., 
 scene 2. 
 
 " Misery still delights to trace 
 
 its semblance in another's face." — Cow- 
 PER, The Castaway, 
 
 Misfortunes of Elphin, The. A 
 
 romance by Thomas Love Peacock (1785 
 —1866), published in 1829. 
 
 " Mist of years, Bim with the." 
 Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, canto 
 ii., stanza 2. 
 
 "Mistress of herself though 
 cUinafall." — Line268, epistle ii., of Pope's 
 Moral Essays, 
 
 Mistress of Philarete. A col- 
 lection of poems by George Wither (1588 
 —1667), published m 1622. 
 
 Mistress, The : " or, Several 
 Copies of Love Verses," by Abraham 
 Cowley (1618-1667), was published in 
 1647, and " written," says Johnson, " with 
 exuberance of wit and copiousness of 
 learning. But considered as the verses of 
 a lover, no man that has ever loved will 
 much commend them. His praises are too 
 far sought, and too hyperbolicali either to 
 express love or to excite it ; every stanza 
 is crowded with flames and darts, with 
 wounds and death, with mingled souls 
 and with broken hearts." 
 
 Mistress, The Lost. See Lost 
 
 Mistress, The. 
 
 Mitchell, Donald Grant, an 
 American writer, better known under his 
 pseudonym of Ik Marvel (b, 1822), (q.v.), 
 has written Fresh Gleanings (1847), The 
 Battle Summer (1849), The Lorgnette (1850), 
 (q.v.); Reveries of a Bachelor (1851), Bream 
 
MIT 
 
 MOO 
 
 441 
 
 Life (1851), 5ev€w Stories (1864), and other 
 works. 
 
 Mitchell, Joseph, (b. 1684, d. 
 1738), wrote Poems (1729) ; Three Poetical 
 Epistles to Painters (1731) ; and The High- 
 land Fair : or. Union of the Clans (a ballad 
 opera), (1731). Heis al60 the reputed author 
 of a tragedy called The Fatal Extrava- 
 gance (1721). 
 
 Mitchell, Thomas, (b. 1783, d. 
 1845), published in 1820—22 a translation 
 of the five plays of Aristophanes into Eng- 
 lish verse, accompanied hy a preliminary 
 dissertation. See also his essays on the 
 Greek comic poet, in The Quarterly Review 
 for 1813. He edited some of the plays of 
 Sophocles, and superintended the produc- 
 tion of several of the Greek works which 
 have issued from the Clarendon Press at 
 Oxford. 
 
 Mite, Sir Matthew. A returned 
 East Indian merchant, in Foote's play of 
 
 The Nabob. 
 
 Mitford, John, clergyman, poet, 
 and literary critic (b. 1781, d. 1859), pub- 
 lished Misce I laneous Poems (1 858), an d 
 edited the works of Milton. Gray, Parnell, 
 and others. He was twice editor of TJte 
 Gentleman's Magazine, from 1834 to I860, 
 and a sketch 'of his life is given in that 
 periodical for July, 1859. 
 
 Mitford, John, miscellaneous 
 writer (d. 1831), was author of Johnny New- 
 come in the Navy, and other works. 
 
 Mitford, Mary Russell, poet and 
 prose writer (b. 1786, d. 1855), published 
 Christine (X%XV), (q.v.); Poems on theFemale 
 Character " (1812) ; Watlingt<m Hill (1812).; 
 Julian (1823)- (q.v.) ; Our Village (1824), 
 (q.v.) ; Foscari (1826) ; Rienzi (1828); Charles 
 tJie First (q.v.) ; American Stories for 
 Young People (1832) ; Lights and Shadows 
 qf American Life (1832) ; Belford Regis 
 (1835) ; Country Stories (1837); Recollections 
 of a Literary lAfe (1851) : Atherton and 
 other Tales (1854) "; and other works. For 
 Biography, see Miss Mitford's Life and 
 Ze^^grd, edited by Harness anO L'Estrange ; 
 Letters, edited by Henry F. Chorley j and 
 the Life and Letters of Charles Bo-ner. 
 "Her ability," says Harriet Martineau, 
 " was V3ry considerable. Her power of de- 
 scription was unique. She had a charming 
 humour, and her style was delightful. Yet 
 were her stories read with a relish which 
 exceeded even so fair a justification as 
 this— with a relish which the judgment 
 could hardly account for ; and this pleas- 
 ant, compelled enjoyment was, no doubt, 
 ascribable to the glow of good spirits ana 
 kindliness which lighted up and warmed 
 everything that her mind produced. She 
 may be considered as the representative of 
 household cheerfulness in the humbler 
 range of the literature of fi^ction. Few of 
 her many readers knew at what cost these 
 pleasant stories were produced. They 
 
 seem, to flow easily enough ; and their 
 sportive style suggests anything but the 
 toil and anxiety amidst which they were 
 spun out. It is observable that each story 
 is as complete and rounded as a sonnet^ 
 and provided with a plot that would serve 
 for a novel if expanded. Each has a 
 catastrophe— generally a surprise, elabor- 
 ately wrought out in concealment. Several 
 of her plays were acted, and she herself 
 yuBS. wont to declare that she should be im- 
 mortalised by them, if at all ; moreover, 
 there are critics who agree with her : yet 
 her case certainly appears to ns to be one 
 of that numerous class in which the pur- 
 suit of dramatic fame is a delusion and a 
 snare. It does not appear that she had 
 any insight into passion, any conception of 
 the depths of human character, or the 
 scope of human experience. Ability of a 
 certain sort there is in her plays ; but no 
 depth,, and no compass. See Bbj^ford 
 EisGis. 
 
 Mitford, William, historian and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1744, d. 1827), 
 published a Treatise on tlie Military Force, 
 and particularly on the Militia of this 
 Kingdom (1774) ; a History of Ch-eece (1784, 
 1790, 1797, 18D8, 1818) j Observati(ms on the 
 History and Doctrine qf Christianity (1823); 
 and an Inquiry into the Principles of Har- 
 mony in Language and of the Mechcmism of 
 Verse f Modem and Ancient (1774). See the 
 Life by Lord Kedesdale- 
 
 Mivera Chillingly. A cynical . 
 journalist in Lord Lytton's novel of 
 Kenelm Chillingly. 
 
 Mixed Assembly, The. A polit- 
 ical satire by JoHsr Cleveland, pub- 
 lished in 1647. It is to this writer (q,.v.) 
 we owe the epigram : — 
 
 " Had Cain been Scot, God would have changed 
 his doom ; 
 Not forced him to wander, but compelled him 
 home." 
 
 "Moan of doves iu immemo- 
 rial elms, The."— Tennyson, The Prin' 
 cess, canto vii. : — 
 
 " And murmuring of innumerable bees." 
 
 " Mob of gentlemen -OT-ho -wrote 
 with ease, The." — Pope's Imitations qf 
 Horace, book ii., epistle i., Hne 108. 
 
 Moberly, George, D.C.L., Bishop 
 of Salisbury (b. about 1803), has published 
 An Introduction do Logic {IS38), The Great ' 
 Forty Days (1846), The Law of the Love of 
 GodilSM), The Administration qf the Holy 
 Spirit in the Body of Christ (1868), and 
 various volumes of sermons. 
 
 Mock Doctor, The. A farce by 
 Heney Fieltjing (1707—1754), acted iu 
 1732, and characterised by Hazlitt as a 
 "tolerable-" translation from Molifere's 
 M&decin Malgr& iiii- The '' Mock Doctor*' 
 Is Gregorv, and the patient whom he cures 
 of speechlessness is Charlotte, daughter of 
 Sir Jasper. , 
 
 *19 
 
442 
 
 MOO 
 
 MOti 
 
 " Mockery, a delusion, . and a 
 
 enare, A."— A phrase used by Lord Den- 
 man 111 one of Ms legal judgments. 
 
 "Mockery of woe, The." — Pope, 
 To the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady, 
 line 67. 
 
 " Mocking the Eiir -with colours 
 idly spread."— i«?»jjJbto, act v., scene 1. 
 Gr.A-Y uses tbe phrase " mock the air," in 
 The Bard, line 4. 
 
 Moderation, In Praise of. A 
 
 poem by Nicholas Gkimbold (1519— 
 1562), possessing " all the smartness 
 which marks the modern style of sen- 
 tentious poetry." 
 
 " Modern instances, 'Wise 
 fiaws and." — Ai You Like It, act ii., 
 scene 7. 
 
 Modern Orlando, The. A satire 
 in verse, by the Eev. Geokge Croly 
 (q.v.). 
 
 "Modest men are dumb. On 
 
 their own merits." A line in Colman 
 the- Younger's Epilogue to The Heir at 
 Law (q.v.). 
 
 Modest Proposal, A, by Jona- 
 than Swift, made in 1729, " for pre- 
 venting the Children of Poor People in 
 Ireland from being a Bnrden to their 
 Parents or Country, and for making them 
 henoflcial to the Public." The proposal 
 is as follows :— "That of the 120,000 chil- 
 dren already computed " as existing in 
 the kingdom, " 20,000 may be reserved for 
 breed, whereof only one fourth part be 
 mal;es ; which is more than we allow to 
 Bheep, black cattle,'or swine. ..... 
 
 That the remalnine 100.000 may, at a year 
 old, beoftered in sale to the peisons of qual- 
 ity and fortune through the kingdom ; al- 
 ways advising the mother to let them suck 
 plentifully in the last month, so as to 
 render them plump and fat rbr a good 
 table. A child will make two dishes at an 
 ectertaiuraent for friends ; and when the 
 family dines alone, the fore or hind quar- 
 ter will make a reasonable dish, and, 
 seasoned with a little pepper and salt, 
 will be very good boiled on the fourth 
 day, especially in winter." 'It is recorded 
 that a foreign author actually understood 
 this suggestion as being made in all 
 seriousness, ajid founded on it the opinion 
 that Ireland had an-ived at. a very dread- 
 ful -exi:remity) 
 
 " Modesty, who when she goes. 
 Is gone forever !"— 'Wai.teb Savage 
 Landoe's verses entitled Sixteen. 
 
 Modish, Lady Betty. A diame- 
 ter in CIBBEB'S Careless Husband (q.v.). 
 She figures in No. 10 of Tlie Tatter (q.v). 
 " There is Colonel Eanter, who never 
 spoke without an oath till he saw the Lady 
 Betty Modish j tow, never gives his man 
 ua order but It is, ' Pray, Tom, do It.' " 
 
 Modo. A iiend referred to by 
 Shakespeake in King Lear (act Iv., 
 scene 1), as presiding over murders. 
 
 Modred, Sir. Tlie traitor kniglit 
 in Arthur's court, against whom, fighting 
 in the Held, the "blameless King" re- 
 ceives his mortal wound. See Tennyson's 
 Passing of Arthur in the Idylls of the 
 King. 
 
 Moffat, Eoljert, D.D., missionary 
 (b. 1795), has published Missionary Scenes 
 and Labours in South Africa (1842) ; Life's 
 Labour in South Africa (1871) ; The Mission- 
 ary, and Other Stories (1871) ; and various 
 translations into the Beohuana language. 
 
 Mogg, Peter, in John Steeling'8 
 poem of Tlie Election (q.v.), is a barrister, 
 who contests with Frank Vane (q.v.) the 
 representation of an English borough: — 
 
 " And who was Mogg ? O Muse I the man declare. 
 How excellent his worth, hia pnrtB how rare 1 
 A younger son, he learnt in_ Oxford's halls 
 The spheral harmonics o£ billiard balls ; 
 DranU, hunted, drove, and hid from virtue's 
 
 frown 
 His venial follies in Dcconim's gown_ . . . 
 From Isis sent, with all her loud acclaims, 
 The laws he studied on the bnnks of Thames. 
 Park, race, and play, in his capacious plan. 
 Combined with CoKe to form the finished man, 
 Until the wig's ambrosial influence shed 
 Its last full giories on the lawyer's head." 
 
 Mogridge, George. See Hold- 
 ing, EpHEAiM ; and Humphrey, Old. 
 Moir David Macbeth, poet. 
 
 novelist, and physician (b. 1798, d. 1861), 
 wrote The Ilombarrlment of Aimers, and 
 other poems (1818) ; The Legend of Gene- 
 
 vieve and other tales (1824) ; The Auto- 
 biography of Mamsie Wauch (1828) ; Out- 
 lines of the Ancient History of Medicine 
 (1831) ; Domestic Verses (1843) ; and 
 Sketches of the Poetical Literature of the 
 Past Hd'f Century (1851). His Worki 
 were edited, with a Memoir~'by Thomas 
 Aird (1852). See Casa Wappy ; Delta ; 
 Gingerpop School of Poetry, The 
 Mansie Wauch. 
 
 Mokauna. The veiled propliet oi 
 Khorassan, in Moore's Lalla SooH 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Molesworth, Sir 'William, po- 
 litician (b. 1810, d. 1865), started The Lon- 
 don Iteview in 1636, and published a com- 
 plete edition of the works of Hobbes 
 (1839—46). 
 
 Molesworth, 'William Nassau 
 M.A., has published The History of thi 
 Reform Sill of 1832 ; The History of Eng- 
 land from the Year 1830—1874 (1874), anc 
 other works. 
 
 Moliere. Tlie great Freneli dram 
 atlst (1622—1723), has had many imifatori 
 and translators in this country, among -th( 
 former being nearly every English drama 
 tlst of rogute duiiug the latter part i>{ &< 
 
MOt 
 
 MON 
 
 443 
 
 seventeenth, and in the beginning of the 
 eighteenth century. Henry I'ielding (q.v.)i 
 especially, did much to popularise Molifere 
 for Englishmen by his adaptations. A 
 complete list of such adaptations and in- 
 debtedness generally, on the part of our 
 play-wrights, may be read in tlie appen- 
 dices of M. Van Laun'a trauslatiou of the 
 dramatic works ot Molifere. 
 
 Moll Cut-Purse. See Roaking 
 GiiiL, The. 
 
 Moll Flaudera. See Flanders, 
 Moll. 
 
 Molly Mog: "or, the Fair Maid 
 of the Inn." A ballad by John Gay. 
 ivriiten on an innkeeper's daughter at 
 Dakingham, in Berkshire, who in her 
 youth was a celebrated beauty and toast. 
 3he died at an advanced age, in March, 
 - 1766. 
 
 " Moments make the year," — 
 
 YODNG, The Love of Fame^ satire vi., 
 iine 205. 
 
 Monaldl, The Romance of. A 
 
 prose fiction by "Washiitgton Allston 
 /l779— 1843); published in 1841, anonymous- 
 ly. 
 
 "Monarch of all I survey, I 
 (im." First line of Cowper's Verses, sup- 
 posed to be written by Alexander Selkirk. 
 
 Monarchicke Tragedies, hy 
 William Alexander, Earl of Stirling 
 {1580—1610), were published in the follow- 
 ing order -.—Darius (1603), Crcesus (1604), 
 tite Alexandraans and Julius Cmsar (1607). 
 "These pieces," says Drake, " are not cal- 
 culated for the stage, but include some ad- 
 mirable lessons for sovereign power, and 
 several choruses, written with no small 
 share of poetic vigour." 
 
 Monarchie, The. A poem by Sir 
 Bavid Lindsay, written in 1553. 
 
 " Monarchs seldom sigh in 
 
 Tain.'* — Scott, Marmmij canto v., stan- 
 za 0. 
 
 Monarchy of Man, The. A phi- 
 losophical treatise, composed by Sir Johw 
 Eliot (1590—1632), daring the tenn of his 
 last imprisonment. It is described as con- 
 taining specimens of thought and style 
 ■worthy of the best prose writers of that 
 age. 
 
 Monastery, The. A novel hy Sir 
 "Waltek Scott (1771—1832), published in 
 1820, and followed, in the same year, by 
 The Abbot (q.v.). Among the characters 
 are Glendinning, Cluristie of the CUnthlll, 
 the Lady of Avenel, Abbot Boniface, Sip 
 Piercie Sh^vftou, Mysie Happer, and 
 others, 
 
 Monasticon Anglicanum. A 
 
 description, bf $ir WiZfLUiti J>VQp±L^ 
 
 (1605—1685), of the Ancient English moi#6- 
 teries ; the first volume of wliich was 
 published in 1655 the second in ICCI, and 
 tlie third in: 1673. "This work," says 
 Lowndes, " contains chiefly the founda- 
 tion charters of the monasteries at their 
 first erection, the donation charters in 
 aftser - times being purposely _ omitted. 
 The publication was productive of many 
 law-suits, by the revival of old writings ; 
 and the Puritans were liighly offended at 
 it, as they looked upon it as a preparatory 
 step to introducing Popery." Dugda'e 
 was largely assisted in the work by the 
 mass of material put at his disposal by 
 his friend Koger Dodsworth, The best 
 edition is that edited, " witli a large acces- 
 sion of materials," by John Caley, Henry 
 Ellis, and Dr. Badinel, in 1817—30. 
 
 Monboddo.Xiord (James Burnet), 
 Scotch judge (1714—1799), wrote On tlie 
 Origin and Progress of Language (1733) 
 
 (q-v.). ^ ■ 
 
 Money. A play hy Edward, 
 Lord Ia'ttox, produced in 1840. 
 
 " Money is trash." — ^Eoed and 
 Dekkek, in The Sun^s Darling. 
 
 Monimia. Tlie heroine of Mrs. 
 Smith's novel of The Old Manor Hmtse 
 (q.v.) *' pretty and engaging,", but "too 
 sensitive, too easily fri^tened, and she 
 weeps too much and too often. The num- 
 ber of times she is near fainting during 
 her stolen interviews with Orlando is irri- 
 tating, and the facility with which her 
 tears flow is childish." Monimia is also 
 the heroine pf Otway's tragedy of The 
 Orphans (q.v.). 
 
 Moniplies, Richard. Servant of 
 
 Nigel Olifannt (q.v.), in The Fortunes of 
 Nigel- 
 
 Monk, The Hon. Mrs. Mary 
 
 (d. 1715) is principally known as the author 
 of Miranda : Poems and Translations upon 
 Serial OccasionSt published after her 
 deatli (1716). 
 
 Monk, The. A romantic tale by 
 
 Matthew Gregory Lewis (1775—1818), 
 published in 1795, and written in ten days, 
 at the Hague, when the author was only 
 nineteen years of age. As originally 
 printed, the book was so full of indecen- 
 cies that the Attorney-General was in- 
 structed by the Society for the Suppression 
 of Vice to prosecute its author, who re- 
 moved many of the objectionable passages 
 in his second edition. The Monk contains 
 several of Lewis's most famous ballads. 
 From this tale the author acquired the 
 cognomen of " Monk Lewis." 
 
 Monk, The, and The Miller's 
 
 Wife. A poem by Allan Ramsay (1686 
 -=1758), founded on one by Dunbar, 
 
 I^Qnl^. "A gloomy bcouu^f^V 
 
444 
 
 MON 
 
 MON 
 
 mtd friend of Fagiii (q.v.), in Oliver Twist 
 W-v.). 
 
 Monks and Giants, The: "Pros- 
 pectus and Specimen of an intended Na- 
 tional Work, by William and Robert WMs- 
 tlecvaft, intended to comprise the most 
 interesting particulars relating to King 
 Arthur and his Kound Table." A humor- 
 ous poem by John Hookham Frere 
 (I7G9-1846), the first two cantos of which 
 were published in 1817, the third and 
 fourth in 1818. It is in imitation of the 
 style of versitication introduced iu Italy 
 bv Polci and Casti, and afterwards elabo- 
 rated in English by Lord Byron, in Ms 
 Beppo and Don Juan . 
 
 Monk's Tale, The, in Chauceu's 
 Canterbury TnleSj is of illustrious persons 
 who fell so low that 
 
 " Thcr is no remedye 
 To bring hem out of her odverBitee." 
 
 Among those of " heigh degree " are men- 
 tioned Ker^ Alexander, Jnlius Caesar, 
 Pedro of Spain, and others. The idea 
 seems taken from Boccaccio's De Casibus 
 
 Illusirium Virarum. 
 
 Monmouth, Geoffrey of. See 
 Geoffrev of Monmouth. 
 
 Monmouth, Lord, in Disraeli's 
 novel of Coningsby (q.v.t, is a "refi.ned 
 voluptuary," and the grandfather of- the 
 hero. 
 
 Monodramas. Poems by Robert 
 SOUTHEY (1774 — 1843), written between 
 1793 and 1802. and entilJed Sappho^ Ximaf- 
 pocn, The Wife of Fergus^ Jjucretia and 
 La Caba. 
 
 Monody on the Death of Sher- 
 idan, by Lord Bybon, was written in 
 1816. 
 
 Monson, Sir John. See Afflic- 
 Tioxs, A Short Essay op. 
 
 *' Monster, Green-eyed." See 
 Greek-eyed Monster. 
 
 "Monster Many-headed." See 
 *' Many-headed Monster." 
 
 "Monster "^hich the "world 
 
 ne'er ^aw, A faultless." — Sheffield, JSs- 
 aay on Poetry, 
 
 Mont Blanc : " Lines written in 
 tlie Va!e of Clifl-mouni." by Percy Bys- 
 bme Shelley, was written in 1816. Col- 
 eHdge, it will be remembered, wrote his 
 Hymn be/ore Sunrise in the ^anje valley. 
 
 Montagu. Basil (b. 1770, d. 1851), 
 published an edition of the work* of 3;ar 
 con (1825—34), and other works. 
 
 Monta^, Elizabeth (b. 1720, 
 d. I6OO1, yftotQ Three Dialogues of the 
 Dead; an Essay on the Genius and Writings 
 </ Shakesp§ar«f compared with fhe Greek 
 
 and French Dramatic Poets (1769) ,• and 
 Letters, with some qf the Letters of Iter Cor- 
 respondents (1809—13). She was the found- 
 er of ttie '* Blue-stocking Club." Dr- 
 Johnson thought her ' 'a very extraordinary 
 woman." See Doran's Lady of Last Cen^ 
 tury. See Blue-stocking. 
 
 Montagu, Lady Mary \Vortley 
 
 (b. 1690, d. 1762), author of Town Eclogues 
 (1716), and other works. The Letters of 
 this lady were first printed by Captain 
 Cleland in 1763, a fourth volume, which 
 is generally considered to have been a 
 forgery, being added in 1767. Kenc Poetical 
 
 Works were published in 1768 by Isaac 
 Reed. Her Works, including her Corre- 
 spondence, Poems, and Essays, with Me- 
 moirs of her Life, were edited by Dallaway 
 in 1803,and reached a sixth edition in 1817. 
 In 1836, Lord Whaniclilfe, Lady Mary's 
 great-grandson, published her Letters and 
 
 Works, with a biographical introduction' 
 by her gi-and-daughter, Lady Louisa Stew- 
 art ; the third ecation, published in 1861, 
 including additions and corrections from 
 the original mantiscriptsallustrative notes, 
 and a new memoir of W, Moy Thomas. 
 Leigh Hunt thus concludes an essay on 
 Lady Mary Montagu in Men, Women, amd 
 Books:—" So farewell, poor, flourishing, 
 disappointed, reconciled, wise, foolish, en- 
 chanting Lady Mary ! Fair English vis- 
 ion in Turk-land ; Turkish vision in ours ; 
 the female wit of the days of Pope ; ben^ 
 factress of the species ; irritating satirist 
 of the circle. Thou didst err for want of 
 a little more heart— perhaps for want of 
 finding enough in others, or for loss of thy 
 mother in iiuancy— but thy loss was our 
 gain, for it gained us thy books, and thy 
 inoculation f Thy poems are little, being 
 but a little wit in riiyme, vers de soci6ti ; 
 but tliy prose is much— admirable, better 
 than acute^ idiomatioal, off-hand, conver- 
 sational without inelegance, fresh as the 
 laugh on the young cheek, and full of 
 brain. The conventional shows of things 
 could not deceive thee f pity was it that 
 thou didst not see a little farther into the 
 sweets of things unconventional — of faith 
 in the heart, as well as in the blood and 
 good sense ! Lovable, indeed thou wert 
 not, whatever thou mightest have been 
 rendered ; but admirable thou wert, and 
 ever wilt thou be thought so, as long as 
 pen writeth straightforwai-d, and sense or 
 sultana hath a charm." See Sappho. 
 
 Montage. The head of fi noble 
 family of Verona, at enmity with that of 
 Capulet, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 Romeo and Juliet (q.v.). 
 
 Montague, Charles, Earl of 
 S^llfax. See Halifax, Earl of. 
 
 Montaigne. The Essaifs of lliis 
 celebrated writer (1533—1592') first produced 
 in 1580—8, were published in English by 
 CnAJEti4:9 COTTO?,' (q.v), ill 1685. Sine* 
 
MON 
 
 MOO 
 
 445 
 
 then, there have been seTeial English 
 versions, 
 
 Montfaucon, Sir Ralph. A 
 character iu Peacock's novel of Maid 
 Marion (q,v.). 
 
 Montgomery, Alexander, poet 
 (b. 1510, d. 1607), wrote The Cherrie and 
 the Sloe (1597), (q.v.) ; The Mlndes Melody 
 (1605) ; and Tlie Flyting betwixt Montgomr- 
 eri^ and Polwart (1629J, (q.v.). His Poems 
 were published, withbiograpliical notices, 
 by David Irving, ISLJi., in 1821. " His 
 works," says Warton, "unquestionably 
 possess unusual merit. Some of his son- 
 nets are as smooth and polished as the 
 poet of Hawthomden's. The Fly ting is a 
 strange, grotesque performance, reminding 
 US of Dunbar's similar contest with Wal- 
 ter Kennedy, and Skelton's poems against 
 Garnesche. If Montgomery had produced 
 nothing but this Flyting and his select 
 versions of the Psalms, entitled the ilfmrfes 
 Melodie, he would have been remembered 
 as a person whose versatility of talent en- 
 abled him to leave to posterity specimens 
 of the broadest satire >nd of the devoutest 
 commonplace. But. "as it is, his Cherrie 
 and the Sloe and his Sonnets justly claim 
 for him a high rank among the Scottish 
 writers of the latter half of the sixteenth 
 century and of the beginning of the seven- 
 teenth." 
 
 Montgomery, Gerald. The 
 
 nom deplume assumed by the Kcv.G-eorge 
 MouLTBiB in contributing to The Etonia/ii 
 and Knight's Quarterly Magazine. 
 
 Montgomery, James, poet (b. 
 1771, d. 1854), wrote The Wanderer of 
 Switzerland^ andother Poems (1806) (q.v.); 
 The West Indies^ and otJier Poems (1810), 
 (q.v.) : Prison Amusements (q.v.) ; The 
 World be/ore the Flood (1813), (q.v.) ; 
 Thoughts an Wheels (1817), (q.v.) ; The 
 CUmbintf Soy's Soliloquy (q.v.) ; Green- 
 land (1819), (q.v.) ; Songs of Zion (1822), 
 (q.v.) ; The Christian Poet (1825) ; Tlie 
 -Pelican Island (1827), (q.v.) ; Lectures on 
 Poetry and- General Literature (1833) ; Am 
 Poet's Portfolio (1835) ; The Christian 
 Psalmist (1852) ; and Original Hymns for 
 Public, Private, and Social Devotion (1853). 
 Editions of Montgomery's Poems have been 
 frequently published. His Life has been 
 written by J. W. King (1858), and his 
 Memoirs, including Selections from his Cor- 
 respondence, Remains in Prose and Verse, 
 and Conversations on Various Subjects, 
 were published by John Holland ana 
 James Everett in 1864—56. For Criticism, 
 tee Gllflllan's Literary Portraits, Jeffrey's 
 Essays, and Critical Essays by A. K. H. 
 B. 
 
 Montgomery, Robert, clergy- 
 man and poet (b. 1807, d. 1855), published 
 The Omnipresence of the Deity (1828), (q.v.) 
 Satan (1830), (q.v.) ; Oiford (1831), (q.v.) ; 
 The Messiah (1832) j Woman, the Angela' 
 
 Life (1833) ; Luther (1842) ; The Sacred 
 6i/i!(1842) ; The Gospel in Advance-of the 
 Age (1844) ; Christ our All in All (1845) ; 
 Tlie Ideal of the Christian Church (1845) ; 
 Scarborough, a Poetic Glance (1846^ iThe 
 Great Salvation, and our Sin in Neglecting 
 it (1846) ; The World of Spirits (1847) ; 
 Sacred Meditations and Moral Themes in 
 Verse (1847) ; Religion and Poetry (1847) ; 
 Tlie World of Splnts (1847); Tlie Christian 
 Life (1848) ; God and Man (1850) ; The 
 Church of the Invisible (1851); The Sanc- 
 tuary (1855) ; and many other works. Hia 
 Poetical Works were published in six 
 volumes in 1839 — 40. For Criticism sea 
 Lord Macaulay's Miscellaneous Essays. 
 
 Monthly Magazine, The. A 
 
 periodical started by Sir Kichard Phil- 
 lips (1768—1840) in 1796, with Dr. Aikin as 
 editor, and BelshamandWolcot as leading 
 contributors. Phillips's own contributions 
 bore the somewhat inappropriate signature 
 of " Common Sense." 
 
 Monthly Review, The, A 
 periodical started by Dr. Ealph Gkie- 
 FITHS (q.v.), in 1749, on "Whig principles. 
 Among its contributors were Griffiths him- 
 self, RufEhead, Grainger, Kalph, Kippis, 
 Langhome, and Goldsmith, who wrote 
 papers on Mallet's Mythology of the Celts, 
 Home's Douglas, Burke's Essay on the 
 Sublime and Beautiful, Smollett's History 
 of England, "Voltaire's Universal History, 
 "Wilkes's EpigoniaA, and the Odes of Gray. 
 
 Montrose, Marquis of, James 
 Graham (b. 1612, d. 1650), was author of 
 several lyrics, the best of which are 
 included by Dr. Hannah in his Courtly 
 Poets. Tlie best known is " My own and 
 only love." See the Biographies by Napier 
 (1840, 1856) and Grant (1868). See, also, 
 i^owndes' Bibliographer's Manual and 
 "Watson's Scottish Poems (1706—11) . 
 
 Monument of Matrones : 
 
 " Containing seven several Lamps of "\'"ir- 
 ginitie," by Thomas Bently, published 
 in 1682. 
 
 " Monuments themselves me- 
 morials need."— Ceabbe, Tlie Borough, 
 letter ii. 
 
 Moodie, Mrs. Susannah, nge 
 
 Strickland (b. 1803), has published several 
 works of fiction, including Roughing it in 
 the Bush (1862), Mark Hurdlestone (1853), 
 Flora Lindsay (1864), The Moncktons(lSSS), 
 Tlie World before Them (1867). 
 
 " Moody madness." — Gray, Oiv 
 a Distant Prospect of Eton College, stanza 
 8. 
 
 Mo on -calf. The. A poem by 
 Michael Dbayton (1563—1631), published 
 in 1627. 
 
 Moon, Emperor of the. A 
 comedy by Mrs. Aphba Behit, produced 
 >n 1687. 
 
443 
 
 MOG 
 
 MOO 
 
 '* Moon-struck madness." — 
 Paradise Lost, ix., 48G, 
 
 " Moon takes up the "wondrous 
 tale, The."— Addisox, Ode :— 
 
 " Atid nightly to the liEtcninff earth 
 Repcata the story ol her birth." 
 
 " Moou (The) is in her summer 
 glow."— Scott, Roheby, canto i. 
 
 "Moon (The), s-weet regent of 
 the sky."— MiCKLE's ballad of Cumnor 
 Hall. 
 
 Moon, To the. A sonnet by 
 Chahlottb Smith (1749—1806) begin- 
 ning— 
 
 '* Qiiccn of the silver bow !— by thy pale beam : " 
 
 "Moonlight sleeps upon this 
 bank, How sweet the." See " How 
 
 SWEET THE MOONLIGHT." 
 
 Moonshine. A character in the 
 interlude of Pyramus and Thisbct iu A 
 Midsummer NighVs Dream : — 
 
 " Thifl man, with lanthorn, dog, and buah of thorn, 
 Preeenteth moonshine " 
 
 " Mo on's ( The ) , an arrant 
 
 thief ."— Timon of Athens, act iv., scene 
 3 :— 
 " And her pale fire she snatches from the sun." 
 
 Moore, Ed-ward, draniatist (b. 
 1712, d. 1757). wrote Fables for the Female 
 Sex (1744) ; Trial of Selim the Persian for 
 Jligh Crimes and Misdemeanours (1748) ; 
 TIte Gamester (1753), (qv.) ; and other 
 works. Moore was a leading contributor 
 to TJie World (q.v.)- His Pocis, Fables^ 
 a/nd Plays were printed iu 1756, and his 
 Dram^atlc JTorfca again in 1788. (See Selim 
 THE Persian. 
 
 Moore, John, M.D., miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1730, d. 1802), produced 
 A View of Society and Manners in France, 
 Switzerland^ and Germany (1779) ; A View 
 of Society and Manners in Italy (I7fl) ; 
 Medical Sketches (1786) ; Zeluco (1789), 
 (,q.v.) ; A Journal during a Residence in 
 France (1793); A VietQ of the Causes and 
 Progress of the French Jievolution (1795) ; 
 Edward (179G), (q.v.) ; and Mordaunt (1800), 
 (q. v.). Mooriana: or. Selections from 
 Moore's Works, was published in 1803, 
 with A New Biographical and Critical Ac- 
 count of the Doctor and his Writings, by 
 the Rev. F. Prevost and F. Blagden. The 
 Works, with "Memoirs of liis Life and 
 ■Writings," by Robert Anderson, were 
 printed in seven volumes in 1820, 
 
 Moore, Thomas, poet nnrl prose 
 writer (b. 1779, d. 1852), published an Orfc 
 to Nothing (q.v.) ; Odes ofAnacreon (IROO) ; 
 Poetical Works of the late Thomas Little 
 (1801), (q- V.) ; 0'df,B (ind Epistles (1806) ; 
 'Intolerance and Corruption (1808) ; The 
 JSeeptie (1809); M. P^-' or, th9 Blue' Stock- 
 
 ing (1811), (q.v.); Intercepted Letters: or^ 
 the Twopenny Postbag (IBll"), (q.v.) ; Na- 
 tional Airs (1815), (q.v.) ; The World at 
 Westminster (1816), (q.v.); Sacred ^iongs 
 (1816) ; Lalla Rookh (1817), (q. v.) ; TAe 
 Fudge Family in Paris (q.v.); Tom Crib: 
 His Memorial to Congress (1819), (q.v.); 
 Rhymes for the Road (1820), (q.v.) ; Fables 
 for the Holy Alliance {\2>2Q) \ Loves of the 
 Anqels (1823), (q. v.); Memoirs of Captain 
 72ocA(1824), (q.v.) ; lAfe ofR. B. Sheridam. 
 (1825); History of Ireland (1827); Trq^vels 
 of an Irish Gentleman in Search of aRe- 
 ligion (1827) ; The Epicurean (1827), (q.v.) ; 
 Odes upon Cash, Com, and Catholict 
 (1828) '.Life of Byron (1830), (q.v.) : Life Of 
 Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1831) ; Alcipkron 
 (1839), (q.v.) ; and some unimportant fugi- 
 tive publications. For Biography, see 
 Earl Kussell's edition of the ^iary (1^52^^ 
 6), and the L>/e by R. H. Montgomery 
 (ISSO). For Criticism, see Hazlitt's Eng- 
 lish Poets and Spirit of the Age ; Jeif rey s 
 Essays; W. C. Roscoe's Essays; andW. 
 M. liossetti's Introduction to the Poems. 
 "Moore's muse," saysHazlitt, ''is another 
 Ariel, as light, as tricksy, as indefatigable, 
 and as humane a spirit. His fancy is for 
 ever on the wing, flutters in the gale, 
 glitters in the sun. Everything lives, 
 moves, and sparkles in his poetiy, while 
 over all Love waves his purple light. His 
 thoughts are as reslless, as many, and as 
 bright as the insects that people the sun's 
 beams. An airy voyager on life's stream, 
 his mind inhales the fragrance of a thou- 
 sand shores, and drinks of endless pleas- 
 ure under halcyon skies. "Wherever his 
 footsteps tend over the enamelled ground 
 of fairy liction 
 
 " Around him the bees in play flutter nnd cluster. 
 And gaudy butterflies frolic around." 
 
 The fault of Moore is an exuberance of in 
 voluntary power. His facility of produc- 
 tion lessens the effect of, and hangs as a 
 dead weight upon what he produces. Hi^ 
 levity at last oppresses. The infinite de- 
 light he takes in such an infinite number 
 of things creates indifference in minds 
 ' less susceptible of pleasure than his own. 
 His variety cloys ^ his rapidity dazzles 
 and distracts the sight. He wants inten- 
 sity, strength, and grandeur. His mind 
 does not brood over the great and permar 
 nent ; it glances over the surfaces, the 
 first impressions of thmgs, instead of grap- 
 pling with the deep-rooted prejudices of 
 the mind, its inveterate habits, and that 
 'perilous stuff that weighs upon the heart.' 
 His pen' as it is rapid and fanciful, wants 
 momentum and passion. The impressions 
 of Moore's poetry are detached, desultoiy. 
 and physical. Its gorgeous colours bright- 
 en and fade like the rainbow's. Its sweet- 
 ness evaporates like the efliuvia exhaled 
 from beds of tlowere ! His gay, laughing 
 style, which relates to the immediate 
 pleasures of love and wine, is better than 
 his sentimental and romantic vein. His 
 Irish melodies are uot free from affectation 
 
MOP 
 
 MOR 
 
 447 
 
 ind a certain sicklinesa oC pretension 
 His serious descriptions are apt to run 
 nto flowery tenderness. His pathos soir^e- 
 imes melts into a mawkish sensibility, or 
 crystallises into all the prettiuesses of al- 
 .egorical language and glittering hardness 
 3f external imagery. But he has wit at 
 Evill, and of the first quality. His satirical 
 md burlesque poetry is his best ; it is 
 irst-rate.*' See Anacrbon Moore ; 
 Brown, Thomas, the Younger; One 
 5F THE Fancy. 
 
 Mopes, Mr. Tiie liermit, in Dick- 
 ens's story of Tom Tlddler^s Ground 
 :q.v.). 
 
 " Moping melancholy." — Para- 
 dise Lost, xi., 485 
 
 Mopsa. Tlie discarded sweet- 
 lieartof Hobbinol.in Somerville's bur- 
 lesque poem of that name :~ 
 
 "^ meagre form, 
 "With hasty slep, and visage incomposed ; 
 Wildly she star'd t rage sparkled in her eyes, 
 And poverty eat Ghrinking on her cheeks I " 
 
 Mopus. A hard, in Sir Kichabd 
 
 Blackmore's Prince Arthur (q.v.). 
 
 Moral Assays, by Alexander 
 Pope (1688—1744), consisting of five epis- 
 tles to different persons. The fifth, to 
 A.ddison, was written in 1715. and was first 
 
 Sublished, with the lines oh Craggs ad- 
 ed, in Tickell's edition of Addison's 
 works in 1720. The fourth, to the, Earl of 
 Bui-lington, was published in 1731, under 
 the title 0/ Taste, subsequently altered to 
 Of False Taste, and ultimately 0/the Use 
 ofllic/ies. The third, to , Lord Bathurst, 
 0/ike Use of liiches, foUoyfed in 1734, in 
 which ypar appeared the first epistle to 
 Lord Cobham, On the Knowledge and Char- 
 leter of Men. The second epistle. On the 
 Characters of Women, was issued in 1735. 
 rhey are full of well-known lines and 
 30uplets, such as : — 
 
 '"Tia education forms the common mind j 
 
 Just as the twig is bent, the tree's incliocd." 
 *' Who Bhall decide when doctors disagree ? " 
 " And you, brave Cobham ! to your latest breath 
 Shallfeet your ruling passion strong in death." 
 'Men, some ti business, Rome to pleasure take, 
 Sut every woman is at heart a rake." 
 
 Moral Sentiments, The Theory 
 
 >f. A philosophical treatise by Adam 
 Smith (1723—1790), published in 1759, and 
 iiscussing the questions — lifst, as to the 
 ground on which we form an estimate of 
 ;ho actions and affections of other men ; 
 md second, as to the j^'ound on which we 
 'orm an estimate of our own affections and 
 ictiont. In both cases, says the wiiter, 
 ;he ground or principle of our-judgment is 
 jympatliy. 
 
 Morale Proverbes of Pyse.The. 
 See DicTES AK2> Sayixos of the Pai- 
 
 U>S0P2X:B3. 
 
 Moralists, *'a PJiilosopliiciil Rhap- 
 sody," by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 
 third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713) ;' 
 published in 1709, and forminor the fifth 
 treatise of the writer's Clta/raoteristics, pub- 
 lished in 1711 and 1713. 
 
 Moralities, or Moral Plays, were 
 one of the many forms into whi'cli the 
 dramatic art, informed by the religious 
 spirit, ran in its earlier stages in this coun- 
 try. Few are now in existence— a fact 
 which Hallam attributes to their "occa- 
 sionallty or want .of merit." TJiose that 
 have been retained may be read in Haw- 
 kins's Ancient Drama and Dodsley's Old 
 Plays (ed, Carew I-Iazlitt). The most an- 
 cient are traced to the time of Henry VI., 
 after which they became more complicated 
 and approached more nearly to regular 
 form. By-and-by they were distinguished 
 from their conveners in the art by the con-. 
 stant introduction of a witty but mischiev- 
 ous character called " The Vice." " This 
 seems originally," pays Hallam, ''to have 
 been an allegorical representation of what 
 the word denotes ; but tbe Vice gradually 
 acquired a human individuality, in which 
 he came very near to our well-known 
 Punch. The devil was generally intro- 
 duced, in company with the Vice, and had 
 to endure many blows from him." The 
 moralities had also another peculiarity 
 during their later career. " They had al- 
 ways been , religious ; they now became 
 theological. In the crisis of 1 hat great rev- 
 olution then ill progress the stage was 
 found a ready, and impartial instrument 
 for thp oldorthenewfaith." See Brama. 
 
 Morals and Lsgislation, Intro- 
 duction to the Principles of. by Jeremy 
 Bextham (1748— 1P32) ; published in 1780, 
 and characterised by The Edinburgh Pe- 
 view as a work in which "the author has 
 given to the public his enlarged and en- 
 lightened views, and has laboured for^ all 
 nations and for all ages yet to come." 
 
 Morando: " T.lie Tritanieron of 
 Love," by Kobert Greene ; published 
 in 1584. 
 
 Moravian Nuns at Bethlehem,. 
 Hymn of the, " at the Consecration of 
 Pulaski's Banner." By Henry Wads- 
 worth Lo'NGFELLOW. Pulaski was a 
 famous Polish patriot. 
 
 Mordaunt : " Sketches of Life, 
 Characters, and Manners, in various Coun- 
 tries; including the Memoirs of a French 
 Lady of Quality." A novel by Dr. John 
 MooRE (1730—1802), published in 1800, and 
 consisting pf the letters whi<!h pass between 
 the various dramatis personm. These are 
 dated partly from England and partly from 
 the Continent. 
 
 "More faith in honest doubt, 
 There lies."— Tenkyson, In Memoriavit 
 Qauto xiv. : — 
 
 " Believe xa^, tluu in half the «r««d8>"' 
 
448 
 
 MOR 
 
 MOB 
 
 More, Hannah, dramatist, poet, 
 and Miscellaneous writer (b. 1745, d. 1833), 
 published The Search after Happiness 
 (1773), (q.v.) ; The Inflexihle Captive (1774), 
 (q.v.); Percy 1777), (q.v.); The Fatal 
 Falseliaod (1779), (q.v.); Sacred Drama - 
 (1782); Florio: a Tale for Fine Gentlemen 
 and Fine Ladies (1786) ; The Bas Bleu : or, 
 Conversation (1786), (q.v.) ; Tlioxights on 
 the Importance of the Manners of the Great 
 to General Society (1788) ; An Estimate of 
 the heligion of the Fashionable World 
 (1790) ; Village Politics (1793) ; The Modem 
 Systsm of Female Education (1799) ; Calebs 
 in Search of a Wife (1809), (q.v.) ; Practical 
 Piety (1801) ; Christian Morals (1813) ; 
 Stories for the Middle Ranks of Society 
 (1818) : Tales for the Common People (1818) ; 
 Moral Sketches of Prevailing Opinions ana 
 Manners (1819) ; 'Bible Rhymes (1821) ; and 
 many other works. Her Poetical Works 
 appeared in 1829. Her complete. Works 
 were published in eleven Tolumes in 1830, 
 and again, with Memoir and Notes, in 1853. 
 Her Ikfe has been written by Shaw (1802) ; 
 Roberts (1834); Thompson (1838 ; and Smith 
 (1814). Referring to one of Hannah More's, 
 efurlier productions, Garrick wrote :— 
 
 ** With feeling, elccancc-and force 
 
 Unite their inatchlees power ; 
 And prove that from a heavenly source 
 
 Springs Eldred of the Bower. 
 True, criea the |;od of verse, 'tis mine. 
 
 And now the farce is o'er ; 
 To vex proud man I wrote each lino, 
 
 And gave them Hannah More." 
 
 " "We bear testimony," wrote Sydney Smith 
 in The Edinburgh Review, *' to her talents, 
 her good sense, and her real piety. There 
 occur every now and then in her produc- 
 tions very original and very profound ob- 
 servations. Her advice is often character- 
 ised by tlie most amiable good sense, and 
 conveyed in the most brilliant and invit- 
 ing style." See Cheap Repository; 
 Maxners op the Great ; Shepherd op 
 Salisbury Plain. 
 
 More, Henry, metaphysical and 
 theological writer (b. 1614, d. 1687), pub- 
 lished PsycJiozoia (1642), (q.v.) ; Philo- 
 sophical Poems (1647) ; Philosophical WrU- 
 tings, containing ^n. ^niif?o^e against Ather- 
 ism, Enthusiasmus Triumphatus, Letters 
 to Bes Cartes, Immortality of the Soul, 
 Conjectura Cabalistica (1662) ; Theologir- 
 cal Works, containing An Explanation 
 of the Grand Mystery of Godliness, An 
 Enquiry into the Mystery of Inquity^A Pro- 
 phetical Exposition of the Seven Churches 
 in Asia, A Discourse of the Grownds of 
 Faith in Points of Religion, An Antidote 
 against Idolatry, and Some Divine Hymns 
 (1708) ; Divine Dialogues, cont^nlng 
 JJisquisitions concerning the Attributes 
 and Providence of God (1743), Discourses 
 on Several Texts of Scripture (1692), E-n- 
 chiridion Ethicum (1668), and Enchiridion 
 Metaphysicum (1871). The Life of More 
 was published by R. Ward in 1710. See 
 also Tullocli'8 Rational Theology and 
 
 Christian Philosophy in the XVIIth Cen^ 
 tury. 
 
 " More honour'd in the breach 
 
 than the observance/' See " Custom, 
 A," &c. 
 
 "More in sorrow than in 
 
 anger." — Hamlet, act i., scene 2, 
 
 " More is meant than meets the 
 ear, Where." Line 120 ox Milton's poem 
 of II Penseroso. 
 
 " More sinned against than sin- 
 ning." — King Lear, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 More, Sir Thomas, Lord Chan- 
 cellor (b. 1478, d. 15^5), wrote The Sergeant 
 and the Frere ; The Supplycacyoji of Soulyt 
 against the Supplycacyon of Beggars ,• A 
 Dyalogue of Syr Thomas More^Knyghte, 
 wherein lie treatyd divers matters, as qfthe 
 Veneration and Worshyp of Ymages and 
 Relyques, praying to Sayntys, arm goyng 
 on Pylgrymage, toyth many othere thyngs 
 touchyng the pesty lent Sect of Duiher and 
 Tyndale, by the tone bygone in Saxony, and 
 by the iother laboured to be brought into 
 England (1529) ; The Confutacyon qf Tyn~ 
 dale's Answere (1532) ; The Secona Parte of 
 ditto (1533) ; The Debellacyon of Salem and 
 3izance(15S3); The ApologyeofSyr Thomas 
 More, Knyght (1533) ; A Letter Immtgnynge 
 the erronyouse wrytyng of John Fryt'i 
 against the Blessed Sacrament oftheAul- 
 tare (1533); The Answer to the First Part of 
 the poystmed Booke whyclie a nameless 
 Hereiike (John Frith) hath named the Sup- 
 per of th£ Lord (1534) ; Utopia : loritten tn 
 Latine, by Syr Thomas More, Knyghte, and 
 translated into Englyshe by Raphe Robyn- 
 son (1551), (q.v.) ; A Dyalogue of Comfort 
 against Tribulation (1553) ; A Treatise to 
 ■^eceave the Blessed Body of our Lord Sac-^ 
 ramentally and Virtually w>th (1572) ; The 
 IBstorie of thepittiful Life and unfortunate 
 Death of King Edward V. and the Duke of 
 York, his brother (q.v,), with the Trouble- 
 some and Tyrannical Government qf^ the 
 Usurpation of Richard III. and his miser- 
 able end ; and The Book oj the Fayre Gen- 
 tlewoman, Lady Fortune* The JSngli^h 
 Works of Sir Thomas More were published 
 in 1557 ; the Latin Works in 1565 and 1566. 
 The following are the Biogr^hical Autlior- 
 ities : — Thomas Moro, by P. de Herrara 
 (1617) ; The Life and Death of Sir Thomas 
 More, by his grandson, Cresacre More 
 (1626); VitoR TAomi -Wort, by his son-in-law, 
 W. Koper (1626) ; Thomi Mori Vita et EX' 
 itus, by J. Hoddesdon (1652) ; Tnmasso 
 Moro, Grand Cancellario d* Inghilterra 
 (1675) ; Vita Thomae Mori, by ^tapleton 
 (1689) ; Ufe of Sir Thomas More, by Fep- 
 dinando Warner (1758) ; Memoirs of Sir 
 Thomas More, by Cayley (1808) ; TJiomr 
 as Morus, Lord Chancelier du Rottavme 
 d'Angleterr6 (1833) ; Life qf Sir Thomas 
 More, by Emily Taylor (1834j ; Life of Sir 
 Tfiomas More, by Sir James Mackintosh 
 (1844) ; The Household qfSir Thomas Mom 
 
MOB 
 
 MOR 
 
 440 
 
 <1851) ; Life of Sir Thomas More, in Words- 
 wOTtii'3 Ecclesiastical Biograuhy J and Lord 
 C3,jnpbell*aLivesoft?ie Lord Chancellors. 
 A full list of Sir Thomas More'a Works is 
 included in Lowndes' Bibliographer* s Mait- 
 ual. See Epigbammata. 
 
 More, Sir Thomas. A manu- 
 script historical play, probably written 
 about 1590. It has been printed for the 
 Shakespeare Society. 
 
 '• More the merrier," is the title 
 of a book of epigrams, by Henry Parrot, 
 
 gablished in 1608. The phrase is also to 
 e found in Beaumont and Fletcher's 
 play, The Scomfiil Lady, act i. scene 1, and 
 The Sea Voyage^ act i., scene 2. 
 
 Morell, Sir Charles. The pseu- 
 donym adopted by the Key. James Rid- 
 ley (d. 1765), in publishing his Tales of 
 the Genii (q.T.). 
 
 Morgadour, Sir. A kniglitof the 
 Round Table, whose adventures are re- 
 corded in the old chivalric romances. 
 
 Morgan. The name assumed by 
 Belailus, a banished lord, in Cyraheline 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Morgan, Augustus De, mathe- 
 matician and physicist (b. 1806, d. 1871), 
 wrote Elements of Arithmetic (1830) ; Ele~ 
 Tiients of Algebra, preliminary to the Dif- 
 _fereniial Calculus (1835) ; Elements of Trig- 
 onometry and Trigonometrical Analysis, 
 preliminary to tite Differential Calculus 
 (1837); Essay on Probabilities, and on their 
 Application to Life Contingencies and In- 
 surance Offices (1838) ; Formal Logic : or, 
 the Calculus of Ivference necessary and 
 probable (1847) ; and Arithmetical BookSj 
 from tJieinvention of Printing to thepresent 
 time : being brief notices of a large number 
 of books, drawn up from, actual inspection 
 QM7); besides contributing largely to The 
 Pen7iy Ci/clopcedia. A series of papers on 
 Paradoxes and Problems, which appeared 
 in The Athenceum, were afterwards pub- 
 lished in separate form. 
 
 ■. Morgan, John Minter. See 
 Revolt of the Bees. - 
 
 Morgan la Fee. A fairy ; sister 
 of King Arthur. See Fata Morgana. 
 
 Morgan, Lady, Sydney Owenson, 
 novelist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1783, 
 d. 1859), published Poems (1797) ; The Wild 
 Irish Girl (ISOl) (q.v); The Novice of St. 
 Dominick (1806); The Lay of an Irish Harp 
 (1807); Patriotic Sketches of Ireland {l8Giy, , 
 Woman: or, Ida of Athens (1809); St. Clair 
 *(1810) ; TJie Missionary (1811) ; O'Donnell 
 (1814); Frtmoe in 1816 (1817); Florence Mac- 
 Carthy (1818) ; Life and Times of Salvator 
 Rosa (1824) ; Absenteeism (1825) ; The O'- 
 Brians and the O'Flahertys (1827) ; The 
 Book of the Boudoir (1829) (q.v.); France in 
 1829—30 (1830); Dramatic Scenes from Peal 
 
 Lfe (1833) ; The Princess (1836) ; Woman 
 and her Master (1840) ; The Book without a 
 Name (q.v.), in conjunction with her hus- 
 band, Sir T. C. Morgan, M.D. (1841); Lux- 
 ima, the Prophetess (1859) ; and Passages 
 from my Autobiography (1859), 
 
 Morgan, Sir Thomas Charles, 
 
 M J), (b. 1783, d. 1843), wrote Sketches of the 
 Philosophy of lAfe (1818), which were fol- 
 lowed, in 1822, by Sketches of the Philosophy 
 of Morals, See preceding paragraph. 
 
 Morgan, "William, successively 
 Bishop of Llandaff and St. Asaph (d. 1604), 
 was one of the translators of the Bible 
 into "Welsh (1588). 
 
 Morgante Maggiore. A work 
 by LuiGi PuLci, the first canto of which, 
 translated by Lord Byron, was published 
 in part iv. of The Liberal. 
 
 Morgiana, the female slave of 
 AliBaba(q.v.), in '*The Forty Thieves" 
 {Arabian Nights). 
 
 Moriat. A female Irish bard, who 
 lived about 329 B. c. See Walker's histor- 
 ical Memoirs of the Irish Bards. 
 
 Morier, James, novelist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1780, d. 1849), pub- 
 lished Jou/meys through Persia, ^c, to 
 Constantinople (1812—18) ; Ifajji Baba 
 (1824 and 1828), (q.v) ; Zohrab (1832), (q.v.); 
 Ayesha (1834), (q.v.); Abel Allnutt (1837) : 
 The Banished (1839) ; The Mirza (1841) ; 
 and Martin Toutrmid (1849). 
 
 Morglay was the name of the 
 sword of Bevis of Hampton, or Southamp- 
 ton (q.v.), and afterwards became the cant 
 name for a sword in general. Thus in 
 Caetwright's Ordinary (1651) one of the 
 characters says : — 
 
 " Dre out thy true 
 And poignant morglay out of Bhete." 
 
 Tn A Woman is a Weathercock (1612), Mis- 
 tress "Wagtail talks about 
 
 Bevis on Arundel, withmorglay in hand." 
 In Every Man in His Humour (1609), again, 
 we have the word in its popular signifi- 
 cation : — 
 
 " Had I been accompanied with my toLedo or mor- 
 glay." 
 
 Morley, Henry, Professor of Eng- 
 lish Literature at University College, Lon- 
 don (b. 1822), has published, among other 
 works, Sunrise in Italy, and other Poems 
 (1848); How to make Home Unhealthy (1850); 
 A Defence of Iqnorance (1851) ; the Lives 
 of Palissy the Potter (1852) ; Jercme Car- 
 dan (1864) ; Cornelius Agrippa (1856) ; and 
 Clement Marot(187D); Memoirs of Bartliol- 
 ometv Fair (ifdl) } Fairy Tales (1859 and 
 1860) ; English Writers (1864—7) ; Journal 
 of a London Playgoer {186G); Tables of Eng- 
 lish Literature (1S70); and A First Sketch 
 of En qlish Literature (1873) : besides edit- 
 ing ^ing and Commons (1868) ; The SpectOr 
 
450 
 
 MOB 
 
 MOK 
 
 tor (1868); and CasseU's Library of English 
 Literature. 
 
 Morley, John, miscellaneoug 
 writer (b..l838), has written Edmund Burke 
 (1867), Critical- Miscellanies (1871—7), Fof- 
 taire (imi), Jiousseau (1873), Struggle for 
 National Education (1873), and On Com- 
 promise (1874). He waB for some time the 
 editor of The Morning Star (q.v.), and has 
 been editor of The Fartniqhtly Review since 
 1867. 
 
 Morley, Thomas, poet (d. 1601), 
 was author of a Book of Ballets (1695). See 
 CasseWs Library of English Literature 
 (Shorter English Poems), 
 
 " Morn (The), in russet mantle 
 clad." — Hamlet, act i., scene 1. 
 
 " Morn (The) that lights you to 
 
 your love."— CoiLiNS, Eclogue i., line 23. 
 
 Morning Advertiser, The, was 
 
 established in 1796 by a Society of London 
 Licensed Victuallers. It was edited from 
 1860 to 1870 by .James Geant (b. 18O.0, 
 (q.v.), and from 1870 to 1876 by Col. A. B. 
 £lCHAKD9 (q.v.). 
 
 Morning Chronicle, The, was 
 
 started in 1769. William Woodpall 
 (q.v.) was the first editor, reporter, and 
 printer — all of which functions he com- 
 bined ; being followed in 1789 by James 
 Peruy (q.v.), who became part-proprietor 
 of the paper about twelve years afterwards. 
 During the latter's regime such men as 
 Coleridge, Lord Campbell, Campbell the 
 
 Soet, Sir James Mcintosh, Person, and 
 [azlitt were contributors lo the Chronicle. 
 Perry died in 1821, and was succeeded In 
 the editorship by John Black (q.v.), 
 under whom it gradually decreased in 
 influence, popularity, and circulation until 
 in 1834 it was sold by William Clement, who 
 had bought it after Periy's death, to Sir 
 John Easthope, for £16,500. Black retired 
 from the paper in 1843. It was under his 
 auspices that Charles Dickens in 1835 
 made his dihut in newspaper work as a 
 contributor of Sketches by Boz to tlie col- 
 umns of The Evening Chronicle. In 1843 a 
 Mr. O' Doyle became the editor of The 
 Mornlnq Chronicle, which shortly after- 
 awards fell into the hands of the late Duke 
 of Newcastle, Mr. Sydney (afterwards 
 Lord) Herbert, andHr. Gladstone, and was 
 hencefoi-th made to ad-vocate Peelito and 
 tuseylstic principles under the edlDorship 
 of Douglas Cook. Tlien in 1854 the paper 
 was sold to Sergeant Glover, this time for 
 £7,500. The Sftrgeant turned the Chronicle 
 into an out and out defender of the Em- 
 peror Napoleon ; but the circulation still 
 further decreased nntl!, under the next 
 proprietor, it expired altogether, after at 
 one time having a very fair opportunity of 
 rivalling rt« Times (q.v.). See Knight's 
 Fmirth Estate, Grant's Newspaper Press, 
 and Mackay's Becollections. 
 
 Morning Herald, The, was 
 
 started in 1780 by the Kev. Henky Bate, 
 afterwards Sir Henby Bate-Dddley, on 
 Liberal principles. Its second editor was 
 Alexakdeb Chalmers, of Aberdeen, 
 who died in 1834, and was succeeded by 
 a Mr. Wight, a -reporter who had distin- 
 guished himself in his department. Ten 
 years afterwards the paper became the 
 property of Mr. Edward Baldwin, who 
 afterwards sold it to Mr. James Johnston. 
 Gradually decreasing in circulation, it died 
 altogether in 1869. 
 
 Morning Hymn, The, par excel- 
 lence, is that composed by Bishop Ken 
 (1637—1711), beginning— 
 
 *' Awake, my bouI, and with the Bun." 
 A Morning Hymn was also written by 
 Thomas Pabkell (1679-1718). 
 
 Morning Meditations. A 1m- 
 morous poem by Thomas Hood. The last 
 two verses are claimed by a Mr. G. T. 
 Lowth. 
 
 " Morning of the time. In the." 
 
 Tensyson's Day Dream (L'Envoi). 
 
 Morning Post, The, was started 
 in 1772, and among its earliest editors was 
 the Rev. Henry Bate, who at one time 
 edited The Morning Herald (q.v.). In 1795 
 the Post was bought by the Brothers 
 Stuart, Daniel and Peter, whose chief 
 literary assistants at one time were Sir 
 James Mackintosh and Samuel Tay- 
 lor Coleridge. The latter was appointed 
 conductor in 1799, but ceased to write for, 
 the papef in 1802, His connection with it 
 is referred to by Byron in his Don Juan, 
 canto iii., stanza xciii. : — 
 
 " Coleridge . . . his flighty pen 
 Let to the Morning Post its aristocracy." 
 
 The Stuarts disposed of the Post in 1803. 
 Charles Lamb was at one time a contribu- 
 tor to it, and has recorded his recollections 
 in his essay on " Newspapers Thirty-five 
 Years Ago." 
 
 Morning Remembrance had 
 
 at the Moneth Mynde of Margarete, 
 Countesse of Rychemonde and Darb^e. A 
 celebrated sermon by JoHn Fisher, Bish- 
 op of KocHESTEE, printed in 1708. 
 
 " Morning star of memory, 
 The."— Byron, The Giaour, line 1,130. 
 
 "Morning star of song, The." 
 
 A description applied by Tennyson (b. 
 1R09), in his poem of A Dream of Fair 
 Women, to Geoffrey Chaucer <1B2S— 
 1400) :— 
 
 "Who made 
 
 His muBic heard below : • . 
 
 Dan Chaucer, the first warbler, whose sweet breaw 
 
 Preluded those melodious bursts that fill 
 The snscious times of great Elizabeth 
 With sounds that echo still." 
 
 Morning Star of the Reforma- 
 tion, The. A name bestowed on John 
 WyclIFFE (1324-1384), (q.v.). 
 
MOB 
 
 MOB 
 
 451 
 
 ^ Morning Star, The, was started 
 in 1856, on tlie abolition of the newspaper 
 stamp duty, by the Manchester school of 
 politicians. It expired in 1870. its la»t 
 editor being Johx Mokley (q.v.). 
 
 Moros. The hero of the moral 
 play called The Longer thou lAvest the 
 More Foole thou art (q.v.). He is repre- 
 sented as an ignorant and vicious fool, 
 ac luahited only with ballads and songs, 
 scraps of which he sings as he entcnrs, 
 ** coanterfaiting a vaine gesture and a 
 fooUsh countenance." 
 
 Morose, in Ben Jonsow's play of 
 Epicene (q.v.), is " a lover of quiet, a man 
 exquisitely impatient of rude sounds and 
 loquacity^ who lived in a retired street, 
 who barricaded bis doors with mattresses 
 to prevent distui'banceto his ear^,and who 
 married a wife because he could with diffi- 
 culty prevail upon her to speak to him. 
 
 Morrell. One of the sliepherds in 
 The Sfiepkerd's Calendar, by Spexseb. 
 
 Morris, Dinah. A character in 
 George Eliot's novel of Adam Bede 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Morris, James M. See Peppek, 
 K.N. 
 
 Morris, Lewis, "Welsh antiquary 
 and poet (b. 1702, d. 1J65), wrote -several 
 poehis in the Welsh language, and l^eft a 
 very large number of MS. antiquarian col- 
 lections. See G&titlem.an'' s Magazine^ vol. 
 lix. 'RiCHAKD, brother of the above, 
 "Welsh poet and critic (d. 3779), wrote 
 several forgotten works of some anti- 
 quarian interest. 
 
 Morr&, Lewis, poet, has pub- 
 lished Songs of Two Worlds (1871, 1874, and 
 1875), and The Epic qf Hades (1876—7). 
 
 Morris, Peter, The name adopt- 
 ed by John Gibsoii Lockhakt in pub- 
 lishing his Letters to his Kinsfolk in 1819. 
 The letters are devoted to a description of 
 Scottish men and things. 
 
 Morris, Richard, LL.D., clerjry- 
 nian, scholar, and editor (b. 1833), has pub- 
 lished Tfte Etymology of Local Names 
 (1857), Historical Antneses of English Accir- 
 dence (1872), Elementary Lessons in His- 
 torical English Grammar (1874), and A 
 Primer of English Grammar (1875) ; be- 
 sides editing a large variety of old English 
 works, such as The.Pricke of Conscience 
 (q.v.), The Ayenbite of Tnwit (q.v.), Sir 
 Gawatjne and the Green Knight, and the 
 like. He has also edited the poems of 
 Chaucer and Spenser, 
 
 Morris, "William, poet {h. 1834), 
 is the author of The Defence of Guenevere 
 (1858), The Life and Death of Jason (1865), 
 The Earthly Pa/radise (1868), (q.v.) Trams- 
 laiions from the Icelandic (1869), Lova is 
 
 Enough (1872), a translation of The jEneid 
 of Virgil (1876), The Story of Sigurd the 
 Volsung.and the Fall of the JSfihlungs 
 (1876). For Criticisms see Stednian's Vic- 
 torian _ Poets, Swinburne's Essays and 
 Studies, Forman's Living Poets, Edin- 
 burgh Review (1871), Quarterly Iteview 
 (1872), Westminster Peview (1868), and 
 Placlcwood's Magazine (1869). " Morris," 
 says Stedman, " may be described as an 
 artist of the beautiful. He delights in. the 
 manifestation of objective beauty. True, 
 he sings of himself i — 
 
 " Drenmer of dreams, bom out of my due time, " 
 Why should I strive to Bct the crooked titrnight ?" 
 
 — but what time could be to him more for- 
 tunate ? Amid the problems of our day, 
 and the uncertainty as to what kind of art 
 is to result from its confused elements, 
 Uiere is at least repose in the enjoyment 
 of absolute beauty. There is safely in an 
 art without a purpose other than to re- 
 fresh and charm. His poetry is of a soi-t 
 which must be delightful to construct-^ 
 wholly removed from self, breeding 
 neither anguish nor disquiet, but full of 
 soft music and a familiar olden chaim. 
 The LJfe and Death of Jason is a narrative 
 poem, of epic proportions, all story ai\d 
 action, composed in the rhymed penta- 
 meter, strongly and sweetly carried from 
 the first book to the last of seventeen. The 
 poem is fresh and stirring, and the style 
 befits the theme. The Earthly Paradise 
 has the universe of fiction for a field, and 
 re-elotlies the choicest and most famous 
 legends of Asia and Europe with the deli^ 
 «ate fabric of its verse. All these tales 
 are familiar, but never befdre did they 
 appelirin more attractive shape, or fall so 
 musically from a poet's honeyed mouth. 
 Here is a successor to Boccaccio and 
 Chaucer. He lias :£one to Chaucer, but 
 also to Nature." 
 
 Morrison, Richard Thomas. 
 
 See Zadkiel. 
 
 " Mortal coil, This."— FaJJtfe^ 
 actiii., scene I. 
 "Mortal frame. This."— Pope's 
 
 Dying Christian to his Soul, and Cole- 
 itiDGE'S Love. 
 
 Mortality, Old. See Old Mos- 
 
 TALITy. 
 
 Morte Arthur. A metrical ro- 
 mance, which still exists in MS. in the 
 Harleian Library. Kitson considers it a 
 mere translAtion'of the compilation by Sir 
 Thomas Malory ; while Ellis contendsthat 
 it follows, with tolerable exactness, the 
 French romance of Lancelot, and in its 
 phraseology strikingly resembles that of 
 Chester, and other writers of the fifteenth 
 century. 
 
 I Morte d' Arthur. A poem by Al- 
 fred Tennysok, published in 184!2, and 
 afterwards incorporated in The Passin(^ of 
 
452 
 
 MOR 
 
 MOT 
 
 Arthur, In the Idylls of the King. " No 
 English poet since Dryden died has writ- 
 ten," says Brimley, "verse so noble, bo 
 sonorous, of such sustained majesty and 
 might ; no English poet has brought 
 pictures so dear and splendid before the 
 eye by the power of single epithets and 
 phrases," 
 
 Mortimer, The Fall of. A tra- 
 
 gedy by Ben Jonson, of which only the 
 rst scene of the first act is extant. 
 
 Mortimeriados. See Bakons' 
 "Wae, The. 
 
 Morton appears in tlie secontl part 
 of Shakespeake's Henry IV. as a re- 
 tainer of the Earl of Northumberland. 
 
 Morton, James Maddison, 
 
 <lramatist, has written, among other plays; 
 Sox and Cox, To Oblige Benson, A Pheno- 
 Tnenon in a Smock Frock, Give a Dog a Sad 
 Name, and many other comedies and 
 farces. 
 
 Morton, Thomas, dramatist (b. 
 17C4, d. 1838), wrote Sneed tlie Plough, The 
 Way to Get Married, The Cxireyor tlie 
 Jleari-ache, The School qf Meform, Zorinski, 
 Secrets worth Knowing, A Jtoland for an 
 Oliver, and other play's. See Gentleman's 
 Magazine for December, 1838. 
 
 Morven. The name of a fabulous 
 kingdon), said to be co-extensive with 
 ArgyllBhire, in Scotlandj which figures in 
 the Poems of Ossian. Emgal is described 
 as ite ruler. 
 
 Mosby. The paramour of Alice, 
 in the tragedy of Arden of Peveraltam 
 (q.y.). 
 
 Mosca, in Ben JoysoN's comedy 
 of Volpone (q . v-), is the cunning parasite of 
 the hero of the play, and eventually be- 
 trays his master. 
 
 Moses' Birth and Miracles. A 
 
 poem, in three books, by Michael Dray- 
 TOX (1563—1631), published in 1630. 
 
 Moss, Thomas, poet (b. 1 740, 
 d. 1808), published Poemft (1769), of which 
 one was the lyric called Th^ Beggar's 
 Petition Cq.v.). He also wrote a poem 
 called The Imperfection of Human Enjoy- 
 ments (1783), and other works. 
 
 *' Moss-trooper school. The." 
 
 A description applied by Carlyle to the 
 poetry of Scott and others. 
 
 " Most musical, most melan- 
 choly." A description applied to the 
 nightingale by Milton in his 11 Penseroso, 
 line 61. See Coleridge's poem The Night- 
 ingale (q.v.), where the description is ad- 
 versely criticised, 
 
 " Most sweet it is with unup- 
 lifted eyes." First line of a sonnet by 
 WxiiLiAM Wordsworth. 
 
 "Most unkindest cut of all, 
 
 The."— Junius Casar, act iii., scene 2, 
 
 Moth. Page to Don Adriano 
 fle Arraado, in Love's Labour Lost (q, v.). 
 " Little Moth," says Gervinus, " light as 
 his name, is all jest and playfulness, 
 versatility, and cunning." Moth is also 
 the name of a fairy in A Midsummer NighPs 
 Uream. 
 
 Mother Bombie. A -play by 
 John Lvly, produced in 1594. "The 
 stoiy,"says Hazlitt, "is little else than a 
 tissue of absurd mistakes, arising from the 
 confusion of the different characters one 
 with another, like another Comedy of 
 Err&rs, and ends in their being (most of 
 them) married, in a game at cross pur- 
 
 f loses, to the persons they particularly dis- 
 ike.'^ 
 
 Mother Bunch. See Bunch, 
 Mother. 
 
 Mother Church Relieved by 
 Bleeding, A work by Jeremy Benthau, 
 ■published in 18^5. 
 
 Mother Hubbard's Tale. See 
 Prosopopoia- 
 
 " Mother is a mother still, A/' 
 —Coleridge, The Three Graves— 
 
 " The holiest thing alive." 
 
 '' Mother of arts and elo- 
 quence." The description of Athens, by 
 Milton, in Paradise Regained, book iv., 
 
 line 210. 
 
 "Mother of the world, Thou!" 
 
 — Shelley's apostrophe to necessity, in 
 Queen Mab, stanza vi. 
 
 "Mother-wit." A phrase which 
 is to be found in Spexser's Fa'^ie Queene 
 book iv., canto x., stanza 21 ; Marlowe'8 
 prologue to Tamhurlaine the Great, parti.; 
 and Shakespeare's play of The Tami-ug 
 of the Shrew, act ii., scene 1. 
 
 Mother's Picture, On the Re, 
 
 ceipt of my. Lines by William Cowper 
 
 (1731—1800) :— 
 
 " Faithful remembrancer of one do dear, 
 Who bidet mc honour with an artlesa song, 
 Affectionate, a mother lost bo lon^ " 
 
 Motherwell, "William, poet (b. 
 1797, d. 1835), produced an Easap on the 
 Poets of Sevfrewshire (1819) ; Minstrelsy, 
 Ancient and Modem, wltlZ an Historical 
 Introduction (1827) ; Poems, Narrative and 
 Lyrical (1832); and Poetical Works, en- 
 larged, with Memoir by the Kftv. Dr. J. 
 MacConechy_ (1849). *' Motherwell,' says 
 one of his critics, " died at the early age of 
 thirty-eight, having done service in the 
 revival of the Scottish ball ad-minstrels v. 
 With the loss of the author of that ex- 
 quisite lyric, Jeanie Morrison, of The 
 Oxvalier's Song, and The Sword Chant qf 
 
MOT 
 
 MOU 
 
 45d 
 
 Morsteln Baudi, there passed away a 
 vigorous and sympatlietic poet." ^ 
 
 " Motion (The) of a Hidden 
 
 fire."— James Montgomery, To Prayer. 
 
 Motley, John Lothrop, Amer- 
 ican liistorian (b. 1814, d. 1877), wrote two 
 novels, entitled Morton's Hope and Merry 
 Mount; The Rise of the Dutch Republic 
 (1856) ; The History of ilie United Nether- 
 lands (1860 — 65) ; The Life and History of 
 John Bameveldt (1874). 
 
 "Motley's the only ■wear." — 
 ^5 You Like It, act iL, scene 7. 
 
 Motte, La. A character in Mrs. 
 Kadcliffe's Romance of the Forest (_q.v.) ; 
 "sketched," says Scott, "with particular 
 talent." 
 
 Motteuz, Peter Antony (h. 
 
 1660, d. 1718), though a Trenchman by 
 birth, wrote largely in English, editing 
 The Gentleman's Journal, producing nu- 
 merous plays, and publishing a good deal of 
 humorous, though not very reputable, 
 poetry. His best-known works were his 
 translations of Kabelais and Don Quixote, 
 Dryden dedicated an epistle to him "on 
 his tragedy called Beauty in Distress," 
 published in 1698, addressing him thus :— 
 "But 'Whence art thou inspired, and thou alone,- 
 To flourish in an idiom not thine own ? " 
 
 Mottley, John, dramatist and 
 historian (b. 1692, d. 1750), published a His- 
 fy>ry of Peter I., Emperor of Russia (1739) ; 
 A History of tli& Life and Reign <f the Em- 
 press Catherine of Russia (1744) , The Im- 
 perial Captives, s» drama; and lour other 
 Slays. He is said to have compiled Joe . 
 UUer'a Jests : or, the Wit's Vade Mecum, 
 Subiished iu 1739. See Fatheb of 
 ESTS. 
 
 « Mould of form, The." — Hamlet, 
 act iii., scene 1. 
 
 Mouldy. A recruit in tlie second 
 part of Shakespeake's Henry IF' 
 
 Moultrie, John, poet (b. 1800, d. 
 1874), was the author of My Brother's 
 Grave, Lays of the Enalish Chwrch, The 
 Dream of Life (1843), and other poems. He 
 was a contributor to Knight's QtLarterly 
 Magazine, and published his first volume, 
 in 1837. His Poems were collected and 
 published, with a Memoir, by Prebendary 
 Coleridge, in 1876. Moultrie edited the 
 Poetical Remains of his friend Sydney 
 "Walker, of whom he wrote a Memoir, 
 
 Moultrie, Rev. G-eorge. See 
 Montgomery, Gerald. 
 
 Mount of Olives, The : " or, 
 Solitary Devotions." A prose work by 
 Henry Vaughan (1621—1695), published 
 In 1652. 
 
 Mount Zlon. The Celestial City 
 in Buxyax's Pilgrim's Progress, 
 
 Mountam Daisy, To a : "on 
 
 turning one down with a plough, in April, 
 1786." A poem by Bobert Burks (1759— 
 1796) :— 
 
 " Such ie the fate of simple hard. 
 - On life's rough ocean luckless starr'd 
 Unskilful he to note the card 
 
 Of prudent lore, 
 Till billows rage and gales blow hard, 
 And whelm him o'er I ** 
 
 "Mountains interposed make^ 
 
 enemies of nations." — Cowper, The Task, 
 book ii. (" The Timepiece "). 
 
 "Mountains kiss high heaven, 
 
 See the." — Shelley, Love's Philosophy:-^' 
 
 " And the waves claap one another." 
 
 "Mountains look on Mara- 
 thon, The."— stanza 86, canto iii,, of By- 
 ron's Don Jxian (q.v.) : 
 
 " And Marathon looks on the eea." 
 
 "Mourn, hapless Caledonia 
 mourn." First line of Smollett's lyric, 
 The Tears qf Scotland, 
 
 " Mourned in silence, and 'was 
 di do dum." See " Di do dum." 
 
 Mourning Bride, The. A tragedy 
 by "William Co»'giieve, produced in 
 1697, and described by Macauiay as *' a 
 play which, paltry as it is when compared. 
 we do not say with Lear and Macbeth, but 
 with the best tragedies of Massinger and 
 Ford, stands very high among the tragedies 
 of the age in which it was written." Its 
 opening line Is frequently quoted, but it 
 may be doubted if the lines that follow are 
 equally 'familiar : — 
 
 ** Music hath charms to Boothe the saroee breast, ■ 
 To soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak. 
 I've read that things inanimate have moved, 
 And, as with living souls, have been informed 
 By magic numbers and pereuaeive sound," 
 
 Dr. Johnson considered the description of 
 a cathedral wliich occurs in this play, and 
 which begins — 
 
 *' How reverend is the face of this tall pile "— 
 
 "the most poetical paragraph " in "the 
 whole mass of English poetry ! " 
 
 Mouse, the Country and the 
 
 City : "or, the Hind and Panther [q.T.1 
 Transverted to the Story of." A satirical 
 
 Soem by Matthew PRiOB, in, ridicule of 
 tryden's poem. 
 
 Mouse, To a, " on turning her up 
 ill her neat with the plou^, November, 
 1785." A poembyEoBEBT Burks (1759— 
 1796) :— ^ 
 
 " Still thou art blest, compar'd wi me I 
 The present only toucheth thee : 
 But, Och I- 1 backward cast my e'o 
 
 On prospects drear I 
 An* forward, tho' I canna see, 
 I gueaa an' fear I " 
 
 Mousiad, The. " A minor epic 
 poem, in the manner of Komer ; a fr^- 
 ment," by Michael Bruce (1746-^1767), 
 which ttills what happ^ndd wheil 
 
454 
 
 MOtr 
 
 MUD 
 
 " In nncicnt times, ere traps were framed, 
 Or cate m Britain's islo were known, 
 • A mouse, for power and valour famed, 
 Posaesbcd in peace the regal throne.'* 
 
 *' Mouth-filling oath, A good." 
 Kinff Henry I V. , part i., act iii., scene 1. 
 
 ** Mouths (He) a sentence as 
 curs mouth a bone." Chukchill, The 
 liosclad, line 322. 
 
 " Mouth's (Her) like ony hinny 
 pear." Allajt Kamsay, The Gentle 
 Shepherd, 
 
 "Mouths of -wisest censure/' 
 Othello, act ii., scene 3. 
 "Move eastward, happy earth, 
 
 and leave." Firat lino of a chaiining 
 bridal song by Alfred Texnysojt. 
 
 " Move me to my marriflge mom, 
 And round again to happy night." 
 
 " Moving accidents by flood 
 
 and field." — Othello, acti., scene 3. 
 
 Mowcher, Miss. An eccentric 
 coni-extractor, in Dickens's novel of 
 David Copperfield (q.v.). 
 
 Moyle, "Walter, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1672, d. 1721), published transla- 
 tions of Xenophon ana Lucian. His i?e- 
 mainswere published in 1721, and an ad- 
 ditional volume, with a Memdir by his 
 friend Hammond, in 1727. 
 
 Mozley, James Bowling, D.D., 
 
 Professor of Divinity at Oxford (b. 1S13), 
 has published The Doctrine of Predestina- 
 tion (1855), The Docirine of JiaptisTt{al lie- 
 generation (1856), The Baptismal Contro- 
 vers}/ (1862), Stibscrlption to the Articles 
 (1863), Miracles (1865), and Sermons (1876). 
 
 M.P. : " or, the Blue Stocking." A 
 comic opera by Thomas Moore, produced 
 in 1811, but with little success. M.P. is 
 also the title of a play by Thomas "W. 
 KoBEBTsox (q.v.). 
 
 Mucedorus. A "most pleasant 
 comedie," first printed in 1698, and again, 
 with additions, in 1610. It records the his- 
 tory of Mucedorus, "the King's sou of 
 "Valentia," and Amadine, " the King's 
 daughter of Arragon,"ana is lighted up 
 by me "merrie conceites" of Mouse, a 
 clown, who largely figures in it. This 
 drania-'which was at one time conjectur- 
 ally given to Shakespeare, has been re- 
 printed by Carew Hazlitt, in hia edition of 
 Dodsloy's Plays, Oa it wcs founded the 
 ballad of 7'he Wandering Prince and 
 Princess : or, Mucedojnis and Amadine. 
 
 Much Ado About Nothing. A 
 comedy by "William Shakespeare (1564 
 —1616) printed in quaito in 1600, and prob- 
 ably written iu 1599. Its plot is supposed 
 to have been founded on the story of 
 Ariodaiite and Ginevra, in the fifth canto 
 of Ario8to*B Orlando Furi^KO^ which was 
 
 almost certainly Icnown to the great dram- 
 atist through the medium of a rhymed 
 English translation by one Peter Bever- 
 ley. The supposed death and subsequent 
 marriajje of Hero were evidently suggested 
 by the 22nd novella of Biondello'B collec- 
 tion, of which the scene is laid, cs in the 
 comedy, at Messina; liero's father being 
 called Leonato, and her lover's friend 
 being named Don Piero, or Pedro. "The 
 mode in which the innocent Hero before 
 the altar at the moment of the wedding, 
 and in the presence of her family and many 
 witnesses is put to shame by a most de- 
 grading charge— false indeed, yet clothed 
 with every appearance of truth — is," says 
 Schlegel, *' a grand piece of theatrical ef- 
 fect in the true and justifiable sense. 
 The impression would have been too tragi- 
 cal had not Shakespeare carefully soft- 
 ened it, in order to prepare for a fortunate 
 catastrophe. The extraordinaiy success 
 of this play, in Shakespeare's own day, 
 and even since, in England, is, however, to 
 1)6 ascribed more particularly to the parts 
 of Benedick and Beatrice, two humoui-" 
 some beings, who incessantly attack each 
 other with all the resources of raillery. 
 Avowed rebels to love, they are both en- 
 tangled in its net by a merry plot of their 
 friends to make tliem believe that each is 
 the object of the secret r^f^sion of the 
 other. Some one or other, not over-stocked 
 with penetration, has objected to the same 
 artifice being twice used in entrapping 
 them ; the drollery, however, lies in the 
 very symmetry of the deception. Their 
 friends attribute the whole elfect to their 
 own device ; but the exclusive direction of 
 their raillery against each other is in itself 
 a proof of growing inclination. Their 
 witty vivacity does not even abandon Ihem 
 in the avowal of love ; and their behav- 
 iour only assumes a serious appearance for 
 the purpose of defending ttie slandered 
 Hero. This is exceedingly well imagined ; 
 the lovers of jesting must fix a point be- 
 
 ?ond which they are not to indulge iu 
 heir humour, if they would not be mis- 
 taken for buffoons of trade." fi'ee Bea- 
 trice ; Be>-edick ; Dogberry ; Hero. 
 
 " Much have I travelled in the 
 
 realms of gold." First line of a sonnet. 
 On first looking into Chapman'^ .Horner^ by 
 John Keats. 
 
 Mucklebackit, Saunders. A 
 fisherman, in Sir Walter Scott's novel 
 of The Antiquary (q.v.). 
 
 Mucklewrath, Habakkuk. A 
 preacher, in Sir Walter Scott's novel 
 of Old Mortality. 
 
 " Muddy vesture of decay, 
 This."— r/ifi Merchant qf Venice, act v., 
 scene 1. 
 
 Mudie, Robert (b. 1777, fl. 1842), 
 published a largo number of books on the 
 subject of natural history, of wliich the 
 
Mua 
 
 MUN 
 
 455 
 
 most important is BritisJi Birds : or, a JilS' 
 toFy of the Feathered Tribes of the. British 
 Islands {\SSS). 
 
 - Magby Junction. The title of 
 iijie Cliristmas Number of All the Year 
 liowtiA for 1866, tlu*ee portioiis , of which 
 — *' Barbox Brothers," " The Boy at Mug- 
 by," and " The Signalman " — were writteu 
 by Charles Dicke.vs (1812—1870). 
 
 Muir, John, LL.D., Orientalist (b. 
 1810), has published Original Sanshrit 
 Texts on the Oriain and History of India^ 
 ti-anslated and illustrated (1858), and other 
 works. , 
 
 Mulla. The poeticiil name given 
 by Spenser to the Awbeg, an Irish river, 
 near which he was at one time, resident. 
 Shenstone speaks of " Mulla's silver 
 stream." 
 
 Mailer, Frederick 'ilLax, Pro- 
 fessor of Comparative Philology _(b. 1823), 
 though a German by race and birth, has 
 written numerous works in English, in- 
 cluding an Essay on Bengali (1847), Pro- 
 posals for a Uniform Missumary Alphabet 
 (1854), Survey of Languages ■ (18B5), The 
 German Classics from .the Fourth to the 
 Nineteenth Centiirij (1858), A History of 
 Ancient Sanslirit Liferaiure (1859), Lectures 
 on the Science of Language (1859), Chips 
 from a German Workshop (1868 — 70), and An 
 Introduction to the Science of Religion 
 (1873), besides numerous translations from 
 the Sanskiit, and various articles in the 
 reviews and magazines. 
 
 MuUer, Maud. A ballad by J. 
 G. WmrxiEE. 
 
 Mullion, Mordecai,in \\\e Nodes 
 Ambrosiance (q.v.), is intended as a per- 
 sonification of the people of Glasgow, and 
 was sometimes used as a pseudonym by 
 Professor WiLSOif . 
 
 Mulmutius Duuwallo. An old 
 historical play by William Kahkiks, 
 dated 1598 by Henslowe, but probably 
 written much earlier. 
 
 Muloch, Dinah Maria (Mrs. 
 Craik), novelist and poet (b. 1826), has pub- 
 lished thfe following, among many stories : 
 —The Ogllmes (1849' ; Olive (1850) ; The 
 Headofihe Family^WSl):Agatha's Husband 
 (1852) ; John Halifax, Gentleman (1857) ; 
 A Noble Life (liei); The Woman's King- 
 dom (1870) ; Hannah (1871), The Laurel 
 Bush (1877). Among other popular works 
 of hers are, A Life for a Life (1859), Mis- 
 tress and Maid (ise.!), and Cristian's Mis- 
 take (1865). ■ She has also written several 
 volumes of essays, including. Studies from 
 Life (1869), and Sermons put of Church 
 (1875). An edition of her J^em« appeared 
 -In 1872. See North British Review (1858). 
 
 "Multitude (The) ia always in 
 . the wrong."— KoscoMMOif. Essay on 
 ' n-aiulatea Verse. 
 
 "Multitudinous seas incarna- 
 dine, The."— Macbeth, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 . Mumblecrust; Madge. A char- 
 acter in Udall's Ralph Roister Doister, 
 whose name was subsequently employed 
 in Dekker's Satiro-Mastix 1602) and the 
 comedy of Patient Grlssel (q.v.). Madge 
 is mentioned in the MS. comedy of Miso- 
 gonus (1577). 
 
 Mummy, The : " a Tale of the 
 Twenty-second Century," by Jane Lou- 
 DOS (1800 -1858), published in 1S27, and 
 foreshadowing many of the scientific dis- 
 coveries and experiments which have since 
 taken place. 
 
 Munday, Anthony, drararttist, 
 
 Soet, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1654, 
 . 1633), wrote TJie Mirrour of Muta- 
 bilitie (1579) ; The Foimtaine of Fame 
 erected tn an Orcharde of Amorous Ad- 
 ventures (158(0 ; The Paine of Pleasure, 
 profitable to he perused of the Wise, ana 
 necessary to be by the Wanton (1580) ; A 
 Brecfe Discourse of tlie Taking Earn. Cam- 
 pion (J581) : The English Romayne Life- 
 (1582) ; A Watch^oord to Enqlande (1584) ; 
 Godly Exercise for Christian Families 
 (1536) ; A Banquet of Daintie Conceits ' 
 (1588); Archaioplutos : or, the Riches of 
 Elder Ages (1592) ; The Masque of ilie 
 League and tJte Spavyard Discovered 
 (1592) ; The Defence of Contraries (1693) ; 
 Tlie Life of Sir John Oldcastle (1600) ; Tlie 
 Strangest Adventure that ever happened 
 (ISOl) ; The Downfall of Robert, Earl of 
 Huntington; afterwards called Robin Hood 
 (1691) ; The Triumphs of Reunited Brit- 
 annia (1005); Falsehood in Friendship; 
 Union's Vizard: or. Wolves in Lamb-skms 
 (1605) ; A Breefe Chronicle of the Successe 
 of Times from the Creation to this Instant 
 (1611): Chryso-thriambos : the Triumphes 
 of Golde (1611) ; Triumphs of Old Drapery ; 
 or, the Rich Clothing of England (1614) J 
 Metropolis Coromata ; and other works. 
 See Warton's English Poetry, Baker's 
 Biographia Dra/maiica, JRitson's Biblio- 
 graphia Poetica, Carew Hazlitt's Early 
 English Literature. See Ballendino, 
 Don Antonio ; Paladin of England ; 
 Palmekin of England ; IIobert, Earl 
 of Huntingdon; Two Italian Gen- 
 tlemen. 
 
 Mundungus, in the Sentimental 
 Journey (q., v.), is a name applied by 
 Sterne to a JDrl Samuel sharp, (d. 
 1778), who published a description of hia 
 tour on the Continent, Containing some 
 libellous statements in reference to the 
 Italian ladles. 
 
 Mundus Alter et Idem. A Latin 
 work by Joseph Hall, Bishop of ExE* 
 ter and Norwich, published in 1643, in 
 which, under the pretence of describing a 
 certain " Terra Australis," he satirises 
 the vices and follies of mankind. "With 
 more, perhaps, of Babelaisian satire than 
 
466 
 
 MUN 
 
 MUS 
 
 of political allegory in the desl^i, we 
 liave," says Masson, "verbal descnptionB, 
 and even maps, of the countries of Cra- 
 
 £ulia or Feeding Land, Viraginia or Virago 
 and, and other such regions." 
 
 Mundus Muliebria : " or, the 
 Ladies' Dressing-room Unlock'd, and her 
 Toilette Spread. In Burlesque. Together 
 with the Fop Dictionary, compiled for the 
 use of the Fair Sex." Written h\» John 
 Evelyn (1620—1706), and published in 
 1690. It is characterised as a ** playful 
 satire.'* 
 
 Munera figures in Spenser's Faerie 
 Queene. 
 
 Murcraft. A " projector," in 
 Ben Jonson's comedy of The Devil's an 
 Ass. and, in some traits, not unlike the 
 author himself. 
 
 * ' What is a projector ? 
 
 Why, one, sir, that projects 
 Ways to enricn men, or to make them great, 
 Sy Buita, by marriages, by undertakings. 
 According as he sees they humour it." — (i. 3.) 
 
 Hurcraft's schemes are bold and magnifi- 
 cent^ and his language lises to the height 
 of his schemes. 
 
 Murder considered as one of 
 
 the Fine Arts, On. An e8-=ay by Thomas 
 De Quincey (1785 — 1859), included in his 
 Miscellanies. 
 
 "Murder (One) made a villain, 
 millions a hero." — Porteous, Death, line 
 154. Young writes in his Love of Fame, 
 satire vii., lines 55—58 : — 
 
 •*One to destroy is murder by the law, 
 And gibbets keep the lifted hand in awe ; 
 To murder thousands takes a specious name. 
 War's glorious art, and gives immortal fame." 
 
 " Murder, though it have no 
 tongue, ■will Bpeak with most miraculous 
 organ,* —^amici, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 " Murder -will out — ^that see 
 we day by day." — Chaucer, The Nun^s 
 Priest's Tale. In ffamlei, act i., scene 2, 
 occur the lines : — 
 
 " Foul deeds will rise, 
 Though nil the earth o'erwhclm them, to men'a 
 eyes." 
 
 See "Murder, though it have no 
 
 TONGUE." 
 
 Murderous Michael. A tragedy, 
 
 performed before Queen Elizabeth in 1578. 
 The hero was one of the assassins of Arden 
 of Feversham (q.v.). 
 
 Murdstone, Mr., in Dickens's 
 novel of David Copperfield q.v.>, is the 
 Becond husband of Mrs. Copperfield, and 
 the step-father of David. 
 
 Mure, Sir William, Scottish 
 poet (b. 1594, d. 1657), produced a version 
 of the Psalms : a translation of Boyd of 
 Tr6chrlg*i Latin poem, HecdtdmU CIiHs- 
 
 tiana, into English sapphics (1628) ; and a 
 True Crucijixe for True CatJtolickes (1629), 
 
 Mure, ■William, scliolar and liis- 
 torian (b. 1799, d. 1860), published Jiemarlce' 
 on fJie Chro%iotogy of the Egyptian Dy- 
 nasties (1829), Tne Calendar of the Zodiac 
 of Ancient Egypt, /1832), A Journal of a 
 Tour made in Greece in 1838 (1842), A Criti- 
 cal Histori/ of tJie Language and Literature 
 of Ancient Cfreece (1850), aud other works. 
 
 "Murmurs (He) near the run- 
 ning brooks." — WORDSTVOitTH, A Poet's 
 Epitaph, stanza 10 : — 
 
 *' A music sweeter than their own." 
 
 " Murmuring of innumerable 
 
 bees." See " Moan of Doves," &c. 
 
 Murphy, Arthur, dramatist and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1727, d. 1805), pro- 
 duced Translations of Sallust and Tacitus ; 
 Biographies of Garrick, Johnson, and 
 Fielding; The Way to Keep Him; The 
 Upholsterer (a farce) ; Three Weeks After 
 Marriage ; and other plays. His Works 
 were collected in 1786, His Life was writ- 
 ten by Foote. 
 
 Murphy, Bennis Jasper. Tlie 
 pseudonym under which the Eev. Eobebt 
 CHARLES Matukin (1782—1824) published 
 several works ; among others. The Fatal 
 Eevenge : or^ the Family ofMontario. 
 
 Murray, Alexander, D.D ., 
 philologist (b. 1775, d. 1813), was author of 
 The IRstory of tfie European Languages 
 (1823), prefixed to which is a memoir, 
 partly autobiographical. 
 
 Murray, Hugh, Scottish geog- 
 rapher, historian, and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1779, d. 1841), wrote Discoveries and 
 Travels in Asia (1820), America (1829), and 
 the Encvclopmdia of Geography (1834), be- 
 sides editing and completing Leyden'a 
 book on Africa, and compiling several 
 volumes of TJie Edinburgh Cabinet Li- 
 brary. 
 
 Murray, John, publisher (b. 1778, 
 d. 1843), established The Quarterly Pevieto 
 in 1800, and issued all the works of Lord, 
 Byron, who has several references to him 
 in his poetry. 
 
 Murray, Lindley, grammarian 
 (b. 1745, d. 1826), published in 1795 An Eng- 
 lish Gramviar comprehending the Princp- 
 vies and Pules »f the Language, followed 
 hy Exercises. An English Reader, and a 
 few supplementary manuals. Murray also 
 wrote some miscellaneous works. 
 
 Murrey, Dolly. A female chnr- 
 acter in Crabbe's Borough, who dies while 
 in the act of playing cards. 
 
 Musae Aulicae. Miscellaneous 
 poems by Arthub Johnston (1587—1641), 
 published in 1635. 
 
 Musarum delicise : '* or, the 
 
MUS 
 
 MUS 
 
 457 
 
 Muses* Recreation." AcoUection of poems 
 by Sir John Mennis (1591—1671) and 
 Doctor James Smith, published in 1651. 
 Antlioiiy & Wood speaks of it as containing 
 <* several pieces of poetic wit ; " aiid in 
 Bichard Fleckiioe's Diarium (1656) ; occur 
 these lines : — 
 
 •' — -Our English Dr. Smith, 
 "Whose muse bo bonny la and btythe ; 
 Org in fine, of Sir John Mennis, 
 For esicellenceyieldeth not to onys." 
 
 Muses' Elysium, The. Pastoral 
 poems by Michael Drayton, dedicated 
 to the Earl of Dorset, and published in 
 1627. They contain some graceful passages. 
 
 Muses' Ziooking-glass, The. 
 
 A play by Thomas Rakdolph (1605—1634); 
 " singularly full of life," says Leigh Hunt, 
 considering it is one continued allegory, 
 and. didactic -withal.'* Deilus, Aphobus, 
 aitd Colax, personify Fear, Rashness, and 
 Flattery. Bishop Hurd regards it as an 
 imitation of Ben Jonson's Every Man out 
 lif his Humowr ((L.t.) . It was printed in 1638. 
 
 Muses' Threnodie, The : " or, 
 Mirthful Mournings for the Death of Mr. 
 Gall." A poem, published by Henry 
 Adamson (d. 1639) m 1638, consisting of a 
 ttionody, and a description of the history 
 and antiquities of Perth and the neighbour- 
 hood. It was recommended for publica- 
 tion by Drummond of Haw-thomden, who 
 compared it with the Sileni of Alcibiades- 
 — •* monstrous heads without, but full of 
 rare artifice within.* It is preceded by a 
 shorter poem, called the Inventor}/ of the 
 Gabions, or antiquarian knick-knacks, 
 which, in the Threnodie. join in the lamen- 
 taUou for Mr. Gall. The Inventory is re- 
 markable for the resemblance its versifica- 
 tion bears to that of Butler's Hudibras 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Masgrave, Little, and Lady 
 Barnard. A ballad which tells how these 
 two sinned together, and how Lord Bar- 
 nard, coming to discover their wickedness. 
 Blew them in the chamber where they had, 
 been. Ic was first published in Wit He- 
 stored (1658), and afterwards by Dryden in 
 his Ckitlectuyn of Miscellaneous Poems, by 
 Percy, by Jamieson, and by the Percy Sc- 
 - ciety. It is referred to by Beaumont and 
 Fletcher in their burlesque of The Knights 
 of the Burning Pestle, act v., scene 3 (1611) ; 
 in Tlie Varietie, a comedy, act iv. (1649) : 
 and in Sir William Davenant's play ox 
 The Witts; &ctiiu 
 
 Music, A History of : "from the 
 Earliest Ages to the Present Period," by 
 Charles Burney (1726—1814), published 
 in 1776—59. A Dissertation on the Mustek 
 itf the Ancients is prefixed, full of learning 
 and critical acumen. Sib John Haw- 
 kins* History appeared in 1776 ; Dr. 
 Busby's in 1819. 
 
 ' " Musio hath charms to soothe 
 
 the savage breast." See Mourning Bride 
 The. 
 
 " Music (If) be the food of love, 
 
 play on."— Twelfth Night, act i., scene 1. 
 
 " Music in all things, if men 
 had ears, There's.'*— -Byron, Bon Juan, 
 canto XV., stanza 5 : — 
 
 " There's music in the Bighing of a reed. 
 There's music in the gushing of a rill.*' 
 
 Music, Ode in Fraisg of, by 
 
 John Hughes ; performed in Stationers' 
 Hall in 17Q3. 
 
 " Music of humanity, The still, 
 sad." — Wordsworth, Tintern Abbey. 
 
 " Music of the spheres. The." — 
 
 Pericles, act v., scene 1. The allusion is 
 to the theory of Pythagoras, that the inter- 
 vals between the heavenly bodies were de- 
 termined by the laws and relations of 
 musical concord. ** TUese orbs in their 
 motion could not but produce a certain 
 sound or note, depending upon their dis- 
 stances and velocities, and as these were 
 regulated by harmonic laws, they neces- 
 sarily formed as a whole a complete musi- 
 cal scale." Thus Shakespeare, Jn The 
 Merchant of Venice^ act v., scene 1 1— 
 
 " Look ho-w the floor of heaven 
 Is thick inlaid vth patincR of bright go}C. : 
 There's not tho itmailcat orb which thou bchold'st. 
 But in his motion like an nngel sings. 
 Still quiring to tho young-eyed cherubins.'* 
 
 See also in Milton's Ode on Chirisi's JVa- 
 tivity the passage beginning :-- 
 
 " Ring out, ye crystal spheres." 
 
 Tennyson, in his Ode to Memory yti&B :— 
 
 " Sure she was nigher to heaven's spheres, 
 - Listening the lordly musio floving from 
 The illimitable years." 
 
 See also Longfellow's Occultation V 
 Orion. 
 
 "Music (When), heavenly maid, 
 
 was young."- Collins, Tlie Passions, line 
 1. Music is apostrophised in the same 
 poem (line 95), as— 
 
 " Sphere-descended maid. 
 Friend of pleasure, wisdom's aid." 
 
 *' Music, -when soft voices die." 
 
 First line of a lyric by Percy Bysshe 
 Shelley, written in 1821. "This song," 
 says Leigh Hunt, " is a great favounte 
 with musicians ; and no wonder. Beau- 
 mont and tFletclier never wrote anything 
 of the Icind more lovely." See '* Vi- 
 brates, &c." 
 
 "Musical as is Apollo's lute, 
 
 But.' * See Apollo' s Lute. 
 , Musical Instrument, A. A Ij-ric, 
 by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1809 
 —1861), published in 1862, which, Morley 
 says, "matches with Theocritufi.'* and is 
 alike " scholarly and human." It begin* : 
 " What is he doing, the ercat god Pah. 
 Down in the reed* by the riw 7 " 
 
 so 
 
463 
 
 MtJS 
 
 MTL 
 
 Music's Duel. A lyrin hy 
 RiCHAKD Ckashaw, contained'in his De- 
 lights of tile Mmes (q.v.), and describing 
 the contention between a nightingale and 
 a ** sweet lute's master : "-^ 
 
 •' She fnils, and fulling, grieves, «nd prieviuff, dies. 
 Rhe dies : and leaves her life the victor's prize, 
 Falling upon his lute." 
 
 " Music's golden tongue." — 
 
 Keats, Mve of St. Agnes, stanza 3. 
 
 Musidora. A beautiful young 
 lady, whom her lover (Damon)^ discovers 
 bathing, whose story is told in' the poem 
 on Summer in Thomson's Seasons (q.v.). 
 The name Musidora was a fashionable 
 poetic sobriquet of the time. 
 
 Musidorus, in Sir Philip Sid- 
 ney's Arcadia (q.v.), is probably intended 
 for Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke. He is 
 Prince o£ Thessalia, and in love with 
 Pamela (q.v.). 
 
 " Musing CWheh) on com- 
 
 § anions gone."— ScOTT, Jtfarmiont intro- 
 uction to canto il. : 
 
 " We doubly feel ourselves alone." 
 
 Musophilus : " containing a Gen- 
 jsral Defence of Learning," by Saucel 
 Daniel ; dedicated to Fulke Greville. 
 
 Mustapha. A tragedy by Fulke 
 Greville, Lord Bbooke, published in 
 1«09. 
 
 "Mute inglorious Milton here 
 
 may rest. Some." See stanza 15 6f Gray's 
 Elegy written in a Country Churchyard 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " Mute Nature." — Scott, The 
 Ziay of the Last Minstrel, canto v., stanza 1. 
 
 Mutual Friend, Our. A novel by 
 Charles Dickens (1812—1870), published 
 in 1864. Among the dramatis persona are 
 Jenny Wren, the doll's dressmaker ; her 
 drunken father, Fascination Fledgeby ; 
 Bian, the Jew ; Silas Wegg, the " literary 
 man " to Boffln ; John Harman, Lizzie 
 Hexham, Bradley Headstone, and Bella 
 Wilfer. 
 
 My ain kind dearie O. A song 
 by Robert Burns (1759—1796) :— 
 
 ** Gie me the hour o' gloamin grey. 
 It makoa my heart sae cheery O,. 
 To meet thee on the lea-rig. 
 My ain Itind dearie O." 
 
 My Beautiful Iiady. A poem by 
 Thomas Woolner (b. 1825), published in 
 1863. " My Beautiful Lady," says Sted- 
 man, " is a true product of the art-school, 
 with just that tinge of gentle affectation 
 which the name implies. It has a distinct 
 motlyo — to coinmemorate the growth, 
 maintenance, and flnal strengthening by 
 death, of a pure and sacred love, and is a 
 i6ave trlbnte t» itf tbemer a deUi!at« 
 
 volume of such verse as'could be produced 
 in no other time." 
 
 "My boat is on the shore." 
 
 First Line of some well-known stanzas ad- 
 dressed by Lord Byron (1788—1824) to 
 Tcm Moore, the poet, in 1817: 
 
 " Biit before Ijgo, Tom Moore, 
 Here's a double health to thee." 
 
 " My days among the dead are 
 
 §ast." First line of a lyric by Eobert 
 OUTHBY (1774—1843), written at Keswick 
 in 1818 :— 
 
 *' Around me I behold. 
 Where'er these casual eyes ore cast, 
 
 The mighty men of old. 
 My never-failing friends are they, 
 with whom I converse day by day." 
 
 " My days have been so v7ond- 
 
 rous free." A love song by Thomas Par* 
 NELL, addressed to his lady-love, a Miss 
 Anne Miuchin, whom he afterwards mar- 
 ried. 
 
 " My dear and only love, I 
 pray." " An excellent new ballad, to the 
 tune of 'I'll never love thee more.'" by 
 James Graham, Marquis of Montrose ; 
 correctly reprinted in Hannah's Courtly 
 Poets, 
 
 " My dear mistress has a heart." 
 A song by John, Earl of Rochester, 
 written in 1680. 
 
 "My fairest child, I have no 
 
 song to give you." First line of A Fare- 
 well, a lyric by the Rev. Charles Kings- 
 ley. 
 
 "My good blade carves the 
 
 casques of men." — Sir Galahad, by Ale 
 FRED Tennyson. 
 
 " My hecirt aches, and a drcwsy 
 
 numbness pains." First line of the Ode to 
 a Nightingale, by John Keats. 
 
 " My heart has thanked thee, 
 Bowles, for those soft strains." A sonnet 
 l)y Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who 
 owed no small portion of his poetical inspi- 
 ration to his early study of Bowles (q.v.). 
 
 " My heart is sick -with long- 
 ing." A sonnet by Thomas Hood. 
 
 "My heart leaps up -when I 
 
 behold." A lyric by William Words- 
 worth, written in 1804. 
 
 " My heart's in the Highlands, 
 
 my heart is not here." The first line of a 
 song by Robert Burks (1759—1796), the 
 first stanza of which is taken from an old 
 ditty called The Strong Walls qf Derry. 
 
 My Last Duchess. A poem liy 
 Robert Browning (b. 1812). "JSFotliing 
 can be subtler tlian tlie art whereby the 
 duke is made to reveal a cruel tragedy, of 
 which he was thjO relentless villain, to be- 
 tray the blackness of his heart, aiid to sug' 
 
MYL 
 
 MYS 
 
 458 
 
 gest a compaiiion-tragedy-to his betrothal 
 elose at hand." 
 
 " My life is full of ■weary days." 
 
 A poem by Alfbed Teitkyboj?. 
 
 "My lodging is in the cold 
 
 ground." A ballad, introduced by Sir 
 William Daven ant in his comedy of 
 IVie Rivals (1668). 
 
 "My lords, ■vre heard you 
 
 speak : you told us all." — The Tliird of 
 Febrimnj, by Alfbed TENNysoN . 
 
 " My love in her attire doth 
 
 shew her mt." First line of an anony- 
 mous lyric of one stanza, ending.- — 
 
 " No beauty she doth miss, 
 ^hcn all her robes are on ; 
 But Beauty's scU ehe 13, 
 When all her robes arc gone." 
 
 "My married daughter could 
 
 you see." First line of a song by Thomas 
 HAYNE3 Bayly (1797—1839). 
 
 " My mother bids me bind my 
 
 hair." See Huntee, Anne. 
 
 My Novel. A work of fiction by 
 Edwakd, Lord Lytton, published in 
 1853. T}ie Quarterly Review describes it 
 ss the " great work which marks the culmi- 
 nating point in Lord Lytton's genius, the 
 work to which, with a rare estimate of his 
 own powers, he- has given the singularly 
 appropriate title of My Novel. ... If 
 we except one or two raelodrariiatic scenes, 
 it is, throughout an admirable work. . 
 The plot is complex, but it is unfolded 
 with marvellous directness and ingenuity, 
 &nd, notwithstanding the digressions, the 
 interest never for a moment flags. The 
 book is obviously written in imitation of 
 Sterne's Triitram Shandy" (q.v.). Among 
 the characters are Sciuire Hazeldean, Mr. 
 Dale, Dick Avenel, Leonard Fairfle'di 
 John ^ Burley, Dr. Riccabocca, Kaiidal^ 
 Tjolante, Nora Avenel, Audley Egertonj 
 and Harley L'Estrange, 
 
 "My passion is as mustard 
 strong." — A Song of New Similies, by Jokn 
 Gay. 
 
 My Pocket Book. <See Stkan- 
 
 OEB IN IBELAND. 
 
 " My prime of youth is but a 
 
 frost of cares." First line of three verses 
 written by Chidiock Tychbobn, "being 
 young, and tlien in the Tower, the night 
 before his execution." (1586). 
 
 " My sheep I neglected, I 
 
 broke my sheep-hook." See Amynta. 
 
 " My true love hath my heart, 
 and I have his." First line of A Ditty hj 
 Sir Philip Sidney, Ineluded in his 
 Arcadia (q.v.). " 
 
 My Wife's a Winsome Wee 
 
 Thing. A lyric by Kobeet Buens (1759 — 
 1796), of which the first verse runs : — 
 
 *' She is a winsome wee thinp, 
 She is a handsome wee thinj;, 
 She is a bonnic wee thln;^, 
 This sweet wee wife o' mine." 
 
 " My wind is turned to bitter 
 
 north." A Song of Autumn^ by Abthub 
 Hugh Olough (1819—1861). 
 
 Myoerinus. A poem by Matthew 
 Aenold (b. 1822). MycerlnuswasKingof 
 Egypt after Chephren, and his story may 
 be found iirHerodotus. 
 
 Myers, Frederick W. H., poet, 
 lias written St. Paul (1868), and Poems 
 (1870). ** Among the latter religious poets 
 he deserves notice, for the feeling, careful 
 finish,' and poetic sentiment of his longer 
 pieces. A few of his quatrain-lyrics are 
 exceedingly delicate." 
 
 Myrrha. A Greek female slave, 
 the favourite of Sardanapalus, in Byeon'A 
 tragedy of the latter name (q.v.). 
 
 Myrrour of Good Maners, The. 
 A translation, by Alexandeb B.veclay 
 (q.v.), of a poem by Manoini, called Jie 
 Quatour Virtutibus. It was printed by- 
 Pynson. 
 
 Myrrour of Modestie, The, by 
 
 Eobeet Geeene ; published in 1584. 
 "An enlargement and moralization upoii 
 the story of ' Susanna and tha Elders.' '' " 
 
 Myrrour for Magistrates. Sei. 
 
 MlBEOB FOE MAGISTBATES. 
 
 Myrtle, Harriet. Tlie nom de 
 plume under which Mrs. Hugh Milleb 
 has written several books for the young. 
 
 Myrtle, Minnie. The nom de 
 
 plume of Mrs. Anna C. Johnson, an 
 American authoress. 
 
 Mysteries of TTdolpho, The. A 
 
 romance by Mrs. Kadcliffe, " on a 
 larger and more sublime scale than TJie 
 Romance of the Forest [q.v.]- The interest 
 is of a more agitating and tremendous na- 
 ture ; the scenery of a wilder and more 
 terrific description-; the characters dis- 
 tinguished by fiercer and more gigantio 
 features." It was published in 1794. 
 
 Mysterious Mother, The. A 
 
 tragedy by Hoeaoe Walpole, Earl of 
 Oefoed (1717—1797); printed in 1768, buii 
 never acted. It is characterized by Sir 
 Walter Scott as a " horribly impressive 
 but disgusting dramaj' and by Coleridge 
 as a "most disgusting, detestable, vile 
 composition." 
 
 "Mystery of mysteries, faintl3^ 
 
 smiling Adeline."— Adeline, by Alfbed 
 Tensyson. 
 
 , " Mystery of Mysteries, The." 
 SooTT, 'She Monaatery, vol. i., eh. xij. 
 
460 
 
 MTS 
 
 NAP 
 
 Mystery Plays, already referred 
 to under the heading of Drama (q.v.), are 
 Bald to have had their origin In England. 
 Matthew Paris tells us of a certain 
 Geoffrey, afterwards Abbot of St. Albans, 
 who caused a " show " on the story of St. 
 Catherine to be represented at Dunstable. 
 Fltz-Stephen, in the reign of Heniy II., 
 dwells," says Hallam, *' on the sacred plays 
 acted In London, representing the miracles 
 or passions of martyrs. The earlier of 
 these religious dramas were in Latin. It 
 was slowly that the modern languages 
 were employed, and perhaps it might hence 
 he presumed that the greater part of the 
 Ftory was told throu^ pantomine. But 
 as this was unsatisfactory, and the specta- 
 tors could not always follow the fable, 
 there was an obvious inducement to make 
 use of the vernacular language." See 
 Chestek Plays, &c. 
 
 Mystic, The. A pneni by Philip 
 James Bailey (b. 1816), published in 1855. 
 
 N 
 
 Nabbes, Thomas, dramatist (b. 
 1600, d. 1645), published Microcosmus (1637), 
 Hannibal and Scipio (1637), Covent Garden 
 (1638), Tlie Spring's Glorie (1638), Totten- 
 ham Court (1638), The Unfortunate Mother 
 (1640), The Bride^ and some miscellaneous 
 poems. See Micbocosmus. 
 
 Nabob, The. A lyric, by Susan- 
 Jf A Blamiue (1747—1794), beginning— 
 
 '* When silent time, wi' lightly foot, 
 Had trod on thirty years, 
 I sought again my native land, 
 "Wi* mony hopes and fears." 
 
 Naebody. A song by Kobebt 
 
 BCKHS (1759—1796). 
 
 '*ril he merry and free," 
 I'll be satl for naebody t 
 If nncbody care for me. 
 I'll caro lor naebody."" 
 
 Nailor. See Little John. 
 
 Nairne, The Baroness. Carolina 
 Oliphant, Scottish poetess (b. 1766, d. 1845), 
 wrote various lyrics, which have been re- 
 
 gublished, with a Memoir^ by the Rev. 
 harlesKogerB,LL.D. See Tlie Songstress- 
 es of Scotland. 
 
 "Naked human heart, A." — 
 
 Young, Night Thm(ghts, night ill., line 
 226. 
 
 " Naked, though locked up in 
 Btee:l ."—King Henry T/., part ii., act iii., 
 scene 2. 
 
 "Naked to mine enemies." — 
 Xing Henry VIII., act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Nalson, John, historian (b. 1638, 
 d. 1686), wrote An Impartial Collecthti of 
 the Great Affairs of State front the begin- 
 ning of tin Seotch Bebellion, anno 1639, to 
 the Mvtrther of Oharletl. (1682—3). 
 
 Namby-Famby. Tlie title of a 
 humorous poem in which HE2<ky Carey 
 (1663 — 1743) ridicules the lines of Ambiose 
 Philips on the infant daughter of Lord 
 Carteret. It has now become a common 
 term as applied to poetry of a common- 
 place order. 
 
 "Name (A) at 'which the ■world 
 
 grew pale."— JoHHSOJf, Vanity of Human 
 Wishes. 
 
 " Name, The Magic of a." See 
 " Magic of a name." 
 
 " Names that 'were not bom to 
 die." — Halleck, Marco Bo^zaris, 
 
 Namur, On the Taking of: "an 
 
 English ballad," by Matthe'w Prior 
 (1664—1721). A parody on the French ode 
 by Boileau. " This burlesque," says John- 
 son, " has, in some parts, such airiness and 
 levity as will always procure it readers, 
 even amon^ those who cannot compare it 
 with the original." Namur was captured 
 by King 'William HI. in 1695. See next par- 
 agraph. 
 
 Namur, Ode on the Capture of 
 
 (by William III.), written by Thomas 
 YALDE^f (1671—1736), and chiefly notice- 
 able for the satire it provoked in a contem- 
 porary humorous poem, called The Ox- 
 ford Laureate. Yaldeii claims the laurel 
 as his proper reward, but, in lieu of it, is 
 put on his trial : — 
 
 " His crime vias fpr beinp n.felon in verse. 
 And presenting his theft to the King ; 
 The first was a thingnot uncommon or scarce, 
 But the laat was an impudent thing." 
 
 He was accused of plagiarizing from tha 
 poet Congreve. 
 
 Nancy, in Dickens's novel of 
 Oliver Twist (q.v.), is a young thief, 
 whose murder by Bill Sikes (q.v.) is one 
 of the most tragic episodes in t^e book. 
 
 Nancy Lammeter, in George 
 Eliot's novel of Silas Mamer (q.v.), 
 eventually becomes the wife of Godfrey 
 Cass. 
 
 Naogeorgus (Kirchmaier). Tliis 
 Lutheran divine's hexametrical poem on 
 husbandry, anniversaries, seasons, and 
 other matters, was translated into verse 
 by Barnaby Googe in 1566. 
 
 Napier, Macvey, aiitlior (b. 1776, 
 d. 1847), published, in 1818, Bemarks Itlws- 
 trative of the Scope and Injluence qf the 
 Philosophical Writings <f Lord Bacon. 
 He edited the supplement and seventh 
 edition of The Encyclopadia Britannica, 
 and succeeded Lord Jeffrey in the editor- 
 ship of The Edinburgh Review, to which 
 he was a frequent contributor. 
 
 Napier, Mark, biographer, (b. 
 1798), has published. Memoirs of Napier of 
 Merohuston (1834) ; Montroti-and the Core. 
 
NAP 
 
 NAT 
 
 461 
 
 nanters (1838), s.\\ edition of Napier of Mer- 
 chistou's De Arte Logisiica (1839), The 
 IJf& and Times qf Montrose (1840), Memo~' 
 rials of Montrose and his Times (1848— 5u), 
 Memoirs of the Mai-qnis of Montrose (1856), 
 Memorials of Graham of Claverhoitse 
 (1859), an edition of Spottiswoode's History 
 of the Church qf Scotlandj aud other 
 works. 
 
 Napier, Sir "William Francis 
 Patrick, soldier and liistorian (b. 1785, d- 
 1860), wrote A History qf the War in the 
 Peninsula and in the South of France 
 from the year 1807 to the year 1814 (1828— 
 40); also, TJie Conquest of Scinde and The 
 lA^and Opinions of Sir Charles Nctpier, 
 His Life has been edited by H. A. Bruce 
 (Lord Aberdare) (1863). 
 
 Naples, Ode to, byPERCyBYSSHE 
 Shellev, written in 1820. 
 
 '* Elysian City, which to calm enchantest 
 The mutinous air and Bea." 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte, Ode to, 
 
 by Lord Bybox ; written in 1874, and be- 
 guming:— 
 
 " ' Tis done— but yesterday a kin^ I 
 
 And arm'd with kings to strive— 
 And now thou art a nameless thing t 
 
 So abject — yet alive 1 . • 
 The Uesolator desolate I 
 
 The Victor overthrown 1 ' 
 
 The arbiter of others' fate 
 
 A suppliant for his own I " 
 
 lAves of Napoleon were published by Sir 
 "Walter Scott and William Hazlitt in 1827 
 and 1828 respectively. See, also, Garlyle's 
 Heroes and Hero Worship, 
 
 Narcissa, in Pope's Moral Essays- 
 (epistle i.), is said to have been intended 
 for the celebrated actress, Mrs. Oldfield. 
 
 *' * Odious ! in woollen ! 't would a saint provoke,* 
 "Were the last words that poor Narcieua spoke. 
 'One would not, sure, be frightful when oae's 
 
 dead— 
 And—Betty— give this cheek a little red." 
 
 The Narcissa referred to in epistle ii., — 
 
 " Narcissa's nature, tolerably mild, 
 To make a wash' would hardly stew a child,"— 
 
 was designed, says Warton, for the then 
 JDuchess of Hamilton. 
 
 Narcissa, in Young's poem of 
 
 The Complaint : or. Night Thoughts (q.v.), 
 is intended for his step-daughter, Mrs. 
 Temple; and Philander, in the same 
 posm, is Mrs. Temple's husband. The 
 former died in 1''36, the latter in 1740 ; and 
 the poet laments their death in a passage 
 of the poem. 
 
 Narcissus. See Eccho. 
 
 " Narcissus is the glory of his 
 race." — Young, Xoi»e of Fame, satire iv., 
 line 85— 
 
 *• For who does nothing with a better grace." 
 
 Nares, Edward, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1762, d. 1841), published, among 
 other works, Sermons on the Eviaences qf 
 
 Chrisiiaiiityt liemarks on the Unitarian 
 Version <ftli% New Testament (X'&i^)^ and a 
 novel, entitled, Thinks I to Myself {ISll). 
 
 "Narrow compass! and yet 
 
 there. A." See Waller's lines On a 
 Girdle : — 
 
 " A narrow compass I and yet there 
 Dwelt all that's good and all that's fair ; 
 Give me but what this ribband bound, 
 Take nU the rest the sun goes round." 
 
 Nasby, Petroleum V. The now 
 de plume of D. K. Locke, an American 
 writer, author of The Truthful Resolves^ 
 and other works. 
 
 Nash, Thomas, dramatist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1567, d. 1600), pro- 
 duced Plaine Percevallt the Peace-Makef* 
 of England; Martin's Months Minde 0.5SO) ; 
 Pappe with a Hatcliet (1589) ; The Petume 
 qf the Penowned Cavaliero Pasguill of E7ig^ 
 land (1589) ; The Anatomic of Absurdilie 
 (1589), (q.v.); Pasquil's Apaiogie (1590); 
 Pi^ce Pennilesse, hie Supplication to the 
 JDiveli (1592), (q.v.) ; Strange Newes of the 
 Intercepting certaine Letters (1592), (q.v.) ;. 
 A^ologie of Pierce Pennilesse (1592); Christ's 
 Teares over Jerusalem (1593) ; J)ido (with 
 Christopher Marlowe), (1594) ; The Unfor- 
 tunate Traveller (1594) ; The Terrors of the 
 Night (1594) ; Have with you at Saffron 
 Walden (1596), (q-v.) ; Nashe's Lenten 
 Stufe (1599), (q.v.) ; Summer's Last Will 
 and Testament (1600). (q.v.) ; The Petume 
 of the Knight of the Post from Hell (1606) ; 
 Tom Nash his Ghost; and other works. 
 See the sketch of his Life by Collier, pre- 
 fixed to the edition of Pierce Pennilesse, 
 published in 1842. In The Petum from 
 Parnassus (q.v.) it is said of Nash: — 
 
 " His style was witty, though he had some gall ; 
 Somcthmg he might have mended ; so may all." 
 
 See Counter Cuff, The ; Isle of Dogs. 
 
 Nash. Treadway Russell, D.D., 
 
 (b> 1725, d. 1811), was the author of a HiS' 
 tory of Worcestershire (1781—99), and the 
 editor of Butler's Hudihras (1793). 
 
 Nashe's Lenten Stuffe : " with a 
 new Play, never played before, of the 
 Praise of the Red Herring" (1599). By 
 Thomas Nash (q.v). 
 
 Nasmith, James, D.D., antiquary 
 (b. 1740, d. 1808), published the Itineraries 
 of Symeon Sinieonis and of "William of 
 Worcester ; also, an edition of Tanner's 
 Notitia Monastica. See the Life by Cole. 
 
 Nassyn^ton, "William of, trans- 
 lated John de Waldly's Latin treatise on 
 The Mirror of Life (1418). 
 
 Nathaniel, Sir. "A curate" in 
 Love's Labour's Lost (q.v.); he who de- 
 sci-ibes the perfection of conversation as 
 " sharp and sententious, pleasant without 
 scuiTility, witty without afEectation, 
 learned without opinioU| and fitrauge 
 without heresy." 
 
462 
 
 NAT 
 
 NAT 
 
 National Airs. Poems by Thomas 
 MooBE, published in 1815, and including 
 ** Flow on, thou shinies river,'* " All that's 
 bright must fade," " l^ose evening bells," 
 ** Oit in the stilly night," aud others. 
 
 . National Tales, by Thomas 
 Hood (q..T.)j were published in 1827. 
 
 " Native land — good night! 
 My."— BYR03I, Cliihle Harold's rUgrim- 
 dgCf canto i., stan2:a 13. 
 
 " Native ■wood-notes •wild." — 
 Milton, V^Allegro. The allusion is to 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Nativity. Hymn on the Morn- 
 ing of Christ's, by John Milton ; written 
 in 1629, and described by Hallam as per- 
 haps the finest in the language. There 
 are twenty-seven stanzas of the hymn, 
 with an introduction in four. The opening 
 lines of the poem run : — 
 
 " Thia ia the mouthy and thu the happy mom, 
 'Wherein the Son of Heaven's eternal King, 
 Of wedded maid and virgin mother born, 
 Our great redemption from above did bring ; 
 For 60 the holv soetcb once did Bin^, 
 That He our deadly forfeits should release, 
 . And with His Father work lu a perpetual pence." 
 
 The hymn begins : — 
 
 " It w&R the winter wild, 
 "While the heaven-born child 
 All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies." 
 
 Natural History of Enthusiasm. 
 
 See Enthusiasm, Natdral History of. 
 
 Natural History to Poetry, An 
 Essay on the Application of. See Appli- 
 cation of Natural History, &c. 
 
 Natural Theology: "or, Evi- 
 dences of the Existence and Attributes of 
 the Deity, collected from the Appearances 
 of Nature," by "William Paley (1743— 
 1805) ; published in 1803, and" illustrated " 
 by Lord Brougham and Sir Charles Bell 
 4n 1835—9. 
 
 Nature : '* a goodly interlude," 
 written in 1490, by Henry Medwell, 
 chaplain to Cardinal Morton,and published 
 about 1520. 
 
 , Nature. A series o£ essays by 
 Balph Waldo Emerson (b. 1803), treat- 
 ing of such subjects as Commodity, Beau- 
 ty, Language, Discipline, Idealism, Spirit, 
 6ud Prospects. 
 
 "Nature (All) is but art."— 
 pOPJs, Essay on Man, epistle i., line 289, 
 
 "Nature (All) -wears one uni- 
 versal grin."— Fielding, Tom Thumb. 
 
 Nature and Art. A novel by 
 Elizabeth Ixchbald (1763—1821), pub- 
 lished in 1796, and possessing " passages of 
 freat dramatic power and much pathoy. 
 he opposite fortunes and tempers of the 
 two brothers Norwyjme, afid still more so 
 9t their sous, William aud Heury, are uot 
 
 very convincing, but they are certainly 
 very effective. Striking and sad is the 
 contrast in the career of the seduced vil- 
 lage girl, Hannah, and that of her seducer, 
 William. One' error sinks her into every 
 depth of vice and infamy into which a 
 woman can fall, whilst, unstained in char- 
 acter, unblemished in honour, William 
 Norwynne rises to 'judicial dignity. There 
 is not in the whole range of hctlon a more 
 impressive though briefly told scene than 
 that of Hannah's trial.*' 
 
 *' Nature (Auld) sTvears, the 
 
 lovely dears.*'- BuitNs, Green Grow the 
 Hashes — 
 
 ** Her noblest vork she classea O I 
 Zler prentice hand she ti-ied on man. 
 And then slie macTc the losaca O I " 
 
 So in Cupid's Whirligig "we read : — 
 
 " Man was made when Nature was 
 But an apprentice, but woman when she 
 Was askilJEul miBtress of her art." 
 
 " Nature, Commonplace of." 
 
 See " Commonplace of Nature." 
 
 " Nature denied hixn much," 
 — The beginning of a passage in Samuel 
 RoGEKS' Jtaly (q.v.)- 
 
 '* But gave him at his birth what most ho values— 
 A patsEionatc love for music, sculpture, painting 
 For poetry, tiic language of the cods. 
 For all things here, or grand or beautiful, 
 A setting sun, a lake amid the mountains, - 
 The light of an ingenious countenance 
 And what transcends them all, a noble action." 
 
 *' Nature formed but one such 
 man." — Byron, Monody on the Death o/ 
 
 ** And broke the die In moulding Sheridan." 
 
 So Massinger, in The Parliament o/Zove, 
 act v., scene last : — 
 
 *' Nature despairing e'er to make the like. 
 Brake suddenly the mould in which 'twas fasbion- 
 ed." 
 
 So also Lord Surrey,of his lady-love : — 
 
 " I could rehearse, if that I would. 
 
 The whole effect of Nature's plaint, 
 When she had lost the perfect mould, 
 
 The like to whom she could not point t 
 With wringing hands, How she did cry I < > • 
 And this was chiefly all her pain,— 
 She could not make the like again.** 
 
 The saAie idea occurs in Ariosto. 
 
 " Nature (Great) made ua 
 men," — Lowell, The Capture. 
 
 " Nature hath framed strange 
 
 fellows in her time." — Merc/iant of Vemce^ 
 acti., scene 1. 
 
 " Nature in him'was almost lost 
 in art."— Collins, To Sir T. JJanmer on 
 
 his Edition of Sliakespeare, 
 
 "Nature is but a name for an 
 
 effect, Whose cause is God." — GowrSRi 
 
NAT 
 
 NEC 
 
 463 
 
 The Task, book vi., line 223. The poet 
 eays iu the same poem : — 
 
 " There lives end works 
 A soul in all things, and that soul is God." 
 
 " Nature (The Course of) is the 
 art of God." See " Am oi' God." 
 
 "Nature (Looks through) up 
 to Nature's God."— Pope, Essay on Man, 
 epistle iv., line 332. " One follows," wrote 
 Bollingbroke to Pope, " Nature and Na- 
 ture's God ; that is, he follows God iu His 
 works and in His word." 
 
 "Nature (Mute) mourns her 
 worshipper." Hee " Call it hot vaik." 
 
 " Nature (My) is subdued to 
 what it works in."— Shakespeaee, Scm- 
 net cxi. 
 
 "Nature never did betray the 
 .heart that loved her." — Wordswoeth, 
 Tintem Abbey. 
 
 Nature of the Four Elements, 
 The. See TouK Elements. 
 
 "Nature so far as in her lies." 
 —Oil a Moumer, by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 "Nature, The gentleman of." 
 
 ■I.ord Lytton's desciiption of "an honest 
 man " in Tlie Lady of Lyons, act ii. 
 
 " Nature to advantage dressed. 
 True wit is."— Pope, Essay on Criticism, 
 part ii., line 97. 
 
 Nature Unbowelled: "lier 
 choicest secrets digested into receipts," by 
 Alathea Talbot, Countess of Arundel 
 and Surrey ; published in 1665. 
 
 " Nature's chief masterpiece is 
 writing well." — Sheffield, Essay on 
 Poetry. 
 
 "Nature's heart beat strong 
 amid the hills." — Lord Hotjghton, Tra^ 
 ffedy of the Lac de Gaube. 
 
 "Nature's journeymen." — Ham- 
 let, actiii., scene 2. 
 
 ' Nature's Picture drawn by 
 
 Fancie's Pencil to the Life. A work by- 
 Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle (uA 
 —1673). " In this volume," says the title,. 
 " there are several feigned stories of natu- 
 ral descriptions, as comical, tragical, and 
 tragi-coraical, poetical, romancical, philo- 
 sophical, and historical, both in prose and 
 verse, seme all verse, some all prose, some 
 mixed, partly prose and p.artly verse ;also 
 some morals and some dialoirues, but they 
 are as the advantage loaf of bread to the 
 baker's dozen ; ana a true story at the lat- 
 ter end, wherein there is no feigning." It 
 was published in 1636. 
 
 " Nature's sternest painter, yet 
 
 the best," 'Line 842 of Byron's English 
 Sards and Scotch EeVKweri (q.v.). ' The 
 
 description is applied to Crabbe, the poet 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Nature's Three Daughters — 
 
 Beauty, Love, and Wit. A comedy, in two 
 parts, by Margaret, Duchess of New- 
 castle (1624—1673). 
 
 "Nature's (Tired) sweet re- 
 storer, balmy sleep," — Young, Night 
 Thoughts, night i., line 1. 
 
 Naturis Rerum, De. See Keck- 
 
 HAM. 
 
 Naufragium Joculare. A Latin 
 comedy by Abraham Cowley (1618— 1667), 
 written in 1638, when the author wa^ at 
 Cambridge, "but without due atteiition," 
 says Johnson, " to the ancient models, for 
 it is not loose verse, but mere prose." It 
 was translated by Charles Johnson (1660 — 
 1744) in his Fortwne in lier Wits (1706), 
 
 Naunton, Sir Robert, statesman 
 (b. 1563, d. 1635) wrote Fragmenta Begalia; 
 an account of Queen Elizabeth and some 
 of the worthies of her.reigl^, which po». 
 sesses much interest and value. It was 
 first printed in 1641. The best edition is 
 that published by Cauliield, with a Life, 
 in 1814. See Retrospective Jievievf, vol. v. 
 
 " Nay, but you, you do npt love 
 
 her^" First line of a Smrg by HoBEBI 
 Browning, which ends : — 
 
 " This tress, and this, I touch. 
 But cannot praise, 1 love so much ! " 
 
 " Neeera's hair. The tangles of." 
 
 — Milton, Lycidas, line 60. 
 
 Neal, Daniel (b. 1678, d. 1743), 
 wrote a History of New England (1720), and 
 a Jiistory of ilie Furiians (1732)j besides- 
 numerous Sermons, 
 
 Neal, John. See O'Cataeact, 
 John. 
 
 "Neat-handed Phyllis, The." 
 
 —Milton, L' Allegro, line 86. 
 
 Neaves (Lord), Cliarles Neaves 
 Scotch judge of Session (b. ISOO, d. 1876), 
 wrote Songs and Verses (1869), by " An Old 
 Contributor " to M.iga (q.v.). Among these 
 are some of the most successful ieusc d*es- 
 prit of late years, including " The Origiii 
 of Species," " The Origin of Language,** 
 "Stuart Mill on Mind and Matter," and 
 others. Lord Neaves also wrote a work on* 
 The Greek Anthology, besides other miscel- 
 lanies. 
 
 " Necessity invented stools." 
 — CowPER, Tile Task (" The Sofa "), book 
 i., line 86 — 
 
 " Convenience next suggested elbow chairs." 
 
 " Necessity, the mother of in- 
 vention."— Farqchab, The Twin liivalt, 
 act i. 
 
 "Necessity I thou mother of 
 
464 
 
 NEC 
 
 KEV 
 
 the world." 
 
 WOBLD." 
 
 See " Mother of The 
 
 "Necessity's sharp pinch." — 
 
 King Lear, act it., scene 4. 
 
 Neckan, The. A lyric by Mat- 
 thew Arkold (b. 1822). 
 
 " In Bummer, on the headlands, 
 The Baltic sea along, 
 Sits Neckan with hiu liarp of gold. 
 And Bings his plaintive aong." 
 
 Neckham, Alexander, (b. 1157, d. 
 
 1217), was the author of De Naturis Jierum, 
 a poem iii ten books ; also, of some gram- 
 matical and theological works. . See 
 "Wright's Biographia Jiritannica -Liierarla, 
 
 "Nectared s-weets, A perpetual 
 
 feast of." — Milton, Coinus, line 480. 
 
 Needham, Marchmont, one of 
 
 the earliest journalists in England (b. 1620, 
 d. 1678), was editor succesBiTely of the 
 Mercurlus Britannicus (1643), the J«ercttriiM 
 Pragmaticus (1647), and the Merctirius Po- 
 liticua (1649). Anthony i Wood calls him 
 " The Goliath of the Philistines, the great 
 enemy of the late usurper [Cromwell], 
 whose pen in comparison with others was 
 like a weaver's beam. ^He was a person 
 endowed with quick natural parts, was a 
 
 §ood humanitarian, poet, and boon-droll." 
 ee Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary. 
 
 Needle's Excellency, The : " or, 
 a new Book of Patterns, witii a poem by 
 John Taylor in Praise of the Needle." 
 Published in 1640. Extracts from the poem 
 may be read in Brydges' Censura Literaria 
 and liestituta, 
 
 "Needless Alexandrine ends 
 
 the song. A." See " Alexandrine ends 
 THE sonO." 
 
 "Needy knife-grinder, •whither 
 
 are you going?" First line of Canning's 
 Friend o/ Humanity and the Knife Grinder, 
 fthumorous poem, contributed to The Anti- 
 Jacobin Review (q.T.). 
 
 "Neglect (Such sweet) more 
 
 taketh nie,"— Jonson, The Silent Woman, 
 act i., scene 5 — 
 
 " Than all the adulteries of art : 
 They strike mine eyes, but not my heart." 
 
 " Neither here nor there, 'Tis." 
 
 See " Herb nor there." 
 "Nell, Little. The heroine of 
 
 child-like wisdom, sharpened to an un- 
 natural extent, are beautiful," says a critic, 
 " in the extreme. The poetry of her death 
 Is still finer, and the very prose, if but 
 divided into lines, will, as Mr. Home 
 pointed out in The New Spirit of the Age, 
 form that kind of gracefully irregular 
 blank verse which Southey and Shelley 
 bavo used. The following Is from the de- 
 
 scription of Little Nell's funeral, wi 
 the alteration of a word : — 
 " 'When Death strikes down the innocent and: 
 From CTery fragile form.lrom which he let 
 The parting spirit frfp, 
 A hundred virtues rise. 
 In shape of Mercy, Charity, and Love, 
 To walk the world and hless it 
 Of every tear 
 That sorrowing Nature sheds on such 
 
 graves. 
 Some good is bom, some gentle nature come 
 
 Nello. The barber in Ge( 
 Eliot's novel of Bomola (q.v.). 
 
 Nelson, Robert, devotional w 
 (b. 1656, d. 1716), wrote A Gnnpanio 
 the Festivals and Fasts of the Chur 
 England (1704), The Practice of Tra 
 rodon (1708), The Great Duty of Freq 
 mg tlte Christian Sacrifice (1714), The} 
 Duty of a Christian (1727), and other w 
 See the Life by Secretan. 
 
 Nemesis of Faith, The. 
 
 FaouDE, James Anthony. 
 Nennius. See Histobia 
 
 TONUM. 
 
 Nerissa, in The Merchant of V 
 (q.v.), is " a clever, confidential wa 
 woman " to Portia (q.v.), " who has a 
 a little of her mistress's elegance < 
 mance." 
 
 Neronis.' The lieroine of C/» 
 ajid Clamydes (q.v.), who follows her 
 in the guise of a page, after the n:ani 
 one of Shakespeare's female characte 
 
 Nesse, Christopher, Non 
 
 formist writer (b. 1621, d. 1705), wrote 
 History and Mystery of the -Old and 
 Testaments logically discussed anil ilu 
 ically improved (1690—6), and other w 
 See the Life by Silver. 
 
 Netter, Thomas, of "Walden 
 1380, d. 1430), wrote Doctrinale Antiq 
 turn Eccleske, and compiled Fascicui 
 zaniontm, both in controversy against 
 WyclifEe. See Morley's English Wr 
 II., 1., 385—8. 
 
 Nettle for Nice Noses, A. 
 
 Catharos. 
 " Never believe me if I love 
 
 The Careless Lover, by Sir John S 
 LING (1609—1641). 
 
 " Never ending, still beginni 
 
 Dryden, Alexander's Feast, line 101. 
 
 "Never mention her; Oh 
 
 we," — First line of a famous sons 
 Thomas Haynks Bayly (1797—1839 
 
 " Her name is never heard ; 
 
 My lips arc now forbid to speak 
 
 That once familiar word." 
 
 " Never told her love, She 
 
 Twelfth Night, act ii., scene 4. 
 
NEV 
 
 NEW 
 
 465 
 
 Neville, Henry, writer and poli- 
 tician (d. 1694), wrote Plato Jiedivivus: or, 
 a Dialogue concerning Government (1681— 
 1763), and Shuffling, Cutting, and Dealing, 
 in a Game at Plcquet, a political drama, 
 printed in 1659. 
 
 Neville.^ Richard GrifiBn. See 
 Bkaybkooke, Baron. 
 
 Ne-w Bath Cruide, The. A isatir- 
 ical poem, by CHKisTOPHEit Anstey (1724. 
 , — 1805), published in 1766, and written 
 througnout in a light, easy, conversational 
 tone. It describes the social life of the 
 day with much vigour and vraisem,hlance, 
 and was of great assistance to Smollett in 
 the composition of his Humphrey Clinker. 
 Barham was probably indebted to it for 
 many of the ludicrous rhymes in his In- 
 yoldsby Legends. The following is a spe- 
 cimen of its style : — 
 
 '* The compan7 made a most brilliant appearance. 
 And ate brearl and butter with ercat pcrseTerance, 
 All the chocolate, too, that my lo'rd set before 'em 
 The ladies despatched with the utmost decorum." 
 
 On its first appearance, the poet Gray 
 wrote : " Have you read The New Bath 
 Guide ? It is the only thing in fashion, 
 and is a new and original kind of humour." 
 Horaco Walpole wrote, about the same 
 time : *' There is a new thing published 
 which will make you split your cheeks 
 with lau^iter. It is called The New Bath 
 Guide. It is a set of letters in verse, de- 
 scribing the life at Bath, and, incidentally, 
 everything else ; but so much wit, so much 
 humour, fun, and poetry, never met to- 
 gether before." 
 
 ITew Foundling Hospital for 
 "Wit, The. A collection of jeux d*esprit in 
 verse, published in 1784. 
 
 New Inn, The. A comedy by Bex 
 Jos"SON, produced on January 19, 1630, and 
 overwhelmed by the storm of hostility 
 which it provqked. See Goodstook the 
 Host. 
 
 Xew,- Married Student that 
 
 Played Fast and Loose, On a. Lines in 
 TotteVs Miscellany (1557), attributed by 
 "Warton to Sir Thomas More, and remark- 
 able as being probably the fii'st pointed 
 epigram in the language. 
 
 New Timon, The. A poem partly 
 liarrative and partly satirical, ijublished by 
 Edwakd, Lord Lyttos, in 1845. It is a 
 romance of London, and includes sketches 
 ot some of the leading writers and other 
 notabilities of the time, marked by more 
 cleverness than truth. Among others, 
 Tennyson was spoken- of as '^Schoolmiss 
 Alfred,'^ and his poetiy described as 
 
 " A lingHng medley of purloined conceits, 
 Out-baDying Wordsworth and out-glittering Keats." ; 
 
 The result was a response from TennyaoJi, 
 who printed lu the columus of Punch for ' 
 
 February, 1846, a series of stinging lines, 
 of which the f ollowhig are specimens :— 
 
 " "What — it's you. 
 The padded man that wears the sta^s — 
 
 " "Who killed the girls and thrilled the boys 
 With dandy pathos when jrou -wrote I 
 A Lion, you, that made a. noise. 
 And shook a mane en papillotea. , , 
 
 " But men of lon(r-endurinff hopes. 
 
 And careless what this hour may bring, 
 Can pardon little wouM-bc Popes 
 AndBrummels, when they try to sting. 
 
 " What profits now to understand " 
 
 The merits of a spotless Bhirt— 
 A dapper boot — a little hand — 
 If half the little soul is dirt 
 
 *' A Timon you I Nay, naj;, for shame : 
 It looks too arrogant a jest — 
 The fierce old man— to take his name. 
 You bandbox. Off, and let him rest.'* 
 
 See Alcibiades. 
 
 New Way to Pay Old Debts, 
 
 A. A comedy by Philip Massingeb, 
 produced about 1620 and printed in 1633. 
 
 The story illustrates the signal retribution 
 which often befalls the unjust extortioner. 
 The leading character is Sir Giles Over- 
 reach (q.v.). 
 
 " New Zealand, Some traveller 
 from." The hero of a famous passage in^ 
 Macaulay's Essays (on Kanke's History 
 of the Popes)t where the writer prophesies 
 that the Koman Catholic Church " may, 
 still exist in undiminished vigour, when 
 some traveller from New Zealand shall, in 
 the midst of a vast solitude, take his stand 
 on a broken arch of London Biidge to 
 sketch the ruins of St. Paul's." A similar 
 image had been employed by the same- 
 writer in 1824 in the concluding paragraph 
 of a review of Mitf ord's Greece^ and he em- 
 ployed it in 1829 in a review of Mill's Essay 
 on Government. See, also, Volney's lluinst 
 chap. ii. ; Horace Walpole's Letter to 
 Mason, Nov. 24, 1774 ; Henry Kirke- 
 White'a TiTne; and Sbelley's Dedication to 
 Peter Bell. 
 
 Newbury, "William of. See "Wil- 
 liam OF Newbury. 
 
 Newcastle, Duchess of, Mar- 
 garet Cavendish, poet, dramatist, and mis-' 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1624, d. 1673), pub- 
 lished Philosophical Fancies (1653) ; Poems 
 and Fancies (1653) ; Philosophical and Phys- 
 ical Opinions (1655), (q.v.); The World's 
 Olio (1655) ; Nature's Picture drawn by 
 Fancie's Pencil (1656), (q.v.); Plays (1662 
 —8) ; Orations of Divers Sorts (1662) ; Phil' 
 osophical Letters (1664); CCXI. Sociable 
 Letters (166i) ; Observations itvon Expert- . 
 mental Philosb})hy (1666) ; The Life of- 
 Wtlliam Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle 
 (1667); and Grounds of Natural Philosophy/ . 
 (1668). Her Select Poems were edited and" 
 published by Sir Egftrton Brydges in 1813. 
 Her Life is contained in A True Relation o/' 
 the Birth, c&c, of Margaret Cavmdlsh,. 
 20* 
 
460 
 
 NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 DutclKM Df Newcastle, written hy Herself , 
 and pubUslied, with a critical preface by 
 Brydges, in 1814. See Horace Walpoles 
 Jtoyal and Noble Authors. See next para- 
 graph. 
 
 Newcastle, Duke of, 'William 
 Cavendish, husband of the preceding, pub- 
 lished, in 1'65T, La Mithode et Invention 
 nouvelle de dresser les clieoaux, which was 
 translated into English, and published iu 
 1667. .The duke died In 1676, and his bio- 
 graphy was written by the famous Lord 
 Clarendon. " The duchess," says Horace 
 Walpole, " has left another [published in 
 1667], more dlituse, indeed, but not less 
 entertaining. It was equally amusing to 
 hear her sometimes compare her lord to 
 Julius Gsesar, and oftener to acquaint you 
 with such anecdotes as in what sort of 
 coach he wentto Amsterdam. The touches 
 on her own character are inimitable. She 
 says that it pleased God to command his 
 Berrant N.iture to endue her with a poetr 
 leal and philosophical genius, even from 
 her birth." Chailes Lamb speaks highly 
 of ths Life. 
 
 Newcomb, Thomas, poet (b. 
 
 1676, d. 1760), wrote The Liln-cvnj (1718), 
 TAe Last Judgment (172;!), and an Ode on 
 the Success of the British Amis at the 
 close of Seven Years' War in 1763. 
 
 Newcome, Colonel, in The New- 
 comes (q.T.), is " the finest portrait," says 
 Hannay, " that has been added to the gal- 
 lery of English fiction since Sir Walter's 
 time. The pathos, at once manly and del- 
 icate, with which his ruin and death are 
 treated, places Tliackei-ay in the very 
 higliest rank of poetic humorists." 
 
 Newcome, Ethel, in Thackeray's 
 novel,, is tlie niece of Colonel Newcome 
 and cousin to Clive, whom she loves, and 
 by whom she is beloved. " Etbel New- 
 come," says Hannay, " who is at once as 
 clever as Beatrix [Castlewood, q.v.], and 
 as good as Laura (q.v.), disposes at once of 
 the old charge that all the writer's good 
 women are geese." 
 
 Newcome, Sir Barnes, in Thack- 
 EltAY's novel, is " the very essence of 
 worldllness oi the nineteenth century 
 type." 
 
 Ne'wcome, 'William, arclihishop 
 of Armagh (b. 1729, d. 1800), wrote An 
 Harmony of the Gospels, Our Lord's Con- 
 duct as an Instructor, An Improved Version 
 of the Minor Prophets, and other works. 
 
 Newcomen, Matthew ('1.1660), 
 was one of the five Nonconforming di- 
 vines who, in 1641, replied to Bishop Hall's 
 Pevumstrancefor Episcopacy, See SMEC- 
 
 TYMNUCS. 
 
 Newcomes, The : " Memoirs of a 
 Most Bespectable Family," by William 
 HjjsxrsjkOi XoAoicfeiiAY .; ■ writtctt by - 
 
 him In the character of "Arthur Penden- 
 nis, Esq.," andpublished, in a serial form, 
 in 1865. The hero is Clive Newcome, a 
 young artist, son of Colonel Newcome 
 (q.v.), and cousin of Ethel Newcome (q.v.), 
 whom he marries after the death of his first 
 wife, Bosa Mackenzie. Among the other 
 characters are the 'Comte de Elorac (q.v.), 
 Charles Honeyman (q. v.), "J. J." (q.v.), 
 Fred Bayham (q.v.). Lady Kew, Jack Bel- 
 size, Dr. Goodenough, and others. 
 
 Newdigate, Sir Ro^er (b. 1719, 
 d. 1806), was the founder of the Newdigate 
 Prize for English verse in Oxford Univer- 
 sity. The prize has frequently been gained 
 by men afterwards famous in English li1>- 
 erature. 
 
 Newe-'Y'ere Gift (Ane) to the 
 Queue, when sche came first hame. A 
 poem by Alexandek Scot, printed in 
 1562, and less valuable as. poetry than for 
 the information it affords us concerning 
 an important period of Scottish history. 
 
 Newell, Kobert H. See Kesb, 
 Okphecs C. 
 New^es from any 'Whence : " or. 
 
 Old Truth, under a Supposall of Noveltie, 
 Occasioned by divers Essaies, and private 
 passages of "Wit, between sundrie Gentle- 
 men upon that subject." By Sir Thomas 
 OVERBUBY ; first printed in 1614. This is 
 a number of short epigrams and apoph- 
 thegms, arranged under such headings as 
 Newes from Court, Answere to the Court 
 Newes, and so on. 
 
 Newes from Ipswich : " discov- 
 ering certain late detestable Practices of 
 some domineering Lordly Prelates." A 
 work by William Prykke (1600—1699), 
 which, published in 1637, roused, by ita 
 vehement aspersions of the Bishops, the 
 indignation of Archbishop Laud, and made 
 the writer amenable to the jurisdiction of 
 the Star Chamber. He was condemned to 
 pay a fine of £6,000, to stand in the pillory, 
 to have his ears cut off, to be branded on 
 both cheeks with the letters S. L. (sedi- 
 tious libeller), and to be expelled from his 
 f>rofessioii of the law ; and, after a short 
 mprisonment at Carnarvon, he was con- 
 veyed to Mount Orgeuil Castle, in the 
 Island of Jersey, where he composed some 
 Divine and Profitable Meditations, with 
 other Poems, which were published in 
 1G41. 
 
 Newfangle, Nichol. See Like 
 Will to Like, &c. 
 
 Newgate Garland, The. A lisl- 
 lad on Blake (or Blueskin)'s attack upon 
 Jonathan Wild in 1725. It was written by 
 JoHJf Gay. 
 
 Newlight, Aristarchua. The «o»i 
 deplume under which Archbishop 'Whatk* 
 Li''(1787— 1868) published a liltls wprit in 
 ridicule of Qeimau usMogiua. - ' 
 
NEW 
 
 NE-W 
 
 487 
 
 '* New-made honoijr." See 
 "HoxouR (New-made.) " 
 
 Newman, Arthur. See Pleas- 
 tJRE's Vision, &c. 
 
 Newman, Francis "William, mis- 
 csUaiieous writer (b. 1805), is tlie author of 
 Tfte ffitman Soul ; its Sorrows and Aspira- 
 tions (l6-k9); Phases of Faith: Passages from 
 My -Own Creed (1850); A Church of the 
 Future (1854) ; Tlieism : Doctrinal and Prac- 
 Heal (1858) ; Miscellanies : Academical and 
 JTistorical (1869) ; aiid many other works. 
 
 Newman, John Henry, D.D. 
 (b. 1801), has published, among' othor 
 works, Parochial Sermons (1838—44) ; Ser- 
 mons on Subjects qf the Day (184'4) ; The 
 Theory of Beligvous Belief (1844): The 
 Deoelopment of Christian DoGti:itie (1846) ; 
 Xoss and Gain : The Story of a Convert 
 (1848) ; The Office and Work of 'Universities 
 (1854— G) ; Sermons Preached on Various 
 Occasions (1857) ; Apologia pro Vitd Sud 
 (IS64) ; Poems (1868) ; The Grammar of 
 Assent (1870); and Mr. Gladstorte's *^ Ex- 
 postulation" (1875). See ApologijC pko 
 VITA Sua. 
 
 *'News(Evil) rides fast." See 
 1'EviijNetvs." 
 
 News, The Staple of. A comedy 
 by Ben Joxson, produced in 1625, and 
 pne of his most felicitous eiforts. 
 
 Newspapers generally have tbeir 
 origin traced to the Acta Diurna of Rome, 
 a kind of official gazette, issued under the 
 management and authority of the govern- 
 ment, and posted up in prominent places 
 of the city, where tlioae who ran might 
 read. These Acta bbtained both under 
 the republic and the empire, and,furnished 
 the citizens with a sufficiently full and 
 interesting account of what was gQing on, 
 not only at hom^ but abroad. On the 
 same davit would be recorded, for ex- 
 ample, that thirty boys and forty girls 
 liad Ijeen bom on a certain estate of Cuma; 
 that a slave had been put to death for 
 uttering disrespectful words against his 
 master ; and that a lire had broken out-on 
 the previous evening in Pompey's gar- 
 dens. The ActaDiwma were really the 
 newspapers of Eome, being in many re- 
 spects more complete than their modern 
 successors. Their contents included a 
 list of births and deaths, an account of 
 Bums paid into the TreiMiuiy, the edicts of 
 the magistrates, reports of trials, news of 
 foreign wars, and items in regard to all 
 matters of municipal interest. They were 
 discontinued, however, on tlie downfall of 
 the empire, and.mediseval Europe hafl to 
 depend for its intelli<;ence upon private 
 letters and the news brought by word of 
 mouth. Only when printing had become 
 known aiid general did the newspaper re- 
 appear to perform its ancient functions. 
 
 of news-sheets, styled Relatwriers^^ or Neut 
 Zeitungj as appearing at many of the Ger- 
 man ' and Austrian towns, by-and-by 
 spreading, as was natural, to Venice, , 
 where the official Notizie Scrittej prac- 
 tically identical with the Roman Acta, 
 were to be obtained for a small coin caUed 
 gazetta. whence, it is said, our now fa- 
 miliar and widespread word " gazette." It 
 was liot until the seventeenth century 
 that the British Isles became acquainted 
 with a newspaper. It was at one time ^ 
 thought that the Elizabethan age boasted 
 an Eng'ish Mercurie, copies of which wero' 
 reputed to be existing, but were speedily 
 discovered to be only forgeries. It is now 
 generally accepted that the English news- 
 paper, worthy of the name, was that pub- 
 lished in 1622 by Nathaniel Butter, under 
 the name of The Certaine News of the 
 Present Weelc. Pamphlets on political 
 questions, and containing some amount of 
 intelligence, had before tliis been pub- 
 lished in a printed form, but no news- 
 paper, strictly so called, had, we are told, 
 issued from any printing-press. The ex- 
 ample, however, once set, was of course 
 quickly followed, and tlie reign of Cliarlea 
 I. was signalized by the appeaiance of a 
 flood of news-sheets, rendered interesting - 
 by tlie struggle between Kin^ and Parlia- 
 ment, and rejoicing in an inhnite number 
 of variations upon popular titles. Mer- 
 curius was one of these, and gave bijth 
 to the Mercurius Aulicus, the Mercun^is 
 MastiXj the Mercurius Democrifus, this 
 Mercurius Acheronticus, and the like. In- 
 telligencer was another, and produced The 
 King^s Intelligencer, The Scots' Intelligm- 
 cer, and so on. The papers naturally 
 ranged themselves under the two parties, 
 and whilst the Royalists rejoiced in their 
 organs, the Republicans had The Parlia- 
 ments Scoutt The Parliament's^ ScoiWs 
 Discooergf and The Parliament Kite, 
 There was, however, not much news in 
 any of them ; but there was plenty of 
 political rancour, which eventually gre^ 
 to such proportions that a censorship ojfe 
 tJie press, at first not thought of, and after-- 
 wards abolished, came to be considered^: 
 necessary. This was in the time of Charles' 
 IT., in whose reigii The London Gazett^^^' 
 which still exists, first took its rise. 
 Originally it was The Oxford Gazette, so 
 called because published at Oxford, where 
 the Court had fled from the plague in 
 1665. The London Gazette followed in 1666, 
 The first daily paper in England was not,- 
 however, issued, until 165)5, when The 
 Post-Boy, as it was called, existed for 
 three days, to be followed in 1702 by The 
 Daily Courant, which had a much longer 
 life. Even at this time, the newspapers^ 
 stalled indulged in eccentric names, such 
 as Tlie Morning Mercury .• or, a Farce qf 
 Fools (1700) ; and 7'he British Apollo :' or, 
 Cwioua Amusements for tlie Ingenious . 
 1708). In 1704 appeared TliA Bevieio qf 
 " J^ira qf Stat^ edited by, p«al«l 
 
 t 
 
468 
 
 NEW^ 
 
 NEW 
 
 Befoe (q.v.), who in 1706 altered the title 
 to A JReview of the State of the English 
 Ifatio7if and published this paper three 
 times instead of only once weekly. In 
 1715 came The London Post, notable as the 
 periodical in which Jlobinson Crusoe first 
 appeared : ialso The Spectator (not Ad- 
 dison's), 2he Medley, and TJie Censor. In 
 1724, The St. James's Post and Evening 
 Post became absorbed in The St, Jameses 
 Chronicfe) which. vfSLs itself eventually in- 
 Gotporated with the Press. Tlie Craftsman 
 appeared in 1726, The Grub Street Journal in 
 \TA\,SM(iTheGenerous London Morning Ad- 
 vertiser, so called because given away gratis, 
 in 1738. It was not, nevertheless, the first 
 journal distributed for nothing, for we 
 read that that was the case with The Do- 
 mestick Intelligencer, issued in 1679. In 
 1678 the Mercurlus Lihrar.us became the 
 forerunner of the literary journals. All 
 Alive and Merry : or^ the London Daily 
 Post appeared m 1749. Ten years after- 
 wards came T}ie Public Ledger, to which 
 Goldsmith (q.v.) was a contributor. In 
 1762 Smollett published his Britmi, and 
 Wilkes Ws North Briton (q.v.). The His- 
 tory of the metropolitan press may after 
 this be traced by ^ving the more noticeable 
 papers, dead or Jiving, in the order of their 
 first publication -.—The Morning Chronicle 
 n760),The Morning Post (117^), The Morning 
 Herald (1780), The I>aily Universal Regis- 
 ter (1785),becomiug Tlie Times in 3788), The 
 iSun(1792), The Cburier(1792), The Morning 
 Advertise' (1796), Bell's Weekly Messenger 
 (1796), The Anti^JacoUn (1798). The Weekly 
 Dispatch (18011, The GZo6e(1803), John Bull 
 <1820), The Sunday Times (1822), TJie 
 Standard (1827), The Record (1828), The 
 Court Journal (18295, ^'^ ^rue Sun (1832), 
 Tfie Constitutional (1836), The Era (1838), 
 The Meios of the World (1843), TKe Daily 
 News <1846), Lloyd's Newspaper (1853), 
 The Daily Telegraph (1855), The Morning 
 Star (1856), The City Press (1857), The Pall 
 Mall Gazette <1865), and The EcJio (1868). 
 The first Englifih provincial newspaper 
 Appesar.s to have been, the Mercurlus Aulv- 
 cus, published At Birkenhead in 1642, and 
 followed At Bristol, in 31664, by the Mercti^ 
 rius Hibemicus. The Worcester Journal 
 was originally Ssswed iii 1690, I'he Stamford 
 Mercury In 1695, The N^xesastle Courant in 
 1711, Tlie Liverpool Courant in 1711, The 
 Hereford Journal In 1713, The York Mercu- 
 rjt in 1713, The Leeds Mercury in J718, The 
 pleading Mercury in 1723, The Ipswich 
 Journal in 1725, The Manchester Gazette In 
 1730, The Birmingham Gazette in 1741, and 
 The Bath Journal in 1744. Farther doivn 
 we need not go, for it would be impossible 
 to enumerate within ft reasonable apace 
 the datcB of the many admirable news.- 
 papers which have appeared out of Lon- 
 don from 1744 till now. Turning to Scot- 
 land, we find the Mercurius PoHticus 
 named as the first paper published there, 
 h»y;ng been issued, in 1653, by Oliver 
 Ciom^eil^ ii.n4 being uucceeded iu iG61 
 
 by the Mercurius Caledonius. The Edin- 
 mrrjh Gazette first appeared in 1699,^rAe 
 Edinburgh Courant (not the present paper) 
 in 1795, The Scots Courant in 1706, The 
 Edinburgh Flying Post in 1708, The Scots 
 Postman in 1709, The Evening Courant 
 (the present Edinburgh Courant) in 1718, 
 The Caledonian Mercurj/ in 1720, The Scots- 
 man in 1817, and The Witness in 1840. The 
 first Irish Newspaper of any kind was the 
 The Dublin News-letter (1685) ; The first 
 dail^ was Pue^s Occurrences C1700). In 
 India the first newspaper was Hicking's 
 Gazette (1781) ; in Australia, The Sydney 
 Gazette (1803) ; in America, The Boston 
 News-letter (1704)— ITAe Daily Sun (1833) 
 bein^ however, the first American daily. 
 The increase of newspapers of late years 
 is shown by the fact that, between 1850—60, 
 457 papers were started ; between 1861 — 70, 
 464 ; and between 1871—4, 249. It is ob- 
 vious, therefore, that the majority of our 
 journals are not. very old, though there are 
 still five publications in existence which, 
 date from before 1700— the London and 
 Edinburgh Gazettes (1665 and 1699), Ber- 
 row's Worcester Journal (1690), The Stam- 
 ford Mercury (1695), and The Course of the 
 Exchange (1697). The numerous class jour- 
 nals adapted to the wants of every inter- 
 est in the country, can only be alluded to: 
 In this category must be included all pure- 
 ly literaiy^ medical, religious^ military and 
 naval, agricultural, commercial, and other 
 journals, which have multiplied wonder- 
 fully of late years. A great impetus to 
 newspapers was, of course, given m 1865* 
 when the stamp duty was abolished, and 
 when they were enabled so largely to re- 
 duce their prices. A still greater impetus 
 was given m 1861, when tiie paper duty 
 was also repealed, anit paved the way for 
 the almost endless multiplication of every 
 sort and size of periodical. The introduc- 
 tion of telegrapny was also a benefit, the 
 extent of which can now hardly be esti- 
 mated, so accustomed are we to the full 
 telegraphic reports which meet us every 
 morning. For particulars of the story 
 biiefiy sketched in this article, see An- 
 drews' History of Journalism^ Hunt's 
 Fourth Estate, Grant's Newspaper Press, 
 and the various Press Guides. 
 
 Ne^rspapers Thirty-five Years 
 
 Ago. One of the Last Essays qfEtia.hy 
 CiTAKLES Lamb (1775—1834), published in 
 1833. 
 
 Newton Forster. A novel by, 
 .Captain Marryat, originally published 
 in The Metropolitan Magazine^ the editor- 
 ship fit which he accepted iii 1832. 
 
 JTe-wton John, devotional writer 
 <b, 1722, <1, 1807), published Jliesfiinft; Pipy 
 Expository Discourses (1786); Cardiphonia: 
 or, Utterance of the Heart (1781), (q.v.) ; 
 and, In conjuBcti^n with Cowper the poet, 
 the Olney Hymns (ci,v,), 
 
 NewtoUi Sii: Jsctao, mathejnatt^ 
 
NEW 
 
 NIC 
 
 46& 
 
 dan and natural philosopher (b. 1642, d. 
 1727), wrote Principia Phllosopkim NatVr- 
 rails Matkanatica (1687), (q.v.) ; Quadra- 
 ture of Curves (1700) ; OpHcks (1704) ; AHtli^ 
 metica Universalis (1707); Analysis per 
 Quantitatum Series (1711) j De Mundi iSys- 
 temate (1728); Observations on the Prophe- 
 cies of Daniel (1733) ; The Method of Flux- 
 ions and Infinite Series (1736) ; Opusculata 
 Afathematica (1744). ; and otiier works, pub- 
 lished by Bishop Horsley in 1779—85, under 
 title of Opera quoi extant om7iia. 'I'lie Life 
 of Newton has been written by Fontenelle 
 (1728), Frisi (1778), Biot (1822), De Morgan 
 (1833). Whewell (1836), and Sir David 
 Brewster (1855). His Correspondence with 
 Professor Cotes appeared in 1850, 
 
 Ne'wton, Sir Isaac , To the 
 
 Memory of. A poem by James Thomson 
 (1700—1748), published, in 1727, and writ- 
 ten, says Johnson, " as an exact philos- 
 opher by the instruction of Mr. Gray." 
 
 Ne-wton, Thomas {d. 1607), trans- 
 lated the Thebais of Seneca (q.v.), and 
 edited other works by the sSmo author. A 
 list of his fugitive pieces is given in Rit- 
 son*s Bibliographia Poetica; among them 
 being Atropoion Delion (q..v.) ; Jiosa, liosa- 
 lyndf and liosmary (q.v-) ; and a History of 
 the SaracenS' See Warton's History of 
 English Poetry and Wood's Athenoa Oxon^ 
 lenses. 
 
 Ke^Tton, Thomas, BUhop of 
 Bristol (b. 1704, d. 1782), edited Paradise 
 Lostj with notes of various authors, in 
 1749, and published a corresponding edition 
 of Paradise Regained in 1752. His Disser- 
 tations on the PropJtets appeared in 1754 ; 
 Lis complete Works, with memoir, in 1782. 
 
 Niccols, Richard, poet (temp. 
 Elizabeth and James I.), wrote Tlie Cuckoio 
 (1607) ; England^s Eliza, and a Winter 
 Night's Vision (1610) ; Tlie Twynnes Tror- 
 ffedye (1611) ; The Three Sisters' Tears 
 (1613); Tlie Fui^s (1014); Virtue's En- 
 comium (1614) ; Monodia (1615) ; London's 
 Artillery (1616) ; 'Sir Thomas Overberrie's 
 Vision (1616) ; and The Beggar*^ Ape. Tn 
 1610 he published a revised edition of The 
 AfiTTorfor Magistrates (q.v.). See Wood's 
 Athene Oxnnienses and Warton's History 
 of English Poetry. 
 
 "Nice than "wise, More." — 
 CowPEB, On Mutual Forbearance, 
 
 Nice -"Wanton. An old moral- 
 play, in which Iniquity is the leading char- 
 acter, and of which the moral may be 
 gathered from the explanatory verses on 
 the title-page :— 
 
 *' Wherein ye may Beo 
 Three braunchcs of an y\\ tree. 
 The mother and her chyldren three, 
 
 ' ' Twoo naug'ht, and one godlye. 
 
 " Early sharpe that wyll be thome. 
 Soon yll that wyll be naught ; 
 To be naught better unbo-np, 
 Better unteiLthan nauf htety taught. - 
 
 The mother Is Xantippe, a scold ; tho 
 *'twoo naught "are Ismatil and Dalil^; 
 ,and the "one godlye" is j^arnabas, ~the 
 ill-treated son. The piece is dated 1660, 
 and concludes with a song, of which the 
 following are the concluding verses : — 
 
 '* "What ia the practice of a conscience pure ? 
 To love and fear God, and other allure, 
 And for his sake to help his neighbour : 
 Tljen may ho well be merry. 
 " "What Bhall we have, that can and will do Ihie? 
 After thin life cvfcrlasting biiBS^ 
 Yet not by desert, but by gift, i-wis t 
 There God make us all men-y ." 
 
 See Collier*s Dramatic Poetry and Bods- 
 ley's Old Plays, ed. Hazlitt, li., 160—184. 
 
 Nichol, John, LIj.D., Professor 
 of English Literature in Gla^ow Univer- 
 sity (b. 1833), has published Fragm^ents of 
 Criticism (1860) ; Hannibal, a poetical 
 drama (1872) ; Tables of English Literature 
 (1877) ; and numerous articles ill the 
 Encyclopcedia Britannica, and the reviews. 
 
 Nichol, John Pringle, I1L.D., 
 
 Professor of Astronomy in Glasgow Uni- 
 versity (b. 1804, d. 1859), was the author of 
 The Architecture of the Heavenz (1836), The 
 Solar System, The Stellar Heavens, The 
 Dictionary of the Physical ScienceSf and 
 many other miscellaneous writings. 
 
 Nichol Newfangle. JSee Liks 
 Will to Like. 
 
 Nicholas de Gruildford (circa 
 1197). See OwL AND the Niohtikgale, 
 
 The. 
 
 Nicholas Nickleby. See Nickle- 
 
 BY, KiCHOLAS. 
 
 Nicholas, St. See St. Nicholas. 
 
 Nichols, "William, D.D., contro- 
 versial writer (b. 1664, d. 1712), wrote A 
 Commentary on the Book of Common 
 Prayer (1710) ; A Conference with a Theist 
 (1723) : The Religion of a Princf, A Short 
 History of Socinianism, and Dtfensio 
 Ecclesim Anglicance (q.y.). 
 
 Nichols, John, literary editor and 
 collector (b. 1744, d. 1826), published Brie/ 
 Memoirs of Mr. Bowyer (1778) ; Biographi- 
 cal Anecdotes of William Hogarth (1781) ; 
 Anecdotes of Bowyer and many <tf his 
 Literary Friends (1782) ; TJie Progresses . 
 and Pitblic Processions of Queen Elizabeth, 
 (1788—1807) ; The History and Antiquities 
 of the Town and County of Leicester (1795 — 
 1815) ; Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth - 
 Century (1812 — 15), (q.v.); Ilhtstrdtions of 
 the Literary History of the Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury (1817—58); Progresses, Processimis, and 
 Magnificent Festivities of King James the 
 First, &c. (1828) ; editigns of the Letter of 
 Sir Bichard Steele and Bishop Atterbury ; 
 Bibtiothecm Topographiea Britannica; and 
 many other works, a list of which may be- 
 read in The Gentlemxtn^s Magazine for 
 Decembei:, 182S.'- In that number ap- 
 
470 
 
 NIC 
 
 NIG 
 
 peered a Memoir of John Nichols, by 
 Alexander Chalmers, and some brief 
 memorials were printed, for piivate ciri 
 culation, in 1804; 
 
 Nichols, John Bower, son of the 
 preceding (b. 1779, d. 186 i), edited the fifth, 
 sixth, seventh, and eighth volumes of the 
 Illusf-rationSf and published Anecdoten of 
 Hogarth flSSS), Historical Notices of Font- 
 hill and its Abbet/t London Pat/eantSy The 
 London Guildhall, Collectanea Topogram 
 phica and Oeneal'ogica ; and other works, 
 
 Nichols, John G-ough, son of tlic 
 
 ?irecedinK (b. 1806), was, like his grand- 
 ather, editor of The Oentleman's Maga- 
 zine, and published Autographs of Perso}i- 
 ages Conspicuous in English Histori/ (1829), 
 besides editing various works for the 
 Camden Society and the Roxburgh Club. 
 
 Nicholson, Margaret, Posthu- 
 mous Fragments of : " being Poems found 
 among the Papers of that noted Female, 
 who attempted the lite of the King in 
 1786." This little volume, publfshed in 
 ISIO, under tlie editorship of " John Fitz- 
 victor," was the work of Percy Bysshe 
 Shelley and Thomas Jeffieraon Hogg, and 
 Intentionally characterised by the wildest 
 extravagance. "This farrago of bur- 
 lesqued revolutionary commonplaces was 
 accepted," says W. M. Knsaetti, "in good 
 faith, and even admired, by university 
 men." 
 
 Nicholson, 'William, Arcliliisliop 
 of Cashel (b. 1655, d. 1727), published Leges 
 Marchiarum : or, Borders Li-ws , and Ais- 
 iorical Libraries — of England (1714), Scot- 
 lan.l (1702), and Ireland (1724). The last 
 three were re-published, in a corrected and 
 amended form, in 1736. His Letters on 
 Various Subjects were edited by Nichols 
 ill 1809 ; and among his minor works are 
 A TVeatise on the Laws of Anqlo-Saxons, A 
 Xfescription of Poland and Venmark, and 
 some pamphlets on the Bangorian con- 
 -troversy. 
 
 Nicholson, William. See Bkownie 
 OF Blednoch. 
 
 Nickleby, Nicholas. A novel 
 by Charles Dickens (1812—1870), the 
 first monthly number of which appeared 
 on March 31 , 18.3^. It extended to twenty 
 numbers, and was issued in a complete 
 foim ill 1839. In the preface the author 
 mentions how he first came to bear of the 
 
 fross mismanagement carried on in the 
 orkshire schools, which he afterwards 
 described in tiie novel, and how he de- 
 termined to go down and see what they 
 were like. His description is too lengthy 
 to be quoted here, but, unlike most pre- 
 faces, should be read before the body of 
 the work. Nicholas Nicklebii was very 
 successful, and Is said to have brought 
 the writer £3,000. Sydney Smith, wiltuig 
 to Sli G«orge FhlUps in 1838, ajdd :>- 
 
 " Nicldebu is very good. I stood oiit 
 against Mr. Dickens as long as I could, but 
 ' lie has conquered me." A dramatic ver- 
 sion of the novel, by Mis. Edward Stir- 
 ling, wnjj produced in the same year at tha 
 Adelphi, London. Among the character; 
 are Mrs., Kate, and K^ph Nickleby ; 
 Smike (q.v.) ; Newman Noggs (q.v.) ; 
 Squeers (q.v.) ; Sir Mulberry Hawk iq.v.) ; 
 the Brothers Cheeryble.(q.v.) ; John Brow- 
 die (q.v.) J Lord Verisopht (q.v.) ; Arthur 
 Gride (q.v.) ; Crummies (q.v.) ; Miss La 
 Creevy (q.v.) ; Lillyvlck (q.v.) ; and Man- 
 talini (q.v.). 
 
 Nicodemus. A miracle -piny 
 founded on the' apocryphal gospel of that 
 name, and considered to be the oldest ex- 
 tant specimen of that kind of composition, 
 and is to be found among the Harleian 
 MSS. (No. 2253) in the British Museum. It 
 is ascribed by Collier to the earlier part of 
 Edward lll.'s reign. It is founded on th^ 
 sixteenth ciiapter of the gospel referred to^ 
 and relates to the descent of Christ into 
 hell, to liberate from thence Adam, Eve, 
 John the Baptist, and the Prophets. 
 
 Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris, 
 
 genealogist and antiquai-ian (b. 1799, d. 
 1848), published among otherworks, a Life 
 of JVilliam Davison (1823) ; Notitia HiSr 
 torica (1824) ; A Si/nopsis of the Peerage of 
 England (1825) ; Testamenta Vetusta (1826) ; 
 History of the Toton and School of Rugby 
 (1827) ; Lives of Isaal; Walton and Charles 
 Cotton (1837) ; History of the Orders qf 
 Knighthood of the British Empire (1842) ; 
 and Life and .Times .of Sir Christopher 
 Hutton ' (1847). Sir Harris for some time 
 edited TAe Retrospective Review. 
 
 NicoU, Robert, Scottish poet (b. 
 1814, d. 1837), published his first and last 
 volume of Poems in 1S35. " Since then it 
 has passed into several editions. Nicoll 
 was editor of The Leeds Times from 1835 
 to 1837. His verse was f ifll of promise. 
 
 Nigel, the Fortunes of. A 
 
 novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 
 1822. 
 
 Nigelus 'Wireker, precentor of 
 Canterbuiy (circa 1190). See SpjJcULUit 
 Stultokum. 
 
 Night. A poem by Charles 
 Churchill (1731—1764), in the form of an 
 Epistle to Robert Lloyd, and intended as a 
 vindication of his course of life. '* The 
 philosophy- of tliis poem," says Uannay, 
 *' is the philosophy of what we now cjill 
 Bohemianism, and rests on the principle 
 that the vices of a generous man are 
 better than those of a hypocrite ; as if no 
 tliird alternative were possible, and man- 
 kind were divided into good fellows who 
 were profligate, and prudent, decorous 
 men without wit or heart." 
 
 Night. A poem by James Mokt- 
 QOIutuv (1771— 18E4), begluulug :— 
 
Nia 
 
 NIN 
 
 471 
 
 ** NizM is the time for rest ; 
 
 now sweet, when labours close, 
 To eather round an aching hreost 
 The curtain of rcpo&c.''^^ 
 
 Night and Morning. A novel 
 "by Ez>WATtD, Lord Lytton, publislied in 
 1841. 
 
 « Night ! How beautiful is." 
 
 See *' How beautiful is kioht !" 
 
 Night, On. A sonnet by Joseph 
 Blanco White (1775—1841), considered by 
 Bome critics the best in the language. It 
 begins : — 
 
 *' Mysterious Night I when our first parent knew 
 Thee from report divine, and heard thy name, 
 Did he not tremble for this lovely frame, 
 This glorious canopy of light and blue ?" 
 
 Night Piece on Death, The. A 
 
 reflective poem by Thomas Parnkli,. 
 Goldsmith seems to have preferred it to 
 Gray's JSlegy. 
 
 . Night Side of Nature, The : 
 "or. Ghosts and Ghost Seers.'' A coUec- 
 tloii of mysterious stories by Mrs. 
 Catherine Crowe (b. 1800), published in 
 1^18, some of them derived from the Ger- 
 man, and others from supernatural ever.ts 
 said to have occun-ed in England. It is 
 not pretended that their authenticity is 
 unquestionable, but the book is, never- 
 theless, an interesting treasury of curious 
 narratives, and is still read by those who 
 naturally. delight in details of extraor- 
 dinary dreams, presentiments, et id genus 
 omne. The same maybe said of the above 
 authoress's book, entitled. Light and 
 Darkness : or, Mysteries of Life, 
 
 "Night (The), joint labourer 
 with the da.y."— Hamlet, act i., scene 1. 
 
 Night thoughts. See Complaint, 
 The. 
 
 Night, To. A lyric by Peect 
 Bysshe Shelley, written in 1821. It 
 begins ; — 
 
 •' Swiftly walk over the western wave. 
 Spirit of Night ! 
 Out of the misty eastern cave 
 There, all the long and lone daj 
 
 Thou wovest dreams of joy and fear 
 Which make thee terrible and dear. 
 Swift be thy flight." 
 
 "Night's candles are burned 
 
 out." — Romeo and Juliet, act iii., scene 5. 
 Nightingale, Ode to a. This 
 poem, by John Keats (1796—1821), " was 
 written,'* Bays Leigh Hunt, " in a house 
 at the foot of Highgate Hill, on the border 
 of the Uelds looking towards Harapsteatl. 
 The poet had then his mortal illness upon 
 him, and knew it ; never was the voice of 
 death sweeter. 
 
 •• Thou wnst not bom for death immortal Bird I 
 No hungry generations t ead thee down ; 
 
 'Thevbicc I hear this passing ui^ht was heard 
 
 In ancient days by emperor and clown i 
 
 ' iFerhaps Oie«clx-same song that found a path 
 
 »' Tlvough th« wd heuxt ot Buth. when, sick tSt 
 
 She stood in tears amid the alien com i 
 The same that ofttimes hath 
 Charm'd magic casements, bpening on the foam 
 Of perilous seas, in faery laiids forlorn." 
 
 Nightingale, The: "a Conversa- 
 tion Poem," by Samuel Taylor Cole- 
 RIDGR ; written in April, 1798. In thie 
 poem occurs the lines : — 
 
 '* * Most musical, most melancholy ' bird I 
 A melancholy bird I Oh, idle thouent ! 
 In nature tliere is nothing melancholy " 
 
 On this Coleridge commented in the fol- 
 lowing note :— " This passage in Milton is 
 spoken in the character of a melancholy 
 man, and has therefore a dramatic pro- 
 priety. The author makes this remark to 
 rescue himself from the charge of having, 
 alluded with levity to a line in Milton.*? 
 See " Most Musical, Most Melak* 
 
 CHOLY." 
 
 " Nightingale's high note is 
 
 heard. The." — Byron, Parisinaf stanza 1. 
 
 Nightmare Abbey. A novel by 
 Thomas Love Peacock (1785 — 1867), 
 first published in 1818. Among the char- 
 acters are Cypress, Flosky , Glowry, Larynxy^ 
 Listless, and Scythrop, all of which see, ■ 
 
 Nimrod. Tlie nam de plume of 
 Charles James AppERLEY(q.v.), a well- 
 known sporting writer, 
 
 "Nine days' -wonder. A," A 
 
 popular and proverbial expression, to 
 which allusion is made in John Fletch- 
 er's play entitled The Noble Gentle' 
 man, act ill., scene 4, and in Quarles's 
 £m.Mems, book i. , viii. Hamilton AIDE 
 has written a comedy under this title. 
 
 Nine 'VSTorthiea of London, 
 
 The : " explaining the honourable ■ exer- 
 cise of Armes, the Vertues of the Valiant,, , 
 and the Memorable Attempts of Magnani- 
 mous Minds.'* A poem by Bichard 
 Johnson (1570—1630), published in 1592. 
 
 Nineveh, The Fall of. A poem 
 
 by Edwin Atherstone (1788 — 1872), the 
 first six books of which were published in 
 1828, and seven additional books in 1830, 
 the whole being completed in thirty books 
 in 1847. It received the cordial approba- 
 tion of Lord Jeffrey, and it is said to have 
 suggested many hints to the painter Mar'^ 
 tin for his famous picture on the same 
 subject. 
 
 Ninth Bridgevrater Treatise, A, 
 by Charles Baebage (1792— 1871); pub- 
 lished in 1837, and " designed at once to , 
 refute an opinion supposed to be implied 
 in the first volume of that series : that 
 ardent devotion to mathematical studies 
 is unfavourable to faith ; and also to give 
 specimens of the defensive aid which 
 the evidences of Christianity may receive ^ 
 from the science of numbers." 
 
 " Ninth part of a hair, 111 cavil 
 oni)xe:'^King. Henry IV., '&9xt i., act iU./ 
 scene 1. . < 
 
472 
 
 NIO 
 
 NOB 
 
 "Niobe (Like), aU tears."— 
 Hamlet, act 1., scene 2. 
 
 "Niobe (The) of nations." — 
 
 Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, can- 
 to iv., stanza 79. This description is ap- 
 plied to Home. 
 
 Nipper, Susan, in Dickens's 
 novel of Domhey and Son (q.v.), is servant 
 to Florence Dombey (q.v.). 
 
 "No cloud, no relique of the 
 
 sunken day." — The Nightingale (q.v.), by 
 Sasiuel Taylor Coleridge. 
 
 No Cross, no Cro'n'n. A dis- 
 course by William Penn (1644 — 1718), 
 ' " showing the Nature and Biscipline of 
 the Holy Christ," and published in 1669. 
 It is the most popular of the writer's re- 
 ligious productions, and was written dur- 
 ing his imprisonment in the Tower, where 
 he had been sent for publishing a book 
 called The Sandy Fowndation SKaken- 
 
 "No hammers fell, no ponder- 
 ous axes rung." A line in Heber's poem 
 of Palestine (q.v.), which, together with 
 its companion, 
 
 " Like Eome toll palm the mystic fabric sprung." 
 was added by the poet on the suggestion 
 of Sir Walter Scott that he had neglected 
 to mention how, in the erection of Solo- 
 mon's Temple, no tools had been used. 
 CowPER, in describing the palace of ice, 
 built for the Empress Cathe'rine of Russia, 
 had written in very similar tei-ms (Tke 
 Task, book v.) :— 
 
 *' Silently as a dream the mystic fabric rose : 
 No sound of hammer or of saw was there." 
 
 "No je'weird beauty Is my 
 
 love." A lyrlo by Gerrad Massby (b. 
 1828). 
 
 " No more of that, Hal, an thou 
 lovest me."— King Henry IV., part i., act 
 U., scene 4. 
 
 " No more shall meads be 
 deck'd with flowers." — 77je Proieatatitm, 
 by Thomas Carew (1589—1639). 
 
 "No, no, fair heretic; it needs 
 must be." A song by Sir John Suck- 
 ling (1609—1641). 
 
 No Pleasure 'without Fain. A 
 
 Jyrio by Sir Walter Releigh. printed in 
 tThe Paradise of Dainty Devices (1576). 
 See Hannah's Courtly Poets, 
 
 No Thoroughfare. Tlie title of 
 the Christmas number of AU the Year 
 'Jiound for 1867, written by Charles 
 Dickens (1S12— 1870) and Wilkie Col- 
 lins (b. 1824). It was afterwards drama- 
 tised by the authors. 
 
 " No stir in the air, no stir in' 
 the sea." First line of Soctbev's Inch- 
 tojpt Bock. 
 
 No Treasure Tirithout Glad- 
 ness. A lyric by William Dunbar, 
 printed in Lord Hailes' Scottish Poems. 
 
 No "Wit, no Help, like a 
 
 Woman's. A comedy by Thomas Mid- 
 DLETON, written in 1657. 
 
 Noah's Flood. A sacred pnem 
 by Michael Drayton, printed in 1627. 
 
 "Nobility's true badge." See 
 
 " Mercy is," &c. 
 
 "Nobility, Our old." See 
 
 England's Trust. 
 
 "Noble (A) of Nature's own 
 
 creating." — Thomson, CorioUmus, act ill., 
 scene 3. * 
 
 " Noble (And to be), we'U be 
 good."— Bishop Percy, Winifreda. So 
 Tennyson {Lady Clara Vere de Vere) :— 
 
 " 'Tis only noble to be good." 
 
 Noble, Mark, nntiquarian writer 
 (d. 1827), published, among other works, A 
 Genealogical History of the Royal Families 
 of Europe (1781), Memoirs of the Protecto- 
 rate House of Cromwell' iXl%^, a History of 
 the College of Arms (1805), and a continual 
 tion of Granger's liiographical Dictionary 
 of England. 
 
 Noble Numbers : " or, Pious 
 Pieces." A collection of poems by Robert 
 Herrick, published in 1647. 
 
 " Noblemen, gentlemen, gig- 
 men, and men." The four- classes into 
 which, according to Carlyle {Essay on 
 Johnson), mankind has been said to be di- 
 vided. 
 
 " Nobler loves and nobler 
 
 cares. Who gave us." — Wordsworth, 
 Personal Talk, stanza 4, * 
 
 " Nobles and heralds, by your 
 leave." — First line of Prior's Epitaph on 
 Himself— 
 
 " Here lies what once was Matthew Prior, 
 The Eon of Adam and of Eve ; 
 Can Stuart or Nassau claim higher I " 
 
 "Noblest mind the best con- 
 tentment has. The." A line in Spenser's 
 Ea^rie Queene, book i., canto 1, stanza 35. 
 
 " Noblest Roman of them all, 
 
 This was the."— Julius Casar, act v., 
 
 scene 5. 
 
 " Noblest work of God, The." 
 
 See " Honest man's." 
 
 "Nobly, nobly Cape St. Vin- 
 cent to the north-west died away." First 
 lineof 7/omc Tluyughtsfrom tlte Sea, a,lytia, 
 by Robert Browning. 
 
 Npbody, Little John. S«». 
 Little John Kobodt. 
 
NOB 
 
 NOB 
 
 473' 
 
 "Nobody seemed one penny 
 
 the worse.'* — Bakham, Ingoldsby Legends, 
 *' The Jackdaw of Rheims." 
 
 Noctes Ambrosianae. A eeries 
 of imaginary converBatioiis, seventy-one in 
 number, contributed to Blackwood's Mag- 
 azine between the years 1822 and 18^. 
 Of these thirty-nine were from the pen of 
 Professor John "Wilson (1785—1854), and 
 were re-published, with notes, by Profes- 
 sor Ferner, in the edition of the Works 
 published by the latter in 1855—58. The 
 conversations were supposed to take place 
 between Christopher North (Wilson) , Tick- 
 ler (Sym), the Ettrick Shepherd (Hogg), 
 and others, in the " blue parlour " of a 
 tavern, kept by one Ambrose, and situated 
 at the back of Princes Street, close to ihe 
 Register Office, Edinburgh. Hence the 
 title, Nofites Ambrosiance, But as Profes- 
 sor Ferrier says, a too literal interpreta- 
 tion is not to be given to the scene of these 
 festivities. ** Ambrose's Hotel was, in- 
 deed, < a local habitation and a name,' 
 and many were the meetings which Pro- 
 fessor Wilson and his friends had within. 
 Its walls. But the true Ambrose's must 
 be looked for only in the realms of the 
 Imagination. The veritable scene of the 
 ' Anibrosian Nights * existed nowhere but 
 in their author's brain." The following is 
 the running motto in the Nodes : — 
 •* This ia a distich by wise old PhocylideSj 
 An ancient, who wrote crabbed Greek in no silly 
 
 days : 
 Meaning * 'Tis right for good wine-bibbing people, 
 Not to let the jug pace round the board like a 
 
 cripple. 
 But gaily to chat while djecussing their tipple.' 
 An excellent rule of the hearty old cock 'is— 
 And a very fit motto to put on our Noctes." 
 
 A selection from the NocteSf compiled by 
 J. HUl Burton, appeared in 1876, with an 
 introduction, *' In spite,'* says Brimley, 
 " of the inevitable effect of the lapse of 
 years upon papers discussing so largely 
 topics and people of temporary Interest, 
 such is the high quality of the genius 
 lavished upon them, that the public will 
 read by far the larger portion of the Nodes 
 with as much delight as at first. They ap- 
 pear now with a claim to rank as Englit-h 
 classics— as the choicest production of 
 their author, one of the most highly-en- 
 dowed men of his time." Another selec- 
 tionarrangedby JohnSkelton, was pub- 
 lished in 1876, under the title of The Comedy 
 of the Nodes Ambrosian^. * 
 
 " Nodding corn, "Wreathed 
 
 with."— BUBNS, The Brigs o* Ayr, 
 
 "Nodding violet. The."— ^ 
 
 Midsummer Night's Dream, act ii. , scene 2. 
 " Nods and becks and wreath- 
 ed smiles." Line 28 in Milton's poem of 
 L* Allegro (cL.v.). 
 
 Noel-Fearn, Reverend Henry 
 
 Christmas), miscellaneous writer and 
 translator (b. 18ll, d. 1868) ; published 
 
 The Cradle of the Twin GlantSf Science 
 and History^ Preachers and Preaching, and 
 other works, 
 
 Noggs, Newman. Clerk to Ralph 
 Nlckleby in I>ickens's novel of Nicholas 
 Nickleby (q.v.). 
 
 ''Noiseless falls the foot of 
 
 Time." See " Foot of Time." 
 
 "None but himself can be his 
 
 parallel." A line in Theobald's Do«6ie 
 
 li'alsehood. 
 
 " None but the brave deserves 
 
 the fair." See "Brave deserves the 
 FAIR, None but The." 
 
 " None so poor to do him rev- 
 erence, And." — Julius Ccesar, act iii., scene 
 2. 
 
 " None think the great unhap- 
 py but the great." — Young, The Love of 
 Famci satire i., liiie 238. 
 
 Nongtongpa*^. A comic ballad 
 by Charles Dibdin (ITIS- 1814). 
 
 " ' Je V0113 n'entends pas, Monsieur.' 
 ' What, Nongtongpaw again I ' cried John." 
 
 Nonjuror, The. A comedy by 
 CoLLEY CiBBEB (1671-1757), produced in 
 1717, and founded on the Tartuffe of Mo- 
 lifere. It was dedicated to the King, who 
 immediately rewarded the author with a 
 present of two hundred pounds, and, 
 eventually, with the appointment of poet- 
 laureate. 
 
 Nonsence upon Sence, Th e 
 
 Essence, Quintessence, Insence, Inno- 
 cence, Lifesence. and Magnificence of, by 
 John Taylor, the "Water Poet" (1650— 
 1654); published in 1653 :— 
 " The impartiallest satyre that ever ■was eeei}. 
 
 That speaks truth without fear, or ilattery, or 
 spleen . 
 
 Read ns you list, commend it, or come mend it ; 
 
 The man that pen'd it did with Finis end it." 
 
 " Nooks to lie and read in." — 
 liEiGH HuXT, The Story of Rimini. 
 
 " Nonsense -well tuned and 
 
 sweet stupidity," — Tickell, To Mr, Ad' 
 
 dison. 
 
 "Noon of night, The." — Ben 
 
 JoxsoM, Sejanus, act v., scene 6. The 
 same expression occurs in Dante. 
 
 " Noon to dewy eve, From." — 
 
 Ptwadise Lost, book i., line 743. 
 
 Norden, John {b. 16i8, d. 1625), 
 was the author of The Sinful Man's Solace 
 (1585) ; Specuhtm Britannia (1593); A Pro- 
 gresse of Pietie (1596); Storehouse of Va- 
 rieties; an ^legiacall Poeme {IQOl); Gnyde 
 for English i'a/vailers (1925), and other- 
 works. 
 
 Norfolchiae descriptionis Im- 
 pugnatio, by John of St. Omeu (circi^ 
 1197), is an answer, in rhyming verse, to a 
 satire upon Korfolk, written by a monk of- 
 
474 
 
 NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 Peterborough, and entitled i>c5erip/*o J^Tor- 
 
 /olciensiuvi, 
 
 Normandy, Marquis of, Con- 
 
 Btanline Henry Phippa (b. 1T9T, d. 1563), 
 
 .published among other works, A Tear of 
 
 JtesoliiHmi (1856), The Congrass and th6 
 ■Cabinet (18D9), Louise de Bourbon (1861), 
 and two novels, Matilda (1825), and res or 
 No (1818). 
 
 Norna, in Sir Wai-ter Scott's 
 'novel of The Pirate (q.v.), is intended '* to 
 be an instance of that singular kind of in- 
 sanity, durin;; which the patient, while 
 she or he retains much subtlety and ad- 
 dress ior imposing upon others, is still 
 more ingenious in endeavouring to impose 
 upon themselves." 
 
 Norris, Edwin, otlinoloffist and 
 
 Shilologist (b. 1795), edited Prickard's 
 Tatural History of Man (1855), The Ancient 
 Cornish Drama (1859) and, with Sir H. C. 
 Kawlhison, A SelectKynfrom the Historical 
 Inscrhttimis of Chalaea, Assi/riat and 
 Jiabyionia (1861), He contributed largely 
 to the Transactions of the Boyal Society. 
 
 Norris, John, tlieologian and Pla- 
 tonic philosopher (b. 1657, d. 1711), wrote 
 The Picture of Love Unveiled (1682) ; The 
 Idea of Happiness (1688), The Theory and 
 Hegulation of Love (1688), Reflections on the 
 Conduct of Human Life (1690), Cursory Pe- 
 flections on a Book called an Essay con- 
 ceminff Human Understanding (1690), 
 Practical Discourses on the Beati'ud'S 
 (1090'^, Account of Peason and Faith in re- 
 lation to the Mysteries of Christianity (1697), 
 and The Theory of the Ideal or Intelliqible 
 World (1701). Sea- Sir K. AVaring's 'Quid 
 sit Amor, See Happixf.ss, The Idea of; 
 Ideal and Intelliqible World ; 
 X.OVE Unveiled. 
 
 North, Christopher. Tlie vom 
 de plume under which Professor John "Wil- 
 son (q.v.) contributed to the pages of Black- 
 wood's Magazine. It first arose in connec- 
 tion with "his Noctes Amhrosianm (q.v.). 
 " Tlie whole literature of England," says 
 Alison, " does not contain a more brilliant 
 series of articles than those with which he 
 [> Cliristopher North '1 has enriched the 
 pages of Blackwood's Magazine ; and, 
 which is rarer still, the geneiosity of feel- 
 ing by which they are distinguished equals 
 ■ttieir critical acuteness and delicacy of 
 taste." See The Becreations of Christopher 
 North. Tennypon has a lyric inscribed To 
 Christopher North, 
 
 North Briton, The. A paper start- 
 ed in 1762 bv John Wilkes (1727—1797), 
 and used by him as the medium for attacks 
 upon the successive ministries of Lord 
 Bute and Greville. In his 45th number, 
 afterwards so famous, he dared to accuse 
 the king of uttering a falsehood from the 
 throne, and was arrested and committed 
 tp the Tower, from which, however, hia 
 
 status as a member of Parliament caused 
 him speedily to be released. 
 
 North-East "Wind, Ode to the, 
 
 by the Eev. Charles Kingsley (1819— 
 1875), begins— 
 
 " ■We^comc^ wild North-Eoster I 
 Shame it is to see 
 Odes to every zephyr. 
 Ne'er a verac to tliec.'* 
 
 North, Roger, biographer and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1550, d. 1733), pub- 
 lished Lives of the Right Hon. Francis 
 North, Baron of Guildford; Sir Dudley 
 North, and the Hon. and Rev. Dr. John 
 Norih(n42 — 4); Examen; an Inmdry into 
 the Credit ana Veracity of a Pretended 
 Compleat History of England [by Bishop 
 Kennet] (17-10); A Discourse on the Study ^ 
 the Laws (1824); and Memoirs of Musicf:^ 
 edited by D. Ilimbault in 1836). 
 
 North, Sir Thomas, translator 
 (temp. Queen Mary), published rersions of 
 the works' of Do.ii and Guevara, but is 
 chiefly known as the author of that trans- 
 lation of the Lives of Plutarch (q.v.), whicli 
 Shakespeare followed in so many of his 
 finest plays. It was made from the French 
 of Am^ot, and the first edition was piib* 
 lished in 1579 ; the eighth or uiuth being 
 issued in 1676. 
 
 Northampton, Marquis of. 
 
 Spencer Joshua Alwyne Compton (b. 1790, 
 d. '1851'), published a volume of Poems 
 called The Tribute, 
 
 Northamptonshire Foet, The. 
 
 A name bestowed on John Clake (q.v.), 
 \^o was born at Helpstone in Northamp- 
 tonshire. See Peasant Bard. 
 
 Northanger Abbey. A novel by 
 Jane Austek, published in 181B, after her 
 death (1817). 
 
 Northcote, James (b. 1746, d. 
 1331), wrote biographies of Sir Joshua Rey- 
 nolds (1813), and Titian (1820) ; One Hun-^ 
 dred Fables : Original and Selected (1828);" 
 and was an extensive contributor to peri- 
 odical literature. See The Converaationg 
 of James Northcote^ by Hazlitt (1830). 
 
 Northern Farmer, The: "Old 
 Style." A humorous poem in the York- 
 shire dialect by Aufked Tekxyson. Its 
 
 companion pictui-e. The NortJurn Fai'mer : 
 New Style, is equally effective as a tour de 
 force. The " old style *• farmer prides 
 himself upon having " stubb'd Thomaby 
 waSste." The " new style " hears nothing 
 but " jtroputty *' in the sound of his 
 horses' hoofs :— 
 
 ** Cootn up, proputty, proputty— that's what I 'ears 
 'jiii floAy— 
 Proputty. proputty, proputty— canterau', canter 
 Qwatty." 
 
 Norton, AndretTT-s, American 
 theological writer (b. 1786), published 
 Evidences of the Gemcineness qf the Gospel 
 (1837, 1844, and 1850), Reasons for Jiot Me* 
 
NOB 
 
 NOR 
 
 475 
 
 lievinff the Doctrines of THnitaria'ns coti- 
 cemingtke Nature of God and the Person 
 ef Christ (1S33), aiid Tracts concerning 
 Christianity (1852). 
 
 Norton, John. See Okdinal, The. 
 
 Norton, Lady Prances (b. 1650, 
 d. 1720), was the author of Memento Mori. 
 
 Norton, The Hon. Mrs. Caro- 
 line Elizabeth S.. Lady Maxwell, poet and 
 iittvelist (b. about 1808, d. 187;), published 
 The Dandie's Itout ; The Sorrows ofJIosa- 
 lie (1829) ; The Undijhig One (1831) ; The 
 . Coquette, and Oilier Stories (1834); The 
 Wife and Woman's Seward (183S) ; The 
 Dream, and Other Poems (1840) ; The Child 
 qfthe Islands (1845) ; Aunt Camfs Ballads 
 (1847) ; The Martyr (1849) ; AJiesidence in 
 Sierra Leone (1849) ; Tales and Sketches, in 
 Prose aiid Verse (1850— identical with The 
 Coquette) : Stuart of Dunleath (1851) ; Eng- 
 lish Laws of Custom and Marriage for 
 Women of the 19JA Century (1854) ; Letter 
 to the Queen on the Marriage atid Divorce 
 Mill (1855) ; The Lady of La Garaye (1861); 
 Lost and Saved (1863) : Old Sir Douglas 
 (1868). 
 
 Norton, Thomas, dramatist (b. 
 1532, d. 1584). The first three acts .of 
 Gorboduc (q.v.) are assigned to this writer 
 by Collier. For particulars as to his life, 
 see "Wood's Athence Oxonienses ; and for a 
 list of his very unimportant fugitive 
 pieces, see Lowndes's Bibliographer's 
 Manual, Among them are twenty-eight 
 Psalms in- the version published by Stern- 
 hold and Hopkins. " If," says wai^ton, 
 " we may judge -from his sliare in our 
 metricarpsalmody, he seems to have been 
 much more properly qualified to share in 
 the miserable mediocrity of Sternhold's 
 stanza ; and to write spiritual rhymes for 
 the Solace of his illuminated brethren, 
 than to reach the bold and impassioned 
 elevations of tragedy." Norton had at 
 least one admirer in Jasper Hey wood, who 
 ■wrote in 1560 : — 
 
 ** There Norton's dittieg do delight." 
 
 Nerval. An atred peasant and his 
 son in Houe's play of Douglas (q.v.). 
 
 , " Norval, My name is." See 
 Douglas. 
 
 . Norwynne. See Katube and 
 Alt*. 
 
 Nosce Teipsum : "Tin's Or.aele 
 expounded in two Elegies. 1. Of Humane 
 Knowledge ; 2. Of the Soule of Man, and 
 the Iramortalitie thereof." By Sir John 
 Davies (1570—1626). It was published in 
 1599. " It is a wonderful instance," says 
 George MacDonald, *' of what can be done 
 for metaphysics in verse." 
 
 Not a drum -v^as heard, not a 
 
 funeral note." The first line of Wolfe's 
 ballad on The Burial of Sir John Moore 
 
 Not-browne Mayde, The. Tfie 
 old ballad, written about 1600 — 1550, on 
 which Matthew Peiob founded his 
 Henry and Bmtna (q.v.). The ballad 
 belongs to the end of the fifteenth century, 
 and tells the story of a baron's daughter 
 who was wooed by an earl's son in the 
 guise of " a squ^yer of lowe degree," much 
 as the heroine m Tennyson's ballad was 
 woed by the Lord of Burleigh as a land- 
 scape painter. When, however, she has 
 been sufaciently tested, and agrees to fly 
 with him to the woods, the truth is revealed 
 to her. ' I 
 
 " Not in mortals to command 
 
 success, *Tis," — Addison, Cato — 
 
 " But we'll do more, Sempronius, we'll deserve it,'* 
 
 "Not in- the vein, I am." — King 
 Jiichard TIL, act iv., scene 2. 
 
 "Not lost, but gone before." 
 
 See " Lost (Not)." 
 
 Not so Bad as we Seem., A 
 
 comedy, in five acts, written by Lord Lyt* 
 TOM" for performance, in 1851, by an ama- 
 teur company of players, including Charles 
 Dickens, John Forster, Douglas Jerrold, 
 Mark Lemon, Augustus Egg, and others, 
 who acted in several towns of England in 
 aid of the funds of the " Guild of Literatu're 
 and Art." See the Life of Dickens by 
 Forster. 
 
 "Not to do it, Ho-wr." A phrase 
 used by Dickers in his novel of Little 
 Dorrit, chapter x. ; where he says ; — 
 ** Whatever was required to be done, the. 
 Circumlocution Office (q.v.) was beforehand 
 with all the public departments in the art 
 of perceiving how not to do it," 
 
 "Note of, "When found, make 
 a." — ^Dickens, Dombey and Son, chap. xv. 
 
 " Notes, a chiel's amang you 
 
 takin'. " See Chiel's Xmakq ye ''and 
 Grose's Pekegrikatioks. 
 
 Notes and Queries. A medium 
 of Intercommunication for literary men 
 and general readers, founded in 1849 by "W. 
 J. Thoms, who acted as editor until 1872. 
 It then passed itito the hands of Sir C. "W". 
 Dllke, and the editorship was transferred ^ 
 to Dr. Doran. 
 
 "Notes by distance made more 
 
 sweet, In." — CoLLixs, T/'ie Passions. Com- 
 pare with Campbell's "Distance lends 
 enchantment" (q.v.). 
 
 " Nothing, Airy." — A Midsummer 
 Night's Dream, act v., scene 1. 
 
 Nothing, an Essay on. by Hugo 
 Arsot (1749-1786), was published in 1777. 
 
 "Nothing extenuate, nor set 
 down aught In malice." — Othello, act v., 
 scene U, 
 
476 
 
 NOT 
 
 NOV 
 
 "ITothing if not critical." See 
 '* Cbitical." 
 
 "ITothing in his life became 
 
 him like tlie ieaviiig it."~Macbeth, act i., 
 
 806110 4. 
 
 *' Nothing long." See "Every- 
 thing BY STABTS." 
 
 " Nothing, O Mighty." — Cba- 
 BHAW, Steps to the Temple— 
 
 " Unto thcc. 
 ^othing, we owe all thiDga that be." 
 
 Nothing, Ode to: "with Notes, 
 by Trismegustus liustifucius, D-D.,'' i.e.. 
 Thomas Mooke, the poet. A political 
 squib which, was very succeeeful. 
 
 Nothing, On. A poem by John 
 WiLMOT, Earl of Rochestek (1647 — 1680), 
 which JohnBon charaoteriseu as " the 
 strongest effort of his muse. He is not 
 the first who has chosen this barren topic 
 for the boast of his fertility. There is a 
 poem called Nihil, in Latin, by Passerat^a 
 poet and critic of the sixteenth century in 
 ITrance." Among the Beventeeu verses of 
 which the poem consists are these : — 
 
 *' Nothing, who dwell'st with fools in grave disguise. 
 For whom they reverend Bhapes nnd forms devise, 
 Lawn BlecvcB, and furs, and gowns, whea they^ 
 like thee look .wise. 
 
 "French truth, Dutch proweap^ British policy, 
 .Hibernian learning, Scotch civility, 
 Spaniards* dispatch, Danes* wit, are mainly seen 
 in thee."^ 
 
 " Nothing "went unre-warded 
 
 but desert." — Dsydek, Absalom and Achi- 
 topliel. 
 
 ''Nothings, Laboured." - See 
 
 "Labouked Nothings." 
 
 Nothing to Wear : " an Episode 
 of City Life." A satirical poem by Wiir- 
 liiAM ALLE.N Butler, an American wri- 
 ter (b. 1826); written in 1857. See Mo- 
 Flimsey, Floka. 
 
 " Nothing's so dainty s-weet as 
 lovely melancholy." The last line of a 
 famous song, beginnings— 
 
 " Hence, all you vain delights," 
 
 in Fletcher's play of The New Valour^ 
 act iii, scenes. See Melancholy, The 
 Author's Abstract of. 
 
 "Noticeable man (A),- with 
 large grey eyes,"— Coleridge as described 
 by Wordsworth. 
 
 Nottingham Poet, The. A name 
 bestowed on Philip James Bailey (q.v.), 
 who was bom at Basford, near Notting- 
 liam. 
 
 Nourmahal. *' Tlie Light of the 
 Harem," in Moore's tale of that name,iu 
 Lalla MooJih (q.v.) ; beloved by Selim. 
 
 Nova Poetria. A treatise, in 
 LaLin hexameters, on the art of poetry, 
 written by Geoffrey be Vinesauf (circa 
 1198), and dedicated to Pope Innocent IIL 
 It is described as a dull and wearisome 
 poem, " only interesting," says Wright, 
 '* as being the key to the general style of 
 the Latin poetical writers of the 13bh cen- 
 tury, which was formed on the sales given 
 in this book." 
 
 Novalis. Tiie assumed name of 
 Friedbich von Hardenberg, the Ger- 
 man mystic (b. 1772, d. 1801j, whose Chris- 
 tianity in Europe and other works have 
 been translated into English. See Car- 
 lyle's Miscellaneous Essays. 
 
 Novel, My. See My Novel. 
 
 Novels, as a form of fiction, dis- 
 tinct, on the one hand, from pure Allegory 
 (q.v.), and, on the other, from pure Eo- 
 Viance (q.v.), may be said to have taken 
 their rise in England with the Kobert 
 Greene (q.v.), whose melancholy story is 
 one of the saddest episodes in Elizabethan 
 literature. This writer would seem to 
 have been first to attempt an approxima- 
 tion to the narratives of every-day charac- 
 ter and manners with which we are so' 
 familiar in this country. His works have 
 only the relation to pure novel-writing 
 which the grub has to the butterfiy, but 
 still they have that relation^ and the i'act 
 is to the honour of the writer, who gave 
 a decided imi)ulse to the s^rea4 of what 
 is now 80 universal. His first lineal de- 
 scendant was the Mrs. Aphra Behn (q.v.), 
 whose name is less known, perhaps, as 
 that of a novelist than as that of a writer, 
 of indecent plays.- Her most successful 
 fiction was a romance, but her novels, 
 though of little intrinsic merit, are inter- 
 esting as early specimens of their class. 
 As Professor Masson says, however, ** The 
 fact that she alone is now usually named 
 as representing the novel of the Restor- 
 ation, shows how little of the real talent 
 of the time took that particular direction." 
 Between this writer and Defoe there was 
 only one other novelist of any importance, 
 and that was Mts. Haywood (q.v.), who is • 
 denounced in 77/6 XHtnciad (q.v.) as a 
 " shameless scribbler ; " bat whose Metsu - 
 T/toier/A£/f5.<! had, itis said, at least the merit 
 of suggesting to Madame D'Arblay (q.v.) 
 the action of her Evelina (q.v.). Mrs. 
 Haywood died in 1756, and I'learly forty 
 years previously Defoe (q.v.) had published 
 his Moll Flanders (q.v.), the first of his 
 novels of contemporary life and character. 
 After that came Colonel Jack (q.v.) and 
 Jioxana (q.v.), both of them inimitable 
 pictures of low London existence, which 
 had the effect of putting the modern Eng- 
 lish novel oh a permanent footing. After 
 this, the stream flows on without inter^ 
 position until it assumes the flood-like 
 character of our own nineteenth century 
 fiction. Swift followed Defoe, but only ^ 
 
NOV 
 
 NOV 
 
 477 
 
 with a work which is a satirical allegory, 
 not a novel. Th& immediately legitimate 
 Buccessor of- Befoe was Kichaideoii (q,v.)» 
 whose Pamela (q.v.), Clarissa Marlowe 
 (q.v.). aiid Sir diaries GroAidison (q.v.) 
 took all England by storm. He introduced 
 into English hcliou what may be called the 
 Dutch method of painting, by patient 
 elaboration of detail in worics whose veiy 
 prolixity now prevents them from being 
 Tead, tliough full of amazing power. 
 Clarissa Harlowe has of late years been 
 condensed successfully ; but the others 
 are known to the modern public but by 
 name. The obtrusive morality of Pamela 
 suggested to Fielding (q-v.) his inimitable 
 Joseph Andreios (q.v.), in -which, as in 
 Amelia (q.v.) and Tom Jones (q.v.), the 
 writer draws the England of his day with 
 photographic accuracy, allied to a playful 
 humour of which Richardson knew noth- 
 ing. Fielding was eminently noticeable 
 for calling a spade a spade, but this impro- 
 priety had a frankness and geniality about 
 it foreign to that of Smollett (q.v.), whose 
 Roderick Random (q.v.), and Omnt Fathom 
 (q.v.), are disagreeably and unhealttiily 
 broad in treatment. But the former, like 
 Humphrey Clinker (q.v.), and Peregrine 
 Pickle (q.v.), contains an amount of splen- 
 did character-drawing which will always 
 Tender it at once valuable and readable. 
 Sterne's I'ristram Slidndy (q.v.) is rather 
 awhlm^cal rhapsody than a novel, but 
 iifbludes some g^phic pictures of English 
 life in his- day." !It lives in literature as a 
 masterly combination of suntiment, which, 
 alas ! is often tawdry, and of liumour 
 which is, unfortunately, broad. That the 
 age is not wholly to be blamed for Sterne's 
 indecencies is obvious from the fact that 
 only a few years elapsed before Tristram 
 Shandy was followed by The Vicar of 
 Wakefield (q.v.), the first of modem idylls, 
 and by no means the least pure— the flower 
 of the genius of Oliver Goldsmith (q.v-). 
 who was, above all things, natural, whether 
 in prose or verse. TotSis period belongs 
 Horace Walpole's Castle of Otranto (q.v.), 
 which led the way for Clara Beeve (qv.), 
 Mrs- Radcliffe (q-v.), " Monk " Lewis (q.v.), 
 and various other writers of romance. 
 The traditions of the novel proper were 
 maintained by writers like Henry Mac- 
 kenzie (q.v.), -whose Man of Feeling (q.v.) 
 had a wide popularity ; Madame B'Arblay 
 ((q.v.), the authoress of Evelina (q.v.) ; 
 Robert Bage (q.v.), Charlotte Smith (q.v.), 
 by Mrs. Inchbald (q.v,), whose Natv/re and 
 Art (q.v.) ought to be more widely known. 
 By-and-by came the delicate genius of Jane 
 Austen (q.v.) to excite the admiration of 
 Sir Walter Scott with her exquisite satires 
 on society, and Miss Edgewprth (q.v.) with 
 her wealth of improving rather than 
 agreeable narrative. Scott himself is equal- 
 ly noticeable aa a romancist and a novel- 
 ist, being, in the raa;iori'y of his works, 
 both combined, by which we mean that 
 even, in his professed romances ho has tl^ 
 
 closest possible grasp 6t real . life and 
 human character. kiQ was the founder 
 and perfecter of the historical novel, in 
 whichhe has been followed by Thackeray 
 (q.v.) and iiytton (q.v.), and, Longo inter' 
 vallOf by G. P. K. (James (q.v.), and Har- 
 rison Aiiisworth (q.v.). His favourite 
 hunting-giounds were mediaeval Europe 
 and the Scotland of his own and the pre- 
 ceding century. His great delight was, as 
 one ot his critics says, to blend the inter- 
 est of rdmantic adventure with that of 
 homely and humorous repiesentation of 
 manners. He and Dickens (q.v.) have 
 probably peopled the world with more 
 striking creatures of the imagination than 
 all other novelists put together. In the 
 generation that succeeded Scott, novel- 
 writing became more widely spread than 
 ever, and the name of novelists during that 
 period is legion. Professor Masson, by 
 way of classifying their productions, sug- 
 gests thirteen classes :— (1) The 'Novel of- 
 Scottish Life and Character, Illustrated by- 
 Gait (q.v.). Miss Ferrier (q.v.), Hogg (q.v.)» 
 Allan Cunningham (q.v.), Lockhart (q.v.), 
 and "Wilson (q.v.); (2) the Novel of Irish 
 Life and Character, by Lady Morgan (q.v.)^ 
 theBanims (q.v.), Griffin (q.v)., Carleton 
 (q.v.). Lover (q.v.), Lever (q.v.), and Mrs. 
 S. C. Hall (q. v.); (3) the Novel of English 
 Life and Character, by Thomas'Love Pea- 
 cock (q.v.), Theodore Hook- (q.v.), Lord 
 Lytton (q.v.), Mrs, Gore (qv.), Mrs, Trbl- 
 lope (q.v.), Lady Blessington (q.v,), Mrs. 
 Oiowe (q.v.). Miss Jewsbury 24-v.), and 
 Miss Martineau(q.v.); (4) the Faskionablk 
 Novel, by Disraeli (q.v.). Lady Lamb (q.v.), 
 and many others; ^5) the Illustrious 
 Criminal Novel; (6) the Traveller's Novell 
 (7) the Novel of American Manners ana 
 Society ; (8) the Oriental Novel; (9) the 
 Mllitarji Novel, illustrated by Gleig (q.v.), 
 Maxwell (q.v.), and others; (10) ihe Naval 
 Novel, illusti-ated by Marryat (q.v.)', 
 Chamier (q.v.), Hannay (q.v.), and others; 
 (11) the Novel pf Fantasy, illustrated by 
 IJIrs. Shelley (q.v.), and others ; (12) the 
 Art and Culture Novel ; and (13) the His- 
 torical Novel. But this is defective both 
 as a classification and as a list of authors , . 
 The latter are too numerous to mention, 
 and the f orhier is false so far that it is un- 
 fair in many cases to include an author 
 under either head solely, for from Lord 
 Lytton, for example, we had novels at 
 once of the Historical, English Life and 
 Manners, Fantasy, and Illustrious Criminal 
 Schools. Few tilings, indeed, were more 
 remarkable about "this accomplished 
 writer IJian the great breadth of his 
 range, which included, according to his 
 own classification, the Familiar, the 
 Picturesque, and the Intellectual, iu 
 novels. Thackeray (q.v) and Dickens (q.v.) 
 are not mentioned in the above classifica- 
 tion because they deserve a separate 
 reference, the one as the typical satirists 
 and the other as th^ typical hiUnprist, ox 
 their time. IMckeuft was, probabljr % 
 
NO"W 
 
 the more popular of the two, but the 
 sameness of his style and humour may 
 perhaps prevent his long remaining so. 
 As a humorist he is supreme ; as a nov- 
 elist, his plots are defective, and his 
 characters frequently mere exaggerations. 
 He had, however, and still has the 
 power of exciting uncontrollable laugh- 
 ter, and Tile I'ickwick Papers (q.v.), 
 Nicholas Nlcklebyt (q.v.), Martin Chuzze- 
 wit (qv.), and iJombey and Son (q.v.), 
 are likely to be classics in our lan- 
 guage. Had his pathos been more obvi- 
 ously sincere, Dickens would, perhaps, 
 rank higher than he does. Tliackeray 
 reigns by force of wide and keen observa- 
 tion, caustic humour, touching sentiment, 
 and a singularly refined style, to which 
 Dickens had no pretensions. His novels 
 are reuUy novels— pictures of life, and not 
 budgets of wild fun and fancy. They are 
 few in number, but all of them, or Esmond, 
 The Newcomes, Pendennis, and Vanity 
 Fair, at any rate, are sure to live, the 
 first-named as a far more successful resus- 
 citation of a bygone generation than any- 
 thing that Scott produced. Of late years 
 we have been deprived of Charlotte Bronte' 
 (q.v.), Mrs. Gaskell (q.v.), Shirley Brooks 
 (q.v.), Charles and Henry Kingsley (q.v.), 
 and many others who 'were prolific in 
 their time, but have left nothing per- 
 manent behind them. Of novelists of the 
 present day, the lady who calls herself 
 George Eliot (q.v.) is unquestionably the 
 head, excelling in purely intellectual 
 penetration all her predecessoi-s, and 
 supported, at some distance, by men 
 like ^Anthony TroUope (q.v.), Wilkie 
 Collins (q.v.), Charles lleade (q.v.), and 
 by women like Miss Thackeray (q.v.), 
 Mrs. Craik (q.v.), Mrs. Oliphant (q.v.). 
 Miss Yonge (q.v.). Miss Braddon (q.v.), 
 and Ouida (q.v.), who has carried to ex- 
 cess the manner of the author of Guy 
 Livinf/lone (q.v.). Among other popular 
 writers are William Black, J. G. White- 
 Melville, R. D. Blackmore, George Mac- 
 Douald, Thomas Hardy, James Payn, John 
 Saunders, T. A. Trollope, Justin Mc- 
 Carthy, James Grant, Bhoda Broughton, 
 Annie Thomas, Julia Kavanagh, Mrs. 
 Beecher Stowe, Mrs. Henry Wood, Mrs. 
 Lynn Linton, Mrs. Macquoid, Elizabeth 
 Wetlierell, Sarah Tytler, Geor^ana Craik, 
 Mrs. RIddell, A. B. Edwards, Holme Lee, 
 and Annie Edwardes. See Dunlop's His- 
 tory of Fiction, Masson's Novelists and 
 tJieir Styles, Kavanagh's English Women of 
 Letters, Forsyth's Novelists of the Eiglir 
 teenlh Century, and Jeaffreson's Hovels 
 and Novelists. 
 
 ITovelB by Eminent Hands. A 
 series of parodies by William Make- 
 peace Thackeray. They include imita- 
 tions of Ix)rd Lytton, Disraeli, Charles 
 James Lever, G. P. R. James, Mrs. Gore, 
 and James Fenimore Cooper. Bret Harte 
 has imitated them In bis SematUm jKoveU 
 Condtnied, 
 
 Novum Scientiarum Organum: 
 
 The second part of Bacon's great projected 
 work, the Instauratio Magna (q.v.), pub- 
 lished in 1620. This, and the Advancement 
 of Learning (q.v.), form the foundation of 
 the Baconian philosophy, the Novum Or- 
 ganum being a description of the *' new 
 method " by which, the writer argued, the 
 understanding should be employed in add- 
 ing to human knowledge. This theory is 
 stated in the opening aphorism: *']VIan, 
 who is the servant and interpreter of Na- 
 ture, can act and understand no further 
 than he has, either in operation or in con- 
 templation, observed of the method or 
 order of nature." Again: "Men have 
 sought to make a world from their own 
 conceptions, and to draw from their own 
 minds all the materials which they em- 
 ployed ; but if, instead of doing so, they had 
 consulted experience and observation, 
 they would have had facts, and not opi- 
 nions, to reason about, and might have 
 ultimately arrived at the knowledge of the 
 laws which govern the material world," 
 Once more : " The way that promises suc- 
 ce.'S is this. It requires that we should gen- 
 eralise slowly, going from particular things 
 to those which are but one step more gen- 
 eral,f rom those to othei s of still greater ex- 
 tent, and so on to such as are universal. By 
 such means we may hope to arrive at prin- 
 ciples, not vague and obscure, but lumi- 
 nous and well-detined, such as nature 
 herself will not, refuse^.t^ acknowledge." 
 The Novum Orgdnum is in Latin. 
 
 "Now, An eternal." — Cowlet, 
 Davideis. Southey, in his Doctor, saySi 
 "One of our poets (which is it T) speaks oi 
 an eternal now." 
 
 "NoTv glory to the Lord of 
 Hosts, from whom all glories are I " — 
 Macaulay, The Hattle oflvry. 
 
 "No-w is done thy long day's 
 
 work"— ./I Dirge, by Alfked Tesnysov. 
 
 No'w or Never. A work by 
 RiCHASD Baxter, published in 1663. 
 
 "Now sleeps the crimson 
 petal, now the white." A song by Ten- 
 nyson, in Tltfi Princess, 
 
 "Now's the day, and ncw's 
 the hour." A line in Burns's poem, be- 
 
 f inning, "Scots wha hae wl* M''allace 
 led."'' 
 
 Nowell, Alexander, C.inon of 
 Windsor (b. 1507, d. 1002), published in 1570 
 his Christimite pietatis prima lnstit7itio, 
 ad usum scholarum Latine Scripta, .which 
 had previously been revised and adopted 
 by Convocation as ' their own book and 
 professed doctrine." It was translated into 
 English in 1571, and into Greek in 1576. 
 An abridgment of the Institutio, called 
 Catechlsmus Parvus, which appeared in 
 Latin and Greek in 1574, was translated 
 into English in 1687. Ses the Life bv 
 ^Urt6u (1609). -, . . _ ..J 
 
NOT 
 
 OBL 
 
 470 
 
 Noy, T?7illiam, lawver and poli- 
 tician (b. 1577, d. 1634), wrote A Treatise 
 on the principal grounda and maximes of 
 the Lames of England (1641), The Compleat 
 Lawyer (1674). The Perfect Conveyancer 
 (1655), and other works. 
 
 ITubbles, Kit A cliaracter in 
 DiOKEXS's noiel of The Old Curiosity 
 Shop (q.v.). • 
 
 - Nuoe, Thomas, divine, adapted 
 the Octavia of Senecca (1581) Into the Eng- 
 lish heroic rhyming couplet. See Oc- 
 
 lAVIA. 
 
 Nugae Antic[U3e. A miscellaneous 
 collection of original papers in prose and 
 verse, written during the reigns of Henry 
 VIII., Edward VI., Mary, Eflzaheth, and 
 James I., by Sir John Harvkoton and 
 others. It was reprinted in 1804. 
 
 Nugent, George Nugent Gren- 
 
 ville. Lord (b. 1788, d- 1850), wrote Portugal, 
 a poem (1812) ; Memorials of Hampden 
 (1832) ; Lands, Classical and Lay (1845) ; 
 and other works. 
 
 Nugis Curialium Cistinctioni- 
 
 bus, DefbyWALTEEMAPES, Archdencon 
 of Oxford (1150— 1196), " a singular olio of 
 satire and stories on all sorts of subjects," 
 edited by Wright for the Camden Society 
 in 1850. It contains, amongst other things 
 a. humorous treatise against matrimony, 
 written in Latin prose. A work De Nugis 
 Curialium was also written by John of 
 Salisbuby (q.v.), and finished in 11''6, 
 before Mapes' production. It was in eight 
 book.s, and was intended " to contrast the 
 trifling of tlie worldly with the track of the 
 philosopher that men should follow." It 
 was printed in 1475, and had for full title, 
 Polycraticus de Nugis Curialium et VesHf 
 gits Philosqphorum. 
 
 "Numbers, Mournful." See 
 " Tell me not." 
 
 Nun, The Second, in Chaucer's 
 Canterbun/ Tales (q. v.), tells the story of 
 the life and passion of St. Cecilia, a metri- 
 cal translation from the Legenda Aurea 
 of Archbishop Jacobus ii Voragine of 
 Genoa, which Chaucer had probably read 
 in a French translation. 
 
 " Nunnery of thy chaste breast, 
 The."— Lovelace, To Lucasta. So Hab- 
 INGTON in his Castara, addressing the 
 roses in her bosom, says ; — 
 
 " yee blushing virgins hannie are 
 In the chaste nunn'iy ot her hrests." 
 
 Nun's Priest's Tale in Chaccek'b 
 
 Canterbury Tales (q.v.), is that afterwards 
 modernised by Dryden ae The Cock and 
 Fox, and was taken from the Boman de 
 Jlenart. 
 
 "Nurse.(Thou) of young desire.'' 
 An apostrophe to Bope, in BickBbstapf's 
 Love in a.Viila{ie, act 1., scene 1, I 
 
 "Nursing her TivTath to keep 
 
 it warm." A line in BOBNS's poem of 
 Tarn o' Shanter. 
 
 Nut-brovT-n Maid, The. See Nor- 
 
 BEOWNB MAYDE, THE. 
 
 Nutting. A poetical fr.ajrnient by 
 William Wobdswobth, written in 1799. 
 
 Nydia. Tlie blind flower-girl in 
 Lord Lytton's novel of The Last Days of 
 Pompeii (clv.) ; of whom it has been said 
 that " her love for Glaucus, changing in- 
 sensibly from childish gratitude to a 
 woman's passion, recalls the Mignon of 
 Wilhelm Meister ; but her blindness gives 
 her an individuality all lier own, alid the 
 only fault we have to find with the charac- 
 ter is that the sentiment is tooreHned, too 
 modern," 
 
 Nym, in The Memj Wives of Wind' 
 sor (q.v.), is one of the followers of Sir 
 John Falstaff. The, word "nim," from 
 wliich the name is probably derived, is still 
 used among thieves, and signifies to steal 
 or pilfer, 
 
 " Nymph of every charm, pos- 
 sessed, A."— Falooneb, Tlie JTond Loner. 
 
 Nymph, The, complaining for 
 
 the Death of her Faun. A poem by 
 Andeew Maevell (1620—1678) ; full, as 
 Leigh Hunt says, of " sweet overflowing 
 fancies." y i 
 
 Nympha Iiibethris : "or, the 
 Cotswold Muse," "presenting some ex- 
 tempore verses to the imitation of young 
 scholars. In four parts" (1651), The 
 author of this work was Clement Barks- 
 dale (1609 — 1687), and the poems them- 
 selves, none of which are of any length or 
 importance, were dedicated each to a sep- 
 arate person. A reprint, consisting of forty 
 copies, was published in 1816 by Sir Egei:- 
 ton Brydges. 
 
 Nymphidia : " the Court of 
 Fairy." A work by Michael Dbayton \ 
 printed in 1627. It is full of pleasant ■ 
 fancies, conveyed in pleasant rhymes. 
 
 "Nympholepsy of some fond 
 despair, The."— Bybon, Childe Harold, 
 can. iv,, stan, 115. 
 
 Nymph's Reply to the Passion- 
 ate Shepherd, The. Lines written by Sir 
 Walter Baleiou (q.v.), in reply to Mar- 
 lowe's Passionate Shepherd to His Love 
 (q.v.). See "If ALL THE World," &c. 
 
 " O blackbird, sing me some- 
 thing well." — The Blackbird, by Alfred 
 Tennyson. 
 
 " O blithe ne-w-comer, I have 
 
 heard,"— r/ie Cuckoo, a lyric by Williau 
 Wordsworth, written in 1804— : 
 
480 
 
 OBB 
 
 OSO 
 
 " I hear theo and rejoice, 
 O Cuckoo, shall I call thee bird. 
 Or but a waudering voice ? " 
 
 " O BrignaU banks are wild 
 
 and fair." First line of a lyric by Sir 
 Walter Scott. 
 
 " O day most calm, most 
 
 briglit." First line of verses on the sul)- 
 jeot of " Sunday," by Geokge Hekbeet, 
 included in Tlie Temple (q.v.)- 
 
 "O faithless world, and thy 
 most faithless part." A lyric by Sir 
 Hexky Wotton, written before 1602. 
 
 " O for a lodge in some vast 
 
 ■wilderness." See " Lodge in some vast 
 
 ■WILDEKKESS." 
 
 " O ho'w could I venture to love 
 
 one like thee ? " The first line of a song 
 addressed by Dr. Alexandeb Webster 
 (1707—1784) to the lady whom he afterwards 
 married. The story goes, that he was em- 
 ployed by a gentleman of his acquaintance 
 to pay his addresses to a certain Miss 
 Erskine, a young lady of fortune related 
 to the Dundonala family. He seems to have 
 urged the suit of his friend with remark- 
 able eloquence : but he nevertheless met 
 ■with a decided refusal, the lady iial'vely 
 remarking that, had he spoken as well for 
 bimseff, he might possibly have succeeded 
 better ! On this hint he spoke, and Miss 
 Erskine eventually blossomed into Mrs. 
 Webster. The song in question is not very 
 poetical, but is evidently written in earn- 
 est, and is remarkably fervid. The last 
 (Verse runs ; — 
 
 "111 all that I write TU thy judgment require ; 
 Mr taste shall correct what thy love did inspire ; 
 rn kiss thee and press thee till youtii all is o'er. 
 And then live on friendship when passion's no 
 more." 
 
 " O how much more doth beau- 
 ty beauteous seem," — First line of a sonnet 
 by Shakespeare— 
 " By that sweet ornament all truth doth give." 
 
 " O Logie o' Buchan, O Iiogie 
 
 the laird." First line of a song by Georoe 
 Halket (d. 17B6), first printed in John- 
 eon's Museum. The hero was a gardener at 
 the place of " Logie the laird." 
 
 " O Iiove, Iiove, Iiove ! O ■with- 
 ering might ! " — Fatima, by Alfred Tes- 
 NYSoir. 
 
 " O Love,^what hours ■were thine 
 
 and mine."— ?Vi« Daisy, by Alfred Ten- 
 
 JTYSON. 
 
 " O lovers' eyes are sharp to 
 
 tee."— The Maid of Xeidpalh, by Sir Wai^ 
 TER Scott. 
 
 " O Mary, go and call the cattle 
 home." First line of Tlie Sands of Dee, a, 
 lyric by the liev. Charles Kikgsley. 
 
 "O mighty - mouth'd inventor 
 of harmonies."— JfUton, by Alfred Tbk- 
 
 KYSOK. 
 
 
 O mistress mine, where are 
 
 'ou roaming?" — Song, by the clown, in 
 
 ''welfth Nlgiit, act ii., scene 3 — 
 " Trip no further, pretty swcetinff. 
 Journeys end in lovers' meeting— 
 Every wise man's son dotli know.'* 
 
 "O morning star, that smilest 
 
 in the blue,"— Lynette's song In Teknv- 
 soN's Idylls qf the King (Oareth and 
 Zynette) — 
 
 •' Smile sweetly, thou I my love hath smiled on 
 . me." 
 
 " O most just Vizier, send 
 
 away." First line of MATTHEW ARNOLD'S 
 poem, The Sick King of Bokhara, 
 
 " O my luve's like a red, red 
 rose." First line of a song by Bobert 
 Burns (1759—1796), said to be founded on 
 a ditty composed by a certain Lieutenant 
 Hinckes as a farewell to his sweetheart. 
 " And fare thee weel.'my only luve I 
 
 And fare thee weel awhile ! 
 And I willcome again, my luve 
 
 Though it were ten thousand mile. " 
 
 " O Nancy, -wilt thou go ■with 
 
 me ?" First line of a ballad by Bishop 
 Percy (1728 — 1811), which was originally 
 printed m Dodsley's CollectUm of Poems 
 (17oS), and afterwards, as a Scottish pro- 
 duction, in Johnson's Musical Museum, 
 *' It is too barefaced," wrote Bums, " to 
 take Dr. Percy's charming song, and, by 
 means of transposing a few English words 
 into Scots, to offer to pass it for a Scots 
 song." 
 
 "O nightingale, that on yon 
 bloomy spray." First line of a sonnet by 
 John MILTON. 
 
 " O only source of all our light 
 
 and life." First line of Qui laboraf, orat, 
 a lyric by Arthur Hugh Cloogh (1819— 
 1861). 
 
 " O plump head-^Wcuter at The 
 
 Cock." — Will Waterproof's Monologue, hy 
 Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 " O reader! hast thou ever stood 
 
 to see." First line of The Holly Tree, a 
 lyric by Kouert Southey (177*— 1843). 
 
 " O roee, ■who dares to name 
 
 thee ? " First line of A Dead Hose, a lyric 
 by Elizabeth Barrett Brotvning (1809 
 —1861). 
 
 " O saw ye bonnie Iiesley." 
 First line of Honnie Lesley, a song by 
 Robert Burns. 
 
 " O saw ye not fair Ines." — FniV 
 /iws, by Thomas Hood, published in 1827. 
 "O Sophonisba! Sophonisba, 
 O ! " A line originally included in 
 Thomson's SopJionisba, act iii., scene 2. 
 On the night oE the first performance 
 of the play, a spectator openly parodied It 
 as 
 " O Jemmy Thomson I Jemmy Thomaoa, O I " 
 
OBI 
 
 481 
 
 and after that it was altered into — 
 
 " O Sophoniaba I I am wholly thino." 
 
 "O stream descending to the 
 
 aea." — T'he Stream of IAfe,a. lyric by Aa- 
 THUK Hugh Glough. 
 
 " O s'wallo'w, s-wallow, flying, 
 flying south,"— Song, by Alfred Tenny- 
 sox, in The Princess — 
 
 '* Fly to her, and fall upon her gilded eaves, 
 Aiid tell her, tell her, what I tell to thee.'* 
 
 " O s-weet pale Margaret, O 
 
 rare pale Margaret."— Jt/arsraref, by Al- 
 fred TBNJfYSON. 
 
 " O talk not to me of a name 
 
 freat in story,"— First line of a lyric by 
 .ord Bybox (1788—1824) — 
 " The days of our youth are the days of our glory I 
 And the myrtle and ivy of sweet two-and-twenty 
 Are worth all your laurels, though ever eo plen- 
 ty 1" 
 
 "O that this too too solid 
 flesh would melt." — Hamletj acti., scene 2. 
 
 "O that 'twere possible."— 
 Sect. xxvi. of Tennyson's Maud (q.v.)— 
 
 " After long grief and pain, 
 
 To find the arms of my true love 
 * Kound me once again I '* 
 
 " O then, I see — Queen Mab 
 hath been with you." Sec Mab. 
 
 "O thou that aftsr toil and 
 
 Btorm." Sect, xxxiii. of In Memoriam, by 
 Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 "Owaly, •waly up the bank." 
 
 First line of a famous old ballad, the date 
 of which it is impossible to ascertain. 
 
 ",0 waly, waly up the bank, 
 
 • And waly waly dowil the brae, 
 And waly waly you bumside, 
 Where I and my Jjove wont to gae I 
 
 *• O waly waly, but love be bonny 
 A little time while it is new ; 
 But when 't is auld it waxeth cauld 
 And fades awa' like morning dew." 
 
 " O -well for him -whose will is 
 
 strong ! "— Will, by Alfred Tennyson— 
 
 " He suffers, but he will not suffer long ; 
 Ue sufEers, but he cannot suffer wrong." 
 
 "O wert thou in the cauld 
 blast" First line of a song by Robert 
 Burns (1759—1796), which has been wedded 
 by Mendelssohn to an exquisitely plaintive 
 melody. 
 
 "O whistle, and I'll come to 
 
 you, my lad." First line of a song by 
 KOBERT Burns :~ 
 
 " At kirk, or at market, whene'er ye meet me, 
 Gang by me as tho* that ye cared na a lite ; 
 But steal me a blink o' your bonnic black e*e. 
 Yet look as ye were na fookin* at me.*' 
 
 « O wild "West Wind, thou 
 
 breath of Autumn's being." First line of 
 Shelley's Ode to tlie West Wind. 
 
 " O World \ O Life, O Time ! "— 
 
 A Lament, by Percy Bysshe Shelley, 
 written in 1821. 
 
 " O yet we trust that somehow 
 good,"— Sect, liii., of In Memoriam, by 
 Alfred Tennyson— 
 
 " Will be the final goal of ill" , . . 
 '* That nothing walks with aimless feet : 
 
 That not one life will be destroyed, 
 
 Or cast aa rubbish to the void, 
 "When Ood hath made the pile complete." 
 
 " O you chorus of indolent re- 
 viewers." — Hendecasi/llabicsj by Alfred 
 
 Tennyson— 
 
 " Irresponsible, indolent reviewers. 
 Look, I come to the test, a tiny poem 
 All composed in a metre of Catullus." 
 
 Oakley. A gay, good-tempered 
 gentleman, whose misfortune it is to be 
 always provoking his wife's unjust sus- 
 picions, in CoLMAN*s comedy of The 
 
 Jealous Wife (q.v.). 
 
 ''Oath, a good mouth-filling." 
 
 See '*MOtrTH-FlLLING OATH.V 
 
 "Oaths, Pull of strange."— ^s 
 Tou Like It, actii., scene 7. 
 
 Obadiah. A servant, in Sterne's 
 Life and Opinions of Tristr'am Sha/ndy, 
 Gent. (q.v.). 
 
 Obedyence of a Christen Man, 
 
 The, by William Tyndale (1477—1536); 
 published in 1528. It tells how Christen 
 rulers ought to govern." 
 
 Obermann, Stanzas in Memory 
 of the Author of, by Matthew Arnold 
 (b. 1822). Etienne Pivert de Senancour 
 was bom in 1770, and died in 1846. '* The 
 profound inwardness, the austere sinceri^ 
 of liis principal work, Obermann f the deU- ^ 
 cate feeling for nature which it exhibits, 
 and the melancholy eloquence of maiW' 
 passages of it have attracted and charmea 
 some of the most remarkable spirits of 
 this century." A companion poem to the 
 above^ composed many years afterwiords, 
 is entitled Oh&rmann Once More^ 
 
 Oberon. A work by Wieland, 
 translated by William Sothb?y (1X57— 
 1833) in 1798. 
 
 Oberon. King of the fairies in A 
 Midsummer NighVs Dream. He is identic 
 cal with the elf -dwarf Elberich or Albe- . 
 rich, whose name became Alberon or Aii- 
 beron in French, and Oberon in English; 
 and he is described as a monarch endowed 
 with magical powers, wha rewards the 
 good and true, and punishes the bad and 
 falae^ He has been made the subject of a 
 romantic poem by the German poet, Wie- 
 land. 5ee TiTANlA, 
 
 Oberon : " the Fairy Prince." A 
 masque by Ben Jonson. 
 
 Obidah, in Dr. Johnson's Ramb- 
 ler, No. 66, Js a young man whose joumey* 
 21 
 
482 
 
 OBI 
 
 OCB 
 
 inga in the course of a day are made alle- 
 gorical of the progress of human lite. 
 
 Obidiout. The fiend o£ lust in 
 JTingr Lear^ act Iv., scene 1. 
 
 " Obliged by hunger and re- 
 quest of friends."— Pope, Epistle to Dr. 
 Arbutlmot, line 44. 
 
 Obscurity and Oblivion, Two 
 Odes to, by Kobert Lloyd (1733—1764), 
 and the elder Colman (1733—1794) j in- 
 tended as ~ parodies on Gray's PTOQressof 
 Poetry and Bard, and Mason's Ode to 
 Memory. In the former, the birth of 
 fashion is most humorously described ; — 
 
 *' The shallow fop in nntic vest, 
 Tir'd of the beaten road. 
 Proud to be singly dreat. 
 Changes, with eveiy changing moon, the mode." 
 
 And so on. 
 
 "Observation with extensive 
 
 view, Let." See " Let observation." 
 
 Observations in his Travailes: 
 
 " upon the state of the XVIL proTinces as 
 they stood anno dom. 1609, the treatie of 
 peace being then on foote." Published 
 by Sir Thomas Overs cry in 1626. 
 " This," says Wood, in his Athena Ox- 
 onienseSy " goes under his name, but doubt- 
 ed by some whether he wrote it." 
 
 "Observed of all observers, 
 The." — Hamlet, act iii., scene 1. 
 
 Obstinate. An inhabitant of the 
 city of Destruction, who advised Christian 
 (g.v.) to return to his family, In Bcnyah's 
 FUgrim^s Progress. 
 
 O'Cataract, John. A sobriquet 
 bestowed upon John Neal (b. 1793), an 
 American writer, on account of his im- 
 petuous manners, and adopted by him in 
 several of his published works. 
 
 Occam, William of, logician and 
 philosophical writer (b. 1270, d. 1347), pub- 
 Sshed Bisputatio inter Clericum et Mititem 
 (1476), (q.v.) ; Dialogorvm Ubri septem ad- 
 veraus hareticos ; et Tractatus de dogmati- 
 bm Johannis XXII. (1476); Opas Notm- 
 ginta dierum et dialogi, compendium erro- 
 rum contra Johannem XXII. (liSl) ; Scrip- 
 turn in primum libnim sentenciarum, tn 
 QUO iheologica simul et arcium atgue philo- 
 eqphie dogmata usque ad princtpla resot- 
 vuntnr stito clariseinw facili et apto(1483) j 
 Quodliieta septem (liSn) ; Tractatus Logicce 
 aivims in tres partes (1488) ; Centiloquiwm 
 Theologicum (1494); Quaistiones et Decir 
 simies in qimtuor, Hbros Sententiatnim 
 (1495) ; Expositio aurea super totam artem 
 Veterem, contimens liosce tractatus ("496) : 
 and Simma totius logicce (1498). For a list 
 of Occam's other works, see Jdcher s 
 Oelehrten Lexicon. "In theology and 
 philosophy," says Professor Fraser, Oc- 
 cam was not less strong than in the polit- 
 ico-ecclesiastical contests of his genersr 
 
 tion. He was the leader of the theologi- 
 cal and philosophical rationalism of the 
 time. His writings illustrate the kind and 
 amount of free opinion which ihaintained 
 itself in an age, according to popular opiu-~ 
 ion, of intellectual torpor and traditional- 
 ism. Occam was, on the whole, the great- 
 est logical writer of the middle ages." See 
 IKVINCIBLE Doctor, The; Singular; 
 Doctor, The. 
 
 Occasion. An old hag in Spen- 
 ser's Fd&rie Queene. 
 
 " Occasion, which now smiles." 
 — Paradise Lost, book ix., line 480. 
 
 Occasional Meditations, A 
 
 Centuiy of. Written in prose, by Bishop 
 Joseph Hall, and published in 1605. 
 
 "Occidente, Maria dell'. The 
 
 nom de plume of Mrs. Maria Brooks 
 (179&— 1846), an American writer, 
 
 Occleve, Thomas, poet (b. about 
 1370), was the author of an English trans- 
 lation, in the seven-line stanza, of the De 
 Pegimine Principum (q.v.), ana of various 
 minor pieces, including the Tale ofjmv- 
 athas (afterwards modernised by William 
 Browne), which were printed by George 
 Mason in 1796. " Occleve," says Warton 
 (iii., 20), " is a feeble writer, considered as 
 -a poet, and his chief merit seems to be 
 that his writings contributed to propagate 
 and establish uiose improvements m our 
 language wliich were now beginning to 
 take place." SeeWarton's History ; aiso 
 Morley's English Writers, M., 1 ; Kitson's 
 Bibliographia Poetica; and Ellis's Speci- 
 mens of the English Poets. - 
 
 Occultation of Orion, The. A 
 poem by Henky Wadsworth Longfel- 
 low. 
 
 " The great giant Algebar; 
 Orion, hunter of the beast I " 
 
 " Occupation's gone, Othel- 
 
 \o's."— Othello, act iii., scene 3, 
 
 Ocean, an Ode, " concluding with 
 a Wish," by Edward Young (1684—1766); 
 published in 1728, and remarkable for the 
 multiplicity and badness of its rhymes. 
 The "wish " consists of thirteen stanzas, 
 and begins — 
 
 " Oh, may I steal 
 Alone the vale 
 Of humble life, secure from foes t 
 
 My friend sincere, 
 My iud^^ment clear. 
 And gentle business my repose.' 
 
 " Ocean (O thou vast) ! Ever- 
 sounding sea ! " — Procter, Adieu to the 
 Ocean — 
 
 '* Thou symbol of a drear immensity." 
 
 "Ocean (The broad) leans 
 
 against the land." — Goldsmith, The 
 Traveller, line 284. 
 
 "Ocean (The) to the river of 
 
OCE 
 
 ODO 
 
 433 
 
 hia tlioughts." — Byron, Tlie Dream^ 
 ^ stanza 2. 
 
 Oceana. A work in wliich James 
 Karbington (1611 — 1677) revealed hia 
 conception of an ideal republic, something 
 in the same style as Sir Thomas More's 
 Utopia {Ki.y .): His idea was that govern- 
 ment should be " established upon an 
 equal agrarian basis, rising into the su- 
 
 Seratructure, or three ordera — the senate 
 abating and proposing, the people re- 
 Bolving, and the magistracy executing by 
 an equal rotation through the sufErage of 
 the people given by ballot." The work 
 was published in 1656, and was the cause 
 of much controversy. In it England, of 
 course, figures aa Oceana, Scotland aa 
 Marpeaia, Ireland as Panapoea, Henry 
 yil. as Panurgua, Henry VIll. aa Coran- 
 nua. Queen Elizabeth as Partheusa, and 
 Cromwell aa Megaletor. and so on. " In 
 genei'al," says Hallam, "it may be said of 
 Harrington tiiat he is prolix, duU^ pedan- 
 tic, andseldom profound ; but sometimes 
 redeems himself by just observations." 
 
 Ochiltree, Bdie. A vagrant in 
 Sir Walter Scott's novel of The Anti- 
 quary (q.v.). 
 
 ' Ockley, Simon, historian and mis- 
 cellaneoua. writer (b. 1678, d. 1720), pub- 
 lished Jntroductio ad Linguas Orientates 
 <1706), A History 0/ the Present Jews (1707), 
 a History of the Saracens (1757), and a 
 few minor works. 
 
 O'Connor, Charles, B.D., anti- 
 quarian and miscellaneous writer (1828), 
 published Columbanus ad Hibemos : or. 
 Seven Letters on the present mode of Ap- 
 pointing CatJuylic Bishops in Ireland (1810 
 — 16) ; Rerum Hlbemica/ni/nt Scriptores 
 (1814—26) ; and a catalogue of the manu- 
 scripts in the Stowe Library (1818 — 19). 
 
 O'Connor's Child : " or, the 
 Flower of Love lies bleeding." A poem in 
 fiixteen^stanzas by Thomas Campbell. 
 
 Octavia. A play adapted from 
 the (Jreek of Seneca, by Thomas Nuce 
 (temp. Queeli Elizabetii) ; written partly 
 m ten-ayllable couplets, and partly in linea 
 of eight syllables, rhyming alteniately. It 
 appeared in 1581. 
 
 Octavia, A Letter from, to her 
 
 Husband Marcus Antoninus ; in which 
 she expatiates on her. sorrows, and en- 
 deavours to recall his affection for herself. 
 Written by Samuel Daniel in 1611, and 
 characterised by much tenderness of feel- 
 ing and force of expression. 
 
 Octavian. A metrical romance, 
 "In avery singnlarstanza,'* edited by Hal- 
 Uwell-Philli^jpa for the Percy Society. 
 
 Octogenarian, An. The worn de 
 pl-mne under which Jamxis Roche con- 
 tributed a large number 6f ftrtiijlcs to The 
 
 Gentleman's Magazine. His Critical and 
 Miscellaneous Essays were published in 
 1850. 
 
 " Ocular proof, Give me the." 
 
 — Otltello, act iii., scene 3. 
 
 "Odd numbers. Divinity in." 
 See " Divinity in odd numbers," 
 
 Odes, in English, liave a character 
 qui^ different from th^t which obtained 
 ill classical times, when the famous works 
 of Pindar were accepted as a model. Pin- 
 daric odes are known in English literature, 
 but they are few in number and not 
 always successful. "With us an ode hag 
 come to mean simply a poetical address 
 or apostropbe, full of varying lengths and 
 metres, and divided into so many irregular 
 stanzas, no attempt being made to.i'egulat^, 
 the latter as Pindar regulated them. The 
 ode is, indeed, an essentially artificialpr6- 
 duction^. and is not much met with iii 
 England until the artiticial period of our 
 poetry, when Dryden (q.v.)» produced a 
 Song on St. Cecilia's Day (q.v,), and 
 Alexander's J'eas^, neither of them stated-^ 
 ly, but both of them really, odes in form, 
 and style. CoUins's Odes, notably that on 
 The Passions, are well known, like those 
 of Gray, which include The Hard (q.v.),' 
 The Progress of Poesy (q.v.), and others.-, 
 Keats wrote several fine specimens of this 
 kind of poetry, the most notable being per- 
 haps the Ode to a Nightingale (q.v,). Shel- 
 ley gave us Odes to the West Wind, Liberty t 
 and Naples ; whilst Coleridge, who much , 
 affected this species of composition, will 
 be remembered by hia Odes to The Depart 
 ing Year (q.v.), France (q.v.), and Dejection: 
 "Wordsworth's famous Ode on the Imitor- 
 tions of Immortality from Child Iwod {q.v .) 
 will at once suggest itself. Of later writers' 
 Tennyson and Swinburne have succeeded 
 in this direction, the former in his Ode to 
 the Duke of Wellington, the latter in his 
 Ode to the French Hepublic. Of all the 
 poets above named. Gray worked most 
 thoroughly on the ancient model, hia Odes 
 being m the recognised three groups of 
 three stanzas each, called respectively the 
 strophe, antistrojphe, and epodos. _ Con- 
 greve, however, is entitled to the priority 
 of English composition on this regular 
 model. 
 
 " Odious ! in -woollen ! 'twould 
 
 a saint provoke." ^ee Narcissa, 
 
 Odo, Bishop of Cambria (d. 1113), 
 was the author of a Tetrapla on the PsaVms^ 
 a treatise on Original Sm, a dialogue on 
 The Doctrine of Satisfaction, and Opus*. 
 cula 5acra, published in vol. xv. of the- 
 Bibliotheca Patrum (1662). ; 
 
 Odoeporicon Ricardi Regis. 
 
 A Latin poem by Gulielmus PeeegkI- 
 Kus (circa 1197), in praise of Bichard I. 
 
 Odoherty, Sir Morgan. One pf 
 
 the interlocutors in the Nodes Ambrosiama 
 
484 
 
 ODO 
 
 OGI 
 
 (q.v.), and the ^wm de plume of Dr. WiL- 
 LIAM Magikk (179t— 1841i), in contributing 
 to Blackwood's and Frazer's Magazines. 
 His Maxims weie publislied in 1849. 
 
 " Odours, 'when sweet violets 
 
 sicken."— Shelley, in the brief lyric, 
 beginning — 
 
 " Miisic, when soft voices die " (ij.v.). • 
 
 O'Do-wd, Cornelius. The name 
 under which Charles Lever (1809— 1872), 
 the novelist, contributed a series of papers 
 Qn Men and Things, to Blackwood's Alaga- 
 zine. 
 
 O'Dowd, Mrs. A character in 
 Thackeray's Vanity Fair. "How thor- 
 oughly Irish," says Hanuay, " and how 
 unlike the stage Irishwoman." 
 
 Odyssey, The. See Homek. 
 
 CEconomy of Love, The. See 
 
 Love, the Economy of. 
 
 C&dipus. A play adapted from 
 the Greek of Seneca by Alexander Ne- 
 VILE iu 1563. 
 
 CSdipus Tyrannus : " or. Swell- 
 foot the Tyrant. A Tragedy iu two acts. 
 Translated from the original Doric," by 
 Percy Bysshe Shelley, written in 
 1820. 
 
 GEShlensoblager. A Danish poet 
 (1779 — 1850) manyof whose poems have been 
 translated into English, notably by Theo- 
 dore Martin (q.v.), and Robert Buchanan 
 % (q-v.), in his Poems from the Scandinor 
 vian. 
 
 C£none. A poem by Alfred 
 TE^'NYS0N, published in 1832. (Enone 
 was the beloved wife of Paris, who desert- 
 ,ed her, however, when Venus, to gain from 
 him the award of beauty, promised him 
 the fairest wife in Greece. 
 
 " And from th&t time to thia I am alone, 
 ' And 1 shall be alone until I die." 
 
 " O'er the glad vraters of the 
 
 dark blue sea." First line of Bybos's 
 poem of The Corsair (q.v.). 
 
 " O'er the hills and far away." 
 
 — Gay, Beggar's Opera, act i., scene 1. 
 " Of a' the airts the Tivind can 
 
 blaw." First line of a song " composed " 
 by Robert Bwrns (1759—1796), " out of 
 compliment " to his wife. " N. B." he 
 says, " It was in the honey-moon." 
 
 "Of all the girls that are so 
 
 smart."— First line of Carey's Sally in 
 Our Alley- 
 
 " There's none like pretty Sally t 
 (She ia the darling of my heart. 
 And she lives in our alley." 
 
 •■ Of all the torments, all the 
 
 cares,"— First line of a lyric by William 
 Walsh (1663—1709)— 
 
 " Of all the plagues alover bears. 
 Sure rivals are the worst." 
 
 "Of man's first disobedience 
 
 and the fruit." See " Mak's First diso- 
 bedience." 
 
 'Of Nelson and the North." 
 
 First line of Caupbell's Battle of tlie 
 Baltic (q.v.). 
 
 "Of old sat Freedom on the 
 heights." A lyric by Alfred Tennyson, 
 f ullof the finest poetical characterisation. 
 
 " Off with his head ! so rnuch 
 for Buckingham." A line in Colley 
 Gibber's version of Shakepeabe's 
 Bichard ///., act iv., scene 3. 
 
 Offa. An old English romance, 
 of which the story is founded on the mar- 
 riage of a king with a wood-nymph, and 
 the hatred with which the latter is re- 
 
 farded by the king's mother. The legend 
 requently reappears in the romances of 
 the thirteenth century. 
 
 " Offence is rank, O my." — 
 
 Hamlet, act iii., scene 3. 
 
 " Offending Adam out of him. 
 And whipped ihe."—King Henry V., act 
 i., scene 1. 
 
 Offices, Four Books of, " ena- 
 bling private persons for the speciall Ser- 
 vice of all good Princes and Policies," by 
 Baknaby Barnes (1569—1607); and pub- 
 lished in 1606. A full description of them 
 may be r&ajiixiXlaR Biographia Restil^ta, 
 
 " Offices of prayer and praise. 
 
 The imperfect."— Wordsworth, The Ex- 
 cursion, book i. 
 
 Offer, George (h. 1786, d. 1864), 
 
 wrote a biography of John Bunyan (q.v.). 
 
 "Offspring of Heaven first 
 
 born."— Milton's apostrophe to "Holy 
 Light !" in Paradise Lost, .book iii., line 1. 
 
 " Oft iu the stilly night." — First 
 line of a famous song by Thomas Moorb— 
 *' Ere slumber's chain has bound me. 
 Fond memory brings the light 
 Of other days arouud me." 
 
 " Oft repeating (And), they be- 
 lieve 'em true." — Prior, Alma, canto iii, 
 " Often wished that I had clear, 
 I've."— Swift's Imitation of Horace, book 
 ii., satire 6— 
 
 " For life six hundred pounds a year, 
 A handsome house to lodge a friend, 
 A river at my garden's end." 
 
 Og. The name under which Thomas 
 Shadwell, the dramatist, is satirisedr in 
 Dryden's poem of Abscaom and Achito- 
 phel (q.v.). 
 
 Ogier le Dauois. The hero of 
 more than one romance of the Middle 
 Ages, and probably identical with the 
 Oger or Helgi, who figures on the Edda 
 
OGI 
 
 OLD 
 
 485 
 
 and the Volsung-Saga. "In the earlier 
 traditions," says Pnce, "the thealre of 
 )iis actions is confined to Denmark and 
 the- ueighbouiing countries, but the later 
 iictions embellisn his career with all the 
 marvels of romance, and after leading him 
 as a conquei-or over the greater part of 
 .Europe and Asia, transport liim to the Isle 
 of Avalon, where he still resides with 
 Morgan la^Faye." See Warton passim^ 
 
 Ogilby, John, Scotch miscella- 
 neous writer (b. 1600, d. 1676), published 
 translations of The jEneid (1649), jEsop's 
 Fables (1651), The Iliad (1660), and The 
 Odyssey (1661). He was satirised both by 
 Dryden in MacFlechtwe, and by Pope in 
 The Dunciad, See Wood's AtheiKie Oxo- 
 nienses. 
 
 Ogilvie, John, ■ Presbyterian min- 
 ister (b. 1733, d. 1814), published, in 1769, a 
 volume of Poems^ of which Dr. Johnson 
 said that " he could find no thinking in 
 theln :" also Sermons (1767) ; Philosophical 
 and Critical Observations on the Jsatwre^ 
 Character^ and Various Species of Corn^ 
 position (1774) ; Pona ; a i)oem (1777) ; 
 Bviiaainia : a-N^ational JEpic Poem, in 
 Twenty Boolcs. to which ispre/ixed a Crit^ 
 leal Dissertation on Epic Machinery (1801) ; 
 and other works. 
 
 Ogleby, Lord. An aged beau, 
 who affects the gaiety of youth, in Col- 
 man and Garrick's comedy of The Clan- 
 destine Marriage (q.v.). 
 
 " Oh, a dainty plant is the ivy 
 green." — ^Dickens's Ivy Green (q.v.). 
 
 " Oh! blame not the bard, if he 
 
 fly to the bowers." An Irish melody by 
 Thomas Moore. 
 
 "Oh! breathe not his name, 
 
 let it sleep in the shade."— An Irish mel- 
 ody by Thomas Mookk. 
 
 ^ ■" Oh, do not w^anton with those 
 
 eyes." A song.by Ben Jonson, in Under- 
 woods (q.v.). 
 
 "Oh, no! -we never mention 
 her." See "Never mention her." &c. 
 
 " Oh, to be in England." First 
 line of Home Thoughts, from Abroadf a 
 lyric by Robert Browning. 
 
 O'Hara PamUy, Tales of the, by 
 John Banim (1798—1842) and Michael 
 Banim (b, 1796), were published in 1825 
 and 1826. Of these, John Banim wrote 
 The FetcJtes, John Doe, and Crohone of the 
 £ill-hoo1c ; but the work of each was 
 strictly criticised and revised by the other. 
 The NowUms and Peter of the Castle were 
 among those included in the second series. 
 "The force of the passions and the efPecte 
 of crime, turbulence, and misery ha^e 
 rarely been painted with such over-mas- 
 tering energy, or wrought into narratives 
 pf more sustained and harrowing interest. 
 
 The very peculiarities of the Irish dialect 
 and pronunciation heighten tlie wild na^ 
 tive liavour of the stories, and enrich them 
 with many new and picturesque words 
 and phrases." 
 
 O'Hara, Kane, dramatist (b. 1722, 
 d. 1782), wrote Midas, The Golden Pippin, 
 April Day, Tom Thumb, and The Two 
 Misers. See Baker's Piographia Drama- 
 tica. 
 
 Oisin. See Ossian. 
 
 O'Keefe, John, dramatist (b. 1747, 
 d. 1833), wrote Tlie Gallant (1765), Tmy 
 Lumpkin (1778), Wild Oats, The Agreeable 
 Surprise, Modem Antiques, The Sprigs of 
 LaureL Love vn a Camip, The Poor Soldier, 
 The Highland Peel, Fontainebleau, and. 
 other pieces, collected and published in . 
 1798. His, Poems were published- as a 
 "legacy to his daughters," in 1824. The 
 PecoUections of the Life of John O^Keefe^ 
 Written by Himself, appeared in 1826. 
 
 Olan Hanesmoth : " or, a Yiew 
 of the Intermediate State, as it appears 
 in the Records of the Old and New Testa- 
 ments, the Apocryphal Books, in Heathen 
 Authors, the Greek and Latin Fathers," 
 by George Bennet ; published in 1801, 
 and characterised by Bishop Horsley as 
 " a work of various erudition and deep re- 
 search.' ' 
 
 Old Age, Moral Poem On: 
 
 " written," says Ellis, "in rhyme, and ex- 
 tracted by Hickes, part of which is to be 
 found in the introduction to Dr. Johnson's 
 Dictionary." It is i)robably as old as the 
 beginning of the thirteenth century- 
 
 " Old age serene and bright, 
 
 An,"— Wordsworth, To a Young Lady, 
 
 Old and Young Courtier, The. 
 A satirical ballad, written in the reign 6t 
 James I., and contrasting it, not unfavouiv 
 ably, with that of Queen Elizabeth. It 
 was printed, with other poems, in Le 
 Prince d'Amour (1660), and afterwards iif 
 Percy's Peliques, from an old black-letter 
 copy in the Pepys Collection at Magdaleii 
 College, Oxford. Leigh Hunt speaks of 
 it as " admirable ; full of the gusto of ite- 
 ration, and exquisite in variety as well as 
 sameness." 
 
 Old Arm Chair, The. A lyric 
 
 byEnzA Cook (b- 1817), beginning— 
 *' 1 love it I I love it ! that old arm chair." 
 
 Old Bachelor, The. -A comedy 
 by William Cokgrkvt:, acted in 1693; 
 composed with great elaboration of dia- 
 logue and incessani ambi ion of wit. It^ 
 author was only twenty-one years old. 
 Maeaulay calls it as " a play, inferior, iiv- 
 deed, to his other comedies, but, in its own 
 line. Inferior to them alone." " It brought 
 the author," says Thackeray, "to Ihe notice 
 of that great patron of English inuses, 
 
486 
 
 OLD 
 
 OLD 
 
 Charles Montagu, Lord Halifax, who being 
 desirous to place so eminent a wit in a 
 state of ease and tranquillity, instantly 
 made him one of the Commissioners for 
 licensing hackney coaches, bestowed upon 
 ^im soon after a place in the Pipe Olhce, 
 and likewise a post in the Custom House 
 of the value of £6J0." 
 
 Old Bachelor in the Scottish 
 Village, The. Pi-ose sketches by Thomas 
 AiRD (b. 1802, d. 1876), the moat popular of 
 which is a little tale called "Buy a 
 Broom.*' 
 
 Old City Manners. See East- 
 WARp Hoe ! 
 
 Old Clock on the Stairs, The. 
 
 A poem by Henry Wadswobth Long- 
 fellow (b. 1807), founded on the idea that 
 ■•*r6ternit6 est une pendule, dont le balan- 
 cier dit et redit sans cesse ces deux mots 
 seulement, dans le silence des tombeaux: 
 ■ Toujours ! jamais ! Jamais! toujours!' " 
 
 Old Couple, The. A comedy by 
 Thomas May (q.v.), flrst printed in 1658. 
 It was probably written before 1641. It is 
 Included in Carew Hazlitt's edition of 
 Dodsley's Old Plays. Here is a snatch of 
 a song from it : — 
 
 " Dear, do not your fair beauty wrons. 
 In thinking still you ore too young. 
 The rose and lilies in youi cneek 
 Flourish, and no more ripeness seek ; 
 Your cherry lip, red, soft and sweet. 
 Proclaims such fruit for taste most meet, 
 Then lose no time, for love has wings. 
 And flics away from aged things." 
 
 Among the characters are Sir Argent 
 Scrape, Earthworm, Eugeny, Scudmore, 
 Xiady Covet, Matilda, and Artemia. 
 
 Old Court Suburb, The. A 
 
 prose work by JjyMES Henry Leigh 
 HONT (1784—1859), published in 1855, and 
 giving an interesting account of Kensing- 
 ton and its celebrities. 
 
 Old Curiosity Shop, The. A 
 
 story by Charles IJickens, originally in- 
 cluded in Master Humphrey's Ci-ock, See, 
 also, Nell, Little ; Marchioness, The; 
 and SwiVELLER, Dick. 
 
 Old Zibony. See Ebont, Old. 
 
 Old English Baron, The. A 
 
 novel by Clara Eeeve (1725—1803), the 
 flrst edition of which, published in 1777, 
 bore tlie title of The Champion of Virtue : 
 a Gothic Story, To quote from her own 
 preface, this story was " the literary off- 
 spring of The Castle of Otranto (q.v.), 
 written upon the same ]plan, with a design 
 to unite the most attractive and interesting 
 circumstances of ancient romance and 
 modern novel." 
 
 " Old familiar faces ; All, all are 
 gone. The " A line in Charles Lamb's 
 lyric, The Old Familiar Faces, 
 
 "Old father antic the laiv." — 
 
 King Henry IV., part i., act i., scene 2. 
 
 " Old friends are best." A pro? 
 yerbial expression which occurs in Sel- 
 DEN's Table Talk. ■ 
 
 "Old friends, old times, old 
 
 manners, old books, old wine." Gold- 
 smith, She Stoops to Conquer, act i., scene 
 1. ** 1 love," says Mr. Hardcaatle (q.v,), 
 '* everything that's old." 
 
 "Old-gentlemanly vice, A 
 
 good. See "Good old-gentlemanly 
 
 vice." 
 
 Old Home, Our. A series of 
 sketches of English life and scenery by 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804—1864), 
 published in 1862. 
 
 Old Humphrey. See Humfhset, 
 Old. 
 
 Old IiSLVT, The. A comedy by 
 Philip Massinger, Thomas Middle- 
 ton andWiLLiAM Rowley, printed in 1666. 
 The law is, that all old men who have reach- 
 ed the age of fourscore shall be put to deaUi, 
 as useless to the Commonwealth. " There 
 is," says Lamb, " an exquisiteness of 
 moral sensibility, making one to gush out 
 tears of delight, and a poetical strangeness 
 in all the improbable circumstances of 
 this wild play, which are unlike anything 
 in the dramas which Massifiger wrote 
 alone. The pathos is of a subtler edge, 
 Mlddleton and Kowley had both of them 
 finer geniuses than their associate." 
 
 Old Maid, An. The pseudonym 
 of Miss Phillipps In the publication of 
 her book. My Life, and what shall I do 
 with it ? a Questioji/or Young Gentlewomen 
 (1841). 
 
 Old Maids. A play by James 
 Sheridan Knowles (1784—1662). 
 "Old Man (An), broken 'with 
 
 the storms ot state.' '—King Henry VIII. 
 act iv., scene 2. 
 
 " Old Man (An) is ttvice a 
 child." — Hamlet, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 " Old man eloquent, That" A 
 
 phrase applied to the Athenian orator 
 Isociates by Milton in his Sonnet (No., 10) 
 To the Lady Margaret Ley, It has of late 
 yeai-scome to be sometimes applied to Pro- 
 fessor Wilson, the essayist and contributor 
 to Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 Old Man of the Sea, The 
 
 figures In "Sinbad the Sailor" (Arabian 
 Mights). 
 
 Old Manor House, The. A 
 
 novel of Mrs. Charlotte Smith (1749 — 
 1806), published jn 1793, and characterised 
 by Miss Kavanagh as her finest imaginit- 
 tive effort. " It is her best and most inter- 
 esting novel, though, like all she Wrote, It is 
 
OLD 
 
 OLD 
 
 487 
 
 tinged with deBpondenoy and Badness. In 
 vain does she make llevo and heroine 
 bappy ill tlie end ; the Bpirit of disappoint- 
 ment ever broods over the tale. Orlando 
 (q.v.) is the hero, Honimia (q.v.) the hero- 
 ine of the tale." 
 
 Old Man's "Wish, The. A ballad 
 in twenty stanzas, by "VVaIiTEK Pope (d. 
 1714), published in 1693, and desciibed by 
 Southey as " one of those which are never 
 likely to lose their estimation and popu- 
 larity." It was imitated in Latin by Vix- 
 CEKT Bourne (1697—1747), and begins :— 
 
 " If I live to grow old| aa I £nd I go down, 
 Let this be my fate in a country town : 
 May I have a wann houee, with a etone at my gate. 
 And a cleanly youag girl to n^b my old pate." 
 
 Old Mortality. A novel by Sir 
 Waltek Scott (1771—1832), published in 
 1816. It derives its title from an old 
 Gameronian, whose real name was 
 EobertPaterson, but who was called '* Old 
 Mortality " from the devotion with which 
 for forty years or more, he erected or re- 
 
 S aired the tombstones over the graves of 
 eceased members of his sect in various 
 parts of Ayrshire, Galloway, and Dum- 
 friesshire, it was from him that Sir Walter, 
 in the person of Jedediah Cleishbotham 
 (q.v.) professed to have received the story 
 narrated in the novel. A full account of 
 him is given in the introduction to the 
 tale, the chief personages in which ar^ 
 Henry Morton, Edith Bellenden, Claver- 
 house, Balfour of Burley, Cuddie Head- 
 rigg, and Goose Gibbie. 
 
 Old Hed Sandstone, The. See 
 
 SA2fI>§T0NE, TheOI,I>KED. 
 
 " Old SsLvr." An expression oc- 
 curring in Chaucek's Canterbury Tales. 
 
 Old Shekarry, The. ^ee H. 
 A. L. 
 
 " Qld things need not be there- 
 fore true."— Firet line of Ah ! yet consider 
 it ar/ain, a lyric by AB-Thuk Hugh 
 Clough (1819—1861). 
 
 Old Tom of Bedlam. A " mfid 
 
 Bong," by "'William Basse [q.v.], one 
 that," according to Izaalc Walton, " has 
 made the choice song of Tke Hunter in his 
 Career." See Percy's lieligues. 
 
 Old Wives' Tale, The. A le- 
 
 geiidary story, in prose and verse, by 
 George Peele, published in 1595. It ap- 
 pears to have o^ered Milton a hint for his 
 masque of Comus (q.v.). 
 
 " Old yew, which graspeth at 
 
 the stones-"— Section ii., of In Memoriamf ■ 
 by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 Oldacre, Cedric, of Saze Nor- 
 
 manby . The pseudonym adopted by John 
 Wood Wabter, the auliior of TJie Last of 
 the Old Squires: a sketch (1854). 
 
 Oldbuok, Jonathan. The hero 
 
 of Scott's novel of The Antiqudry (ci.v.)^ 
 a whimsical, satirical, impetuous, good- 
 hearted, learned collector of the ** odds 
 and ends " of archaeology ; " partly 
 founded," his creator tells us, " onafriend 
 of my youth. An excellent temper, with 
 a slight degree of sub-acid humour, learn- 
 ing, wit, and drollery, the more poignant 
 that they were a little marked by the pe- 
 culiarities of an old bachelor ; a sound- 
 ness of thought, rendered more forcible by 
 an occasional quaintness of expression, 
 were, I conceive, the only qualities in 
 which the creature of my imagination re- 
 sembled my benevolent and excellent 
 friend. 
 
 Oldcastell, Sir Johan, the 
 Lorde Cobham : " A Bref e Chronycle con- 
 cernynge the Examinacyon and Death of 
 the Blessed Martyr of Christ," by John, 
 Bale, Bisliop of Ossoky (1495—1563). Sir 
 John had sunered martyKlom in 1417 for . 
 holding the doctrines of WyclifEe. The 
 " Brefe Chronycle" appeared in 1544. ;Siee 
 Oldcastle, Sib John. 
 
 Oldcastle, Humphrey. Tlie 
 pseudonym under which Henky St. John 
 Viscount BoLiNGBROKE, contributed to 
 The Craftsman a series of Lettei-s upon tlie 
 History of England^ and A Dissertation 
 upon Parties, 
 
 Oldcastle, Sir John. A play"by 
 an anonymous author, printed in 1600, and 
 erroneously attributed to Shakespeare. 
 Farmer supposes it to have been written 
 by Thomas Heywood. It is founded on 
 the History of Sir John Oldcastle, Lord 
 Cobham, executed for treason in the reign 
 of Henry V. Shakespeare's Sir John Fal- 
 stafE was at lirst named Oldcastle ; but 
 *' Oldcastle died a martyr, and this is ^ot^ 
 the man." (Epilogue to Henry IV.y part 
 ii.) See Oldcastell, Sir John. 
 
 Oldham, John, poet (b. 1653, d. 
 1684), wrote Satires aaainst the Jesuits, 
 Pindaric OdeSf a translation of Juvenal^ 
 and other works, collected and published, 
 with a Memoir, by Edward Thompson, in 
 1770. See also the biographical and criti- 
 cal introduction to the Poems^ by Robert 
 Bell, in the Annotationed Efhtion of the 
 Poefs. -"Oldham," says Hallam, "ranks 
 perhaps next to Dryden ; he is spirited and 
 pointed, but his versification is too negli- 
 gent, and his subjects are temporary. See 
 English Juvenal, The. 
 
 Oldis-worth, ■William,' a writer 
 of the early part of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury, is said to have been an excellent 
 translator, took part in the Hoadley con- 
 troversy against Bishop Blackall, of- 
 Exeter, and was one of the original coiitrib- 
 butors to The Examiner, He died in 1734, 
 A list of his works is given in Watt's BihliO' 
 theca. 
 
 Oldmizon, John, drnmatist, and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1673, d. 1742), pub- 
 
488 
 
 OLD 
 
 OLN 
 
 liBhed Poems in Imitation of 'Anacreon 
 (1696); Amyntas: a Pastoral (1698) ; Tlie 
 Grove : or^ Lovers Paradise (1700) ; The Gov- 
 ernor of Cyprus (1703) ; Amores Brlttan- 
 nlci: or J Heroic Epistles in Imitation of 
 Ovid's (1703) ; Court Tales (1717) ; a History 
 of England (1730, 1735, and 1739) ; and 
 many other works. He is satirised by 
 Pope in The Dunciad in the lines begin- 
 ning— 
 '* !□ naked majesty OldmLcon stands," &c.— ii., 283. 
 
 Oldstyle, Jonathan. Tlie nom de 
 plume under whicli WASHiNGTOif Irving 
 (1783 — 1659) published his earliest jfork, 
 entitled Letters on the Drama (1802). 
 
 01d7S,'Williani, bibliographer and 
 biographer (b. 1689, d. 1761), compiled 
 Catalogus Sibliothecas Harleian<e (1743), 
 edited The Harleian Miscellany (1753), and 
 wrote a Life of Sir Walter Raleigh^ pre- 
 ftxed to The instory of the World (1756). 
 The British Librarian (q.v.)appeared iu 
 1737. See Grose's Olio, and Watt's Biblio- 
 theca. 
 
 Olgismodus. 
 
 EUBOPE, &C. 
 
 See Memoirs of 
 
 Olifauut, Nigel. The hero of Sir 
 ■Walteb Scott's novel of Tlie Fartimes 
 qf Nigel (q.v.). 
 
 Olindo. The Mahometan King of 
 Jerusalem, inTas3o's<7isrusaIem Delivered. 
 
 Oliphant, Carolina. See Naikke, 
 The Bjlboness. 
 
 Oliphant, Laurence, Miscella- 
 neous writer (b. 1829), has published A 
 Journey to Katmandhu ; The Russian 
 Shores qf the Black Sea; Minnesota a7id 
 the Far West ; Tlie Transcaucasian Cam- 
 paign under Omer Pasha ; A Narrative of 
 tlie Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and 
 Japan in 1857 — 9 ; Patriots and Eilibustiers ; 
 Incidents of Travel ; and Piccadilly : a 
 Fragment of Contemporaneous Biography 
 (really a satire upon modem Ehglish so- 
 ciety). 
 
 Oliphant, Mrs. Margaret, nov- 
 elist and miscellaneous writer (b. about 
 1818), has published among other novels, 
 Mrs. Margaret Maitland (1849), Merkland 
 (1851), Adam Graeme of Mossgray' (18d2), 
 Marry Muir (1853), Magdalen Hepburn 
 (1864), Zt«tes(err/(1855),ira«rfee (1856), Katie 
 Stewart (185C), Tlie Quiet Heart (1856), 
 Oironicles of Carlingford{\nc\\ui.\ns Salem 
 Chapel, The Perpetual Curate, the Hector, 
 Miss Marjoribanks, and Phcebe Junior), 
 Agnes (1869),' The Broumlows (1868), T/ie 
 Ministei-'s Wife (1869), John (1870), Three 
 Brothers (1870), A Son of the Soil (1870), 
 Squire Arden (1K71), Ombra (1872), At His 
 Gates (1872), Innocent a«tS),May (1873), A 
 Rose in June. (1874), For Love and Life 
 (1874), Valentine ami his Brothers (1875), 
 The Curate in Chari/e (1876), Pheebe Junior 
 (1876), Carita (1877), ilrs. Arthur (1877), 
 
 and Yowng Musgrave (1877) ; besides pub- 
 lishing Memmrs of Edward living (1862),- 
 St. Francis d'Assisi (1870), aud Montalem- 
 bert {ISliy. Historical Shetclies of the Reign 
 of George //. (1869), The Makers of Florence 
 (1876), and Dante (translation) (1877). 
 
 Oliver, in As You Like It (q.v.)-, is 
 a sun of Sir Roland de Bols. See Obl ASDO. 
 
 Oliver Ne'wman : " a New Eng- 
 land Tale in verse, by Kobebt Southey 
 (1774—1843), was published in 1845. 
 
 Oliver T-roist, a novel by Charles 
 DiCKEKS (1813—1870), originally published 
 in Bentley's Miscellany, of which Dickens, 
 was at that time editor, and re-published 
 in a complete form in 1838. It was illus- 
 trated with drawings by George Cruik- 
 shank, who has since claimed the honour 
 of originating or suggesting some of the 
 most effective scenes. Thackeray, writ- 
 ing of this novel in the character of " Ikey 
 Solomons" (q.v.). says, — "The power of 
 the writer is so amazing, that the reader 
 at once becomes his captive, and must 
 follow him whithersoever he leads : and to 
 what are we led? Breatliless to watch all 
 the crimes of Fagin [q.v.], tenderly to de- 
 plore the errors of Nancy [q.v.], to have 
 for Bill Sikes [q.v.], a kind of pity and ad- 
 miration, and an absolute love for the so- 
 ciety of the Dodger [q.v.]. All these heroes 
 stepped from the novel on to the stage ; 
 and the whole London public, from peers 
 to chimney sweeps, were interested about 
 a set of ruffians whose occupations are 
 thievery, murder, and prostitution." A 
 remarkable feature of the work, and one 
 which, on its publication, brought con- 
 siderable odium on the writer, was its un- 
 sparing exposure of the poor-law and the 
 workhouse system, which led to its repre- 
 sentation on the stage being forbidden for 
 a time. But in April, 1868, John Oxen- 
 ford's version "was acted at the- New 
 Queen's Theatre, London, aud tliis was 
 followed by several other representations. 
 
 Olivia. " A consummate hypo- 
 crite, of most unblushing effrontery,"'' in 
 Wychebley's Plain Dealer (q.v.). 
 
 Olivia. Tlie countess, in Twelfth 
 Night (q.v.), beloved by Orsino, the duke, 
 and in love, first with Viola, and at last 
 with Sebastian. 
 
 Ollapod. Apotliecary and cornet 
 in the volunteers, in Colman the Young- 
 er'B comedy of the Poor Gentlemen (q.v.). 
 He is for ever saying, '* Do you take — do 
 you take ? " when lie makes a ]oke himself, 
 and, " Thank you, good sir [or ma'ani] — I 
 owe you one," when he imagines a witty 
 remark iu some other person. 
 
 Olney Hymns, The. So called 
 
 after the place in and near which resided 
 the joint-authors William Cowpee (q.v.), 
 and the Kev. John Newton (q.v.). 
 
OLO 
 
 OPE 
 
 489 
 
 Olor IscanuB : " a Collection of 
 Bome select Poems and TranslAtions," by 
 Henry Vaughas (1621— 169B) ; published 
 in 1651. OloT Iscanus means " The Swan 
 of the Usk '• — the TJsk being the river 
 ■which ran through the poet's native vale, 
 and of which he wrote ; — 
 *' When I am laid to rest hard by thy streams, 
 And my sun sets where first it sprang in beams, 
 ru leave behind me such a lar^e kind lieh( 
 As shall redeem me from oblivious niffhi ; 
 And in these vows which, living yet, I pay. 
 Shed such a precious and enduring ray, 
 As shall from age to age thy fair fame lead. 
 Till rivers leave to run, and men to read 1 
 
 Omnipresence of the Deity, The. 
 
 A poem by Eobebt Montgomeky (1807— 
 1855), published in 1828, and honoured 
 vrith a minute and crushing criticism by 
 Lord Macaulay in The Edintmrgh Review 
 tor April, 1830. The writer is there con- 
 victed of numerous plagiarisms, of which 
 the following lines, imitated from Camp- 
 bell's— 
 
 *' The sentinel stars set their watch in the sky,"— 
 is perhaps the best example ;— 
 
 '* Te quenchless stars ! so eloquently bright. 
 Untroubled sentries of the shadowy night." 
 
 Omnium, Jacob. The nom de 
 plume under which Matthew J. Higgins 
 contributed a series of letters on social 
 subjects to The rime* newspaper. His tren- 
 chant writing is celebrated by Thackeray 
 .in his ballad of Jacob Omnium^ s Hoss. 
 
 '''"■Whowasthismastergood 
 
 Of whomb I make these rhymes ? 
 His name is Jacob Homnium, Esquire ; 
 
 And if Vd committed crimes. 
 Good Lord ! 1 wouldn't 'avc that man 
 Attack me in the Times ! " 
 A memoir ol Hlggins appeared in an early 
 number of The Comhill Magazhie. His 
 In/e has also been written by Sir William 
 Stirling-Maxwell, in preface to a collection 
 of his miscellaneous writings (1877). See 
 J. O. 
 
 Omri, in Dktden's poem of .4ft- 
 talom and Achitopliel (q.v.), stands for Sir 
 Heneage Finch, Jjord Chancellor of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 " On a day — alack the day ! " 
 A song in Shakespeabe's Love*s Labowr^s 
 Lost, act iv., scene 3 : also printed in The 
 Passionate Pilgrim^ and in England's Se- 
 licon (1600), with the omission of the 16th 
 and 16th lines. 
 
 " On Iiinden -when the ' sun -was 
 low,"— First line of Campbell's Mohen- 
 linaen (q.v.)— 
 
 " All bloodless lay the untrodden snow. 
 And dark as wmter was the flow 
 Of Iser, rolling rapidly." 
 
 " On, Stanley,, on ! " — Scott.'s 
 Mamnion, canto vi., stanza 32. 
 
 " On, ye brave ! " — Campbell, 
 IfoJieniinden. 
 " Once did she hold the gorge- 
 
 ous East in fee." — Sonnet, On the Extinc- 
 timio/tlie FeMeKan iifBMoKc, by William 
 
 WORDSWOETH (1770-t18o0). 
 
 " Once in a golden hour." — The 
 Flower, by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 " Once,in the flight of ages past." 
 
 First line of Tlie Common Lot, a lyric by 
 James Montgomery (1771—1854).' 
 
 '■ Once more unto the Breach, 
 dear friends, once more." — King Henry V., 
 act iii., scene 1. 
 
 " One eare it heard, at the other 
 
 out it went." Line 435 of book iv. of 
 Chaucer's Troilus and Cresseide (q.v.). 
 
 " One far-off divine event, And.", 
 
 -Tennyson. 
 
 " One fell Bviroop, At." — Macbeth, 
 act iv., scene 3. 
 
 " One kiss, dear maid ! I said, 
 
 and sighed."— To Sara, by Samuel Tay- 
 lor Coleridge. 
 
 " One more unfortunate,'Weary 
 
 of breath." First lines of Hood's poem, 
 The Bridge of Sighs (q.v.). 
 
 One of the Fancy. A nom deplume 
 assumed by Thomas Moore (q.v.) in thau 
 publication of Tom Crib's Memorial to 
 Congress (1819). 
 
 One Thousand Seven hundred 
 and Thirty-eight : " a Dialogue something 
 like Horace," by Alexander Pope (1688 
 —1744) I published in 1738, on the same, 
 morning as that on which Johnson's ion-, 
 don appeared, " so that," as Boswell says, 
 "England had at once its Juvenal and 
 Horace as poetical monitors." The Dia- 
 logue now forms the epilogue to thei So- 
 tires. 
 
 " One touch of Nature makes 
 the whole world kin."— Troilus and Cres- 
 sida, act iii., scene 3. 
 
 "One -word is too often pro- 
 faned." First line of a lyric by Percy 
 Bysshe Shelley, written in 1821. 
 
 " One writes that 'other friends 
 remain.* " — Section vi. of In Memoriam, 
 by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 O'Neill : " or, the Rebel." A tale 
 in verse, by Edward, Lord Lytton, pub- 
 lished in 1827. 
 
 " Only noble to be good, 'Tis." 
 See Tennyson's ballad. Lady Clara Vere 
 de Vere. 
 
 " Only the actionfs of the just." 
 Shirley, T/ie Contention of Ajacc amd 
 Ulysses, scene 3 : — 
 
 " Smell sweet and blossom in the dust." 
 
 Open Sesame ! The chiirm by 
 which the door of the robbers' «ave ilew 
 21* 
 
480 
 
 OPH 
 
 OED 
 
 s 
 
 open in "The Forty Thieves" (Arabian 
 
 Jiights). 
 
 Ophelia. Daughter of Polonius, 
 in Hamlet (q.v.). "Ophelia," says Mrs. 
 Jameson, " the young, fair, inexperienced 
 Tirl, facile to every impression, fond in 
 ler simplicity, credulous in her innocence, 
 loves Hamlet, not for what he is in him- 
 self, but for that which he appears to her 
 — the gentle, accomplished prince, upon 
 ■whom she has been accustomed to see all 
 eyes fixed in hope and. admiration, the 
 first who has ever whispered soft vows iu 
 her ear ; and what more natural ? That 
 Hamlet regards Ophelia with a kind of 
 tenderness, that he loves her with a love 
 as intense as can belong to a nature in 
 which there is (I think) much more of con- 
 templation and sensibility than action or 
 passion, is the feeling and conviction with 
 ■which I liave always read Hamlet. We do 
 not see hiin as a lover, nor as Ophelia first 
 boheld him, for the days when he impor- 
 tuned her with love were before the open- 
 ing of the drama His love for 
 
 Ophelia is lanked by himself among those 
 trivial fond records which he has deeply 
 Bworn to eras3 from his heart and brain. He 
 has no thought to link his terrible destiny 
 
 with hers ; he cannot marry her In 
 
 his distraction he overacts the painful part 
 
 'to which he has tasked himself ; he is like 
 that judge of the Areopagus, who being 
 occupied with graver matters, flung from 
 
 - him the little bird which had sought ref- 
 uge in his bosom, and that with such an- 
 fflTf violence that unwittingly he killed it. 
 Of Ophelia's subsenuent madness what 
 can be said ? Her wild, rambling fancies ; 
 her aimless speeches ; her quids, transi- 
 tions from gaiety to sadness, each equally 
 purposeless and causeless ; her snatches of 
 old ballads, such as perhaps her nurse 
 sang her to sleep with in her infancy— 
 t\'6 all so true to life that we forget to 
 wonder, and can only weep." 
 
 Opie, Amelia (u^e Aldersnn), 
 novelist and poet (b. 1769, d, 1853), pub- 
 lished The Father and Daughter (1810) ; 
 Simple Tales (1806) ; New Tales (1818) : 
 Madeline (1822) ; Detraction Displayed 
 (1828), (q.v.) ; Poems (1802) ; Illustrations 
 of Lying in all its Branches (1827); Tem- 
 per: or, Domestic Scenes; Tales of Real 
 Life; and Tales of the Heart. Memorials 
 of^^her Life were published by Miss Bright- 
 well (1854). For Criticism, see" Miss Kav- 
 B,\\B,^^& English Women of Letters. 
 
 Opimiaii, Dr. A character in 
 Peacock's Gri/U Grange, and of whom 
 Robert Buchanan says that he is " as sure 
 of immortality as Uncle Toby himself." 
 
 " Opinion still, Is of his own." 
 
 See " Complies against his will." 
 "Opinion! -which on crutches 
 
 walks,"— Llovd, The Poet. 
 
 ** And Bounds the wordi another taUu." 
 
 " Opinions, Golden." ^See " Gold- 
 ex oPINIO^'a." 
 
 Opium-Eater, The English. See 
 English Opium-Eatek. 
 
 " Oppressor's "wrong, the proud 
 man's contumely, The." — Hamlet, act iii., 
 scene 1. 
 
 Optic, Oliver. The nom de plume 
 of William T. Adams, an American 
 writer of juvenile books. 
 
 Opticks : " or, a Treatise of the 
 Beflections, B>efractioiis, Inflections, and 
 Colours of Light." Published by Sir 
 Isaac Newton (1642—1727) in 1704. 
 
 "Optics sharp it needs, I 
 ween," — Trumball, MFingal^ canto i., 
 line 67 — 
 
 ** To Bee what is not to be seen ■" 
 
 Opus Chronicorum, by William 
 BiSHANGER, monk of St. Albans (circa 
 1300), A continuation of Matthew of 
 Paris's Chronicle, including "Gesta and 
 Annals of Edward I." 
 
 Opus Major, by Eoger Bacon, 
 monk of St. Albans ; dedicated to Pope 
 Clement IV., and edited by Jebb (1733). 
 
 "Oracle; I am Sir."— TAc Mer- 
 chant of Venice, act i., scene 1 — 
 
 *' And, when I ope my lips, let no dog bark." , 
 
 " Oracles are Dumb, The." Line 
 173 of Milton's poem of II Penseroso. 
 
 Ore. " A sea-monster that devoured 
 men and women," in Akiosto's Orlando 
 
 FuHoso. 
 
 Orchestra, The : " or, a Poem ex- 
 
 Eressing the Antiquity and Excellency of 
 ■ancing, in a Dialogue between Penelope 
 and One of her Wooers," by Sir John 
 Bavies ; dedicated to Prince Henry, 
 eldest son of James I. The poem is a 
 fragment. It was published in 1698. 
 
 Ordella. The wife of Tliierry, Kingr 
 of France, in Fletcher's tragedy of 
 Thierry and Theodoret ; a character which 
 Charles Lamb considered " the most per- 
 fect idea of the female heroic character, 
 next to Calantha in The Broken Heart of 
 Ford, that has been embodied in fiction. 
 " She is," he says, " a piece of sainted na- 
 ture." 
 
 Order of the Garter, Institution 
 of the. A dramatic poem by Gilbert 
 West (1705—1756), introducing Edward 
 IIL, Queen Philippa, the Black Prince, 
 John King of France, the Genius of Eng- 
 land, Bards and Druids, who revel in 
 choruses and odes, strophes and autistro- 
 phes. It appeared in 1742- 
 
 "Order of your going, Stand 
 
 not on the."— Macbeth, act iii., scene 4. 
 
 "Order this matter better in 
 
OED 
 
 OEIi 
 
 491 
 
 France, They." A sentence— generally 
 quoted, incorrectly, " They manage these 
 matters better in Fi'ance." — which wiU be 
 found on page 1 of Sterne's SentimentaL 
 Journey. 
 
 Ordericus Vitalis, chronicler (b. 
 1075, d. 1142), was the author of an EccLe- 
 siasiical Histor;/ qf JSngland and Norman- 
 dy, first printed in 1619 ; again, in 1826, 
 with a notice of the author by Guizot ; 
 again, , in 1838, edited by M. Auguste Le 
 Prevost ; and, in an English translation 
 by Forrester, in 1853 — 6. it is in thirteen 
 books, and in three parts, the first of 
 ■which consists of a complete Church his- 
 tory^ the second uf a history of the affairs 
 of his own Abbey of St. Evroult, and the 
 third of a " conscientious, altliough disor- 
 derly," contemporai-y record of political 
 events in Normandy and England. " Vi- 
 talis," says one of his critics, " claims no 
 subtlety, he discovers all that he can, and 
 tells all that lie knows, with breaks and 
 digressions^ with representation of facts 
 sometimes in tlie form of speeches put in 
 the mouths of persons of his story, or 
 other movement of the fancy for expres- 
 sion of the truth, but with no attempt to 
 colour facts to his opinions. His journal is, 
 like -every good old chronicle of its kind, 
 a mine of historical anecdote^ and illus- 
 trates vividly the social condition of Eng- 
 land and Normandy in the eleventh and 
 twelfth century. 
 
 Ordinal, The : " or, a Manual of 
 the Chemical Art ; an Exposition in verse 
 of the principles of the HemieticScience." 
 It was written in HT7 by John Nokton, 
 and printed b^r Elias Ashmole in his 
 Theatrum Chemicum {1652). 
 
 Ordinary, The. A coniedj^ by 
 WiLLiAM Caktweight (q.v.), first priiited 
 in 1651, Be*en years after the author's 
 death. It was partially written in: 1634. 
 See Dodsley's Old Plays (ed. Carew Haz- 
 litt). 
 
 Orford, Earl of. Sen "Walpole, 
 Horace. 
 
 O'Reilly, Private Miles. The 
 literary pseudonym of Colonel Charles 
 G. Halpine, author of a book of songs 
 and speeches, supposed to be the production 
 of an Irish private in the 47th lleglment 
 of New York Volunteer's. 
 
 Orestes. A tragedy written by 
 William Sotheby (1757—1833), on the 
 model of the Greek drama. It was pub- 
 lished in 1802. 
 
 Orgoglio. A giant in Spenser's 
 Fa'irie Queene, who defeats the Bed-cross 
 Knight. 
 
 Oriana. A ballad by Alfbed Ten- 
 ITYSOir, published in 1830. 
 
 '* My heart is wasted with my woe, 
 Oriana. 
 There il no rest for me below, 
 Oriana," 
 
 Oriana. A name bestowed upon 
 Queen Elizabeth in a series of madrigals, 
 published in 1601. Ben Jonson also ap- 
 plies it to the queen of James I. 
 
 Oriana, in Farquhak's Inconstant 
 (q.v.), is in love with a rou^, named Mirabel, 
 wliom she finally brings to her feet. 
 
 "Orient pearls at random 
 strung, Like." A line from A Persian 
 Song qf Hafiz (q.v.), by Sir William 
 Jones. 
 
 Oriental Eclogues. See Eclogues, 
 Oriental. 
 
 Oriental Translation Fund. See: 
 Asiatic (Eoyal) Society. 
 
 Origin of Species, The. A work 
 by Charles Kobert Darwin (b. 1809), 
 in which he put forward his theory of 
 " natural selection." It was published in 
 1859, and the leading idea of it was excel- 
 lently satirised by Lord Neaves (q.v.) in a 
 poetical squib. 
 
 Original, The. An attempt made 
 by Thomas Walker (1781—1836) t(j revive 
 the periodical essay of the eighteenth 
 century. The first number appeared in 
 May, 1835. 
 
 Origines Ecclesia.stics : "or. 
 Antiquities of the Christian Church," by 
 Joseph Bingham (166?— 1723) ; published 
 in 1710—22. It is a work of great learn- 
 ing, research, and sound judgment. 
 
 Origines Sacrae : " or, a Eational 
 Account of the Christian Faith, as to the 
 Truth and Divine Authority of the Scrip- 
 tures, and the matter contained therein," 
 by Edward Stillikgfleet, Bishop of 
 Worcester (1635— 1699); published in 1662, 
 and edited by Dr. Bentley in 1709. 
 
 Orilo, or Orillo. A magician and 
 robber, in Aeiosto's Orlando Fwrioso. 
 
 Orinda, The Matchless. A name 
 bestowed on Mrs. Katherine Philips 
 (q.v.), the authoress of some graceful odes, 
 and miscellaneous poems, to whom Jeremy 
 Taylor addressed his Discourse on Friend- 
 ship. 
 
 Orion. An epic poem by Richard 
 Henry Horke (b. 1803), published in 
 1843. Several editions of this poem were 
 sold, in the flrst of which it was charged at 
 one farthing per copy— a "price placed 
 upon it as a sarcasm upon the low estima- 
 tion into which epic poetry had fallen." 
 
 Orlando, in As You Like It (q.v), 
 is a son of Sir Rowland de Bois, and brother 
 of Oliver (q.v.). He is in love with EOsa- 
 lind (q.v.). 
 
 Orlando, in Mrs. Smith's novel of 
 The Old Manor Home (q.v.), is "the 
 agreeable young hero Who hasso loutheM 
 an honourable place in fictloui H« is 
 
492 
 
 OEIi 
 
 ORV 
 
 ImndBome, generous, brave, daring, and 
 ardent," and in love with Monimia (q.v.). 
 
 Orlando. The hero of Ariosto's 
 Orfando FuriosOj descilbed as " the model 
 of a true knight — high-minded, generous, 
 compassionate, and valiant."' He is in 
 love with Angelica, and becomes mad 
 through her marriage with Medoro. 
 
 Orlando Furioso. An epic poem, 
 in forty-six cantos, by Lodovico Ariosto 
 (1474—1533), which appeared in 1516. See 
 Artosto. 
 
 Orlando Furioso, The Historie 
 
 of. A tragedy, in five acts, by Kob£Rt 
 Greene (1594). 
 
 Orme, Robert, historian (b. 1728, 
 d. 1801), wrote a History of the Military 
 Xfansaciioiis of the British Nation in 
 Jndostan from the Year 1745 to 1761(1703 
 and 1778), Historical Fragments of the Mogul 
 Empire^ A General Idea of the Govern- 
 ment and People of Indostan^ and a pri- 
 vately printed History of Sevagl. 
 
 Orme, "William, Dissenting minis- 
 ter {b. 1787, d. 1830), produced Memoirs of 
 Dr. John Owen (1820), William Kiffin (1823), 
 and John JJrquhart (1827), and the Mblio- 
 iheca Biblica (i-v.). 
 
 Ormond. A n o vel by Mari a 
 Edgeworth, printed witli Harrington in 
 1817. 
 
 Orn^ulum. A work, in verse, by 
 Ormin, ft canou regular of the Order of 
 St. Augustine, called Ormulum from the 
 n9.mo of the Author :— 
 
 '* This Ijoc is ncmmcd Orrmulum 
 Fpyrthi thatt Orm itt Wrohhte." 
 
 Om>ln'9 plan was " to give a metrical par- 
 m>hrase ot ^h? Gospel of the day, and 
 then to expound it m m^tre doctruially 
 And practicai'iy, with frequent borrowing 
 from the writings of St. Augustine and M\- 
 f ric, and «ome borrowing from Bede, The 
 inetre is in alternate eigjit and seven syl- 
 lal^^es, or in lines of fifteen eyllables, ^ith 
 au^etrical pointat the en4 of the eighth. 
 HU purpose," says Morley, " w^as religious 
 and didactic. It was to bring ^on^e pleas- 
 antly and very simply to the understandr 
 Ing of the poor the truths of Scripture in 
 tho^e portions of the Xew Testament 
 which were to be read in the dally offices 
 of the Church. Hia version is never poetr 
 ical, yet it has one pleaaantly d,lBtinctive 
 charactei,it is remarkable for its welb- 
 studied sJmpUoity of expre^Bion." 
 
 *' Ormuz and of Ind. The -wealth 
 
 ot."—' Paradise Lost, book 11., line 2. 
 
 Oronooko, The History of: "or, 
 the Royal Slave." A novel by Aphra 
 Bri:HN(l042— 1689), published in lfi98, and 
 founded on the story of a prince of Africa 
 •who wasi sold into slavery, and eventually 
 put to death by the authorities of the 
 colony In whicii he JUiboured^ He had 
 
 previously been married to his lady-love, 
 a beautiful girl, called Imoinda, who had 
 also been captured by the slave merchants, 
 and sent as a slave to the same colony as 
 that which held her lover. The story of 
 tills interesting pair is told by Mrs. 
 Behn "With much graphic power, and is 
 thus characterised by Miss Julia Kavan- 
 agh : — " The only one of her tales that, 
 spite of all its defects, can still be read 
 with entertainment, is that in which she 
 invented least. Indeed Oronooko can 
 scarcely be called a novel ; it is a book Of 
 travels, and a most picturesque one; abiog- 
 raphy, and one both noble and tragic. We 
 may doubt, indeed, the accuracy of Mrs. 
 Behn*s statements — ^we cannot doubt the 
 general truth of this lamentable history, 
 ■which is told, moreover, with infinite 
 vigour and spirit." 
 
 Oronooko : " or, theltoyal Slave," 
 A play by Thomas Southern (1660—1746). 
 founded on the true story treated in Mrs. 
 Behn's novel, The History of Oronooko 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Orosius. The Universal History 
 of this "writer was translated by King 
 Alfred, whose version was printed in 
 
 1773. 
 
 O'Rourke. Described by " Olphar 
 Hanist " (q.v.), as the real name of the gen- 
 tleman who has produced a few Irish 
 playSj notably Peep o^Day, under the name 
 of Edmund Falcoker. ^ee Handbook of 
 Fictitious Names. 
 
 ■ Orphan, The. A play by Thomas 
 Ottvay (1651—1685), acted in 1680, and de- 
 scribed by Dr. Johnson as " one oi the few 
 plays that keep possession of the stage. It 
 IS a domestic tragedy, drawn from middle 
 life . Its whole ;power is upon the affec- 
 tions." It contains the following passage 
 (act iii., scene 1) : — 
 
 *' What mighty ilia have not been done by woman I 
 "Who waa t betrayed the Capitol ? A -woman ! 
 Who lost Mark Antony the world ? A woman ! 
 Who was the cause of a longtcn years' war, 
 And laid nt last old Troy in ashes ? Woman I 
 Destructive, damnable, deceitful woman I" 
 
 '■The story of The Orphan," says Hallam, 
 '* is borrowed, I believe, from some French 
 novel." 
 
 Orpheus C. Kerr. See Kerr, 
 Orpheus C- 
 
 OrpheuSt of High-swaymen, The. 
 
 A *itl^ given to John Gay, the author of 
 'Phe Jfeggar's Opera, of which a highway- 
 m,^, Captain Macheath (q.v.), is the hero. 
 
 Orslno, Duke of lUyria. A 
 character In Shakebprare's comedy of 
 
 Ttoeffth Night (q.v,), 
 
 Orville, Lord. Tlie^hero, and 
 lover of Evelliift. in Madame D'Arblay*s 
 
 novel of the latter name (q, v.) ; " hand- 
 some, gallant, polite, and ardent ; " "rich, 
 titled, and ludversaHy admired." He is 
 
ORY 
 
 OSS 
 
 493 
 
 described as "gaily but not foppishly 
 di^ssedj and indeed, extremely- handsomej 
 with an air of mixed politeness and, gal- 
 lantry." " Wlio," says Miss Kavaiiagb, 
 *' could resist him ? " 
 
 Orygynale Cronykil of Scot- 
 land, by Andrrw Wyntoitn (circa 1395 
 " — 1420), was written (he says) 
 
 " At the metans of a lord ^ 
 
 That liad my Berwys in his warde, 
 Schyr I hove of the Wemya be richt name, 
 An honest knycht and of gudc fame." 
 
 The author has contrived to introduce in- 
 to his nine books of ingenious eigbt-syl- 
 labled doggrel a large number of facts and 
 traditions ; amongst other-s, an early form 
 of the story of the tbree weird sisters in 
 Macbeth. The chronicle was edited in 
 1795 -by David Macpherson. 
 
 Osbaldistone. The names of two 
 
 cousins, Francis and Kasbleigli, who figure 
 in Sir "Walter Scott's Hob Hoy. The 
 former is in love with Diana Vernon (q.v.), 
 whom be eventually marries. 
 
 Osborn, Francis, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1589, d. 1658), published, among 
 otber hooka, his Advice to a Son (1656 — 58), 
 (q.v.). His fToT-A-s were reprinted in 1763. 
 " Osborne's Advice to Ms Son," says Hal- 
 lam, "is not far above mediocrity, and 
 contains a good deal that is commonplace, 
 yet with a considerable sprinkling of sound 
 sense and observation." 
 
 Osborne, George, in Thackeray's 
 nove^ of Vanity Fair (q.v.), is eventually 
 married to Amelia Sedley (q.v.). 
 
 Osborne, Lord Sidney G. See 
 S. G. O. 
 O'Shanter, Tarn. See Tam O'Shan- 
 
 TEB. 
 
 O'Shaughnessy, Arthur, poet, 
 has published An Epic on Women, and 
 other Poems (^1870) ; Lays of France (1871) ; 
 and Music and Moonlight (1874). See Sted- 
 man*s Victorian Poets. ■ 
 
 Osile, in the romance of Sir Guy 
 of WcerwicJc (q.v-), is in love with. Sir 
 Thierry. 
 
 Osmyn. A noble prisoner in Con- 
 greve's Motiming Bride (q.v.), who 
 proves to be Alfonso, Prince of Granada, 
 and liusband of Almeria (q.v.). 
 
 Osric, in Ilnmlet (q.v.), is described 
 by B. Grant White as "a type of the 
 euphuist or affected courtier of Shake- 
 speare's time ; a hair-splitter in thought, 
 and absurdly dainty and extravagant in 
 expression." 
 
 Osseo. " Son of the Evening 
 Star," in Longfellow's Sia/watha (q.v.). 
 
 Osslan, or Oisin, was the barcTto 
 whom James Macpherson (1738—1796) 
 at^buted the substantial authorship of 
 
 the two epics of Finjjal (q^.v.) and Temora 
 (q.v.) issued respectively m 1762 and 1763. 
 Macpherson, who was a Highland school- 
 master then, had submitted to Ihe author 
 of Douglas (q.v.) in 1759 a series of jjoema 
 which he. represented as translatioiis of 
 fragments of ancient Gaelic poetry 'which 
 he liad heard recited in the - Highlands. 
 Home read and admired, and others read 
 and admired, and the result was the pub- 
 lication in 1760of Macpherson's Fragments 
 of Ancient Poetry, the success of which 
 probably induced Macpherson to attempt 
 something still more startling. Sent, ac- 
 cordingly, to Scotland, to search, by the 
 aid of subsidies cheerfully collected for 
 him, for further remains of ancient poetry, 
 he came back loaded, not this time with' 
 fragments merely, but with ■ the two full- 
 blown epics above-mentioned, which, when ^ 
 published, spread lilie wildfire all over 
 Europe. iJot only did all English literary ■ 
 circles resound with their praises, but 
 they were translated into several European 
 languages, and we know that they were 
 the favourite reading of" Napoleon. Im- 
 mediately upon the praise, however, came 
 the detraction, and the authenticity of the 
 poems was vehemently qiiestioned by 
 writers like Dr. Johnson and David Hume, 
 and by antiquarians like Pinkerton and 
 Malcolm Laing, the latter of whom pub- 
 lished in. 1800 a pungent essay on the sub- 
 ject, followed up later with a volume devot- 
 ed to the topic. On the other hand, Gray 
 and Blair among the poets, and Lord. 
 Kames and Sir John Sinclair among the 
 critics, strongly asserted the antique origin 
 of the poems in question. A third element 
 in the controversy was then introduced by 
 the claim set up by Irish antiquaries, on 
 tlie part of Ireland, for the genesis of the 
 epics in their 'original form. That th^ - 
 " poems of Ossian," so far as they are 
 genuine, are more Irish than Scotch in 
 character was asserted by Lord Neaves 
 (q.v.), whose judicial occupation and 
 frame of inind gave him some right to 
 speak authoritatively. " I feel bound," he 
 says, "to express my opinion that the 
 Ossianic poems, so far .as original, oughtto 
 be considered generally as Irisli composi- 
 tions relating to Irish personages, real or 
 imaginary, and to Irish events, historical 
 or legendary ; but they indicate also a free 
 communication between the two countries, 
 and may be legitimately regarded by the * 
 Scottish Celts as a literature in which they 
 have a direct interest, written in their an- ' 
 cient tongue, recording traditions common 
 to the Gaelic tribes, and having been long 
 preserved and diffused in the ScottiBh 
 Highlands." As regards the poems as pro- 
 duced by Macpherson, the same writer 
 says : " The poems published by Macpher- 
 son as the compositions of Ossian. whether 
 in their English or their Gaelic form, are 
 not genuine compositions as they stand, and 
 are not entitled to any weight or authority 
 in themselves, being partly Hctitious, but 
 
494 
 
 OSS 
 
 OTR 
 
 partly at the same time, and to a consider- 
 able extent, copies or adaptations of 
 Ossianic poetry cun-entin theliighlands.'* 
 Of the literary merit of Macpherson's com- 
 pilation, Wordswoith may be allowed to 
 act as a competent judge. " Having," he 
 Bays, "had the good fortune to "be bom 
 and reared in a mountainous country, from 
 my very childhood, I have felt the false- 
 hood that pervades the volumes imposed 
 upon the world under the name of Ossian. 
 From what I saw with my own ey-^s, I knew 
 that the imagery was spurious. In nature 
 everytliing is distinct-, yet nothing defined 
 into absolute independent singleness. In 
 Macpherson's work, it is exactly the 
 reverse ; everything (that is not stolen) is 
 tn this manner defined, insulated, ai!»- 
 located, deadened — yet nothing distinct. 
 It will always be so when words are sub- 
 stituted for things. To say that the char- 
 acters never could exist, that the man- 
 ners are impossible, and that a dream has 
 more subsistence than the whole state of 
 Bociety now depicted, is doing nothing 
 more than pronouncing a censure which 
 Macpherson defied ; when, with the steeps 
 of Morven before his eyes he could talk so 
 familiarly of his car-borne heroes ; of Mor- 
 ven, which, if one may judge from its ex- 
 tent at the distance oi a few miles, con- 
 tains scarcely an acre of ground sufficient- 
 ly accommodating for a sledge to he (.railed 
 aIon,g its surface. Mr- Malcolm Lainghaa 
 ably shown that the diction of pretended 
 translation is a motley assemblage from all 
 quarteiT. As the translation of the Bible, 
 and Shakespeare, and Milton, and Pope, 
 could not be indebted to Macpherson. it 
 follows that he must have owed his fine 
 feathei-s to them." Because, however, 
 Fingal and Temora are not the work of 
 Ossian, but are almost wholly an eight- 
 eenth-century concoction, it does not fol- 
 low that there was not an Ossian, or that 
 he did not write poetry. On the contrary, 
 there are Ossianic remains in existence, 
 which may be read in The Book of the Dean 
 0/ i/ismore (q.v.), and in the publications 
 of the Ossianic Society. See also the 
 Poems of Ossian in the Original Gaelic 
 (1871), and OsBian Original and Authentic 
 (1S75), 
 
 Ossoli, The Marchioness of, 
 
 Sarah Margaret Fuller (b. 1810, d. 1850), 
 was the author of IFoman in the Nineteenth 
 Century y Summer on the Lakes, and other 
 works, besides numerous contrihutioiis to 
 The New York Tribune and The Dial, of 
 which she was for some time editor (1840). 
 See her Life by Emerson, Ghanning, and 
 Clarke. 
 
 Osvrald, in King Lear (q.v.), is 
 steward to Goneril ((i.v.)> 
 
 Othello, the Moor of Venice. 
 A tragedy by William Shakespeare 
 (1564—1616), probably written, says HalU- 
 weU-Philllpps, before leOO, and certainly 
 
 acted at Court in 1604, again at the Globe 
 Theatre in 1610, and once more at Court iu 
 1613. It was first printed in 1621, appeared 
 in quarto in 1622, and was included in the 
 second quarto of collected plays iu 1630. 
 The plot is taken from Cinthio's ffecatom- 
 mithi, parte prima, deca terza, novella 7, 
 though the names of the characters, except 
 Desdemona, are not the same. "For once,'* 
 says Hartley Coleridge, '* Shakespeare and 
 perfection are united. From the first scene 
 to tlie last of this play Uiere is a perpetuity 
 of interest. Some gaps of time there may 
 be. We must allow a few hours, say seven 
 days, for the passage between Venice and 
 Cyprus. Set that down for the prologue 
 to the play. Then it will appear to be the 
 most perfect specimen of tragedy now ex- 
 tant." Of the hero, Schlegef says : "We 
 recognise in Othello the wild nature of 
 that glowing zone which generates' tlie 
 most deadly poisons, tamed only in appeai'- 
 ance by the clesjre of fame, by foreign laws 
 of honour, and by nobler and milder man- 
 ners. His jealousy is not the jealousy of 
 the heart, which is compatible with the 
 tenderest feeling and adoration of the be- 
 loved object ; it is of that sensual kind 
 which, in burning climes, has given birth 
 to the disgraceful confinement of women, 
 and many other unnatural usages. A drop 
 of this poison fiows in his veins, and sets 
 his whole blood in the wildest ferment. 
 The Moor seems noble, frank, confiding, 
 grateful for the love shown him ; and he 
 is all this, and moreover, a hero who spurns 
 at danger, a worthy leader of an army, a 
 faithful servant of the state ; but themere 
 physical force of passion puts to flight in 
 A moment all his acquired and mere habits 
 nal virtues, and gives the upper hand to 
 the savage over the moral man." 
 
 " Othello's occupation's gone." 
 
 See " Occupation's gone, Othello's." 
 
 " Others abide our question — 
 
 thou art free ! " First line of Shakespeare^ 
 a sonnet by Matthew Arnold (b.l822). 
 Otho the Great. A tragedy writ- 
 ten by JoHX Keats in conjunction with a 
 friend of his, called Brown ; Brown sup- 
 plying the fable, characters, and dramatic 
 conduct ; Keats, the diction and the verse. 
 "The two composers," says Lord Hough- 
 ton, sat opposite. Brown sketching all me 
 incidents of each scene, and Keats transla- 
 tingthemintohisrich and ready language. 
 As the play advanced, Keats thought the 
 events too melodramatic, and concluded 
 the fifth act alone. The tragedy was offered 
 to, and accepted by, EUiston, Kean having 
 expressed a desire to act the principal 
 part." It was never acted, however. " As 
 a literary curiosity, it remains interesting, 
 and abounds with fine phrases and passages 
 marred by the poverty of the coustruo^ 
 tion." 
 
 Otranto, The Castle of. See 
 Castle of Otilanto, Thb« 
 
OTB 
 
 OUT 
 
 405 
 
 O'Trigger, Sir Lucius, in Sheki- 
 BAN's Rivals (q.v.), is a richly humorous 
 portraiture of the stage-Irishman. 
 
 Otterbourne, The Battle of. A 
 
 ballad, printed in Percy's lieliqucs,- from 
 an old MS. in the Cotton Library, where it 
 is inscribed, "A Songe made in B. 2. liis 
 tymeof the battele of Otterburne, betweene 
 Lord Henry Percye Earle of Norlhomber- 
 lande and the Earle Douglas tif Scotlande. 
 - Anno 1388." As a matter o£ fact, however, 
 the battle was not fought by the Earl of 
 Noi'thumberiand,.butbyhisBon, Sir Henry 
 Percy, sumamed Hotspur, who, with his 
 brother Ralph, was taken prisoner in the 
 engagement. The story is told with much 
 prolixity by the French chronicler, Frois- 
 sart. iS'ee Ohbvy Chase. 
 
 Otuel, Sir. An old English ro- 
 mance in verse, founded on the legends of 
 Charlemagne and Roland, and now exist- 
 ing only in a fragmentary state. One 
 copy, in the Anchinleck MSS., contains 
 1738 lines, written, sa^s Ellis, in couplets, 
 with considerable spirit and animation. 
 A second MS. in six-lined stanzas, com- 
 pletes the story, and includes a paraphrase 
 of Turpin's Histnria tie Vita Caroli Magni 
 from the death of Ferragus to the battle of 
 Roncesvalles. See Ellis's Early English 
 Homances. 
 
 Otwray.Rev. Csesar (d. 1842), was 
 author of Skefclies of Ireland, Tour in 
 Connaughtf and other works. 
 
 Otway, Thomas, dramntist (b. 
 1651, d. 1685), wrote Alcibiades 11675) ; Von 
 Carlos (1675) ; Caius Marius (1680), (q.v.) ; 
 The Orphan (1680), (qv.); Venice Pre- 
 eerved (1682), (q.v.) ; Titus and Berenice, 
 lYiendship in Fashion, and The Soldier^s 
 Fortune, besides various poetical pieces. 
 His Works were published in 1813, with a 
 Life of the author, by Thomas Thornton. 
 For Criticism, see Sir Walter Scott's Essay 
 on the jyrama. Rochester refers to Otway 
 in his Session of the Poets. 
 
 " Tom Otway came next ... 
 And Bwears for heroics he writes best of any " 
 
 Pope says : — 
 
 " The tragic epirit was our own. 
 And full in Shakespeare, fair in Otway shone i 
 But Otway failed to polish or refine." 
 
 '* Otway." says Dr. Johnson, " had not 
 much cultivated versification, nor much 
 replenished his mind with general know- 
 ledge. His principal power was in moving 
 the passions." Jeffrey was of opinion that 
 Otway's pretensions to mere poetry were 
 very slight. '.' His lyrical pieces," he says, 
 " are entirely worthless. What he did l:e 
 effected bv a strong contrast of character, 
 by spirited dialogue, and by always keep- 
 ing lu view the main object of the play." 
 See Poet's Complaiht to bis Muse. 
 
 Ouida. Tlie name under which 
 Mademoiselle Louise de la Eame has 
 published tie following novels •.—Ariaanl, 
 
 Cecil Castlemainc' s Gage, Cliandos, A Dog 
 of Flanders, Folle-Farine, Held in Bond- 
 age, Idalia, In a Winter City, Pascareli 
 Pxick, Signa, Strathmore, Tricotrln, Two 
 Little Wooden Shoes, and Under Two 
 Flags. 
 
 " Our acts our angels are." See 
 Acts oub asgels abe." 
 
 " Our birth is but a sleep and a 
 
 forgetting," The opening line of a fa- 
 mous passage in Wordsworth's Ode on 
 (lie Intimations of Immortality (q.v.). 
 
 "Our bugles sang truce — for 
 the night-cloud has Ipwer'd." First line of 
 Campbell's Soldier^s Dream. 
 
 " Our enemies have fall'n, have 
 f all'n : the seed." First line of a song, by 
 Alfred Teksyson, in Tlie Princess. 
 
 " Our hands have met, but not 
 our hearts."— To a False Friend, by 
 Thomas Hood. 
 
 Our Mutual friend. See Mutual 
 Fbiekd, Our. 
 
 Our Old Home. See Old Home, 
 Our. 
 
 Our Street : " a Cliristmas Book," 
 by William Makepeace Thackeray. 
 
 Our Village. See "Village, Our. 
 
 " Oursels as others see us, To 
 
 see." See Louse, To A. 
 
 "Ourselves to know, And all 
 our knowledge is." — Pope, Essay on Man, 
 epistle iv., line 398. 
 
 " Out at heels." — King Lear, act ii., 
 scene 2. 
 
 "Out, damned spot! out, I 
 B&y."— Macbeth, act v., scene 2. 
 
 " Out of house and home. He 
 
 hath eaten me."— King Henry IV., part il., 
 act ii., scene 2. 
 
 " Out of mind as soon as out 
 of sight. And." A line from Lord 
 Ekooke's Sonnet Ivi. See also Thomas a 
 Kempis's Imitation of Christ, book i., 
 chap 23: "And when he is out of sight, 
 quickly also he is out of mind." Gay has 
 the line :— 
 
 " Out of sight when out of view." 
 
 Arthur Hugh Clodgh has a poem of ' 
 which the above forms the motif and re- 
 frain. 
 
 " For men, tliat will not idlers he. 
 Must lend their hearts to things they see j 
 And friends who leave them far behind, 
 "When out of sight are out of mind." 
 
 " Out upon it, I have loved 
 
 Three whole days together." First line 
 of a ballad by Sir JoHSf Suckling (1609— 
 
 "but-herods Herod It."— fi'am- 
 Jc«, actiil.,soene2. „ , , , 
 
 Outram, George, Scotch lawyer 
 
496 
 
 OUT 
 
 OWE 
 
 and jounmlist (b. 1805, d. 1856), was 
 author of Lyricsj Legal and Miscel- 
 laneous. 
 
 Outram, William, Prebendary of 
 Westminsler (b. 1G25, d. 1679), wrote De 
 Sacrificiis Llbri Dao (q-v.)- 
 
 Outre-Mer : " a Pilgrimage be- 
 yond the Sea." A series of prose tales and 
 sketches by Henry Wadsworth Long- 
 rELLOW(b. 1807), published in 1835. "The 
 Pays d' Outre-Mer," says tho writer, '* is a 
 name by which the pllgiims and crusaders 
 of old designated the Holy Land. Ij too, 
 in a certain, sense, have been a pilgrim of 
 Outre-Mer ; for to my youtliful imagina- 
 tioTi the Old World was a kind of Holy 
 Land, lying afar off beyond the blue 
 horizon of the ocean. In this my pil- 
 grimage, I have traversed France from 
 Normandy to Navarre ; smoked my pipe 
 in a Flemish inn ; floated through Hol- 
 land in a Trekschuit ; trimmed my mid- 
 night lamp in a German university ; wan- 
 dered and mnsed amid the classic scenes 
 of Italy ; and listened to the gay guitar 
 and merry castanet on the borders of the 
 blue Guadalquiver." 
 
 *' Outiun the constable." A 
 phrase occurring in Butler's poem of 
 Hudibras, part i., canto iii., line 1,367. 
 
 " Over shoes in love. He was 
 more than." — The Two Gentlemen of 
 Verona, act i., scene 1. 
 
 *' Over the mountains." First 
 line of Love will find Out the Way (q.v.). 
 
 Overall, John, successively Bish- 
 op of Lichfield, of Coventry, and of Nor- 
 wich (b. 1559, d. 1619). was the author of 
 Tlic Convocation Book, a treatise on the 
 divine origin and claims of government. 
 He was also o:ie of the autnors of the 
 Church of Engicmd Catechism, awd one of 
 the translators of the Bible, Hallam says 
 of lite Convocation Book that the author's 
 arguments are *'' singularly insufficient. 
 He quotes nothing but a few irrelevant 
 texts from Genesis ; he seems not to have 
 known at all the strength, whatever it 
 may be, of his own case.'*^ 
 
 Overbury, Sir Thomas, poet and 
 philosopher (b. 1581, d. 1G13), was the 
 author of CAaraciers or Witty Descriptions 
 (1614), The liemedy of Love (1620), Obser- 
 vations in his Travailes (1626) and Crttmms 
 FaVnfrom King Jameses Table (1715), all 
 of which are referred to under their re- 
 spective heads. See Rimbault's edition of 
 the Works in the Librarj/ of Old Authors. 
 Hallam thus compares the prose stj'les of 
 Earlefq.v.) and Overbury :—" Earle," he 
 says, *' has more natural humour, and hits 
 his mark niord neatly ; tlie other is more 
 satiiical, but often abusive and vulgar. 
 The wit Is often trivial and flat ; the senti- 
 ments have nothing In them general or 
 worthy of much remembrance ; praise is 
 cnlly due to the graphic skill in delinea- 
 
 ting character. Earle is as clearly -the 
 better, as Overbury is the more original 
 writer." See Newes pkom any whence, 
 and "Wife, A. 
 
 Overdo, Adam. A justice of 
 the peace in Ben Jonson's Barth^lomevf 
 Fair (q.v.). 
 
 Overreach, Sir Giles. A miser 
 and extortioner, in Massingek's ^evt 
 Waif to Pay Old Debts (q-v.), supposed -to 
 be intended for Sir Giles Mompesson, to 
 whom, and to Sir Francis Michell, -wad 
 granted the famous patent for the exclu- 
 sive manufacturing of gold and silver 
 lace, characterised by Macaulay as " the 
 most disgraceful of all patents in our his- 
 tory." 
 
 Overs, John. See Evenings op 
 A Working Man. 
 
 " Over-violent or over-civil.' 
 — Absalom and Achitopliel, part 1., line 
 557. 
 
 Ovid. The Metamorphoses of this 
 famous poet was translated by Geobge 
 Sandys (1577—1644), and published in 1626. 
 "He comes so near the sense of his au- 
 thor," says Langbaine, " that nothing is 
 lost ; no spirits evaporate in the detsant- 
 ing of it into English ; and if there be any 
 sediment it is left behind." An earlier 
 version was made by Arthur Golding 
 in 1565. The Elegies were translated by 
 Christopher Marlowe, the di-amatist, 
 in 1597. 
 
 O'wain Kyveiliog. Prince of 
 Powis (circa 1162). See Circuit through 
 Powis, The, and Hirlas Horn. 
 
 " Owe you one, I.*' See Olla- 
 
 POD. 
 
 Owen, George, M.D. (d. 1558), 
 published in the latter year A Meet Diet 
 for the New Ague, set forth by Mr. Owen- 
 Owen, Henry, clergyman (b. 
 1716, d. 1795), wrote A Brief Account of the 
 Septuagint (it SI), Observations on the Four 
 Gospels (1764), The Intent and Propriety 
 of me Scripture Miracles (1773). Criiica 
 Sacra (1774 — 5), CoUalio Codicis Cottoniani 
 Geneseos (1778), Critical Disquisitions 
 (1784), Sermons (1797), and other works. 
 
 Owen, John (d. 1622), published 
 Epigrammafa (1606), of which translations' 
 were issued by Hayman in 1628, by Harvey 
 in 1667, by Hauflete, Pecke, and \ icars. 
 
 Owen, John,D.D .Nonconformist 
 divine (b. 1616, d. 1683), produced The Dis- 
 play of Arminianism (1642) ; Convmiinion 
 wit/i Ood (1G57) ; Exjwsition of the Epistle 
 to the Hebrews (1668) ; On Justification 
 (1677) ; Salus Electorum, Sanguis Jesu : or^ 
 the Death of Death in the Death of Christ; 
 Diatriha de Divina Justiiia ; Doctrine qf 
 the Saint's Perseverance explained and 
 confirmed; Vindicia Evamgelicce; Mortis 
 ficatum. of Sin by Believers; On the Divins 
 Original, Authority, Seif-evid^ncing iAghi ' 
 
OWE 
 
 PAG 
 
 497 
 
 and Power of the Scriptures,- On the Nor- 
 twre^ Jtlse, aiid Progress, and Study of 
 True Theology (1661) ; Animadversions on 
 " Fiat Lux ; ** Indwelling Sin ; A X>i8~ 
 course of the Holy Spirit; Christologia ; 
 and other Works, all of which were edited 
 by Thomas Russell, with a Life by "Wil- 
 liam Orme, in 1826. A Memoir of Dr. 
 Owen had appeared in 1720. See Akmin- 
 lAxiSM, Display of. 
 
 Owen Meredith. See Meredith, 
 
 O^W^EN. 
 
 Owen of Carron. A ballad by 
 JOHX IjANGhobne (1735—1779), the story 
 of which bears strong resemblance to that 
 of G-il Morrice (q.v.). Owen of Carron is 
 the illegitimate son of Lady Ellen, daugh- 
 ter of the Earl of Moray, and the Earl of 
 Nithsdale. 
 
 Owen, Richard, comparative ana- 
 tomist (b. 1804), has published Lectures on 
 Comparative Anatomy (1843—69), Princi- 
 ples of Comparative Osteology (1855), Pa- 
 IcBontology (1860)^ and numerous other 
 works of great scientific interest. 
 
 Owen, Robert Dale (b. 1804, d. 
 1877), wrote JSTew Views of Society (1825), 
 Fooffalls on the .Boundaries of Another 
 World (1859), The Wrong of Slavery (1864), 
 Beyond the Breakers (1870), and Threading 
 My Way, an autobiographical work (1873). 
 
 Owenson, Sydney. See Moegan, 
 Lady. 
 
 Owl and the Nightingale, The. 
 
 An old English poem, by Nicholas de 
 GtriLDFOBD (circa 1197), written in the 
 reign of fiichard I. It has been edited for 
 the Roxburgh Club (1838), and for the 
 Percy Society by Thomas Wright. It tells 
 how the two birds quarrelled over their 
 .claims to admiration, and left i^. to the 
 writer to decide between them. 
 
 Owl, The. A semi-allegorical poem 
 bv MiCHAEii Drayton, published in 
 161P. 
 
 '* Owl (The), for all hi« feathers, 
 waa a^cold." — Keats, The Eve of St. 
 Agnes, 
 
 Own Times, History of My, by 
 Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury 
 (1643—1715) ; published in 1724, and giving 
 an outline of events under the Common- 
 wealth, and a narrative of the succeeding 
 period down to 1713. Bishop Atterbury is 
 said to have remarked of its author, 
 " Damn him, he has a good deal of truth ; 
 but where the devil aid he learn it ? " 
 Dr. Johnson considered the History " very 
 entertaining. The style, indeed, is mere 
 chit-chat. 1 do not believe that Burnet 
 intentionally lied ; but he was so much 
 prejudiced that he took no pains to find 
 out the truth. He was like a man who i-e- 
 Bolves to regulate his time by a certain 
 watch, but will not inquire whether the 
 watch is right aruot." It is certain that 
 
 the publication of his work was the signal 
 for a series of attacks from the Tory and 
 Jacobite part^, a list of which attacks, too 
 long to be given here, may be read, in 
 Lowndes* Bibliographer's Manual. The 
 somewhat egotistic style of Burnet was 
 admirably quizzed in Pope and Arbuth- 
 not's Memoirs of P. P., a Parish Clerk 
 (q-v.). 
 
 Oxenden, Ashton, D.D., Bishop 
 of Montreal and Metropolitan of Canada 
 (b.^ 1808), has written Sermons on the Chris- 
 tian Life, God's Message to the Poor, A 
 Plain History of the Christian Church, The 
 Pathway of Safety, and many other 
 popular religious works. 
 
 Oxenford, John, dramatist and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1812, d. 1877), 
 wrote many successful pieces for the stage, 
 and contributed largely to the periodical 
 literature of his time. Among his trans- 
 lations are the Autobiography and Conver- 
 sations of Goethe, Jacob's Hellas, and 
 Fischer's Bacon, He was for many years 
 the dramatic critic of The Times. 
 
 Oxford. A poem by Egbert 
 
 Montgomery (q.v.), published in 1831. 
 
 Oxford. A poem by Thomas 
 TiCKELLj inscribed to Lord Lonsdale, arid 
 published in 1707. 
 
 Oxford, Earl of, Edward Vere (b. 
 
 1545, d. 1604), was the author of some fugi- 
 tive verses, some of which appeared orig- 
 inally in The Paradisa of Dainty Devices 
 (q.v.). See Dr. Hannah's Courtly Poets, 
 See, also, Judgment of Desire, The. 
 
 Oxford Sausage, The. A eoUec- 
 tion of^ewa; d'esprit,hy Thomas Wartom", 
 published in 1764. 
 
 Oxnead, John of. See John of 
 
 OXNEAD. 
 
 " Oyster may be crossed in 
 love, An." See Sheridan's play of The 
 Critic, act iii., scene 1. 
 
 Ozell, John, translator (d. 1743), 
 published versions in English of Molifere, , 
 Comeille, and Racine's plays, of F6n61on*s 
 Tilimague, of Babelais, and other authors. 
 He is referred to in The Dundad, book i., 
 284—6. 
 
 Ozymandias. A sonnet by Percy 
 BvssHE Shelley, written in 1817. ■ 
 
 " My name ia OzymandiaB, king of kings ; 
 Look on my worka, ye mighty, and dcipair." ■ 
 
 " Pack, clouds, a-way, and "wel- 
 come day."— First line of a lyric by 
 Thomas Heywood— 
 
 . " To give my love good morrow, 
 
 Sing birdfl in every furrow." 
 
 Pacolet. The familiar spirit of Sir 
 Richard Steele iu his periodical The 
 
498 
 
 PAG 
 
 PAL 
 
 Tafler (jj.v.) ; origiually the 'name of a 
 dwarf, 111 the ola story of Valentine and 
 Orson, who possessed an enchanted steed, 
 fashioned or wood, and is frequently allud- 
 ed to by early writers. 
 
 " Pagan suckled in a creed out- 
 worn, A." A line in "Wordsworth's Soiv- 
 nets, part 1, xxxiii. 
 
 Page, Anne, in The Mn-n/ Wives 
 of Windsor (q.T.)j is in love with Fenton 
 
 (q-v.)- 
 
 Page, Mr, in The Merry Wives of 
 Windsor, is the husband of Mrs- Page- 
 Page, Mrs., in The Merri/ Wives of 
 Windsor, is beloved by Sir John Falstaft, 
 who is put to shame by her and Mrs. Ford 
 ill a well-known scene. 
 
 Page of Plymouth, The Lament- 
 able Tragedy of the. A play (temp. Queen 
 Elizabeth), founded on an actual occur- 
 rence. 
 
 Page, "William, in The 3/errj/ 
 Wives of Windsor, is a schoolboy, son of 
 Mrs. Page. 
 
 Paige, Eldridge P. See Dow, 
 
 JUN. 
 
 Paine, Thomas, misoellaneons 
 writer (b. 1737, d. 1809), published, among 
 other works (enumerated in Lowndes" 
 Sibliographer' s Manital), Common Sense 
 J776), The American Crisis (1776—83), The 
 Jiighfs of Man (1791—92), (q.v.), iand The 
 Jge of Reason (1792 and 1796). His Life was 
 ■wi-itten bjj " Francis Rydys *' (George 
 Chalmers) in 1791, and by Richard Carlile 
 in 1819. His political Worlds and the re- 
 port of his trial were published in 1792 ; 
 jftis political works again in 1817 and 1819 ; 
 his miscellaneous works in 1819 ; and 
 his theological works in 1822. Further 
 Memoirs of Paine were publishe'5- by Oldys 
 in 1791, Cheetham in 1809, Rickman in 
 1814, Sherwin in 1819, Harfonl in 1820, and 
 Vale in 1S53. See The North American 
 Jieviev), vol. Ivii. See also Reason, The 
 Age of. 
 
 "Paint a thought? Can you," 
 
 — FoBD, The Broken Heart — 
 " Or number 
 Every fancy in a slumber ?*■ 
 
 *' Paint like nature ? "Who can." 
 —Thomson, The Seaso7is (" Spring," line 
 465—6). 
 
 "Paint the meadows Tvith 
 
 delight." — Love's Labour's Lost, act v., 
 scene ii. 
 
 "Painted ship (A) upon a 
 painted ocean."— Coleridge, The Ancient 
 Mariner, part li. 
 
 Painter, 'William, miscellaneous 
 writer (circa 1554—1593), published The 
 Palace of Pleasure (q.v.). See "Warton'a 
 
 English Poetry, vol. iv. (ed. HazUtt). See 
 also Aktiprognosticon. 
 
 Paire of Turtle Doves, A : " or, 
 
 the Tragicall History of Bellora and 
 Fidelio." A novel by Robert Gi^eene, 
 piinted in 1606. 
 
 Palaoe (A) lifting to eternal 
 summer. Its marble walls." — Lyttok, 
 Lady of Lyons, act ii., scene 1. 
 
 " Palace and a prison on each 
 
 hand. A." A line in B\ Ron's poem of 
 Ckilde Harold's Pilgrimage, canto iv., 
 stanza 1. The reader will remaik the 
 
 frammatical error in the phrase '* e:tch 
 and ; " the poet evidently meant '* either 
 hand." 
 
 Palace of Art, The- A poem by 
 Alfred Tennyson, published in 1830. it 
 is an allegory, designed to show that a 
 more artistic enjoyment of the universe 
 will make no great soul peimanently 
 happv. It is full of admirable pictui-e- 
 drawing, as — 
 
 " One, an Enjtlish home,— gray twillight poured 
 On dewy pastures, dewy trees. 
 Softer than sleep,— all things in order stored, 
 A haunt of ancient Peace j " 
 
 and of poetic characterisation, as — 
 
 '* There was Milton like a fcraph strong, 
 Beside him Shakespeare bland and mild. 
 
 And there the world-worn Dnnte grasped hia eong 
 And somewhat grimly smiled. 
 
 Palace of Honour, The. An al- 
 legorical poem hy Bishop Gatvin Doug- 
 las, of Dunkeld, probably suggested by 
 the Sijour d' Jlonneur of Octavien de St. 
 Gelais. Its general object is to represent 
 the vanity of human glory, and to demon- 
 strate that the path of -virtue is the way 
 to happiness. It b6ars some resemblance 
 to Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress (q.v.). 
 
 Palace of Pleasure, The : "heau- 
 tified, adorned, and well furnisbed with 
 pleasant histories and excellent novels, 
 selected out of divers good and commenda- 
 ble authors.'* A collection of tales, chiefly 
 by Boccaccio and Biondello, on wliich 
 many of the Elizabethan writers, Shakes- 
 peare especially, founded the plot-s of their 
 dramas. It appeared in 1566—69, under 
 the editorship of "William Paintkk 
 (q.v), clerk of the armoury to Queen Eliz- 
 abeth, and was reprinted in 1575. A re- 
 production of the latter edition was su- 
 perintended by Joseph Haslewood hi 1813. 
 
 "Palace of the soul, The." — 
 Bybon, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, canto 
 ii., stanza 6. 
 
 Paladin of England, The Fa- 
 
 as follows :—//is/oire Paladienne traiiant 
 des Gesfes et g4n4reux Faitz d'Armps et 
 d' Amours de plusieurs qrandz Princes et 
 Seigneurs, speciatement de Palladien Fils 
 
PAIi 
 
 PAL 
 
 499 
 
 , du Roy Milanor d^Angleterre et de la belle 
 Selerine (1555). 
 
 Palamon. A character in " The 
 Knight's Tale " In Chaucer's Canterbury 
 Tales ; in love wltli Emilia, "who is also 
 beloved by Palamon's friend, Arcite. 
 IDrydex versified Chaucer's poem in bis 
 Pala^nonand Arcite. See Falamon Asu 
 Aroxte. 
 
 Palamon, in Spenser's poem of 
 Colin, ClotUf is supposed to be intended for 
 Thomas Churchyard, the poet (q.v.),^ 
 
 " That sang bo long until quite hoarse he grew." 
 
 Palamon. The hero of The Two 
 Noble Kinsmen (q.v.). 
 . Palamon and Arcyte. "A comedy 
 in two parts," by Eichakd Edwards, 
 acted before Queen Elizabeth ou Septem- 
 ber 2 and 3, 1566. 
 
 "Pale cast of thought, The." 
 
 See " Sicklied o'er." 
 
 "Pale moonlight, The." — Scott, 
 Zay of the Last Minstrel^ canto ii., stanza 
 
 " Pale (To) his uneffectualfire." 
 Samlet, acti., scene 5. 
 
 "Pale, unripened, beauties of 
 
 theNorth." — ADDisoii,Cato, acti,, scene 4. 
 
 " Pale-faced moon. The." — King 
 Senry IV. t part i., act i., scene 3. 
 
 Palemon, in Falconer's poem of 
 Tlie Shipwreck (q.v.), is in love with the 
 daughter of Albert, tbe commander of the 
 vessel in which be sails. 
 
 Palemon, in Thomson's poem of 
 
 representation of Boaz, while Xiavinia is 
 intended for Ruth. 
 
 Palestine. An Oxford prize poem 
 bv Beoinald Heber, afterwards Bishop 
 of Calcutta (1783—1826). It was written in 
 1803. Parts of it were set to music. 
 
 Palestine, Traditions of, Ijy 
 
 Harriet Maetineau" (1802—1876) ; pub- 
 lished in 1830, and consisting of imagina- 
 tive sketches of the Holy Land in the time 
 of our Saviour. 
 
 Paley, Frederick Apthorp, 
 
 classical editor(b.lS17) (grandson ofWilliam 
 Paley), has published editions of works by 
 .ffisohylus, Euiipides, Homer, Aristo- 
 phanes, Demosthenes, Martial. Ovid, Pro- 
 pertms, and Theocritus : also translations 
 of works by ^schvlus, Pindar. Propertius, 
 Plato, and Aristotle. He ia the author of 
 a translation of Milton's Lycidas into Latin 
 hexameters. 
 
 Paley, William, theologian and 
 
 moralist (b. 1743, d, 1805), published Princi- 
 ples qf Moral and Political Philosophy 
 (1786) ; Horai Paulina (1790), (q.v.) ; A View 
 of the Evidences of Christianity (1794) j 
 jNatural Theology (1803), (q.v.) ; Sermons 
 (1808) ; Reasons for Contentment ; and The 
 Clergyman's Companion in Visiting the 
 Sick. His Works were published in 1815, 
 with " an account of bis Life and writings" 
 by liis son ; his Memoirs by G. W. Meadley, 
 in ISUO. Eor Criticism, see i)r. Paley' s 
 Works, a lecture by Archbishop Whately. 
 See Evidences op Christianity. 
 
 Palfrey, The. A poem by James 
 Henry Leioh Hunt (1784—1869), pub- 
 lished in 1842. The scenes are partly laid 
 in Kenslngton,wbere tbe work was written. 
 
 Palgrave, Francis Turner (b. 
 
 1824), is best known as the editor of Tfie 
 Golden Treasury of English Songs and 
 Lyrics (1861). He has also published Idylls 
 and Songs (1854), Essays on Art (1866), 
 Humms (1867), Lyrical Poems (1871), and 
 other works. " Palgrave," says Stedman, 
 seems to illustrate the Laureate's say- 
 ing— ' 
 
 " * There lirea more faith in honest doubt, 
 Believe me, than in half the creeds." 
 
 Nevertheless, in The Reign of Law, one of 
 his best and most charkcteristic pieces, be 
 argues himself into a reverential optim- 
 ism. He may be said to represent the 
 latest attitude of the meditative poets." 
 See Thukston, Henry T. 
 
 Palgrave, Sir Francis, historian 
 (b. 1788, d, 1861), published a History oftlie 
 Anglo-Saxons (1831) ; The Rise and Pro- 
 gress qf the English Commonwealth (1832) ; 
 liotuli Curite Regis (1835)_; The Ancient 
 Kalendars and Inventories of his Majesty's 
 Exchequer (1836) ; Truths and Picttons of 
 tJie Middle Ages: the Mercliant and the 
 Friar (1837) ; The History of Normmuly 
 and of England (1851 — 57) ; and other 
 works. 
 
 Palgrave, 'William Giff ord, trav- 
 eller (son of the preceding) (b. 1826), has 
 written A Narrative of a Yea/r's Journey 
 in Central and Eastern Arabia (1866) ; Es- 
 says ou Eastern Questions (1872) ; Dutch 
 Guiana (1876) ; and Hermamn Agha, a novel 
 (1872). 
 
 Pall Mall Gazette,The, In Thack- 
 eray's novel of Pendennis (q.v.), is a paper 
 started by Bungay, edited by Captain 
 Shandon, sub-edited by Jack Finucane, 
 and counting among its contributor.s Ar- 
 tliur Pendennis, George Warrington, and 
 a large number of notables. " Pall Mall 
 .Gazette .'—vihy Pall Mall Gazette?" asks 
 Waffg. " Because the editor was bom in 
 Dublin, the sub-editor at Cork, because 
 the proprietor lives in Paternoster Row, 
 and the paper i"! published in Catherine 
 Street, Strand. Won't that reason suffice 
 you, Wagg?" Thackeray wrote tills la 
 
500 
 
 PAL 
 
 PAN 
 
 1849. In 1865, an evening newspaper, en- 
 ;titled T}ie Pall Mall ' Gazette, was started 
 in London, and has since taken a M'gh 
 position in the newspaper world. 
 
 Palladia Tamia : " or,Wit's Treas- 
 ury ; being the Second Part of "VVifa 
 Commonwealth [q.v.]." A selection of 
 pvose sentences from ancient authors, hy 
 Fkancis Meres (d, 1646), published in 
 1598. The book includes an original essay 
 by the compiler, containing various refer- 
 ences to Shakespeare and other Elizabeth- 
 an dramatists. See Mebbs, Francis. 
 
 Pallantus and Eudora. See Cok- 
 spiKACY, The. 
 
 Pallet. The painter in Smollett's 
 Peregrine Pickle (q.v.) ; ** a man without 
 any reverence for ancient customs and 
 modem etiquette." 
 
 Palmer, Samuel, printer (d. 1732), 
 wrote a IRsUyry of his craft- 
 
 Falmerin of Bngland : " Tiie 
 Histoile of Prince Palmerin of England, 
 translated oat of French" by A(nttiony) 
 M(unday) (q.v.) in 1580—1602. Southey, 
 who also translated this narrative from 
 the Portuguese, remarks on Munday's ver- 
 sion that, begun with care, it was after^ 
 wards resigned to others less qualiHed than 
 himself, and that at least three-fourths of 
 the book were translated by one who 
 neither understood French nor English, 
 nor the story he was translatuig. Leigh 
 Hunt speaks of Palmerin as a book full of 
 colour and home landscapes, ending with 
 an affecting seen* of war. It was a great 
 favourite with the poet Keats. 
 
 Palmyra. A poem in twent3'-fiTe 
 stanzas by Thomas Love Peacock (1785 
 —1866), published in 1806. 
 
 " Palpable hit, A very." — Hamlet^ 
 
 act v., sceuQ 2. 
 
 " Palpable obscure, The." — 
 Hilton, Paradise Lost, book ii., line 406. 
 
 " Palsied eld." — Measure for Meas- 
 urCf act iii., scene 1. 
 
 Paltock, Robert, " of Clement's 
 Bin, Gentleman," is the author of the 
 romance entitled The Adventures of Peter 
 WiUcins (qv.). He is also said to have 
 writteix The Memoirs ofPamese, a Spanish 
 Lady (1751). His name is sometimes spelt 
 Pultock. 
 
 Pamela: *' or, Virtue Rewarded." 
 A novel bv Samtel Richardson, pub- 
 lished in 1740. The name wasbonowed 
 from Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia (q.v.). 
 The heroine is represented as an innocent 
 country maiden, whom her master endeav- 
 ours to seduce, but who withstands all his 
 efforts, until, foiled by her unconquerable 
 virtue, '* he is compelled," says Masson, 
 " to call in the clergyman, and she is re- 
 warded by becoming his wife, riding in a 
 
 coach drawn by the Flanders mares, and 
 being introduced in her blushing beauty 
 to all his great relations." It was ridi- 
 culed by Fielding in bis Joseph Andrews 
 (q.v.), and imitated by Voltaire in his 
 -N'antne, and Goldoni in his Pamela^ 
 
 Pamela. One of the heroines of 
 Sidney's Arcadia (q.v.) ; beloved by Mu- 
 sidoruB ;q-v.). See Philoclea. 
 
 Pammachius. A Latin comedy, 
 
 acted at Cambridge in 1544. 
 "Pampered meuial, A." This 
 
 Shrase was first used by the Kev. Thomas 
 [oss (q.v.) in The Begga/r^s Petition (q.v.). 
 
 Pan, A Song to, occurs in John 
 FLETCHEK's^aiiA/uf ShepJterdess, ending 
 thus:— 
 
 " Ever honoured, ever young. 
 Thus great Fan is ever suug." 
 
 " Pan (Great) is dead." See 
 Bead Pah". 
 
 Panacea : " a Poem on Tea," by 
 Nahum Tate (1652—1715). 
 
 Pandarus. Uncle to Cressida, in 
 Shakespeare's play of Troilus and Cres- 
 sida (q.v.), and conspicuous for his 
 courteous contrivances "to bring to- 
 gether the two lovers who do not 
 stand in need of him." "In Chaucer*B 
 story," says Hazlitt. " h6 is a friendly 
 sort of go-betweeUj tolerably busy, offi- 
 cious, and forward m bringing matters to 
 bear ; but in Shakespeare he has a ' stamp 
 exclusive and professional * — he wears the 
 badge of his trade ; he is a regular knight 
 of the game." 
 
 Pandemonium figures in Paradise 
 Lost (q.v.) as 
 
 " The high capital 
 Of Batan ana hie peers " (bk. l.)> 
 
 Pandosto, the Triumph of 
 
 Time : " or, the History of Doraustus and 
 Faunia.*' A romance by Robert GreenEi 
 printed in 1588. It supplied the founda* 
 tionforShakespeare'scomedyof The WiTi^ 
 fer's Tale (q.v.). The following is a speci- 
 men of its versification : — 
 
 " Ah, were she pitiful as she is fair, 
 Or but as niild as she is seeming bo, 
 Then were niy hopes greater than my despair- 
 Then all th^world were heaven, nothing woe. 
 Ah, were her heart relenting as her hana. 
 That Bcemb to melt e'en with tho mildest touch, 
 Then knew I where to seat mc in a land 
 Under the wide heavens, but yet not such. 
 So OS Dhe shews, she seems the budding rose. 
 Yet tweeter far than is nn earthly flower ; 
 Sovereign of beautv. like the epray she grows, 
 Compassed she is with thorns and cankered flower; 
 Yet, were she willing to be plucked and worn. 
 She would be gathered though she grew on thorn." 
 
 Panepyric upon the Lord Pro- 
 tector, Oliver Cromwell. A poem by 
 Edmund Wallkr, of which Dr. Johnson 
 says that "of the lines, some are grand, 
 some are graceful, and all are musical*'* 
 
PAN 
 
 PAE 
 
 601 
 
 Pangloss, Dr. A poor pedant, in 
 COLMAN the Younger's comedy of the 
 Heir at Law (q.v.), who has been created 
 an Artium Societatis Socius, and acts as 
 tutor to Dick Dowlas (q.r.), at a salary of 
 £300 a year. He is remarkable for the apt- 
 ness, if triteness, of his quotations. 
 
 " Paugs (The) of despised love." 
 Hamletf act iii., scene 1. 
 
 "Pangs (The) of guilty power 
 or hapless love."— Johkson, Epitaph on 
 Claudius Philips. 
 
 Panizzi, Sir Anthony (b. 1797), 
 has published editions of Boiardo's Or- 
 lando Innamoratfjf and Sonnettie Canzone ; 
 Ariosto's Orlando Furioso ; and Dant's 
 Divina Commedia. Tothat of the Orlando 
 Innamorato he prefixed an essay maintain- 
 ing the Celtic origin of Italian poetry. 
 See liis Zi/e by Cowtan (1873). Sir Anthony 
 was ft>r some years Principal Librarian of 
 the British Museum. 
 
 "Panjandrum, The Great." Tlie 
 name of a mythical personage introduced 
 by FooTE, the dramatist (q.v.), into some 
 amusing lines written by nim for Macklin, 
 the actor (q.v.). 
 
 Panopticon : " or, the Inspection 
 House.*' A work in which Jeremy 
 BEifTHAM (1748 — 1832) advocated a plan 
 for utilising the labour of convicts. It 
 was printed in 1791. 
 
 Pan's Anniversary. A masque 
 by Ben" Jonson , written in 1625. 
 
 " Pansies : that's for thoughts." 
 
 ^Hamtet, act iv. , scene 6. 
 
 Panthea. The lieroine of Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher's King and no King 
 (q.v.) ; "innocent, but insipid." 
 
 Panther, The Spotted, in Drt- 
 i>en's Ifind and Panther, is intended to 
 represent the Church of England. See 
 Hind and Pa:nther, The. 
 
 '' Panting Time toiled after him 
 
 in vain, And." A line in Dr. Johnson's 
 Prologue on tlie Opening of Drury Lane 
 Tlieatre. The description is made to apply 
 to Shakespeare. 
 
 Pap "with a Hatchet : " alias a 
 Fig for my Godson ; or, Crack me this 
 Nut, or, a. County Cuff ; that is a Sound 
 Box on the Ear for the Ideot Martin to 
 hold his Peace. "Written by one that dares 
 calla Dog a Bog " in 1589. This pamphlet 
 against the Kartinists has been attributed 
 to .Thomas Nash, but according to Oldys, 
 was written by Lyly, the dramatist (q.v.). 
 
 '* Paper bullets of the brain. 
 These.*' — Much Ad<> about Nothing^ act ii., 
 Bceno 3. 
 
 Parable of the "Wicked Mam- 
 mon, The, by William Tymdale (1477— 
 
 1536), was piinted in 1528. It was the 
 favourite book of Anne Bullen, and is 
 said to have induced King Henry VIII. to 
 incline favourably towards the Kef ormers. 
 
 Paracelsus. A dramatic poem by 
 KOBEKT Browning, published in 1835. it 
 is a work of singular beauty, and is in- 
 formed with lofty_ and Bolenin thoughts on 
 the fate of genius and the chance and 
 change of life. The Paracelsus of the 
 poem is a very different person from the 
 Paracelsus of history — the brilliant and 
 daring quack, who professed to have dis- 
 covered the philosopher's ^tone, but who, 
 by the introduction of opium among the 
 remedies of the Pharmacopoiia, in some 
 wise made amends for his absurd extrava- 
 gance. 
 
 Paraclesis: "or. Consolations 
 deduced from Natural and Revealed Reli- 
 gion." Two treatises by Thomas Black- 
 lock (1721 — 1791), one of which is original, 
 the other being a translation from a work 
 ascribed to Cicero, 
 
 Paradise and the Peri. One of 
 
 the tales, in verse, told by Feramors (q.v.) 
 in Moore's Lallaltookh (q.v.). 
 
 "Paradise (And) -wras opened 
 
 in his face." — Bryden, Absalom and 
 AQhit(mhelj part i., line 30. Pope has the 
 line (Eloisa to Abelard)— < 
 
 *' And Paradise -waa opened in the wild." 
 
 Paradise Lost. Tliis famous poem 
 by John Mtlton (1608—1674) appears to 
 have had its origin m the year 1641 or 1642, 
 when the poet, who had long meditated a 
 
 Ereat work of the kind, put "Paradise 
 ost" at the head of a long list of sub-- 
 jects fiom which to choose. So early as 
 1639 had he conceived the idea of a mag^ 
 num opus, which he had decided should be 
 an English poem and an epic poem ; he 
 had even gone so f tir as to think that the 
 story of Arthur, since adopted by Alfred 
 Tennyson, would serve his purpose. This 
 notion, however, was quickly rejected, and 
 for a year or two he seems to have thought, 
 tliat he would produce a drama rather 
 than an epic. It was, indeed, as a drama 
 that Paradise Lost first presented itself to 
 his mind. No fewer than four separate 
 drafts of it are extant, all of which point 
 to a dramatic treatment of the subject. 
 It was not, however, until sixteen years 
 after 1642— that is, in 1658— that Milton 
 really commenced his . long-thought-of , 
 work, and by that time he had decided 
 it should take an epic form. It is not 
 known how long he took to complete it, 
 but it is supposed it was either five ov 
 eight years- from 1658 to 1663 or 1665. It 
 was in 1666 that he sent it to be licensed ; 
 it was in 1667 that it actually issued f tfuni 
 the press. It is a common superstition that 
 Milton only received £5 for his master- 
 piece. As a matter of fact, he received 
 £10 ; the agreement with his publisher 
 
502 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 being tliat lie should receive £5 down, and 
 £5 wlien 1,300 copies of the book had been 
 Bold. These two sums he did obtain, and 
 he would have received two other sums of 
 £S each, according to arrangement, had 
 two other similar editions been called for, 
 but they were not. Milton's wife, how- 
 ever, six years after her hui^band's death 
 — that is, in 1680— received an additional 
 £8, for which amount she yielded up all 
 interest in the poem. A second edition of 
 1,300 copies appeared in 1674, for which 
 £5 were due Mrs. Milton, so that it was 
 really for £3 that she sold the copyright of 
 the work- Several theories have been 
 stated as to Milton's choice of a subject. 
 That which he eventually chose was, says 
 Masson, " one of those which already pos- 
 sessed in a marked degree that quality of 
 hereditary and widely-diffused interest 
 which iits subjects for the purposes 
 of great poets. Milton, it may be said, 
 inherited a subject with which the 
 imagination of Christendom had long 
 been fascinated, and which had been 
 nibbled at again and again by poets in and 
 out of England, though by none managed 
 to its complete capabilities. There are 
 traces in his juvenile poems of his very 
 _ early familiarity, in particular, with some 
 of those conceptions of the personality 
 and agency of Satan, and the physical con- 
 nection between Hell and Man's "Workl, 
 which maybe said to motive his great epic 
 Nothing is more certain, however, than 
 that, though thus signalled in the direc- 
 tion'of his great subject by early presenti- 
 ments and experiments, he came to the 
 actual choice of it at la^b through con- 
 siderable deliberation. To say merely 
 that Paradise Lost is a most learned poem 
 — ^the poem of a mind full of miscellaneous 
 lore wherewith its grand imagination 
 might work— is not enough. Original as it 
 is, original in its entire conception, and 
 in every portion and passage, the poem. is 
 yet full of iiakes from all that is greatest 
 in preceding literature, ancient or modem. 
 Itis permeated from beginning to end witli 
 citations from the Bible. It is possible 
 again and again to detect the flash, through 
 his noblest language, of some suggestions 
 from the Psalms, the Prophets, the Gos- 
 pels, or the Apocalypse. How was the 
 poem, as it grew in Milton's mind, com- 
 mitted to paper? It was dictated in par- 
 cels oEten, twenty, thirty, or more lines at 
 a time. After his blindness, Milton 
 scarcely wrote at all with his own hand. 
 Paradise Lost is an epic. But it is not, 
 like the lUatl or the jEneid^ a national 
 epic ; nor is it an epic after any other of 
 the known types. It is an epic of the 
 whole human species— an epic of our en- 
 tire planet, or indeed of the entire astro- 
 uomieal univei^se. The title of the poem, 
 though perhaps the best that could have 
 been chosen, hardly indicates beforehand 
 the full nature or extent of the theme ; 
 nor are the opening lines, by themselves, 
 
 sufficiently descriptive of what is to fol- , 
 low. It is the vast comprehension of the 
 story, both in space and time, that makea 
 it unique among epics, and entitles Mil- 
 ton to speak of it as involving 
 
 " * Things unattemptcd yet in prose or rhyme." 
 
 Itis, in short, a poetical representation, on 
 the authority of hints from the Book of 
 Genesis, of tlie historical connection be- 
 tween Human Time and Aboriginal or 
 Eternal Infinity, or between our created 
 "World and the unmeasurable and incon- 
 ceivable Universe of Pre-Human exist- 
 ence. So far as our world is concerned, 
 the ppem starts from that moment when 
 ournewly-createdeartb, with all the new- 
 ly-created starry deptla a^out it, had as 
 yet but two human being^ upon it, and 
 these are consequently, on this side of the 
 supposed Infinite Eternity, the main per- 
 sons of the epic. But Satan, as all critics 
 have perceived, is the real hero of the 
 poem. He and his actions are the link 
 between the new "World of Man, the in-- 
 fancy of which we behold in the poem, 
 and that boundless antecedent Universe of 
 Pre-Human Existence which the poem 
 assumes.'* See Masson's Jntrodtiction to 
 the poem in his smaller edition of the 
 poems of Milton. See Paradise Bs- 
 
 GAINED. 
 
 Paradise of Dainty Devices, 
 
 The. A collection of poems by various 
 hands, the first edition of which appeared 
 in 1576, the second in 1580, and the third 
 ill 1600, It was reprinted by Sir Egerton 
 Brydgea, with introductory remarks bio- 
 graphical and critical, in 1810. 
 
 " Paradise of Fools, The." See 
 Fools' Paradise. 
 
 Paradise Regained appears to Imve 
 owed its origin to a suggestion of Miltok'3 
 friend, Elhvood, who, when shown Para- 
 dise Lost in MS., said, "But what hast 
 thou to say of 'Paradise Found?'" 
 Tliis wa-s in 16G6, and by the time Paradise 
 Lost was published, Paradise Regained 
 was ready, though kept back. It was not 
 actually published till 1671, when its pre- 
 decessor nad been in circulation for four 
 years. The latter is in twelve books j the 
 former is only in four. Its subject is, aa 
 Masson says, "expressly and exclusively 
 the Temptation of Christ by the Devil in 
 the "Wilderness, after his Baptism by John. 
 Commentators on the poem, indeed, have 
 remarked it as somewhat strange that 
 Milton should have given so general a title- 
 to a poem representing only this particu- 
 lar passage of the Gospel History. For 
 the subject of the poem is thus aimuuneed 
 in the opening lines : — 
 " ' T, who ercwhilo the happy garden sung 
 By Olio mnn's disobedience lost, now slug, 
 Becov^red Pamdiae to ail mankind, 
 By one man's firm obedience fully tried 
 Thr mbK n'Uemptation, and the Tempter iDlIod 
 In a>. Ilia wiles, defeated and repnlHed, 
 And £den raised in the waste wildemesft." 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 503 
 
 ATasson also points out that in Paradise 
 JRegained Satan is " no longer quite the 
 sublime spirit as in the Paradise Lost. 
 The thousands of years lie has spent since 
 thon in his self-elected function as the 
 devil of our earth, have told upon his 
 nature and even upon hia mien and beaiv 
 iug. He is a meaner, shrewder spirit, both 
 morally and physically less impressive." 
 As to the question ■whether the poem is 
 complete of not— a question raised by 
 AVarburton and otjtiers^the same critic 
 urges that by no protraction of the 'poem 
 over the rest of Christ's life could JMiltou 
 have brought the story to the consumma^ 
 tionthougnt desirable. "The virtual de- 
 liverance of the world from the power of 
 SzLtau and his crew may be represented as 
 achieved in Christ's life on earth, and 
 Milton represents it as achieved in Christ's 
 first encounter with Satan at the outset of 
 His ministry, but the actual or physical 
 expulsion of the evil spirits out of ttieir 
 usurped world into their own nether realm 
 vas left asamatterof prophecy or promise, 
 and was certainly not regarded by Milton 
 as having been accomplished even at the 
 time when he wrote. J'aradise Regained 
 is a different poem from Paradise Lost — 
 iiotso great, becanse notadmltting^of beino^ 
 so great ; but it is as good in its different 
 kind. The difference of kinds between the 
 twj3 poems is even signalised In certain 
 differences in the language and versifica- 
 tion." 
 
 Paragtiay, A Tale of. A poem in 
 the Spenserian stanza, by Robert Sout- 
 HEY (1674—1843), published in 1825. 
 
 Paraphrases. Portions of the 
 Scripture story rendered into old English 
 verse by C^edmon (d. about 680). The first 
 part is devoted to the book of Genesis, in- 
 cluding the story of the Fall of Man, 
 which bears a striking resemblance to 
 Milton's narrative in Paradise Lost. The 
 second book consists of a series of frag- 
 ments, which describe the descent of 
 Christinto Hades, the Ascension, and the 
 Temptation in the "Wilderness. 
 
 Parasitaster : '* or, the Fawn." A 
 comedy by John Mabston (1575—1633), 
 produced in 1606. See " Old Plays," edit- 
 ed by Wilkes (1816), vol. ii- 
 
 " Parchment (That), being scrib- 
 bled o'er, Should undo a man." — King 
 Henrii Vl.^ part ii., act iv., scene 2, 
 
 Parcy Reed, The Death of. A 
 
 ballad, first published in T/ie Local His- 
 iorlmvs Table Soak, by Egbert "White, 
 "from the chanting of an old woman.'* 
 Parcy or Percival Reed, proprietor of 
 Troughend, in Bedesdale, Northumber- 
 land, having brought to justice certain 
 moss-trooping relatives or allies of the 
 Croziers, is by these Croziers set upon and 
 murdered, with the coraiivance of the H^^ls 
 •f Gorsaufleldf a farm near TrOugheud. 
 
 **The ballad," says Allingham "is a 
 ' simple an(l effective narrative of the real- 
 istic kind. 
 
 Pardee, Julia, novelist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1806, d. 1862), publish- 
 ed Poems ; Lord Morcas q/" Hereward ; 
 Traits and Traditions of Pdrtugal ; Specu^ 
 lation; The Hardens and the Daventrys; 
 The City of the Sultan ; The River and the^ 
 Desert: or, Recollections, of the Rhone and 
 the Chartreuse ; The Romance of the lia- 
 rem; The Beauties of the Bospliorus ^ Th& 
 City of the May gar: or, Hungary andttsln~ 
 stitutiolis; The Hungarian dastle ; Recollect 
 tions of the Rhone and the Chartreuse; 
 Louis XIV.: or, the Court of the Sevens 
 teenth Century ; The Life of Marie de Me- 
 dicis; Tlie Confessions of a Pretty Woman i. 
 The Rival Beauties; The Life ofFranci% 
 I. ; Flies in Amber ; Reginald Lyle ; Th9 
 Jealous Wife ; A Thousand and One Days ; 
 Poor Relations ; and Pilgrimages in Paris, 
 
 Pardon, George Frederick. See 
 Crawley, Captain. 
 
 Pardoner, The, in Chaucer's 
 
 Canterbury Tales (q.v.), tells the story of 
 three rioters, who pledged each other to 
 slay Beath. 
 
 Parent of Good." — Paradise Lost, 
 
 book v., line 153. 
 
 Parental Ode to my Son, A, 
 
 " aged three years and five months." By 
 Thomas Hood. See his Poejnsof Wit and 
 Humour. 
 
 "Parents passed into the skies, 
 
 The sons of." — Cowper, On the Receipt of 
 my Mother's Picture, 
 
 Paridel. A libertine knight in 
 Spenser's Fa'irie Queened referred to by 
 Sir Walter Scott :— 
 
 " Nor durst light Paridel advance. 
 Bold an he was, a looser glance." 
 
 Paris. A young nobleman, kins- 
 man to Escalus (q.v.), in Romeo and Juliet 
 
 (q.y.)- 
 
 Paris in 1815. A poem, in the 
 Spenserian stanza, by the Kev. Georob 
 Croly (1780—1860), in which the principal 
 works of art in the Louvre are described 
 in glo^ng and melodious verse. 
 
 Paris, John Ayrton, M.D., phy- 
 sician (b, 1786, d. 1856), wrote Philosophy 
 in Sport. 
 
 Paris, Matthew of. See Matthew 
 OF Paris. 
 
 Paris Sketch-Book, The. A 
 series of sketches and stories, reprinted 
 from various periodicals, and dedicated to 
 *'M. Aretz, tailor, etc.," by WIlliak" 
 Makepeace Thackeray, In 1840. This 
 dedication was out of gratitude for some 
 pecuniary assistance rendered by the 
 tailor to Thackeray at a time of embar- 
 rassment when in Paris. . 
 
604 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 Paris, The Arraignment of. See 
 
 Akkaiqkmest of Pakis, The. 
 
 Parish Register, The. Apoeml)y 
 George Crabbe (1754—1832), published 
 ill 1807, and including the popular story of 
 Phoebe Dawsou (q.T.). 
 
 Parish, The Annals of the. See 
 Annals op the Parish, The. 
 
 Farisina. A narrative poem, by 
 Lord Byron (1788—1824), published in 1816, 
 and founded on an incident recorded in 
 Gibhou^s Antiguities of the Home ofBnins- 
 wick. It appears that "under the reign of 
 Nicholas 111. Ferrara was polluted with a 
 domestic tragedy. By the testimony of 
 an attendant, and his own observation, the 
 Marquis of Este discovered the incestuous 
 loves of his wife, Parisina, and Hugo, his 
 bastard son, a beautiful and valiant youth. 
 They were beheaded, in the castle by the 
 sentence of a father and a husband, who 
 published his shame, and survived their 
 execution. He was unfortunate," says 
 Gibbon, " if they were guilty ; if they were 
 innocent, he was still more unfortunate ; 
 nor is there any possible situation in winch 
 I can sincerely approve the last act of the 
 justice of a parent." 
 
 Farismenos. The hero of the sec- 
 " ond part of Parismus. It records his 
 " adventurous travels and noble chivalry, 
 with his love to the fair Princess Angelica, 
 the Lady o? the Golden Tower." See next 
 paragraph. 
 
 Parismus, the Renovrned 
 
 Prince of Bohemia. A history, in two 
 parts, by Edward Forde or Emanxiel 
 FoorDj published in 1698, and containing 
 a description of his " noble battles against 
 the Persians, his love to Laurana, the 
 king's daughter of Tbessaly, and his 
 Strange Adventures in the Desolate Is- 
 land." See Parismenos. 
 
 Park, Andrew, Scottish poet (b. 
 1811), published some volumes of J^oems, 
 and a book of travels, called Egi/pt and 
 the East (1857). A collected edition of his 
 poetical works appeared in 1854. 
 
 Park, Thomas, literary editor (b. 
 1759, d. 1834), produced editiohsof Sir John 
 Haryngton's Nttace Aniiqttce (1803), Horace 
 Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors (1806), 
 and The Harleian Miscellany (1808 — 13); 
 assisted in the production of the Censura 
 Literaria and British Bibliographer ^ and 
 published a volume of ori^nal Poems in 
 1797. He also edited Hehconiaj a collec- 
 tion of Elizabethan poems. 
 
 . Parker, John Henry (b. 1806), 
 iias written A Glossary of Architecture 
 (1836), An TntrocluciUm to the Study of 
 Gothic Architecture (1849), Domestic Ar- 
 chitecture of the Middle Ages (1853—69), 
 The ArchtEology of Some (1874), and many 
 other Bimilar works. 
 
 Parker, Matthew, Archbishop 
 of Canterbury (b. 1504, d, 1675), wrote a 
 treatise De Aniiguitate Britannica Ec- 
 clesifB et Priviligiis Ecclesice CantttariensiSf 
 cum Archiepiscopis ejusdem 70 (1572), super- 
 intended the production of the Bishop^s , 
 Bible (1568), and edited the works of Mat- 
 thew of Paris and other writers. See the 
 Li/e by Strype (^1711) and Dean Hook's 
 Lives of the Archbishops of Ccmterbury. 
 
 Parker MSS., The, collected by 
 Matthew Parker, Archbisho_p of Can- 
 terbury, are now preserved in Corpus 
 Christi College, Cambridge. 
 
 Parker, Samuel. Bishop of Ox- 
 ford (b. 1640, d. 1688), published A Dis- 
 courseon the Powersofthe Civil Magistrate' 
 in Matters of Religion, J)e Rebus sui Tern- 
 poris (1660 — 80), Comvwntariorum Libri Qua- 
 tuor (1726), and other works. See Disraeli's 
 Quarrels of Authors, 
 
 Parker Society, The, was insti- 
 tuted at Cambridge in 1846. Fifty-three 
 works were published under its auspices. 
 It is now dissolved. 
 
 Parker, Theodore, American the- 
 ologian (b. 1810, d. I860), jpublished in 1843 
 his contributions to The Christian Ex- 
 aminer under the title of Miscellaneous 
 Writings. His chief work, however, is his 
 Discourses on Matters pertaining to Reli- 
 gion, which embody his peculiar views 
 upon .religious subjects. His Collected 
 Works were edited by Miss Cobbe in 1863 
 — 71) J his Critical Writings appeared in 
 1865. See the Life and Correspotidence 
 by Weiss (1863), and the Life and Writings 
 by Keville (1865). 
 
 Parkes, Bessie Rayner (Mrs. 
 Belloc), poet and prose writer, has pub- 
 lished Poems (1855), Gabriel (1856), The Cat 
 Aspasia (1860), Ballads and Songs (1863), 
 La Belle Framce (1868), The Peop)es of ilie 
 World (1870), and other works. 
 
 Farkhurst, John, Bisliop of Nor- 
 wich (b. 1611, d. 1574), translated a portion 
 of the Apocrypha in the Bishops' Bible 
 (1568), and published volumes of LaUii 
 epigrams (1560, 1673). See Ludigra, &c. 
 
 Farkhurst, John, clergyman (b. 
 1728, d. 1797), published An Hebrew and 
 English Lexicon without Points, to which is 
 prefixed a methodical Hebrew Grammar 
 without Points, as also the Hebrew Gramn 
 mar atone riero (1762) ; Greek and English 
 Lexicon to the New Testament, to which is 
 prefixed a plain and easy Griek Grammar 
 (1769) ; The Divinity and Pre-existence of 
 our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ de- 
 mmistrated from Scripture (1787) ; and 
 other works. 
 
 Parley, Peter. A pseudonym 
 originally assumed bySAMCEL Gristvold 
 Goodrich, an American writer after- 
 wards consul at Paris, in the publicstioii 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 605 
 
 oft several popular works. It has since 
 been adopted by William Hartiu, George 
 Mogridge, and otliers. 
 
 Parliament of Bees, The. See 
 
 Bees, The Parliament of. 
 
 Parliameut of Briddes, The ; 
 
 " or, the Assembly of Foules." See 
 Fooles, The Assembly of. 
 
 Parliament of England, The 
 
 History of the, ** which began November 
 3, 1640," by Thomas May (1595—1650) ; 
 printed in 1647, and characterised by Bish- 
 op Warburton as written " with much 
 temper, moderation, and judgment, and 
 with great vigour of style and sentiment. 
 
 Parliament of Love, The. A 
 
 comedy by Philip Massingeb (q.v.). 
 
 Parlyament of Devylles, The. 
 
 An old poem, published by T)E Worde in 
 1509, and .since reprinted for the Early 
 Text Society. 
 
 Parnassi Puerperlum. Trans- 
 lated from the Latin of Owen and Sir 
 Thomas More, with a century of epigrams 
 by Thomas Peckb, published in 1669. 
 
 Pamell, Thomas, Arclifle.acon of 
 Clogher, and poet (b. 1679, d 1718), wrote 
 a satire on Dennis and Theobald,, called 
 Tlie Life qf Zoilus ; a. Life of Homer, pre- 
 fixed to Pope's translation of Homer; and 
 some papers in Tlie Guardian called 
 Visions. These were published, together 
 with his Poems, in 1773, with a Life l>y 
 Oliver Goldsmith. Pope speaks of Par- 
 uell as 
 
 ** With softest mannerSj eentlc arts, adorn 'd, 
 Blest in each science, blest in eveiy strain. 
 
 " His praise," writes Br. Johnson, " must 
 be derived from the easy sweetness of his 
 diction ; In his vei'se theire is more happi- 
 ness than pains ; he is sprightly without 
 effort, and always delights, though he 
 never ravishes ; everything is proper, yet 
 everything seems casual.'* ** Pamell," 
 wrote Goldsmith, is ever happy in the se- 
 lection of his images, and scrupulously 
 careful in the choice o.' hill subjects." See 
 Batraohomyomachia ; Fairy Tale, A ; 
 Hermit, The ; Hesiod ; Poetry, Kssay 
 on j Zoilus, The Life of. 
 
 Farolles, in All's Well that Ends 
 Well (q.v.), is described by Uliici as " the 
 little appendix to the great Falstaff. " The 
 comic part of the play^" says Hazlitt, 
 "turns on the folly, boasting, and coward- 
 ice of ParoUes, a parasite and hanger-on 
 of Bertram [q.v.], the detection of whose 
 false pretensions to bravei^ and honour 
 forms a very amusing episode." 
 
 Parr, Harriet, miscellaneous 
 writer, has published the following among 
 other novels : — Sylvan HolVe Da/ughter, 
 Beautiful Miss Barfingion, Par Ricker for 
 JBoorer, J&r Titl^qf Honau/Ti-Xatie Jirande, 
 
 and Tiioniey Hall. Her other works in- 
 clude In the Silver Aae, Essays, and 
 Echoes qf a Fainous rear. See Lee, 
 Holme. 
 
 Par, Mrs. Louisa, novelist lias 
 written Dorothy Fox, The Prescotta qf 
 Pamphillon, and other stories. 
 
 Parr, Samuel, IiL.D., critic and 
 commentatoi: (b. 1747, d. 1825), published 
 a Charity Sermon at St, Peter^s, Mancroft, 
 Norwich (1780) ; a Discourse on the Late 
 Fast (1781) ; a Sertnon at Norwich Cathe- 
 dral (1783) ; a Discourse mi Education and 
 on the Plan pursued in Charity Schools 
 (1786) J Prefaiio ad JBellendenum de Statu 
 Prisi Orbis (1788) ; a Latin Preface to Bel- 
 lenden's De Tribus Luminibus Romanorwm. 
 (q.v.), (1788) ; Tracts by Wurburton and a 
 Warburtonian (1789) ; Letter from Iren- 
 opolis to the Inhabitants of EleutheropoUs 
 (179-') ■; A Spital Sermon (1801) , Fast Ser- 
 mons at Hatton (1803),- (1808) ; Four Ser- 
 mons (1822) ; Characters of the Late Sight 
 Honourable Charles James Fox, selected', 
 and in part written by Philopatris Varvi- 
 censis (1809) ; and a few fugitive pieces. 
 Aphorisms, Opinions, and Reflections of the 
 late Dr. S. Parr were published in 1826 ; 
 Hibliotheca Parriana : a Catalogue qf the 
 Library of tlie Rev. Samuel Parr, LL.D., 
 In 1827 ; Parriana : or, Notices of the Rev. i 
 Samuel Parr, LL.D., collected and inpart 
 written by E. H. Parker, Esq., in 1828—9 ; 
 and Memoirs of the Rev. Samuel Parr, 
 LL.D., by the Kev. 'William Field in 1828. 
 In the same year appeared an edition of 
 his Works, "with Memoirs of his Life and 
 Writings, and a selection from his Cor- 
 respondence, by John Johnstone, M.I>." 
 For Criticism, see Sydney Smith's essay in 
 The Edinburgh Review for 1802, aiid the 
 Works of DeQuincey. See Phileleu- 
 thert's nokfolciemsis ; philopatris 
 Vabvicensis. 
 
 "Parritch (The haelsome), 
 
 chief o' Scotia's food."— Bobns, TIk Cot- 
 tar's Saturday Night, stanza 11.' 
 
 Parson Adams. See Adams, 
 
 Pabsos. 
 
 Parson Lot. See Lot, Parson. 
 
 "Parson, oh! illustrious spark! 
 
 There goes the." — A line in Cowper's. 
 
 verses On Observing some Names qf little 
 
 Note— 
 
 " And there, scarce less illustrious, goes the clerk 1" 
 
 Parson, The Chartist. A li.nine' 
 bestowed at one time upon the Bev. 
 Charles Kingsley (1819—1875), in refer- 
 ence to the socialistic opinions he then en- 
 tertained. 
 
 Parson's Tale, The, in Chauoes's 
 Canterbury Tales (q.v.), is "a long and 
 earnest sermon in prose, applying the 
 parable of a pilgrimage to man's heaven- 
 ward journey." 
 
 22 
 
506 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAS 
 
 Parson's Wedding, The. A 
 
 comedy by I'homas KiiiLigrew, Groom 
 pt the Chamber to Charles II., and bin 
 privileged jester ; printed in 1663. It "vvaq 
 originally represented wholly by -women, 
 and the plot bears a' suspicious resem- 
 blance to that of Shakerley Marmion's 
 comedy ol The Antiqimry (q.v.). See 
 Carew Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley's Old 
 rtaye (q.T;). 
 
 Parthenia. A lady loving and be- 
 loved by Argalus (q.v.), in Sir Philip 
 Sidney's Arcadia (q.v.). 
 
 Parthenia. A personification of 
 Chastity, in Phikeas Pletchek's Purple 
 Island (q.T.)— 
 
 ^ Choice nymph t the crown of chiute Diana's train, 
 Thou heauty'8 lily, set in heav'uly earth." 
 
 Parthenope, in tlie duke of BxrcK- 
 INOHAM'S farce of The Rehearsal (q.v.), is 
 beloved by Prince Volscius (q.v.). 
 
 Futhenophil and Parthenophe : 
 
 " Sonnets, Madrigals, Elegies, and Odes," 
 by Barnaby Baenes (1B69— 1607). For a 
 brief description of this volume, supposed 
 to be unique, see Beloe's Literary Anec- 
 dotes* It appeared in 1593. 
 
 "Farting is such s'weet sor- 
 row." — Homeo aiid Juliet, actii., scene 2 — 
 
 ** That I shall Bay goodnight till it be morrow." 
 
 Partington, Mrs. An imaginary- 
 old lady whose sayings have been pre- 
 served to US by an American humorist, P. 
 B. SHlLiiABEB (b. 1814). Like Smollett's 
 tfinif red Jenkins (q.v.) and Xabitha Bram- 
 ble (q.v.), Sheridan's Mrs. Malaprop (q.v.), 
 and Hook's Mrs. Ramsbottom (q.v.), she is 
 distinguished by her affected, Incorrect 
 use of sesquipedalian words. She fre- 
 quently appears in Punch, and has, in- 
 deed, become the common property of the 
 comic papers. The reader will remember 
 Sydjiey Smith's humorous reference to 
 Mrs. Partington in his speech at Taunton 
 in 1831, when he compared the attitude of 
 l^e House of Lords to the Keform Bill, to 
 the efforts of Mrs. Partington to mop up 
 the Atlantic. 
 
 Farton, Sarah Fayson. An 
 
 American authoress (b. 1811, d. 1872), who. 
 under the pseudonym of " Fanny Fern,'* 
 wrote a series of very popular domestic 
 works such as Pern Leaves, Shadoios atid 
 Sunbeams, Fresh Leaves, and Jiuth Hall, a 
 novel. Her husband is the author of sev- 
 eral popular books. 
 
 Partridge, in Fielding's novel of 
 The History qf Tom Jones (q.v.), is the 
 servant of the hero. 
 
 " Farts of one stupendous 
 whole." See " All abb but pabts," 
 &c. 
 
 "Party ia the madness of many 
 
 for the gain of a few." One. of Swift's 
 Thoughts on Various Subjects (q.v.). 
 
 " Party (To) gave up»w^hat -was 
 meant for mankind." — Goldsmith, lie- 
 tatiation, line 32. The allusion is to Ed- 
 mund Burke (q.v.). 
 
 Paschal Homily.The, by JElfric, 
 an abbot of the tenth century, is notice- 
 able as an early denial of the doctrine of 
 traiisubstautiation. It was published by 
 Archbishop Parker in 1567, and is prin- 
 cipally from the Latin of Katramnus. See 
 Cassell*s Library of English Literature 
 (Beligion). See also Homilies. 
 
 Fasquil's Jests : " mixed up with 
 Mother Bunch's Merriments ; " puhlished 
 in 1604. Mother Bunch is said to have 
 been an ale-wife who lived in the latter 
 part of the sixteenth century, and is re- 
 ferred to by Dekker in his Satirmnastix 
 (1602). Sec BuKOH, Mother. 
 
 Fasquil's Mad-Cap and Mad- 
 
 cappe's Message: **a Satyrical piece in 
 Stanzas," by Nicholas Breton (1558— 
 1624) ; published in 1600, and described by 
 Warton as "of considerable merit." 
 
 Fasquin. A comedy by Henrt 
 Fielding (1707—1754), produced in 1736, 
 in wbich there occurs the mock rehearsal 
 of two plays, and which is full of satire 
 upon the electoral corruptions of the day 
 and the abuses then prevalent in the 
 learned professions. In the following 
 year. Fielding produced a piece of a sim- 
 ilar character, entitled The Historical 
 Register. 
 
 "Passage (The) of an angel's 
 tear."- Keats, Soimets. 
 
 " Passages that lead to noth- 
 ing." See Gray's poem, A Long Story. 
 
 Passe Tyme of Pleasure, The. 
 
 A romantic and allegorical poem by 
 Stephen Hawes (1483—1512), the full ti- 
 tle of wliich runs as follows : — TheHistoru 
 of Grawtul Amowre and La Bel Pucell, 
 called The Pastime of Pleasure, containing 
 the Knowledge of the Seven Sciences, and 
 tlie Camse qf Man's Life in this Worlde. 
 An analysis of the plot is given by Ellis in 
 his Specimens of the English Poets, and by 
 Professor Morley in CasseWs Library qf 
 English Literature {Jieligion). The poem 
 includes two tales copied from the French 
 fabliaux, and has amongst its characters,, 
 besides the hero and heroine, Godfrey Go- 
 belive, False Report, Dame Grammar, 
 Dame Rhetoric, Dame Music, and many 
 others. It was printed in 1617, 1554, ana 
 1655. " In this work," says Campbell, "the 
 personified characters have all the capil- 
 ciousness and vague moral meaning of tha 
 old French allegorical roinance ; out tha. 
 puerility of the school remains, while the . 
 zest of its novelty is gone. There is also 
 in his foolish personage of Godfrey 6ob»- 
 
PAS 
 
 PAS 
 
 507 
 
 live something of the hurlesque of the 
 worst taste of Italian poetry. It is cer- 
 tainly very tiresome to follow Hawes' 
 hero, Grand Amour, through all his ad- 
 ventures, studying ^ariunar, rhetoric, and 
 arithmetic in the tower of Doctrine ; af- 
 terwards slaughtering giants, who have 
 each two or three emblematic heads ; sac- 
 rificing to heathen gods ; then marrying 
 accorduig to the Catholic rites ; and, ti- 
 Jially, remting his own death and hurial, 
 to which he is so obliging as to add his 
 epitaph. Yet, as the story seems to be of 
 Hawes' invention, it ranlts him above the 
 mere chroniclers and translators of the 
 age." 
 
 " PciSBeth sho'w." — Hamlet, act 
 i., scene 2. 
 
 " Passing fair."— The two Gentle- 
 men of Verona, act iv., scene 4. 
 
 Passing of Arthur, The. The 
 
 title of one of Tbbnyson's IdyHs of tlie 
 Xing (q.v.). 
 
 "Passing rich •with forty 
 
 pounds a year, And." See Besebied 
 VILLAGE, The. 
 
 " Passing strange, 'Twas." — 
 
 Othello, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Passion of a Distressed Man, 
 
 The. A poem by Samuel Dauiel, in 
 which is descilbed the diihculty of a man, 
 who, heing in a boat, during a storm, with 
 two women, one of whom he loves in vain, 
 aiid the other who loves him, without re- 
 turn, la commanded by Neptune to cast 
 out a victim to appease the rage of the 
 tempest. The issue is thus stated :— 
 
 " And her disdain her due reward must have ; 
 Stte must be cost away that would not save." 
 
 "Passion to tatters, Tear a." — 
 
 Hamtet, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Passionate Pilgrim, The. A col- 
 lection of sonnets and other poems by 
 ■William Shakespeare, Chkistopheb 
 Maklowe, Bichaed Babkeield, and 
 Sir 'Walter Baleigh, published in 1599. 
 See C¥2<thia. 
 
 Passionate Shepherd to his 
 
 Love, The. A lyric \sy Chbistopher 
 Mablowe, introduced in TAe Jem of 
 Malta (q.v.). Campbell says of this 
 charming lyric that it " combuies a sweet, 
 mild spirit with an exquisite finish of ex- 
 pression." Palgrave considers it " a fine 
 Example of the iiigli-wrouglit and conven- 
 tional Elizabethan pastoralism." The sixth 
 stansia was probably written by Izaalc Wal- 
 ton. A reply to Marlowe's was written by 
 Sir Walter Baleigh. 
 
 " Passions are likened best to 
 
 floods and streams."— JfAe Silent Lover, by 
 Sir Waictee Baleigh. 
 
 Passions, Ode to the. See: Odes. 
 
 " Passion's Slave, That is nbt."" 
 
 Hamlet, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 "Past all surgery."— OfAeWo, act 
 ii., scene 3. 
 
 Past and Present. A work by 
 Thomas Carlyle (b. 1795), published in 
 1&*3, in which English society in the Mid- 
 dle Ages is contrasted with English society 
 of to-day. 
 
 Past, The. A lyric by Peect 
 Bysshe Shelley, written in 1818. 
 
 Pastime of Pleasure. <See Fasse 
 Tyme of Pleasube, The. 
 
 Paston Letters, The. In 1787 ap- 
 peared two quarto volumes of " Original 
 lietters written during tlie Beigns of 
 Henry VI., Edward IV., and Eichard II]., 
 by various persons of ranlc or conse- 
 quence ; containing many curious Anec- 
 dotes relative to that turbulent, bloody, 
 but hitherto darlc, period of our history ; 
 and elucidating not only public matters of 
 State, but lilcewise. the private manners of' 
 the age, digested in chronological order, 
 with notes, historical and explanatory, ana 
 authenticated by engravings of autographs, 
 paper-marhs, and, seals, by John Fenn, 
 Esq., M.A. and E.A.S." This was a col- 
 le,ctiion of letters written during the Wars 
 of the Koses by or to the members of tile 
 family of Paston, in Norfolk, and hence. 
 called the Paston. letters. They had been 
 preserved in that family for several gener- ' 
 ations, when they came successively into 
 the possession of the Earl of 'Sfarmouth ; 
 Peter Le Neve, Norroy King of Arms in 
 1704; Mr. Thomas Mai-tin, of Palgrave, 
 Suffolk, who married Mrs. Le Neve,aO<i- 
 eventually sold the. letters to a Mr. Johii 
 ■Worth, a chemist at Diss, in Noi-folfi, 
 through whose hands they passed into 
 those of the Mr. Eeiin referred to above. 
 By him they were published, in part, in 
 1787, and again in 1789, the whole series 
 being completed by the preparation of a 
 fifth volume in 1794. The originals of the 
 first four volumes were placed for a time 
 with the Antiquaiian Society, and at last 
 were presented to King George III., who 
 lost them. The originals of the fifth 
 volume were retained by the Fenn family, 
 and, though at one time mislaid, and the 
 authenticity of the whole series acutely 
 questioned by such critics as Herman 
 Me'rivale (in the eighth number of The 
 Fortnightly Review), their eventual dis- 
 covery and reproduction have demon- 
 strated their veracity beyond a doubt, as 
 has been ably argued by James Gairdner, 
 of the Becord Office, in the eleventh num- 
 ber of the same critical j[oumal. 
 
 Pastoral Ballad, A, in four parts, 
 by William ■ Shenbtomk (1714—1763); 
 written in 1743, aiid celebrating the loT& 
 of a certain Corydon and' a. certain Phyl*. 
 lis. It contains, among, others, the fol- 
 lowing lines j— 
 
603 
 
 PAS 
 
 PAT 
 
 ** What forced the ioir nymph to forego 
 
 What anguiah I felt in my heart T 
 Yet I thought— but it might not be go— 
 
 'Twaa with pain that she aaw me depart. 
 She gazed aa I elowly withdrew, 
 
 My path I could scarcely discern, 
 So sweetly she bade me adieu. 
 
 I thought that ehc bade me return." 
 
 Perhaps it was in parody of the last two 
 lines that a humorist wrote : — 
 
 " He kicked me down-etaira with such exquisite 
 grace 
 That I thought ho was handing me up." 
 
 Pastoral Dialogue between 
 
 Alexis and Strephoti : "written at the 
 Bath in the year 1674," by John, Earl of 
 
 KOCHESTER. - 
 
 Pastorals, " with a Discourse on 
 Pastoral," by Alexander Pope (1688— 
 1744) ; written in 1704, when the author was 
 only sixteen years of age, and published in 
 1709. The first, Spruig, or Damon, is 
 dedicated to Sir William Trumbal ; the 
 second, Summer, or Alexis, to Dr. Garth ; 
 the third, Autumn, or Hylas and Argeon, 
 to Wycherley ; and the fourth. Winter, or 
 Daphne, ** to the memory of Mrs. Tem- 
 pest/' Their scenery is mainly that of 
 Windsor Forest, wliere the poet had resid- 
 ed with his father from the age of twelve. 
 
 Pastorals, by Ambrose Philips 
 (1671—1749); published in 1708, and written 
 on the model of Spenser's Eclogxies. It 
 was owing to a too friendly notice of these 
 poems in The Guardian that the quarrel 
 arose between their author and Pope. 
 The latter poet was displeased at the prom- 
 inence given to his rival's "performance, 
 and accordingly concocted a comparison of 
 Philip's Pastorals witli his own, in which. 
 Bays Dr. Johnson, "with an unexampled 
 and unequalled artifice of irony, though he 
 has himself always the advantage, he 
 gives the preference to Philips. The 
 design of aggrandising himself he disguised 
 with such dexterity, that, though Addison 
 discovered it, Steele was deceived, and 
 was afraid of displeasing Pope bjr pub- 
 lishing his paper. Published, uowe'ver, it 
 was [in No. 40 of The Gxtardiaii], and from 
 that time Pope and Philips lived in a per- 
 petual reciprocation of malevoleuce. " 
 
 PastoreL A wrestler, who fig- 
 ures in SoMERViLLE's burlesquo poem of 
 Sbbbiiwl ((i.y.) : — 
 
 ** YouDg Pnatorel, for actire strength renown'd . . 
 Him every shouting ring 
 In triumph crown'd, him every champion 
 fear'd." 
 
 "Pastures new." See "Fresh 
 
 ■WOODS." 
 
 Pastyme of Pleasure, The. See 
 
 Passe Tyme of Pleasure, The. 
 
 Paterson, Samuel, book auc- 
 tioneer and miscellaneouB writer (b. 1728, 
 d. 1802), wrote Another Traveller by CoHat, 
 jvm.. (1766), and Joineriana (1772), besides a 
 periodical called The Templar, See Nich- 
 ols' lAtara/ry Anecdoiea, ill. 
 
 " Paths of glory lead but to the 
 
 grave, The."— Gbay, Elegy written in a 
 Country Churchyard. 
 
 Patie. A character in Allan 
 Ramsay's Gentle Shepherd (q.v.). He is 
 the hero of the ^oem, and m love with 
 Peggy* Thought to be a shepherd, he turns 
 out to be Sir William Worthy's son* 
 
 " Patieuce on a monument, 
 
 Like." See Melancholy, and with a 
 GBEEN AND YELLOW." Shakespeare 
 refers to "Patience," also in Pericics, act 
 v., scene 1, as 
 
 " Gazing on king'n grares, and smiling 
 Extremity out of acL" 
 
 Patient Grizzell. A comedy by 
 Henry Chettle, William Houghton, 
 and Thomas Dekker, the story of which 
 was t^en f lom Boccaccio. See Gbiselda, 
 The Patient. 
 
 " Patient merit." — Hamlet^ "act 
 'iii., scene 1- 
 
 "Patines of bright gold."— rAc 
 Merchant of Venice^ act v., scene 1. 
 
 Patmore, Coventry Kearsey 
 
 Dighton, poet (b. 1823), is the author of a 
 volume of PoemSf published in 1844, and 
 reproduced with additions in 1853, under 
 the title of Tamerton Church Tower ^ and 
 other Poems, He has also written The 
 Angel in tite JSouse, issued in four parts, 
 namely. The Betrothal (1854), The JSepousal 
 (1866), Faithful for Ever (1860), and The 
 fictorifiso/ioye (1862) ; besides Tlie Un- 
 known Eros (1877). He has published a 
 selection of poetry called The Children's 
 Garland. "Patmore has made verses In 
 which, despite a few lovely and attractive 
 passages, Uie simplicity isalfected, and tho 
 realism too bald. A carpet knight in poe- 
 try, he merely photographs life, and often 
 in its poor and commonplace forms." 
 
 Paton, Sir Joseph Noel, poet 
 and painter (b, 1823), has published Poems 
 by a Painter (1861), and Spindrift (1867). 
 
 Patrlarcha. A treatise by Sir 
 BOBERT FiLMEB (d. 1688), published in 
 1680, in which he contends ' that men are 
 not naturally free, and have not tJierefore 
 the right to make compacts with their 
 rulers, who have despotic power. Locke 
 replied to tliis essay in his treatises On 
 Govemmentt published in 1694. 
 
 Patrick, Simon, Bishop of Chi- 
 chester and Ely successively (b. 1626, d, 
 1707), was the author of Christian Sacr^e, 
 The Devout Christian, a commentary on 
 
 Sarts of the Old Testament, and various 
 evotional and doctrinal pieces. 
 
 " Patriot of the -world alone, A 
 
 steady."— Canning, The Anti-Jacobin. 
 "And friend of eyery country— but his own." 
 
 Patriot, The True. A periodical, 
 the ^st number of whieh Appeared on the 
 
PAT 
 
 PEA 
 
 509 
 
 6th of NoTember, 174S, and in which Field- 
 ing, the novelist (1707—1754), exercised all 
 the resources Of his wit and humour in 
 favour of the Georgian dynasty. See 
 Jacobite Journal, the. 
 
 Patronage. A novel by Maria 
 Edgewobth, published in 1812. 
 
 Pattieaon, Peter. The name 
 assumed by Sir Walter Scott as the 
 
 ^author of the Tales of My Landlord (q.v.), 
 which were supposed to be published 
 posthumously by Jedediah Cleishbot^ain 
 
 ■ (q.v.). Fattiesou was described as assist- 
 ant teacher to Gleishbotham at Gaiider- 
 deugh (q.v.). 
 
 Paul Clifford. See Clifford, 
 Paul. 
 
 Paul Dombey. See Dombet, 
 
 Florence. 
 
 Paul Perroll. A novel by Mrs. 
 Archer Clive, published in 1855, and 
 followed in 1860 by an explanatory narra- 
 tive, entitled Wh^ Paul Ferroll killed his 
 Wife. Paul was m love with Elinor Lady- 
 lift, from whom he is separated by the 
 wiles of Laura Chanson. He marries the 
 latt«r, and then, discovering her deception, - 
 murders her. 
 
 Paul Flenuning. See Flemmikg, 
 Paul. 
 
 Paul Pry. See Pry, Paul. 
 
 Paulding, James Eirke, an 
 American author (b. 1779, d. .1860), was 
 associated with Washington Irving in 
 Salmagundi (1809), (q.v.), and wrote, among 
 other works. The Lay of a Scotch Fiddle 
 (1813), The Diverting mstory of John Bull 
 and Brother Jonatluin (1816), Letters from, 
 the South (1S17), A Sketch of Old England 
 (1822), and The Dutchman's Fireside (1831). 
 A Life, by his son, was published in 1867, 
 when his Select Works appeared. See 
 Ladgstaff, LaunoeloT. 
 
 Paulina. Wife of Antigonus in 
 The Winter's Tale (q.v.). 
 
 Pauline. The heroine of Lord 
 liYTTON's play. The Lady of Lyons (q.v.). 
 
 Paul's Epistles, Essay for the 
 
 Understanding of St< : " by consulting St. 
 Paul himself." This was published in 1777, 
 by John Locke (1632—1704), in the form of 
 an introduction to his Paraphrases of the 
 iEpistles to the Corinthians, Komans, 
 'Galatians, and Ephesians, and illustrated 
 the author's treatment of the Bible by the 
 inductive method. "Locke," says Pro- 
 fessor Fraser, " was one of the earliest of 
 our lay Biblical critics, and his inter- 
 pretations connect him generally with ttie 
 Arminian School." 
 
 " Pause for a reply, I." — Jdius 
 Casar, act iil., scene 2. 
 
 "Pause, Must give us." A 
 phrase used in the famous soliloquy in 
 Hamlet, act ii., scene 1. 
 
 Payn, Tames, novelist, has written 
 Ijost Sir Massingberd, Fallen Fortvmes, 
 What He Cost Her, By Proxy, and various 
 other stories. 
 
 Payne, John, poet, has written 
 Tlie Masque of Shadows (1870), Intaglios 
 (1871), and Songs and Life and Death (1872). 
 " This young poet," says Stedman, " has 
 fire, imagination, and other inborn quali-- 
 ties." 
 
 Payne, John Hoinrard, American 
 dramatist (b. 1792, d. 1852), produced, 
 among other plaj^s, the drama of Clari, 
 famous as containing the popular ballad ot 
 " Home, Sweet Home." His drama of 
 Bnttus : or, the Fall of Tarquin, was pro- 
 duced in 1820. See HOUE, Sweet Houe. 
 
 Paynel, Thomas. See Amadis of 
 
 Fraunce. 
 
 Paynter, William. See Painter, 
 
 William. 
 
 "Peace hath her victories, no 
 
 less renowned than war." See Milton's 
 verses To the Lord General Cromwell (Sou- 
 net xvi.). 
 
 "Peace rules the day, -where 
 
 reason rules the mind."— Collins, Ma- 
 logues, ii. ■ 
 
 Peace, The Prospect of. A poem 
 by Thomas Tickell (1686—1740), " of 
 which the tendency," says Dr. Johnson, 
 " was to reclaim the nation from the prid0 
 of conquest to the pleasures of tranquil* 
 lity." 
 
 "Peace, This -weak piping time 
 
 of." See " Piping time of peace." 
 
 "Peace (When shall)- lie like 
 
 a shaft of light across the land ? " — Ten- 
 nyson, The Golden Tear. 
 
 " Peacemaker, Your 'if ' is the 
 
 only." — As Tou Like It, act v., scene 4. 
 
 Peacham, Henry, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1576 ? d. 1660), produced JJpj- 
 grams and Satyrs (1600); Graphice: or, tJte 
 most ancient and excellent Art of Drawing 
 with the Pen and Limning with Water 
 Colours (1606) ; Minerva Britanna: or, a 
 Garden &f Heroical Devises (1612)^ (q.v.) ; 
 Prince Henry Revived (1615); Thalia's Ban-^ 
 quel (1620); The Compleat Gentleman (1622), , 
 (q.v.) : The Gentleman's Exercise (1639) ,; ' 
 The Valley of Varietie (1638); A Merry Dis- 
 course between Meum and Ttium (1639) '; 
 Tlie Art of Living in London (1642) ; The 
 Worth of a Penny : or, a Caution to keep 
 Money (1664); The History of the FiveWise 
 Philosophers (1672), and other works. See 
 Notes and Queries, vol. xi., pp. 217, 407. 
 See Jehosophat the Hermit ; Living 
 IN London, Tbg Art of. 
 
510 
 
 PEA 
 
 PEG 
 
 Feachnm. A pimp, in Gat's Seg- 
 1ar*s Opera (q.v.) ; husband ol Mrs. 
 ?eachum, who aidvises her daughter Polly 
 S.T.), to be " somewhat nice ''^ in her de- 
 viations from virtue. 
 
 Peachum, Polly. Tlie daughter 
 )f Peachum, in Gay's JBegffOr's Opera 
 |q.v.). Among the vicious, virtuous only 
 ihe ; and her fidelity to Macheath has in 
 t something of the heroic, which elevates 
 ihe general standard of the drama. 
 
 JPeacopk, Thomas Love, novel- 
 st and poet (b. 1785, d. 1866), was the author 
 )f the following novels :—Iteadlong Hall 
 1815); Melincourt (q.v.), (1817): Mighimare. 
 Abbey (q.v.), (1818) ; Maid Marion (q.v.), 
 1822): Mnfartunes qf Etphin (q.v.); (1829) : 
 Crotchet Castle (q.v.), (18.'il) ; and Gryll 
 Brange (q.v.), (1860). His chief poems were; 
 Palmyra (q.v.), (1806) ; The Genius of the 
 TAame^ (1810 and 1812) : and lihododaphne : 
 fr, the Thessalian Spell (q.v.), (1818). Lord 
 [loughton, speaking of his workr, says : — 
 ' They are the natural product of a mind 
 vhich, through a long life of employment 
 n practical affairs, was used to find its 
 )6st relaxation in the studies its youth had 
 nastered and appropriated, and of a tem- 
 perament which sustained to the last a 
 redundant fancy and keen observation of 
 naakind. There ia little about them of 
 icholastic authorship, or of pretention to 
 idd to the wisdom of the world, but a great 
 leal of the intellectual gaiety to which the 
 'ollies, inconsistencies, exaggerations, con- 
 jeits, and oddities of other men supply a 
 !ontinual fund of interest that does not 
 exclude sympathy, and which prefers to 
 latisfy its sense of superiority by humor^ 
 >us dissection and comic portraiture rathet 
 ihan by solemn censure or scathing ridl- 
 mle. There is, too, the presence of the 
 yrical and inventive faculties which go" 
 lar to humanise the critical understanding, 
 md to the defect of which is due the utter 
 >arrenness and inutility of so much acute 
 md learned disquisition. Peacock be- 
 oiiged, in all his tastes, seAtlmeUts, and 
 ispects of life, to the eighteenth century, 
 he age pre-eminently of free fancy and 
 iommon sense. This is apparently the key 
 o his character, and it finds the strongest 
 ionfiimation in the construction, inten- 
 ion, and spirit of his works. His fictions 
 !ontinually recall the Contes which filled 
 he literary and philosophical atmosphere 
 >f .France between the Regency and the 
 devolution. There is the same disregard 
 )f plot, the same continuous weft of satir- 
 oal allusion, tjie same exaggeration of the 
 allacies of opponents, the same aasunip- 
 ion of an infallible judgment, but with a 
 otal absence of the indecency and im- 
 )iety." A complete edition of Peacock's 
 Works appeared in 1876 under the editor- 
 hip of Mr. (afterwards Sir) Henry Cole, 
 md with a Bwqraphy by Peacock's grand- 
 laughter, Edith Nicolls. For Cnticism, 
 lee the essay of Robert Sucbauan in The 
 
 New Quarterly Magaisifne in 1875. See 
 Peppebcorn, Petek ; Rich and Pgob ; 
 Thames, The Genius or the. 
 
 " Peciling anthem evrells the 
 
 note of praise. The." See Gray's JElegy 
 written in a Country Chwckyardf stiiiiza 
 10. 
 
 '- Pearl upon an Bthiop's arm, 
 
 As." — Dyer, Grmigar's Mill. 
 
 " Pearls at random strung." See 
 "Orient Pearls." 
 
 Pearne, Thomas, Unitarian writer 
 (d. 1827), was the author of Gregory Blwnt. 
 
 Pearson, Charles Henry, his- 
 torian (b. 1830), has published A History of 
 England during the Early and Middle 
 Agts (1861, 1868), and other works. He 
 edited the National Review ia 1862-^. 
 
 Pearson, John, Bishop of Chester 
 (b. 1612, d. 1686), wrote an Exposition of 
 the Creed (1659), Vindicios Epistolarum 
 S. IgiUxtii (1672), Annales Cyprianici (1682), 
 and AnTiales Paulim (1685). His Mi/nor 
 Theological Works were "first collected, 
 with Memoir, Notes, and Index," by E, 
 Churton, in 1842. The Opera Posthuma 
 Chronologica appeared in 1868. "The 
 closeness of Pearson, and his judicious 
 selection of proofs, distinguish him," says 
 Hallam, "from many, especially the ear- 
 lier theologians. Some might surmise 
 that his undeviating adherence to what he 
 calls the Churt^ is nardly consistent with 
 the independence of thinking, but, con- 
 sidered as an advocate, he is one of much 
 judgment and skill." 5ee Creed, An Ex- 
 position OF THE. 
 
 Feasant Bard, The. A name ap- 
 plied to Egbert Burns (1T59— 1796), who 
 at one time in his life followed the 
 plough. 
 
 Peasant Poet of Northampton- 
 shire, The. A name applied to John 
 Clark (1793—1864), born at Helpstone, in 
 Northamptonshire, See Clare, Jo&k ; 
 Northamptonshire Poet. 
 
 "Peasantry (A bold), their 
 
 country's pride."— Goldsmith's Deserted 
 ViUctgCt line 55 — 
 " When once destroyed can never lie Bupplied." 
 
 FeaseblosBom, Cobweb, Moth, 
 
 Mustardseed. Fairies, in A Midsummer 
 Night's Dream. 
 
 Pebles to the Play. See Peebles 
 TO THE Play. 
 
 Peck, Rev. Francis, antiquary 
 (b. 1692, d. 1743), was the author of Deside- 
 rata. See the Life by Evans. 
 
 Pecksniff, in Dickens's novel of 
 
 Martin Chuzzlewit (q.v.), is the prototype 
 of what Lord Lytton calls the men of 
 decorous phrase and bloodless action, the 
 
PEC 
 
 / PEG 
 
 511 
 
 systematic self-servers, in whom the world 
 ,'forgiTes the lack of all that is generous, 
 warm and noble, in order to respect the 
 passive acquiescence in methodical con- 
 ventions and hollow forms. " How com- 
 mon," he says, '* such men are with us in 
 this century, and how inviting and how 
 necessary their delineation, may be seen 
 in this—that the popular and pre-eminent 
 observer of the age in which we live has 
 since placed their ;prototype in vigorous 
 colours upon imperishable canvas. Need 
 I say I allude to the Pecksniff of Mr. 
 Dickens ? ** In Dickens's story, Pecksniff 
 |s represented as possessing two daughters, 
 Mercy and Chanty. '* Pecksniff and his 
 daughters." wrote Sydney Smith to their 
 greater, "are admirable— quite first-rate 
 pMhting, such as no. one but yourself can 
 execute." See Beaufort, Robzcbt. 
 
 Fecock, Reginald, Bishop of St. 
 Asaph and Chichester (b. 1390, d. 1460), 
 was the author of Donet (1440), and The 
 Repressor of Overmuch Blaming of the 
 Clergy (about 1449), (q.v.). The former 
 was an introduction to the chief truths of 
 Chiistianity in the form of a dialogue be- 
 tween father and son. See the £i/e by 
 Lewis ; The Fortnightly Review, Nos. 6 
 and 7 (''Bible Study,'* by James Gardner); 
 ^so CasseWs Library of English Literor- 
 tare (Retigionf chap, iv.), and Morley's 
 English Writers, vol. ii., part 1. 
 
 /Fedder Coffeis, Ane Descrip- 
 tion of, by Sir David Lindsay (1490 — 
 1557), printed in Laing's Ancient Popular 
 Poetry of Scotland. 
 
 Pedlington, lattle, and the 
 
 the Pedlingtonians. A satirical work by 
 JOHX Poole (q.v.), published in 1839, 
 and described as " overflowing with racy 
 humour." Little Pedlington is an imag- 
 inary locality irt which quackery, hum- 
 bug, cant, selfishness, and other social 
 vices abound. 
 
 Fedro, Don. Prince of Arragon, 
 in Much Ado About Ifothinr/ ; the "vil- 
 lain" of the play, "Who slanders the fair 
 Hero (q.v,). 
 
 Peebles, Fetfer. A pauper litigant 
 in Sir "Walter Scott's novel of lied- 
 
 gauntlet(q.v.). 
 
 Peebles to the Pleiy- A Iiumor- 
 ous poem, attributed by John Mair to 
 King James I. of Scotland. , One of the 
 
 verses runs : — 
 
 -" Than they come \o the towne'e end 
 Withouten mnre delay, 
 He before and she before. 
 
 To see who maist; was gay. 
 All that luiketthem upon 
 
 Lcuch fast at their arrity ) 
 Borne said the Queen of May woa come 
 Of Peebles to the play." 
 
 Tlie play referred to (sometimes called 
 "Peebles at the Play") is the festival call- 
 ed Bettane Day, still kept at Peebles, and 
 
 Tei7 ancient in its origin. It was the oc- 
 casion of all sorts of sports, as de'scribei|. 
 in the poem. See Cxis3ell*s Libra/ry of - 
 English Literature {Shorter English Po^- 
 ems). 5, 
 
 Peele, George, -poet and dramA- 
 tist (b, 1552, d. 1598), produced The Arraign- 
 ment of Pouris {It?'^)^ (q.v.) ; The Device of 
 the Pageant (1583) ; An Eclogue Grcitula- 
 torie (1589) ; A Farewell (1589) ; Polyhj/m: 
 nia (1590), (q.v.) ; Descensus Astrace (1591) j 
 The Huntmg of Cupid (1591) ; King Ed- 
 ward the First (1593) ; The Honour of iJie 
 Garter (1593) ; The Battle of Alcazar (1694):- 
 The Old wives* Tale (1595), (q.v.) ; The 
 Love of King David and fair BetlisGipk 
 (1599), (q.v.) ; JUstone of Two ValAx^ 
 Knights <1599) ; Merrie Conceited Jests . . 
 (1627) ; The Turkish Mahomet and Hyren 
 the Faire Greek. His Life has been writ- 
 ten by Dyce, and prefixed to an edltion^of 
 the works in 1828. For Criticism, 864 
 Campbell's Specimens of the English 
 Poets, Lamb's Dramatic Poets, Colliei:'^ 
 Dmmatic Poetry, &c, Campbell wrotje. of 
 Peele :— •* His fancy is ridi and his feelih^ 
 tender ; and his conceptions of dramiC^c 
 character have no inconsiderable mixture 
 of solid veracity and ideal beauty. Thei?e 
 is no such sweetness of versiUcation a^di. 
 imagery to be found in our' blank verse 
 anterior to Shakespeare." "I must con- 
 cur,'* says Hallam, "with Mr. Collier in 
 thinking these Compliments excessive, 
 Peele has some command of imagery, but 
 ill eveiy other quality it seems to me that 
 he has scarcely any claim to honour ; and 
 I doubt if there are three lines together iti 
 any of his plays that could be mistaken 
 for Shakespeare's- JLis Edward I,, (q.v^ . 
 . is a gross tissue of absurdity, with some 
 facility of lau^age, but nothing truly 
 good." See tllrici'^ Drarnatic Art for ^i 
 extended cri^cism on i^eele's v^ioii^ 
 Tfrorks. See At Anu A^Q AiNSl UsulREk^^ 
 Alcazab, Battle of; Edward the 
 First; Honoub op the Gabteb, The; 
 Troy, The Tale of. 
 
 "Peers of- England, pillars of 
 
 the state."— ^mg' Henry VI., part ii., act 
 i. , scene 1. 
 
 Peerybingle, John. Tlie carrier, 
 and husband of Dot (q.v.), in liicKEifs's 
 
 story of The Cricket on the Heaarth (q.v.)^. 
 
 Peg, sister of Jolin Bull, in Dr. 
 Arbuth;not's History of the latter name 
 (q.v.), is intended to personify the Church 
 and State of Scotland. **Peg had, indeed, 
 some odd.humourS and comical, for wKlch^ 
 John would jeer her. * What think you of. 
 my sister Peg,' says he, ' tbat faints at 
 the sound of an organ, and yet will dance 
 and frisk at the noise of a bagpipe?* 
 Lord Peter '[the-Pope] she detested; nor 
 did Martin LutherT stand much better 
 in her good graces ; but Jack [Calvin] had 
 found the way to her heart." 
 
 Peg-a-Ramsay. The heroine of 
 
512 
 
 PEG 
 
 PEN 
 
 an old, and, according to Bishop Percy, an 
 indecent ballad, referred to in Twelfth 
 jfightf act ii., scene 3. 
 
 Peg of Iiimavaddy. A liumor- 
 
 oiia baljad by "William Makepeace 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Pegge, Samuel, LL.D. (h. 1704, 
 d. 1796), was the author of several works 
 on antiquarian subjects. His ij/fe was writ- 
 ten by his sou Samuel, author of Curialia. 
 
 Peggotty. The servant in Dick- 
 ens's novel of David Copperfield (q.v.J, 
 "who is courted in so curious a fashion 
 by the carrier Barkis (q.v.) Her brother 
 Paniel, and nephew Ham, take a promi- 
 nent part in the story. 
 
 Peggy- See Patie. 
 
 Pjelecanicidiuni : " or, the Chris- 
 ttan Adviser a£ainst SeU-Murder ; to- 
 
 f ether with a Guide, and the Pilgrim's 
 '^s to the FLand of the Living," by Sir 
 WiLLLAM Denny (b. about 1630) " Mu\e 
 ears," says the author, in his preface, 
 " do tingle to hear so many sad relations, 
 as ever since March last, conceniing sev- 
 eral i>ersons of divers rank and quality, 
 inhabiting within about so eminent a city 
 as late-famed London, that have made 
 away and murdered themselves. Chose 
 rather the quickness of verse than more 
 prolix prose (with God's blessing first im- 
 plored), to disenchant the possessed ; fol- 
 lowing divinely-inspired David's example 
 to quiet Saul with the melody of his harp." 
 This work was published in 1653. 
 
 Pelham: "or, the Adventures of 
 a Gentleman.'* A novel by Edward, Lord 
 IiYTTON, published anonymously in 1S27. 
 "Pelham," says William Caldwell Ros- 
 coe, " first startled and pleased the world 
 of novel-readers with its brisk witticisms, 
 Its sharp sarcasms and lively caricatures, 
 its clever descriptions, and skilful narra- 
 tive, and annoyed them by its hardness, its 
 affectations, and its pseudo-sentiment." 
 "Pelham," says The Qv/irt&rly RevUw, 
 "belongs to a past generation, and de- 
 scribes a societj^ whose fashion and lan- 
 guage are growing stranger, but it still 
 lies on every railway bo<Mcstall, and will 
 be fresh in the memories of most of our 
 readers." 
 
 Pelham, M. One of the numerous 
 noms de plume ot Sir Richard Phillips 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Pelican Island, The. A poem, in 
 blank verse and nine cantos, by James 
 Montgomery (1771—1854), published in 
 1827, and founded on a passage in Captain 
 Flinder's Voyage to Terra Australis, which 
 describes the ancient haunts of the pelican 
 in the small islands on the coast of New 
 Holland. 
 
 " Pelion and Ossa flourish side 
 
 by BidQ."— Samuel, by William Wobds- 
 ■ffORTH ; written in 1801. 
 
 Pelleas and Etarre. The title of 
 one of Tennyson's Idylls of the King 
 (q.v.). Of Pelleas we reaid that — 
 ** Lord of many a barren isle was he." 
 
 He figures in Tlie Fa&rie Queene as one of 
 those who pursue the Blatant Beast (q.v.). 
 Milton mentions him in the same line 
 with Lancelot (q.v.) and Pellenore (q.v-)- 
 See Etarre. 
 
 Pellenore, Sir, is referred to hy 
 Milton as one of " the Knights of Logres 
 or of Lyones." He appears in the old ro- 
 mance of the Morte d' Arthur (q.v.). 
 
 " Pelting (The) of this pitiless 
 storm," — King Lear, actiii., scene 4. 
 
 Pelusium, The Battle of. The 
 
 subject of a song in Beaumont and 
 Fletcher's Mad Jjover. 
 
 Pembroke, Countess of, Mary 
 Herbert (sister of Sir Philip Sidney), 
 wrote an Elegy on Sir Philip Sidney), and 
 & Pastoral IHalogue in praise of Astrcea ; 
 besides translating many of the Psalm^ 
 into English verse, and a tragedy called 
 Antony J and a Dise(ywrseof Life and JJeath, 
 from the French. It was ion this lady 
 that Ben Jonson wrote his famous epi- 
 taph : — 
 
 " Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother,— 
 Death, ere thou haat slain another, 
 Learned and fair and good as she, 
 Time shall throw a dart at thee." 
 
 See Antony and Arcadia, 
 
 Pembroke, Earl of, WilHam Her- 
 bert, son of preceding (b. 1580, d. 1630), 
 wrote various short poems, an edition of 
 which appeared in 1660. Hallam describes 
 them as of little merit, and sometimes 
 grossly indecent. Some interest attaches 
 to Pembroke as being perhaps the " W. H." 
 to whom Shalcespeare's Sonnets (q.v.) are 
 dedicated. 
 
 "Pen (A), that mighty instru- 
 ment of little men."— Byron's English 
 Bards and Scotch Revie%oers. 
 
 Pen and the Album, The. A 
 lyric by "William Makepeace Thack- 
 eray. 
 
 "Pen (The) is mightier than 
 
 the sword,'*— Lord Lyxton, Richelieu, act 
 ii., scene 2. 
 
 "Pen (The) •where'with thou 
 
 dost so heavenly sing,"— Constable, Sim- 
 net— 
 
 " Made of a qiiill from an angers win^." 
 
 So Dorothy Berry :— 
 
 " Whose noble praise 
 Deserves a quilL plucked from an angel's wing, 
 
 Word^sworth has the lines i^Eccleskts^ 
 cal Sonnets, part iii.) : — 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 613 
 
 " The feather, whence the pen 
 'Was Bhaped that traced the lives of these £ood meii, 
 Droppea from on angel's wing." 
 The " lives " referred to are "Walton's. 
 
 " Pence, That eternal -want of." 
 — Tenkyson, Will Waierproo/*s Mono- 
 logite. 
 
 Pencillings by the Way. A book 
 of gossip about celebrated men and places, 
 publlsbed by Nathakiel Parker Willis 
 -(1806—1867) in 183S. See PEOPLE I have 
 Met. 
 
 Pendennis, Major. Uncle of Ar- 
 thur Pendennis, in Thackeray's novel of 
 that name (q.v.). " The Major," says Han- 
 nay, " a selftsb, and gentlemanly trifle hun- 
 ter, is one of the happiest of Thackeray's 
 comic figures, and what is highly signiil- 
 cant, he somehow never loses a certain 
 dignity, though his life is essentially nar- 
 row and servile." 
 
 Fendenuis, The History of r 
 
 " his fortunes and misfortunes, his friends 
 and his greatest enemy," i.e., himself, by 
 William Makepeace Thackeray, was 
 originally published in a serial form, in 
 18^—50. The hero, Arthur Pendennis, re- 
 appears in the authur's Adventiires of 
 Philip, and is represented as telling the 
 story, of The Newcomes. Among the 
 characters are the Major above mentioned, 
 Foker (q.v.) ; Jack Costigan (q.v.) ; Miss 
 Fotheringay (q.v.) ; Laura Bell, whom 
 Arthur eventually marries; Blanche Amory 
 (q.v.j ;-Warrington (q.v.) ; Jack Finucane 
 (q.v.) ; Captain Shandon (q.v.) ; Bungay 
 (q.v.), and Fanny Bolton. 
 
 " Pendulum betwixt a smile 
 
 and tear. Thou.'* A description applied to 
 Man by Byrodt, in stanza 109, canto iv., of 
 his Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. 
 
 Penelophon. The name of the 
 Beggar Maid in the ballad of King Co' 
 pheiua (q.v.). 
 
 Peufeather, Lady Penelope. 
 
 The Lady patroness of the Spa in Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott's St, Monan's Well. 
 
 Penitential Psalms, The, were 
 
 translated into English metre by Sir 
 Thomas Wyatt, and printed in 1549. 
 Another metrical version, written by 
 Thomas Brampton in 1414, was edited by 
 Black, for the Percy Society, in 1842. 
 
 Penn, "William (b. 1644, d. 1718), 
 founder of Pennsylvania, was the author 
 of No Cross, No Crown (1669), (q.y,) ; a 
 Brief Account of the Rise and Progress of 
 the People called Quakers (1694) j and vari- 
 ous other publications, a list of which is 
 given in Lowndes's Bibliographer's Man' 
 ual, A Collecfion of his tvorks, contain- 
 ing a Journal of his Life, was published in 
 1726. His Jjife has been written by Mar- 
 sillac (1791), Clarkson (1813). Hughes and 
 Dixou (1855), and Ja^ney. 
 
 Pennant, Thomas, naturalist and 
 antiquarian (b. 1726, d. 1798), was author, 
 among other works, of BritisJi Zoology 
 (1766) and Some Accownt of London (1790). 
 See his Autobiography. 
 
 Pennell, Henry Cholmondeley, 
 
 poet and prose writer (b. 1836), has written 
 PmiTc on Pegasus (1861), Crescent (1866), 
 Modem Babylon (1873), Pegasus Re-saddled 
 (1877), and various books on angling j 
 besides editing The Muses ofMayfaAr. 
 
 Penny Cyclopaedia, ^ee Enct- 
 
 CLOP^DIA. ' 
 
 Penny Magazine, The, was start- 
 ed by Charles Knight in 1832, the year 
 which also saw the birth of Chambers's 
 Journal (q.v.). These two periodicals in- 
 ailgurated the period of cheap journalism 
 and other literature for the people. See 
 'K.\\\^t*& Autobiography &vA^Q Memoirs^ot 
 W. stndE. Chambers. 
 
 Penny, Sir. A ballad wbicli "War- 
 ton thinks may be coeval with Chaucer, 
 and of which the title is Incipit Narratiode 
 Domino Denario. Itdescribes the power of 
 money with much humorous satire. " Th& 
 praise of Sir Penny," says Ellis, " appeat'd 
 to have been a favourite subject with the 
 nothern ministrels, for a poem with thj? 
 same title is to be found in Lord Hailes' 
 collection, and another in Bitson's Aricient 
 Songs. 
 
 Penny -'Wise, Pound -Foolish. 
 See How A Merchajtde dyd hys Wvfe 
 Betray. 
 
 Pennyless Pilgrimage, The : "or, 
 the Moneyless Perambulation of John 
 Taylor, alias the King's Majesty's Water- 
 Poet," by JoHi' Taylor (1580—1654), pub- 
 lished in 1G18 ; descriptive of a journey" 
 afoot from London to Edinburgh, '* Hot 
 carrying any money to and fro, neither 
 begging, borrowing, or asking meat, drink, 
 or lodging." The Water-poet performed, 
 in 1620, a similar journey to Prague, <it 
 which he also published an account in 
 prose and verse. ' The style of The Penny- 
 less Pilgrimage may be judged by the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 " Eifflit milee from Cariiisle runs a little river, 
 "WKich England's bounds from Seotland'e grounda 
 
 do eever ; 
 Without horae, bridge, or boat I o'er did get i 
 On loot I went, yet scarce my slioes did wet. 
 I being come to ^his long-looiced for land, 
 Did mark, re-mark, note, re-note, viewed) and 
 
 scanned ; 
 And I saw nothing that could change my will, 
 Hut that I thought myself in England still. 
 The kingdoms are so nearly joined and fixed, 
 There scarcely went a pair of shears betwixt \ 
 There I saw sky above and earth below, 
 And as in England there the sun did show : 
 The hillB with sheep replete, with com the a^e, 
 And many a cottage yielded good Scotch ale." 
 
 Pennyworth of Wit, The. See 
 
 How A Merchande dyd hys Wyfe Be- 
 tray. 
 
 22* 
 
514 
 
 PEN 
 
 PER 
 
 Penrose, Thomas, poet (b. 1743, 
 d. 1779), finds a place in Campbell's Spec- 
 men3, and in Anderson's BrVtisli Poeti. 
 He wrote The Helmets, The Field of Battle, 
 and other lyrics. 
 
 Penry, John (1559—1593), was 
 one of the Puritan writers in the " Martin 
 Mar-Prelate" controversy. See MAB- 
 Pkelate. 
 
 " Fens a stanza when he should 
 engross, Who," — Pope's description of— 
 
 " A clerk foredoomed his father's eoul to croaa," 
 
 in his Epistle to Arbuthnot, line 17. 
 
 Penseroso, II. A poem by John 
 Milton (1608 — 1674), written as a compan- 
 ion to L' Allegro (q.v.). The latter is com- 
 posed in the character of a cheerful, the 
 former iu that of a melancholy, man, and 
 the whole tone of each poem is regniated 
 accordingly. The one begins with the 
 dawn, the other with evening. The one 
 opens with the lark, the other with the 
 nightingale, and so on. Masson inclines 
 to think that they were written at Horton, 
 between 1632 — 8. 
 
 '> Pensive public. My." See the 
 prologue to Bon Gaultier Ballads (q.v.). 
 
 Pentameron, The. A prose work, 
 consisting of imaginary " interviews " be- 
 tween Boccaccio and Petrarch, published 
 byW.*.LTER Savage Lasdob, in 1837. 
 " Even to those who differ with its estima- 
 tion of Dante, its learning,- fidelity, and 
 picturesqueness seem admirable beyond 
 comparison. Mrs. Browning found some 
 of its pages too delightful to turn over." 
 
 Pentateuch, The, translated by 
 William Tyndale, was published in 
 1630. 
 
 " Penury (Chill) repressed their 
 noble rage. — Gray's Elegy— 
 
 *' And froze the genial current of the soul." 
 
 People I have met. Personal 
 sketches by Nathaniel Pabkek Willis 
 (q.v.), published in 1860. See Pbnoil- 
 
 LINQS BY THE WAY. 
 
 "People's voice is odd. The." 
 
 Pope's Imitations of Horace, epistle i., 
 book il.— 
 
 " It Is, and it ia not, the voice of God." 
 
 Pepper, K. N. The literary pseu- 
 donym of James W. Mobbib, an Ameri- 
 can writer, who published The K. N, Pep- 
 per Papers in 1858. 
 
 Peppercorn, H., M.D. A pseu- 
 donym adopted, it is believed, on more 
 than one occasion by the Kev. Kichakd 
 Hahbis Baeham (q.v.). 
 
 Peppercorn, Peter, M.D. A now. 
 deplume assumed by Thomas Love Pba- 
 OOOK (1786—1866) in the publication of 
 some verses, entitled JRich and Poor: or, 
 Saint and Sinner (q.v.). 
 
 " Peppered the highest was sur- 
 est to please. Who."— Goldsmith's Be- 
 faliation, line 112. 
 
 Peptic Precepts, by Dr. William 
 Kitcheneb (1778— 1S27) ; published in 
 1824. 
 
 Pepys, Samuel (b. 1G33, d. 1703), 
 published in 1690 Memoirs relating to tJie 
 state of the Roy allfavy of England. His 
 famous Diary lay neglected and unknown 
 for more than fifty years after its recep- 
 tion, in 1775, at Magdalen College, until at 
 last it was discovered by the MElster, and 
 deciphered and edited by Lord Braybrooke 
 in 1825. It is a record, iu shorthand, of 
 Pepys's personal doings and sayings from 
 January 1, 1660, to May 31, 1669; and is now 
 published in more than one edition, each 
 claiming to be a more accurate transcrip- 
 tion from the original cipher than the 
 others. See a notice of the Diary in The 
 Quarterly Review, No. 33, by Sir Walter 
 Scott, and in Tlie Edinburgh Review, No, 
 43, by Lord Jeffrey. The Life, Jowmals', 
 and Correspondence of Pepys was publish- 
 ed in 1841. Lord Jeffrey, writing of the 
 jyiary, says : *' Pepys seems to have been 
 possessed of the most extraordinary activ- 
 ity, and the most indiscriminating, in- 
 satiable, and miscellaneous curiosity that 
 ever prompted the researches, or supplied 
 the pen, of a daily chronicler He finds 
 time to go to every play, to every execu- 
 tion, to every procession, fire; concert, 
 riot, trial, review, city feast, or picture- 
 gallery, that he can hear of. Nay, there 
 seems scarcely to have been a school ex- 
 amination, a wedding, christening, charity 
 sermon, bull-baiting, philosophical meet- 
 ing, or private merry-making in his neigh- 
 bourhood, at which he is not sure to make 
 his appearance, and mindful to record &1I 
 the particulars. He is the first to hear all 
 the Court scandal, and all the public news 
 — to observe the changes of fashion and 
 the downfall of parties — to pick up family 
 gossip, and to detail philosophical intel- 
 ligence — to criticise every new honse or 
 carriage that is built— every new book or 
 new beauty that appears — every meaaure 
 the king adopts, and every mistress he dis- 
 cards." 
 
 Perceforest. The n.ime of a 
 Knight of the Round Table, whose history 
 is recounted in an old romance described 
 in Duulop's History qf Eiction. It was 
 written in French verse, about 1220. 
 
 " Percie and Douglas, The Old 
 Song of." See Chevy Chase. 
 
 Percival, Tames Gates, an Amer- 
 ican poet (b. 1795, d. 1866), published 
 Zamor (1816), Poems (1820), Clio (q.v.), 
 (1822, 1827), and a Reporton the Geology of 
 Connecticut (1842). A collected edition of 
 his poetical Works, with a biographical 
 sketch, appeared in 1869. Tor Criticism, 
 see Lowell's My Study yrindoas. There 
 is a Life of Percival by Ward. 
 
PER 
 
 FEB 
 
 615 
 
 . Ferdvale, Sir, iii Tennyson's 
 idylla^ is described by tbe poet as 
 " The saintly youth, the epotless lamb of Christ," 
 and by one of tlie poet's critics as a man 
 " with ready, pure, and fervid heart and 
 tongue, whose warm .and natural love, 
 beiu^ rudely blunted, has made of his im- 
 .pressible temperament, as of his sister's, a 
 proper soil for asceticism." 
 
 Percy. ,A tragedy by Hannah 
 More (1745—1833). produced by Gslrriok at 
 Drury Lane in 1777, and acted for seven- 
 teen successive nights. The theatrical 
 {)roflts amounted to £600, and for the 
 itei-ary copyright the authoress obtained 
 £150. 
 
 Percy Anecdotes, Th6. By 
 
 Sholto (J. C. EObinson) and Eeuben 
 Pbbo Y (Thomas Byerley), " Brothers," as 
 they styled themselves, "of the Benedic- 
 tine Monastery, MontBerger.*' This work 
 was published in 1820—23. A History of 
 LoTidon, by the same authors, appeared in 
 1821. 
 
 Percy Society, Tbe, was institu- 
 ted in LoiuJon In 1840. Ninety-four books 
 were published under its auspices. It is 
 ■now dissolved. 
 
 Percy, Thomas, Bisliop of Dro- 
 more (b. 1728, d. 1811), published his Re- 
 Uques gf Ancient English Poetry (q.v.) 
 in 1765, and his translation of Mallet's 
 iNorthern Antiquities in 1770. His other 
 works are : — Five Pieces of Jiunic Poetry^ 
 translated (1763) ; The Songs of Solomon^ 
 translated with a Commentary (1764) ; The 
 'Hermit of Warkworth (1771) ; A Key to the 
 New Testament (1779) ; and An Essay on 
 the Origin of the Enqlish Stage (1793). The 
 Jteliques were edited by Hales and Fumi- 
 vall in 1868. See Fbiab of Oedebs Gbey 
 and " O Nancy." 
 
 Percy, "William. See CncK- 
 queane's Ebbant; Sonnets to the 
 Faieest Celia. 
 
 Percy's Reliquea. See Peecy, 
 Thomas, and Seliques of Ancient 
 £nolish Poetby. 
 
 Percyvell of Galles. A ro- 
 mance said to have been composed by 
 Eobebt de Thornton in the reign of 
 Henry VI., and still preserved in the 
 library of Lincoln Cathedral. 
 
 Perdita, in TheWinter's Tale (q.v.), 
 is tbe daughter of Leontes and Hermione, 
 King and Queen of Sicilia, and iii love 
 with Florizel (q.v.). •• 
 
 Perdita, The Pair. A name be- 
 stowed upon Mrs, Maey Bobinson, tha 
 actress and poetess (1758 — 1800), whose per- 
 formance in the character or Perdita in 
 Tlie Winter's Tale attracted the attention 
 of the Prince of Wales, and led to her be- 
 coming his mistress. 
 
 " Perdition catch my Soul, But 
 
 I do love thee 1 "—Othello, act iii., scene 
 3. 
 
 Peregrination of Mannea Xiyfe, 
 
 The. A prose work by John Skelton 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Peregririe. A cliaracter in Col- 
 man's John Bull (q.v.). 
 
 Peregrine Pickle, The Adven- 
 tures of: "in which are included the 
 Memoirs of a Lady of Quality." A novel _ 
 by Tobias Geoege Smollett (1721- 
 1771), published in 1751? The " Lady of 
 Quality," whose scandalous memoirs are 
 introduced into the story after tbe manner 
 of similar interpolations by Le Sage and 
 Fielding, was the notorious Lady Vane, 
 who is said to have herself afforded the 
 materials for the narrative which Smollett 
 wrote of her various intrigues and gal- 
 lantries. The novel also contains per- 
 sonal sketches of Lord Lvttleton, Fielding, 
 Akenside, and other well-known persons. 
 The hero is described as one whose "base' 
 brutality, besides his ingratitude to his 
 uncle, and the savage propensity which he 
 shows in the pleasure he takes to torment"" 
 others by practical jokes, resembling those 
 of a fiend in glee, exhibit a low and un- 
 gentlemanlike tone of thinking." ' 
 
 Peregrinus, Gulielmus. See 
 Laueeate, Poets ; Odoepoeicon Ei- 
 
 CAEDI EEGIS. 
 
 "Perfect tnroman (A), nobly 
 planned,"— WoEDSWOBTH's She was a 
 Phantom of Delight — 
 
 '* To warn, to comfort, and command." 
 
 " Perfection, The very pink of." 
 
 See Pink op perfection." 
 
 " Perfume on the violet, To 
 
 throw a." — King John, act iv., scene 2. 
 
 " Peri at the gate. One morn a." 
 
 —Moore, Paradise and the Peri (q.v.). 
 
 Pericles and Aspasia. A work 
 by "Walter Savage Landoe (1775—1864), 
 written in the form of letters, and pub- 
 lished in 1836. Stedman calls it his master- 
 piece. It is also' the title of a lyric by the 
 Eev. Geoege Ceoly (1780—1860). 
 
 Pericles, Prince of Tyre, The 
 
 Booke of. A play published in 1609, and 
 generally attributed to William Shakes- 
 PEABB (1564— 1616), if not as a whole, at 
 least In parts. " From the poverty and 
 bad management of the fable, the want of 
 any eltective or distinguishable character 
 —for Marina is no more than the common 
 form of female virtue, such as all th^. 
 dramatists of that age could draw — and a 
 general feebleness of- the tragedy as a 
 whole, I should not believe," saysH^lam,' 
 " the structure to have been Shakespeare's. 
 But many pages are far more in hid manner 
 than in m&i 0t any tioulempoiary wiitet ' 
 
eie 
 
 FEB 
 
 PER 
 
 with whom I am acquainted, and the ex- 
 brinsic testimony, though not conclusive, 
 being of some value, I should not dissent 
 from the judgment of Steevens and Malone, 
 that it was, m no inconsiderable degree, 
 repaired and improved by his touch." It 
 Is notable that in a work published in 1646 
 Shakespeare is distinctly referred to as tlie 
 iuthor of the play, but as the writer of the 
 ivork appears to see something Ansto- 
 phanic in Pericles, his opinion cannot bo 
 jonsidered valuable. The story on which 
 Pericles is founded figures in the Gesta 
 Homanorum (q.v.) and in Gower's Confessio 
 dmantis (q.v.); A prose tract, entitled The 
 Painfull Adoentures of Pericles, Prince of 
 Tyre, appeared in 1608, and was not im- 
 probably a,resumi of the play, though the 
 Qonjectural date of its composition is given 
 by Furaivall as 1608—9. 
 
 Peril in Paramours. A short 
 poem by a Scottish poet, called Mebsar 
 iq.T.), printed in Lord Hailes' collection. 
 
 Perimedes, the Blacke-Smith : 
 
 " a Golden Methods how to use the Mind 
 Ln pleasant and profitable exercise." Pub- 
 lished by HOBEKT Gbf.ene in 1588. This 
 irork consists of stories, reflections, and 
 poetry. 
 
 Perion. A King of Wales in the 
 romance of Amadis qf Fraunce (q.v.). 
 
 "Perish that thought!" See 
 
 CoLLEYClBBEit's verslon of Shakespeare's 
 play of King Ricliard III,, act v., scene 3. 
 
 " Perished in his pride." See 
 
 " Marvellous Boy, The." 
 
 Perissa. The step-sister of Elissa 
 »nd Medina In Spenser's Fdirie Qxteene. 
 
 Perivrinkle, The Princess. A 
 
 character in Smart's comedy of A trip to 
 Cambridge : or, the Grat^tU Fair (q. vO. 
 
 Perjured Nun, The. See Love- 
 sick Kino, The. 
 
 Perker, The little lawyer, in Dick- 
 ens's povel of the Pickwick Papers (q.v.). 
 
 Perkin Warbeck, Chronicle 
 History of, by John Ford, was written in 
 l«34. 
 
 Perkins's Ball, Mrs. " A Christ- 
 mas IJook," by Ayifci^iA-M Makepeace 
 IChagkebay, 
 
 "Perpetual feast of nectared 
 
 sweets, A." See Nectared swepts." 
 
 Perplexities, The. The title under 
 ni)ich The Adveptwes of Five Hours ,(q. v.), 
 altered by Thomas Hull, was played foy 
 a few ^lig^ts in tlie year 17.67. 
 
 Perrinehief, Richard; See Aga- 
 
 IPOGLES. 
 
 Perry, 7ames, journalist (b. 1756, 
 i. tejl), contributed to The Gmtml M- 
 
 vertiser, founded The European Magazine 
 in 1782, became editor of The Gazetteer in 
 1783, and in 1792 acquired part proprietor- 
 ship of The Morning Chronicle (q.v.), which 
 he edited as a Whig organ until his death 
 in 1821. 
 
 Persian Hclogues. See Eclogues, 
 Oriental. 
 
 Persian, Letters from a, in Eng- 
 land to his friend in Ispahan. Published 
 by Lord Lyttelton (1709—73) in 1735. 
 " They have," says Johnson, " something 
 of that indistinct and headstrong ardour for 
 liberty which a man of genius always 
 catches when he enters the world, and 
 always suffers to cool as he passes forward." 
 
 Persian Prince', The : " or. Loyal 
 Brother." A play by Thomas Southern 
 (1660—1746), acted in 1682. The character 
 of the " Loyal Brother " was probably 
 intended as a t:ompliment to the Duke of 
 York, and brought the author asubstantial 
 acknowledgment for his pains. Bi'yden 
 wrote the prologue and the epilogue. 
 
 Persian Song of Hafiz, A. By ' 
 
 Sir William Jones (1746—1794). The last 
 
 verse runs ; — 
 
 " Go boldly forth, my Bimple lay, 
 Whose accents flow with artlese ease. 
 Like orient .pearls at random strung : 
 Thy notes are sweet, the damsels say ; 
 But oh I far sweeter, if they please 
 "The nymph for whom these notes are sung I " 
 
 Persian Tales. Translated by 
 Ambrose Philips (1671—1749) from the 
 French of Petit de la Croix, and published 
 in 1709. Philips is said to have had the^ 
 assistance of Addison in this ti'anslation, 
 for which the former was paid at the rate 
 of half-a-crown a line ; thus giving point to 
 Pope's famous sarcasm, when he refers to 
 Philips as 
 
 " The bard, whom pilfered Pastorals renown, 
 "Who turns a Persian Tale for half-a-cro^\ n." 
 " The book," says Dr. Johnson, " is divided 
 into many sections, for each or which if he 
 received half-a-crown, his reward, as 
 writers were then paid, was very liberal." 
 
 "Persian's heaven is easily 
 made. A."— Moore's Intercepted Letters, 
 No. vi.— 
 
 *' 'Tis but black eyes and lemonade." 
 
 Persic, Peregrine. The worn de 
 plume under which James Morier (1780 — 
 1849) published his novel of Hc^i Baba qf 
 Ispahan (q.v.). 
 
 Personal Talk. Four sorinels by 
 William Woedswobth, written in 1846. 
 
 Persuasion. A novel by Jane 
 Austen, posthumously published in 1818. 
 
 " Persuasion tips his tongue 
 
 whene'er tie talks,"— Isaac Hawkins 
 
 Browne's Pipe qf Tobacco— 
 
 '• And he hai lodgings ia theKiog'a Sench Walki." . 
 
PER 
 
 PHA 
 
 517 
 
 Tills is a parody on Pope^s lines on Murray 
 ilmUations of Horace, ep. vi.) : — 
 
 *' Gmc'd as thou art with all the power of words, 
 So known, so honour'd at the House of Lords." 
 
 Perth, The Fair Maid of. See 
 Faiu Maid of Perth, The. 
 "Perverts the Prophets and 
 
 purloins the Psalms." — Byron, English 
 Jiards and Scotch Reviewers, line 326. The 
 allusion is to " sepulchral [James] Gra- 
 hame " (q.v.), author of The Sabbath and 
 JBiblical J'iciures. 
 
 Perviligium Veneris. A poem 
 by Thomas Pahxell (1G79— 1718), trans- 
 lated from Catullus. 
 
 Pesohiera. A lyric by Arthur 
 Hugh Clough (1819— 1861), written, like 
 its companion. Alteram Partem^ in 18i9. 
 
 Pet Lamb, The : " a, Pastoral," by 
 "William Wordsworth* written in 1800- 
 
 "Petar, Hoist -with his o-wn." 
 
 — Hamlet, act jil., scene 4. 
 Peter Bell. See Bell, Peter. 
 
 Peter Bell the Third : " by Mich- 
 irig Mallecho, Esci.," i.e., Percy'Bysshe 
 Shelley. A satirico-political poem, sug- 
 
 fested by "Wordsworth's Peter Bell (q.v.). 
 ee MzcHiNG Mallecho. 
 
 Peter, Lord. Tlie name l)y which 
 the Pope i& designated in Swift's Tale of 
 a rM6(ct.v.), andDr. Abbuthnot's History 
 of John Bull (q.v.), 
 
 Peter Parley. See Parley, Peter. 
 
 Peter Pindar. See Pindar, Peter. 
 
 Peter Plymley. See Plymley, 
 Peter. 
 
 Peter Simple. 'See Simple, Peter. 
 
 Peter "Wilkins. See Wilkins, 
 Peter. 
 
 Peterborough, The Earl of {h. 
 
 1658, d. 173^, was the author of a Song b}/ 
 a Person of Quality ^ the first verse of which 
 runs : — 
 
 •• I said to my heart, between elocping and waking, 
 Thou wild thing, that always art leaping or acn- 
 
 What black, brown, or fair, in what clime, in 
 
 what nation. 
 By turns has not taught thee a pit-o^pat-ation 7 " 
 
 Peter's Letters to his Kins- 
 folk, by JoHx Gibson Lockhart ^794— 
 1854) ; published iu Blackwood's Magazine 
 during 1819, and containing lively sketches 
 of Edinburgh society. 
 
 ''Petition me no petitions, sir, 
 to-day."— Fie LDi>JG, T(ym Thtimb, act i., 
 scene 2. Compare with the same author's 
 *• But me no buta," Shakespeare's " Thank 
 me no thankings, proud me no prouds " 
 (RoTTieo and Juliet, iii., 5), Massiuger's 
 " Clause me no causes " (Neio Way to Pay 
 
 Old Debts, 1., 1), and Tennyson's ** Diamond 
 me no diamonds, prize me no ppzes " 
 {Elaine). 
 
 Peto, in tbe first and second parts 
 of Shakespeare's ffwirw /F. (q.v.), is a 
 companion of Sir John Falstaff (q.v.). . 
 
 Petrarch, The English. A name 
 applied to Sir Philip Sidney (1554—1586) 
 by Sir Walter Kaleigh. 
 
 Petruchio. A gentleman of Verona, 
 in The Taminq of the Shrew (q.v.); hus- 
 band of Kathenne, and " a fine, hearty com- 
 pound," says Leigh Hunt, ^of bodily and 
 mental vigour, adorned by wit, spirits, and 
 good nature." 
 
 " ' Petticoat influence ' is a great 
 reproach." — Byron, Don Juan^ canto xiv., 
 stanza xxvi. : — 
 
 " I for one venerate a petticoat — 
 Agannentnnd a mystical HUblimityi _ - . 
 No matter whether russet, Kilk, or dtmity." 
 
 Petty, Sir William, political 
 economist (h. 1623, d. 1687), published A 
 Treatise of Taxes and Contributions (1667), 
 Political Arithmetic (1682, 1687, 1690. 1699), 
 Political Anatomy of Ireland (1691), and 
 other works enumerated in Lowndes' Bib- 
 Hograi>her*s Manual. See Aubrey's Lives 
 and, "Wood's Atlience OxonieJises. 
 
 Petyt, "William (b. 1636, 0.1707), 
 wrote The Ancient Right of the Commons 
 of England asserted. (1680), Jus Parliair^^n- 
 tarium (1739), and Miscellania Parliamei^ ■ 
 taria. 
 
 Peveril of the Peak. A novel by 
 Sir Walter Scott, published in 1823. 
 
 Phaedra. A tragedy by Edmund 
 Smith (1668—1710), acted inl708, and high- 
 ly praised by Dr. Johnson. *' As to Phaedra, 
 she has certainly " he says, " made a finer 
 figure under Mr. Smith's conduct, upon 
 the English stage, than either in Rome or 
 Athens ; and if she excels the Greek and 
 Latin Phaedra, 1 need not say she surps/sses 
 the French one, though embellished with 
 whatever regular beauties and moving 
 softness Bacme himself could give her.' 
 Notwithstanding this high eulogium, how- 
 ever, Phcedra is now forgotten. Ph£edra, . 
 in the classical mythology, was the second 
 wife of Theseus of Athens, with whose 
 sou Hippolytus she fell in love, 
 
 Phsedria. Tiie handmaid of Acrasia 
 (q.v.) in Spenser's Faerie Queene. 
 Phaedrus. A metrical translation 
 
 of the Fables of this writer, who flourished 
 in the Augustan age, was published by , 
 Christopher Smart (q.v.). 
 
 Phaer, Thomas, miscellaneous 
 writer (d. 1660), is chiefly known as the 
 author of the story of Glendower in the 
 Mirror for Magistrates (q.v.), and of a trans- 
 lation of the first nine books of VirglHa 
 j^neidf which was printed iu 1558 witu a 
 
eis 
 
 PHA 
 
 PHI 
 
 dedication to Queon Mary, And completed 
 by Dr. Thomas Twyne in 1573 ; the work 
 of both translators being published in one 
 volume in 1583. See Warton's History of 
 JSnglish Poeti-y and Morl6y's Sh(yrter Eng- 
 lish Poems. 
 
 Phaeton : " or, Loose Thoughts 
 for Ijoose Thinkers-" A dialogue written, 
 on the classical model, by the Eev. 
 Charles ICingsley (1819—1875), and 
 directed in the interests of orthodoxy 
 a^inst the heresies of the Emersonian 
 Bchool. It was printed in 18^. 
 
 Phalaris, A Dissertation upon 
 
 the Epistles of, by Eichard Bentley 
 ■(1662—1742). was published in 1699, and 
 edited by Dyce in 1836. It arose out of the 
 publication by Sir "William Temple of an 
 Jflssay^ on Ancient and Modern Languages^ 
 in which he contended for the genuineness 
 of the Epistles, in opposition to the views 
 of Fontenelle and Perrault. To this a 
 reply was made by Wottou in his Beflec- 
 tions on Ancient and Modem Learning, to 
 the second edition of which, in 1697, Bent^ 
 ley appended a few notes demonstrating 
 the spuriousness of the reputed letters, 
 and to which Atterbury and Smallridge in 
 their turn replied, aided by the powerful 
 sarcasm of Swift in his satire, of The Bat- 
 th of the Books (q.v.). Then Bentley pub- 
 lished his Dissertation, proving that the 
 ^pistlefl were full of anachronisms, and 
 that' the Btyle was more that of Attic than 
 of Sicilian Greek- Phalaris, it may be ex- 
 plained, was a tyrant of Agrigentum, in 
 Sicilj^, who flourished about the middle of 
 the sixth centuiy before Christ, and who 
 was described by Cicero as " crudelissimus 
 omnium tyrannorum." In the Epistleshe 
 is represented as quite a humane and cul- 
 tivated man. It was in connection with 
 this famous controversy, in which the 
 Hon. Charles Boyle was one of Bentley's 
 foremost opponents, that Garth wrote his 
 well-known epigram (^see Boyle, Chas.). 
 A list of the publications treating of the 
 Epistles, and uie Dissertation on them is 
 given in Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual- 
 
 Phaleg, in Detden's Absalom and 
 AchitopheT (q.v.), is intended for a Mr. 
 Forbes, a Scotchman. 
 
 Phantasmagoria. A hoolc ^ of 
 poems, essays, and miscellaneous sketches, 
 published by Maria Jank Fletcher 
 (d. 1833) in 1829. It is also the title of 
 a volume of varied verse by Lewis Car- 
 roll (q.v.). 
 
 Fhantastes. A faerie romfince by 
 George MacDonald (b. 1824), published 
 in 1858, and including many " short swal- 
 low flights of Bong." 
 
 "Phantom of delight, She was 
 a/»— First line of a lyric by Words- 
 worth- 
 
 " When flivt Bhs burst updn my ilBht." 
 
 Phaon. A young man who is ill- 
 treated by Furor (q.v.), in Spenser's 
 I'''a'drie Queene, 
 
 Pharronida : "a Heroic Poem/' by 
 "William Chamberlayke (1619 — 1689), 
 publi3hed in 165U- The scene is partly laid, 
 in Sicily and pa-rtly in Greece. Thomas 
 Campbell considered Pharronida " one of 
 the most interesting stories that was ever 
 told ill verse. What Dr. Johnson said, un- 
 justly, of Milton's Cdmus, tlitlt it fV^as like 
 gold hidden under a tub, may uufor< 
 tunately be applied with too much pro- 
 priety to Pharronida. Never, perhaps, was 
 BO much beautiful design marred by infe- 
 licity of execution ; nis ruggedness of 
 versification, abrupt transitions, and a 
 style that is at once slovenly and quaint, 
 perpetually interrupts us iil enjoying 
 the splendid figures and spirited passion of- 
 this romantic tablet, and make us catch 
 them only by glimpses." The following is 
 a specimen, of the poem : — 
 
 "Is'taBin to be 
 Bom high, that robs mc of my liberty ? 
 Or is't the curse of greatness to behold 
 Virtue through Huch false optics as unfold 
 No splendour, ' Icsd from equal orbs they shine ? 
 What heaven made free, ambitious men coniine. 
 In regular decrees . Poor love must dwell 
 Withm no chmate but what's parallel 
 Untoour honoured births : the envied fate' 
 Of princes oft these burdens find from State, 
 When lowly swains, knowing no parent's voicd 
 A negative, make a free happy choice." 
 
 Pharsalia. See Lucan. 
 
 Phases of Faith. See NewsJan, 
 Francis William. 
 
 Phebe. A shepherdess in As You 
 Like It (q.v.). 
 
 Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart,Ameri- 
 can writer, has written, among other 
 works, The Gates Ajar, Hedged In, Tlie 
 Silent Pa/rtner, and Men, Womenj and 
 Gliosis ; also. Poetic Studies. 
 
 Fhenix, Lord, figures in the ballad 
 of The Lovers' Quarrel {,q_.Y,). 
 
 Phesoj Ecneps, i.e., the letters of 
 "Joseph Spence" reversed, thus making 
 up the name of the ** Dervise of the 
 Groves" in Ridley's Tales of the Genii 
 (q.v.), who is intended aa a portrait of 
 the Kev. Joseph Spence, author of An 
 Essay on Pope^s Odyssey. 
 
 Philander. A counsellor, in tlie 
 play of Gorhoduc (q.v.) ; also, the name of 
 a character in Ariosto's Orlando Furioao. 
 
 Philander. See Kabcissa. 
 
 Philarete (from ,|,i'ao? and operJ?, a 
 lover of virtue) figures in Browne's pas- 
 toral of The ShepJierd's Pipe^ eclogue iv.^ 
 and is intended for his deceased f riendy 
 Thomas Manwood. The poem is supposed 
 to have suggested to Milton his Lycidas 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Philargyria is a character, repre- 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 51d 
 
 senttag Avarice, In Skeltost's moral In- 
 terlude entitled The Nigramansiry printed 
 ill li504. Crowley printed in 1551 what he 
 called The Fable qf Philargyrle, " the 
 great giant of Great Britain." 
 
 Philario, in C;/m6e/me (q.v.),is an 
 Italian friend of Posthumns (q.v.). 
 
 Philaster : " or, Love. Lies a- 
 Bleeding," A play, by FBANCis Beau- 
 most and JoHS Fletohek, and "in its 
 day," says Hallam, " one of the best- 
 known and most popular of their plays." 
 The plot turns on the suspected infidelity 
 of Arethusa(q.v.). Euphrasia (q.v.), for the 
 love of Philaster, disguises herself as a 
 page, and is called Bellario, ''For many 
 years," says Charles Lamb, '* after the 
 date of this drama, scarce a play can be 
 found without one of these women pages 
 in it, following in the train of some pre- 
 engaged lover, calling on the gods to bless 
 her Iiappy jival, and 6ith6r made happy 
 at last by some surprising turn of fate, oi: 
 dismissed with the joint pity of the lovers 
 and the audience." 
 
 Phileleutherus Norfolciensis. 
 
 The noni de plume under which Samuel 
 PAEk (1747— 1S25) published, in 1781, a 
 Discourse on the Late Fast. Tlie American 
 war was alluded to in terms of condemna- 
 tion ; and it is believed that the scmlon 
 stood in the way <if the author's pifefeir- 
 ment in the- Church of Euglamd. See 
 Philopatkis. 
 
 Kiilip. The hero of Clougb's 
 Bothie nf Tobema^VuoUch, (q.v.); in love 
 withElspie. 
 
 Philip de Raines. See Blosde 
 ov OxFOKD ; Manekihe, Le. 
 
 Philip, The Adventures of, " on 
 his way tlu-ough the World, showing who 
 robbed him, who helped him, and who 
 passed him by." A novel, by William 
 MAKEPEACE THAckEBAY, whlch first ap- 
 peared in 1860, in The CdmhUl Maffaxine, 
 oi which the author was at, that time 
 editor. It is a continuation of The Shabby 
 Benteel Story (q.v.). 
 
 Philip Van Artevelde. See Van 
 Aktevelde, Philip. 
 
 Philip Wakenijin Geoege Eliot's 
 novel of The Mill ort the Floss (q.v.), is in 
 love with Maggie TuUiver (q.v.). 
 
 Philips, Ambrose, poet and dram- 
 atist (b. 1671, d. 1749), published Pastorals 
 (1708), (q v.); A Poettcal Litter from Copen- 
 hagen (1709), (q.v.) ; Persian Tales (1709), 
 (q.v.) ; The Distrest Mother (1712), (q.v.) ; 
 The Briton (1722), (q.v.) : Bumphrey, Dake 
 of Gloucester (1722) T and Poems (1748) . He 
 was also sortie time editor of The Free- 
 thinker (q.vj. His Life was written by Dr. 
 Johnson. Maoaulay calledPhllips "a good 
 Whig and a middling poet ;" Thaokeray 
 has characterised him as " a serious' and 
 
 dreary idyllic cockney." ShefBeld, Duke 
 of Buckinghamshire, has him iii his SleC' 
 Hon of a Laureate ; — 
 
 " When Vhilipa came forth oh etarcli ns a Quaker, . 
 Whose eimple prof esBion'e a pastoral maker, 
 ApoUo advised him from playhouse to keep. 
 And pipe to naught else but his dog and his 
 sheep." 
 Dr. Johnson says, *' he cannot be denied 
 the praise of lines sometimes elegant, but 
 he has seldoin much force or much compre- 
 hension. Ho has added nothing to English 
 poetry." See Namdy-Pamby. 
 
 Philips, John, poet (b. 1676, d. 
 1708), wrote The -Splendid Shilling (1703) 
 (q.v,); Blenheim (170D), (q.vj; Cider (IIOS), '• 
 (q.v.), and othe)- pieces. Editions of his 
 Works f with Memoirs of the author, were 
 published in 1720, 1762, and 1781. See Dr. 
 Johnson's Lives of the Poets. 
 
 Philips, Eatherine. A poetess 
 (b. 1631, d. 1664), better known as " The 
 Matchless Orikda" (q.v.). Her Works-. 
 were published in 1667, with the following-, 
 title : — Poems bu Mrs. Catherine PhilipsJ 
 the Matchless Oririda ; to which is added ' 
 Monsieur Coriieille's " -Pompew," ujith sev--, 
 eral other Translations out of French. -, 
 
 FhilisideS, in Sir Philip Sidney's 
 -Arcadia (q.v.), is intended for the author 
 himself. The naiiie is formed from Philip. 
 and Sidney^ with the Latin termination es. 
 Thus Bishop Hall :— 
 
 " He Itnew the praee of that new elegance 
 Tiiat sweet FlilisideS fetched of late from France." 
 
 Phillida and Corydon. "A pleas- 
 dnt song," sung before p^een Elizabeth 
 at Elvewam in 1591, and included in Fng^.- - 
 land's Helicon (ICOO). It was written %f' 
 Nicholas Bbeton (q.v.). 
 
 Phillipps, J. O. Halliwell-. See 
 
 HALfirWELIi-PHILLIPPS, JAMES OE- 
 CHAEB. 
 
 Fhilipps, Miss. See Old Maid^ 
 
 An. 
 
 Phillips, Charles, barrister and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1789, d. 1859), wiot© 
 iiecotlectUms of Curra/ti and some of Ais ' 
 Contemporaries (1818) ; also The Loves qf 
 Celestine and ^t. Aubert (1811), The Emerald 
 Isle (1812), various speeches, and some fugi- 
 tive pu1>licatlonB. 
 
 Phillips, Edtrard, miscellaneous 
 *rltoI- (b. 1630, d. 1680), compiled TKea:traM, 
 Poetarwiri (1675), and wrote The Mysteries 
 of Love and Eloquence (1658), Enchiridion. 
 and Speculmn Lingua Latinrn (1684), A 
 New World of Words (1720), The Life qf 
 John Milton (1694), and other works 
 enumerated in Lowndes's Sibliographer't 
 Manual. See Vfoo&'B Athena Oxominsei, 
 See Theateum Poetarui*. 
 
 Phillips, &, Searle. See Seakis, 
 Jandaby. 
 
 FMlUpB, Jedsle : " a' Tdle Of the' 
 
520 
 
 PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 Present Day." Written by Mrs. Teollope 
 (q.v.), aud published in 1843. 
 
 Phillips, Samuel, LL.D., journal- 
 ist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1815, d. 
 1874), edited John Bull (q.v.), aud contrib- 
 uted to Tlie Morning Herald (q.v.), bis 
 principal journalistic' work, bowever, con- 
 sisting of literary criticisms in Tlie Times, 
 a selection from which, under the title of 
 Eminent Men and Popular Books, was pub- 
 lished in 1852—54. His novel of Caleb 
 Stukely (q.v.) appeared in Blaclcwood's 
 Magazine, to which he contributed We are 
 all Low People here, and other tales. His 
 connection with the Crystal Palace led to 
 the publication of the Guide and Portrait 
 Gallery, of which he was the compiler. 
 
 Phillips, Sir Richard, journalist 
 (^ 1768, d. 1840), started The Leicester 
 Herald in 1790, and The Monthly Magazine 
 in 1796. Besides his contributions to the 
 latter periodical, he pnbUshed a tract On 
 the Practices of Anonymous Critics (1806), 
 A Morning's Walk from London to Kew 
 (1817), Essays on the Proximate Causes of 
 Material Phenomena (1821, 1824), Golden 
 nules of Social Philosophy (1826), A Million 
 of Facts (1832), and severaK other works. 
 He is supposed to be identical with the 
 vegetarian editor of Sorrow's Lavengro 
 (q.v.). See Barrow, Rev. S.; Blaib.Eev. 
 David ; Clabke, Eev. C. C. ; Matekiai, 
 Phenomena ; Pelham, M. 
 
 Fhillis. The lady, real or imagin- 
 *ry, celebrated by John Cleveland (1613 
 — 1659) iu hia sonnets and lyrics. 
 
 Fhillis : " lionoured with Pastoral 
 Bonnets, Elegies, and Amorous delights. 
 Whereunto is annexed the Tragycall Com- 
 playnt of Elstred." This was written by 
 ICHoaiAa LoDOE in 1593. 
 
 Fhilobiblon. A prose treati.?e by 
 Richard of Bury, Bishop of Durham 
 [1281 — 1345), in which he celebrates his love 
 of books, and shows bow they may be made 
 serviceable to the restoration of learning, 
 tt consists of a prologue and twenty chap- 
 ters ; and in the prologue the author greets 
 bis readers, and expresses his sympathy 
 lor good scholars whose study poverty 
 impedes. The first chapter opens the sub- 
 ject by commending Wisdom, and books as 
 :he abode of Wisdom ; the second shows 
 low books are to be preferred to wealth 
 md lleshly luxuries ; the third argues that 
 liey ought always to be bought, whatever 
 ;heir cost, when there are means of paying 
 !or them, except when they are knavishly 
 )vercharged, or when a better time for 
 mying is expected ; the fourth compares 
 he degenerate clergy to the progeny of 
 ^ipers that destroy their parents ; the iifth 
 ells how the good clergy used not only to 
 ;ommune with books, but to write them ; 
 he gixth contrasts the mendicant friar as 
 le used to be and at the time that the book 
 ia» written. Aud so the bishop goes on. 
 
 chapter after chapter, deploring the de- 
 struction of books by fire, praising the old 
 scholars at the expense of the new, exhort- 
 ing his readers to the cleanly handling and 
 orderly keeping of books, not so mucn, as 
 Morley says, in the tone of a bibliomaniac 
 as in that of a rich and learned man of the 
 world. The Philobiblon was first printed - 
 at Cologne in 1473, and in England, at 
 Oxford, in 1599. An English translation 
 was published in 1832. See Morley's JETig- 
 lish Writers. 
 
 Philobiblon Society, The, 
 
 " composed of persons interested in the 
 History, Collection, or Peculiarities of 
 Books," was instituted in London in 1853. 
 
 Pbiloclea, in Sir Philip Sidney's 
 Arcadia (q.v.), is probably intended for ' 
 the Lady Penelope Devereux, whom the 
 author celebrates in his poetiy as Stella. 
 See PvROCLEs. 
 
 Philoctetes, who was one of the 
 Argonauts, and is fabled as having assist- 
 ed at the siege of Troy, has been made the 
 subject of a dramatic poem by J. Leices^ \ 
 TER Warren (q.v.). Of this Stedman 
 says that it is " close, compact, Grecian, 
 less rich with poetry and music than Ata- 
 lanta [q.v.], but even more statuesque and 
 severe." 
 
 Philologus, The liero of the moral 
 play of The Cotiflict of Conscience (q.v.). 
 
 Philologus, " the lover of learn- 
 ing," is an interlocutor with Toxophilus, 
 the lover of archery in Ascham's Sclioie of 
 SItootinge. See Toxophilus. 
 
 Philomede, in Pope's Moral 
 Essays, epistle ii., is intended, Warton 
 says, for the Duchess of Marlborough, who 
 so much admired Congreve ; not the fAr- 
 mous Duchess, but her daughter Henri- 
 etta, who married the Earl of Grodolphiu. 
 
 Philomela. The name under 
 which Mrs. Elizabeth Eowe (1674 — 1737) 
 published a volume of poems. 
 
 Philomelus. Tlie Druid bard in 
 Thomson's Castle of Indolence (q.v.). 
 
 Pbilonides and Menippus. Two 
 characters in a dramatic fragment, from 
 the press of John Kastell, which appears 
 to have formed part of a modem Latin 
 play by Rightwise, master of St. Paul's 
 School, London. In the part extant Me- 
 nippus gives an accountof ajourney to the 
 lower regions. 
 
 Philopatris Varvicensis. The 
 nom de plume under which Dr. Samuel 
 Parr (1747—1625) published, in 1809, 
 Cliaracters of tlie late Riqht Honourable 
 Charles James Eox,ot whom he was a 
 great admirer. See Phileleutherus. 
 
 Philoponus. One of the interloc- 
 utors in SiCBBES's Anatomie of Abusea 
 
 (q.T.). 
 
PHI 
 
 PHY 
 
 621 
 
 Philosopher, A Minute. See 
 
 Minute Philosophek. 
 
 " Philosopher and friend." See 
 
 " Guide, philosopheb, asd friend," 
 
 Philosopher of Malmesbury, 
 The. A tl&e bestowed upon Thomas 
 KOBBES (q.T.), the author of leviathan 
 (q.v.), who was bom at Malmesbury. 
 
 Philosopher of 'Wimbledon 
 
 The. A designation given to John 
 HORXE TooKE (q.v.), the anthoT of The 
 Diversions of^ Purley (q.T.), who resided at 
 Wimbledon, in Surrey. 
 
 " Philosopher that could endure 
 
 the toothache, There was never yet." 
 Much Ado About Nothing^ act v^, scene 1. 
 
 " Philosophic pains, A childish 
 
 waste of."^jOWPER, Tirocinium^ line 76. 
 
 Philosophical and Physical 
 
 Opinions, by Margaret, Duchess of 
 Newcastle ; published in 1655. This, 
 the authoress tells us, was the " beloved 
 of all her works, her masterpiece." 
 
 Philosophus Anglorum. A title 
 bestowed upon Athelabd of Bath (circa 
 1110—1120), by Vincent of Beauvais, a 
 writer of the thirteenth century. 
 
 "Philosophy." See "Adversity's 
 
 SWEET MILK." 
 
 "Philosophy, Divine." See 
 *' Apollo's lute." 
 
 "Philosophy, in thee? Hast 
 
 any." — As- Tou Like It, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 "Philosophy, Mild." See 
 *' Lights of mild philosophy." 
 
 Philosophy of the Human 
 
 Mind, The. A work by Dugald Stew- 
 art (1753— 1828),published the first volume 
 in 1792, the second in 1814, and the third in 
 1827. Thomas Browne (1778—1820), 
 (q.v.), published Lectures on the same 
 subject. See Human Understanding. 
 
 , Philosophy of the Moral Peel- 
 ings. A work by Dr. John Abeeorom- 
 BIE (q.v.). 
 
 Philosophy Teaching by Ex- 
 ample. See " History is Philosophy," 
 &c. 
 
 Philostrate. Master of the Revels 
 to Thesus (q.v-), in A Midsummer Night's 
 Dream (q.v.). 
 
 Philotas. A tragedy hy Samuel 
 Daniel (q.v.), produced in 1607, and dedi- 
 cated to Prince Charles. The hero was 
 supposed, by some, to represent the un- 
 fortunate Earl of Essex. 
 
 Philotime. The Queen of Hell 
 and daughter of Mammon, in Spenser's 
 Faerie Queene. 
 
 Phiz. See Pickwick ; and Quiz. 
 
 Phoceans, The. An unfinished 
 epic by Walteb Savage LANDOtt. 
 
 Phoebe, The heroine of Bteon'8 
 pastoral, beginning : — 
 
 " My time, O ye Musea, was happily spent." 
 She is supposed to be identical with Jo? 
 anna Bentley, afterwards the mother of 
 Bichard Cumberland, the dramatist. 
 
 Phoebe Dawson figures in 
 Crabbe's Parish Register:— 
 
 **Her air, her manners,. all who saw admired. 
 Courteous though coy, and gentle though retired." 
 
 " Phoebus 'gins arise," — Cymbeline 
 act ii., scene 3. 
 
 " Phoebus ! -what a name ! " — 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotch Review* 
 ers, line 399. 
 
 Phoenix, John, Gentleman. The 
 nom deplume of Captain George Hora- 
 tio Derby (d. 1861)^ a humorous American 
 writer. 
 
 Phoenix, The. A poem on the 
 myth of the Phoenix is included in The - 
 Exeter Book (q.v.). 
 
 "Phosphor, Sweet." — Quarles's 
 Emblems, book i,, emblem 14. 
 
 "Phrase, A fioo for the." — The 
 
 Merry Wives of Windsor, act i., scene 3. ' 
 
 "Phrase, A grandsire." See 
 " Grandsire." 
 
 Phrontisterion : "or, Oxford in 
 
 the Nineteenth Century." "An unfinished 
 drama," some " scenes " from which wera 
 published by Dean Mansel (1820—1871) in 
 1852. In that year appeared the report of 
 the Commission appointed to inquire into 
 the State, Discipline, Studies, ajid Beve^ 
 nues of the University and Colleges of Ox- 
 ford, and^t was in reference to that report 
 that this " exquisite parody " and ^* inimi- 
 table imitation " was written. Among the ^ 
 dramatis personm are :— " Strepsiades-Cot- 
 tonarchicalico-Craticus, the Model Man- 
 chester Man;" " Pheidippides-JohMiy, 
 the Model Minister, a compound, as his 
 name implies, of parsimony and chivalry, 
 a great public benefactor, but prefers do- 
 ing it at other people's expense ; " " Seo- 
 retary to the Commission;" "Commis- 
 sioner-Socrates, the Model Instructor of 
 Youth ; " " Chorus of Cloudy Professors; " 
 "Just Discourse, a Bigot ; " and " Unjust 
 Discourse, aLiberal." T^^^ Phrontisterion 
 was reprinted, with Dean Mansel's Letters, 
 Lectures, and Reviews, in 1873. 
 
 Phunky, Mr., in Dickens's Pick- 
 wick Papers (q.v.), assists Sergeant Sniib- 
 bin in defending Mr. Pickwick in the 
 famous trial. 
 
 " Phyllis, Neat-handed." See 
 " Neat-handed Phyllis." 
 
622 
 
 PHY 
 
 PIC 
 
 Phylologia : "or, the PhiloSopliy of 
 Agriculture and gardening, with the The- 
 ory of Draining Morasses, and with an im- 
 proved Construction of the Drill Plough." 
 A work by Erasmus Darwin (1731—1802); 
 published in 1799. 
 
 JPhylypp Sparbwe, The Boke 
 
 of. See Sparowe, Phylypp. 
 
 " Physic to the dogs, Throw." 
 
 Macbethj act v., scene 3. 
 
 Physical Theory of Another 
 
 Life, The. See Axotuer Life, The 
 physical Theory of. 
 
 "t*hySipa pain." See "Labour we 
 
 DELIGHT IN." 
 
 I'hy&iologus. See Bestiary. 
 
 " Pibroch of Donuil Dhu." First 
 lino of a lyric by Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Picken, Andrew, novelist (b. 
 1788, d. 1833), produced Tales and Sketches 
 of the }Vest qf Scotland; The Sectarian 
 0829), (q.v.) ; The Dominie's Legacy (1830) ; 
 Travels and Researches of Eminent Eng- 
 lish Missionaries (1830); The Club Book 
 (1831) ; Traditionary StoHes of Old Fam^ 
 Hies; Waltham; and The Black Watch. 
 
 Picken, Andrew Belfrage (b. 
 
 1802, d. 1849), was author of The Bedouins 
 and other Poems (1828), TJie Plague Ship 
 and other tales, and lAghts and Shadows 
 of a Sailor's Life. See Gruit Wilson's 
 Poets of Scotland. 
 
 ^ Pickle, Peregrine. See Peke- 
 GRiNE Pickle. 
 
 Pickwick Club, The Posthu- 
 mous Papers of. A novel by Charles 
 Dickens (1812—1870), originally published 
 in 1836' It arose out of a proposal that 
 Dickens should write " a something that 
 should be published in shilling monthly 
 numbers." "The idea propounded to me '* 
 fiays Dickens, " was that the monthly 
 something should be a vehicle for certaiu 
 plates, to be executed by Mr. Seymour: 
 and there was a notion that a ' Nimrod 
 Club,' the members of which were to go 
 out shooting, fishing, and so-forth, and 
 getting themselves into difl&culty through 
 their want of dexterity, would be the best 
 means of introducing these. I objected 
 that the idea was not novel ; that it would 
 be infinitely better for the plates to arise 
 natur£dly out of the text ; and that I should 
 lilco to take my own way, with a free range 
 of English scenes and people. My views 
 being deferred to, I thought of Mr. Pick- 
 wick, and wrote the first number, from 
 the proof-sheets of which Mr.' Seymour 
 TOftde his drawing of the club, and that 
 happy portrait of its founder, by which he 
 is alwavs recognised, and which may be 
 said to 'have made him a reality.'* The 
 illustrations were supplied, after Sey- 
 mour's death, by H. IC. Browne, who as- 
 
 sumed the signature of "Phiz " — scarcely 
 a less famous one than " Boz " (q.v.). For 
 the first five months the Piclewick Papers 
 were a decided failure, and it was only on 
 th6 appearance of Sam Welter (q.v.) that 
 the sale rose above, fifty copies a number. 
 After that, it rose daily to an enormous^ 
 extent, and, by the time the twelfth num- 
 ber was issued, th^ publishers were in a po- 
 sition to send the author a cheque for £500. 
 In the interval between the twelfth and 
 the concluding immberthey presented him 
 with further sums, amounting in all to 
 £3,000, over and above the stated weekly 
 payment. Tlie popularity of the Papers was 
 evinced in the most curious waySj^ The 
 famous Pickwick cigar sprang into exist- 
 ence ; tlie Pickwick hat was followed by 
 the Pickwick cane, and the Pickwick coat.. 
 A volume of the Beauties <if Pickwick was 
 sold, it is stated, by tens of thousands. 
 The great Mr. Pickwick himself, as he ap- 
 pears in the famous illustrations of the 
 Papers, appears to owe his peculiar bodily 
 presence to Mr. Cha^mian, the publisher, 
 vao, writing to Dickens, said that Mr. 
 Seymour's first sketch was for a long, thin 
 man. " The present immortal one he 
 made from my description of a friend of 
 mine at Kichmond." The name "Picfc- 
 wick" is said to have been taken from l^e 
 cluster of houses which formedi we are 
 told, the last resting stage for coaches 
 going to Bath. From the mass of criticism 
 on the novel, the epigrammatic statement 
 may be selected, that it is made up of 
 '* two pounds of Smollett, three ounces of 
 Sterne, a handful of Hook, a dash of the 
 grammatical Pierce Egan— incidents at 
 pleasure, served up with an original 
 sauce piquante." "To this day," says 
 another critic, " we are lost in admiration 
 of the wealth of humour which could go 
 on, page after page, chapter after chapter, 
 month after month, to the close of a long 
 work, pouring f orth^ from a source seem- 
 ingly exhaustible, fun and incident and 
 description and characters, ever fresh, 
 vivid, and new, which., if distributed with 
 a thrifty hand, would have served tore-. 
 lieve and enliven, perhaps immortalise, 
 twenty sober romances." It may be added 
 that the Papers were dramatised by Mon- 
 criefE; under the title of Sam Welter or. 
 the Ptckwichianst Mrs. Bardell being found 
 guilty of attempted big^imy, her husband 
 being Mr. Alfred Jingle, and Messrs. 
 Dodston and Fogg being sent to Newgate 
 for conspiracy. In 1838, a monthly IHck- 
 toick Abroad : oVf a Tour in France, illus-- 
 trated by Alfred Crowquill, was started, 
 a comparison of which with the original 
 will amuse the reader. 
 
 " Pick-wickian sense. In a." A 
 
 phrase indicating that an expression is 
 used in its most complimentary meaning; 
 See Dickens's Posthumous Papers qf the 
 Pickwick Club, chapter i. 
 
 Picnic Papers, The : " hy various 
 
PIO 
 
 PIE 
 
 523 
 
 hands," edited by CSariiES Dickens 
 (1812—1870}, appeared in 1841 and were 
 published maid of the family of Macrone, 
 the publisher, who had died ** prematurely 
 young," " beiofe he had had time or op- 
 portunity to make any provisioii for. his 
 wife and infant children." The editor's 
 contribution was entitled "The Lamp- 
 lighter's Story." 
 
 Picnic, The. A newspaper started 
 by Colonel Hexky Grenville, and 
 afterwards merged in 27tf Cabinet. Jamea 
 Smith (1775—1839) Was a contributor to it, 
 and published in 1803 a selection from his 
 contributions. 
 
 picture. The. A tragi-comedy by 
 'Phillip Massingeb, written in 1630^ and 
 degcribedby Hallam, as one of the writer's 
 best productions, " The good sense, 
 rational fondness, and chastened feeling, 
 of the dialogue in which Matthias, a 
 knight of Bohemia, going to the wars, in 
 parting with his wire, shows her substan- 
 tial- reasons why he should go — make it 
 more raluable," says Charles Lamb, 
 ** than many of those scenes in which this 
 writer has attempted a deeper passion and 
 iuore tragical interest." 
 
 Pied Piper of Hamelin, The: 
 
 ^' a Child's Story," in verse, by Bobebt 
 Browning (b. 1812), telling how the pied 
 piper played all the rats, and then 
 all the children, out of the town of Hame- 
 lin into the Koppenberg, because the 
 Mayor and Corporation womd not pay him 
 his promised thousand guilders for the 
 former feat. 
 
 " Did I Bay allf No I One was lame. 
 And could not dance the whole of the vaj." 
 
 And so it was he who, in aftertlme, told the 
 wonderful story. This was in 1284, and 
 ever since that year, not a note of music 
 is permitted in the street, the Bungen- 
 Strasse, through which tradition says the 
 ^iper and the children passed. ** So pro- 
 found,' says Baring-Gould, " was the im- 
 pression produced by the event, that the 
 town dated its public documents from 
 this calamity," and, to this day, one may 
 ' tead written upon a wall in Hamelin the 
 following inscription in gold letters: — 
 '" Anno 1284 am dage Johafinis et Pauli war 
 der26Juniidorcheinen piper mit allerlei 
 farve bekledet Gewesen 130 kinder verledet 
 binnen Hameln gebon to Calvarie, bi den 
 Koppen veloren." A similar story is told 
 of places in various parts of the world. See 
 Curious Myths of the Middle Ages. 
 
 Fierce Pennilesse, his Suppli- 
 cation to the Devil. An autobiographidal 
 narrative, by Thomas Nash (:1567— 1600?), 
 printed in 1592, and " describing the Over- 
 spreading of vice, and Suppression of 
 Vertue, pleasantly interlaced with varia- 
 ble Delights, and pathetical^ intermixed 
 with conceited Reproofs." Extracts from 
 this severe satire on the reigning vices of 
 
 the age may be read in Bridges' Censwra 
 lAteraria, and an edition prepared by J. 
 O. Halliwell-Phillipps has been published 
 by the Shakespeare Society (1842). 
 
 Pierce Plowman, The Vision 
 
 of. See Piers Plowman, The Vision 
 
 OP. 
 
 Pierceforest. See Percefohest. 
 
 ' "Pierian Spring, The." See 
 "Little leakning." 
 
 Pierre. A conspirator, in Otwat's 
 
 tragedy of Venice Preserved (q.v.). He 
 dies stabbed by JaiHer (q.v.). Byron has 
 a reference to him in the lines : — . "^ 
 
 " Shyl'ock, and the Moor, 
 And Pierre cannot be swept or worn away." 
 
 Piers Plovrman, The Vision of. 
 
 A satirical poem, ascribed to William 
 TjANGL AND, a secular priest who lived i^i 
 the middle of the fourteenth century., It is 
 divided into twenty parts, and describes a 
 series of visiohs ■which the ploughman sup- 
 poses himself to have seen whilst lyings 
 asleep upon the Malvern Hills. It is charac- 
 terized by Ellis as a " long moral and relig-* 
 ious discourse, rendered interesting by a 
 succession of incidents,and enliven ea some- 
 times by strong satire, and sometimes -by 
 the keenest ridicule of the vices ctf all 
 orders of men, and particularly of the re^ 
 ligious. It is also ornamented by many 
 fine specimens of descriptive poetry." It 
 is remarkable as exhibiting 1he revival of 
 the system of alliteration, which had ob^ 
 tained in old English verse. See Ellis's 
 Specimens, "Warton's English Poetry, 
 Percy's J^eUques. Wright's Biogrdphvx 
 PoeUca, Bitson's Bibliographia Ppeticaf 
 Hallam's Jjiterary History^ Cassell'S Li- 
 brary of Englisii' Literature (Jieligion)^ 
 and other authorities. The Fisiow was first; 
 printed in 1550, and gave rise to numerous 
 imitations, of which the most interesting 
 are Piers the Ploughmdn's Creed (q..v.); 
 The Praier and CorAplaynte of the Plowe- 
 man unto Christ, written not long after the 
 Yere of oure Lorde a thmtsa/nde and three 
 hundred, printed in the sixth volume of . 
 The Harleian Miscellany ; Piers Plowman,. 
 a satire on the Boman Catholics ; and A 
 Lyiell Geste Howe the Plowmij/n lerned his 
 Pater Ifoster-a, poeticg-l satire printed by 
 Wynkyn de Worde. The Vision was edited 
 by Whittaker'in 1813, and by Wright in 
 1842 (revised edition in 1856). Seethe edi- 
 tion by Skeat (1869). It has also been, 
 edited for the Early English Text Society 
 (1867). 
 
 Piers the Ploughman's Creed/ 
 
 A satirical poem, evidently suggested by 
 The Vision of Piers Plowman (q.v.); written 
 in the same metre, and with a similar pur- 
 pose. It was probably composed after the 
 death of Wycliffe, wnich took place iiri 
 1834. It recounts now " an ignorant plain 
 man, having learned hia Pater Noster and 
 Ave Mary, wants to leani his creed," and 
 
624 
 
 PIG 
 
 PIL 
 
 for that purpose goes succesBively to the 
 different orders of friars, who only disgust 
 him with their pride aiid greed. Then he 
 finds " an honest poor plowman in the 
 field," who hears his tale and joins with 
 him in an invective against the monks. 
 See the edition by Skeat (1867). 
 
 " Pig in a poke, Buying or Sel- 
 ling of."— TussEB, Five Hundred Points qf 
 Good Husbandry. 
 
 Pigmalion's Image, The Meta- 
 
 morphotiis of : " and certain Satyres." A 
 rare work by John Marston (1575— after 
 1633), printed in 1598 nnder the nom de 
 plume of "W". K. (insayder), and suppressed 
 soon after its publication on account of its 
 licentious character. 
 
 Pigs, Songs of the. Attributed to 
 Merddix , tlie bard (circa 500) in The My- 
 vyrian Archaiology. 
 
 Pig^wiggin, in Drayton's Nymphi- 
 dia (q.v.), is an elf, whose amours with 
 Queen Mab (q.v.) bring him into collision 
 with the jealous Oberon. 
 
 " Pikestaff,Plain as." See " Plain 
 
 AS A PIKESTAFF." 
 
 Pilgrim of Glencoe, The. A 
 
 poem by Thomas Campbell, written in 
 1842. 
 
 Pilgrim, The. A play by Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher. See Coleridge's 
 Notes and Lectures. 
 
 Pilgrim to Compostella, The : 
 
 " being the liegend of a Cock and a Hen 
 to the honour and glory of Santiago." 
 "A Christmas Tale," in verse, by Robert 
 Southey (1774 — 1843); founded on a legend 
 which is to be fouiid in Lucius Mamiens 
 Siculus and the Acta Sanctorum. 
 
 Pilgrimage, Sir "Walter Ra- 
 leigh's. A lyric written in 1603, between 
 the interval of his condemnation and his 
 respite. 
 
 Pilgrimes : " or, Relations of the 
 "World, and the Religions observed in all 
 Ages and Places discovered from the Crea- 
 tion to this Present." This was published 
 in 1613 by Samuel Purchas (1577—1628), 
 a,nd followed in 1625 by a compilation from 
 Hakluyt's posthumous papers, entitled 
 Hakluyius Posthumus, or Purchas his Pil- 
 grimeSf contayning a History of the World^ 
 %n Sea Voyages and Lande Travels, by 
 Englishmen ami others. Purchas has been 
 described by Hallam as "an English 
 clergyman, Inclined by nature, like Hak- 
 luyt, with a strong bias for geographical 
 studies," and as having consulted above 
 1,200 authors for his work. " The accuracy 
 of this useful compiler has been denied by 
 those who have had better means of knowl- 
 edge, and probably is infeiio." to that of 
 Hakluyt ; out his labour is far more com- 
 prehensive. The Pilgrimwas at all events 
 
 a great source of knowledge to the con- 
 temporaries of Purchas." 
 
 Pilgrims and the Peas, The. A 
 
 humorous poem by John Walcot (1738— 
 1819). 
 
 Pilgrims of the Rhine, The. A 
 
 novel by Edward, Lord Lytton, pub- 
 lished iu 1834, as the result of a tour in 
 Germany. " It is well named in the pre- 
 face, a garland of wild flowers cast upon a 
 grave. It recalls to our minds Shelley's 
 Alastor [q.v.] or fair Fidele*B [q.v.] grave ; 
 it is a tale to make us half in love with 
 death. And thojigh a dream, it is not 
 all a dream, like Longfellow's Hyperion 
 [q.v.]. To borrow Lord Lytton's favourite 
 ajitithesis, the Reai is never lost iu the 
 Ideal. The story of Lucille and St, Amaud 
 is thoroughly realistic in its treatment, 
 though its pathetic tenderness makes it 
 harmonise with the rest." 
 
 Pilgrim's Progress, The, by John 
 BCNVAN (q.v.). The first part of this 
 work was published in 1678, and only one 
 copy of the edition is known to be m ex- 
 istence. A second edition appeared in the' 
 same year, and a third in 1679. The second 
 part was oiiginally published in 1G84. The 
 best modern edition of the whole is by 
 George Offor, who furnishes a list of al- 
 legorical works from which Bunyan may- 
 have derived some suggestions, A poeti- 
 cal version by Hoffman was published in, 
 1706. " It is the only work of its kind," 
 says Lord Macaulay, " which possesses a 
 strong human interest. Other allegories ' 
 only amuse the fancy. The allegory of 
 Bunyan has been read by many tliousanda 
 with tears. While it obtains admiration 
 from the most fastidious critics, it is 
 loved by those who are too simple to 
 admire it. Dr. Johnson, all whose stud- 
 ies were desultory, ivnd who hated, as he 
 said, to read books through, made an ex- 
 ception in its favour." *' Bunyan," says 
 Hallam, " saw, and makes us see, what he 
 describes ; he is circumstantial without 
 prolixity, and in the variety and frequent 
 changes of his incidents never loses sight 
 of the unity of his allegorical fable. His 
 invention was enriched, or rather his de-' 
 vice determined, by one rule he had laid 
 down to himself— the adaptation of all the 
 incidental language of Scripture to his 
 own use. There is scarcely a circumstance 
 or metaphor in the Old Testament which 
 does not find a place^ bodily and literally, 
 in the story of The Pilgrim's Progress ; and 
 this jparticular artifice has made his own 
 imagination appear more creative than it 
 really is. In the conduct of the romance 
 no vigorous attention to the propriety of 
 the allegory seems to have been uniformly 
 preserved. Vanity Fair, or the cave of the 
 two giants, might, for anything we see, 
 have Deen placed elsewhere ; bu^ it is by 
 this neglect of actual parallelism that he 
 better keeps up the reality of the pilgrim-- 
 
PIL 
 
 PIN 
 
 525 
 
 age, and takes off the coldness of mere al- 
 legory. It is also to be remembered that we 
 read this bdok at aa age when the spiritual 
 meaning is either little perceived or little 
 regardea." '* The PilgrinVs Progress" 
 Bays Coleridge, " is composed in the lowest 
 ' style of English, without slang or false 
 grammar. If you attempted to polish it, 
 yoii would at once destroy the reality of the 
 Tision. For works of imagination shou!d 
 be written in very plain language ; the 
 more purely imaginative they are the 
 more necessary it is to be plain. This 
 wonderful work is one of the few books 
 which may be read over repeatedly at dif- 
 ferent times, and each time with a new 
 and a different pleasure. 1 read it once as 
 a theologian — and let me assure you, that 
 there is great theological acumen in the 
 work — once with devotional feelings — and 
 once as a poet. I could not have believed 
 beforehand that Calvinism could be paint- 
 ed in such exquisitely delightful colours.*' 
 
 Pilkington, Letitia (b. 1712, d. 
 1750), published her Memoirs in 1732, and 
 her play of Tlie Turkish Court: or, the 
 London Prentice, in 1748. 
 
 - "Pillar of state, A." — Paradise 
 Lost, book ii., liiie 302, 
 
 Pillory, Hymn to the, by Daniel 
 Defoe (1663 — 1731), was published by the 
 writer on the first of the three days in 
 whitdi, by. order of the Government of his 
 day, he stood in the pillory (July 29, 30, 
 and 31, 1703). See Shoktest Way with 
 Dissenters. 
 
 Pillory, Reflections in the. An 
 
 essay by Charles Lamb, published in 
 The London Magazine in March, 182.5. 
 
 Pills to Purge Melancholy. See 
 
 Laugh ahd be Fat. 
 
 "PUot of the Galilean lake, 
 The." — MlLTOir, Lycidas, line 109. 
 
 Pilot, The. A naval novel -by 
 -Jaues Fenimoke Cooper, published in 
 1823 ; " a worthy sample of the maritime 
 fiction of the author." 
 
 "Pin (A) a day ■will fetch a 
 
 groat a year."— KtNO, Art of Cookery. 
 
 Pinabello iigures in Ariosto's Or- 
 lando Furioso. 
 
 Pinch. A schoolmaster and con- 
 juror in The Comedy of Errors (q. v.). 
 
 Pinch, Tom and Kuth, are prom- 
 inent characters in Dickens's Martin 
 Chuzzlewit (q.v.). 
 
 Pinoh'wif e, Mrs., in ■Wtcherlet's 
 comedy of The Country Wife (q.v.,) Is 
 founded on the character of Agnes in 
 Moliere's L'Ecole des Femmes. Hazlitt ex- 
 presses the opinion that she " will last for- 
 ever." 
 
 Pindar. The first and secbnd- 
 
 Olynmiades of this writer were translated 
 by William Hamilton (1704—1754). The 
 same books were translated bv Ambrose 
 Philips (q.v.) ; the Odes, by Gilbert West 
 (1708—1756), in 1749. The Mpinikian Odes 
 were translated by T. 0. Baiingin 1876, 
 and the Olympian and Pythian Odes by 
 F. O. Moriee in 1876. 
 
 Pindar, Peter. The now. de jthme 
 under which John Woloot (1738—1819)— 
 who, says Allibone, was ** always ready to 
 libel kings, lords or commons without 
 mercy," and whose silence the ministiy 
 thought it desirable to buy with an annuity 
 of £300 per annum^publithcd a great 
 number of political eatires and other 
 pieces, *■ some of which exhibit a lare com- 
 bination of fluency, wit, point, and vigour." 
 His first composition, in which he describes 
 himself as " a distant relation of the Poet 
 tf Thebes," was entitled Lyric Odes to the 
 Royal Academicians for 1782, and among 
 others were The Apple Dumplings and a 
 King (q.v.). The Zousiad (q.v.), Whithread'i 
 Brewery Visited by their Majesties, and 
 Peeps at St. James's. The Worls of Peter 
 Pindar were published in five vols. (1794— - 
 1801). The name was afterwards assumed 
 by a writer named C. F. Lawlek. 
 
 Pindaric Essays. Poems by John 
 POMFBET (1667—1703), published in 1699, 
 and obviously imitated from Cowley. 
 
 Pindaric Odes, by Abraham 
 Cowley, " though deformed by metaphy- 
 sical conceits, contain, " says a critic, 
 " some noble lines and illustrations." See 
 Odes. 
 
 Pindorus. One of the two lieralds, 
 in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. ThS 
 other is named Aiideus. 
 
 "Pink of courtesy, I am the 
 
 very." — Someo and Juliet, act ii., scene 4. 
 
 " Pink of perfection, The very." 
 
 See Goldsmith's comedy of She Sioopi to 
 Conquer, act i., scene 1. 
 
 Finkerton, John, historian and 
 antiquary (b, 1758, d. 1826), published 
 Scottish Tragic Ballads (1781) ; an Es- 
 say on Medals (1782) ; Mimes (17E2) ; Se- 
 lect Scottish Ballads (1783) ; Letters on 
 Literature (1785), (q.v.) ; Ancient Scottish 
 Poems (1786) ; A Dissertation on the Origin 
 and Progress of the Scythians or Goths 
 (1787); VU<e Antiques Sanctorum, &c. (1789): 
 An Enquiry into the History if Scotland 
 (1789) ; The Medallio History of England 
 to tlie Revolution (1790) ; Scottish Poems 
 (1792): Obseniaticyns on the Antiquities, etc., 
 of Western Scotland (1793) ; Ichonographia 
 Scotica (1797) ; The History of Scotlawi 
 from the Accession of the House of Stuart to 
 that of Mary (mi) ; The Scottish GaMery 
 
 Recoil 
 tionc 
 
526 
 
 PIN 
 
 PIT 
 
 lis Iiiterary Correspondence was published 
 nl830. SeeHEBON, KOBEET. 
 
 Pinkerton, The Misses, in 
 Chackebay's novel of Inanity Fair (q.T.), 
 ire the schoolmistresses of Becky Sharp 
 q.T.)> and owners of "an establishment 
 vhich had been honoured by the presence 
 )f The Great Lexicoffrapher, and the pat- 
 :onage of the admirable Mrs. Ghapone." 
 
 Pinner of "Wakefleld, The. A 
 
 )Iay by Eobekt Greene (1560—1592), 
 rhich has George-MSreene (q.v.) for hero. 
 
 "Pious Selinda goes to pray- 
 
 ;r8." First line of a song by William 
 
 JONGBEVB. 
 
 Piozzi, Hester Lynch (Mrs. 
 rhrale, b. 1740, d. 1821), published Anec- 
 lotes of the late Samuel Johnson^ LL.D., 
 luring the last Twenty Years of his Life 
 1786) ; British Synonymy (1794) j Letters to 
 indfrom the late Samuel Johnson^ iowhich 
 ire added some Poems (1788); A Journey 
 '.hrough France^ Italy, and Germany (1789); 
 md Retrospection (1801). Piozziana: or^ 
 Recollections and Anecdotes of Mrs. Piozzi^ 
 }y E. Man^u, were published in 1833 ; her 
 Literary Correspondence^ edited by Daw- 
 ion Turner, in 1838; her io»;e Letters 
 q.v.), in 1843 ; and her Autobiography ^ 
 Letters, and Literary Remains, edited with 
 lotes and introductory account of her Life 
 ind writings, by A. Hayward, in 1861. 
 
 Pip. The liero of Dickens's novel 
 )f Great JExpectationa (q.v.). " My father's 
 family name," he says, in the opening 
 lentence of the book, " being Pimp, and 
 ny Christian name Philip, my infant 
 »ngue could make of both names nothing 
 arger or more explicit than Pip. So 1 
 jailed myself Pip, and came to be called 
 Pip." He is in love with Estella (q.v.), 
 ind after the death of her husband, Bent- 
 .ey Drummle (q.v.), is married toher. 
 
 Piper of Hamelin, The Pied. 
 
 See Pied Pipeb of Hamelin. 
 Piper of Kilbarchan, The. A 
 
 Doem by Eobebt Sempill (1595—1659); 
 ihe piece by which he is best known. Its 
 ityle and formwere frequently imitated by 
 Bums and Allan Bamsay. 
 
 Piper, Tom. The liero of an old 
 popular story which has not come down to 
 as, though it is often referred to in Eng- 
 liim literature. For Instance, Drayton, in 
 lis panegyrical verses upon Thomas Cor- 
 ^at (q.v.) and his " crudities : " 
 
 *' Tom Piper ifl gone out, and mirth bcwailes. 
 He never will eoine in to tell us tales." 
 
 Pipes, Jeemg, of Pipesville. Tlie 
 pseu&nym of Stephen 0. Masset, an 
 Ajnerican writer. 
 
 Pipes, Tom, in Smollett's Ad- 
 ventures of Peregrine Pickle (q.v.), is de- 
 joribedas a retired boatswain's mate, who 
 
 acts as a major-domo to Commodore Trun- 
 nion (q.v.). 
 
 "Piping as though he never 
 
 should be old." Sidney's description of 
 the shepherd boy in Arcadia (q-v.), book i, 
 
 "Piping time of peace, Thia 
 weak," Eichard III., act i., scene 1. 
 
 Pippa Passes. A drama, Italian 
 in scene andcharacter, by Egbert Brown- 
 ing (b. 1812). "It is," says Stedman, " a 
 cluster of four scenes, with prologue, epi- 
 logue, and interludes, half prope, half 
 popti-y, varying with the reflnement of the 
 dialogue. Pippais a delicately pure, good, 
 blithesome peasant maid. It is New Year's 
 Day at Ardo. She springs from bed at 
 sunrise, resolved to enjoy to the full her 
 sole holiday. Others may be happy 
 throughout the year : haughty Ottima and 
 Sebald, the lovers on the Tiill ; Jules and 
 Phene, the artist and his bride ; I/uigi and 
 his mother ; Monsignor, the bishop ; but 
 Pippa has only this one day to enjoy. Now, 
 it so happens that shO' passes, this day, 
 each of the groups or persons we have- 
 named, at an important crisis, in their 
 lives, and tliey hear her various carols as 
 she trills them forth in the innocent glad- 
 ness of her heart. Pippa Passes is a work 
 of pure art, and has a wealth of original 
 fancy and romance, apart from its wis- 
 dom." It appeared in 1842. 
 
 Pirate, The. A play by Eobekt 
 Davenport; never printed. * 
 
 Pirate, The. A tale by Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott (1771—1832), published in 1822. 
 See Bbenda and Nobna. 
 
 Pisander. See Bondman, The. 
 
 Pisauio, in Cymbeline (q.v.), is serv- 
 ant to Posthumus (q.v.). 
 
 Piscatorie Eclogs, by Phineas 
 Fletcher, were printed in 1633. They 
 are seven in number, and in one of them. 
 The Prize, are contrasted the pleasures 
 and privileges of a shepherd's and a flBh- 
 er's fives. 
 
 Pistol. A follower of Falstaff, in 
 Shakespeare's comedy of The Herry 
 Wives qf Windsor (q.v.), and in the second 
 part of Xing Henry IK. {q.v.) Halliwell- 
 Phillipps suggests that the name may be 
 derived from "pistolfo," explained by 
 Florio as " a roguing beggar, a cantler, an 
 upright man that liveth by cozenage." 
 
 " Pit, The many-headed mon- 
 ster of the." See " Many-headed mon- 
 
 STSjXC '* 
 
 Pitman, Isaac (b. 1813). Thia 
 writer's first work on phonetic writing ap- 
 peared in 1837 under the title of Stenogror 
 phic Soundhand, and was followed in 1840 
 Dy PlKmaqraphy : or, Writing of Sound, in 
 1863 by The Plumographic Reporter's Com- 
 jKWon, and subsequently by The Plumetio 
 
PIT 
 
 PLA 
 
 527 
 
 Joamal. His system of phonography is 
 largely in use. 
 
 Pitt, Christopher, poet (b. 1G99, 
 d. 1748), published Poems (1727), Vida's 
 '* Art <if Poetry" translated into English 
 Verse (1725), and an English translation of 
 Vii^il's Mneid (1740). A second edition of 
 the latter, edited by Joseph "Warton, ap- 
 peared in 1754. Dr. Johnson said of it: 
 ** Pitt pleases the critics, and Drydeiv tlie 
 people ; Pitt is quoted, andDryden read." 
 
 . " Pity melts the mind to love, 
 
 For." See Drydex 'S poem of Alexander's 
 Feast, line 96. So in Southern's play of 
 Oronooko^ act i., scene 1 : "Pity's E^in to 
 love ; " and in Shakespeake's play of 
 Twelfth Night, act iii., scene 1, Violsf says : 
 '* I pityyoa," and Olivia replies: "That's 
 a degree to love." "Pity," says YotJifG in 
 his Night Thoughts, '* swells the tide of 
 love." Beaumont and Fletcher say in 
 The Knight of Malta, act i., scene 1 : — 
 
 " Of all the paths lend to a woman'a love, 
 Pi^'s the straightest." 
 
 The same authoi's, in T/ie Spanish Curate, 
 act v., scene 1, have — 
 
 " Pity, some say, is the parent 
 Of future love." 
 
 So also Pomfret, in the Fortunate Com- 
 plaint : — 
 
 "And pity may at las^ he changed to love." 
 
 "Pity of it, lago, The,"— Othello, 
 act iv., scene 1. 
 
 " Pity the sorro-ws of a poor old 
 
 man." First line of The Beggar's Petition 
 (q.vi), a lyrichy the JBev. Thomas Moss. 
 
 " Pity 'tis, 'tis true." — Hamlet, act 
 U., scene 2. 
 
 Pixies, Song of the, liy Sabiuel 
 Taylor Coleridge, was written in 1793. 
 
 "Plagiare." Milton, in hh Icon- 
 oclastes, speaks of a kind of borrowing, 
 which, •* if it be not bettered by the bor- 
 row-er, among good authors is accounted 
 plagisu:^." 
 
 Plagiary, Sir Fretful, in Shebi- 
 
 dAn's play of TJie Critic (q.v.), is an irri- 
 table and conceited dramatist, by whom 
 the author is said to have intended 
 Eichard Cumberland (a. v.). 
 
 " Plague o' both your houses I 
 A.*' — Borneo and Juliet, act iii., scene 1 , 
 
 Plagueof London, Journal of the, 
 
 by Daniel Devoe (ci- v.), an imag:inary nar- 
 rative, which from its extraordinary vrai- 
 semblartce and masterly realism, has fre- 
 
 gueniiy been accepted as an historical 
 bxonicle. *' Defoe," says Professor Mafr- 
 soxi, "though he is usually plain and 
 prosaic, yet, when the facts to, be reported 
 are striking or horrible, rises easily to 
 Ijheir level. Hia description of London 
 duxing-tbd Plague leaves an impression of 
 
 ctesolation far more death-like than the 
 Rjinilar des,crlptions in Thucydides, Bo.c- 
 caccio, and Manzoni." The Journal ap- 
 peaxea in 1722. 
 
 "Plague upon the people fell, 
 
 A,"— TJie Victim, by Alfred Tennyson 
 (b. 1809). 
 
 " Plain as a pikestaff." A pro-, 
 vcrbial expression, which is to be fouiid, 
 we believe, in a translation of the plays of 
 Terence, published in 1641, as weJl as dii 
 Smollett's €ril Bids, book xii., chapter 8. 
 It was used by- the Duke of BircKiNOHAst 
 in. a speech delivered in the House ot 
 Lords in 1675. 
 
 Plain Dealer, The, A play by 
 
 TyiLLiAM "Wycherley (1640—1715), pro-- 
 duced in 1677. It was so popular that it 
 actually caused its name to be transferred; 
 in every-djEij speech, to the author himself, ' 
 Hazlitt calls it " a most severe and poig'^ 
 nant moral satire. The truth of feeling 
 and the. force of interest prevail ovei? 
 every objection." See Manly and Olivia; 
 
 V Plain living and high thinking 
 
 are no more." — "WoRDSwoRTk, sonnet xiii, 
 
 " The wealthiest man among us is the best ; , 
 No grandeur now in nature or in book 
 Dcughts us." 
 
 Plain Speaker^ The : " Opiniong, 
 on Books, Men and Things." • By Wil- 
 liam Hazlitt ; published in 1826. 
 
 Plain Truth and Blind Igno- 
 rance : a poetic dialogue. " This excellent- 
 old ballad is preserved in the little an- 
 cient miscellany entitled The Garland of. 
 GoodwiU." Ignorance is here made to. 
 speak in the broad Somersetshire dialect. 
 The scene we may suppose to be Glaston- 
 bury Abbey.'* See Percy's JHeMgttes. 
 
 Planche, James Robinson, dram- 
 
 -atist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1796), 
 has produced the following dramas, fairy 
 extravaganzas, and _farces : — ATtioroso 
 (1818); The Vampire (U20); Success: or, a Hit 
 if You Like H (1825) ; The Rencontre (1827) ; 
 The Green Bye' d Monster (X%2iS) \ A Daugh- 
 ter to Marry (1828) ; Charles Xtl, (1826) ; 
 Olympic Bevels (1831) ; The Loan of a Lover 
 (1833) ; The Bed Mash (1834) ; The Qntrt 
 Beauties (183^ ; Biguet (1836) ; The F&rtu- - 
 naie Isles (1840) ; The Sleeping Beauty i 
 (1^0) ; The Follies of a mf/ht{1842): For- 
 tunio (1842) ; The Fair one with the Golden 
 Locks (1843) : The Golden Fleece (1845) ; 
 The Invisible Prince (1846) ; The Golden 
 Branch (1847) ; Theseus and Ariadne (1848); 
 King Charming (1850) ; The Yellow Ikoarf 
 (1854) : Love and Fortune (1859) ; My Lord ■ 
 and My Lady (1861) ; King Christinas 
 (1871) ; and the libretti of numerous \ 
 operas, includmg Maid Ma?*ian,Oberon,!iii6. - 
 Norma. He has also arranged several oM . 
 plsiys for the modern stage. Among his 
 publications are Lays and Legends o/ the 
 Mh4m (1826); The Descent of ih&Dawithe 
 
528 
 
 PLA 
 
 PLB 
 
 (1827); The Histonj of SriOth Costume 
 (1834) ; Jiegal Records (1838) ; The Pursui- 
 vant at Arms (1852) ; and The Ctjclopwdia of 
 Costume (1876—7). See his liecoUections 
 and Jieflections (1872). 
 
 Flanetomachia : " or, tlie First 
 Part of the General Opposition of the Sev- 
 en Planets j " by Kobert Gkeene, writ- 
 ten in 1j85. 
 
 Plangus. A cliaracterin Sir Philip 
 Sidney's Arcadia (q.v.). Sea Andeo- 
 
 UAKA. 
 
 Plantagenet's Tragical Story : 
 
 "or, the Death of King Edward the 
 Pourth.with the Unnatural v oyage of Rich- 
 ard the Third through the Bed Sea of his 
 Innocent Nephews' Blond to his Usurped 
 Crown," published in 1649, by Thomas, 
 sometimes called Captain, Weaver. See 
 SoiTGs AND Poems of Love and Drol- 
 
 I.EBY. 
 
 Plants, Of. A poem, in six books, 
 by Abraham Cowley (1618—1667). 
 
 Plato. Tlie Republic of this Greek 
 philosopher has been often translated. 
 One of the best English versions is that of 
 Daviea and Vaughan (1866). The Dialogues, 
 translated by Jowett, appeared in 1871 ; 
 the Gorgias, by Cope, in 1864 ; the Jlieno, 
 by Mackay, in 1869 ; and the Phtedo, by 
 Cope, in 1875, See the Lives by Ast and 
 Grote. 
 
 "Plato, thou reasonest ■well." 
 
 — Addison's Cato, act v., scene 1. 
 
 Platonic Puritan, The. A name 
 bestowed upon John Howe (q.v.), tiie 
 Nonconformist divine. 
 
 Plausible. A character in Wtch- 
 ERLEY's Plain Dealer (q.v.). 
 
 Play betwene Johan the Hus- 
 
 bande, Tyb liis Wife, and St. Johan the 
 Prestyr. A really "raery" interlude by 
 John Heywood (1.506—1565), printed in 
 1533, and turning upon the misfortunes of 
 Johan, the henpecked husband, in conten- 
 tion with Tyb, his wife, and St. Johan her 
 paramour. 
 
 Play betwene the Pardoner 
 
 and the Frere, the Curate and Neybour 
 Pratte. An interlude by John Heywood 
 (1506-1565), printed in 1633, and probably 
 written before 1521. The plot turns upon 
 the permission given by the Curate to a 
 Friar and a Pardoner to use his Church — 
 the one for the exhibition of his relics, the 
 other for the delivery of a sermon ; the 
 object of both being the same, viz., that of 
 jrocuring money. They naturally come 
 ,nto collision, and the Curate, heanng the 
 disturbance, calls to his aid the Neybour 
 Pratte, whose assistance, however, does 
 not enable him to get rid of tlie two assail- 
 ants. These are therefore permitted to de- 
 part peacefully, after giving the author 
 
 I 
 
 numerous opportunities for exposing the 
 tricks and impositions for which they 
 were then famous. 
 
 Play called the Four P's, The, 
 
 by John Heywood (1506—1565) ; printed 
 in 1509, and probably written twelve or 
 fifteen years before it was published. The 
 plot is founded upon a dispute as to which 
 of the four characters can tell the greatest 
 lie,* which is settled by the extraordinary 
 assertion of the Palmer that he never saw 
 a woman out of patience in his life. 
 
 Play of Love, A : " or, a new and 
 
 merry Enterlude of all maner Weathers.** 
 by John Heytvood (1506—1565) ; printed 
 in 1533. 
 
 Play of the Wether, The. An 
 
 interlude by John Heywood (1606—1566); 
 and written, not merely for the amuse- 
 ment of spectators, but " to enforce and 
 illustrate a point of natural philosophy, 
 and under the name of Jupiter to vindi- 
 cate Providence in the course and distribu- 
 tion of the seasons." The dramatis per' 
 sonm include Jupiter, Phoebus, Saturn, 
 .ffiolus, Phoebe, Merry Report, The Gentle- 
 man, The Banger, The Water-Miller, The 
 Wind-Miller, and The Gentlewoman. This ' 
 work was printed in 1533. 
 
 Playfellow, The. A series of tales 
 for children by Harriet Martineau 
 (1802—1876), including Feats on tlie Fiord, 
 The Settlers at Home, The Peasant and the 
 Prince, and The Crofton Boys^ 
 
 "Play-place of our early days. 
 
 The."— CowrER, Tirocinium, line 266. 
 
 Plays confuted in Five Ac- 
 tions, " proving that they are not to bo 
 suffered in a Christian Commonweale." 
 A tract by Stephen Gosson, published 
 in 1581, in which he followed up the at- 
 tack on the Elizabethan stage begun in 
 his Schools of Abuse. See Defence op 
 Stage Plays. 
 
 "Play's the thing, The."— fl^am- 
 
 let, act li., scene 2. 
 
 Plays to delineate the stronger 
 
 Passions of the Mind, by Joanna Baillie 
 (q.v.), was published in 1798, 1802, 1812, 
 and 1836. 
 
 Plea of the Midsummer Fairies, 
 
 The, A poem by Thomas Hood, published 
 in 182T. Hood's children, in their j(/emo- 
 rials of tlieir father, call it truly " a most 
 artistic poem, which has lapterly been 
 more f aiily appreciated in spite of its aii- 
 tiquated style." 
 
 Pleader's Guide, The : " a didac- 
 tic poem, in two books," by John Ans- 
 TEY. son of the author of The New Path 
 Guide (q.v.), containing the conduct Of a 
 Suit at liaw, with the Arguments of 
 Counsellor Bother 'lim and Counsellor 
 Bore 'urn in an action botwlxt John-a-Gull 
 
PLE 
 
 PLB 
 
 520 
 
 and John-a-Gudgeon.*' The pretended au- 
 thor of this piece, which was published in 
 1796, was one " John Surrebutter, Esq.," 
 and the hero one " Tom Tewkesbury." It 
 J3 quoted by Lord Campbell in his JAves 
 of the JitsticeSf where it is stated that Pro- 
 fessor Person was able to recite the whole 
 from memory. 
 
 Pleasant Discourse of Court 
 
 and Wars, written by Thomas Church- 
 yard in 1596. 
 
 " Pleasant sure to see one's 
 
 name in print, *Tis.*'— Byron, English 
 Mards and Scotch Jieviewers (q.v.) : — 
 " A book's a book, although there's nothing in it." 
 
 Pleasant Walks of Moorfields, 
 
 The. A work by Richard JonysoN, 
 
 written in 1607. 
 
 "Pleased he knows not -why, 
 
 and cares not wherefore." — Sterne, Tris- 
 tram Shandy. 
 
 " Pleased themselves (They 
 
 jwho are) must always please."— ^Thomson, 
 Tlie Castle 0/ Indolence J canto i., stanza 15. 
 
 " Pleased with a rattle, tickled 
 with a straw." Pope, Essay on Man, epis- 
 tle ii., line 276. 
 
 " Pleasing dreams and slum- 
 bers liglLt.'^—L* Envoy to the Reader, in 
 Marml&ii (q.v.)- 
 
 " Pleasing others (And), learned 
 herself to please." — Churchill, Epistle to 
 Hoga/rth. 
 
 ''Pleasing pain, Painful pleas- 
 ure turns to." — SPEifSER, The Faerie 
 Queene, book iii., canto x., verse 60. 
 
 Pleasure after pain, Sweet is." 
 
 Drydek, Alexander*8 Feast^ line 60. 
 
 "Pleasure at the helm." See 
 Youth at the prow." 
 
 " Pleasure - house, A lordly." 
 
 See Lordly pleasure-house. 
 
 "Pleasure in poetic pains, 
 
 There is a-" — Cowper, The Taskj\>Q6k. ii. 
 (*• The Timepiece ") — 
 
 " Which only poets know." 
 
 " Pleasure in the pathless 
 
 woods, There is a." See stanza 178, canto 
 JT., of Byron's poem of" C'hilde Harold's. 
 Pilgrimage (q.v.). The passage contin- 
 ues :— 
 
 " There is a rapture on the lonely chore, 
 There is society, where none intrudes, 
 By the deep sea, and music in its roar ; 
 I love not jSlon the less, but Nature more." 
 
 Pleasure is mixed -with Every 
 Pain, That. A lyric by Sir Thomas 
 ■WVATT(1503 — 1542). The converse proposi- 
 tion was sustained in some rerses by Lord 
 Vaux (q.v.), entitled Ivo Pleasure without 
 Some Pain. 
 
 " Pleasure she was bent, On." 
 
 Cowper, History of John Gilpin. 
 
 "Pleasure that comes unlook'd 
 
 for is thrice welcome."— Kogers's Italy 
 (^An Interview). 
 
 Pleasure, The Lady of. A com- 
 edy by James Shiri^ey (1694^1666), pro- 
 duced in 1637, and characterised by T>yce 
 as " a finished specimen, replete ■with 
 airy, sparkling wit." Lamb wrote in his 
 Specimens: "The dialogue between Sir 
 Thomas Bornewell and his lady Aretina is 
 in the very spirit of the recriminating 
 scenes between Lord and Lady Towneley 
 (q.v.)inth9 Provoked Husband (q.-v.). It 
 is difi&cult to believe, but it must have 
 been Vaubrugh's prototype." 
 
 Pleasure, The Triall of. See 
 
 Triall of Pleasure- 
 
 " Pleasure to be drunk, To-day- 
 it i? our."— Fielding, Tom Thumb — 
 " And this our Queen ehall he as diunk as we." 
 
 "Pleasure to come, An im- 
 mense."— J?i^7i lAfe below Stairs, act ii., 
 scene 1. 
 
 "Pleasures are ever in our 
 hancU or eyes."— POPE, Essay on Man, 
 epistle ii., line 123— 
 " And when in act they cease, in prospect rise." 
 
 "Pleasures are like poppies 
 spread."— BuitKs, Tarn d'Shanter— 
 
 ** You seize the flower, its bloom is shed, 
 Or, like the snow-fall in the river, 
 A moment white, then melts forever." 
 
 Pleasures of Hope, The. A 
 
 poem, by Thomas Campbell (1777—1844), 
 published in 1799, and suggested, evidently 
 by Rogers's Pleasures qf Memory (q.v.). It 
 was very successful, going through four 
 editions "in the year of publication, words- 
 worth considered that it was " strangely 
 over-rated." " Its fine words and sound- 
 ing lines please," he says, " tlie generality 
 of readers, who ijever stop to ask them- 
 selves the meaning of a passage. The 
 lines 
 
 " • "Where Andes, g:iant of the western star, 
 With meteor standard to the wind unfurled. 
 Looks from his throne of clouds o'er half the 
 world,' — 
 
 are sheer nonsense — nothing more than a 
 
 Soetical Indigestion. What has a giant to 
 o with a star ? What is a meteor stand- 
 ard ? But it is useless to inquire what 
 such stuff means." Hazlitt sajs that the 
 Pleasures belong to the school m which " a 
 fanciful attention is paid to the expression 
 in proportion as there is little to express, 
 and tho decomposition of prose is substi- 
 tuted for the composition of poetry. The 
 sense and keeping iii the ideas are sacri- 
 ficed to a jingle of words and epigrammatic 
 turn." 
 
 Pleasures of Imagination, The. 
 
 A poem, in three books, by Mabe Aiebk- 
 
530 
 
 PLB 
 
 PliU 
 
 SIDE (1721— mo), puMished in 1744, and 
 written in Scotlaita. 
 
 Pleasures of Melancholy, The. 
 A Poem by Thomas WAaToif (q.v.), pnl>- 
 lislied in 1745. 
 
 Pleasures of Memory, The. A 
 
 poem by Samuel Rogers (1763—1855), 
 published in 1792, and cliaracterised by 
 Lord Byron as " one of the most beautiful 
 didactic poems in our language." " There 
 is," says Hazlitt, " no other fault to be 
 found," with this poem, " than a want of 
 taste and genius. The sentiments are 
 amiable, and the notes at the end highly 
 interesting." We are told that over a 
 covered seat in the flower-garden at Hol- 
 land House, where Rogers was wont to sit, 
 appears this couplet by Lord Holland — 
 *' Hero Rogers sat, and here forever dwell, 
 Xo me, tnose pleasures that he sang so well." 
 
 " Pleasures that to verse be- 
 long, Sweet are the." — Keats, JEpisttes— 
 " And doubly sweet a brotherhood of aong." 
 
 Pleasvire's Vision, -with Desert's 
 Complaints, and A Short Dialogue of "Wo- 
 man's Properties, between an Old Man and 
 a Young. Poems by AETunn Nkwman 
 (b. 1680), published in 1619. The conversa- 
 tions are carried on in very much the same 
 manner as in the Contention between a 
 Wifit a Widow, and a Maid^ by Sir John 
 Davies, in Davidson's Poetical Rhapsody 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Pleiad, The : " a Series of Abridge- 
 ments from Seven Distinguished "Writers 
 on the evidences of Christianity." Con- 
 tributed by Archdeacon Wrangham (1769 
 -t1843) to Constable's Miscellany in 1828. 
 
 "Plentiful lack of -wit. They 
 
 have t.."— Hamlet, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 "Plenty made him poor." — 
 
 Sfexskb, Fdi&rie Qiieene, book i.,- canto 
 iv., stanza 29 and Sonnet 35. Drayton 
 and Drydkn have the same expression, 
 which is to be found in Ovid and Livy. 
 
 "Plenty o'er a smiling land. 
 
 And scatter."— Gray's Elegy written in a 
 Ckmntry Churchyard, 
 
 Pleydell, Mr. Paulus. A lawyer, 
 In Scott's novel of Guy Mannering (q.v.). 
 
 Pleyndamour, Sir, is referred to 
 by CHAITCEB in his Sime qf Sir Thopaa. 
 Tie name Is, says Carew Hazlitt, probably 
 only another form of I'lenus Amoris, 
 Thomas Plenus Amoris purporting to be 
 the author or transcriber of an early Scot- 
 tish romance on the subject of Alexander. 
 
 Pliable, Mr., figures in The Pit- , 
 grim't Progress as a friend of Christian 
 (q.r.), who accompanied him as far as 
 the Slough of Despond, and then turned 
 back. 
 
 Pliant, Sir Paul. An uxorious, 
 
 fond old knight in Congreve's Double 
 Dealer (q.v.). His wife, Lady Pliant, is a 
 woman of easy virtue, who presumes upon 
 her husband's blindness. 
 
 Plotting Sisters, the. A play by 
 Thomas D'Urfky (1650—1723), thus re- 
 ferred to by Steele in No. 82 of Tlie Tatler 
 (q.v.). " This comedy," he says, " was 
 honoured with the presence of King 
 Charles II. three of the flrst Ave nights. 
 My friend lias in this work shown himself 
 a master, and made not only the characters 
 of the play, but also the furniture of the 
 hou^e, contribute to the main design. 
 He has also made excellent use of a table 
 with a carpet, and the key of a closet ; 
 with these two implements he, which 
 would perhaps have been overlooked by 
 an ordinary writer, contrives the most 
 natural perplexities that ever were repre- 
 sented on a stage. He also made good ad- 
 vantage of the knowledge of the stage 
 itself ; for, in the nick of being surprised, 
 the lovers are let down, and escape at a 
 trap-door." The play was produced in 
 1676. 
 
 Ploughers, Sermon on the, by 
 Hugh Latimer, Bishop of "Worcester 
 (about 1491—15.55) was preached on Janu- 
 ary 18, 1549, and published in the same 
 year. 
 
 Ploughman's Tale, The, is in- 
 cluded in some editions of the poet Chau- 
 cer. It was perhaps written, says Pi-ofes- 
 sor Morley, by Thomas Brampton. It sat- 
 irises the wealth and luxury of the prelates 
 and all the temporal corruptions of the 
 Church in the form of a dispute between 
 a grilfon and a pelican, for and against 
 the Roman Church, tlie ploughman I)eing 
 arbitrator in the dispute. The pelican, 
 which represents the Anglican Church, is 
 the victor. 
 
 Ploughshare. One of tlie char- 
 acters whose " adventures " are described 
 in Strutt's posthumous work, entitled 
 Bumpkin^ s Disaster (q.v.). 
 
 "Pluck from the memory a 
 
 rooted sorrow." — Macbeth^ act v., scene 3. 
 
 "Plucked (And) his go-wn, to 
 
 share the good man's smile." — Gold- 
 smith, The Deserted Village, line 184. 
 
 Plume, Sir, in Pope's Rape of the 
 Lock (q.v.), is Intended for Sir George 
 Brown, brother of Mrs. Morley : — 
 
 " Sir Flume of amber Bnu£f-box justly vain 
 And the nice conduct of a clouded cane." 
 
 Plummer, Caleb. Tlie toy-maker, 
 in Dickens's stoiy of The Cricket on the 
 Hearth (q.v.), whose son Edward eventu- 
 ally marries May Melding (q.v.). See 
 Bertha. 
 
 "Plump as stall'd theology, 
 As," — TOUNG, Night Tlioughts ("Tli9 
 Christian Triumph ■'), 
 
PLU 
 
 POB 
 
 531 
 
 Flumptre, E,dward Hayes, cler- 
 gyman, jwet, and translator (b. 1821). lias 
 published Sermons at King's College (1859); 
 Xazanis, a/ftd other Poems (1864) ; Master 
 and Scholar, and otJier Poems (1865) ; The- 
 ology and Life (1866) j €hrist and Christen- 
 dom (1867) ; Byways of Scripture (1869) ; 
 and Bibli/;al Studies ; besides translations 
 from Sophocles (1866) and ^schylus (1870). 
 He also edjted The Bible EdiicatoTt and 
 has contributed largely to periodical liter- 
 a&ure. 
 
 Plurality of "Worlds, The. An 
 
 essay by "William Whewell (1794—1866), 
 in which he argues that our earth is the 
 only sphere inhabited by sentient beings. 
 His views were opposed by Sir David 
 Brewster and Sir James Stephen, and sup- 
 ported by Dr. Chdlmersin his Astronomi- 
 cal Discourses, 
 
 Plutarch. The Lives of this writer 
 were translated by North (1579), by Lang- 
 home (1770), and by A, H. Clough. To the 
 ^st of these versions Shakespeare was 
 largely indebted for the plots of some qt 
 his plays. 
 
 Plymley, Peter. The pseudonym 
 under Which the Rev. Sydney Smith 
 (1771—1845) wrote the political tract enti- 
 tled Letters on the Sulyect of the Catholics, ■ 
 to my brother Abraham^ who lives in the 
 country (1808). 
 
 PocockCj Edward, D.D., Orien- 
 talist (b. 1604, d. 1691), whose '* Theologi- 
 cal Works, contaming his Porta Mosis and 
 English commentary on Hosea, Joel, Mi- 
 cah, and Malachi, to which is prefixed an 
 account of his Life and Writings," by Leon- , 
 atrd Twells, were published in 1740. His 
 'Specimen Histprim Arabum appeared in 
 1649 ; his Arabic text of the Historia Dy- 
 nastica of Abu-1-Pharag, with a Latin 
 translation, in 1663. 
 
 Pocula Castalia, containinff The 
 Autlior's Motto, Fortune's Tennis Ball, and 
 other pieces, was written by Robekt 
 Babon (b. 1631), in 1650. See Todd's edi- 
 tion of Milton's poetical works. 
 
 Fodsnap. A " type of tlie heavy- 
 gentry, lumbering, and straight-backed as 
 Elizabethan furniture," inDlcKENS's Owr 
 Mutual Friend, 
 
 Foe, Edgar Allan, poet and prosg 
 writer (b. 1811, d. 1849), published Al Aaraff 
 and other Poems (1829) ; Tales of the Gro- 
 tesque a/nd Arabesque (1841) ; another vol- 
 ume of Tales and a coUeclioii of his Poems 
 (1845); and Eureka: d Prose Poem (1848). 
 His best-known works are his poem of 
 The Raven (q.v.), and The Bells, to which 
 may be ailded Annabel Lee, ToHelent and 
 Ei Dorado. Among his stories the most 
 familiar are The Gold Bug. The Mv/rders 
 in the Rue Morguej and TJie Mystery of 
 Marie Moget. He was also the author of 
 Essays on Mrs; Browning, Macaulay, 
 
 Dickens, Lever, Longfellow, and Haw- 
 thorne. The most complete edition of his 
 Works is that compiled by J. H. Ingram, 
 produced with a Memoir in 1875. See also 
 the L^e by Hannay (1863). For Criticismt 
 gee the essay by Baudelaire prefixed to 
 the 1872 edition of the Works. Lowell 
 describes Poe as 
 
 '* Three-fifth? of him genius and two-fifths sheer 
 fudge," 
 
 and speaks of him as one 
 
 " Who talks like a book of iambs and pentameters. 
 In a 'Way to make people of common sense damn 
 
 metres ; 
 "Who has written some things quite the beat of 
 
 their kind, 
 But the heart somehow seems all squeezed out by 
 
 the mind.'* 
 
 Perhaps his most appreciative critic was 
 James Hannay, who characterised him as 
 " perfectly poetic in his own province; If 
 his circle is narrow, it- is a magic one. 
 His poetry is sheer poetry, and^bon-ows 
 nothing from without, as didactic poetry 
 does." He said of himself ftiatpoetry had 
 been, with him " not a purpose, but a pas- 
 sion." Among the more striking passages 
 in hia poe;(t?s is that which occurs in nia 
 verses To Helen, about . 
 
 " The glory tliat was Greece, 
 And the grandeur that was Rome." 
 
 This has frequently been attributed to 
 Byron, ^ee FOLiTiAif. 
 
 Foetnata et Epigraxnxnata, by 
 Richard Crashaw (1616—1650}, contain- 
 ing, among others, the following on St. 
 John ii. — " Aquffi in viuum versse " — 
 
 "Underobiirvestris, ctnon sua purpura lymphis? 
 - Qufe' Tosa mirantes tam ''lova mutat aquas t 
 Numen (convirie) prsesens agnoecite numen : 
 liympna pudica vidit Deum, et crubuit." 
 
 The latter line was translated by Crashaw, 
 as follows : — 
 
 " The conscious water saw its God, and blushed." 
 Hayley has it, much less successfully, 
 " The elementiBaw God, and blushed with awe.'* 
 
 Foems, by Mrs. Eadcliffe, the 
 
 novelist, were published in 1834. *' It 
 ought not to be forgotten," says Mrs. Bar- 
 bauld, "that, there are many elegant 
 pieces of poetry intersi)er8ed through thq 
 volumes of Mrs. Badcliffe ;" and Sir "Wlal- 
 ter Scott remarks that " her poetry par- 
 takes of the rich and beautiful colouring 
 which distinguishes her prose composi- 
 tion:" It is comparatively unknown, how- 
 ever, to modem readers. 
 
 Poems and Ballads, by Alger- 
 non Charlj:s SwiiTBURifE (b. 1837), ap- 
 peared in 1866. " Here," says one of his 
 critics, "was a scries of wild and Gothic 
 pieces, full of sensuous and turbid pas- 
 sion, lavishing, a prodigious wealtli of 
 music and imagery upon the most perilous 
 themes, and treating them in an openly 
 defiant manner. The fault of the book is 
 excess. This poet, extravagant in spiritual 
 or political rdvolt, ii; disdainj. in dramatic 
 
632 
 
 POE 
 
 POB 
 
 outbursts, was no less so in Ids treatment 
 of sensuous themes. The value of the 
 book consists In its iine poetry, and espe- 
 cially in the structure of that poetry, so 
 full of lyrical revelations, of harmonies 
 unknown before." 
 
 Poems before Congress, liy 
 
 EUZABETH BAKRETT BROWSING (1809— 
 
 1861), were published in 1860, and " writ- 
 ten," as the authoress tells us, "under 
 the pressure of the events they indicate, 
 after a residence in. Italy of many years." 
 The "Congress" referred to is that of 
 Villafranca. 
 
 Foesie, Art of English. See 
 
 Art of Ekslish Poesie. 
 
 Poesy, Defence of. See Defence 
 OF Poetry, and Poethie, Apology for. 
 
 Poesy, The Progress of. See 
 
 Progress of Poesy, The. 
 
 "Poet (A) soaring in the high 
 
 region of his fancies." See " Garland 
 
 AND SINGING ROBES." 
 
 Poet-Laureate, The Election of 
 
 a. See Laureat, The Election of a. 
 
 "Poet of Nature, thou hast 
 
 weptto know. "—STo Wordsworth, by Per- 
 cy Bysshe Shelley. 
 
 Poet of Poets, The. A title some- 
 times given to Peboy Bysshe Shelley, 
 of whom Macaulay said that the terms 
 " bard " and " inspiration " had a special 
 significance when applied to him. 
 
 Poet of the Poor, The. A name 
 bestowed on George Crabbe (g.v.). 
 
 Poet Squab. A name conferred 
 on JoHX Dkyden (q.v.) by the Earl of 
 Rochester (q.v.), on account of the for- 
 mer's corpulency. 
 
 Poet, The. A poem by Alfred ■ 
 Tennyson, published in 1830, and begin- 
 ning:— 
 
 " The poet in n golden clime wai boni, 
 With golden stars above ; 
 Dower'tTwith the hate of hate, the scorn of scorn, 
 The love of love. 
 " He saw thro' life and death, thro' good and ill, 
 lie sow thro' his own sonl. 
 The marvel of tlie everlasting will. 
 An open scroll, 
 " Before him lay i with echoing feet he threaded 
 "The secrctcst walks of fame : 
 The viewless arrows of his thoughts were headed 
 And wing'd with flame." 
 See, also, Poet's Mind, The. 
 
 Poet, The Postman. See Posx- 
 iiAN Poet, The. 
 
 Poet. The Quaker. See Quaker 
 Poet, The. 
 
 Poetaster, The. A comedy by 
 Ben Jonson (1674—1637), written in 1601, 
 In which he revenged himself for the at- 
 tacks of some of his contemporary drama- 
 
 tists by introducing them under fictitious 
 names into the scene and action of his 
 piece. Crispinus is Marston, Demetrius, 
 Bekker. Himself he personates under the 
 disguise of Horace. His adversaries were 
 not crushed, however, by his weighty 
 blows, and Dekker replied in his Satiro- 
 Mastix (q.v.), produced in 1602. See Dis- 
 raeli's Quarrels oJ'Authors and ijoleridge's 
 Notes and Lectures. The wqrd poetaster 
 is now incorporated in the language. 
 
 " Poetess, A 'maudlin." See 
 
 "Maudlin Poetess." 
 
 "Poetic Child, Meet nurse for 
 a." — Scott's Lay of the Last-minstrel, can- 
 to vi., stanza 2. 
 
 " IPoetic fields encompass me 
 
 around."— Addison, A Letter from Italy. 
 " And still 1 seem to tread on classic ground." 
 
 " Poetic nook, O for a seat in 
 some." — Hunt, Politics and Poetics, 
 
 " Poetic pains." See "Pleasure 
 
 IN POETIC VAIN8." 
 
 " Poetic prose." See "Warbler 
 
 OF POETIC PROSE." 
 
 Foeticae Vi Medica, De : " Pre-- 
 lectiones Academics Oxoiiii Labitse, Aniiis 
 1832—41," by the Eev. John Keble, (1792 
 —1866), who held the Professorship of 
 Poetry at Oxford from 1831 to 1842. These 
 Latin lectures, which appeared in 1844, and 
 a volume of Occasional Papers and Jie- 
 views published in 18T7, represent all 
 Keble's work in this fleld of literature. 
 
 Poetical Farrago, The : " being 
 a Miscellaneous Assemblage of Epigrams 
 and other jeux d*esprii, selected from the 
 most Approved 'Writers," and published in 
 1794. 
 
 "Poetical, I -would the gods 
 
 had made thee." — As You Like 7/, actiii., 
 scene 3. 
 
 Poetical, Letter from Copen- 
 hagen, A, Addressed by Ambrose 
 Philips (1671—1748) to the Duke of Dor- 
 set, and published in The Tatler, Pope 
 speaks of it in one of his letters as ths 
 production of a man "who could write 
 very nobly; " and Steele calls it " as fine a 
 piece aa we ever had from any of IJie 
 schools of the most learned painters." It 
 was written in 1709. 
 
 Poetical Miscellanies, by Wil^ 
 LIAM Browne (q.v.), consist of love-songs, 
 " Hymendals," translations, and para- 
 phrases of the Psalms, and appeared in 
 1633. 
 
 Poetical Rhapsody, A : " contain- 
 ing divers Sonnets, Odes, Elegies, Mad- 
 rigals, Epigrams, Pastorals, Eclogues, with 
 other Poems, both in rhyme and measured 
 v6rse, for variety and pleasure, the like 
 never yet published :— 
 
POB 
 
 POE 
 
 533 
 
 ** 'The bee and spider, by a diverse power. 
 Suck honey and poison from the self-some 
 flower.' " 
 
 This collection was edited T)y Feancis 
 Davisox in 1602, and includes poems by 
 Charles Best, Thomas Campion, Henry- 
 Constable, Sir John Davies, John Donne, 
 Thomas Spelman, Edmund Spenser, Sir 
 Philip Sydney, Joshua Sylvester, Thomas 
 "Watson, Bavison himself, and others. 
 It was re-edited by Sir Harris Nicholas in 
 1826. 
 
 Poetrie, An Apology for. A 
 
 prose work of criticism, by Sir Philip 
 Sidney, published in 1595, and.af terwards 
 called The Defense of Poetry. Thelatteris 
 the title also of a work by Sheli^y. See 
 Defence of Poetry. 
 Poetry in England — poetry, that is, 
 written in English and by Englisii people 
 —begins with Csedmon (ct.v.), Beowulf 
 (q.v.y, which would otherwise have come 
 first, having been written by an English- 
 man before he and his countrymen arrived 
 in Britain. It is a remarkable and char- 
 acteristic fact that our first poetical work 
 of any merit should have been religious in 
 character. As it happens, religion is one of 
 the most distinctive " notes " of our litera- 
 ture tiiroughout, and may be accounted 
 for by the peculiar constitution of the 
 people. The English always were a God- 
 fearing and God^oving race, and it is not 
 surprising, therefore, that 'their poetry 
 should open with a work — the liarapltrases 
 ^q.v.)_ni which the striking passages of 
 both Testaments are versified with much 
 fire and energy. The tale told by Csedmon 
 was taken up by Aldhelm (q.v.), and a 
 large proportion of the remains of early 
 verse, as found in the Exeter (q.v.) and 
 Vercelli (q.v.) Books, is religious in sub- 
 ject and in tone. Occasionally a wai>note 
 was sounded, as in the poems which cele- 
 hrate the battles of Finnesburh (q.v.), 
 Brunanburgh, and Maldon (q.v.), for the 
 English were a fighting as well aa a pious 
 aafd homely people, but for a long time it 
 is the piety and the homeliness which figure 
 most conspicuously in our song-work. It 
 was so even after the Norman Conquest 
 had occurred, and brought with it the in- 
 fluence of Norrnan thought and customs. 
 To the latter too much must not he attrib- 
 uted. The Normans never effected any 
 very revolutionary change in our language 
 or ideas. The early English notion of verse 
 had been one of short decisive lines, desti- 
 tute of rhyme, but not without rhythm, and 
 with considerable alliteration. This was the 
 poetic style before the Conquest, and it may 
 be said to have reigned supreme, with 
 modifications^ to the time of Chaucer. As 
 a matter of fact, Norman and Englishman 
 soon coalesced, being indeed of the same 
 blood, and side by side resisted the French 
 encroachments which, under the Planta- 
 genets, really did influence our life and 
 Uterature. ThQ religious tendency waa 
 
 never thwarted. The notable works, of 
 the thirteenth and fourteenth centuriee^ 
 alternate between religion and legendary 
 history. Side by side with the affection 
 for what was right and holy was the. fond- 
 ness for drawing out long pedigrees for the 
 country in whicn the English found them- 
 selves, and which long generations had 
 taught them to love heartily. (To about 
 120O belongs the Brut of Layamou (q.v.), 
 a rhyming Chronicle, fouHded on the work 
 of wace, which in its turn had been 
 founded on that of Geoflirey of Monmouth 
 (q.v.). In 1215, came . the Ormulum (q.v.) 
 of Ormin, a monk like Layamon— for it is 
 to the clergy that we owe so much of the 
 poetry of this period. The one traced the 
 histoi*y of Britain up to fg-hulous times, the 
 other was a poetie vei-sion of Church ser- 
 vices, with homilies adhibited. In 1298, 
 we have another chronicle from Robert of 
 Gloucester (q.v.), and in 1303, another di- 
 dactic work in tii9 .Hdndlhig of Sins (q.Y'} 
 of Koljert de Brunne (q.v.). After this 
 came (about 1320) the Cursor Mundi, a met- 
 rical summary of both Testaments,, with 
 legends interspersed, and (about 13-10) 
 Bichard ROlle of Hampole's Pricke of Con' 
 science (q.v.), the title of which tells its 
 tale. The supreme poet of this time has 
 yet, however, to be mentioned in the per- 
 son of Langland, the author of The Vision 
 of Piers Plowman (q.v.), the first man of 
 real genius after Csedinon. Ormin and 
 Kolle and the rest were patient and indus- 
 trious, even fervid and enthusiastic, com- 
 pilers, hut little more. Langland, on the 
 other hand, ha^ a perfect right to rai^ 
 with the leaders of our literature, less per- 
 haps, for his manner, which, adapted to 
 the popular comprehension, is somewhat 
 rough and coarse in character, than for his 
 matter, wliich throws immense light upon 
 the England and the English of his time. 
 This, and not the works of Wycliffe, vfaa 
 the literary beginning of the Reformation, 
 which owed more to Langland than haa, 
 till lately, been supposed. The Vision is a 
 work of unmistakable power, its exaltation 
 of feeliiig being only one of its many 
 merits. To this age^ too, must be assigned 
 the rise of the English lyric, both of love 
 and of war, the former in but tiny quanti- 
 ties,, and still tinier qualities ^ the latter 
 finding its best representative in Laurence 
 Minot (q.v.). The story-telliog spirit did 
 not confine itself to British history, but 
 delighted in narratives from classical his- 
 tory and legendary lore. This, in fact, 
 was the time of the voluminous romances, 
 which Englishmen laboriously rendered 
 from the French, and which-answered then 
 the purposes now answered by the novel. 
 A true vein of natural poetry was struck 
 by Nicholas of Guildford in The Owl and 
 the. MffhtinpaJe (q.v.), which stands out, 
 along with the Vision, as a supreme speci- 
 men of English noetry in these two cen- 
 turies. At the close of the fourteenth we 
 , come upon the works of Gower, whose 
 
534 
 
 POE 
 
 POB 
 
 Coi^ssio Amantis (q.v.) is a curious com- 
 pound of many simples, and whose general 
 didacticism is said to have earned for him 
 from Chaucer the epithet of "moral." 
 Ohaucer (q.v.) himself is, as everyhody 
 knows, too great an artist to he statedly 
 and prominently didactic. He is the great 
 tale-teller in the language — our English 
 Boccaccio, with, to be sure, some of his 
 Italian prototype's coarseness, hut with a 
 general healthiness of sentiment and fancy 
 which the latter had not. Chaucer was a 
 man of the court and of affairs, and he is 
 the first writer in what may he termed 
 literary English. In him we find many of 
 the modem forms of metre, and a faci_ity 
 of rhyme owing somewhat to his free 
 adoption of Anglicised French words. He 
 may be said to have crystallised the lan- 
 guage, to which he gave at once breadth 
 and variety. Of his command of humour 
 and pathos it is unnecessary to spealc, nor 
 need the accuracy anir vividness of his 
 pictures of contemporary character and 
 manners be insisted upon. After his de- 
 cease, English poetry languished for many 
 a long day, living for a considerable time 
 only in the works of Lydgate (q.v.) and 
 Occleve (q.T.)» the former of whom was a 
 distinct imitator of his great predecessor. 
 His Falls of Princes (q.-y.), Story of Thebes 
 (q.v.), and Troy Book (q.v.), are all out- 
 comes of the tale-telling spirit, the first of 
 these being founded on Boccaccio's De 
 Casibus Iliustrium Virarum. Occleve is 
 remembered by his Govemail (^'Princes 
 (q.v). To this period belong, too, the Chroni- 
 cles of John Harding (q.v.), and others, 
 as well as the stream of ballads which, at 
 all times plentiful in England, begaii to 
 swell up from the hearts of the people 
 with remarkable fulness. The reign of 
 Henry VII. boasted only one leading 
 worthy— the Stephen Hawes (q.v.) who 
 wrote The Passe Tyme of Pleasure (q.v.). 
 A much greater name is that of John 
 Skelton (q.v.), cleric and laureate, whose 
 broad satires marked the days of Henry 
 VIII., and whose Colin Clotit (q.v.) and 
 Phylypp Sparowe (q.v.), render him our 
 foremost poet between Chaucer and Spen- 
 ser. Here was another reformer of the 
 same stamp as Langland, but with a differ- 
 ent maimer of expression — coarser, and 
 therefore less effective ; lacking, too, the 
 high spirituality of the elder poet. Wyatt 
 (q.v.) and Surrey (q.v.), who came after 
 him, are, in comparison, but amorous 
 twangers of the lyre. They were courtly 
 poets, and sang of love and nothing else, 
 in series of sonnets and other lyrics from 
 which few gems can he extracted. Of the 
 two, Wyatt had the lighter touch and the 
 better eye for form. But both are notable 
 as the founders of what may be called the 
 amorous school of English poetry, which 
 has devoted itself to the analysis of the 
 tender passion. Sackville (q.v.), who ranks 
 among the dramatists by virtue of Qorho- 
 duc (q.r.), is worthy of remembrance as a 
 
 poet for his share in The Mirror for Magis- 
 trates (q.v.), of which he was the conceiver. 
 and to which he contributed the ablest 
 portions. Gascoigne's Steele Glasse (q.v.) 
 IS more curious than permanently interest- 
 ing. The year of its appearance saw also the 
 publication of the collection of verses enti- 
 tled The Paradise of Dainty Devices (q.v.). 
 It is notable that, just before the burst of 
 poetic brilliancy which illumined the reign 
 of Elizabeth, came our earliest books of 
 criticism — Wilson's Art of Petorique, Sid- 
 ney's Art of PoetriCf Webbe's Discourse of 
 Pbetrie, and Puttenham's Arte of Poesie — 
 which, no doubt, did something to make 
 poetry more of an art than it had been 
 before. The great name in Elizabethan 
 poetry before Shakespeare's is that of Ed- 
 mund Spenser (q.v,), whose Sheplierd's 
 Calendar (q.v.) appeared in 1579, followed 
 in 1C90 by The Fa^&rie Queene (q.v.). and 
 early in 1593 by Verms and Adonis (q.v.), 
 Shakespeare's earliest, work. Spenser is 
 our prose Bunyan, our great poetical alle- 
 gorist, and perhaps oiir sweetest versifier. 
 The ordinary reader rarely finishes his 
 Fa'^le Queene i but to his brother poets it 
 has been a mine of noble thoughts and 
 beauteous fancies. It is full of the throb- 
 bing earnestness of the age. Of the larger 
 cluster of Elizabethan writers it is difficult 
 to speak in such a small space. The great- 
 est of them come rather under the head of 
 Drama (q.v.) than of Poetry, though most 
 of them were as great as poets as they 
 were as dramatists. Shakespeare certainly 
 was, and so'was Marlowe (q.v.), and Chap- 
 man (q.v.) — the second as the author o£ 
 Tlie Passi^mate Sheplierd (q.v.), and the 
 third of what still remains the most poetical 
 rendering of Homer. As for Ben Jonson, 
 who would not rather have his songs and 
 minor pieces in preference to his too learned 
 dramas ? The wonderful variety and depth 
 of the Shakespearian Sonn-ets (q-v.) need 
 no eulogy. Let us, however, dwell rather 
 upon the undramatic writers of the time — 
 upon men like Bamfield (q.v.), Breton 
 (q.v.), Constable (q.v.), and Lodge (q.v."), 
 who belong lo the amorous school ; Eulke 
 Greville (q.v.) and Sir John Davies (q.v.). 
 who represent the abstract thinkers ; fuid 
 Drayton (q.v.), Daniel (q.v.), and "Warner 
 (q.v,), whose Polyolbion (q.v.), Civil Wars 
 Jq.v.), and Albion'' s England (q.v.) respect- 
 ively, testify to the enthusiastic patriotism 
 of the English of that age. The first of 
 these is a poetical guide-book to England, 
 at once fanciful and accurate. The other 
 two are as vigorous,but inferior in imagina^ 
 tion. The translators need only be referred 
 to. The poetasters include such, names as 
 Watson (q.v.), Taylor (q.v.), Tusser (q.v-), 
 Norton (q.v.), and tlie like, who were only 
 quaint or affected, or perhaps both. After 
 tne dramatic climacteric, pure lyricism 
 had the best of it. Jonson, and Dekker, 
 and Webster, and Heywood, and Middle- 
 ton, were all writing in the reign of Jamea 
 I., but the times of the two £rst Stuarts, 
 
POE 
 
 POE 
 
 536 
 
 James and Charles, were emphatically 
 those of the lyric poets, who, as became 
 the growing fiiTolity of society, learned to 
 sing w^th more ease and lightness than the 
 majority of their fathers. The songs of 
 Suckling (q.v.), Lovelace (q.v.), Herrick 
 (q.v.), and Carew (q.v.), have never been 
 surpassed, and never will be, for their 
 gaiety and grace are incommunicable. 
 These are the Cavalier poets. The rural 
 muse shows itself in Browne (q.vO, whose 
 BHtannia*s Pastorals (q.v.), are among 
 the first beginnings of our purely pastoral 
 song. Satire and didactics tind a voice iu 
 men like Hall (q.v.), Donne (q.v.), and 
 "Widxer (q. v.), though the last-named haa 
 a claim to raiik with the Lovelaces, by 
 reason of certain of his lyrics. Donne is 
 the metaphysician among poets, closely 
 followed m that vein by Cowley (q.v.), 
 whilst a general religious tone runs through 
 the works of Fletcher (q.v,), Herbert (q.v.) 
 Vaughan (q.v.), and Crashaw (q.v.), whose 
 notes are among the sweetest ^nd most 
 refined of those that figure in what George 
 MacDon a1 d has called Engl and's A ntiphon . 
 Habington (q.v.), and Waller (q.v.) rank 
 with the amorous writers ; and uie latter 
 will always be remembered as the author 
 of at least two lyrics which defy improve- 
 ment, the Zines to a Girdle^ and Go, lovely 
 Jtose. The former's Qistara (q.v.), is full 
 of tender delicacy. Milton (q.v.), who 
 bridges over the interval between Stuart 
 and Stuart, is essentially the poet of revo- 
 lution, ana was fond of representing strug- 
 gle, as in Satan and in Sanison. The for- 
 mer is really the hero of Paradise Lost 
 (q.v.), and is one of the grandest figures in 
 our literature. For the rest, this poem, 
 together with The PilgHm's Progress ^q.v.), 
 has done much to mould the religious 
 notions of the people. It is pre-eminently 
 a learned work, and can hardly be appre- 
 ciated by those who cannot realise its won- 
 derful fl^lusiveness. Its marvellously mar- 
 jestic style has influenced all succeeding 
 blank verse, except Tennyson's. Its con- 
 tinuation. Paradise Jiegaijied (q.v.), is 
 markedly inferior, though the poet had in 
 this case Chtist for ahero. Milton's most 
 perfect works, perhaps, are his L^ Allegro 
 (q.v.) and// Penseroso (q.v.), which have a 
 freshness and lightness, with a felicity of 
 epithet, perennially charming. The Sofiir 
 nets stand alone in their statuesque grand- 
 eur of form and phrase. After Milton 
 came Marvell (q.v.), with his satires against 
 the court of Charles IL, and Butler (q.v.) 
 with his Hadibrds (q.v.), a still more 
 powerful satire against Marvell's friends, 
 the Puritans, embodying all the bitterness 
 of the Cavalier scorn with more than the 
 ordinary Cavalier wit and humour. For 
 satire, however, the first great English 
 master was John Dryden (q.v.), the literary 
 father of Alexander Pope, and the first to 
 aim consciously at correctness of style. 
 He figures as a theologian and a translator, 
 aa well as a satirist, and is great in all. 
 
 H^ Ahsalimi and AchitopJiel (q.v.) is mas- 
 terly in its character-drawing; in the 
 Seligio Laioi (q.v.), he argues for the 
 Church of England, and in The Hind and 
 Pantfier (q.v.), for the Church of Jlome, 
 with equal success artistically. His version 
 of Virgil has vigour, but lacks the calm 
 dignity of the original. His contempo- 
 rary Oldham (q.v.) has the merit of forci- 
 ble satiric power. Dorset (q.v.), Roscom- 
 mon (q.v.), Sheffield (q.v.). Rochester (q.v.) 
 and Sedley (q.v.), are the " mob of gentift- 
 men,** whom Pope describes, and whose 
 ease of style reminds us of the Sucklings 
 and Lovelaces of an earlier generation. 
 Some of their lyrics have a vitality which 
 would surprise the writers could they 
 know of it. Pope (q.v.) himself has more 
 
 golish than Dryden, and more keenness, 
 ut not so much vigour. His wit is rapier- 
 like in its dexterity, not crushing like a 
 bludgeon; he can sneer magnificently, 
 and has blown away many a reputation 
 with a breath. He had few original ideas, 
 but he could immortalise a common-place, 
 and crystallise for ever some one else's 
 thought. He is the high-priest of epigram. 
 His Jjundad (q.v.) is the first of personal 
 satires ; his Rape of the Lock (q.v.) is un- 
 approachable as the epic of artificial life. 
 Of his contemporaries — Addison (q*v.), 
 Swift (q.v.), Thomson (q.v.), Parnell (q.v.). 
 Green (q.v.), Somerville (q.v.). Prior (q.v.). 
 Gay (q.v.). Young (q.v.),Dyer (q.v.), Tickell 
 Cq.v.>, philips (q.v.), Shenstone(q.v.), Blair 
 (q.v.), and Congreve (q.v.)— not many of 
 thesehad the divine fire. Yet all are notable 
 — Swift and Young for the vigour of their 
 satire ; Prior and Congreve for the grace 
 and brightness of their vers de 8oeiU&; and 
 Thomson, Parnell, Green, Somerville, and 
 Dyer for . their descriptions of Nature, 
 now coming more and more into appreciar 
 tion. In what may be termpd the next 
 generation, we find a marked improve- 
 ment both in the matter and the manner 
 of English poetry, which retains all its 
 correctness and obtains more naturalness. 
 That generation includes Akenside (q.v,)^ 
 Collins (q,v.). Goldsmith (q.v.), Gray (q.v-), 
 Churchill (q.v.), Chatterton (q.v.), and 
 many others ; Akenside being notable for 
 the Spenserian smoothness of his Pleasures 
 of Imagination (q.v.). Gray and Collins 
 lor the classical beauty of their Odes, 
 Churchill for the sledge-hammer hardness 
 of his satires, Chatterton for the general 
 precocity of his wonderful genius, and 
 Goldsmith for the pleasing clearness of 
 his style, as well as for liis "simple enjoy- 
 ment of nature. But the leader par ex- 
 cellence of the natural poets was Cowper 
 (q.v.), whose earlier works partake of the 
 ngidity of the Popeian school, whilst liis 
 later have the ease of the post-Revolution 
 writers. His humour is seen in John GiU 
 pin (q.v.), his pathos in the lATies to Mary 
 Unwin, but his great work is The Task 
 (q.v.), whose charm lies in its delightful 
 garrulity about himself, his doings, hia 
 
536 
 
 POE 
 
 FOB 
 
 thoughts, and everything that happens to 
 him. Crabbe (q.v.) introduced the Dutch 
 method into English poetry, and photo- 
 graphed English ■ rural life and character 
 Ui The Village (q.v.) and The Parish Itep- 
 Mter(q,T.). The writers who were most 
 largely influenced by the ideas of liberty 
 and equality that took their rise in France 
 were Southey (q.v), Coleridge (q.v.), Words- 
 worth (q.v.), Byron (q.v.), and Shelley 
 (q.v.), the first tliree of whom were speed- 
 ily disenchanted, and relapsed from eager 
 and aggres.'tive Badicalism into the most 
 sober and contented Conservatism. Sou- 
 they opened with Wat Tyler (q.v.) and 
 closed with TJie Vision of Judgment (q.v.), 
 Coleridge began with the Ode To France 
 (q.v.), and ended with a suggestive Ode to 
 JOejection. So, also, with Wordsworth, 
 ■whose best writing is associated with the 
 noblest patriotism—the noblest since 
 Shakespeare. Southey was hardly a poet 
 in the true sense of the term ; "his big 
 epics are already dead, but some of his 
 lyrics live. Coleridge produced less work, 
 but more perfect work, than any poet or 
 his time, fiis Ancient Mariner (q.v.) being 
 thoroughly unique in power. The inter- 
 est of Wordsworth lies chiefly in his 
 treatment of Kature, to which he impart- 
 ed a vital personality suggestive of the 
 pantheism of the ancients. The JEx- 
 cwsion (q.v.), is full of noble passages, 
 but his most sustained production is the 
 majestic Ode on the Intimations of Immor- 
 tality (q.v.), whilst his Sonnets are worthy 
 to rank with those of Milton and Shake- 
 speare. Byron's revolutionary spirit took 
 the form of protests against the conven- 
 tionalities of the society of his time, and 
 is seen to perfection in Don Juan (q.v.), 
 the most truly original and permanent 
 of all his works. His others are but so 
 many studies' of his own character and 
 career. His lyrics, with a few exceptions, 
 lack form, but all are full of the '* force " 
 which Arnold regards as his chief quality. 
 Shelley's revolt was against not only the 
 world but God as he conceived Him. His 
 larger poems are even now unread, except 
 The Cenci (q.v.), perhaps the most powerful 
 tragedy outaide Shakespeare's, and the Ad- 
 Dnai«(q.v.), his melodious lament for Keats, 
 His lyrics are among the most musical in 
 the language. Keats, who cared nothing 
 about contemporary things, weni to my- 
 Uiology for his Hyperion (q.v.) and Endy- 
 mion (q.v.), two beautiful fragments, over- 
 flowing with luscious description. Landor 
 (q.v.) also lived among the men of old, 
 and imparted to his verse the classic 
 charm that he admired so much. In Tlie 
 Pleasures of Memory Rogers (q.v.) repro- 
 duced the regular verse of his young days, 
 failing In power, hut achieving elegance. 
 Moore (q.v.) was the satirist of the society 
 of his time, and the writer of amatory 
 Bongs of which the sweetness cloys ; whilst 
 the dash and vigour of the war-songs of 
 Campbell (q.v.) will always give him fame. 
 
 Leigh Hunt's (q.v.) verse is .pleasing and 
 no more, but Procter (q.v.) sang of the 
 sea— his special subject— with power and 
 enthusiasm. Among others may he named 
 Kirko White (q. v.), Bloomtield (q.v.), 
 Hartley Coleridge (q.v.),Lisle Bowles (q.v.), 
 Peacock (q.v.), TKeble (q. v.), Mrs. Hemana 
 fq.v.). Hood (q.v.), and Beddoes (q.v.). 
 Coming down nearer to our own time, we 
 have to regret the decease of David Gray 
 (q.v.), Sydney Dobell (q.v.), Alexander 
 Smith (q.v,), Aytoun (q.v.), Lord Lytton 
 (q.v.), Mrs. Browning (q.v.) and Charles 
 Kingsley (q.v.). Mi"s. Browning is not 
 only the greatest English female poet, but 
 probably the greatest female poet that 
 ever lived. Her so-called Sonnets from the 
 Portuguese (q.v.) are indubitably her su- 
 premest effort, but Awrora Leigh (q.Y.) will 
 always be found interesting. The later 
 poets may almost ^11 be ranged under 
 the respective banners of Tennyson 
 (q.v-), Browning (q.v.), Arnold (q. v.), 
 Swmbume ^q. v.), Morris (q. v.), and 
 D. G. Rossetti (q.v.). Of these, Tennyson 
 reizns by force of the variety of his gifts 
 and the width of his range, though his su- 
 perionty to his contemporaries as a lyrist 
 and idyllist would alone give him pre* 
 eminence. As a song-writer and a painter 
 in words he ranks with Shakespeare, 
 whilst as an artist pure and simple, he may 
 be said to have no equals. His In Memo- 
 riam (q.v.) ranks] with Lycidas (q.v.) and 
 Adonais (q.v.) as' mere poetry, and it has 
 the additional quality of being a philoso- 
 phic guide from doubt to faith. As such, 
 it is unique in English literature. His 
 Idylls of the King (q.v.) is the epic of the 
 nineteenth century, shadowing forth the 
 eternal war of sense with soul. His Queen 
 Mary (q.v.) and Harold are admittedly 
 among the finest poetic dramas since the 
 Elizabethans. For the rest, Browning's 
 is the poetry of introspection, sometimes, 
 it must he said, clothed in unwieldy form, 
 and too often incomprehensible. The hing 
 and the Book (q.v.), Pippa Passes (q.v.), 
 and certain of his lync and dramatic 
 monologues, are the best things he has 
 done. Matthew Arnold's poetry, again, is 
 that of isolation from the age, of craving 
 for the calm which the Zeit-geist denies to 
 him. His Thyrsis (q.v.) is worthy of a 
 place with Lycidas, and some of his lyrics 
 are certain to be remembered for Lheir 
 melancholy sweetness. Swinburne's char- 
 acteristics are flow of language and variety 
 of metre ; his mental attitude is, like Shel- 
 ley's, one intellectual and spiritual revolt. 
 His most successful work is probably his ■ 
 Atalanta in Calydon (q.v.), in which ho has 
 reproduced the old Greek drama with re- 
 markable fidelity. Chastelard (q.v.) Istoo 
 monotonously sensuous, not to say sensual, 
 in tone ; and jBoiA?yeZZ(q.v.)is too tediously 
 long to live. Morris is a dreamerj whoso 
 soul is with the men of old, and whose 
 power of story-telling, as in The Earthly 
 Paradise (q.v.), womd have delighted 
 
POB 
 
 POE 
 
 537 
 
 phaucer. He entertains ns, but he does 
 not teach. Rossetti is the leader of the 
 medisevalists, and is the author of Gome 
 passionate as w611 as some fantastic lyrics. 
 Frederick Locker (q.T.) and Austin Dob- 
 son (author of Vignettes in Rhyme) have 
 brought society-verse to the penection of 
 ease and polish. The other modern poets 
 can only be enumerated :— William Ailing- 
 ham, Alfred Austin, P. J. Bailey, "Wm. 
 Barnes, liohert Buchanan, Aubrey de 
 Vere, George Eliot, E. "W. Gosse, R. H. 
 Home, Lord Houghton, Jean Ingelow, 
 Lord Lytton, George MacBonald, P. B. 
 Marston, Gerald Massey, Gqorge Meredith, 
 Arthur O'Shaughnessy, F. T. Palgrave, 
 Coventry Patmore, John Payne, Christina 
 Rossetti, Gharles Tennyson Turner, Arch- 
 bishop Trench, Leicester Warren, Augusta 
 Webster, and Thomas Woolner (^1 of 
 whom see), with others of less fame. 
 Among the names above-mentioned are 
 those of some Irishmen, like Moore and 
 Allingham, and some .Scotchmen, like 
 Thompson and MacDonald— men who, 
 h<^wever, are only to be regarded as Irish 
 or Scotch by birth, seeing that their writ- 
 ings aie in English and are English in 
 tone. Scott himself is hardly to be ranked 
 among the poets of Scotland for the very 
 same reason. He introduced into narra^ 
 tive poetry the lilt andswingof the ballad, 
 whose metre he so largely adopted, and 
 some of his lyrics are perfect. Among dis- 
 tinctively Scottish poets may be enume- 
 rated Thomas the Rhymer, John Barbour, 
 Henry the Minstrel, James I., Robeit 
 Henrysoun, Walter Kennedy, William 
 Dunbar, Gawin Douglas, Sir David Lind- 
 say, Alexander Montgomery, Allan Ram- 
 say, John Skinner, Hector MacNeill, 
 Robert Ferguson, Robert Burns, Lady 
 Naime, James Hogg, Robert Tannahill, 
 William Nicholson, Allan Cunningham, 
 "William TVrotherwell, and James Ballan- 
 tine~ (all of whom see) ; and, among 
 these, Dunbar, Douglas, Liiidsay, Ramsay, 
 Burns and Tannahill, stand out pre-emi- 
 nently—Bums especially, as the man in 
 whom the purely Scottish spirit found its 
 most varied and powerful poetic utterance. 
 What is called American Poetry is almost 
 wholly in the same key as English Poetry, 
 the scenery and sentiment of which have 
 been largely and inevitably imitated by 
 Transatlantic writers. T5iere is nothing 
 national for exa^mple, about the produc 
 tions of Poe, (q.v.), Longfellow (g.v.), 
 Bryant (q-v.), Emerson (q.v.), and Whittier 
 (q.v.)— unquestionably the leading poets 
 of their country. They may take Ameri- 
 can topics, as in Hiawaiha (q.v.), but that 
 is all. The treatment and the style are on 
 the old familiar models. More thoroughly 
 characteristic is the humorous verse of 
 Am<irica, as represented by Holmes (q.v.), 
 Bret Harte (q.v.), andLowell (q.v.). Whit- 
 man (q.v.) cannot be recognised as a poet 
 at all. Stedman (q<v.) is the most accom- 
 plished producer of occasional verse. The 
 
 autliorities on English Poetry include. 
 Wai-ton's -i/is/oj»y (ed. Hazlitt), Campbell's 
 lipecimens, Ellis's Specimens, B'rydges' 
 Venswra Ltteraria and other works, 
 Wright's Biograpliia Poetica^, Hallam's 
 Literary History, Craik's Mnglish Litera- 
 ture, Morley's English Writers, and Shorter 
 English Poems, Taine's Mistwy of English 
 Literature, and Palgrave's Golden Treas- 
 ury, besides an enormous vaiiety of occa- 
 sional criticism embodied in works like 
 Leigh Hunt's Men,. , Women, and JiookSf 
 Imagination and Fancy, Wit and Humour, 
 Hazlitt's English Poets, Lowell's Among ' 
 my Books, and My Study^ Windows, 'B.uXf^ 
 ton's Essays, Roscoe's Essays, Dennis's 
 Studies, Swinburne's Essays and Studies, 
 Stephens' Hours in a Library, Mac- 
 Donald's England's Antiphon,Ma.ssoTCa 
 Essays, &c, &c. British and American 
 writers are fully treated in Alllbone'S" 
 Dictionary of British and American Au- 
 thors; and reference may ^so be made to 
 Griswold's Poets of America, and Grant 
 Wilson's Poets of Scotlwnd. 
 
 Poetry, An Essay on, in lieroic 
 verse, by John" Sheffield, Duke of 
 BucKlNGHAMSHiltE (1649—1721). This 
 poem was highly praised by Roscommon, 
 Dryden, Pope, and others. 
 
 Poetry, Essay on the Different 
 
 Styles of. A poem, in English heroic 
 verse, by Thomas Paiekell (1679— 171S). 
 
 Poetry, History of English. See 
 Warton, Thomas. 
 
 "Poetry (Not) but prose ma 
 mad." — Pope, Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, 
 line 188.- 
 
 Poetry, On the Uncomnion 
 
 Scarcity of. " Some lines containing," 
 says the Rev. J. Mitford. " a very unusual 
 and unneceFsary complaint." They were 
 contributed by William Falcoker (1730 
 — 1769) to The Gentleman's Magazine for 
 December, 1755. 
 
 "Poetry, the language of the 
 
 gods." See " Nature denied him 
 
 MUCH.'* 
 
 Poetry, The Progress of. See 
 Progress of Poesy, The. 
 
 Poets, An account of the Great- 
 est English. A poetical epistle addressed 
 by Joseph Addison (1672—1719) to Mr. 
 Henry Saoheverell, in April, 1694. It in- 
 cludes criticisms on Chaucer, Spenser, 
 Cowley, Milton, Waller, Roscommon, Den- 
 ham, "Dryden, Congreve, Montague, and 
 Dorset. 
 
 " Poets are all -who love, "who 
 
 feel great truths and tell them, "—Bailey's 
 Festus. 
 
 Poet's Complaint to his Muse, 
 The. A poem by Thomas Otway (1651— 
 less), published in i6S0 ; " part of -which," 
 #23 
 
638 
 
 FOB 
 
 POL 
 
 Bays Johnson, " I do not nnderstand ; and 
 in that which is less obscure I And little to 
 commend. The language is often gross." 
 
 " Poet's dream, The." See " CoN- 
 
 SECBATIOK AKD THE POET'S DREAM." 
 
 "Poet's eye in a fine frenzy 
 
 rolling, The." For the familiar quotation 
 of which this is a part, see A Midsummer 
 IfighVs Dreamt *ict v., sc. 1. 
 
 Poets-Laureate. See Latjbeate, 
 Poets. 
 
 Poets, Lives of the, by Dr. 
 
 Samuel Johnson (1709—1784), prefixed to 
 an edition of the works of those poets, pro- 
 duced in 1779—81. For the editing and 
 biographies, which include much interest- 
 ing criticism, the writer received three 
 hundred guineas. The Lives were event- 
 nally edited in their turn by William 
 Hazlitt, the younger, who supplied a 
 number of others, from Caedmon to 
 "Wordsworth, with the assistance of Allan 
 Cmiuingham, Sir Henry Bulwer, &o. 
 
 Poet's Mind, The. A poena by 
 Alfred Tennyson, published in 1830, 
 and beginning :— 
 
 " Vex not thon the poet's mind . . . 
 Clear and bright it should be ever, 
 Flowing like a crystal river, 
 Bright as light and clear as wind." 
 
 "Poet's pen. The." — A Midsum- 
 mer Night's 3ream, act v., scene 1. 
 
 Poet's Pilgrimage to Waterloo, 
 The. A poem by Robert Southey (1774 
 —1843), published in 1816. 
 
 Poets' Poet, The. A term 
 sometimes applied to Edmund Spenser 
 (q.v.), who has always been a favourite 
 with the greatest of his successors. See 
 Poets, The Prince of. 
 
 Poet's Song, The. A lyric by 
 Alfred Tennyson, published in 1842. 
 
 Poets, The Feast of the. A 
 satiric poem by James Henby Leigh 
 Hunt (1784—1859), in which the great ma- 
 jority of his poetic contemporaries are 
 Introduced, and touched off with much 
 liveliness. See Poets, The Session of 
 the. 
 
 Poets, The Prince of. Edmund 
 Spenser (q.v.) is so called on his monu- 
 ment in Westminster Abbey. See Poets' 
 Poet, The. 
 
 Poets, The Session of the. A 
 
 Suizzical series of verses, written by Sir 
 OHN Suckling (1609—1641), In which the 
 poets of his day are severally represented 
 as laying claim to the bays. Finally, the 
 laurel is given to an alderman, on the 
 ground that 
 
 *' The best sign 
 Of good store of wit was to have good store of 
 coin." 
 
 See Leigh Hunt's Wit and Humour. Jn 
 our own day, Kobert Buchanan (q.v.) 
 contributed to The Spectator, in 1866, a hu- 
 morous poem called Tlie Session of tlie 
 Poets, in which he introduced Tennyson, 
 Browning, Arnold, Lord Lyttqn, Swin- 
 burne, Kingsley, Alford, Bailey, Miss 
 Ingelow, himself, and others. See Lau- 
 REAT, Election op a; Poets, The 
 Feast of the. 
 
 "Poets (The), who on earth 
 have made us heirs." See " Blessings 
 
 BE WITH THEM." 
 
 "Poets (We) in our youth be- 
 gin in gladness."— Wordsworth, Reso' 
 lution aiid Independence — 
 
 " Whereof come in the end despondency and mad- 
 ness," 
 
 Pogram, Elijah, the American in 
 Dickens's novel of Martin Chuzzlewit 
 (q.v.), distinguishes himself by his fervid 
 eulogies upon his native land. ** Elijah 
 Pogram," says Friswell, "with his de- 
 fiance, and his reference to his country, 
 ' whose bright home is in the settin' sim,' 
 is immortal." 
 
 Poins, in Henry /F., parts i. and ii., 
 is a companion of Falstafl (q.v.). 
 
 " Point a moral, and adorn a 
 
 tale. To." Line 222 of Dr. Johnson's 
 satire. The Vanity of Human Wislies (q.v.). 
 
 Folemo-Middinia inter Vitar- 
 
 vam et Nebernam. A macaronic poem, in 
 burlesque Latin, by William Dbummond 
 (1S85— 1649). The Eceneis laidin Fifeshire. 
 Here is a specimen : — 
 
 " Hie aderant Geordy Akinhedius, et little Johnns^ 
 Et Jamy Bichteua, et stout Michel HendereonuB, 
 Qui jolly tryppas ante alios donsare eolebat, 
 £t bobbare nenc, et lassas kissorc bonfeas." 
 
 ' Poliarchus, in Barclay's romance 
 of Argenis (q.v.), of which he is the hero, 
 is intended for Henry o£ Navarre. 
 
 Poliarchus. The pseudonym 
 under which Sir Charles Cotterell 
 corresponded with Mrs. Katharine Philips, 
 " the matchless Orinda" (1631-1664), (q.v.). 
 The letters that passed between them were 
 published in 1705. 
 
 Policeman X, The Ballads of. 
 
 Contributed to T^KTicft by William Make- 
 peace Thackeray. The ballads include: 
 Lines on a Late Uospicious Ewent, The 
 Ballad qf Eliza Davis, Jacob Omnium's 
 Boss, and The Organ Boy's Appeal. 
 
 Policie of a Prince, The Active. 
 
 See Active Polioie of a Prince, The. 
 Polindar and Flostella, The 
 
 History of, "and other poems," by Sir 
 John Haryngton (1561— 1G12): published 
 in 1651. 
 
 Polite Learning, An Inquiry 
 
 into the Present State of, A prose essay, 
 
POL 
 
 POL 
 
 639 
 
 in twelve chapters, by Oliveb<Joldsmith 
 71728—1774); published in 1769. " M is the 
 first publication of Goldsmith's," says Pro- 
 fessor Masson, "in wliichone need now 
 look for anything of his real mind, and is 
 BtlU worth reading." 
 
 " Politeness costs nothing, and 
 
 fains everything." A sentence in one of 
 .ady Mary Woktley Montagu's Let- 
 ters, Henry IV. of France has said long 
 before : " Parole douce ne coflte rien." 
 
 Politeuphia : " or, Wit's Common- 
 wealth." A collection of prose sentences 
 from ancient authors, arranged by .JOHX 
 BoDENHAM, the compiler of England's 
 Helicon (q.v.), and published in 1598. See 
 Palladis Tamia. 
 
 Politian. An unfinished drama 
 by Edgab Allan Pob (1811—1849). Only 
 five scenes have been published. Among 
 the characters are Alessandra, Gastigli- 
 one, Dl Brogllo, Lalage, Jacinta, and Bal- 
 dazzar. Politian is described as Earl of 
 Xeinster, and as 
 
 "A prodigy 
 
 Pre-eminent in arts, and arms, and weoltn, 
 
 And higli descent." 
 
 Political Economy. See McCul- 
 LOCH ; MALTHps ; MabtineAC ; MiLi. : 
 BicABDO ; Smith ; StewAet ; and 
 Whately. 
 
 Political Justice, An Inquiry 
 coneefning; " and its influences on Gen- 
 eral Virtue and Happiness." A prose 
 wort by WILLIAM GODWIN (q.v.), pub- 
 lished in 1793, and " distinguished,*.' says 
 one of his critics, " by the most acute and 
 severe logic, and by the utmost boldness 
 of thinking, founded on a love and convi(}- 
 tion of truth. It is a system of ethics, and 
 one that, though I think it erroneous my- 
 self, is built on following up into its fair 
 consequences a very common and acknowl- 
 edged principle — that abstract reason and 
 general utili^ are the only text and stand- 
 ard of moral rectitude." 
 
 Political Register.The. A weekly 
 serial, conducted by William Cobbutt 
 (q.v.)tfrom January, 1802, to 1835. Origin- 
 ally Tory in tone, it gradually turaed 
 round, until it reached the acme of violent 
 Badicalism, and distinguished itself by its 
 attacks on Pitt. It more than once pro- 
 cured imprisonment for its editor, who was 
 at one time (1810) fined £1,000 for his re- 
 marks on the flogging of militiamen, and 
 who at another (1817) forwarded his arti- 
 cles to the printer from the other side of 
 the Atlantic. 
 
 Politician, The. A tragedy by 
 Jaues Shibley (1594—1666). , 
 
 Polizenes. King of Bohemia, in 
 The Winter's Tale (q.v.). 
 
 Pollente. The father of Munera 
 In Spekseb's FaSrie Queene (q.v;). 
 
 Pollio. An elegiac ode, by Wiir 
 LIAM .Julius Micklis (1734—17^8), pub- 
 lished in 1765. 
 
 PoUok, Robert, Scottish poet 
 (b. 1799 d. 1827), wrote Tales of tlie Coven- 
 anto'S^ui. Tlie Course of Time (1827), (q.v.). 
 His Life was published by his brother in 
 1843. 
 
 Polly. See Beggae's Opbba and 
 Peaohum. • » 
 
 Folonivfs. Lord Chamberlainto the 
 King of Denmark, in Hamlet (q.v.). He is 
 described by Coleridge as " the personified 
 memory of wisdom no longer actually pos- 
 sessed. Take his advice to Laertes, and 
 Ophelia's reverence for his memory, -and 
 we shall see-that he was meant to be rep- 
 resented as a statesmaji somewhat past his 
 faculties — his recollections of life all full 
 of wisdom, and showing a knowledge of 
 human nature, whilst what immediately- 
 takes place before him, and escapes from 
 him, is indicative of weakness." " Poloni- 
 us's character," says Warburton, "is that 
 of a weak pedantic^ minister of state. His 
 declamation is a fine satire on the imper- 
 tinent oratory then In vogue, which placed 
 reason in the fonnality of method, and wit 
 in the jingle and play of words." 
 
 Polychronioon. A history of tlie 
 world, from its creation, compiled by 
 Kalph Higden (q.v.). It was in seven 
 books, the first of which described the 
 countries of the world, and especially 
 Britain : the second gave the history of 
 the world from the creation to Nebuchad- 
 nezzar ; the third closed with the birth of 
 Christ ; the fourth concluded with the 
 arrival of the English in Britain; the 
 fifth went down to the invasion of the 
 Danes ; the sixth ended with the Norman 
 Conquest ; and the seventh brought the 
 narrative down to 1342. The Polychron- 
 icon had a high reputation long after the 
 writer's death, in 1363. 
 
 Polydore. See Guiderius. 
 
 Polyglotta Biblia 'Waltoni The 
 
 title given to the famous Polyglott Bible, 
 edited by Bbian Walton, Bishop or 
 Chesteb (1600—1661), and published be- 
 tween 1654 and 1657. The Paris Polyglott 
 by Le Jay had been completed in 1646, and 
 in 1652 Walton issued, with a speeiinen, 
 proposals for an edition of his own. " Sel- 
 den and Usher announced Iheir approval 
 of the scheme, and the Council of State 
 granted him permission, afterwards re- 
 newed by Cromwell, to import the paper 
 for the work duty free. One copy was to 
 be supplied for £10, six for £60 ; and Wal- 
 ton's Polyglott is said to have been, with 
 the exception of Minshen's Dictioiiaiy,- 
 the first work published in England by 
 subscription. £9,000 were soon subseribea 
 and contributed. As an aid to its stu- 
 dents," we are told, " Walton publishedin 
 1654 an 'Introductio ad lectionem lingu» 
 
540 
 
 POL 
 
 POO 
 
 arum Orientalium,' The first volume of 
 the Polyglott itself appeared in Septem- 
 ber, 1654, and the publication of the work, 
 in six volumes, was completed in 1657. 
 Pocock and Usher revised the earlier 
 sheets, and among the gcholars who gave 
 their aid to tlie work were Lightioot, 
 Wheelock, Clai-ke, Sanderson, and, above 
 all. Dr. Edmund Castell, whose valuable 
 Lexicon Heptaglotton, a lexicograpliical 
 appendix to the Polyglott, was published 
 in two volumes in 1669. The first volume 
 of the Polyglott consists of prolegomena, 
 which have Deen several times republished 
 separately, the sixth of various readings 
 aud critical remarks. Nine languages are 
 used in the work, but no one book is given 
 in so many. The Gospels are given in six 
 languages. The Chaldee paraphrase is 
 more complete than in any former Poly- 
 glott, and some parts of the Bible are 
 printed in ^thiopic and Persian, neither 
 of which were to be found in any similar 
 work." 
 
 Polyhymnia. A poem by Geokge 
 Peelb (1552—1598), written in 1590, in cele- 
 bration of Sir Henry Lee's resignation of 
 the office of Queen's Champion. 
 
 Polyolbion. A poetical celebra- 
 tion of the natural beauties and historical 
 associations ofEngland,byMiCHAEL Diia v- 
 TOK (1563— 1631). Tlie first part, contain- 
 ing eighteen songs or books, was published 
 in 1612, and the second part, in twelve 
 books, in 1622. The information it con- 
 tains — legendary, historical, and topo- 
 graphlcal— is in general bo accurate that 
 tJie work is quoted as an authority by 
 Heame, Wood, and Nicholson . Yet 
 tiiese dry details are handled with so much 
 power and picturesqueness that they do 
 not weary the reader. *'Such a poem," 
 Bays Hallam, " is essentially designed to 
 instruct, and speaks to the understanding 
 more than to the fancy. The powers dis- 
 played in it are, however of a high cast. 
 The style is sustained with extraordinary 
 ability on an equable line, from which he 
 seldom much deviates, neither brilliant 
 nor prosaic ; few or no passages could be 
 marked as impressive, but few are lan- 
 guid and mean. The language is clear, 
 strong, various, and sufficiently figurative ; 
 the stories and fictions interspersed, as 
 well as the general spirit and liveliness, 
 relieve tho heaviness incident to topo- 
 giaphical description. There is probably 
 no poem of this kind in any other lan- 
 guage, comparable in extent and excel- 
 lence to the Polf/olbimi ; nor can any one 
 read a portion of it without admiration for 
 its learned and highly-gifted author. Yet 
 perhaps no English poem, known as well 
 Dy name, is so little known beyond its 
 name. 
 
 Fomfret, John, clergymnn and 
 
 fioet (b. 1667, d. 1703), published his Poems 
 n 1699. See the Li/e by Dr. Johnson ; and 
 
 for Criticism, SoutJtiey'B English Poets and 
 Campbell's Selections. ** Perhaps," says 
 Dr. Johnson, " no composition in our lan- 
 guage has been of tener perused than Pom- 
 fret's C7/otce, In his other poems there "is 
 an easy volubility ; the pleasure of smooth 
 metre is afforded to the ear, and the mind 
 is not oppressed with ponderous or en- 
 tangled with intricate sentiment." See 
 Choice, The ; Pisdakio Essays. 
 
 "Pomp aud circumstance of 
 
 glorious war, Pride." — Othello, act iii., 
 scene 3. 
 
 Pompeii, The Last Days of. See 
 
 Last Days of Pompeii. 
 
 Pompey. A clown, in Measure/or 
 Measure (q.v.), 
 
 Pompey the Great, his fair Cor- 
 nelia's Tragedy. Translated into English 
 bl ank verse from the French of Robert Gar- 
 nier, ijy Thomas Kyd, in 1594, and re- 
 printed in Dodsley's collection of Old 
 Plays, 
 
 Pont, Robert, Presbyterian min- 
 ister (b. 1625, d. 1G06>, published in 1604, De 
 U7iione Britannia Jq. v>) ; also Three Ser- 
 mans against Sacrifice (1599) ; Parvus Cafe- 
 chismus (1573) ; and A Newe freatise of the 
 Right Iteckoning of Yeares (1599). 
 
 Poole, John, dramatist ai^d hu- 
 morous writer, was the author of o.^'Comic 
 Sketch Book: or. Sketches and Beeotlec' 
 iions (1835) ; Patrician and Parvenu, a 
 comedy (1835) ; Oddities of London Life 
 (1838) ; Little Pedlington and the Pedling- 
 tonians (1839) ; Phineas Quiddy : or, Sheer 
 Industry (1842) ; Comic Miscellany (1845) ; 
 Paul Pry, a comedy ; and other works, in- 
 cluding several burlesques. See Pedling- 
 ton, Little ; Pky, Paul. 
 
 Poole, Matthew, Biblical com- 
 mentator (b. 1624, d, 1679), produced a 
 Synopsis Criticorum (1669) ; Annotations 
 vpmi the Holy Bible (1683) ; The Nullity of 
 the limnish Faith (^Q&l),&XiA. other works. 
 
 " Poor and content is rich, and 
 rich enough." — Othello, act iii., scene 3. 
 
 Poor Gentleman, The. A comedy 
 by Geouge Colman the Younger (1762 — 
 1836) produced in 1802. The hero is Sir 
 Charles Cropland, See Ollapod. 
 
 "Poor in abundance, famish'd 
 at a feast."— Young, Night Thoughts, vii., 
 part ii., line 44. 
 
 Poor Jack. A song by CHAHLEa 
 DiBDiN (1745—1814). The last two lines 
 run : — 
 
 " There's a sweet little cherub that bUs up aloft. 
 To keep watch o'er the life of Poor Jack," 
 
 '•Poor little, pretty, fluttering 
 
 thing." First line of Matthew Prior's 
 version of Hadrian's lines To his Soul, 
 See "Vital Spark." 
 
POO 
 
 FOP 
 
 641 
 
 Poor Relations. One of best 
 known and most humorous of the JSssays 
 of JSlia (q.v.). *' A ^oor relation is the 
 most irrelevant thing m nature, a piece of 
 impertinent correspondency, an odious ap- 
 proximation, a haunting conscience, a 
 preposterous shadow, lengthening in the 
 jioontide of your prosperity, an unwel- 
 come remembrance, a perpetually recur- 
 ring mortitication, a draw on your purse, a 
 more intolerable dun on your pride, a 
 drawback upon success, a rebuke to your 
 rising, a stain in your blood, a blot on 
 vour scutcheon, a rent in your garment, a 
 death's-head at your banquet, Agathocles' 
 pot, a Mordecai at your gate, a Lazarus at 
 your door, a lion in your path, a frog in 
 your chamber, a fly in your ointment, a 
 mote in your eye, atriumph to your enemy, 
 an apology to your friends, the one thing 
 not needful, the hail in harvest, the ounce 
 of sour in a pound of sweet." 
 
 Poor Richard. See Kicuakd, 
 
 POOB. 
 
 Poor Robin. See Robin, Book. 
 
 Pope, Alexander, poet (b. 1088, 
 d. 1744), wrote Pastorals (1709) ; An Essay 
 on Criticism (1711) ; The Rape of the Loclc 
 (1712) ; The Messiah (1712) ; Prologue to 
 Cato (1713) ; WinfJsor Forest (1713) ; Ode to 
 St.Cecilia'sDay (1113); TJie Temple of Fame 
 (1714) ; Elegy to ike Memory of an Unfortu- 
 nate Lady (1717) ; Epistle from Eloisa to 
 Abelard (1717) ; Three Hours ofler Marriage 
 (q.v.) ; translation of the Iliad (1820) ; edi- 
 tion of Shakespeare (1725) ; translation of 
 the Odyssey f vols. i. to iii. (1725) ; Letters 
 to Cromwell (1726) ; Treatise on the Bathos 
 (1727) ; The JDunciad, books i. to iii. (1728): 
 contributions to The Grub Street Journal 
 (1730—1737) ; Epistle on Taste (1731) ; Es- 
 say 07t Man (1732 — 1734) ; Moral Essays, 
 concluded (1735) ; Epistle to Arhuthnot 
 (1735) ; CorrdHpondence (1735 and 1736) ; 
 Imitations of Horace (1733—4 — 7) ; Epilor/ue 
 to the Satires (1738) ; The New Dunciad 
 (1742—1743). The beat edition of Pope's 
 Works is undoubtedly, that 'of the Kev. 
 Whitwell Elwin. See also the editions by 
 A. W. Ward (1869), Cowden Clarke (1873), 
 and Kossetti (1873). All have biographies. 
 Detailed notices of most of the Works will 
 be found in their proper places. For 
 Criticism, see Johnson's Lives of the Poets, 
 Kazlitt's English Poets,, De Quincey's 
 Leaders of Liferatwe, Saint Beuve's Caus- 
 cries, Taiiie's English Literature, Stephen's 
 Hours in a Library, Lowell's Study Win- 
 dows. "Pope," Fays Lowell, "had one of 
 the prime qualities of a great poet in ex- 
 actly answering the Intellectual needs of 
 the age in which he lived, and in reflecting 
 its lineaments. He did in some not inade- 
 quate sense hold the mirror up to nature. 
 It was a mirror in a drawing-room, but it 
 gave back a faithful image of society, 
 powdered and rouged, to be sure, and in- 
 tent ou trifles, yet Btill as human lu its 
 
 own way as the heroes of Homer in theirs. 
 It would bo an inadequate or a dishonest 
 criticism that should nold Pope responsi- 
 ble for the narrow compass of the instru- 
 ment which was his legacy from his imme- 
 diate predecessors, any more than for the 
 wearisome thrumming over of his tune by 
 those who came after him, and who had, 
 caught his technical skill without hia 
 genius. The question properly stated is, 
 How much was it possible to. make of the 
 material supplied by the age in which ho 
 lived ? and how much did he make of it ? 
 Thus far, among the. great English poets 
 who preceded him, we have seen actual 
 life represented by Chaucer, imaginative 
 life by Spenser, ideal life by Sbaktspeare, 
 the interior life by Milton. But as every- 
 thing aspires to a rhythmical utterance 
 of itself, so conventional life, a new phe- 
 nomenon, was waiting for its poet.. It 
 found or made a most fltting one in Pope.' 
 He stands for exactness of intellectual ex- 
 pression, for perfect propriety of phrase. 
 (I speak of him at his best), and is a strik- 
 ing instance how much success and penna- 
 nence of reputation depend on conscien- 
 tious finish as well as on native endow- 
 ment. However it maybe with, poet-s, it 
 is very certain that a reader is happiest- 
 whose mind is broad enough to enjoy the' 
 natural school for its nature, and the arti- 
 ficial for its artificiality, provided they bo 
 only good of their kind. At any rate, we 
 must allow that the man who can proauco 
 one perfect worlds either a great genius 
 or a very lucky one ; and so far as we who 
 read are concerned, it is of secondary im- 
 portance which. And Pope has done this 
 in The Jtape of the Lock. In The Pajye of the 
 Lock he appears more purely as a poet 
 than in any other of his productions. Else-* 
 where he has shown more force, more wit, 
 more reach of thought, but nowhere such 
 a truly artistic combination of elegance 
 and fancy. His genius has here found its 
 true direction, and the ^ry same artifi- 
 ciality, which in his pastorals was unpleas- 
 ing, heightens the elfect, and adda to the 
 general keeping. As truly as Shalce- 
 speare is the poet of man as God made him, 
 dealing with great passions and minute 
 motives, so truly is Pope tlie poet of Socie- 
 ty, the delineation of manners, the ex- 
 poser of those motives which may be called 
 acquired, whose spring is in the institu- 
 tions and habits of purely worldly origin. 
 In his own province lie still stands unap- 
 proachably alone. If to be the greatest 
 satirist of ^individual men, rather than of 
 human nature ; if tohe the highest expres- 
 sion which the life of the court and the 
 ball-room has ever found in verse ; if to 
 have added more phrases to our language 
 than any other but Shakespeare ; if to have 
 charmed four generations make a man a 
 great poet— then he is one. He was the 
 chief founder of an artificial style of wri- 
 ting, which in hia handa was living and 
 powerful, because he iii^ed it to express- 
 
542 
 
 POP 
 
 POB 
 
 artificial modes of thinking, and an artifi- 
 cial state of society. Measured by any 
 higU standard of imagination, lie will be 
 found wanting ; tried by any test of wit, 
 he is unrivalled." " A poeii," says Taine, 
 " exists in Pope, and to discover him wo 
 have only to read him by fragments ; if 
 the whole is, as a rule, wearisome or 
 Bhockiug, the details are admirable. Ask 
 Pope to paint in verse an eel, a perch, or a 
 trout— he has the exact phrase ready ; we 
 might glean ftom him the contents of a 
 gradus. Ho gives the features so exaptly 
 that at once we think we see the thing. He 
 possesses the richest store of words to depict 
 the sylphs that flutter round his heroine 
 Belinda. Doubtless Uiese are not Shake- 
 speare's sylphs ;but side by side with a nat- 
 ural and living rose, we may still look with 
 pleasure on a Bower of diamonds, as they 
 came from the hands of the jeweller, amas- 
 terpiece of art and patience, whose facets 
 make the light glitter, and cast a shower of, 
 Bparkles'over the filagree foliage in whicli 
 they are embedded. To descriptive talent 
 Pope unites oratorical talent. In his time, 
 poetry had became a mere afEected prose 
 Bubject to rhyme. It was only a higher 
 kind of conversation. Its final task was 
 the didactic poem, which is a dissertation 
 in verse. Pope excelled in it, and his most 
 perfect poems are those made up of pre- 
 cepts and arguments. In this Pope is in- 
 comparable. I do not tliink there is in the 
 •world a versified prose like his. If the 
 ideas are mediocre, the art of expressing 
 •^em is truly marvellous : marvellous is 
 the word." " Pope," says Leslie Stephen, 
 " was more than a mere literaiy aitist. 
 He was a man in whom there was the seed 
 of many good thoughts, though choked in 
 their development by the growth of in- 
 numerable weeds. The Universal Prayer 
 may be unfamiliar to some readers. If so, 
 it will do them no harm to read over again 
 a few of its verses. Perhaps, after that ex- 
 perience, they will admit that the little 
 cripple of Twickenham, distorted as were 
 his instincts after he had been stretched on 
 the rack of this rough world, and grievous 
 as were his offences against the laws of 
 decency and morality, had yet in him a 
 noble strain of eloquence significant of 
 deep religious sentiment." See Denkis, 
 Nakkativis, &c. ; Dying Christian ; 
 Eloibato Abelard ; Epitaphs ; Fame, 
 The Temple of ; HoracEjSatibics, &c. ; 
 Imitations of English Poets ; Janu- 
 ary AND May ; One thousand Seven 
 Hundred ; Satires ; Scriblerus, Mar- 
 tin ; Solitude, Ode to ; Statius his 
 Thebais; Universal Prayer. 
 
 Pope, Walter. See Old Man's 
 "Wish, The. 
 
 Popery and Arbitary Govern- 
 ment in England, An Account of the 
 Growth of. A prose work by Andrew 
 Marvell (1620—1678), which, on its pub- 
 lication iu 1678, so provoked the authodtles 
 
 by its biting satire, that a reward was of- 
 fered for the discovery and apprehension 
 of the author, printer, or publisher of what 
 was termed " this scandalous andeeditiouB 
 libel." 
 
 Poplar, Anthony. The name 
 assumed by the editor of The Dublin Uni- 
 versity Magazine in its earlier numbers. 
 See Urban, Sylvanus, and Yorke, 
 Oliver. 
 
 " Populous city pent, In." See 
 "City pent." 
 
 " Porcelain clay of human kind, 
 This is the." — Dryden, Don SehasUaUf act 
 i., scene 1. 
 
 Porcupine, Peter. A nom de 
 plume of "William Cobbett (1762— 1P3&), 
 who, in 1796, established at Philadelphia a 
 newspaper called Peter Porcupine's Ga- 
 zette. The Works of Peter Porcupinet in 
 twelve volumes, were published in Loudon 
 in 1801. 
 
 Pordage, Samuel, was the author 
 of Azaria and J£ushai{q.Y.)^ a reply to 
 Dryden's Absalom and Achttopel (q.T.) ; 
 and of The Medal Pevers'a: a Satire 
 against Persecution ^ a. reply to the same 
 writer's Medal (q.v.). He also wrote two 
 tragedies entitled Herod and Mariamne 
 (1673) and The Siege of Babylon (1678) ; a 
 romance called Eliana, ana a version of 
 Seneca's Troas. His shorter Poems ap- 
 peared in 1660. 
 
 Porrex. The younger son of Gor- 
 hoduc, in the play of the latter name 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Forsena, Lars. A legendary king 
 of Etruria, who figures in one of Macau- 
 LAY's Lays of Ancient Rome, 
 
 P or son, Richard, classical editor 
 and critic (b. 1759, d. 18C'e), puljlished Letters 
 to Mr. Archdeacon Travis (1790), edition^ 
 of the Hecuba m&I), Orestes (1198), Pli(&> 
 nissce (1799), Medea (1801) ; and other publi- 
 cations collected by Monk and.Bloomfield 
 in the Adversaria (1812) ; by Dobree in the 
 Notm in Aristophanem (1820) ; by Kidd in 
 the Ih^acts ana Miscellaneous Cnticisms 
 (1815) ; the whole forming, with his Photii 
 Grcecum Lexicon and An Imperfect Outline 
 of his Life by Kidd, the six volumes of 
 Person's Opera Philologica et Critica. See, 
 also, Porsoniana (1814) :A Short Account 
 of the late Mr. Richard Person, by the Rev. 
 Stephen "Weston (1808) ; A Narrative of the 
 last Illness and Death of Richard Porson,\>y 
 Br. Adam Clarke(1808): A Vindication of the 
 Literary Character of the late Professor Por» 
 son, by Crito Gantabrigiensis (Dr. Turton, 
 Bishop of Ely), (1827) ; TJie Life of Richard 
 Person, by the Rev. J. Selby Watson 
 (1861); andAikin's Atlienceiim. SirEger- 
 ton Brydges wrote of Person :— " His gift 
 was a surprising memory; he appeared to 
 xne a mere linguistf without any original 
 
POR 
 
 POT 
 
 543 
 
 powers of tnind. He was vain, petulant, 
 arrogant, overbearing, rough, TUlj^ar. He 
 wjis a great Greek scholar ; but this was a 
 department which lery few much culti- 
 vated, and in which therefore he had few 
 competitors. "What are the extraordinary 
 productionshe has left to posterity ? Where 
 IS the proof" that he has left of energetic 
 sentiments, of deep sagacity, of powerful 
 reasoning, or of high eloquence ? Admit 
 that he nas shown acuteness in verbal 
 cnticiam and verbal emendation : what is 
 that ? The fame of his erudition blinded 
 and dazzled the public.*' 
 
 " Port to imperial Tokay." See 
 
 "Humble port," &o. 
 
 Porte-Crayon. A pseudonym as- 
 Bumefl by David H. Strothek, an Amer- 
 ican writer, in contributing a series of 
 articles to Harper's Weekly ^ a magazine 
 published in New York. 
 
 Porteous, Beilby, successively 
 Bishop of Chester and London (b. 1731, d. 
 1808), published Sermons on Several Sub- 
 jects (VIS3)f Lectures on the Gospel of Si, 
 Matthew (1802), Tracts on various Suojects 
 (1807), and Death: a Poem (1839). His 
 iVorks were published, with an account of 
 his Life, by Dr. Hod^on, in 1811. See, 
 also, the Life by a Layman of Merton Col- 
 lege (1810). 
 
 Porter, Anna Maria, poet and 
 novelist (b. 1780, d. 1832), wrote Artless 
 Tales (1793) ; Octavia (1T98) ; The Lakes of 
 Kiltamey (1804) ; A Sailor's Friendship 
 and a Soldier's Love (1805) ; The Hun- 
 garian Brothers (1807); Von Seoa3tian{lB<i9); 
 JBallads, Romances, and other Poems (1811): 
 The Recluse of Norway (1814).; Walsh 
 Golville{\%X9() ; The Feast of St. Magdalen 
 (1818) ; The Village of Mariendorpt (1821); 
 The Knight of St. John (1821) ; Jioche 
 Blanche (1822) j Tales round a Winter 
 Hearth (in conjunction with her sister, 
 Jane) ; Honor O'Hara (1826) ; Barony 
 (1830) ; and other works. 
 
 Porter, George Richardson. 
 
 statistician (b. 1702, d. 1852), published, 
 among other works. The Progress of the 
 Nation (tSSI) ; See Tite Gentleman^ Maga- 
 stine for 1852. 
 
 Porter, Jane, novelist (b. 1776, d. 
 1850), published Thaddeus of Warsaw 
 (1803), (q.v.) ; The Scottish Chiefs (1810) ; 
 (q.v.) ; The Pastor's Fireside (1815) ; Duke 
 Christian qfLwneberg (1824) ; Coming Out, 
 and the Field of Forty Footsteps (1828) ; 
 Talesrov/nda Winter jHearf A (in conjunc- 
 tion with her sister, Anna Maria), (1826) : 
 Sir Edward Seaward's Diary. {q^.y.) ; and 
 other works. 
 
 Portfolio, The. A literary peri- 
 odical edited by Joseph Dennie (1768— 
 1812), and published in America from 1800 
 until 1812. Among the, contributors were 
 Jo&u Quincy Adams, Morris, Tyler, Biu- 
 
 ney, Hopkinson, Biddle, Brockden Brown, 
 and the editor. 
 
 Portia, in The Merchant of Venice 
 (q.v-), is a rich heiress, whose hand and 
 fortune hang upon the right choosing 
 between a gold, a silver, and a leaden 
 casket. She is in love with Bassanio(q.v.), 
 who, luckily, chooses well. She appeai-s 
 at the trial of Antonio (q.v.) as a " young 
 doctor of Borne," named Balthazar (q.v.). 
 
 Posset for Nature's' Breakfast, 
 A. Lines by Margaret, Duchess of New- 
 castle (q.v.), beginning :— 
 '* Life BCume the cream of beauty with Time's spoon 
 And draws the claret wine of blushes soon i 
 Then boils it in a ekillct clean of youth. 
 And thicks it well with crumbled bread of truth j 
 Befs it upon the iire of Life, which docs 
 Bum clearer much when Health her bellows 
 blows." 
 
 "Post (The) of honour is a pri- 
 vate station."— Addison, Cato, act iv., 
 scene 2. 
 
 Posthuxnus, husband of Imogen 
 (q.v.), in Shakespeare's play of Cym' 
 heline, is " the ostensible hero of the piece, 
 but its greatest charm is the character of 
 Imogen. Posthumus," says Hazlitt, " is 
 onljr interesting from the interest she takes 
 in nim, and she is only interesting herself 
 from her tenderness and constancy to her 
 husband." 
 
 Postman Poet, The. The name 
 by which Edward Caperit (q.v.) of Bide-, 
 ford, is frequently designated, in reference 
 to the occupation which he has for some 
 time followed. 
 
 " Potations pottle deep." — 
 
 Othello, act ii., scene 3. 
 
 "Potent, grave, and reverend 
 
 signiors, Most." — Othello, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Potestate Pape, De. A work 
 published by John Barclay (1582—1621) 
 in 1611, but really written by his father. 
 It lays down the propositions that the Pope ■ '^ 
 has no ;power direct or indirect over sove- 
 reigns in temporals, and that they who 
 allow him any such power, whatever they 
 may intend, do very great prejudice to the 
 Roman Catholic religion. These, as Alll- 
 bone remarks, were curious arguments for 
 an adherent of the Romish Church to put 
 forward, and they naturally excited con- 
 siderable reprobation and discussion; 
 They were answered by Cardinal Bellar- 
 mine, to whom Barclay duly replied in 
 his J. Bm'clay Pcefas (1612) ; but in his 
 Pyrcenensis and Sectaries, published in 
 1617, Barclay attemi)ted some reparation 
 for his father's heresies. 
 
 Potion, Mr., the apothecary in 
 Smollett's novel of Roderick Random 
 (q.v.), is intended for Mr. John Gordon., 
 an eminent surgeon, to whom the novelisv 
 was bound apprentice in the earlier years 
 of his lif Cf and to whom he does greater 
 
644 
 
 POT 
 
 PRA 
 
 justice by the mouth of Matthew Bramble 
 i<l.7.)mMa Humphrey Clinker (q.v.). 
 
 Pots, Tom, occurs in the ballad of 
 The Lovers' Quarrel (q.v.). 
 
 Pot, Mr Editor of The Eatans- 
 will Gazette (q.T.) in Dickens's novel of 
 the Pickwick Papers (q.v.). -See Sl(JBK. 
 
 Potter, John, Aiclibishop of Can- 
 terbury (b. 16X4, d. 1747), published Lyco- 
 phr<m*8 Alexandria (1697), Antiquities of 
 Greece (16ai — 9), and Discourse on Church, 
 Government (1707). Hia theological Works 
 were published in 1753. 
 
 Potter, Robert, Prebendary of 
 Norwick (b. 1721, d. 1804), translated plays 
 by .«:schylus, Euripides, and Sophocles : 
 wrote metrical rersiona of the Song of 
 Adoration and the Oracle against Babylon 
 in Isaiah ; and published an Inquiry into 
 some Passages m Johnson's JAves of the 
 Poe(s (1783), 
 
 Pounce, Mr. Peter, figures iu 
 Fielding's novel of The Adventures of 
 Joseph Andrews (q.v.). 
 
 "Pound oi &esh, A.."— The Mer- 
 chant of Venice, act iv., scene 1. 
 
 Poundtezt, Peter. An " indul- 
 ged pastor " with the army of the Cove- 
 nanters, in Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 Old Mortality (q.v.). 
 
 "Poverty, but not myTwill, con- 
 sents. My." — Romeo and Juliet, act v., 
 scene 1. 
 
 "Poverty to the very lips. 
 Steeped me in." — Othello, act iv., scene 2. 
 LoNorELLow (in The Goblet of Life) has 
 the expression — 
 
 " Steeped to the lips in misery." 
 
 Povrell, Baden, clergyman and 
 philosopher (b. 1796, d. 1860), was tlie author 
 of a History of Natural Philosophy (1842) ; 
 Mssays on tlie Spirit of Inductive Philoso- 
 phy, the Unity qf Worlds, and the Philoso- 
 phy of Creation (1855) ; I'he Order of 
 Nature (1859) ; Tlte Study and Evidence 
 qf Christianity (1860) ; and other works. 
 
 Powell, Ed-ward, Roman Catho- 
 lic divine (d. 1640), wrote Propugnaculum 
 Sumni Sacerdotii Evangelici (1623), and 
 Tractatus de nan Dissolvendo Henrici re- 
 gis cum Catherina Matrimonii. 
 
 Powell, Mary. A novel by Miss 
 Anjje Manning (b. 1807), published in 
 1860. 
 
 "Pcwer, a forty-parson." See 
 
 " FOBTT-PAESON POWEK, A." 
 
 "Power the giftie gie us, O 
 wad some." — Burns, To a Louse — 
 
 " To see oursels as ithcts sec us I " 
 
 "Power (The) of thought, the 
 
 magicof the mind."— Bybon, The Corsair, 
 canto J., stanza S. 
 
 Po-werfuli Favorite, The : " or, 
 
 the Life of ^lius Sejanus," A tract 
 printed in Paris in 1628, and directed 
 against the Duke of Buckingham. - It has 
 been attributed to Pierre Matthieu, the 
 French historian, and to Philip Massinger, 
 the dramatist. 
 
 Powers of the Human Mind, 
 
 The Active. See Active Powers of the 
 Human Mind, Essay on the. 
 
 Poynet, John, Bishop successively 
 of llochester and Winchester (b. 1514, d. 
 1556), wrote A Tragedy: or, Dialogs of 
 the itnjust usurped Priniaele of the BisJtop 
 of Home ; A iSfiorte Treatise -'of Poliixk 
 Power (1556) ; A Notable Treatise Concem- 
 inge the liyght Use of the Lordes Supper 
 (1550) ; A Defence f&r Marriage qf Priests 
 (1549) ; and other works. 
 
 Poyser, Mrs. A character iij 
 Adam sBede (q.v.) . Some of this worthy's 
 wonderfully shrewd and humorous obser- 
 vations have passed \nto the language. 
 Here are some specimens : — ** It seems as 
 if them as aren't wanted here are th'only 
 folks as aren't wanted in the otherworld.'* 
 " I'm not denyiu' the women are foolish: 
 God Almighty made 'em to match the 
 men." "It's hard to tell which is Old 
 Harry when everybody's got boots on." 
 " There's many a good bit o' work done 
 with a sad heart." " It's poor work allays 
 settin' the dead above the livin'. It 'ud be 
 better if folks *ud make much on us be- 
 forehand, istid o' beginning when we're 
 gone." " Some folks' tongues are like 
 the clocks as run on strikin*, not to tell 
 you the time of day, but because there's 
 summat wrong in their own inside." 
 
 P. P., A parish Clerk. Tlie 
 feigned author of a book of Memoirs 
 (q.v.), by Dr. Arbuthnot. 
 
 Practyse of Prelates, The, by 
 
 William Tyndale (1477—1536), was pub- 
 lished in 1530, and discussing "whether 
 the Kynges Grace may be separated from 
 hys Queene, because she was hys Brothers 
 Wyfe." 
 
 Praed, "Wiuthrop Mackworth, 
 
 politician and poet (b. 1802, d. 1839), con- 
 tributed to The Etonian and to KnighVs 
 Quarterly Magazine. His verses were 
 wholly occasional and fugitive, and were 
 first brought together by an American i)ub- 
 lisher in 1844. Among the best known are 
 The Vica/r, Quince, The Chaunt of the 
 Brazen Head, OurBall^ A Letter of Advice, 
 and The Belle of the Ball-romn. An au- 
 thorised and complete edition of his Poems 
 was published in England in 1864. See 
 the edition prepared and prefaced by Sir 
 George Young. " Praed," says Irederick 
 Looker, '* possesses a fancy less wild than 
 Moore, while his sympathies are narrower 
 
PRA 
 
 PEE 
 
 546 
 
 than Thackeray's j he has plenty of wit, 
 however, And a high idiomatic, incisive, 
 and most finished style, and, iii his pecu- 
 liar vein, has never oeen equalled, and, it 
 may he safely affirmed, can never be ex- 
 celled." See COUKTEHAY, Pebegbihe. 
 
 Frsiise at Farting. A moral play 
 by Stephen Gossoif. 
 "Praise by -wholesale, To." — 
 
 Cakjjikg, The Anti-Jacobin (q.y.). 
 
 "Praise G-od from -whom all 
 
 blessings flow."— Ke»'s Evening Hymn. 
 
 " Praise indeed." See " Appro- 
 bation, &o." 
 
 "Praise is only praise -when 
 
 well addressed." — Gay, Epigrams, 
 
 " Praise it or blame it too much. 
 TVe scarcely can." — Goldsmith, Betalia- 
 tion, line 30. 
 
 Praise of a Solitary Life. A 
 
 sonnet by the Earl of Anceum (1578— 
 1664). 
 Praise of Aige. See Aige, Pkaise 
 
 OF. 
 
 Praise of His Lady, A. A poem, 
 attributed to Geobge, Viscount -Roche- 
 fort (d. 1536), in Tottel's Miscellany 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Praise of the Fair Brydges, 
 afterwards Lady Sands, "on her having 
 a scar in her forehead." A poem by 
 Geobge Gascoigne, in . Alexandrine 
 metre, printed in A Hundreth Surnlri/ 
 Efowresia 1572. The lady here celebrated 
 was Catherine, daughter of Edmond. sec- 
 ond Lord Chandos, wife of William, 
 Lord Sands. 
 
 Praise of Women, A. See 
 Women, A Peaise oP. 
 
 " Praise undeserved is satire in 
 disguise." — Beoadhuest, The British 
 Beauties, in The Oarland (1723). The line 
 is misquoted by Pope in his Imitation of 
 Horace (epislle i., book ii.) as 
 
 " Praise undeserved is scandal in disguise." 
 
 " Praises (Our) are our wages." 
 —The Winter's Tale, act i., scene 2. 
 
 "Praising what is lost makes 
 the remembrance deai."— All's Well that 
 Ends Well, act v., scene 3. 
 
 Pratt, Samuel Jackson. See 
 Melmoth, Couetney. 
 
 " Prayer all his business, all his 
 pleasure praise."- Pabneli., T?ie Hermit, 
 line 6. 
 
 " Prayer and praise." See " Of- 
 fices OF Peaybe and Pbaise." 
 
 " Prayer ardent opens heaven." 
 TODNG, Night Tlumghts, night vlll., line 
 2Ti. 
 
 "Prayer is the soul's sincere 
 
 desire." First line of Prayer, a lyric by 
 James Montgomeey (1771—1854). 
 
 Prayer-Book. See Common 
 Peayee, Book of. 
 
 "Frayeth well, who loveth 
 well, He." — See part viii. of Tile Ancient 
 Ma/riner (q.v.) — 
 
 " Botli man and bird and beast." 
 
 *' He praj^eth best who loveth best 
 
 AU things, botli great aud small 
 
 For the dear God who ]ovet]i us. 
 
 Hath made and loveth all." 
 
 ' "Preached (I) as never sure to 
 preach again."— Baxter, Love Breathing 
 Thanks ami Praise. See " Dying man to 
 
 DYING MEN." 
 
 "Preached to death by wild 
 
 curates." An expression of Sydney 
 Smith's. See his Life by his daughter. 
 
 Preaching Sermon reproving 
 
 unpreaching Prelates : " being a faithful 
 collection of observable Passages in Seve-. 
 ral Sermons preached by Hugh Lati- 
 MEB," Bishop of WoECESTEB (about 1491 
 —1555); printed in 1661. 
 
 " Preaching simple Christ to 
 simple men.*' — Tennyson, Sea Dreams. 
 
 Preceptor, The, published by 
 EOBEET DODSLEY in 1748, consisted of a 
 number of treatises on various branches of 
 knowledge, and was long a popular and 
 useful work. 
 
 Freciosa. A gipsy girl,- the 
 heroine of The Spanish Student (q.v.) ; in 
 love with Victorian. 
 
 *^ Her step was royal, — queen-like, — and her face 
 As beautiful as a saint's in Paradise." * 
 
 " Precious stone, set in a silver 
 
 sea, This." A description of England 
 contained in scene i., act ii., of Xing 
 Richard II. 
 
 " This happy breed of men, this little world. 
 This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this Eng- 
 land." 
 
 Fredestinatione, De. A treatise 
 by Johannes Scotus (d. 877). 
 
 Prelatical Episcopacy, Of, ""and 
 whether it may be deduced from the Apos- 
 tolical Times, by virtue of those Testi- 
 monies which are alleged to that purpose 
 in some late Treatises, one whereof goes 
 under the Name of James Lord Bishop of 
 Armagh." This was a reply, by John 
 Mli/roN (1608—1674), published in 1641, to 
 the confutation of Smectymnuus (q.v.) at- 
 tempted by ttie learned Bishop Usher ; the 
 work of Smectymnuus having bee» itself a 
 reply to the Humble Remonstrance of 
 Bishop Hall, of Norwich, in defence of 
 Episcopacy. Milton returned to the charge 
 in 1642 with his Reason of Church Govern- 
 ment urged against Prelacy, v/'hicli contains 
 a remarkable premonition and prophecy of 
 Paradise Lost, 
 
546 
 
 PRE 
 
 PRI 
 
 Prelude, The: "or, the Growth 
 ot a Poet's Mind." An autobiographical 
 poem," in blank verse, by William 
 WoRDSWOBTH ; begun in the early part of 
 1799, and ttiiished lu the summer of 1805. 
 It was intended as an introduction to "a 
 philosophical poem, containing views of 
 Man, Nature, and Society, and to be en- 
 titled Tke Recluse, as having for its princi- 
 pal subject the sensations and opinions of 
 a poet living in retirement." This poem 
 was to have consisted of three parts, of 
 which the second only, The Excursion 
 (q,v.), was completed and published. The 
 PreJifde consists of fourteen books :— Book 
 L, Childhood and Schooltime; book ii., 
 School Tims, continued; book iii.. Seat- 
 dence at Cambridge; book iv.. Summer Va- 
 aation; book v., Books; book vi., Cam^ 
 bridge onti the Alps ; J)oOk vii., Seaidence in 
 Londffii ;' book viii„ Retrospect — Love of 
 Nature leading to Love of Man ; book ix., 
 Residence in France ; book x., Residence in 
 France, continued ; book xl., France, con- 
 cluded ; book xii.. Imagination and Taste, 
 how Impaired and Restored ; book xiii., the 
 same subject continued and concluded ; 
 md book xiv., conclusion. See Coleridge's 
 SyKlline Leaves (1817). 
 
 Frendergast, Paul. A nom ,de 
 plume adopted by Douglas Jebbold 
 [g.v.) in Heads qf the People, 
 
 "Prentice han' she tried on 
 
 man, Her." A line in BuRifS's song, 
 Green grow the Rashes O .' (q. v.). 
 
 " Presbyterian true blue.'Twas." 
 Line 191, canto i., part i., of Butler's 
 Hudibraa (q.v.). 
 
 Presbyteries, The Cue Right of. 
 
 A treatise by Samuel RUTHEBFOKD(1600— 
 L661), published in 1644> ** wherein the way 
 of the Church of Christ in New England, 
 and the arguments of Mr. Robinson, are 
 examined." It called forth a reply from 
 Mather, and suggested to Milton the sub- 
 ject of one of his smaller poems. 
 
 Prescott, 'William Hickling, 
 
 historian (b. 1796, d. 1859), wrote The His- 
 tory of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella 
 the Catholic (1837), The Hiatorji of the Con' 
 juest of Mexico (1843), The Historj/ of tile 
 Conquest of Peru (1847), and The History of 
 the Reign qf Phillip II. of Spain (1855 and 
 1858). His Biographical and Critical Essaya 
 appeared in 1843. See the Memoir by Sir 
 William Stirling-Maxwell in The Encyclo- 
 padia Britannica ; also the i(/"e by Tlcknor, 
 
 Presence. A corned./ by Mak- 
 BABET, Duchess at Newcastle (1624— 
 1673). 
 
 "Present fears are less than 
 horrible imaginings."— JV/aciei/i, act 1., 
 scene 3. 
 
 Presentiments. A lyric by Wil- 
 liam 'WOBDSWOETH, written in 1830. 
 
 Preservative agaynst Deth, A, 
 
 by Sir Thomas Elyot (5. 1546), was pub- 
 lished in 1645. It is a short moral dis- 
 course, with quotations from Scripture 
 and the Fathers, 
 
 " Preserve thy sighs, unthrifty 
 girl." First line of a lyric by SirWu.- - 
 LIAM Davenant. 
 
 " Press not a falling man too 
 
 tB.T."—King Henry VIII., act ill., scene 2. 
 
 Press, The. See Newspapebs. 
 
 Presto. A name under which 
 Swift frequently refers to himself in the 
 course of his correspondence. It was be- 
 stowed upon him by the Duchess of Shrews- 
 bury, who, being a foreigner, could not 
 pronounce "Swift" properly, and thus 
 translated it. 
 
 Preston, John, D.D., Puritan 
 
 writer (b. 1587, d. 1628) : was the author of 
 The New Covenant, and other works. 
 
 Preston, Thomas (b. 1687, d. 
 
 1598.) See Cambyses. 
 
 " Pretty (A) kind of— sort of— 
 
 kind of thing."— Leigh Hukt, A Thought 
 or Two — - 
 
 " Not much a verse, and poem none at all." 
 
 " Pretty firstling of the year ! " 
 B. W. Pbocteb, To the Snowdrop. 
 
 Pretty Woman, A. A lyric by 
 Kobebt Bbowninq (b. 1812). 
 
 "That f awn-skin-dappled hair of hers, 
 And the blue eye 
 Dear and dewy. 
 And that infantine fresli olr of hers I" 
 
 Prettyman, Prince, in the Duke 
 
 of Buckingham's farce of The Rehearaal 
 (q.v.), is in love with Cloris, and figures al- 
 ternately as a priuce>and as a fisherman's 
 son. He is said to be Intended as a parody 
 on Leonidas (q.v.) in Dryden's play of 
 Marriage d la Mode (q.v.). 
 
 Price, Richard, D.D., Dissenting 
 minister (b. 1723, d. 1T91), wrote a Review 
 of the Principal Queationa and DiMcultiea 
 in Morala (1758) ; three dissertations on 
 Praj/er, Miraculous Evidences of Chris- 
 tianity, and On the Reasons for expectvng 
 that virtuoua men ahall meet after death in 
 a state of happiness (1767) ; and A Free 
 Discussion of tlie Doctrines of Materialism 
 (1778). See the Life by Morgan (1815) j also 
 Taine's English Literature. 
 
 Price, Sir John, historian (d. 1553), 
 wrote, in answer to Polydore Virgil, a 
 Historic Britanniae D^ensio (1573), and a 
 Description of IVales, from the Latin (1663). 
 
 Price, Sir XTvedale (b. 1747, d. 
 1829), published Essays on the Picturesque 
 (1810 and 1842), an Essay on the Modem 
 Pronunciation of the Greek and Latin 
 Languages (1627), and some other works. 
 
PRI 
 
 PRI 
 
 547 
 
 Frichard, James Cowlea, M.D., 
 
 etimologist (b, 1785, d. 1848), wrote Jle- 
 searches into the Physical History ofMan- 
 Wnd (1813 and 1849), 2'Ae Eastern Origin of 
 the Celtic Lcenguages (1831), and other 
 ■works enumerated in a notice of the writer 
 in The Gentleman*^ Magazine for Febru- 
 ary, 1849. 
 
 Fricke of Conscience, The. A 
 
 poem, in B^ven parts, treating of Man's 
 Nature, of the World, of Death, of Pur- 
 gatory, of the Day of Judgment, and the 
 Torments of Hell. "Warton supposes it to 
 he a translation by contemporary poets 
 from a prose work by Kichabb Bolle 
 (q .v.), called. Stimulus- Conscientice ; but 
 Yates said Walter consider it was written 
 in verse by Rolle himself, and have re- 
 printed it, the former in the nineteenth 
 volume of Archceologiat the latter in a 
 separate publication. Its date is about 
 1340. 
 
 "Fricking of my thumbs, By 
 
 the." — Macbeth, act. iv., scene 1— 
 
 " Something wicked this way comeB." 
 
 "Pricking on the plaiue, A 
 
 gpntle Knight was."— SPENSEK, The Fa^ 
 Tie Queene, book i., canto i., line 1. 
 
 Pride and Prejudice. A novel of 
 domestic life, by Jake Austek, publish- 
 ed in 1812. 
 
 Pride and Vices of "Women 
 
 Now-a-days, The. A rhynung satire by 
 Charles Banslet, said to have been 
 written about 1540, and beginning — 
 " Eo-pcep — what have we spied." 
 
 "Pride in their port, defiance 
 
 In their eye."— Line 327 of Goldsmith's 
 poem of The Traveller (q.v.), — 
 
 " I see the lordfl of humankind pass by." 
 
 " Pride, of all others the most 
 
 dangerous fault."— Roscommon, On Trans- 
 lated Verse. 
 
 Pride shall have a Fall. A come- 
 dy by the Eev. Geo. Croly (1780—1860). 
 
 " Fride still is aiming at the 
 bleE^sed abodes."— Pope, Essay on Man, 
 epistle i., line 123. 
 
 " Pride that apes humility, The." 
 
 See Coleridge's poem of The Devil's 
 Walk:— 
 *' And the Devil did grin, for his favourite sin 
 l8 pride that apes humility." 
 
 "Pride that licks the dust."— 
 Pope, Epistle to Dr. Arhuthnof,\iiiQ^3S. 
 
 " Pride, the first peer and presi- 
 dent of Hell."— Befoe, The True^hom 
 Englishman^ part i. 
 
 " Pride, the never-failing vice 
 of fools." — Pope, Essay on (^ticism, 
 part ii., line 4. 
 
 Frideaux, Humphrey Dean of 
 
 Norwich (b. 1648, d. 1724), wrote Marmora 
 Oxomensa(l(M&), Directions to Churckwar- 
 de/iia (1707), Ufe of MaJwmet (1707), 'flie 
 Original and Right of Titlies (HIO)* The 
 Connection of the Old and New Testament 
 (1715—17), and On the Valid^ of Orders 
 tn the C/mrch qf England, His JJife was 
 published in 1748. 
 
 Fridiwin. King Artliur's famous 
 shield, on which the image of the Virgin 
 Mary was painted. Thus Drayton : — 
 
 '* Hia ^eot shield, and what the proof could bear." 
 
 Priest Dissected, The. A satire 
 in vetse by Christopher Anstey (1724— 
 1805), published in 1774, but afterwards sup- 
 
 Priestley, Joseph, LL.D., Unita- 
 rian minister and chemist (b. 1733, d, 
 1804), was the author of The Scripture Doc- 
 trine of -Remission, Lectures on tJie TJteory 
 of Language and Universal Grammar 
 a762)~; Chart of Biography (1765) ; The 
 History and Present State of Electrio ; 
 Science, with OrigiTial Observations (1767) "; ' 
 Rudiments of English Grammar (1769) ; 
 Theological Repository (1769—88) ; The 
 History and Present State of Discoveries 
 relating to Vision, Light, , and Colours 
 (1772) ; Institutes of Natural and Revealed- 
 Religion (1772) ; Experiments and Observa- 
 tions on Different Kinds of Air (1774) ; The 
 Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity (1777)'; ' 
 Lectures on Oratory and Criticism (1777) ; 
 Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit 
 (1777) ; A Harmony of the Evangelists, in 
 Greek (1777) ; Observations on Education 
 (1778) ; Letters to a Philosophical Unbe- \ 
 liever (1781—87) ; An History of Corrup- 
 tions of Christianity (1782) ; A History of 
 Early Opinions concerning Jesus Christ 
 (1786) ; Lectures on History and General 
 ^olicy^ (1788) ; A General History of the 
 Christian Church to the Fall of the Western 
 Empire (1790) ; Discourses on the Evidences 
 of Revealed Religion (J.7^) J -^« Answer to 
 Mr. Paine^s Age of_ Reason (179^ ; A Com-' 
 parison qf the iiistitutes of Moses with those 
 of the IRndoos and other ancient Nations 
 (1799) ; A General History of the Christian 
 Church from tJie Fall of the Western Em- 
 pire to the Present Time (1802);,iVb((?if oil 
 all the Rooks of Scripture {18QB) ; The Doc-- 
 trines of Heathen Philosophy comjyarcd- 
 with those of Revelatio7i (1804) ; and other 
 Worlcs included in the 26-volume edition, 
 published, with a Life, by J, Towill Rutt, in 
 1824. See also the ii/e by John Corry (1805), 
 which includes Critical Observations on his 
 Works, and the Memoirs of Dr. Joseph 
 Priestley, to the year 1795, written by him- 
 self, with a continuation to the Time of his 
 Decease, by his son Joseph Priestley, and 
 Observations on his Writings, by Thomas 
 Cooper and William Christie (1806—7)^ See 
 Corruptions of Christianity ; Mat- 
 ter AND Spirit ; Kemission, &c. 
 
 Frig. A knavish beggar in The 
 Beggar's Rush (q.v.), 
 
548 
 
 FBI 
 
 PRI 
 
 Prig, Betsy. A monthly nurse, 
 ind friend of Mrs. Gamp (q.T.), In Martin 
 Chuzzlewit (q.T.). 
 
 Prim, Obadiah. A Quaker, in 
 Mrs. Centlivke's comedy of A Bold 
 Stroke for a Wife (q.T.). 
 
 Prima Donna, Lord. A cliar- 
 icteriii Vivian Grey (q.T.). 
 
 "Primrose by the river's brim, 
 
 A«" — See stanza 12 of part i. of WOKDS- 
 (VOKTH's poem of Peter Bell (q.T).— 
 " A yellow primrose was to him, 
 And it waB nothing more." 
 
 Primrose Family, The, in Gold- 
 smith's noTel of Tlie Vicar of Wakefield 
 ;q.T.), consists of Dr. Primrose, tlie vicar ; 
 Airs. Deborah Primrose, Ms wife ; liissons, 
 Greorge and Moses; and his daughters, 
 OliTia and Sophia. 
 
 "Primrose, first-born child of 
 
 7er."— Tfte Two Noble Kinsmen, act. 1., 
 scene 1. 
 
 Primrose, Gilbert, Scottish divine 
 [d. 1642), was the author of Jacob's Vow, 
 and other worlis. 
 
 "Primrose path of dalliance, 
 
 The." — Hamlet, act i., scene 3, 
 
 Primrose, The: "being at Mont- 
 gomery Castle, upon the hill on which it 
 Is situate." A lyric by JoHjf Donne. 
 
 Primrose, The. A lyric, attrib- 
 uted both to Thomas Caeew (1589—1639) 
 and to EOBEKT Hekrick (1591—1674), See 
 "Ask ME WHY." 
 
 Primrose, The. A sonnet by 
 John Claee (q.T.) :— 
 •* How sweet thy modest unaiTected pride 
 Glows on a sunny bank and wood s worm side I " 
 
 "Prince (A) can make a belt- 
 ed knight."— BOBNS, Is there for Honest 
 Poverty— 
 
 " H-at an honest man's above his might." 
 
 Prince d' Amour, Le. A poetical 
 miscellany, published in 1660. 
 
 Prince, John, vicar of Berry-Pom- 
 eroy (b. 1643, d, 1723), wrote Self-Murder 
 asserted to he a very Heinous Crime (1709) 
 aud The Worthies qf Devon (1710). 
 
 " Prince of Darkness (The) is a 
 gentleman." — Xing Lear, act iii., scene 4. 
 
 Prince of Poets. See roEis, 
 Phince of. 
 
 " Princedoms, virtues, powers." 
 —Paradise Lost, bk. v., line 601. 
 
 Princely Pleasures at the 
 Courto at Kenilworth, Tlie, by Geoboe 
 Gasooigne (1530—1577), was Tirritten in 
 M76, and republished, with a Masque, 
 1821. 
 
 Prince's Cabala, The. See 
 
 Cbumms fal'n FfiOM Kinot James's 
 Table. 
 
 Princes, The Falls of. See Falls 
 OF Princes, The. 
 
 Princess, The : '* a Medley." A 
 poem by Alfred Tennyson, publiehed 
 in December, 1847. " This, however, is 
 merely the rude sketch of The Priiicessv/e 
 now read. The poem has been entirely 
 re-written since it first appeared ; ^nd the 
 songs, as well as the account of the Prince's 
 weird seizures, are an afterthought." It 
 i», says Stedman, " as he entitles ]t,amed- 
 ley, constructed of antient and modem 
 materials— a show of mediaeval pomp and 
 movement, observed through an atmos- 
 phere of latter-day thought and emotion. 
 The poet, in his prelutle, anticipates every 
 stricture, and to me the anachronisms and 
 impossibilities of the story seem not only 
 lawful, but attractive. Tennyton's special 
 gift of reducing incongruous details to a 
 common structure and tone is fully illus- 
 trated in a poem made — 
 
 " To suit with time and place, 
 A Gothic ruin and a Grecian hou&e, 
 AtalkatcoUcfie andof ladies' rights, 
 A feudal knight in silken masquerade.' 
 
 Other works of our poet are greater, but 
 none is so fascinating. Some of uie author*s 
 most delicately musical lines are herein 
 contained. The tournament scene is the 
 most vehement and rapid passage' in the 
 whole range of Tennyson's poetry. The 
 songs reach the high water-mark of lyrical 
 compositions. Tno five melodies — *A8 
 thro' the land,' * Sweet and low,' ' The 
 splendour falls,* 'Home they brought,' 
 and ' Ask me no more *— constitute the 
 finest group of songs produced in our cen- 
 tury, and the third seems to many the 
 most perfect English lyric since the time 
 of Shakespeare." The name of the Prin- 
 - cess is Ida. 
 
 Principia Philosophise Natur- 
 alis Mathematica. A Latin work by Sir 
 Isaac Newton (1642—1727), the first book 
 of which was presented to the Eoyal So- 
 ciety in 1686, and the second and third iu 
 1687 ; the whole work being- published in 
 the latter year. 
 
 Principle of Population, An 
 
 Essay on the, " as it anects the Future 
 Improvement of Society," by Thomas 
 Robert MALTHtfS (1766— 1834J ; published 
 in 1803. It excited great attention at the 
 time, and ultimately became the centre of 
 a controversy in which such men as Haz- 
 litt and Godwin took part. The theory of 
 the book is, that the means of subsistence 
 cannot be made to increase otherwiee than 
 in an arithmetical ratio, whereas popula- 
 tion has a tendency to increase in a geo- 
 metrical ratio. Hence the distress of (he 
 labouring classes, which requires to be al- 
 leviated by the Poor-law system, seems an 
 instrument of Providence for checking 
 the growth of population, which might be 
 
^RI 
 
 PRO 
 
 640 
 
 stopped, thought Malthus, if the lower 
 classes would abstain from marriage alto- 
 gether, or at least discourage matrimonial 
 unions at an early age> ^ee Malthus, 
 Thomas Bobert. 
 
 Fringle, Thomas, Soottish poet 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1788, d. 1834). 
 The Poetical Works of Pnngle were pub- 
 lished iu 1839, with a LyTe by Leitch 
 Bitchie. They include J/rican Sketches. 
 Scenes of Teviotdale, SphemeHdes, and 
 other poems. See Grant "Wilson's Poets 
 and Poetry of Scotland. ''Pringle's 
 poetry," says a brother poet, " has great 
 merit. It is distinguished by elegance 
 rather than strength, but he has many 
 forcible passages. The rersification is 
 Bweet, the style simple and free from all 
 superfluous epithets, and the descriptions 
 are the result of his own . obserTations. 
 His African Sketches, which consist of 
 poetical exhibitions of the scenery, the 
 characteristic habits of animals, and the 
 modes of native life in South Africa, are 
 alone sufiicient to eatitle him to no mean 
 rank as a poet." 
 
 Prior, Matthe-w, poet (b. 1664, 
 d. 1721), published (with Halifax) (q.v.) 
 Tke City and Country Mouse (1687) ; Car- 
 men Seculare (1700), (g.v.) ; and other 
 works, a collected edition of which ap- 
 peared in 1718. Other editions followed m 
 1740 and 1779, and his Poems, besides figur- 
 ing in the various collections, have *ince 
 been edited, with biographical and critical 
 introductions, by Dr. Johnson (1822), John 
 Mitford (1835), and George GilfiUan (1857). 
 The Memoirs of Prior ana a Supplement to 
 his poems appeared in 1722. "Matthew 
 Pilor," says Taine, "had been an ambas- 
 sador to the French court, and writes 
 pretty French impromptus ; he turns with 
 facility little jesting poems on a dinner, a 
 lady ; he^s a gallant, a man of society, a 
 pleasant story-teller, epicurean, even 
 sceptical like the courtiei^ of Charles II., 
 that i» to say, as far as and including po- 
 litical roguery ; in short, he is an accom- 
 plished man of the world, as times.went, 
 with a correct and flowing style, having 
 at command a light and a noble verse, and 
 pulling, according to the rules of Bossu 
 and Boileau, the string of mythological 
 puppets. Of his principal poems, one on 
 Solomon paraphrases and treats of the 
 remark of Ecclesiastes, * All is vanity.* '* 
 See Thackeray's English Humourists. See 
 also AIjMA ; Cabvbl,Hans ; City Mouse 
 and Country Mouse ; Happy Olt> 
 Couple, The ; Henry and Emma ; Na- 
 MUR, Ode on the Takikg of ; Solomon 
 ON THE Vanity of the "World. 
 
 Prioress, The, in Chaucer's Can- 
 terburj/ Tales (q.v.). tells the story of a 
 Christian child killed by the Jews in Asia. 
 "The child when living had loTed the 
 Virjgin, who appeared to it when dying, 
 ana put a grain under its tongue, so that 
 
 the dead child-martyr still sang, ' O alma 
 redemptoris mater. Until the grain was 
 removed, the song continued." Ijiis poem 
 was " modernised " by Wordsworth. 
 
 Friscilla. The heroine of Long- 
 fellow's poem-of The Courtship of Miles 
 Standish (c[.v.) ; in lOve with, and event- 
 ually married to, John Alden. 
 
 Prison Amusements. Poems by 
 James Montgomery (1771—1854); writ- 
 ten while the author was suffering impris- 
 onment in York Castle, in the years 1794 
 and 1795. In 1794 he was incarcerated on 
 the charge of printing a ballad on the de- 
 molition of the Bastile, in which the au- 
 thorities, to the poet-editor's amazement, 
 discovered a seditious libel. In 1795 he 
 was confined for inserting in his paper, 
 The Sheiffield Iris, a paragraph which re- 
 flected on the conduct of a magistrate in 
 quelling a riot in that town. 
 
 "Prison-house, The secrets of 
 
 my." — Tlamlet, act i., scene 5, 
 Prisoner of Chillon, The. See 
 
 Chillon, Prisoner of. Byron has'a son- 
 net on the same subject as this poem, be- 
 ginning :— 
 
 " Eternal Spirit of the chainleas Mind." 
 
 Prisoner*s Prayer, The. An old 
 English poem (circa 1250 — 1300), edited by 
 A. 6. Ellis in 1868. 
 
 Priuli. A character in Otwat's 
 
 tragedy of Venice Preserved (q.v.). 
 
 "Privileged beyond the com- 
 mon walk." — Young, Night Thoughts^ 
 night ii., line 633. 
 
 " Prize me no prizes."-7-TENNT- 
 soN's Idylls of the King (" Elaine "). 
 
 "Process of the suns, The." — 
 Tennyson, Locksley Hall. 
 
 Procida, John of. A play by 
 James Sheridan Knowles (1784—1862), 
 founded on the familiar story of the Sicil- 
 ian Vespers. 
 
 " Procrastination is the thief of 
 
 time." See line 393, night i., of Young's 
 poem, Night Thoughts. 
 
 Procris and Cephalus. The title 
 of what Warton calls a " dull poem," by 
 Thomas Edwards ; printed in 1595. 
 
 Procter, Adelaide Anne, poetess 
 (b. 1825, d. 1864), was the author of Legends 
 and Lyrics (1858). See the Memoir prefixed 
 to her poems by Charles Dickens, to whose 
 periodical. Household Words, she contribu- 
 ted. "Itis," saysStedman, "like telling 
 one's beads, or reading a prayer-book, to 
 turn over her pages— so beautiful, bo pure, 
 and unselfish, a spirit of faith, hope, and 
 charity pervades and hallows them." 
 
 Procter, Bryan Waller, poet, 
 father of thd preceding (b. 1790, d. 1874), 
 
660 
 
 PEO 
 
 PRO 
 
 wrote Dramatic Scenes (1819), A Sicilian 
 Story (1820), Marcian Colonna (1820)^ The 
 Flood 0/ Thesaalpt Mirandola (a play, pro- 
 duced m 1821), Effigies Poetica, and Eng- 
 lish Songs, besides Biographies of Kean and 
 LambiT See Miss Mariineau'B Biographical 
 Sketches and Ms Autobiography (1877). 
 " His sonigB," says a critic, "have, beyond 
 those of any other modem, an excellence 
 of *mode* which renders them akin to 
 the melodies of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Jon- 
 son, liey wood, Fletcher. They are at once 
 delightful to poets and to the singing com- 
 monalty. In short, Procter was a * strayed 
 singer* — an Elizabethan who had wan- 
 dered into the nineteenth century. There 
 never was a more dramatic song-writer. 
 Stoddard questions. 'whether all the early 
 English poets ever produced so many and 
 such beautiful songs as Barry Cornwall,' 
 and says that * a selection oi their best 
 would be found inferior as a whole to the 
 172 little songs in Procter's volume.' There 
 are many who would demur to this compar- 
 ative estimate ; yet they too are charmed 
 by the spirit, alternately tender andblithe- 
 some, of Procter's songs ; by their unex- 
 pected grace, changeful as the artless 
 and unexpected attitudes of a fair girl ; 
 by their absolute musical quality and com- 
 prehensive range. The later chips from 
 Procter's dramatic workshop are superior 
 to his early blank-verse in wisdom, 
 strength, and beauty. It is a pity, that, 
 after all, they are but Dramatic Frag- 
 mentSf and not passages taken from com- 
 plete and heroic plays. Bryan "Waller 
 Procter, restricted from the production of 
 such masterWork, at least did what he 
 could." See Coenwall, Barrv. 
 
 Proctor, Richard Anthony (b. 
 
 I83p, is the author of a number of works 
 (chiefly astronomical) on popular science. 
 Among these are Half Hours with the Tel- 
 escope, Other Worlds than Ours, Light 
 Science for Leisure HowrSj Orbs Around 
 Us, The Borderland qf Science, The Ex- 
 panse of Heaven, and Our Place Among the 
 Infinities. 
 
 "Prodigal of ease." — Drtdbn, 
 Absalom and Achitophel. 
 
 "Prodigal "Within the compass 
 of a guinea." — Irving, The Stout Gentle- 
 ma/n. 
 
 Prodigies and Miracles as re- 
 lated by Historians, The Causes of : "a 
 Critical and Philosophical Inquiry," by 
 "William Warburton, Bishop of Glou- 
 cester (1698—1779), published inl727, and 
 accompanied by an essay " towards restor- 
 ing a method and purity in history, in 
 which the characters of the most cele- 
 brated writers of every age and of the 
 fieveral stages and periods of history, are 
 occasionally criticised and explained." 
 
 "Product (The dull) of a scof- 
 fer's pen."— ■Wordsworth, The Excur- 
 eUmf book it 
 
 "Profanely, Not to speak it;" 
 — Hamlet, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Professor, The. . A. novel by 
 Charlotte Bronte. (1816Hbl855), pub- 
 lished in 1866, but written as cfixly as 1846. 
 " The plot in itself," says IVfts. Gaskell, 
 "is of no great interest; bu^ Charlotte 
 Bronte -ever excelled one or two sketches 
 of portraits which she has given in The 
 Professor, nor in grace of womanhood, ever 
 surpassed one or the female characters 
 there described." 
 
 " Profit (No) grows -where is no 
 pleasure ta'en." — Taming of the Shrew, 
 act i., scene 1. 
 
 Profound Doctor, The. A title 
 bestowed by his contemporaries upon 
 Thomas Bradwarpine, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury (d. 1349), one of the most re- 
 nowned schoolmen of his day. It was also 
 applied to Eichard Middleton (d. 1304), 
 an English divine of some repute in his 
 time. See Solid Doctor, The. 
 
 " Progeny of learning, A." One 
 
 of Mrs. Malaprop's phrases in Sheridan's 
 Jiivals, act i., scene 2. 
 
 Progress of Civil Society, The. 
 
 A bombastic poem by J^ichard Payne 
 Knight (1850—1824), -published in 1796, 
 which forms the subject of an amusing 
 parody by Canning, GifEord, Frere, Ham- 
 mond, and Ellis in The Anti-Jacobin (q..v.)- 
 
 Progress of Poesy, The. A 
 
 Pindaric ode by TnoiiAa GRAY^<q.v.), 
 written in 1755 and ]?ublishedin 1767. The 
 poet here gives a rapid and brilliant sketch 
 of the career of his art from the earliest 
 times to that of Dryden. Milton is char- 
 acterised as " blasted with excess of light," 
 and Sha-kespeare as "Nature's darling," 
 to whom 
 
 " The mighty mother did umwU 
 Her awful face." 
 See GoUins's Ode to Simplicity and Keats's 
 Sleep and Poetry » 
 
 Progress of Romance, The : 
 
 " through Times, Countries, andManners ; 
 with liemarks on the ^ood and bad effects 
 of it on them respectively." A series of 
 prose dialogues between fictitious charac- 
 ters, by Clara Reeve (1725 — 1803), pub- 
 lished in 1785, and consisting of a number 
 of criticisms exchanged between Horten- 
 sius, Sophronia, and Euphrasia, who 
 stands for the authoress, on the novels 
 which were in general reading at that 
 time. Judgments are passed, among 
 others, upon The Female Quixote, Peter 
 WilkinSf Solimon and Almena, John Bun- 
 cle, and The Fool of Qtiality, all of which 
 see. 
 
 Progress of Taste, The : " or, the 
 Tate of Delicacy." A poem by William 
 Shenstone (q.v.). 
 
 Project for the Advancemeiit 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 551 
 
 of Beligion, A ; " and the reformation of 
 manners," "by a person of quality," i.e., 
 Jonathan Swift (1667—1746) ; written in 
 1709, and dedieated to the Couutess of 
 Berkeley. 
 
 Prologues to plays liare existed 
 from tbe very earliest days of the stage. 
 At first they appear to have been adopted 
 as a means of conveying information about 
 the plays to which liey were prefixed. As 
 Colman says :— 
 
 " Of, old the Prologue told the story. 
 And laid the whole affair before ye." 
 
 By-and-by, from Elizabeth's time down- 
 ward, they were used more as the vehicles 
 for apology than anything else. Perhaps 
 the briefest ever delivered was that which 
 Shakespeare Tepresents as being spoken 
 before "The Murder of Gonzago "in Ham- 
 let:— 
 
 " For TIB and for our tragedy 
 
 Here stooping to your clemency. 
 
 "We beg yourncaring patiently.'t 
 
 Very few of his' own are extant, for some 
 reason nnknown. The prologue speaker 
 of his time was wont to appear upon the 
 stage, after the trumpets had thrice sound- 
 ed, attired in a long cloak of black cloth 
 or velvet— a costume which long obtained 
 in the theatre. Thus Lloyd writes, 1761 : — 
 
 *■ With decent sables on his back 
 f Your prologuisera all wear black), 
 The prologue comes." 
 
 Ben Jonson seems to have chiefly employ- 
 ed his prologues as an instrument for rail- 
 ing at flie play-goers. Dryden was a mas- 
 ter of the art, and made it very lucrative, 
 charging latterly as much as dSlO for a 
 siaigle effort. His work in this direction 
 is full of curious hints as to the condition 
 of the stage in his time. Very fertile, too, 
 in this species of composition were Gar- 
 rick and Johnson. It was quite the cus- 
 tom In tile- eighteenth century for dramatic 
 Authors to show their respect for each 
 other by providing prologues for their 
 works. The first play which was produced 
 without a prologue is said to have been 
 Planch^'s arrangement of Rowley's A 
 Woman Never Text (1824). Spe Dutton 
 Cook's Book of the Play. See also Epi- 
 iiOacE, The. 
 
 ' " Prologues (Happy) to the 
 swelling act of the imperial theme." — 
 Macieth, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Prometheus : " or, tlie Poet's Fore- 
 thought." A poem by Henry "Wads- 
 WOBTH LoNGFBLi.o'W (b. 1807), founded 
 on the tradition 
 
 " Of that flight through heavenly portals. 
 The old classic superstition 
 Of the theft and the transmission 
 Of the fire of the immortals 1 " 
 A companion poem is Epivtetheus : or, the 
 Poet's Jftertlwught. 
 
 Prometheus Bound, "translated 
 from the Greek of .ffischylus," by Eliza- 
 beth Babkeit Bbowsiho (183!>— 1861), 
 
 was published in 1833. It was afterwards 
 entirely re-cast. " This later version of a 
 most sublime tragedy is more poetical than 
 any otlier of equal correctness, and has 
 the fire ajid vigour of a master-hand. No 
 one has succeeded better than its author 
 in capturing with rhymed measures- the 
 wilful rushing melody of the tiagic cho- 
 rus." 
 
 Prometheus Unbound : " a Lyr- 
 ical Drama, in four acts," bv Priicv 
 Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) ; published 
 in 1819, "The Prometheus f/n6oMnrf, grand 
 as it is," says Stedman, **is classical only 
 in some of its personages and in the myth- 
 ical germ of its conception— a sublime po- 
 em, full of absorbing beauty, but antique 
 neither in spirit nor form." 
 
 Promos and Cassandra. A tra- 
 gedy by Geobg*! 'Whetstone (q.v.), pub- 
 lished m 1578. It was founded on one of 
 Giraldo Cinthlo's novels, iind is supposed 
 to have suggested hints to Shakespeare for 
 his Measure for Measure (q.v.). It is re.. 
 printed in Dodsley's, collection, in The 
 8haJcespea/re Library, and in HalUwell- 
 Phillipps's edition of Shakespeare, 
 
 Promptorium Parvulorum. See 
 
 Geoffrey the Geammaeian. 
 
 Pronesia. A handmaid noted for 
 her wisdom, in Abiosto's Orlando Furi- 
 oso. 
 
 Proofs of a Conspiracy against 
 all the Religions and Governments Of Eu- 
 rope, by John Eobison (1739-1805), pub- 
 lished' in 1797, was directed against a soci- 
 ety called " The lUuminati," the object of 
 which, according to the writer, was the 
 subversion of religion and government 
 throughout the world. 
 
 " Proper stu^y of mankind is 
 man. The."— Pope, Essay on Man,, line 2, 
 epistle ii. , . ^ 
 
 Prophecy of Dante, The. See 
 Dante, The Pbophecy of. 
 
 Prophecy, The. A political satire 
 in verse, by Thomas Chatteeton (17E2— 
 1770) ; " remarkable lor freedom and ma- 
 turity of style." 
 
 " Prophetic soul, mine uncle, O 
 my." — Hamlet, act i., scene 5. 
 
 "Prophets of the beautiful, 
 
 God's."— Mrs. Bbownikq's description of 
 the poets. 
 
 " Prose (Measured), which they 
 
 call verse." — Churchill, Independence. 
 
 " Prose run mad, i It is not 
 
 poetry, but." See " Poetby (Not)," See. 
 
 Prose, The Father of. See 
 
 Patheb of English Prose, The. 
 
 Proserpiuer Hymn to, by A-voer- 
 
662 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 NON ChariiKs Swinburne (q.v.)» con- 
 tains the passage beginning — 
 
 " Thou haa conquered, O pale Galilean." 
 
 Frosopopoia : " or, Motlier Hub- 
 bard's Tale." A poem by ErmuND Spen- 
 ser, printed in 1591, but composed "in 
 the raw conceit of the poet's youth." 
 
 Prospero, Duke of Milan in The 
 Tempest (q.v.), has been dispossessed of 
 his sovereignty by his brother Antonio and 
 the King of Naples, and cast by ship- 
 wreck on a desert island with his daughter 
 Miranda. " With his magical powers, his 
 superhuman wisdom, Ms moral worth and 
 grandeur, and his kingly dignity, he 
 18," says Mrs. Jameson, "one of the most 
 sublime visions that ever swept, with 
 ample robes, pale brow, and sceptred hand, 
 before the eye of fancy. ^He is as distinct 
 a being from the necromancers and astrol- 
 ogers celebrated in Shakespeare's age as 
 can well be imaguied." ''I should de- 
 scribe Prospero," says Dowden, "as the 
 man of genius, tlie great artist, lacking at 
 first in practical gifts which lead to ma- 
 terial success, and set adrift on the 
 perilous sea of life, in which he finds his 
 enchanted island, where he may aclileve 
 his works of wonder. He bears with him 
 Art in its infancy— thq marvellous child, 
 Miranda [q.v.]. The grosser passions 
 and appetites— Caliban [q.v.]— be subdues 
 to his service. Prospero's departure from 
 the island is the abandoning by Shakes- 
 peare of the theatre, the scene of his 
 marvellous works." 
 
 Prospero, in Dibdin's " bibliogra- 
 phical romance," called Bibliomania (q.v.), 
 18 intended for Francis Douce, the anti- 
 quary (q.v,). 
 
 Frotesilaus, Son of Ipomedon. 
 A romance, in Anglo-Norman, by Hugh 
 of KurLAND (circa 1190), containing 
 11,000 lines. See Ipomvdon. 
 
 " Protest too much, methinks. 
 The lady doth." — ffamlet, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Protestation, The : " a Sonnet/' 
 by Thomas Carew (1589—1639). 
 
 Proteus. One of The Two Gentle- 
 men of Verona (q.v.). The other is named 
 Valentine. 
 
 " Proteus rising from the sea." 
 
 —Wordsworth, Miscellaneous Sonnets. 
 
 Prothalamion : " or, a Spousal 
 Verse," by Edmund Spexser ; written in 
 honour of the doable marriage of the 
 Ladles Elizabel^ and Catherine Somerset, 
 daughters of the Earl of Worcester. " Al- 
 though beautiful," says Palgrave, '' it is 
 inferior to the Epithalamion [q.v.] on 
 Spenser*spwn marriage." 
 
 Protogenes and Apellea. A tale 
 In verso by Matthew Prior. 
 
 " Proud Maisie is in the -wood." 
 
 The first line of a lyric by Sir Wai^teb 
 Scott. 
 
 " Proud me no prouds." — Romeo 
 and Julieti act iii., scene 5. 
 
 "Prouder than rustling in un- 
 paid-for silk.'* — Cymbeline, act iii., scene 3. 
 
 Pr oudf ute, Oliver. A bon net- 
 maker in Sir Walter Scott's li'air Maid 
 of Perth (q.v.). 
 
 Prout, Father. Tlie pseudonym 
 adopted by Francis Mahoky (b. 1805, d. 
 3866), the journalist, Tvhose Heliques, con- 
 sisting of his contributions to Frazier's 
 Magazine, were published in 1836. Tlie 
 Final Religues, collected and edited by 
 Blanchard Jerrold, appeared in 1875. 
 
 Proverbial Philosophy, "a Book 
 of Thouehta and Arguments, originally 
 treated,'^ was written by Martin FaE:- 
 QUHAR TUPPER (b. 1810). The first series 
 was published in 1838, the second in 1842, 
 and the third in 1867. 
 
 Proverbs. Attril)uted to King 
 Alfred, ' and preserved in two manu- 
 scripts of the thirteenth century, l^ey 
 consist of moral instructions in verses 
 supposed to be addressed by him to his 
 people and to his son. 
 
 Proverbs ol Hendyng, The. A 
 
 collection of proverbial sayings, each in- 
 troduced by a rhyming stanza, whidi 
 appears to have had its origin in the South 
 of England towards Uie end of the four- 
 teenth century. "In earlier times," says 
 Professor Morley, " English proverbs had 
 been fathered on King Alfred. Their new 
 father is called in an opening stanza 
 * Marcolve's son,* but Hendyng seelns to 
 have been only a name riven to an imagi- 
 nary proverb-maker. He may have had 
 Marcolph given to him for a father be- 
 cause, in an old popuiar poem of tiie. 
 Middle Ages, Salomo and Marcolpkf Mar- 
 colph represents tlie homely wisdom ot the 
 people in communion with the wisdom of 
 the wise. As for the name Hendyng 
 itself, I believe that it suggests only the 
 wisdom of age and experience, and is one ~ 
 of the vernacular woras drawn from the 
 Celtic part of our population, for Henddyn 
 means in Welsh an aged person." The 
 following is one of the stanzas in tiie col- 
 lection, as modernised by Professor Mor- 
 ley, See CasseWs lAbrary rf English 
 Literature (Shorter English Poems) :— 
 
 "Wise man's words are well kept in ; 
 For he will no sonp begin 
 
 Ere he have tunod his pipe. 
 The fool's a fool, and that is seen ; 
 For ho will Bpeak words while they're green 
 
 Sooner than they ore ripe. 
 * The f oora bolt is soon shot,* 
 
 QuOth Heudync." 
 
 Here is the original :— 
 
PRO 
 
 PSA 
 
 553 
 
 " Wis mon holt is wordea ynne i 
 For ho nul no glc begynnc 
 
 Ere he have teinprtidhiB pype. 
 Sot is sot, ant that is scnc ; 
 For he wol spcke wordes grcno 
 £r then hue buen rypc. 
 * Sottcs bolt is sonc ehotc,' 
 
 Quoth Hcndyng." 
 
 " Providence, f oreknovrledge, 
 
 ■will, and fate," — Line 659, book ii., of 
 M.iLT02f's poem of Paradise Lost (q.v.) — 
 " Fixed fate, free will, foreknowledge absolute." 
 
 Provoked Husband, The. A 
 
 comedy on which Sir John Vanbrugh 
 (q.v.) was engaged at the time cf bis death, 
 and which waa finished by Colley Gib- 
 ber (q.v.). See Pleasure, Lady of. 
 
 Provoked "Wife, The. A comedy 
 "by Sir JoHJf Vanbrugh (q.v.), produced 
 iu 1697. Hazlitt says that " the ironical 
 conversations in this play between Belinda 
 and Lady Brute will do to compare with 
 Congreve in the way of wit and studied 
 raillery, but they will not stand the com- 
 parison. Araniintaanrt Clarissa keep up 
 the ball amoi\g them with more spirit." 
 See Brute, Sir Johk ; Provokej> Hus- 
 BA%'D, The. 
 
 Provost, The. A novel of Scot- 
 tish life and character by John Galt 
 (1779—1839), published in 1822. 
 
 "Prudes (With! for proctors, 
 dowagers for deans,"— Tena-yson, The 
 Princess — 
 
 *' And sweet, girl-graduatea with their golden hair." 
 
 Frusio King of Alvareccliia, in 
 Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. 
 
 Pry, Paul. A comedy by John 
 Poole (q.v.), and the name of ita hero, 
 who is described a.s ' ' one of those idle, 
 meddling fellows, who, having no employ- 
 ment themselves, ai'e perpetually inter- 
 fering in other people's affairs." 
 
 Prynces, The Falls of. See Falls 
 OF Princes, The. 
 
 Prynne, Hester. The heroine of 
 Hawthorne's romance of The Scarlet 
 Letter (q.v.). 
 
 Prynne, "William, lawyer, and 
 antiquarian (b. 1600, d. 1669), published 
 Histrio-Mastix : the Player's Scourf/e, or 
 Actor's Tragedie (q.v.), (1633) ; Newes 
 from Ipswich (q.v.), (1637); The Antip- 
 athic of the English Lm'dly Legadie both to 
 regaU Monarchy and CivUl unity (1641) ; 
 A Pleasant Purge for a Roman Catholic to 
 evacuate his JEvill Humours (1642); Pride's 
 Piirge (l&iS) ; Jiecordsqfthe Tower ; Parlia- 
 mentary Writs; and many other works, 
 enumerated by "Wood in his Afhenm Oxoni- 
 enseSfUnd by Lowndes in his Bibliograpfier' s 
 . Manual. A large collection of tracts, and 
 the like, against "voluminous and rancor- 
 ous Prynne," will be found iu the British 
 lyiuBeum, Uie Bodleian Library, Oriel 
 College, Oxford,- and Lincoln's Jnu Li- 
 
 brary, London. Another, said to be the 
 most extensive in existence, was pur- 
 chased by Mr. Lambtou, afterwards Earl 
 of Durham, in 1823. 
 
 Psalm of Life, A : " Wliat the 
 heart of the young man said to the Psalm- 
 ist."- A lyric by Henry Wadsworth 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Psalmanazar, George. The as- 
 sumed name of a writer (1679—1763), who 
 in 1704 printed a description of Formosa^ 
 an Island subject to the Emperor of Japan 
 (q.v.), which subsequent inquiries proved 
 to be a fabrication. Itii full title ran as 
 follows : — An Historical and Geographical 
 Description ofFofmosa, an Island subject, 
 to the Emperor of Japan. Giving an ac' 
 count of tlie lieligion, CustomSf MannerSf 
 &c.i0fthe Inhabitants, together with a re- 
 lation ofwliat happen' a to the Author in his 
 Travels ;_pariicxuarly his Conferences with 
 Jesuits, and others, in several parts of 
 Europe. Also the History and Jieasons of 
 his Conversion to Christianity^ with his 
 objecUons a(jainst it in d^ence of Pagan- 
 ism, an/d their Answers. To which is pre^ 
 fixed a Preface in vindication of himself 
 from the reflections of a Jesuit lately come 
 from China, with an account of what passed 
 betioeen them. By George Psalmanazarj a 
 native of the said Island^ now in London, 
 Illustrated with several Cuts, Lond. ; 
 Printed for Dav. Brown, at the Black 
 Swan, without Temple Bar, &c. As a 
 matter of fact, the man calling himself 
 George Psalmanazar had never been out of 
 Europe, and the work in question was a 
 pure invention from beginning to end. It 
 was, indeed, at first -received as genuiiie;,, 
 its author was sent to Oxford, and main- 
 tained there by the Bishop of Oxford ; and 
 his Description was republished in many 
 French editions. By-and-hy, however, he 
 repented of the imposture ; and " those- 
 persons now being dead . . . who for 
 private eiids took advantage of hia youth- 
 ful vanity," he took occasion "to assure 
 the world that the greatest part of that ac- 
 count was fabulous . . . and he designs 
 to leave behind him a faithful ,account of 
 that unhappy step . . . to b6 published 
 after his death, when there will be less 
 reason to suspect him of having disguised 
 or palliated the truth," This was written 
 in 1747. In 1763 Psalmanazar died, and in 
 1765 appeared his Memoirs^ in which the 
 whole story was retold at length. 
 
 Psalms, A Metrical Version of 
 
 the, by " STERNHOLt), Hopkins, and 
 others," was completed in 1562. Of these, 
 Thomas Sternhold, Groom of the 
 Robes to Henry VIIL, translated fifty- 
 one Psalms, and died in 1549. JOHIT Hov* 
 KINS, his coadjutor, wrote fourteen* 
 
 Psalms of David, The : '* turned 
 into metre," by Henry Kino, Bishop of 
 Chichester (1591—1669), and published in 
 1651. 
 
 24 
 
554 
 
 PSA 
 
 PUB 
 
 Faalma of David, A New Ver- 
 sion of: "fitted to the Times used in 
 Oliurohes." Tliis version, by Sir Eichabd 
 jBtACKMORE, M.D. (1650—1729), published 
 ill' 1721, was recommended by me arcli- 
 bisbops and bishops, and obtained a license 
 for its admission into public worship. 
 
 Psalms of David, The, "trans- 
 lated by KingJames," and printed at Ox- 
 ford in 1631. William Alexakdek, Earl 
 of STiKLiifO (1580—1640), is believed to 
 have been the principal, if not the sole, 
 author of this translation. 
 
 FsEilms of David, The, were trans- 
 lated into English verse by Nahum Tate 
 (16S2— 1716), and Nicholas Bbady (1659— 
 1726), whose version supplanted that of 
 Sternhold and Hopkins, and still holds its 
 place at the end of the Prayer Book of the 
 Church of England. The first twenty 
 Psalms were published in 1695; a com- 
 plete translation appeared in 1698 ; and in 
 1700 a supplement of Church Hymns was 
 added. 
 
 FEalms of Dundee. See Godlie 
 
 AKD SPIRITUALL SONGS. 
 
 Fsalms, The. Besides the versions 
 of the Psalms noted separately above were 
 those of William of Shobeham (1327), 
 
 BlCHARD KOLLE (1336), MATTHEW PAK- 
 
 KEB (1560), Davison (temp. Elizabeth) 
 Johnston (1637), Sandys (1636), and Eons 
 (1641). 
 
 Fseilms, The, as they appear in 
 The Book of Common Prayer (q.v.), are 
 identical with the version included in 
 Cnmmer's Bible in 1540. 
 
 Fseudo-Martyr, The. A treatise, 
 by Dr. John Donne, in refutation of the 
 doctrines of Papal Supremacy, written la 
 1610, at King James's request. 
 
 Fseudozia Epidemioa : " or, 
 
 Enquiries into very many received Tenets 
 and commonly presumed Truths, or En- 
 quiries into vulgar and common Errors." 
 A prose work, by Sir Thomas Bbownb 
 (1605—1682), published in 1646. 
 
 Fsyche. A poem, in six cantos, 
 written in the Spenserian stanza, by Mrs. 
 Maby Tiohe (1773 — ISIO). It is founded on 
 the well-known episode, related by Apule- 
 ius, and made the subject of a poem by Wib 
 liam Morris (q.v.), of the loves of Cupid and 
 Psyche, an allegory of the union between 
 Love and the Soul. It was printed pri- 
 vately in 180B, and publicly circulated in 
 1611. 
 
 Fsyche, Ode to, was written by 
 John Keats. 
 
 Fsyche: "or, Love's Mystery.'' 
 A poem in twenty-four cantos, by Joseph 
 Beaumont (q.v.), written in 1647-8. Of 
 this work, conoemlng which Pope is re- 
 ported to iutve said ''tlu.t there are in it a 
 
 great many flowers well worth gathering, 
 and a man who has the art of stealing 
 wisely, will find his account in it," a notice 
 will be found in The lieirospeciive JievieWf 
 vol. xi. 
 
 Fsychozoia ; " or, the first part 
 of the Song of the Soul, containing a 
 Christiano-Platonical display of life." A 
 poem by Henby Moke (1614—1687), pub- 
 lished in 1642, with another poem of con- 
 siderable length, entitled Pscnyathanasia : 
 or, the' Second Part of the Song of the Soul, 
 treating of the Immortatitu of Souls, espe^ 
 cially Man^s Soul. To these, four other 
 poems on kindred subjects, together with 
 several minor poems, were added, and the 
 complete coUecrion of Philosophical Poemn 
 appeared in 1647. " They are now," says 
 Principal TuUoch, "hardly known, and > 
 are not to be found in any collection. In 
 some respects, they form the most singular 
 attempt in literature, to turn metaphysicil- 
 into poetry. Apart from the ' notes ' and 
 * interpretation, which he has himself 
 happily furnished, they are barely intelli- 
 gible. Even with such assistance, they are 
 a most intricate and perplexing study. 
 Yet there are here and there not a few 
 genuine gleams both of poetic and spiritual 
 insight ; and the mental picture which the 
 poems present is altogether so curious as - 
 to reward the patience of a congenial' 
 student." The titles of the four poems' 
 referred to are - very curious in them- 
 selves. They are: 1. Democritus Platonis' 
 sceUB! or, an Essay upon the Ivjinity oif 
 Wofflds out of Platonic prlncwles, 2. Antt- 
 psychopannyckiador, the Third Book qf 
 the Song qfthe Saul: containing a Confur 
 talion <3^ the Sleep of the Soalafte' Death. 
 3. The Prce-Existency of the Soul, an Ap- 
 pendix to the Third Part of the Song of the 
 Soul. 4. Anti-monopHychia: or,the JFimrth 
 Part of the Song of the Soul ; containing a 
 Confutation qf the Unity <f Souls. 
 
 Fublic Advertiser, The. Tlie 
 journal, published by Woodfall (q.v.), to 
 which Junius (q.v.) contributed his famous 
 letters. 
 
 Fublic Employment and an 
 Active Life: " preferred to Solitude, and 
 all its Appendages." An essay written by 
 John Evelyn (1620—1706), in reply to Sir 
 George Beaumont's MofraX Essay prefer- 
 ring Solitude to Public Employment, The 
 latter was published in 1665, the former in 
 1667. 
 
 Fublic Intelligencer, The, start- 
 ed in August, 1663, by L'Estrange (q.v.)i 
 was continued till November, 1666. 
 
 Fublio Ledger, The. A daily 
 newspaper, price twopence-halfpenny, 
 started in 1759—60 by -Newbery, the puV 
 Usher, and famous as containing the 
 papers which Oliver Goldsmith aftein 
 wards republished under the title of Tl)f 
 CiOiienV'the.WorUHii.y,), , 
 
I^UB" 
 
 PUK 
 
 556 
 
 "Public, My Pensive." See 
 "Pensive public." 
 
 Public Spirit, An Essay upon. 
 "A satire in prose," "by John Dennis 
 (1657—1734), "on the luxuries of the times, 
 the chief sources of our present parties 
 and diviaioua." 
 
 Public 'Wooing. A comedy hy 
 Ma-rgabet, Duchess of Newcastle (1624 
 —1673). 
 
 Publius. Tlie nam de plume under 
 which General AXjExanber Hamilton 
 (1757 — 1804), an American soldier and 
 statesman, contributed several essays to 
 2Vie Federalist. See the L\fe by J. C, 
 Hamilton (1842). 
 
 Puoelle, La Belle. The heroine 
 of Ha WES' allegorical romance of The 
 Passe Tyme of Pleasure (q.v.). 
 
 Puck, or Robin Goodfello-w. 
 The sprite who plays so prominent a part 
 in A Afidsummer I{lakt's Dream (q.T.). 
 ** Who,'* says Grant White, * • that has read 
 the play ^and who has not ?) cannot call 
 the urchin before his mind's eye as in- 
 stantly as Oberon commanded his real pres- 
 ence— a rough, knurly-limbed, faun-faced, 
 shock-pated little fellow, a very Shetlander 
 among the gossamer-winged, dainty-limbed 
 shapes around him, and strong enough to 
 knock all their heads together fonhis elv- 
 ish sport?" *' It is first in Shakespeare," 
 says Keightlej, " that we find Puck con- 
 founded with the house spirit, and having 
 those traits of character which are now re- 
 
 farded as his very essence, and have caused 
 is name Pug to be given to the agile, mis- 
 chievous monkey, and to a kind of little 
 dog." See Pug. 
 
 Puff, in Sheridan's farce of 77*6 
 Critic (q.v.), is the author of The Spanish 
 Tragedy there introdaced. He describes 
 himself as " a practitioner in panegyric 
 . . . a professor of the art of pufQ.ng-" 
 
 Puff, Mr. Partenopex, in Dis- 
 raeli's novel of Vivian Grey ^q.v.), is " a 
 B^er of good things ; but he le a modest 
 wit, and generally fathers his bon mots on 
 his valet Booby, his monkey, or hie par- 
 rot." 
 
 Puff, The. A dialogue in verse be- 
 tween a bookseller and an author, hy 
 Robert Lloyd a733— 1764) :— 
 
 " New worka, we know, require a puff ] 
 A title to entrap the eyes, 
 And catch the reader oy eurprifle.'* 
 
 " Puff (The) of a dunce he mis- 
 took .it for fame."— Goldsmith, Retalia^ 
 tion. 
 
 Pug, in Ben Jonson's play, The 
 Devil's an Assici.v ), is identified with the 
 Fuck of the fairy tales, though he here 
 figures as a demon . See Fuos. 
 
 Fulian. Leader of the N.isamoni 
 in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. He is,Blain 
 by Kinaldo (q.v.). 
 
 Pultook, Robert. See Faltock. 
 
 Pumblechook. Uncle of Joe Gar- 
 
 gery(q.v.), in DICKENS'S novel of Great 
 Fxpectations (q.v.), " Might I, Mr. Pip- 
 May I—?" 
 
 " Pun-provoking thyme."— Shbn- 
 
 STONE, The Schoolmistress t stanza 2. 
 
 Punch, the comic weekly paper 
 with which every one is now so familiar, 
 first saw light on July 17, 1841. The origiii 
 of the title is even now lost in obscurity, 
 though the honour of suggesting itia claim- 
 ed for several. It is certain that in 1832 
 Douglas Jerrold had brought out a paper 
 called Punch in London, which may or may 
 not have suggested the briefer designation 
 of the periodical started in 1841. The 
 original editors of Punch were Horacb 
 Mayhew (q.v.) aiid Mark Lemon (q.v.)." 
 on the latter of whom the sole command 
 devolved in 1843, and who retained it until 
 hia death in 1870. It was then assumed 
 by Shirley Brooks (q.v.), who died in 
 1874, when the conduct of the paper wafl 
 accepted by Tom Taylor (q.v.). ^ The 
 present frontispiece was drawn by Richard 
 Doyle, the artist, who left Punch in 1851, 
 inconsequence of the , attacks made by it 
 upon the Koman Catliolics, just aa Thack- 
 eray left it on account of its treatment ot 
 the Emperor Napoleon. Among the earli- 
 est artists upon Punch were John Leech 
 and Archibald Henning, the former of. 
 whom contributed to the fourth issue ; Bir- 
 ket Foster, Alfred Crowquill (q..v.), Sir; 
 John Gilbert, and Kenny Meadows, whtf 
 illustrated Punch's Letters to his Son, 
 JohnTenniel joined in 1851, when Doyld 
 lettj and he subsequently succeeded to the 
 position of chief cartoonist, assisted in 
 other departments of the paper by George: 
 Du Maurier, Charles Keene, Linley Sam- 
 boume, ana others! The .literary staff at 
 first included Douglas Jerrold (q.v.), whose 
 Caudle's Curtain Lectures (q .v.) were 
 among his contributions ; Percival Leigh, 
 the author of the Comic Latin Grammar ,• 
 and Gilberts Beckett (q.v.), of Comic 
 History celebrity. Dr. Maginn (q.v.) had 
 a brief coimection with the paper ; so, it is 
 said, had Coventry Patmore (q.v.), Laman 
 Blanchard (q.v.), James Hannay (q.v.), 
 and George Augustus Sala (q.v.). Albert 
 Smith furnished for it his Physiology of 
 Evening Parties and Side Scenes of So- 
 ciety ; Thackeray (q.v-), his Fat Q>ntrib- 
 utor. Book of Snobs, and other miscella- 
 nies. Tom Taylor began to write for it ia 
 1846, and subsequently contributed the 
 more prominent semi-humorous, sepl-se- 
 rious verse, chiefly on topics of imperial in- 
 terest. Shirley Brooks (q.v.) will long be 
 remembered as the author of the; witty Es- 
 sence qf Parlicvmentf which was for bo 
 
556 
 
 PUB 
 
 PUS 
 
 many years a feature of the publication. 
 A. selection from his miscellaneous epi- 
 grams and jeux d'esprit appeared in 187B. 
 L)f lateyears F. C. Burnand(q.v.) has come 
 to the fore with his Hongs of Sixpence and 
 Happy Thoughts, the latter being the most 
 saecessful series in Punch since the Jioolc 
 :tf Snobs. Mortimer Collins (q.v.) had also 
 Deeu admitted to the staff some time be- 
 Eore his death. See Hatton's lYue Story 
 of Punch. 
 
 Purchas, Samuel, clergyman and 
 historian (b. 1B7T, d. 1628), published in 
 1613, Purc/ios, his PilgHmes : or, Relations 
 yftlie World f and the Religions observed in 
 alt Ages and Places discovered from the 
 Creation to this Present ; followed, in 1625, 
 by HaJdytus Posthumus : or, Purchas, his 
 Pilgrimes, contayning a History- of the 
 World, in Sea Voyages and Lande' Travel's, 
 by Englishmen and others. He was also the 
 author of Microcosmus : or, the Historte qf 
 Man (1619) ; The King's Tower and Trium- 
 phcmtArchof London (1623) ; and a Funeral 
 Sermon (1619). See Filqkimes, &c. 
 
 " Pure as snow." — Hamlet, act iii., 
 scene 1. 
 "Pure (Her) and eloquent 
 
 blood Spoke in her cheeks."— Donne, 
 Funeral Elegies — 
 
 " and BO distinctly wrought. 
 That one might almost say her body thought." 
 
 "Pure in thought as angels 
 are.*' — Rugers, Jacqueline, stanza 1. 
 
 Pure, Simon. A Pennsylvanian 
 Quaker, in Mrs. Centliyrii'S comedy of 
 A Bold Stroke.for a Wife (q.T.), whose per- 
 Bonalit}' is assumed by Oapt. Feignwell, 
 but is afterwards successfully established 
 by its real possessor. Hence the phrase 
 — " the real Simon Pure." 
 
 Furgatorie, On. A " Scots Poem " 
 in Ramsay's Evergreen. 
 
 Purgatory of Suicides, The. A 
 
 goem in the Spenserian stanza, by Thomas 
 OOPER (b. 1806), published in 1846. It was 
 written in 1842—44, whilst the author was 
 In Stafford Gaol. 
 
 Puritan, Maid (The), the Mod- 
 est Wife, and the Wanton Widow. A play 
 by THOMAS MiDDLETON (1570— 1627), prob- 
 ably written abotit]602. The manuscript 
 was unfortunately destroyed— " burnt, or 
 put under pye-bottoms"— by one of Bishop 
 Warburton's servauts. 
 
 Puritan, The. A poem in eleven 
 Btanzas by John Cleveland (q.v.). One 
 of the verses runs :— 
 
 " With speech in thought, quick revelation. 
 With boldness in predestination, 
 With threats of absolute damnation, 
 
 for yea or nay hath some salvation 
 or nis own tribe, not every nation ; 
 See a new teacher nf the town, 
 O the town, O the town's new teacher I 
 
 Purley, The Diversions of. See 
 
 Diversions or Purley, The. 
 
 Purple Island, The. A poem in 
 twelve cantos, by Phineas Fletcher 
 (1582— 1650), written in 1633, in which the 
 poet furnishes an elaborate anatomical 
 description of the body of man, and a 
 minute philosophical examination of thd 
 operations of his mind, heart, and intel- 
 lect : — 
 
 " An Isle I fain would sing, an island fair ; 
 A place too seldom vicw'd, yet still in view ; 
 Near as ourselves, yet farthest from our care ; 
 Which we bv leaving iind, by seeking lost ; 
 A foreign home, a strange, though native 
 coast I 
 Most obvious to all, yet most unknown to most." 
 
 The prince of that isle is intellect, and he 
 is endowed with eight counsellors-r-Fancy, 
 Memory, Common-sense, and • the five 
 senses. The human fortress, thus de- 
 fended, is attacked by the vices. A fierce ' 
 contest rageSj in the midst of which an, 
 angel — identified by the poet with King 
 James I ! — interposes, and promises' vic- 
 tory to the Virtues. '* What,"-says George ' 
 MacDonald, " renders the conception yet 
 more amazing is the fact that the whole 
 ponderous mass of anatomy and metaphys- 
 ics, nearly as long as Paradise Lost, is put 
 as a song, in the mouth of a shepherd, who 
 begins a canto every morning to the shep- 
 herds and shepherdesses of the neighbour^ 
 hoodj and finishes it by folding-time in the 
 evening. And yet the poem is full of poe- 
 try. It is a whole ; its members are 
 well-fitted ; it is full of beauties— in parts 
 they swarm like fire-flies. -It is like a 
 well-shaped house, built of mud, and stuck 
 full of precious stones." 
 
 "Purple light of love, And."— 
 Gray, The Progress of Poesy, part i., 
 stanza 3. 
 
 Pursuits of Literature, The. A 
 
 satirical poem by Thomas James Ma- 
 THIAS (1757—1835), published in 1794, and 
 including some clever sketclies or the 
 writer's poetical contemporaries. The 
 notes are full of curious information ; in- 
 deed, the poem was said to have been writ- 
 ten up to them, and not they to the 
 poem, which is now forgotten, though fa- 
 mous in its day. 
 
 Pusey, Ed-ward Bouverie, D.D., 
 
 Canon of Christ Church and Rejiius Pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew at Oxford (b. 1800), has 
 published, among other works, The Doc- 
 trine of the Peal Presence Vindicated 
 (1855) ; A History qf the Couruiils qf the 
 Church (1861); Sermons preached btfon thi 
 University of Oxford (1859 and 1872) ; The 
 Minor Prophets with commentary (1862) ; 
 Daniel the Prophet (1864) ; The Church or 
 England a Portion qf Christ's One Hbhi 
 Catholic Church (1865) j and other works. 
 Some volumes of Parochial Sermons have 
 also been issued. Dr. Pusey was the 
 principal editor, and a constant contribu- 
 tor to the Tracts fbr the Timet (q.v.). 
 
PUT 
 
 QUA 
 
 557 
 
 "Put money in thy purse." — 
 
 OthellOf act i, scene 3. 
 
 Puttenham, George. The reputed 
 author of the Arte (if English Poesie (q.v.). 
 The evidence inhia favour is very clearly 
 stated in the prolegomena to Arber's re- 
 print, published in 1869. The first positive 
 allusion to him seems to be contained in 
 Bolton's Hypercritica. published in 1722, 
 and written probably about 1620 : — " Queen 
 Elizabeth's verses, those which I have 
 Been and read, some extant in the elegant, 
 wittVj and artificial Book of the Arte of 
 English Poetry (the Work as the Fame is 
 .of one of her Gentleman Pensioners, Put- 
 tenham, are Princely, as her Prose." See 
 Wood's AtJiencB OxonienseSt where he is 
 stated to he a contemporary of Dyer. 
 
 Pycroft, James, clergyman (b. 
 
 1813), has written, besides The Ways and 
 Worl's qf Men of Letters (1860), the follow- 
 ing stories : — Twenty Years in the Church 
 (1859) ; Elkerton Pect&ry (1860) ; Agmiy 
 Point (1861); and Dragon's Teeth (1863). 
 He is also the author of The Cricket Field. 
 
 Pye, Henry James, poet-laureate 
 (b. 1745, d. 1813), produced The Progress of 
 
 Refinement (1783) ; Shooting (1784) ; A com- 
 mentary illustrating the Poetics of Aris- 
 iotlej by Examples taken cfiiejly from ike 
 Modem Poets (1792) ; Alfred (q.y.), (1801) ; 
 and Comments on the Commentators of 
 Shakespeare (1807). Collected editions of 
 his poems were published in 1787 and 
 1810. 
 
 ; Pygmalion and Galatea. A my- 
 thological comedy, by W. S. GiIiBEIct 
 (q.v.)r embodying the fable of the Athenian 
 sculptor, who prayed the gods to put life 
 into the statue of Galatea which he had 
 fashioned. In the comedy, Galatea evokes 
 the jealousy of the sculptor's wife Gynisca; 
 and, after causing great misery by her very 
 Innocence, voluntarily returns to the orig- 
 inal stone. 
 
 Pygmalion's Image. See Fig- 
 si alion's Image. 
 
 Fylgrimage of the Soivle, The : 
 
 "translated out of the Prensh&intoEng- 
 liehe. Emprynted at Westminster by Wfl- 
 Uam Caxton, the first year of Kynge Ed- 
 ward V., 1483." Probably founded on Le 
 P&lerin de l^Aine, by Guillaume, prior of 
 Chaulis. 
 
 Pyramus. T!ie })ero of tlie inter- 
 lude in Shakespeare's Midsummer 
 Might's Dream (q .v.). In mythology, he is 
 represented as the lover oi Thisbe, who, 
 supposing her dead, stabs himself under 
 the mulberry tree ; whereupon, Thisbe, 
 finding the body of her lover, kills herself 
 upon the selfsame spot. Abkaham Cow- 
 I/EY (q.r.) wrote a Tragical Hisiory of 
 Pyramus and Thisbe when he was ten 
 years old, SeeTuiSBE, t«^ 
 
 Pyramus and Thisbie, A New 
 
 Sonnet of. Contributed by one I. Tomson 
 to the collection of verse called A Hande~ 
 full of Pleasant Delites (1584). Morley 
 thinks it may have suggested to Shakes- 
 peare the notion gf hia interlude of Pyra- 
 mus and Thisbe in A Midsummer NighVa 
 Dream (q.v.). See Pykamus. 
 
 Pyrooles, in Sir Philip Sidney's 
 Arcadia (q.v.), is probably intended for 
 the author himself. 
 
 Q. Elizabeth's Verses ^rhile a 
 
 Prisoner at Woodstock : " writ withOhar- 
 coalon a Shutter," and preserved byHentz- 
 ner in his Travels. See Percy's lieliques. 
 They are dated 1555, and begin ;^ 
 
 "Oh, Fortune I how thy restlesfl, ■wnvcrinB ettita 
 Hath fraught with cares my troubled witt I " 
 
 See Elizabeth, Queen. 
 
 Q.Q., The Contributions of, "td 
 
 a Periodical Publication," consist of 
 various papers written by Jane Taylok 
 (1783—1824), for The Youth's Magazine, and 
 republished in 1824, 
 
 Quadrille : " a Ballad on/' was 
 written by John Gay (q.v.). 
 
 Quaestiones Naturales. A work 
 by Athelaed of Bath (circa 1110—1120), 
 several manuscripts of which exist under 
 varying titles. It was printed, apparently 
 as early as the fifteenth century, and is i^ 
 the form of a dialogue between the autliqr 
 and hia nephew. It is dedicated to Eich- 
 ard. Bishop of Bayeux (circa 1108—1133), 
 It contains Athelard's opinions' on several 
 physical questions relating to animals, 
 man, and the elements, and at the conclu- 
 sion promises another treatise on higher 
 philosophical subjects, to be entitled De 
 Initio de Initiis. See Wright's Biograpkia 
 Britannica lAteraria. 
 
 Quair, The King's. See King's 
 
 QUAIB. 
 
 Quaker Poet, The. A name some- 
 times conferred both on Bernard Bar- 
 ton (q.v.) and John Greenleaf Whit- 
 TiER (q.v.), both of them members of the 
 Society of Friends. 
 
 Quakers. See Apology for the 
 TRUE Christian Divinity. 
 
 " Quality, A taste of your." See 
 
 " Taste of your quality." 
 
 " Quality of mercy is not 
 
 Btrain'd, The,"— First line of the famous 
 speech by Portia in The Merchant of 
 Venice^ act iv., scene 1 — 
 
 "It dropneth an the gentle rain from heaven 
 Tjpon tne place beneath : it is twice blest ; 
 It DieBSGth him thnt given, nnd him that tnkes i 
 'TiH mightiest in the mightiest ; it becomes 
 The throned monarch better thou Itii ciown." 
 
658 
 
 QUA 
 
 QUB 
 
 Quallon. The nom de plume under 
 which S. H. Bradbuby has published 
 some occasional verse. 
 
 Quarles, Francis, poet (b. 1692, 
 d. 1644), wrote A Feast for Wormet (1620) ; 
 Penlalogla: or, the Qutntessence of Medi- 
 tation (1620) J Hadassa : or, the History of 
 Qaeen, Esther (1621) ; Argalus and Par- 
 thenia (q.v.), (1621) ; Jab Militant, with 
 ■Meditations Divine and Moral (1624) ; Sion's 
 Elegies wept bij Jeremie the Prophet (1624) ; 
 Sioyi*s Sonnets Sung by Solomon the King, 
 andperiphras'd (1625); Divine Poems (q.v.),' 
 (1630) ; Divine Fancies (1632) ; Emblems, 
 Divine and Moral (q.v.), (163S) ; Hiero- 
 glyphics of the Life of Man (1638) ; The 
 Shepherd's Oracles (1644) j The Virgin 
 ■Wiaoto (1649) ; Enchiridion, containing 
 Institutions Divine, Contemplative, Prac- 
 ticall. Moral, Ethical, Economical, Political 
 (I'T-), (1652) ; and other works. Quarles Is 
 spoken of by Wood as the " old Puritanical 
 poet, the some time darling of our plebeian 
 Judgment." Baxter thought that Quarles 
 outdid all the poets. "Milton," says 
 Horace Walpole, " was forced to wait till 
 the world had done admiring Quarles," of 
 whom Lloyd wrote In 1668 that " his pious 
 books by the fancy take the heart ; having 
 taught poetry to be witty without profane- 
 ness, wantonness, or being satiiical ; that 
 is, without the poet's abusing God, himself, 
 or his neighbour." " He was a poet," says 
 Langbalne, " that mix'd religion andfancy 
 together, and was very careful in all his 
 writings not to intrench upon £ood man- 
 ners by any scurrility in his works, or any 
 way offending against his duty to God, his 
 neighbour, and uimself ." " His verses on 
 Job," says Fuller, " are done to the life, 
 BO that the reader may see his sores, and 
 through them tlie anguish of his soul." 
 Quarles's son,' John, also wrote some 
 verse. He died in 1666. See Loyai. Con- 
 VEBT, The. 
 
 Quarll, Philip. The hero of The 
 Hermit (q.v.). 
 
 " Quarrel is a very pretty quar- 
 rel as it stands. The."— Sherisax, The 
 Hivals, act iv., scene 3. 
 
 "Quarrellets of Pearl, The." — 
 
 Hebrick, The Bock of Rubies. 
 Quarterly Magazine, Knighfs, 
 
 was started by Charles Kkight (q.v.) in 
 1823, and expired in 1824. It enjoyed 
 numerous distinguished contributors, 1«- 
 cluding Thomas Babington (afterwards 
 Lord) Macaulay, WintSrop Mackworth 
 Praed, Derwent Coleridge, Moultrie, and 
 others. Pbaed was editor. 
 
 Quarterly Revie'w, The, was 
 
 started in 1809 as an opponent to The 
 Edinburgh Review (q.v.), which was then 
 doing for the Whles what the Quarterly 
 has since done for the Conservative party 
 In the State. William GiprOBD (q.v. 
 
 was the first editor of the Quarterly, and 
 continued to conduct it until 1824, when 
 John Gibson Lockhart (q.v.) succeeded 
 him. The title of ** quarterly " has since 
 been adopted by the British (Quarterly, 
 Church Quarterly, and otfaer reviews 
 
 " Queen and huntress, chaste 
 
 and fair." A song sung [by Hesperus in 
 Bek Jonson's Cynthia's Revels (q.v.). 
 
 Queen Eleanor's Confession. 
 
 A balladconceming the consort of Henry 
 11., who is made in it to confess to unfaith- 
 fulness to the king, and to having intend- 
 ed to poison him, the king being one of 
 those who hear her confession. See Percy's 
 Reliqves. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth's Verses 'while 
 
 a Prisoner at Woodstock. See Q. £liza- 
 beth's Vebses, &c. 
 
 " Queen G-uinevere had fled the 
 court, aiidsat." The first line of " Guine- 
 vere," in Tennyson's Wy its of the King. 
 See Guinevere. 
 
 Queen Mab. See Mab, Queen. 
 
 "Queen Mab hath been vrith 
 
 you ; O then, I see." — See act i., scene 4, 
 pi. Romeo and Juliet (q.v.) : — 
 ** Bhe is the f airiea' midwife ; Bnd she comei 
 
 In shape no bigger than an agate-stone 
 
 On the forefinger of an alderman, 
 
 Drawn with a team of little atomies 
 
 Athwart men's noses as they lie asleep." 
 
 .See Mab. 
 
 Queen Mary. A drama by Alfbed 
 TENNY.SON (b. 1809), published in 1876, and 
 moulded on the historical plays of Shake- 
 speare. The heroine is Mary I. of Eng- 
 land,«ifMi the play brings into prominence 
 her love for,-Tind mamage wiui Philip of 
 Spain ; the religious ana political dissen- 
 sions of her reigit ; and lier hopeless yearn- 
 ing for an heir to the clouble crown of 
 England and Spain. Among 13ie -dramatis 
 personce are Elizabeth, Cecil, Cramntii; 
 Gardiner, and Sir Thomas Wyatt, the poet 
 (q.v.). A drama with Mary for heroine 
 had been written some years previously by' ■ 
 Sir Aubrey de 'Vebe (1807—1846), aria 
 published in 1847 under the title of Mary 
 Tudor. 
 
 Queen-Mother, The. A tragedy 
 
 byALGEENON Chables Swinbubke (b. 
 1837), published in 1861. In this work, 
 Catherine de' Medici is, says Stedman, 
 '• strongly and clearly delineated, — a cruel, 
 relentless, yet imposing figure. The style 
 is caught from Shakespeare. Scattered 
 through it are some of the curious old 
 French lyrics which the author already 
 was so deft at turning. The volume re^ 
 veals many traits of the genius that has 
 since blazed out so finely." 
 
 Queen of Carthage, The. See 
 Dido. 
 Queen, To the. The dedication 
 
QUE 
 
 QUI 
 
 659 
 
 of liis poems byALFBED TEyuTSON, in 
 March, 1851 ; contaming the fine tribute to 
 "Wordsworth, his predecessor in the lau- 
 reateship ;— 
 
 " This laurel greener from the brows 
 Of him that uttered uothing base." 
 
 Queeu (Our) shall be as drunk 
 as we." See " Pleasure to be deunk." 
 
 Queeno of Arragon, The. A 
 
 tragi-comedy hy "William: HAEiifGTOir, 
 first acted abSut 1635 or 1636, and revived 
 In 1666, with a prologue and epilogue by 
 Butler. It was printed in J.640. Among 
 the characters are Becastro, general of the 
 forces of Arragon, and in love with the 
 queen ; Florentio, general of the forces of 
 Castile, also enamoured of her ; and As- 
 oanio, the disguised king of Castile. Flo- 
 rentio eventually wins the queen. See 
 Carew Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley's Old 
 Plays. Here is a verse of one of the songs 
 in the play : — 
 
 " Pine young folly .though you were 
 That fair beauty I did swear, 
 
 Yet you ne'er could reach my heart 
 For we courtiers learn at school, 
 Only with your sex to fool } 
 
 Y^are not worth the seiious part." 
 
 Queenhoo Hall. An uniinislied 
 romance by Joseph Stbutt (1749—1802), 
 which was publishedi in 1808, after the 
 death of the writer, by Sir Walter Scott, 
 and is said to have suggested to him the 
 idea of composing an liistorical novel in 
 the form of Waverley. Queenhoo Hall was 
 accompanied in this pubUeation by Ancient 
 Times, a drama. Anothei^ posthumous 
 work of Strutt's was his Test of Guilt : or, 
 Traits of Antient Superstition, a dramatic 
 tale, printed by his son in 1808. See The 
 Gentleman^s Magazine, vol. Ixxviii. 
 
 Queen's Ball, The. One of the 
 " IX. Poems by ' V.» " In July, 1847, Miss 
 .Mitford wrote to,a correspondeait :— " Mrs. 
 Archer Clive, who is a greatf riend of mine, 
 sent me the .other gay her poem, The 
 Queen's Ball, of Which the subject is most 
 striking : one hundred and fifty persons 
 were invited who are dead. 'She has made 
 a fine use of this remarknble fact." The 
 shades are supjiosed to be reached by these 
 cards of invitation, bo sought and schemed 
 for in the upper world : and leave to accept 
 is accorded by the ruler of Hades. Some 
 shades decline Pluto's permit. Others, 
 strange to say, are alive to ihe royal com- 
 pliment, and " glad to be thought of once 
 again." There is originality in the group- 
 ing of dead and living which results. 
 (Contemporary Review, 1874.) See "Y.," 
 Poems by. 
 
 Queens, The Masque of, by Ben 
 ' JONSON, was written in 1610. 
 
 Queen's "Wake, The. A legendary 
 
 fioem by James Hogg (1772—1835), i>ub- 
 ished in 1813, and consisting of a variety 
 of tales £ind ballads supposed to be sung to 
 
 Mary Queen of Scots by the royal bards, 
 at a wake at Holyrood. Among these is 
 the touching and popular sto^yof Kilmehy 
 
 (q-v.). , 
 
 Quentin Durward. -SeeDcKWARD, 
 
 QUEKTIX. 
 
 Query, Peter, Esq. Tlie pseu- 
 donym under which Martin Farquhar 
 TUPPER (b. 1810) published i2irfes and Rev- 
 eries of Mr. j^sop SmithX^BSS). 
 
 Questioning Spirit, The. A lyric 
 by Arthur Hugh Clough (181&— 1861). 
 See BsTHESDA. 
 
 Quete de Saint Graal, Le. A 
 
 romance compiled by "Walter Mapes, 
 Archdeacon of Oxford (1150—1196). See 
 Grail, The Holy. 
 
 " Queubus, The equinoctial of ." 
 
 An expre^ion attributed by Sir Andrew 
 Ague-cheek (q.v.) to the clown in Twelfth 
 Night (act ii., scene 3), as a part of his 
 " very gracious fooling " on the previous 
 night. *' Perhaps," says Leigh Himt, *' it 
 means some glorious torrid zone, lying 
 beyond three o'clock in the morning." 
 But; of course, it has no meaning. 
 
 Quevedo Redivivus. See Vision 
 
 OF JtjDGHIent, The. 
 
 Quickly, Mrs. Servant to Dr. 
 CaiuSjin The Merry JVives of Windsor {q,Y.) 
 and hostess of a tavern in Eastcheap in the 
 First and Second Parts ot King Henry IVj 
 
 Quidnunc. A meddling busybody^ 
 in a farce by Arthur Murphy (q.v.) 
 called Tlie Upholsterer: or. What News? 
 
 Quiet Conscience, On a. Verses 
 attributed to King Charles I. in the 
 Poetical Calendar of 1763, vol. viii., where 
 it was reprinted from Nahum Tate's Mis- 
 cellanea Sacra : or, Poems on Divine cmd 
 Moral Subjects, 
 
 " Quiet eye. The harvest a." See 
 *' Harvest of a quiet eye." 
 
 " Quiet sense of something lost, 
 
 The."— Tennyson, InMemoriam, Ixxvli. 
 
 "Quiet to quick bosoms is a 
 
 hell."— Byron, Childe Sdrold^s Pilgrimr 
 
 agef canto iii., stanza 42. 
 
 "Quietus make -with a bare 
 bodkin, His." — Hamlet, act iii., scene t, 
 
 "Quill from an angel's -wing." 
 See "Pen (The), .wherewith," &c. 
 
 *' Quills upon the fretful porcu- 
 pine." See "Fretful Porcupine." 
 
 QuUp. A liidebus dwarf in Dick- 
 ens's novel of The Old CvHosity Shop 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Quinborough, The Mayor of. A 
 
 comedy, supposed to be one of the earliest 
 productions of its author, Thomas Kid- 
 
D60 
 
 QUI 
 
 QUI 
 
 DLETOS, though not printed until 1661. 
 The part of chorus is performed by 
 ECanulph, monk of Chester. 
 
 Quince. An "Every-day Cliar- 
 icter, " by 'Winthrop Mackwobih 
 Pbaed :— 
 " Welcome was he in hut and hall 
 
 To maids and inatronE, peers and peowmts | 
 He won the sympathies of all 
 
 By making puna, and malcing presents 
 Sound was his claret— and his head ; 
 
 Warm was his double hie— and feelings i 
 Bis partners at the whist club said 
 That he was faultless in his dealings.'* 
 
 Quince, Peter. A carpenter, in 
 A Midsummer Night's Dream (q.v.). 
 
 Quincey, Thomas de, miscella- 
 meous writer (b. 1785, d. 1859), published 'a 
 large number of Wwks, the chief of which 
 were collected in 1853 Into fourteen vol- 
 umes in the following order :— i., Auto- 
 biographic Sketches ; li., Autobiographic 
 Sketches^ with Recollections of the Lakes ; 
 iii"., Miscellanies, chiefly Narrative; iv.. 
 Miscellanies ; v.. Confessions of an Eiiglish 
 Opium Eater; vi.. Sketches, Critical and 
 Biographic ; yu.. Studies of /Secret Records, 
 Personal and Historic; viii., Essays, 
 Sceptical and Anti-Sceptical, or Problems 
 neglected or misconceived; i%,. Leaders in 
 Literature, toith a Notice of Traditional 
 Errors affecting Them; 3C., Classic Records, 
 Bevietoed and Deciphered ;^\., Critical Sug- 
 gestions on Style and Rhetoric, with Ger- 
 man Tales; xii., Speculations, Literary 
 and Philosophic, with German Tales ; xiii. 
 Speculations, Literary and Philosophic ; 
 and xiv., Letters to a Young Man whose 
 Education has been neglected. A ;Gauch 
 more complete edition is that published 
 by Ticknor and Field, of Boston, iu 
 twenty volumes, the contents of which 
 are given in Lowndes' Bibliographer's 
 Manual, where the reader will also hnd a 
 complete list of De Quiucey's contributions 
 to The London Magazine, Blackwood's 
 Magazine and Tail's Magazine. For Bin 
 ography, see his Autobiography, Miss Mar- 
 tineau's Biographical Sketches, and his 
 Life by Page (1877). For Criticism, see 
 Stirling's Essays and Stephen's Hour in a 
 Library. " In seventy-three years," says 
 the latter writer, " De Quincey read ex- 
 tensively and thought acutely by fits, 
 wrote a few pa^es which revealed new 
 capacities in the language, and provided a 
 good deal of respectable padding for mag- 
 azines." '* De Quincey," says Harriet 
 Hartineau, "was not made like other men, 
 and he did not live, think, or feel like 
 them. A singular organisation was 
 singularly and fatally deranged in its 
 action before it could show its best quality. 
 Marvellous analytical faculty he had, but it 
 all oozed out in barren words. Channing 
 eloquence he had, but it degenerated 
 into egotistical garrulity, rendered tempt- 
 ing by the gilding of Ms genius. It is 
 questionable whether, if he had never 
 touched opium oi wine, bis real achieve- 
 
 ments would have been substantial, for he 
 had no conception of a veritable stand- 
 point of philosophical investigation ; but 
 the actual effect of his intemperance was 
 to aggravate to excess his introspective 
 tendencies, and to remove him incessantly 
 farther from the needful discipline of true 
 science. His conditions of body and mind 
 were abnormal, and his study of the one 
 thing he knew anything about — the human 
 mind— was radically imperfect. His moral 
 nature relaxed and sank, and the man of 
 genius who administered a moral warning 
 to all England, and commanded the sym- 
 pathy and admiration of a nation, Uved 
 on to achieve nothing but the delivery of 
 some conhdences of questionable value 
 and beauty, and to command from us noth- 
 ing more than a compassionate sorrow that 
 an intellect so subtle, and an eloquence 
 so charming in its pathos, its humour, ita 
 insight, and its music, should have left 
 the world in no way better for such gifts 
 —unless by the warning afforded in the 
 Confessions first, and then by example, 
 against the curse which neutralised their 
 influence and corrupted its source." See 
 English Opium-eater. 
 
 Quintin Schavr. See Schaw, 
 
 QUINTIIf. 
 
 Quip for an XTpstart Courtier : 
 
 "or, a dispute between Velvet-breeches 
 and Cloth-breeches." A prose pamphlet 
 by BoBEBT Greene, printed in 1592 j 
 probably a plagiarism from an older poem 
 under the title of The Debate between 
 Pride and Lowliness pleaded to an issue in 
 Assize, £c. It is reprinted in vol. v. of The 
 Harleian Miscellany, 
 
 "Quips and cranks and 'wan- 
 ton wiles." — Milton's poem of L'AllegrOf 
 line 27. 
 
 "Quips and sentences." — Much 
 Ado About Nothing, act ii., scene 3. 
 
 '■Quiring to the young-eyed 
 
 cherubinis." — The Merchant qf Venice, act 
 v., scene 1. 
 
 Quisara. The heroine of Fletch- 
 er's play of The Island Princess (q.v.). 
 See Abmusia. 
 
 "Quit, O quit this mortal 
 
 frame ! " See " Vital Spark." 
 
 Quixote, Don. See Cervantes. 
 
 Quixote, Don, in England. A 
 
 comedy by Henrv Fielding (1707—1754). 
 
 Quixote, Don, The Comical 
 
 History of, "in two parts," by Thomas 
 D'Urfey (1660—1723), published in 16M. 
 
 Quiz. A nom de plume assumed 
 by Charles Dickens (1812—1870) in pub- 
 lishing Younq Couples, The pseudonym 
 of the artist, Hablot E. Browne, was 
 Phiz. 
 
Qt 
 
 BAD 
 
 6< 
 
 Quiz, The. A weekly journal, 
 
 ?u1>llshod at threepence, and conducted by 
 HOMAS FrOONALL DIBDIK (1770—1847), 
 
 Sn conjunction with Sir fiobert Ker Porter 
 and his sisters. 
 
 Quotem, Caleb. A parish clerk, 
 . in COLMAN's play of The Bevieto: or^ the 
 Wags of Windsor (q.v.). 
 
 " Quoth the Raven, 'Never 
 more.' " The refrain of several verses in 
 The Haven (fi.r.). 
 
 Rab and his Friends. A story 
 by T>r. John Brown, contained in his 
 work entitled HoroR Subsecivce (q.v.). It 
 has also been published in a separate form. 
 Rab is a dog, whose fidelity to, and attec- 
 tion for his master and mistress are paint- 
 ed wifla graphic power. 
 
 Rabelais. The History of Garpan- 
 ' tua and Pantagruel by this famous writer 
 (1483—1553) was translated— the first three 
 books by Sir Thomas Urquhart (q.v.) in 
 1653, and the other three by Peter Antony 
 Motteux (q.v.)» the joint production being 
 reserved by John Ozell (q-v.), with correc- 
 tions of text, and notes by a French writer 
 called Le Duchat. 
 
 "Rabelais' easy chair, Or lau|;h 
 and shake in,"— Pope, Tlie iSunciad, line 
 22. 
 
 Rabelais, The English. A name 
 applied indiflEerencly to Dean Swift (1667 
 —1745) ; Lawrence Sterne (1713—1768), 
 of whom Percy Fitzgerald says that "the 
 cast of the whole Shaudean history, its 
 tone and manner and thought, is such as 
 would come from onnsaturated, as it were, 
 wit^ Rabelais, and the school that imita- 
 ted liabelais ; " and to Thomas Amory 
 (1691—1788), author of The Life of John 
 SuytclCf Esq. (q.v.), of whom Hazlitt writes 
 that *' the soul of Francis Kabelais passed" 
 into him—** both were physicians, and ene- 
 mies of too much gravity. Their great 
 businesswM to enjoy life." Dr. Maginn 
 (179^1842) was sometimes called "The 
 Modern Kabelais." 
 
 Rabsheka, in Drtden's Absalom 
 and Achit(^hel (q.v.), is intended for Sir 
 Thomas Player, 
 
 Raby, Aurora. See Aurora 
 Baby. 
 
 "Race of politicians, The 
 
 whole. " Swift, Travels of Lemuel Gulli- 
 veTf chapter vii. 
 
 Race, The. A satiric poem by 
 CtTTHBERT Shaw (1738—1771), written in 
 imitation of The liosciad (q.v.). It con- 
 tal;iis " characters " of Dr. Johusoiif ICen- 
 rick, and others. 
 
 "Rack of a too easy chai 
 Stretched on the,"— Pope, The Duncia 
 book iv., line 342. 
 
 "Rack of this rough -worli 
 ThQ,"~King Lear, act v., scene 3. 
 
 Rackrent, Sir Condy. A clia 
 acter in Miss Edgeworth's novel 
 Cktstle Rackrent (q.v.) , 
 
 Radcliffe Library, The, at 0: 
 ford was founded by Dr. John Kadcliff 
 who, dying on November 11, 1714. b 
 queathed by will to the University of O 
 ford £40,000 for thiit purpose. The fir 
 stone of the building was laid on May 1 
 1737, and the library was opened on Api 
 13, 1749. 
 
 Radcliffe, Mrs. {v^e Ann "Ward 
 novelist (b". 1764, d. 1823), wrote The Castl 
 of Athlin and lywnbayne (1789), (q.v.) ; Ti 
 Sicilian liomance (1790) ; The liomance t 
 tile Forest (1791), (q.v.) ; The Mysteries t 
 Udolpho (1794), (q.v.) ; A Journey Throuc 
 Holland (1795); The Italian (1797), (q.v. 
 and Poems (1834), (q.v.). For JBiograpt 
 and Criticism J see Scott's Biographie 
 Dunlop's History of Fiction^ Kavan^gh 
 Women of Letters^ and Jeaffreson's Nove 
 and Novelists. Haynes Bayly wrote of hi 
 in his Fashionable Novel : — 
 
 " O Radcliffe I thou once wert the charmer 
 
 But past are thy terrible touches, 
 
 and so on. *■ Mrs. Radcliffe, as an author. 
 says Sir Walter Scott, '* has the most d 
 cided claim to take her place araon^ tl 
 favoured few who have been distlnguishe 
 as the founders of a class or school. SI 
 led the way in a peculiar style of comp* 
 sition, affecting powerfully the mind < 
 th6 reader, in which no one has attaint 
 or approached to the excellence of tl 
 original inventor, llie species of romant 
 she introduced attains its interest neith< 
 by the path of comedy nor of tragedy, ar 
 yet it has, notwithstanding, a deep, dec 
 ded, and powerful effect, gained by meai 
 independent of both— by an appeal, in oi 
 word, to the passion of fear, whether e: 
 cited by natural dangers or by the suggei 
 tions of superstition. Her materials ai 
 all selected with a view to the author 
 primary object. Her scenery is general] 
 as gloomy as her tale, and her personagt 
 are those at whose frown that gloom grov 
 darker. She had made much use of ol 
 scurity and suspense. To break off tl 
 narrative when it seemed just at the poii 
 of becoming most interesting- to extii 
 euish a lamp just when a parchment coi 
 taining some hideous secret ought to ha^ 
 been read— to exhibit shadowy forms an 
 half-heard sounds of woe^-are resource 
 which Mrs. Radcliffe has employed wit 
 more effe^et than any other write]? of r< 
 mance." 
 
 24* 
 
662 
 
 RAD 
 
 RAXi 
 
 Hadegoud. Queen of the Ama- 
 Bons, " half like a man," in SPEifSEK's 
 Fa'irie Queene (q.v.). 
 
 Radirobanes, in Barclay's ro- 
 mance of Arqenis (q.v.% is intended for 
 Philip H., King of Spain. 
 
 Rae "Wilson, Esquire, Ode to, 
 
 by Thomas Hood. A fine piece of satire 
 on religious pride and bigotry. It contains 
 some well-known passages. For exam- 
 ple : — 
 
 '* Man may pious texts repeat. 
 And yet religion have no inward seat : 
 
 'Tis not 80 plain as the Old Hill of Howth, 
 A man has got liis belly full of meat 
 Because he talks vitbi Tictuals in bis mouth.** 
 Again : — 
 
 ** I do confess that I ahhor and shrink 
 
 . From Schemes, with a religious willy-nilly. 
 That frown upon Sc. Giles's sins, but blink 
 The pcccadilloea of oil Piccadilly." 
 
 Ragg, Thomas, poet and clergy- 
 man (b. 1808), has published The Incarna- 
 tion, and other Poems (1833) ; The Deity (of 
 which The Incarnation forms apart, (1834); 
 The Martyr of Verulam, and Other Poems 
 (1835); Lyrics from the Pentateuch (1837) ; 
 Heber, and Other Poems (1840) ; Scenes ana 
 Sketches (1847) ; Creation's Testimony to its 
 Author (1855); and Man's Dreams and 
 God's Realities (1858). 
 
 ^Ragman Roll. An old poem, print- 
 ed 'from the Fairfax MS. in "Wright's Anec- 
 dota Literaria and Carew HazUtt's Early 
 Popular Poetry. ** It is curious as being 
 one of the earliest of those attacks on the 
 female sex, which subsequently issued 
 from the press in such abundance. The 
 origin of the strange title of this piece is 
 assignable to a mediseTal game so desig- 
 nated." 
 
 "Railed (And) on Lady For- 
 tune in good terms." — As You Like It, act 
 Li., scene 7. 
 
 Rain, An Ode to the, \>y Samuel 
 rAYLOK Coleridge ; written in 1809. 
 
 " Dear rain I I ne'er refused to say 
 You're a good creature in your way, 
 Nay, I could write a book myeelf 
 Would fit a parson's lowcrshclf. 
 Showing how very good you arc— 
 "What then ? nomebmes it must be fair 
 And if sometimcB, why not to-day ? 
 Do go, dear Rain I do go away I " 
 
 " Rain from heaven, The gentle." 
 
 The Merchant of Venice^ activ., scene 1. 
 
 Rain in Summer. A poem by 
 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (b, 
 1607). 
 
 " How beautiful is the rain I 
 After the duet and heat, 
 In the broad and fiery ttrcct. 
 In the narrow lane, 
 Uow beautiful is the ram I 
 
 " Rain influence, Ladies "wrhose 
 
 bright eyes."— Milton, 'VAllegro^ line 
 I2i. 
 
 ''Rain, rain, and sun! a rain-\ 
 
 bow in the sky." A line in Merlin's song 
 in The Passing of Arthur (Tennyson's 
 Idylls of the King). 
 
 Rainbo'w, To the. A lyric by 
 Thomas Campbell. It begins :— 
 
 " Triumphal arch that flU'st the sky. 
 When storms prepare to part, 
 I ask not proud Philosophy 
 To teach me what thou art" 
 
 "Rainbow to the storms of 
 
 life, Be thou the."— Byron, The Bride of 
 Ahydos, canto ii., stanza 20. 
 
 Raine, James, D.C.L. (b. 1791, d. 
 1858), was the author of A History of North 
 DurJiam (1830 and 1852). 
 
 Rainolde, Richard, " maistre of 
 arte of the Universitie of Cambridge," 
 published in 1563, The Foundation ofRheP- 
 orike. 
 
 Rainy Day, The. A lyric by 
 Henry wadsworth Longfellow (b, 
 1807). 
 
 " In each life nome rain must fall. 
 Some days be dark and dreary.*' 
 
 Raising of Xiazarus. jSee Lazakus, 
 
 Kaising of. 
 
 Raising the "Wind. A farce by 
 James Kenney (1780—1849), produced, in 
 1803, at Covent Garden Theatre. The 
 chief character is Jeremy Diddler (q.T.). 
 
 " Rake (A) among scholars, 
 and a scholar among rakes." — MAC- 
 A ULA Y's description of Sir Bichard 
 Steele. See his essay on Addison. 
 
 Raleigh, Sir "Walter (b. 1552, d. 
 1618), wrote The Discovery of the Large, 
 Beautiful, and Rich Empire of Guiana 
 (1596), U History of the World (1614), Advice 
 to his Son, and various other miscel-' 
 lanies in prose and yerse. His Works 
 were published in 1751 and 1829. For Biog" 
 raphy see the Lices by Whitehead, Oldys, 
 Birch, Cayley (1S05), Thomson (1830), Tyt- 
 ler (1833), Napier (1857), St. John (1868), 
 and Edwards (1870) ; also, Disrb«U's Curv' 
 osities of Literature and Kingsley*8 MisceU 
 lanies. For Criticism, see The Edinburgh 
 Review, vol. Ixxi. See also Hannali*s 
 edition of the Poems (1875). Discussing- 
 Baleigh's History of tlie World, Hallam 
 says : — *' We should expect from the prison- 
 hours of a soldierj a co-jitier, a busy in, 
 trlguer in state aHairs, a poet, and a man 
 of genius, something well worlh oar notice. 
 but hardly a prolix history of the ancient 
 world, hardly disquisitiojis on the site of 
 Paradise and the travels of Cain. Th© 
 Greek and Eoman stoiy is told more fully 
 and exactly than by any earlier English, 
 author, and with a plain eloquence which 
 has given this book a classical reputation 
 in our language. Kaleigh has intermingled 
 political reflections, and Illustrated his 
 history by episodes from modern timea, 
 
BAL 
 
 RAN 
 
 663 
 
 wlilch perhaps are now the most Interest- 
 ing passages. It descends only to the 
 second Macedonian war. There is little 
 now obsolete in the words of Baleigh, nor, 
 to any great degree, in his turn of phrase j 
 the periods, when pains have been taken 
 ■with them, show that artificial structm-e 
 which we find in Sidney and Hooker ; he 
 is less pedantic than most of his contem- 
 poraries, seldom low, never affected." 
 Puttenham (q.T.) says :— " For dittie and 
 amouious Ode, I finde Sir Walter Eaw- 
 leyghs vayne most lof tie, insolent, and pas- 
 sionate." See Cynthia ; Lie, The ; 
 Shepherd of the Oceau. 
 
 Ralph. An independent clerk, tlie 
 attendant of Hudibras, in Sutler's poem 
 of the latter name (q.v.). 
 
 Ralph, Alderman. A tale liy 
 Thomas Cooper (q.v.), publi hed in 1853. 
 
 Ralph Esher, Sir. A novel by 
 James Henry Leigh Hunt (q.v.), pub- 
 lished in 1832. 
 
 Ralph, James, raiscellaneous wri- 
 ter (d.l762), produced Tlie ToHclistonein2S); 
 Taste of the Town (1T30) ; a Hlstary of Eng- 
 land during the reigns of King William 
 Jll.f Anne^ and King George /., with aii 
 introductorg JReview of the jReigns of 
 Charles 11.^ and Jame^ II., bg a Lover 
 ef Truth and Uberty (1744—46) ; Tlie Use 
 and Abuse of Parliament (1744) ; Tlie Case 
 of Authors by Profession stated, in regard 
 to Booksellers, the Stage, and tlie Public 
 (1758) ; and other works. See Drake's Es- 
 says, Walpole's Memoirs, and Davies' Life 
 tjf Garrick. See Authors by Profes- 
 
 SlOJf. 
 
 Ralph Roister Doister. See 
 
 BOISTER DOISTER, BAI.PH. 
 
 Ram Alley : " or, Merrie Trictes.'' 
 •' A Comedy of divers times, heretofore 
 acted by the Children of the King's 
 Eevels," and written by Ludowick Bar- 
 by (temp. James I.). Bam Alley was an 
 avenue from Fleet Street leading into the 
 Xemple, and formerly claimed to be ex- 
 empt from the process of courts of laws; a 
 privilege of which it was deprived in the 
 reign of William III. The play, which 
 was published in 1611, may be character- 
 ised, says Carew Hazlitt (Dodsley's Old 
 Plays), ^^ aB SL strongly-written, and well- 
 constructed domestic drama, valuable as 
 a social monument of the times. But it is 
 full of gloss passages, allusions and inu- 
 endoes." 
 
 Rambler, The. A periodical in 
 essay fonn, written and published by Dr. 
 Johnson (q.v.) twice a week— every Tues- 
 day and Saturday— from March 20th, 1750, 
 to March 14th, 1752. During that period, 
 only five of the essays proceeded fronpi 
 otjier hands than those of Johnson— name- 
 ' ly, No. 10 from Mrs. Chapone, No. 30 from 
 Su». Talbot, No. S7. ttom mcbaidBon the 
 
 novelist, and Nos. 44 and 100 from Mrs, 
 Elizabeth Carter. ** As The Raynbler," 
 says Boswell, " was entirely the work of 
 one man, there was, of course, such a uhi- 
 forriiity in its texture as very much to ex- 
 clude the charm of variety ; and the giave 
 and often solemn cast of blinking, which 
 distinguished it from other periodica^ 
 papers, made it for some time not general; 
 ly liked. I will venture to say that in no 
 writings whatever can be found more bark 
 and steel for the mind, if I may use the 
 expression." 
 
 Rame, MdUe de la. See Ouida. 
 Rames, Philip de. See Blomdb 
 OF Oxford ; Manekike, Lb. 
 
 RamiUes, The Battle of. See 
 
 Battle of Bauilies, The. 
 
 Ramsay, Allan, poet (b. 1686, d. 
 1758); published,in his early years, various 
 poetical pieces, including an epistle to the 
 Easy Club, and a continuation of Christis 
 Kirk of the Grene (q.v.) ; followed in 171E 
 by The Tea-Table Miscellany (q.v.), in 
 1724 by The Everqreen (q.v.), and in 1725 
 by The Gentle Shepherd (q.v.). His col^ 
 lected poems were published in 1731, and 
 again ill 1800, with a glossary, a Life of the 
 author by George Chalmers, and ^' semarks 
 on his poems, from a large, view of their 
 merits," by Lord Woodhouselee. 
 
 Ramsay, David and Margaret.' 
 
 The names of an old watchmaker and his 
 daughter in Sir Walter Scott's Fortunes 
 ofjfigel (q.v.). 
 
 Ramsay, Sd^vard Bannerman, 
 
 LL.D., Dean of Edinburgh (b. 1793, d. 
 1872), was author of Peminiscenes of .Scot^ 
 iish Life and Character, which, published 
 in. 1SS8, has passed into no fewer thail 
 twenty-three editions. To the tweiity- 
 third, in 1874, was prefixed a Memoir of 
 the Dean by Professor Cosmo Innes, 
 Dean Kamsay also wrote Sermons, Chrisp 
 tian Pesponsibility, Catechetical Instruc- 
 tion, Pulpit Table-Talk, TJiomas Chalmers* 
 and other works. See the Memorials and 
 Peeollections by C. Eogers (1873). 
 
 Ramsbottom, Mrs. The imag- 
 inary author of a series of letters, dis- 
 tinguished by their grotesquely bad spell- 
 ing, which were contributed to the John 
 Biill newspaper in 1829 by TheodorB 
 Hook. 
 
 Randolph, Thomas, poet anddmr 
 matist (b. 1605, d. 1634), wrote Aristippusi 
 or, the Jovial Philosopher (in20) ; The Jeal- 
 ous Lovers (1632) ; Comelianum Dolium 
 (1638) ; Amyntas : or, the Impossible Dpwni 
 (1638), (q.v.) ; Hey for Honesty (1661), (q.v.) : 
 and Poems, published with The Muses'' 
 Looking-Olass (q.v.) and his other work* 
 (1668). An edition of bis Poetieal ana 
 Dramatic Works, edited by W.' Carew 
 Hazlitt, appeared In 1875. See Woqd'f 
 
664 
 
 HAN 
 
 BAS 
 
 Athena Oxonienaes and The Jietrospective 
 Review, vi., 61—87. 
 
 Random, Roderick, The Ad- 
 
 rentures of. A novel by Tobias Geokgb 
 Smollett (1721—1771), written on tlie 
 model of Le Sage's Gil Bias. " lioderlcl: 
 Random,** says Hazlitt, '* is ttie purest of 
 Smollett's novels ; I mean in point of style 
 uid description. Most of Uie incidents 
 and cliaractei-s are supposed to have been 
 taken from the events of his own life, and 
 are therefore truer to nature. The style 
 Is more easy and flowing than that of Tom 
 Jones ; the incidents follow one another 
 more rapidly ; the humour is broader and 
 more elfectual, and there is very nearly, if 
 not quite, an equal interest excited by the 
 story." It was published in 1748. See 
 BowLLSo, Eattlin, and Stkap. 
 
 Rands, W. B. -fee Browne, Mat- 
 thew ; FlELDMOUSE, TiMOS; HOLBEACH, 
 
 Henry. 
 
 Ranger. A character in Wtcher- 
 tEY's comedy of Love in a Wood. 
 
 Ranger, in Hoadley's comedy of 
 The Suspicious Husband (q.v.), is " only a 
 variation on the characters of Farquhar, 
 of the same class as his Sir Hairy Wild- 
 air [q.v.] and others, without equal spirit. 
 
 Ranger, The. Tlie pseudonvm of 
 Oaptain Flack, author of A TexanHiinter 
 ana other works. 
 
 "Rank is but the guinea's 
 
 stamp. The.'-' A line In Bukhs's verses, 
 Is there/or Honest Poverty. 
 
 Raakine, William John Mac- 
 Quorn, Professor of Engineering at Glas- 
 gow (b. 1820, d. 1872), was author of Songs 
 and Fables (1874), an4 nujnerous works on 
 mechanics. - 
 
 Rcinter, The "Wido'ro'fi A comedy 
 by Mrs. Aphra Behn, writj^^n 1699. 
 
 Ranthorpe. A tale ^BbGrEORGE 
 Henry Lewes (b. 1817), ptmished in 
 1847. See the Life of Charlotte Bront'i, by 
 Mrs. Gaskell. 
 
 Rape of Iiucrece, The. See 
 
 IiDORECE, The Bape op. 
 
 Rape of the Ijock, The. A " Iieroi- 
 comlcal " poem by Alexander Pope (1688 
 —1744), dedicated to Mrs. Arabella Fermor, 
 and occasioned by a frolic of gallantry in 
 which Lord Petre cut oif a lock of that 
 lAdy's hair. From this incident arose a 
 quarrel between the two families, which 
 Mr. Secretary Caryll suggested Pope 
 might compose by the proiluction of a 
 ludicrous poem. The first sketch was 
 written in less than a fortnight, and pub- 
 lished in 1712, in two cantos. The delicious 
 machinery of sylphs and gnomes, which 
 adds so much to the beauty of the poem, 
 was added, says Lowell, at the suggestion 
 
 of Dr. Garth. " The idea was taken from 
 that entertaining book, The Count de 
 Gabalis,in which Fouqu6 afterwards found 
 the hint for his Undine ; but the little 
 sprites as they appear in the poem are 
 purely the creation of Pope's fancy. The 
 theory of the poem is excellent. The 
 heroic is out of the question in fine] 
 society. The mock-heroic is the only 
 way in which the petty actions and suSer- 
 ings of the fine world can be especially 
 treated, and the contrast continually 
 suggested with subjects of larger scope 
 and more dignified treatment, makes no 
 small part of the pleasure, and sharpens 
 the point of the wit. The invocation is 
 admirable :— 
 " ' Say, what Btrangc motive.'GoddcBs, could compel 
 
 A well-bred lord to assault a gentle belle ? 
 
 U Bay what Btrangcr cause, yet unexplored. 
 
 Could make a gentle belle reject a lord ? * 
 
 The poem, in its present complete form, 
 was published in 1714, and was followed 
 in 1715 by a Key to the Lock, written by 
 Pope himself under the pseudonym of 
 "Esdras Bamevelt, Apoth.," and gravely 
 explaining the whole as a covert satire 
 upon Queen Anne and the Barrier Treaty. 
 
 " Rapt seraph that adores. The." 
 
 —Pope, Essay on Man, epistle i., line 277. 
 
 "Rapture on the lonely shore." 
 
 See " Pleasure in the pathless 
 
 WOODS." 
 
 "Rare Ben Jonson! O." An 
 
 appellation bestowed apon JoNSON, the 
 dramatist and poet, by an eccentric gen- 
 tleman, who gave a mason elghteen-pence 
 to cut it upon the stone of Jonson's grave 
 in 'Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Rare Triumphs of Iiove and 
 
 Fortune, The. A play, "wherein are 
 many fine conceites with great delight," 
 printed in 1589. Only one copy of it is 
 known to be extant It is printed in 
 Garew Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley's Old 
 Plays. 
 
 "Rarely, rarely, comest thou. 
 Spirit of Delight." A lyric by Percy Bys- 
 she Shelley, written in 1821. 
 
 "Rarity of Christian charity, 
 
 Alas I for the." See " Alas 1 for the 
 rarity," &o. 
 
 Rashleigh. One of the Oshald- 
 istone family, in Sir Walter Scott's 
 novel of Pob Roy (q.v.). See Osbaldi- 
 
 STONE. 
 
 " Rashly importunate. Gone to 
 
 her death."— Hood, Tlie Bridge qf Sighs. 
 
 Rasni. Kinpof Nineveh, in Lodge 
 and Greene's play of A Looking-Glasse 
 for London and Enqland (q.v.) ; an " im- 
 perial swaggerer," full of rant and blas- 
 phemy. " In the course of the play," says 
 Campbell, " the imperial swaggerer mar- 
 ries hla own sistec, who is quite as couse- 
 
HAS 
 
 RAY 
 
 665 
 
 quential as himself ; but, finding her 
 struck dead by lightning, he deigns to 
 espouse her lady-in-waiting, and is finally 
 converterl, after his wedding, by Jonah, 
 who soon afterwards arrives at Nineveh." 
 
 Rasseias, Prince of Abyssinia. 
 A prose tale by Dr. JoHNSO>f (1709—1784), 
 published in 1759. "I have to mention," 
 says Boswell, ^'tliat the late Mr. Strahan, 
 the printer, told me that Johnson wrote 
 It, that with the profits he might defray 
 the expense of his mother's funeral, and 
 pay some little debts which sbe had left. 
 He told Sir Joshua Reynolds that he com- 
 posed it in tlie evenings of one week, sent 
 it to the press in portions as it was writ- 
 ten, and had never since read it over. Mr. 
 Strahan, Mr. Jolmston, and Mr. Dodsley 
 purchased it for £100, but afterwards paid 
 Mm £25 more when it came to a second 
 edition. None of liis writings have been 
 so extensively diffused over Europe, for it 
 has been translated into most, if not all, 
 of the modem languages. This tale, with 
 all the charms of Oriental imagery, and all 
 the force and beauty of which the English 
 language is capable, leads us through the 
 most important scenes of human life, and 
 shows us that this stage of our being is 
 full of ' vanity and vexation of spirit.* " 
 " Easselas and' Imlac, Nekayah and Pek- 
 nah, are evidently meant," says Macau- 
 lay, " to be Abyssinians of the eighteenth 
 century ; for the Europe which Imlac de- 
 .Bcribes is the Europe of the eighteenth 
 century ; and the inmates of the Happy 
 Valley talk familiarly of the law of gravi- 
 tation which Newton discovered, and 
 which was not fully received even at Cam- 
 bridge till the eighteenth century. John- 
 son, not content with turning tilthy sav- 
 ages, ignorant of their letters and gorged 
 with raw steaks cut from living cows, into 
 philosophers as enlightened as himself or 
 his friend Burke, and into ladies as highly 
 accomplished as Mrs. Leiraox or Mrs. 
 Sheridan, traiisferred the whole domestic 
 system of England to Egypt." 
 
 Rastell, John. See Four Ele- 
 ments ; Philonides and Menippus. 
 
 Rat, Doctor. Tlie curate, in 
 Gamnier Gttrton's Needle (q.v.). 
 
 "Rather than be less, Cared 
 
 not to be at 3XL"~Paradise Lost, book ii., 
 line 47. 
 
 Rattler, Morgan. A pseudonym 
 under which Peecival 'Weldon Banks 
 (b. 1806, d. 1850) contributed to Fraser's 
 Magazine. 
 
 Rattlin, Jack. A naval char- 
 acter, in BmoiAJRyr* a Adventures qf Rod- 
 erick liandom (q.v.). 
 
 Rattlin' Roarin' Willie. A Scot- 
 tish song, which appeared for the first 
 time in Johnson's Musical Museum (1788), 
 to which it was communicated by Kobsbt 
 
 BUKNS. Another song, representing the 
 Willie in question (who appears, accord- 
 ing to Scott, to have been a real person) 
 in an amatory light, is quoted by Cham- 
 bers. See also Halliwell-Phillipps's JTwrs- 
 ery Rhymes, 
 
 " Rave, recite, and madden 
 round the land. They." See "Madden 
 
 ROUND THE LAND.'* 
 
 Raven, The. A poem by Edgar 
 Allan Poe (1811— 1849), published in 1845, 
 which has attained a world-wide popular- 
 ity. For the author's account of the mode 
 
 of its construction, see The Philosophy of 
 Composition, an essay, in the collected eai- 
 tion of his works. The last verse runs :— 
 
 *' And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, Btill 
 is sitting. 
 On the pallid bust of Fallas, just above my 
 chaniber door, 
 And his c^cs have all the seeming of a demon'a 
 that is dreaming, 
 And the lamplight o'er him streaming throws 
 his shadow on the floor ; 
 And my soul from out that shadow that lies float- 
 ing on the floor 
 
 Shall be lifted— Nevermore ! " 
 
 "Raven-do-wu (The) of dark- 
 ness."— Milton, C<ym,us, line 249. 
 
 Ravenswood, The Master of, 
 is the hero of Scott's romance of The 
 Bride o/Zammermoor (q.v.). His name ia 
 Edgar, and he is in love with Lucy Ash- 
 ton. 
 
 Ra'wlett, John, of Newcastle, 
 divine (b. 1642. d. 1686), was the author of 
 The Christian Monitor, and other works, 
 
 Rawlins, Thomas, dramatist (d. 
 1670), was the author of The Rebellion 
 (q.v,) and Tom Essence (1677), and of a 
 volume of poems entitled Calanthe (1648). 
 See Carew Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley'a 
 Old Plays, vol. xiv. 
 
 RawUnson, George, Canon of 
 Canterbury (b: about 1815), has produced 
 Historical Evidences of the Truth of the 
 Scripture Records (1860), The Mve Great 
 Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World 
 (1862—5), The Seventh Great Oriental Mon- 
 archy (1875), and other works. 
 
 Ray, John, botanist and miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1628, d. 1705), published 
 Methodus Plantarum Nbuus (1682) ; A Col- 
 lection of English Prov^bs (1670) ; Nistoria 
 Plantarum Generalis (1686) ; A Collection 
 of English Words not generally used pifyd); 
 Observations made in » Journey through 
 PartoftheLow Countries, Germany, Italy, 
 and France (1673) ; The Wisdom of God 
 manifested in. the Creation (1691) ; Three 
 Physico-Theologicat Discourses concerning^ 
 Chaos, the £>eluqe, and the Dissolution of 
 the World (1693) ; and many other works, 
 chiefly on botanical subjects, a list of 
 which is given in Lowndes' Bibliographer's 
 Manual. A Life of Eay^ by William Der- 
 bam, £ippeared in 1760 with his Latest Re- 
 mains* His Correspondence was published 
 
566 
 
 RAT 
 
 B,EA 
 
 in 1718 and 1848 j Hay's Miscellany in 1860. 
 See also the Jiay Society Publications 
 [18M— 56). 
 
 Rayland, Mrs., in Mrs. Smith's 
 novel of The old Manor House (q.v.) is de- 
 scribed by Mias Kavanagh as " one of the 
 most finely drawn characters in the Eng- 
 lish fiction of the eighteenth century, and, 
 we will venture to add, to Sir Walter 
 Scott's praise, ' old Mrs. Bayland is with- 
 out a rival,' that none, save Mrs. Smith, 
 could have portrayed her. Miss Bumey 
 would have exaggerated, and Mrs. Inch- 
 bald would have satirised her." 
 
 Raymond, " master of 4,000 in- 
 fantry," figures iu Tasso's Jerusalem De- 
 livered. 
 
 "Raze out the -written 
 
 troubles of the brain." — Macbeth act v., 
 scene 3. 
 
 " Razure of oblivion." — Meas- 
 ure for Measure, act v., scene 1. 
 
 Reach, Angus Bethune, novel- 
 ist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1821, d, 
 1866), produced Clement Xorimer (1848) ; 
 Leonard Lindsay (1850) ; Claret and Olives, 
 from the Garonne to the Blume (1862) ; The 
 Jfatural History of Bores and Humbugs ; 
 The Comic Bradshaw; London on the 
 Thames ; and other works. See Charles 
 Mackay's Recollections. 
 
 Reade, Charles, D.C L., novelist 
 and dramatist (b. 1814), is the author of 
 Peg Woffington (1852) ; Christie Johnstone 
 (1853) : /( is Never -too Late to Mend (1867) ; 
 The Course of True Love never does run 
 Smooth (1857) ; Jack of all Trades (1858) j 
 Love Me Liitle, Love Me Long (1869) ; 
 White Lies (1860) ; The Cloister and the 
 Hearth (1861) ; Hard Cash (1863) ; Griffith 
 Gaunt (1866) : Foul Play (with Dion Bou- 
 cicault, 1869), Put Yourself in his Place 
 (1870): A Terrible Temptation (1871); y» 
 Simpleton (1873) ; Tiie Wandering Heir 
 nslS) ; A Hero and Martyr (1876) ; and 
 Tlie Woman-Hater (1877) ; besides produc- 
 ing the following dramas ; — Gold (1850) ; 
 Two Loves and a Life (1854) ; The Kinff's 
 Bivals (1854) ; and Masks and Faces (with 
 Tom Taylor), (1854) ; Foul Play (with Dion 
 Boucicault), (1868) ; The Wandering Heir 
 (1875) J and The Scuttled Ship (1877). 
 
 Reade, John Edmund, poet (d. 
 1870), published The Brolxn Heart, and 
 other poems (1825) | Cain, the Wanderer 
 (1830) ; The Revolt qf the Angels (1830); 
 Itahi (1838) ; Cataline (1839) ; Revelations 
 of Life (Wis) ; Memnon ; and other works. 
 A collected edition of Ms Poems appeared 
 in 1866. 
 
 " Reader ! walk up at onoe (it 
 win soon be too late) And buy at a per- 
 fectly ruinous rate, A fable for critics." 
 The opening lines of a poetical satire by 
 Jaugs Bdssell Lowell (b. 1819), pub- 
 
 lished In 1848, and containing humorous 
 criticisms on the writer's liierary contem- 
 porararies. See Ckitics, A Fable fob ; 
 
 WONDEBFUL QtTIZ, A. 
 
 " Reading, Cursed hard." See ■ 
 " Easy wkiting," &o. 
 
 " Reading maketh a full man." 
 Bacon's essay On Studies. 
 
 Real Iiife in London : " or, the 
 Bambles and .Adventures of Bob Tal- 
 lyho, Esq., and his Cousin, the Hon. Toin 
 Dashall, through the Metropolis." A work 
 of fiction, published by Piebce Eoan 
 ("An Amateur "), in 1821—2. 
 
 " Real Simon Pure." See Puke, 
 
 Simon. 
 Reaper and the Flowers, The. 
 
 A lyric by Henby 'Wads'IVOETH Lokg- 
 FELLOW (b. 1607) :— 
 
 " 'Twas an angel visited the men eoxth, 
 And took the flowera away.^' 
 
 " Rear (To) the tender thought," 
 
 Thomson, The Seasons (" Spring," line 
 1,149)- 
 
 ," To teach the young idea how to Ghoot." 
 
 "Reason (Aj upon compul- 
 sion ! " — Falstaff, in King Henry IV,, part 
 i., act ii., scene 4. " If reasons were as 
 plentiful as blackberries, 1 would give no 
 man a reason upon compulsion." 
 
 Reason of Church Oovern- 
 
 ment. See Peelatioal Episcopacy, 
 Of. 
 " Reason or rhyme, 'Without.'.' 
 
 —George Peele, Edward I. The fol- 
 lowing quatrain is attributed to Cbubch- 
 YABD (q.v.) :— 
 
 " You bid yT treasurer on a time 
 To give me reason for my rhyme, 
 But from that time and that season 
 I have had nor rliyme nor reason." 
 
 Four very similar lines are ascribed t"* 
 Spenser. "Neither rhyme nor reason " 
 occurs in As You Like It, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Reason, The Age of : "being an 
 Investigation of true and fabulous The- 
 ology," by Thomas Paine (1737—1809), 
 published in 1792 and 1796. It was an- 
 swered by Bishop Watson. A new edition, 
 enlarged by Bichard Carlile, appeared in 
 1818. 
 
 " Reason the card, but passion 
 
 is the gale."— Pope, Essay on Man, epistle 
 ii., line 108. 
 
 "Reason, The feast of." See 
 
 " Feast of Keason," &o. 
 
 Reasonableness of Christianity, 
 
 The : " as delivered in the Scripture." A 
 treatise by John Locke (1632—1704) ; writ- 
 ten, it is said, in support of William III.'B 
 favourite scheme of comprehending the 
 Dlssmters in the National Church, It 
 
BEB 
 
 BED 
 
 567 
 
 was published anonymouBly in 169S, and 
 ■was attacked in the following year by Dr. 
 JEdwards, in a pamphlet called Socinianism 
 Unmaskedf which drew from Locke two 
 Vindications in 1695 and 1697. 
 
 Rebecca. Daughter of Isaac the 
 Jew, and in love with the hero, in Sir 
 Waltee Scott's romance of Ivanhoe 
 
 Rebecca and Rcwena: "a ro- 
 mance upon romance," by WiLiiiAM 
 Makepeace Titackkbay ; written in 
 ridicule of Sir "Walter Scott's Ivanhoe 
 (c[.v.), of which it professes to be a con- 
 tinuation. 
 
 Rebellion and Civil Wars in 
 
 England, History of the, by Edwakd 
 HrDE, Earl of Clakehdoit, (1608—1674), 
 was begun in 1641, and first published in 
 17(^, and edited by Bishop Sprat and Dean 
 Aldrich in 1826. See also Civil Waks, 
 
 U^HE. 
 
 Rebellion, The. A tragedy by 
 Tbomas Eawltss (d. 1670), printed in 
 1640, and ^ain in 1654. See also Carew 
 Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley's Old Playa. 
 
 Recess, The: "or, a Tale of 
 Other Times," by Sophia Lee (1750—1824), 
 published in 1784. The scene of this novel, 
 which is probably the earliest historical 
 Action in the language, Is laid In the reign 
 lif Elizabetb. 
 
 "Recks not his own rede, 
 
 .eLad.."—BamUt, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Recluse, The. A lyric by James 
 Montgomery (q-v.). 
 Recluse, The. See Prelude, The. 
 
 Recollections of a Chaperon, 
 The. See DACKE, Lady. 
 Recollections of the Arabian 
 
 Nights. A poem bv Alfbed TEHifYSON, 
 published in 1830. 
 
 Reconcilement, The. A song by 
 ■Torn Sheffield, Duke of Buckinq- 
 HAMSHIEE (1649—1721) ;— 
 
 ■' ' Xis the most tender part of love 
 £acK other to forgive." 
 
 Record, The. An ecclesiastical 
 newspaper, started in 1828. 
 
 Recorde, Robert, mathcmatic!."in 
 (b. 1500, d. 1558), was the author of The 
 Whetitoneof Witte (1557), and other works. 
 
 "Recorders, Oh! the." — Hamlet, 
 act iii., scene 2. Miltox also refers to 
 "soft recorders" (Paradise Lost, 1., 551). 
 They were a large kind of flute. 
 
 " Recording angel. The," figures 
 in afajnous passage in Sterxe's Tristram 
 5Sa»K/i/ (qv.), vol. vi., chap. viii. "The 
 accusing spiriti wjiieh flew up to. heaven's 
 chancery wiih the oath, blushed as he gave 
 
 it in ; and the recording angel, as he wrote 
 it down, dropped ii tear upon the word and 
 blotted it out for ever." There is an echo 
 of this passage in the following couplet 
 from Campbell's Pleasures of Hope :- 
 
 " But sad as angels for the good man's sin, 
 "Weep to record, and blush to give <t in." 
 
 Recreation for Ingenious Head- 
 pieces : "or, a Pleasant Grove for their 
 wits to Walk in ." A collection of epigrams 
 published'iu 1654. < 
 
 Recreations of Christopher 
 
 North. A work by Professor John Wilson 
 (q.v.), published in 1842. See North, 
 Christopher. 
 
 Recreations on Adam's Ban- 
 ishment. Poems by William Hunnis (d. 
 1568), published in 1588. 
 
 Recreations "virith the Muses. 
 
 Miscellaneous poems by William Alex- 
 ander, Earl of Stirling (1680—1640), 
 published in 1637. 
 
 Recruiting Officer, The. A com- 
 edy by George Earquhar (q.v.), pro- 
 duced in 1706. The chief character is 
 Sergeant Kite (q.v.). 
 
 Red Book of Hergest, The, or 
 Llyfr Coch, preserved in Jesus College 
 Library, Oxford, includes some of the 
 oldest known copies of most of the'poems 
 ascribed to Taliesin and Llywarch Hen, a 
 brief ciironologj' from Adam to a.d. 1318, 
 and a chronological History of the English 
 to 1376. All these are in nianuscrii^ of 
 the fourteenth century. o 
 
 Red Cotton ITight-cap Coun- 
 try : " or, Turf and Towers." A poem by 
 BOBERT Browning, published in 1873. 
 The country referred to is Brittany, where. 
 Miss Thackeray assures ns, red cotton 
 night-iJaps are in vogue. The work is one 
 of the author's least successful produc- 
 tions. 
 
 Red Cross Knight, The, in Spen- , 
 ser's poem of The Pairie Queenc, book i., 
 is a personification both of St. George, the 
 patron saint,and of the Church of England,' 
 besides typifying Holiness generally. He 
 is assigned by the fairy queen to Una aa 
 the champion who is to kill the dragon" 
 which desolates' her father's country. This- 
 achievement he duly performs, and after- 
 wards marries Una (q.v.), 
 
 Red, Red Rose, A. A song by 
 KobektBdrns (1769— 1796). See "OsiV 
 Luve's like a red, red rose." 
 
 Redbreast Chasing the Butter- 
 fly, The. A lyric by William Words- 
 worth, written in 1806. 
 
 Redden, Laura C, American 
 authoress, has written Notable Men of the 
 Thirty-seventh Congress (1802), Idylls of 
 Battle and Poems qf the Sebellion (1864), 
 sfAf^li^iyroiTit, Sfe Ql^YKiJON.SowABOr 
 
568 
 
 BED 
 
 REG 
 
 Hedding, Cyrus, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1785, d. 1870) wrote Hemarhable 
 MiserSj Yesterday and To-day f A Wife and 
 not a Wife, and many other works. For 
 autobiographical details, see bis Past Ce- 
 lebrities wnom I have knovm (1865), and 
 Personal Peniiniscences of Eminent Men 
 (1867). He was at one time co-editor with 
 Thomas Campbell of Tlie New Monthly 
 Magazine. 
 
 Redgauntlet. A novel by Sir 
 Walter Scott, published in 1824. The 
 hero is Sir Edward Hugh Bedgat'.ntlet, a 
 Jacobite, who possesses the power of con- 
 tracting his forehead into a frown in tlie 
 lines of which the shape of a horseshoe 
 might be traced — that being the fatal mark 
 of his family. 
 
 Redin,.iroung. A ballad, found 
 in various collections under the different 
 titles of Earl Richard, Young Hunting, 
 and Lord William. It is printed by Herd, 
 Buchan, Scott, Kinloch, Motherwell and 
 Laing, and relates how young Bedin, 
 having told his sweetheart that he loves 
 another better, is by her killed and thrown 
 Into the river. 
 
 Redlaw. The " Haunted Man," 
 in Dickens's story of the latter name 
 
 (q.v.)- 
 
 Redmond. The page of Rokeby, 
 in Sir Waltek Scott's poem of th» latter 
 siame (q.v.). 
 
 Reed, Isaac, commentator and 
 editor (b, 1742, d. 1807), issued, with the 
 assistance of Johnson and Steevens, a 
 twenty-one-volume edition of Shake- 
 speare*s works in 1803. He also edited Dods- 
 ley*B Old Plays and (hllections of Poems, 
 Pearch's Coflection qf Poems, the Reposi- 
 tory and Baker's Blographica Dramatica. 
 See Nichols' Literary Anecdotes. 
 
 Rees, Abraham, D.D., miscella- 
 neous writer (b. 1743, d. 1825), published a 
 continuation of the Cyclopedia of Ephraim 
 Chambers, which extended to forty-five 
 quarto volumes, and was completed in 
 1819. Dr. Bees was a contributor to The 
 Literary Review, and wrote numerous 
 tracts and sermons. See Chambers, 
 EpuitAiM ; Encyclopedia. 
 
 Reeve, Clara, novelist and miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1725, d. 1803), produced 
 Poems (1769) ; The Phcenix (1772) ; The 
 CJiampionof Virtue: or , the Old English 
 Baron (1777) ; The Progress of Romance 
 (1785); The Two Monitors; The Exile; 
 The School for Widows; Plans for Educa- 
 tion; and The Memoirs of Mr Roger de 
 Clarendon. See Sir "Walter Scott's ^10^7- 
 raphies, and Jeaffreson's Novels and Nov- 
 elists. See Old English Baron ; Pro- 
 gress OF EoMANCE, The. 
 
 Reeve, Henry, D.C.L., Refjistrar 
 of tho Privy Council (b. 1813), succeeded 
 
 Sir G. Comewall Lewis as editor of The 
 Edinburgh Review in 1855. He has pub- 
 lished translations of De Tocqueville's 
 Democracy in America and France befoi'C 
 the Revolution of 1789, and of Guizofs 
 Washington, besides editing Whitelocke's 
 Journal of the Swedish Embassy in 1652 — 
 54, and CTreville's Journals of the Reigns of 
 King George 1 V, and King William 1 V, 
 His only original work is Royal and Re^ 
 publican Erance. 
 
 Reeve's Tale, The, in Chaucer's 
 Canterbury Tales (q.v.), appears to have 
 been taken from a fabliau of the trouveur 
 Jean de Boves, entitled De Gombert et 
 les Deux Clercs. There is a story like it 
 in the Decameroti and in La Fontaine's 
 Rerceau. 
 
 Refinement, The Progress cf. 
 
 A poem by Henry James Pyb (174D — 
 1813), published in 1783. 
 
 Reflection, Aids to. See Aids 
 TO Keflection. 
 " Reflection came. But -with the 
 
 morning cool." — Scott, introduction to 
 chap iv. of The Highland Widow. 
 
 Reflections on the French Rev-. 
 
 olution. See French BEVOLtrTioN, Bb- 
 
 FLECTIONS ON THE. 
 
 " Reform it altogether." — Ham- 
 let, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Reformation of Religion with- 
 in the Bealm of Scotland, A History of 
 the, bv John Knox (1505 — 1572), was 
 printed after his death. "It is valuable 
 for its information, and for the public doc- 
 uments it contains, and it has passages 
 of vigorous picturesque writing, humour, 
 and sat&*e.'* 
 
 Reformation of the Church of 
 
 England, The History of the, by Gilbert 
 Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury (1643— 
 1715), the first part of which was publish- 
 ed in 1679, and obtained the thanks of both 
 Houses of PiU'liament. The second and 
 third volumes appeared in 1681 and 1715 
 respectively ; and the whole work was 
 translated into several Eui'opean lan- 
 guages. It is still the best authority on 
 uie subject of which it treats. 
 
 Regan. A daughter of King Lear, 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of the latter 
 name (q.v.) ; sister or Goneril (q. v.), 
 " Began and Goneril," says Coleridge. 
 '* are the only pictures of the unnatural 
 in Shakespeare— the pure unnatural ; and 
 you will obsei-ve that Shakespeare has 
 left their hideonsness unsof toned or diver- 
 sified by a single line of goodness or com- 
 mon human frailty; whereas in Edmund, 
 for whom passion, the sense of shame as a 
 bastard, and ambition, oi¥er some plausi- 
 ble excuses, Shakespeare has plaCea xOauy 
 icdoeming traits." 
 
BEO 
 
 EEI 
 
 66d 
 
 " Regent of love-rhymes " (tliat 
 is^ Cupid). See Love's Labour's Lost^ act 
 ill., scene 1 — 
 ** The anointed soTcreign of Bighs and groans." 
 
 Regicide, The. A tragedy by 
 Tobias George Smollett (1721—1771), 
 which he presented in 1747 for peifoim- 
 ance at Drury Lane, but "vvliich, after 
 some encouragement from Lord Lyttelton, 
 "was for a time neglected, and at length 
 brought out by subscription in 1749. See 
 
 SCKAQ, GOSLIKG. 
 
 Regimente, The Compendy- 
 
 ouse : ** or, a Dietary of Healthe made 
 in Mount Pyllor,*' published by A3f drew 
 BORDE (q.v.) in 1562. ** It is the only one 
 of his books," says Warton, " that can 
 afford any degree of entertainment to the 
 modem reader ; where, giving directions 
 as a physician, concerning the clioice of 
 houses, ~ diet, and apparel, but itot sus- 
 pecting how little he should instruct and 
 nctw much he might amuse a curious pos- 
 terity, he has preserved many anecdotes 
 of the private life, customs, and arts of 
 our ancestors." 
 
 Regimine Principum, De. A 
 metrical versioii of this work is mentioned 
 in The Pasfon Letters (q.v.) as one of 
 the books belonging to .John Paston in 
 the reign of Edward IV. It was in the 
 favourite -metre called rhyme royal, was 
 begun by John Lyjdgate (q.v.), and is 
 said to have been completed by Bene- 
 dict Burg it (q.v.). A rhythmical version 
 was also written by Occleve (q.v.). " The 
 origiual work," says Professor Morley, 
 '* sometimes called in English The Govtr- 
 nail 0/ Princfis, and sometimes The Boole 
 of all Good Themes f is known to us as the 
 basis of the seventh book of Gower's 
 Catifessio Amantis" (q.v.). Occleve de- 
 scribes it as a compilation from a work of 
 the same name by .fflgidius de Colonna, 
 the Secretum Secretorum ascribed to Aris- 
 totle, and the Game of Chess Moralized 
 by Jacques de Cessoles. 
 
 Reginald Dalton. See Dalton, 
 Keginald. 
 
 " Regular (As) in your irregu- 
 larities as ever."— O'Brien, Cross Pur- 
 poses, act i., scene 1. 
 
 Rehearsal, The. A burlesque by 
 George, Duke of Buckingham (162T— 
 1688), produced in 1671. It is "in great 
 measure taken," says Hazlitt, " from the 
 comedy entitled The Knight of the Burning 
 Pestle " (q.v.). Shaftcsbuiy, in his Char- 
 acteristics (q.v.), refers to it as "that justly- 
 admired piece of comic wit" which "has 
 furnished our best wits in all their con- 
 troversies, even in religion and politics, as 
 weljas inthe afCairsof wit and learning, 
 with the most effectual and entertaining 
 method of exposing folly, pedantry, false 
 reason, aud ill-writing." iSeeBAYEB. 
 
 Rehearsal Transposed, The. A 
 
 prose work written by Andrew Marvell 
 (1620—1678), in reply to a now-forgotten 
 work by Dr. Samuel Parker, Bishop of Ox- 
 ford, it was published in 1672, and was 
 chiefly occupied by a defence of Milton, 
 who was, he says, " aud is, a man of as 
 great learning and sharpness of wit as any 
 man." Swift said of it, " that it was tho - 
 only instance of an answer w];ich could be 
 read with pleasure when the publication 
 which occasioned it was forgotten." 
 
 Reid, Mayne, novelist (b. 1818), 
 has published the following among other 
 stories of adventure, chiefly intended for 
 boys -.—The liifie Mangers (IS-IO), The Scalp 
 Hunters (1850), The Boy Hunters (1852), 
 The Yomig Voyagers (1853), The^ White 
 Chief (ISm), The Quadroon (1856), The War 
 Trail (1858), The Wild Huntress (1861); The 
 Cliff Climbers (1864), The Headless Horse- ' 
 man (1865), Afloat in the Forest (1866), The 
 Guerilla Chitf OSfUl), The Child Wife (1868), 
 The Castaways (1870), The Finger of Fate 
 (1872), The Death Shot (1873), and The Flag 
 of Distress (1876). 
 
 Reid, Thomas, pliilosophical writer 
 (b. 1710, d. 1796), wrote an Essay on Quan- 
 tity (1748), An Inquiry into the Human 
 Mind on the Principles of Common Sense 
 (1763), The Logics of Aristotle (appended to 
 Lord Karnes's Sketches of the History of 
 Man, 1773), Fssays on the hitellectttal 
 Powers of Man (1785), and Essays on the 
 Active Powers of tJie Human Mind (1788). 
 His collected Works were edited,with Dis- 
 sertation and Notes, by Sir William Hamil- 
 ton, and with a Life by Dugald Stewart, in 
 1846. For Criticism, see the contemporary 
 writings of Priestley and Ihe later com- 
 ments of Dugald Stewart. Brown, Eoger 
 CoUard. Cousin, and Professor Traser.- 
 " The merit of what you are pleased to 
 call my philosophy," wrote Beid to a 
 friend, " lies, I think, chiefly in. having 
 called in question the common theory of 
 ideas or images of things in the mind being 
 tho only objects of thought— a theory' 
 founded on natural prejudices, and' go 
 universally received as to be interwoven 
 in the structure of the -language." " The 
 basis of the philosophy of Beid," saya 
 Fraser, " is the Fact of External Percep- 
 tion." See Active Powers of the 
 Human Mind ; Common Sense j and In- 
 tellectual Powers of Man. 
 
 Reid-Squair, The Battal of the. 
 Fought on the 7th July, 1676. See Bam- 
 say's Evergreen, 
 
 " Reign in hell." See " Bettek 
 
 TO REIGN." 
 
 Reign of Latitr, The. 5«e Argyll, 
 Duke op, and Palgrave, Francis 
 Turner. 
 
 "Reign (To) is vrorth ambition, 
 though in hell."— Paradise Lost, book 1,, 
 line 261. 
 
670 
 
 BBI 
 
 BEL 
 
 Reia, Ada. An Eastern tale by 
 Lady Caroline Lamb (1785—1828), pub- 
 lished in 1823. The hero is repreeeiitei} as 
 a sort of Georgian Don Juau, who, sold 
 like Othello into slavery, rises eventually 
 to honours and distinction. 'Vhe heroine, 
 on the other hand, ** is condemned, for 
 Tarious misdeeds, to eternal punishment." 
 
 Rejected Addresses: "or, tlie 
 New Theatrum Poetarum," by James and 
 HOHACE Smith (1775—1839, 1779—1849), 
 was published in 1812. This little work 
 consists of eleven imitations in verse of 
 the leading poets of the time, including 
 Wordsworth, Coleridge, Crabbe, Scott, 
 Mooce, and Southey. Of these, the traves- 
 .ties of Wordsworth and Scott are perhaps 
 the most felicitous. The addresses are 
 pretended to have been composed for deliv- 
 ery at the opening of Drurj* Lane Theatre 
 in 1812, in terms of the competition for a 
 certain premium offered by the committee 
 of management. They were written by 
 the brothers, in the course of six weeks, 
 when residing at some distance from each 
 other, but tliey were afterwards submitted 
 to each other's perusal and correction. 
 The real address was written by Lord 
 Bvron, and is to be read in his works. 
 Tne fictitious addresses sprang im- 
 mediately into popularity, and have passed 
 through a large number of editions, ^ee 
 Baby's Debut. 
 
 Relapse, The. A comedy by Sir 
 John Vanbbugh, produced in 1697. One 
 of the characters (Amanda) is, says Hal- 
 lam, "Interesting, especially in the mo- 
 mentary wavering aiul quick recoveiy of 
 lier virtue. This is the Jirst homage tliat 
 the theatre had paid, since the Restoration, 
 to female chastity." See Clumsy, Sib 
 Tunbelly; Foppington, Lord. 
 
 Relation of a Journey (A ), 
 b^an A.D. 1610 : " Four Books containing 
 a Description of the Turkish Empire, of 
 Egypt, of the Holy Land, of the remote 
 Parts of Italy and Islands adjoining," writ- 
 ten by George Sandys (1577—1644), and 
 published in 1615. A special feature of 
 this work is the attention devoted by the 
 writer to the references in classic litera- 
 ture to the localities through which he 
 
 Relations, Poor. See Poor Rela- 
 tions. 
 
 Reldresal. Principal Secretary 
 for Private Affairsin the court of Lillipnt, 
 In W»Knw#"« Travels. 
 
 " Relic of departed "worthiSad." 
 — Byron*s apostrophe to "fair Greece," 
 in Childe Harold'a Pilgriinage, canto ii., 
 stanza 73. 
 
 "Relief (For this), much 
 thanks."— Zfam?c(, act 1., scene 1. 
 
 Religio Bibliopolae. See Biblio- 
 poLiE, Religio. 
 
 Religio Clerici : " A CImrchman's 
 Epistle." A poem by the Rev. E. Saieik 
 LEY (about 1789—1836), published in 1818, 
 and written in reply to the question, 
 '*Why are you a Church of England 
 Christian?" A second "Epistle" ap- 
 peared in 1819, and in the course of it the 
 writer expressed the desire that the follow- 
 ing lines might form his epitaph : — 
 
 " He loved eetablished modes of ecrvinR God, 
 Preached from a pulpit rather than a tub, 
 And gave no guinea to a Sible Club." 
 
 Religio Iiaicl A poem by Johk 
 Dryden (1631—1701), published in 1682, in 
 which he sketches his religious opinions. 
 It is, as Morley says, a natural prelude to 
 The Hind and Panther (q.v.). The poet 
 confesses that, once upon a time, the 
 clergy traded upon the ignorance of the 
 laity m Biblical matters ; now, he says, the 
 Bible is widely known, but quite as widely 
 abused^ — 
 
 " So all we make of Heaven's discovered will, 
 Ib not to have it or to use it ill ; 
 The danger's much the same, on several shelves, 
 If other wreck us or we wreck ourselves." 
 
 On the whole, he is inclined to rest upon 
 the Church's interpretation of the Scrip- 
 tures : — 
 
 ** In doubtful questions 'tis the safest way 
 To learu what unsuspected ancients say ; 
 For 'tis not likely we should higher soar 
 In search of heaven than all the Church before : 
 Nor can we be deceived, unless we see. 
 The Scriptures and the Fathers disagree." 
 
 Again :— 
 
 " And after hearing what the Church can say. 
 If still our reason turn the other way, 
 That private reason 'tis more just to curb 
 Than Dy disputes the public peace disturb i 
 For points obscure are of small use to learn. 
 But common quiet is mankind's concern." 
 
 " The Church " here is the Church of Eng- 
 land. In The Hind aiid Panther it becomes 
 the Church of Rome. 
 
 Religio Laici, by Charles Blount 
 
 (1654—1698), is described by Leland as being 
 little more than a translation uf the De 
 Iteligione Laici (q.v.) of Lord Herbert of 
 Cherbury. Blount, who inscribes his work 
 to Dryden, says :— " I have endeavoured 
 that my discourse shall be only, a con-^ 
 tinuance of yours, and that, as you taught 
 men how to believe, so I might instruct 
 them how to live." 
 
 Religio Medici. A prose work 
 by Sir Thomas Browne (1C05— 1682), pub- 
 lished in 1643, and running through eleven 
 'editions between that date and its author's 
 death. Itexcited much controversy ,andhad 
 the unusual honour of being placed in the 
 Papal Index Expurgatorius. It was trans- 
 lated into several European languages, and 
 provoked over thirtjr imitations, eitlier of 
 its scope or title. It is very much the proso 
 counterpart of Dryden's Reliqio %sf.ici 
 (q.v.). The writer begins by claiming for 
 himself the name of Christian, which he 
 feels himself bound to embrace by the 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 571 
 
 principles of grace and the law of his own 
 xeasoQ. But that name being too general 
 to express our faith, he hastens to explain 
 that he belongs to "that re-formed new- 
 cast religion," of which he hates nothing 
 but the name ; that he is " of the same be- 
 lief our Saviour taught, the Apostles dis- 
 seminated, the Fathers authorized, and the 
 martyrs confirmed, but by the sinister ends 
 of princes, the ambition and avarice of 
 prelates, and the fatal corruption of the 
 timesj so decayed, impaired, and fallen 
 from its native beauty, Uiat it required the 
 careful and charitable hands of these times 
 to restore it to its native integrity." " To 
 diiterence myself nearer, and draw into a 
 leaser circle, there is no Church," con- 
 tinues Sir Thomas, "whose every part so 
 squares into my conscience, whose articles, 
 constitutions, and customs seem so con- 
 sonant unto reason, and, as it were, framed 
 to my particular devotion, as this thereof 
 I hold my belief— the Church of England j 
 to whose faithlamaswomsubject. What- 
 soever is beyond, as points indifferent, I 
 observe according to the rules of my pri- 
 vate reason or the humour and fashion of 
 my devotion." "The Iteligio Medici," 
 says the elder Lytton, **is one of the most 
 beautiful prose poems in the language ; 
 its power of diction, its subtlety and large- 
 ness of thought, its exquisite conceits and 
 images, have no parallel out of the writers 
 of that brilliant aj^e, when Poetry and 
 Prose had not yet divided their domain, 
 and the Lyceum of Philosophy was watered 
 by the mixing of the wine ! " See Lytton's 
 ' Quarterhf Essays and Hazlitt's Lectures 
 on The Age of Elizabeth.' 
 
 Heligio Philosophi Peripa- 
 tetici. A work by Chkistopher Davjin- 
 POKT (1598—1680), published in 1662, and 
 written on the occasion of a "miracle" 
 said to have been performed by the Virmn 
 Msiry in 1640. In this "miracle" flie 
 writer fully believed, ''It is a curious 
 book, full of digressions and odd stories." 
 
 Religio Stoici: " with a friendly 
 Addresse to the Phanatickes of all Secte 
 jEBtdSortes," by Sir George Mackenzie 
 <16S6— 169^, published in 1665. "Myde- 
 Bign,"'BayB&e-»uthor, "butts at this one 
 principle • that Specidactions in Religion 
 are not so necessary as, "vsttSi -sre m^re 
 dangerous than, sincere practice." 
 
 Religion of Common Life, The. 
 
 A sermon by Dr. John Caied (b. 1823), 
 preached before the Queen, and published 
 by royal command (1856). 
 
 Religion of Nature Delineated, 
 
 The. A work by William Wollaston 
 (1659 — 1724), discussing the foundations of 
 morals, published in 1722. 
 
 Religion of Protestants, The, a 
 way to Salvation. A controversial work 
 by WILLIAM Chillingworth (1602—1644) 
 published in 1638, and reprinted in 1846. 
 
 See TuUoch's ReligUms Thought in the 
 Seventeenth Century. 
 
 Religion of the Heart, The. A 
 
 Srose work by James Hbkky Leigh 
 [UNT (q.T.). descriptive of his religious 
 opinions. It appeared in 1853, and was 
 the occasion of much criticism. 
 
 Religion, The Force of: "or, 
 Vanquished Love." A poem, in two books, 
 by Edward Youkg (1684— 176&), published 
 in 1713, and founded, on the story of the 
 execution of Lady Jane Grey and her hus- 
 band^ Lord Guildford, in 1554, which had 
 previously been inade the subject of trager 
 dies by Eowe and Edmund Smith. The 
 dedication to the Countess of Salisbury is 
 a model of courtly compliment. *' To be^ 
 hold," it says, " a person only virtuous. 
 stirs in us a prudent regret ; to be'hold a 
 person onljamial>le to the signt, warms us 
 with a religious indignation ; but to turn 
 our eyes to a Countess of Salisbury glv^s us 
 pleasure and improvement ; it works a 
 sort of miracle, occasions the bias of our 
 nature to fall from sin, and makes ourver^ 
 senses and affections converts to our reli- 
 gion and promoters of our duty." 
 
 Religione Laici De, by Lord 
 Herbert of Chereury fl581— 1648) ; pub- 
 lished in 1645, and intended to prove that 
 ordinary jpeople can never attain to any 
 certainty in religious truth. See Beligio 
 Laici. 
 
 Religious. A tragi-comedy by 
 Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle 
 (1624—1673). 
 
 Religious Musings. "A desultory 
 Poem, written on the Christmas Eve of 
 1794," by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 
 
 Religious Opinions, A History 
 
 of, bj Hannah Adams (1756—1832), w^s 
 published in 1784, It includes an alpha;- 
 betical compendium of the denominations 
 amon^ Christians, a brief account of 
 Paganism, Mohammedanism, Judaism, 
 and Deism, and an account of the religion 
 of the different nations of the world. 
 
 Religious 'World Displayed, 
 
 The, by Robert Adam (1770—1826) : de- 
 scribed as " generally correct and candid," 
 and published in 1809. 
 
 JReliques of Ancient English 
 
 Poetry ^^ cHUsi^ineof old Beroic Ballads, 
 Songs, and other Pieces of ouriearlier 
 Poets (chiefly of the Lyric kind), together 
 with some few of later date." A famous 
 collection, published by Thomas Percy 
 Bishop of Dromoke (1728—1811), in 1765, 
 and characterised by Ellis as " the most 
 agreeable, perhaps, which exists in any 
 lan^age." Musical Iflustrations to the 
 liehques were published by Dr. E. P. Rinv- 
 bault in 1850. See Percy, Thomas. 
 
 Reliques of Irish Poetry, 
 
 <' Translated into English Verse, with 
 
572 
 
 BEL 
 
 BEP 
 
 Notes." A work published, In 1789, by 
 Chablotte Bbooki: (q.v,)- 
 
 ReliqmaB Bazterianae. See 
 Bastes. 
 
 Reliqui2e "WottonianEe : " or, a 
 
 Collection of Lives, Letters, Poems : with 
 Characters of Sundry Personages and other 
 incomparable Pieces of Language and Art 
 by Sir Henry Wotton, Kt." Fii-st publish- 
 ed in 1651, twelve years after the author's 
 death, and afterwards reprinted in 1654, 
 1C72, and 1685. Poems from the lleliquia 
 were reprinted by Dr. Hamiah in his 
 Courtly Poets (1870). 
 
 " Remedies (Our) oft in our- 
 selves do lie." — All's Well tliat Ends Wellf 
 act. i., scene 1. 
 
 Remedy of Love, The. A poem 
 by GeoffreyChaucee (q.v.), and ascribed . 
 to his youth. " B^sed upon Ovid's sequel 
 to his Art of Love, It follows its own more 
 sei-ious way, and draws chiefly from the 
 Proverbs of Solomon the iUustratioiis of 
 Its counsels to avoid what Ovid calls the 
 ' indignse regna puellas.' It has a liveli- 
 ness and ease of versification, with healthy 
 shrewdness and thought." 
 
 Remedy of Love, The First and 
 
 Second Part of. A poem by Sir Thomas 
 OvERBiTRY, published in 1620. It is a 
 paraphrase of Ovid's famous poem. 
 
 " Remedy •worse than the dis- 
 ease." For illustrations of this proverbial 
 phrase, see Bacon's essay of Seditions and 
 Troubles; Beaumont and Fletcher's 
 play of Love's Cure (act iii., scene 2); SncK- 
 LIKG'S poem, A Lissuasionfrom love ; and 
 Dryden's translation of Juvenal's XVIth 
 Satire, line 32. 
 
 Remedy worse than the Dis- 
 ease, The. An epigram by Matthew 
 Prior :— 
 
 " I sent for Radcliffe ; was BO ill 
 That other doctors gave me over : 
 lie felt my pulse. preGcrib'd his pill, 
 And 1 was likely to recover. 
 •' But when the wit bcpan to wheeze, 
 And wine had warm'd the politician, 
 Cur'd yesterday of my disease, 
 I died last night of my physiciim." 
 
 "Remembered kisses after 
 
 death, Dear as,"— Tennysok, The Prirt- 
 cess, canto iv. — 
 
 " And sweet as those by hopeless fancy feigned 
 On lips that arc for others." 
 
 " Remembering happier things." 
 
 See " Sorrow's crown op sorrow.". 
 
 Remembrances. Tlie title under 
 which Georoe Whetstone (q.v.) wrote 
 several biograpliies of English worthies ; 
 araonc others, those of George Gascoigne, 
 Sir Nicholas Bacon, Sir J,unes Byer. 
 Thomas, Earl of Sussex, and Sir Philip 
 Sidney. They were afterwards reprinted 
 at the Auchlnleck Press. 
 
 Reminiscences of Scottish 
 
 Life and Character. See Bamsay, !Ei>- 
 
 WARD BANNERMAN. 
 
 Remission, The Scripture Coo- 
 trine of. A work of .Joseph Priest A.EY 
 (1733 — 1804), in which he endeavours to re- 
 fute the doctrine of atonement by the 
 death of Christ. 
 
 Remorse. A tragedj', in five acts, 
 by Samitei, Taylor Coleriege (q.v.). 
 It contains, says Swinburne, " little worth 
 praise or woi-th memory, except such 
 casual fragments of noble verse as may 
 readily be detached from the loose and 
 pliable stuff in which they lay imbedded. 
 In the part of Alhadra there are lofty and 
 sonorous interludes of declnmation and re- 
 flection. The characters are flat and shal- 
 low ; the plot is at once languid, violen^ 
 and heavy." The play (originally called 
 Osorio) was first cast in 1797, and was writ- 
 ten expressly for the stage, for which, how- 
 ever, Sheridan rightly pronounced it un- 
 fitted. Nevertheless, it was pi-oduced at 
 Drury Lane in 1813, and ran for twenty 
 nights. A scene from the first draft of the 
 play, called then The Dungeon, and now 
 The Foster Mother's Tale, was published 
 in the LyHcal Jiallads in 1798. 
 
 Remorse of Conscience, The. 
 
 See Ayenbite of Inwit. 
 
 " Remote, unfriended, melan- 
 choly, slow."— Goldsmith, The Traveller, 
 line 1. 
 
 " Remuneration ? What is a." 
 Love's Labour's Lost, act iii., fcene 1. 
 Biron psks the question, and Costard an- 
 swers it ; " Marry, sir, half-penny far- 
 thing." 
 
 Renaud of Holland, sor.e-writer 
 (circa 1190). One of his compositions is 
 printed by Wright, in the Anecdoia Liter- 
 aria. 
 
 Renault. A consjiirntor, in Ot- 
 WAY's play of Venice Preserved (q.v.). 
 
 Renegade, The. A trafti-com- 
 edy by Philip Massikger (1584—1640), 
 produced in 1624, and printed in 1630. 
 
 Renford, John. See Marriage 
 of Witte and Science, The, 
 
 Rentotvel, Mr. Jabesh. A Cov- 
 enanting preacher, referred to in Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel of }Vaverley 
 (q.T.). 
 
 Repealers, The. A novel by 
 Marguerite, Countess of Elessington 
 (1790-1849), published in 18S3. "butcdn- 
 taining scarcely any plot, and few delinea- 
 tions of character, the greater part being 
 filled with dialogues, criticisms, and re- 
 flections. Her ladyship is sometimes sar- 
 castic, sometimes moral, and more fre- 
 quently personal. One female sketch, 
 uiat of Grace Cassidy, a young Irish wife. 
 
REP 
 
 RES 
 
 673 
 
 is tJie only one of the characters we can re- 
 member.'* 
 
 " Repent at leisure." ^ee " Mar- 
 
 ItlED IN HASTE." 
 
 "Repentance (Pierce) rears 
 
 her snaky - crest."— Thomson, Tke 
 SeasoTis (*' Spring," line 996). 
 
 "Repents (He) on thorns that 
 Bleeps on roses."— Quakles, Emblems, 
 Tjook 1., No. 7. 
 
 Reply to the Sohoole of Abuse, 
 A, by Thomas Lodge (1555—1625), pub- 
 lished in 1579—80, and described as " one 
 of the rarest tracts in the wliole compass of 
 English dramatic literature ." See Schools 
 QF Abuse, The. 
 
 Representative, Men. A series 
 of lectures by Kalph WaXjDo Emerson 
 (b. 1803), delivered in 1849, and treating of 
 *' The Uses of Great Men ;" « Plato : or, 
 the Philosopher ;" ** Swedenborg : or, the 
 Mystic ;" " Montaigne : or, the Sceptic ;" 
 *' Shakespeare : or, the Poet;" "Napo- 
 " leon : or, the Man of the World : " and 
 " Goethe : or, the Writer." 
 
 Representative, The. A daily 
 newspaper, commenced by John Murray, 
 the publisher, i]i 1824. J.<ord Beaconsfield 
 .(then Mr. Disraeli) was reported to be its 
 editor, but has since denied the statement. 
 John Gibson Lockhaet (q.v.) was really 
 its conductor. It* quickly expired. 
 
 Repressor of Over Much Blam- 
 ing of the Clergy, The, A work by Kkgin- 
 ALD Peacock, Bishop of St. Asaph and 
 Chichester (1390-1460), written about 
 1449, and edited under the direction of the 
 Masterofthe Rolls by Chm-chill Babing- 
 ton, in 1860. This was a defence of the 
 clergy against what the author considered 
 to be the unjust aspersions of the Bible Men 
 and was planned to show that the clergy 
 had reasons f oi continuing practices which 
 had been severely blamed. It justifies the 
 use of images, the going on pilgrimages, 
 tiic holding of landed possessions, thevari- 
 ous ranks of the hierarchy, the framing of 
 ecclesiastical laws by Papal and Episcopal 
 authority, and the institution of the re- 
 ligious orders. But more than this, it is 
 one of the earliest attempts in English 
 theological literature to exercise that 
 nationalising spirit in religion which has 
 since operated so powerfully amongst us. 
 The bishop was judged to have been guilty 
 of writing heresy oy a Council held at 
 Westminster in 1457, and the University of 
 Oxford burnt his books at Carfax. Mor- 
 ley considers the present work "one of 
 the best and most considerable specimens 
 of early prose among the treasures of our 
 Hterature." See Peacock, Reginald. 
 
 Reprisals, The : "or, the Tars of 
 England." A farce or comedy by Tobias 
 GEORGE Smollet (1721—1771), " Writ- 
 
 ten and acted," in 1757, "to animate 
 the people against the French, with whom 
 we were then at war. In pursuance of 
 his plan, every spesies of national pre- 
 judice is called, up and appealed to. and 
 the Frenchman is represented as the liv- 
 ing representative and original of all the 
 caricature prints and ballsws against the 
 eaters of soupe maif/re and the wearers of 
 wooden shoes. The sailors are drawn to 
 the life, as the sailors of Smollett always 
 axe. The Scotchman and Irishman are hit 
 off with the touch of a caricaturist of 
 skill andspirit. Butthe story of the pieo^ 
 is as trivial as possible." 
 
 Reproof, The, A poetical satire 
 by Tobias George Smollett (1721—1771), 
 aimed at the Pelham Ministry, by whom, 
 however, it does not seem to have been 
 considered formidable. It consists of a dia- 
 logue between the poet and a friend. 
 
 " Reputation, Bubble." See 
 "Bubble reputation." 
 " Reputation dies, At every 
 
 word a."— Pope, The Rape of the ZocISf 
 canto iii., line 16. 
 
 " Reputation ! Reputation ! Repr 
 
 utation !" See scene 3, act ii., of Othello 
 (q. v.), where Cassio says—" O, I have lost 
 my reputation ! I have lost the immortal 
 part, sir, of. myself, and what remains is 
 bestial." 
 
 " Request of friends." See 
 "Obliged by hunger." &c. 
 
 Reresby, Sir John (d. 1689), was 
 the author of Memoirs (1734), which are 
 full of curious and valuable Information. 
 They were edited by Cartwright in 1875. 
 See The Retrospective Review, \ni,, 342—80, 
 
 Rerum Scoticarum Historia : 
 
 '*a History of Scotland, in Latin," by 
 George Buchanan (1506—1582); pub- 
 lished in the year of his death. *' If," says 
 Dr. Robertson, " his accuracy and impar- 
 tiality had been in any degree equal to 
 the elegance of his taste and to the purity 
 and vigour of his style, his history might . 
 be placed on a level with the most admired 
 compositions of the ancients. But instead 
 ot rejecting the improbable tales of the 
 chronicle writers, he has been at the ut- 
 most pains to adorn them, and has clothed 
 with all the beauties and graces of fiction 
 those legends which formerly had only ii^ 
 wildness and extravagance " 
 
 " Reserve thy judgment."— 
 
 Hamletf act i., scene 3. 
 
 Resignation. A poem hy Henrt 
 Wadsworth Longfellow (b. 1807), con- 
 taining the well-known lines — 
 
 " Tnere is no fireside, howeoe'cr defended, 
 But has one vacant chair 1" 
 
 "Resignation gently slopes the 
 
 way."^GoLDSauTa, The Jkaerted VUlcu/e, 
 line 110. 
 
574 
 
 BES 
 
 RET 
 
 Resolute Doctor, The. A title 
 bestowed on John Bacon, B acondorp, or 
 Baconthobp (d. 1346), of whom Fuller 
 writes, in bis Worthies .■— " He groped after 
 more light than he saw, saw more than he 
 durst speak of, spake of more than he was 
 thanked for by those of his superstitious 
 order, amongst whom (saith Bale), neither 
 before nor after, arose the like for leam- 
 iug and religion." He was a Carmelite 
 monk, and was a distinguished disciple of 
 the Arabian philosopher Averrofe's. A list 
 of his writings is given by Leland, Bale, 
 and Pitts. 
 
 Resolution and independence. 
 
 A lyric by William Wordsworth, writ^ 
 ten in 1807. It contains the well-known 
 allusion to Chatterton. See Marvellous 
 Boy, The.*' 
 
 " Resolution, The dauntless 
 
 spirit of." — King John, act v., scene 1. 
 
 "Resolution, The native hue 
 
 of." — Hamlet, act lii., scene 1. 
 
 " Resolve itself into a de^w." — 
 
 ffamletj act i., scene 2. 
 
 Resolves : " Divine, Moral, and 
 Political." A series of short essays by 
 Owen Feltham (b, about 1608), which 
 profess to give the solutions to some of the 
 most difficult questions in divinity, morali- 
 ty, and politics. The first part was com- 
 posed when the writer was eighteen, and a 
 second edition of the work appeared in 
 1628. In 1636 it was issued in an enlarged 
 form, the first part consisting of a hun- 
 dred and the second part of eighty-five 
 essays. See the edition of 1806, and The 
 Jietrospective JReview, vol. x. 
 
 "Resonant steam eagles, The." 
 Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Lady 
 Geraldine's Courtship* 
 
 " Rest and be Thankful ! '' A 
 
 sonnet by William Wordsworth, writ- 
 ten in 1831. The titl« is taken from an 
 inscription which the poet found upon a 
 seat at the head of Glencroe, in Argyll- 
 shire, during a visit to Scotland. 
 
 ""VHio that has gained at length the wished-for 
 height, 
 ThiB Drief, this simplo wavajde call can slight, 
 And rests not thankful t" 
 
 "Rest (The) is all but leather 
 
 or prunello." See "Leather or Pru- 
 
 NELLO." 
 
 Retaliation. A poem by Oliver 
 Goldsmith (1728— 1774), published in 1774, 
 and Occasioned by some epigrams upon 
 him, notably one by David Garrick in the 
 form of an epitaph : — 
 " Here lies Poet Goldsmith, for Bhortness colled 
 
 Noll, 
 Who wrote like an ongcl, but talked like poor 
 
 Poll,"- 
 to which Goldsmith took this opportunity 
 to rdply. Burke, Cumberland, Beynolds, 
 
 Macpherson, Kenrick, Kelley, and Wood-- 
 f ail are among those satirised ; and Gar- 
 riclc was described as 
 
 " a salad ; for in him wc see, 
 Oili vinegar, sugar, and saltness agree." 
 
 To this the actor again replied in his Jur- 
 piter and Mercury, " a fable." ** Who," 
 says Professor Masson, " does not know 
 this exquisite masterpiece of satire, or 
 rather of humorous character-painting? ". 
 
 " Retired leisure," — Milton, II 
 
 Penseroso — 
 
 '* That in trim gardens takes his pleasure.'* ' 
 
 "Retirement, O blest."— Gold- 
 smith, The Deserted Villaget line 97. 
 
 " Bow bleat is he who crowns, in shades like these, 
 A youth of labour with an age of ease." 
 
 " Retirement (Short) ur^es 
 sweet return."— Paradise Lost, book ix., 
 line 250. 
 
 Retorique, The Art of, by Sir 
 Thomas Wilson (d. 1581), published in 
 1553, is a treatise in which the author lays 
 down the principles that should regulate 
 composition, and is very severe upon tricks 
 of style, like alliteration, which detract 
 from simplicity of language. ^ He tells us. 
 in his preface that on account of writing: 
 this treatise and another on The Art cf^ 
 Logic, he was imprisoned at Kome by the 
 Inquisitors of the Holy See as a presump-' 
 tuous and dangerous heretic, and observes: 
 " If others never gette more by books than' 
 I have doen, it were better be a carter 
 than a scholer, for worldlie protite." 
 "Wilson's treatise," says Warton, *'j3, 
 liberal and discursive, illustrating the arts 
 of eloquence by eloquence, and examining 
 and ascertaining the beauties of composi- 
 tion with the speculative skill and saga- 
 city of a critic. It may therefore be justly 
 considered as the first book or system of- 
 criticism in our language." ** The rules 
 in this treatise," says Hallam, "are chief- 
 ly from Aristotle, with the help of Cicero 
 and Quintilian, but his examples and illus- 
 trations are modem." Warton gives a full 
 anfdysis of this work in the fifty-fifth seo* 
 thm of his History of English Poetry. Seej 
 also, The Gentlemari's Magaziiie for 1835. 
 
 " Retort courteous, The." — As 
 
 You Like It, act v., scene 4. 
 
 " Retreat, Loopholes of." See 
 *' Loopholes op rbtkeat." 
 
 Retrospective Review, A. Some 
 semi-playful,semi-serious verses undert^s 
 title were included in the Poems published 
 by Thomas Hood in 1827 :— 
 
 ' When that I was a tiny boy 
 *'- ^-ys and nights were lul 
 
 My mates were blithe a 
 
 No wonder that I sometimes sigh, 
 
 My days and nights were lull of joy. 
 My mates were blithe and kind I 
 
 And dash the tear-drop from my eye. 
 To cast a look benind I" 
 
 Retrospective Review, The. A 
 
 literary pedodicai devoted to the discus- 
 
BET 
 
 XbfiV 
 
 573 
 
 Bion of old books and old authors, The 
 lixat series comprised fourteen volumes, 
 Mid was issued from 1820 to 1826 j the 
 second,. consisting of two volumes, appear- 
 ed in 1828. 
 
 Return from Parnassus, The. A 
 
 play published in 1606, and supposed by 
 Hawkins to have been written by some 
 wits and scholars of Cambridge, apparently 
 before Shakespeare had become known as 
 a dramatic poet, for, when he is mention- 
 ed, allusion is made only to his Venus and 
 Adonis v(q.v.) and liape of Lucrece (q..v.), 
 and he is advised to choose " a graver 
 subject," 
 " Without love's lazy foolish longuishment." 
 
 The play, which seems to have been pre- 
 ceded by another, no longer extant, called 
 The Pilgrims to Pamctssus, is designed, as 
 Hawkins says, " to expose the vices and 
 follies of the rich iii those days, and to 
 show that little attention was paid by that 
 class of men to the learned and ingeni- 
 ous," 
 
 " "We only show a scholar's discontent.' 
 
 The characters consist of several students 
 of different capacities and dispositions, 
 who leave the university in the hopes of 
 advancing their fortunes in the metropolis 
 — one as an author, another by paying 
 court to a college friend for a benefice he 
 has in his gift, and two others by appear- 
 ing successively as physicians, actors, and 
 musicians ; but the writer is neglected, 
 the living is given away to an illiterate 
 clown, and in the end three of the scholars 
 have to go into exile, one returns to Gam- 
 bridge as poor as he left it, and two others 
 become shepherds on the Kentish downs. 
 The piece is curious, as including inciden- 
 tal criticisms notonly on Shakespeare, but 
 on Spenser, Constable, Daniel, liOdge, 
 Drayton, Sir John- Davies, Marston, Mai^ 
 Ibwe, and Ben Jonson, who is called " the 
 wittiest fellow of a bricklayer in England." 
 The Return is printed in Carew Hazlitt's 
 edition of Dodsley's Old Plays. For 
 criticism, see Hazlitt's Age qfMHzabetJi, 
 
 Return of the Druses, The. A 
 
 play by Kobeht Bbowning (q.v.) ; " like 
 some of Byron's plays ; the scene, an isle 
 Of the Sporades ; the legend, half Venetian, 
 half Oriental, one that only Browning 
 could make available. The ^rl Anael is 
 an impassioned character, divided between 
 adoration for Hakeem, the god of her race, 
 whom she believes incarnate in Djabal, 
 and her - love for Djabal as a man. The 
 tragedy, amid a good deal of trite and 
 pedantic language, is marked by heroic 
 situations and sudden dramatic catastro- 
 phes." 
 
 " Return (To) to our muttons." 
 A phrase appeatinz in an Snglish trans- 
 lation of Babelais (book i., chapter 1.), the 
 original being : " Ker^nons a nos mou- 
 fom," 
 
 Returiie of the Enighte of the 
 
 Post from Hell, The, A tract, publislied in 
 1606. 
 
 Returne of the renowned Cav- 
 
 aliero Pasquill of England, The, was writ- 
 ten by Thomas Nash (q.v.), and published 
 in 1589. 
 
 ReuUura. A sliort poem by Thom- 
 as Campbell (q.v.). " BeuUura " is a 
 Gaelic word, meaning " beautiful star." 
 
 " Revelry by night, There -was 
 a sound of."— Byron, Childe Harold't 
 Pilgrimagej canto ill., stanza 21. 
 
 Revenge, The. A tragedy by 
 Edward Young (1684—1765), produced in 
 1721. The hero is a Moor called Zanga, 
 who is captured by the Spaniards, con* 
 demned to slavery by Don Alonzo, and, iii 
 revenge, excites the latter to jealousy, 
 which proves his ruin. 
 
 Revenger's Tragedy, The. A 
 play by Cybil Todkhecb (circa 1600), 
 printed in 1607. and included in Dodsley'a' 
 collection of Old Plays (ed. Hazlltt). 
 
 "Revered, beloved, O you 
 
 that hold." — To the Queen, by Alfred 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Reverie of Poor Susan, The. A 
 
 lyric by William ■Wokdswobth, written 
 in 1797. 
 
 " Revieiw, My grandmother's." 
 
 See " Gbandmothek's Review, My." 
 
 Review, The. A literary and 
 political periodical, started by Das* 
 iel Defoe in 1704, and continued fo* 
 about nine years, appearing for the first 
 twelvemonths twice, anoT afterwards 
 thrice, a week. It was the precursor oj 
 the periodical essays afterwards issued by' 
 Addison, Steele, Johnson, and others. 
 
 "Review, The Breeches." Sei 
 
 " Bbeeches Keview, The." 
 
 Review, The Edinburgh. See 
 " Edinbdkgh Beview, The. 
 
 Review, The Quarterly. See, 
 
 QUARTEBLY BEVIEW, THE. 
 
 "Revislt'st thus the glimpses 
 
 of the moon." — Hamlet, act i., scene 4. 
 
 Revolt of Islam, The. A poem, in 
 twelvacantos,byPEROYBYS8HE Shelley 
 (q.v.), written 1817 ; originally called Laon 
 and Cj/thna, and published in the year 
 after its composition. Its original idea 
 was that of conjugal love between a 
 brother and sister, out the author was 
 afterwards induced to modify the concept 
 tion. The poem has been described as " » 
 great effort, and a near approach to a 
 poem, though its vast scale and unmeas- 
 ured ambition place it still more obviously 
 in the category of imperfect aehievementsr 
 
576 
 
 EEV 
 
 EHY 
 
 Gorgeous ideality, humanitarian enthusi- 
 asm, and a passionate rush of invention, 
 more especially of the horrible, go hand 
 In hand in Tlie Revolt qflsl<tm" 
 
 Revolt of the Bees, The, by 
 
 JOHy MiXTER MoRQAK, is a scheme of 
 Christian socialism, sometimes errone- 
 ously attributed to Robert Owen, and pub- 
 lished in 1820. 
 
 Revolution in England in 1688, 
 
 A History of the. A work on which Sir 
 James Mackintosh (176.3 — 1832) was en- 
 gaged at tlie time of his death. Only a 
 fragment remains, published in 1834. 
 
 Revolution in France, Reflec- 
 tions on the. See French Bevolution. 
 
 Reynaldo. A servant to Polonius 
 (q.v), in Hamlet (q. v.). 
 
 Reynarde the Foxe, The His- 
 
 torye of, was printed by Caxton in 1481. 
 The story, of which this is an Enplish ver- 
 Blon,appears to have beenFleraish in origin, 
 and to date from 1150. The hero was then 
 called Keineke Fuchs, which in High Ger- 
 man became Keinard, and in French Rey- 
 nard — whence the word " renard" for fox, 
 which completely supplanted the old 
 "goupil" (from "vulpes"). The legend 
 rivalled that of Arthur in popularity dur- 
 ing the Middle Ages. See versions by 
 Arnold and Roscoe. 
 
 Reynolds, Frederick, dramatist 
 (b. 1765, d. 1841), produced Werter (1786), 
 JSloisa (17S6), The Dramatist (1789), (q.v.). 
 Laugh wlitn you Can, The Delinquent, 
 The Will, Folly as it Flies, Life, 
 Management. 2fotoriety, Fortune's Fool, 
 The Rage. The Blind Bargain, How to 
 Grow Rich, Speculation, and other plays. 
 An account of his Life and Times, written 
 by himself, appeared in 1826. Lord Byron 
 has the following reference to him in his 
 English Bards and Scotch Reviewers :— 
 *' While Beynolds vents his 'Dammes,' 'Poohs/ 
 and ' Zounds.' 
 And Commonplace and common sense con- 
 founds." 
 
 Reynolds, Sir Joshua (li. 1723, 
 d. 1792), puhliahed Discourses (rtiPaintijig, 
 delivered at the Royal Academy (1771); 
 three contributions to The Idler, some 
 notes to Mason's translation of Du Fres- 
 noy's Artqf Painting, and Ifotes on a tour 
 through Flanders and Holland. His Lite- 
 rary Works were published in 1797, with a 
 Life by Edmund Malone. Tlie Life by 
 Northcote appeared in 1813 ;byFarrington, 
 In I8I9 ; by Cotton, in 18S6 ; and by Leslie, 
 In 1863. , 
 
 Rhadamanth. Tlie justice, in 
 SOMERVILLE'S burlesque poem of Hoh- 
 Hnol (q.v.) ;— 
 
 " Good Rhadamanth I to every wanton clown 
 Severe, indulgent to himself alone." ' 
 
 Rhapsody, A Foetioed. See 
 Poetical Bbapbodt, A. 
 
 Rhapsody of Life's Progress, 
 
 A. An ode, by Elizabeth Barrett 
 
 Browning (1809—1861), beginning— 
 
 " We are borne into life— it is sweeti it is strange." 
 
 Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, 
 Lectureson. 5ee Blair, Hugh. 
 
 Rhetoric, The Art of. See 
 
 Retorique, The Art of. 
 
 Rhetoric, The Philosophy of, 
 
 by George Campbell (1719—1796), was 
 published in 1776. 
 
 Rhodes, Williaiu Barnes. See 
 
 BOMBASTES FURIOSO. 
 
 Rhododaphne : " or, tlie Tlies- 
 ealiau Spell." A poem in seven cantos, by 
 Thomas Love Peacock (1785—1866), pub- 
 lished in 1818. " Lord Byron," says Lord 
 Houghton, " admired it, and it is not with- 
 out signs of his influence. It is the old 
 tale of the contest between natural and 
 supernatural love, in which the super- 
 natural is made to have the worst of it, 
 and where, by an odd inversion of ideas, 
 the senses have a higher moral bearing 
 than the imagination.'' 
 
 " Rhyme nor reason. Nor." See 
 " Eeason or rhyme." 
 
 Rhyme of the Duchess May. 
 
 See Duchess May. 
 
 "Rhyme the rudder is of 
 
 verses."— Butler, Hudibras, part i., canto 
 i., line 463. 
 
 "Rhymed (K they) and rat- 
 tled all was well." — Drydbn, Absalom and 
 Achitopllel, line 419. 
 
 Rhymer, The Corn-La'w. See 
 
 Corn-Law Rhymer, The. 
 
 Rhymer, Thomas the,or Thomas 
 
 of Ercildoun (a villj^e in Tweeddale), who 
 lived temp. Edward I., and is reputed to 
 be the author of some metrical prophecies. 
 Sir Walter Scott ascribed to him the old 
 romance of Sir r?*t5iram (q.v.). See Scott's 
 Border Minstrelsy and Grant Wilson's 
 Poets of Scotland. 
 
 Rhymes, An Apology for. See 
 
 Apology for Rhymes, An. 
 
 Rhymes for Merry Bngland, by 
 
 Michael, " the Cornish poet" (circa 
 1210) ; quoted in Camden's Remains. 
 
 Rhymes for the Road, by 
 
 Thomas Moore ; published in 1820, as 
 being " extracted from the journal of a 
 travelling member of the Pococurante So- 
 ciety." They were the result of a tour on 
 the Continent. 
 
 Rhyming Dictionary, A : " i.e., 
 a Dictionary of the English language, an- 
 swering at once the Purposes of Rhyming, 
 Spelling, and Pronouncing." Publish^ 
 by John Walker (1732— 1807) in 1778. 
 
RHY 
 
 BIO 
 
 577 
 
 "Rhyming peer, A." ^See" Maud- 
 lin Poetess." 
 
 "Rhyxning planet, I 'waa not 
 Itorn under a."— Much Ado About Nothing^ 
 aet T., sceue 2. 
 
 " Riband (A very) in the cap 
 of youtli.'"— flamfe^, act iv., scene 7. 
 
 Ricardo David, political econo- 
 mist (b. 1772, d. 1823), publiehed The IRph 
 Pi-ice of Bullion, aproofitf the Depreciatum 
 of Bank Notes (1809) ; (Mthe Influence qf 
 a^Low Price of Com on the Profits of Stock 
 (1815) ; Proposals for an EctMomical and 
 Secure Economy (1816) ; P7Hnciples of Po- 
 litical Economy and Taxation (1817) ; On 
 the Fwnding System (in Tlie Encyclopedia 
 Britannica, 1820) ; On Protection to Agri- 
 culture (1822) ; and a Plan for the Estab- 
 lishment of a National Bank (1824). His 
 Works were published, with, a Notice of 
 his Life and writings by J. B. McCulloch, 
 in 1846. 
 
 Riccabocca, Dr. A character in 
 liord Lytton's story of My Novel (q.v.)) 
 whom '* we recognise chiefly by his pipe, 
 his red umbrella, and his Machiavellian 
 proverbSj" but who, " when we strip him 
 of all his theatrical properties, stm re- 
 mains a true man, a soflr-hearted cynic, a 
 simple sage, a philosopher prepared for 
 either fate." 
 
 Rich and Poor : " or, Saint and 
 Sinner." The title of some verses con- 
 tributed by Thomas Love Peacock (1785 
 — ^1866), under the name of " Peter Pepper- 
 corn, M. D.," to The Globe (q.v.). They 
 begin :— 
 
 " The poor man's Bine are ^Taring 
 In the face of ^[hostly warning ; 
 He is caught in the fact 
 Of an overt act. 
 Baying greens on Sunday morning." 
 
 " Rich and rare "were the gems 
 
 she wore." First line of a song by 
 Thomas Moore, included in the Irish 
 Melodies. It was founded on an anecdote 
 which is related in Wamer^s IRstory of 
 Ireland. 
 
 Rich, Bamabe. See Farewell 
 
 /TO MlLITABIE PitOFESSIOK, and SlMON- 
 
 iDEs, Don. 
 
 "Rich gifts -wax poor when 
 
 givers are unkind." — Hamletf act iii., 
 scene 1. 
 
 "Rich men rule the law." — 
 
 Goldsmith, The Traveller, line 386, 
 
 '-'Rich, not gaudy." — Hamlet, act i., 
 scene 3. It is generally misquoted, *' neat, 
 not gaudy." 
 
 " Rich with the spoils of time.'' 
 Gray, Elegy in. a Country Ckwchyard. 
 Sir Thomas Bbowite, in his Religio Medi' 
 ci (q.T.)^haB the expression : '* sich with 
 the Bpoiis of ziature." 
 
 25 
 
 Richard I. of England (b. 1157, 
 d. 1199), Various poetical pieces attributed 
 to this monarch are printed in Le Roux 
 de Lincy's Chants Historiguesi Raynouard*B 
 Choix des Poisies des TroubadourSf and 
 L*Annumre Ilistorique for 1837. 
 
 Richard II., The Tragedy of 
 
 King, by William Shakespeare (1564 
 — 1616), was published in quarto by Andrew 
 Wise in 1579, and was one of the plays 
 enumerated as Shakespeare's by Francis 
 Meres in 1598. Such was" its populari^ 
 that a second edition in quarto was issuea 
 by Wise in the same year, and a third 
 quarto edition appeared in 1608, contain- 
 ing the additions of The Parliament 
 Sceane and the Deposing of King Richa/rd, 
 The play is founded chiefly on Holin- 
 shed's Chronicle* An older piece on the 
 same subject uiidoubted'y existed : but 
 from the account of it given by Dr. $imoix 
 Forman in his DianCy there can be no 
 question that it bore no resemblance to 
 the Shakespearian tragedy. Charles Knight 
 points out some simimrities between cer- 
 tain passages in the ~ latter and cer- 
 tain passages in Samuel DanieVs 0.vil 
 Wars (q.v.), but they are very slight, the 
 most striking being ^he account of Kichard 
 and Bolingbroke'a entry into London, in 
 book ii., stanzas 64 and 65. Hartley Cole- 
 ridge writes, in Essays and Marginalia :— ■ 
 *< Of Shakespeare's historic dramas, King 
 Richard II., which wants little to be a regu- 
 lar tragedy, is certainly the best. The course 
 of iiction, which commences in the first 
 scene, proceeds, with little interruption to 
 the conclusion. In pathos few plays excel 
 it, yet it is not a general favourite, perhaps 
 for want of a striking female character. 
 As to the Queen, though she makes some 
 pretty womanly speeches, she might bo 
 left out altogether withblit making a hole 
 in the ballad. There is little or nothing 
 about the play that can be pronounced 
 inconsequent. The deposition and delath 
 of Richard result, and are clearly shown 
 to result, from his unjust interference in 
 the quarrel of Norfolk and Bolingbroke ; 
 and every step in the drama advances to* 
 wards the conclusion. Then the composi- 
 tion—if we except a little, a very little, too 
 much of rhyme and conceit in the first act 
 — is in Shakespeare's best manner, just as 
 poetical as it should be, and no more ; in 
 philosophy it is only second to Hamlet ; in 
 political wisdom second to none. In truth 
 it is almost a prophecy ; for Shakespeare's 
 Richard II. was the real Charles I. The 
 defect of the play is that Ilichard stands 
 alone, and other characters are nobodies, 
 unless we except old York — that true, 
 good, wrong-headed, ultrarRoyalist. 
 
 Richard III., The Tragedy of 
 King : " containing his treacherous plots 
 against his brother Clarence : the plt- 
 tief uU murther of his Jnnocent, ne- 
 phewes : his tyrannical usurpatloh r Mth 
 the 'whole course of hip aeiested life, 
 
578 
 
 BIG 
 
 RIO 
 
 and most deserved death. As it has 
 been lately acted by the Bi^ht Hon- 
 ourable the Lord Chamberfaine his 
 servants. At London, printed by Valejw 
 tine Lewis, for Andrew Wise, dwelling in 
 St. Paul's Churchyard, at the signe of the 
 Augell, 1557." Such is the title page of 
 S&AKESP£ ABE'S play ill the earliest edi- 
 tion of it known. There had previously 
 been published, in 1594, The True Trag- 
 edie of Richard the Third ; wherein ts 
 showne the death of Edward the Fourth, 
 with the amothering of the two young Princes 
 in the Tower ; with a lamentable ende of 
 Sliore*s "Ujife, an example for all wicked 
 women* And lastly, the conjunction and 
 Joyning of tJie two noble Houses, Lancaster 
 and Yorfce. But to this play Shakespeare 
 was in no wise indebted ; his only authori- 
 ties were the chroniclersj whose narratives 
 he has worked up with conBummate skill. 
 A seQond edition of his noble drama ap- 
 peared in 1598, with its author's name ap- 
 pended ; a third, " newly augmented," in 
 1602 ; a fourth in 1605 ; and a fifth in 1613. 
 Then came the folio edition in 1623, which 
 was not improbably printed from a copy 
 which had been revised by Shakespeare. 
 A version of the tragedy, ECdapted to the 
 audiences of his time, much vulgarised, 
 and still unaccountably in vogue on the 
 Btage, was compiled bv Colley Gibber 
 (1671— 175T). "The Richard of Shake- 
 Bpeare," says Hazlitt, " is towering and 
 lofty ; equally impetuous and command- 
 ing; haughty, violent, and subtle; bold 
 and treacherous ; confident in his strength 
 as well as in bis cunning ; raised high by 
 his birth, and higher by his genius and 
 crimes ; a royal usurper, a princely hypo- 
 crite, a tyrant, and a murderer of Plan- 
 tagfinet. 
 
 " ' But I wna bom so high 
 Oar nery buildcth in the cedar's top, 
 And dallies with the wind, and gcoius the bud.' 
 
 The idea conveyed in these lines Is never 
 lost sight of by Shakespeare. The restless 
 and sanguinary Kichard is not a man 
 striving to be great, but to be greater than 
 he is ; conscious of his strength of will, his 
 power of intellect, his daring courage, his 
 elevated station ; and making uee of these 
 advantages as giving him both the means 
 and the pretext to commit unheard-of 
 crimes, and to shield himself from remorse 
 and infamy. The play itself is undoubt- 
 edly a very powerful effusion of Shake- 
 speare's genius. The groundwork of the 
 character of Richard, that mixture of intel- 
 lectual vigour with moral depravity in 
 which Shakespeare delighted to show his 
 strength, gave full scope, as well as temp- 
 tation, to the exercise of his imagination. 
 The character of his hero is almost every- 
 where predominant, and we watch its 
 lurid track throughout. The arrangement 
 and development of the story, and the 
 mutual contrast and combination of the 
 dramatis persona, Bxe in general as finely 
 managed as the dev6lopment of the cba> 
 
 acters or the expression of the passions. 
 Perhaps the two most beautiful passages 
 are the farewell apostrophe of the queen 
 to the Tower, where her children are shut 
 up from her, and Tyrrell's description of 
 their death. These are some of those 
 wonderful bursts of feeling done to the 
 life, to the very height of fancy and nature, 
 which our Shakespeare alone could give.'* 
 
 Hichard Cceur de Lion. An 
 extravagant French romance apparently 
 written in the reign of Edward L, trans- 
 lated into Englisli some years after, and 
 first printed by "Wynkyn de Worde, in 1509, 
 
 Richard of Almaigne : " a ballad 
 made by one of the adherents to Simon de 
 Montfort, Earl of Leicester, soon after the - 
 battle of Lewes, which was fought May 
 14, 1264." This is an interesting bit of 
 popular satire, and may be found in the 
 Harleian MSS. at the British Museum, 
 2253, s. 23. 
 
 Richard of Bury, Lord Chancel- 
 lor of England and Bishop of Durham (b. 
 1281, d. 1345), was the author of Philobiblon 
 (q.v.). His I^fe is written in those of the 
 Jurfgres, by Fobs (3. v.). See also Morley's 
 English Writers, ii., 1. 
 
 Richard of Cirencester, chron- 
 icler and topographer (d. 1402), wrote SRs- 
 toria ab Hengista ad annum 1348, of which 
 the first part is preserved in the Public 
 Library at Cambridge ; the second is sup- 
 posed to be in the library of the Royal 
 Society. An attributed work of Richard 
 of Cirencester is the De Situ Brittania, 
 first published by Stukeley, and edited by 
 Hatchard, with a Life of the presumed 
 author, in 1809. It is now published as 
 one of the Six Old English CJironicles in 
 Bohn's Antiquai^n Library (1848). 
 
 Richard of Hexham, prior there 
 in 1143, wrote a history of the Church of 
 Hexham, and a short account of the last 
 two years of the reign of Henry I. , and of 
 the reign of Stephen. 
 
 Richard, Poor. The worn de 
 plume under which Bekjamin Frank- 
 lin (1706—1790) issued a series of alman- 
 acks, commencing in 1732, and conclud- 
 ing in 1757. They were distinguished 
 for the "wise saws and modern in- 
 stances" with which they abounded. See 
 Franklin's Autobiography. Richard Saun- 
 ders was the full name of the supposed 
 author of the almanacks. 
 
 Richards. Alfred Bate, poet, 
 dramatist,and miscellaneous writer(b. 1820, 
 d. 1876), produced Cr<Bsus,i:inff of Lydia, 
 a tragedy (1845) ; The death of the Mag- 
 dalen, and Other Poems (1847) ; Ortymwetl, 
 a drama (1847) ; The Jyream of the Smil, and 
 Other Poems (1848) ; Vandyck, a play (1850); 
 The Minstrelsy of War, and Other Poems 
 ^1854) ; lieligio Animts, and Other Poems 
 (1866) ; Medea, a poem (1869) j and So Very 
 
RIC 
 
 RIC 
 
 579 
 
 Sumaiij a novel (1871). He at one time 
 edited The Daily Telegivph, and con- 
 ducted The Momina Advertiser from 1870 to 
 187C. 
 
 '* Richard's himself again." See 
 scene 3, act v., of Colley Gibber's version of 
 King Richard III. (q.v.). 
 
 Richards (or Ryohardes), 
 Thomas. See Mesogonus. 
 
 Richardson, Charles, LL.D., 
 pbilologist (b. 1775, d. 1865), was the author 
 
 of^n English Dictionary (1544), and The 
 Study of Language (1£54). 
 
 Richardson, John, Bishop of 
 Armagh (b. 1579, d. 1654), was the author of 
 a work On Ezekiel. 
 
 Richardson, Joseph, dramatist; 
 rtj. 1758, d. 1803), wrote a comedy called 
 The Fugitivej and was one of the authors 
 of The Jiolliad (q.v.). His Literary Relics 
 were published, with a Life^ in 1807. 
 
 Richardson, Samuel, novelist (b. 
 1689, d. 1761), wrote Pamela (17401, (i.v.j; 
 Clarissa Barlowe (1748), (q.v.) ; Sir Charles 
 Grandison (1754), (q.v.) and No. 97 of Dr. 
 Johnson's liambler (q.v.)* His Complete 
 Works were published, with a sketch of 
 his Life and writings^ by the Eev. E. 
 Hangin, in 1811. His C<irresjJondence, to 
 which was affixed " a Biograplucal Account 
 of the Author, and Observations on his 
 "Writiiigs," by A. L. Barbauld, appeared in 
 1804, For C^ticism^ see Masson's Nove- 
 lists and their Styles, Scott's Novelists and 
 jbramatist8j'S.aiL\\tV& Comic Writers, Taine's 
 English Literature, and Stephens* Hours 
 in a Library. " We do not," says Prof essor 
 Masson, '*read Richardson's novels nowj 
 and it cannot be helped that we do not. 
 There are the novels of a hundred years 
 between us and him ; time is short ; and 
 novels of eight or ten volumes, written in 
 the tedious form of letters, and recording 
 conversations and meditations in which 
 the story creeps on inch by inch, without 
 so much as an unexpected pistol-shot or a 
 trick of Harlequin and Pantaloon to re- 
 lieve the attention, have little cliance 
 against the brisker and broader fictions to 
 Trtii^ we_ have been accustomed. We 
 have to remember, however, not only that, 
 a hundred years ago, Bichardson's novels 
 were read everywhere, both in Britain and 
 on the Continent, with a protracted sense 
 of fascination, a leisurely intensity of in- 
 terest, snch as no British author of prose 
 stories had ever commanded before, but 
 also that almost every thoughtful critic 
 who has read Kichardson since has spoken 
 of him as, all in all, one of the masters of 
 our literature. When we read Kichardson 
 for ourselves, we can see the reasons which 
 haveledtosohieh an opinion. His style 
 of prose fiction IB, perhaps, more original 
 than that of any other novelist we have 
 had. In this respect it was in bis favour 
 
 that he knew no other tongue than his 
 own, that even in English literature his 
 reading had been select rather than ex- 
 tensive, and that his life had been that of 
 a grave, shrewd, and rather retiring citizen, 
 not sophisticated in his literary taste by 
 second-hand notions of literary method 
 pickednip at clubs of wlta, or amid the 
 effects and clai)^traps of theatres. When, 
 by a kind of accident, he was called upon 
 to task a faculty for constructing stories, 
 for which he had had a reputation in his 
 boyhood, but which had lain dormant 
 since, this very narrowness of his direct 
 acquaintance with the conventional life 
 and the casual literature of his time helped 
 him to be inventive and original. Not 
 having ranged over a wide surface of 
 actual life^ so as to have accumulated in 
 much variety recollections of actual in- 
 cidents, physiognomies, scenes, and char- 
 acters, to be introduced into his novels, he 
 was obliged, in constructing his stories, to 
 set out from his experience of human 
 nature in its essential principles (in which 
 experience men may be sound and deep 
 without a very wide acquaintance at first 
 hand with passing manners), and, placing 
 certain imagijiea characters in certain 
 imagined situations, to divine what would 
 take place by their working on together. 
 This is, accordingly, what Bichardson 
 does. He places a gijl who is to be his 
 heroine, or a man who is to be his hero, in 
 a certain imagined situation, and in cer- 
 tain imaginary relations to other person- 
 ages^parents, uncles, aunts, and other 
 ladies and gentlemen close to the family 
 group ; he sets these persons in motion, 
 exhibiting slowly, in letters which pass 
 among them, their approximations, re- 
 cessions, and feelings towards each other ; 
 from time to time he throws in a fresh in- 
 cident or a new character to complicate 
 the history ; and so on he creeps to "^e ' 
 catastrophe or the consummation. His 
 pecuUar power consists throughout in the , 
 subtle imagination of progressive states of 
 feeling rather than of changing external 
 scenes ; in the minute anatomy of the . 
 human heart as worked upon gradually by 
 little alterations of time, place, and mo- 
 tive, rather than iirthe rai)id succession of 
 external visions and surprises. He vmtes 
 on and on in a plain, full, somewhatwordy 
 style, not always grammatically perfect ; 
 but every page is a series of minute 
 touches, and each touch is from thorough 
 conception of the cause which he is repre- 
 senting. In minute requisition into the 
 human heart, and especially the female 
 heart, and in the exhibition of conduct as 
 affected from day to day by Rowing com- 
 
 glications of feeling and circunlstanGe, 
 ichardson is a master." 
 
 Richardson, William, dramatist, 
 poet, and critic (b. 1743, d. 1814). wrote 
 Poems, chiejly Ritral (1781) ; several works 
 of criticism on ShaJcdBj^eare (1774, 1783, 
 
580 
 
 RIO 
 
 BIB 
 
 1789, 1797, 1812) ; Anecdotes qf the Jtussian 
 JSmpire a784); The Maid of Lochlin^ a 
 ZyriccU Drama (1801); The Indiana; and 
 VEurious articles in the reviews and maga- 
 
 Richelieu : " or, the Conspiracy." 
 A drama in five a6tB, by Edwabd, Lord 
 liYTTON ; produced in 1839, the part of the 
 Jiero being played by Macready. For some 
 of i;he incidents the author confesses him- 
 pelf indebted to the authors of -Cinq Mars 
 find Picciola„ Among the characters are 
 Baradas, the favourite ; Be Mauprat. in 
 Jove with Julie ; Julie de Mortemar her- 
 self ; Marion de Lorme, mistress of Or- 
 leans ; Orleans himself ; l^ouis XIU., and 
 others. G. P. R. James (1801—1860) has a 
 novel on the subject of Bichelien. 
 
 '' Riches (The) of Heaven's 
 pavement." — Paradise Lost, book i., line 
 679. 
 
 Richland, Miss. An lieiress in, 
 and the heroine of, Goldsmith's comedy 
 of The Good-Naiured Man (q.v.) ; event- 
 ually married to Honey wood (q.v.)- 
 
 Richmond, Legh, clergyman and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1772, d. 1827), pro- 
 duced A Selection from the Writings of the 
 Jieformers and Early Protestant Divines 
 of the Church of England, a.nd Annals of 
 the Poor (q;v.), 1814. See his Life by Grim- 
 shawe. 
 
 "Richmonds in the field ; I 
 
 think there be Bix."—King Richard ITT., 
 act v., scene 4. 
 
 Riddell, Henry Scott, poet and 
 prose writer (b. 1798, d. 1870), published 
 So7i^8 of the Ark {IS31); The Christian 
 Politician (1844); Poems, Songs, and Mis- 
 cellaneous Pieces (1847J ; and other vol- 
 umes. His Poems were collected in 1871. 
 See Grant Wilson's Poets qf Scotland, 
 
 Hiddell, Mrs. Charlotte Eliza 
 
 Lawson, novelis^ has published George 
 Geith, City and Suburb, Too Much Alone, 
 A Life's Assize, Austinr Friars, Far Above 
 Rubies, Phemie Keller, Tfie Race for Wealth, 
 H&r Mother's Darling, and other works. 
 See Trafpokd, F. G. 
 
 Rider, Williaxn, historian and di- 
 vine (d. 1785), was the author of a History 
 ^England, 
 
 ''Rides in the 'whirl'w-ind and 
 
 directs the storm." A line in Abdison^s 
 Campaian (q.v.), quoted by Pope in his 
 £>u?tciaa (book ill.). 
 
 Ridgeley, Thomas, D.D., dissent- 
 ing divine (b. 1667, d. 1734), was the author 
 Df The Assembly's Catechism, and other 
 works. 
 
 " Ridicule is the test of truth." 
 
 An aphorism attributed to Shaftesbury 
 [a. v.), but not to be found iu any of his 
 
 works. " Of all chimeras," says Carlyle, 
 "that ever advanced themselves in the 
 shape of philosophical doctrines, this is-, 
 to us, the most formless and purely incon- 
 ceivable." 
 
 Ridicule, On. A poem by Wil- 
 1,1AM "WniTEnEAD (1716 — 1785), published 
 in 1743, and beginning — 
 
 *• 'XwM said of old, deny it now who can. 
 The only laughing anunal is man." 
 
 Ridiculous Imitation of the 
 
 French, Satire on our. A humorous poem, 
 in irregular verse, by Samuel ButIiER 
 (1600 — 1680), occasioned by the love of all 
 things appertaining to France and the 
 French, which was common in England in 
 the time of Charles II. 
 
 Ridley, Gloucester, Prebendary 
 of Salisbury (b. 1702, d. 1774), wrote, at an 
 early age, a tragedy which was not pro- 
 duced ; some poems, of which one, called 
 PyscJie, is included in Dodsley's Collection ; 
 and a Life of Bishop Ridley (1763). 
 
 Ridley, James, son of the preced- 
 ing, chaplain to the East India Company, 
 andmiscellaneou3writer(d. 1765), produced 
 a periodical called The Schemer^; The His- ■ 
 tory of James Lovegrove, Esq- ; and The 
 Tales qf the Genii (1765). See Gexii, TaXiBS 
 
 OF THE ; MOBELL, SlB GhARLES. 
 
 Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of Lon- 
 don (b. 1500, d. 1555), wrote A bri^Declar- 
 ation of the Lordes Supper (1555); De Ccena 
 Dominica Asserlio (1556) ; Certein C&nfer- 
 ences betwene D. Ificholas Rydley, late 
 Bysshoppe of London, and M, Hugh Lati- 
 
 mer, Btsslwp of Worcester, during the 
 Tyme of theyr Emprysonmentes (1556) ; A 
 Friendly Farewel, which Master Doctor 
 Ridley, late Bishop of London, did write 
 being Prisoner in Oxeforde, unto all hii 
 true Lovers and Frenaes in God, a Utile 
 before that he suffred for the Testimony of 
 the Truthof Christ his Gospell (1559); Let- 
 ters Written to Different Friends during 
 his Confinement (15!i4); A pituous LavicTV- 
 tation of the miserable Estateofthe Churche 
 qf Christ in Englande (1566); An Account 
 qfa Disputation at 0.i;ford (1688): TheWay 
 to Peace Amongst till Protestants (1688); 
 and other works, all of which were edited 
 and published by the Eev. Henry Christ- 
 mas for the Parker Society. His Life was 
 written by Gloucester Ridley (1763). See, 
 also, Foxe's Book qf Martyrs. 
 
 Ridley, Sir Thomas (d. 1629), 
 was the author of Civil and Eccleauisiical 
 Law (1607). 
 
 Ridolphus. One of the adyenturers 
 who joined the Crusaders in TASso*s Jeru- 
 salem Delivered. 
 
 Rienzi A tragedy by Maey Rus- 
 sell MlTFORD (1786—1855), produced In 
 
 Rienzi, " the Last of the Tribunes." 
 
BIB 
 
 RIP 
 
 &81 
 
 An Ustorical romance, by Edward, Lord 
 IiYTTON ; puWished in 1835. Tho hero la 
 the famous tribune who was. assassinated 
 at Home in 1354. " In Bienzl," says The 
 Quarterly Review, "Lord Lytton accom- 
 plished tne feat of modifying the generally 
 received estimate of a great liistorical per- 
 sonage. The death of Bienzl is eloquently 
 told. The chief bolt in the novel is the 
 long interval that elapses between the 
 early chapters and the losing scene." 
 
 Rievaulz, Ailred of. See Ailbed 
 
 OF ElEVAniiX. 
 
 Rigby, The Right Honourable 
 
 Nicholas, in Disraeli's novel of Omingsby 
 (q. v.), is represented as a "fawning, plot- 
 tmg, insolent man of dirty work." 
 
 '; Higdom Fuimidos. A character 
 in CAitEY*s burlesque, CkrononJiotanthol- 
 0J70S (q.v.), and a nick-name bestowed by 
 Sir Waltek Soott on Ms friend John . 
 
 BAIiIiAITTTNE. See AliDIBOBONTIPHOS- 
 COPHORNIO. 
 
 " Right divine of kings to gov- 
 ern wrong, The." Line 188, book iv., of 
 PoPE*s poem, The Duncaid (q.v.). 
 
 "Right to dissemble your love, 
 
 Perhaps it was,"— Isaac Bickebstait, 
 'His Well it's no Worse— 
 
 "But why did you kick me downstairs ? " 
 
 Right 'Woman, A. A comedy by 
 Beaumont and Fletcheb, written about 
 1615. 
 
 Rightful Heir, The. A play by 
 Edward, Lord Lytton, produced in 
 1868. It is Identical with The Sett-Captain 
 (q.v). 
 
 Rights of Man, The : " being an 
 answer to Mr. Burke's Attack on the 
 French Eevolution," by Thouas Paine 
 (1737—1809). This work, which- was pub- 
 lished in 1791 — 92, procured for the writer 
 the distinction of a trial for sedition, which 
 he escaped by flying to France. 
 
 Rights of 'Women, A Vindica- 
 tion of the. A work published by Maby 
 ■WoiiLSTONECBAFT (1759—1797) in 1792. 
 
 Rigs o' Barley, Tho. A song by 
 
 BOBEBT BuBSS (1759—1796) :— 
 
 *• I ken 't her heart was a* my ain i 
 
 I lov'd her most eincerely ; 
 
 1 kias'd her owrc and owre aeair 
 
 Atnang the riga o' barley.''^ 
 
 Rimini, Francesca da. See 
 
 FSANCESCA DA BlUINI. 
 
 Rinaldo. A steward in All's Well 
 that Ends Well (q.v.). 
 
 Rinaldo. Tlie "Achilles of the 
 /Christian army " In Tasso's Jerusalem De- 
 livered. Also the name of a character — 
 the rival of Orlando — ^in Abiosto'S Or- 
 lando FuHoao. ^ 
 
 Ring and the Book, The. A 
 
 poem by Bobbbt Bbowxinq, published 
 in 1869. " It is the Btoiy of a tragedy which 
 took place at Bome [in 1698], The versified 
 narrative of the child Pompilla's sale to 
 Count Guido, of his cruelty and violence, 
 of her rescue by a young priest, the pursuit, 
 the lawful separation, the murder by 
 Gtiido of the girl and her putative parents, 
 the trial and condemna'tion of the murder- 
 er, and the affirmation of his sentence by 
 the Pope — all this is made to fill out a 
 poem of 21,000 lines : but these include ten 
 different versions of the tale, besides the 
 poet's prelude, in which latter he gives a 
 general outline of it. The chapters which 
 contain the statements of the priest-lover 
 and Pompilia are full of tragic beauty and 
 emotion : the Pope's soliloquy, though too 
 prolonged, is a wonderful piece of literary 
 metempsychosis." 
 
 Ring of Amasis, The. A poem by 
 BoBEBT, Lord Lytton, published in 1863. 
 
 "Ring out, 'vrild bells, to the 
 
 wild sky." A line in Tennyson's 7» .4/e- 
 moriam, stanza cv. In the same poem 
 are the lines — 
 
 " Ring out the darkness 6t the land, 
 Bing in the Christ that is to be." 
 
 "Ringing grooves of change, 
 
 Down the."— Tennyson, Lochsley Hall. 
 
 Ringwood, The Barl of. A 
 
 cynical old noblema^n, in Thackebay'3 
 novel of The Adventures of Philip (q.v.). 
 
 Rintoul, Robert Stephen, jour- 
 nalist (b. 1787, d. 1858), became editor of 
 The Dundee Advertiser in 1813, and started 
 The Spectator in 1828. 
 
 Rip 'Van 'Winkle. A tale by 
 'Washington Ibvino (q.v.), adapted from 
 the old German legend of Peter Klaus, a 
 gbatherd, who fell asleep one day upon 
 uie Kyffhauser Hills, ^nd did not wake up 
 till twenty years after, when he returned 
 to his native village to find evei-ything 
 changed,' and no one who knew him. In 
 Irvlng's tale the hero is a Dutchman living 
 in America, and the scene is the Kaatskill 
 Mountains. The story is most picturesque- 
 ly told, and has been effectively drama^ 
 t^ed, the leading personage being illns- 
 trated by the genius of Jefferson. 
 
 " Ripe and ripe, 'We," — As You 
 Like It, act ii., scene 7 — 
 '* And then, from hour to hour, we rot and rot** 
 
 " Ripest fruit first falls. The."— 
 
 King Richa/rd II., act ii., scene 1. 
 
 . Ripley, George, Canon of Austin 
 Friars, Bridlington (d. 1490), was the author 
 of The Compound of Alchemie and TheMe- 
 dulla (q.v.). His Works appeared in 1649. 
 " His chemical poems," says "Warton, 
 " are nothing more than the doctrines or 
 alchemy clothed in plain language, and a 
 very rugged verslflcaMou, . Hiey have no 
 
682 
 
 RIP 
 
 BOA 
 
 other merit than that of serving to develop 
 the history of chemistry In England, They 
 certainly contributed nothing to the state 
 of our poetry." See Alohemie, The 
 
 COMPOUNDE OF. 
 
 Ripley, George, LLD., American 
 loumallst and author (b. 3802), has pub- 
 lished The Philosophy of BeUgion (1839) : 
 The Latest Form of Iiifidelity (1840) ; and 
 other works, besides editing The Dial, 
 The Harbinger^ and The New Tork Trib- 
 une (since 1840). 
 
 Rise of Woman, The. See Hesiod. 
 
 "Rise, said the Master, come 
 
 nnto the feast." First line of a sonnet by 
 Bean Alfobd (q.v.). 
 *' She heard the call and rose with willing feet." 
 
 "Rise still -roith an appetite." — 
 
 Herbick, Besperides, cccxli. 
 
 Rishanger, 'William, monk of St. 
 Alban's (circa 1300), wrote Opus Chronico- 
 rum (q.v.), Gesta Ectward I., and De Bellis 
 Leues et Eusham. See Morley's English 
 Writers, ii., 1. Bale is the original author- 
 ity. His chronicle was edited by Uiley in 
 1865. 
 
 Rising in the North, The. An 
 
 old ballad on the subject of the great 
 northern insurrection in the twelfth year 
 of the reign of Elizabeth, 1669. 
 
 Risley, Thomas, Puritan divine 
 (b. 1630, d. 1716), was author of a work on 
 Family Seligion, 
 
 Ritchie, Leitcb, autlior (b. 1801, 
 d. 1865) ; published Headpieces and Tail- 
 pieces (1828) ; TAe Game of Life (1851) ; 
 Schind-erhannes, the Rabber of the Rhine 
 (1848); The Magician (1853); Wearufoot 
 Common (1855) ; Tales and Confessions ; 
 London Night Entertainments ; The Ro- 
 mance of French History ; The Picturesmte 
 Annual ; and other works ; besides edit- 
 ing various Illustrated books and conduct- 
 ing the Glasgow Wanderer, The London 
 Review, The Era, and Chambers^ s Journal. 
 
 Ritson, Isaac, author (b. 1761, d. 
 1789), published a translation of Homer's 
 Hymn to Venus, and wrote the j>reface to 
 Clarke's Survey of the Lakes, besides con- 
 tributing medical articles to The Monthly 
 Review. 
 
 Ritson, Joseph, literary nntiquary 
 and critic (b. 1752, d. 1803), published Eng- 
 lish Songs (1783); Ajicient Songs (1790) ; An- 
 cient Popular Poetry (1791) ; An English 
 Antholom (1793—4) ; Scottish Songs (1794) ; 
 Robin Hood Poems (1795) ; Minot's Poems 
 (1795) ; Mbliographia Poetica {1S02): North- 
 em ' Garlands (1810) ; Gammer Qarton^s 
 Garland (1810) ; The Caledonian Muse 
 (1821) ; A Life of King Arthur (1825) ; Me- 
 moirsofthe Celts or Gauls (1827) ; Annals of 
 the Caledonians (1828) ; Fairy Tales (1831) ; 
 and many other works, enumerated in 
 
 Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual, See the 
 Life and Letters, by Sir Harris Hicolas 
 (1833). £eea2«o SoBiN Hood, &c. 
 
 Ritter Bann, The. A ballad by 
 Thomas Campbeli., telling how the rit- 
 ter, or knight, who had been estranged 
 from his love, was restored to her and his 
 child. 
 
 Rival Queens, The. A play by 
 Nathaniel Lee (1655— 1692),produced in 
 1677, and characterised by "great power 
 mixed with extravagance. ' 
 
 Rivals, The. A comedy by 
 Sir 'William Davenant, produced in 
 1668. 
 
 Rivals, The. A comedy by 
 
 KiCHAED Bbinsley Shebidak (1751— 
 1816), produced at Covent Garden in 1775, 
 and described by Hazlitt as " a play of 
 even more action and incident, but of lesa 
 wit and satire than The School for Scan^ 
 dal (q.v.). It is as good as a novel in the 
 reading, and has the broadest and most 
 palpable effect upon the stage"." See Abso- 
 lute ; AoEEs; Fag ; Falkland ; Julia; 
 Languish ; Malapbop ; and O'Tbig- 
 
 6EK. 
 
 Rivella, The Adventures of. A 
 
 work by Mrs. De la Eivieee Manley 
 (1672—1724), which is substantially the 
 autobiography of the authoress herself, 
 though many of the characters and Inci- 
 dents are disguised under hctitious names. 
 
 River of Forth Feasting, The. 
 
 A poem by William Dbummond (q.v.), 
 designed as a compliment to King James 
 VI. on his visit to Scotland in 1617. " It 
 attracted the envy as well as the praise 
 of Ben Jonson." 
 
 " River (The) of his thoughts." 
 
 See " Ocean (The)." Longfellow also 
 uses the expression "river of his thoughts," 
 in T/ie Spanish Student, act ii., scene 3. 
 
 Rivers, Earl (Anthony Woodville), 
 (1442—1483). See Balet, A ; Book named 
 CoEDYALL, The ; Dicteb and Sayings ; 
 DrvEBS Balades, &o. 
 
 Road to Ruin, The. A comedy 
 by Thomas Holceoft (1745—1809) char- 
 acterised by Mrs. Inchbald as " amongst 
 the most successful of modern plays. 
 There is merit in the writing, but much 
 more in that dramatic science wliich dis- 
 poses character, scenes, and dialogue with 
 minute attention to theatric exhibition.'* 
 Its date is 1792. 
 
 "Roads (Fifty) to town, and 
 rather more to Heaven." — Wintheop 
 Mackwoeth Peaed. Chaunt of the Braz- 
 en Head. 
 
 " Roar you (I will) as gently as 
 any sucking dove.''— .4 Midsummer Nighft 
 Dream, act i., scene 2- 
 
RO^ 
 
 ROB 
 
 583 
 
 Roaring Camp, The Luck of. A 
 
 prose sketch by Bket Harte (q.v.), an 
 American humorist, in which the sotteu- 
 ing efEects of the presence of a little child 
 in a camp of ruttians are very touchingly 
 described- Tt has been dramatised for the 
 Kew York stage. 
 
 Roaring Girl, The : " or, Moll Cut- 
 Purse." A. comedy by Thomas Middle- 
 ton (1570—1627), produced in 1611. Moll 
 Cat-Purse became a popular appellation 
 for a woman of bad character, and appears 
 to have been drawn from real life, one 
 Maiy Firth being quoted as her orlgiital. 
 In this play Middleton received some as- 
 sistance from Dekker. 
 
 "Roast beef of old Ungland, 
 
 Oh, the." A line in one of Fieldinq's 
 poems. 
 
 Roast Pig, A Dissertation upon; 
 
 One of the most amusing of the JSssays of 
 Elia (q.v.), by Charles Lamb (1775— 1834). 
 " Of all the delicacies in the whole mundus 
 edibilis, I will maintain it to be the most 
 delicate— jjriwceps ohsoniorum.'* 
 
 Rob Roy. A romance by Sir 
 Walter Scott (1771—1832), published in 
 1818, and founded on some passages in the 
 career of the famous Highlander, Robert 
 Macgregor Campbell (b. about 1660, d. 
 about 1733), who was jropularly^ called 
 Rob Roy, and whose Life wafi written in 
 1818, by Macleay. The nominal hero of 
 Rob Roy is Francis Osbaldistone (q.v.); the 
 heroine, Diana Vernon (q.v.). Among the 
 other characters are Baillie Nicol Jarvie 
 (q.v.), " TheDougal Cratur" (q.v.), Andrew 
 Fairservice (q.v.), Helen Macgregor, Sir 
 Frederick Vernon, and Rashleigh Osbal- 
 distone. The novel has been dramatised 
 in a version which still holds the stage in 
 Scotland. Scott speaks of Rob as'* the 
 Bobin Hood of Scotland— the dread of the 
 wealthy, but the friend of the poor, and 
 pOBsessed' of many qualities, both of head 
 and heart, which would have graced a less 
 equivocal profession than that to which 
 bis fate condemned him.' ' 
 
 Rob Roy's Grave. A poem by 
 William Wordsworth, written in 1803, 
 and containing the lines :— 
 
 "Because the good old rule 
 Snfficeth them, the simple plan. 
 That they Bhould take who have the power. 
 And they should keep who can." 
 
 'Robbed (Hethatis), not-want- 
 
 Ingwhatis stolen,'*— 0/Ae Wo, act iii., scene 
 
 3— 
 
 " 'Let him not know it, and he's not robbed at all.' " 
 
 " Robbed (The) that smiles 
 steals something from uie thief. "—O^AflWo, 
 act i., scenes. 
 
 "Robbing Peter (By) he paid 
 Paul." An expression to be found in a 
 translation of Rabelais. In the same chap- 
 
 ter occurs the phrase about catching larks 
 " if ever the heavens should fall." The 
 former phrase is generally understood to 
 have originated in the fact that in Decem- 
 ber, 1540, the Abbey of St. Peter.Westmiri- 
 ster, was advanced by letters patent to the 
 dignity of a cathedral, but ten years later 
 was jomed to the diocese of London again, 
 and many of its estates appropriated to the 
 repairs of St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 Robbins, Peter. See Anson, 
 George, Lord. 
 
 Robert de Brunne. See Brunne, 
 Robert de. 
 
 Robert, Duke of Normandy, a 
 commander in the Christian army, figures 
 in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. 
 
 Robert, Barle of Huntington, 
 
 The Downfall of : " afterwards called 
 Kobin Hood of merrie Sherwodde : with 
 his love to chast Matilda, the Lord Fitz- 
 water's Daughter, afterwards his faire 
 Maide Marian." A play printed in 1601, 
 and for a long time attributed to Thomas 
 Heywood. It is now known to have beeu 
 written by Anthony Munday (1554^ 
 1633), who also wrote the companion play, 
 published in the same year, entitled The 
 Death of Robert Earle (^ Huntington^ with 
 the lamentable Tragedie of chaste Matilda, 
 his faire Maid Marian, poysoned at Dun- 
 mowe by King John. In the latter he was 
 assistedby KCenry Chettlb (q.v.), though 
 to what extent cannot be decided. " The 
 interest of this second part is, on the whole, 
 stronger than that of the first part, and 
 some powerful, though not always tasteful, 
 writing gives effect to the situations. The 
 death of Eobin Hood takes place as early 
 as the end of the first act. and attention is 
 afterwards directed to the two, otherwise 
 unconnected, plots of the fate of Lady 
 Bruce and her little son, and the love or 
 King John for Matilda. Robert Daven- 
 port's tragedy of King John and Matilda 
 [q.v.], acted in 1651, goes precisely overtlie 
 same ground, and with many decided 
 marks of imitation, especially in the cou'- 
 duct of the story. Davenport's production 
 is inferior in most respects to the earlier 
 work of Chettle and Munday." Both the 
 above plays are included in Carew Haz- 
 litt's edition of Dodsley'a collection. See 
 BoBZN Hood. *" 
 
 Robert of Avesbury, See Aves- 
 
 bury, Kobert or. 
 
 Robert of CysiUe : i.e., Sicily, 
 An old English romance, in verse, of which 
 an analysis will be found in Warton's Eng~ 
 lisJi Poetry, and Ellis's Early English 
 Romances. The former critic X)b8erve'B 
 that the history of the Emperor Jovinian, 
 in the 50th chapter of the Gesta Romano- 
 rum, is nearly identical with this romance. 
 The incidents are not, however, exactly 
 similar, and in some of these, says Ellis, 
 the Latin prose has a manifest advantage 
 
684 
 
 BOB 
 
 ROB 
 
 over the minBtrel poem, wUch consisto of 
 476 lines. 
 
 Robert of Gloucester. See 
 
 GLotrcESTisn, Robebt of. 
 
 Robert of Pciria, Count. A tale 
 liy Sir Walteb Scott (1771—1832), pub- 
 lished In 1831. 
 
 Roberts, Williain, miscellaneous 
 ■writer (b. 1768, d. 1849), was the author of 
 a Life of Hannah More^ and other works. 
 See the lA/e by Boberts. 
 
 Robertson, Frederick William, 
 
 clergyman and miscellaneous writer (b. 
 1816, d. 1853), wrote Sermons, Expository 
 Lectures on St. Pcml's Epistles, An Analy- 
 sis of Mr. Tennyson's " In Memoriam," 
 jLectures and Addresses on Literary and 
 Social Subjects, and Notes on Genesis. His 
 Li/e has been written by the Eev. Stopf ord 
 A. Brooke (1865). 
 
 Robertson, James Burton, Pro- 
 fessor of History and literature in Dublin 
 Soman Catholic University (b. 1800), has 
 published Lectures on Various Sulyects of 
 Ancient and Modem History (1858) : The 
 Prophet Enoch, an epic poem in blank 
 Terse (1860) ; Lectures on Spain, Chateau- 
 briand, Freemasons, and other topics 
 (1864) ; and Edmund BwJce ; his Life, 
 Writings, and Times (1868) ; besides trans- 
 itions of Schlegel's Philosophy of History 
 (1836); Mahler's Symbolism (1843), and 
 HergenrSther's Anti-Janus (1870). 
 
 Robertson, James Craigie, 
 
 Canon of Canterbury (b. 1813), has written 
 Sketches of Church History (1855), A Biog- 
 raphy of Thomas Beclcet (li59), and. A His- 
 tory of the Christian Church (1853—1876), 
 besides various contributions to the re- 
 views. 
 
 Robertson, Joseph, divine (b. 
 1726, d. 1802), wrote An Introduction to the 
 Study of Polite Literature, an Essay on 
 Punctuation, and an Essay on the Nature 
 o/English yerse. 
 
 Robertson, Patrick, Scottish 
 judge (b. 1704, d. 18S5), published two 
 volumes of verse, chiefly of a humorous 
 character. 
 
 Robertson, Thomas "William, 
 
 dramatistfb. 1829, d. 1871), produced agreat 
 number or highly successful plays, includ- 
 ing David Garrick, and the comedies of 
 Society, Caste, Ours, Home, School, and 
 M.P. 
 
 Robertson, William, grammari- 
 an and lexicographer (d. about 1686)j was 
 the author of Gates to the Holy Tongue 
 (1663), and other works. 
 
 Robertson, William, D.D., his- 
 torian (b. 1721, d. 1793), wrote The History 
 of Scotland during the Reigns of Queen 
 Mary and of King James YI., till his Ac- 
 
 cession to the Crown of England (1759, and, 
 with additions and corrections, 1787) ; The 
 History of the Reign oftheEmperor Charles 
 v., with a View of the Progress of Society 
 in Europe, from the Subversion of the Ro- 
 man Empire to the beginning of the Six- 
 teenth Century (1769) ; The History of 
 America (1777, and, with additions and cor- 
 rections, 1788) ; and An Historical Dis- 
 quisition Concerning the Knoioledge which 
 the Ancients had of India, and the Progress 
 <jf Trade with that Country prior to tlie 
 JJiscoveru of the Passage to it by the Cape 
 0/ Good Hope (U91). His fTorft^ were pub- 
 lished, with a Life of the author, by Bishop 
 Oleig^ in 1828. An Account of the lAfe and 
 Writings of William Robertson. D.D., by 
 Dngald Stewart, had appeared In 1801, 
 See, also. Brougham's Men of Letters qf 
 the Time of George III, 
 
 "Robes loosely 'flo'wing, hair 
 
 as free." A line in Beit Jokson's song, 
 beginning — 
 
 " still to be neat, stUl^to be drest." 
 See his Silent Woman. 
 
 Robin and Makyne. " An an- 
 cient Scottish pastoral ; " by BOBEBT 
 Hekbysoun, " Scolmaister of Dumfenn- 
 llng ; " published in 1571. It Is the story 
 of a maiden who loves a youth, and is re- 
 jected by him, but who by-and-by brings 
 him to her feet, thus turning the tables on 
 liirn. Here is a specimen verse : — 
 " Bobin Bat on the gude erene Hili, 
 Keipand a Flock of Fie, 
 Qiihen mirry Makyne said him till, 
 
 O Robin rew on me. 
 1 haif thee luivt baith loud and still. 
 
 This Towmonds twa or thre ; 
 My dule in dern but gif thou dill, 
 lloubtless hot Dreid 1 die." 
 
 Robin Conscience. A dramatic 
 fragment of the latter part of £dward 
 VI.'s reign, or of the earlier part of Queen 
 Elizabeth's. It consists of three dialogues 
 between the hero, the representative of 
 Conscience in the human mind ; his fath- 
 er, who is a personification of Covetous- 
 ness^ his mother, called New-Guise ; and 
 his sister, named Proud-Beauty. '• It was,- 
 in fact," says Collier, " a moral lecture 
 against avarice, novelty, and vanity, con- 
 ducted dramatically : but it is a matter of 
 doubt, judging from the extant specimens, 
 whether It was ever acted, or was intend- 
 ed by the author for representation." It 
 was probably written soon after the Re- 
 formation. 
 
 Robin G-oodfellow. A song 
 attributed to Ben Jonson (1574 — 1637), 
 and appaiently Intended for insertion in a 
 masque. Kobin Goodfellow is, of course, 
 only another name for Puck (q.v.), whose 
 vagaries are graphically described by Mil- 
 ton in his L* Allegro (q.v.). See Goodfei,- 
 
 LOW, EOBIN. 
 
 Robin Gray, Auld. See Aum 
 
 BOBIN Geay. 
 
BOB 
 
 BOB 
 
 585 
 
 Robin Hooa : " a Collection of 
 all the Ancient Poems, Songs, and Bal- 
 lads, now extant, relating U) that cele- 
 brated English Outlaw/' published by 
 Joseph Kitsoi^ in 1795» and prefaced by 
 •* historical anecdotes" of Kobin Hood. 
 See, also, the Introduction to vol. t. of 
 English and Scottish Ballads^ edited by 
 Professor Child, of Boston (1857) ; Percy's 
 Heliq^ieSt Wright's Essays on the Middle 
 AgeSj and Hunter*s Critical and Historical 
 Tracts, Of these, "Wright argues against 
 Robin as a myth, Hunter for him as a real 
 personage ; and, indeed, it is hardly pos- 
 sible so much genuine song could have 
 fathered round a wholly imaginary ihan. 
 'ord:in and Mair distinctly mention him 
 as the prince and the most gentle of 
 thieves. Stow tells us that he plundered 
 the rich but spared the poor, suffering no 
 woman to be ill-treated. Bitson argues 
 that his name was Bobin IFitzooth, and 
 that he had a claim to the Earldom of 
 H-untingdon. It is quite possible, how- 
 ever, that a good deal that is purely fanci- 
 ful has gathered round the story of his 
 life. A Maid Maiian may be conceded to 
 him, but there is a sti-ong scent of the 
 fictitious about Friar Tuck, Little John, 
 and other of his " merry men," Sir "Walter 
 Scott has more than one reference to 
 " Bold Robin Hood and all his band,— 
 Friar Tuck, with quarter-staff and cowl. 
 Old Scathelooke^ with his surly scowl, 
 Afoid Marian, fair aa ivopr bone, 
 Scarlet, and Mutch, and Little John." 
 
 Thomas Love Peacock (q.v.) has made 
 the story of Bobin Hood and Maid 
 Makian the subject of a romance. See 
 
 BOBERr, EABLE of HUIfTINGDON. 
 
 Robin Hood and Guy of Gis 
 
 borne. A ballad printed in Bishop Percy's 
 Jieliqttes. 
 Robin Hood and the Pindar of 
 
 "Wakefield. An old ballad, of which Si- 
 lence (q.v.) hums a scrap or so in Shake- 
 speare's King Henry IV. 
 
 Robin Hood rescuing the Wid- 
 ow's Three Sous. A ballad, printed by 
 Bitsou from Bobin Hood's Garland (1690), 
 and considered by him to be " one of the 
 oldest " in that series. 
 
 Robin Hood, The Birth of. A 
 
 ballad, printed by Jamieson from the re- 
 citation of a Mrs. Brown, which relates 
 jho .V Willie and Earl Bichard's daughter 
 go fco '* the gude greenwood, 
 
 " And ere the night wsa dune. 
 She's borne to him a bonny young Bon, 
 Among the leaves sae green." 
 
 This is Bobin Hood. The ballad is not, 
 however, one of the famous Bobin Hood 
 series. 
 
 Robin Hood's Death and Burial. 
 
 A ballad, from Robin Hood^s Garlands 
 
 printed by Kitson, and describing how 
 
 Bobiu, " being ill, goes for aid to Klrkley 
 
 26* 
 
 Nunnery, where the abbess, though his. 
 kinswoman, treacherously lets him bleed 
 to death. He shoots his last arrow, and 
 where it falls biS grave is made." 
 
 Robin, jolly Robin. An old song, 
 mentioned by Shakespeare in Twelfth 
 Night, act iv. , scene 2 ; printed ^n Bishop 
 Percy's JZeMgtites / and attributed by some 
 to Sir Thomas Wyatt, though it is ob- 
 viously of older date. 
 
 Robin of Portingale, Old. A 
 
 ballad' referred to in Fekcy's Reliques^ 
 
 Robin, Poor. Tlie supposed au- 
 thor of an almanack first published in 
 1661 or 1662, and ascribed to Kobert 
 Hebrick, the poet (ij.v.J. Several pub-, 
 lications were afterwards issued under his 
 name: such as Poor RoHn^s Pathway to 
 Knowledge (1663) } Poor Robin' s Jests 0.6B9); - 
 Poor Robin's Visional wherein is described 
 present Humours qf the Times (1677) ; Poor 
 Rabin's True Character of a Scold : .or, the 
 Shrew*8 Lookmg-Glass, dedicated to all 
 Domineering JOameSf , Wives Rampant, 
 Cuckolds CouchanLand Henpecked Sneaks 
 (1688) ; and Poor Robin's Perambulations 
 from Saffron Waldon to London, performed 
 this month of July, 1678, curious as a de- 
 scription, in verse, of various interesting 
 localities. 
 
 Robin Redbreast's Testament. 
 
 A Scottish song, printed iiL Herd's col-^ 
 lection (1776), and reprinted by Cham- 
 bers:— ' 
 " Gar tak this guid richt leg o' mine. 
 And mend the brig o* Tay ; 
 It will be a poBt and pillar guid. 
 It will neither bow norgae.'* 
 
 Robinson, Clement. One of the 
 contributors to the collection of verses 
 called A HandefuU of Pleasant £>elites, 
 published in 1584. , 
 
 Robinson Crusoe. See Crusoe, 
 
 BOBIITSON. 
 
 Robinson, Bdward, D.D., Amer- 
 ican divine (b. 1794, d. 1864), produced ^ . 
 Harmony qf the Gospels in Greek (1834), 
 Biblical Researches (1841), The Holy Land 
 (1851), and a Dictionary (f the Holy Bible, 
 
 Robinson, Henry Crabb (b. 
 
 1775, d. 1867). The Diary, Reminiscences, 
 and Correspond&ace of this writer, who -. 
 lived to an advanced, age, moved in the 
 highest social and literary circles, knew 
 almost evety man of eminence in his time, 
 and has left copious anecdotes of his con- 
 temporaries, appeared in 1869, edited by 
 Dr. Sadler. . 
 
 Robinson, J. C. See Percy Anec- 
 dotes. 
 
 Robinson^ Mary, actress -and 
 poetess (b. 1758, d. 1600), produced Poema 
 (1775) and Lyrical Tales (18001. Her Works 
 were publlihed in 1806; her Memoirs, 
 
686 
 
 BOB 
 
 BOG 
 
 written by herself, in 1801. See Pebdita, 
 ThbFaie. 
 
 Robinson, Ralphe. See Eobth- 
 80Jf, Kaphb. 
 
 Robinson, Robert, Non-conform- 
 ing divine (b. 1735, d. 1790), wrote Arcana 
 (1774), Plan of Lectures on Nonconformity 
 0778), The mstary of Baptism (179Q), 
 Ecclesiastical Researches (1792), and other 
 Works published, with a Life by George 
 Dyer, in 1807 and 1812. 
 
 Robison, John, philosophical 
 writer (b. 1739, d. 1805), wrote Elements of 
 Mechanical Philosophy (1804, and edited 
 by Sir David Brewster, in 1822), and Proofs 
 of a Conspiracy Arjainst all the lieligions 
 and Governments of Europe (1797), (q.v.). 
 
 Roby, John, poet and miscella- 
 neous writer (b. 1793, d. 1850), published 
 Sir Harlranif a poem in six cantos (1815) ; 
 Traditions of Lancashire (1829 and 1831) ; 
 Seven Weeks in Belgium (1838) ; and other 
 works. His Legendary and Poetical Re- 
 mains, with a Sketch of his Life and Char- 
 acter by his Widou!, appeared in 1854. 
 
 Robynson, Raphe, "citizen nnd 
 
 foldsmythe of London," translated into 
 ;nglish the Utopia (q.v.) of Sir Thouas 
 MoB£ (Q.V.), which he calls a " frutefull 
 and profitable boke, containing and set- 
 ting forth ye best state and f ourme of a 
 publique weale." 
 
 Roche, James. See Octogena- 
 EiAN, An 
 
 Rochefort, Viscount, George 
 Boleyn (d. 1536), was one of the contribu- 
 tors to TotteVs Miscellany (q.v.). See 
 Pbaise of his Lady, A. 
 
 Rochester, Earl of, John Wilmot, 
 I)oet (b. 1647, d. 1680), wrote Valentinian, a 
 tragedy, published in 1685 His Poems, 
 written " on various occasions," were first 
 printed collectively in 1680. " His pieces,'* 
 says Johnson, " are commonly short. His 
 songs have no particular character : they 
 tell, like other songs, in smooth and easy 
 language, of scorn and kindness, dismis- 
 sion, and desertion, absence and incon- 
 stancy, with the commonplaces of arti- 
 ficial courtship. They are commonly 
 smooth and easy, but have little nature 
 and little sentiment. In all his works 
 there is a sprightliness and vigour, and 
 everywhere may be found tokens of a 
 mind which study might have carried to 
 excellence." See Nothing, Ox ; Trial 
 OF THE Poets fob the Bays ; and next 
 paragraph. 
 
 Rochester, Some Passages in 
 the Life and Death of John, Earl of, by 
 Gilbert BuBKF.T, Bishop of SALiSBirsv 
 (1643—1715) ; published in 1680. Tlie bishop 
 had been the means of reclaiming the 
 youug noble from infidelity and profligacy. 
 
 Of the Passages, Dr. Johnson said that 
 the critic should read them for their ele- 
 gance, the philosopher for their argu- 
 ments, and the saint for their piety. 
 
 ^ Rochester, Mark. The nom de 
 plume under which William Charles 
 Mark Kent (b. 1823), (q.v.) has published 
 several works, 
 
 Rochester, Mr. A character in 
 Charlotte Beonte's novel of Jane Eyre 
 (q.v.)j to whom the heroine is eventually 
 married. 
 
 Rock, Memoirs of Captain, 
 
 by Thomas Moore, the poet ; written in 
 1824. Captain Bock was a celebrated Irish 
 chieftain. 
 
 "Rook of Ages." A hymn by the 
 Kev. Augustus Toplady (1740—1778), 
 which appears to have been suggested by 
 a passage in Brevint's learned tractate, en- 
 titled The Christian Sacrament and Sacri- 
 fice, ed. 1679- It has been rendered into 
 Latin verse by the Bight Hon. W. E. 
 Gladstone. 
 
 Rock (The) and Wee Fickled 
 
 Tow. A short poem in the Scottish dialect 
 by Alexander Boss (1699—1784), first 
 published in 1768. It begins : — 
 " There was an auld wife had a wee pickle tow." 
 
 " Rock (This) shall fly From its 
 firm base as soon as I." — Scott, The Lady 
 of the Lake, canto v., stanza 10. 
 
 Rocke of Regard, The. A poem, 
 by Geobge 'Whetstone (b. circa 1550), 
 " divided into f oure parts : The Castle of 
 Delight, The Garden of Unthriftinesse, The 
 Arbour of Virtue, The Orchard of Bepent- 
 ance," and published in 1576. 
 
 " Rod in pickle. A." — O'Keefe, 
 Midas, act ii., scene 1, 
 
 " Rod of empire. The." — Gkat, 
 
 Elegy writteii in a Country Churchyard, 
 Roderick Random. See Ban- 
 
 DOSI, BODERIOK. 
 
 Roderick, The Last of the 
 
 Goths. A poem in blank verse by Robert 
 SODTBEY (177^—1843), published in 1814. 
 
 Roderigo. A Venetian gentleman, 
 In Otliello (q.v.). 
 
 Rodogune. The king in Eowe'3 
 tragedy of The Royal Convert (q.v.) ; " a 
 personage truly tragical, of high spirit and 
 violent passions great," says Dr. Johnson, 
 " with tempestuous dignity, and wicked, 
 with a soul that would have been heroic it 
 it had been virtuous." 
 
 Roger de Coverley, Sir. See 
 Coverley. 
 
 Roger de Hoveden. See Hove- 
 
 DEB, BOQERDE. 
 
Roa 
 
 HOI 
 
 587 
 
 Roger of "Wendover, Prior of 
 Belvoir, and chronicler (d. 1237)', wrote 
 Ftores Historiarum^ a chronicle which 
 ranges from the Creation almost to the 
 writer's death, and the Latin text of which 
 has been edited by Coxe for the English 
 Historical Society (ISil— 44). See Mat- 
 thew of Paris. 
 
 Rogero. A Sicilian gentleman, in 
 The Wint^s Tale (q.v.). Also the name 
 of one of a band of adventurers in the 
 crusading anny in Tasso's Jerusalem De- 
 livered. 
 
 Rogero, in Canning's Rovers (q.v.), 
 is represented as singing the well-known 
 Bong about the " tJ— niversity of Got- 
 tingen" : — 
 
 " My vears are many — they were few 
 When first I entered at the U— 
 nivorsity of Gottingen, 
 nivereity of Gottingen. 
 " There first for thee my ptission grew 
 Sweet, sweec Matilda Fottingen I 
 Thon wast the daughter of my tu — 
 for, law professor at the II — 
 
 niversity of Gottingen, 
 niversity of Gottingen." 
 
 The last stanza of the song was written by 
 Pitt the statesman. 
 
 Rogers, Charles, LL.D., minister 
 and antiquarian (b. 1825), has written, 
 among other works, Scotland, Social and 
 Domestic ; Monuments and Monumental Itv- 
 ecriptions in Scotland; Boswelliana; A 
 Century of Scottish Life; Our Eternal Des- 
 tiny ; besides publishing The Modem Scot- 
 tish Minstrelf Lyra Britannica, and edi- 
 tions of the Poetical Itemains of King 
 James I. of Scotland, and the Poems of Sir 
 Robert Aytoun. 
 
 Rogers, Henry, critic (b. about 
 1814, d. 1877), wrote Essays from " The 
 
 ' Edinburrfh-BevieV}'^ (1850),' reprinted with 
 additions in 1874 ; a Life of Thomas Fuller 
 <1856) ; Reason and Faith (1866) ; Essa/ys 
 from ** Good W&rds " (1868) ; Theological 
 Ckmtroversies of Vie Time (1874) ; and The 
 Superhuman Origin oftJte Bible (1874). His 
 best-known work, however, is The Eclipse 
 
 'of Faith (1852), He has also published 
 Selection 8 from the Correspondence ofR. E. 
 H, Greyson (an anagram of his own name). 
 
 Rogers, John. See Bible, The. 
 
 Rogers, Samuel, poet and banker 
 
 ?>. 1763, di 185^, wrote The Scribbler (q.v.) 
 Q The Gentleman's 'Magazine; Ode to 
 Superstition, and other Poems (1786) ; The 
 Pleasures of Memory (1792), (q.v.) ; An 
 Epistle to a Friend (1798), (q.v.) ; Columbus 
 (1812); Jacqueline' (1814), (q.v.); Hwnam 
 Life (1819), (q.v.) ; and Italy (1822), (q.v.). 
 Jlecollections of the Table Talk of Samuel 
 Boqera, Esq., with a Memoir of his 
 Life, appeared in 1866y and some further 
 Becollections, edited by William Sharpe, in 
 1859. See Hsiywaxd' b Biof/raphical and 
 Critical Essays, Urst series; Koscoe's 
 
 Essays ; Jeffrey's Essays ; Hazlitt*s Enjj- 
 lish Poets ; Lockhart's L\fe of Scott, chapf^. 
 Ixii., Ixxvi. : andMartineau's Biographical 
 Sketches. *' Rogers," says Hazlitt, "is a 
 very lady-like poet. He is an elegant but 
 feeble writer. He wraps up obvious 
 thoughts in a glittering cover of fine words, 
 is full of enigmas with no meaningto them, 
 is studiously inverted and scrupulously 
 far-fetched ; iind his verses are poetir, 
 chiefly because no particle, line, orsyllable 
 of them reads like prose. He differs from 
 Milton in this respect, who is accused of 
 having inserted a number of prosaic lines 
 in Paradise Lost. This kind of poetry, 
 which is a more minute and inoffensive spe- 
 cies of the Delia Cruscan, is like the game 
 of asking what one's thoughts are like. It 
 is a tortuous, tottering, wnggling, fidgety 
 tratislatiou of everything frc«n the vulgar 
 tongue, with iiU the tantalising, teasing-, 
 tripping, lisping mimminee piniminee oithe 
 highest brilliancy and fashion of poetical 
 diction. You hive nothing like truth of 
 nature or simplicity of expression." Har- 
 riet Martineau says :—" His poetry could 
 scarcely be said to live so long as himself, 
 as it was rather the illustrations with 
 which it was graced than the verse itself 
 that kept his volumes on sale and within 
 view. The elegance and correctness of 
 his verse are beyond question ; but the 
 higher and more substantial qualities of 
 true poetry will hardly be recognised there . 
 It should be remembered that there is a 
 piece of prose writing of his, of which Mack- 
 intosh said that ' Hume could not im- 
 prove the thoughts^ nor Addison the lan- 
 guage.' That gem is the piece on assassi- 
 nation in his Italy. In it may be clearly 
 traced the influence of early Noncon- 
 formist education. When he wrote it, 
 half a lifetime ago, worldliness had not 
 quite choked the good seed of early-sown 
 philosophy ; and the natural magnanimity 
 of the man was not extinguished by the 
 passions — as strong as any m their way — 
 which spring from the soil of convention- 
 alism. If Rogers is to be judged by his 
 writings, let it be by such fragments as 
 that little essay ; if further, by his deeds 
 rather than his words. So may the world 
 retain the fairest remembrance of the last 
 English Maecenas, and the only man among 
 us perhaps who has illustrated in his own 
 person tl)£ position at once of patron and 
 of client." See Ginevka. 
 
 " Rogues in buckram." — King 
 Uen/ry IV., part i., act ii., scene 4. 
 
 Roister Doister, Ralph. Tlie 
 first regular English comedy, written by 
 Nicholas Udall . (1506— 1556), and first 
 printed, anonymously, in 1566. Its author-- 
 ship was not ascertained until so late as 
 1818. It was afterwards edited for the 
 Shakespeare Society by Durrant Cooper, 
 and has since been reprinted by Arber 
 Udall was Master of Eton School fron\ 
 1534 to 1541, and wrote this amuain|[ Inters 
 
688 
 
 BOK 
 
 ROL 
 
 lude for his scholars to perform " about 
 the feast of St. Andrew, the 30th day of 
 November." It was modelled on the com- 
 edies of Plautus and Terence, and was in- 
 tended to expose the folly of " vain glori- 
 oasiiess." It is composed throughout in 
 rhyming couplets, and is duly divided into 
 acts and scenes. Its leading motive is the 
 courtship of Dame Gustance (q.v.) by the 
 horo, who falls a victim to the wiles of a 
 certain Matthew Merrygreek (q.v.), and 
 after being sadly discomfited, at last joins 
 in with the humour of the others, and con- 
 sents to the union of the dame with Gawin 
 Goodlucke, a merchant, to whom she is 
 already betrothed. Among the minor char- 
 acters are Madge Muniblecrust, Tibet 
 Talkapace, Annot Alyface, and Dobinet 
 Doughtie, Rafe Roister is a character in 
 Fulwel's LiJte Will to Like (q.v.), and a 
 "roister-doister" was used proverbially 
 for a hare-brained fellow. The word 
 " roister '* is evidently from the French 
 "ruBtre," arufi&an, and recalls the "rus- 
 taiii," or French freebooters, of the 
 eleventh century. 
 
 Rokeby. A poem in six cantos 
 by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1813. 
 Rokeby is a nLodern mansion near Greta 
 Bridge, in Yorkshire, and was in the time 
 of Scott possessed by the Mr. Morrittto 
 whom the poem is dedicated. The work is 
 full of description of the estate on which- 
 the mansion stands, so much so that Moore 
 in his Twopenny Post Bag pokes fun at the 
 poet in this way : — 
 
 " Having quitted the Borders to Beek new renown, 
 He is coming by Ions' quarto stages to town, 
 And beginning with Rokeby (the job's sure to pay), 
 
 . Means to do all the gentlemen's seats by the woy.^' 
 
 The action of the poem takes place partly 
 in the castle which once occupied the site 
 of the building that Scott knew, and partly 
 at Barnard Castle and other places m the 
 vicinity. The date of the supposed events 
 is immediately subsequent to the battle of 
 MarstonMoor. Palgrave speaks of Rokeby 
 as " by no means destitute of interest and 
 beauty." 
 
 Rokesmith, John. The hero of 
 Dickens's novel of Our Mutual Friend 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Rokei^ode, John Gage (b. 1786, 
 d. Itj42), was the author of A Mistory of 
 
 ~ ->lk. 
 
 Roland and Farragus. An old 
 English romance, in verse, of which an 
 ansHysis will be found in Ellis's Early 
 English Romances. It was founded, Jike 
 all the romances which relate to Charle- 
 magne, on the Joannis Turpini Iftstoria de 
 Vita daroH Magni et Rolandi^ written be- 
 fore 1122. 
 
 Roland de Vaux, Lord, figures 
 In Coleridge's Chrisiabel (q.v.). 
 
 Roland, The Chanson de. A 
 
 ?oem, in the Ant;lo-Norman tongue, by 
 tJROLD. an English minstrel (circa 1140); 
 celebrating the famous battle of Konces- 
 valles, which had already been naade popu- 
 lar in the Latin story ascribed to Bishop 
 Turpin. "The composition," says Wright, 
 " is one in which, though devoid of the ar- 
 tificial ornaments of more refined poetry, 
 the story marches on with a kind of lofty 
 grandeur, which was well calculated to 
 move the hearts of the hearers for whom 
 it was intended, and which, even to a 
 modern reader, is not without its charms. 
 As in most of the early romances, the 
 largest porLion of the poem consists of 
 battle scenes, which are told with some-. 
 what of Homeric vigour. Instead of rhym- 
 ing coupletSj we have a continuous series 
 of lines, varying in number, bound together 
 by one final rhyme ; and this final rhym&, 
 or, rather, assonance, rests upon the last 
 two or three vowels, entirely independent 
 of the consonants." 
 
 " Roll down their golden 
 sand." — Heber, Erom Greenland*s Icy 
 Mountains. 
 
 "Roll of common men, I am 
 
 not in the.*' — King Henry IV., part i., act 
 iii., scene 1. 
 
 " Roll on, thou deep and dark 
 
 blue ocean, roll." — Byrob", Childe So- 
 void's Pilgrimage, canto iv., stanza 179. 
 
 Rolla. A tra.srefly by Matthew 
 Gregory Lewis (1775—1818), produced 
 in 1799. 
 
 Rolle, Richard, poet (b. about 
 1290, d. 1349), wrote a Metrical Paraphrase 
 of the Book of Job, of the Lord's Prayer, 
 andoftJie Seeen Penitential Psalms, aim 
 a poem in seven parts called The Pricke of 
 Conscience (q.v.). Rolle was a hermit of 
 the order of Augustine, and lived a life of 
 solitude near Hampole, Boncaster. " The 
 penitential psalms and theological tracts, 
 of a hermit were not likely to enrich or 
 improve the style of our poetry ; and they 
 are accordingly confessed, by those who 
 have read them, to be very dull. His name 
 challenges notice only from the paucity of ' 
 contemporary writers," 
 
 R6lliad, The, is the title event- 
 ually given to a series of political satires, 
 the first of which* published in a London 
 newspaper in 1784, was devoted to ahumor- 
 ous criticism on Colonel (afterwards Lord) 
 KoUe. The most important of these 
 satires was the Rolliad^ par excellence, a 
 pretended review of an imaginary epic 
 poem, which was followed by the Prooa- 
 tionary Odes for tJie Laureate§hip, and Polit' 
 ical Eclogues, in which, probably follow- 
 ing the example of Pope in his castigation 
 of CoUey Cibber, a large number of wits 
 and men of fashion joiiied together in the 
 composition of satirical portraits of various 
 men of eminence of the day* Among the 
 former were I>r. Trench Lawrence, the 
 
BOL 
 
 ROM 
 
 58d 
 
 editor of the series, who died in 1807 ; 
 General Kichard Fitzpatrick (1T4T— 1813), 
 Biehard Tickell (d. 1793), Joseph Itichard- 
 son (1758—1803), Lord John Townshend 
 (1757—1837), George Ellis (1745—1815), Sir 
 B. Adair, General Burgoyne, Hare, Reid, 
 Bate Dudley, Brummel, Boscawen, Pearce, 
 Sir John Hawkins, and the Bishop of 
 Ossory. 
 
 RoUock, Robert, Scottish scholar 
 and divine (b. 1555, d. 1598), was the author 
 of numeroiis commentaries on different 
 portions of Scripture. His brother Her- 
 cules contributed Latin poems to the 
 DeliticB Poetarum Scotorum, See the Li/e 
 by Bobertson (1599). 
 
 Rolt, Ricl:^ard, miscellaneous 
 writer (b, 1724, d. 1770), wrote Cambria^ a 
 poem, and some other works, for the titles 
 of which see I^owndes* Bibliographer's 
 Marnuzl. 
 
 Romaine, "WiUiam, theolosrian 
 (b. 1714, d. 1795), wrote The Walk of Faith 
 (1791), The lYiumvh of Faith (1795), and 
 other works. See the JUfe by Cadogan. 
 
 Roman de Rou, Le. See Boc, Le 
 
 BOMAX DE, 
 
 Roman Father, The. A tra^edy 
 by William Whitehead (1715—1785) ; 
 produced at Drury Lane in 1750, and found- 
 ed on the Horace of Corneille. 
 
 '' Roman holiday, A." See 
 " Butchered to make," &o. 
 
 Roman, The. A dramatic poem by 
 SYD]!rEY DoBELL (1824—1874), published in 
 1850. 
 
 Romance and Reality. A novel 
 by Letitia Elizabeth Landon (1802— 
 ,1838), jpablished in 1830. The heroine's 
 name is Emily. 
 
 Romances, German : " Specimens 
 of the Chief Authors, with Biographical 
 and Critical Notices," by Thomas Car- 
 LTLE (b. 1795) ; published in 1827. *' This," 
 wrote the author in 1857, ** was a book of 
 translations, not of my suggesting or desir- 
 ing, but of my executing as honest journey- 
 work in defect of better." 
 
 Romance of the Forest, The. A 
 
 tale by Mrs. Radcliffe, published in 
 1791- -See Motte, La. 
 
 Romance of the S'wan's Nest, 
 
 The. A lyric by Elizabeth Barkett 
 Browning (1809—1861), published in 1844, 
 and beginning— 
 
 *^ Little Ellic sits alone 
 'M.id the beeches of a meadow 
 By a streani'Side on the graai." 
 
 Romance, The Progress of. See 
 
 Progress of Kouance, The. 
 
 Romances derive tlieir name from 
 the fact that the earliest tales which ap- 
 ipeared in the Middle Ages were written in 
 the Eomancd languages— those luiguages 
 
 having been formed out of the mingling o^ 
 the Latin with the in(Ugenou8 tongues of 
 France and Spain. " Bomans " became in 
 this way the natural word for stories, and, 
 these stories being generally of an exceed- 
 ingly fanciful nature, we have here the 
 reason why in later times narratives of a 
 highly imaginative order came to be desig- 
 njHied by the tei-m ** romances." For a 
 long time after the Conquest translations 
 from stories in the Jjatin, or Frencli were 
 all that could be obtained iii England in, 
 the way of fiction. This was the time I'n 
 which Alexa»ider, Arthur, Charlemagnd; 
 Amadis de Gaul, Ogier le Banois, Huon de 
 Bordeaux, and other heroes were cele- 
 brated in " eternal romances," which ex- 
 isted in popularity up to the time of Eliza- 
 beth. Side by side with them, however, 
 for many years went a number of purely 
 indigenous legends, sucha^thogeof Robert ^ 
 theDevil, Thomas of Reading, FriarBacon, 
 Friar Rush, Virgil, Robin Hood, George-i- 
 Green, Tom-^Lincoln, FaustUs, and tha 
 like, which bring us down to a time con- 
 temporary with Snakespeare. Utopia (cl.t.) 
 does not call for mention, because '^ it was 
 written in La^in, not English ; and a 
 similar objection attaches to Hall's Mun- 
 dus Alter et Idem (q-v.), and Barolaji^B 
 Arfjenis (q.v.). These must give place-to 
 wliat is really the first legitimate romance' 
 in our language— the Arcadia (q.v.) of Siir 
 Philip Sidney, written in emulation of 
 Italian and Spanish models, and contain- 
 ing, with much that is tedious, much that 
 is beautiful. Lyly's Euphuea, (q.v.) is an 
 effort in the same direction, but noi; so 
 successful a one. After that, our prose 
 fiction, which began properly with Greene 
 (q.v.) divides itself naturally into Romance 
 and Novel (q.v.), according to the style and 
 subject, the former being governed by the 
 fanciful, the latter by the real — the former 
 permitting to itself leg:itimate extravar- 
 gance, the latter contenting itself with' rep- 
 resentations of every day ordinary life. 
 The modern romantic school is headed by 
 Walpole's Castle of Otranto (q.v.), followed 
 up by Clara Reeve's Old English Baron 
 (q,v.), Mra. Radcliffe's Bomance of the 
 Fors&t (q.v.), Lewis's Monk (q.v.), Mrs. 
 Shelley's Frankenstein (q.v.), and similar 
 works. Among later examples we have 
 the Ivanhoe (q.v.) of. Scott— typical of the 
 historical romance in which G. P. R- 
 James (q.v.) and Harrison Ainsworth (q.v.) 
 have since excelled; the Zanoni (q.v.) or 
 Lord Lytton, and the Phantastes (q.v.) of 
 George MacDohald. In all of these liber- 
 ties are taken with nature or with history 
 which would not be permitted in the' case 
 of novels proper, which are bound to con- 
 fine themselves to characters and inci- 
 dents not outside the bounds of the prob- 
 able. The romance, on the other hand, is 
 practically unlimited in its scope ; it may 
 imagine what it pleases, so long as it ob- 
 serves the laws which control the class of 
 fiction to which it belongs. 
 
500 
 
 ROM 
 
 RON, 
 
 Romaunt of the Page, The. A 
 >allad by Elizabeth Barrett Bbowk- 
 :SG (1809—1861), published in 1839. 
 
 Romaunt of the Rose, The. A 
 
 3oem attributed to Chaucer, who is be- 
 jeved to have partly translated and partly 
 idapted it from the French of Guillaume 
 le Lorris and Jean de Meung. Some of 
 iie best critics, however, doubt if it be the 
 Notk of Chaucer, on the ground that the 
 rersification is not in his manner. 
 
 "Rome shall stEind, ^?Vhile 
 
 itands the Coliseum." See " Coliseum 
 ;While stands the)." 
 
 Rome, The Ruins of. See Ruins 
 
 3F Home. 
 
 Romeo, in Romeo and Juliet (q.v.), 
 is a son of Montague (q.v.), and in love 
 with Juliet (q.v.), the daughter of Capulet 
 :q.y.). 
 
 Romeo and Juliet. A tragedy hy 
 W^iLLiAM Shakespeare (1664—1616), 
 K'hich was printed in 1597, and revised in 
 L599< The poet had been indebted for the 
 plot of his tragedy to the Isttoria novella- 
 nente rUrovata didui tiobUi Amanti of 
 Luigl da Porto (1535), and the Sfortunata 
 norte di due infelicissimi Amanii of Bion- 
 iello (1554), the latter of "which was ren- 
 dered into English verse by Arthur Brooke 
 In 1562, and into English prose by William 
 Painter in his Palace of Pleasure (q.v.), 
 In the story entitled " The Goodly Hys- 
 tory of the true and constant love between 
 Rhomeo and Julietta, the one of whom 
 died of poyson, and the other of sorrow 
 and hevinesse, wherein be comprysed 
 many adventures of love, and other de- 
 vices touchinge the same " (1567). '* Pomeo 
 and Juliet" says Schiegel, "is a picture 
 of love and its pitiable fate in a world 
 whose atmosphere is too sharp for this the 
 tenderest blossom of human life. Two 
 beings created for each other feel mutual 
 love at the first glance ; every considera- 
 tion disappears before the irresistible im- 
 pulse to live in one another ; under cir- 
 cumstances hostile in the highest degree to 
 their union, they unite themselves by a 
 secret marriage, rel-ying simply on the 
 protection of an invisible power. Unto- 
 wardancideuts following in rapid succes- 
 Bion, their heroic constancy is within a 
 few days put to the proof, till, forcibly 
 separated from each other by a voluntary 
 death, they are united in the grave to 
 meet in another world. All this is to be 
 found in the beautiful story which Shakes- 
 peare has not invented, and which, how- 
 ever simply told, will always excite a ten- 
 der sympathy; but it was reserved for 
 Shakespeare to join in one ideal picture 
 purity of heart with warmth of imagina- 
 tion, sweetness and dignity of manners 
 with passionate intensity of feeling. Under 
 his handling it becomes a glorions song of 
 praise ou that iuexpressible feeling which 
 
 ennobles the soul and gives to it its high- 
 est sublimity, and which elevates the 
 senses into soul, while at the same tiifie it 
 is a melancholy elegy on Its inherent and 
 Impartial frailty. All that is most intoxi- 
 cating In the oaour of a southern spring, 
 all that is most languishing in the song of 
 the nightingale, or yoluptuous in the first 
 opening of .the rose, all alike breathe forth 
 from this poem." " This description," 
 says Hazlitt, "is true, and yet it does not 
 come up to our idea ot the play. For if it 
 has the sweetness of the rose, it has its 
 freshness to ; if it has the languor of the 
 nightingale's song, it has also its giddy 
 transport ; if it has the softness of a 
 southern spring, it is as glowing and as 
 briglit." See next paragraph and Rosa- 
 line. 
 
 Romeus and Juliet, The Trag- 
 ical History of. A poem by Arthur 
 Brooke (d. about 1563), published in 1562, 
 and reputed to be tiie work from which 
 Shakespeare obtained the story of liis trag- 
 edy. It is founded on the Italian of Bion- 
 dello, and is remarkable for the ease and 
 variety of its versification. A prose ver- 
 sion was included in The Palace o/PleaS' 
 «rc(q.v). 5efi preceding paragraph. 
 
 Romola. A novel of Italian life 
 and character by George Eliot (b. about 
 1820) ; published originally in TJie Com' 
 hill Magazine in 1863. " Pomola," says 
 The Quarterly Review, " is a marvellously 
 able story of the revival of the taste and 
 beauty and freedom of Hellenic manners 
 and letters, under Lorenzo di Medici and 
 the scholars of his Court, side by side with 
 the revival of Eoman virtue, and more 
 than the ancient austerity and pietv, under 
 the great Dominican, Savonarola. The 
 period of history is one which of all others 
 may well have engrossing interest for 
 George Eliot. Treasures of learning and 
 discipline, amassed for mankind ages 
 before, for ages stored and hidden away, 
 see again the sun, are recognized and put 
 to use. Wliat use they will be put to, 
 with what new and fruitful effects on the 
 State and the citizen, with what momen- 
 tary and with what lasting consequences, 
 this she strives to discover ; this she fol- 
 lows through the public history of Italy 
 during the modern invasion of Charles 
 VIII., and the events which succeed his in- 
 vasion, and through the private fortunes 
 of her admirably cnosen group of charac- 
 ters, some of them drawn from life, all of 
 them tnie to nature. The motive and plot 
 of Romola, it may be worth while to ob- 
 serve, had been previously handled by 
 George Eliot on a much smaller scale and 
 with very different background and set- 
 ting, in one of her very striking shorter 
 tales of I^nglish middle-class society, 
 named JaneVs Repentance " (q.v.). 
 
 Ronald, Lord. A ballad, wliich 
 relates how the hero comes home poisoned 
 
ROJT 
 
 BOS 
 
 591 
 
 ^ from his sweetlieart'a houee, and tells his 
 mother to " make his hed soon,'* 
 
 " Tor I'm Bick at the hearty and I fain would lie 
 down." 
 
 ?* Getting * frogs for fish,* " AUingham ex- 
 plains to mean "foul play," and says it is 
 a phrase used in the ballad of Katherine 
 JcwyTntrie. " Buchan's version, Willie Doo, 
 is in the form of a nursery song. Sweden 
 and Germany have similar ballads." 
 
 Rondel, Roundel, or Roundelay. 
 
 The various names of a poem usually of 
 thirteen lines, eight iu one rhyme, and five 
 in another. 
 
 Rone. King Arthur's " noble 
 spear ; " referred to hy Michhejl Dray- 
 ton. 
 
 " Room and verge enough." See 
 
 •'Ample room." 
 
 "Rooted sorro-w, A." — Macbeth, 
 act T., scene 3. 
 
 Roper, "William, was tlie author 
 of a Life of Sir Thomas More, published in 
 1716, and edited in 1817 by Singer. 
 
 Rory O'More. A novel bv Sam- 
 TTEL Lover (1797 — 1868) ; published in 
 1836, And subsequently dramatised for the 
 stage. Lover wrote a ballad with a similar 
 title and on a similar subject. 
 
 Rosa AngUca, by John of Gad- 
 DESDEN (circa 1320), is a famous compila- 
 tion of the whole practice of physic — 
 '* practica medicine a capite ad pedes '* 
 — as derived from the Arabians by himself 
 and Gilbert Anglicus and other of his pre- 
 decessors, with additions from his own 
 experience. It contains a full description 
 of all the prescriptions and nostrums used 
 by the physicians of his time, and was first 
 printed at Pavia in 1492. 
 
 Rosa Dartle. See Dartle^ Kosa. 
 
 Rosa Mackenzie. A character 
 In Thackerat's Xewcomes (q.v.) ; first 
 wife of Clive Newcome, and daughter of 
 " The Old Campaigner "■ (q.v.). 
 
 Rosa, Rosalynd, and Rosmary: 
 
 "a pleasant new historie, or a fragrant 
 
 rle made of three floures," A romance 
 Thomas Newtox (d. 1607). 
 
 Rosabelle. A ballad, by Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott, beginning — 
 
 " O listen, lUten, ladies gay." 
 
 Rosalind. A cJiaracter in As You 
 Like It (q.v.); daughter of the banished 
 duke, and beloved by Orlando (q.v.). She 
 "has vivacity and wit enough," says R. 
 Grant White, "to captivate those wlio 
 like a woman of spirit ; and yet with this 
 there is interwoven so much womanly ten- 
 derness and delicacy— she is, in her gayest 
 moods, so truly, sometimes bo toucuingly 
 feminine, that she wins more admirers 
 
 than she dazzles." " Eosalind," says 
 Professor Dowden, 
 
 " * A eallant curtle-axe upon her thigh, 
 A Doar-spear in her hand,' 
 
 and the bright, tender, loyal womanhood 
 within, is a figure which quickens and re- 
 stores our spirits, as music does, which is 
 neither noisy nor superficial, and yet 
 knows little of the deep passion and sor- 
 row of the world." 
 
 Rosalind. A name by which 
 Spenser celebrates in his poetry a youth- 
 ful lady-love. She appears as Ko&ahnd in 
 The SJiepherd's Calendar, and as Mirabel 
 in the sixth book of The Fa'&rie Queene. 
 Her real name was Kose; she was the sister 
 of Samuel Daniel, the poet ; and she mar- 
 ried John Florio,who is ridiculed by Shake- 
 speare in the characters of Don Adrian© 
 de Armado (q.v.)'ai'id Holof ernes (q.v.), iu 
 Love's .Labour's Lost. 
 
 Rosalind and Helen. A poem 
 by Percy Bysshe ShelliIy, written in 
 1818. It is one of his least perfect produc- 
 tions, but full of lovely and thick-coming 
 fancies. The poet calls it " a modern 
 eclogue," and remarks that it " is un- 
 doubtedly not an attempt in -the highest 
 style of poetry." 
 
 Rosaline. A lady celebrated in 
 the poetry of Thomas Lodge (1555—1625), 
 especially in a poem beginning — 
 
 " Like to the clear in highest Ephere," 
 
 which Palgrave calls a " gorgeous Vision 
 of Beauty, equally sublime and pure in its 
 paradisiacal naturalness." 
 
 Rosaline. A lady for whom 
 Borneo, in Shakespeare's play, is repre- 
 sented as having had a hopeless passion 
 before he saw Juliet (q.v.). See acti., 
 scene 1 :— 
 
 " She wni not etay the siege of loving tenns. 
 Nor bide the encounter of aseailing eyes." 
 
 " No one, I belive," says Coleridge. " ever 
 experiences any shock at Bomeo's forget- 
 ting his Rosaline, who has been a mere 
 name for the yearning of his youthful, 
 iraagination^nd rushing into his passion 
 for Juliet. Bosaline was a mere creation 
 of his fancy." See Bomeo and Juliet. 
 
 Rosaline, in Love's Labour's Lost 
 (q.v.), is a lady in attendance on the Prin- 
 cess of France. 
 
 Rosalynde : " Euphues' Golden 
 Legacy, found after his death in his cell at 
 Silexedra." A romance by Thomas Lodge 
 (1555—1625), published in 1.^90. From this, 
 Shakespeare took the Story of As Yoii Like 
 It (q.v.). *' No higher praise," says J. 
 Payne Collier, " can well be given it ; our 
 admiration of many portions of it will not 
 be diminished by a comparison with the 
 work of our great di'amatist." 
 
 Rosamond. A poetic drama, hy 
 
592 
 
 BOS 
 
 BOS 
 
 AxGEEjfON Chables SWINBURNE, pub- 
 lished in 1861. 
 
 Rosamond. An opera, by Jo- 
 seph Addison, produced in 1706. " This," 
 says Macaulay, " was ill set to music, and 
 therefore failed on the stage ; but it com- 
 pletely succeeded in print, and is, indeed, 
 excellent in its kind. The sraoothness with 
 which the verses glide, and the elasticity 
 with which they bound, is, to our ears at 
 least, very pleasing." 
 
 Rosamond, Fair. A ballad relat- 
 ing to the loves of that famous lady and 
 King Henry 11., and first printed in 
 Strange ffistories : or, Songs and Sonnets 
 of Kinges, Princes, Dukes, Lords, Ladyes, 
 Knights, and Gentlemen, etc., by Thomas 
 Deloney, published in 1612. 
 
 Rosamond Gray and Blind Old 
 
 Margaret, A Tale of, "by Charles Lamb 
 (1776—1834); published in 1798. '*ThiB 
 miniature romance," says Talfourd, " is 
 unique in English literature. It bears 
 the impress of a recent perusal of The 
 Man of Feeling and Julia de Baahigni ; 
 and while on the one hand it wants the 
 
 fraphic force and delicate touches of 
 [ackenzie, it Is informed with deeper 
 feeling ana breathes a diviner morality 
 than the most charming of his tales- 
 ]jamb never possessed the faculty of con- 
 structing a plot either for drama or novel ; 
 and in this tale nothing is made out with 
 distinctness, except the rustic piety and 
 grace of the loveljr girl and her venerable 
 grandmother, which are pictured with 
 such earnestness and simplicity as might 
 beseem a fragment of the book of Kuth. 
 The villain who lays waste their humble 
 joys is a murky phantom without individ- 
 uality ; Uie events are obscured by the 
 haze of sentiment which hovers over 
 them ; and the narrative gives way to the 
 reflections of the author, who is mingled 
 with the persons of the tale in visionary 
 confusion, and gives to it the character of 
 a sweet but disturbed dream." 
 
 Rosamond, The Complaint of. 
 
 An historic poem by Samuel Daniel 
 (q.v.), published in 1694. Fair Kosamond, 
 from llie Lower World, tells her pitiful 
 story of sin, suffering, and death, for the 
 warning of maids as fair and frail as she. 
 The reader will remember Tennyson's allu- 
 sion to her in A Dream of Fair Women : — 
 " I am that noHamond, whom men called fair, 
 
 If whnti wns I be ; 
 Would I had been Bomo maiden coarse and poor 1 
 
 O mc. that I should ever pco tho light 1 
 Those dragon eyes of anger'd Eleanor 
 
 Bo haunt me, day and night 1" 
 
 Rosamond Vincy, in George 
 
 Ehot'b novel of Middlemarch (q.v.), is 
 eventually manied to Lydgate, tho young 
 doctor. 
 
 Rosciad, The. A poetical satire. 
 In the heroic couplet, directed against the 
 
 actors of his day, by Charlics Church- 
 ill (1731—1764), and published in 1761. 
 It was at Urat Issued anonymously, but on 
 its being attributed by rumour to Lloydr 
 and to Thornton, Colman, and Lloyd com- 
 bined, the author reprinted it with hla 
 name. /The passage which refers to Dar 
 vies, a well known performer of the time, 
 will be familiar to most readers of poet- 
 ry ;— 
 
 " "With him came mighty Davies. On my life, 
 That Davies hnth a very pretty wife :— 
 Statesman all over !— In plots famous grown I— 
 He mouths a sentence as curs mouth a bone." 
 
 Among others characterised in this famous 
 satire are Havard, Holland, King, Yates, 
 Woodward, Foote, Jackson, Murphy. 
 
 Rosooe, Hen^, law writer (b. 
 1800, d, 1836), wrote Mves of Emirhent LaW' 
 yei's for Lardner's CycU^adia, a biogra- 
 phy of lus father, William Bpscoe (q.v.), 
 and various legal works. 
 
 Rosooe, Robert, poet (b. 1789, d. 
 1850), was the author of Alfred, and oUier 
 works. 
 
 Rosooe, "William, bistorian (b. 
 1753, d. 1831'), wrote The Life of Lorenzo di 
 Medici, called the Magnificent (1795) ; The 
 Life and Pontificate of Leo the T'enth (1805) ; 
 and several smaller works, including one 
 Oji the Origin and Vicissitudes of Litera^ 
 ture. See the Life by his son (.1833). 
 
 Roscoe, William Cald'well, poet 
 and essayist (b. 1823, d. 1860). The Poema 
 and Essays of this author were published^ 
 with an introductory memoir, by K. K: 
 Hutton, in 1860. 
 
 Roscommon, Earl of (Went- 
 worth Dillon), poet (b. 1633, d. 1684). The 
 Works of this writer were published, with 
 those of Bichard Duke, in 1717, and are 
 included in Chalmers's and Anderson's 
 collections. The chief are the Essay on 
 T^nslated Verse, and a translation of 
 Horace's Art of Poetry. " He is elegant,'* 
 says Johnson, "but not great; he never 
 labour's after exquisite beauties^ and he 
 seldom falls into gross faults. His versiflT 
 cation is smooth, but rarely vigorous ; and 
 his rhymes are remarkably exact. He 
 improved taste, if he did not enlarge 
 knowledge, and may be numbered among 
 the benefactors oif English literature." 
 Pope has this tribute to him : — 
 
 " In all Charles's days, 
 Roscommon only boasts unspotted lays." 
 
 See Day of Judgment; Tbaxslated 
 
 Verse, Essay on. 
 
 "Rose (A) by any other name 
 would smell as sweet,"— 7?omeo and Juliet, 
 act ii., scene 2. 
 
 Rose and the Ring, The : " or, 
 
 the History of Prince Giglio and Prince 
 Bulbo." " A ftresida Pantomime for 
 Great and Small Children," by WiLliau 
 Makepeace Thackebay (ISU*--!"' 
 
BOS 
 
 ROS 
 
 693 
 
 published in the winter of 1854—6. See 
 some verses on the subject by Frederick 
 Locker, to whose little daughter, then suf- 
 fering from illness, Thackeray read the 
 MS. of the story as it was written from time 
 to time. 
 
 Rose Aylmer. A lyric, by Wal- 
 ter Satage Landob (1775—1864) ;— 
 
 " Ah, what aT&ils the Bceptred race, 
 
 Ah, what the fonn divine I 
 "What evciy virtue, cveiy |[nice I 
 
 Rose Aylmer, all were thine. 
 Bose Aylmer, whom these wakeful eyes 
 
 May weep, but never Bee ; 
 A night of memories and of Bighs 
 
 I conBecrate to thee." 
 
 Lamb said this had a charm for him he 
 could not explain. He adds, *' 1 lived on 
 it for weeks." 
 
 Rose, Blanche, and Violet. A 
 
 novel by Geokge Henby Lewes (b. 
 1817), published in 1848. 
 
 Rose, George. See Sketchlet, 
 Aethuk. 
 
 Rose, Hugh James, divine and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1795, d. 1838), was 
 editor of The British Magazine^ and En- 
 eycloptedia Metropoliianay joint editor of 
 the Theological Library^ and projector of a 
 Biographical Dictionary, He also edited 
 several classical works. 
 
 "Rose like a rocket (He), he 
 fell like a stick." This was written of 
 Burke by Thouas Paute iu his Letter to 
 the Addressers. 
 
 " Rose of Summer, The Last." 
 See " Last Bose of Summee." 
 
 "Rose (The) is fairest when 
 'tig budding new,"— Scott, Lady qf the 
 LakCj canto iv., stanza 1 — 
 *' And hope iB brig:htest when it dawns from fears." 
 
 "Rose (The) is red, the violet 
 blue." — A line occurring in a valentine, 
 dated 1721— 
 
 " The lily's sweet, and so are you." 
 
 Rose, The Message of the. A 
 
 lyric, by Bduukd Walleb, beginning— 
 '* Go, lovely Bose." 
 
 Rose, The Romaunt of the. See 
 
 BOMAUNT OF THE BOSE, THE. 
 
 Rose, William, Scottish poet (b. 
 1762, d. 1790), wrote The Last Day of Love, 
 and other poems, published in 1834. " He 
 chiefly delighted," says one of his critics, 
 " in pastoral poetry of which he seized 
 the true and genuine spirit. His Praise of 
 the Highland Maid is a masterpiece in 
 this species of composition." See Grant 
 Wilson's Poetry of Scotland^ 
 
 Rose, William Stewart, poet 
 and translator (b. 1775. d. 1843), produced A 
 Naval History of the late War (1802), a 
 translation of Amadit de Gaul (1803), The 
 
 Crusade of St, liouis, and other Poems 
 (1810), Letters to Henry Hallam from the 
 North of Italy (1819), a version of the 
 Orlando Innamorato (1823), a translation of 
 the Orlando Furioso (1831), and oUier 
 works. 
 
 " Rosemary : that's for remem- 
 brance." — Hamletf act iv., scene 5, 
 
 Rosencrantz. A courtier, in Ham- 
 let (q.v.). 
 
 "Roses have thorns, and silver 
 
 fountains mud." — SHAKESPEABE,5onnet>. 
 "Roses, their sharp spines 
 being gone." A line in a song in The Two 
 Noble Kinsmen (q.v.). 
 
 Rosiclear. See Donzel del 
 Phebo. 
 « Rosiphele, Princess of Armenia. 
 
 A character in Go web's Confessio Amantif 
 (q.v.), where she is represented as being 
 insensible to the power of love, until i, 
 vision which greets her on a May-day 
 ramble awakens her to a conviction of hey 
 folly. 
 
 Rosliii Castle A song written by 
 BiCHABD Hewitt (d. 1764), and first pub* 
 lished in Herd's collection (1776). 
 
 " Of ffannie's charms the shepherd sung i 
 The hills and dales with Nannie rung i 
 while Roslin Castle heard the swainj 
 And echoed back his cheerful strain." 
 
 Ross, Alexander, miscellaneoua 
 writer (b. 1590, d. 1664), produced Serum, 
 Judaicarwm memorabiliiim Libri tree (161T 
 —19, and 1632, liber quartus) ; Three Decada 
 of Divine Meditations (1630); Virgilius Evaiif 
 gelinans (1634) ; A Centime of Divine Medi- 
 tations vpon Predestination and its adiuncts 
 (1648) ; Mystagogus Poetieus : or, the Muse's 
 Interpreter (1647) ; Mel Heliconium : or, 
 Poeticall Honey gathered out of the Weeds 
 of Parnassus (1642) ; Medicus Medicatus 
 (1645) ; Arcana Microcosmi : or, the Hid 
 Secrets of Man's JBodie (1662) ; The His- 
 tory of the World (1652); A View of all Ee- 
 ligions (1663) ; and other works. He is 
 alluded to by Butler in his Hudibras .— 
 
 *' There was an ancient soge philosopher. 
 That had read Alexander Koss over." 
 
 Ross, Alexander, sciioolmaster 
 and poet (b. 1699, d. 1784), published Hele- 
 nore : or, the Fortunate Shepherd, a Pastoral 
 Tale in the Scottish Dialect, to which are 
 added a few Songs by the Author (176S). 
 This, the first, edition contained "a 
 humorous poem by Dr. Beattie in the 
 broad Scottish dialect ; " that of 1812 in- 
 cluded a Life of Boss, by his grandson, the 
 Bev, A,Iexander Thomson. See also Cham- 
 bers's Biographical Dictionaryof Eminent 
 Scotsmen, Irving's Scottish Writers, and 
 Grant Wilson's Poets of Scotland. See 
 Bock (The) ahd Wee Pickled Tow and 
 Woo'D and Mabbied. 
 
 Ross, John. See Boubb. 
 
594 
 
 EOS 
 
 ROU 
 
 Ross, The Man of. See Mak of 
 
 Boss, The. 
 
 Ross-Church, Mrs. See Mak- 
 BYAT, Florence. 
 
 Rossetti, Christina Georgina, 
 poot and prose writer (b. 1830), has pub- 
 lished Goblin Marketf and other Poems 
 (1862) ; The Prince's Progress, and other 
 Poems (18G6) ; Commonplace and other 
 Shore Stories (1870) ; Sing-Souff : a Nursery 
 Rhyine-Boolc (1872) ; Speaking Likenesses 
 (I87i) ; imd Annus Dotnini : A Prayer for 
 Eoery Dxy inthe year (1874). Her 7*oe»is 
 were collected in 1875. " Mias Rossetti,*' 
 says SLedmiin, *' is a woman of genius, 
 whose songs, hymn^, ballads, and various 
 lyrical pieces are studied and original. I 
 do not greatly admire her longer poems, 
 which are more fantastic than imaginative ; 
 bub elsewhere she is a poet of a profound 
 and serious cast, whose lips part with the 
 breathing of a fervid spirit within. She 
 has no lack of matter to express ; it is that 
 expression wherein others are so fluent 
 and adroit which fails to serve hei pur- 
 pose quickly ; but when, at last, she beats 
 her music out, it has mysterious and soul- 
 felt meaning.*' 
 
 Rossetti, Dante G-abriel, poet 
 and painter (b. 1828), has published Poems 
 (1870), and a work on The Early Italian 
 Poets, reproduced in a new edition in 1873, 
 as Dante and Jiis Circle. *' Rossetti," says 
 one of his critics, " is one of those men 
 whose significant position is not so much 
 due to the amount of work which they pro- 
 duce as to its quality, and to the principles 
 it has suggested. His poeais are collected 
 Ln a siagle volume ; two score ballads, 
 BOngs, and studies, with thrice that imm- 
 ber of sonnets, make up its contents ; but 
 there are not a few to maintain that here 
 wo have ' infinite riches in a little room.' 
 bi this collection I find no verse sorealistio 
 as to be unimaginative, but I do find a 
 quaint use of old phraselogy. and a revival 
 of the early rhythmical accents. Besides 
 enriching, like Tennyson, oui- modern Eng- 
 lish by the revival of obsolete yet effective 
 Saxon aud Norman words, Rossetti adds 
 to its flexibility by novel inversions and 
 accentual endings. Throughout his poetry 
 we discern a finesse, a regard for detail, 
 and a knowledge of colour and sound, 
 t'lat distinguish this mister of the Neo- 
 Roinantic School. His end is gained by 
 simplicity and sure precision of touch. 
 He knows exactly what effect he desires, 
 ajid produces it by a firm stroke of colour, 
 a beam of light, a single musical tone. He 
 approaches Tennyson in simplicity, purity, 
 and richness of tone. His verse is a com- 
 pact of tendernei=i8, emotional ecstacy, and 
 poetic fire." See Stedman's Victorian 
 Poets, Swinburne's Essays and Studies, 
 and Forman'8 Living Poets. 
 
 Rossetti, Maria Francesca, 
 
 prose writer (b. 1827, d- 1875), was the au- 
 thor of Tlie Shadow of Dante (1871), and 
 other works. 
 
 Rossetti, William Michael, 
 prose writer, is the author of Criticisms on - 
 Swinburne's Poems and Ballads (1866) ; 
 Fine Art: chiefly Contemporary Notices 
 (1867), and other volumes, besides being 
 the editor of the works of many of the 
 poets, notably of an edition of Shelley's 
 works. 
 
 "Rotten at the heart." — The 
 Merchant of Venice, act i., scene 3. 
 
 "Rotten in the state of Den- 
 mark, Something is." — Hamlett act i., 
 scene 4. 
 
 Rou, Le Roman de. A poetical 
 chronicle, written in Norman French, by 
 Maistre Wage, and probably finished in 
 1115. It consists of 17,000 lines, and re- 
 cords the liistory of the Normans from the 
 settlement of RoUo (Rou) in France to the 
 year 1106. The Moman was edited, with 
 notes, in 1827, by M. Frederick Pluquet. 
 English translations of the portions which 
 refer to England were written, in prose, 
 with notes, by Edgar Taylor, i;i 1827, and 
 in rhyme, with the Anglo-Norman text, by 
 Rev. Alexander Malet, in 1860. 
 
 Roubigne, Julia de. See Julia 
 
 I>E BOUBIGKE. 
 
 "Rough as nutmeg-graters, Be 
 
 as." — Aaron Hill, Verses written on a 
 Window. 
 
 '' Rough-he'w them hovr -we 
 
 will." See " Divinity that shapes oub 
 
 ENDS." 
 
 "Round, fat, oily man of God, 
 A little."— Thomson, The Castle of IndO' 
 lence, canto i., stanza 69. 
 
 Round Table, The. A series of 
 essays published in TAe Examiner by 
 William Hazlitt (1778—1830) and Jahes 
 Henry Leigh Hunt (1784—1859). ITiey 
 were fifty-two in number, of which only 
 twelve were by Hunt. The remainder, by 
 Hazlitt, were eventually published sepa* 
 rately in 1817. According to the original 
 idea, the essays were to be contributed by- 
 several persons : hence the title of The 
 Sound Table. 
 
 Round Table, The Knights of 
 
 the, who figure in Tennyson's Idylls of 
 the King (q.v.) are Lancelot (q.v.), Bohort 
 (q.v.), Gawain (q.v.), Kay (q.v.), Modred 
 (q.v.), Percivale (q.v.), Galahad (q.v.), Ga- 
 reth (q.v.), Pelleaa (q.v.), Bedivere (q.v.), 
 and Tristram (q.v.). -The Round Table 
 itself is fabled to have been constructed iu 
 imitation of the one which Joseph of Ari- 
 mathea himself established in imitation 
 of that used at the Last Supper. There 
 were thirteen seats round it, correspond- 
 ing to the number of the apostles, aud cue 
 
BOU 
 
 BOW 
 
 595 
 
 was always vacant, in allusion to tlie 
 treacliery of Iscariot. Other accounts put 
 the number indifferently at fifty, sixty, 
 and more, and some say the empty seat — 
 the " siege perilous " — was for the Holy 
 Grail. The Table came into the posses- 
 sion of Arthur (q.v.) as the portion of his 
 wife Guinevere, whose father, Leodogran, > 
 got it from Uther Pendragon, for whom it 
 was mad^ by Merlin (q.v.). 
 
 "Round xinvamished tale de- 
 liver,! will a." — Othello, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Roundabout Papers, The. A 
 
 series of essays by William Makepeace 
 Thackeray (18H— 1863), originally pub- 
 lished in The Comhill Magazine, ana. writ- 
 ten, says Hannay, " in the true essay vein, 
 with its confidential frankness of humour. 
 They give us the feelings about many high 
 subjects of Thackeray's ripest mind and 
 experience," containing '* at once some of 
 his most wildly playful comedy, and some 
 of his most directly serious moralising." 
 
 "Rounded -with a sleep. Our 
 little life is." — The Tempest, act iv., scene 
 1. Swinburne, in his Atalanta in Caly- 
 don (q.v.), speaks of our life as 
 
 " A watch or a Tision 
 Between a sleep and a sleep." 
 
 Rousillon, Count of. See Bek- 
 
 TRAM. 
 
 Rousseau, Jean Jacques. A 
 French writer, whose Confessitms, Nbi^ 
 velle Heloise, and Emile have all appeared 
 in English. See Carlyle's Heroes and Hero 
 Worship. 
 
 Routh, Martin James, D.D., 
 PTCBident-of Magdalen Colleee, Oxford (b. 
 1755, d. 1854), published Jieliquice Sacrce 
 (1814—48), and edited several classical 
 works, besides producing an edition of 
 Bishop Burnet's History of his Own Times 
 (1823—33). 
 
 Rovers, The : " or, the Double 
 Arrangement." A parody on the German 
 sentimental drama generally, and on 
 Schiller's Robbers in particular ; contrib- 
 uted to The JAnti-Jacooin (q.v.)by-GEORGE 
 Canning (q.v.), John Hookham Frebe 
 (q.v.)» and others. See Kogebo. 
 
 Row, John, Scottish minister (b. 
 1568, d. 1646), was the author of a History 
 of the Kirk of Scotland. 
 
 Rcw, John, Principal of King's 
 College, Aberdeen (b. 1598, d. 16T2), was 
 the author of a fieorew Grammar and a 
 Hebrew Vocabulary. 
 
 RoTVe, John, of Tiverton, Non- 
 conformist divine (d. 1677), was the author 
 of The Love of Christ, and other works. 
 
 Rowe, Mrs. Elizabeth, miscel- 
 laneous writer Co. 1674, d. 1737), published 
 £Hendship in I>eath, in Twenty Letters 
 
 from the Dead to the Living (1721) ; The 
 History of Joseph (1736) ; Devout Exercises 
 of the Heart (1737) ; and Letters, Moral and 
 Entertaining. Her ffori's were published 
 by- her husband, Thomas Bowe (q.v.), in 
 1739. See Philomela. 
 
 Rowe, Nicholas, poet-laureate 
 and dramatist (b. 1673, d. 1718), wrote The 
 Ambitious Stepmother (1700) ; Tamerlane 
 (1702), (q.v.) ; The Fair Penitent (1703), 
 (q.v.) J The Biter (1706), (q.v.) ; Ulysses 
 (1706), (q.v.) : The Royal Convert (1708), 
 (q.v.) ] Jane Shore (1714) ; Lady Jan^ Grey 
 (1715), and other works printed with the. 
 plays, and a Life of the Rev. S. Hales in, 
 1719. His edition of Shakespeare appeared 
 in 1709, his translation of Xiucan's Phar- 
 salia in 1718- " Rowe's genius," says 
 "Warton, "was rather delicate and sott' 
 than strong and pathetic ^ his compositions 
 soothe us with a tranqiul and tender sort 
 of complacency, rather than cleave the 
 heart with pangs of commiseration. His 
 distresses are entirely founded upon the 
 passion of love. His doctrine is extreme- 
 ly elegant and chaste, and his versification 
 highly melodious. His plays are declama- 
 tions rather than dialogues, and his char- 
 acters are general and undistinguished 
 from each other." '* "Whence," says 
 Johnson, " has Rowe his reputation ? 
 From the reasonableness and propriety of 
 some of his scenes, from the elegance of 
 his diction, and the suavity of his verse. 
 He seldom moves either pity or terror, but 
 he often elevates the sentiments ; he sel- 
 dom pierces the breast ; but he always 
 deligbts the ear, and often improves the 
 understanding. His versifi.cation seldom 
 wants either melody or force." " He was 
 a friend of Addison's," says Professor 
 Ward, " and did good service to the cause 
 of dramatic literature by his edition of 
 Shakespeare accompanied by a biography. 
 In- his own plays he adopted blank verse 
 in lieu of the heroic couplet established.by 
 Dryden : but has nothing else to approach 
 him to tne Elizabethan tragedians. He is, 
 perhaps, happiest in the delineatioii -of 
 female passion and weakness." See De- 
 SPAiBiKO Shepherd, The ; Jake Shobe. 
 
 Rowe, Thomas, Nonconformist 
 divine (d. 1698), was the author of The_ 
 Christian's Work, and other treatises. 
 
 Ro"V7e, Thomas, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1687, d. 1715), wrote a continua- 
 tion of Plutarch's Lives (1728), and some 
 verses, published with the works of his 
 wife, Elizabeth Rowe (q.v.), in 1739, 
 
 Rowena. A Saxon princess, ward 
 of Cedric of Rotherwood, in Sir Wal- 
 ter SopTT's romance otivanhoe (q.v.). 
 
 Rowland, Childe. An old Scottish 
 ballad, which tells how the hero, from 
 whom it takes its name, and who is iden- 
 tical with Roland or Orlando, the famous 
 Paladin, undertakes the perilous journey 
 
596 
 
 ROW 
 
 BOY 
 
 to Elfland, andy guided by Merlin, succeeds 
 ill rescuing his sister, Burd Helen, from 
 the conHnement in which she was kept by 
 the fairies. Shakespeare has an allusion 
 to the story. 
 
 Ko'wlaiids, Samuel, poet and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1570, d. 1625), pro- 
 duced The Betraying qf Christ and other 
 poems (1598), (q.v.) ; The Letting Hwnumr's 
 Blood in the Head-Vayne (1600) ; -Tis 
 Merry when Gossips Meete (1602) ; The 
 famous Historie of Guy Earle of Warwiclce 
 (160n ; Democritus : or, Doctor Merriman 
 nia Medicines against Melanclwly Humours 
 Q60T) J Diogenes's Lantlwme (1607) J 
 Bumors iooMns-jJajse (1608), (q.v.) : The 
 Xnave of Clubs (1609), (q.T.); Martin Marh- 
 tUl, Beadle of Bridewell {1610) ; Baile I'd- 
 low. Well Met (1612); Mare Knaves Yet ,• the 
 Knaves of Spades and Diamonds (1612) ; 
 The Melancholie Knight (1615) : The Mght 
 Raven (1618) ; Good Newes ana Bad Newes 
 (1622) : Heaven's Gktni, seeke it : Earth's 
 Vaniiie, fly it : Hell's Horror, fen-e it (1628) ; 
 and some other works, for titles of which 
 see Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual. See 
 also Warton's History of English Poetry, 
 Bitson's Bibliographia Poetica, Brydges' 
 Censura Literaria, British Bibliographer j 
 Be8tituta,&nA Collier's Poetical Decameron. 
 See DiOGEiTES's LANTHOBHE ; Guy and 
 Amabant ; Theatre of Delightpul 
 Beckeation, The. 
 
 RoTvle. A Scottish poet, referred 
 to in Lindsay's Complaynt. It is not 
 certain who is here intended, whether 
 " KowU of Aberdeen " or " Rowll of Cos- 
 torphine," both of whom are mentioned 
 by I>unbar, and to one of whom is attrib- 
 uted the poem entitled Jiowlls Cursing, 
 printed by Laing in iiemams of the Early 
 Popular Poetry of Scotland. 
 
 Rowley, Thomas. See Chat- 
 
 TEKTON, Thomas. 
 
 Rowley, 'William, dramatist 
 (temp. James I.), produce;! the following : 
 —A Search for Money : or, the Lamentable 
 Complaint for the Losse of tlie Wandring 
 Knight, Maunsieur L' Argent (1609) ; A 
 New Wonder, a Woman never Vext (1632) ; 
 All's Lost by Lust (1633). (q.v.) : A Match 
 at Midnight (1633) ; A Shoomaker a Gen- 
 tleman (1338) i The Birth of Merlin : or, 
 the Chitde hath found its Father (1662) ; 
 and various plays, written in conjunction 
 with other dramatists. Several dramas on 
 the books of tlio Stationers' Company are 
 ascribed to him. See Se ABOH FOB Money, 
 A ; 'WoNDEB, A New. 
 
 Roxana. A Xatin tragedy by 
 William Alaeasteb (1667—1640), acted 
 at Cambridge in 1592, and published in 
 1632. It was prMsed by Dr. Johnson as 
 equal In point of style to Milton's Latin 
 verses, whilst Hallam has discovered that 
 it Is to a great extent founded upon an 
 
 Italian tragedy by Luigi Groto, called Zo 
 Dalida. 
 
 Rozana. A romance by Daniei, 
 Defoe (1663— ItSl), published in 1724. 
 
 Rozana. A leading character in 
 Lee's Xival Queens (q.v.), 
 
 Roxana Termagant, Madame. 
 The supposed editress of Have at ye all : 
 or, the Drury-Lane Journal, conducted by 
 BoHNELL Thoenton (1724—1768) in 1762. 
 
 RozbuTghe Club, The, consisting 
 of forty (formerly thirty-one) members, was 
 instituted in London in 1812. A consider- 
 able number of publications of jgreatvaluo 
 and interest have been issued under its 
 auspices. 
 
 Roy, Rob. See Kob Rot. 
 
 Roy, William. See Bbeefe Dia- 
 logue, &o. , and BuBYisG of the Mass, 
 The. 
 
 Royal Captive, The. A tragedy 
 by John Maxwell, a blind poet, pubf 
 lished at Tork in 1746. Maxwell was also 
 author of The Distressed Virgin, another 
 tragedy, published in 1761. 
 
 Royal Convert, The. A play by 
 
 Nicholas Howe (167S— 1718), acted in 
 1708. "The scene,'' says Dr. Johnson, 
 '* lies among our ancestors in our country, 
 and therefore very easily catches atten- 
 tion." See BosoGUNE. 
 
 Royal Institution Library, The, 
 
 was founded in 1809. The ball-room, con-- 
 verted into a library, was opened in 1814. 
 
 Royal EOng (The) and Loyal 
 Subject. A play by Thomas Heywood 
 (d. 1640), published in 1637, from which 
 Fletckeb was indebted for the general 
 conception of his Loyal Subject (q.v.). 
 There can be no doubt that the Boyal King 
 was the oilginal, though the Loyal Subject 
 was performed in 1618. •' Heywood,'" says 
 Hallam, " has therefore the credit of hav- 
 ing conceived the character of Earl Mar- 
 shal, upon which Fletcher improved in 
 Archas ; a brave soldier, of that disinter- 
 ested and devoted loyalty which bears all 
 ingratitude and outrage at the hands of an 
 unworthy and misguided sovereign." 
 
 Royal Progress, The. A poem, in 
 celebration of the arrival in England of 
 George I., by Thomas Tickell ; inserted 
 in No. 260 oi The Spectator. 
 
 Royal Slave, The. A tragi-cftme- 
 dy by William Cabtwbight (1611-1643), 
 
 Srinted in 1639, and performed before the 
 !ing and Queen by the students of Christ 
 Church, Oxford, on August 30, 1637, and at 
 Hampton Court, in 1640. The celebrated 
 Dr. Busby took part in the former repre- 
 sentation, 
 
 Roy's Wife of Aldivalloch. A 
 
RUB 
 
 ETJN 
 
 667 
 
 Scottish song by Mis. Okant of Carron 
 (1746 — 1814) : sometimes erroneously at- 
 tributed to Mrs . Grant of Laggan. "Both 
 Burns and Allan Cunningham admired 
 and praised it." The writer la thought to 
 have founded her work upon an old ballad, 
 printed in Mackay's Scottish SongSt and 
 Bald to be the composition of a shoemaker, 
 which described how the wife of a real 
 Koy ran off with a certain Davie Gordon, 
 but was pursued, and brought back to ^er 
 husband. Mrs. Grant's version has of 
 course more refinement than this older 
 composition. 
 
 Rubbe and a great Cast, and 
 Bunne and a Great Cast. The second 
 bowle. " Epigrams by Thomas f beem ait, 
 Gent.," published in 1614. 
 
 Ruddiman, Thomas, grammari- 
 an and classical editor (b. 1674, d. 1757), 
 published Rudiments of the Latin Tongue 
 (1714) ; Grammatictz Latinca Itistitutiones 
 (1725—31) ; and various other work's con- 
 nected with classical scholarship, includ- 
 ing an edition of Buchanan's works (1715)' 
 See his Life by George Chalmers (1794). 
 
 " Ruddy drops (The) that visit 
 my sad heart."— JitKus Casar^ act ii., 
 scene 1. Gray, in The. Bard (part i., 
 stanza 3), speaks of "the ruddy drops that 
 warm my heart." 
 
 Ruddymane. The infant son of 
 Sir Mordant, " so called because his hand 
 was red with his mother's blood," in 
 SPBNSiiK's FaXrie Queene. 
 
 "Rude ami in my speech." — 
 
 Othello, act i., scene 3. 
 
 "Rude forefathers of the ham- 
 let sleep, The." See stanza iy. of Ghay's 
 Elegy written in a Country Churchyard 
 (q.T.). 
 
 Rudge, Barnaby. See Babitabt 
 
 KUDOB. 
 
 Rugby. Servant to Dr. Caius, in 
 The Merry Wives of Windsor (q.v.). 
 
 Rugby Chapel. A poem by Mat- 
 thew Arkold, dated November, 1867, and 
 written in memory of the author's father, 
 Thomas Arnold (q.v.). 
 
 Ruggle, George, Fellow of Clare 
 College, Cambridge (b. 1575, d. 1622), j^o- 
 daced Ignoramus f a comedy (q.v.). 
 
 "Ruin 0ercely drives her 
 
 ploughshare o'er Creation," —Young, 
 Mght Thoughts, night ix., line 167. BUKHS 
 Bpeaks of— 
 
 " Stem ruin's ploughehare " 
 
 In A Mountain Daisy. 
 
 "Ruin seize thee, ruthless 
 king." First line of Gray's ode, TheSard 
 (q.T.). 
 
 "Ruin upon ruin, rout on 
 touV— Paradise Lost, book U., line 9S5. 
 
 t 
 
 Ruins of Rome, The. A didac- 
 tic poem, fai blank verse, written by John 
 Dyes (1700—1758), and published in 1740, 
 
 Ruins of Time, The. A poem by 
 EDMnKD Spenser, dedicated to Sidney's 
 sister, Mary Countess of Pembroke. It is 
 from the French of Bellay. 
 
 Rule a Wife and have a Wife. 
 
 A comedy by John Fletcher (1676— 
 1625), " founded," Dyce says, " in part, on 
 one of the hovels of Cervantes." "Every 
 personage in this comedy," says another 
 critic. "IS drawn with a vigorous pencil. It 
 is indeed a mere picture of roguery: for 
 even Leon, the only character for whom 
 we can feel any sort of interest, has gained 
 his ends by stratagem; but his gallant 
 spirit redeems this in our indulgent view 
 of dramatic morality, and we are justly 
 pleased with the discomfiture of fraud and 
 efErontery in Estifania and Margarita." It 
 was produced in 1624. 
 
 " Rule Britannia ! Britannia 
 
 rules the waves." First line of the chorus 
 of a song in Thomson's masque of Alfred 
 (q.v.), act ii., scene 5. 
 
 Rule of Reason, The : " contein- 
 ,.ng the Arte of Logiqne, set forth in Eng- 
 ishe," by Thomas Wilson (d. 1581). See 
 Betorique, Art of. 
 
 "Ruler of' the inverted year." 
 
 OowPER's apostrophe to Winter, in The 
 Task (" Winter Evening "), bpok iv. 
 
 " Ruling passion (The) conquers 
 reason still."— Pope, Moral Essays, epis- 
 tle iii., line 153. 
 
 "Ruling passion (Your) strong 
 in death."— Pope, Moral Essays, epistle 1., 
 line 262. 
 
 "Rum and true religion." A 
 phrase occurring in stanza 34, canto 11., 
 of Byron's poem of Don Juan (q.v.) ; — 
 "'There's nought, no doubt, bo much the spirit 
 calms, 
 As rum and true religion." 
 
 " Ruminating age." — Cowpbb, 
 
 Th^ Progress of Error, line 24. 
 
 Rumour speitks the prologue to 
 the Second Part of King Henry IV. The 
 stage direction describes the ^aracter aa 
 " painted full of tongues " — a common 
 method of representing Eumour. Thug 
 Chaucer In the House of Fromce : — 
 
 " She 
 Had also fell upstandyng eres, 
 And tongis as on best Den heres." 
 
 " Run a-muck, To." — Pope, Imi- 
 tatUm of Horace, book 11., satire 1., line 
 69. 
 
 Runnimede. A tragedy by John 
 Logan (1748—1788), produced in 1783, and 
 founded on the story of Magna Gharta. 
 It was interdicted in London Dy the Lord 
 Chamberlain Upoii political grounds, but 
 
598 
 
 EUN 
 
 RUS 
 
 was acted in Edinburgh and afterwards 
 published, much to the disgust of Logan's 
 parishioners, who thought the composition 
 of a tragedy inconsistent with the profes- 
 sion of a clergyman. 
 
 Runnyiaede, Letters of, on po- 
 litical topics, written by Benjamin Dis- 
 BAELI (q.v.) m 1835. They were addressed 
 to the leading statesmen of the day. 
 
 "Runs (He that) may read." — 
 CowPEK, Tirocinium, line 80. The origi- 
 nal of the phrase is in Habakkuk ii., 2 : — 
 " That he may run that readeth it." 
 
 " Runs my dream, So." — Tenny- 
 son, In Memoriavif canto liii. 
 
 "Runs (So) the round of life 
 from hour to hour."— TENNYaoN, Circum- 
 stance, 
 
 "Runs (So) the world aviray." 
 
 Samlet, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 "Rupert of Debate,- The." A 
 
 title bestowed upon the late Earl of Der- 
 by (1799—1869) by Edwakd, Lord Lyt- 
 TON, in his New Timon (q.v.), part i., stan- 
 za 6. 
 
 Rural Content: "or, the Miiir- 
 land Farmer." A poem in the Scottish 
 dialect, by Andrew Scott (1757—1839). 
 
 Rural Postman of Bideford, 
 
 The. See Bideford, The Eural 
 Postman of. 
 
 Rural, Sports. A Georgic, by 
 John Gay ; printed in 1711, and dedica- 
 ted to Pope. It is in two cantos. 
 
 Rural Tales and Ballads. By 
 
 Robert Bloomfield, written in 1802. 
 
 Rushworth, John (d. 1690), was 
 an indefatigable, if somewhat undiscrimln- 
 ating, collector of historical documents 
 relating to his time, a number of which 
 appeared in 1659, the whole work being 
 completed in 1701, under the title of Sis- 
 tarixlal CoUectiam of Private Passages of 
 State, Weighty Matters in Law, and Re- 
 marlcahle Proceedings in Five Parliaments 
 from 1618 to 1648. 
 
 Ruskin, John, Ui.D., art critic, 
 Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford (b. 
 1819), has written Salsetto and Elephanta, 
 a poem (1839) ; Mode.m Painters (1843 — 
 1860) ; Tlie Seven Lamps of Architecture 
 (1849) ; The Stones of Venice (1851—1863) ; 
 Jfotes on the Construction of Sheepfolds 
 (1851) ; Tbe King of tlie Golden ltiver(li&l); 
 Two Paths (1864) ; Lectures on Architecture 
 and Painting (1854) ; Giotto and his Works 
 (1856) ; Notes on, the Turner Collection 
 (1S67) : The Political Economy of Art (1858); 
 Elements of Perspective (1859) ; Decoration 
 and Manufacture (1869) ; Unto this Last 
 (1862) ; Ethics of the Dust (1866) ; Sesame 
 and Lilies (1865) ; The Studuof Architec- 
 ture in our ScltOoli (1866) ; The Crown qf 
 
 Wild Olive (1866) :Time and Tide by Weat 
 amd Z>ne (1868) ; The Queen of ilie Air : tlu 
 Greek Myths of Cloud and Storm (1869) ; 
 Lectures on Art (1870) ; Aratra Pentelici . 
 the Elements of Sculpture (1872) ; and l*'ori 
 Clavigera. He has also contributed large 
 ly to periodical literature. "Mr. Ruskin,*' 
 says Charlotte Bronte in one of her let 
 ters, ** seems to me to be one of the f eT( 
 
 Genuine writers, as distinguished froir 
 ookmakers, of this age. His earnestness 
 even amuses me in certain passages, for J 
 cannot help laughing to think how Utili- 
 tarians will fume and fret over his deep, 
 serious (and, as they will think, fanatical] 
 reverence for Art. That pure and severe 
 mind you [G. H. Lewes] ascribed to him 
 speaks in every line. He writes like the 
 consecrated Priest of the Abstract and 
 Ideal." See Graduate of Oxford, A | 
 Salsetto and Elephanta; Seven 
 Lamps of ARCHiTECxnRE, The ; Sheep- 
 folds, Notes on the Construction of. 
 
 Russel, Alexander, journalist (b. 
 1814, d. 1876), was the author of a work or 
 The Salmon, and of various contributions 
 to Tait's Magazine, Slackwood*s Magazine, 
 The Edinburgh and Quarterly^ Eeviews^ 
 and The Encyclop<edia Britan/nica, He be- 
 came editor of The Berwick Advertiser in 
 1839, oE The Fife Herald in 1842, and con- 
 ducted The Scotshan from 1847 to 1876. 
 
 Russell, John, Earl, statesman (b. 
 1792), has written The Life of Lord Wil- 
 liam Russell (1819) ; Letters for the Post^ 
 nof <7ie Press (1820) ; The Nun of Arronca^ 
 a Tale(lt,%2); Don Carlos, a Tragedy (1822)] 
 An Essay on tlie History of the EnglishGov- 
 emment (1823) ; Memoirs of the Affairs oj 
 Europe (1824—9) ; The Establishment oj 
 the Turks in Europe (1828) ; An Essay on 
 the Causes of the French Revolution (1832) | 
 Memoirs of Thomas Moore (1852—6) ; The 
 Life and Times qf Fox (1859) ; Letters on 
 the State of Ireland (1868) ; The Foreign 
 Policy of England jrom 1670 to 1870 (1871) ; 
 Essays on the Rise and Progress of the 
 Christian Religion in the West of Europe 
 from, the Rewn of Tiberius to the End of the 
 Council of Trent (1873) ; Recollections and 
 Suggestions, 1813—1873 (1876): and other 
 worKF. A Selection from his Speeches, 1817 
 — 41, and Despatches, 1869—65, appeared in 
 1870. See Gentleman who . has left 
 
 HIS LODGINGS, A- 
 
 Russell, Michael, LIi.C, D.C.L., 
 
 Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway (b. 1781, 
 d. 1848), wrote Tlie Connection of Sacred 
 and Profane History (lS21—zr) ; The Histo- 
 ry of tlie Church of Scotland, in Riving- 
 ton's Theological Library^ several works 
 in the Cabiitet Library ; and a large num- 
 ber of contributions to The Encyclopedia 
 Britanniea, The British Critic, and other 
 periodicals. 
 
 Russell, "William Howard 
 
 LL.D., Journalist (b. 1821), has been a con- 
 tributor to The Times since 1841, when he 
 
RUS 
 
 SAG 
 
 599 
 
 wrote for it descriptions of the Irish elec- 
 tions. He became a regular member of 
 the staff in 1843, and in 1846 wrote accounts 
 of the potato famine of that year. He first 
 acted as a " Special Correspondent " for 
 his paper in 1854 — 5, going all through the 
 Crimean War, of wliich he penned a ifis- 
 tory that put him In the front rank of his 
 profession. Since then he has acted as 
 the historian, in the pages of the leading 
 journal, of the Indian Mutiny, the Ameri- 
 can Civil War. the laying of the Atlantic 
 Cable, the Austro-Pruasian "War, the 
 Franco-Prussian War, the Prince of Wales* 
 Visit to India, and other famous events of 
 modem times. His Letters/Torn the Crimea 
 appeared in volume form in 1855—6 ; his 
 Duiry in India, in 1860 \his JDiary Morth 
 and South, in 1863 ; £is Diary in the East, 
 in 1869 ; his Diary in the Last Great War, 
 J873 ; and his Tour of the Prince of Wales 
 in iTidia, in 1877, Dr. Russell founded and 
 became editor of The Army and Navy 
 Gazette in 1858, His novel. The Adven- 
 tures ^Dr, Brady, appeared in 1868, 
 
 Russell, William, IiIi.D., histo- 
 rian (b. 1746, d. 1794), published a IFtstory 
 of Modem- Europe (1779) ; a History of 
 America (1779) ; a IRsiory of Ancient Eu- 
 rope (1793) ; tragedies, tales, fables, poems, 
 and other works. See The Quarterly He- 
 view. XXXV., 198, 199, and the I/ffe by Ir- 
 vine'(1801). 
 
 Rust, George, Bishop of Dromore 
 <d. 1670), wrote A IHscov/rse of Truth, and 
 other works. 
 
 "Rustic moralist to die, That 
 teach the." — Gray, Elegy Written in a 
 Country Churchyard. 
 
 Rustifucius, Trismegistus. See 
 NoTHiN G, Ode to. 
 
 "Rustling in unpaid-for silk." 
 
 See " Prouder than bustling," &c. 
 
 ' Ruth. A lyric by Thomas Hood, 
 
 ^written in 1827. It begins : — 
 
 " She stood breast-high nmid the corn, 
 Clasp'd by the golden light of mom ; 
 Like the sweetheart of the sun. 
 Who many a glowing kiss had iron." 
 
 Ruth. A poem by Sir William 
 ^TiRLiifG Maxwell (b. 1818), included in 
 a privately-printed volume of Songs of the 
 Holy Land. See Grant "Wilson's i*oc/« and 
 Poetry of Scotland. 
 
 Ruth. A poem by William 
 Wordsworth, written in 1799. 
 
 RutherfordjSamuel, Presbyterian 
 divine Oa. 1600, d. 1661), wrote Exercita^ 
 tiones Apologeticcepro Divina Gratia (1636); 
 A Peaceable and Temperate Plea for Paul's 
 Preabyterie in Scotland (1642) ; The Due 
 Bights of the Presbyteries (q.v.); Lex Hex 
 (q.v.) ; The Tryall and Triumph of Faith 
 645) ; T)ie Divine Right rf Church Govern- 
 ment (lp46) ; Christ Dying and Xirawing 
 
 Sinners to Mmsc^(1647) ; A Survey of the 
 Spiritual Antichrist (1648) ; A Free Dispu- 
 tation against pretended Liberty of Con- 
 science (1649) : Disputatio Scolasiica de 
 Divina Proviaentia (1650) ; The Covenant 
 qf Uife Opened (1655) ; and A Survey of the 
 Survey cfthat bummeof Church Discipline 
 peuTied by Tliomas Hooker (1658). His Life 
 nas been written by Murray (1828) and 
 Thomson (1836). His Religwus Letters 
 were printed in 1819 and 1836. 
 
 Ryence^s Challenge, King. A 
 song sung before Queen Elizabetb. at Ken- 
 ilworth in 1675, ard founded on one of tlie 
 Artburiau legends. 
 
 Rychardes, Thomas. See Meso- 
 
 GOKUS. 
 
 Rjrle, John Charles, Canon of 
 Horwich (b. 1816), is the author of Exposi- 
 tory Thoughts on the Gospel (1856 — 9), 
 Christian Leaders qf a Hundred Years Ago 
 (1868), Bi8h(^s and Clergy .of Other Days 
 (1869), and numerous other works on reli- 
 gious subjecte. 
 
 Rymar, Robert. "Poet at tlie 
 Spa," in Sir Waltek Scott's St. Bonon's 
 Well. 
 
 Rymer, Thomas, antiquarian and 
 critic (b. 16.^8, d. 1714), produced Edgar: 
 or, the English Mona/rdli, a play (1677) ; 
 The Tragedies of the Last Age Considered 
 (1678) ; The Antiquity, -Power, and Decay 
 of Parliament (1684) ; A Short View of the 
 Tragedy of the Last Age (i693) ; a transla- 
 tion of Bapin's Reflections on Aristotle*s 
 Treatise ofPoesie (1694); and Eoedera, Con- 
 venliones Literce (q.v .). 
 
 S 
 
 Sabbath, The. A poem by James 
 Geahame (1765—1811); published in 1804. 
 It was apropos of this work that Byron 
 dubbed the author "Sepulchral Gra- 
 hame." He published Sabbath Walks in 
 1805. The Sabbath is in blank verse :— 
 
 " How BtUl the morning of the hallowed day ! 
 Slute is the voice of rural labour, hifthed 
 The ploughboy's whistle and the milkmaid's Bong; 
 The dizzy miliwheel reeta; the anvire din 
 Hath ceased; nil, all around is quietness." 
 
 " Sabbath ! thee I hail, the poor 
 
 man's day ! "—Geahame, The Sabbath, 
 line 40. 
 
 Sabrina. The daughter of Locrine 
 and Estrildae, King and Queen of Eng- 
 land ; thrown into the river Severn by 
 Gwendolen, the divorced wife of Locrine, 
 In Milton's Comus (q.v.; and Fletcher*B 
 Faithful Shepherdess (q. v.), she is repre- 
 sented as being transformed into a river 
 nymph, in order that her honour might be 
 preserved inviolate. 
 
 Sacharissa. The neroine of the 
 
 love poetry of Bdmunp Waller (1605— 
 
 , 1687). "Being too young," says Johnson, 
 
eoo 
 
 SAO 
 
 SAD 
 
 *' to resist beauty, and probably too vain to 
 tbink bimseU resistible, he fixed liis heart 
 perhaps halJC fondly and half ambitiously 
 upon the Lady Dorothea Sidney, eldest 
 daughter of the Earl of Leicester, whom 
 he courted by all tbe poetry in which 
 Sacharissa is celebrated. She was not," 
 however, " to be subdued by the power of 
 verse, but rejected his addresses, it is said, 
 wilb disdain, and drove him away to solace 
 his disappointment with A moret or Pliil- 
 lis. She married in 1639 the Earl of Sun- 
 derland ; and in her old age, meeting 
 somewhere with "Waller, asked him when 
 he would again write such verses upon her: 
 
 * When you are as young, madam,' said he, 
 
 * and as handsome as you were then.* " 
 Sacharissa is from the Greek oiitj^ap, 
 Sugar. 
 
 Sack Pull of News, The. A play 
 suppressed by the Privy Council in 1557. 
 A Sack Full of News was the name of an 
 old ballad, on which the play may possibly 
 have been founded. 
 
 Sackville, Charles, See Bokset, 
 Eabi. of. 
 
 Sackville, Thomas, Earl of Dor- 
 set and Lord Buckhurst (1527 — 1608), wrote 
 The Induction to The Mirror for Magis- 
 trates and (with Thomas Nobtoit, 1632— 
 1584) The Tragedy of Gortoduc. See the 
 biography by Wood in his Athena Oxoni- 
 enses ; also Cooper's Athena Cantabriqi- 
 enses and Lloyds Worthies. His wo&s 
 were printed m 1820. For Criticism, see 
 Warton's English Poetry, Hazlitt's Age of 
 Elizabeth, and Schlegel's Dramatic Litera^ 
 iure; See Gobboduc, The Tbagedyof; 
 ISDUCTioir, The. Mibrob fob Magis- 
 IKATE9, The. 
 
 Sacra Privata : " Private Medita- 
 tions and Prayers," by Thomas Wilson, 
 Bishop of SODOB and Man (1663—1755) ; 
 published in 1800. Comparing this work 
 with the same writer's Maxims of Piety 
 and Christianity. Matthew Arnold says, in 
 Ms Essays in Criticism: "Some of the 
 best things from the Maxims have passed 
 into the Sacra Privata,' still, in the 
 Maxims we have them as they first arose; 
 and whereas, too, in the Sacra Privata the 
 writer speaks very often as one of the 
 clergy, and as addressing the clergy, in the 
 Maxims he almost always speaks solely as 
 a man. I am not sayingawordagainstthe 
 Sacra Privata, for which I bave the high- 
 est respect." 
 
 Sacrament, The Flay of the. 
 A middle-English drama, edited in 1860 
 for the Philological Society. 
 
 Sacred Allegories, by the Rev. 
 William Adams (d. 1848), contains The 
 Shadow of the Cross (1642), The IHstant 
 Hills (1844), The Old Man's Home, and The 
 King's Messenger,''vhich were wzitten, the 
 author tells us, " with the object of bring- 
 
 ing out strongly and distinctly the realitid 
 of the unseen world." 
 
 Sacred Poems, by Bichabd 
 
 Cbashaw (1616—1660); published in 1646, 
 and opening with an anagram on thf 
 author's name : — 
 
 "Was Car then Cri^haw, or was Craflhaw Car, 
 Since both within one name combined are? " 
 
 Sacred Songs, by Thoma« 
 
 MooKE. These were written in 1816. 
 
 Sacred Theory of the ISarth> 
 The. See Buenet, Thomas. 
 
 " Sacred to ridicule his whole 
 life long."— Pope, Imitations of Homer, 
 bk. ii., satire i„ line 78. 
 
 Sacrificiis, Dej "libri duo; 1", 
 Omnia JudEeorum Nonnulla Gentium Pio- 
 fanarum Sacrilicia; 2°, Sacrificium Christi."' 
 A work by William Outbam (1625 — 1679), 
 
 Sublished in 1677, in which he defends the 
 octrine of vicarious punishment and piac- 
 ular saciilices. 
 
 Sacripant. A Saracen and King 
 of Circassia in Abiosto's Orlando Furioso. 
 
 "Sad by fits ('Twas), by starts 
 
 'twas wild." — CoLLi2^, The PassionP; 
 line 28. 
 
 "Sad is our youth, for it is 
 
 ever going." First fine of a sonnet bf 
 Aubbey de Vebe (q.v.). 
 
 Sad One, The. A tragedy by 
 SiB JoHif Suckling (q.v.). 
 
 Sad Shepherd, The : " or, a Tale 
 of Robin Hood." An unfinished pastoral 
 drama by Ben Jonson (1574—1637), pro- 
 duced in 1637. "The Sad Shepherd is," says 
 Hallam, " the best testimony to the poetical 
 imagination of Jonson. Superior in orig- 
 inality, loveliness, and beauty to The 
 Faithful Shepherdess (q.v.) of Fletcher, it 
 reminds us rather, in language and imag- 
 ery, of the Midsummer JHghfs Dream, 
 and perhaps no other poetry has come so 
 near to that of Shakespeare. This beauti- 
 ful drama is imperfect, hardly more than 
 half remaining, or, more probably, having 
 ever been written." 
 
 "Sad stories of the death of 
 
 kings." — King Eichard II., act ill., scene 
 2. 
 
 " Sadder and a wiser man, A." 
 See Colebidge's poem of The Ancient 
 Mariner, part vii. 
 
 Saddletree, Mr. Bartoline. 
 
 '• The learned saddler," in Sir Walteb 
 Scott's Heart of Midlothian (q.v.). 
 
 Sadler, Anthony, D.D. (temp. 
 Charles II.), wrote The Subjects' Joy for 
 the Kind's Eestoraticn, cheerfully made 
 hn-own m a Sacred Masque (1660), and 
 other works. See Wood's Athiaa Oaani- 
 enset. 
 
SAD 
 
 3TJ 
 
 601 
 
 Sadler, John, Adjutant-General 
 and Town Clerk of London (b; 1615, d. 
 1674), wrote The Bights of the Kingdom : 
 or, Cttstoms of our Ancesiors, publisned in 
 1649. 
 
 Sadler, Michael Thomas, polit- 
 ical economist (b. 1780, d. 1835), wrote 
 Ireland, its Evils atid their Remedies (1828) ; 
 and The Lmo of Population (1830). See 
 his Memoirs (1842). 
 
 , Sagas of Jerusalem, The, in 
 
 I>RYDEN'S Absalom and Achitophel (q.v.), 
 fis intended for Dr. Compton, Bishop of 
 liondon. 
 
 Sage, John, Bishop of Edinburgh, 
 (b. 1652, d. 1711), wrote a Life of Gawin 
 itoiiglas, The fundamental Charter of 
 Presbyteryy The late Establishment, of 
 Presbyterian Government in 1690, The 
 Peasonableness qf a Toleration of those 
 of the Episcopal Persuasion, and other 
 works. See the £7/c by Gillan (1714). The 
 Works were published in (1844 — 6), by the 
 Spottiswoode Society. 
 
 Sagramour. A Knight of the 
 Bound Table, who figures in Lancelot du 
 Zac, Morte d^ Arthur, and other romances 
 ,of chivalry. 
 
 St. Abe and his Seven Wives : 
 
 " a Tale -of Salt Lake City," by Robekt 
 BncHANAir (q.v.) I published in 1871, and 
 devoted to a satirical expose in verse of 
 Hormon life and principles. St, Abe him- 
 self tells the Btory, and records how he 
 left six of his wives, and ran away with 
 the one whom he really loved. 
 
 St. Agnes, The Bve of. See 
 Agstes, The Eve of St. 
 
 St. Andre-ws, Dnnkeld, and 
 
 Dunblane, Bishop of. See 'Wordswobth, 
 Chakles . 
 
 St. Cecilia's Day. See Cecilia's 
 Day, St. 
 
 St. Clement's Eve. A play by 
 Sir Henby Taylok (b. 1800), published in 
 1862, the heroine of which, called lolande, 
 endeavours to cure a certain king by dip- 
 pins her finger in the sacred contents of a 
 TiaL and then laying it on the king's 
 head. But the cure can only be performed 
 by a pure virgin, and lolande is conscious 
 of being in love with a njan who has awife 
 living. Therefore her efforts fail. " The 
 story of lolande," says Anthony Trollope, 
 "is wonderfully graceful, and, if original 
 with the author, contains strong evidence 
 of the fertility of his imagination." 
 
 " Saint George of Merry Eng- 
 land,"— Spenseb, The Ea'drie Queene, 
 
 St. Graal, The. The fragment 
 of a metrical romance, quoted by Warton 
 In his History, and ascribed to Thomas 
 LovELiCK, who lived In the reign of 
 
 Henry VL It is said to consist of 40,000 
 lines. See also Grail, The Holy. 
 
 "Saint in crape is twice a 
 
 saint in lawn. A.*' Line 136, epistle i., of 
 Pope's Moral Essays. ■ 
 
 St. Irvyne. A novel, written by 
 Percy B ysshe Shelley in his sixteenUi 
 year, and published in December, 1810. 
 
 . The heroine is one Megalena di Metas- 
 
 Hasio. 
 
 St. John. The clergyman in 
 Charlotte Beonte's novel of Jane Eyre 
 (q.v.), who is in love with the heroine, but 
 whose oif er of marriage she declines. 
 
 St. John, Henry, Viscount Boling- 
 broke. See Bolihgbboke. 
 
 St. John, James Augustus, mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1801), has publislied 
 The Anatomic of Society (1S31) ; Journal of; 
 a Residence in Normandy (1831) ; Lives of - 
 Celebrated Travellers (1831) ; The History^ 
 Manners, and Customs of the Hindoos 
 (1832) ; Egypt and Mohammad Ali : or. 
 Travels in the Valley of the Nile (1834) ; 
 Tales of the Kamadhan (1835); Margaret^ 
 Jiavenscroft : or. Second Love (1835) ; The 
 Hellenes (1842) : Sir Cosmo Digby (1,843) j 
 'Egypt and Nubia (1844) ; Views in Borneo 
 (1847) ; Oriental Album (1851) ; Isis, an 
 Egyptian Pilgrimage (1852); There and 
 Bach Again vn Search of Beauty (1853) j " 
 TIte Nemesis of Power (1854) ; Philosophy 
 at the Foot of the Cross (1854); The livng 
 and the Veil (1866) ; a Life qf Louis Na- 
 poleon (1857) ; The Education of tlie People 
 (1858) ; a History of the Pour Conquests of 
 Ifengr/aTEfZ (1862)'; Weighed in the Balance,, 
 a -novel (1864) ; and a Life of Sir Walter 
 Raleigh (1869) ; besides editions of the 
 works of Browne, Bunyan, Locke, Milton, 
 and More. . 
 
 St. John, Bayle, miscellaneous 
 writer, son of the above (b. 1822, d. 1859); 
 wrote Two Years* Residence in a Levan- 
 tine'Ea^ily ; Village Ufe in Egypt; Purr 
 pie Tints ^ Paris; The Turks in Europe ; 
 The Travels of an Arab Merchant; The 
 Louvre, a Biography of a Museum ; Mare-, 
 timo, a Story of Adventure ; The Sub- 
 Alpine Kingdom; The Memoirs of St. 
 Simon ; Montaigne the Essayist ; and other 
 works. 
 
 St. John, Horace Roscoe, mis- 
 cellaneous writer, brother of the above (b^ 
 1832), has published The Indian Archipel- 
 ago, History of^ the British Conquests in^ 
 India, and a Life of Columbust His wife,' 
 the granddaughter of 'William Boscoi^ 
 (q.v;), has written Lives of Audubon .and 
 Masaniellp, The Court of Anna Carc^a, and 
 other works. 
 
 St. John, Percy Bolingbroke,, 
 
 miscellaneous writer, brother of the above 
 (b. 1821), has written The Arctic' Crusoe, 
 The Snow Ship, Paul Peabody, The Bach- 
 
 26 
 
602 
 
 STJ 
 
 SAL 
 
 wood Hangers, The Coral Peef, The Creole 
 Bride, The Red Queen, and many other 
 tales o£ adventure. 
 
 St. John, Spenser, miscellaneous 
 writer, brother of the above (b. 1826), has 
 published Life in the Foresta oftlie Far 
 tVest, and other works. , 
 
 St. John, The Eve of. See Scott, 
 Sib Walteb. 
 
 St. Leon : " a Tale of the Six- 
 teenth Century," written by William 
 Godwin (1T56— 1836) in 1799. " The situa- 
 tions," says Ke^an Paul, " are indeed suf- 
 j&ciently incredible, since the hero, St. 
 Leon, has the secrets of the Philosopher's 
 Stone and the Elixir VitsB ; and Godwin 
 took as his motto to the work a quotation 
 from Congreve, ' Ferdinand Mendez Pinto 
 was but a type of th.ee, thou liar of the 
 first magnitude.' The aim of the tale ia to 
 show that boundless wealth, freedom from 
 disease, weakness, and death, are as noth- 
 ing in the scale against domestic affection, 
 and ' the charities of private life.' Though 
 it had a considerable reputation, and went 
 through many editions, it never had the 
 popularity of Caleb Williams [q.v.] ; its 
 even greater improbability removed it 
 Btill more from the region or human sym- 
 pathies. But the description of Marguer- 
 ite, drawn from the character of Mary 
 "Wollstonecraftj^nd of St. Leon's life with 
 her, idealised from that which Godwin 
 hiad himself enjoyed, are among the mo^t 
 beautiful passages in English fiction, 
 while the portrait of Charles, St. Leon's 
 son, stands alone. No such picture has 
 elsewhere been drawn of a perfectly noble, 
 self-sacriflcing boy." 
 
 . St. Nicholas (or, The Image of St. 
 tlicholai). A miracle play by Hilabius 
 (q.v.). See Morley's English Writers, 
 
 St. Patrick's Day: "or, the 
 Scheming Lieutenant." A farce by BiCH- 
 ABD Bbinslby Sheridan (1751—1816) ; 
 produced at Covent Garden in 1776. 
 
 Saint Peter's Complaynt. A 
 
 poem by Kobebt Southwell (1560 — 
 1595) ; published in 1595, and consisting of 
 132 stanzas. 
 
 Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de. A 
 
 French writer (b. 1737, d. 1814), author of 
 Paul and Virginia and The Indian Cot' 
 tage, both of which have been frequently 
 translated into English. 
 
 St. Romauld. A semi-humorous, 
 semi-serious poem by Bobbbt Southby 
 (q.v.), first published in his British An- 
 Ihology tor 1800. 
 
 St. Ronan's Well. A novel by- 
 Sir >Valteb Scott (1771—1832), published 
 in 1824. The village described in It has 
 been identified with Gilsland in Cumber- 
 land, where Scott wooed and won his wife, 
 then Mdlle. Charpentm. Among the 
 
 characters are Francis Tyrell, Lord Ether- 
 ington, and Clara Mowbray. See DoDs, 
 Meg ; MacTubk, Captain Hbctoe; and 
 Meiklkwham. 
 
 " Saint run mad, The -worst of 
 madmen is a." — Pope, Imitations qf Hor- 
 ace, bk. i., ep. vi., line 27, 
 
 " Saint (The) sustained it, but 
 the woman died," — VovB, Epitaphon Mrs. 
 Corbet. 
 
 Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augus- 
 tin, (b. 1804, d. 1869). A selection from the 
 Causeries de Lundi of this French critic 
 has been published in English. 
 
 Saint's Bncouragement, The. 
 
 A poem by Alexander Bbomb (q.v.), in 
 nine stanzas, ending ; — 
 
 " But when our faiih and works fall down. 
 And all our hopes decay, 
 Our acts will bear tis up to heaven 
 The clean cr-ntrary way." 
 
 Saints' Everlasting Rest, The. 
 
 A religious work by Bichabd Baxter 
 (q.v.), published in 1619. It was written 
 whilst recovering from a severe illness. 
 *' This is a book," says a critic, *' for which 
 multitudes will have cause to bless God 
 forever. . . . llie examples of heaven- 
 ly meditation which Baxter gives reaJly 
 breathe of heaven ; and the importance of 
 such meditation as a duty and as a means 
 of spiritual growth is admirably set 
 forth." 
 
 Saint's Tragedy, The. A dram- 
 atic poem by the Eev. Chables Kings- 
 let (1819—1875) ; published in 1846, and 
 founded on the story of St. Elizabeth of 
 Hungary. The preface is by the Eev. F. 
 D. Maurice (q.v.). 
 
 "Saints -who taught and led 
 
 the way to heaven."— Tiokell, Epistle on 
 the Death of Addison. 
 
 Sala, George Augustus, noyelist, 
 essayist, and journalist (b. 1828), has writ- 
 ten The Seven Sons of Mammon, Captain 
 Dangerous, Quite Alone^ The Two Prima 
 Donnas, and other stories : Twice Round 
 the Clock, Breakfast in Bed, Gaslight and 
 Daylight, Under the Sun, and other es- 
 says ; 'besides America in the Midst of the 
 War, Two Kings and a Kaiser, A Journey 
 due North, Dutch Pictures, Fnm Waterloo 
 to the Peninsula, Rume and Venice, Wil- 
 liam Hogarth, and other miscellaneous 
 works. His burlesque, Wat Tyler, M. P., 
 was produced in 1869. He is a voluminous 
 contributor to magazine literature, and 
 has long been on the staff of The Daily 
 Telegraph. He was the founder and first 
 editor of the Temple Bar msignzme. 
 
 Salamandrine, The. A poetiu 
 romance by Dr. Chaeles Mackay (q.v.), 
 published in 1842. It is founded on the 
 Kosiorucian system. 
 
 Salanio and Salarino. Friends 
 
SAIi 
 
 SAN 
 
 603 
 
 of Antonio and Bassanlo, in The Merchant 
 qf fenice (q.v.)- 
 
 ' Salathiel, the Immortal. A 
 
 romanco by the Kev, Geobqe Ceoly 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Sale, George, Orientalist (b. 1680, 
 d. 1736). translated the Koran into Eng- 
 lish (1734), accompanying his version with 
 notes and a preliminary discourse. He 
 also contributed the arucles on Oriental 
 history to Dr. Birch's General ZHctionary 
 and the Cosmogony to the Universal SiS' 
 tori/. 
 
 Sale of Rebellious Household 
 
 Stuff, The. " This sarcastic exultation of 
 triumphant loyalty is printed " by JBishop 
 Percy in his lieliques " from an old black- 
 letter copy in the Pepya Collection, cor- 
 rected by two others, one of which is pre- 
 served in A Choice Collection of 120 Loyal 
 Songs," published in 1684. 
 
 Salesbury, William, "Welsli phi- 
 lologist, published in 1567 a translation of 
 the New Testament into his own vernacu- 
 lar ; besides A Dictionary in English and 
 Welshe (1547), and one or two minor works. 
 
 Salisbury, Earl of. See Cecil, 
 
 BOBEBT. 
 
 Salisbury, John of. See John of 
 Salisbury. 
 
 Sally in our Alley. A famous bal- 
 lad, in seven stanzas, by Hewry Carey 
 (1663—1743). Palgjcave speaks of it as " a lit- 
 tie masterpiece in a very difficult style ; 
 Catullus himself could hardly have bet- 
 tered it. In g[race, tenderness, simplicity, 
 and humour, itis worthy of the ancients ; - 
 and even more so, from the completeness 
 aiid unity of the picture presented." See 
 " Of all the oirls," &c. 
 
 Salmacis and Hermaphroditas. 
 
 Anepisode in Ovid's AfefaTTiorphoseSftrans- 
 latedby TnoMAB Peeno in 1565. 
 
 Salmagundi. A collection of 
 amusing and satirical essays by Washing- 
 ton Irving (q.v,), William Irving, and 
 James K. Paulding (q.v.), published in 
 1809. 
 
 Salmon, Nathaniel, topographer 
 and antiquarian (d. 1742), wrote Lives of 
 the Bishops, A list of his Works will ,be: 
 found in "Nichols' Literary Anecdotes, See 
 also Lowndes's Bibliographer^ a Majnwil, 
 
 Salmon William, an empiric who 
 flourished in the seventeenth century, pub- 
 lished Polygraphiee : or, the Arts ofDrwuo- 
 ing, Limnmg, and Painting (1676) ; Hora 
 Mathematicas sea Urambe (1679) ; Sepho- 
 rum: or, the Druggist's Shop opened (1693)', 
 Botanologia (1710) ; and Palladia Londm- 
 ensis (1743). See Watts' Bibliotheea. 
 
 Salsetto and JQlephanta. The 
 
 titlfi of the Newdlgate prize poem, gained 
 
 by John KiTSKiN(b. 1819) in 1839. Salsetto, 
 and Elephanta are two well-known islands, 
 famous for their temple-caves, and these 
 in Buskin's poem are peopled with the 
 airy forms of that Hindoo mythology 
 which the author, in his peroration, prays 
 may soon give way before the spread of 
 Clhristianlty. 
 
 Sam SUck. See Slick, Sam. 
 
 Sam Weller. See Welleb, Sam. 
 
 Samor : " Lord of the Bright City.'' 
 " An heroic poem," by Sean Milmait 
 (1791—1868), published in 1818. 
 
 Sampson. Servant to Capulet in 
 Borneo and Juliet (q.v.). 
 
 -...Sampson, Bominie. A school- 
 master, in Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 Guy Mannering (q.v.) ; '"a poor, modest, 
 humble scholar," says the author, •' who 
 had won his way through the classics but 
 who had fallen to the leeward in the voyage 
 of life — no uncommon personage in a 
 country where a certain poition of Teaming 
 is easily attained by those who are willing 
 to suffer hunger and thirst in exchange for 
 acquiring Greek and Latin." The Domin- 
 ie's favourite exclamation when surprised 
 or astonished is '* Pro-di-gi-ous 1 " 
 
 Samson Agonistes. A dramatic 
 poem by John Milton (q.v.), proWbly 
 written after 1667, and published in 1671 
 with Paradise Begained(si.-y.), The subject 
 appears to have suggested itself to him as 
 early as 1640, and it is easy to understand 
 why he should so long liave clung to it 
 and Anally adopted it. " The story of, 
 Samson," says Masson, ** must nave' 
 seemed to Milton a metaphor or allegory 
 of much of his own life in its later stages. 
 He,also,in his veteran day8,was a champion 
 at bay^ a prophet-warrior alone among men 
 of different faith and dilf erent manners. 
 He also was blind, as Samson had been. 
 He also had to live mainly on the imagery' 
 of the past. Like Samson, substantially, 
 he had been a Nazarite— one who had 
 always been ascetic to bis dedicated service 
 to great designs. Like Samson he had' 
 married a Philistine woman— one not of 
 his own tribe, and having no thoughts or 
 interests in coi^mon with his own. The 
 tragedy," Masson goes on to say, *' was 
 offered to the world as avowedly of a 
 different order to that which had been 
 established in England. It was of the severe 
 classic order. In reading it, not Shake- 
 speare, nor Ben Jonson, nor Massinger, 
 must be thought of, but iEsohylus, Sopho- 
 cles and Eunpides." It was not intended' ' 
 for the stage, though Bishop Atterbury 
 had a scheme for producing it at Westmin- 
 ster, with the acts and scenes arranged by 
 Pope. It was set to music by Handel in 
 174S, 
 
 Sancroft, William, Archbishop 
 of Canterbury (b. 1616, 4. 1693), wiota 
 
604 
 
 SAN 
 
 SAP 
 
 Uodem Policies (1652); Occasional Sermons 
 (1694) : and some other works. His Z^e 
 was written by the Bev. G. D'Oyley (1818). 
 See Hallam*s Literary History f iv. Hes FCB 
 
 Pa^DESTINATUS. 
 
 Sand, George. The hoiti de plume 
 of Mdme. Dudevamt (1S04— 1876), the 
 French authoress, many of whose works 
 have been translated into English. 
 
 Sanders, Robert, .luthor (b. 1729, 
 d. 1783), wrote Gaffer Gi'eybeard, a novel ; 
 histories of England and Some ; The 
 Complete English Traveller ; a commentary 
 on the Bible ; The Newgate Calendar ; 
 aud ether wor]£S. 
 
 Sanderson, Robert, Bishop of 
 Lincoln (b. 1587, d. 1663), was the author of 
 Logicce Artis Compendium (1616) ; £>e Jura- 
 menti Obligatione (1647), Twenty Sermons 
 (1655), Nine Cases of Conscience Resolved 
 (1668—74), and other works. Sean Hook 
 speaks of bim as holding an eminent place 
 among " those true sons of the Church, 
 whose memory i^e cherishes with joy and 
 tliankfulness." Hallam describes him as 
 " the most celebrated of the English cas- 
 uists." See the Ecclesiastical Biography ; 
 also Isaak "Walton's Lives. Sanderson's 
 Works were collected and published by 
 Dr. Jacobson. 
 
 Sanderson, Robert, antiquary (b. 
 1660, d. 1741), wrote a continuation of 
 Rhymer's FiBdera (g.v.), edited some oxig- 
 inal lettei-B by William III., and published 
 Ik Life of Henry T., besides other works. 
 
 Sandf ord and Merton, 'She His- 
 tory of. A famous story of juvenile ro- 
 mance by Thomas Day (1748—1789) j first 
 published in 1783—89. An amusing parody 
 of it was contributed to Punch by F. C. 
 Bumand (q.v.). Lord Houghton describes 
 Sandford and Merton as " Iho delight of 
 the youth of the first generation of this 
 century," and as " a skilful imitation and 
 adaptation of the Emite of Bousseau to 
 English life." 
 
 Sandford, Harry. One of the 
 boys in Day's Sandford and Merton (q.v.). 
 
 Sands of Dee, The. A lyric by 
 the liov. Chables Kingsley (1819— 
 1876):— 
 
 " Still the boatmen hear her call the cattle home 
 AcroEB the eande of Dee." 
 
 " Sands (Our) are almost run." 
 
 —Pericles, act v., scene 2. 
 
 Sandstone, the old Red. A geo- 
 logical work by Hugh Millek (1802— 
 1866), published in 1841, which originally 
 appeared in the pages of Tlie Witness and 
 Cmmbers's Journal. 
 
 Sandys, Ed'win, Archbishop of 
 York (b. 1519, d. 1588), was the author of 
 Sermons, and the translator of the books 
 of Samuel, Kings, and Cbroiiiclei In the 
 
 " Bishop's Bible." ,See Bible, The. See 
 the Life by Whittaker (1812). 
 
 Sandys, Sir EdTvin, son of the 
 above (b. 1561, d. 1629), wrote JCuropce SpeC' 
 ulum ; or, a View or Survey of the. State qf 
 Jleligion in the Western Parts oftlte 
 World (1605). 
 
 Sandys, George, poet and travel- 
 ler (b. 1577, d. 1644), wrote A Jlelation of a 
 Jowmeybeqan A.D. 1610 (1615), paraphrases 
 of the Psalms and the Song of Solomon 
 (1636 and 1642), and translations of Grotius's 
 Christ's Passion and Ovid's Metamorplioses 
 (1626), (q.v) . See Eblatios of a Joobnet, 
 &c. 
 
 " Sang (The) will maist delight 
 That minds ye o' lang syne." — SusAJfNA 
 BXiAJviiBE, The Traveller's Return. 
 
 Sanglamore. The sword of Brag- 
 gadochio (q.v.) in Spensek's Fa'irie 
 Queene. 
 
 Sanglier Shan, Sir, in Sfenseb'b 
 Faerie Queene, is intended for Shan O'Neil, 
 leader of the Irish insurgents in 1567. 
 
 Sanity of True Genius, The. 
 
 One of the Last Essays ofElia, by Gqas. 
 Lamb (1775 — 1834), in which he con- 
 tends that ** so far from the position hold- 
 ing true that great wit has a necessary 
 alliance with insanity, the greatest wits, on 
 the contrary, will ever be found to be the 
 sanest vniters. It is impossible," he says 
 truly, "for the mind to conceive of a mad 
 Shakespeare." 
 
 " Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans 
 taste, sans everything." — As You Like It, 
 act 11., scene 7. 
 
 Sansfoy, Bryem. See Cltomon 
 and Clamydes. 
 
 Sansfoy, Sansjoy, and Sansloy. 
 Characters in Speitseb's Faerie Queene. 
 
 Sansonetto. A Christian ruler of 
 Mecca in Abiosto's Orlando Furioso. 
 
 Santa Filomena. ;See Fjlohena, 
 Santa. 
 
 Sapience, The Werke of. A 
 body of divinity compiled by John Lyd- 
 OATB (q.v.) from the French, and furnished 
 with historical examples, apologues, and 
 parables. It was printed by Caxton. 
 
 Sapientia Veterum, De. A work 
 on "the wisdom ofthe ancients," byFKAN- 
 018, Lord Bacon (1561-1626) ; published 
 in 1609, and described -by Lord Macaulay 
 as one " which, if it had proceeded from 
 any other writer, would have been con- 
 sidered as a masterpiece of art and learn- 
 ing, but which adds little to the fame " of 
 its author. It consists of a series of mytho- 
 logical fables, with " explanations." 
 
 " Sapphire blaze, The." Ghat, 
 The Progress </ Poesy, part iii., stanza 2. 
 
SAP 
 
 3AT 
 
 605 
 
 Sappho, in Pope's Moral Essays, 
 epistle lii., is intended for Lady MAry 
 Wortley Montagu, who had first been ad- 
 dressed by him under that name in 1722. 
 Then, the poet was good enough to be com- 
 plimentary. In the Moral Essays he com- 
 pares " Sappho's di'monds with her dirty 
 smock " — 
 
 " A Sappho at her toilet's greosr tofik, 
 With Sappho fragrant at an ey'ning moflque." 
 
 Sappho, A Modern. A lyric by 
 MATTfiEw Arnold (b. 1822). 
 
 Sappho, Fragment of. Verses 
 by Ambrose Philips, praised highly by 
 Addison, and beginning : — 
 
 ** Blessed as the immortal gpAe is he^ 
 The youth who fondly sita by tliee. 
 And hears and sees thee all the while 
 Softly speak and fondly smile." 
 
 Sappho was born about 630 B.C. Her Odes, 
 Fragments, and Epigrams were translated 
 into English by Francis Fawkes (q.v.). See 
 Mare's ajidM.wlei's Introductions to Greek 
 Ziiteraiure. 
 
 Sappho to Fhaon. An amatory 
 poem, by ALEXAiTDER Pope. See Sappo 
 andPhao. 
 "Sappho (■Wheroburning)loved 
 and sung,"— ByroN", Don Juan, canto iii., 
 stanza 86. 
 
 '* Sapping a solemn creed with 
 solemn sneer." — ^Byron's Childe Harold's 
 ^IgnmagCf canto iii. , stanza 107. See De- 
 cline AND Fall. 
 
 Sappo and Phao. A drama by 
 John liYLY, played before Queen Elizar 
 both on Shrove Tuesday, 1591. See 
 Sappho to Phaon. 
 
 Sardanapalus. A tragedr* in 
 five acts, by Lord Btron (1788—1824), of 
 which the author says : " In this tragedy 
 it has been my intention to follow the ac- 
 count of Diodorus Siculus, reducing it, 
 however, to such dramatic regularity as I 
 best could, and trying to approach the 
 unities. I therefore suppose the rebellion 
 to explode and succeed in one day by a 
 sudden conspiravy, instead of the long war 
 of the history." The chief charactei-s in 
 the drama are Sardanapalus himself, the 
 King of Nineveh and Assyria ; Zarina, the 
 qiieen ; Myrrha, an Ionian female slave, 
 and the favourite of Sardanapalus ; and 
 Arbaces the Mede, who aspires to the 
 throne. The tragedy is dedicated " to the 
 illuBtrions Geotne," to whom the author 
 *' presumes to offer the homage of a liter- 
 ary vassal to his liege lord, the first of ex- 
 isting writers, who has created tlie liter- 
 ature of his own country, and Illustrated 
 that of Europe," Sardanapalus appeared 
 in 1821, and has been performed occasion- 
 ally since. 
 
 Sartor Resartus (i.e., " tlie Tailor 
 Patched "—the title of an old Scottish bal- 
 
 lad) :,beine "The Life aiid Opinions Of 
 Herr TeuielBdrockh, in three books," by 
 Thomas Garlyle (o. 1795) ; published in 
 jPVoser's Magazine during the years 1833 
 and 1834, ana reprinted in 3838. It may be 
 described as a kind of philosophical ro- 
 mance, in which the author gives us, in the 
 form of a review of a supposed German 
 work on dress, and a notice of the writer, 
 his opinions on things in general. Theliero, 
 it has been said, seems to be intended for a 
 portraiture of human nature as affected by 
 the moral influence to which a cultivated - 
 mind would be exposed by the transcen- 
 dental philpBophy of Fichte., '* The book, 
 with its mixture of indignation and force, 
 strikes one," says Lowellj " as might the 
 prophecies of Jeremiah, if the marginal 
 comments of the Bev. Mr. Stenie in his 
 wildest mood had by some accident been 
 incorporated with the text. It is curious 
 to see the humour of Swift and Sterne and 
 Fielding, after filtering through Eichter, 
 reappear in Carlyle, with a tinge of Ger- 
 manism." See Teupelsdrockh. 
 
 Sartoris, Adelaide, n^e Kemble 
 (b. about 1816), published A Week in a 
 French Country Jiouse (1867), and Medusa, 
 and other Tales (1868). 
 
 Satan. See Paradise Lost. 
 
 Satan : "or. Intellect without 
 God." A poem by Robert Moktgomert 
 (1807—1855), published in 1830, and describ- 
 ed by Lord Macaulay as " a long solilo- 
 quy^ which the Devil pronounces in five . 
 or BIX thousand lines of bad blank verse, 
 concerning geography, politics, newBpa^ 
 pers, fashionable society, theatrical amuse- 
 ments. Sir Walter Scott's novels, Lord By- 
 ron's poetry, and Mr. Martin's pictures." 
 This poem obtained for its author t^e so- 
 briquet of '* Satan Montgomery." 
 
 " Satan finds some mischief 
 
 still For idle handB to do-"— Watts, Divine 
 Songs, song xx. 
 
 " Satan no-w is Tviser than of 
 yore."— Pope, Moral Essays, epistle iii., 
 line 351— 
 " And tempts by making rich, not making poor." 
 
 " Satan trembles ivhen he sees, 
 
 And,"— A line in Cowper's poetical £a> 
 hortation to Prayer, followed by— 
 
 " The weakest saint upon hia knees." 
 
 ''Satanic School of Poetry, 
 
 The." A description applied by Southey, 
 In the original preface of his Vision of 
 Judgment, to the Dand of writers, of whom 
 Byron and Shelley were the recognised 
 leaders. " Though their productions," 
 wrote Southey, " breathe the spirit of 
 Belial in their lascivious parts, and the 
 spirit of Moloch in their loathsome Images 
 of atrocities and horrors, which they de- 
 light to represent, they are more especially 
 characterised by a Satanic spirit of pride 
 and audacious impiety which still betraya 
 
606 
 
 SAT 
 
 SATT 
 
 the wretched f eeline of hopeleseness where- 
 with It is allied." 
 
 " Satellites burning in a lucid 
 
 Ting."— An alluBlon by WoHDSwoitTH in 
 one of his sonnets to the worthies treated 
 of by Issak Walton in his Lives ; followed 
 by- 
 
 " Around meek Walton's heavenly memoiy." 
 
 Satire against Hypocrites, A, 
 
 was written by John Phillips, the 
 nephew of Milton. 
 
 Satire, An Essay upon, in heroic 
 verse, by John Dktden (1631—1701) and 
 JoHs Sheffield, Duke o£ Bdckingham- 
 8BIBE (1649—1721). The argument is prob- 
 ably summed up in the concluding line — 
 
 *' Learn to write well, or not to write at all." 
 
 "Satire has al-waya shone 
 
 among the rest,"— Dbtdeit and Shef- 
 field, Essay on Satire — 
 * And ia the boldest way, if not the best, 
 Tc tell men freely of theii faintest f aulte, 
 To laugh at their vain deeds, and vainer thoughts.*' 
 
 "Satire in disguise." See 
 " Pbaise undeserved." 
 
 Satire of the Three Estates. 
 
 See Three Est ATis. 
 
 "Satire or sense, alas! Can 
 
 Sporus feel." See SPORns. 
 
 " Satire should, like a polished 
 
 razor keen." First line of an epigram by 
 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, of 
 which the second runs x— 
 " Wound with a touch that's scarcely felt or seen." 
 Both lines occur in some Verses addressed 
 to Pope, in which Lord Hervey assisted 
 Lady Montagu. See Sappho and Sporus. 
 
 Satire, The Abuse of. See Abuse 
 OF Satire. 
 
 Satires, by Alexander Pope 
 (1688—1744). These include the First Satire 
 of the Second Book of Horace (1733) ; the 
 Second Satire of the same book (1734) ; the 
 Epistle to Dr. Arhuthnot (1735) ; Donne's 
 Satires Versified (1735); the First and Sixth 
 Epistles of the First Book of Horace and the 
 First and Second Epistles of the Second 
 £ook of Horace (1137); ani tTie Epilogue to 
 Satires, Dialogues i. and ii. (1738). They 
 arose out of a happy suggestion of Lord 
 Bolingbroke. who happened to take up 
 Horace and light upon the first satire of 
 the second book, and who, seeing its ap- 
 plicability to the then position of Pope, 
 advised him to translate it into English. 
 " The common characteristics of the entire 
 group," says Professor Ward, "need little 
 demonstration. In versification and dic- 
 tion generally, these salires are Pope's 
 masterpieces." 
 
 Satires, by Dr. John Donne 
 (1573—1631); first published in a complete 
 edition of bis works in 1719. 
 
 Satires, in six books, by JosiIph 
 Hall, Bishop of Exeteb and Norwich 
 (1574—1656); also called Virgidemiarum. 
 The first three books are called Toothless 
 Satires, the last three Biting Satires. 
 
 " Satire's my vreapon, but I'm 
 
 too discreet." Line 69, book ii., satire 1, 
 of Pope's Imitation qf Horace (q.v.). 
 
 Satiro-Mastiz : " or, the Untniss- 
 ing of the Humorous Poets." A comedy 
 by Thomas Dekker (q.v.), produced in 
 1602 ; chiefiy a satire on Ben Jonson, who 
 is represented as Young Horace. See 
 Poetaster. 
 
 Satis House, the residence of Miss 
 Havisham, in Dickens's novel of Great 
 Expectations (q.v.), takes its name from an 
 actual building near Boley Hill, Bochester, 
 where Queen Elizabeth was entertained by 
 Bichard Watts in 1573, he apologising for 
 the smallness of the accommodation n>r so 
 great a queen, and she replying, as she 
 left, that it was " satis," i.e,, enough for 
 her. 
 
 Saturday Review, The, a weekly 
 journal of literature, politics, and art, was 
 started in 1855 by John Douglas Cook, a 
 Scotch writer, some time editor of The 
 Morning Chronicle (q.v.). 
 
 Satyrane, Sir. A knight, who 
 befriends Una (q.v.), in Spenseb's Fa^irie 
 Queene (q.v.). 
 
 " Sauce for a goose is sauce for 
 a gander." An expression attributed to 
 Thomas Brown (d. 1704), and said to 
 occur in New Maxims, in volume iv. of his 
 collected Works. 
 
 Saul. A sacred poem, in blank 
 verse, by William Sotheby (1767—1833), 
 published in 1807. 
 
 Saul, in Drtden's Absalom and 
 Achiiophel (q.v.), is intended for Oliver 
 Cromwell. 
 
 Saunders, Clerk. A ballad, print- 
 ed in Scott's Border Minstrelsy, and by 
 Herd, Jamieson, Kinloch, and Buchani 
 though in varying versions. In one of 
 these Saunders is called "well-learned at 
 the school ; " hence Ms name of " Clerk." 
 The story tells how he is killed in his 
 sweetheart's arms, and afterwards appear- 
 ed to her in a ghostly form. 
 
 Saunders, John, novelist, has 
 published Abel Drake's Wife, Guy Water- 
 man, Bound to the Wheel, Hurell, One 
 gainst the World, The Shipoumer'a 
 Daughter, and Israel Mart, Ocerman. 
 
 Saunders, Katherine, novelist, 
 daughter of the above, is the author of 
 The Haunted Crust, and Other Stories; 
 Margaret and Elizabeth ; Gideon's Bock; 
 and other Tales ; Joan Merryweather. and 
 otiier Tales; and The High Mills. 
 
SAU 
 
 SCA 
 
 607 
 
 Saunders, Richard. A pseuclo- 
 nym under wbich Benjamin Franklin 
 commenced the publication of Poor Rich' 
 ard's Almanack, See Richard, Poor. 
 
 Savage, Marmion, novelist, has 
 written The Bachelor of the Albany^ The 
 Woman of Business^ Clover Cottage, The 
 Falcon Family, Reuben Medlicott, and 
 other stories. 
 Savage, Richard, poet and dram- 
 
 -atist (b. 1698, d, 1743), was the author of 
 Love in a VdX^ a comedy (1718); The £as~ 
 tard, a poem (1728); The Wanderer, apoem 
 (1729); and other works. See Johnson's 
 Lives of the Poets. His Worlcs were col- 
 lected in 1775. *' It must be acknowledg- 
 ed/' says his great biographer, " that his 
 works are the production of a genius truly 
 ^etical ; his descriptions are striking, his 
 images animated, his fictions justly imag- 
 inecL and his allegories artfully pursued; 
 
 " his diction is elevated, though sometimes 
 forced, and his numbers sonorous and 
 majestic, though frequently sluggish and 
 encumbered. Of his style the general 
 fault is harshness, and its general excel- 
 lence Is dignity ; of his seiltiments the 
 preTailing beauty^ is simplicity, and uni- 
 formity the prevailing defect." 
 
 Savage, "William (b. 1771, d. 
 
 1844), was the author of a Dictionary of 
 Printing. 
 
 " Save me, oh ! save me, from 
 the candid friend." A line in Canning's 
 poem of The New Morality, xxxvi. 
 
 Savile, Sir Henry, antiquarian 
 (b. 1549, d. 1622), published in 1581 a trans- 
 lation of The Ende of N'ero and Beginning 
 cfGalha, Former BooJces of the Aistorles 
 of Cornelius Tacitus; The Life ofAgricola; 
 and in 1596, Rerum Anglicarum ScHptores, 
 post Bedam prcecipui, a folio containing 
 the works of 'William of Malmesbury, 
 Henry of Huntingdon, Roger de Hoveden, 
 Ethelwerd, and Ingulphns of Groylaiid. 
 His famous edition of Chrysostom appear- 
 ed in 1613. See Hallam*s Literary History. 
 
 Savonarola. The famous Flor- 
 entine reformer, who figures in Gp:orge 
 Eliot's novel of Rmnota (q.v.). He was 
 born in 1452, and died in 1498. 
 
 Savonarola, Jeremy. The pseu- 
 donym of Francis Mahony in his Facts 
 and Figures from Italy, addressed to 
 Charles Dickens, and forming an appendix 
 to the latter' s Pictures from Italy (1847). 
 
 " Sa-wr the Air, Do not." — Ham- 
 let^ act iii., scene 2. 
 
 "Sa'TC' (I) those that B3.vr the 
 Queen;"— SwiPT, On Himself. 
 
 " Saw Ye Johnnie Comin* ? 
 quo She." " One of the old rustic produc- 
 tions of the Scottish muse, for which," 
 says C?hamber6, who prints it, " there iB.no 
 
 trace of authorship." Bums considered 
 the song unrivalled in humour. 
 
 "Saw Ye My Father?" A ro- 
 mantic Scotch 80u^,printed by Herd in 1776, 
 and reprinted by Chambers. Ohapell thinks 
 it was English in origin. ** It is remarkable 
 for relating an adventure of nocturnal 
 courtship in a manner free from vulgarity." 
 
 " Saw ye my wee thing, saw 
 ye my ain thing ? "— Heotob MaoXeill, 
 Mary of Castlecary : — 
 
 " Saw ye my true Ioto do vm on yon lea ? 
 BedjTed, are her ripe lipa, and sweeter than roaos i 
 Where could my wee thing wander f rae me i " 
 
 " Saw ye nae my Peggy ? " 
 
 First line of a Scottish song by the Baro- 
 ness Naibn£. 
 
 * ** Saws ("Wise) and modern 
 
 instances. "^^s YoulAke It, act ii., scene 7. 
 
 Sawyer, Mr. Bob. A young sur- 
 
 feon who figures in Dickens's Pickwick 
 Papers (q.v.). 
 
 Sawyer, "William, poet and prose 
 writer (b. 1828), has published Thought and 
 Reverie (1849), Ten Miles from Town (1867), 
 The Legend of Phillis (1872), AYearofSong 
 (1872), and other volumes. 
 
 Saxe, John Godfrey, American 
 poet and humorist (b. 1816), has produced^ 
 among other woi^ks, The Flying Dutch- 
 man (1862), Clever Stories of Many Nations 
 (1864), The Masquerade, and other Poem^ 
 (1866), and Leiswre Day Rhymes (1875). 
 
 Saxon Chronicle, The. See 
 
 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The. 
 
 " Say not the Struggle naught 
 
 availeth." A lyric by Abthuk Hugh 
 Clough (1819—1861). 
 
 *' Say over again, and yet once 
 
 over again, That thou dost love me," — 
 
 First lines of a Sonnet frojn the Portuguese^ 
 
 by Elizabeth Barbett Brotvning (1809 
 
 —1861)— 
 
 *' Bay thoU'doBt Jove me, love me, love me — toll 
 
 The silver iterance I — only minding, Dear, 
 
 To love me also in silence with thy soul." 
 
 Sayers, Frank, poet (b. 1763. d. 
 1817), published Dramatic Sketches of the 
 Ancient Northern Mythology (1790) Disqui- 
 sitions, Metaphysical and Literai'y (1793), 
 NugcB PoeiiccB (1803), Miscellanies (1805), 
 and other works, the whole being col- 
 lected and issued, with a Life, by William 
 Taylor, of Norwich, in 1823. 
 
 Sayings and Doings. A series of 
 tales by Theodore Edward Hook (1788 
 — 1841), of which the first volume appeared 
 in 1824, the second in 1825, and the third iu 
 1828. 
 
 Scadlack, Jame?, Scottish poet 
 Q>. 1775, d, 1818), was the author of Ootoher 
 Winds and other popular . lyrics. His 
 Poems have been collected. See Grant 
 "Wilson's Poets <\f Scotland, 
 
608 
 
 SC^ 
 
 SCH 
 
 Scaeva. The nqm de plume assumed 
 by John STtJBBES (1541—1600) In the pub- 
 lication of his lator works, after his right 
 hand had been cut off by the Government 
 in revenge for his pamphlet called The 
 IHscovery of a Oaping Gulf, See Stubbes, 
 John. 
 
 "Scandal about Queen Eliza- 
 beth, I hope, No." See act ii., scene 1, 
 of Shiskidan's farce of TIte Critic (q.v.). 
 
 " Scandalous and poor." — Eoch- 
 
 ESTEB's description of the '* Merry Mon- 
 arch " in his verses On the King. 
 
 " 'Scapes, Hairbreadtit." — See 
 " Haikbreadth 'Scapes." 
 
 Scarlet Iietter, The. A romance 
 by Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804—1864), 
 published in 1850. The letter is the badge 
 of the heroine's shame, which forms the 
 main motive of the story. 
 
 Scarlet "Will. A companion of 
 Kobin Hood, who frequently makes his 
 appearances in the old English ballads. 
 
 Scarronides : " or, Virgil Trav- 
 estie." A translation of the first book of 
 Virgil's j^neid into English burlesque 
 verse, by Charles Cotton (1630— 16S7) : 
 published ^ 1664. It .has since passed 
 through more than fifteen editions. It was 
 followed shortly afterwards by his £ur~ 
 league upon Burlesque : or. the Scoffer 
 Scoffed, " being some of Lucan's Dia- 
 logues newly put into English Fustian." 
 . Scatcherd, Miss. A teaclier in 
 the "Lowood Institutioii," described by 
 Charlotte Bront e in Jmie Eyre (q.v.). 
 She has been identified with a lady in the 
 employment of the Rev. W, Cams Wilson, 
 Who tyrannised over the Brontes while 
 they were under her care at school at Cow- 
 an's Bridge, near Leeds. 
 
 Scathlooke. One of Robin Hood's 
 followers, in the numerous ballads devoted 
 to the famous robber-chief. See Bobin 
 Hood. 
 
 Scelestina. See Calistus. 
 
 Scenes and Iiegends in the 
 
 North of Scotland : " or, the Traditional 
 History of Cromarty," by Hugh Miller 
 [1802-7-1856) ; published in 1834. 
 
 Scenes of Clerical Life. A series 
 of tales by George Eliot (b. about 1820), 
 published originally in Blackwood^ s Maga- 
 zine, and rc-issued in 1868. They include 
 The Sad Fortunes cfthe Bev. Amos Barton, 
 Mr. Oilfll't Love Story, and Janet's Re- 
 pentance. 
 
 Scenes of Infancy. A poem by 
 John L^yden (1775—1811), published in 
 1803, and descriptive of the country round 
 bis birthplace in Boxburghsliire. The 
 poet says in one place :— • 
 
 *' E'en ea I mune, my former life returns, 
 And youth's first ardour in my bosom bums. 
 Like rausiu melting in a lovers dream, 
 1 hear the murmuring song of Teviot's stream. 
 The crisping rays, that on the water lie. 
 Depict a paler moon, a fainter sky ; 
 "While through inverted elder boughs below 
 The twinkling stars with greener lustre glow 
 As cvcniDE prospect opens on my view, 
 I seem to five departed years anew ; 
 When in these wilds a jocund, sportive child, 
 £ach flower, self-sown my heedless hours be. 
 guil'd." 
 
 "Scent the morning air, Me- 
 thinks I." — Hamlet, act i., scene 5. 
 
 Sceptre, The. A poem by Thomas 
 Moore, wiitten in 1809. 
 
 SchaTn", Quintin. A contemporary 
 of Dunbar, the Scottish poet, of whose 
 writings only one specimen remains, print- 
 ed by Pinkerton in his Scottish Poema, and 
 called Advice to a Courtier (q.v.). 
 
 Schedoni. Tiie monk in Mrs. 
 Kadcliffe's Italian (q.v.); "a strongly- 
 drawn character as ever stalked through 
 the regions of romance, equally detestable 
 for the crimes he has formerly perpe- 
 trated, and those which he is willing to 
 commit ; formidable from his talents and 
 energy ; at once a hypocrite and a profli- 
 gate, unfeeling, unrelenting, and impla- 
 cable." 
 
 "Schemes o' mice and men." 
 
 See " Best laid," &c. 
 
 SchiUer (b. 1759, d. 1805). Tlie 
 leading works of this writer have been 
 translated into English ; notably The 
 Thirty Years* War, Essays, Mary Stttart, 
 Don Carlos, Maid of Orleans, Wallenstein, 
 and William Tell. His Poems have been 
 translated by Edgar Bowring. His Life 
 was written by the elder Lord Lytton. 
 See next paragraph. 
 
 Schiller's Life and Writings. A 
 
 series of papers by Thomas Carlylk 
 (b. 1795), which originally appeared in The 
 London Magazine for October, 1823, and 
 January, July, August, and September, 
 1824. 'Xhey were republished in 182S. 
 
 Schlegel, Augustus William 
 
 von, German critlo (b. 1767, d. 1845). The 
 Dramatic Art and Literature of this writer 
 appeared in English in 1846. 
 
 Schlegel, Frederick Charles 
 
 William von, German critic (b. 1772, d. 
 1829). The Philosophy of History, Mod- 
 em History, and History of Literature 
 of this writer have been translated into 
 English, 
 
 " Scholar (A), and a ripe and 
 
 good owe."— King Henry VIII., act iv., 
 
 scene 2. 
 
 "Scholar among rakes." See 
 " Bake (A) among scholars." 
 Scholar-Gipsy, The. A poem by 
 
SCH 
 
 SOH 
 
 609 
 
 Matthew Arnold (b. 1822), founded on a 
 passage in GlanvU'B Vanity of Dogmatis- 
 ing {IGGl):— ^ ^ 
 
 " The stoiy of that Oxford Bcholar poor, 
 Of Blnningparta and quick inventive Drain, 
 
 Who, lired of khQcking at preferment's door, 
 -,. . . One summer mom loreook 
 His fnends, and went to learn the gipsy lore, ■ 
 And roam'd the world with that wild brother- 
 hood. 
 And came, as most men deem'd, to little good, 
 But came to Oxford and his friends no more." 
 
 Scholar, The Poor. A story by 
 "William Carleton (1798—1869), into 
 which many autobiographical details are 
 woven. 
 
 "Scholar's life assail, "What 
 
 Ills the." — JOHNSOX, Vanity qf Human 
 Wishest line 159. 
 
 " Scholars, The land of." — 
 Goldsmith, The Traveller^ line 356. 
 
 Scheie Howse, The. A^lytell 
 hoke," published anonymously in 1542, 
 " wlierein every man may rede a goodly 
 Prayer of the condycyons of women." The 
 character of this satire may be gathered 
 from the following verse : — 
 
 '* Trewly some men there be. 
 
 That lyve alwaye in great horroure ( 
 
 And say, it goeth by destenye 
 To han:;e or wed, both hath one houre i 
 And whether it be, I am well sure, 
 
 Hangynee is better of the twayne, 
 
 Sooner done and shorter payne." 
 
 It was replied to by Edward More, in 1557, 
 in his V^ence of Women^ especially Eng- 
 lish Womefif against a hook intituled the 
 School-House of Women, See WoaLAtr, 
 Apology for. 
 
 . Schole for Shootinge, The. See 
 
 TOXOPHILUS. 
 
 Schole&eld, James, scholar and 
 clergyman (b. 1789, d. 1853), edited the 
 worEs of ^schylus, Porson's EuripideSf 
 Middleton*s Greek Article, Leighton's 
 Prelections, and Dobree*s AdversaTia, He 
 was the author of Hints for an Improved 
 TrcmslatUm of the New Testament. See 
 his Life by his widow (1855). 
 
 Scholemaster, The : " or, plame 
 and perfect way of teaching children to 
 understand, write, and speake, in Latin 
 tong, but specially purposed for the pri- 
 vate brynging up of youth in Gentlemen 
 and Noblemen*s houses, and commodious 
 also for all such as have forgot the Latin 
 tonge, and would, by themselves, without 
 a Scholemaster, in short tyme, and with 
 small paines, recover a sufBcient habilitie. 
 to understand, write, and speake Latin." 
 A prose work by Roger Ascham (1515— 
 1568), written about 1563—68, and first pub- 
 lished in 1570. It was edited, with notes. 
 by Upton, in 1711 ; by J, E. B. Mayor in 
 1863 ; and by Arber in 1870. It has also 
 been published in Ascham's Works by 
 Bennet (1771); Cochrane (1815) ; and Giles 
 (1864^-S). It is in two books, the first o£ 
 
 which, after giving the first two stages' of 
 the author's method of learning Latin, 
 goes on to urge at length that " Love is 
 titter than Fear, Gentleness better than 
 Beating, to bring up a child rightly in . 
 learning." Then we are told '*the dif- 
 ference beween Quick Wits and Hard 
 "Wits," and the writer discusses *• Plato's 
 seven plain notes to choose a good wit in 
 a childfor learning." The book ends with 
 a severe onslaught on the "Italianated" 
 Englishman of Ascham's time. The sec- 
 ond book gives stages three and four of 
 Ascham's method, besides criticisms of 
 Latin authors, and incidental notices of 
 some English writers. 
 
 School for Scandal, The. A 
 
 comedy by Bichard Brinsle y Sheridan 
 (1751 — 1816), produced at Covent Garden 
 Theatre ift-1777, and characterised by Haz- 
 litt as, ** if not the most original, perhaps 
 the most finished and fauUless comedy 
 which we have. The scene in which 
 Charles [Surface] sells all the old family 
 j>ictures but his uncle's, who is the pur- 
 chaser in disguise, and that of the dis- 
 covery of Lady Teazle when the screen 
 falls, are among the happiest and most 
 highly wrought that comedy, in its wide 
 and brilliant range, can boast. Besides 
 the art and ingenuity of this play, there is 
 a senial spirit of frankness and gener- 
 o8i%, that relieves the heart as well as 
 clears the lungs. While it strips off the 
 mask of hypocrisy, it inspires a confidence 
 between man and man." See Backbite ; 
 Candour ; Crabtree ; Sneerwell ; 
 Surface ; and Teazle. 
 
 "School-boy heat (The), The 
 blind hysterics of lAie Celt."— Tennyson, 
 In MemorUxm^ stanza viii. 
 
 "School-boy, The ■whining."—!- 
 As You Like it, act ii., scene 7 : — 
 • " With his satchel 
 
 And shining morning face, creeping like snail 
 Unwillingly to school." 
 
 "School-boy's tale (A), the 
 wonder of an hour ! " — Byron, Childe 
 Harold's Pilgrimage, canto xviii., stanza 2, 
 
 Schoole of Abuse, The: "con- 
 taining a pleasant Invective against Poetes, 
 Pipers, Players, Jesters, and such-like 
 Caterpillars of a Commonwealth," by 
 Stephen Gosson (1554 — 1623) ; an attack 
 on the Elizabethan stage, published in 
 1579, and reprinted by the Shakespeare 
 Society. It was answered by Thomaa' 
 Lodge. See Eeply, &e. 
 
 Schools of Vertue, The, " and 
 Booka of Good Nourture for Child- 
 ren." A tract, published in 1557, oreailier, 
 by Francis Seager. " This," says War- 
 ton, "is a translation into metre of many, 
 of the less exceptional Latin hymns an- 
 ciently used by the Catholics, and stlU 
 continuing to -retain among the Prote^ 
 tants a degree of popularity. At the end 
 26* 
 
610 
 
 SCH 
 
 SCO 
 
 are prayers and graces in rhyme. Tliis 
 book, in "Wood's time, had been degraded 
 to the stall of the ballad-singer, and is now 
 only to be found on the shelf of the anti- 
 quitry.'* 
 
 *' Schoolmaster is abroad, The." 
 
 A famous saying, contained in a speech de- 
 livered by Lord Brougham (1779—1868) ofl 
 Januarjr 29, 1828 :— " Let the soldier be 
 abroad if he will ; he can do nothing in 
 this age. There is another personage, a 
 personage less imposing in the eyes of 
 some, perhaps insignifi-cant. The school- 
 master is abroad, and I trustto him, armed 
 witU his primer, against the soldier in full 
 military array.'* 
 
 Schoolmaster, The. A work by 
 eogeb ascham. see scholemasteb, 
 The. 
 
 Schoolmistress, The. A descrip- 
 tive poem, in the manner of Spenser, by 
 "WlLUAM Shenstone (1714—1763). It was 
 " written at college " in 1736, and was pub- 
 lished originally among Poems upon Vari- 
 ous Occasions in 1737. It was afterwards 
 altered and Enlarged, and published in 
 1742. The poem celebrates, not a tictitious 
 person, but a real individual named Sarah 
 Lloyd, who taught a school at Leasowes, 
 in the parish of Halesowen, Shropshire, 
 where the poet received his earliest 
 instruction. To the second edition, Shen- 
 Btoue added a Ludicrous Index, afterwards 
 suppressed by Dodsley, the publisher. 
 
 " Science, O star-eyed." — Camp- 
 bell, The Pleasures of Hope, Tpt. ii.,325. 
 
 Scillae's Metamorphosis, "in- 
 terlaced with the unfortunate love of 
 Glaucus." A poem byTHOMAs Lodge, 
 published in 1589. *' Whereunto is an 
 nexed the delectable discourse of the Dis- 
 contented Satyre.*' . 
 
 "Scio*s rocky isle." 5ec" Blind 
 
 OLD MAN." 
 
 Scogan, Henry, a contemporary 
 of Chaucer, has left behind him A Moral 
 Baladfif ana a few other pieces. 
 
 Scogan, John. See Scoggin's 
 Jests. 
 Scoggin's Jests, The First and 
 
 Best Parts, " f nil of witty Mirth and pleas- 
 ant Shifts, made by him in France, and 
 other places ; being a Preservative against 
 Melancholy ; Gathered by An. Boord, Dr. 
 of Physicke," and published in 1626. John 
 Scoggin or Scogan was a favourite buffoon 
 at the court of Edward IV. See "Warton's 
 English Poetry. 
 
 " Scorn delights, and live la- 
 borious days, To."— Milton, tycidasilhie 
 73. 
 
 '* Scorn not the sonnet ; critic, 
 VQU have frowned." A line from a sonnet 
 
 by WlLUAM WOBDSWOBTH, 
 
 Scornful Lady, The. A comedy 
 by Beattmoxt and Fletcheb (q.v.), of 
 which Beaumont probably wrote the 
 greater part. Tt is full of enective scenes. 
 
 Scot Abroad, The. A prose work 
 by John Hill Burton (b. 1809), published 
 in 1864, and consisting of sketches and 
 anecdotes of Scotsmen in foreign coun- 
 tries. 
 
 Scot, Alexander, poet, styled by 
 Pinkerton the Anacreon of ancient Scot- 
 tish poetry, wrote The New^ Year Gift to 
 ike Queen (1562), and other works. His 
 Poems, " from a MS. writtenin 1568," were 
 edited by David Laing in 1821. They are 
 to be found scatterea through KauiBay'B 
 Evergreen, the collections by Hailes, 
 Pinkerton and Sibbald, and in the Ban- 
 natyne MS. See Grant "Wilson's Poets of 
 Scotland, *' Gay and elegant," says Allan 
 Cunningham, " beyond most of the poets 
 of his time, Alexander Scot sang with 
 much more sweetness than strength and 
 was more anxious after the smoothnesa of 
 his numbers than the natural beauty of his 
 sentiments- He flows smooth, but he sel- 
 dom flows dee^; he is reflned and delicate, 
 but has little vigour and no passion. Yet 
 his verses are exceedingly pleasing ; they 
 are melodious, with meaning in their 
 melody, and uossess in no small degree 
 that easy and gliding-away grace of ex- 
 pression of which the old minstrel 
 vaunted — 
 
 " ' Forbye hoT Bweet my numbers flow, T^\ 
 Ana slide away like water.' " 
 
 See Justing between "Willlajh Adam- 
 son, &c. 
 
 Scot, Reginald, wrote The Perjiie 
 Plafforme of a Htmpe-Garden, printed in 
 1574, and enlarged and reprinted in 1675 
 
 Scotch Fiddle, The Lay of a. 
 
 A satirical poem by James Kibke Paul- 
 ding (1779—1860), published in 1813, and 
 announced as written by " Sir Walter 
 Scott." 
 
 " Scotched the snake, not kill- 
 ed it. We've."— Macbeth, act ill., scene 2. 
 
 Scotland, Historie of, by John 
 Bellehden (d. 1550) ; a free translation 
 of the first seventeen books of Hector 
 Boeee's Latin Chronicle, undertaken at 
 the request of James V. of Scotland. 
 Bellenden has introduced into the text 
 two poems of considerable length, enti- 
 tled respectively the Proheme qf the CoS' 
 mographie and the Proheme of the Bistofie, 
 
 Scotland, Histories of, liave 
 been written by Bishop Lesley, Dr. Wil- 
 liam Robertson, Dr. Gilbert Stuart, 
 William Guthrie, Lord Hailes, Mal- 
 colm Laing, Sir Walter Soott, John 
 Pinkerton, Patrick Fraser-Tytler, 
 and John Hill Burton, all of whom see. 
 
SCO 
 
 SCO 
 
 611 
 
 Scotland Skaith : " or, tlie His- 
 tory o' Will and Jean." A poem by Hec- 
 tor MacNeill (174e — 1818), publisied in 
 1795, and intended to depict tne effects of 
 intemperate habits. It was followed in 
 1796 byTlie Woes o' War : or, the Upshot 
 qfthe History o' Will and Jean. 
 
 " Scotland, that knuckle end 
 
 of England, that land of Calvin, oat-cakes, 
 and sulphur." See Sydney Smith's Xife, 
 by his daughter. 
 
 Scotland, The Complaynt of. 
 
 See COMPLAYST OF SOOTLASD. THE. 
 
 Scotland's Teares. A poem writ- 
 ten by William Lithgow (1580—1640), on 
 the decease of King James VI. (1625), and 
 reprinted by Bavid Laiug iu his Ancient 
 Scottish Popular Poetry, It was followed 
 in 1C33 by Scotland's Welcome to Xing 
 Cltarles. 
 
 Scots Courant, The. A news- 
 paper started by James Watson (1675 — 
 17^) in Edinburgh In 1706, and printed by 
 hfm " beyond the year 1718." 
 
 Scots Magazine, The, first 
 appeared in January, 1739, and appears to 
 have been produced in order that "the 
 Caledonian Muse might not be restrained 
 by want of a public echo to her song." It 
 was discontinued in 1826. 
 
 Soots Nation, MartialAtchieve- 
 
 ments of the, by Patbick Abebcbombie 
 (1656—1720); printed in 1711—15. "The 
 first Tolume," says Lowndes, ** abounds 
 In the marvellous ; but the second is 
 valuable on account of its accurate . in- 
 formation respecting Biitish history^ in 
 fhe fourteenth and fifteenth centuries." 
 
 Scots, The Murder of the King 
 
 of. A Dallad describing the death of Hen- 
 ry Stewart, Earl of Darnley, the ill-fated 
 husband of Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 " Scots, -wha hae •wi' 'Wallace 
 
 bled." First line of a song written by 
 EOBEBT Burns (1759— 1796), in 1793, to an 
 old air, called Hey tUttie_iaitie, concerning 
 which "there is a tradition," he says, 
 " that it was Kobert Bruee's march at the 
 battle of Bannockbum. This thought 
 warmed me to a pitch of enthusiasm on 
 the theme of Liberty and Independence, 
 which I threw into a kind of Scottish ode, 
 ' fitted to the air, that one might suppose to 
 be the gallant royal Scot's address to his 
 heroic followers on that eventful morn- 
 ing." 
 
 Scots Worthies, A brief His- 
 torical Account of the Lives, &o., of the 
 most Eminent, was published by John 
 HOWTB (1735—1791) in 1781. The work was 
 reprinted in 1827, 1835, and 1836. 
 
 Scotsman, The, newspaper, was 
 first Issued in 1817, under the editorship of 
 ChabI/ES MaclABEN (1782—1866), who in 
 
 1847 resigned the conduct of the paper to 
 Alexander Eussel (1814— 18T6). The 
 latter was succeeded by Dr. Wallace. , 
 
 Scott, Andrew, Scottish poet (b. 
 1757, d. 1839), published collections of his 
 Poems in 1805, 1808 1811, 1821, and 1826, 
 the ISll volume being entitled Poems, 
 chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, aTid the 1826 
 work Poems on Various Subjects. See 
 Grant Wilson's Poets of Scotland. 
 
 Scott, John, canon of Windsor (b. / 
 1638, d. 1694), wrote The Christian Life 
 (1681, 1685, and 1686), (q.v.). His Works 
 were published in 1718. See Wood's Ath^ 
 ence Oxomenses. 
 
 Scott, John, poet (b. 1730, d; 
 1783), wrote Critical Essays on the E^g^ 
 lish Poets, which, with an Account of the 
 Life and Writings of the Author, by John 
 Hadley, were published in 1785. HiSJ'oy 
 ems, T/nih a Life by R. A. Davenport, were 
 collected and published in 1822. A prai 
 vious edition had appeared in 1782. 4^ 
 Amwell ; Elegies. ' ~ 
 
 Scott, Michael, novelist (b. 1789, 
 d. 1835), wrote Tom Cringle's Log and The 
 Cruise of the Midge. ,$ee Gbingle's Log, 
 Tom. 
 
 Scott, Robert, D.D., Dean of 
 Bochester (b. 1811), is co-author withDe«h 
 Liddell (q.v.) of the well-known Greele 
 Lexicon-, and translated portions of The 
 Library of the fathers. 
 
 Scott, Sir Michael. The followT 
 in^ works are ascribed to this famous 
 pmlosopher and reputed wizard of the 
 thirteenth century -.— Avicennam de Anir 
 malitms, ex Arabico iri Latinimi transtulit ,* 
 I>6 Procreatione et Sominis Phisionomia 
 Opus (1477) ; Qucestio Cwriosa de Natara 
 Solis et LunfB (1622) ; and Mensa PhilO' 
 sophica, translated into English in 1633 
 under the title of The Philosoplier's Ban- 
 quet. 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter, poet, novelist, 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1771, d. 1832), 
 published a tianslation of Biirger's BaU 
 I'Ods (1796); a version of Goethe's Goetz von 
 Berlichingen (nsS) ; The Eve of St. John, 
 aienfinlas, and The Grey Brothers (1800) ; 
 TheMinstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802 
 — 3) ; The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805) '( 
 Ballads and Lyrical Pieces (1806) ; Mar-i 
 mion (1808) ; The Lady qfthe Lake (1810) ; 
 The Vision of Don Boderick (1811) ; Bokeby 
 (1813) ; The Bridal of Triermain (1813) ; 
 Waiuerley (1814) j The Lord of the Isles 
 (1816) ; The Field of Waterloo (1815) ; Guy 
 Mannering (1815); Paul's Letters to his Kins- 
 folk (lilS) ; The Antiquary (1816) ; Old Mor- 
 tality (1816) ; The Black Dwarf (1816) ; 
 Harold the Dauntless (1817) ; The Heart of 
 Midlothian (1818) ; Bob Boy (1818) ; Th» 
 Bride of Lammermoor (1819) ; The Legendtif 
 Montrose (1819) ; Ivanhoe (1820) ; The Moat 
 aatery (1820) ; The Abbot: (1620) ; Xe»it< 
 
eia 
 
 SCO 
 
 SCO 
 
 worth (1821) ; The Pirate (1822) ; The for- 
 tunes qf Nigel (1822) ; Peveril of the Peak 
 (1823) ; Quentin Durward (1823) ; St Bon- 
 anza Well (1821) ; Redgauntlet (1824) ; The 
 Be^AroWtert (1825) ; The Talisman (1825): 
 Lives qf the Novelists (1825) ; Woodstoctc 
 0826) ; The Life of Napoleon (1827) ; The 
 Two Drovers (1827) ; The Highland Widow 
 (1827) J Tlie Surgeon's Daughter (1827) ; 
 Tales of a Grandfather (1827—30) ; The- 
 Fair Maid of Perth {182S) ; Anne of Geier- 
 stein (1829) ; Letters on Demonology and 
 Wit-clicraft (1830) ; a History of Scotland 
 (1829—30) The Doom of Deoorgoil (1830) : 
 Auchindrane (1830) ; Count Robert of 
 Paris (1831) ; and Castle Dangerous (1831) : 
 besides editions of Dryden (1808), SwifD 
 (1814), and Sir Tri^tram^ a romance (1804), 
 (Q.T.). For Biographi/, see tlie ii/e "by 
 Lockhart (1832—37), GilfiUan (1870), Ros- 
 Betti (1870), and Chambers (1871). For 
 Criticism, see HazUtt's Spirit of the Age, 
 Jeffrey's Essays, Keble's Occasional 
 Papers, Carlyle's Essags, Senior's Essays 
 on Fiction, Masson's Novelists and their 
 Styles, Jeaffreson's Novels and Novelists, 
 Taiue'g English Literature, Stephen's 
 Hours in a Library, Mortimer ColUns's in- 
 troduction to the Miniature Edition of the 
 Poems, and P. T. Palgrave's preface to the 
 Globe Edition. The Novels and Poems 
 have been issued in innumerable editions. 
 T*e Essays on Chivalrji and the Drama 
 have also been collected. "Scott's 
 novels," says Palgrave, "have naturally 
 overshadowed his fame aS a poet ; they 
 are more singularly and strikingly orig- 
 inal, more unique m literature ; and the 
 form oC the prose story, admitting readily 
 of narrative details, and allowing the 
 author to explain remote allusions as he 
 advances, was more capable of giving free 
 play for Scott's tastes and materials than 
 poetry, however irregular in lis stmcture. 
 Hence he did not make himself quite so 
 much at home in his poems. Perhaps they 
 depended a little too much on archseology ; 
 the ancient manners, dresses, and cus- 
 toms painted occasionally compete in in- 
 terest with the delineation of human char- 
 acter ; those marvellous scenes from com- 
 mon life which are true In all ages, or 
 l^ose sketches of contemporary mannera, 
 which Scott has employed with such skill 
 and power to counterpoise the antiquarian 
 element in the novels, could hardly find a 
 place in verse. He has indeed given us 
 something of this kind in the beautiful in- 
 troductions to the Lay and Marmion, and, 
 less successfully, though even here with 
 much grace, in Triermain ; but they are 
 not wrought up into a whole ; they do not 
 form an integral portion of tne poem. On 
 the other hand, the metrical descriptions 
 of scenery, if not more picturesque and 
 vivid thaii those of the romances, tell 
 more forcibly : they also relieve the nar- 
 rative by allowing the writer's own 
 thoughts and interests to touch our hearts 
 -r-an expedient used by Scott with singu- 
 
 lar skill. Scott's completeness of style, 
 which is more injurious to poetry than to 
 prose, his 'careless glance and reckless 
 rhyme,' have been alleged by a great 
 writer of our time as one reason why he 
 is now less popular as a poet than he was 
 in his own day. Besides these faults, 
 which are visible almost everywhere, the 
 charge that he wants depth and penetrat- 
 ive insighc, has been often brought. He 
 does not * wrestle with the mystery of exist- 
 ence,* it ifl said ; he does not try to solve 
 the problems of human life. Scott, could 
 he have foreseen this criticism, would 
 probably not have been very careful to 
 answer it. He might have allowed its cor- 
 rectness, and said that one man might 
 have this work to do, but his was another. 
 High and enduring pleasure, however (jon- 
 veyed, is the end of poetry. Othello gives 
 tins by its profound display of tragic pas- 
 sion ; Paradise Lost gives it bv its reli- 
 gious sublimity ; Childe Harold by ita 
 meditative picturesc[ueness ; the Lay by 
 its brilliant delineation of ancient life and 
 manners. All poete may be seers and 
 teachers ; but some teach directly, others 
 by a less ostensible and larger process. 
 Scott never lays bare the woj^ings of hiS 
 mind, like Goethe or Shelley ; he does not 
 draw out the moral of the landscape, like 
 Wordswoi-th ; rather, after the fashion of 
 Homer and the writers of the ages before 
 criticism, he presents a scene, and leaves 
 it to work its own effect on the reader. 
 His most perfect and lovely poems, the 
 short songs which occur scattered through 
 the metrical or the prose narratives, are 
 excellent instances. He is the most un- 
 selfconscious of our modem poets — pep- 
 haps, of all our poets ; the difference inthi^ 
 respect between him and his friends, By- 
 ron and Wordsworthj is like a difference of 
 centuries. If they give us the inner spirit 
 of modem life, or ot nature, enter into our 
 perplexities, or probe our deeper passions, 
 Scott has a dramatic faculty not less de- 
 lightful and precious. He hence attained 
 eminent success in one of the rarest and 
 most difRcult aims of Poetry^— sustained 
 vigour, clearness, and interest m narration. 
 If we reckon up the poets of the world, wq 
 may be surprised to find how very few 
 (dramatists not included) had accomplish- 
 ed this, and may be hence led to estimate 
 Scott's rank in his art more justly- One 
 Idoks through the English poetry of the . 
 first half of the century in vain, unless it 
 bo here and there indicated in Keats, for 
 such a power of vividly throwing himself. 
 into others as that of Scott, His contem- 
 poraries, Crabbe excepted, paiiit emotions. 
 He paints men when strongly moved. 
 They draw the moral ; but he can Invent 
 the fable. Goethe was accustomed to 
 S]ieak of Scott as the * greatest writer o( 
 his time ' as unique and unequalled. 
 When asked to put his views on paper, ho 
 replied with the remark which ne made 
 also upon Shakespeare, Scott's art was sa 
 
SCO 
 
 613 
 
 high, that It yvas liard to attempt giving a 
 formal opiuion on it. But a few words 
 may be added ou the relation borne by 
 the Novels to tbe author's character. It 
 has been observed that one of the curious 
 contrasts which make up that complex 
 creature, "Walter Scott, is the strong at- 
 traction which drew him, as a Lowlander, 
 the born natural antagonist of the Gael, 
 to the Highland people. All that we ad- 
 mire ill the Gael had been to the Scot 
 proper the source of contempt and of repug- 
 nance: Such a. feeling is one of the worst 
 instincts, of human nature ; it is an un- 
 mistakable part of the brute within us ; 
 more than any other cause, the hatred of 
 race to race has hampered the progress of 
 man. There is also no feeling which is 
 more pei'sistent and obstinate. But it has 
 been entirely conquered in the case of the 
 Saxon and the Gael, Now this vast and 
 salutary change in national opiuion is 
 directly due to Scott. This may be regard- 
 ed, on the whole, as his greatest acmeve- 
 ment. He united the sympathies of two 
 hostile races by sheer force of genius. He 
 healed the bitterness of centuries. Seott 
 did much in idealising, as poetry should, 
 the common life of his contemporaries. 
 He equally did much in rendering the past 
 history, and the history of other countries 
 in which Scotchmen played a conspicuous 
 part, real to us. But it is hardly a figure 
 of speech to say that he created the Celtic 
 Kishlands in the eyes of the whole civil- 
 ised world- If this be not fijstr-rate power, 
 it may be asked where we are to find it. 
 The admirable spirit andpicturesqueness 
 of Scott's poems and novels carry us along 
 with them so rapidly, whilst at the same 
 time the weaknesses and inequalities of 
 his work are so borne upon the surface, 
 that we do not always feel how unique 
 they are in literature. Scott is often inac- 
 curate in historical painting, and puts 
 modemf eeling into the past. He was not 
 called upon, as we have noticed, to rep- 
 resent mental struggles, but the element 
 of original thought is deficient in his crea- 
 tions. 'Scott's,' says an able critic, *is 
 a healthy and genial world of reflection, 
 but it wants the charm of delicate exacti- 
 tude ; we \misB the consecrating power ' 
 {National Review, April, 1858). He is 
 altogether inferior to Miss Austen in de- 
 scribing the finer elements of the .woman- 
 ly nature ; we rarely know how the 
 heroine feels j the author paints love 
 powerfully in its effects and its dominating 
 influence: he does not lead us to 'the in- 
 most encnanted fountain' of the heart. 
 Por creating types of actual human life, 
 ^cott is perhaps surpassed by Crabbe ; he 
 does not analyse character, or delineate it 
 iu its depths, but exhibits the man rather 
 J>y speech and action ; he is * extensive ' 
 rather than * intensive ; ' has more of 
 Chaucer in him than of Goethe ; yet, if we 
 look at the variety and richness of his 
 gallery, at his commaud over pathos and 
 
 terror, the laughter and the tears,- at the 
 many large interests besides those of 
 romance which he realises to us, at the 
 way in which he paints the whole life of 
 men, not their humours or p^sioiis alone, 
 at his unfailing wholesomeness an4 fresh- 
 ness, like tlie sea and air and great 
 elementary forces of Nature, it may be 
 pronounced a ju^ estimate, which — with- 
 out trying to measure the space which 
 separates these stars— places Scott second 
 in our creative or imaginative literature to 
 Shakespeare. ' All is great in the Waver-' 
 ley novels,' said Goethe, in 1831, * mate- 
 rial, effect, characters, execution.' As- 
 tronomers tell us that there are no fixed 
 points iu the heavens, and that earth and 
 sun momentarily shift their bearings. An 
 analogous displacem.ent may be preparing 
 for the loftiest glories of tlie human intel- 
 lect ; Homer may become dim, and Shake- 
 speare too distant. Perhaps tne same fate 
 is destined for Scott. But it would be idle 
 to speculate on this, or try to predict the 
 time when men will no longer be impressed 
 by the vividness of Waverley or the pathoa 
 of Lammermoor.* " Under the titles of 
 most of the novels and poems of this 
 author will be found detailed notices ; in 
 addition to which see Border-Minstrel y 
 Border-Thief School ; Great Magi- 
 cian, Great Unknown ; Malagrotv- 
 
 THER ; PATTIESON, PETER ; SOMNAM- 
 
 BuiiUB ; Templeton, Lawrence ; Wiz- 
 ard. 
 
 Scott, Thomas; commentator and 
 religious writer (b. 1747, d. 1821), wrote Tlie 
 Force of Truth (1799) ; Essays on the Most _ 
 Important Subjects of Religion iVl^'6); Ser^ 
 mons on Select Subjects (1796); & Comment 
 tary on the Bible (1796); Vindication qftke 
 Inspiration of Scripture (1796); Remarks on 
 the Refutation of Calvinism by G. Tomlinef 
 Bishop qf Carlisle (1812) ; and A Collection of 
 the Quotations from the Old Testamentin 
 the JSTeWf in The Christian Observer for 
 1810 and 1811. His Works, edited by his. 
 son, were published in 1823 — 5 : his Life, 
 including a narrative drawn up by himself, 
 and copious extracts from his letters, in, 
 1824 ; and his Letters and Papers, with Ob- 
 servationsj in 1824 also. 
 
 Scott, William Bell, poet and 
 writer on art (b. 1811), wrote Hades r or, 
 The Transit (1838) ; The Year of tlie World, 
 a poem (1846) ; Memoir of David Scott 
 (1S50} ; Poems (1855) ; Poems hy a Painter 
 (1864) ; Life and Works of Albert DUrer 
 (1869), and other works. His Poems were 
 collected and published in 1875, See 
 Grant ■Wilson*8 Poets of Scotland. 
 
 Scottish Anacreon, The. Se^ 
 Anacreon, The Scottish. 
 
 Scottish Chiefs, The. A roman- 
 tic story by Jane Porter (1776—1850) 
 published in 1810, and counting among- 
 its heroes Bobert Bruce and Sir William 
 Wallace. • 
 
B14 
 
 SCO 
 
 SCB 
 
 Scottish Homer, The. A title 
 sometimes accoided to William Wilkie 
 ;n21— 1772), author of Tlie Mpigoniad 
 ;q.v.). 
 
 Scottish TheOGiituB, The. A 
 title sometimes giren to ALLAN BAUSAY 
 ;q.v.). 
 
 Scotus, Johannes Duns (d. 877). 
 For particular^ concerning this writer, see 
 Wriglxt's JBiographia Britannica and ^5- 
 toire Litth'aire de France, See also Divi- 
 3I0KE Natus^, De ; Euchabibtica, 
 De ; Subtle Doctoe, The. 
 
 Scougall, Henry, theological 
 writer (b. 1650, d. 1678), wrote De O^ectu 
 Ouitus Seligiosi (1664) ; The JMe of God in 
 the Soul of Ma7i (1677) ; UTew JDiscourses on 
 Important Subjects (1735) : aind Occasional 
 Meditations (1740). His Works, with the 
 preface hy Bishop Burnet, were published 
 In 1822, and again, with an introductory 
 sssay, by Watson, in 1826. 
 
 Scourge, The. A poetical flagel- 
 lation of evil-doers, by George Wither 
 [1588— 1667), published in 1616, for which 
 lie was imprisoned. 
 
 Scourge of Baseness, The : " or, 
 
 Klcksey-Wicksey, or a Lerrycome-Twang." 
 A. humorously satirical poem by JOHjr 
 TAYLOB, the Water-Poet (1580—1654). 
 
 Scourge of Villauie, The. 
 
 "Three bookes of Satires," by John 
 Mabston (167S, after 1633), printed in 
 1598, and reprinted in Bowie's Pieces of 
 ATicient English Poenie (1765). 
 
 Scoville, Joseph A. See Bab- 
 
 BETT, Walter, Cleek. 
 
 Scrag, Oosling. A character 
 
 who appears only in the firot edition of 
 Smollett's Peregrine Pickle (q.v.), and 
 who is intended to represent the Lord 
 Lyttelton whose treatment of the author's 
 Uegicide (q.v.) had excited his resentment. 
 Scrapiana: "or, Elegant Extracts 
 of Wit j" published in 1819, and attributed 
 to Geobge Colman the Younger. 
 
 "Screw your courage to the 
 
 3ticking-place." — Macbeth, act i., scene 7. 
 
 Scribble (And), not for pud- 
 ling, but for praise."— Blaoklook, The 
 Author's Picture. 
 
 "Scribble (Who daily), for 
 your daily bread."— Byeon, English Bards 
 md Scotch Reviewers. 
 
 Scribbler, The. The title of eight 
 assays contributed to The Gentleman's 
 Magazine in 1781 by Samuel Boqebs 
 [1763—1855). 
 
 Scribleriad, The. "An heroic 
 
 Soem in six books" by Eichabd Owen 
 ambkidgb (1717—1802), published in 1751. 
 This is really a mock heroic poem, written 
 
 in, parody of some of the besfr-known trans- 
 lations of the classics, such as those of 
 Dryden and Pope, whose style is often very 
 happily imitated. The hero of the piece is 
 an antiquary, with a touch of the pedant 
 and the alchemist ; and the general object 
 of the poem is to ridicule the vagaries of 
 false taste and of false science. 
 
 Scriblerus Club, The, was form- 
 ed in 1714, and included amongst its mem- 
 bers Pope, Gray, Swift, Arbuthnot, Con- 
 greve, Atterbury, and Harley. It did not 
 long remain in existence, but as the result 
 of its formation we have the Memoirs of 
 Martinus Scriblerus (q.v.) ; The Travels of 
 Gulliver (}^.y.); and Pope's Treatise q/'tlie 
 Bathos (q.v.). 
 
 Scriblerus, Martinus, Memoirs 
 
 of the Extraordinary Life, Works, and 
 Discoveries of. A satirical history, gen- 
 erally published among Pope's works, but 
 attributed to Dr. John Akbuthkot (1676 
 — 1735), and intended to ridicule affectation 
 and false taste in learning, in the person 
 of a iflan who knows a lltue of everything 
 and not much of anything. Cervantes is 
 said to have been the model on which 
 Arbuthnot wrote, and on the other hand 
 Cornelius Scriblerus, the father of Mar- < 
 tinus, not impossibly suggested to OwMi**- 
 the conception of his Uncle Toby (q.v.). 
 He is represented as bringing up his son 
 in the most eccentric manner, and "so 
 contriving it as to make everythina 
 contribute to the improvement of 
 his knowledge, even to his very dress. 
 Ho invented for him a geographi- 
 cal suit of clothes, which might give him 
 some hints of that science, and likewise 
 some knowledge of the commerce of 
 different nations. He had a French hat 
 with an African feather, Holland shirt and 
 Flanders lace, English cloth lined with 
 Indian silk ; his gloves were Italian, and 
 his shoes were Spanish. He was hiade to 
 observe this, and daily catechised there- 
 upon, which his father was wont to call 
 travelling at home." 
 
 Scrivener, Frederick Henry 
 
 Ambrose, LL.D., clergyman (b. 1813), has 
 published an edition of the Greek Testa- 
 ment, a Plain Introduction to the Criticism 
 <yfthe New Testament, the Codex jBe2<E,the 
 Camlyridge Paragraph Bible, and otlier 
 works. 
 
 "Scrofulous French novel, O 
 
 my."— KOBERT Bkowning, Soliloquy in 
 a Spanish Cloister. 
 
 Scroggen. A poor author, in 
 Goldsmith's Description of on Aathor'a 
 Bedchamber. 
 
 Scrooge, in Dickens's Christmas 
 Carol (q.v.), is "a wrenching, grasping, 
 scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner,'* 
 whose conversion to generosity and good 
 nature is effected by a series ofvisionq. 
 
SCB 
 
 SEA 
 
 615 
 
 accorded to him in a dream on Christmas 
 Eve. See Cr4.tchit, Bob. 
 
 Scrub, servant to Mrs. Sullen, in 
 Fakqdhak's Beaux' Stratagem (q.v.), is a 
 miserable factotum. "Of a Monday I 
 drive the wash ; of a Tuesday I drive 
 the plough ; on Wednesday I follow the 
 hounds ; on Thursday I dun the ten- 
 ants ; on Friday I go to market ; on 
 Saturday I draw warrants j and -on Sun- 
 day I draw beer." 
 
 Scudamore, Sir. The name of 
 the husband of Amoret (q.v.) in Spenser's 
 Faerie Queen£, 
 
 Scytbrop, GloTOry, in Peacock's 
 novel of Nightmare Abbey (q.v.), is said to 
 have been intended for the poet Shelley. 
 He ia represented as being In love with and 
 beloved by Marionetta O'CarroU and Celin- 
 da Toobad, both of whom, however, event- 
 ually deserthim. "It is pleasant to remem- 
 ber,'* says Buchanan, "that Shelley admit- 
 ted the truth of the portrait, and was amus- 
 ed by it. Specially pointed was the passage 
 wherein Scytbrop, who loves two young 
 ladies at once [as Shelley loved Mary 
 Godwin and Harriett Westbrook], tells his 
 distracted father- that he will commit 
 suicide." 
 
 "'Sdeath, ni print it."— Pope, 
 
 Spistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, line 61. 
 
 Sea-Captain, The. A tragedy, -in 
 five acta, by Edwaed, Lord Lytton 
 (q.v.) ; produced in 1839, and satirised by 
 ^ackeray in Fraser^s Magazine. It has 
 siiice been acted under the title of The 
 Jlighfftil Heir (q.v.), and parodied as T/te 
 FngMfiil Hair. See Tbllowplush, The 
 Mebioibs of C. J. 
 
 " Sea - change (A) into some- 
 thing rich and strange." — rA* Tempest, act 
 i., scene 2. 
 
 Sea Fairies, The. A poem hy Al- 
 fred Tennyson, published in 1830; 
 ''musical and vivid.", 
 
 " Sea-kings' daughter from over 
 
 the sea." The first line of .rl Welcome to 
 the Princess Alexandra (March, 1863), by 
 Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 " Sea-maid's music. The." — A 
 Midsummer Night's Dream, act ii., scene 
 2. 
 
 " Sea of jet, A." — Wallee, Lines 
 to the Countess of Carlisle. 
 
 " Sea of pines, Thy silent." — 
 
 CoLERIDGE,fi^mn in the Vale of Chamouni. 
 
 "Sea of troubles, A.:'— •Hamlet, 
 act ili., scene 1. The phrase occurs in 
 Hamlet's famous soliloquy. 
 
 "Sea of upturned faces." A 
 
 Ehrase which, used by Daniel Webster 
 1 a speech deliverea by him on Septem- 
 
 ber 30, 1842, is to be fonnd in SOOTT'S novel 
 of Rob Hoy, chapter xx. 
 
 " Sea (The), the sea, the open 
 
 sea."— First line of a song by Bryan 
 Waller Procter (1T90— 1874) — 
 
 *' The blue, the fresh, the ever free." 
 
 "Seals of love, but seal'd in 
 vain, seal'd in vain." — Measwre for Meas- 
 ure, act iv., scene 1. 
 
 " Sear, the yellow leaf. The."— 
 
 Macbeth, act v., scene 3. 
 
 Search after Happiness, The. 
 
 A pastoral drama by Hannah More (1743 
 —1833), published in 1773. It was com- 
 posed in the writer's seventeenth year. 
 
 Search, Edward. The fictitious 
 name under which Abraham Tucker 
 (1705—1774) published his Light of Nature 
 Pursued (q.v.) and Vocal Sounds. 
 
 Search for Money, A . " or, the 
 
 Lamentable Complaint for the Losse of 
 the Wandering Knight, Mounsieur I'Ar- 
 gent ; or. Come along with me, I know 
 fiiou lovest Money." A tract by William 
 Rowley (temp, James I.) ; reprinted by 
 the Percy Society- *' It is a lively, fanci- 
 ful, minute, and amusing picture of man- 
 ners, and it includes some curious topo- 
 fraphical details-, chiefly regarding Lon- 
 on and its suburbs. The author sup- 
 poses himself and some other disbanded 
 soldiers to go in search of money, person!* 
 fled under the figure ' of the Wandering 
 Knight. This guest leads them through 
 various parts of the metropolis, and among 
 dilfereiit classes of society, which are de- 
 scribed with humour, spirit, and fidelity." 
 
 Search, John. Tlie pseudonym 
 under which Arcibishop Whately (1787 
 — 1863) published^ in 1841, a "metrical 
 tract," called Seligion and her Name. In 
 the preface to this the archbishop states 
 " that he is not accountable for anythiiig 
 that may have appeared under that signa- 
 ture" previously. 
 
 Searle, January. The mm de 
 
 plume of CiEOBGE SbASLE PHILLIPS, 
 
 author of The Gypsies of tHe Dane's Dike, 
 and other pieces, 
 
 " Seas incarnadine." See " McL- 
 titudinous seas." 
 
 " Season of mists and mellow 
 fruitfulnesB." — To Autumn, by John 
 Keats. 
 
 Season, The. A poetical satire 
 by Alfred Austin, published in 1869. 
 
 Seasonable Argument, A. A 
 tract by Andrew Marvell (1620—1678), 
 afterward^ republished under the title of 
 Flaqellum Parliamentarium ; being sar- 
 castic notices of nearly 200 members of the 
 first Parliament after the Bestoration, a.d. 
 1661 to 1678. It has been edited by Sir 
 
616 
 
 SEA 
 
 SEE 
 
 Harris Nicholas from a contemporary 
 manuscript in the British Museum. 
 
 "Seasoned timber (Iiike),never 
 gives." — Heubest, Virtue, 
 
 Seasons, The. A series of poems 
 by James Thomson (1700—1748), which 
 appeared In the f oUowxng order : Winter 
 (1726) ; Summer (1727) ; Spring (1728) ; and 
 Autumn (1730) ; the whole hemg re~pub- 
 llshed, with the famous Hymn, in the lat- 
 ter year. Horace Walpol© said he would 
 rather have written the most ahsurd lines 
 l)y, Lee than The Seasons ; hut "Wordsworth, 
 on the.other hand, speaks of it as " aworK 
 of inspiration ; much of it," he says, " is 
 written from himself, and nobly from him- 
 self." 
 
 " Seated heart (My) knock at 
 my ribs." See " Heakt knock," &c. 
 
 SeaiTrard's Diary, Sir Ed-ward. 
 
 A fictitious work by Jane Porter (1776— 
 1850), which was published in 1852, and 
 written with so much of Defoe's wonderful 
 power of vraisemblance that a leading re- 
 view devoted an article to its systematic 
 exposure as a pretended narrative of facts. 
 It was originally issued as being merely 
 " edited " by Miss Porter ; and, when 
 pressed to disclose its authorship, she was 
 accustomed to say " Sir Walter Scott had 
 his great secret ; 1 may be allowed to keep 
 my little one." 
 
 Seaweed. A poem by Henry 
 Wadsworth Longfellow (b. 1807) ;— 
 ** Ever drifting, drifting, drifting, 
 On the BhiftinE 
 Currenta of the reBtlesa main." 
 
 Sebastian figures in The Tempest 
 (<l-v.). 
 
 Sebastian. "A young gentleman, 
 brother to Viola," in twelfth Night (q.v.) : 
 full of " the rashness and impetuosity of 
 youth." 
 
 Sebastian, Don : " or, the House 
 of Braganza." A romance by Anna 
 Maria Porter (1780—1832), published in 
 1809. 
 
 Seeker, Thomas, Archbishop of 
 Canterburt (b. 1093, d. 1768), was the author 
 of Sermons, and Lectures on the Catechism 
 of the Church of England. See the Life by 
 torteus. 
 
 " Second and sober thoughts." 
 See Matthew Henry's Exposition, Job 
 Tl. 29. 
 
 Second and Third Blast of Re- 
 trait from Plaies and Theaters. An at- 
 tack upon the Elizabethan sta^e, printed 
 In 1680. 
 
 " Second childishness and mere 
 oblivion."— yi« You, Lilce It, act ii., scene 7. 
 
 Second Funeral of ITapoleon, 
 
 The. A prose sketch by 'William 
 Makepeace Thackeray (q.v.), publish- 
 ed in 1841, under the pseudonym of 
 " Michael Angelo Titmarsh." 
 
 Second Maiden's Tragedy ,The. 
 A play first printed from Lausdowne MS. in 
 Baldwin's Old English Drama, and, sincey 
 in Carew Hazlitt e edition of Dodsley'a 
 Old Plays. The author is unknown, nor 
 can any connection be traced between the 
 
 glay and its title, which seems to have 
 een affixed by some other than the writer, 
 whoevfer he may have been. The heroine 
 is not named at all, being called '*the 
 Lady." 
 
 " Second thoughts are best ? Is 
 
 It BO - true that."— Tennyson, See 
 Dreams — 
 
 ** Not flist and third, which are a riper firet ? " 
 
 " Secret C'he) of a weed's plain 
 
 heart." — LowEt.L, Sonnet xxv, 
 
 "Secrets (The) of ,niy prison- 
 house." See " PRISON-HOUSE," &c. 
 
 Sectarian, The : " or, the Church 
 and the Meeting House." A novel by 
 Andrew Pickbn (1788-1833), published 
 in 1829, in which the Dissenters are de- 
 scribed in very unfavourable terms. 
 
 Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, 
 American authoress (b. 1789, d. 1867), pub- 
 li^ed The New England Tale (1822) : Hope 
 Leslie (1827) : The Linwoods (1835) ; Letters 
 from >46roan (1^40) ; ii/e of Margaret and 
 Lucretia Davidson ; Redwood, and other 
 works. His Life and Letters were published 
 in 1871. 
 
 Sedley, Amelia. See Amelijl 
 
 Sedley. 
 
 Sedley, Joseph. A returned 
 Indian nabob, brother of Amelia Sedley' 
 (q.v.), in Thackeray's novel of Vanity 
 Fair (q.v.), Becky Sharp (q.v.), then Mrs. 
 Bawdon Grawlfiy, eventually becomes his 
 mistress. 
 
 Sedley, Sir Charles, poet and 
 dramatist (b. 1639, d. 1728) was the author oj 
 The Mulberry Garden, a play (1668) ; Antony 
 and Cleopatra, a play (1677) ; and various 
 fugitive poetical pieces. Kochester wrote 
 of him : — - 
 
 " Sediey has that prevailing, gentle art 
 That can with a resistless cnarm impart 
 The loosest wishes to the chastest heart." 
 
 Macaulay speaks of him as "one of the 
 most brilliant and profligate wits of the 
 Restoration." His JForis were printed in 
 1702, 1707, and 1722. Tor Biography, sea 
 Jesse's Iteign of the Stuarts. See Bed- 
 lamira. 
 
 "See her is to love her, To."— 
 Burns, £onnie Lesley — 
 
 *' And love but her for ever." 
 BOQEBS, in JdcquMne, has the line ^ 
 ' ' To know her was to lovo her." 
 
BL 
 
 617 
 
 See me and See me Not. A 
 
 "risible comedy" by HAi^s Beerpot j 
 translated Into EugliBh by Dabridgoonrt 
 Belcher (q.v.) in 1618. 
 
 "See oursels as others see 
 us, To." See Louse, To a. 
 
 " See the chariot at hand here 
 of Love." From a song by Ben Jonsojn, 
 in A CelebraHoHof Charis (^Underwoods). 
 
 "Seq, the conquering hero 
 
 comes."— Nathaniel Lee, Alexander the 
 Greatf act ii., scene 1 — 
 
 " Sound the trumpet, beat the drums." 
 
 " See (To), and eke for to be 
 
 seye." See Chaucer's poem, TIte Wif 
 qf Bathes Prologe, line 6134; also Ben 
 JONSON*s Spithalamion, stanza iii., line 
 4 ; Dkyden's translation of Ovid's Art of 
 Lopef book i., line 109 ; and Goldsmith's 
 Citizen of the World, letter 71. 
 
 " See (To) 'nrhat is not to be 
 
 seen."— Tbumball, McMngal, canto i.,' 
 line 68. 
 
 "See two duU lines." See 
 
 " Accept a mieacle." 
 
 •!See what a lovely shell."— 
 
 Sect. xxiv. of Tennyson's Maud. 
 
 Seeley, John Robert. Professor 
 of Modem History at Cambridge (b._1834), 
 is the author of Ecce Homo (q.Y.), (1865) ; 
 Lectures and Essays (1870) and other works. 
 
 "'Seems,' madam! nay, it is; 
 I know not 'seems.'" — Hamlet, act i., 
 scene 2. 
 
 Sejauus. A tragedy by Ben Jon- 
 son, produced at the Globe in the year 
 1603. Shakespeai'e played in it. 
 
 Selborne, The Natural History 
 and Antiquities of, by Gilbert White 
 (1720—1793), curate of Selborne, " in the 
 county of Southampton ; " published 
 originally in 1789, in the form of A Series 
 of Letters to the Hon. Davies Ba/rringtcn 
 and Thomas Pennant, Esq. Since then it 
 has appeared in numerous editions : in 
 1802, .edited by W. Markwick ; in 1813, 
 edited by Sir W. Jaidine ; in 1833, edited 
 by J. Rennie ; in 1835, edited, with notes, 
 by Captain Thomas Brown ; in 1837, edited 
 with notes, by E. Turner Bennett : in 1843, 
 edited, with notes, by the Rev. Leonard 
 Jenyns ; in 1850, edited by E. Blyth ; in 
 1853, edited again by Sir W. Jardine ; in 
 1857, edited by the Rev. J. G. Wood ; and 
 in 1850—61, edited, with a memoir of 
 the author, by Edward Jesse. 
 
 Selden, John, miscellaneous, wri- 
 ter (b. 1584, d. 1654), published England's 
 Epinomis (1610) Jani AngloTnimfoQies altera 
 (1610) ; The iMello ; or. Single Combat 
 Q610) ; Notes to Drayton's Polyolbion (1613) ; 
 Titles 0/ Honour (1614) ; Analecton Anglo- 
 
 ^Sritannicon (1615) : Do Diis Syris (1617) ; 
 The History qf Tithes (1618) ; Mamuyra 
 Arundelliamxt (1628) ',^De Successionibus 
 (1631) ; Mare Clamum (1635) ; De Jure 
 Naturali et Gentium juxta Disciplinam 
 Hebrworum (1640) ; Table Talk (1689) ; and 
 some minor works. " John Selden," says 
 Arber, " is the Champion of Human Law. 
 It fell to his lot to live in a lime when the 
 life of England was convulsed, for years 
 together, beyond precedent ; when meii 
 searched after the ultimate and essential 
 conditions and frames of human society ; 
 when each strove fiercely for his rights, 
 and then dogmatically asserted Ihem. 
 Amidst immense, preposterous, and infla- 
 ted assumptions ; through the horrid 
 tyranny of the system of fhorovgh ; in the 
 exciting debates of Parliament ; in all the 
 storm of Civil War ; in the still fiercer 
 jarring of religious sects ; amidst all the 
 phenomena of that age ; Selden clung to 
 ' the Law of tha liingdom.' ' AH is as the 
 state pleases.' He advocates the suprem- 
 acy of human law against the so-called 
 doctrine of Divine Ri^t, He thrusts-out 
 the civil power against all ecclesiastical 
 pretensions, and i aising it to be»the high- 
 est authority in the state, denies the ex- 
 istence of any co-ordinate power. So 
 strongly does he assert the power of the 
 nation tffdo or not to do, that, for the pur- 
 pose of his argument, he reduces religiori 
 almost to a habit of thought, to be assumed 
 or cast off, ^like a fashion of dress, at "will, 
 * So Religion was brought into the Kingdom 
 so it has been continued, and so it may be 
 cast out, when the State pleases.' * The 
 
 f Clergy tell the Prince they have Physick 
 ood for the Souls of his People, upon that 
 e admits them • but when he finds by ex- 
 perience they both trouble him and his 
 People, he will have no more to do with 
 them ; what is that to them or any one 
 else if a King will not go to Heaven ? ' 
 ' The- state still makes .the Religion, 
 and receives into it what will but agree 
 with it.' Selden," continues Arber, 
 " lodges the Civil yower of England in ths^ 
 King and the Parliament. He shows that 
 our English Constitution is but one great 
 contract between two equal Princes, the 
 Sovereign and the People, and that if that 
 Contract be broken, both parties are at 
 parity again. That, by a like consent, the 
 majority in England governs ; the minori- 
 ty assenting to the judgeship of the major- 
 ity, and being Involved in their decision. 
 Finally, reducing- all relationships to like 
 mutual agreements, he urges the Seeping 
 of contracts, as the essential bond of human 
 society. ' Keep your Faith.' " See the 
 Lives by Wjlkins (1726), Alkin (1773), and- 
 Johnson (1835) ; also Hannay's Essays from, 
 The Quarterly. See Table Talk. 
 
 " Self, that dallying luscious 
 theme." — Chukohill, The Candidate, 
 line 117. ' 
 
 "Self-approving hour whole 
 
018 
 
 SEIi 
 
 SEN 
 
 years outweighs. One."— Pope, Essay on 
 Ma?i, epistle iv., line 255 — 
 
 " Of Btupid Btorera ondof loudhuzzoB." 
 
 Self-Control. A novel by Mrs. 
 BttUNTON (1778—1818), published in 1811, 
 and " intended to show the power of the 
 religious principle In bestowing selj-com- 
 mand, and to bear testimony against a 
 jnaxim, as immoral as Indelicate, that a 
 reformed rake makes the best husband." 
 The hero is a man called Hargrave, arid the 
 heroine, Laurn, is a reproduction of 
 Bichardson's Clarissa. 
 
 " Self-dispraise, There is a lux- 
 ury in."— WOEDSWOKTH, The Excursion, 
 book iv. — 
 
 •' And inward self.dj&pEinigenientaffords 
 To meditative Bpleen a grateful feast." 
 
 " Self -slaughter, His canon 
 
 •gainst."— -ffainifi^, act i., scene 2, 
 
 Selim. The hero of Bykos's tale, 
 in verse, of The-Bride o/Abj/dos (q.v.) ; in 
 love witli, and beloved by, Zuleika (q.v.). 
 
 Selim. The hero of Moore's 
 tile, •' The Light of the Harem," in Lalla 
 Bookh (q.v.) ; beloved by Nourmahal. 
 
 Selim the Persian. The fictitious 
 name under which Lord Lyttelton figures 
 in an ironical poem, written in his defence 
 by Edwakd Moore (1712—1767), and pub- 
 lished in 1748. Selim is- represented as 
 being brought to trial " for high crimes 
 and misdemeanours." 
 
 Selkirk, Alexander. See Cbu- 
 
 BOB, BOBINSON. 
 
 Selvaggio. The father of Sir 
 Industry and the hero of Thomson's Cas- 
 tle of Indolence (q.v.). 
 
 Semele. An opera, or musical 
 drama, by Wy.LiAM Conoretb (16T0— 
 1729), which Handel set to music. 
 
 Sempill, Francis (b. 1605, d. 
 about 1680- 5), wrote The Blythtome Bri- 
 dalf She Rose and Loot me in, Maggie Lau- 
 der, and other songs. See Or&nt Wilson's 
 Poets of Scotland. 
 
 Sempill, Robert (b. 1595, d. 
 1659). The Sempill Ballates, attilbuted to 
 this writer, have been republished. See 
 
 PlPEB OF KiLBARCHAN. 
 
 Sempill, Sir James (temp. Jnmes 
 VI. of Scotland), wrote Tlie Pachman and 
 Priest, a satire. 
 
 Semproniua. A senator in Adbi- 
 SON's tragedy of Cato (q.v.) to whom For- 
 tius addresses the well-known exordium 
 (act i., scene 2) : — 
 
 " 'Tis not in mortals to command euccCBa." 
 
 See " Not in mortals," &o. 
 
 Senancour. See Obebmank. 
 
 " Senate at his heels." See 
 
 " GiESAR WITH A SENATE AT HIS HEELS." 
 
 "Senators of mighty 'woods, 
 
 Those green-robed." See " Gbeen-bobed 
 
 SENATORS." 
 
 Seneca, The English, Joseph 
 Hall, Bishop of Norwich (1574—1656), is 
 *' commonly called our English Seneca," 
 says Fuller, " for the pnreness, plainness, 
 and fullness of his style." " The style of 
 his prose," says Warton, **is strongly 
 tinctured with the manner of Seneca." A 
 comparison has also been drawn between 
 the philosopher and the^ author of Tlte 
 Night Thoughts (q.v.). 
 
 Seneca. This writer's Troas 
 (1569), Thyestes (1560), Hercules Furens 
 (1561), were translated by Jasper Hey? 
 wood ; his (Edipus by Alexander Neville. 
 (1560) ; his Hlppolytus, Medea, Agamem^ 
 non, and Hercules (Eteus by John Stud- 
 ley ; his Octavia by Thomas Nuce ; and 
 his Thebais by Thomas Newton, who pub- 
 lished all TentK Tragedies in 1581. See 
 also the versions of the Medea and Troades 
 by Sir Edward Sherburae (q.v.), and ,of 
 the Morals by Sir Roger L'Kstrange (q.v.). 
 
 Senior, Nassau, Professor of 
 Political Economy at Oxford (b. 1790, d. 
 1864), was author of two Lectures on Pop- 
 ulation (1831), Essays on Piction (1864), and 
 other works. 
 
 " Senior-junior (That), giant 
 dwarf, Dan Cupid," — Love's Labour's 
 Lost, act ill., scene 1. 
 
 Sense and Sensibility. A novel 
 by Jane Austen (1776 — 1817), published 
 anonymously in 1811. 
 
 Sensitive Plant, The. A poem 
 by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822), 
 written in 1820. 
 
 Sensitive, Samuel. A character 
 who figures in Bebesfobd's Miseries of 
 Human L^fe (q.v.). 
 
 SensuB Communis : " or, an Es- 
 say upon the Freedom of Wit and Hu- 
 mour," by Anthony Ashley Coopeb, 
 third Earl of SHAFTESBnRY (1671—1713) : 
 published in 1709, and forming the second 
 treatise of his Characteristics (1711 and 
 1713). 
 
 Sentimental Journey through 
 France and Italy, A, by Laurence 
 Sterne (1713—1768); published in 1768. 
 In 1767 he was writing of this work ; " It 
 Is a subject which works well, and suits 
 the frame of mind in which I have been 
 for some time past. I told you my design 
 in it was to teach us to love the world and 
 our fellow-creatures better than we do — so 
 it runs most upon those gentler passions 
 and affections which aid so much to it." 
 See Thackeray's English Humourists. 
 
 " Sentinel stars set their watch 
 
SEN 
 
 SEV 
 
 619 
 
 in the -sky, The." See Campbell's poem, 
 The Soldier's Dream (q.v.). The line has 
 been imitated by Bobert Montgomery in 
 his Omnipresence of the Daig (4<t,). 
 
 Sentry, Captain. A meml)er pf 
 the fictitious "Spectator Club," created 
 by Joseph Addison, which was supposed 
 to conduct the arrangements of The Spec- 
 tator (q.T.). 
 
 Separation, Discourse on the 
 
 Mischief of. Preached by Edward Stil- 
 
 LIlfGFLEET, Bishop of WORCESTER (1635 
 
 — 1699), before the Mayor of London, in 
 1680. This attack on the principles of Non- 
 conformity was answered by Owen, Bax- 
 ter, Howe, and others, and was followed 
 by another work of Stillingfleet's on the 
 same subject, entitled The Uhreasonable- 
 9iess of Separation (1681), to which Baxter 
 again replied. 
 
 Sepultura, De. A treatise, written 
 by Sir Henry Spelman (1562—1641) to ex- 
 pose the exactions practised at that time 
 m the matter of burial fees. 
 
 Seraphim, The. A poem by Eliz- 
 abeth Barrett Browning (1809—1861), 
 Sublished in 1838. *' It is the time of the, 
 rucifixlon ; and the angels of Heaven 
 have departed towards the Earth, except 
 the two Seraphim, Ador the Strong and 
 Zerah the Bright One. The place is the 
 outer side of the shut heavenly gate." 
 •' The Seraphim/^ says Clarence Stedman, 
 <'iB a diffuse, mystical passion-play, an 
 echo of the ^schylean drama. The 
 rhythm is wild and discordant; neither 
 meaning nor music is thoroughly beaten 
 out." 
 
 "Serene of heaven, The." — 
 
 SouTHET, Thalaba. 
 
 Sergeant and the Frere, The. 
 
 A poem by Sir Thomas More (1478—1535), 
 written in very early life. 
 
 Sermons, by Dr. Isaac Barrow 
 
 (1630—1677), published in 1685, are notable 
 as being rather treatises than sermons 
 proper, and as so very much more lengthy 
 than is the case with the productions of 
 more modem divines. That on the duty 
 and reward of bounty occupied three 
 hours and a half in delivery. Perhaps it 
 was this whieh occasioned the remark of 
 Charles II., who called Barrow « an un- 
 fair preachePj because he exhausted every. 
 subject, leaving nothing for amj person 
 that came after him to say." 
 
 Sermons, by Hugh Blair (1718 — 
 1799), were published in 1777, on the recom- 
 mendation of Dr. Johnson, who told 
 .Strahan, the publisher, that he had read 
 .the first sermon *' with more than appro- 
 bation; to say it is good is -too little." 
 These sermons were remarkably success- 
 ful; they were bought by everybody, and 
 were translated into almost every Euro- 
 
 pean language. Johnson said afterwards, 
 " I love Blair's Sermons, though the dog 
 is a Scotchn^an and a Presbyterian. I was 
 tiie £xst to praise him." 
 
 " Sermons iu stones, and good 
 
 in everything,"— ^s Y<m Like It^ act li., 
 scene 1. 
 
 " Sermons (Resort to), but to 
 prayers most."— George Herbert, The 
 Temple, stanza beginning 
 
 " Prayer's the end of preaching." 
 
 Serpentino. One of the leaders 
 of the Moorish ai-my in Ariosto's Orian- 
 do Furioso, 
 
 "Serve (They also), 'who only 
 stand and ^ait."— Milton, Sonnet xxi." 
 
 " Servile to all the skyey in- 
 fluences," — Measure for Measiirej act iii., 
 scene 1. 
 
 Session of the Poets, The. See 
 Poets, The Session op the. 
 
 Setebos. A deity referred to in 
 The Tempestf as worshipped by gycorax 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Seth Bede. A character in 
 George Eliot's novel of Adam Bede 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Settle, Elkanah, dramatist (b. 
 1648, d. 1724), produced the followingplays: 
 — JVte Empress of Morocco (1673) ; Love and 
 Revenge (1675): Camhyses, The Conquest 
 of China, Fatal Lovct The Female Prelate^ 
 Ibraham, and Pastor Fido, the last two 
 being founded respectively on works by 
 Magdelelne Scnderi and Guarini. The un- 
 dated plays were all written before 1681^ 
 Settle also wrote a reply to Absalom and 
 Achitophel, called Absalom Senior, Dry- 
 den wrote of him :— " He*3 an animal of 
 most deplored understanding, withouli 
 reading and conversation. His being is in 
 a twilight of sense and some glimmering 
 of thought which we can never fashion in- 
 to wit or English. His style is boisterous 
 and rouffh-hewn, his rhyme incorrigibly 
 lewd, and his numbers perpetually harsh 
 and ill-sounding. The little talent he had 
 is fancy. He sometimes labours with a 
 thought ; but, with the pudder be makes 
 to bring it into the world, it is commonly 
 still-born : so that for want of learning and 
 elocution he will never be able to express 
 anything justly or naturally." See The 
 Edinburgh Review for 1865. Pope alludes 
 to Settle iu The Dwnciad, lines 89, 90 :— 
 **Now, night descendin;;, the prond Bcene was o'er, 
 But Ured in Settle's numbers one day more." 
 
 Seven Champions of Christen- 
 dom, The Famous flistorie of the^ A work 
 containing many of the finest fictions of - 
 old Arabian Romance ; edited by Richard 
 Johnson (1570—1630), and published in 
 1595. The Seven Champions arer-St; 
 George of England, 3t. Denis of jB'rance, 
 
620 
 
 SBV 
 
 SEW 
 
 St. James of Spain, St. Anthony of Italy, 
 St. Patrick of ii-eland, St. Andrew of Scot- 
 land, and St. David of Wales. Johnson's 
 compilation may have given some hints 
 to Spenser for his Fairie Queene. Bishop 
 Hall, in his Satires (1597), speaks of the 
 legend of St. George as one of the most pop- 
 ular stories of his time. Morley describes 
 the Seven Champions as " a pious romance 
 of saintly knights and fair ladies, dragons 
 and chivalrous adventures, told in euphu- 
 istic style," and adds : " Shakespeare read 
 it, and since Elizabeth's time it has been 
 dear to many generations of children.'* 
 **The once famous story of The Seven 
 Champions of Christendom, by one John- 
 son, is," says Hallam, " of rather a supe- 
 rior class. The adventures are not orig- 
 inal, but it is by no means a translation 
 from any single work." 
 
 '* Seven cities ■warred for Ho- 
 mer being dead."^First line of a couplet 
 by Heywood in T/ie JTierarchie qf the 
 Blessed Angels (^.v.) — 
 ■* Who living had no roofe to shrowd his head." 
 
 Seven Deadly Sins, The Dance 
 
 of the. See Daxce, The- 
 
 Seven Gables, The House of 
 the. A romance by Nathaniel Haw- 
 THOBXB (1804 — 18G4), published in 1851. 
 *'In TAe Mouse Cif the Seven Gables," says 
 K. H. Hutton, " we have a picture studied 
 to impress on us that both personal charac- 
 ter, and the mali^ influences of evil 
 action, are transmitted, sometimes with 
 accumulating force, even through cen- 
 turies, blighting every generation through 
 which they pass. The subject would ap- 
 parently involve a series of sketches, but 
 only two are introduced from the past, and 
 the family characteristics are so anxiously 
 preserved as to make even these seem like 
 slight modifications of some of the living 
 group. The only incident in the tale is the 
 light thrown upon a crime— which bad 
 been committed thirty years before the 
 story opens— by the sudden death of the 
 principal representative of a family from 
 the same specific disease, in the same 
 chair, and under the same circumstances, 
 as that of the old ancestor and founder of 
 the family, whose picture hangs above the 
 chair." 
 
 "Seven hours to law, to sooth- 
 ing slumber seven." — Sir William Jones, 
 
 Ode in Imitation qfAlcaus — 
 
 " Ten to tho world allot, and all to Hoavea.'* 
 
 Seven Lamps of Architecture, 
 
 Tho. A prose work by John Riiskin 
 (q.v.); published in 1849. Tlie "seven 
 lamps" are those of Sacrificei Truth, 
 Power, Beauty, Life, Memory, and Obe- 
 dience, 
 
 Seven Motives for Leaving the 
 
 Church of England, was by William 
 Alabaster (156T— 1640), who, having ac- 
 
 companied the Earl of Essex in his voyage 
 to Cadiz, remained in Spain, and there be- 
 came a convert to the Koman Church. 
 Hence this publication, which was an- 
 swered by John Kacster in 1598 and by 
 Roger Fenton in 1099. 
 
 Seven Sisters, The : " or, tlie 
 Solitude of Binnorie." A poem by Wil- 
 liam Wordsworth (1770—1850), which 
 tells how the seven daughteis of Lord 
 Archibald Campbell, flying from the em- 
 braces of a rover band, throw themselves 
 headlong into a lake, out of which spring 
 by-and-by 
 
 " Seven little ialanda, green and bare." 
 The lyric was written in 1804^ and is 
 founded on the German of Frederica Brun. 
 
 Seven Sobs of a Sorrowful 
 
 Soul for Sin , by Wi lli am H unkis 
 (d. 1568), was written in 1585, and forms a 
 poetical version of the Seven Penitential 
 Psalms. See Handful op Hokey- 
 
 SUOKLISS. 
 
 Seven Wise Masters, The. An 
 old romance, of Oriental origin, of which 
 an historical account and aniQysis is given 
 in Ellis's Early English Romances, Jn 
 one form it is called The Proces qf the 
 Sevyn Sages. 
 
 Seven "Wonders of England, 
 
 The. A poem by Sir Philip Sidney. 
 
 Sevigne, Marquise de, Marie de 
 Eabutin Chantel (b. 1627, d. 1696). 
 The charming Letters of this lady to her 
 daughter were published in an English 
 translation in 1801. 
 
 Sevyn Sages, The Proces of 
 
 the. See Seven Wise Masters. 
 
 Se'ward, Anna, poetess (b. 1747, 
 d. 1809), wrote Louisa (1782), The Visions, 
 and various other works, published, with a 
 biographical sketch, by Sir Walter Scott, 
 in 1810. Her Letters were printed by Con- 
 stable in 1811. See Swan op Lich- 
 field, The. 
 
 Seward, William Henry, mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1746, d. 1799), pub- 
 lished Anecdotes of Various Distinguished 
 Personijiges, Biographiana, and other 
 works, 
 
 Sewell, Elizabeth Missing, 
 
 poet and novelist (b. 1815), has written 
 Amy Herbert (1844): Sketches (1847); _Oer- 
 trude (1S47); Katherine Ashtmi (1854J; 
 Margaret Percival (1608): Ursula (1658): 
 Isabel Grey (1863); Homely Ballads and 
 Stories in Verse (1865); The Hose of Cheri- 
 ion, a ballad (1872); and other works. 
 
 Sewell, William, clergyman (b. 
 1805, d. 1874) ; was author of Christian 
 Morals (1840); Introduction to the DiO' 
 loques of Plato (1841) ; Christian Politics 
 (lfe44) ; and Christian Vestiges of Creation 
 (1861), 
 
SES 
 
 SHA 
 
 621 
 
 "Sex to the last." See line 868 
 of Dkydeh's Cyinon. 
 
 Sexagenarian, The : " or, Recol- 
 lections of a Literary Life," by William 
 Beloe (1T5G— 181T) ; published in 1817, 
 and full of much curious and interesting 
 information upon literary subjects. 
 
 Seyd. A paslia in Byeon's Cor- 
 iair (q.v.). He is murdered by Gulnare 
 <q.T.). 
 
 Seyton. An officer attending on 
 Macbeth in the tragedy of the latter name 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 SfoTza. A character in Tasso's 
 Jerusalem Delivered. 
 
 Sforza. Tlie hero of Massingek's 
 .tragedy of The Duke of Milan (q.T.). 
 
 S. G. O. The initials of the Rev. 
 Lord SYD^"ET Godolphin Osbobne (b. 
 1808), whose letters on Tarious subjects, 
 contributed to The TimeSj excited some at- 
 tention. 
 
 Shabby Genteel Story, The. A 
 novel by William Makepeace Thack- 
 
 coraplete the little story,of which onlythe 
 first part is here written. Caroling was to 
 be disowned and deserted by her wicked 
 husband; that abaudoned man was to 
 marry somebody else ; hence, bitter trials 
 and grief, patience and virtue, for poor 
 little Caroline— and a melancholy ending;' ' 
 but ''the tale was interrupted at a sad 
 period of the writer's own life; " and it 
 was only in 1860 that Thackeray published 
 the continuation of the story in the form of 
 The Adventures of Philip (q.v.). 
 
 "Shade (The) of that which 
 once was gfeat."— "Wobustvorth, Sonnets 
 to National Independence and Liberty^ 
 part i. 
 
 " Shade, unperoeived, so soft- 
 ening into shade."— Thomson, The Sea- 
 »ons ("Winter," line 25). 
 
 Shadow, John. The assumed 
 name under which John Bybom (1691 — 
 1T63) contributed to The Spectator (Nos. 
 686 and 593) two papers on ''^Dreaming." 
 
 "Shadow of the silent night, 
 The."— Mablowe, T/te Jew of Malta, act 
 ii.; scene 1. 
 
 "Shadow (The), cloaked from 
 
 head to foot"— TEUHYSOif, In Memoriam, 
 xxiii.:— 
 
 " Who keeps the keys of all the creeds." 
 
 Shadwell, Thomas, dramatist 
 and poet-laureate (b. 1640 4. 1692). His 
 dramatic Works were printed in 1720. See 
 The Retrospective Review, new series, vol. 
 U. Dryden's line — 
 
 " Shadwell never deviates into sense "— 
 
 occurs in his MacFlecknoe. See Alsatia, 
 The Squikb of ; MaoFleoknoe ; ViB-' 
 Tuoso, The. 
 
 "Shaft at random sent, O, many 
 a." See stanza 18, canto v., of Scott's 
 The Lord oftlie Isles (q.v.) — 
 " And many a word, at random spoken. 
 May soothe, or wound, a heart that's broken." 
 
 Shaftesbury, Earl of (Anthony- 
 Ashley Cooper), miscellaneous writer (b. 
 1671, d. .1713), wrote A Letter concerning 
 Enthusiasm (1708) ; Sensus Communis • 
 (1709) ; Soliloquij : or, Advice to an Author 
 (1710) ; An Inguiry concerning Virtue or 
 Merit (1699); Moralists; a Philosophical 
 Rhapsody (1709); Miscellaneous Reflections 
 (1714) ; and Tlte Judgment of Hercules 
 (1713) ; forming the seven treatises of his 
 Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, 
 and Times (1711). He also wrote Several 
 Letters by a Noble Lord to a Young Man 
 at the University (1716) ; and Letters to 
 Robert Molesworth, Esq., with Two Letters 
 to Sir John Cropley (1721). " You say," 
 wrote Gray, the poet, to one of his corre- 
 spondents, "you cannot understand how 
 Lord Shaftesbury came to be*a philosopher 
 in vogue ; I will tell you : first, he was a 
 lord ; secondly, he was as vain as any of 
 his readers ; thirdly, men are very prone 
 to believe what they do not understand ; 
 fourthly, they will believe anything at all, 
 provided they are under no obligation to 
 believe it ; fifthly, they love to take a new 
 road, even when that road leads nowhere : 
 sixthly, he was reckoned a fine writer, and 
 seems always to mean more than he said. 
 Would you have-any more reasons ? " See 
 Ohabactebibtics of Mek, &c. 
 
 Shafton, SirPiercie, in Sir "WAt.- 
 teb Scott's novel of Tlie Monastery (q.v;)," 
 is a grandson of one Overstitch, a tailor, 
 and drawn "in ridicule of the pedantic 
 courtiers of Elizabeth's time. 
 
 Shairp, John Campbell, IiL.D., 
 
 goet, prose writer, and Principal of United 
 ollege, St. Andrews, has published Kit- 
 mahoe, and other Poems (1864) ; Studies «6 
 Poetry and Philosophy (1868) ; Lectures on 
 Culture and Religion (1870) ; and The 
 Poetic Interpretation of Nature (1877). 
 
 Shakespeare Illustrated. A 
 
 work by OHABLOTTELE>-Ifox (1720—1804), 
 published in 1753, in which she quotes 
 freely from the authors to whom the poet 
 was indebted for the foundations of his 
 dramas, and, in her critical comments, en- 
 deavours to prove that Shakespeare did not 
 altogether adorn everything he touched. 
 She IS said to have been assisted in her 
 work by Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Shakespeare of Divines, The. 
 
 A name conferred on Jebemy Taylob 
 (q.v.), by Ralph Waldo Emeeson (q.v.) 
 in one of his poems. 
 
 Shakespeare Fapera Nine 
 
essays, by William Maginn (q.v.), on 
 Shakespeare's plays and characters. 
 
 Shakespeare Society, The, -was 
 Fnstituted n London in 1840 and dissolved 
 In 1853. A gi-eat number of publications 
 were issued under its auspices. 
 
 Shakespeare Society, The 
 
 New. See Shakspebe Society, The 
 New. 
 
 Shakespeare, The Beauties of. 
 
 /SeeBEAvriES OF Shakespeare, The. 
 
 Shakespeare, To the Memory 
 of. Verses by Ben Jonson. See Shake- 
 SPEABE, William. 
 
 Shakespeare, 'William, poet and 
 dramatist (b- 1564, d. 1616), is generally 
 credited with the authorship, complete or 
 partial, of the following plays and poems, 
 here given in Uie conjectural order of com- 
 position, as indicated by F. J. Furnivall 
 in his introduction to The Leopold Shalcs- 
 pere .— First Period (? 1688—94) : Love's 
 Labour'a Lost (? 1B88— 9) ; The Comedy of 
 Errors (? 1589) ; A Midsummer Nights 
 Dream (? 1590—1); Two Gentlemen of 
 Verona (? 1590—1) ; Borneo and Juliet (1591 
 — 3) ; Venus and Adonis (1593) ; The Rape 
 of Lucrece (1593 — 4) ; Thi Passionate 
 Pilgrim (9 1589—99); Bichard Tr. (?1593)j 
 1, 2, 3 Ilenry VI. (? 1502—4) ; Bichard Til. 
 (? 1594). Secokd Period (? 159#-1601) ; 
 King John (? 1595); The Merchant of 
 Venice (7 1596) ; The Taming of the Shrew 
 (? 1596—7) ; 1 Menrij IV. (1696—7) ; 2 Henry 
 IV. (1697—8) ; The Merry Wives of Wind- 
 «or "(1598— 9) ; Henry V. (1599) ; Much Ado 
 About Nothing (1599—1600) ; As Tou Like 
 It (1600) ; Twelfth Night (1601) ; All's Well 
 that Ends Well (1601—2 ; Sonnets (? 1592— 
 1608). Third Period (1601—1608) ; Julius 
 CcBsar (1601) ; Hamlet (1602—3) ; Measure 
 for Measure (? 1603) ; Otluello (? 1604) ; 
 Macbeth (1605—6) ; King Lear (1605—6) ; 
 Troilus and Oressida (? 1606 — 7 ; Antony and 
 Cleopatra (? 1606—7) ; Coriolanus (? 1607 — 
 8); Timon of Athens (?1607— 8). Fourth 
 Period (1609—1613): Pericles (160»— 9); The 
 Tempest (ima— 10) Cymbeline (?1610); The 
 Winter's Tale (1611): Henry VIII. (1612— 
 13). These dates difter in many instances 
 from those adopted by other Shakespearian 
 editors, but they have the merit at least 
 of Indicating the results of some of the 
 most recent criticism and research. Vari- 
 ous considerations connected with them 
 will be found discussed under the separate 
 headings of the different works referred 
 to. In addition to the above-named plays 
 and poems, reference may be made to 
 Arden of Fevershamf The Two Noble Kins- 
 men, A Lover's Complaint, Sir Thomas 
 More, Sir John Oldeastle, The Passionate 
 Pilgrim, Titus Andronicus,ani A Yorkshire 
 Tragedy, with all of which— as well as with 
 other works — Shakespeare's 'name has 
 been more or less connected. The plays 
 -were first published in a collected form m 
 
 1623, in a folio volume containing, thirty- 
 six dramas, Pericles being omitted ; these 
 were edited by J. Heminge and H. Con- 
 dell. A second edition appeared^n 1632, a 
 third in 1664 (including for the first time 
 Pericles and some of the doubtful works 
 above referred to), and a fourth in 1685, 
 which was merely a reproduction of the 
 third. Since then the leading editions 
 have been by Eowe (1709), Pope (1725), 
 Theobald (1733), Hammer (1744—6), 
 Warburton (1747), Blair (1753), Johnson 
 (1765), ■ Capell (1767—8), Johnson and 
 Steevens (1773), Bell (the stage edition, 
 1774), Ayscough (17841, Nichols (1786—90), 
 Malone (1790), Boydell (1802), Johnson, 
 Steevens, and Keed (1803), Chalmers (1806), 
 Bowdler (the " family " edition, 1818),' 
 Harness (1825), Singer (1826), Campbell 
 (1838), Knight (1838—43), Procter (1839— 
 43), Collier (1841), Hazlitt (1851), Halliwell- 
 Phillipps (1851—63), Hudson (1852 — 57), 
 Collier (1863), Halliwell-Phillipps (1853— 
 01), Lloyd (1856), Dyce (1857), Grant White 
 (1857-60), Staunton (1858—60), Mary Cow- 
 den Clarke (1860), Carruthers and Cham- 
 bers (1861), Clark and Wright (" Globe " 
 edition, 1863— 6), Dyce (1866—8), Keightley 
 (1867), Hunter (separate plays, 1869—73), 
 JVfoberly (separate plays, 1872 — 3), Bell 
 (1875), and Delius and Furnivall (" Leo- 
 pold" edition 1877). The JHograjjhies of 
 Shakespeare, besides those contained in 
 the above-mentioned editions, are by :^- 
 Gentleman (1774), Wheler (1806), Britton 
 (1814), Drake (1817 and 1828), Skottowe 
 (1824), Wheeler (1824), MoncreifE (1824), 
 Harvey (1826), Symmonds (1826), Neill 
 (1861), FuUom (1861), and Kenney (1864)' 
 For Criticism, see, in addition to the above 
 editions and biographies. Abbot's Shake' 
 spearian Grammar, Bathurst's Shake- 
 speare's Versification, Brown's Sonnets of 
 Shakespeare, Bucknill's Mad Polk of 
 Shakespeare, S. T. Coleridge's. Literary 
 , Bemains and Biographia Lit&raria^ Har^ 
 ley Coleridge's Notes and Marginalia, 
 Cohn's Shakespeare in Germany, Courte-^ 
 nay's Commentaries on Shakespeare, 
 Craik'B English of Shakespeare, DeQuin- 
 cey's .Essays, Deuce's Illustrations of 
 Shakespeare, Dowden's Mind and Art of 
 Shakspere, Farmer's Learning qf Shake- 
 speare, Fletcher's Sttuties of Shakespeare, 
 Hallam's Literary Hislory^a,ilitVs Char- 
 acters of Shakespear's Plays, English' 
 Poets, and Comic Writers, Heraud's Inner 
 Life qf Shakspere, Leigh Hunt's imaff mo- 
 tion and Eancy, Hudson's Art and Char- 
 acters hf Shakespeare, Ingram (in Dublin 
 Afternoon Lectures, 1863), Jameson's Char- 
 acteristics qf Women, Lamb's Works, 
 Langbaine's Dramatick Poets, Lowell's 
 .^4771071^ My Books, Maglnn's Shakespeare 
 Papers, Massey's Shakspeare's Sonnets and 
 his Private Ifriends, Mrs. Montagu's Ge- 
 nius of Shakespeare, lUchardson's Essays 
 on Shakespeare's Characters, Heed's Lec- 
 ture's, Rushton's Shakspeare's Euphuism 
 and Shakspeare a Lawyer, Buskin (in 
 
SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 623 
 
 Hi 
 
 Dublin 4fiernoon Lectures, 1869), SimpBon's 
 Philosonky of Shakespeare's Sonnets. 
 Walkera versification of Shakespeare, ana 
 "Wordsworth *8 Shakespeare's Knowledge 
 and Use of the Bible. See, also, Friswelrs 
 Xi/% Portraits of Shakespeare, Green's 
 Snake^ere and the Emblem Writers, In- 
 ;lel)^'s Shakspere Allusion Books, W. C. 
 lazlitt's Shake^eare Jest Books and Shake- 
 speare's lAbrary, Mrs. Cowden Clarke's 
 Omc<yrdance to Shakespeare, and Schmidt's 
 Shakespeare Lexicon, and the Tarious pub- 
 Hoations of the Shakespeare and New 
 Shakspere Societi€iB. Among foreign au- 
 thorities on Shakespeare;mayDe mentioned 
 the biographies by Moratin (Spanish, 1795)", 
 and Buchon (Dutch, 1824). France has 
 yielded, besides the lives by Hugo, Guizot 
 (1821), Villeraain (1840), Pichot (1841), and 
 Chasles (1851), Taine's History of English 
 Literature, Mezifere's Sliakespeare, ses (Eu- 
 vres et ses Critiques, and Lacroix's Influ- 
 ence de Shakspeare sur le Thidtre Frangais. 
 From Germany we have the Shakespeare 
 Jahrbuch, Gervinus's Commentaries, Schle- 
 sel's Dramatic Art and Literature, Ulrici's 
 Dramatic Art of Shakespeare, Frie8en*s Al- 
 tengland und tVilliam, Shakspere, Hebler*s 
 Aufsatze ilber Shakespeare, Tschischwitz* 
 Shakspere-Forschungen, Ludwig's Shake- 
 speare-Studien, Eiitscher's Shakepeare in 
 seinen kochsten Ckarakter-pebilden, Riim- 
 elin's Shakespeare Studten, Kreyssig's 
 Shakspeare-Fragen, Hertzberg's Shalce- 
 speare's Dramatisehe Werke, Vehse'fl 
 Shakepeare als Protestant, Politiker, 
 Psycholog, und Dichter, Flathe's Shak- 
 speare in seiner Wirklichkeit, Delius's Der 
 Mythv.8 von W. Shakepeare, and the 
 Jahrhubch der Deutschen Shakespeare Ge- 
 vellschaft. For contemporary references 
 to Shakespeare, see the work by Dr. In- 
 gleby, entitled Shakspere Allusion Books. 
 Amoiigthe most notable is that bjr Spenser 
 in his Teares of the Muses (1591), in which. 
 Shakespeare is spoken of as 
 
 " That name gentle spirit, from whose pen 
 I>arge streams of honej and sweet nectar flow ; '* 
 
 a tribute which loay be contrasted with the 
 attack on the poet in Greene's GroaVs- 
 worth of Wit (1592), addressed to Lodge, 
 Peele, and Marlowe : — " Base-minded men. 
 all three of you, if by my misery ye be not 
 warned ; for unto none of you (like me) 
 sought those burrs to cleave ; these pup- 
 pets (I mean) that speak from our mouths ; 
 these antics, garnished in all our colours. 
 Js it not strange that I, to whom they all 
 ^ave been beholding ; is it; not like that 
 you, to whom they all have been- behold- 
 jng> shall (were you in that case I am now) 
 be both of them at once forsaken ? Yeff^ 
 trust them not : for there is an upstart 
 crow beautiful in our feathers, that With 
 Ills tiger's heart wrapped in a pjayer's 
 ■ hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast 
 out a blank verse, as the best of you ; and 
 being an absolute Joha/imes Factotum,iB,in 
 his own conceit, the only Shakescene In 
 tHe country." The alluBion herei8 0l>vi- 
 
 ously to Shakespeare, who is known to 
 haviB adapted the works of his ' contem- 
 oraries for the stage, and, whose popularity 
 and prosperity would naturally gain 
 enemies for him. The following is ^om 
 the Discoveries of _ Ben Jonson : — "Ire- 
 member," he says, " the players have often 
 meiitioned^it as an honour to Shakespeare, 
 that in liis writing (whatsoever he penned) 
 he never blotted out a'line. My answer 
 hath been. ' Would he had blotted out ft - 
 thousand,' which they thought a malevo- 
 lent speech- I had not told posterity this, 
 but for their ignorance, who chose that 
 circumstance to commend their friend by, 
 wherein he was most faulted; and to 
 justify mine own candour : for I loved the 
 man. and do honour his memory, on this 
 side idolatry, as much as any. He was, 
 indeed, honest, and of an open and free na- 
 ture ; had an excellent phantasy, brave 
 notions, and gentle expressions ; wherein 
 he flowed with that facility, that sometimes 
 it was necessary that he should be stopped : 
 Sufflaminandus erat, as Augustus said ofj 
 Haterius. His wit was in his own power ; 
 would the rule of it had been so too 
 Many times he fell into those things that, 
 could not escape laughter : aswhen hesaid 
 in the person of Caesar, one speaking to 
 him, * Caesar, thou dost me wrong!' He 
 replied, * Caesar did never wrong but with 
 just cause,* and such like, which were 
 ridiculous. But he redeemed his vices 
 with his virtues. There was ever more in 
 nim to be praised than pardoned.'* Com- 
 pare this with the still familiar and more 
 generous tribute by Jonson, in verse, To 
 the Memory of Shakespeare : — 
 
 '' Soul of the age I 
 Th' applause, delight, the wonder of our stage. 
 My Shakespeare, rise I I will not lodge thee by 
 Chaucer or ypenacr, or bid Beaumont lie 
 A little farther to make thee room : 
 Thou art a monument without a tomb, 
 And art alive still, while thy book doth live. 
 And we have wits to read, and praise to give. . ■ * 
 
 If 1 thought my judgment more of yeaw, 
 I should commit thee surely with thy peers 
 And tell how far thou didst our Lyly outshine, 
 Or sporting Kyd, or Marlowe's mighty line. . . • 
 Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one to show 
 To whom all scenes of Europe homage owe. 
 He was not of an age, but for all time^" 
 
 Equally familiar is the reference by Mil- 
 ton in his L' Allegro to 
 
 " Sweetest Shakespeare, fancy's child," 
 to whom the writer of Paradise Lost also 
 dedicated the lines, written in 1630, begin- 
 ning ;— 
 ""What needs my Shakespeare for his honoured 
 bones ? 
 The labour of an age in nil^d stones ? 
 Or that his hallowed relfques should be hid 
 Under a star-y-pointing pyramid ? 
 Dear son of memory, ereat heir of fame, 
 ^hatneed'st thou ■ucn weak witness of thy 
 name ?" 
 Bryden, who was great both as critic and 
 poet, wrote that — 
 " Shakespear's marie could not copied be, 
 Within that circle none durst walk but he.** 
 
624 
 
 SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 Pope said that— 
 
 '* Shakespeare (whom you and erery playhouse bill 
 Style ' the divine,' ' the matchless,' what you will) 
 For gain, not glory, winged hia rovinii flight, 
 And grew Immortal in ixia own despite." 
 
 ** Among the English," wrote Addison, at 
 a time -when tlxe great poet was but little 
 kuown, " Shakespeare has incomparably 
 excelled all others." In Gray's Progress 
 qf Poesy we read : — 
 
 '• To him the mighty mother did unveil 
 Uer awful face : the dauntless child 
 Stretch'd forth his little hand and smiled* 
 -* This pencil take (she said), whose colours clear 
 lUchly paint the vernal year : 
 Thine, too, these golden keys, immortal boy ; 
 This can unlock the gates of Joy, 
 Of Horror that, and thrilling Fears, 
 Or opo the sacred source of eympatnetic Tears.* " 
 
 Dr. Johnson's famous lines run : 
 
 " Each change of many-c6loured life he drew : 
 Exhausted worlds^ and then imagined new ; 
 Existence saw him spurn her bounded reign. 
 And panting Time toiled after himin vain.'* 
 
 Ghorchill says, very similarly :— 
 
 *' A loose he gave to his unbounded soul, 
 And taught new lands to rise, new eean to roll, 
 Called into being Bcencs unknown before, 
 And, passing nature's bounds, was tometliing 
 more." 
 
 " "Whatever other learning he wanted," 
 says young — and Ben Jonson had re- 
 ferred to him as one who had 
 
 " small Latin and less Greek " — 
 
 *'he was master of two books unknown to 
 many profound readers — I mean the Book 
 of Nature and that of Man." " The 
 genius of Shakespeare," says Keats, *' was 
 an innate, universality ; wherefore he laid 
 the achievement of human intellect pros- 
 trate beneath his indolent and kingly 
 gaze. He could do easily man's litmost." 
 " It seems to me," says Coleridge *' that 
 his plays are distinguished from those of 
 all other dramatic poets by the following 
 characteristics : — (I) Expectation in pref- 
 erwice to surprise. (2) Signal adherence 
 to' the great law of nature, that all onpo- 
 sites tend to attract and temper each other. 
 (3) Keeping at all times to the high road 
 of life. (4) Independence of the dramatic 
 Interest of the plot. (5) Independence of 
 the interest on the story as the groundwork 
 of the plot. (6) Interfusion or the lyrical 
 —that which in its very essence is poetical 
 — ^not only with the dramatic, but also in 
 and through the dramatic. (7) The char- 
 acters of me firamatia personte, like those 
 of real life, are to be inferred by the 
 reader ; they are not told to him. Lastly, 
 in Shakespeare the heterogeneous is unit- 
 ed, as in nature. Ho entered into no 
 analysis of the passions or faiths of men, 
 but assumed himself that such and such 
 passions and faiths were grounded on our 
 common nature, and not on the mere ac- 
 cidents of ignorance or disease. This Is 
 an important consideration, and consti- 
 tutes our Shakespeare the morning star, 
 the guide and the pioneer of true philoso- 
 phy.** '* There is nothing wanting," says 
 
 Leigh Hunt, "either to the imagination 
 or fancy. The one is lofty, rich, affect- 
 ing, palpable, subtle ; the other is full of. 
 grace, playfulness, and variety. He io 
 equal to the greatest poets in grandeur ef 
 imagination ; to all in diversity of it ; "to 
 all in fancy ; to all in everything else ; 
 except in a certain primeval intensity, 
 such as Dante's and Chaucer's ; and in 
 narrative poetry, which he certainly does 
 not appear to haveliad a call to write. He 
 over-informed it with reflection. Shake- 
 speare, though he had not a college educa- 
 tion, was as learned as any man in the 
 highest sense of the ivordby a scholarly 
 intuition. In fact, if Shaiespeare's poetry 
 have any fault, it is that of being too 
 learned, too over-informed with thought 
 and allusion. He thinks twenty times to 
 another man's once, and makes all hia 
 serious characters talk as well as he could 
 himself." " The striking peculiarity of 
 Shakespear's mind," says Hazlitt, " was 
 its generic quality, its power of communi- 
 cation with other minds,so that it contained 
 a universe of thought and feeling within 
 itself, and had no one peculiar basis or ex ■ 
 elusive excellence more than another. He 
 was just like any other man, but that he was 
 like all other men. He was the least of 
 an egotist that it was possible to be. He 
 not only had in himself the germs of 
 every faculty and feeling, but ne could 
 follow them by anticipation, intuitively, 
 into all their conceivable ramifications, 
 through every change of fortune, or con- 
 flict of passion, or turn of thought. He 
 had a mind reflecting ages past and present; 
 all the people that ever lived were there. 
 There was no respect of persons with him. 
 His genius shone equally on the evil and 
 on the good, on the wise and the foolish, 
 the monarch and the beggar. The world of 
 spirits lay open to him, like the world of 
 real men and women : and there is the 
 same truth In his delineation of the 
 one as of the other ; for if the preternatu- 
 ral characters he describes could be sup- 
 posed to exist, they would speak, and feel, 
 and act as he makes them. He had only 
 to think of a thing in order to become that 
 thing, with all the circumstances belonging 
 to it. You do ]iot merely learn what hlB 
 characters say , you see their persons. A 
 word, an epithet, paints a whole scene, or 
 .throws us back whole years in the history 
 of the person represented." " It may be 
 reckoned," says Lowell, " one of the rarest 
 pieces of good luck that ever fell to the 
 share of a race, that (as was true of Shake- 
 speare) its most rhythmic genius, its 
 ncutest Intellect, its profoundest imagina- 
 tion, and its healthiest understanding, 
 should have been confined in one mim, 
 and that he should have arrived at the 
 full development of his powers at the 
 moment when the material on which he 
 was to work— that wonderful composite 
 called English- was in its freshest, perfec- 
 tion. Had Shakespeare been born fifty 
 
0H4k-' 
 
 SHA 
 
 626 
 
 years earlier, lie w^ould harfe been cramped 
 Dy a book language not yet flexible enough 
 for the demands of rhytiimic emotion, nor 
 yet sufficiently popularisedforthe natui'al 
 and familiar expression of supreme 
 thought nor yet so rich in metaphysical 
 phrase as to render possible that ideal rep- 
 resentation of the great passions which is 
 the end and aim of art; noc yet subdued by 
 practice and general consent to a definite- 
 iiess of accentuation essential to ease and 
 congruity of metrical arrangement. Had 
 h© been born fifty years later, his ripened 
 manhood would have found itself in an 
 JBhgland absort)ed and angry with the 
 Bolution of political and religious problems 
 from which his whole nature was averse, 
 instead of that Elizabethan social system, 
 Oi'dered and planetary in functions and 
 degrees as tlie angelic heirarchy of the 
 Areopagite, where liis contemplative eye 
 could crowd itself with various and bril- 
 liant pictures, and whence his impartial 
 "brain— one lobe of wliich seems to have 
 been Normanly refined, and the other 
 Saxonly sagacious — could draw its morals 
 Ct courtly and worldly wisdom, its lessons 
 of prudence and magnanimity." " Two 
 views," writes Professor Bowden, *' of the 
 character of Shakspere have been offered 
 for our acceptance. According to one of 
 these views, Shakspere stands oefore us a 
 cheerful, self-possessed, and prudent man, 
 who conaucted his life with sound worldly 
 judgment ; and he wrote plays, about 
 which he did not greatly care ; acquired 
 I^ropertj', about >vhich he cared much ; 
 retired to Stratford, and attaining the end 
 of his ambition, became a wealthy and a 
 respectable burgess of his native town, 
 bore the arms of a gentleman, married his 
 two daughters \vitu prudence, and died 
 with the happy consciousness of having 
 gniiied a credit-able and substantial position 
 iii the world. The other view of Shak- 
 Bpere's character lias been recently pre- 
 sented by M. Taine, with his unfiagging 
 brilliancy and energy. According to this 
 second conception, Shakspere was a man 
 of almost superhuman passions, extreme 
 in joy and pain, impetuous in his transports, 
 disorderly in his conduct, heedless of con- 
 science, but sensitive to every touch of 
 pleasure, a man of inordinate, extravagant 
 genius. It is impossible to accept eitlier 
 of these representations of Shakspere as a 
 complete suttement of the facts. Certain 
 it is, how6ver, that a portion of truth is 
 contained in the first o£ these two Shak- 
 spere theories. There can be no doubt 
 that Shakspere considered it wortli his 
 tvhile to be prudent, industiious, and 
 economical. He would appear to have had 
 a very sufficient sense of life, and partic- 
 ularly of his own Hfe as real, and of this 
 earth as a possession. He took the means 
 which gave him the best chance of attain- 
 ing worldly prosperity ; he made himself 
 lisefnl iTt every possible way to his dramatic 
 company. Practical, positive, aoid ^lire to 
 
 material .interests, Shakspere unquestion- 
 ably was. But there is another side to his 
 character. About the same time that he 
 brought his action against Philip Kegels 
 for the price of malt, the poet was engaged 
 upon his Othello andiiisXear. Is it conceiv- 
 able that Shakspere thought more of his 
 poundsthan his plays, strongly as he felt 
 the fact about the little sum ,of money 
 which he sought to recover ? is it not beyond 
 possibility ot doubt that his whole nature 
 was immeasurably more kindled, aroused,, 
 and fiwayed by the vision of Lear upon the 
 heath, of Othello taken in the snake-like 
 folds of Tago's cunning, and by the inscni- 
 table mysteries respecting human life 
 which these suggested. It is highly 
 important to fix our attention on what ia 
 positive, practical, and finite in Shak- 
 spere's art, as well as in Shakspere's life. 
 But if the poet was of his own age, he was 
 also 'for all time.' He does not merely 
 endeavor to compass aiid comprehend the 
 knowable ; he broods with a passionate 
 intensity over that which cannot be known* 
 And again, he not only studies self-control ; 
 he could depict, and we cannot doubt that 
 he knew by personal experience, absolute 
 abandonment and self-surrender, the in- 
 finite of meditation, the infinite of passion. 
 Both these lay within the i ange of Shak- 
 spere's experience and Shakspeare's art. 
 He does not, indeed, come forward with 
 explanations of the mysteries of existence ; 
 perhaps because he felt more than other 
 men their mysteriousness. Many of us 
 seem to think it the all-essential thing to 
 be provided with answers to the difficult 
 questions which tlie world propounds, no 
 matter how little the answers be to those 
 great questions. Shakspere seems to have 
 considered it more important to put tho 
 questions greatly . to feel the supreme prob- 
 lems. Thus Shakspere, like nature^ and 
 like the vision of human life itself, if he 
 does not furnish us with a doctrine, hstf 
 the power to- free, arouse, dilate. Again 
 and again we fall back into our little creed 
 or our little theory. Shakspere delivers 
 us; under his influence we come anew 
 into the presence of stupendous mystenes, 
 and, instead of our little piece of comfort, 
 and support, and contentment, we receive 
 the gift of solemn awe, and bow the head 
 in reverential silence. These questions 
 are not stated by Shakspere as intellectual 
 problems. He states them pre^iantly, 
 for the emotions and for the imagination. 
 And it is by virtue of his very knowledge 
 that he comes face to face with the mys- 
 tery of the unknown. Because he has 
 sent down his plummet farther into tlie 
 depths than other men, he knew better 
 than others how fathomless for human 
 thought those depths remain. Our con- 
 clusiOTi, therefore, is that Shakspere lived 
 and moved in two worlds— one limited; 
 practical, positive: the other, a world 
 opening into two infinites, an infinite of 
 taoughr, audaiiL inflnitc ox- pasaioaL B« 
 27 
 
620 
 
 SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 did not suppress either life to the advan- 
 tage of the other ; but he adjusted them, 
 and by stem and persistent resolution held 
 them in the necessary adjustment. How 
 shall a man live sanely in the presence of 
 the small daily facts of life (which are also 
 not small but gi'cat), and in presence of 
 the vast mystery of death ? How shall he 
 proportion his interests between the bright 
 Illuminated spot of the known, and the 
 dim, environing unknown which possesses 
 0uch strong attraction for the soul ? Shak- 
 spere's attainment of sanity and self-con- 
 trol was not that of a day or of a year, it 
 was the attainment of hia life. Now lie 
 was tempted by his speculative intellect 
 and imagination to lose all clear percep- 
 tion of his limited and finite life ; and 
 again he was tempted to resign the conduct 
 of blsbemg by the promptings of a pas- 
 sionate heart. He is inexorable in his 
 plays to all rebels against the fact ; be- 
 cause he was conscious of the strongest 
 temptation to become bimself a rebel. He 
 cannot forgive an idealist, because in spite 
 of his practical and positive nature he was 
 <let the Sonnets witness) an idealist him- 
 self. His series of dramatic writings is 
 one long study of self-control. He feared 
 that he might become (in spite of Mercu- 
 tio's jest) a Homeo ; he feared that he 
 might falter from his strong self-mainte- 
 nance into a Hamlet ; he suffered grievous 
 wrong, and he resolved that he would not 
 be a Timon. He ended by becoming Cuke 
 Prospero. He broke his magic stalf; he 
 drowned his book deeper than ever plum- 
 met sounded ; be went back, serenely look- 
 ing down upon all of human life, yet refus- 
 ing his share in none of it, to his Dukedom 
 at Stratford, resolved to do Duke*s workj 
 such as it is, well ; yet Prospero must for 
 ever have remained somewliat apart and 
 distinguished from other Dukes, and War- 
 wickshire magnificoes, by virtue of the 
 endianted island, and the marvellous 
 years of mageship. It has been asked 
 whether Shakspere was a Protestant or a 
 Catholic, and he has been proved to belong 
 to each communion to the satisfaction of 
 intending theological zealots. Shak- 
 spere's poetry, resting Upon a purely hu- 
 man basis, is not a rendering into art of 
 the dogmas of either Catholicism or Prot- 
 estantism. Shakspere himself, a great 
 artistic nature framed for manifold joy 
 and pain, may, like other artists, have had 
 no faculty for the attainment of certitude 
 upon extra-mundane and super-human 
 matters. Of concrete moral facts he had 
 the clearest perception, but we do not find 
 that he was interested, at least as an artist, 
 in truths or alleged truths which transcend 
 the limits of human experience. That the 
 world suggests inquiries which cannot be 
 answered— that mysteries confront and 
 bafiQens — that around our knowledge lies 
 Ignorance, around our light, darkness— 
 this to Shakspere seemed a fact* contain- 
 ing within it a profound signifloance whidi 
 
 might, indeed) be named religious. But stu- 
 diously as Shakspere abstains from embody- 
 ing theological dogma in hisart, andtoleVi* 
 ant as his spirit is, it is certain tbat the spirit 
 of Protestantism— of Protestantism con- 
 sidered as a portion of a great movement of 
 humanity — animates and breathes through 
 his writings. Unless he had stood in an- 
 tagonism to his time, it could not be other- 
 wise. Shakspere's creed is not a series 
 of abstract statements of truth, but a body 
 of concrete impulses, tendencies, and hal> 
 its. The spirit of his faith is not to be as- 
 certained by bringing together little sen- 
 tences from the utterances of this one of 
 his dramatis personce and of that. The 
 faith by which Shakspere lived is rather 
 to be discovered by noticing the total is* 
 sues and resultant of his art towards the 
 fostering and sustenance of a certain typo, 
 of human character. It may be asserted, 
 without hesitation, that the Protestant 
 type of character, and the Protestant 
 polity in state and nation^ is that which 
 has received impulse and vigour from tha 
 mind of tlie greatest of English poets." 
 Tennyson has written of Shakespeare's 
 '* bland and universal eye," and has else- 
 where shown large admiration of the. 
 *' myriad-minded " poet. Matthew Arnold 
 has among his poems the following sonnet,' 
 addressed to Shakespeare : — 
 
 " others abide onr qucetion— Thou ort free ! 
 "We ask and ask— Thou Bmileet and art stUl, 
 Out-topping knowledge I So Eome Eovraa hill ' 
 Who to the fitars uncrowns his mnjesty, 
 Planting his steadfast footsteps on the sen. 
 Making the heaven of heavens his dwelling-place 
 Spares out the border, often, of his base 
 To the foii'd searching of immortality ; 
 And thou, whose head did stars and sun-beami 
 
 know, s 
 
 Self-Bchool'd, Belf-scann'di self-honour'd, self- 
 secure. 
 Didst walk on earth ungueas'd at. Better soJ }' 
 All pains the immortal spirit must endure, , ' 
 
 All weakness which impairs, all griefs which b6ir, 
 Find their sole voice in that victorious brow^* . 
 
 For a discussion of the modes of spelling 
 Shakespeare's name, see an article in 
 Scribner's Monthly (an American ma^ 
 zine) for May, 1876. The mode adopted in 
 this work is that which is favoured by 
 many of the best authorities. 
 
 Shakespearian Forgeries. Set 
 
 IBELAND, "W. H. 
 
 Shakspere Society, The Ne-w, 
 founded by F. J. Fumivall, was formed in 
 1874. Several publications have been is- 
 sued under its auspices. 
 
 " Shall I, like a hermit, dwell." 
 First line of a lyric by Sir Walter 
 Kalexgh (q.v.). Compare with Wither'* 
 Shall I, wasting in despair, to which Ben 
 Jonsou wrote a reply; 
 
 " Shall I, wasting In despair.** 
 See " Shall I, like a hermit, DWELt,*' 
 
 Shallow. A country justice, in 
 The Merry Wives qf JP'indsor, and in the 
 
SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 027 
 
 second part of King Henry IV. ; supposed 
 to be intended for Sir Thomas Lucy, of 
 Gharlecote, near Stratford-upon-Avon, with 
 whom Shakespeare is said to have come 
 into unpleasant collision in early life. 
 
 Shalott, the Lady of. A poem 
 hy Alfred Tei^n yson (q.v.), infour parts, 
 published in 1832. It is founded on an 
 Arthurian legend, and depicts " a being 
 whose existence passes without emotion, 
 without changes, wiUiout intelligible mo- 
 tive for living on, wiUiout hope here or 
 hereafter. Considered merely as a pic- 
 ture," says Brimley, " The Lady of Shalott 
 has a serene beaufy." 
 
 Shandon, The Bells of. A lyric 
 
 by Fbancis Mahont (Father Prout):— 
 ** * Tie the bells of Shandon 
 That sound so gi^nd on 
 The pleasant waters 
 
 Of the river Lee." 
 
 , Shandon, Captain, in Thack- 
 eray's novel of Pendennis (q.v-), is the 
 sometime editor of The Pall Mall Gazette 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Shandy, Captain. Uncle to Tris- 
 tram Shandy, in Stsrxe's novel of the 
 latter name (q.v.). See Toby, Uncle. 
 
 Shandy, Dinah. See Dikah, 
 
 Aunt. 
 
 Shandy, Mrs. Elizabeth. Mother 
 of Tristram Sandy, in Sterne's novel of 
 the latter name (q.v.)- 
 
 Shandy, Tristram, Gent., The 
 Life and Opinions of. A f amons work by 
 Laurence Sterne (1713—1768), originally 
 intended merely as a local satire, but 
 eventually revised and made more general 
 in its application. It was published in 
 1759, and. in two days, more than 200 copies 
 had been sold at five shillings each— a 
 princely sale in those days. The work im- 
 mediately sprang into popularity, and its ' 
 author into notoriety. He went to I^ndon, 
 wjw fdted by noblemen, and waited upon 
 by bishops, whilst at the same time he was 
 fiercely attacked in the newspapers and 
 reviews, and made the subject of coarse 
 rhymes and squibs. The design of the 
 work, as Fitzgerald remarks, " is not orig- 
 inal, and is founded, in the main, on 
 BabelaiH and Martinus Scriblerus, and in 
 its details is an imitation of the old humour 
 of some two or three centuries before. The 
 tnditing of a sort of grotesque biography — 
 a grave, solemn account of the birth, edu- 
 cation, and bringing up^of a child— was a 
 favourite way of laughing at the follies and 
 hobbies of the times. The library of his 
 friend Hall Stevenson overflowed with 
 strange books of this description, written 
 with a serious earnestness and gravity, on 
 trifling and odd subjects, and which, in- 
 deed, IS the secret of the Shandean hu- 
 mour. Sterne has been detected in abundant 
 instances of plagiarism, but the charge has 
 
 been made too much" of. ' The truth iS| 
 these are the weakest portions of Tristram* 
 They are atfectations and excrescences, 
 drawn in as it were by head and shotildera 
 lo fill up the measure. For he reckoned on 
 his work as a steady income, and proposed 
 to tax the public every year. Gradually 
 he found his resources failing him, and the 
 undertaking a drudgery ; and to stimulate 
 public interest had recourse to these bor- 
 rowings, which soon took the sbape of 
 familiarities and freedoms that amounted 
 almost to effrontery. Such were the blank 
 and marbled pages, wron^ headings of 
 chapters, ' the careless squiitiugs * of hi9 
 ink, resources to fill up his stipulated two 
 volumes. His real strength was in char- ■ 
 acter — the admirable touchings — the 
 knowledge of human springs oi action. 
 Where he was dealing with my Uncle Toby 
 [q.v.], or Yorick [q.v.], or Mr. and Mrs. 
 Shandy [q.v.], he was on firm ground." 
 
 Shandy, "Walter. Father of Tris-- 
 
 tram Shandy in Sterxe's novel of the lat- 
 ter name (q.v.). " The author supposed in' 
 him,'* says Sir "Walter Scott, " a man of au 
 active and metaphysical, but, at the same 
 time, a whimsical cast of mind, whom too 
 much and too miscellaneous reading had 
 brought within a step or two of madness, 
 and who acted, in the ordinary affairs oi 
 life, upon the absurd theories adopted by 
 the pedants of past ages. He is most a^ 
 mirably contrasted with his wife, well de- 
 scribed as a good lady of the pocn-curante 
 school, who neither obstructed the course 
 of her husband's hobby-horse — to use a 
 phrasewhichSterne has rendered classical 
 —nor could be prevailed upon to spare hiin 
 the least admiration for the grace and dex- 
 terity with which he managed it." 
 
 Sharp, Becky, in TnACKEKAT'a 
 Vanity Fair (q.v.), is an adventuress, who 
 marries Rawdon Crawley (q.v.), and event, 
 ually becomes the mistress of Joseph, 
 Sedley (q.v,). See Hannay's Studies tm 
 Tltacfceray. 
 
 Sharp, Dr. Samuel. See Mun- 
 
 DUNGUS. 
 
 Sharp, Richard, familiarly tnown 
 as " Conversation Sharp " (b. 1760, d. 1835), 
 published, in 1834, an anonymous volume 
 of Lettersankd Essay Stin prose and verse. 
 
 Sharpe, Charles Eirkpatrick, 
 
 ahtiqudry (b. 1780, d. 1851), published a 
 volume of metrical Legends and otiier 
 Poems (1807) the Life of Lady Margaret 
 Cunninghame (1828), The Genealogy of the. 
 House of Seton (1830), and various edited 
 works, of which the most important are 
 Kirkton's History of the Church of Scot- 
 land (1817), Law's Alemorials of Witchcraft 
 (1820), The Ballad J?oofc (1823),Xord Kelly's 
 Mirmets and Songs (1837), and SargunoQj^ 
 or, the Valiant Christian (1837). : ■ 
 
 Sharpe, Samuel, historian, has 
 published, a History of Egypt^ Historic 
 
628 
 
 SHA 
 
 Ifotes on the Books of tJie Old and Net» 
 Testament, and. an Historical Account of the 
 Monuments of Egypt- 
 
 Shaw, A. VT. See Billings, 
 
 Josh. 
 
 Shaw, Cuthbert. See Eace, 
 The. 
 
 Shaw, Stebbing, divine (b. 
 1762, d. 1803), edited a periodical called The 
 Topographer (1789), and began a History of 
 
 Staffordshire. 
 
 Shaw, Thomas, divine (d. 1751), 
 
 was author of Travels : or. Observations on 
 several parts of Barbary and the Levant, 
 afterwards translated into French, German, 
 and I>utch. 
 
 *' She dwelt among the untrod- 
 den ways," The first line of a lyric by 
 William WoRDSWoitTH, written in 
 1799 :— 
 
 " A maid whom there were none to praise, 
 And vciy few to love." 
 
 " She is a 'winsome wee thing.'' 
 
 — First line of My Wife*s a Winsome Wee 
 Thing, & song by Robert Burxs (1759— 
 1796) - 
 
 " She is a liandsome wee thing, 
 She is a botinie wcc thinp-| 
 This sweet wee wife o' mine." 
 
 " She is far from the land 'where 
 
 her young hero sleeps.'* First line of an 
 frisk Melody by Thomas Moo?tE. 
 
 " She stood breast-high amid 
 
 the corn.'* See Ruth. 
 
 She Stoops to Conquer: "or, 
 the Mistakes of a Night," A comedy by 
 Oliver Goldsmith (1728—1774), produced 
 at Covent Gai'den llieatre on March 15, 
 1773, and characterised as " about tlie best 
 thing of its kind in tJie English literature 
 of the eighteenth century." " All the 
 town rang with it," says Prof essor Masson ; 
 " and the humours of the immortal Tony 
 Lumpkin [q.v.] raised such roars of laugh- 
 ter that good hearty laughter came again 
 into fashion on the stage." The plot is 
 Said to have been suggested by an adven- 
 ture which happened to the author him- 
 self. Hazlitt considers that, " with all its 
 shifting vivacity^ it is rather a sportive and 
 whimsical effusion of the author's fancy, 
 a delightful and delicately managed cari- 
 cature, than a genuine comedy." 
 
 "She, That not impossible." — 
 Crash AW, Wislies to his supposed Mis- 
 tress— 
 
 " That shall command my heart and me." 
 
 " She walks in beauty, like the 
 nj^t." First} line of one of Byrok's 
 
 Mehrew Melodies {q.Y.) :— 
 
 ** One shade the mora, one ray the less, 
 Had half impaired the nameless grace 
 V^hich vavcs in every raven tress, 
 
 SHE 
 
 Or softly liKhtcnii o'er her face ; 
 Where thoughts serenely sweet express 
 How pure, how dear their dwelling-pbce." 
 
 " She 'was a phantom of de- 
 light." A lyric by William Wokdsworth 
 wiitten in 1804. 
 
 " She -wore a ■wreath of roses." 
 
 First line of a lyric by Thomas Kayhes 
 Bayly (1797—1839). 
 
 She Would if She Could. A 
 
 comedy by Sir Geouge Ethebege (1636— 
 1694), produced in 1668.' " I know but 
 one,"wrote Steele, in No. 51 of The Specta- 
 tor j " who has professedly written a play 
 upon the basis of the desire of multiplying 
 our species : and that is the polite Sir 
 George Etherege. No author, except this, 
 has put the imaginations of the audience 
 upon this one purpose from the beginning 
 to the end of the comedy." 
 
 Shebbeare, John, M.D., political 
 writer (b. 1709, d. 1788), wrote The Marriage 
 Act (1754) ; Letters on tite English Nation, 
 by Battista Angepmi, a Jesuit (q.v.) ; Let- 
 ters to the People of England (1755—7) ; 
 Slstory of the Sumatrans (1760); and an 
 Essay on the Origin, Proqress, and Estdb* 
 lishment of National Society (^1776). 
 
 Sheepfolds, Notes on the Con- 
 struction of. Published by John Rcskik . 
 (b. 1819), in the form o£ a pamphlet, in 
 1851. They suggest the union, on a sort 
 of semi-Episcopalism, semi-Presbyterian 
 basis, of all the Protestant Churches in 
 Europe, and the trial of all " liars, cheats, 
 and dishonest persons " before courts of a 
 semi-lay, semi-ecclesiastical character. 
 
 "Sheeted dead (The) did 
 squealc and gibber-iu the Boman streets.'* 
 Hamlet, act i., scene 1. 
 
 Sheffield, John. See BncKiSfO- 
 
 hamshire, Buke of. 
 
 Sheil, Richard Lalor, dramatist 
 and politician (b. 1791, d. 1851,) produieed 
 Adelaide (1814) ; The Apostate (1817) ; JBel- 
 lamira (1818) ; Evadne (1819), (q.v.) ; Mon- 
 Umi (1820) ; Sketches of the Irish Bar (1822); 
 The Hngucnat , some articles in Fiench in 
 the Parisian L'Etoile on the subject of the 
 Catholic grievances, and some minor pub- 
 lications. See the Biographies by McNevin 
 (1845) and MoCullooh (1856). 
 
 Shekarry, The Old. See H. A. L. 
 
 (p. 294). 
 
 Shelley, Mrs. Mary, novelist 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1797, d. 1851), 
 wrote Frankenstein (1818), (q.v.) ; Falperga 
 (1823) ; The Last Man (1824) : Perkin War- 
 beck (1830) ; Lodore (1«35) ; Falkner (1837); 
 and Rambles in Germany and Italy (1844); 
 besides contributing largely to The Cabinet 
 Cyclopadia, and editing the works of her 
 husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley, the poet. 
 {See next paragraph.) 
 
SHE 
 
 HB 
 
 629 
 
 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, poet 
 (b. 1792, d. 1822), \?rote Qtieen Mab (q.v.) ; 
 ^lastor : or, the Spirit of SoUtude (1816), 
 <q.v.) ; Tke Revolt of Islam (1817), (q.v.) ; 
 Jiosalind aiul Helen (q.v.), (1818) ; Julian 
 and Maddalo (q.v.), (1818) ; Prometheus 
 Unbound (1819), (q.v.> ; The Cenci (1819). 
 (q.v,) ; Peter Bell the Third (1819), (q.v.) ; 
 <Edipus Tyrannus : or, Stoelffoot the 
 Tyrant (18J0) (q.v.) ; The Witch of Atlas 
 0820), (q.v.) ; EpipsycHdion (1821), (q.v.) ; 
 Adonais (1821), (q.v.) ; Hellas (1821), (q.v.) ; 
 and miscellaneous poems at various dates. 
 the most important of which are referred 
 to under their respective titles. Amongst 
 Shelley-9 Minor Writings may be men- 
 tioned Zastrozzi (q.v.) and Tlie Night- 
 mare (1809) ; St. Irvyne (q.v.) and 
 Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire 
 (1810) ; Fragments of Margaret Nlcliolson 
 (1811); The Shelley 'Papers (about 
 -1815) ; Remarks on MandevUle and Mr. 
 Godwin (1816) ; The Coliseum (about 
 1819) ; and a translation of Spinoza's Trac- 
 tatus Tkeoiogico-Politicus (1820). The stu- 
 dent should refer to the Assays, Letters 
 from Abroad, Translations, and FraamenfFj 
 -edited by Mrs. Shelley ; The Shelley Me- 
 morials, edited by Lady Shelley ; and R. 
 Garnett's Relics of Shelley. For Biogra- 
 phy, see Hogg's Life of Shelley ; Trelaw- 
 ny's Recollections of the Last Days of 
 Shelley and Byron; Medwin's Life of 
 Shelley ; articles by T. L. Peacock in Fra- 
 ser's' Magazine for 1858 and 1860 ; Leigh 
 Hunt's Autobiography, Correspondence, 
 and Lord Byron ana some of his Contempo- 
 raries; Shelley, 6y One who knew him 
 (Thornton Hunt), in Tlie Atlantic Month- 
 ly for February, 1863 ; R. Gamett in Mac- 
 millan's Magazine for June, 1860 ; Shelley 
 and his Writings, by C. S. Middleton ; 
 Moore's Life of Lord Byron; and the Me- 
 moir by ^. M, Rossetti, prefixed to ' his 
 edition of the Poems, See the Criticism by 
 A. C. Swinburne, In Essays and Studies ; 
 by De Quincey, in his Essays, vol. v.; 
 ■by Professor Masson, in Wordnworth. 
 Shelley^ ICeats, and other Essays \ byR. H. 
 Huttoufin 1x1^ Essays; and Leigh Hunt's 
 Imagination and Fancy. " Shelley's 
 works," says Leigh Hunt, " in justice 
 to himself, require either to be winnowed 
 from, what he disliked, or to be read with 
 the remembrance of that dislike. He had 
 sensibility almost unique, seemingly litter 
 for a planet of a difEerent sort, or in more 
 final condition, than ours. He has said of 
 himself— so delicate was his organisation 
 — that he could > 
 
 " ' hardly boar 
 The weight of the superincumbent hour ; " 
 
 and the impatience which he vented for 
 some years against that rough working to- 
 wards good, called evil, and which he 
 carried out into conduct too hasty, subject- 
 ed one of the most naturally pious of men 
 to charges which' hurt his name and 
 thwarted his philanthropy. Had he lived, 
 he would have done away with all mis- 
 
 takes on these points, and made everybody 
 know, him for what he was— a man idolised 
 by his friends, studious, temperate, of the 
 gentlest life and conversation, and willing 
 to have died to do the world a service. Oi 
 the poetry of reflection and tragic pathos 
 Shelley has abundance ; but even e^uch fan- 
 ciful productions as The Sensitive Plant 
 and 2V*e Witch of Atlas are full of meta- 
 physics, and would require a commentary 
 of explanation. For sweetness (and not 
 even there in i)aRsages), the Ode to ihe 
 Skylark is inferior only to Coleridge— in 
 rapturous passion, to no mail. It is like 
 the bird it sings— enthusiastic, enchant-' 
 ing, profuse, continuous, and^alone — small , 
 but tilling the heavens. Notwithstanding 
 Shakespeare's ■ lark singing * at heaven'tt 
 
 fate,* the longer effusion of Shelley will 
 e identilied with thoughts of the bii^ 
 hereafter in the minds of all who are sus- 
 ceptible of its beauty. What a pity he did 
 not live to produce a hundred such ; or to 
 mingle briefer lyrics— as beautiful as 
 Shakespeare's— with tragedies which 
 Shakespeare himself might have welcom- 
 ed I for, assuredly, had he lived, he would 
 have been the greatest' dramatic writpr 
 since the days of Elizabeth ; if, indeed, he 
 has not abundantly proved himself such 
 in his tragedy ,of The Cenci. In general, if 
 Coleridge is the sweetest of our poets^ 
 Shelley is at once the most ethere^ and 
 most gorgeous— the one who has clothed 
 his thoughts in draperies of the most 
 evanescent and most magnificent words 
 and imagery. Not Milton himself. is more 
 learned in Grecisms, or nicer in etymolog- 
 ical propriety ; and nobody tliroughout 
 has a style FO.Orphic and primaeval. His 
 poetry is as full of mountains, seas, and 
 skies, of light, and darkness, and the 
 seasoi^, and all the elements of our being; 
 as if Nature herself had written it, with 
 the creation and its hop^ newly cast 
 around her, not, it must be confessed; 
 without too indiscriminate a mixture ox 
 great and email, and a want of sufficient 
 shade — a certain chaotic- brilliancy, * dark 
 with excess of light.' Shelley (in the verses 
 To a Lady with a Guitar) might well call 
 himself Ariel. All the more enjoying 
 part of his poetry is Ariel— the ' delicate ' 
 yet powerful ' spirit,' jealous of restraintj 
 yet able to serve; living in the elements 
 and the flowers ; treading the * ooze of the 
 salt deep,* and running *(m the sharp wind 
 of the north;* feeling for creatures unlilte 
 himself; * flaming amazement' on them 
 too, and siiiging exquisitest songs." *' The 
 poetry of Shelley," says W. M. Rossetti, 
 " is in domain supreme, and in beauty 
 supreme. Its paramount quality is the 
 ideal; through the husks of all things he 
 penetrated into their soul, tmd saw this 
 soul in the garb of beauty. It might have 
 been said of Shelley as of his own sky- 
 lark — 
 
 " * And Bindng still doet soar and soaring over slue* ' 
 
630 
 
 SHS 
 
 SHE 
 
 The poetio ecstasy took him constantly 
 upwards, and the higher he got, the more 
 thoroughly did his thoughts and words be- 
 come one exquisite and intense unit. With 
 elevation of meaning, and splendour and 
 beauty of perception, he combined the 
 most searching, the luoat inimitable love 
 liness of verse-music; and he stands at 
 this day, and perhaps will always remain, 
 the poet who, by instincts of verbal selec- 
 tion and charm of sound, comes nearest to 
 expressing the haU-inexpressible— tlie 
 secret things of beauty, the intolerable 
 Ughtof the fircane. Besides this unpar- 
 agoned merit, Shelley is admirably gi'eat 
 in the poetic-familiar, as in Julian and 
 MaddaXo; the tragic, as in The Cenoi; the 
 fantastic-grotesque, as in Petei' Bell the 
 Third; andin poetic translation generally. 
 He is, therefore, very far indeed from be- 
 ing (as the popular notion tends too much 
 to supposing) a mere vague idealist, who is 
 pretty nearly at the end of his thether 
 when he has no metaphysical abstractions 
 to talk about, no anti-actual impersona- 
 tions to present, and no indeterminate 
 magnitudes of the natural world to spatiate 
 in. Not the less true is it that Shelley is 
 often too shadowy in thought and phrase, 
 and hence iudtiferently qualified for nar- 
 rative work, and too ready to lose himself 
 in the fascinations rather than to follow 
 out the structural contours of hia subjects. 
 He is also, from first to last, a somewhat 
 loose ana haphazard writer, considered 
 strictly as such, apart from the impulses of 
 poetic genius. He comes right continually 
 through instinct and power ; If he does 
 not thus come right, neither does he keep 
 himself right through heedfulness, or the 
 resolute will for ai'tistic perfection. To 
 Bum up, there is no i>oet — and no man 
 either— in whose behalf it is more befitting 
 for all natures, and for some natures more 
 inevitable, to-feel the privileges and the 
 delights of enthusiasm. The very soul 
 Tushes out towards Shelley as an unap- 
 
 S reached poet, and embraces him as a 
 earest friend," See Defence of Poetry, 
 A; Nicholson, Maboaket; Skylakk, 
 To A ; Victor and Cazire ; Wander- 
 ing Jew, The. 
 
 Shenstone, 'William, poet and 
 essayist (b. 1714, d. 1763), published Poems 
 upon Several Occasions (1737) ; The School- 
 mistress (1737 and 1742), (q v.) ; Essays on 
 Men and Manners ; and some minor pieces. 
 His Works in prose and verse appeared, 
 complete, in 1764—9 ; his poetical works in 
 1798. Recollections of some Particulars in 
 his LlfCy hy William Seward, were publish- 
 edini788. " His poems," says Hazlitt, "are 
 indifferent and tasteless, except his Pas- 
 toral Ballad, his Lines on Jemmy Dawson, 
 and his Sclioolmistress, which last is a per- 
 fect piece of writing." " His divine 
 elegies," wrote Bums, *<do honour to our 
 language, our nation, and our species." 
 ** He was," says Howitt, " a man rather of 
 taste than genius, and may claim a full 
 
 alliance with the ^oets of Nature, but is as 
 far from association with great po%ts ab 
 the glowworm is with the comet." See 
 Bawson, Jemmy ; Elegies ; Inn at 
 Henley ; Pastoral Ballad, A ; Pro- 
 gress OF Taste, The. 
 
 Shepheards Holiday, The. A 
 
 " pastorall trajgi-comEedie," reprinted by 
 Carew Hazlitt in his edition of Dodsley's 
 Old Plays. It was printed in 1635, and 
 was commended by Ben Joneon. 
 
 Shepheard's Legacy, The: "or, 
 John Clearidge his Forty Years' Expe- 
 rience of the weather ; being an excellent 
 Treatise, wherein is showed the knowledge 
 of the Weather. 1, By the Bising and 
 Setting of the Sun ; 2, How the Weather 
 is known by the Moon ; 3, By the Stai-s; 4, 
 By the Clouds ; 5, By the Mists ; 6, By the 
 Kainbow ; 7, And especially by the Winds, 
 whereby the Weather may be exactly 
 known from Time to Time, which Obset^ 
 vation was never heretofore published by 
 any author ; 8, Also how to keep your 
 Sheep sound when they be sound ; 9, And 
 how to cure them if they be rotton ; 10, 
 is shewed tlie Antiquity and Honour of 
 Shepheards. With some certain and as^ 
 sured Cures for the Horse, Cow, and 
 Sheep." This, published in 1670, was the 
 original of TlCe Shepherd of Banbury's 
 Weather-rules, which was at one time ex- 
 ceedingly popular among the lower orde]:Sj 
 and was republished, with additions, in 
 1744, by Dr. John Gampbdll, and again in 
 1827. Dr. (.."ampbell was probably TaigeTy 
 indebted to the Rev. John Pointer's lior 
 tional Accou'fCi of the Weather, published 
 in 1723 and K38. 
 
 " Shepherd Ziord, The," referred 
 to by Wordsworth in his White Doe of 
 RyJstone, was the Lord Henry Clifford (of. 
 1543), whom his mother, during the Wans 
 of the Hoses, entrustea to a shepherd to 
 bring up as his own son, and who was 
 eventually restored to his proper sphere in 
 society. 
 
 Shepherd of Salisbury Plain^ 
 The. A tract by Hannah More (1746 — 
 1833), published in 1791, celebrating the 
 virtues of one David Saunders, who, with 
 his father, kept sheep upon Salisbury 
 Plain for one hundred years. 
 
 Shepherd of the Ocean, The. 
 
 A name bestowed by Spenser, in hia 
 poem of Colin Clout's Come Home Again 
 (q.v.), on Sir Walte.r Raleigh, in allusion 
 to his maritime journeyB and discoveries. 
 
 Shepherd, The Ettrick. ^ee 
 Ettrick Shepherd, The. 
 
 " Shepherd, what's love ? I 
 pray theo tell . ' '-' ' The Shepherd's Descrip- 
 tion of Love," by Sir Walter Baleigh, 
 ii\ England's Helicon (q.v.). 
 
 Shepherd's Address to his 
 
SHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 631 
 
 Muae, The ' A poem by Nicholas Bre- 
 ton, in England's Helicon {q.v.). 
 
 " Shepherd's boy (Here's a) 
 piping as though he should never grow 
 old." See " Piping as though," &c. 
 
 Shepherd's Calendar, The : con- 
 taining twelve eclogues, proportionable 
 to the twelve mouths. A pastoral poem by 
 Edmuxd Spesser, dedicated to Sir 
 Philip Sidney, and published in 1579. In 
 the iii-st eclogue, the poet, under tlie guise 
 of Colin Clout, bewails the unfortunate 
 issue of his passsion for " a country lass " 
 named Rosalind (q .v.). Tityrus isCliaucer; 
 Algriiid, Archbishop Griiidal. 
 
 Shepherd's Description of Ziove, 
 
 The. See " Shepherd, what's love?" 
 
 Shepherd's Garland, The. A 
 
 boem, in nine eclogues, by Michael 
 Dbayton, published m 1593. 
 
 Shepherd's Hunting, The. A 
 poem by George Wither (1588—1667), 
 published in 1615, " containing, perhaps, 
 the very finest touches," Says Campbell, 
 ."~that ever came from his hasty and ir- 
 jegular pen." 
 
 *' Shepherds, Z have lost my 
 
 love." First line of Annay a lyric by 
 Thouas Blacklock. 
 
 Shepherd's Pipe, The. A pasto- 
 ral poem, iu seven eclogues, by "William 
 Browse, published in 1614. The first 
 eclogue is copied from Occleve (q.v.). 
 In the fourth the poet laments the death 
 of his friend, ThMuas Manwood, under 
 the name of Pliilarete (q.v.). This poem 
 is said to have suggested Milton's Ly- 
 ^cidas. 
 
 Shepherds' Play, The, Professor 
 Morley thinks, ' * perhaps rose out of a cus^ 
 torn, which certainly existed in the Neth- 
 erlands, of blending the performance of a 
 '^eat mystery in the Church with the 
 daily life of the people outside. The first 
 notion was a homely realisation of the 
 record that * there were in the same couii- 
 try shepherds abiding in; the field, keep- 
 ing watch over their flocks by ni^ht.* 
 Simple shepherds were represented first, 
 talking together, and their talk was some- 
 times of the hardships of the poor, of 
 wrongs to be righted ; then came one who 
 was especially the comic shepherd, and 
 jestuig began, with wrestling or some 
 other rough countiy sport. After that, 
 each would bnng out his supper. Jest 
 iaving been made over the rude feast, 
 there floated through the air. from con- 
 cealed clioristerB, the song of tho angels. 
 At first the shepherds were stlU in their 
 jesting mood, and mimicked the singing ; 
 then they became filled with religious 
 awe, went with tlieiv rustic gifts to the 
 stable ill which the infant lay, and, after 
 they had made th^lr ofEerings, rose up ex- 
 
 alted into saints. In the Wakefield series 
 there are two Shepherds' Plays,' so that 
 the actors might take either. In one of 
 them the comic shepherd is a sheep- 
 stealer ; and an incident, which must have 
 excited roars of laughter from a rougE 
 and hearty X^^^bI^i^c audience, is so 
 cleverly dramatised that, apart from the 
 religious close, which can be completely, 
 separated from it, this Wakefield Shep-^ 
 herds- Play triay justly be accounted the 
 first English farce," ^ee Wakefield 
 Plays, The. "^ 
 
 Shepherd's Sirena, The. A 
 poem by Michael Drayton (1563— 
 1631), ; 
 
 Shepherd's "Week, The. Six 
 
 pastorals, by John Gay (1688—1732), pub- 
 lished in 1714. These are lively and amus- 
 ing transciipts of actual rural li£e aud^ 
 manners, in ridicule of the affected sim-n 
 plicity of those authors who sought fo 
 paint English country life as an ideal Ar^ 
 cadia. Tliesix pastorals are entitled, rer. 
 spectirely, "Monday: or, the Squabble;'* 
 "Tuesday: or, the Ditty;" " Wednes- 
 
 wilt not," says Gay to the "courteous 
 reader," "find my shepherdesses idly piping 
 on theirreeds, but milking the kine, tying 
 tip the sheaves ; or, if the hogs are astray, 
 driving them into their sties. My shep- 
 herd gathered none other nosegays but 
 what are the growth of our fields ; he 
 sleepeth not under myrtle shades, but 
 under a hedge ; nor doth he vigilantly de- 
 fend his flock from wolves, because were 
 are none." 
 
 Sherborne, in Vivian Grey (q.r.), 
 Is supposed to be intended for the elder 
 Disraeli (0.7.). 
 
 Sherburne, Sir Edvrard, poe£ 
 
 Q). 1618, S. 1702), published, in 1651, Sdlmch 
 ciSf I/yria/ii ana Siloia, 2<'orsaken Lydia^ 
 The. Itape of ffelen, A^ comment tJiereont 
 with several Oilier Poems and l^ansla^ 
 turns ; and, in 1G75, The Spitfire of Marcuk 
 Mamilivs, besides translating the Medea 
 (1648) and Troades (IG79) of Seneca. 
 
 Sheridan. Mrs. Frances, rnmanr 
 cist and dramatist (b. 1724, d. 176C), pro- 
 duced Memoirs of Miss Sidney Biddulph, a 
 novel (1761) ; Nourjakad, a romance (1767) j 
 and twcL.comedie3, Tke I)tscooery, ajid 'Ilie 
 Dupe. Memoirs of the Xife and IPrit^i^ 
 of Mrs. Frances Sheridan, Mother of Jiicfi^ : 
 ardJSrinsley, with Biographical Anecdpt^s^ 
 of -her Family and Contempora/ries , by 
 Alicia Lefanu, appeared in 1824. See Sid- 
 ney Biddulph. ., j 
 
 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 
 
 dramatist and politician (b. 1761, d. ISlti), 
 wrote The Rivals (1776), (q.v.) ; St, Pa^ 
 rick's Day : or, the Scheming lAeuten^t 
 
332 
 
 SHE 
 
 SHI 
 
 1775), (q.v.) ; The Ihienna (1775), (q.v.) ; 
 The School for Scandal (1777). (q.T.) ; A 
 Trip to Scarborough (1777) ; The Critic : 
 yrj a Tragedy Rehearsed (1779), (q.v.) ; and 
 Pizarro (1799). Hia dramatic Works were 
 Dublislied, witlia critical eesay by Leisb 
 Hunt, in 1846, and in Bohn's Lioraiy xn 
 L848. See also tlie edition by Browne (1873). 
 His Life was written by Thoinas Moore, 
 the poet (1825). Apropos oi tliis standard 
 t>iograpliy, the story is told that bome one 
 remariced to George IV. that " Moore has 
 been murdering Sheridan !" "No," re- 
 plied the king ; " but he has certainly at- 
 tempted his life \ ** See also the Lives, by 
 Watkins (1817), andBrowne (1873). " Sheri- 
 ian," E^aysHazUtt, "has been justly called 
 ' a dramatic star of the first magnitude ;' 
 and indeed, among the comic writers of 
 the last century, he * sliines like Hesperus 
 among the lesser lights.' He has left four 
 several dramas behind him, all different, 
 or of different kinds, and all excellent in 
 their w^ : The School for Scandal, The 
 Rivals, The Duenna, and The Critic. The 
 Attraction of this last piece is, however, 
 less in the mock tragedy rehearsed, than 
 in Uie dialogue of the comic scenes and in 
 the character of Sir Fretful Plagiary, 
 which is supposed to have been intended 
 for Cumberland. If some of the charac- 
 ters in Tlie School for Scandal were con- 
 tained in Murphy's comedy of Know Your 
 Own Mind, yet they were buried in it for 
 want of grouping and relief, like the 
 colours of a well-drawn picture sunk in 
 the canvas. Sheridan brought them out, 
 and exhibited them in all their glory. If 
 that-gem. the character of Joseph Surface, 
 was Murphy's, the splendid and more 
 valuable setting was Sheridan's. He took 
 Mui-phy*8 Malvil from his iurking-place in 
 the closet, and ' dragged the struggling 
 monster into day' upon the stage ; that 
 is, he gave interest, life, and action— or, in 
 other words, its dramatic— to the mere 
 conception and written specimens of a 
 character. This is the merit of Sheridan's 
 comedies, that everything in them tells— 
 there is no labour in vain. His Comic 
 Muse does not go prying about into ob- 
 scure corners, or collecting idle curiosi- 
 tiee^, but shows her laughing face, and 
 points to her rich treasure- the follies of 
 mankind. She is garlanded and crowned 
 with roses and vine-leaves ;' her eyes 
 sparkle with delight, and her heart runs 
 over with good-natured malice ; her step 
 is light, and her ornaments consummate ! " 
 " No writer?," says Macaulav, " have in- 
 jured the Comedy of England so deeply as 
 Congrcve and Sheridan. Both weremeri 
 of splendid wit and polished taste. Un- 
 happily, they made ail their characters in 
 their own likeness. Their works bear the 
 same relation to the legitimate drama 
 which a transparency beai's to a painting. 
 There are no delicate touches, no hues im- 
 perceptibly fading into each other ; the 
 whole is lighted ujj with a universal glare. 
 
 The flowers and fruits of the intellect 
 abound ; but it is the abundance of thli 
 jungle^ not of a garden, unwholesome, be- 
 wildering, uujproiitable from its very 
 plenty, rank from ijs very fragrance. 
 JSvery fop, every boor, eveiy valet, is a 
 
 man of wit. The very butts and dupes 
 
 Tattle, "Witwould, Puff, and Acres— out- 
 shhie the whole Hotel of Eambouillet. It 
 was not surely from want of wit that 
 Shakespeare adopted bo different a manner. 
 All the good sayings of the facetious 
 houses of Absolute and Surface might 
 have been clipped from the single charac- 
 ter of Falstaft, without being missed." 
 
 Sheridan, Moliody on the 
 Death of the Right Hon, E. B. Written 
 by Lord Byron (1788—1824) at Diodati, in 
 July, 1816, and spoken at Drury Lane 
 Theatre. It was published in 1817. l"he 
 concluding lines run :— 
 " Long shall we seek his likeneEB— long in vain. 
 And turn to all of him which may remain, 
 Righing that Nature fonn'd but one such man, 
 And broke the die — in moulding Sheridan 1 " 
 
 See "Natuke formed," &o. 
 
 Sherlock, Richard, divine (b. 
 1613, d. 1689), wrote The Practical CAris- 
 tian, and other works. 
 
 Sherlock, Thomas, Bi sh op of 
 London, (b. 1678, d. 1761), wrote The Use 
 and Intent of Prophecy in the several Ages 
 of the World (1725) ; The Trial of the WiU 
 nesses of the Reswrrection of Jesus (1729) ; 
 Discourses at the -Temple Church (1754); 
 and other works, published by Hughes in 
 1830. 
 
 Sherlock, "William, D.D., father 
 of the preceding (b. 1641, d. 1707), wroto 
 practical Discourses concerning Death, 
 (1689), a Vindication of the Doctrine of the 
 Trinity (1690), A Future- Judgment (1692), 
 and The Diving Providence (1694). 
 
 Sherwood, Mrs. Mary Martha, 
 
 novelist (b 1775, d. 1851), wrote The Lady^ 
 the Manor ,■ The Fairchild Family ; Waste 
 not, Want not; Charles Zk»-aine, and other 
 tales. Her Life appeared in 1864. 
 
 Shields, Robert. See Cibbeb, 
 
 Theophilus. 
 " Shifted his trumpet, and only 
 
 took snuflF, He." Line 146, in Goldsmith's 
 poem of Retaliation (q.T.). Tt refers to Sir 
 Joshua Beyiiolds. 
 
 ^ When they talked of their RophaeU, Correggioi, 
 
 and stuff." 
 
 "Shikspur? Shikspur? "Who- 
 
 wrote it ? No, I never read Shikspur."— 
 Kitty, in the farce of Jligh Life Beloxo 
 Stairs (q.v.), act ii., scene 1. " Then you 
 have an immense pleasure to come," says 
 a fellow-servant. 
 
 Shillaber, P. B. See Partington, 
 
 MK9. 
 
 Sliimei, in Drtden's Absalom and 
 
SHI 
 
 SBO 
 
 633 
 
 Achitophel (q.T.) is intended for Bethel, the 
 Lord Mayor. 
 
 Shimei. The name under which 
 Drydek is satirised in PoBDAGE's Azaria 
 and Hushai (q.v.) : — 
 
 " Sweet was the muee that did hin wit inspire* 
 Sad lie not let his hackney muse to hire ; 
 But variously his knowing muse could sins, 
 Could Doeg pmise, and could blaspheme the 
 
 King : 
 The bad malce good, good bad, and bad make 
 
 worse, 
 Sless in heroics, and in satyn cuiae/* 
 
 ' Ship of Fools, The. See Shtp 
 
 OF FOLYS. 
 
 Ship, The Building of the. A 
 
 poem by Henky Wabbwokth Longfel- 
 liOTV (b. 1807), concluding with an apos- 
 trophe to the United States — 
 
 " Thou too, sail on, O Ship of State 
 Soil on, O TJnion, strong and great 
 Humanity ^vith all its fears, 
 "With all the hopes of future years, 
 Is hanging breathless on thy fate 1" 
 
 "Ships, dim discovered, drop- 
 ping from the clouds." — Thomson's Seo- 
 tons (" Summer," line 916). 
 
 Shipton, Mother, The Strange 
 and "Wondej-f ul History and Prophecies of, 
 "plainly setting forth her birth, life, 
 death, and bunal," by Eichaed Head 
 (d. 1678), printed in 1677. For a list of the 
 other -works bearing the n.ame of Mother 
 Shiptoii, see Lowndes* Bibliographer*3 
 Sfanual. 
 
 Ship-wreok, The. A poem in the 
 heroic couplet by William Falcosee 
 (1730—1769), published in 1762. A second 
 edition appeared in 1764, eiu-iched by the 
 addition of about nine hundred lines, and 
 the characters of Albert, Bodmond, Pale- 
 mon, and Anna. To the third edition 
 (1769), the author added about two hundred 
 lines more, aiid made various transposi- 
 tions and other alterations. In the edition 
 of 1804, edited by Stanier Clarke, the text 
 is given as compounded from the three 
 previous editions, and this arrangement is 
 now generally adopted. A una is the daugh- 
 ter of .ilbert, the captain of the shipr 
 Britannia,, whose wreck forms the motive 
 of the poem ; Palemon is her lover. The 
 catastrophe of the poem is represented as 
 taking place oft Cape Colonna. 
 
 Shirley. A novel hy Chaklotte 
 Bkoxte (1816—1855), published in 1849. 
 
 Shirley, James, dramatist (b. 
 1594, d. 1666), produced the following 
 plays:— JVie 7re(Wjn!7 (1629) ; The Orateful 
 Servant (1630) ; The Schoole of Complement 
 (1631) ; Tlie Changet (1632) ; A Contention 
 for Hmumr and liiches (1633) ; Tlie Wittie 
 JP'aire One (1633) ; The Triumph of Peace 
 (1633); The Birdin a Cage (1633); The 
 Night Walkers (corrected from Fletcher, 
 1633) : The Tray tor {163S), (q.v.) ; The Lady 
 tjf l^leamre {16ST)i Th* loimg Admirall 
 
 (1637), (q.v.) J Tlie Example (1637) ; Hide 
 Parke (1637), (q.v.) ; Tlie Gamester (q.v.) ; 
 The Iloyal Master (1638) ; The Duke's Mis- 
 tris (1638) i The Maides Revenge (1639) ; The 
 Tragedie of Chdbot, Admiral of France 
 (1639) ; The Ball (1639); The Arcadia (I&IO), 
 (q.v.) ; The Humorous Courtier (1640) ; The 
 Oppcrtunitie (1640) ; St, Patrick forlreland 
 (1640); ioTOS Ouc/tte (1640); The Constant 
 Maid (1640); The Coronation (1640); The 
 Triumph of Beautie (1646) ; The Brothers 
 (1652); Tlie Sisters (1652); The Doubtful 
 Heir (1652); The Imposture (1652); 'I'he 
 Cardinal (1662) ; The Court Secret (1653) : 
 Cupid and Death (1653); The General 
 (1653) ; Love's Victory (1653) ; The Politician 
 (1665); The Gentleman qf Venice (1655); 
 The Contention of AJax and Achillas 
 (1659) ; Honoria ana Mammon (1659) ; and 
 Andromana (attributed to Shirley, 1660)'. ' 
 Also Eccho: or, the Infortunate Lovers 
 (1618), (q.v.) ; Narcissus, or tlie Self Loifer 
 (1646) ;■ Via ad Latinam Linguam Com'- 
 planata (1649) ; Graw^matica Anglo-Xaiina 
 (1651); The Rudiments of Grammar (1636) : 
 and An Essay towards an Universal and 
 Rational Grammar (1726). Shirley's 
 Dramatic Works and Poems were editedi 
 with notes by Gilford^, and some account 
 of his life and writings by Alexander 
 Dyce, in 1833. See Beautie, The Tbi- 
 UMPH of : Chabot, Philip. 
 
 " Shoe (Her very) has power 
 to wound."— Moore, Fables (" The Spi- 
 der and the Bee ' '). 
 
 "Shoot folly as it flies." See^ 
 " Folly as it flies." 
 
 Shooting. A poem by Hestrt 
 James Pye (1745—1813), published in 1784. 
 
 Shooting Niagara — and After. 
 A 'prose pamphlet by Thomas Cablylq 
 (q.v.), published in 1867. 
 
 Shore, Jane. See Jane Shoes. 
 
 Shore, John. See Teicnmoutb, 
 
 LOED.^ 
 
 Shbreham, Williani of. See 
 
 Psalms, The. ' 
 
 "Short measure (In) life may 
 perfect be."— Ben Joksok, Underwoods. 
 
 Shortest Way -with Dissenters, 
 The. A pamphlet by Daniel Defoe (1663 
 —1731), published in 1702. " In tliis play- 
 ful piece of irony the author gravely pro- 
 posed, as the easiest and speediest way of 
 ridding the land of. Dissenters, to hang 
 their ministers and banish the people^ 
 But both Churchmen and Dissenter^ 
 viewed the whole in a serious light ; an^ ; 
 while many of the former applauded tlia 
 author as a staunch and worthy Church-, 
 man, as many of the latter, tilled with ap- 
 prehensions dire, began to prepare for 
 Tyburn and Smithiield." There was a re- 
 action, however, when it was discovered 
 that the pamphlet was a satire ip defeuc^ 
 
634 
 
 SHO 
 
 SID 
 
 of liberty of conBcience, though the Dis- 
 senters did not relax their wrath against 
 the author. The result was that the book 
 was declared to be a libel, and was ordered- 
 to be burut by the public hangman ; and 
 I>ef oe himself had to suffer for his bold- 
 ness in the pillory and as a prisoner in 
 Newgate. His Hymn to the Pillory (q.v.) 
 appeared on tlie lirat of the three iays of 
 his exposure in the former. 
 
 " Should auld acquaintance be 
 
 forgot." First line of Auld Lang Syne 
 (q.v.), by Robert Burns. "This song," 
 Bays Chambers, ** has found a lodgment in 
 the hearts of Scotsmen in all parts of the 
 ea^th, and must there remain while the 
 words continue to be understood." It was 
 preceded by two songs with the same re- 
 f r^u, one printed by Watson in 1711, and 
 the other written by Allan Bamsay (q.v.). 
 
 ** Shreds aud patches." See 
 " Kino of shbeds and patches." 
 
 "Shrine of the mighty!" — 
 Byron, The Giaourt line 106. 
 
 ShufQebottom, Abel. See Abel 
 Shdfflebottom. 
 
 " Shuffled off this mortal coil, 
 
 Wheii we have." — Hamlet^ act iii., scene 1. 
 
 " Shut (And) the gates of mercy 
 
 on mankind." — Gray, Elegy in a Country 
 Churchyard. 
 
 Shylock, in The Merchant of Venice 
 (q.v.), is "one of the inimitable master- 
 pieces of characterisation which," says 
 Schlegel, "ire to be found only in Shake- 
 speare. He is everything but a common 
 Jew. He possesses a strongly-marked and 
 original individuality, and yet we perceive 
 a light touch of Judaism in everything he 
 says or does. . . . The letter of the 
 law is his idol ; he refuses to lend an ear 
 to the voice of mercy, which, from the 
 znouth of Portia [q.v.]^ speaks to him with 
 heavenly eloquence ; he insists on ri^d 
 and inflexible justice, and at last it recoils 
 on his own head." The reader should com- 
 pare tlie great Shakespearian creation 
 with Barabas (q.v.). 
 
 Shyp of Folys of the "Worlde, 
 
 The. A poem, in the octave stanza, by 
 Alexander Barclay (q.v.), paraphrased 
 " out of Lateii, Frenche, and Doche, into 
 Englyishe tongue : " that is, from the 
 original German, by Sebastian Brandt, 
 Vntten in 1494, and from two translations 
 into Latin and French- To these, says 
 "Warton, he made " considerable additions 
 gleaned from the follies of his country- 
 men. The design was to ridicule the reign- 
 ing vices and follies of every rank and 
 profession, under the allegoir of a ship 
 freighted with fools of all kinds, but with- 
 out any variety of incident or artificiality 
 of fable. Our author's stanza is verbose, 
 prosaic, and tedious." The Shyp yir»9 
 
 printed in 1509 and 1570, and some extracts 
 from it may be found in Warton's History 
 aud TJte Muses' Library. 
 
 Siamese Twins, The. A satirical 
 
 f)oem by Edwabd, Lord Lytton, pub- 
 ished in 1831. 
 
 Sibbald, James, antiquarian and 
 miscellaneous writer(b, 1747, d. 1S03), pro- 
 duced & Chronicle of Scottish Poetry, and 
 Glossary of the Scottish Languatje (1802), 
 and edited' The Edinburgh Magazine (1783), 
 and Edinburgh Herald (1792). 
 
 Sibbald, Sir Robert (b. 1643, d. 
 1712), wrote a large number of historicsd 
 and antiquarian tracts, the titles ot which 
 are given in Lowndes* Bibliographer's 
 Manual, and which were republished in 
 1739 jinder the general title of ^ Collection 
 of several Treatises, in folio, concerning 
 Scotland^ as it was cfold and also of later 
 times. 
 
 Sibbes, Richard (or Sibbs), de- 
 votional writer (b. 1577, d. 1635), wrote The 
 Fountain Sealed (1627) ; Saints Cordials in 
 Sundry Sermons on Special Occasions 
 (1629) J Bruised Jieede cund Smoaking Flax 
 (1631), (q.v.); SouVs Conflict loith itself e and 
 Victory over itselfe by Faith (1635), (q.v.) ; 
 Light from Heaven (1638) ; Divine Medita- 
 tion and Holy Contemplations (163S) ; and 
 many other works, published in a collected 
 edition in 1809, and again in 1812, and more 
 recently under the editorship of the Bev. 
 A. B. Grosart. 
 
 Sicilian Romance, The, by Mrs* 
 Radcliffe (q.r.), was published in 1790. 
 " This work," says Scott, *' exhibits the 
 exuberance and fertility of imagination 
 which was the author's principal charac- 
 teristic. Adventures heaped on adven- 
 tures, with all the hair-breadth charms of 
 escape or capture, hurry the reader along 
 with them, and the imagery and scenery 
 are like those of an oriental tale." 
 
 Sicilian Summer, A. A comedy 
 by Sir HEjritY Taylob (b. 1800), produced 
 in 1850, and cliaracterised by Trollope as 
 " a pretty play, well told, always readable, 
 giving assurance that it has come from a 
 poet's mint, but it leaves no mark be- 
 hind." 
 
 Sick King of Bokhara, The. A 
 
 tale in verse, by Matthew Aknold (b. 
 1822) ; told in a conversation between the 
 king and his vizier. 
 
 " Sicklied o'er vrith the pale 
 
 castof thought."— ^amZe^, act iii., scene 1. 
 
 Siddons, Life of Mrs. Attributed 
 
 to Thomas Campbell (1777-1844), hutevi 
 dently only edited by him. Rossetti calls 
 the book, which was brought out in 1834, a 
 " slovenly performance." 
 
 Sidney, Algernon, Republican 
 politician (b. 1G22, cb 168^, yfiotQ-JHicouTses 
 
sm 
 
 sio 
 
 035 
 
 on Government .(1698)i an Apology ^ and 
 other works, which, with a Life by Willis, 
 appeared in 1751. See the Zi\fe hy Mead- 
 ley (1813). 
 
 Sidney Biddulph, The Memoirs 
 
 of Miss. A novel by Mrs. Frances Shebi- 
 DAX (1724—1766), published in 1761. " I 
 know not, madam," said Dr. Johnson to 
 the autlioress, " that you have a right, 
 upon moral principles, to make your read- 
 ers suffer so much." 
 
 Sidney, Mary. See Fembkoke, 
 
 COUKTESS OF. 
 
 Sidney, Sir Philip, poet andprose 
 writer (b. 1554, d. 1586), wrote The Countess 
 qf Pembroke's Arcadia (q.v.), (1590) ; Asiro- 
 pTlel and Stella (1691), (q.v.) ; An Apologie 
 for Poelrie (1595); various miscellaneous 
 poems and some fugitive treatises reprint- 
 ed by Collins in the Sidney Papers. His 
 Works were edited by Gray in 1829. His 
 Correspondence with Hubert Languet was 
 translated from the Latin and published 
 by Pears in 1845. See the Biographies by 
 rulke Greville (1652), Zouch (1808), Lloyd 
 (1802), andH. K. Fox-Bourne (1862). See 
 also Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, 
 Lamb's ProB.e Works, Hallam's Literary 
 History, 'Rax.MWi Age of Elizabeth, MOB' 
 son's English Novelists, and Cambridge 
 Essays (18SS). Spenser describes Sidney 
 as 
 
 " That most heroick spirit. 
 The heavens' pride, the gloiy of our day." 
 
 Drayton has this reference to him : 
 " The noble Sidney . . . 
 
 That hefc$e for numbers and for prose, 
 
 That throughly pac'd our language as to show 
 
 The plenteous English hand in I^nd might goe 
 
 With Greek and LAtin." 
 Southey has the lines ; 
 •* Sidney, than whom a gentler braver man. 
 
 His own delightful genius never feigned, 
 
 Illustrating the vales of Arcady 
 
 With courteous courage and with loyal loves. 
 
 Cowper's description of Sidney as " war- 
 bler of poetic prose " (q.v.) is well known. 
 " Sidney's prose," says Professor Craik, 
 "is the most flowing and poetical that had 
 yet been written in English ; butits graces 
 are rather those of artful elaboration than 
 of vivid natural expressiveness. The 
 thought, in fact, is generally more poetical 
 than the language ; it is a spirit of poetry 
 encased in a rhetorical form. Yet notwith- 
 Btanding the conceits into which it fre- 
 quently runs— and which, after all, are 
 worthy rather the frolics of a nimble wit 
 somewhat solicitous of display, than the 
 sickly perversities of a coxcombical or ef- 
 feminate taste— and notwithstanding also 
 some want of animation and variety, Sidr- 
 ney's is a wonderful style— always flexible, 
 harmonious, and luminous, and on lit occa- 
 sions rising to great stateliness and splen- 
 dour ; while a breath of beauty and noble 
 feeling lives in and exhales from the whole 
 of his great work, like the fragrance from 
 • garden ott^vea," See AlMAJ?fQ» 4.ki> 
 
 Almanzaida ; Calidoee ; Iheland, 
 View Of the State of ; Petkakch, 
 The English ; Poetkie, An Apology 
 fok. 
 
 Sidonia, in Disbaeli's novel of 
 Coningsby (q.v.), is, says The North British 
 Review, " n strange, mysterious Spanish 
 Jew, a perfect Kotuschild for money, an4 
 a Disraeli for philosophy, who appears and, 
 disappears during tlie story in rather a 
 startling fashion, and has an air of indefin- 
 ite power and grandeur stamped upon his 
 countenance," Sidonia may be described 
 as first cousin to the Syrian in Lothair 
 (q.v.). _ - 
 
 Sidonia, Ben, in Antl-Coiiingsli/ 
 (q.v.), is intended for the author of Cordngs- 
 by (q.v.). 
 
 Sidrophel. A name .civen by But- 
 ler in his Hudibras (q.v.) to "William- 
 Lilly, the famous astrologer and magician 
 of the seventeenth century. 
 
 Siege of Corinth, The. A narra- 
 tive poem, in octosyllabic metre, by Lbrd 
 ByBON (1788—1824), published in 1816, and 
 founded on an historical incident which 
 took place in 1715. 
 
 Siege of Rhodes. AplaybySir 
 ■William Davekant, produced in 1656. 
 
 " Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no, 
 
 more." — ^First line of a song in' Much Ado 
 About Nothing, act ii., scene 3— 
 ■*• Men were deceivers ever. 
 One foot in sea, and one on shore, 
 To one thing constant never." 
 
 Percy Includes this stanza in his ballad of 
 Tile Friars of Order Grey (q.v.). 
 
 . " Sighed, and looked, and sigh- 
 ed again." — ^Dbyden, Alex({nder's Feast, . 
 
 " Sighed and looked unutter- 
 able things." See " Looked cnutteb- 
 ABLE things." 
 
 " Sight (A) to dream of, not to 
 tell. " See part i. of Coleridge's poem of 
 Christabel (q.v.). 
 
 Sigismunda. The heroine of 
 Thomson's tragedy of Tancred and Sigis- 
 mrnida (q.v.). 
 
 Sigismunda and Gniscardo. Ai 
 story related by Boccaccio, versified in the 
 octave stanza by "William "Walter in 
 1532; and afterwards " beautifully para^ 
 phrased," says "Warton, by John Drydbn, 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " Signifying nothing." See " Tale 
 
 TOLD BY AN IDIOT." 
 
 Sigourney, Mrs.LydiaHuntley, 
 
 an American poetess and prose writer (b-, 
 1797, d. 1865), wrote, among other worksi 
 Letters to Yovmg Ladies, Pocahontas ana. 
 Other Poems, and Pleasant Memories nj 
 
636 
 
 SIS 
 
 SIL 
 
 Sikes, Bill. A thief, in Dickens's 
 novel of Oliver Twist (q.v.). See Nancy. 
 
 Silas Marner. A novel by George 
 Eliot (b. about 1820), published in 1861. 
 The Quarterly Heoiew referred to this 
 novel as "one of the authoress's most 
 beautiful stories, the most poetical of them 
 all — the tale of Silas Maruer, who deems 
 himself deserted and rejected Utterly of 
 God and man, and to whom, in his deepest 
 misery, in place of lost gold, a- little 
 foundling girl is sent. This tale Is the 
 most hopeful of all her books. The con- 
 templation of the renewal of enterprise 
 and energy, which comes with little chil- 
 dren, and of the promise with which each 
 new generation gilds the crown of honour 
 for its sires, is pleasant and grateful to 
 her. She writes upon her title page the 
 lines of Wordsworth : — 
 " ''A child, more than all other gifts 
 
 Xhat carttl can oHor to declining man, 
 firings houo with it and forward-looking 
 thouglits. " 
 The weaver of llaveloe and Eppie are 
 creations after Wordsworth's own heart. 
 
 Silence. A country justice, in 
 Xing Henry IV, 
 
 " Silence gives -consent." — Ful- 
 ler, Wise Sentences. , , 
 
 " Silence in love bevirrays more 
 
 >foe." First line of a poem by Sir WaI/- 
 TEK Ealeigh (1852—1618). 
 
 " Silence is a virtue." — Henkt 
 Chettle's Patient Grissel, act i., scene 1. 
 . ". Silence is the perfectest her- 
 ald of joy."— iV/uc/i Ado About Nothing, 
 act ii., scene 1. 
 
 " Silent finger points to heaven." 
 See " Spires whose silent finger," &o. 
 
 Silent Land, Song of the. A 
 
 lyric translated from the German of Sails 
 by Henry Wadswoeth Longfellgtv (b. 
 1807):— 
 *' Ah I who shall lead ns thither ? 
 
 Clouds in the evening sky more darkly gather. 
 
 And shattered wrecks lie thicker ou the strand, 
 
 "Who leads us with a gentle hand 
 
 Thither, oh thither, 
 
 Into the Silent Land ? " 
 
 Silent Lover, The. A lyric by Sir 
 Walter Raleigh. See Hannah's Courtly 
 Poets. 
 
 Silent Woman, The. See Epi- 
 cene. 
 
 " Silently as a dream the fabric 
 rose." See " No hammers pell," &c. 
 
 Silex Scintillans, i.e., " sparks 
 from the flint stone." "Sacred Poems 
 and Private Ejaculations," by Henry 
 Vauohan (1621—1695) i published in 1680 
 
 " Silk attire, In." , A phrase ac- 
 
 curring in the ballad by Susanna 
 Blamire (q.v.), which begins :— 
 " And ye sail walk in silk attirvi 
 _ And siller hae to spare." 
 
 In Silk Attire forms the title of a novel by 
 William Black (q.v.). 
 
 Siller Croun, The. The title given 
 to the ballad beginning 
 
 " And ye sail walk in silk attire." 
 See " Silk attire." 
 
 Siller Gun, The. A poem by John 
 Mayne (1759—1836), the first draft of 
 which, in twelve stanzas, was published in 
 1777 ; in 1778 it was expanded into two 
 cantos ; in 1780 it was issued in three 
 cantos in Ruddiman^s Magazine ; and on its 
 publication in four cantos in 1808 Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott said of it that " it surpassed the. 
 efforts of Ferguason, and came near to 
 that of Burns." The subject of the poem 
 is an ancient custom in Dumfries, called 
 " Shooting for the Siller Gun " — ^ihe Siller 
 Gun being a silver tube presented by King 
 James VI. to the best marksman in the in- 
 corporated trades. 
 
 "Siloa's brook," — Paradise Lost 
 booki., line 10 — 
 
 " That flnw'd* 
 Past by the ora.;le of God." 
 
 Bishop Heber has a reference to " cool" 
 Siloam's shady xill " in his verses on the 
 First Sunday After Epiphany. 
 
 Silurist, The. The name applied 
 to Henry Vaughan, the poet (1621-1698), 
 because he was bom among the Silures, or 
 people of South Wales. 
 
 Silva, Don. Duke of Bedinar, in, 
 George Eliot's dramatic poem of Thi 
 Spanish Gypsy (q.v.) ; in love with Fe- 
 dalma :— 
 
 " a goodly knight, 
 A noble cahallero, broad of chest 
 And long of linib." 
 
 Silver Age, The : "including the 
 Love of Jupiter to Alcmena, the Birth of 
 Hercules, and the Kape of Proserpine." 
 A play by Thomas HEvVoon (d. 1640), 
 published in 1613. Two companion pieces, 
 entitled The Brazen Age and The Iron Afje, 
 were printed in 1613 and 1632 respectively, 
 Harriet Parr (Holme Lee) published a 
 volume of essays, entitled In the Silver 
 Age, in 1864. 
 
 " Silver bells of rhyme. Cheer- 
 ed by the."— Patmore, T/ie Angel in the 
 House. 
 
 " Silver lining." — Milton, Comus, 
 line 222. 
 
 Silverfork School, The. A 
 
 nickname applied to that body of novelists, 
 of whom, perhaps, Theodore Hook, Mrs. 
 Trollopo, Lady Blessington, Lord Lyttoni 
 and -Lord Beaconsfield, are xair examples, 
 which Jays so mueb stiesB upon the gtir' 
 
SIL 
 
 SIM 
 
 637 
 
 .quette and scenery of tlie drawing-room, 
 and treats so largely of fashionaBle life 
 
 and manners. 
 
 Silverman's £zplanation, G-eo. 
 
 A story by Charles Dickkxs (1812—1870) ; 
 originally published in America, and after- 
 wards republislied in All the Year Round 
 for 1S68. 
 
 Silverpen. Tlie nom de plume of 
 Eliza Meteyard (b. 1824), (q.v.). It was 
 bestowed upon her by Douglas Jerrold, 
 and afterwards adopted by her. 
 
 Silver-tongued, The. Anepitliet 
 which has been applied to Joshua Syl- 
 vester (1563 — 1618), translator of Dii 
 Bartas' Divine Weeks and Works ; and to 
 "William Bates, the Puritan divine (1625 
 —1699). 
 
 ^ilvia, in The Two Gentlemen of 
 Verona, is the Duke's daughter, and be- 
 loved by Valentine (q.v.). It is of her the 
 Bong is sung, in act iv., scene 2 : — 
 " Who is Sylvia ? What is she ? 
 
 That all our swaioB commend her ? 
 Holy, fair I and wise is she ; 
 
 The heavens such grace did lend her, 
 That she might admired be." 
 
 Simcox, George Augustus, poet 
 aiid prose writer, has published Prometheus 
 Unbmindf a Tragedy {ISGl) ; and Poems and 
 Jiomances ilS69) . Stedman speaks of the 
 latter as " elaborate and curious studies." 
 
 Simeon, Charles, vicar of Trinity 
 Church, Cambridge (b. 1759, d. 1836), wrote 
 HartB Hom'deticcB (1832), (q.v.) ; The Excel- 
 lence of tlie Liturgy (1812); The Offices of 
 the Holy Spirit (1838) ; Appeals to Men of 
 Wisdom and Candour (1839) ; Humiliation 
 of the Son of God (1839) ; Discourses on be- 
 half of the Jews (1839) ; The Christian's 
 Armour (ISUi) ; and other fTor/cs published 
 in a collective form in 1832 and 1854. His 
 Memoirs, with a Collection of his Writings 
 and Correspondence, were edited by the 
 Kev. W. Cams, in*1847. Memoranda and 
 Brief Memoirs of Simeon were published 
 by M. M. Preston and the Rev. J. Wil- 
 liamson respectively, in 1840 and 1848. 
 
 . Simeon of Durhaxa (temp. 12th 
 century), wrote a history of the kings of 
 England from 616 to 1130, which was con- 
 tinued to the year 1156 by Joljn, prior 
 of Hexham. It is included among the 
 fJecem Scriptores of Twysden- Simeon is 
 ftlso credited with an Historia Mcclesioe 
 J)unhelmensis, which Selden says was 
 really written by Archbishop Xur^got. 
 
 " Simile that solitary shines, 
 A." Line 111, book ii., epistle i., of Pope's 
 Imitations of Horace (q.v.). 
 
 Similes, A New Song of Ne-w. 
 
 By John Gay (1688—1732). 
 
 " Similes are like songs in love." 
 Pbior, >4/ma, canto iii., line 314 — 
 
 *i They mucli desoribe t they nothing prove." 
 
 Simms,'William Gillmore, Amer- 
 ican poet and prose writer (b. 1806), has 
 pablislied Lyrical Poems and Early Lays 
 (1827) ; , The Vision of Cortes, and other 
 Poems (1829) ; The TrirCoJoivr (1830) ; Ata^ 
 lantis, a Drama of the Sea (1832) ; Pas- 
 sages and Pictures (1839) ; Border Romances, 
 (1859); A History of §outh Carolina; and 
 various biographies. 
 
 Simon Lee, the Old Huntsman. 
 
 A lyric by William Wokdsworth, writ- 
 ten in 1798. 
 
 Simon Pure. See Puke, Simon. 
 
 Simon Simple. Tlie hero .of a, 
 well-known nursery song, 
 
 Simonides, Don, The Straungef. 
 
 and "Wonderf ull Adventures of : " conteyn- 
 ing verie jileasaunte discourse, gathered 
 as well for the recreation of our noble 
 yong gentilmen as our honourable courts 
 lye ladies." by Barnabe Bich, printed 
 in 1581. "Much poetry,'* says Warton^ 
 "is intermixed." 
 
 Simple. Servant to Slender (q.v.), 
 in The Merry Wives of Windsor (q.v.),. 
 " Simple child That lightly. 
 
 draws its breath, A.*' The first two lines 
 of We are Seven (q_.v.), a lyric by William 
 "WoBDSWOitTiT, the first verse of which 
 was contributed by Coleridge. * 
 
 " Simple Christ to simple men." 
 
 See " Preaching bimple Christ," &c. 
 
 Simple, Peter. A novel by Capf. 
 tainMAKRYAT (1792—1848). "The greatest 
 hit he had yet made. The perpetual live- 
 liness," says Hannay^, " and succession of 
 adventures and incidents, the crowd of 
 characters, at once as amusing as carica- 
 tures and as real as living ]people^ delightetf 
 everybody." It was published m 1834. " 
 
 " Simple plan. The." A phrase 
 in "Wordsworth's poem of Rob Roy*a 
 Grave (q.v.). 
 
 Simple Story, A. A novel by 
 Elizabeth Inohbald (1753—1821), pub- 
 lished in 1791. 
 
 Simple, The Adventures of 
 David. A novel by Sarah Fielding 
 (1714—1768), published in two volumes iii- 
 1744, a third volume being added in 1752J 
 Familiar Letters between tlie Characters in 
 David Simple appeared in 1747. David 
 Simple himself is a young man who travels 
 through London and Westminster " in, 
 search of a faithful friend ;" with what 
 success may be seen from the novel. 
 
 Simplicity, Ode to, by William 
 Collins (1721—1766), was published in 
 1747. 
 
 Simpson, John Palgrave, nov- 
 elist and dramatist, has published Sec<md,, 
 Love, and other Tales (1846)-; Gisella\ cr 
 
333 
 
 SIN 
 
 SKB 
 
 Kovel (1847) ; and other Tolnmes. Among 
 Ilia origiual plays are The World and the 
 Stage. Second Love) and SybiUa ; among 
 Ills aaaptations^ A Scrap of Paper^ from 
 Lea Pattes rfe Mouclie. He has written a 
 Ii'/e of Weber (1865). 
 
 " Sin who tell us Love can die, 
 
 rhey." See stanza 10, canto x., of SouTH- 
 EY's poem, Tlie Curse ofKehama:— 
 
 "With life all other passions fly j 
 All others are but vanity." 
 
 Sinai, The Ne-w. A lyric by 
 A.RTHUR Hugh Clough (1819—1861). 
 
 Sinbad the Sailor. A famous 
 character in The Arabian Nights* Enter- 
 tainments (q. v.), in which the stoiy of his 
 seven voyages and wonderful adventures 
 is related. 
 
 Sinclair, Catherine, novelist (b. 
 1800, d. 1864), wrote Modem Accomplish- 
 ments (1836); Modem Society (1837); Holi- 
 day House (1839): Hill and Valley (descrip- 
 tive of a tour in Wales, 1840); Scotland 
 and the Scotch (ISiO); Shetland and tite 
 Shetlanders (1840); The Journey of Life 
 (1847); Modem Flirtations (1855); Beatrice- 
 Lord and Lady Harcourt ; The Business of 
 Life; Charlie Seymour; The Heirs of the 
 Casars ; and other stories. 
 
 Sindail, Sir Thomas. A char- 
 acter in Mackenzie's novel of The Man 
 Iff the World {q.v.), who endeavours to se- 
 auce the heroine, Lucy. 
 
 " Sinews of war. The." A de- 
 scription applied to money in Fletchek's 
 Fair Maid, act i., scene 2. Cicero is said to 
 have been the first to use the expression — 
 ' ' Nervog belli pecuniam." 
 
 "Sinful (A) heart makes feeble 
 hand."— Scott, Marmion, canto vi., stanza 
 31. 
 
 " Sing on, Bing on, my bonnie 
 bird." First line of Bonnie Jean, a lyric 
 by James Hogg. The "Jean" in question 
 was a Miss Jane Cunningham. 
 . Singer, Samuel Weller, literary 
 antiquary (b. 1783, d. 1858), published an 
 edition of the plays o£ Shakespeare in 
 1826. He also edited the works of Bacon, 
 and wrote Researches into the History of 
 Playing Cards (1816). 
 
 " Singing of anthems." — King. 
 Henry IV., part ii., act i., scene 2. 
 
 " Single gentlemen rolled into 
 One, Two." A line in Colman's humor- 
 ous poem, entitled Lodgings for Single 
 Gentlemen. 
 
 Singleton, Captain, The Adven- 
 tures of. A novel by Daniel Defob 
 (1663—1721), published In 1720. 
 
 Singleton Pontenoy. Set Han- 
 M.*^, Jaues. 
 
 Singular Doctor, The. A title 
 sometimes given to William of OcCAU 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Sinking in Poetry, The Art of. 
 
 See Bathos, &c. 
 " Sinned against than sinning, . 
 
 More," See " More Sinned," &c. 
 
 Sinner's Guide, The, by Francis 
 Meres (d. 1646), was printed in 1596. 
 
 Sir John Grehme and Barbara 
 
 Allen. A Scottish ballad, given bv Bishop 
 Percy in his JReliques. See Barbara 
 Allen's Cruelty. 
 
 Sir Oracle. See " Oracle ; I am 
 Sir. ' 
 
 Siris : " a Chain of Pliilosopliical 
 ReHections and Inquiries respecting the 
 Virtues of Tar-water in the Plague," by 
 Bishop Berkeley (1684—1753); writteij 
 in 1747. - " 
 
 Sirventes. Satirical nnd declama- 
 tory remarks in verse on certain of his 
 foes and rivals, attributed to Bichabd I. 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " Sister spirit, come away ! " — 
 Pope, Tlie Dying Christian to his Soul. 
 
 Sisters, The. A prurient novel, 
 written by Dr. William Dodd (1729-- 
 1777), and published, in 1754, anonymously. 
 Also the title of a ballad by Alfred Tek- 
 3SYSON, published in 1830. 
 
 "Sit (I) as God, holding no 
 form of creed."— Tennyson, Tlie Palace 
 of Art. 
 
 " Sits the wind in that cor- 
 ner?" — Much Ado About Nothing, act ii., 
 scene 3. 
 
 Situ Terrae Sanctae, De : or, " De 
 
 Locis Sanctis." See Locis Sanctis. 
 
 Siward, Earl of Northumberland, 
 and General of the English forces, figures 
 in Macbeth (q.v.). 
 
 Skeat, Walter 'William, clergy- 
 man (b. 1835), has published editions of 
 Lancelot of the Laik (1865), The Tale qf 
 Melusine (1866), Piers the Plowman (1867— 
 73), Pierce the Ploughman's Crede (1807). 
 Havlok the Dane (1868), Barbour's Brum 
 (1870), Joseph ofArimathaalVSll), TheGos- 
 pela in Anglo-Saxon (1872), Plutarch's Lives 
 (1876), and numerous similar works, for 
 the Early Dialect Society which he found- 
 ed (1873), and the Oxford and Cambridge 
 Presses. He is also the compiler of sev- 
 eral school manuals. He is the author of 
 The Tale tflmdlow Castle, a poem (1866), 
 and of a translation of The Songs anA 
 Ballads qf Uhland (1864). 
 
 Skeggs, Miss Carolina Wilhel-. 
 
 mina Am«Ua. A " false pretender to gen- 
 
8KE 
 
 SKY 
 
 639 
 
 tUity," iu Goldsmith's Vicar of Wake- 
 field (q.v.). 
 
 Skeleton in Armour, The. A 
 lyric by Henry Wadsworth Lokg- 
 FELLow {b. 1807). suggested to the writer 
 \rliile riding on tne sea-shore at Newport. 
 A yearortwo previous askeleton had been 
 dug up at Fall River, clad in broken and 
 corroded armour ; aud the idea occurred 
 to him of connecting it witli tlie Round 
 Tower at Newport, generally known 
 hitherto as the Old Windmill, tliough now 
 claiyied by the Danes as a work of their 
 early ancestors. 
 
 Skelton, John, poet-laureate (b. 
 about 1460, d. 1529). wrote On the Death of 
 King Edward IV. (1484) ; An Elegy on the 
 peathtifthe Earl qf Northumberland (1489); 
 The Nigramansir (1504) ; A Goodly Gar- 
 land or Chapelet of iMurell (1523) ; Merie 
 Tales (1575) ; Magnyfycence (q.v.) : The 
 iBouge of (kntrte ; Collyn Clout ; Phyllyp 
 Sparowe ; Why come ye not to Cou/rte ? 
 ta.T.) ; Speake Parot (q.v.) ; Ware the 
 Maioke; The Thinning qf Eliinour Rum- 
 myng ; Tlte Maner of the World Now- 
 adays ; Mannerly Mistress Margery ; 
 Speculum Principis ; Agaynste a comely 
 Coj/strowne ; and many other Works re- 
 printed in the edition by Dyce (1843). See 
 also Wood's AthencE Oxonienses, Tanner's 
 £ibliotheca BrUannica, Warton's History 
 of English Poetry, Ritson's Bihliographia 
 Poetica, Brydges* Censura Literaria^ and 
 the Retrospective Review. " There is cer- 
 tainly," saysCampbell, *^ a vehemence and 
 vivacity in Skelton which was worthy of 
 being guided by a better taste,'and the ob- 
 jects of his satire bespeak some degree of 
 public spirit. But his eccentricity in at- 
 tempts at humour is at once vulgar and 
 flippant ; and his style is almost a texture 
 of slang phrases, patched with shreds of 
 iVench andLatin." See BorGE of Court; 
 Ceout, Colin ; Dolorous' Dettie ; 
 Sparowe, Phyllyp ; Triall of Pleas- 
 ure. 
 
 Skene, "William Forbes, anti- 
 
 Jiuarian (b. 1809), has published The IBffh- 
 anders of Scotland, their Origin and His- 
 tory (1837) ; Tlie D^an of lAsmore's Rook 
 (1862) ; Chronicles of the Picts and Scots 
 (1868) ; The Fowr Ancient Rooks of Wales 
 (1869); Fordun*s ChroiUcles {1871): andother 
 works. 
 
 Sketch-Book, The. A series of 
 jihort tales, sketches, and essays, published 
 by WA8HiNGT02f litvixG (1783—1859) in 
 1820. They are chiefly descriptive of Eng- 
 lish manners and scenery, and have often 
 been reprinted. See Crayon, &c. 
 
 Sketches and Travels in Lon- 
 don, by William Makepeace Thacke- 
 ray (1811—1863) ; supposed to be written 
 by alVIr. Brown to his nephew. They in- 
 clude papers on The Influence of Lovely 
 Women upon Society ^ on The Pl&mtret qf 
 
 being a Fogy, on Going to see a Man Hang' 
 edj &c. 
 
 Sketches by Boz. See Boz, 
 Sketches by. 
 
 Sketches of Irish Character. 
 «S^ee Irish Character, Sketches of. 
 
 Sketchley, Arthur. The nom de 
 plume of Rev. George Rose, whose Mrs. 
 Brown has become familiar to the public 
 throTigh the comic papers and by separate 
 publications. Mr^ Rose has also written 
 The Great Country : or. Impressions qf 
 America (1868), and some plays. 
 
 Skewton, Mrs., in DicKEi^a's 
 novel of Dombey and Son (q.v.), is the 
 mother of Edith (a^v.), afterwards Mrs. 
 Dombey. 
 
 Skialetheia. A collection of epi^ 
 grams, published in 1598 and again in 
 1641. 
 
 Skimpole, Harold, in T)ick£;ns's 
 novel of Bleak House (q.v.), is intended, iil 
 some points of his character, as a portrait 
 of James Henry Leigh Hunt, the essayist 
 and poet (q.v.), "Exactly those graces, 
 and charms of manner which are remem- 
 bered,'* says Dickens, "in the words we 
 have quoted, were remembered by the 
 author of tlie work of fiction in question 
 when he drew the character in question. 
 He no more thought. God forgive himl 
 that the admired original would ever be 
 charged " [as he frequently was charged) 
 " wiui the imaginary vices of the fictitious 
 creature than he has himself ever thought. 
 of charging the blood of Besdemona and 
 Othello on the innocent Academy model 
 who sat for lago's leg in the picture." 
 
 Skinner, John, Scottish clergy- 
 man and poet (b. 1721, d. 1807), wrote yl 
 Dissertation on Job's Prrrphecy (1757), an 
 Ecclesiastical History of Scotland (1788), 
 A Reservation against Presbytery) and ■ 
 numerous poems, of which the best known 
 and most popular is Tullochgorum (q.v.). 
 The last-named were published undei; the 
 title of Amusements of Leisure Hours, or 
 Poetical Pieces chiefly in the Scottish IHa- 
 lect. His theological treatises and numer- 
 ous compositions in Latin verse were pub- 
 lished in 1809, with a Memoir by his son. 
 An edition of his Poems appeared in 1859, 
 with a Memoir by H. G. Keid. See also 
 Grant Wilson's Poets and Poetry of Scot^ 
 land. 
 
 " Skirmish of wit betro-een 
 
 them, A."^Much Ado About Nothing, act 
 i., scene 1. 
 
 Shylark, Ode to the, by Percy 
 Bysshe Shelley (q.v.) ; written in 1820. 
 " In sweetness," says Leigh Hunt, *• and 
 not even there m passages, the Ode to the 
 Skylark is inferior only to Coleridge— in 
 rapturous passion to no man. It is like 
 the bird it sings— enchanting;, profuse, con- 
 
S40 
 
 SKY 
 
 SLO 
 
 tinuous, and alone— small, but filling the 
 beavens." 
 
 " Hail to thee; blithe spirit 1 
 Bird thou never wert. 
 That, from heaven, or near it, 
 Fourest thy full heart 
 In profuse strains of unpremeditated art.** 
 
 . Skylark, The. A lyric by Jaues 
 Hogg (1772—1835), beginning— 
 ** Bird of the wilderness. 
 Blithesome and cumberleas, 
 Svreet be thy matin o'er moorland and lea ! ** 
 
 Slammer, Dr., of tlie Ninety- 
 seventh. A character in Dickens's novel 
 of the Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick 
 Club, with whom Mr. Winkle is on the 
 brink of lighting a dueL See chap. ii. 
 
 Slater, 'William, poet and divine 
 (b. 1587, d. 1647), published Threnodia 
 (1619),_ PatcB-Albion, a history of Great 
 Britain in Latin and English verso ; 
 Genethliacon, a genealogy of James I. in 
 Latin and English j and The Psalms of 
 David in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and 
 English. 
 
 - Slatins, Henry. See FuK Pb.*- 
 
 DESTIXATCS. 
 
 " Slave of the dark and dirty 
 
 mine ! " Leyden , On an Indian Gold Coin, 
 
 Slave Trade, Poems concern- 
 ing the, by Robert Southev (1774—1843): 
 including sixsonnets, To the Genius ofAf- 
 Hca, mid The Sailor, written respectively 
 in 1794, 1795, and 1798. 
 
 Slavery, Poems on, by Henrt 
 
 Wadswokth Longfellow (b. 1807); 
 written in the latter part of October, 1842, 
 and published in the following year. They 
 include The Slave's Dream, The Good 
 Part,, The Slave in the Dismal Swamp, To 
 William E. Channing, and others. 
 
 " Slavery, said I, still thou art 
 
 a bitter draught.*'— Stekne, Sentimental 
 Journey. 
 
 "Slaves cannot breathe in 
 •England,**— CowPER, The Task, bk. ii.. 
 The Timepiece^ 
 
 "If (heir lungs 
 iBeccive our air, that moment they are free i 
 They touch our country, and their shackles fall," 
 
 Slawkenbergius, Hafen, in 
 Stekse's Life and Opinions of Tris- 
 tram Shandy, Gent., is an imaginary au- 
 thor, who is represent ed as a great aulhority 
 on the subject of noses, and a passage 
 from whose writings, detailing the story of 
 a man with an enormously long nasal 
 organ, is incorporated into the novel. 
 
 Slay -Good, Giant, in Bdn van's 
 Pilgrim's Progress (q.v.), is slain by Mr. 
 Greatheart (q.v.). 
 
 Sleek, Aminadab. A character 
 in MoKBis Babkeit's comedy of The 
 Serious Family, 
 
 "Sleep (And) in dull cold mar- 
 ble.*'— A'ing' Henry VIII., act iii., scene 2. 
 
 Sleep and Poetry. A poem by 
 John Keats. 
 
 " Sleep, the friend of woe." — 
 
 SouiHE Y, Tlui Curse of Kehama, canto xv. 
 
 Sleep, The Fains of. A poem by 
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first putv 
 lished with Kubla Khan (q.v.), in 1816, 
 with the following notice : — " Asa con- 
 trast to this vision, 1 have annexed a frag- 
 ment of a very diflferent character,* de- 
 scribing 'with equal fidelity the dream of 
 pain and disease." It was written in 1803. 
 
 Sleep (The) that knows not, 
 breaking."— Scott, Tlie Zady of the Lake, 
 canto i., stanza 31. 
 
 " Sleepless themselves to give 
 
 their readers sleep.*'— Pope, The Dunciad, 
 bk. i., line 94. 
 
 Slender. Cousin to Sliallow (q.v.) 
 in The Merry Wives of Windsor (q.v.). 
 
 " Slew the slain, Thrice he 
 
 slew.'*— Dryben, Alexander's Feast. 
 
 Slick, Sam. A clockmalter, of 
 Slickville; the pretended author of various 
 works written by Thomas Chandler 
 Halibubton (q.v.). Sam is represented 
 as having a very distinctive style and 
 humour of his own, 
 
 " Slings and arrows of outrage- 
 ous fortune,The.*' — jyajijie^, act iii., scene 1, 
 
 Slingsby, Jonathan Freke. 
 
 The pseudonym under which Dr. John 
 Francis Waller (b. 1810), (q.v.), has pub- 
 lished The Slingsby Papers, and other 
 works. 
 
 Slinkton, Julius, in Dickens's 
 
 story of Himted Down (q.v.), is ihe at>* 
 tempted murderer of Alfred Beckwitb, 
 and finally destroys himself. 
 
 Slop, Doctor. See Doctor Slop. 
 
 Sloper, Mace. A nom de phime 
 of the American humorist, Charles G. 
 Leland (b. 1824). SccBkeitmann, Hans. 
 
 Slough of Despond, The, in Bun- 
 
 YAN*s Pilgrim's Progress (q.v.), is the 
 name of a bog into which Christian falls 
 by accident, and from which he is extri- 
 cated by Help. 
 
 "Slow and steady •wins the 
 race.*'— Lloyd, Fables (" Hare and Tor- 
 toise *»). 
 
 " Slovir rises inrorth by poverty 
 
 depressed." — Johnson, London, line 176. 
 
 " Slow wise smile, The." — Ten» 
 NYSON, The Miller's Daughter. 
 Slowboy, Tilly, . Dot's servant 
 
SLU 
 
 SMI 
 
 64;l 
 
 maid, in Dickens's story of The Cricket 
 on the Hearth (q.v.). 
 
 Sludge, Dickon. A dwarf in Sir 
 Walter Soott*s Kenitworth wlio goes by 
 the name Flibbertigibbet. See Flibbeb- 
 
 TIGIBBET. 
 
 Slum, Mr. A " poet " In Dickens's 
 Old Curiosity Shop^ 
 
 " Slumber did my spirit steal, 
 A."— First line o( a lyric by William 
 WoEDSWORTB, Written in 1799. 
 
 Slurk, Mr. Editor oi The Eatans- 
 will Independent, in DicKEifS's novel of 
 tll6 Pickwick Papers (q.v.). See PoTT. 
 
 Sly, Christopher. A tinker, in 
 the "induction" to The Taming 0/ the 
 Shrew (q.v.). 
 
 Smalbroke, Richard, Bishop 
 Buccessively of St. David's, and Lichfield 
 and Coventry (b. 1673, d. 1749), was the 
 author of A Vindicatitjn of Our Saviour's 
 MiracleSf and other works. 
 
 Small Beer Poet, The. A name 
 bestowed bv William Cobbett upon 
 William Thomas Fitzgeeald (1759— 
 1829). a versifier ridiculed by Byron in his 
 English Bards and Scotch Jieviewers, and 
 parodied by Horace Smith in hia liejecied 
 Addresses. 
 
 " Small beer. To chronicle." — 
 Othello, act ii., scene 1. So, in King Henry 
 IV,, act ii., scene 2, Pi-ince Hal says :— 
 '* Doth ij; not show vilely in me to desire 
 small beer." 
 
 "Small sands the mountains, 
 moments make the year." Line 208^atire 
 vi., of Young's poem. The Love of Fame. 
 
 Small-Endians. See Big-Ensiaks. 
 
 "Smallest (The) worm will 
 turn, being trodden on." — King Hemry VI., 
 -part iii., act ii., scene 2. 
 
 Smart, Christopher, poet and 
 dramatist (b. 1722, d. 1770), wrote ^ Trip 
 to Cambridge: or, the Grateful Fair i^^^i 
 174i) ; contributions to The Student (1748); 
 Poetical Essays on tlie Divine Attributes 
 (1750,1751,1752,1753, and 17B5): Poems on 
 Several Occasions (1752) ; The Hilliad 
 (1753), (q.v.) ; The Stnartiad (1753) ; the 
 works of Horace in English prose (1756) ; 
 A Hymn to the Supreme Being (1756) ; a 
 
 ?~ rologue and an epilogue to the tragedy of 
 Hhello (1761); A Song to David (1763); 
 Poems (1763) ; Hatmah (1764) ; Ode to the 
 Earl of Northumberland (1764) ; A NeUi 
 Version of the Psalms (1765) ; A Poetical 
 Translation of the FaWeaef Pliadrus (1765), 
 The Parables in Familiar Verse (ll^i) ; and 
 other works, the best edition of which is 
 that of 1791, to which is prefixed An Ac- 
 count of his Life and Writings. See 
 David, A Song to ; Divine Attbi- 
 BCTEs, On the ; GBAiEruL Faie, The ; 
 Hop-Gaeden, The. 
 
 Smart, Hawley, novelist, lia? 
 published Breezie Langlon (1869), A Hact 
 for a Wife (1870), Cecile (1871), Bitter is the 
 Bhmd (1871), False Cards (1872), Broken 
 Bonds (1874), Two Kisses (1875). Courtship 
 «» 1720 ; in 1860 (1876), and Bound to Wm 
 (1877). 
 
 " Smarts so little as a fool. No 
 creature." A line by Pope in his Epistle 
 to Dr. Arbuthnot. 
 
 Smauker, Mr. John. A footman 
 who figures in the famous " swarry " in 
 chapter xxxvii. of Dickens's Pickwick 
 Papers (q.v.). 
 
 Smectymnuus. A once-famous 
 attack upon English episcopacy, published 
 in 1641, and written by five Presbyterian 
 divines, the initial letters of whose names 
 furnished the title— Stephen Marshall, 
 Edmund Calam y, Thomas Young, Mat- 
 thew Newoome, and William Spin- 
 stotw, all of whom see. In 1642 Miltonpub- 
 lishe'd An Apology for Smectymnuus. 
 
 Smedley, Edward, clergyman (b. 
 about 1789, d. 1836) ; wi'ote, among other 
 works,' i?cK(;rM> Cierici (q.v.), a History of 
 the Reformed Religion in France (1832^-34), 
 and several poems. 
 
 Smedley, Francis Edward, 
 novelist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1819, 
 d. 1864), wrote, among other Stories, 
 Frank Fairleigh (1850,) Harry Coverdale's 
 Courtship (1854), and Miles Coverdale*s 
 Courtship. See Faieleigh, Feank. 
 
 Smedley, Menella Bute, voei 
 and prose writer, has published Twice 
 Lost, and other Tales (1863). Linnet's Trial 
 (1864), Poems (1869), A Mere Story (1869), 
 Other Folks' Lives (1869), Two Dramaiig 
 Poems (1**74), and other works. ^ ^^' 
 
 Smelfungus. A nickname applied 
 by Stekke (q.T.) to Smollett (q.v.)ji 
 Tt^ose description of his Travels through 
 France and Italy is described by Fitzgei^ 
 aid as " one prolonged snarl." " The 
 lamented Smelfungus," says Sterne^ 
 " travelled from Boulogne to Paris, from 
 Paris to Home, and so on ; but he get out 
 with the spleen and jaundice, and every ' 
 object he passed by was discoloured or 
 distorted. He wrote an account of them, 
 but 'twas nothing but the account of liis 
 miserable feelings." 
 
 " Smell a rat, I. ".Line 821, canto 
 i., part i., of Butler's /T^ii^iiiras (q.v.). 
 
 Smike. A cliaraeter in Dickens's 
 novel of Niclwlas Nioklehy (q.v.). He be- 
 comes theprot^gi of Nicholas, after a boy- 
 hood of misery at Dotheboys' Hall (q.v.). 
 
 " Smile, and smile, and be a vil^ 
 
 lain. One may." — Hamlet, act i., scene 5. 
 
 " Smile {The) from partialbeau- 
 ty won."— Campbell, The Pleasures cf 
 Mope, part ii., line 21. 
 
642 
 
 SMI 
 
 SMI 
 
 ■ " Smiles from reason flow." — 
 Paradise Lost, book ix., line 239, 
 
 Smiles, Satnuel, biographer nnd 
 historian (b. 1816), has -written a Life of 
 George Steplvenson (1857), Self-Help (I860), 
 Lives of the Engineers (1862), Industrial 
 £iof/rapky (1863), Lives qf Boulton and 
 •Watt (1865), Tile Huguenots in England 
 and Ireland (1867), Character (1871), The 
 Hugenots in France (1874), Thrift (1876), 
 Life of a Scotch Naturalist (Thomas Ed- 
 ward) (1876), and other works. 
 
 Smirke, Mr. : " or, the Divine in 
 Mode." A prose work by Andrew Mak- 
 TELL (1620—1678), in which he defends Dr. 
 Croft, Bishop of Hereford, from the at- 
 tacks of the ultra-High Church party, who 
 disliked theBlshop's theological liberalism 
 and toleration. To this work, which was 
 published in 1674,wasappended a short His- 
 torical Essay concerning General Councils, 
 'Creeds, and impositions in matters of i?c- 
 ligion. 
 
 Smith, Adam, IiIi.C, economical 
 and philosophical writer (b. 1723, d. 1790), 
 wrote r/ie Theory of Moral Sentiments 
 (1759) ; An Enquiry into the Nature and 
 Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) ; 
 The Sights of GreatBritain asserted against 
 the Claims of America (177$) ; Letter to Mr. 
 Strahan on the Last Illness f^ David Hume 
 (mi) ; and Essays on Philosophical Sub- 
 geets (1795). See the Life by lord Brough- 
 am in his Men of Letters and Science, by 
 Playfair (1805), and by Smellie (1800). A 
 biographical and critical memoir was pre- 
 fixed, by DugaUl Stewart, to an edition of 
 The Theori; of Moral Sentiments, published 
 In 1853. See MonAL Sentiments, &c. ; 
 and Wealth of Nations. 
 
 Smith, Albert Richard, novelist 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1816, d. 1860), 
 contributed Sketches in Paris to The Mir- 
 ror ; Confessions of Jasper Buddie, a dis- 
 secting-room porter, to The Medical Times; 
 and numerous panel's to Bentley*s Miscel- 
 lany and Punch ; besides editing The Man 
 of the Moon in conjunction with Angus B. 
 Beach (1847 — 9), The Month, and other 
 periodicals ; and publishing The Adven- 
 tures of Mr. Ledbury, The Scattergond 
 Family, The Marchioness of Brinvilliers, 
 Chrisfoplter Tadpole, The Pottleton Leg- 
 acy, A Month in (Constantinople, and other 
 works. 
 
 Smith, Alexander, poet and es- 
 sayist (b. 1830, d. 1867), published A Life- 
 X)rama (q.v.), and other Poems (1852) ; Son- 
 nets on the Crimean War (with Sydney 
 Dobell, 1854) ; City Poems (1857) ; Edwin 
 ofDeira (1861): Dreamthorpe (1863), (q.v.); 
 A Summer in Slcye (1866) ; Alfred Hagart's 
 Household, a novel (1866) ; Last Leaves, es- 
 savB and poems (1868) ; and various con- 
 tributions to encvclopsedias, reviews, and 
 magazines. His Life has been written by 
 P. P.Alexander (1868) In a Memoir pre- 
 
 fixed to his Last Leaves. Miss Mitford 
 writes in one of her letters: — "Alfred 
 Tennyson says that Alexander Smith's 
 poems show fancy, but not imagination 'J 
 and on my repeating this to Mi-s. Brown- 
 ing, she said it was exactly her impres- 
 sion." " His prose essays," says Stedman, 
 " were charming, and his City Poems, 
 marked by sins of omission only, may be 
 rated as negatively good. 'Glasgow and 
 The Night before the /Kerfdingr-really are 
 excellent." 
 
 Smith, Charlotte, novelist, (b. 
 1749, d. 1806)', wiote Elegiac Sonnets (1784); 
 Emmeline (1788), (q.v.) ; Ethelinda (178£Ci, 
 (q.v.); Celestina (1791) ; Desmond (1792) ; 
 Tlie Old Marlor House (1T93), (q.v.) ; March- 
 mont (1796) ; Tlie Young Philosopher (17911)1 
 The Solitary Wanderer; The Wanderings 
 of Warwick; The Banished Man; Montal- 
 bert, and other works. 
 
 Smith, Edmund, poet (b. 1668, 
 d. 1710), wrote Phcedra, a tragedy (q.v.), a 
 translation of the Sublime of Longinud, 
 and other works. See his Biography in 
 Jdhnson's Lives qf the Poets. His real 
 name was Neale. 
 
 Smith, Gamaliel. A pseudonym 
 used by Jeremy Bentham (q.v.) In the 
 publication of his Not Paul but Jesus 
 (1823). 
 
 Smith, Gold-win, LL.C, miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1823), has published 
 Three English Statesmen: Pym, Cromwell, 
 and Pitt (1867) ; Empire ; Irish. History 
 and Irish Character ; The Study qf Hi^ 
 tory ; and many other works. 
 
 Smith, Horace, novelist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1779, d. 1849), wrote 
 Horatio: or. Memoirs of the Davenport 
 Family (1807) ; Rejected Addresses (with 
 his brother James, 1812), (q.v.) ; Horace in 
 London (1813), (q.v.) ; First Impressions 
 (1813); Trevanion: or. Matrimonial Er- 
 rors (1813) I The Runaway (1813) ; Gaieties 
 and Gravities (1825) ; Brambletye House 
 (1826) ; Reuben Apsley (1827) ; The Slor 
 Hill (1827) ; Zillah: a- Tale of the Holy 
 City (1828) ; The New Forest (1829) ; Wal- 
 ier Colyton': a Tale of 1688 (1830) j Mid- 
 summer Medley (1830) ; Festivals, Games, 
 and Amusements of all Nations (1831) ; 
 Tales of the Early Ages (1832) ; Gale Mid- 
 dleton (1833) ; The Involuntary Prophet 
 (1835) ; The Tin Trumpet (1836) ; Jane Lo- 
 max : or, a Mother's Crime (1837) ; Oliver 
 Cromwell (1840) ; The Moneyed Man, and 
 the Lesson of a Xj/e(1841); Adam Broion, 
 the Merchant (1843) ; Arthur Arundel 
 (1844) ; Love's Mesmerism (1845) ; and Poet- 
 ical Works (collected, 1846)i 
 
 Smith, Isaac Gregory, divine (b. 
 1826), has written Faith and Philosophy 
 (1867), The Silver Bells (ISBB), Fra Angelico 
 and other Poems (1871), Characteristics qf 
 Christian Morality (1873), and other works. 
 
 __ Smith, James (b. 1775, d. 1839),- 
 
SMI 
 
 MI 
 
 643 
 
 was joint-autlior, witli Ms brother Horace 
 <q.v.),of liejected Addresses (1812), (q.v.)i 
 mid Horace hi London (1813), (q.v.)- His 
 'MemoirSf Letters^ and Comic Misceilanies 
 were edited by his brother in 1840. 
 
 Smith, James, Suottisti poet and 
 prose writer (b. 1824), is the aul^or of 
 JPoems, Songs, and Ballads (1866), and five 
 volumes of .fiction entitled Mumorous 
 Scotch Storiest Jenny Blair's MaunderingSf 
 Hahbie and Madge, Peggy Pinkertcn's Rec- 
 ollectionsy and Archie and Bess. 
 
 Smitii, James. See MusAsuu 
 Delici^. 
 
 Smith, John, divine (b. 1563, d. 
 1616), wrote The Essex Dove presenting the 
 World with a few of her Olive^Branches 
 (1629), said. &n Exposition of the Creed and 
 jExplanatlon of the Articles of our Christian 
 Faith (1632). 
 
 Smith, John, divine (b. 1618, d. 
 1652), was the author of Ten Select Dis- 
 courses, and other works. See the Biog- 
 raphies by Patrick (1660) and Hailes 
 (1821). 
 
 Smith, John Pye, theological 
 writer (b. 1775, d. 1851), wrote Letters to 
 Belsham (1804), The Scripture Testimony 
 to the Messiah (1818 — 21), Scripture and 
 Geology (1839), F'irst Zdnes of Christian 
 TheoUtgy (1854), and other works. His Life 
 was written by Medway in, 1853, and by 
 Dr. £adie in an introduction to the fifth 
 edition of The Scripture Testimony f-g\ib' 
 lishedinl859. 
 
 Smith, Miles, Bishop of Glouces- 
 ter (b. about 1568, d. 1624), was chosen, 
 along with Bishop Bilson, to.give tlie final 
 revision to the Authorised "Version of the 
 Bible, for which he wrote " The Transla- 
 tors* Preface" — "a comely gate," says 
 Fuller, '"'to a glorious city." His Sermons 
 were published in 1632. 
 
 Smith, Mr., in Madame D'Ar- 
 BLAY'8 Evelina (q.v,), is a character of 
 whom Miss Kavanagh says that his "folly, 
 his confident impudence, his ' vulganiess,' 
 as Madame Duval would say, seemed to 
 Dr. Johnson the veryheirfit of art. He 
 would not admit that Fielmng could have 
 drawn such a character." 
 
 Smith, Robert Payne, D.D., 
 
 Dean of Canterbury (b. 1818), is the author 
 of Mes^anic Interpretation of tJie Prophe- 
 cies oflsdiah (1862), Prophecy as a Prepa- 
 ration for Christ (1869), and various other 
 works. 
 
 Smith, Samuel, religious writer 
 (1588—1663), wrote David's Blessed Man : 
 an Exposition qf the First Psalm; The 
 Great Assize ; A Fold for Christ's Sheep ; 
 The Christian's €htide ; and other tracts 
 and sermons. 
 
 Smith, Seba. See Downing, 
 Majok Jack. 
 
 Smith, Sydney, elersryman and? 
 miscellaneous, writer (b. 1771, d. 1845); 
 wrote Six Sermons preacJied at CIiarlotte\. 
 Chapel. Edinburgh (IftOO) :- Letters on tlie 
 Cathohcs fro/n Peter Plymley to his bnotJier-, 
 Abraham (1808); Sermons (1809); The Judge' 
 that smites contrary to the Law (IP24); A 
 Letter to the Electors on the Catliolic Ques- 
 tion (1826) ; Th^ee Letters to Archdeacon 
 Singteipn on the Ecclesiastical Commission 
 (1837—9) ; The Ballot (1837) ; Letter to Lord 
 John Russell on the Church Bills (1838) ; 
 Letters, on American Debts (1844); Frag- 
 ment on the Irish Roman CatJioHc Church, 
 (1845) ; Sermons (1846) ; and Elementary 
 Sketches of Moral Philosophy (1849). A 
 Selection from his Wrltlnffs appeared in 
 1855 ; his Wit and Wisdom in 1861. His, 
 WorkSf including his Contributions to the 
 Edinburgh Review, were published in 1839 
 — 40. See the Life by Lady Holland, aiid 
 the Letters, edited by Mrs. Austen ; also. 
 The Edinbivrgh Review, No- cii., and 
 Eraser's Magazine, No. xvii. See PIiYM-'" 
 LEY, Peter. 
 
 Smith, Thomas Southwood, 
 physician (b. 1788, d. 1861), wrote The Phi- 
 losophy (if Health (ISS^), The. Divine Gov 
 eminent, A Treatise on Fever, and numer- 
 ous papers in TJie Westminster Review. 
 
 Smith, Walter C, Scotch Free 
 Church minister, has published Hymns of' 
 Christ and the Christian Life (1867), and a 
 volume of verse under the signature of. 
 *' Orwell." He is also the reputed author 
 of two poems entitled Olrig Grange (1872) 
 and Borland Hall (1874). 
 
 . Smith, "William, Bean of Chester! 
 (b. 1711, d. 1787), translated Longinus Qr^ 
 the Sublime, the works of Thucydides, and 
 Xenophon's History of Greece, besides 
 publi&hing a volume of sermons on the' 
 Beatitudes, and some poems. 
 
 Smith, "William, geologist {K. 
 1769, d. 1839), was the author of the first 
 geological map published in England, and 
 wrote A Mineral Survey : or. Delineations 
 of the Strata of England, Wales, and part 
 of Scotland (1815) ; ^trata Jdenti^iid by Or- 
 ganised Fossils (1816 — 19) ; Stratigraphical 
 'System of Organised Fossils (1817) t and; 
 other works. His Life was published by 
 John Phillips in 1844. 
 
 Smith, William, LL.D., D.C.L., 
 
 classical editor and scholar (b. 1813), haS' 
 edited The Dictionary. of Greek and Roman 
 Antiquities (1840—2), Tlie Dictionary of 
 Greele and Roman Biography and Mytholr 
 ogy (1843 — 9), The Dictionary of Greek and 
 Roman Geography (1852—7), Gibbon's Der 
 dine and Fall of the Roman Empire (1854), 
 a Latin-English Dictionary (1855), a Diffr 
 tioTiary of the Bible (1860—3), an EnglisJir' 
 Latin Dictionary (,1870), an Atlas of Bibli^ 
 cal and Classical Geography (1875), and 
 (with Professor Wace) a Dictionary^ of 
 Christian Biography (vol 1., 1876), besides 
 
S44 
 
 SMO 
 
 SMO 
 
 compiling a number of school manuals. 
 Se was appointed editor of The Quarterly 
 Review in 1867. 
 Smollett, Tobias G-eorge, M.D., 
 
 lOTelist and poet (b. 1721. d. 1771), wrote 
 The Tears of Caledonia (1746) ; The Advice : 
 t Satire iVl4Q)\ TheReproqf: aSatire(\l-kl)\ 
 The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748); 
 The Regicide: a Trayedu (1749); An Essay 
 m the External Use of Water ^ with partic- 
 Uar Remarks mi the Mineral Waters of 
 Bath (1750) ; Tlie Adventures of Peregrine 
 Picfc/e (1751); The Adventures of Ferdinand^ 
 '^cnint Fathom (1753); a translation of Don 
 Quixote (1755); 2'Ae Reprisals : or. Tars of 
 Old England (1757); ACompleat JRistory of 
 England {1157); A Compenalnm of Voyages 
 ina Travels (1757) ; The Adventures of Sir 
 LauTicelot Grreaves (1762); The Present State 
 )f all Nations (1764); Travels through 
 France and Italy (1766); The History and 
 Adventures of an Atom, (1769); The Expedi- 
 tion of Humphrejf Clinker (1771); Ode to In- 
 lependenceXniZYf and some miscellaneous 
 poems and essays contributed to The Crit- 
 ical Review. His Plays and Poems, with 
 Memoirs of the Life and Writings of tlie 
 duthor^ were published in 1777 ; llis Mis- 
 cellaneous Works in 1790, 1796, 1797, and 
 1845 ; the second and la^t of these editions 
 .ncluding notices of his Life by Dr. Ander- 
 ion and W. Roscoe respectively. His com- 
 plete Works appeared in 1872, with a Me- 
 noir by J. Moore. See also the Biogra- 
 phies bySir Walter Scott and Robert Cham- 
 i)ers. For Criticism^ see Hazlitt's Comic 
 Writers^ Thackeray's English HumouHstSf 
 Forsyth's Novelists of the Eighteenth Cen- 
 iurw, Masson's Novelists and their Styles, 
 md Notices of most of Smollett's works 
 ffill be found under their respective titles. 
 '■* Smollett's humour," says Hazlitt, ** often 
 irises from the situation of the persons, or 
 the peculiarity of their external appear- 
 ince, as from Roderick Random's carroty 
 locks, which hung down over his shoulders 
 like a pound of candles, or Strap's i^io- 
 ranee of London, and the blunders that 
 follow from it. There is a tone of vulgar- 
 ity about all his productions. The inci- 
 ients frequently resemble detached anec- 
 lotes taken from a newspaper or maga- 
 sino ; and, like those in GU Bias, might 
 happen to a hundred other characters. 
 He exhibits the ridiculous accidents and 
 reverses to which human life is liable, not 
 'the stuff 'of which it is composed. He 
 seldom probes to the quick, or penetrates 
 beyond the surface; and therefore he leaves 
 no stings in the mintU of his -readers, and 
 in this respect is far less interesting than 
 Fielding. His novels always enliven, and 
 never tire us; we take them up with pleas- 
 ure, and lay them down without any strong 
 feeling of regi'et. "We look on and laugh, as 
 spectators of a highly amusing scene, with- 
 out closing in with the combatants, or being 
 made parties in the event." '*He didnot,'' 
 says Thackeray, " invent much, as I fancy, 
 but had the keenest perceptive faculty, 
 
 and described what he saw witli wonderful 
 relish, and delightful broad humour. I 
 think Uncle Bowling in Roderick Random 
 is as good a character as Squire Western 
 himself ; and Mr. Morgan, the Welsh 
 apothecary, as pleasant as Dr. Caius. What 
 man who made his estimable acquaint- 
 ance — what novel-reader who loves Eon 
 Quixote and Major Dalgetty— will refuse 
 his most cordial acknowledgments to the 
 admirable Lieutenant JLismahago? The 
 novel of Humphrey Clinker is, 1 do think, ~ 
 the most laughable story that has ever 
 been written since the goodly art of novel- 
 writing began, Winifred Jenkins, and 
 Tabitha Bramble must keep EngliFhmen 
 on the giin for ages yet to come ; and in 
 their letters and the story of their loves 
 there is a perpetual fount of sparkling 
 laughter, as inexhaustible as Bladud's 
 well," " On a comparison," cays Mnspon, 
 " of Fielding with Smollett, it is easy to 
 point out subordinate differences between 
 them. Critics have done this abundantly 
 and accurately enough. Smollett, they tell 
 us, is even more historical in his method, 
 deals more in actual observation and 
 reminiscence, and less in invention and 
 combination of reminiscence, than Field- 
 ing. His notion of a story, still more than 
 Fielding's, is that of a traveller moving 
 over a certain amount of ground, and 
 through a succession of places, each full 
 of things to be seen and of odd physiog- 
 nomies to be quizzed. Fielding's construc- 
 tion is more careful and well considered, 
 his evolution of his story the more perfect 
 and harmonious, his art altogether the 
 more classic and exquisite ; his humour, too, 
 is the liner and more subtle, like that of a 
 well-wrought comedy, while Smollett's is 
 the coarser and more outrageous^ like that 
 of a broad farce. Both are satirists, but 
 Fielding's satire is that of a man of joyous 
 and sel^-possessed temperament, who has 
 come to definite conclusions as to what is 
 to be expected in the world, while Smollett 
 writes with pain, and under irritation. 
 Fielding has little scruple in hanging his 
 villains, as if he had made up his mind 
 that the proper treatment of villains was 
 their physical annihilation. Sihollett, with 
 all his fiercer indignation, punishes his 
 villains too, but generally deals with them 
 in the end as if they might be curable. If 
 Fielding's, onth^ whole, as Thackeray and 
 most critics argue, is the * greater hand,* 
 there are peculiarities in Smollett in virtue 
 ofwluch Scott and others have hesitated 
 to admit absolute inferiority so fiaFily aa 
 might be expected, and have ranked him, 
 all in all, as Fielding's rival. Seme of 
 Smollett's characters are as powerful crea- 
 tions as any in Fielding ; and he has rfven 
 us a range hi sea characters in Tom Bow- 
 ling, Trunnion, Hatchway, &c., to which 
 there is nothing slmilffi: in the works of 
 the other. In sheerly ludicrous episode, 
 also^in the aceumulation of absurd and 
 grotesque detail till the power of laughter 
 
SMU 
 
 646 
 
 can endure no more — SmoUett has, per- 
 haps, surpassed Fielding. There is also a 
 rhetorical strength of language in Smollett 
 ■which Fielding rarely exhibits ; a power 
 of melodramatic effect to which Fielding 
 does not pretend ; and a greater constitu- 
 tional tendency to the sombre and the ter- 
 rible. There was potentially more' of the 
 poet in Smollett than in Fielding, and 
 there are passages in his writings approach- 
 ing nearer, both in feeling and in rhythm, 
 to lyric beauty." 
 
 Smuggler, The. A tale by John 
 Bakim (1798—1842). 
 
 Smyth, William, Professor of 
 Modern History at Cambridge (b. 176ij, d. 
 1849), published Erw/lish lyrics (1806) ; 
 Memoirs of Afr. SheriSan (1840), Lectures on 
 Modem History (1810), and Evidences of 
 Christianity (1845). 
 
 ' Smythe, George Sydney. See 
 A2I6ELA. PisAui, and Sikahgfoed, Vis- 
 count. 
 
 Snake, in Sheridan's comedy of 
 Snfte Sclioolfor Scandal (q-v.), is a scandal- 
 monger. 
 
 Snare. A sheriff's officer, in tlie 
 second part of King Hi.mry JV. 
 
 " Snatch a grace beyond the 
 reach of art. And." — Pope's' Essay on 
 Crittcisnit i., 153. 
 
 Sneak, Jerry. A pin-maker, in 
 FooTE's farce of The Mayor of Garrat. 
 
 Sneer figures in Sheridan's farce 
 of The Critic (q.v.). His character is in- 
 dicated by his name. 
 
 Sneerwell, Lady, in Sheridan's 
 comedy of The Softool for Scandal (q.v.), is 
 a member of the Scandal Club, in love with 
 Charles Surface (q.v). 
 
 Snevellioci, Miss. An actress in 
 Mr. Crummies' company, in Dickens's' 
 novel of Nicliolas Nickleoy (q.v.). 
 
 Snob, The : " a Literary and 
 Scientific Journal, not ' Conducted by 
 Members of the University.' " A series 
 pf humorous papers, published weekly for 
 eleven weeks at Oxford, in the year 1829, 
 beginning on April 9. It was edited by W. 
 M. Thackeray, and a friend of his called 
 Lettsom, and contains some very amusing 
 things in a vein Thackeray afterwards 
 worked with success and popularity. 
 
 Snobs, The Book of, by William 
 Makepeace Thackeray (1811 — 1863), 
 originally appeared in Punch', " It con- 
 tains," says James Hannay, ''some of 
 ^ackeray's best satirical writing. Be- 
 fore it appeared, the word 'snob' be- 
 longed to the world of slang, and was 
 indeed chiefly applied, by those whom 
 we now describe as snobs, to people 
 who mainly differed from themselves 
 
 by being poorer. Thackeray raised the 
 word out 01 slang into literature, and 
 attached to it a new meaning, not very 
 easy to define, hut which everybody un- 
 derstands, nevertheless." It appeared 
 separately in 1848. 
 
 Snodgras3, Mr. Augustus. The 
 " poet," in Dickens's Pickwlch Papers 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Snout. "A tinker,'' in A Mid- 
 summer NighVs Dream (q.v.). See Wall. 
 
 Snubbin, Sergeant, in Dickens's 
 Piclewick Papers (q.v.), is counsel for the 
 defendant in the famous trial of " Bardell 
 V. Pickwick," 
 
 Snuff. See Arbcckle, James. 
 
 Snug^ " A joiner," in A Midsummer 
 NighVs Bream (q.v.). 
 
 "Snug little island. Oh! it's a." 
 
 A line in one of Dibdin's songs, in which 
 there also occurs the line — 
 
 " a right little, tight little island." 
 
 " So all day long the noise of 
 
 battle roU'd." — Morie d' Arthur (q.v.), by 
 Alfbed Tennyson. 
 
 "So Hector spake; the Tro- 
 jans roar'd applause." First line of a 
 " Specimen of a translation of The Iliad 
 into blank verse," By Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 " So many -worlds, so much to 
 
 do,"— Tennyson, In Memorian, stanza 
 Ixxii. — 
 
 " So little done, such things to be." 
 
 Sobrino. A Saracen soldier, called 
 the Sage, in Ariosto's Orlando Eurioso. 
 Sociable Companions : " or, the 
 
 Female Wits." A comedy by Margaret, 
 Duchess of Newcastle (1624— 16T3). 
 
 Society and Solitude. Twelve 
 essajrs by Ealph Waldo Emerson (q.v.), 
 published in 1870. 
 
 " Society is now one polished 
 
 horde," — Stanza 95, canto xiii., of Byron's 
 poem of Don Juan— 
 " F()nned of two mighty tribes, the £ore$ and 
 Bored." 
 
 " Society -where none intrudes. 
 There is." See stanza 178, canto iv., of 
 Byron's poem of Childe Harold's Pil- 
 
 frimage (q.v.). See " Pleasure in the 
 'athless Woods. 
 "Soft blue sky (The) did never 
 melt into Us heart." — Wordsworth, 
 Peter Sell, part i., stanza IB. 
 
 " Soft impeachment ; I own 
 
 the."— Mrs. Malaprop,ln SnEBIDAN's com- 
 edy of The Rivals (q.v.), act v., scene 3. • 
 
 " Soft words with nothing in 
 them make a song."— Waller, To Creeeli, 
 UnelO. '• 
 
346 
 
 SOH 
 
 SOIi 
 
 Sohrab and Rustum. *'An 
 apisode," or narfatiTe in verSe, by Mat- 
 thew Arnold (b. 1822). The story is told 
 In prose in Sir Jolin Malcolm's ffistorj/ of 
 Persia. "The powerful conception of the 
 relations between the two chieftains, and 
 flie flaying of the son by the father, are," 
 ?ays Stedman, " tragical and heroic, llie 
 iestiriptive passage at the close [begin- 
 Qing— 
 
 " But the majestic rirer floated on "], 
 lot diction and breadth of tone would do 
 lionour to any living poet." 
 
 Soldier's Dream, The. A lyric, 
 by Thomas Campbell. See "Oua 
 
 BUGLES SAKa TKUCE J " and " SENTINEL 
 3TAKS.'* 
 
 Soldier's Home, The. A poem 
 by Robert Bloomfield (1766—1823), of 
 which Professor Wilson wrote :— " The 
 topic is trite, but in Bloomfield's hands it 
 iblmost assumes a character of novelty. 
 Burns's Soldier's Jiefum is not, to our taste, 
 3uewhit superior." 
 
 Soldier's Return, The. See 
 Soldier's Home, The. 
 
 Soldier's Tear, The. A song b"y 
 Thomas Haynes Bayly (q.v.), which 
 Bras remarkably popular in its day. 
 
 " Solemn mockery, This." — ^Ire- 
 land, Vortigem, act iii. 
 
 Solid Doctor, The. A title be- 
 stowed upon Richard Middleton (d. 
 L304), on account of his great learning. 
 
 "Solid pudding against empty 
 
 praise, And." Line-52, book i., of Pope's. 
 jatire ot The Dunciad (q.v.). 
 
 .Soliloquy: " or, Advice to an 
 A-uthor," by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 
 ihird Earl of Shaftesbdry (1671—1713) ; 
 published in 1710, and forming the Third, 
 Treatise of his Characteristics (q .v.). 
 
 Soliman and Ferseda, The 
 
 Fragedye of, *' wherein is laid open Love's 
 Constancy, Fortune's inconstancy; and 
 Death's triumphs ; " printed in 1599. " I'he 
 Introduction," however, '"of a portion of 
 ihe story into Kyd's Spanish Tragedy 
 Iq-v.], licensed in 1592, would seem to show 
 ihat the play had been written, partly or 
 PFholly, several years before.'*^ *' The 
 mtbor having concealed his name^" we 
 :annot pronounce by whom it was written ; 
 ihough might I be allowed to conjecture, I 
 ivould ascribe it to Kyd, as it carries with 
 it many internal marks of that author's 
 manner of composition. The plan is 
 nijiilar to that of The Spanish Tragedy, 
 ipA. the same phrases frequently occur m 
 joth. it is f avtlier observable that in The 
 Spanish Traged}/ the story of Erastus and 
 f ei-Seda is introduced by Hieronimo [q.v.], 
 in order, it would seem, to bespeak the 
 ittentlon of the audience to a more rdgulair 
 
 and more perfect Tepresentatibri of their 
 tragical catastrophe. Shsdsespeare has 
 frequently quoted passages out of this 
 play.'* See Carew Hazlitt's edition of 
 jDoosley's Old Plays. 
 
 Solinus, Duke of Ephesus. A 
 character in The Comedy of Errors (q-v.)- , 
 
 Solitude, Hypin on, by James 
 Thomson (1700—1748) ; beginning :— 
 
 " Hail mildly-pleaaing solitude, 
 Companion of the wise and good . . . 
 Olv.l Jiow I lovB with thee to walk. 
 And liEteiL to thy whispesr'd talk.'' 
 
 "Solitude (O)! where are thy 
 charms ? '* A line in Cowper*s poem of 
 Lines Supposed to be written by Alexander 
 Selkirk. 
 
 Solitude, Ode to, by Alexander 
 
 Pope (1688—1744) ; written when tho 
 author was about twelve years old. It 
 begins : — 
 
 ** Happy the man whose wish and cars 
 
 A lew paternal acres bound, ' 
 
 Content to breathe hia^afive air,. 
 In his own ground." 
 
 Solitude, Ode to, by James 
 Gbainger (1723—1767) ; beginning :— 
 " O Solitude, romantic maid 1 " - 
 
 "Solitude sometinies is best 
 society, For." line 249, book ix., of Mn> 
 TOif 's poem' of Paradise Lost (q.v.). 
 
 Solomon and Saturn. A poem 
 by Cynewulf (q.v.), "which consists/* 
 says Warton, *< of a variety_ of gnomic.sen^ 
 tences, mixed, however, with a variety of 
 other matter, in the form of a dialogue.^' 
 It ** treats of the divine virtue, personified' 
 under the mystic name of * Pater-noster,*^ 
 of * vasa mortis,' the bird of death, of the 
 fall of angels, of the good and evil spirits 
 which watch over men to encourage tbent 
 to virtue or tempt to evil, of fate, old agCi 
 and various moral ^and rehgious subjects. 
 Many passages of the poem are of higli- 
 poetic beauty.*' 
 
 Solomon on the Vanity of the 
 
 "World. A poem, in- three books, by Mat- 
 thew PBiOjt (1664—1721), the first book of 
 which treate of Knowledge^ the second 
 of Pleasure, and the third of Power, It is 
 written in the heroic couplet, and accord- 
 ing to Johnson, its author *' has infused, 
 into it much knowledge andmuch thought, 
 has often polished it into excellence, often 
 di^ified it into splendour, and sometimes 
 heightened it to sublimity. Its tedious- 
 ness," he says, "proceeds, not from the 
 uniformity of Uie subject, for it is suffi- 
 ciently diversified- butfrom the continued 
 tenour of the narration, In which Solomoii 
 relates the successive vicissitudes of hii 
 own mind, without the intervention of anj' 
 other speaker, or the mention of any other 
 agent, unless it be Abra." 
 
 Solomon's House. " The College 
 of the Six Day*B WorkB/* the descriptioa 
 
SOL 
 
 sour 
 
 647 
 
 ot which oconplea so Urge & portion of 
 Lord BacOH's unfinished work, The New 
 Atlantis (q.v.). 
 
 Solomons, Ikey, jun. Tlie r>om 
 <fe plume adopted by William Make- 
 pKaoe Thackeray (q.T.), in contributing 
 to Fraser's Magazine his story otCatherine 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Solomon's Song was a favourite 
 subject of versification with the old writers. 
 A version was made by Dudley Fen xer 
 in 1587, and another by Egbert Fletcher 
 in 1586. Warton mentions several others 
 in his History of English Poetry. 
 
 "Some ask'd me -where the 
 
 mbies grew."— First line of a lyric by 
 EOEEBT Herbick (q.v.), followed by :— 
 
 '* Nothing: I did say, 
 
 But with my finger pointed to 
 
 The hpsol Julia." 
 
 "Some mute inglorious Mil- 
 ton." See '■ Mute inglorious Milton," 
 
 Somebody, For the Sake of. A 
 
 song by Kobert Burns (1769^1796), be- 
 ^nning— 
 
 " My heart 13 Bair, I dare na tell. 
 My heart is sairfor somebody ; 
 1 could ranee the world around, 
 JTor the sake o' somebody." 
 
 Somebody's Luggage. The title 
 of the Christmas number of All the Year 
 Round for 1864, written by Charles 
 Dickens (1812—1870). The story of Chris- 
 topher, the head-waiter, is very amusingly 
 told. 
 
 , Somerville, Mrs. Mary, scientific 
 writer (b. 1780, d. 1872), was the author of 
 The Mechanism, of the Heavens (1831), The 
 Qnvnectvon of the Physical Sciences (1834), 
 Physical Geography (1848), Molecular and 
 Microscopic Science^ and other worlcs. Her 
 Personal Recollections and Correspondence 
 appeared in 1873. ■ ' 
 
 Somerville, Thomas, CD., 
 
 Presbyterian minister (b. 1741, d. 1830), pub- 
 lished a History of the Political Transac- 
 tions in the Reign of William III. (1792\ and 
 a History of Great Britain in the Reign of 
 Queen Anne (1798). His autobiography 
 was published in 1861 under the title of 
 My Own Life and Times in 1741 — 1814. 
 
 Somerville, Williaim, poet (b. 
 1692, d. 1742), wrote 2Vte Two Springs 
 (1725) ; Occasional Poems (1727) ; The Chase 
 (iT36), (q.v.) ; Field Sports (1742), (q.v.) ; and 
 Hobbmol (q.v.). His Works are ^teluded 
 in Anderson's edition of The British Poets. 
 For Criticism, see Johnson's Lives of the 
 Poets. 
 
 " Something in me dangerous." 
 See " Splenetivb and rash." 
 
 "Sometimes counsel take 
 
 (post), and sometimes tea."— PoPB, Tlie 
 }Si^<lfihe^Loek,-caata^l., line 7. 
 
 Somnambulus. The pseudonym 
 adopted by Sir Walter Scott (1771—1832) 
 in contributing some political satires, en^ 
 titled I'Ae Visionary, to The Edinlmrgli 
 Weekly Journal in 1819. 
 
 Somnium. v A poem by George 
 Buchanan (1506—1582), in which he se- 
 verely reflects upon the vices and irregulai-i- 
 ties of the Franciscan monks. • St. Franci» 
 appears to the poet in a dream, and 
 endeavours, by describing the character 
 and pleasures of the order, to induce him 
 to enter it. Somnium was followed very 
 shortly by Franciscanus, in which the 
 satire Is even more bitter than in the for- 
 mer poem ; and the anger of his enemie* 
 was so great that Cardinal Beaton offered 
 a price for his-head, and he was compelled 
 to flee for safety to Loudon, 
 
 Sompnour, The, or Summoner, in 
 Chaucer's Canterbury Tales,, tells the 
 story of a friar who was outwitted by a 
 dying man. ; " The tale is cousin," says 
 Morley, " to a fabliau by Jacques de 
 Baisieiix." 
 
 Song: "by a Person of Quality .!!■ 
 Written in 1733, by Alexander Pope, iii 
 ridicule of the euphuistlc songs popular at 
 the time. - 
 
 Song, A Ne-w : " showing tlie 
 cruelty of Gemutus, a Jew, who, lending 
 to a merchant an hundred crowns, would 
 have a ppunde of his fleshe, because ha 
 could nolpay him at the time appointed. To 
 the tune of Black and Yellow." A on'c^' 
 popular ballad, which was probably known- 
 to Shakespeare, and may have furnished M 
 hintforhis Jlferc/KtM*^ Femce (q.v.). . , 
 
 " Song charms the sense." 
 Line 556, book ii., of -Milton's poem of 
 Paradise Lost (q.v.). 
 
 Song of Italy, A, by ALGEKNOif 
 Chaeles Swinbubnf (q.v.) ; published. 
 in 1867. " It is marked by sonorous elo- 
 quence, and carries us buoyantly along ; 
 yet, despite its splendid apostrophes to 
 Mazzini and Garibaldi, it was not a poem 
 to be widely received and to stir the com- 
 mon heart." - 
 
 Song of Lad3r Bessy, The most 
 
 pleasant. An historical poem on the move-' 
 ments of Elizabeth of York, arterwarda. 
 Queen of England, frpm Christmas, 1484,- 
 to the battle of Bosworth Field. " In a: 
 literary point of view," says Warton, 
 " the ppein is interesting and vMuable. 
 The supposed author is Humphrey Brere«' 
 ton, the lady's squire." 
 
 Song of Seaven Straines of the 
 
 Soul. A hymn by William Lisle (d. 
 1637), which exists only in manuscript. 
 
 Song of the ■ Chyld-Byshop, 
 
 The, " as It was sunge before the que^nes 
 majestle [Mary . I... of , England py tha 
 
90:8 
 
 SON 
 
 SON 
 
 chylde^byshope of Paules churche witli Ms 
 company." A poem of thirty-six- stanzas, 
 celebrating a ceremony mucn in vogue in 
 the Middle Ages, in which a boy dressed 
 in episcopal robes '• went abroad in most 
 parts of London, singing after the old 
 fashion, and was received with many ig- 
 norant but well-disposed people into their 
 hoiises, and had much good cheer." The 
 music is of that species of composition 
 called " Canon in the unison," and is sup- 
 posed to be of the fifteenth century. See 
 Chappeirs Music of the Olden Time, and 
 Ellis's edition of the Song. 
 
 Song of the Cuckoo, The, is the 
 
 oldest English song, says Warton, that ap- 
 pears in oar manuscripts, with the musical 
 qotes annexed. It begins : — 
 
 *' Summer is i-comen in, 
 Lhiide sing cuccu : 
 I Groweth fed, and bloweth med, 
 
 And springeth the wde nu. 
 Sing cuccu." 
 
 Song of the Shirt, The. A lyric 
 by Thomas Hood, which appeared in the 
 Christmas number of Punch for 1843. The 
 opening lines are familiar : — 
 
 " With fingeis weary and worn. 
 With- eyelids heavy and red, 
 A woman sat, in unwomanly rags, 
 Flying her needle and thread. 
 Stitch— stitch— stitch I 
 In poverty, hunger, and dirt, 
 ' And still, with a voice of dolorous pitch 
 She sangthe * Song of a Shirt 1 * " 
 
 Song, The Dead Man's, " whose 
 dwelling was uearBasinghall, in London," 
 is printed in Wood's JJaltads. It be- 
 gins :— 
 
 *' Sore sicke, dear friends, long tyme 1 was." 
 
 Song- Writing, Essay on, by Dr. 
 
 John Aikin (1747—1822), was published 
 in 1771. 
 
 Songes and Sonettes, " by 
 Hekby Howard, Earl of Sukrey, Sir 
 Thomas Wyatt the Elder, Nicholas 
 Grimald, and uncertain authors." See 
 ToTTEL's Miscellany. 
 
 Songs and other Poems, by 
 
 Alexander Bbome (1620—1666) ; pub- 
 lished in 1660, and including a largo num- 
 ber of songs and lyrics in favour of the 
 Cavalier cause, to the ultimate success- of 
 which, in the restoration of Charles II., 
 Brome may be said to have largely con- 
 tributed. 
 
 Songs and Poems of Love and 
 Drollery, by Thomas, sometimes called 
 Captain, Weaver (d. 1662). The volume 
 Is partly political, and against the Round- 
 heads. For m-iting this bools, which was 
 dBclaied to be a Seditious libel against the 
 Government, the author was expelled 
 from the University of Oxford , by the 
 Presbyterians. 
 
 Songs and Soniaets. A work by 
 
 George Tubbebtillb (circa 1530—1594) ; 
 published in 1567. 
 
 Songs before Sunrise; A rol- 
 nme of poems by Aloebkon GhabIiES 
 SwiNBUENB (q.v.), published in 1871. " It 
 is a series of lofty and imposing odes, eX' 
 hibiting Swinburne's varied lyrical pow- 
 ers, and his most earnest traits of charac- 
 ter. The conflict of day with night before 
 the sunrise of freedom is rehearsed in two- 
 score pieces, which chant the democratic 
 uprising of Continental Europe and the 
 outbrealc in Crete." 
 
 Songs, Divine and Moral, by 
 
 Dr. Isaac Watts (1674—1748). " Some 
 absurdities and many beauties," says 
 Southey, "'might be collected from lus 
 poems. He has the rare merit of being 
 seldom dull, and except where he has pur- 
 posely stooped to the capacity of children 
 for the best and most praiseworthy mo- 
 tives, he usually displays A skilful ear and 
 an active fancy ; a mind well stored with-- 
 knowledge, and a heart of piety and good- 
 ness. They appeared in 1720. j 
 
 Songs for the Nursery : " or,. 
 Mother Goose's Melodies fpr Children."" 
 See Goose, Mother. 
 
 Songs in Absence. Composed 
 by Abthcb Hugh Clough (1819—1861), 
 doling his stay in America in 1852. 
 
 Songs of Innocence and Songs 
 
 of Experience. Poems by William 
 Blake (1767—1828), published between 
 1789 and 1793, with illustrations by the 
 author. The Songs ^ Innocence include 
 " "The Lamb ; " the Songs qf Experience, 
 " The Tiger " iq,--?-). 
 
 Songs of two 'Worlds. See 
 
 MoBEis, Lewis. 
 
 Songs of Zion, " being imitations 
 of the Psalms." A work by James Moki- 
 GOMEKY (1771—1854) i published in 1822. 
 
 Sonnets ii) English have their ori- 
 gin, like so much else in our literature^ 
 in Italy, where they were brought to per- 
 fection by Petrarch, Tasso, andUante, and- 
 whence they were imported into our own 
 country by Sir Thomas Wyatt and the Earl 
 of Surrey, the earliest sonneteers in our 
 language. The Italian sonnet consisted of 
 fourteen lines, divided into two groups of 
 eight and six lines respectively ; the first 
 eight (called the Octave) having only two 
 rhymes between tliem— the first, fourUi, 
 fifth, and eighth being in one rhyme, aiid 
 the second, third, sixth, and seventh being 
 in the other. There was then a pause in 
 the sense, and the six concluding lines 
 (called the Sestette) had two rhymes be- 
 tween them, those rhymes generally alter- 
 nating in the most finished specimens. In 
 this form of sonnet Wyatt and Surrey ' 
 wrote J but, since then, the only fixed rule 
 in regard to the English sonnet has been 
 that It should coUalBt of. foorteeii lines. 
 
80N 
 
 ON 
 
 649, 
 
 The great English masters of this form of 
 Terse have aU differed in their arrangement 
 of the rhymes. Spenser divides the four- 
 teen lines thus : — The first and third lines 
 rhyme one way ; the second, fourtli, fifth, 
 and seventh another; the sixth, eighth, 
 ninth, and eleventh anoUier ; and the tenth 
 and twelfth another, the last two lines 
 forming a couplet with another rhyme. 
 Here is a specimen : — 
 
 •' One day I wrote her name upon the strand ! 
 
 But came the waves and washed it away : 
 ■ Again I wrote it with a eecond hanu, 
 But came the tide and made my pains hia prey. 
 
 * Vain man ! * said she, ' th^t dost in vain assay 
 A mortal thing bo to immortalize ; 
 
 For I myself shall like to thid decay, 
 And eke my name be wiped out likewise.* 
 ' Not so,' quoth I, ' let baser things devise 
 To die in dust, but you shall live oy fame : 
 My verse your virtues fair shall eternize, 
 And in the heavena write your c^lorious name, 
 "Where, whcnas Death shall all the world subdue. 
 Out love shall live, and later life renew." 
 
 Shakespeare's sonnets consist simply of 
 three quatrains and a c ouplet, the rhymers 
 being seven in number. Thus ■ — 
 " Let me not to the marriage of true minds 
 Admit impediments. I^ove-is not love 
 Which alters when it alteration finds, 
 Or bends with the remover to remove : 
 Oh, no ; it ia an ever fixed mark. 
 That looks on tempests, and is never shaken ; 
 It is the star to every wandering bark. 
 Whose worth's unknown, although his height be 
 
 taken. 
 Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks 
 Within his bending sickle's compass come : 
 XjQve alters not with his brief hours and weeks, 
 But bears it out even to the edge of doom. 
 If this be error, and upon me proved, 
 I never writ, nor no man ever loved." 
 
 In Milton's sonnets there is the clasBic 
 division into octave andsestette, the form- 
 er being properly carried out, but the 
 latter being fitted with three rhymes— the 
 ninth and twelfth, tenth and thirteenth, 
 and eleventh and fourteenth rhyming 
 together. Here is an instance, in the 
 poet's sonnet on his blindness : — 
 
 " When I consider how my light is spent 
 Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide ; 
 And that one talent which is death to hide. 
 Lodged with me useless, though my soul more 
 
 bent 
 To serve therewith my Maker, and present 
 My true account, lest He returning chide ;— 
 
 • Doth God exact datlabour, light denied ? ' 
 I fondly ask : But Patience, to prevent 
 
 That murmur, soon replies, * God doth not need 
 Either man's work, or nis own gifts ; who best 
 Bear his mild yoke, they perve nim best ; his state 
 Js kingly ; thousands at his bidding speed. 
 And post o'er land and ocean without rest ; — 
 They also serve who only stand and wait." 
 
 Wordsworth, again, is very uncertain in 
 the arrangement he adopts. In the fol- 
 lowing specimen, for example, he gives us 
 the Ideal sonnet as conceived oy the 
 Italians : — 
 
 •• I'he world is too much with us ; late and soon. 
 Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers : 
 'Little we see in nature that is ours ; 
 We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon I 
 This sea that bares her bosom to the moon, 
 The winds that will bo howling at all hours. 
 And arc up-gathered now like sleeping flowers, 
 ■ For this, tot evetything, we are out of tunc ; 
 
 2d 
 
 It moves us not^Great God t I'd rather ba 
 A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn. 
 So might I, standing on this pleasant lea, 
 liavc glimpses that should make me less forlorn* 
 Have Bight of Proteus rising from the sea. 
 Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn." 
 
 In other cases, he will preserve the octave, 
 and give three rhymes to the sestette, plac- 
 ing them as he pleases. Two things, how- 
 ever, a sonnet must have, besides its 
 fourteen lines ; it must be complete in 
 itself, and it must be perfect in expression. 
 It must be fiawless* or it is worthless : if it 
 is flawless, it can give an undying reputa- 
 tion. Drayton, for example, lives more by 
 his sonnet beglnniiig— 
 
 *' Since there's no help, come let us kiss and part " 
 than by any of his larger works. Blanco' 
 White has absolutely no other place in 
 literature than that which his sonnet on 
 Night and Death has effectually secured 
 for him. The sonnet was naturally a 
 favourite form of verse with the Elizabeth- 
 ans, for Italian influence was then strong 
 in England. Passing by Wyatt and Sur- 
 rey, we have as sonneteers in the sixteenth 
 century, Sir Philip Sidney, Henry Con- 
 stable, Thomas Lodge, Thomas Watson, 
 Joshua Sylvester, Samuel Daniel, and 
 may others apart altogether from Spenser 
 and Shakespeare. Sidney will be chiefly 
 remembered for the sonnets beginning— , 
 " Come Sleep, O Sleep, the certain knot of peace ;" 
 and^ 
 
 " With how sad steps, O Moon ! thou climb'st th« 
 skies ; " 
 
 —both of them certain of immortality. 
 Steevens thought Watson a '* much mor« 
 elegant sonneteer" than Shakespeare— a 
 judgment which depends upon what id 
 meant by "elegant." Spenser's sonnets 
 are eighty-eight in number, and called 
 Amoretti (q-v.) ; they " sin^the cruelty and 
 charms of his mistress in the artificial 
 style so freqi^ently adopted in that age." 
 Sir Walter lialeigh wrote a sonnet on the 
 Fa^ie Queencj which Trench calls "about 
 the finest compliment ever paid by poet to 
 poet." Constable's efforts were entirely 
 amatory in tone, and addressed to a Diaiia 
 (q.v) ; they are "not without melody and 
 feeling." Shakespeare's are discussed else- 
 where. Daniel had a Delia for his inspira- 
 tion, and wrote lifty-seven sonnets in her 
 praise. Coming down to the seventeenth 
 century, we have William Drummond, the 
 most famous of whose sonnets is that com- 
 mencing— 
 
 " A good thatnever satisfies the mind." 
 
 Hazlitt describes them as "in the highest 
 degree elegant, harmonious, and strihing,*' 
 and as " more in the manner of Petrarch 
 than any other that we have," Milton's 
 sonnets were pooh-poohed by Johnson, 
 whose verdict, however, is not that of the 
 best critics. They are only eighteen, in 
 number (the English ones)— " soul-anl- 
 matmg strains," says Wordeworth— " alast 
 too few ! " From nis tinie to that of Gray, 
 
850 
 
 SON 
 
 SON 
 
 the sonnet languished. The period of 
 Italian influence passed away, and the 
 French element became powerful. By- 
 and-by, however, the sonnet reasserted its 
 charm. Even Gray wrote a specimen, and 
 a very characteristic one. Warton wrote 
 at least one which Lamb could characterise 
 as of tirst-rate excellence. It was Cowper, 
 however, who restored it to its proper 
 eminence among forma of poetry. Of this 
 poet's sonnets, Palgrave says that " Shake- 
 Biieare's have more passion, Milton's stand 
 supreme in stateliness, "Wordsworth's in 
 depth and delicacy. But Cowper unites 
 with ai) exquisiteness in the tnrn of 
 thought, which the ancients would have 
 called irony, 9,n intensity of pathetic tend- 
 erness, peculiar to his loving and ingenious 
 nature." The work of Anna Seward and 
 Charlotte Smith may be left without com- 
 ment. The sonnets of Bowles are interests 
 ing only as^having inspired Coleridge^ who 
 recompensed him in the lines beginning— 
 
 * * My heart has thanked thee, BowIgb, for thoso soft 
 strainB." 
 
 "Wordsworth was perhaps the first to make 
 a poem out of sonnets, as a bracelet is made 
 up of separate clasps or coils. Such a poem 
 is his JUcclesiastical Sonnets, devoted to the 
 Church of England ; but far greater than 
 these are his sonnets dedicated to the cause 
 of liberty. These include not only some of 
 the finest things he ever wrote, but some 
 of the finest that were ever written. Poems 
 J>ulsing more nobly with exalted feeling 
 were never composed, whilst for felicity 
 of fancy and of diction they are unrivalled. 
 It is curious that Wordswortli, whilst 
 almost earning the title of our greatest 
 sonnet writer, should have produced the 
 most notable apology for and commend- 
 ation of the Soiniet, and that too In the 
 form of sonnets. Here is one of them : — 
 
 *' Scorn not the Sonnet ; Critic, yoii have frowned 
 MindleBs of its just honours ; with thie key 
 Shakespeare unlocked his heart ; the melody- 
 Of this small lute ^ave ease to Petrarch's wound : 
 A thoueand times this pipe did Tasso sound i 
 "With it Camoiins soothed an exile's grief ; 
 The Sonnet glittered like a EaymyrUe leaf 
 Amid the cypress with which I}ante crowned 
 His visionary brow ; a glowworm lamjp 
 It cheered mild Spenser, called from Faery-land 
 To struggle through dork ways ; and when a 
 
 damp 
 Tell round the path of Milton, in his hand 
 The thing became a trumpet ; whence he blew 
 Sonl-animating strains— alas, too few I " 
 
 Here is the other :— 
 
 '* Nuns fret not at their convent's narrow room j 
 And hermits are contented with their cells ; 
 And students with their pensive citadels : 
 Maids at the wheel, the weaver at his loom, 
 Sit blithe and happy ; bees that soar for bloom, 
 High as the highest peak of Turn ess-f ells, 
 ■Wul murmur by the hour in foxglove bells, 
 In truth, the pr«on unto which we doom 
 Ourselves, no prison is : and hence for me, 
 In sundry mooda 't was pastime to be bound 
 "Within the Sonnet's BCanty plot of ground i 
 Pleased if some souls (for such there needs must 
 
 - bej, 
 Who have felt the weight of too much libcrtv. 
 Should find brief eolace there, oa I have found." 
 
 The sonnet writers among "Wordsworth's 
 contemporaries included Keats, with 
 his— 
 
 " Much hare I travelled in the realms of gold ; '' 
 
 Shelley, with his— 
 
 ** I met a traveller from an antique land ; '* 
 
 Byron, with his— 
 
 '* Eternal Spirit of the chainlesa Mind I " 
 Hartley Coleridge, with his — 
 
 " What was 't awakened first the untried ear ; " 
 
 and others for the names of whom there is 
 not space. Among later ones may be men- 
 tioned Mrs. Browning, whose Sonnets from 
 the Portuguese are separately referred to ; 
 Arthur Hallam, with his — 
 
 " Lady, I bid thee to a sunny dome ; '' 
 W, C. Roscoe, with his — 
 
 " Like a musician with a flying finger ; " 
 Julian Fane, with his touching sonnetsyid 
 Matrem ; David Grey, with his^ 
 
 " Die down, O dismal day, and let me live ; " 
 
 and Alexander Smith, with his — 
 
 " Beauty still walketh on the earth and air." 
 Among poets of our own day, Alfred 
 Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, and Dante 
 Rossetti are those who have treated the 
 sonnet most successfully—the first-named 
 only occasionally, and evidently not with 
 a great liking for it ; the others, and es- 
 pecially Kossetti, more largely. For a his- 
 tory and specimens of the English Sonnet, 
 see Leigh Hunt's Bool: of the Sonnet; b^q 
 also Dennis's English SoTvmets and Studies 
 in English Literature, Archbishop Trench 
 in Lhwlin Afternoon Lectures (1867), and 
 The Quarterly Review for 1873. 
 
 Sonnets from the Portuguese. 
 
 A series of poems by Elizabeth Baiit 
 KETT Bkowning (1809—1861), published in 
 1844. " From the Portuguese " is, of' 
 course, a poetic fiction. "I am disposed,'* 
 says Stedman, " to consider the Sonnets 
 from the Portuguese as, if not the finest, a 
 portion of the finest subjective poetry in 
 our literature. Their form reminds us of 
 an English prototype, and it is no sacrilege 
 to say that their music is showered from a 
 higher and purer atmosphere than that of 
 the Swan of Avon. Shakespeare's personal 
 poems were the overflow of, his im- 
 petuous youth— his broader vision, that 
 took a world within its ken, was absolute- 
 ly objective ; while Mrs. Browning's Love 
 Sonnets are the outpourings of a woman's 
 teiiderest emotions, at an epoch when her 
 art was most mature, and her whole 
 nature exalted by a passion that to such a 
 being comes but for once and for all. 
 Here, indeed, the singer rose to her 
 height ; here she is absorbed in rapturous 
 utterance, radiant and triumphant with 
 her own joy. The mists have risen and 
 her sight 'is clear. Her mouthing and 
 affectation are forgotten, her lips cease to 
 stammer, the lyrical spirit has full control. 
 The torrent artificial in weaker hands, be- 
 
SON 
 
 OP 
 
 651 
 
 comes swift; with. feeUng, red Tvith a 
 * veined humanity,' the choBen vehicle ol 
 aroyal woman's tows. Graces, felicities, 
 yigour, glory of speech, here are so crowd- 
 ed as to tread each upon the other's 
 sceptred pall. The first sonnet, equal to 
 any in our tongue, is an overture contain- 
 ing the motive of the canticle—" not 
 Death, but Love" had seized her un- 
 awares. The growth of this happiness, 
 her worship of its bringer, her doubts of 
 her own worthiness, are the tlieme of 
 these poems. Never was a man or min- 
 strel so honoured as her ' most gracious 
 singer of high poems.* In fine, Uie Por- 
 tuguese sonnets, whose title was. a screen 
 behind which the singer poured out her 
 full heart, are the most exquisite poetry 
 hitherto written by a woman, and of them- 
 selves justify us in pronouncing their 
 author the greatest of her sex— on the 
 ground that the highest missioii of a 
 Female poet is the expression of love, and 
 that no other woman approaching her in 
 genius has essayed the ultimate form of 
 that expression. ' ' 
 
 Sonnets, The, generally ascribed 
 to William Shakespeare^ (1564^-1616), 
 were , published in 1609, by Thomas Thorpe, 
 a bookseller of the day, whose initials ap- 
 pear at the foot of the following dedica- 
 tion of the work :— " To the onlie begetter 
 of these insuine sonnets Mr. W. H. all 
 iiappinesse and that etemltie promised by 
 our ever-living poet wisheth the well- 
 wishing adventurer in setting forth." No 
 performance of the kind, it may be safely 
 said, has ever excited so much controversy 
 s» the above short sentence. The absence 
 of punctuation renders it uncertain wheth- 
 er it is " T- T." who wishes " all happi- 
 ness" to *' Mr. W- H.,'* the ** only beget- 
 ter of the sonnets," or whether it is to the 
 *' only begetter of the sonnets " that " Mr, 
 W. H.'* wishes " all happiness." The very 
 identity of "Mr. "W. H." is doubtful. 
 Drake, Gei-vinus, Kreyssig, and others 
 suggest Heni7 Wriothesley, £arl of South- 
 ampton ; Boaden, Bright, A. Brown, H. 
 Brown, and Hallam suggest William Her- 
 bert, Earl of Pembroke ; but to neither of 
 these noblemen does the description given 
 in the S<mnet8 strictly apply. The author- 
 ship of the S(ytinets has never been serious- 
 ly questioned ; the title-page describes 
 them as " Shakspeare's Sonnets^ never 
 before imprinted," and the critics may 
 liave Deen content to accept the tes- 
 timony as conclusive, chiefly, no doubt, 
 because if Shakespeare did not write these 
 poems, it would be difficult to say who did. 
 Shakespeare, then, acknowledged as their 
 author- the questions arise : What was his 
 ai m in writing them ? and. What, as a body, 
 do they mean? The answers to these 
 are various. The theory held by Dyceand 
 Morley is that they were " composed in an 
 assumed character on different subjects, 
 and at different times, for the amusement, 
 if not at the suggestioni of the author's in- 
 
 timate associates (hence described by 
 Meres [in his Pallcufis Tamia, 1598] a4 
 ' his sugred sonnets' among his private ■ 
 friends ; ') '* and though these writers " do 
 not deny that one or two " of the sonnets 
 " reflect Shakespeare's genuine feelings," 
 they contend that " allusions scattered 
 through the whole series are not to be 
 hastily referred to the personal circum- 
 stances of Shakespeare," Somewhat al- 
 lied to this notion is the opinion that soma 
 of the sonnets were addressed by the poet 
 to Southampton, others to Southampton ii;i 
 Elizabeth Vernon's name, others to that 
 lady in Southampton's name ; whilst a few 
 again were addressed in Southampton's 
 name to Lady Rich. This was first partly 
 broached by Mrs. Jameson, and after-t 
 wards fully argued by Gerald Massey, in 
 The Quarterly Jtevi^w (1864), and stiU 
 more elaborately in a separate publication 
 by that writer (1870). " The peculiarity of 
 Henry Brown's interpretation," saysDow7 
 den, who himself expands the autobio- 
 graphical theory, " is that he discovers in 
 the sonnets the intention of Shakespeare 
 to parody or jest at the fashionable love- 
 poetry and love-j^hilosophy of the day." 
 This view is partially sidopted by Deliua 
 and Friesen. The autobiographical theory 
 has certainly an imposing an-ay of n ames oil 
 its side. Besides Do wden. there are Drake^ 
 Gervinus, Kreyssig, Boaden, Bright, the 
 two Browns, Hallam, and Fumivall. To 
 these must be added the still more power^ 
 ful support of Coleridge, who says "the 
 sonnets could only have coi]rie from a man 
 deeplyin love, and in love with a woman ;'* 
 and of Wordsworth, who declares them to 
 be the expression of Shakespeare's " own 
 feelings" in his "own person." See 
 Dowden's Shakspere*s Mind and Art, 
 Heraud's Shakspere^s Inner lAfe^ Massey's 
 Shakspeare^s Sonnets and his Privdte 
 Friends, Brown's Sonnets of Shakespeare 
 Solved, Hallam's Literary History^ and 
 Barnstorff's Schliissel zu Shaksper^s Son^ 
 netten, besides other authorities lioted 
 under Shakespeare. 
 
 Sonnets to the Fairest Cella, 
 
 by WiLLiAH Percy ; published in 1594, 
 and " of little or no merit," says Collier. 
 
 Sophocles. The chief complete 
 translations into English of this Greek 
 tragic poet are those by Potter (1788), Dale 
 (1824), and Plumptre ^1865). 
 
 Sophonisba. A play by John 
 Mabstom- (1575— after 1633), published in 
 1606. *^It is not very probable," says 
 Gifford, '* that Mr. M. Lewis ever looked 
 into Marston ; yet some of the most loath- 
 some parts of The Monk are to be found in 
 this detestattleplay." 
 
 Sophonisba. A tragedy by James 
 Thomson (1700—1748), produced at Drury 
 Lane in 1729. It raised such expectations 
 in the popular mind, that Johnson telLa 
 us '' every rehearsal was dignifled with a 
 
652 
 
 SOP 
 
 SOU 
 
 splendid audience, collected to anticipate 
 the delight that was preparing for the 
 public It was observed, however, tliat 
 nobody was much affected, and that the 
 company rose as from a moral lecture. It 
 had upon the stage no unusual degree of 
 success." See " O Sophonisba ! " 
 
 So'phronia. A Christian maiden 
 beloved by Olindo (q.vJ) inTASso'Si/enwa- 
 lern Delivered. 
 
 Sophronia. See Euphrasia. 
 
 Sophrosyne figures in Akiosto's 
 Orlando ^urioso. 
 
 Sophy, The. A» tragedy hy Sir 
 JoHX Denham (q.v.)^ printed in 1642, It 
 is a mediocre combination of Turkish 
 love, jealdusy, revenge, and mui'der. 
 
 Sordello. A poem by Robert 
 BROWNijfG (q.v.), published in 1840. 
 "Sordello,'* says Hutton, ** is an ambi- 
 tious poet of the ancient troubadour type 
 and times, divided with himself whether 
 he should try to influence the world direct- 
 ly or only through his song. It is the 
 psychological history of this conflict 
 which Browning apparently wishes to 
 describe." " Sordello," saya Sted.nan, 
 '* is a fault throughout, in conception and 
 execution ; nothing is ' expressed,* not 
 even the * incidents in the development of 
 a soul,' though such incidents may have 
 had some nebulous origin in the poet's 
 mind.'* 
 
 Sorrel, Hetty, A character in 
 Adam JBede (q.v.). 
 
 , ''Sorro'w and silence are strong, 
 
 and patient endurance is god-like." — 
 LoNGfELLO'W, Evangeline, partii.,line60. 
 
 " Sorrcw more beautiful than 
 
 beauty's self." — Keats, Hyperion. 
 
 "SorroTws come (When), they 
 come not single spies."— i/amicf, act iv., 
 scene 5. 
 
 " Sorro*w's crcwn of sorrow is 
 
 remembering happier things, And a." A 
 line in Texxyson's poem ot'Locksley 
 Hall (q.v.). A similar idea is expressed 
 by Boethius, Dante, and Chaucer. 
 
 Sotheby, 'William, poet (b. 1757, 
 i. 1833), published 4 Tour through Parts 
 of Wales (1789) ; a translation of "VVieland's 
 Oberon (1798) ; A Poem commemorative of 
 the Battle of the Nile (1799) ; a translation 
 Df Virgil's Georgics (1800) ; A Poetical 
 Epistle on the Encmt.ragem.ent of the Brit- 
 ish Scliool of Painting (1801) ; Julian and 
 Agnes (1801) ; Orestes (1802), (q.v.) ; Saul 
 1807), (q.v.) ; Constance de Castile (1810), 
 ;q.v.) ; four more tragedies (1814) : Italy 
 1828) ; translations of the liiad and Odyssey 
 1832) ; and miscellaneous poems. A short 
 fnemoir of his Life is prefixed to his Lines 
 mggested by the Third Meeting of the 
 
 British Association (1834). See TouB 
 THROUGH Parts ok Wales, A. 
 
 "Soul (A) in all things." See 
 " Nature is but a name.'* 
 
 " Soul of goodness in things 
 evil, There is some."— ^tn^ Henry T., act 
 iv., scene 1. 
 
 "Soul of the age!"— Ben Jon- 
 son's Terses To the Memory of Shake- 
 speare. See Shakespeare, 
 
 Soul, The Progress of the. A 
 
 poem by Dr. John Donne (1573 — 1631). 
 
 "Soul (Thy) was like a star, 
 
 and dwelt apart." A description applied 
 to MiiiTON by "Wordsvtorth in one of Ma 
 sonnets. 
 
 Soules Conflict (The) with 
 itselfe, and Victory over itselfe by Faith. 
 A devotional work by Kichard Sibbes 
 (1577—16.35), published in 1635, and so ad- 
 mired by Izaak "Walton that he desired it 
 might be read by his son, " so as to be 
 ■well acquainted with it." 
 
 "Souls (And) are ripened in 
 
 our Northern sky." — Mrs. Barbauld, 
 Tlie Invitation. 
 
 "Soul's dark cottage (The), 
 battered and decayed." A liuB in Wal- 
 ler's Verses upon his Divine Poesy. The 
 next lines runs : — 
 
 "Lets in new light through chinks that time hu 
 made." 
 
 Soul's Errand, The. {See Lib, 
 The.) " The Soul's Errand," says Camp- 
 bell, "by whomsoever it was written, is a 
 burst of genuine poetry. I know not how 
 that short production has ^ver affected 
 other readers, but it carries to my imagin- 
 ation an appeal which I cannot easily ac- 
 count for from a few simple rhymes. It 
 places the last and inexpressibly awful 
 hour of existence before my view,' and 
 sounds like a sentence of vanity on the' 
 things of this world, pronounced bjr a 
 dying man, whose eye glares on eternity, 
 and whose voice is raised by strength from 
 another world." 
 
 " Souls of poets dead and 
 
 gone." — Lines on the Mermaid- Tavern^ by 
 John Keats. 
 
 "Souls that were (All the), 
 
 were forfeit once." — Measure for Measure, 
 act ii., scene 2. 
 
 " Soul's (The) calm sunshine 
 
 and the heartfelt joy. *'-~Vope, Essay on 
 Man, epistle iv., line 168> 
 
 Soul's Tragedy, A. A poem by 
 Robert Browning (q.v.) ; " of value 
 and interest, lirst, for a masterly distinc- 
 tion between the action of sentiment and 
 tiiat founded on principle ; and, secondly; 
 for wit, satire, and knowledge of affa^i-s. 
 
BOO 
 
 SOU 
 
 653 
 
 Ogoriben, the legate, is the most thorough 
 man of the world Browning has drawn." 
 
 "Soxmd and fury, Pull of." A 
 
 phrase used in Macbetli, act v. , scene 5 : — 
 
 " It is a tale 
 Told hy nn idiot, fall of sound imd fuiy, 
 Signifying nothing." 
 
 *' Sound of a voice that is still, 
 And the." See Tenxyson's poem hegin- 
 ning :— 
 
 *' Break, break, break " (q,.v.). 
 
 " Sound of revelry by night, 
 There was a." See stanza 21, canto iii., of 
 BYON*spoemof Childe Harold' a Pilgrim- 
 age(q.Y.). 
 
 Sound. On the Poiwer of. A 
 
 poem, in fourteen stanzas, by "William 
 WORDSWORTH. It was Written 111 1828. 
 
 "Sound shall triumph over 
 sense."— CCWPEB, Conversatioii. 
 . " Sound the loud timbrel o'er 
 
 Egypt's dark sea." First line of a sacred 
 lyric by Toomas Moore. 
 
 " Source of sympathetic tears. 
 The sacred."— Gray, The Progress of Po- 
 esy, part iii., stanza 1. 
 
 South, Ssquire. The name under 
 which the Archduke Charles of Austria 
 figures in Dr. Arbuthnot's History of 
 John Bull (q.v.). 
 
 South Robert, D.D., Canon of 
 Christ Churchy Oxford (b. 1633, d. 1716), 
 published MUsica Incantans (1655) ; The 
 Laitie Instructed (1660)', Animadversions 
 on Sherlock's Vindication of the Doctrine 
 of the Trinity (1693) ; and Tritheism charge 
 ed on^Dr. Slierlocks New Notion of the 
 . Trinity (169S). His Opera Posihuma ap- 
 peared in 1717 ; a collection of his Sermons 
 in 1823. More recent editions are those of 
 1843 and 1850. 
 
 South Sea, History of Voyages 
 and Discoveries in the, by Captain James 
 BuBNEY, was published m 1803—17. 
 
 Southern Night, A. A lyric by 
 Matthew Arnold (b. 1822). in memory of 
 the author's brother, "William Delafield 
 Arnold (q.v.), who died at Gibraltar, on 
 his way home from India, on the 9th of 
 April, 1859 :— 
 
 " Of thee I think, my brother I young 
 In Jieart, high-fioulcd." 
 
 Southern, Thomas, dramatist 
 (b. 1C60, d. 1746), produced The pprsian 
 Prince: or, the Loyal ^ro^Aer (1682), (q.v.^; 
 The Disappointment : or, the Mother %n 
 Pashion (1684) ; The Wife's Excuse (1692) ; 
 The SpartanDame (172i), (q.v.) ; Isabella: 
 or, the Fatal Marriage (q.v.) ; Oronooho 
 '<q.v.) ; The Itambling Lady ; Cleomenes ; 
 and two other plays, the whole of which 
 'were first collected and published, with an 
 account of the life and writings of the 
 author, in 1774. 
 
 Southesk, The Earl of, poet and 
 prose writer (b. 1827), has published Jonas 
 Fisher, a poem (1875), Saskatchewan and 
 the Rocky Mountains (1875), Greenwood's 
 Farewell and other Poems (1876), and The ■ 
 Meda Maiden and other Poems (1877). ' ^ 
 
 Southey, Mrs. Caroline Anne 
 
 Bowles, poetess (b. 1786, d. 1854). wrote 
 JEllen Fitzarthur (lS20)i The Wi<low*s Tale, 
 Solitary Hours, and a series of ballads, 
 lyrics, and domestic tales, which, saya 
 Professor Nichol, " are marked by genuine 
 pathos and simplicity of thought, with an 
 unusual grace and harmony of versifica- 
 tion.?' 
 
 Southey, Robert, poet-laureate, 
 essayist, and historian (b. 1774, d. 1843), 
 published the following poems : Wat Ty- 
 ter (1794) ; Poems (1795, 1797, 1801) ; Joan of 
 Arc (1796) ; Thalaba the Destroyer (1801); 
 Madoc (1805) ; Metrical Tales and other 
 Poems (1805) ; The Curse of Kehama (1810); 
 JJorfericA (1814) ; Odes (1814) : Minor Poemis 
 (1815); Carmen Triumphale {ISIS); The 
 Poet's Pilgrimage to Waterloo (1816) ; The 
 Ijcty of the Laureate (1816) : A Vision qf 
 Judgment (1821) ; The Expedition of OTSua- 
 and the Grimes of Aguirre (1821) ; A Tale 
 of Paraguay (18L-'5) ; All for'Love and the 
 Pilgrim to Compostella (1829) ; Oliver New- 
 man, and other Poetical Remains. {IMb) ; 
 and Jiobin Hood, a fragment (1847). Hia 
 prose works are as follow : — Letters writ- 
 ten during a short Residence in Spain and 
 Portugal, with some account of Spanish 
 and Portuguese Poetry (1791) ; Letters from 
 England, by Don Manuel Alvarez Fspriel- 
 la (1807); Chronicleof the Cid Rodrigo Diaz 
 deBivar, from the Spanish{l80S) ; 9.History 
 of Brazil 1810) ; Ommana: or, theHorce Os~ 
 tiosiores (1812) ; a Life of Nelson (1813) ; 
 a Life of Wesley (1820) ; a History of the 
 Peninsular War (1823) ; The Book of the . 
 Church (1824) ; Sir Thomas More: or, Col- 
 loquies on the Progress and Prospects of 
 Society (1824) ; ' Vindicim Ecclesice Anglv- 
 cancB (1826) ; Essays, Moral . and Political 
 (1832) ; Lives of English Admirals (1833— 
 40) ; The Doctor (1834—38) ; Lives of Crom- - 
 well and Bu/nyan (1844) ; and a Life of Doc- 
 tor Andrew Bell (1844). Southey also edit- 
 ed the English Anthology for 1799—1800 ; 
 Specimens of the Late English Poets, lotth 
 . Preliminary Notices (1807) ; Attempts at 
 Verse, by T. Jones, with an Essay on Un- 
 educated Poets ^1813) ; and Select Works of 
 the Early British Poets, with Biographi- 
 cal Notices (1831). His CommonplacB Book, 
 edited by J. W. Warter, appeared in 1849 
 —51 ; selections from his prose works in 
 1832, and from his poetical works in 1831, 
 His Life and Correspondence were pub- 
 lished by his son in 1849—50 ; and a Selec- 
 tion from his Letters by his son-in-law, 
 Warter, in 1856. See, also, the Life of 
 ■ Southey by C. T. Browne (1854). Detailed 
 ^lotices of most of Southey's works will 
 be found under their respective headings. 
 * ' The most ambitious and the mos I volum- 
 
664 
 
 SO. 
 
 SPA 
 
 mlnous author of his age> Southey," says 
 John Dennis, " was also one of the least 
 popular ; and time, instead of. changing 
 the national verdict, as he anticipated, 
 has apparently confirmed it. His vast 
 epics, the acorns which he planted when 
 his poetical contemporaries, as he said, 
 were sowing kidney-beans, are not the 
 trees whose majestic proportions win our 
 admiration or to whose shade we willingly 
 resort ; his bulky histories of Brazil and 
 the Peninsular War stand upon our shelves 
 unread ; his Doctor, that strange jumble 
 of humour and nonsense, of learning and 
 simplicity, of literary strength and weak- 
 ness, is read chiefly by the curious ; his 
 Ifaval History of England is a dead book ; 
 BO is the Colloquies. The Book of the 
 Church is not dead, but it has never at- 
 tained popularity ; and probably the only 
 works which keep Southey's name before 
 the latest generation of readers are the 
 biographies of John Wesley and Lord Nel- 
 son. Failure, then, if any trust may be 
 placed in the verdict we have recorded, is 
 written upon a large proportion of South- 
 ey's works." 
 
 Southwell, Robert, poet (b. 
 1B60, d. 1595), wrote A Supplication to 
 Queen EUzaheth (1693) ; Marie Magdalen's 
 Funerall Teares (1594): St. Peter's Com- 
 playnt (q.v.), with other Poems (1595) ; 
 Maonice (1595) ; The Triumphs over Death 
 (1595), (q.v.); Epistle o.f Comfort to the 
 reverend priests and others of the lay sort 
 restrained in durance for the Cathulike 
 fayth (1605), (q.v.) ; and A Short Rule of 
 Good Life. The prose Works of South- 
 well were edited by Walter in 1828 ; his 
 poetical Works by TurnbuU in 1856. For 
 ' Jiiography,HQ& The Gentleman's Magazine 
 "for 1798, Brydges' Ceiisura Literaria.VSHi&'B 
 Specimens^ and Campbell's English Poets. 
 For Criticism, see MacDonald's England's 
 Antiphoii. See Bitknino Babe, The. 
 
 "Spacious firmament on high, 
 
 The." First line of an ode generally 
 printed among the poems of Joseph 
 Addison (1672—1719), but by some writers 
 attributed to Audsew Masveli. (1620— 
 1678). 
 
 "Spake full 'well, in language 
 
 quaint and olden." First line of i^iowers, 
 a lyric by Henby Wadsvtokth I;01JQ- 
 
 PELLOW. 
 
 Spalding, 'William, professor at 
 St. Andrew's (d. 1869), wrote An Introduc- 
 tion to Logical Science, A History of Eng- 
 lish Literature, Italy and the Italians, and 
 other works. 
 
 Spanish Curate, The. A comerly 
 of intrigue, by John Fletohee (1576— 
 1625), and founded on Gerardo ; or, the 
 Unfortunate Spaniard, by Goncalo de 
 Cespides, of which an English translation, 
 by Leonard Digges, appeared in 1622. 
 
 Spanish Father, The. A tragedy 
 
 written by Henky Mackenzie (q.v.) 
 early life, and never performed. An ( 
 tract is given in Grant Wilson's Poets a 
 Poetry of Scotland. 
 
 Spanish Friar, The : " or, T 
 Double Discovery," A play by Jo] 
 Dryden (1631—1701), written against t 
 Boman Catholic priesthood. " It 1 
 earned," says Morley, "special praise] 
 the dramatic skill with which it makes 
 underplot unite with the main action 
 the piece." It was produced in 1681. 
 
 Spanish Gypsy, The. Adramai 
 
 poem by Geobge Eliot (q.v.), publish 
 
 an 1868. It was originally written in t 
 
 winter of 1864—65, but was re-written a: 
 
 amplified after a visit to Spain in 18i 
 
 Some passages have already become cla 
 
 ical ; the allusion to the Mediterraneai 
 
 " The mid Bea that moans with memories ; " 
 
 and the lines — 
 
 " And bells make Catholic the trembling air." 
 
 " What times are little ? To the sentinel 
 
 That hour is regal when he mounts on guard 
 " The soul of man is widening towards the pas 
 " For now the old Epic voices ring a^n 
 And vibrate with the heat end melody, 
 Stirred by the warmth of old Ionian days." 
 
 Spanish Lady's Love, The. 
 
 ballad of the Elizabethan time, which ] 
 lates of 
 
 " A Spanish lady, 
 How she wooed an English num." 
 
 The Englishman is said to have beei 
 member of the Popham family. 
 
 Spanish Masquerado, The. 
 
 work by KoBEET Gkeene (q.v.), writt 
 in 1589. 
 
 Spanish Student, The. A di 
 matic poem by Henry Wadswobi 
 LONOFELLOW (b. 1807), published in 1841 
 
 Spanish Tragedy, The : " < 
 Hieronimo is mad again; containing t 
 lamentable end of Don Horatio and B 
 limperia ; with the pitiful death of Hi< 
 onimo." A play by Thomas Kyd, print 
 in 1603. Charles Lamb speaks of "t 
 wild, solemn, preternatural cast of grieJ 
 which colours sev.eral scenes. See Doc 
 ley's Old Plays, ed. Carew Hazlitt. S 
 
 also HiEEONIMO. 
 
 Spanish Virgin, The: "or, tl 
 
 Effects of Jealousy." A ballad, the su 
 jeet of which is taken from a folio coll< 
 tion of tragic stories called The Theatre • 
 God's Judgments (q.v.). 
 
 " Spare the rod and spoil tt 
 
 child, Then." Line 843, canto i., part i 
 of Butler's poem of Hudihras (q.v.). 
 
 Sparkes, Thomas, Puritan divii 
 (b. 1548, d. 1616), published A Jirother 
 Persuasion to l/nitie and Unifonnitie 
 Judgment and Practice touching the'i 
 ceived and present Ecclesiastical Gover 
 
SPA 
 
 SPE 
 
 655 
 
 mentj and the cmthorUed Rites and Cere~ 
 monies of the Church of England (1607) : 
 A Comfortahle Trectiite for a Troubled 
 Conscience; The Highway to Heaven; and 
 .other works. 
 
 Sparks, Godfrey. A pseudonym 
 assumed by Charles Dickons (1812— 
 1S70) ill publisluiig The Bloomsbury Chris- 
 tening. 
 
 Sparks, Timothy. See Sunday 
 
 -UNDBR THREE HEADS. 
 
 Sparowe, Phyllyp, The Boke 
 
 of. A poem by .JoHsr Skelton (q.v.), 
 written before the end of 1508, and appar- 
 ently suggested by the Sparrow of Catullus. 
 It is supposed to be the lament i>f a cer- 
 tain maiden named Jane Scrope for Philip, 
 lier pet sparrow, who had' been killed by a 
 cat. The poem ends with a Latin epi1$iph 
 on the bird, and lines in commendation of 
 its mistress. It is written in the charac- 
 teristic verse invented by the auUior, and 
 since called by his name. 
 
 Spartan Bame, The. A tragedy 
 by Thomas Southern (1660—1746), acted 
 in 1721. The plot is taken from the life of 
 Agis, by Plutarch, and the character of 
 Chelonis is said to have been intended for 
 Queen Mary, wif6 of "William III. 
 
 Spasmodic School of Poets, 
 
 The. A term frequently applied to a body 
 of authors of the present centui7, of whom 
 Alexander Smith (q.v.), and Philip 
 James Bailey (qiV.), maybe taken as the 
 representatives, and whose writings are 
 distinguished by a certain unreality and 
 difficmt straining after effect. They have 
 been admii-ably ridiculed by Professor 
 Aytoun in his Firmilia/n (q.v.), a Spas- 
 Tnodic Tragedy. 
 
 Speake Parot. A poem by John 
 Skelton (q.v.), in Chaucer's seven line 
 stanza. The writer here makes his^parrot 
 speak piquant satire on men and things of 
 the time. Henry VIIl. is ridiculed as Bo- 
 ho, and Cardinal Wolsey as Hough-ho, 
 both being figin-ed as dogs. The pai-rot 
 was the court bird of that age. 
 
 Specimens of the British Poets, 
 ** with bibliographical and critical notices, 
 and an Essay on English Poetry," by 
 Thomas Campbell, were published in 
 1819, 1841, 1846, and 1848. 
 
 Spectator Club, The. See Sfbc- 
 a?AT0B, The. 
 
 Spectator, The. A series of es- 
 says by Joseph Addison, Sir Richard 
 STEEf^E, and others, begun on March 1st, 
 1711, and continued daily until December 
 6th, 1712, by which tinie it had run through 
 655 numbers. It was resumed in 1714, 
 when eighty numbers were published, 
 making 635 in all, of which Addison wrote 
 £74, and Steele 240. Pope contributed to 
 one of the issues his Ales&iah (q.T.)> The 
 
 idea of thq Spectator himself was Addison's 
 but the notion of the periodical was cer- 
 tainly derived from Uiat of The Taller 
 (q.T.), which preceded It, just as the suc- 
 cess of The Spectator, in its turn suggest- 
 ed The GucM'dian.ojid other similar pub- 
 lications. '* The Spectator," says Macau- 
 lay, *Ms a gentleman who, after passing a 
 studious youth at the University, has trav- 
 elled on classic ground, and has bestowed 
 much attention upon curious points of an- 
 tiquity. He has, on his return, fixed his 
 residence in London, and has observed all 
 the forms of life which are to be found in 
 that gi-eat city, has daily listened to the 
 wits of Will's, has smoked with the philos- 
 ophers of the Ci-recian, and has mingled 
 with the parsons at Child's, and with the 
 politicians at the St. James's. In the 
 morning he often listens to the hum of 
 the Exchange; in the evening his face 
 is constantly to be seen in the pit ofDrury 
 Lane Theatre. But an insurmountable 
 bashfulness prevents him from opening 
 his mouth, except in a sniall circle of inti- 
 mate friends. These friends were first 
 sketched by Steele.' Four of the club, the 
 Templar, the clergyman, the soldier, a;nd 
 the merchant, were uninteresting figures, 
 fit only for a backgi-ound. But the other 
 two, an old county baronet, and an old 
 town rake, though not delineated with a 
 very delicate pencil, had some good strokes, 
 Addison took the rude outlines into his 
 own hauds,retouched them, coloured themj 
 and is in truth the creator of the Sir Koger 
 de Coverley and the Will Honeycomb 
 with whom we are all familiar. Tlie plan 
 of The Spectator must be allowed to b© 
 both original and eminently happy ; every 
 valuable essay in the. series may be read 
 with pleasure separately ; yet the five or 
 six hundred essays, foi*m a whole, and, a 
 whole whicli has the interest of a novel. 
 It must be remembered, too, that at that 
 time no novel giving a lively and powerful 
 picture of the common life and manners 
 of England had appeared. Blchardson 
 was working as a compositor ; Fielding 
 was robbing birds' nests ; Smollett was 
 not yet born. The narrative, therefore, 
 which connects together the Spectator's 
 Essays, gave to our ancestors their first 
 taste of an exquisite and untried pleasure. 
 That naiTative was indeed constructed 
 with no art or labour. The events were 
 such events as occur every day. Sir Bogej: 
 comes up to town to see Eugenio, as uie 
 worthy baronet always calls Piince Eugene., 
 goes with the Spectator on the water tp 
 Spring Gardens, walks among the tombs 
 in the Abbey, and is frightened by the 
 Mohawks, but conquers his apprehension 
 so far as to go to the theatre when The 
 Distressed Mother is acted. The Specta^ 
 tor pays a visit in the- summer to Coverley 
 Hall, IB charmed with the old house, th$ 
 old butler, and the old chaplain, eats ,a 
 jack caught by Will Wimble, rides, to, the 
 assizes, and hears a point of law discussed 
 
653 
 
 SPB 
 
 SPB 
 
 by Tom Touchy. At last a letter from 
 tne honest butler brings to the club the 
 news that Sir Koger is dead. Will Honey- 
 comb marries and reforms at sixty. The 
 club breaks up, and the Spectator resigns 
 his functions. Such events can hardly be 
 said to form a plot ; yet they are related 
 with such truth, such grace, snch wit, such 
 humour, such pathos, such knowledge of 
 tho human heal't^ such knowledge ot the 
 ways of the world, that they charm us on 
 the hundredth persual." . See the editions 
 by Nichols (1786), Bisset (1793), Chalmers 
 (1817), and HenryJVIorley (1868). See also 
 Hazlitt's Comic Writers^ Thackeray's Eng- 
 lish Humourists, and other authoritjes men- 
 tioned under Addison and Steele. See 
 CovEKLGY, Sib Kogek de. 
 
 Spectator, The. A weekly news- 
 
 gaper, started in 1828 by Bobebt Stephen 
 INTOUL (q.v.), and now edited by BlcH- 
 AED Holt Hdttok, author of Essays, 
 Theological and Literary. 
 
 Spectator, The Female. See 
 
 FEUA.I.E Speciatob, The. 
 
 Spectators, A Sequel to the. 
 
 See Lay Monasteby, The. 
 
 Speculation : " or, a Defence of 
 Mankind." A work by Chbistopheb 
 Ai'STEY ; written in 1780. 
 
 Speculum Christiani. A theo- 
 logical tract, by John Watton, a con- 
 temporary of Dunbar ; prefaced by some 
 "miserable rhymes." 
 
 Speculum Meditantis. The first 
 hook of a poem by John Gowek (q.v.), 
 written in French, and never printed. It 
 is described by a contemporary copyist 
 OS being <livided into twelve books, and 
 " treating of the vices and virtues, and 
 of the various degrees of this age." It 
 Bought *' to teach, by a right path, the 
 way whereby a transgressed sinner ought 
 to return to the knowledge of his Creator." 
 See CoNKEssio Amantis and Vox Clam- 
 
 ANTIS. 
 
 Speculum Stultorum. A satire 
 In Latin elegiacs, by Nigelcs 'Wieekee 
 (circa 1190), on the follies and corruptions 
 of society in his time, and especially of 
 the monastic orders. The hero, Brunel- 
 luB, an ass — designed as a personification 
 of the monks — becomes discontented 
 with his evil condition and his short 
 tail, and sets out in search of a better 
 state and a longer appendage. Ho de- 
 cides upon entering into holy orders ; 
 and in order to judge which monastic es- 
 tablishment is the best fitted for him, 
 passes them all in review, and finds some- 
 thing to reprobate and condemn in every 
 one. At last ho is discovered byliis old 
 master, and is compelled to return to his 
 former condition of servitude, with his tail 
 even shorter than before. 
 
 Speed. Seryant to Valentine, in 
 
 TJte Two Gentlemen of Verona (q.v.). 
 
 Speed, John, chronicler and geog- 
 rapher (b- 1555, d. 1629), published The 
 Theatre qf the Empire qf Great Britain 
 (1611J, (a.v.); Tlie History of Great BrUaine 
 under the Ckmguesis ofye Jtomans, Saxons, 
 Danes, and Normans (1611) ; A Clowd of 
 WHmesses (1616) ; A Prospect of the most 
 Famous Parts of the World (1631) ; and The 
 Genealogies of Scripture (q.v.), according 
 to every Familie and SViJe (1640). 
 
 Speed the Plough. A comedy by 
 Thomas Moeton (1764—1838), which ap- 
 peared in 1798. 
 
 "Speed the soft intercourse 
 
 from soul to soul,"— Line 57 in Pope's 
 epistle of Eloisa to Abelard (q.v.) — 
 •* And waft a eigh from TnduB to the Pole." 
 
 Spelman, Sir ^enry, antiquary 
 (b. 1562, d. 1641), published Be Sepultura; 
 Ve lion Temerandis Eccleslis (1616); G/os- 
 sarium Archceologicum (1626 and 1664) ; 
 Concilia, Decreta, Leges, Consiiiutiones, 
 in re Ecclesiaram Orhis Britannici (1629 and 
 1641) ; A Protestants Account of his Ortho- 
 dox Holding in Matters of Religion (1642) j 
 Villare Anglicanum (1656) ; History and 
 Fate of Sacrilege discovered by Examples (if 
 ScHpture, of Heathens, of Christians (1698); 
 and BeliguicB Spelmanniance (1698). His 
 English IVorks were published, with a 
 Lv'e, by Gibson in 1723. See Concilia, 
 &c.; EcCLESiis, De non temeeandis; 
 Glossabidm Abch^ologicdm ; Sepuit 
 TUBA, De. 
 
 Spence, Joseph, critic (b. 1698, d. 
 1768), wrote Polymetis (1747); An Essay on 
 Pope^s Translation of Homer's Odyssey 
 (1727) ; Moralities : or. Essays, Letters, 
 Fables, and Translations (1753); an Account 
 of the Life, Character, and Poems of Mr, 
 JSlacklock (1754); A Parallel, in themanner- 
 qf Plutarch, between a most celebrated Man 
 of Florence [Signor Magliabecchi\, and one 
 scarce ever heard of in England [Bobert 
 Hill] (1758) ; and Observations, Anecdotes, 
 and Characters qf Boohs and Men (1820). 
 See The Quarterly Beview, vol. xxiii.; also, 
 the Life by Singer (1820). See Beaumont, 
 Sib Habby ; Phesoj Ecneps. 
 
 Spencer, Herbert, philosophical 
 writer (b. 1820), is the author of TIte Prop- 
 er Sphere of Government (1842) ; Social 
 Statics (1851); Principles of Psifchology 
 (1855) ; Essays : Scientijic, Political, ann 
 Speculative (1858—74) ; Education (1861) ; 
 First PrincipUs (1862) ; Classiflcatian qf the 
 Sciences (1861); Principles of Biology (1864); 
 Spontaneous Generation (1870); Becent Dis- 
 cussions in Science, Philosophy, and'Morals 
 (1871); The Study of Sociology (1872) j 
 Descriptive Sociology (1873) ; and Sins qjf 
 Tratle and Commerce (1875). 
 
 Spencer, The Hon. 'William 
 Kobert, poet (b. 1770, d. 1834), published 
 
SPE 
 
 SPE 
 
 657 
 
 several volumes of tiers de sociiU.- Hi* 
 Works were collected and published in 
 1835. See Beth-Gelerx. 
 
 Spens, Sir Patrick. A famous 
 ballad, printed in the coUectiona of Percy, 
 Scott, Jamiesou, Buchan, and MotherweU, 
 concerning which there has been mudU 
 discussion, and of whose origin no one ap- 
 pears to have any accurate informatiun. 
 Sir Walter Scott imagines it to refer ta an 
 . expedition that may have been sent for 
 Margaret, called the Maid of Korway 
 (daughter of Eric, King of Norway^ and 
 Margaret^ daughter of Alexander III. of 
 Scotland), after the death of her grand- 
 father in 1285j which made her Queen of 
 Scotland. Finlay thinks it has reference 
 to the marriage of James III. of Scotlai^d 
 with Margaret^ daughter of the King of 
 Denmark ; while Motherwell suggests that 
 It sings the fate of certain Scottisli nobles 
 who accompanied Margaret, daughter of 
 Alexander III., to her nuptials with Eric, 
 King of Nor w^ay, and who were drowned on 
 their return home from the voyage. 
 Chambers, on the other hand, " feels as- 
 sured that * Sir Patrick ' is a modern bal- 
 lail, and suspects, or more than suspects^ 
 that the author is Lad; Wardlaw." Al- 
 li^gham advises his readers not to trouble 
 themselves about the connection of this or 
 any other bal.lad with authentic history, 
 and they will be gainers in comforts, and 
 no losers otherwise. 
 
 Spenser, Iidmund, poet-laureate 
 (b. 1552, d. 1599), published The Shepherd's 
 (Calendar (1579). (q.v-) ; The Fa^He Queene 
 (1590), (q.v.) ; Complaintes (1591) ; Prosopo- 
 poia: or, Motlier Hubbard's Tale (1591) ; 
 Tears of the Muses (1591), (q.v.); Daphnaida 
 (1591), (q. V. ) ; Colin cloufs Come Home 
 Againe (1595), (q.v.) ; Amoretti (1595), 
 (q.v.) ; Foure Hymiis (1596) ; Prothal- 
 amion (1596), (q* v.); Britain's Ida (1628), 
 (q V.) ; also, with Gabriel Harvey (1545 
 — 1630), Three prqper and wittie famil- 
 iar Letters, lately passed between two 
 University Men, iouching the Earthquake 
 in Aprill tasty arid our English Refourmed 
 Versifying (1580), and Two'other very Com- 
 menddhle Letters of the ■ sam^. Men's Writ- 
 ing, both touching th^ foresaid artijiciall Ver- 
 sifying, and certain other Particulars (1580). 
 both~bf which are reprinted in vol.ii., of 
 Haslewood's Ancient Critical Essays upon 
 English Poets and Poesy ; besides A View of 
 the State of Ireland (1633). Spenser*s Poeti- 
 cal FFbrJL-shave been edited, with Notes and 
 Memoirs; by Hughes (1715 and 1750), Birch 
 (1751), Church (1758), Upton (1758), Todd 
 (1805 and 1840), Aikin (1806 and 1842), Rdb- 
 inson (1825), Mitford (1829), Hillard (18-9), 
 Masterman (1848), Child (1855) Gilfillan 
 (I859y. and Morris (1860). See Warton's 
 English Poetry ; Hazlitt's English Poets ; 
 Spenser and his Poetry, by G. L, Craik 
 (1845) ; Morley's Library,of English Liter- 
 ature. " Spenser's great characteristic/' 
 says Leigh Hunt, " is poetic luxury. If 
 
 28* 
 
 you go to him for a atoiy, you will be dis- 
 appointed ; if for a style, classical or con- 
 cise, the point against him is conceded ; if 
 for pathos, you must weep for personages 
 half-real and too beautiful ;.if for mirth, 
 you must laugh out of good breading, and 
 because it pleaseth ifixQ great sequeKtered 
 man to be facetious. But if you loVe-^ 
 poetry well enough to enjoy it for its own 
 sake, lot no evil reports of his * allegory * 
 deter you from his acquaintance, for great 
 will be your Joss. His allegory itself is 
 but one part allegory, and nine parts beau- 
 ty and enjoyment; sometimes an excess 
 of flesh and blood. His forced rhymes, 
 and his sentences written to fill up, which 
 in a less poet would be intolerable, are ac- 
 companied by such endless gi-ace and 
 dreaming pleasure, fit to 
 
 " ' Make heaven droway with the harmony,' 
 
 that although it is to he no more exf- 
 pected of any body to read hinl through 
 and through at once, than to wander days 
 and nights in a forest, thinking of nothing - 
 else, yet any true lover of poetry, when he 
 comes to know him, would as soon quarrel 
 with repose on the summer grass. You 
 may get up §ind go away, but will returii 
 next day at noon to listen to his waterfalls, 
 and see, * with half -shut eye,' his visions df 
 knights and nymphs, his gods and god- 
 esses, whom he brought down again to 
 earth in immortal beauty. Spenser^ in 
 some respects, is more southern than tljie 
 south itself. He is more luxurious than 
 Ariosto or Tasso, more haunted with the 
 presence of beauty. His wholesale poeti- 
 cal belief, mixing up all creeds and my- 
 thologies, but with less violence, resembles 
 that of Dante and Boccaccio, Then hia 
 versification is almost perpetual honey. 
 Spenser is the farthest removed from the, 
 ordinary cares and haunts of the world of 
 all the poets that ever wrote, except per- 
 haps Ovid ; and this, which is the reason 
 why mere men of business and of the 
 world do 'not, like him, constitutes^ his . 
 most bewitching charm with the poetical. 
 He is not so great a poet as Shakespeare 
 or Dante ; he has less imagination, thotlgh 
 more fancy, than Milton. He does not see 
 things so purely In their elements as 
 Dante, neither can he combine their ele- . 
 ments like Shakespeare, nor bring such fre- 
 quent intensities of words, or of wholesale 
 imaginative sympathy, to bear upon liis 
 subject as any one of them, though he ha^ 
 given noble cufEused instances of the lat- 
 ter in his Una, and his Mammon, and his 
 accounts of Jealousy and Despair. Take 
 him for what he is, whether greater ot* 
 less than his fellows, the poetical faculty 
 is so abundantly and beautifully predomi- 
 nant in him above every other— =-though ha 
 had passion, and thought, and plenty of ' 
 ethics, and was as learned a man as Ben 
 Jonson, perhaps as Milton himself— Uiat 
 he has always been felt by hia countrymen 
 to be what Charles Lamb called him, th^^ 
 * Poets' poet.' He has had more idolatry 
 
658 
 
 SPE 
 
 SPI 
 
 and imitation from liis brethren than all 
 the rest put together. The old undraniatlc 
 poets, Drayton, Browne, Brunmiond, 
 Giles, aiidPhineas Fletcher, were jis full 
 of him as the dramatic were of Shake- 
 speare. Hilton studied and used him, 
 calline him * Sage and serious Spenser ; ' 
 aud adding that he ' dared be known to 
 thiidc him a better teacher than Scotus 
 and Aquinas.' Cowley said he became a 
 poet by reading him. Di-yden claimed 
 him for a master. Pope said he read him 
 with as much pleasure when he. was old, 
 as young. Collins and Gray loved him; 
 Thomson, Shenstone, and a host of infe- 
 rior writers, expressly imitated him ; 
 Burns, Byron, Shelley, and Keats made use 
 of his stanza ; Coleridge eulogised him. 
 Spenser has stood all the changes in criti- 
 cal opinion ; all the logical and formal 
 conclusions of the understanding, as op- 
 posed to imagination and lasting sympa^ 
 thjr." " What distinguishes him,'* says 
 Taine, *' from all others is the mode of his 
 imagination. Generally with a" poet his 
 mind ferments vehemently, and by fits 
 and starts ; his ideas gather, jostle each 
 other, suddenly appear in masses and 
 heaps, and burst forth in sharp, pjerciug 
 concentrative words ; it seems that they 
 need these sudden accumulations to imi- 
 tate the unity and life-like energy of the 
 objects which they reproduce ; at least, 
 almost all the poets of that time, Shake- 
 Bpeare at their head, act thus. Spenser 
 remains calm in the fervour of invention. 
 The visions which would be fever to an- 
 other leave him at peace. They come and 
 unfold themselves before him easily, fen- 
 tire, uninterrupted, without starts. He is 
 epic, that is, narrator^not a singer like an 
 ode-wiiter, not a mimic like a :^ay-writer. 
 No moilcm is more like Homer. Like 
 Homer and the great epic-writers, he only 
 presents consecutive and noble, almost 
 classical, images, so nearly ideas, that the 
 mind seizes them unaided and unawares. 
 Like Homer, he is al ways simple and clear : 
 he makes no leaps, he omits no argument, 
 lie robs no word of its primitive and ordi- 
 nary meaning, he preserves the natural 
 sequence of ideas. Like Homer again, he 
 is redundant, ingenuous, even childish. 
 He says everything, he puts down reflec- 
 tions which we have made beforehand ; he 
 repeats without limit his grand ornamen- 
 tal epithets. We can see that he beholds 
 objects in a beautiful uniform light,with in- 
 finite detail ; that he wishes to show all this 
 detail, never fearing to see his happy dream 
 change or disappear ; that he traces its 
 outline with a regular movement, n6ver 
 'hurrying or slackejiing. He is even a 
 little prolix, too unmindful of the public, 
 too ready to lose himself and dream about 
 the thing he beholds. His thought expands 
 in vast repeated comparisons, like those 
 of the old Ionic poet- He develops all the 
 Ideas which he handles. All his phrases 
 become periods. Instead of compressing, 
 
 he expands. To bear this ample thought 
 and its accompanying train, he requires a 
 long stanza, ever renewed, long alternate 
 verses, reiterated rhymes, whose uniform- 
 ity and fulness recall the majestic sounds 
 which undulate eternally through the 
 woods and the fields. To unfold these epic 
 faculties, and to display them in the sub- 
 lime region where his soul is naturally 
 borne, he requires an ideal stage, situated 
 beyond the bounds of reality, with person- 
 ages who could hardly exist, and in a 
 world which could never be. He made 
 man^ miscellaneous attempts in sonnets, 
 elegies, pastorals,^ hymns of love, little 
 sparkling word-pictures ; they were hut 
 essays," incapable for the most part of sup- 
 porting his genius. Yet already his mag- 
 nificent imagmation appeared in them ; 
 fods, men, landscapes, the world which 
 e sets in motion is a thousand miles from 
 that in which we live. His ShepheriVs Cal- 
 endar is a thought- in spiring and tender 
 pastoral, full of delicate loves, noble sor- 
 rows, lofty ideas, where no voice is heard 
 but of thinkers and poets. His Visitms of 
 Petrarch and Du Jiellay are admirable 
 dreams, in which palaces, temples of gold, 
 splendid landscapes sparkling rivers, mar- 
 vellous birds, appear in close succession 
 as in an Oriental fairy-tale. If he &in£(^ a 
 *'Prothalamion," he" sees two beautiful 
 swans, white as snow, who come softly 
 swimming down amidst the songs or 
 nymphs, and vermeil roses, while the 
 transparent water kisses their silken 
 feathers, and murmurs with ioy. If he bo- 
 wails the death of Sidney, Sidney becomea 
 a shepherd ; he is slain like Adonis ; 
 around him gather weeping nymphs. His 
 most genuine sentiments become thus 
 f airy-lil;e. Magic is the mould of his mind, 
 and impresses its shape on all that he im- 
 agines or thinks. Involuntarily he robs 
 objects of their ordinary fonm. If he looks 
 at a landscape, after an instant he sees it 
 quite differently. He carries it, uncon- 
 sciously, into an enchanted land. At last 
 he finds a subject which suits him, the 
 greatest joy permitted to an artist. He re- 
 moves his epics from the common ground 
 which, in the hands of Homer and Dantef 
 gave expression to a living creed, and de- 
 picted national heroes. He leads us to the 
 summit of fairy-land, soaring above his- 
 tory, on that extreme verge where objects 
 vanish and pure idealism begins." See 
 
 ASTROPIIEL; EPITHALAMlOJf ; HYMNS 
 
 in honour of love, &c, ; poets* poet ; 
 Poets, Prince of ; Prosopopoia. 
 
 Speranza. Tlie pseudonym adopt- 
 ed by Mrs, (afterwards Lady) Wildis in 
 the publication of Ugo Bassi^ a tale lii 
 verse (1857), and other works. 
 
 "Spheres, The music of the." 
 
 See '* Music of the spheres, The." 
 
 " Spice-islands (The) of youth 
 and hope,"— Coleridge, Table-Tails. 
 
SPI 
 
 SPO 
 
 650 
 
 Spider and the Flie, The, by 
 
 John Heywood (1506—1565) ; ijubliahed 
 in 1556. A long and tedious allegoncal 
 poem in seven-line stanzas ; tlie Spider 
 representing the Protestants, and the Flie 
 tlie Catholics. See Harrison, in Holin- 
 shed's Chronicle. 
 
 "Spiders cra'wling upon my 
 
 startled hopes." — Colley Gibber, in his 
 adaptation of Richard III., act iv., scene 
 3. 
 
 Spira, Francis. See_ Cokflict 
 OF Conscience, The. 
 
 " Spires -whose * silent finger 
 
 points to heaven.' " A line in book vi. of 
 WORDSWORTH'S poem of The Excursion 
 (q.v.). The quoted words are from No. 14 
 of Coleridge's Friend (q.v.), where it is 
 said: ^An instinctive taste teaches men 
 to build their churches in flat countries 
 with spire-steeples, which, as they cannot 
 be refen-ed to any other object, point as 
 with silent finger to the sky and stars." 
 
 "Spirit of a youth (The) that 
 means to be of note."— ^n^owy and Cleo- 
 patra^ act iv. , scene 4. 
 
 Spirit of the Age, The. A series 
 of criticisms on contemporaries published 
 by William Hazlitt (q.v.) in 1825. The 
 New Spirit of the Afje, edited and chiefly 
 written by Richard Hengist Hokxe 
 (q.v.), appeared in 1844. 
 
 "Spirit of the -worm (The) be- 
 neath the sod.*' — Shelley, Episyckidion, 
 line 124^- 
 
 " In love and worship blends it3elf"\vit1i God." 
 
 "Spirit "wralks (The) of every 
 day deceased. "-Young, Night Thoughts, 
 night ii., line 180. 
 
 " Spiriting gently, And do my." 
 The Tempest, act i., scene 3. 
 
 - "Spirite, -when they please, 
 
 Can either sex assume, or both." — Para- 
 dise Lost, book i., line 423. 
 
 Spleen, The. A poem by Mat- 
 thew Green (1696 — 1737), first published 
 by Glover, the poet (q.v.). " It was origin- 
 ally a very short copy of verses, and was 
 gradually and piecemeal increased. Pope 
 speedily noticed its merit, Melmoth praised 
 its strong originality in Fitzosbome's Let- 
 ters, and Gray duly commended it in his 
 correspondence with Walpole, when it ap- 
 peared in Dodsley's Collection. In that 
 walk of poetry, where fancy aspires no 
 farther than to go hand in hand with com- 
 mon sense, its merit," says Campbell, " is 
 certainly unrivalled." 
 
 "Splendid angel (A), newly 
 drest, Save wiiigs, for heaven." — ISIeats, 
 Eve of St. Agnes. 
 
 Splendid Shilling, The. A poem 
 by Jomr Philips (1676—1708), pubUshe4 
 
 in 1703, and written ^n parody of the epic 
 
 style of Milton. It begins :— 
 " Happy the man, who, void of care and strife, 
 In Hilkcn or in leathern purse retains 
 A splendid shilling, lienor hears with pain 
 New oystera cried, nor Bighu for chcerlul ale j 
 But with his fiiends, when nightly mistii ari&e, 
 To Juniper's Magpie or Town-hall repairs : 
 "Where, mhidful of the nymph whose wnnton eye 
 TraDBtixcd his soul and Kindled amorous flames, 
 Chloe or PhilHs, he, each circling glass. 
 Wisheth her health, and joy, and equal love. 
 Meanwhile he smokes, and laughs at merry tale, 
 Or pun ambiguous, or conundrum quaint." ~ 
 
 " Splendour falls on castles 
 
 walls. The." A song, by Alfred Ten- 
 nyson, in The Princess (q.v.) j commonly 
 called *'The Bugle Song." 
 
 Splenetive and rash; I am 
 
 not." — Hamlet, act v., scene 1 :^ 
 
 " Yet have I something in me dangerous." 
 
 " Sport that is not -worth the 
 
 candle, It is a poor." See Herbekt's 
 Jacula Prudentum (q.v.). The French 
 proverb runs : — " Le jeu ne vaut pas la 
 chandelle."' 
 
 " Sports of children satisfy the 
 
 child, The." Line 154 of Goldsmith's 
 poem of The Traveller (q.v.). 
 
 Sporus, in Pope's Epistle to Dr. 
 Arhuthnot (q.v.), is a satirical portrait, in- 
 tended for Lord John Hervey (q.V.), son of 
 the Earl of Bristol, and author of the 
 Memoirs of the Jieign of George J I. "The 
 cause of his estrangement from Pope," 
 says Professor Ward, " remains obseure ; 
 but the first jjublic offence was given by 
 Pope, in allusions in iiiB Miscellanies (1727) 
 and the first editions of The DunciaeUlTZB). 
 Then, in 1734, appeared the Jmitatioii of 
 the First Book of Horace, where Lord Her- 
 vey was twice attacked under the sobri- 
 quet of Lord Fanny, and his friend, Lady 
 Mary Montagu, was even more venomous- 
 ly aspe^'sed. They retorted in verse and 
 prose ; and Pope wrote his prose Letter to 
 a Noble Lord. The character of Sporus 
 followed in, 1734 ; and "another attack in 
 the satire originally called The Epilogue to 
 the Satires (1738), brought out a poem. 
 The Difference between Verbal and Practi- 
 cal Virtue Exem2ylified, by Lord H." "In 
 the first edition of the Epistle," says 
 Bowles, "Pope had the name 'Paris 'in- 
 stead of Sporus." The satire opens thus: — 
 
 •' T^et Sporus tremhie — - "What ? that thing of 
 silk ? 
 Sporus, that mere white curd of nfis's milk ? 
 Satire or sense, alas I can Sporus feel ? 
 Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel ? " 
 
 Spottiswoode, John, Archbisliop 
 of St. Andrews (b- 1565, d. 1639), wrote' a 
 History of Scotla/nd, beginning the year of 
 our Lord 203, and colittnued to the. end qf 
 the reign of James Vf. (16551, which was 
 edited by Bishop Bussell, with abiocraph- 
 ical sketch of the author, and notes, in 
 1847—51, Sjjottiswpode ^Isq wrote *i Refvr 
 
eoo 
 
 SPB 
 
 STA 
 
 i^tio Libelti de liegimine EcclesUe Scoti- 
 catioB (1620), the '■ doctrines " of whicli 
 **are opposed," says Bishop Nicolsoji, 
 " by David Calderwood, in iiii-Attare JJor 
 mascenum" (q.v.). 
 
 Sprat, Thomas, Bislinp of Ro- 
 chester (b. 1G36, d. 1713), published a Poem 
 on the Death pf Cromwell (1659) ; The 
 Plague of Alliens (1659) : The History of the 
 Jloyal Societtj (1721) ; Obseroations on Sor- 
 biere^s Voyage into England (1665) ; A True 
 Account and Declaration of the Horrid 
 Conspiracy [tlte Rye House Plot} against 
 the Late King, his present Majesty, atid the 
 
 ftresent Government (1685) ; a Life of Cow- 
 ey. Borne sermons, and other miscellaneous 
 works. Some Account of the Life' and 
 V^rltings of Sprat was published in 1715. 
 
 Sprig of Shillelah, The. A 
 
 famous Irish national song, whose author- 
 ship is attributed by some writers to a cer- 
 tain H. B. Lode, and by others to the poet 
 Edward Lysaght. 
 
 Spring. A poem forming one of 
 the series of Tlie Seasons (q.v.), by James 
 Thomson (1700—17-18), published in 1728. 
 
 Spring: "a New Version." A 
 humorous poem by Thomas Hood. 
 
 " Spring conies slovtrly up this 
 way. And the."— Colebidge, Christabet, 
 part i. 
 
 Spring, Ode to, l)y Anna Letitia 
 Babbauld (1743—1825) ; " a happy imita- 
 tion of Collins." 
 
 "Springes to catch ■virood- 
 
 cocks." Hamlet, act i., scene 3. 
 
 "Springtime, the only pretty 
 
 ringtime." See Shakespeare's play of 
 As You Jjil:e It, act v., scene 3 ; — 
 " Sweet lovers love the spring." 
 So Tennyson in Locksley Hall : — 
 " la the Bpring a youns; man's fancy lightly turns 
 to thoughts ol love. 
 
 Spudeus. One of tlie interlocu- 
 tors in Stubbes's Anatomie of Abuses 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Spumador. Tlie name of Prince 
 Arthur's horse ill Spenser's Fa^ie 
 Qiteene. 
 
 Spurgeon, Charles Haddon, 
 
 Baptist minister (b- 1831), has published, 
 among other works, John Ploughman^s 
 Talk, and The Treasury of David, in ad- 
 dition to a very large number of Sermons. 
 
 Spy, The. A story \iy James 
 Fenimore Cooper (1789— 185i), founded 
 on incidents in the American KevoluUon,. 
 and published in 1821. 
 
 Squab, Poet. See Poet Squab- 
 Square, Mr. "A philosopher," 
 la FiELDiNQ's novel of Tom Jones (q.v.). 
 
 Squeers. A Yorkshire school- 
 master, owner of Dotheboys* Hall, in 
 Dickens's novel of Nicholas Niclcleby 
 (q.v.). "This picture of SquSers," says 
 Friswell, " was so true and natural that 
 many of the schoolmasters identified them- 
 selves with it ; and one individual who 
 happened to have but one eye, and. who, 
 therefore resembled Squeers physically as 
 well as mentally, threatened the author 
 with an action at law." See the preface 
 to the novel. Mrs., Miss Fanny, and Master 
 Wackford Squeers all ligure in the story. 
 
 Squier, Uphraim George. See 
 Bard, Samuel, A. 
 
 Squintum, Doctor, in Foote's 
 farce of The Minor,. is Intended for the 
 celebrated George Whiteeield (1714— 
 1770). The same nickname waabesLowed 
 by Theodore Hook upon the Rev. Edward 
 Irving (1792—1834), who had a slight cast 
 in his eye. 
 
 Squire Meldrum. See Meldrvm, 
 Sqdike. 
 
 Squire of Dames, The, iigures in 
 Spenser's Fa'drie Queene (q.v.), booklii., 
 canto vii., stanza 51, et seg, 
 
 Sqtiire of Iiow Degree, The. A 
 
 romance alluded to by Chauoeb in the 
 Jiime of Sir Topas ; probably the same as 
 that inserted by Ritson in his Ancient Ito- 
 mances. it is analysed by "Warton in liis 
 History. See also" Carew Hazlltt's Ite- 
 maina of Early Popular Poetry. Ritson 
 calls the -work ■' a strange and whimsical, 
 but genuine English performance," 
 
 Squire, Samuel, Bisliop of St. 
 Davids, (b. 1714, d. 1766), wyote A Defence 
 of the Ancient Greek Chronology and an /n- 
 quiry into the Origin of the Greek Lan- 
 guage (1741) ; The Ancient History of the 
 Hebrews Vindicated (1741), an Enquiry 
 into the Foundation of the English Consti- 
 tution (VliB) ; Indifference for Peligion In- 
 excusable (1758), and other works. 
 
 Squire Western. See Western, 
 
 Squire. 
 Squire's Tale, The, in Chaucer's 
 
 Canterbury Tales (q.v.), is of the Tartar 
 Cambys Khan, or Cambuscau, who waired 
 with Russia, and had two sons, Algarsif 
 and Camballo, and a daughter Canace. The 
 tale is not finished, whence the allusion 
 by Milton in h\a II Penseroso. See CAM- 
 
 BUSCAN. 
 
 Squyr of Lowe Degre, The. See 
 
 Squire of Low Degree, The. 
 
 Stackhouse, Thomas, vicar of 
 Benham (b. ICSO, d. 1752), published a Com- 
 ment on tlie Apostles' Creed (1747) j A Com- 
 plete Body of Speculative and Practical 
 Divinity (1743) ; Memoirs of the Life and 
 irritings of Bishop Atterbury (1727), j4 
 History qfthe Holy Bible, which appeared, 
 
STA 
 
 STA 
 
 661 
 
 ** corrected and improved '* by Bisliop 
 Gleig, in 1817, and other works. 
 
 '* Stage fA), -wbere every man 
 must play a part." The Merchant of Venice, 
 act i., §cene 1. See " All the ■world's 
 
 A STAGE." 
 
 " Stale, flat, and unprofitable." 
 See ** Weary, stale,*' &c. 
 
 " Stand not upon the order of 
 
 your going." — Mt^beth, act ill., scene 4. 
 
 " Stand on end.'* — Hamlet^ act i., 
 scene 3. 
 
 " Stand still, true poet that you 
 
 are."^Fir5t line of Popularity, a lyric 
 by Robert Bkowi? ikg (b. 1812) :— 
 
 " Some night you'll foil us ; when afar 
 You nse, remember one man saw you, 
 Knew yon, and named a star I " 
 
 Standard, The, a daily newspa- 
 per of Conservative politics, was started 
 in 1827. 
 
 Standish, IVCiles, inLoNGFELLCw's 
 poem of The Courtship (q.v.) of tliat fa- 
 mous captain, is in love witb Priscilla, 
 wbo does not return bis affection, and 
 who, on tbe report ot his death, becomes 
 the wife of John Alden (q.v.). 
 
 " Stands Scotland w^here it 
 did?" — Macbeth, act iv., scene 3. 
 
 Stanhope, Harl, Pliilip Henry, 
 'statesman ^. 1805, d. 1875), wrote A His- 
 tory of iJie War of the Succession in Spain 
 (1832) ; A History of England from the 
 Peace of Utrecht to tJie Peace of Aix-la- 
 Chttpelle (1836—52) ; The Court of Spain 
 under diaries II. (1844) ; A Life of the 
 Great Condt (1845) ; A Life of Belisarius 
 (1848) ; Historical Essays (1848) ; A His- 
 tory of tlie Rise of our Indian Empire 
 (1858) ; A Hisio7-y of tlie Reign of Queen^ 
 Anne to tlie Peace of Utrecht (1870) ; an 
 edition of the Letters of Lord Chesterfield 
 (1845) ; Memoirs of Sir Robert Peel; a. Life 
 of William Pitt ; and other works. 
 
 Stanhope, George, Dean of Can- 
 terbury (b. 1660, d. 1728), published A Para- 
 phrase and Comment upon the Epistles and 
 Gospels, for all Sundays and Holydays 
 (1705), various Sermons (1700 to 1739), and 
 translations from the writings of St, Au- 
 gustine, Epictetus, 'X Kempis, and others. 
 His lAfe was published in 1797. 
 
 Stanhope, Philip Dormer. See 
 
 Chesterfield, Easl of. 
 
 Stanihurst, Richard, poet and 
 scholar (d. 1618), published in 1583 a trans- 
 lation of the first four books of the jEneid 
 into English hexameters ; in 1584, an Irish 
 chronicle in Latin, De Rebus in Hibernica 
 Gestis, lAbri IV. ; and in 1587, in Latin 
 also, A Life of St. Patrick. 
 
 Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, D.D., 
 Deau of "Westminster (b. 1815), has pub- 
 
 lished a Life of Dr. Arnold (1844) ; Stdriek 
 and Essays on the Apostolic Age (1846) ;^Ji 
 Memoir tfBisJiop Stanley (1850) ; 2'Ae Epis- 
 tles to the CorintMans (1854) : Historical 
 Memorials of Canterbury (1854) '; Sinai and 
 Palestine (1865) ; The Unity of Evangeli- 
 cal and Apostolical Teaching (1859) ; Ser^ 
 viqns preached before the University of Ox- 
 ford (1860) ; The History of the Eastern 
 Church (1861) ; Sermons preached in the 
 East (1862) ; The History of the Jewish 
 Church (1863) : " Historical Memorials of 
 Westminster Abbey (1867) ; Tlie Three Irish 
 Churches (1869) ; Essays on Church and 
 State (1870) ; The Athanasian Creed 
 (1871); The History of the Church of Scot- 
 Icmd (1872), many fugitive sermons, and 
 numerous contriDutions to reviews and. 
 magazines. 
 
 Stanley, Thonias,poet ancl scholar 
 (hi 1625. d. 1G98), published in 1649, a vol- 
 ume of poems and translations, which 
 were republished, with additions, in 1651, 
 and were edited by Sir Egertori Brydges, 
 in 1814 ; also Psalterium Carolinum : the 
 Devotions of his Sacred Majestie in his . 
 _Solitude and Sufferings, rendered into 
 verse (1657)^ a Histwif of Philosophy, con^ 
 iaining the Lives, Opinions, Actions, and 
 Discourses of the Philosophers of every 
 Sect, the first part of which was pub- 
 lished in 1655_, and the third in 1660, a 
 Latin translation being published by Ole- 
 anus at Leipsic in 1711 ; and an edition of 
 jEschylus published, with a Latin trans^ 
 lation, in 1660, and highly praised by Hal- 
 lam. A fJfe of Stanley was prefixed by 
 Sir Egerton Brydges to the edition of hi^ 
 Poems published in 1814. 
 
 Stanzas "written in dejection 
 
 near Naples, by Peec y 5 ysshe Shelley, 
 in 1818. They begin— 
 
 " The Bun is warm, the sky ia clear. 
 
 The waves are dan cing fast and bright ; 
 Blue islea and Bnowy mountains wear 
 The purple noon's transparent might." 
 
 " Staple of his argument, The." 
 
 — Love's Labour's Lost, act v-., scene 1. 
 
 Staple of Ne*ws, The. A come- 
 dy hy Ben' Joif soir, produced in 1625. 
 "Star of dawn, A later."— 
 
 "Wokosworth, a Morning Exercise. 
 
 " Star that briugest home the 
 bee."— r/ie Evening Star, by Thomas 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 • Star, To the Evening. A song by 
 Thomas Campbell. See also part ii. of 
 Caroline, by the same author. 
 
 Star-spangled Banner, The. One 
 
 of the national songs of the United States, 
 written by F. S. Key! 
 
 " And the star-flpangled banner, O long may it wave 
 
 O' cr the land of the free and the homo of the 
 
 brave I " . 
 
 " Star-y-pointing pyramid, Un- 
 
662 
 
 STA 
 
 STE 
 
 der a/* Line 4 of Milton's Epitaph on 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Stareleigh, Mr. Justice, in Dick- 
 ens's Pickwick Papers (q.v.), is the judge 
 in. the f amouB trial of **Bardell -y. Pick- 
 wick." He is described as a most particu- 
 larly short man, and bo fat that he seemed 
 all face and waistcoat. 
 
 *' Starry G-alileo -with his -woes, 
 
 The."— Byron, Childe Harold's PilgHm- 
 aget canto Jv., stanza 54. 
 
 "Starry girdle of the year, 
 
 The."— Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, 
 partii., line 194. 
 
 "Stars are -with the voyager, 
 The." A song, by Thomas Hood, written 
 in 1827. 
 
 "Stars that in earth's firma- 
 ment do shine." A description applied to 
 flowers In Longfellow's poem on the 
 latter subject. 
 
 Stars. The Light of. A lyric by 
 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (b. 
 1807), containing the lines :— 
 
 ** O fear not in a world like this. 
 And thou Bhalt know ere long, — 
 Know how sublime a thine: it is 
 To suffer and be etrong. 
 
 "Started like a guilty thing, 
 
 It." — Hamlet act i., scene 1. 
 
 Starveling. *■ A tailor," in A Mid- 
 summer NighV s Dream (q.v.). 
 
 State Considered in its Rela- 
 tions with the Church, The. A prose 
 treatise by Willam Ewaut Gladstone 
 (b. 1809), published xu 1838, and reviewed 
 Dy Macaulay in the Edinburgh Review for 
 183!). " The author of this volume," 
 wrote the critic, ' is a young man of un- 
 blemished character, and of distinguished 
 parliamentary talents, the rising hope of 
 those stern and unbending Tories, who 
 follow, reluctantly, ami mutinously, a 
 leader whose experience and eloquence are 
 indispensable to them. . . We dissent 
 from his opinions, but we admire his 
 talents ; we respect his integrity and 
 benevolence ; and we hope thM he will 
 not suffer political avocations so entirely 
 to engross him, as to leave him no leisure 
 for literature and philosophy." 
 
 " States can be saved ^pithout it 
 [the sword]; bring the pen."— Lord Lyt- 
 TON, Richelieu, act, ii., scene 2. 
 
 Statesman. The. A prose treatise 
 by Sir Henry Taylor (b. 1800). published 
 in 183!5, and described by Maginn a-i " the 
 art of official humbug systematically di- 
 
 geated and familiarly explained." Crabb 
 Robinson in his Diary says: "He pub- 
 lished a book called The Statesman, which 
 some thought presumptuous in a junior 
 clerk iu a Government office.'* 
 
 Statesmen of the Reign of 
 
 George III., Historic Sketches of, by 
 Henry, Lord Brougham (q.v.), were pub- 
 lished in 1839—43. « 
 
 Statins his Thebais, The First 
 
 Book of, translated into English heroic 
 verse by Alexander Pope m 1703, was 
 printed in Lintot's Miscellany in 1711. 
 The translation has been revived by his 
 friend Henry Cromwell. The Thebais 
 consists of twelve books, and is said to 
 have been founded on a Greek poem b;^ 
 Antimachus. See Merivale'a Romans un- 
 der the Empire, c. Ixiv. 
 
 " Statue that enchants the 
 
 world, The."— Thomson, The Seasons 
 ("Summer"). 
 
 " Steal us (They) from our- 
 selves away." — Pope, Immiiations of 
 Horace, bk. li., ep. ii., line 72. 
 
 " Steals my purse, steals trash, 
 "Wxo."— Othello J act iii., scene 3. 
 
 Stedfast Shepherd, The. Stanzas 
 by George Wither (q.v.), forming part 
 of his pastoral poem, called The Mistress 
 of Philarete. See Percy*s Reliques. 
 
 Stedman, Edmund Clarence, 
 
 American poet and prose-writer, is the 
 author of The Blameless Prince, and other 
 Poems (1869), Victorian -Poe^s, essays (1875), 
 and other works. His Poems were pub-, 
 lished complete in 1874. 
 
 . Steele G-lasse, The. " A satyre," 
 in blank verse, by George Gascoigne. 
 published in 1576. " It is a vigorous effort 
 in favoiu- of truth, right, and justice." It 
 was reprinted by Arber in 1868. 
 
 Steele, Sir Richard, dramatist 
 and essayist (b. 1671, d. 1729), produced The 
 Christian Hero (1701,) (q.v.) ; The Funeral: 
 or, Gri^ d /a Jforfe (1702), (q.v.) ; TheTen- 
 der Husband (1703), (q.v.) ; The Lying 
 Lover (1704) ; The Crisis (1714) ; 77ie Co7i- 
 scious Lovers (1722), (q.v.) ; contributions to 
 The Tatler (q.v.), Guardian (q.v.), and 
 Spectator (q.v.) ; and some miscellaneous 
 works, a list of which is given in Lowndes' 
 Bibliographer's Ma7iual. The Life of 
 Steele may be read in Forster's Biograph~ 
 ical and' Critical Essays, and in the 
 Memoir by Montgomery. See also Thack- 
 eray's English Humourists and Dennis's 
 Studies in English Liteixiture. "The great 
 charm of Steele's writing," says Thack- 
 eray " is its naturalness. > He wrote so 
 quickly and carelessly, that he was forced 
 to make tlie reader his confidant, and had 
 not the time to deceive him. He had a 
 small share of book-learning, but a vast 
 acquaintance with the world. He had 
 known men and taverns. He had lived 
 with gownsmen, with troopers, with gen- 
 tlemen ushers of the Court, with men and 
 women of fashion, and with the frec^uent- 
 ers of all the clubs and coffee-houses in the 
 town. He was not of those lonely ones of 
 
STB 
 
 STB 
 
 063. 
 
 the eaith whose greataesa obliged them to 
 be soUtary ; on the contrary, he was ad- 
 mired, I thhik, more than any man who 
 ever wrote ; and full of hearty applause 
 audsympathy, wins- upon you by calling 
 you to share his delight and good humour. 
 He has a relish for goodness and beauty, 
 wherever he meets it. He admired Shakes- 
 peare affectionately, and more than any 
 man of his time ; and, according to his 
 generous expansive nature, called upon 
 all his company to like what he liked him- 
 eelf. He did not damn with faint praise." 
 " Steele," says Hazlitt, " seems to have 
 gone into his closet chiefly to set down 
 what he observed out of doors. Addison 
 seems to have spent most of his time in 
 his study, and to have spun-out and wire- 
 drawn the hints which he borrowed from 
 Steele, or took from, nature, to the utmost. 
 I am far from wishing to depreciate Addi- 
 son's talents, but I am anxious to do jus- 
 tice to Steele, who was, I think, upoii the 
 whole, a less artificial "and more original 
 .■writer. The humorous descriptions of 
 Steele, resemble loose sketches or frag- 
 ments of a comedy ; those of Addison ar'e 
 rather cormnents or ingenious paraphrases 
 on the genuine text. Several of the inci- 
 dents related by Steele have never been 
 surpassed in the heart-rendering pathos of 
 private distress. I" prefer Steele's occa- 
 sional selection of beautiful poetical pas- 
 sages, without any affectation of unalysmg 
 their beauties, to Addison's liner-spun 
 theories. I owe this acknowledgment to 
 a writer who has so often put me in good 
 humour with myself, and everything about 
 me, when few things else could." See 
 
 BiCKEBSTAFF, ISAAC; EDGAR, SIR JOHJf ; 
 
 IjOveb, The Lying ; Pacolbt. 
 
 " Steep and thorny -way to 
 heaven, The."— Hamlet, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Steerforth, in Dickens's novel of 
 X>avid Copper,field (q. v.), is the friend of the 
 hero and the betrayer of little Em'ly (q, v.). 
 
 Steevens, George, Shakesperian 
 editor and commentator (b. 1736, d. 1800), 
 published editions of Shakespeare's plays 
 (with Johnson) in 1773 and 1778, and 
 (with Johnson and Reed) in 1785, 1793, 
 and 1803- He also wrote tlie commenT 
 tary on Hogarth's works prefixed to 
 Nichols* Biographical Anecdotes of that 
 painter, and contributed lai^ely to the 
 Biofira/phia Dramatica. Gifford called 
 him the Puck of commentators. 
 
 Stella, in the poetry of Sir Phil- 
 ip SiDNEV, i& the name under which he 
 celebrates his love for the Lady Penelope 
 Devereux. ITie latter lady is celebrated 
 by Spenser in his Astrophel (q.v.). See 
 Philoclea. 
 
 Stella. The poetical name be- 
 stowed by Dean Swift upon Miss Esther 
 Johnson, whose tutor he was, and whom 
 he married privately in 1716. The word 
 
 "Esther," from the Greek 'oto-T^p, means 
 " a star ; " in Latin *' stella." , 
 
 Stella. The authoress of some 
 verses called My Queen, which, allied to a 
 charming melody b^ Blumenthal, have had , 
 and still have a wide-spread popularity. 
 Stella's real name was Mrs. Bowen-, 
 Graves. - 
 
 Step-Mother, l^he Ambitious. 
 
 A play by Nicholas Kowe (1673—1718), 
 produced in 1700. 
 
 Stephano. A butler, in The 
 
 Tempest (q.v.). 
 
 Stephano. Servant to Portia, in 
 
 The Merchant of Venice (q.v.), 
 
 Stephano. A leader of tlie Chris- 
 tian army, in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, 
 
 Stephen Guest, in Georgis 
 Eliot's novel of The Mill on the Floss , 
 (q.v.), is in love with and beloved by Mag- 
 gie TuUiver. 
 
 Stephen, Leslie, miscellaneous 
 writer : has written The Playgrownd of 
 
 Europe' (lSll),Essa]/8 on Free Thmhing and 
 Plain Speaking (1873), Hours in a Library _ 
 (1874— 5), and & History of English Thought 
 vn the Eighteenth Century (1876). 
 
 Stephen, Master. A character 
 in Ben JonsOn's comedy of Every Man in 
 his Humour (q.v.). 
 
 Stephen of Amboise. A mill-' 
 tary commander, — " impetuous in attack, 
 but soon repulsed," — in Tasso's Jervsa^em 
 Delivered. 
 
 Stephen, Sir James, essayist 
 and historian (b. 1789, d, 1859), published, 
 in 1849, a series of Essays in Ecclesiastical 
 Biography, contributed to the Edinburgh 
 Review between 1838 and 1848; axidZe&r 
 titres on the History of France (1851), deli- 
 vered at Cambridge in 1850. His Life, by 
 hts son, was published in 1860. 
 
 Stephen, Sir James Fi;^james, 
 barrister (b. 1829), is the author of a workv 
 on Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity (1873). 
 See Barristek, A. 
 
 Stephen's, St. A poem by Ed- 
 wabd. Lord Lytton (q.v.), published in 
 Blackwood's Magazine in 1860, in which 
 the writer characterises the famous Par- 
 liamentaiy orators of England from the 
 Georgian period to the present dsty. 
 
 Stepney, George, poet (b. 1668, 
 d, 1707}, wrote various pieces, which are 
 found in the collections of his time. His 
 Life was briefly written by Dr. Johnson, 
 who says that, "in his original poems now 
 and then a happy line may perhaps be 
 found, and now and then a short compoBi- 
 tion may give pleasure : but there is, in 
 the whole, little either of the grace of wit 
 or the vigour of nature." 
 
G64 
 
 STJ 
 
 STB 
 
 Steps to the Temple, by Richard 
 
 OuASHA-w (1616—1650) ; published in 1646. 
 A collection of sacred poems, characterised 
 by great opulence of diction, luxuriance 
 of lancy, and power of invention. They 
 were so entitled, " because,'* says his ear- 
 liest editor " in the temple of God, under 
 His wing, he led his life in St. Mary's 
 Church, near to Peter-House (Cambridge). 
 There he lodged under Tertu^ian's roof of 
 angels. There he made his rest, more 
 gladly than David's swallow, near the 
 house of God, where, like a primitive 
 saint, he offered more prayers in the night 
 than others usually offer in the day. There 
 he penned the said poems for happy souls 
 to climb to heaven by." 
 
 Sterline, Lord. See Alexander, 
 William, Earl of Stirling. 
 
 Sterling, Edward, journalist (b. 
 1773, d. 1847), was for some time a leading 
 contributor to The Times (q.v.). Some 
 notices of his Life are included in Thomas 
 Carlyle's memoir of his son, John Sterling 
 (see next paragraph). See Thunderer 
 and Vet us. 
 
 Sterling, John, essayist and critic 
 (b. 1806, d. 1844), wrote Arthur Ckmingsby, a 
 :noTel (1830) : Poems (1839) ; 2'he Election 
 (1841) ; and Strafford^ a tragedy (1843) ; be- 
 sides various contributions to magazines 
 and reviews. His Works were collected in 
 1848. See the Lives by Hare (1848) and 
 Carlyle (1851). " Ue falls, to my apprecia- 
 tion," says Mrs. Browning, "into the class 
 of respectable poets ; good sense and good 
 feeling, somewhat dry and cold, and very 
 level^ smooth writing being what I discern 
 in him." " A few of Sterling's minor 
 lyrics," saysStedman, **are eloquent ; and 
 while defaced by conceits and prosaic 
 exi^ressions, show flashes of ima^nation 
 which brighten the even twilight ot a med- 
 itative poet." See Coningsby, Arthur ; 
 and Election, The. 
 
 " Stern daughter of the voice 
 of God ! " A line in an Ode to Duty, by 
 "William Wordsworth, written in 1805. 
 
 *' Stern Joy -which -warriors 
 feel, And the." See stanza 10, canto v., of 
 Scott's poem of The Lady of the Z^ke 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Sterne, Laurence, clergyman find 
 novelist (b. 1713, d. 17G8), published The 
 Life and Opinions of THsiram Shandy, 
 Gent. (1759); Sermons (1760); A Sentimental 
 Jou-niey through France and Italy (1768) ; 
 (q.vO; and The History of a Warm Watchcoat 
 (1769). His Letters to his most Intimate 
 jP'riends were published by his daughter in 
 1775 ; his Letters to Kliza [Mrs. Draper], in 
 the sanie year ; other portions of his-coi*- 
 respondence appeared in 1768 and 1844. 
 For a list of Sttmeiana, see Lowndes* Hib- 
 liographer's Manual. For Biography, see 
 'TheQuarterly lieview, vol. xlix.. Sir waiter 
 Scott's Lives of the Novelists, and Titz- 
 
 gerald's I-\feof Laurence Sterne. For Crit 
 icism, see Thackeray's Jycciures (•n tht 
 ffiunourists, Taine's English Literature 
 and MasBon's English Novelists. See als< 
 Ferriar's Illustrations of Stetne. " Th( 
 humour of Stenie," says Professor Mas 
 soil, " is not only very different from tha 
 of Fielding and Smollett, but is somethinj 
 unique in our literature. He also was : 
 professed admirer of Cervantes ; to ai 
 large an extent as Swift, the wnimsica 
 and perpetually digressive manner o; 
 Rabelais ; and there is proof that he wai 
 well acquainted with the works of preced 
 ing humorists, less familiarly known it 
 England. But he was himself a humoris 
 by nature— a British or Irish Yorick, witl 
 differences from any of those who migh 
 have borne that name before him, afte: 
 their imaginary Banish prototype ; and 
 perpetually as he reminds ns of Babelais 
 Iiifi Shandean vein of wit and fancy is no 
 for a moment to be regarded as a mert 
 variety of Pantagruelism. There is scarce 
 ly anything more intellectually exquisiti 
 Ihan the humour of Sterne. To veiy fas 
 tidious readers, much of the humour o: 
 Fielding or of Smollett might come at las 
 to seem but buffoonery ; but Shakespeart 
 himself, as one fancies, would have rea( 
 Sterne with admiration and pleasure 
 THstram Shandy and the Sentimenta 
 Journey were certainly novelties in Eng 
 lish prose writing, The first peeuliari^ 
 that strikes us in them, considered as nov 
 els, is the thin style of the fiction in com 
 parison either with that of Fielding o: 
 with that of Smollett. There is little o: 
 no continuous stoiy. Tliat special constit 
 uent of epic interest which arises fron 
 the fable or the action, is altogether dis 
 carded, and is even tiirned into jest ; anc 
 all is made to depend on what the critio 
 called the character, the sentiments, ant 
 the diction. As to the characters, whi 
 knows not that group of originals, Shand; 
 the elder. Uncle Toby, Corporal T^im, Dr 
 Slop, the Widow Wadman, &c. ? Thesi 
 were characters of nature, and not char 
 acters or manners, creations of a fini 
 fancy, working in an ideal element, an< 
 not mere copies. or caricatures of individ 
 ualities actually observed. And how goo( 
 they all are ! what heart as well as odoit; 
 there isiu them ! One feels that ono conli 
 have lived cheerfully and freely in th< 
 vicinity of Shandy Hall, whereas it i 
 only now and then among the chai 
 acters of Fielding and Smollett tha 
 this attraction is felt by the reader, Golc 
 ridge, who has noted as one of Sterne'; 
 great merits this faith in moral gooi 
 as exhibited in his favourite cliaracterS 
 noted also his physiognomic skill and hi 
 art in bringing forward, and giving sigiiifl 
 cance to the most evanescent minutise ii 
 thought, feeling, look and gesture. In Uti 
 dissertations, digressions, and intersperse* 
 whimsicalities of Sterne, we see the snmj 
 art of minute observation displayed; whili 
 
ST3 
 
 STE 
 
 665 
 
 we are perpetually entertained and Bur- 
 prised by reminiscenes from out-of-the- 
 way authors (itiany of them plagiarisms 
 from Burton), by remarks full of wit and 
 sense, by subtleties of a metaphysical 
 intellect, and by quaint flights of a gay 
 and delicate, but bold imagination. The 
 tenderness of Sterne.his power of pathetic 
 writing, all hia readers have confessed ; 
 nor even can the artificiality of much of 
 his pathos take away the effect on our 
 sympathies. Sensibility— a capacity for 
 being easily moved— was the quality he 
 gave mmself out ns possessing personally 
 in a high degree, and as most desirous of 
 representing and diffusing by his writings, 
 and he certainly succeeded. So far as 
 sensibility can be taught by fiction, his 
 works teach it, and perhaps it was one of 
 his uses at tlie time when he lived that he 
 had chosen to be the apostle of a quality 
 which was otherwise greatly at a discount 
 in contemporary literature. Add to all, 
 the exquisite accuracy and finish of 
 Sterne's diction. Even the grace, the in- 
 simiating delicacy, the light lucidity, the 
 diamontflike sparkle of Sterne's style, 
 make reading him a peculiar literary plea- 
 sure. One could cull from his pages, and 
 especially from his Tristram Shandy, a far 
 greater number of passages for a book of 
 elegant extracts, than from the works of 
 Fielding or Smollett." " Sterne," says 
 Taine, " is asickly and eccentric humorist, 
 a clergyman, and a libertine, who pre- 
 ferred [said Byron] * whining over a dead 
 ass, to relieving a living mother,' selfish in 
 act, selfish in word, who in everything 
 takes a contrary view of himself and of 
 others. His book is like a great storehouse 
 of articles of vertu, where curiosities of all 
 ages, kinds, and countries lie- jumbled in a 
 heap ; forms of excommunication, medical 
 consultations, passages of unknown or 
 imaginary authors, scraps of scholastic 
 erai&tion, strings of absurd histories, dis- 
 sertations, addresses to the reader. His 
 pen leads him ; he has neither sequence, 
 nor plan ; nay, when he lights upon any- 
 thing orderly, he purposealy distorts it : 
 with a kick he sends the pile of folios next 
 to him over the history he has commenced, 
 
 . and dances on the top of them. He de- 
 lights in disappointing us, in sending us 
 astray by interruptions and delays. Gravity 
 displeases him ; he treats it as a hypocrite' 
 —to his liking folly is better, and he paints 
 himself in Yorick. In a well-constituted 
 mind, ideas march one after another with 
 uniform motion and acceleration ; in this 
 odd brain they jump about like a route of 
 masks at a carnival, in troops, each drag- 
 ging his neighbour by the feet, head, coat, 
 
 ' amidst the most general and unforeseen 
 hubbub. The tone is never for two 
 minutes the same ; laughter comes, then 
 tho beginning of emotion, then scandal, 
 then wonder, then sensibility, then laugh- 
 ter again, .Like all men who have nerves, 
 he is subject to sensibility ; not that he 
 
 is really kindly and tender-hearted ; on 
 the contrary, his life is that of an egotist ; 
 but on certain days he must needs weep, 
 and he makes us weep with him. What 
 still more increases this sad- sweetness is 
 the contrast of the free and easy waggeries 
 which, like a hedge of nettles, encircle it 
 on all sides. Sterne, like all men whose 
 mechaniBm is over-excited, has odd de- 
 sires. If he goes ijito dirty places, it is 
 because they are forbidden and not fre- 
 quented. What he seeks there is singular- 
 ity and scandal. The allurement of this 
 forbidden fruit is not the fruit, but the 
 prohibition ; for he biteri by preference 
 where the, fruit is half-rotten or worm- 
 eaten. Thus, to read Sterne, we should 
 wait for days when we are in a pecu^ 
 liar kind of humour, days of spleen, 
 rain, or when through nervous irritation 
 we are disgusted with rationality." See 
 Br AMINE, The ; Eliza, Letteks to ; 
 Shandy, Tristram. 
 
 Sternhold, Thomas, versifier (d. 
 
 1549), translated fifty-one of the Psalms of 
 David into English metre. See Warton's 
 Historj/ of English Poetrv, iii., 146-^1561 
 Campbell says of him and Hopkins (q.v*) 
 that, " with the best intentiops and the 
 worst taste, they degraded the spirit of 
 Hebrew psalmody -by flat and homely 
 phraseology, and mistaking vulgarity for 
 simplicity, turned into bathos what they 
 found sublime." Se : Psalms, A METEicAii 
 Version of. 
 Stevens, George Alexander, 
 
 actor and author (b. 1720, d. 1784), wrote 
 several songs, A Lecture on Heads, and an 
 operatic comedy called A Trip to .Ports- 
 mouth, 
 
 Stevenson, John Hall, 'poet (b. 
 1718, d. 1785), published Crctzy Tales (1762), 
 Fables for Grown Gentlemen, Lyric EpistleSf 
 Moral Tales, sind other pieces, the whole 
 of which were re-published coliectivelyin 
 1795. For his Biography, see the memoir 
 prefixed to the Works, and Nichols' Liter^ 
 anj Anecdotes. 5'eeEuGENius." 
 
 Stewart, Dugald, philosophical 
 writer (b. 1753, d. 1828), published Elements 
 of the Philosophy of the Human MindiVIQTi 
 1814, and 1827), ; Account of the lAfe a/nd 
 Writings qfWm. Rohertsony D.D. (1801); Ac-^ 
 count o^the Life and Writings of Thos. Beidf 
 D.D. (1803); Philosophical Essays (1810);. 
 Account of the Life and Writings of Admri^ 
 Smith (1811) ; Dissertation exhibiting the 
 Progress of Metaplvff steal. Ethical, q,nd Po- 
 litical Philosophy since the Jfevival of Let^ 
 ters in Europe (1815 and 182J) : The Philos- 
 ophy of the Active and Moral Powers- 
 (1828) ; and Lectures'on Political Economy^^, 
 published in 1855, with the remainder of 
 Stewart's Works, and an accoiint of his 
 Life and Writings, edited by Sir William 
 Hamilton. For Criticism, see The Edin^ 
 burgh Ueview, vols, xxvii. and xxxvi. ;, 
 The Quarterly Review, vols. xvii. and xxyi. 
 
eee 
 
 STE 
 
 STO 
 
 Ste-wart, The. A poem by John 
 Barbour (1316—1396), not now in exist- 
 ence. 
 
 Steyne, The Marquis of. A char- 
 acter in Thackeray's novel of Vanity 
 J'^'air (q.v.). " Cannot we name some clever 
 novelists,'* says Hannay, " who, given the 
 figure of the Wicked Old Nobleman, Lord 
 Steyne, would have made him talk cynical 
 epigrams far too clever for life ; and others 
 who would have exaggerated him into a 
 mere monster of iniquity from another 
 point of view ? Thackeray takes neither 
 course, and yet he makes iX perfectly clear 
 that the marquis is both a clever and a had 
 man.'* 
 
 Stickney, Sarah. 5ee Ellis, Mbs. 
 "William. 
 
 " Stiff in opinions, alivays in 
 
 the wrong.'* A line inDRYDEN's poem of 
 Absalom and Achitophel (q.v.), descriptive 
 of the Buke of Buckingham. 
 
 Stigand, 'William, poet n.nd prose 
 writer (b. 1827), is the author of A Vision 
 of Barbarossa, and other poems (1860) ; 
 Atkenais : or, the First Crasade (1S66) ; a 
 Life of Heinrich Heme; and various con- 
 tributions to the reviews. 
 
 Stigglns, Mr., in Dickens's Pick- 
 wick Papers (q.v.), is the Dissenting 
 " shepherd " who administers consolation 
 to Mrs. Weller, and is the horror and exe- 
 cration of Tony Weller and his son Sam. 
 
 " Still achieving, still pursuing." 
 TjONGPELLOTV, a Psalm of Life. 
 
 Still, JohU: Bishop of Bath and 
 Wells, and dramatist (b. 1543, d. 1607), 
 wrote A lyght pitkj/ , pleasaunt, and merie 
 comedie, intytuled Gammer Gurton*s Nedle 
 (q.v.), played on the stage not long ago in 
 Christe's Colledge, Cambridge. Make by 
 Mr. S., Master of Arts. See Hawkins's 
 Origin of the JSnglish Drama, Collier's 
 Dramatic Poetry, Dodsley's Old Plays, 
 Hazlitt's Age of Elizabeth, and other au- 
 thorities. 
 
 " Still, sad music of humanity, 
 The." A line hi Wordsworth's verses 
 ■upon Tintem Abbey. 
 
 " Still small voice spake unto 
 
 me, A."~The Two Voices^ by Alfred 
 Texnysok. The phrase, "A still small 
 voice,'* occurs in 1 Kings, xix. 12. See 
 *' Gratitude," &c. 
 
 ' Still to be neat, still to be 
 drest." A song by Ben Jonson in The 
 Silent Woman; imitated, apparently, from 
 a Latin poem beginning— 
 ** Semper munditias, Bcmpcr Basilissat decoras." 
 
 "Still to ourselves, in every 
 
 {)lace consigned,"— First line of a couplet 
 n GOLDflMiTH's poem of The Traveller 
 (q.v.), contributed by Dr. Johnson : — 
 
 " Our own felicity we mnko or find." i 
 
 Stillingfleet, Ed-ward, Bishop of 
 Worcester (b. 1635, d. 1699), was the author 
 of Irenicum (q-v.); Origines Sacrm (1602)^ 
 (q.v.); national Account of the Grounds of 
 the Protestant Reliqion (1665); The Reaso>o, 
 (^Christ's Suffering for «7s (1678); Origines 
 JiritanniccB (1685) ; Sermons preached on 
 several Occasions (1696 — 98); A Vindication 
 of the Doctrine of ilte Trinity (1697); Direc- 
 tions for the Conversations of the Clergy 
 (1710) ; Miscellaneous Discourses on several 
 Occasio7is (1735); Discourses on the Church 
 of Pome ; and other works. The Life and 
 Character of Bishop Stillingfleet, tpgefher 
 with some account of his Works f by Tim- 
 othy Goodwin, appeared iji 1710; and in the 
 same year was published a complete edi- 
 tion of liis Works in ten volumes. See 
 Tulloch's national Theology in England, 
 Hallam describes Stillingfleet as " a man 
 deeply versed in ecclesiastical antiquity, 
 of an argumentative mind, excellently fit- 
 ted for polemical dispute, but perhaps by 
 these habits of his life rendered too much 
 of an advocate to satisfy an impartial 
 reader. In the critical reign of James II, 
 he may be considered as the leader on the 
 Protestant side." See Separation, Dis- 
 course ON. 
 
 Stirling, Sari of. See Alexander, 
 
 William. 
 
 Stirling-Maxwell, Sir 'William. 
 
 See Maxwtsll, Str William Stirling, 
 
 Stitch, Tom. The subject of a 
 " merry history," which attained great 
 popularity in the seventeenth century. 
 The hero is a young tailor, famous for his 
 gallantries. 
 
 Stoddard, Richard Henry, 
 
 American writer (b. 1825), has published 
 Footprints (1849); Poems (1852) ; Songs qf 
 Summer (1857) ; A Life of Alexander Von 
 Humboldt (1859); Loves and Heroines of the 
 Poets (1860); Under Green Leaves (1865); 
 Late English Poets (1865); The Book of the 
 East, and otJier Poems (1871); Female'Poets 
 of America (1874-); Poets and Poetry of 
 England in the Nineteenth Century (1875): 
 A Merrwir of Edgar Allan Poe (1875) ; and 
 other works. liis wife, ElizabetHj has 
 published three novels : — The Morgesons 
 (1862), Two Men (1865), and Temple House 
 (1867). 
 
 Stoddart, Sir John, journalist 
 (b. 1773, d. 1856), was for some time a lead- 
 ing contributor to the London S'mes.leav- 
 inc; it, in 1817, to establish The 2^ew Times, 
 which, after being combined with "The 
 Day, was discontinued in 1828. See Doc- 
 tor Slop. 
 
 "Stoic of the woods (A) — a 
 man without a tear."— Campbell, Ger- 
 trude of Wyoming, part 1., stanza 23. 
 
 Stokers and Pokers — High- 
 ways and Byways. The title of a volume 
 of essays republished by Sir Francis 
 
STO 
 
 STE 
 
 067 
 
 BoiTD Head (q.v.) from The Quarterly 
 Jieview. 
 
 "Stone (The) that is rolling 
 can gather no moss." — Tussee, Five Hun- 
 dred Points of Good Husbandry. 
 
 " Stone Tvalls do not a prison 
 
 . make," — A line in Lovelace's poem To 
 Altltea (q.v.) — 
 
 " Nor iron bars a cage ; 
 Minds innocent and quiet take 
 That for an hermitage." 
 
 Stonebenge. The nom de plume 
 of John Henky Walsh, a writer on 
 sports and pastimes. 
 
 " Stop ! — not to me at this bit- 
 ter departing." — Separation, in Faded 
 Leaves, aser^es of lyncs by Matthew Ar- 
 KOLD (b. 1822)'. 
 
 Stordilano. A leader of the 
 Moorish army in AttiosTO's Orlando FwrU 
 oso. 
 
 Storer, Thomas, poet (d. 1604), 
 was the author of several compositions, of 
 which Tlie Life and Death of Thomas Wol- 
 £ey, Cardinall, published in 1599 (q.v.), is 
 the best known and the most important. 
 See The Retrospective Review, vol. v. 
 
 " Storied urn, or animated bust. 
 Can." See stanza 11 of Graves Mlegy 
 written in a Coitntry Churcliya/rd (q.v.). 
 
 "Story? God bless yon, I have 
 
 none to tell, sir ! "— Canking' "" ' 
 Knife Grinder, 
 
 S.tory, Joseph, American judge 
 (b. 1799, d. 1845), wrote Commentaries on 
 ihe-Constiiuiid7iofihe United States (1833), 
 Commentaries on the Conjlict of Laws 
 (1834), and other works. 
 
 Storjr, William Wetmore, poet, 
 prose writer," and sculptor (b. 1819), has 
 published Poems (1847) ; Roha di Roma, 
 being Italian sketches in prose (1862) ; 
 Graffiti d' Italia, poems (1869) ; The Roman 
 Lawyer in Jerusalem, a pdem (1870) ; 
 Nero: an Historical Play (1875) ; and other 
 works. 
 
 Stow, John, chronicler and an- 
 tiquarian (b. 1525, d. 1605), published A 
 Snmma/rie.of Englysh Chronicles (1561) ; an 
 edition of Chancer (1561 ) ; Annates : or, a 
 Generall Chronicle of England (1580), 
 ^.v.) ; A Survay of London (1598) ; Flores 
 jhstoriarum (1606) ; and The Successions of 
 the History of England (1638). A Life of 
 Stow is prefixed to Strype's edition of the 
 Survay. See Londos, A Survay of. 
 
 Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beeoher, 
 
 American writer (b. 1812), has written The 
 May Flower (1849) ; Uncle Tom' Cabin 
 (q.v.) J A Peep into Uncle Tom's Cabin for 
 Children (1853) ; A Key to Uncle Toin's 
 Cabin (18.53) ; Sunny Memories of Foreign 
 Lands (1854) ; The Christian Slave, a 
 
 drama (1855) ; I>red ; a Tale of the Dismal 
 Swamp (1856) ; Our Charley, \and What to' 
 Lo with Him (1859) ; The Minister's Woo- 
 ing <1859) ; Tlie Pearl of Orr's Island 
 (1862) i Agnes of Sorrento (1862) j Little 
 Foxes : or, the Insignificant Little Habits 
 which mar Domestic Happiness (1865) ; Men 
 <lf Our Times (1868) ; The True Story of 
 Lady Byron's Life (1869) ; Pinh and White 
 Tyranny (18T1) ; Palmetto Leaves (1873) ; 
 Betty's Bright Idea ni^e) ; Footsteps qf the 
 Master (1877) ; and many otlier works. 
 See Crowfield, Christopher; and 
 Tom, Uncle. 
 
 Strafford. An liistorical tragedy 
 by KoBEET Browiting (b. 1812), perform- 
 ed at Covent Garden on May ^1, 1837. 
 Macready- played Strafford ; and Helen 
 Faucit, Lady Carlisle. " The action," saya 
 Stedraan, ** moves with sufticient rapidity, 
 yet in a confused and turbulent way. The 
 characters are eccentricall^r drawn, and 
 are more serious and mystical tlian even ' 
 the gloom of their period would demand. 
 It is hard to perceive the motives of Lady 
 Carlisle and the Queen ; there is no under- ~ 
 plot of love in the play, to develop the 
 womanly element, nor has it the humour 
 of the great playwrighxs, so essential to 
 dramatic contrast, and for which the Puri- 
 tans of the London populace might afford 
 rich material. The language is more natu- 
 ral than usual with Browning." John 
 Sterling (q.v.) wrote a tragedy on this 
 subject in 1843. 
 
 Strange G-entleman, The. A 
 
 buj'letta by Charles Dickens (q.v.), first 
 played at St. James's Theatre, London, on 
 September 29, 1836 ; J. P. Harley playing 
 the title rdle. It ran till December, when 
 it was superseded by an operatic burletta 
 by the same author, called The Villag'e 
 Coquettes (q.v,). 
 
 Strange Histories : " or. Songs 
 and Sonnets of Kinges, Princes, Dukes, 
 Lords, Ladyes, Knights, and Gentlemen,'' 
 by Thomas Delosey (circa 1660—1600) j 
 published in 1607. This volume consists 
 of twelve ballads, chiefly of a socio-politi- 
 cal character, " veiy pleasant either to 
 read or songe, and a most excellent warii- 
 inge for all estates." Ithas been reprinted 
 by the Percy Society. 
 
 Strange Newes of the intercept 
 
 ing Certalne Letters. A satirical piece by 
 Thomas Nash ; printed in 1592 , and di- 
 rected against Gabriel Harvey and the Pur- 
 itans. See Have with you at Saffron 
 Walden ; and Harvey, Gabriel. 
 
 Strange Story, A. A novel by 
 Edward, Lord Lytton (1805—1873), which 
 appeared originally in All the Year Round. 
 and was re-published in 1862. " Zanoni,'' 
 it has been said, " is the contemplation of 
 our positive life through a spiritual ipe- 
 dium. A Strange Story is written to show 
 that, without some gleams of the super- 
 
668 
 
 STR 
 
 STB 
 
 natural, man is not man and nature is not 
 nature. Both works illustrate and supple- 
 ment each other. Both of them — but the 
 Strange Story in a far higher degree — pro- 
 duce terroij a sense of a vast unknown, a 
 world of which we are not denizens, a uni- 
 versal life around us. . . . The intro- 
 ductory chapters oi A Strange Siorj/ — Mrs. 
 Colonel Poyntz and the coterie of the Hill 
 — are among the happiest of the writer's 
 sketches of provincial English society." 
 
 Stranger in Ireland, The : " or, 
 a Tour in the Southern and Western parts 
 of that Country in 1805." Published by 
 Sir John Carr (1772—1832) in 1806, and 
 severely satirised in a jeu d'esprit by Ed- 
 ward Dubois, entitled My Pocket Book : 
 or J Hints fm^ a righte merrie and conceitede 
 Tour, to he called The Stranger in Ireland 
 (1807). 
 
 Stranger, The. A play by tlie 
 German dramatist, Kotzebue, said to be 
 translated by Benjamin Thompson, but 
 more probably adapted by Kiohard 
 Bbinsley Sheridan (q.v."), who also 
 adapted Kotzebue's Pizarro. 
 
 Strangford, Viscount (Percy 
 Clinton Sydney Smythe), diplomatist and 
 poet (b. 1780, d. 1855), published Poems 
 from the Portuguese of Camo'ins, with Pe- 
 inarks on his Life and Writings (1603). A 
 sarcastic referejice to Strangford may be 
 TQsA iw'ByYOn^B English Bards and Scotch 
 Reviewers. 
 
 Strangford, Viscount ( George 
 Sydney Smythe), son of the above (b. 1818, 
 d. 1857), was the author of Historic Fan- 
 cies {\i4A\ Angela Pisajii (1875), and vari- 
 ous contributions to periodical literature. 
 ^ee Angela Pisani. 
 
 Strap, Hugh, A friend and ad- 
 herenfbf Kdderick Itandom,in Smollett's 
 novel of the latter name.(q.v.)< 
 
 Stratagem, The Beaux'a. See 
 Beaux's Stratagem, The. 
 
 Strayed Reveller, The. A poem 
 by Matthew Arnold (b. 1822), consisting 
 of a conversation between Circe, JJlysses, 
 and a youth. 
 
 " Streaming to the -wind, Shone 
 like a meteor." See "Meteor to thu 
 
 TROUBLED AIR." 
 
 Strephon. A shepherd, in Sir 
 Philip Sidney's Arcadia (q,v.) ; in love 
 with a shepherdess called Urania. His 
 name became synonymous with that of 
 any lover in the so-called pastoral poetry 
 of the eighteenth century. 
 
 "Stretched forefinger of all 
 
 time, The." Sec " Jewels five -words 
 Long." 
 
 Stretton, Hesba. The psen- 
 donym adopted by Sarah Smith, a novel- 
 
 ist of the present day, author of The Doc- 
 tor's Dilemma, Hester Morley^s Promise^ 
 and many other works. 
 
 Strickland, Agnes, biographer 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1801, d. 1874), 
 produced The Pilqrims of Walsingham 
 (1835) ; Lives of the i^eens of England 
 from the Norman Conquest (1840—9) ; 
 Lives of the Queens of Scotland and Eng- 
 lisk Princesses connected with the Pegal 
 Succession of Great Britain (1850—9): 
 Lives of the Seven Bishops (1866) ; and 
 other works. 
 
 " Strike while the iron is hot." 
 
 A proverbial phrase, of which some illus- 
 trations will be found in Webster's play 
 of Westward Ho I act ii., scene 1, and Far- 
 quhar's comedy of The Beaux*8 StratOr 
 gem, act iv., scene 1. 
 
 " Striving to better, oft we mar 
 what's well." — King Lear, acti., scene 4. 
 
 Strode, Dr. "William {d, 1644). 
 was _the author of numerous poetical 
 pieces, not yetcoUected. He wrote, among 
 other things, an answer to The Lover^s 
 
 Melancholy. 
 
 Strode, Ralph, called hy Chaucer 
 "the philosophical 1," was born about 
 1370, and wrote verse both in English and 
 Latin, his works including ^afi^es, Panegy- 
 rics, Phantasmata, said Argwnents against 
 Wiclif. Some of his writings were printed 
 abrosbd in 1517. 
 
 "Strolling tribe (The), a des- 
 picable race." — Ghurchi;ll, The Apology, 
 line 206. 
 
 " Strong Son of God, immortal 
 
 love." — Introduction to In Memoriam, 
 by Alfred Tenityson . 
 
 Strother, David H. See Porte- 
 Crayon. 
 
 "Strove (I) -with none, for none 
 was worth my strife," — First line of a 
 quatrain by Walter Savage Landor 
 (g.v.), intended as an epitaph upon him- 
 self— 
 
 " Nature I loved, and, after Nature, Art ; 
 
 I warmed both hands before the ^re of life i 
 It sinks, nud I am ready to depart ." 
 
 Struldbrugs. The inhabitants of 
 Lnggnagg, in Swift's Gulliver's Travels 
 (q.v.). They are represented as being, 
 like Tithonus, " consumed" by "cruel 
 immortality," 
 
 Struthers. John, poet (b. 1776, 
 d. 1853), published The Poor Man's Sab- 
 bath (1804), 2'he Peasant's Death (1806). 
 The Winter's Day (1811), The Pfgugh 
 (1816), and Deckmmt (1836) ; also The His- 
 tory/ of Scotland from the Unio7i to 1827, and 
 several contributions to Chambei-s's Lives 
 of Eminent Scotsmen, He edited The Hni^ 
 of Caledonia, to which Sir Walter Scolt 
 and Joanna Baillie were among the vol- 
 
STB 
 
 STY- 
 
 639 
 
 untary contributors. His poetical Works 
 were collected and published by himself 
 inlSSO. 
 
 Strutt, Joseph, engraver and 
 antiquarian writer (b. 1T49, d. 1802) pub- 
 lished The liegal and Ecclesiastical Anti- 
 quities qf England (1773) ; Horda Angel- 
 Cynnan : or, a Complete View of the Man- 
 ners, Customs, Arms, Habits, 4&c., of the 
 Inhabitants qf England, from the Arrival 
 of the Saxons till the Reign of Henry VIII. 
 (1774—6); The Chronicle of England, from 
 the Arrival of Julius Casar to the Norman 
 Conquest (1777— S) ; A Biographical Htstonj 
 qf Engravers (1785—6) ; A Complete View 
 qf the Dre: s and Habits of the People of 
 England, from the Establishment of the 
 Saxons in Britain to the Present Time 
 (1796—9) ; The Sports and Pastimes of the 
 People qf England (1801) ; Queenhoo Hall 
 (q.v.), and Ancietit Times (1808) ; The Test 
 qf Guilt ilSOS) ; and Bumpldn's Disaster 
 aS08), (q.v.). 
 
 . Strutt. Lord, in. Dr. Akbuthnot's 
 Historif of John Bull (q.v.), is int-ended for 
 Bang Charles II. of Spain, -who, having no 
 children, had settled the monarchy upon 
 Philip, Dulte of Anjou, who is personified 
 as Philip Baboon (q.v.). 
 
 " Strutted, looked big."— 
 
 Chokchill, The Ghost, book iii., line 471. 
 Strype, John, biographer (b. 1643, 
 d. 1737), published Annals of the Beforma- 
 iion and other varUms Occurrences in the 
 Church of England dviring Q. Elizabeth's 
 happy Reign (1709 — 31) ; Ecclesiastical Me- 
 morials, relating chiefly to Religion, and 
 the Reformation of it, and the Emergencies 
 of England, under K. Henry VIII., K. Ed- 
 vard VI., and Q. Mary I. (1721— 33) : and 
 biographies of Archbishop Granmer (1694), 
 Sir Thomas Smith (1698), John Aylmer, 
 Bishon of London (1701), Sir John Cheke, 
 Archbishop Grlndal (1710). Archbishop 
 Parker (1711), and Archbishop 'Whitgift 
 (1718). Strype also published an edition 
 of Stow's Sm^ey of London (1720). 
 
 Stuart, GHlbert, LL.D. (b. 1742, 
 d. 1786), wrote a Hisforj/ of Scotland frdm 
 the Establishment of the Reformation till 
 the Death of Queen Mary (1782). 
 
 Stubbes, John, political writer 
 (b. l&ll, d. 1600), published, among many 
 other works, The Discovery of a Gaping 
 Gitff, whereinto England is like to be swal- 
 lowed by a/nother French Marriage^ if the 
 Xord forbid not the Barnes, by letting her 
 Majestic see the Sin awl Punishment there- 
 of; a tract written against the projected 
 alliance of Queen Elizabeth with the Duke 
 of Anjou, and published in 1579. Much 
 curious information about this work is 
 given in Park's edition of Haryngton's 
 Nuga Antiques. See SciSVA. 
 
 Stubbes, Philip, miscellaTieous 
 writer (temp. Elizabeth), produced Two 
 
 Judgments qf God (WSV); A ViewofVanitie, 
 and Allarum to England or retrait from 
 Sinne 0582) ; The Anatomie of Abuses 
 (1583) ; The Rosarie of Christian Praters 
 and Meditations for dicers Purposes, and 
 also at dioers Times, as well of the day as 
 of the night (1583) ; Tlie Theatre qf the 
 Pope's Monarchic (1584) ; A Motive to Good 
 Worlccs (1592) ; TIk Perfect Path to Eeli- 
 citie (1592); and^ ChristallGlasseforChrls- 
 tian Women, containing a Discourse of the 
 Life and Christian Death ofMlstris Kather- 
 ine Stubs (1592). See Wood's Athena 
 Oxonienses, and the Shakespeare Society 
 Papers. See Abuses, The Asatomie of. 
 
 Stubbs, Thomas, Arclibisliop of 
 York (d. 1373) ; published an Accounte of 
 the Archbishops of York ; also, in Latin^ A 
 Shield against the Opponents of Ecclesias- 
 tical Statutes ; On the Stipends due to 
 Preachers of the Word of God ; On the Per- 
 fection of the Solitary Life; and On the 
 Art of Dying. 
 
 Stubbs, William, clergyman (b. 
 
 1825), has written Tlie Constitutional His-: 
 tory of England (1873), besides editing 
 Hi/mnale secundem usum Sarum (1850) ;. 
 Tractatus de Santa Cruce de Waltham. 
 (I860); Mosheim's Institutes qf Church 
 History (1863) ; Chronicles and Memorials 
 of Richard I. (1864—5) ; Benedict of Peter- 
 borough's Chronicle (1867) ; the Chronicle 
 of Roger de Hoyeden (1868—71) ; Select 
 Charters and other Illustrations of Enqlish 
 Constitutional History (1870), and Memo- 
 rials of St. Dunstan (1874). 
 
 Student, The. A series of 
 sketches contributed by Edwakd, Iiord 
 Lytton (q.v.), to The New Monthly Mag- 
 azine, of which he was for some time 
 editor, and republished in 1835. 
 
 Studley, John. See Agamemnon ; 
 
 HEBOULES (ETiECS ; HiPPOLYTUS. 
 
 " Study vrhat you most affect." 
 
 — The Taming qf the Shrew, act i., scene 
 
 *' No profit grows where is no pleasure taken." 
 
 Stukeley, 'William, M.D., an- 
 tiquarian writer (b. 1687, d. 1765), produced 
 Itinera/rium Ouriosum (1724); Stonehenge, 
 a Temple restored to the British Druids 
 (1740) ; A-bwry, a Temple of the Ancient 
 Druids (1743); Paleeographia Sacra (1736 
 — 63) ; Palmographia Britannica (1743 — 5^) ; 
 The Medallic History of Marcus AureliUs' 
 Valerius Carausius (1757 — 59) ; An Account 
 of Richard of Cirencester (1757); and somi( 
 minor works. 
 
 Sturdy Rock, The. A poem re- 
 produced by Percy in his Reliques from 
 The Paradise of Dainty Devices. Two out 
 of the four stanzas appeared in 1606 in An 
 Howres Recreation in Musicke. 
 
 " Style is the dress of thpugbt?." 
 
670 
 
 STY 
 
 SUM 
 
 See Chesterfield's Letters to hia Son, 
 November 2i, 1749. 
 
 Stylites, St. Simeon. A lyrical 
 monologue, by Alfred Teknyson, writ- 
 ten in 18)2. 
 
 Subjection of Women, The, by 
 
 John Stuart Mill, was published in 
 1867. 
 
 Sublime and Beautiful, A iPhi- 
 
 losopbical Inquiry into the Origin of our 
 Ideas of the, by Kdmund BniiKB (1729— 
 1797) ; published in 175T. It had been begun 
 by the author In his eighteenth year, that 
 is,- in 1748, and its publication not only 
 attracted public attention to him, but 
 gained for him the friendship of Reynolds, 
 Soame Jenyngs, Lyttelton, "Warburton, 
 Hume, aud l>r. Johnson. 
 
 " Sublime (Hoiv) a thing it is to 
 
 suffer and be strong."— Eongfellow, The 
 Light of Stars. 
 
 "Sublime to the ridiculous. 
 
 From the." A proverbial phrase which 
 arose out of a passage in Paine's Aae of 
 J}eason, part ii., ad fin. (note) :— "The 
 sublime and the ridiculous are often so 
 nearly related, that it is difficult to class 
 them separately. One step above the 
 sublime maJces the ridiculous, and one step 
 above the ridiculous makes the sublime 
 again." 
 
 Subtle, in Ben Jonson's comedy 
 of The Alchemist (q.v.), is a cunning pro- 
 fessor of the alchemical science, who im- 
 poses upon Sir Epicure Mammon (q v.), a 
 wealthy dupe, by his pretensions to the 
 possession of the Philosopher's Stone. 
 
 Subtle Doctor, The. A name 
 conferred on JOHAifUES Dcrifs ScoTUS 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Such Things Are. A comedy by 
 Mrs. INCHBALD (1753—1821), for which she 
 received £400. It was produced in 1787. 
 
 " Suckle fools, cind chronicle 
 
 small beer. To,"— Othello, act ii., scene 1. 
 
 Suckling, Sir John, poet and 
 dramatist (b. 1609, d. 1641). The Works of 
 this writer, consisting of his poems, letters, 
 and plays, were collected and published in 
 1770. A selection from them, accompanied 
 by a L{fe of the author and remarks on his 
 Writings and genius, by the Rev. Alfred 
 Suckling, appeared in 1836. See also Leigh 
 Hunt's Companifin. "Suckling," saya 
 Hallam, "is acknowledged to nave left 
 far behind him all former writers of song 
 In gaiety and ease ; it is not equally clear 
 that he has ever since been surpassed. 
 His poetry aims at no higher praise ; he 
 shows no sentiment or imagination, either 
 because he had them not, or because he 
 did not require either In the style he 
 chose." See Aglaura j Ballad upoit 
 aWbddiko ; Bkenkobalt j Campaioke; 
 
 GoBLiHS, The ; Poets, The Session or 
 
 THE.- 
 
 Suckling's Campaigns, Sir 
 
 John. See CAMPAiGNE, SiH John Suck- 
 ling's. 
 
 "Suffer and be strong, To." 
 
 See " Sublime a thing." 
 Suicides. The Purgatory of. See 
 
 Purgatory of Suicides, The. 
 
 Sullen, Squire. A eliar.acter in 
 Farquhar's comedy of The Country 
 Bloclchead. 
 
 Summa Fredicantium Fratris 
 Johannls de Bromyard, Ordinis fratium 
 Predicatorum.. First printed in an edition 
 without date, and again at Niirnbergin 
 1485 ; a book arranged under such heads as 
 Abjicere, Abstinence, Absolution, Adula- 
 tion, Avarice, Contrition, Conscience, 
 "Counsel, The Cross, Damnation, Detrac- 
 tion, Election, Faith, Judgment, Patience, 
 Poverty, Penitence, Spiritus Sanctus, 
 Trinity, Visitation, Vocation, and the like; 
 ending iu Christus, and lonning, says 
 Morley, an earnest, erudite^ and interest 
 ing mass of luediseval practical theology. 
 
 Summer. Apoem, forming one of 
 the series of The Seasons, by James 
 Thomson (1700—1748), and published iu 
 1727. 
 
 "Summer is y-comenin." First 
 line of a poem ascribed by Ellis to tho 
 time of Edward I., and preserved by Sir 
 John Hawltins in his History of Music, vol. 
 ii. 
 
 Summer Islands, The Battle of. 
 A poem by Edmund Waller (1605—1687). 
 
 Summerly, Felix. Tlie nom de 
 plume under which Sir Henry Cole (b. 
 1808) published various guide-books to the 
 National Gallery and other places, and 
 issued several editions of illustrated books 
 for the young. 
 
 Summer's Day, Thanks for a. 
 
 A poem by Alexander Hume (1B60— 
 1609), in which, according to Campbell, 
 "there is a train of images that seem 
 peculiarly pleasing and unborrowed — the 
 pictures of a poencal mind, humble, but 
 genuine iu its cast." 
 
 Summer's Last Will and Tes- 
 tament. " A pleasant comedie " by Thos. 
 Nash (1567-1600 7), acted before Queen 
 Elizabeth in 1592, and printed in 1600. 
 
 Summerson, Esther. The lieroine 
 of Dickens's novel of Bleak House (q.v.). 
 
 Summum Bonum : " a Discourse 
 of the Felioitie of Man," written by Sir 
 Richard Barokley ; published in 1598, 
 and reprinted in 1603 and 1631. " It pur- 
 ports to be an ethical treatise on human 
 happiness, consisting of six books. In the 
 first, the author offers to prove, and by 
 
SUM 
 
 SUP 
 
 671 
 
 example to show, that felicity consists not 
 in pleasure ; in ijie second, not in riches ; 
 in the ttiird not* in honour and glory ; in 
 tiie fourth, not iu moral virtue, after the 
 academicks and peripateticks, nor in phi- 
 losophical contemplation ; in the fifth he 
 declares his own opinion of the happiness 
 of this life ; in the sixth he shows wherein 
 consists the true felicity and summun 
 bonum of man, and the way to attain to 
 it," His conclusion is as follows: — "To 
 worship and glorifle God in this life, that 
 we may be joined to him in the world to 
 come, is our beatitude, or Summum 
 Bonum." See Tfte lieirospective JReview^ 
 vol. i. 
 
 Sumner, Charles Richard, D.D., 
 Bishop of Winchester (b. 1T90, d. 1874), 
 translated and edited Milton's treatise on 
 Christvan Doctrine, besides publishins; in 
 1822 a treatise on TAe Ministerial CJiar- 
 acter qf Christ. His Life, by the Eey. G. 
 H. Sunmer, appeared in 1876. 
 
 Sumner, John Bird, Arulibisliop, 
 of Canterbury (b. 1780, d. 1862), published 
 Apostolical Freaching considered m an 
 Examination of St. PauVs Epistles (1815) ; 
 A Treatise on the Records of the Creation, 
 and on the Moral Attributes of the Creator, 
 with particular reference to the Jewish 
 History and to the Coitsistency of the Prinr- 
 cjple of Population with the Wisdom and 
 Goodness of the Deity (1816); Sermons on 
 the Principal Festivals qf the Christian 
 Church (1817); Sermons on the Christian 
 Faith and Character (1821) ; The Evidence 
 of Christianity, derived from its N'dture 
 and Beceptitm (1824) ; Charges at Chester 
 (1829 — J4) I Practical Exposition of the 
 Gospels and the Epistles of the New Testa- 
 ment (1833— 4n) ; Sermons on Christian 
 Charity (1841) ; and Practical Befiections 
 (1869). 
 
 " Sun myself (To) in Hun- 
 camunca's eyes."— FrELDiNG, Tom Thumb, 
 act i., scene 2. 
 
 " Sun of the sleepless ! melan- 
 choly star ! "—First line of one of Bybok's 
 Hebrew Melodies (q.v.). 
 
 " Sunbeams out of cucumbers, 
 A project for extracting." See chap. 5, 
 part ill., of Swift's Travels of Gulliver 
 (q.T.). 
 
 "Sunday shines no Sabbath- 
 day to me. E'en."— Pope, Epistle to Dr. 
 Arbuthnot, line 12. 
 
 Sunday under three Heads: 
 •' As it is ; As Sabbath Bills would make 
 it ; As it might be made." A pamphlet 
 by "Timothy Sparks," i.e., Ghablgs 
 Dickens (1812—1870), published In 1836, 
 and now extremely rare. 
 
 Sun's Darling, The. A masque 
 by JOHH FOBD (1586—1639), produced in 
 1657. 
 
 " Sunshine broken in the rill, 
 
 The."— MooBE, Lalla Mookh (" The Fire- 
 Worshippers "). 
 
 " Sunshine of the breast, The." 
 — Gkay, Ode on a Distant Prospect of 
 Eton College. 
 
 Super Sententias. A prose 
 work "on opinions," iji four books, by 
 Egbert Holcot (d. 1349). The first book 
 contains two main questions, the second 
 four, the third one, and the fourth eight. 
 Each main question heads a collection of 
 subordinate questions, the object of which 
 is, less the explanation than the settle- 
 ment of faith. It is asked, for instance, 
 whether God foreknew that he should pro- 
 duce the world ? Whether the devils fell 
 by their own will? Whether the Son of 
 God could become incarnate? And so on 
 to the last question— Whether eternal 
 happiness is the. reward of the good way- 
 farer through life ? Holcot's works were 
 printed at Strasburg in three volumes, and 
 include single hooks on The Seven Mortal 
 Sins ; Tlie Origin, End, and Bemedy of 
 Sin; The Immortality of the Soul; The 
 Book of Wisdom ; The Song of Songs, &c. 
 
 Superannuated Man, The. One 
 
 of the Last Essays of Elia, by CJhabi.es 
 Lamb (1776—1834), in the course of which 
 he describes his own sensations when he 
 was asked to accept as a pension for life 
 the amount of two-thirds of his accustomed 
 salary—" a magnificent offer." 
 
 " Superfluous lags the veteran 
 
 on the stage."— JOHNSOir, The'Vanity of 
 'Human Wishes. 
 
 Superiority. A comedy by Aie- 
 THOifY Bkettee (b. circa 1580), produced 
 in 1607 ; of note from the circumstance 
 that Oliver Cromwell, as a student at Cam- 
 bridge, is said to have performed in it the 
 part of lactus. 
 
 Supernatural Philosopher, The ; 
 
 " or, the Mysteries of Magick," by Wil- 
 liam Bond (d. 1736) ; published in 1728. It 
 is apparently an audacious piracy from 
 Defoe's Life of Duncan Campbell. 
 
 " Supped full of horrors ; I 
 
 have." — Macbeth, act v., scene 5. 
 
 Supplement to Lord Anson's 
 
 Voyage round the World : " containing a 
 Mscovery of the Island of Frivola.''^A 
 satirical romance in which the French 
 nation (Frivola) is severely ridiculed ; 
 published in 1762. See Ansok, LoBir 
 George. 
 
 Supplication to Queen Eliza- 
 beth, A. Published by Bobebt South- 
 well (1560-1595) in 1693. 
 
 Supposes, The. A play produced 
 at Gray's Inn in 1566, and translated by 
 George Gascoigne from Gli Suppositi 
 of ArloBto ; the only existing specimen 
 
373 
 
 SUE 
 
 SWB 
 
 >f a play in English prose acted, either in 
 lublio or private, up to that date. It is 
 ndjaded in Hawklns'aOripin qfthi English 
 Drama. 
 
 Surface, Charles. A young rake 
 n Sheridait's comedy of The School for 
 Scandal (q.v.). 
 
 Surface, Joseph, in Shekidan's 
 jomedy of The Scliool for Scandal (q.v.), 
 is brother of the foregoing. He is a con- 
 mmmate^ hypocrite, aud noted for Ms 
 ' sentiments." He pretends to admire 
 Lady Teazle, and pursues Maria (q.v.) for 
 lier fortune. See Seebidan'. 
 
 Surface, Sir Oliver, in Sher- 
 idan's comedy of The School for Scandal 
 (q.v.), is the uncle of Charles and Joseph 
 Surface. 
 
 Surgeon's Daughter, The. A 
 
 tale by Sir Walteb Scott (q.v.), pub- 
 lished in 1827. 
 
 " Surgical operation (It requires 
 
 ft) to get a joke well into a Scotch under- 
 Btanding."— Sydney Smith's Memoir, by 
 Lady Holland. 
 
 Surly. A character in Ben Jon- 
 BON's comedy of The Alchemist (q.v.). 
 
 Surrebutter, John, Esq. The 
 pseudonym under which John Anstey, 
 son of the author of The New Bath Guide, 
 published his Pleader's Guide : a Didactic 
 Poem (q.v.). 
 
 Surrey, Earl of. See Howakd, 
 Henry. 
 
 Surtees, Robert, liistorian (b. 
 1779, d. 1834), wrote The History and Artr- 
 tiquities of the County Palatine of Dur- 
 ham (1816 — 23), and a ballad entitled The 
 Death of Featlierstonhangh (q.v.). His 
 Life was written by the Rev. G. Taylor in 
 1839. See also Dr. J. H. Burton's Book 
 Hunter, The Surtees Society was estab- 
 lished in 1834, for the publication of ined- 
 jted MSS., illustrating the history of the 
 region lying between the Humber and the 
 Forth, the Mersey and the Clyde. 
 
 Surtees Society, The. See Sur- 
 tees, Bobert. 
 
 Susanna: "or, the Arraignment 
 of the Two Elders." A poem by Dr. E. 
 Ayi-ett, published in 1622. 
 
 " Suspicion al-ways haunts the 
 guilty mind." King Henry VI., act v., 
 scene 6, part iii. 
 
 Suspicious Husband, The. A 
 
 comedy by Benjamin Hoadley (1706— 
 J767), produced in 1747. See Eangek. 
 
 Sw^ain, Charles, poet (b. 1803, d. 
 1874), produced Metrical Essays (1827) | 
 The Jmnd, a/nd other Poems (i831); Dramat- 
 ic Chapters, Poems, and Songs (1847); Eng- 
 lish Melodies (1849) ; Art and Fashion 
 
 (1863) ; and Songs and Ballads (1868). Seff 
 Manchester Poet, The. 
 
 " Sv^ran of Avon, S'weet." See 
 Ben Jonson's verses To the Memory of 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Swan of Lichfield, The. A title 
 sometimes given to Miss Anna Seward, 
 the poetess (q.v.). 
 
 " Swan-like, let me sing and 
 die." — Byron, i?on Juan, canto iii., stanza 
 86. 
 
 " Swashing and a martial out- 
 side, X."—As You, Like It, act i., scene 3. 
 " Swear not by the moon, the 
 
 inconstant moon." — liomeo and Juliet, act 
 ii., scene 2. 
 
 " Swear to the truth of a song? 
 Must one." —Prior, A Better Answer. 
 
 Sweepers, The. A poem by 
 William Whitehead (1715 — 1785), begin- 
 ning :— 
 "I Bing of Bweepera frequent in thy strecta,^ 
 
 AuffuBta, as the flowerB thnt grace the Bpring, 
 Or DrancheB withering in autumnal sliades, 
 To form the brooms tncy wield. . 
 ntii 
 
 ng in au 
 
 tncy wii 
 Let others meanly chant in tuneful song 
 The black-shoe race, whose mercenary tribes. 
 Allur'd by halfpence, take [heir morning stand 
 Where streets divide, and to their profEer'd Btooll 
 Solicit wandering feet. . . . 
 
 " Not BO you pour 
 Your blessings on mankind. Not traffic vile 
 Be your employment dcem'd," &c. 
 
 " Sw^eet after showers, ambro- 
 sial air." — Sect. Ixxxv, of In Memoriam, 
 by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 " Sweet and low, sweet and 
 
 low." A song by Alfred Tennyson, in 
 Tlie Princess. 
 
 " Sweet are the thoughts that 
 
 savour of content," A sonnet by Robert 
 Greene (q.v.). 
 
 " S'weet are the uses of adver- 
 sity." — As You Like It, actii., scene 1. 
 
 " Sw^eet Auburn! loveliest vil- 
 lage of the plain." See Auburn'; De- 
 serted Village. 
 
 " Sweet, be not proud of those 
 
 eyes." — A lyric by Robert Hbrrick. 
 
 " Sweet day, so cool, so calm, 
 
 so bright." First line of Herbert's 
 verses on Virtue. 
 
 " Sweet disorder in the dress, 
 
 A." Firstline of somestanzas by Robert 
 Herrick (liigi— 1674). Compare with Ben 
 Jonson's " Still to be neat^ still to be 
 drest" (q.v.). 
 
 "Sweet Emma Moreland of 
 
 yonieriown."— Edward Gray, by ALFRED 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 " Sweet is true love, tho' given 
 lu vain, in vain."— Elaine's song In Tsn- 
 
BWE 
 
 3WI 
 
 67J 
 
 NTSOn's Idylls of the King. "A little 
 song . . . the song of Love and Death 
 . . . sweetly could she make and sing." 
 Sec Elaine. 
 
 " S-weet little cherub that sit3 
 np aloft, There's a." A line in Dibdiii's 
 song, Poor Jack. 
 
 " Sweet looks ! I thought them 
 
 love."— -A lyric by William Allikg- 
 ham:— 
 
 "Alas I how mucli miataken 1 " 
 
 " S-weet mood 'when pleasant 
 
 thoughts. In that." See "Wordsworth's 
 Lines written in Mm'ly Spring : — 
 
 " Bring sad thoughts to the mind." 
 
 *' Sweet neglect more taketh 
 me, Such.'* A line in Ben Jonson's song, 
 beginning : — 
 
 " still to be neat, Btill to be drest." 
 
 Sweet William's Farewell. 
 The title sometimes given to the ballad 
 better know as Black-Eyed Susan (q.v.). 
 
 Sweet William's Grhost. A 
 ballad, first published in Allan Kamsay*s 
 Tea Table Miscellany (q.v.) ; also by 
 Kinloch, under the title of Sweet William 
 and May Margaret; and by Motherwell, 
 under that of William and Marjorie. ** It 
 is very dreamlike and awful," says Ailing- 
 ham. " The need of getting back the faith 
 and troth once plighted is one of the 
 strange laws of the ghostly kingdom." See 
 Fair Margaret. 
 
 " Sweetness and Light." " The 
 two noblest things," says Swift, in that 
 passage of The Battle of the Books (q.v.) 
 from which the phrase, made celebrated 
 by Matthew Arnold, is taken. See 
 Culture and^ Anarchy f by the latter author. 
 
 '* Sweetness long drawn out." 
 See *' Linked Sweetness." 
 
 " Sweets to the sweet." — Ham- 
 letf act v., scene 1. 
 
 Sweno. Son of the King of Den- 
 mark, in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered- 
 
 Swidger, William, with his wife 
 Molly, and his father Philip, figures in 
 Dickens's Haunted Ma/n. 
 
 Swift, Dean, in Thackeray's 
 novel of Esmond (q.v.), is a reproduction, 
 in fiction, of the famous author of Gul- 
 liver's Travels, which has been severely 
 criticised. ** The Swift of the novel," says 
 Hannay, " is a vulgar Irish bully,— a satiri- 
 cal conception only, and somewhat ignobly 
 satirical into the bargain. It is not a true 
 portrait, however admirably executed." 
 
 Swift, Jonathan, Bean of St. 
 Patrick's (b. 1667, d. 1745), wrote TJie JiaUle 
 <^ the Books (1704) ; Tale of a Tub (1704) ; 
 Sentiments of a Church of Englcmd Man in 
 Respect io Religion and Oovemment (1708) ; 
 
 29 
 
 An Argument against the Abolition q 
 Christianity (1708); The Cmduct qf th> 
 Allies (1712); 2Vie Public Spirit of tki 
 Whigs (1714): Letters by M. B. J>rapie\ 
 (1724) ; Travels of Lemuel Gulliver (1726) 
 a History of the Fowr Last Years of Queei 
 Anne ; Polite Ckmversation ; Directions ti 
 Servants; A Journal to Stella^ and mucl 
 miscellaneous prose and poetry. Hii 
 Works were edited, with a Memoir, by Si; 
 "Walter Scott, iu 1814. See also the Biojcj 
 raphies by Deane Swift> Hawkesworth 
 Sheridan, Johnson, and Forster. Fo: 
 Criticism^ see Hazlitt's Comic Writers 
 Thackeray's English Humourists^ Jeaffrp 
 soi\*3 Novels and 2fovelistSj^3iSeoTi'aKrovel 
 isis and their Styles, Taine's Englis) 
 Literature, and other writers. "As ai 
 author," siays Sir Walter Scott, •' there ar< 
 three peculiarities remarkable in tin 
 character of Swift. The first of these ii 
 the distinguished attribute of o^ginality 
 and it caimot be refused to Swift by th* 
 most severe critic. Even Johnson hai 
 allowed that perhaps no author can b( 
 found who has borrowed so little, or has S( 
 well maintained his claim to be consideret 
 as original. There was , indeed nothinf 
 written before his time which could serv< 
 for his model. The second peculiarit] 
 is his total indifference to literarj 
 fame. He is often anxiqus about th< 
 success of his argument, and angrily jeal 
 ous of those who debate the principlei 
 and the purpose for which he apsumes th« 
 pen, but he evinced, on all occasions, an un 
 affected indifference for the fate of his writ- 
 ing, provided the end of their publicatioi 
 was answered. The third distinguishing 
 mark of Swift's literary character is that 
 with the exception of history (for his fugi 
 tive attempts in Pindaric and Latin vers* 
 are too unimportant to be noticed), he hat 
 never attempted any style of compositior 
 in which he has not obtained a distin- 
 guished pitch of excellence. "We may often 
 think the immediate mode of exercising 
 his talents trifling, and sometimes coarse 
 and offensive ; but his Anglo-Latin verses 
 his riddles, his indelicate descriptions, and 
 his violent political satires, are in theii 
 various departments as excellent as the 
 subjects admitted, and only leave us room 
 occasionally to regi*et that so much taleni 
 was not more uniformly employed upon 
 nobler topics. As a poet, Swift's post U 
 pre-eminent in the sort of poetry he culti- 
 vated. He never attempted any species ol 
 composition in which either the sublime 
 or the pathetic was required of him, bul 
 in every department of poetry where wil 
 was necessary, he displayed, as the subject 
 chanced to require, either the blasting 
 lightninEt of satire, or the lambent and 
 meteor-like coruscations of frolicsome 
 humour. His powers of versification are 
 admirably adapted to his favourite sub- 
 jects. Swift seldom elevates his tone 
 above a satirical diatribis, a moral lessOn, 
 or a poem on manners ; but the f ormex 
 
G74 
 
 SWl 
 
 SWI 
 
 are unrivalled in severity- and the latter 
 in ease. Sometimes the intensity of liis 
 satire gives to his poetry a cliaracter of em- 
 
 Shatic violence which borders upon gran- 
 eur. Yec this grandeur is founded, not 
 on sublimity either of conception or ex- 
 pressipn, but upon the energy of both ; 
 and indicates rather ardour oitemper than 
 power of imagination. The elevation of 
 tone arises from the fftrong mood of pas- 
 sion rather than from'the poetical fancy. 
 As an historian Swift is entitled to little 
 notice. The History of England is an 
 abridgment, written evidently in imitation 
 of Paterculus, but without those advan- 
 tages in point of information which ren- 
 dered the Latin anchor valuable. His ac- 
 count of the Four Last Years of Queen 
 Anne has little pretensions to the name of 
 history ; it is written with the feelings and 
 prejudices of a party writer, and does not 
 deserve to be separated from the BxamiTtr- 
 ers and other political tracts of which 
 Swift was the author. But although his 
 political treatises raised his fame when 
 published, and are still read as excellent 
 models of tliat species of composition, it 
 is to his Tale of a Tub, to The Battle of the 
 Books, to his moral romance of Ouliiver, 
 and to his smaller, but not less exquisite 
 satires upon men and manners, that Swift 
 owes the extent and permanency of his 
 popularity as an English classic of the 
 first rank. In reference to these works, 
 Cardinal PoUgnac used the remarkable 
 expression, ' qu*il avait I'esprit cr^ateur.* 
 He possessed, indeed, in the highest per- 
 fection, the wonderful power of so em- 
 bodying and imaging forth ' the shadowy 
 tribes of mind,* that the fiction of the im- 
 agination is received by the reader as if it 
 were truth. Undoubtedly the same keen 
 and powerful intellect, which could sound 
 all the depths and shallows of active life, 
 had stored his mind with facts drawn from 
 his own acute observation, and thus sup- 
 plied with materials the creative talent 
 which he possessed; for although the 
 knowledge of the human mind may be, in 
 a certain extent, intuitive, and subsist 
 without extended acquaintance with, the 
 living worid, yet that acquaintance with 
 manners, equally remarkable in Swift's 
 
 fjroductions, could only be acquired from 
 ntimate familiarity with the actual busi- 
 ness of the world. In fiction he possessed. 
 In the most extensive degree, the art of 
 verisimilitude— the power, as we observe 
 in the case of Gulliver's Travels, of adopt- 
 ing and sustaining a fictitious character, 
 under every peculiarity of place and cir- 
 cumstance. A considerable part of this 
 secret rests upon miniiteness of narrative. 
 Small and detached facts form the fore- 
 ground of a narrative when told by an eye- 
 witness, but to a distant spectator all these 
 minute incidents are lost and blended in 
 the general current of events, and it re- 
 quires the discrimination of Swift or Defoe 
 to select, in a fictitious narrative, such an 
 
 enumeration of minute incidents as might 
 strike the beholder of a real fact. This 
 proposition has a corollary resting on the 
 same principles. There is a disrance as 
 well as foreground in narrative, as i]i 
 natural perspective, and the scale of ob- 
 jects necessarily decreases as they are 
 withdrawn from the vicinit;^ of him who 
 reports them. In this particular the art 
 of Swift is equally manifest. The informa- 
 tion which Gulliver acquires from hear- 
 say is communicated in a more vague and 
 general manner than that reported on his 
 own knowledge. He does not, like other 
 voyagers into Utopian realms bring us 
 back a minute account of their laws and 
 government, but merely such general in- 
 formation upon these topics as a well-in- 
 formed and curious stranger may be 
 reasonably supposed to acquire, during 
 some months' residence in a foreign coun- 
 try." Scott concludes by quoting with ap- 
 probation the following comments Ijy Dr. 
 Johnson on the style of Swift :— " In his 
 works," says the latter critic, "he has 
 given very different specimens both of sen- 
 timent and expression. His Tale of a 
 Tub has little resemblance to his other 
 pieces. It exhibits a vehemence and 
 rapidity of mind, a copiousness of images, 
 and vivacity of diction, such as he after- 
 wards never possessed, or never exerted. 
 In his other works is found an equable 
 tenor of easy langaage, which rather 
 trickles than flows. Eus delight was in 
 simplicity. That he has in his works no 
 metaphor, as has been said, is not truer 
 but his few metaphors seem to be received 
 rather by necessity than choice. He 
 studied purity. His sentences are nev^r 
 too much dilated, or conti'acted, and it 
 will not be easy to find any embarrassment 
 in complication of his clauses, any incon- 
 sequence in his connections, or abruptness 
 in his transitions. His styles was well 
 suited to his thoughts, which are never 
 subtilised by nice disquisitlops, decorated 
 by sparkling conceits, elevated by ambi- 
 tious sentences, or variegated by far-sought 
 learning. The peruser of Swift wants 
 little previous knowledge ; and it will be 
 sufQcient that he is acquainted with com- 
 mon words and common thingp ; he ia 
 neither required to mount elevations, nor 
 to explore profundities; his passage ia 
 always on a level, a long solid ground, 
 without asperities, without distinction." 
 See Argument, &c. ; Baucis and Phil- 
 KMON ; Battle of the Books, The ; 
 Broomstick, &c. ; Cadenus ; Conver- 
 sation ; CAeichton ; Drapikr Let- 
 ters ; English Tongue, The ; Hospi- 
 tal for Incurables ; Letters ; Mod- 
 est Proposal, A ; Project for the 
 Advancement op Religion ; Tale of 
 A Tub ; Thoughts on Various Sub- 
 jects ; Travels into Several Remote 
 Regions of the World. 
 
 " Swiftiy walk over the west- 
 
SWI 
 
 SWI 
 
 671 
 
 ern wave."— To Nir/ht, by Percy Bysshe 
 Shelley, written in 1820. 
 
 "©■wimmer iu his agony, Of 
 6ome strong." See stanza 53, canto ii., of 
 Bybon's Don Juan (q.v.). 
 
 Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 
 poet and critic (b. 1837), has jpublished The 
 Queen Mother and Itosamondj plays (1861) ; 
 Atalantain Cafydon, (1864), (q.v.); Ckas' 
 telard (1865), (q.v.) ; Poems and Ballads 
 (q-Y.), (1860) ; Motes on Poems and Reviews 
 (1866); A Song, of Itah/ (1867), (q.v.); 
 William Blake^ a critical essay (1868) ; 
 Notes on the Jloyal Academy Exhibition 
 (1868) ; Ode on the Proclamation of the 
 J/Yench Republic (1870) ; Songs be/ore Sun- 
 7-ise (1871), (q v.) ; Under the Microscope 
 (1872) : Bothwell, a tragedy (1874) ; Essays 
 and Studies (1875) ; George Chapman, an 
 essay (1875) ; ErectJieus, a tragedy (1876) ; 
 and A Note on Charlotte Bronte (1877). 
 For Criticism, see Lowell's Study Win- 
 dows, "Forman's Living Poets, and Clarence 
 Stedman's Victorian Poets. " The one 
 faculty," says Stedman, "in which Swin- 
 burne excels any living English poet is 
 his miraculous gift of rhythm, his com- 
 mand over the unsuspected sources of a 
 language. Before the advent of Swin- 
 burne we did not realise the full scope of 
 Knglish verse. In his h.ands it is like the 
 • vioBn of Paganiiii. The range of his fan- 
 tasias, roulades, arias, new effects of 
 measure and sound, is incomparable with 
 anything hitherto known. The first emo- 
 tion of one who studies even liis^ immature 
 work is that of wonder at the freedom and 
 richness of his diction, the su-surrus of 
 his rhythm, his unconscious alliterations, 
 the endless change of his syllabic har- 
 monies, resulting m the alternate softness 
 and strength, height and fall, riotous or 
 chastened music, of his affluent verse. 
 In his poetry we discover qualities we did 
 not know were in our language— a softness 
 that seemed Italian, a rugged strength we 
 thought was German, a blithe and dibon- 
 vfiire light^iess we despaired of capturing 
 from the French. It is safe to declare that 
 at last a time has come when the force of 
 expression can no farther jo. I do not 
 say it has jiot gone too far. The fruit 
 may be, and here is, too luscious ; the 
 flower is often of an odour too intoxicating 
 to endure. Yet what execution ! The 
 voica may not be equal to the gi-andest 
 music, nor trained and restrained as it 
 should be. But the voice is there, and its 
 possessor has the finest natural organ to 
 which this generation has listened. Swin- 
 burne, especially in his earlier poems, has 
 weakened his effects by cloying us with 
 excessive richness of epithet and sound ; 
 in later works, by too elaborate expres- 
 sion and redundancy of treatment. Still, 
 while Browning's amplification is wont to 
 be harsh and obscure, Swinburne, even if 
 obscure, or when the thought is one that 
 h6 has repeated again and again, always 
 
 fives us unapproachable melody and gracf 
 t is true that his glories of speech ofte 
 hang upon the slightest thread of purpost 
 He so constantly wants to stop and sin 
 when he gets along slowly with a ploi 
 As we listen to his fascinating music, th 
 meaning, like the libretto or an open 
 often passes out of mind. The melody i 
 unbroken : in this, as in other matters 
 Swinburne's fault is that of excess. Unti 
 recently his voice had a narrow range 
 its effect resulted from changes on a lei 
 notes. The richness of these permuta 
 tions was a marvel, yet a Beries of thei; 
 blended into mannerism. ■ His first vo] 
 ume, The Queen Mother, jxnd Rosamono 
 gave him no reputation. We now see tha 
 it was of much significance. It showei 
 the new author to be completely unaffed 
 ed by the current idyllic method. Not i 
 trace of Tennyson : just a trace, on th 
 other hand, of Browning ; above all, a tru 
 dramatic manner of the poet's own. Thre 
 years later Swinburne printed his classics 
 tragedy, Atala/nta in Calydon. Swinburn 
 took up the classical dramatic form, ani 
 made the dry bones live, as even Lando 
 and Arnold had not ; as no man had, be 
 fore or after Shelley. Atalanta reads lik 
 an inspired translation. As a work of ari 
 it still remains the poet*s flawless effort 
 showing the most objective purpose, am 
 clarified by the necessity of restraint.' 
 Of Poems and Ballads the same criti 
 says : *' Some were content to reprehend 
 or smack their lips over the questionabl 
 portions of the book; but many, ^hil 
 perceiving the crudeness of the rude 
 strains, rejoiced in the lyrical splendou 
 that broke out here and there, and we] 
 corned the poet's unique additions to th 
 metric and stanzaic forms of English verse 
 The full bloom of his lyrical genius aj 
 pears not only in the choruses of Atalanta 
 but in that large moulded ode, Ave Atqu 
 Vale, composed in memory of Charie 
 Baudelaire. Here is an ethereal strain o 
 the highest elegiac order, fashioned in , 
 severe yet flexible spirit of lyric art. j 
 S(mg of Italy is marked by sonorous elc 
 quence, and carries us buoyantly along 
 The Ode to the French Republic was les 
 worthy of the author, and not equal to th 
 occasion. Songs before Sunrise may h 
 taken as the crowning effort of the autho 
 during this period. Iii Swinburne's poem 
 we do not perceive the love of nature whic] 
 was so passionate an element in the spiri 
 and writings of Shelley . He has been a: 
 industrious man of letters. His prose 
 like his poetry, is unflagging and im 
 petuous beyond that of other men. Ni 
 modem writer, save De Quincey, has sue 
 tained himself so easily and with suel 
 cumulative force through passages whic] 
 strain the reader's mental power. Chai 
 telard is warm-blooded and modem 
 charged with lurid passion and romance 
 It has less mannerism than we find h 
 most of the author's early style. Th< 
 
676 
 
 SWI 
 
 STL 
 
 chief personages ftre drawn strongly and 
 distinctly, and the language is true to the 
 matter and the time. The whole play is 
 intensely emotional. The second and 
 greater portion of the Stuart triology re- 
 quired a man to write it. The time has 
 not yet come to determine the place of 
 Bothwell in English literature ; but I 
 agree with them who declare that Swin- 
 burne, by this massive and heroic com- 
 position, has placed himself in the front 
 line of our poets ; that no one can be 
 thought his superior in true dramatic 
 power. Considered as a dramatic epic, it 
 has no parallel. If," says Stedman, in 
 conclusion, " Swinburne were to write no 
 more, and his past works should be col- 
 lected in a single volume, although, as in 
 the remains of Shelley, we might find little 
 narrative verse, what a world of melody, 
 and what a wealth of imaginative song ! 
 It is true that his well-known manner 
 would pervade the book ; -we should find 
 no great variety of mood, few studies of 
 Visible objects, a meagre reflection of 
 English lite as it exists to-day. Yet a 
 subtle observer would perceive how truly 
 he represents his own time ; and to a poet 
 this compendium would become a lyrical 
 handbook — a treasured exposition of crea- 
 tive and beautiful design. 
 
 " Swinish multitude, The."— 
 
 BuKKE, French JRevolution. 
 
 Swiss Family Robinson, The : 
 
 " or, the Adventures of a Shipwrecked 
 Family on a Desolate Island," Written by 
 Joachim Heiniich Kampe, and frequently 
 translated into English. It was obviously 
 suggested by Robinson Crusoe (q.v.). " No 
 one but a German," says Miss Yonge, 
 " could have thought it practicable to land 
 a whole family in a ^ow of washing-tubs 
 nailed together between planks — and the 
 island did contain peculiar flora and 
 fauna ; but the book is an extremely en- 
 gaging one, for all that." 
 
 Swithun, Miracles of. Described 
 ill Latin verse by Wolstam of ■Winches- 
 ter (circa 990). 
 
 Switzerland. A series of eiglit 
 love lyrics, by Matthett Abnold (b. 
 1822). 
 
 Swiveller, Dick. A character in 
 Pickens's novel of The Old Curiosity 
 SIiop (q.v.). 
 
 Sword (Captain) and Captain 
 Pen. A poem by Leigh Hunt, in which 
 the writer discusses the respective powers 
 and properties of those two powerful in- 
 struments. See " Pen is miqhtieb than 
 THE Sword." 
 
 Sword Chant of Thorstein 
 Raudi. A lyric by William Mother- 
 well (1797—1835). 
 
 " Swore terribly in Flanders, 
 
 Our armies." See chapter xi-., vol. iii., of 
 Sterne's Tristram Shandy (q.v.). 
 
 SybU: "or^TIie Two Nations." 
 A novel by Benjamin Disraeli (q.v.), 
 published in 1845. "Few," says a critic, 
 " will read the volumes for either the 
 story or the plot." 
 
 Sybil Warner. A character in 
 Lord Lytton's romance of The Last of 
 the Marons, 
 
 Sycorax. The dam of Prospero's 
 slave, Caliban (q.v.), in Tlie Tempest (q. 
 v.). 
 
 Sycoraz, in Dibdin's " bibh'o- 
 graphical romance," called Bibliomania 
 W.V.), is intended for Joseph Kitsoii, the 
 literary critic and antiquary. 
 
 Sydney, Lord Henry. A char- 
 acter in Disraeli's novel of Coningsby 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Sylphs, The, figure in Pope'3 
 poem of The Rape qf tlie Lock (q.v.). See 
 Ariel. 
 
 Sylva : " or, a Discourse of Forest 
 Trees, and the Propagation of Timber in 
 his Majesty's Dominions," by John Eve- 
 lyn (1620 — 1T06) ; published in 1664, and 
 "written in consequence of an applica- 
 tion to the Koyal Society by the Commis- 
 sioners of the Navy, who dreaded a 
 scarcity of timber in the country. This 
 work, aided by the king's example, stim- 
 ulated the landowners to plant an im- 
 mense number of oalt trees, which, a cen- 
 tury aft«r, proved of the greatest service 
 to tile nation in the construction of ships 
 of war." It was edited by Dr. Hunter in 
 1776, and was republished in 1825. 
 
 Sylva Sylvarum : " or, a Naturall 
 Historic, in ten centuries," by Lord Ba- 
 con (q.v.) J published by Dr. Kawley in 
 1627. 
 
 Sylvander. The name under 
 which Robert Burns corresponded foy 
 some time with a Mrs. Maclehose. See 
 Clabinda. 
 
 Sylvanus, ITrban. See Urban, 
 
 Sylvanus. 
 
 Sylvester, Joshua, poet and 
 translator (b. 1663, d. 1618), was the author 
 of Poems, published in 1614—20, and of a 
 translation of The Divine Weeks ami 
 Works of the French poet Du Bartas. The 
 latter was highly esteemed by Spenser, 
 Bishop Hall, Izaak Walton, and Milton, 
 the last-named of whom is thought to 
 have been slightly indebted to it for some 
 ideas and expressions. Among Sylvester's 
 other works are LachrymtB Lachrymarum: 
 or, the Spirit of Teares Distilled (1612) ; 
 and Tobacco Battered and the Pipes Shat- 
 tered about their Eares, that idely Idolize so 
 base <md barbarous a Weed, or at least 
 overlove eo loathsome a Vanity, by a Volley 
 
SYIi 
 
 TAB 
 
 677 
 
 of Holy Shot Thundered from Mount Helir 
 con (1C15). See Silver-tongued, The. 
 
 Sylvia. See Discoveries. 
 
 Sylvia : " or, the May Queen." A 
 I>oem by Geokoe Dakley (q.v.), pub- 
 lished in 1827; "a, crude but poetical 
 study in tbe sweet pastoral uiauiiier of 
 Jonson aud Fletcher." 
 
 Synagogue, The : " or. Shadow of 
 the Temple." A collection of sacred 
 poems, " in imitation of Mr. George Her- 
 bert" (q.v.), by CHttlSTOPHtK Habvey 
 (1597—1663), published in 1647. 
 
 Syntax, Dr., The Three Tours 
 of. A humorous poem, which, appearing 
 collectively in 1855, had previously ap- 
 peared in three separate parts ; The Tour 
 in Search of the Picturesque, in 1812 ; the 
 Tour in Search of Consolation, m 1820 ; 
 and the Tour i» Search of a Wife, in 1821. 
 The author was 'William Coombe (1741— 
 1823); aud they were illustrated by Eow- 
 landson in drawings whose graphic hu- 
 mour had much to do with the success, of 
 the work. , The following were not by 
 Coombe : — The Tour qf Dr. Syntax through 
 London (1810) ; Dr. Syntax, in Paris, in 
 Search of the Grotesque (1820) ; and Dr. 
 Syntax's Ltfe of Napoleon (1823). 
 
 Syphaz. A chara.cter in Addi- 
 son's tragedy of Cato (q.v.). 
 
 Syphaz. Chief of the Arabs who 
 joined the Egyptian armameivt against the 
 Crusaders, in Tasso's Jerusalem De- 
 livered, 
 
 Syrinx : " or, a Sevenfold His- 
 torie, handled with Varietie of pleasant 
 and profitable, both comical and tragicall 
 argument," by William Wakner (1558— 
 1609) ; printed in 1597. This work, which 
 Warton describes as a novel or suite of 
 stories much in the style of the adventures 
 of Heliodorus' Ethiopic Pomance, origin- 
 ally appeared in' 1554, under the title of 
 Pan his Syrinx, or Pipe, compact qf seven 
 Peedes, including, in one, seven Tragicall 
 and Commicall Arguments. 
 
 Tabard. The, is the inn, in High 
 Street, Southwark, from which Chaucer 
 makes his pilgrims start on their journey 
 to Canterbury. " At the Southwark inns," 
 says Morley, " the companies . who had 
 agreed to make the pilgrimage together to 
 the shrine of Canterbury usually and nat- 
 urally met. Southwark was close to the 
 highway of the Thames, which brought 
 pilgrims also from other villages and 
 towns upon the river." A tabard, Morley 
 adds, is the sleeveless coat on which arms 
 were embroidered, when it was worn by 
 nobles, as by the heralds for their coats of 
 arms in service. The name of theTalbard 
 was altered into Talbot, after the famous 
 
 inn, or the greater part of it, had been 
 burnt down by the Are of 1676. The last 
 remains of tlie oUl hostelry fell before the 
 march of modern improvement a few 
 years since. 
 
 " Table of my memory, The." — 
 
 Hamlet, act i. scene 5-. 
 
 " Table on a roar, To set the.^' 
 — Hamlet, act v., scene 1. 
 
 Table-Talk. A poem by Wil- 
 liam CowpER (q.v.), published in 1782. 
 
 Table-Talk: "being the Dis- 
 courses of John Selden, Esq. ; orhis Senee 
 of Various Matters of Weight and High 
 Consequence Kelating especially to lielig- 
 ion and State." Published in 1689, and 
 again in 1696, 1698, 1716, 1786 (with a Life 
 of the author), 1789, 1819 (edited by Dr. 
 Irving), 1847 (edited, with biography and 
 notes, by Singer), 1856 (in the Library q/ 
 Old Authors), and 1868 (in Arber's Eng- 
 lish Beprints). It was also edited bj 
 Archdeacon. Wilkins with the other worke 
 of Selden in 1726. The original editor waE 
 the Eev. Kicbard Milward; who did foi 
 Selden what Boswell did for Johnson, 
 though, unfortunately, .not so copiously, 
 The Table-Talli belongs chiefly, it nol 
 entirely, says Arber, to 1634—1664. It if 
 arranged by Milward under headings al- 
 .phabetically plaoedj and treats of sucli 
 various topics as Articles, Baptism, Bible, 
 Bishops, Books, Ceremony, Christmas 
 Clergy, Confession, Conscience, Creed, 
 Duel, Epitaph, Faith and Works, Gentle- 
 men, Holy-days, Idolatry, Jews, Juggling, 
 King, Law, Lectures, ^ Liturgy, Marriagei 
 Moi^ey, Oaths, Oracles, Poetry, Popery, 
 Presbytery, Proverbs, Kellgion, Sacrfi 
 ments. Trade; Truth, University, Wit 
 Women, gome of his definitions have 
 passed into current coin of the realm 
 Thus he Sajs of humility that it is "£ 
 Vertue all preach, none practise ; " anc 
 of libels that " though some make slight ' 
 of them, ** yet you may see by them hov 
 the wind sets ; as take a straw and throvi 
 it up into the air -, you shall see by thai 
 which way the wind is." A^ain of mar- 
 riage, -that ■" of all actions in a man's lif( 
 his marriage ■ does least concern qthei 
 people, yet of all actions of our life, 'tii 
 most medled witli by other people ; " anc 
 of pleasure,, that "pleasure is nothihj 
 else but the intermission of pain, the en 
 joying of something I am in great trou 
 blefor till I have it." Coleridge, speak 
 Ing of the Table-Talk, says there is "mon 
 weighty bullion sense " in it than he eve: 
 found " in the same number of pages o: 
 any uninspired writer." " Oh I " he cries 
 " to have been with Selden over his glasi 
 of wine, making every accident an outle 
 and a vehicle Qf wisdom ! " Dr. Johnsoi 
 said of thb ' work .that it was bette: 
 than all the ana of the Continent. " The8( 
 sayings," remarks Hallam, " are full o: 
 a vigour, racinesBj and a kind of scorn o: 
 
678 
 
 TAB 
 
 TAL 
 
 the half-learned, far less ynde, but more 
 cutting, than that of Scaliger." " Dry, 
 graye, and almost crabbed iii his writings, 
 Selden's conversation," says Hannay, "is 
 homely, humorous, shrewd, vivid, even 
 delightful 1 He is still the great scholar 
 and ttie tough Parliamentarian, but merry, 
 playful, and witty. He writes like the 
 opponent of Grotius ; be talks like the 
 friend of Ben Jonson." 
 
 Table-Talk, by Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge, was published in 1835. It 
 consists of specimens of his conversation 
 as noted down from time to time by Henry 
 Nelson Coleridge, his nephew. These 
 specimens extend from December 29, 1822, 
 to July 10, 1834, and range over a very 
 wide variety of subjects. ** I know," 
 writes the transcriber, '* better than 
 any one can t-ell me, how inadequately 
 tiiese rei)resent the peculiar splendour 
 and individuality of Mr. Coleridge's con- 
 versation. How should it be otherwise? 
 Who could always follow to the turning- 
 point his long arrow-flights of thought ? 
 wbo could fix those ejaculations of light, 
 those tones of a prophet, which at times 
 have made me bend before him as before 
 an inspired man ? Such acts of spirits as 
 these were too subtle to be fettered down 
 on paper. Yet I would fain hope that 
 these Images will prove that aii is not lost ; 
 Uiat something of the wisdom, the learn- 
 ing, and the eloquence of a great man's 
 social converse has been snatched from 
 forigetfulness, and endowed with a per- 
 manent shape for general use." 
 
 Table-Talk of Samuel Rogers, 
 
 KecoUections of the, appeared in 1856. 
 
 Tacitus. Among the translations 
 of this Latin historian are tiiose by Arthur 
 Murphy (q.v.), A. J. Church, and W. J. 
 Brodribb (1864 and 1868), A. H. Beesley 
 (1869), and R. Mongan (1872). See Ancient 
 Classics /or English Readers* 
 
 Tackleton. The toy merchant, 
 in Dickens's story of The Cricket on the 
 Bearth (q.v.). 
 
 Tadpole. An electioneering agent 
 who flgures in Bxsraxili's Coningsby. He 
 is identified witJi a Mr. Bonham. See 
 Taper. 
 
 Tag, Rag, and Bobtail, Messrs. 
 
 The pseudonym adopted by Isaac Dis- 
 raeli (1766—1848), in tiie publication of 
 his Flim-Flams ! or the Life and Errors of 
 my Uncle, and the Amours of my Aunt, with 
 Illustrations and Obscurities (1806). 
 
 Tain Bo Chuailgne, The (or Cat- 
 tle-Spoil of Chuailgn^, a place now called 
 Cooley, in tte county of Louth), is an old 
 Gaelic tale, an outline of which will be 
 found in Morley's English Writers. Pro- 
 fessor O'Curry regards the tale as holding 
 towards Irish history the position held bj" 
 
 the Areonautio Expedition, and the Seven 
 against Thebes, towards Greek History. 
 
 Tait, Archibald Campbell, D.D., 
 
 Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1804), lias 
 published 7)a7igers and Safeguards of Mod- 
 em Theology (1861), T/tc Word of God and 
 the Ground of Faith (1863), Harmony of Rev- 
 elation and the Sciences (1864), Tlie Pres- 
 ent Condition of the Church of England 
 (1872), and various charges and sermons ; 
 besides contributions to the quarterly re- 
 views. 
 
 Tak your auld cloak about ye. 
 A Scottish song, printed in The Tea Table 
 Miscellany (q.v.), and supposed to belong 
 to tiie sixteenth centurj'. The following 
 lines bear a strong resemblance to some 
 quoted by lago in Othello, actii., scene 3 :— 
 
 '* In days when our King Robert rang, 
 His trews they coBt hut half-a-crown ; 
 He Baid they were a groat ower dear, , . 
 And ca'd the tailor thief and loon." 
 
 " Take her up tenderly, Iiift her 
 
 with care." See Hood's poem, The Bridge 
 of Sighs. 
 
 " Take him for all in all, I shall 
 not look upon his like again." — Mamlet, 
 act i., scene 2. 
 
 "Take no note of time (We) 
 But from its loss." — XocTNG, Mght 
 
 Thoughts, night i., line 55- 
 
 " Take, O take those lips a-way." 
 
 First line of a verse in Measure for Meas' 
 ure, act iv.,* scene 1. The same verse, 
 and another beginning — 
 
 " Hide, O hide those hills of snow," 
 
 occur in the spurious edition of Shaiubs- 
 PEAiiE's Poems (1640), and in the play of 
 The Bloody Brother, act v., scene 2. 
 
 Tal y Moelire, Ode on the Bat- 
 tle of : by GwALCHMAi, a Welsh bard 
 (circa 1150) ; describing the defeat of the 
 fleet sent to Wales in 1157, by Henry II. 
 It has been translated by Gray, the poet, 
 in his Triumphs qf Owen, 
 
 " Tale in everything, A." See 
 Wordsworth's poem of Simon Lee. 
 
 Tale of a Trumpet, A. A humor- 
 ous poem by Thomas Hood. 
 
 Tale of a Tub : " written for 
 the universal improvement of man- 
 kind," by Jonathan Swift (1667 — 
 1745), and published, anonymously, in 
 1704. It had been sketched out and com- 
 posed either during the author's residence 
 at Trinity College, Dublin, or during hia 
 stay with Sir William Temple, at Moor 
 Park, in 1692. "Under the allegorjr of 
 three sons altering, neglecting, observing, 
 or mistaking the Tvill of uieir father, 
 Swift satirises unsparingly the corruptions 
 and pretensions of the Church of Home, 
 and the extremes and follies of the dis- 
 eeuting bodies> and describes with ap* 
 
TAL 
 
 :ai, 
 
 079 
 
 proval, or at least without conspicuous 
 ofteiisiveness, the. origin and establishment 
 of the Beformed Churches, particularly 
 that of England. At the same time, in his 
 Preface and Digressions; he stops, and 
 turns aside, to deal piercing thrusts, and 
 crushing down-strokes at arrogant, f eehle, 
 pretentious, and scurrilous critics, pedants, 
 and authors, of his own and all time. The 
 satire operated, however, so far injurious- 
 ly against his own prospects, that it effec- 
 tually prevented him from obtaining any 
 high "preferment in the English Church; 
 ana the Archbishop of York, who to a 
 great extent had the ear of the queen, was 
 BO utterly scandalised hy it that he assured 
 her M.ajesty that the writer of it must be 
 an infidel. In the same way Voltaire is 
 said to h%ve recommended it to his own 
 proselytes, * because the ludicrous com- 
 binations which are formed in the mind 
 by the perusal tend to lower the respect 
 due to revelation.' '* 
 
 Tale of a Tub, The. A comedy, 
 by Ben" Jo'SOK, produced in 1633, and the 
 last work that he submitted to the stage. 
 
 " Tale of Troy divine, The."— 
 
 Milton, It Penseroso, line 100. 
 
 Tale of Tttto Cities, A. A novel, 
 by CsAKiES Dickens (1812—1870), origin- 
 ally produced in All the Year Rownd for 
 1859, and afterwards republished in a com- 
 plete form. The author says he first con- 
 ceived the main idea of the story when 
 acting, with his children and friends, in 
 Wilkie CoUins's drama of The FrozenDeep. 
 The scene of his narrative is the French 
 Eevolutlon of 1789, and it was one ot 
 Dickens's hopes, he says, to add some- 
 thing to the popular and picturesque means 
 of understanding that terrible time ; 
 ** though no one,'' he says, " can hope to 
 add anything to the philosophy of Carlyle's 
 wonderful book." 
 
 " Tale told by an idiot, A." See 
 " Sound and Fdkv." 
 
 " Tale Hnf old, I could a." — Ham- 
 let, act j., scene's. 
 
 " Talent of our English nation, 
 "Ks the." — George Chapman, The 
 fyidaw's Tears, act i., scene 1 — 
 
 " Still tO'lie plotting some new Befonnation." 
 
 Tales of a Grandfather, hy Sir 
 
 Walter Scott (q.v.), were published in 
 
 1827—30. 
 
 Tales of Fashionable Life, hy 
 
 Maria Edgewoeth (q.v.); three vol- 
 umes of which appeared in 1809, and were 
 followed in 1812 by three others. The best 
 are TJie Absentee and Vivian, 
 
 Tales of My Landlord, by Sir 
 Walter Soott (q.v.), include The Black 
 Dwarf, Old Mortality, The Heart of Mid- 
 lothian, The Bride of Lammermoor, T! 
 
 Legend of Montrose, Cov/nt Robert of Paris, 
 BsAjCasile Dangerous, 
 
 "Tales of soitotw done." — 
 Goldsmith, The Deserted Village, line 
 167. 
 
 Tales of Terror, by Matthe-w 
 Gregory Lewis (1775—1818), were pub- 
 lished in 1799. His Tales of Wonder ap- 
 peared in 1801. 
 
 Tales of the Crusaders, hy Sit 
 
 Walter Soott (q.v.), comprise The_Be- 
 trothed and The Talisman- 
 
 Tales of the Genii. See Genii, 
 
 Tales of the. 
 
 Tales of the Hall. Poems hy 
 George Orabbe (q.v.); published in 
 1819, and dealing with the upper classes of 
 society. Among the better-known episodes 
 are those of Sir Owen Dale, RuUi, and 
 Ellen. 
 
 Tales of the O'Hara Family. 
 See O'Hara Family. 
 
 Tales of 'Wonder. See Tales of 
 Terror. 
 
 Talfdurd, Sir Thomas NooU,' 
 dramatic poet and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1795, d. 1854), published Ion, a tragedy 
 (1835), (q.v.) ; The Athenian Captive, a trag- 
 edy (1838); A proposed New Law of Copy- 
 right of the Itighest Importance to Authors 
 (1838) ; Glencoe, or the State -of the Mae- 
 Donalds, a tragedy (1839) ; Three Speecltet 
 delivered in the House of Commons in Fa- 
 vour of an Extension of Copyright (1840); 
 Speech for the D^endant in the Prosecution, 
 the Queen v. Moxon, for the Publication of 
 Shelley's Poetical Works (1841) ; PecoUec-, 
 tions of a First Visit to the Alps (1841) ; 
 Vacation Bambles and Tlumghts (1844); 
 Final Memorials of Charles Lamb (1848) ;, 
 The Castilian, a tragedy (1863)-,- and 
 various contributions to The Betrospective 
 Beview, London Magazine, and New Month- 
 ly Magazine, besides The History of Greek 
 Lilerdture, in The Encyclopadia Metro- 
 politana, 
 
 Taliesiu. A Welsh hard, who 
 lived circa 550, A romantic history^ of 
 Taliesin, supposed to have been compiled 
 by a certain Thomas ap Einion, occurs in 
 the Mabinogion (q.v.). An analysis of ;it 
 is given in Morley's English Writers, I. ii. 
 
 "Talk only to conceal their 
 
 mind, Men." See " Men talk only," 
 &c. 
 
 Talkapace, Tibet. A character in 
 Udall's Ralph Roister Doister (q.v.). . 
 
 Talking Oak, The. A lyrie hy 
 Alfred Tennyson, published in 1842. 
 
 Tallyho, Rob., Esq. The hero of 
 Pierce Egan's romance, called Real Life 
 in London (q.v.). 
 
eso 
 
 TAL 
 
 TAN 
 
 Talvi. The nom de plume of Mrs. 
 EoBiirsoN, author of Heloise (t860)^7;i/e*s 
 Discipline (1851), and other tales ; formed 
 from the initials of her maiden name, 
 Therese Albertiae Louise vou Jacob. 
 
 Tain o* Shanter. A tale in verse 
 by Robert Burns (1759—1796), which he 
 considei'ed his '* standard performance in 
 the poetical line." " "Xis true," he says, 
 that it " discovers a spice of roguish wag- 
 gery, that might,^ perhaps, be as well 
 spared ; bat then it shows, in my opinion, 
 a force of genius and a finishing polish 
 that I despair o£ ever excelling." It was 
 first published in Grose's Antiquities qf 
 Scotland. The following are among its 
 most familiar lines : — 
 
 •• Nursing her wrath to keep it warm." 
 ** Auld Ayr, wham ne'er a town surpassea, 
 
 Forhoneac men and bonaic lasses/' 
 ** Ah, ^ntle damca I it gars me greet, 
 To think how monie counsels sweet, 
 How mony longthen'd snge advices. 
 The husband frae the wife despiaoB t " 
 ** Inspiring bold John Barleycorn I 
 What dangers thou canst make us scorn I " 
 
 The main incident in the poem is founded 
 on the belief that "no diabolical power 
 can pursue God beyond the middle of a 
 running stream." Thus Tam o* Shanter, 
 riding in hot haste from Alloway Kirlc, 
 where he had seen the "hellish legion 
 dancing," made for the river Doon, and 
 was hau-way across it before "Outty Sark " 
 could grasp his horse's tail. Alloway Kirk, 
 It is almost unnecessary to say, is near the 
 town of Ayr. 
 
 Tain Samson's Elegy. A poem 
 by Robert Burns '(1759—1796). " When 
 this worthy old sportsman went out last 
 muir-fowl season, he supposed it was to 
 be, in Ossian's phrases, * the last of his 
 fields,' and expressed an ardent desire to 
 die and be buried on the moors. On tliis 
 hint the author composed hia Elegy and 
 ^Epitaph. " 
 
 Tamburlaine the Grreat, "who, 
 from a Scythian Shephearde by his rare 
 and wonderf ull Conquests, became a most 
 puissant and mightye Monarque, and (for 
 his tyranny, and terrour in Warre) was 
 tearraed. The Scourge of God. Deuided 
 intoTragicall Discourses," &c., by Chris- 
 topher Marlowe (1564—1593) ; first pub- 
 lished, in quarto, in 1590. " Most likely a 
 joint-stock piece, got up from Uie mana- 
 
 fer's chest by Marlowe, Nash, and perhaps 
 alf-a-dozen others." The play contains 
 many line pa-^sages amidst a bewildering 
 wilderness of rant and bombast. Shake- 
 speare ridicules its stilted language through 
 the mouth of Ancient Pistol in Henry ^ '•» 
 part 11., act ii., scene 4. 
 
 Tamerlane. A tragedy hy Nich- 
 olas KowE (1673—1718), played in 1702, in 
 which tlie hero is intended to repre<*ent 
 King William lU., and Bajazet Louis 
 
 XrV. " This," says Dr. Johnson, " was 
 the tragedy which Rowe valued most, and 
 which probably, by the help of political 
 auxiliaries, excited most applause." 
 
 Taming of the Shrew, The. A 
 
 comedy by William Shakespeare 
 (1564—1616), first printed in the folio edition 
 of the plays (1623). It is undoubtedly 
 founded on the " plesant conceyted his- 
 toric " called i'he Tami/nge of a Skrowp, 
 printed in 1594, and ascribed to Kobert 
 Greene (q.v.)» the general structure of 
 which it closely follows. The incident of 
 Vincentio's personation by the pedant was 
 borrowed by Shakespeare from George 
 Gascoigne*8 Supposes (q.v.). The play was 
 probably written about 1607, when its 
 copyright was assigned to one John Smy- 
 thick. Even as it stands, it is possibly not 
 the work of Shakespeare alone. Grant 
 White traces at least three hands in it — 
 that of the author of the " conceyted hi»- 
 torie," that of Shakespeare, and that of 
 a co-labourer. "The first," nesays, " ap- 
 pears in the structure of the plot, and in 
 the incidents and dialogues of most of the 
 scenes ; to the last must be assigned the 
 greater part of the love-business between 
 Bianca and her two suitors ; while to 
 Shakespeare belong the strong, clear char- 
 acterisation, the delicious humour, and 
 the rich verbal colouring of the re-cast In- 
 duction, and all the scenes in which Kath- 
 erine and Petruchio and Grumio are the 
 prominent figures, together with the gen- 
 eral efCect produced by scattering lines 
 and words and phrases here and there, 
 and removing others elsewhere, through- 
 out the play." Collier is of opinion that 
 Shakespeare had nothing to do with any 
 of the scenes in which Katherine and Pe- 
 truchio do not appear, and that the under- 
 plot recalls the style of William Haughton 
 (q.v.). ** The Taming 0^ the Shrew,** says 
 Schlegel, " has the air of an Italian 
 comedy. The characters and passions are 
 lightly sketched ; the intrigue is intro- 
 duced without much preparation, and, in 
 its rapid progress, impeded by no sort of 
 difficulties ; while in thelnamier inwliich 
 Petruchio. though previously cautioned as 
 to Katherine, still encounters the risks in 
 marrying her, and contrives to tame her— 
 in all this the character and peculiar hu- 
 mour of the English is distinctly visible." 
 
 Tamora. Queen of the Goths, la 
 Titus Andronicus (q.v.), 
 
 Tancred, in Tasso's Jerusalem 
 Delivered, was the greatest of all the Chris- 
 tian warriors, except Kinaldo (q.v.). 
 
 Tancred: "or, tJieNew Crusade.*' 
 A romance by Benjamin Disraeli 
 (q.v.), published in 1847. Tancred is a 
 youn^ English nobleman who goes out to 
 the Holy Land to penetrate " the Asian 
 Mystery," but runs himself into a variety 
 of adventures to no purpose, his career m 
 
TAN 
 
 'AT 
 
 681 
 
 the East being cut short by the appear- 
 ance of his parents on the scene. 
 
 Tancred and Sigismunda. A 
 
 tragedy composed by five members of the 
 Inner Temple, and presented there before 
 Queen Elizabeth. It was the first English 
 play founded on the plot of an Italian 
 novel. 
 
 Tancred and Sigismunda. A 
 tragedy by James Thomson (1700 — 1748), 
 produced with some success at Drury Lane 
 111 1745, 
 
 Taunahill, Robert, Scottish poet 
 (b. 1774, d. 1810), published a volume of 
 Songs and Poems in 1807. This was repub- 
 lished in 1838 with a Memoir of the poet by 
 P. A. Ramsay. A centenary edition of his 
 poems appeared in 1874. See Balquhit- 
 H£B, The Braes o' ; and Jessie, the 
 Ploweb o* Dumblane. 
 
 Tannhauser. See Temple, Nev- 
 ille. 
 
 Taper. An electioneering agent in 
 DiSKAELi*s Coningshy (q.v.) ; identified 
 with a Mr. Clarke. See Tadpole. 
 
 Tapley, Mark. Body-servant to 
 Martin Chuzzlewit, in Dickeks's novel of 
 that name (q.v.). " At Folkestone,*' says 
 M. A. Lower, '* there is, or at least there 
 was, a veritable Mark Tapley — one, too, 
 who had been in America," 
 
 Tappertit, Simon. An appren- 
 tice, in DiCKEs^s'S novel of Bamdby 
 Rudge (q^v.). 
 
 Tar--water, The Virtues of, in 
 
 the Plague. See Sibis. 
 
 Targe, Duncan, A Highlantler, 
 in'MooBE's novel of Zelnco (q.v.), whose 
 disagreement with his fellow-servant, 
 George Buchanan, about the virtues of 
 Mary Queen of Scotts, and consequent 
 duel with him, are among the most amus- 
 ingpassageainthebook. 
 
 Task, The. A poem by William 
 CowPEB (q.v.), which sprang out of the 
 suggestion of his friend. Lady Austen, 
 that ttie poet should try his hand at blank 
 verse. It was published in 1784, and be- 
 came immediately popular. " T.fie Task," 
 says Southey, " was at once descriptive, 
 moral, and satirical. The descriptive parts 
 everywhere bore evidenee of a thoughtful 
 mind and a gentle spirit, as well as of an 
 observant eye ; and the moral sentiment 
 which pervaded them gave a charm in 
 which descriptive poetry is often found 
 wanting. The best didactic poems, when 
 compared with The Task, are like formal 
 gardens in comparison with woodland 
 scenery." " The Task** says Hazlitt, 
 "has fewer blemishes than The Seasons, 
 but it has not the same capital excellence, 
 the ' unbought grace ' of poetry, the power 
 of moving and infusing the warmth of the 
 author's mind into that of the readeii" 
 
 29* 
 
 Tasso. Among the leading trans- 
 lations of Jerusalem Delivered are, those 
 by Richard Carew (1594) and Edward Fair- 
 fax (1600), (q.v.). The Aminta was trans-' 
 lated by Abraham Fraunce in 1591 ; the 
 treatise on Marriage and Wiving by Tof te 
 in 1599. See Godfbey of Bullogne. 
 
 Tasso, The Lament of. A poem 
 by Lord Byeon, written in 1817. 
 
 " Taste of your quality, Give 
 us Sl." —Hamlet, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 Taste, On the Nature and Prin- 
 ciples of. An essay by the Rev. Abchi- 
 BALD Alisoit (1757—1839) ; published in 
 1790. "Mr Allison,'* says Lord JefErey, 
 "maintains that all beauty, or at least 
 that all the beauty of material objects, de- 
 pends upon the associations that may have 
 connected them with the ordinary affec- 
 tions of our nature ; and in this, which is 
 the fundamental point of his theory, we 
 conceive him to be no less clearly right, 
 than. he is convincing and judicious in the' 
 copious illustrations by which he has* 
 sought to establish itd truth." 
 
 Tate, N^um, poet-laureate (b. 
 1652, d. 1715), produced Poems (1677) ; Me- 
 morials for the Learned. (1686) ; Characters . 
 of Virtue and Vice (1691) ; A Version of the . 
 Psalms of Da/vid (1696); The Innoceni 
 Epicwre (1697) ; Miscellanea Sctcra (1698) ; 
 Elegies (1699) ; .several plays, including 
 Brutus.of Alha, the Loyal General,Iiicliard' 
 I L, and Injured iove, versions of Shake- 
 speare's Xing Lear and Coriolanus, and 
 other works. He succeeded Shadwell as 
 laureate in 1692. Pope wrote of him: — 
 "The bard who pilfered pastorals renown, ^ 
 Who turns a Persian tale for half a crown. 
 Just writcfl to make his 'barrenneafl appear, 
 And etraina, from liard-bound brains, eight lines s 
 
 year ; ; ■ , 
 
 He who still wanting , though he lived on theft, 
 Steals much, spends little, yci has nothing left;' 
 And he who now to sense, now nonsense, leaning. 
 Means not, but blunders round about a meaning, ' 
 And he who's fustian's so sublimely bad, 
 It is not poetry, but prose run mad : 
 All these my modest satire bade translate, 
 And owned that nine such poets made a Tate." 
 
 See Absalom and Achitophel; and 
 Psalms of David. 
 
 Tatler, The: "or, Lucubrations of 
 Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq." A serial publica- 
 tion, started by Sir Richakd Steele' 
 (1671—1729) in 1709, and published for the 
 first time on Tuesday the 12th of April of 
 that year. It was issued every Tuesday, 
 Thursday, and Saturday, and, after the 
 first four numbers, Which were given gratis; 
 cost a penny. It was concluded on Jan- 
 uary 2, 1711. The name of BickerstafE 
 (q.v.) was adopted from the nom deplume 
 used by Swift in a pamphlet which, as di- 
 rected against the vulgar almanack makers 
 of the time, bad a great success. Of this 
 circumstance Steele took a skilful advan- 
 tage, contriving in this way to draw im- 
 mediate attention to his venture. The 
 
382 
 
 TAT 
 
 TAY 
 
 motto taken for tlie serial was from Jut- 
 ajjal: — 
 
 "S 
 
 uicquid ogunthoniDCS . 
 fostn cat farrago llbelli/' 
 
 '*A11 accounts of gallantry, pleasure, and 
 entertainment," wrote Steele, "shall be 
 under the article of White's Coffee-house ; 
 learning, under the title of Grecian; foreign 
 and domestic news you will have from 
 St. James* Coffee-house ; and what else I 
 liave to offer on any other subject shall be 
 dated from my own apartment." The 
 '* general purpose " of the paper, said its 
 conductor in the dedication of the first 
 volume, was " to expose the false arts of 
 life, to pull off the disguises of cunning. 
 vanity, and atTectation, and to recommend 
 a general simplicity in our dress, our dis- 
 courses, and 9ur behaviour : " also, "to 
 rally al] those singularities of life, through 
 the different professions and characters 
 in it, which obstructed anything that was 
 truly good and great ; " and, again, " to 
 allure the reader with a variety of his 
 subjects, and insinuate, if he could, the 
 weight of reason with the agreeableness 
 of wit/* Just as Befoe in hia Weekly Ben 
 vieio had a Scandal Club, so Steele in The 
 Tatler had his club at the Trumpet, of 
 which Isaac Bickerstaff waschainnan, and 
 which included among its members Sir 
 Jeffrey Notch, " a decayed gentleman of 
 ancient family ; " Major Matchlock, " old 
 Dick Reptile," and " the elderly bencher 
 of the Temple ; " besides whom Steele in- 
 troduces a certain Jenny Distaff, a half- 
 sister of Bickerstaff, who is to be regarded 
 as the exponent of the views and interests 
 of her sex. There are also three nephews 
 of Bickerstaff, the dramatis personce being 
 completed by a familiar spirit, Pacolet 
 (q.v.), who is the vehicle foi? conveying a 
 variety of information beyond human ken 
 or experience. Among other character 
 sketches are those of Will Dacty le, Senecio, 
 Will Courtley, Sophronius, and Jack 
 Dimple. Forster writes of the fictitious 
 Bickerstaff: "The humorous old gentle- 
 man who is always prying into his neigh- 
 bours' concerns, when he is not gossiping of 
 his own ; to whom the young beau is made 
 responsible for wearing redrheeled shoes, 
 and the young belle for showing herself 
 too long at her glass ; who turns the same 
 easy artillery of wit against the rattling 
 dice-box and the roaring pulpit ; who has 
 early notice of most of the love affairs 
 in town, can tell you of half the domestic 
 quarrels, and knows more of a widow with 
 a handsome jointure that her own lawyer 
 or next jf kin ; whose tastes take a range 
 as wide as his experience, to whom Plu- 
 tarch is not less familiar than a pretty fel- 
 low, and who has for his clients not only 
 the scholars of the Grecian, but the poets 
 at Will's, the men of fashion at White's,and 
 the quidnuncs of the St. James's— this old 
 humorist, you would say, is about the last 
 man to pass for a Socrates ; ond yet there 
 was somethiug more than whim m the old 
 
 Isaac's ambition to have it thought of his 
 lucubrations, that, whereas Socrates had 
 brought philosophy down from heaven to 
 inhabit among men, he had himself aimed 
 to bring philosophy out of closets and 
 libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in- 
 clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and in 
 coffee-houses." Out of the 271 numberfl 
 to which 2'Ae Tatler extended, Addison 
 wrote forty-one, thirty-four were written 
 By Addison ajid Steele together; Swift is 
 credited with thirteen, Harrison contrib- 
 uted one, and John Hughes is responsible 
 for six. The remainder were nearly all 
 the work of Steele alone. See Spectatob, 
 The. 
 
 Tattle. A lialf-witted beau in 
 CoKGRETE's comedy of Love for Love 
 
 Tat^p-ine. Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury from 731 to 734. For notices of the 
 works of this writer, see Wright's Biogra- 
 phia JSritannica. He wrote Latin enigmas, 
 still extant in MS. See also Mjsighulta.. 
 
 " Taught us hovr to die." — 
 
 TiCKELL., On the Death of Addison, line 82. 
 
 Taverner, Richard. See Biblj:, 
 The. 
 
 " Tax not the royal saint vrittt 
 
 vain expense." First line of a sonnet by 
 Wordsworth. The "royal saint'* is 
 Henry VI., founder of King's College, 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Taylor, Ann (Mrs. Gilbert, 1782— 
 1866). See Taylor, Jane. • 
 
 Taylor Bayard, American poet 
 and prose writer (b, 1825), has published 
 Ximena, and other Poems (1844) ; Views 
 Afoot: or, Europe seen with JCnapsack and 
 5(a^(1846) ; A Voyage to California (1850); 
 The Lands of the Saracen (18ai) ; At Home 
 and Abroad (1859—62) ; The Poet's Jour- 
 nal, a poetical domestic autobiography 
 (1862) ; Hannah Thurston, a story (1863) ; 
 JoJm Godfrey's Portunes, a novel (1864) ; 
 The Story of Kennct, a tale (1S66); Bye- 
 ways qf Europe (1869) ; The Masque of the 
 GoaSf a poem (1872); Tlie Prophet, a tragedy 
 (1874) ; Home Pastorals, ana other Poems 
 (1875) ; and many other works. A collected 
 edition of his Poems appeared in 1864, and 
 of his Travels in 1869. 
 
 Taylor, Isaac, miscellaneous wri- 
 ter (b. 1787, d. 1865), began his literary 
 career as a contributor to The Eclectic lie- 
 view in 1818, afterwards publishing The 
 Elements of Thought (1822); a Memoir of his 
 Sister Jane (1825) ; a History of the Ti'ans- 
 mission of Ancient^Books to Modem Times 
 (1827) ; tJie Process of Historical Proof 
 Exemplified and Explained (1829) ; a 
 Translation ofHerodotiis (1«29); The Natu- 
 ral History of Enthusiasm (1829) ; A New 
 Model of Christian Mission (1829); The 
 Temple qf Melepartha (1831) : Saturday 
 Evening (1832) ; Fanaticism (1833) ; Spirit- 
 
TAY 
 
 TAT 
 
 683 
 
 wul Despotism {1B35); The Physical Theory 
 qf Anotfier L^e (1836) ; Some Education 
 (1838); A-nci€7it Christianity and the Doc- 
 trines qf tJie Tracts for the Times (1639) ; 
 Man Responsible for his Dispositions (1840); 
 Lectures on Spiritual Christianity (1841) ; 
 Loyola and Jesuitism in its Jiudimeiits 
 (1849); Wesley and Methodism (1851) ; The 
 Jiestoration of £eli<>/ {1855} ; The World of 
 Mind (1857) ; Loaio in T/ieology, a7id other 
 £^ssays (1859) ; ultimate Civilisation and 
 otfier Essays (1860) ; and The Spirit of He- 
 brew Poetry (I860). See Anothek Lifk, 
 The Physical Theory of; Enthu- 
 siasm, Natuhal History of. 
 
 Taylor, Jane, second sister of tJie 
 preceding (b.l783, d.l824), produced, in con- 
 junction with, her sister Ann, Original 
 Poems for Infant Minds (1807) ; Rhymes 
 for the Nursery (1807) ; Hymns for Infant 
 MindSj and other works ; also, unassisted, 
 Display: a Tale for Young People (1815) ; 
 Essays in Rhyme on Morals and Manners 
 aSlfi); The Contributions of Q. Q. to a 
 Periodical Publication (TJie Youth' » Mag- 
 azine)^ (1824) ; and Correspondence betweenT 
 a Mother and her Daughter. Her M^moirs^ 
 Correspotidence, and Poetical Remains were 
 edited^by her brother Isaac in 1825. The 
 Autobiography of Ann Taylor (Mrs. Gil- 
 "bert) appeared in 1874, 
 
 Taylor, Jeremy, Bishop of Down 
 and Connor and of Dromore (b. 1613, d. 
 1667), published a Sermon on the Gun- 
 powder Treason (1638) ; Of the Sacred Or- 
 der and Orifices of Episcopacy by Divine In- 
 stitution Asserted (1642); Psalter of David, 
 with titles and collects, according to the 
 Matter qf each Psalm, (1644) ; I^lscou/rse 
 concerning Prayer extempore (1646) ; A 
 Dissuasive from Popery (1647) ; New and 
 Easy Institution of Gramm>ar (1647) ; A 
 Discourse qf the Zdberty of Prophesying 
 (1647) ; The Martyrdom of King Cliarles 
 (1649); TJie Great Exemplar (a, "Life of 
 Christ"), (1649); Prayers before and after 
 Sermon (1651) ; Holy Living and Dying 
 (1650), (q.v.); Clerus Domini (1651) ; .4 
 Course of Sermons far all the Sundaies in 
 tJie Year (1651 — 3) ; A Short CatecJiism wUJi 
 an Explication of the Apostles' Creed (1652) ; 
 Discourse qf Baptism, its institution and 
 efflcacy (1652) ; The Real Presence a/iid 
 Spiritual of Christ in tJie Blessed Sacra- 
 ment proved against tJie Doctrine of Tran- 
 substantiation (1654) ; TJie Golden Grove 
 (1655), (q.v.) ; Vnum Necessa/rium : or, the 
 Doctrine and Practice of Repentance (1655), 
 (q.v.) ;. Deus Justificatus, Two Discourses 
 on Original Sin (1656) ; A Collection of 
 Polemical and Moral Discourses 0-^57) ; 
 Discourse on the Measures and Offices of 
 Friendship (1667) ; TJie Worthy Commwiv- 
 cant (1660) ; Ductor Dubitantium (1660), 
 (a. Y.) ; Rules and Advices given to 
 the Clergy of the Diocese (d'Down and Con- 
 nor (166^ ; Discourse of Auxiliary Beauty 
 (1662) ; Contemplations on tJte State of Man 
 In this lAfe and that which is to come (1684); 
 
 Toleration Tolerated ; and other works; a 
 list of which appears in Lowndes' Biblio- 
 grapJter's Manual. Editions of Bishop 
 Taylor's Works appeared in 1819, 1822 
 (with Life of the Author, and a Critical 
 Exarainatiou of his Works, by Bishop 
 Heber) ; 1825 (edited* by Bradley) ; 1831 
 (edited, with a Life, by Hughes) ; 1834 
 (edited, with a Life, by Croly and Steb- 
 bin^) ; 1841 (with a Memoir) ; 1847 (Heber's 
 edition, revised by Eden) ; and 1851 (with 
 an Essay, biographical and critical, by 
 Henry Rogers). Other biographies of Jer- 
 emy Taylor are bv Wheeldon (1793), Bon- 
 ney (1815), Wilmott (18i7), and Duychinck 
 (I860). See also Principal Tulloch*B Ra- 
 tional Theology in England. Hazlitt has 
 the following contrast between Jeremy 
 Taylor and Sir Thomas Browne (q.v.). 
 ** Taylor," he says, ** had less thought, less 
 'stuff of the conscience,' less 'to give us 
 pause,' in his impetuous oratory, but he 
 had equal fancy— not the same vastiiess 
 and profundity, but more richness and 
 beauty, more warmth and tenderness. He 
 is as rapid, as flowing and endless, as the 
 other is stately, abrupt, and concentrated* 
 The eloquence of the one is like a river, 
 that of the other is more like an aqueduct. 
 The one is as sanguine as the other is 
 saturnine in the temper of his mind. Jer- 
 emy Taylor took obvious and admitted 
 truths for granted, and illustrated them 
 with an inexhaustible display of new and 
 enchantiug imagery. Sir Thomas Browne 
 talks in sum-totals; Jeremy Taylor enu- 
 merates all the particulars of a subject.' 
 His characteristic is enthusiastic and de- 
 lightful amplification. Sir Thomas Browne 
 gives the beginning and the end of things, 
 that you may judge of their place and 
 magnitude ; Jeremy Taylor describes their 
 qualities and texture, and enters into, all 
 the items of the debtor and creditor ac- 
 count between life and death, grace and 
 nature, faith and good works. He puts 
 his heart into his fancy. He does not pre- 
 tend to annihilate the passions and pur- 
 suits of mankind in the pride of philo- 
 sophic indifference, but treats them as seri- 
 ous and momentous things, warring with 
 conscience and the soul's health, or fur- 
 nishing the means of grace and hopes of 
 glory. In his writings, the frail stalk of 
 human life reclines on the bosom of eter- 
 nity. His Holy Living and Dyinq is a 
 divine pastoral. He writes to the faithful 
 followers of Christ as the shepherd pipes 
 to his flock. He introduces touching and 
 heartfelt appeals to familiar life ; conde- 
 scends to men of low estate ; and his pious 
 page blushes with modesty and beauty. 
 His style is prismatic. It unfolds the col- 
 ours of the rainbow ; it floats like the bub- 
 ble through the air ; it is like innumerable 
 dew-drops that glitter on the face of the 
 morning, and tremble &b they glitter. He 
 does not dig his way underground, but 
 slides upon ice, borne on the winged car 
 of fancy. His^exbortations to piety and 
 
084 
 
 TA-2 
 
 TAY 
 
 virtue are of gay memento mori. He mixes 
 up death's-heads and amaranthine flow- 
 ers ; makes life a procession to the grave, 
 but crowns it with gaudy garlands, and 
 ^ rains sacrificial roses ' on its path. In a 
 word, his writings are more like line poe- 
 try than any other ^rose t^hatever ; they 
 are a choral song in praise of virtue, and a 
 hymn to the Spirit of the Universe. When 
 the name of Jeremy Taylor is no longer 
 remembered with reverence, genius will 
 have become a mockery, and vii-tue an 
 empty shade ! " See Episcopacy Assert- 
 ed ; £XAMPL.A.R, THE GREAT ; LIBERTY 
 
 OF Prophesying; Shakespeare of Di- 
 vine, The. 
 
 Taylor, John, " the Water Poet" 
 (b. 1580, d. 1654), published a long series of 
 works, a list of which fills eight closely- 
 printed pages in Lowndes' Biotiographer^s 
 Manual, and also in Brydges' Censura 
 Ziteraria, See Chalmera* Biographical 
 DictUmary. See also Dribtke andwel- 
 ooME ; Gregory Nonsense, Sir; Jacre- 
 
 A-BENT ; JAYLE, AND JaYLERS, &0. ; 
 
 Linen, The Praise of Clbane ; Nee- 
 dle's Excellency, The ; Nonsence 
 UPON Sence ; Pennyless Pilgrimage, 
 The ; Scourge op Baseness, The ; Tay- 
 lor's Travels ; Water Poet, The ; 
 Watek-Work. 
 
 Taylor, Robert, dramatist (temp. 
 Queen Elizabeth), produced Tfie JTogge 
 hath Lost his Pearle, a Comedy, divers 
 times Puhlikely acted, by certaine London 
 Prentices, and published in 1614. 
 
 Taylor, Sir ^enjry, D.C.L., es- 
 sayist and dramatic poet (b. 1800), has writ- 
 ten Isaac Comneiius (1827) ; Philip Van 
 Artevelde (1834); i:dwin the Pair (1842) ; A 
 Sicilian Summer (1850) ; St. ClemenVs Eve 
 (1862) ; bebides The Statesman (1836), (q.v.); 
 jfotes from Life and Notes on Books, in 
 
 ftrose. See the Cri(icis7» by Anthony Trol- 
 ope, in vol. i. of The Fortnightly Review^ 
 " Taylor,'* says Stedman, " whose noble 
 inteUect and tine constructive powers were 
 easily affected by the teachings of Words- 
 worth, entered a grand protest against the 
 sentimentalism into which Byronic pas- 
 sion now had degenerated. He would, I 
 believe, have done even better work, if 
 this vei7 influence of Wordsworth had not 
 deadened his genuine dramatic power. 
 He saw the current evils, but could not 
 substitute a potential excellence or found 
 an original school. As it is, Philip Van 
 Artevelde and Edwin the Fair have gained 
 a place for him in Entjlish literature more 
 enduring than the honours awarded to 
 many popular authors of his time." See 
 CoMNENUs, Isaac ; EdwIn the Fair ; 
 Van Artevelde, Philip ; St. Clem- 
 ent's Eve ; and Sicilian Summer. 
 
 Taylor, Thomaa, platonist (b. 
 1758, d. 1835), published Elements of a New 
 Method qf Heaaonlng in Geometry (1780) ; 
 A Dissertation on tlCe Eleusinian and Bac- 
 
 chic Mysteries (1791) j XHssertation on Nul- 
 lities and Diverging Series (1801); The Ele- 
 ments of the True Arithmetic of Infinities 
 (1809) ; The Arguments of the Emperor 
 Julian against the Christians (1809); A 
 Dissertation on the Philosophy of Aristotle 
 (1812); The Elements ofaNew Arithmetical 
 Notation (1823) ' History of the Pestoration 
 of Platonic Theology; Theoretic Arithme- 
 tic; and various n-auslations from Apu- 
 leius, Aristotle, Hierocles, lamblicus, 
 Julian, Maximus Tyrius, Pausanias, Plato, 
 Plotinus, Porphyry, Sallust, and other 
 classic authors. For Biography, see The 
 AthencBum (1835), Knight's Penny Cyclo- 
 paedia, Barker's Literary Anecdotes, and 
 Public CJiaracters (1798—9), 
 
 Taylor, Tom, dramatist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1817). is the author of 
 Plot and Passion (1852); I)iogen€S and his 
 Lantern (1849) ; The Vicar of Wakefield 
 (1850) ; The Philosopher's Stone (1850) ; 
 Prince Dorus (1850) ; Sir Roger de Cooerley 
 (1851) ; (htr Clerks (1852) ; Wittikind and 
 his Brothers (1852); To Oblige £e7ison {185^)1 
 A Blighted Being (1854) ; Still Waters Bun 
 Deep (1855) ; Helping Hands (1855) ; Eetrin 
 bution (1866) ; Victims (1856) ; Goiny to iJie 
 Bad (1868); Our American Cousin (1B58) ; 
 Nine Points of the Law (1859) ; The House 
 and tlie Home (1859) ; Tlie Contested Elec- 
 tion (1859) ; The Fool's Revenge (1859) ; A 
 Tale of 2 wo Cities (1860); the Overland 
 Route (IBGO) ; The Babes inthe Wood (1860); 
 The Ticket-of' Leave Man (1863); 'Twixt 
 Axe and Crown (1870) ; Joan of Arc (1870); 
 Clancarty (1873) ; Anne Boleyn (1876) ; An 
 Unequal Match, and other plays ; besides 
 being tlie part author of New Men.and Old 
 Acres, Masks and Faces, Slave Life, and 
 several other dramas. A volume of ^s- 
 torical Plays appeared in 1877. He has 
 also published The Life and Times of Sir 
 Joshua Reynolds, Leicester Square, and 
 Songs andBallads of Brittany ,* has edited 
 the Autobiographies of B. R. Haydon and 
 C P. Leslie. Smce 1846 he has been a con- 
 stant coTitributor to Punchy of whicJi he 
 became editor in 1874. 
 
 Taylor, "William, critic and trans- 
 lator (b. 1765, d. 1836), published English 
 Synonyms Discriminated (1813) ; an His- 
 toric Survey of German Poetry, interspersed 
 with various translations (1828 — 30) -j 
 numerous contributions to The Monthly 
 Review and Monthly Magazine ; and ver- 
 sions of Biirger's Lenore, Lessing's Nathan 
 the Wise, Goethe's -^Aipenin, and Schiller's 
 Bride qf Messi-tia. His Memoirs, and Cor- 
 respondence with Robert Southey, were 
 published by Kobberds in 1843. See The 
 Edinburgh Review, Ixxxvii. 
 
 Taylor's Travels : " Three 
 Weeks, Three Days, and Three Ho^irs. 
 Observations, from London to Hamburg, 
 in Germany, amongst Jews and Gentiles ; 
 with descriptions of Towns and Towers, 
 Castles and Citadels, Artificial Gollowesea 
 
TRA. 
 
 TEM 
 
 e&t 
 
 and Natural Hangmen ; dedicated for tire 
 present to the absent Odcombian knight- 
 errant, Sir Thomas Coriat, Great Britam'e 
 Error and the World's Mirror," A work 
 by John Taylor, the Water-Poet (q.v,) ; 
 published la 1616. 
 
 Tea Table Miscellany, The. A 
 
 collection of Scotch and English songs, 
 published by Allan Ramsay in 1719, 
 some of the contents being from his own 
 pen. 
 
 " Tea, thou soft, thou sober, 
 
 saee, and venerable liquid." — Cibber, 
 The Lady's LaSt Stake, act i., scene 1. 
 
 Tea-Kettle, The Song of the. A 
 poem by Ann Taylor (1782—1866) :— 
 •' Slow was the world my worth to glean, 
 My visible secret lon^ unseen I . , . 
 At length the day in its glory rose. 
 And off on ita spell— the engine goes I " 
 
 " Teach me to feel another's 
 
 woe." Aline in stanza 10 of Pope's Uni- 
 versal Prayer. 
 
 " Teach the young idea ho*w to 
 
 shoot. To." See "Rear (To) the tender 
 
 THOUGHT." 
 
 " Team of little atomies, A."-^- 
 Someo and Juliet, act i., scene 4. 
 
 Tear, on a. Lines by Samuel 
 BOGERs (q.v.)i beginning — 
 
 ** O that the chemist's magic art 
 
 Could crystallise this sacred treasure I 
 Long should it glitter near my^heart, 
 A secret source of pensive pleasure." 
 
 Tear-Sheet, Doll. A courtesan 
 who figures In tjie second part of Shake- 
 speare's Kinff Henry IV. 
 
 '* Tears, idle tears, I. know not 
 what they mean." Song by AIjFBED 
 Tenwysobt, in The Princess (q.v.). 
 " Tears from the depth of some divine despair 
 Bise in the. heart and gather to the eyes, 
 In lookins on the happy Autumn-fields, 
 And thinking of the days that are no more.*^ 
 
 " Tears, If you have, prepare to 
 shed them now." — Julius Ccesar (q.v.), act 
 iii., scene 2. 
 
 Tears of Caledonia, The. A 
 
 poem, in which Tobias George Smol- 
 lett (1721^1771) expresses his indignation 
 at the severities exercised upon the High- 
 landers by the Koyal Array, after tlie battle 
 of Culloden, in 1745- It was published in 
 the following year, and begins :— 
 *' Mourn, hapless Caledonia mourn 
 Thy banished peace, thy laurelp torn.** 
 
 " Tears of joy." — Congreve, The 
 Mourning Bride, act i., scene 4. 
 
 Tears of the Muses, The. A 
 
 poem by Edmund Spexser, published in 
 1691. 
 
 " Tears of the Wido'wer, -when 
 he sees.'* First line of sect, xiii, ot In 
 Memoriam, by ALf bed Tennyson. 
 
 "Tears of woe. The." — Moore 
 
 The Worldis all a Fleeting Show. 
 
 '* Tears such as angels -weep."— 
 Paradise Lost, book i., line 619. 
 
 " Tears (The big round) Cours'd 
 one another down his innocent nose It 
 piteous chase." — As You Like It, act ii. 
 scene 1. 
 
 Teazle, Lady. Tlie heroine o1 
 
 Sheridan's comedy of The School fo\ 
 Scandal (q.v.). See next paragraph, anc 
 Surface, Joseph. 
 
 Teazle, Sir Peter. An uxorious 
 character in Sheridan's comedy of Tht 
 School /or Scandal (q.v.) ; husband to Lad;; 
 Teazle (q.T.). 
 
 Teignmouth, Lord (Jolin Shore) 
 statesman (b. 1751, d. 1834), published Tht 
 Life, Writings, and Correspondence qf Sit 
 William Jones (1799—1807). His own lA/t 
 and Correspondence, edited by his son, ap 
 peared in 1S42. 
 
 Telfer, Jamie. The' hero of ar 
 old Scottish ballad. 
 
 " Tell me, my soul, can this be 
 
 death?"— Pope, The Dying Christian U 
 his Soul. 
 
 " Tell me not, in mournful num- 
 bers." l?irst line of A Psalm of Lift 
 (q.v.) by Henrv Wadsworth Longfei, 
 
 LOW. 
 
 " Tell me not, sweet, I am un- 
 kind,'^ — First line of a song by Bxchari 
 Lovelace (q.v.)— 
 
 "That from the nunnery 
 Of thy chaste breast and quiet mind 
 To war and arms I fly.''' 
 
 "Tell me, O soul of her I love,' 
 
 — First line of a song by James Thomsob 
 (1700—1748)— 
 
 " Ah I tell me whither art thou fled ? " 
 
 " Tell me where is fancy bred.'- 
 
 Song "by Shakespeare in The Merchan\ 
 qf Venice, act iii., scene 2 :— 
 
 *' Or in the heart or in the head ? 
 
 How begot, how nourished ? . . 
 
 It is engender'd in the eyes, 
 
 "With gazing fed ; and Fancy dies 
 
 In the cradle where it lies." 
 
 " Fancy " here means love. 
 
 "Tell truth, and shame the 
 ^Qvi\."—Kmg Henry IV., part i., act iii., 
 scene 1. 
 
 Tell, William. A tragedy by 
 James Sheridan Knowles (1784—1862), 
 produced in 1825. 
 
 " Tell tale ■women." — Richard 
 III., act iv., scene 4. 
 
 Temora. Anepie.poem in eight 
 books, published in 1763. by Jambs Mao 
 PHERSON (1738—1796) as the production ol 
 Ossian (q.v,). 
 
686 
 
 TEW 
 
 TEM 
 
 "Temper (One equal) of heroic 
 
 hearts.'*— Tennyson, Ulysses— 
 
 " Made wcfik by time and fate, but strong in will, 
 Tpfitrivc, to Beck, to find, and not to yiefd." 
 
 " Tempers the -wind to the 
 
 Bliom Lamb, God." See " God tempers." 
 
 Tempest, The. A play by "Wii^ 
 LIAM Shakespeake (1564^1616), first 
 printed in the folio of 1623, "where it takes 
 precedence of all the other dramas in the 
 volume. That it was livritten after 1G03 is 
 plain from a speech by Gonzalo, in act ii., 
 scene 1, which is evidently founded on a 
 passage in Florio's translation of Mon- 
 taigne's Essays, published in that year. 
 The plot may be accepted as the poet's 
 own invention, though Thorns, on the au- 
 thority of Tieck, has suggested that 
 Shakespeare was indebted to some obscure 
 English play, adapted for the German 
 stage by one Jacob Ayrer of Nuremberg 
 about 1818. There is much greater prob- 
 ability in the supposition that Ayrer 
 adapted from the Shakespearian work, of 
 which he may possibly have obtained an 
 outline. In a similar fanciful manner, 
 I^ospero's island has been identified with 
 Lampedusa, which lies in the Mediterra^ 
 nean, Between Malta and the coast of 
 Africa. Campbell the poet adopts the 
 theory that The Tempest was the last 
 work written by Shakespeare, and says 
 that it has consequently *' a sort of sacred- 
 nesa." " Shakespeare," he says, " as if 
 conscious that it would be the last, and as 
 if inspired to typify himself, has made his 
 hero a natural, a dignified, and benevolent 
 magician, who could conjure up spirits 
 from the vaaty deep, and command super- 
 natural agency by the most seemingly 
 natural and simple means. And this final 
 play of our poet has magic indeed ; for 
 what can be simpler than the courtship of 
 Ferdinand and Miranda, and yet what can 
 be more magical than the sympathy with 
 which it subdues us? Here Shakespeare 
 himself is Prospero, or rather the superior 
 genius who commands both Prospero and 
 Ariel. But the time was approaching 
 when the potent sorcerer was to break his 
 staff, and to bury it fathoms in the ocean— 
 
 " Deeper than did ever plummet Bound." 
 That staflE has never been, and never will 
 "be, recovered." " The Tempest," says 
 Hazlitt; *' is one of the most original and 
 perfect of Shakespeare's productions, and 
 he has shown it in all the variety of his 
 powers. It is full of grace and grandeur. 
 The human and imaginary characters, the 
 dramatic and tlie grotesque, are blended 
 together with the greatest art, and without 
 any appearance of it. Though he has 
 here given to ' airy nothing a local habita- 
 tion and a name,' yet that part which is 
 only the fantastic creation of his mind 
 has the same palpable texture, and coheres 
 * semblably * with the rest. As the preter- 
 natural part has the air of reality, and 
 
 almost haunts the imagination with a sense 
 of truth, the real characters and events 
 partake of the wildness of a dream. The 
 stately magician, Prospero, driven from 
 his dukedom, but ai'ound whom (so potent 
 is his art), many spirits throng numberless 
 to do his bidding ; his daughter Miranda 
 ('woiihy of that name') to whom all the 
 power of his art points, and who seems th& 
 goddess of the isle ; the princely Ferdi- 
 nandj cast by fate upon the haven of his 
 happiness \ the delicate Ariel ; the savat^e 
 Caliban, half brute, half demon ; the 
 drunken ship's crew — are all connected 
 parts of the story, and could not be spared 
 from the place they fill. Even the local 
 scenery is of a piece and character with 
 the subject. Prospero's enchanted island 
 seems to have arisen out of the sea ; the 
 airy music, the tempest-tost vessel, thef 
 tuTDulent waves, all have the effect of the 
 landscape background of some fine pic- 
 ture. Shakespeare's pencil is (to use an 
 allusion of his own) 'like the dyer's hand, 
 subdued to what it works in.' Everything 
 in him, though it partakes * of the liberty 
 of wit,' is also subjected to the *law' of 
 the understanding. For instance, even 
 the drunken sailors share in the disorder 
 of their minds and bodies, in the tumult 
 of the elements, and seem on shore to be 
 as much at the mercy of chance as they 
 were before at the mercy of the winds and 
 waves. These fellows, with their sea-wit, 
 are the least to our taste of any part of 
 the play, but they are as like drunken 
 sailors as they can be, and are an indirect 
 foil to Caliban, whose figure^ acquires a 
 classical dignity in the comparison." 
 
 " Tempestuous petticoat, The." 
 
 Herrick, Delight in Disorder. 
 
 Temple Beau, The. A comedy by 
 Henry Fielding (1707—1754), produced 
 in 17S0, 
 
 Temple, Henrietta. A love story 
 by Benjamin Disraeli (q.v.), published 
 in 1837. 
 
 Temple, Henry, D.D., Bishop of 
 
 Exeter (b. 1821), has published Sermons in 
 Sughy School (1867—71), and The Catholic 
 Ftilth : Six Lectures on the Aihanasian 
 Creed (1873). He was one of the contribu- 
 tors to Essays and JReviews (q.v.). 
 
 Temple, Iiauncelot. Tlie nom ch 
 plume under which John Armstrokg, 
 the poet (1709—1779), published, in 1758, a 
 volume of prose Sketches; "some ol 
 which," says Campbell, "rare plain and 
 sensible, witliout any effort at humour." 
 Chalmers is less con>plimentary. 
 
 Temple, Miss. The governess at 
 "Lowood's Institution" in Chaklotte 
 Bronte's novel of Jane Eyre (q.v.), who 
 is represented as being the good angel of 
 the household. She is the fictitious im- 
 personation of a lady who was kind to the 
 
TEM 
 
 TEN 
 
 68*: 
 
 authoress while at school at Cowan's 
 Bridge, near Leeds. See Burns, Helen. 
 Temple, Neville, and Trevor, 
 Edward. Tlie names assumed by the Hon, 
 Julian Chakles Hekky Fane (1827— 
 1870), and the Hon. Edward Bobert 
 BuLWER, afterwards Lord Lytton (b. 
 1831), in publishing Tannhduser : cr^ the 
 Battle of the Sards, a poem (1861). 
 
 Temple of Glasse, The. A poem 
 
 attributed to both Stephen Hawes (1483 
 — 1512) and John Lydgate (1375—1460). 
 It is apparently written in imitation of 
 Chaucer's House qf Fame, See Fame, 
 House of. 
 
 Temple of Nature, The : " or, 
 
 the Orinn of Society." A poem, with 
 philosoj^ical notes, by Erasmus Darwin 
 (1731—1802), published in 1803. 
 
 Temple, Sir William, statesman 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1628, d. 1698), 
 published Observations upon the United 
 y*roviiices of the Netherlands (1673) ; Mis- 
 cellanea (ten essays) on. various Subjects 
 (1680 — 90) ; Memoirs of what passed in 
 ChristcTidomfrom 1672 to 1679 (1693) ; Letters 
 tedited by Dean Swift), (1700) ; Letters to 
 King Charles 11., &c. (1703) ; and Miscel- 
 laneaf containing Fowr Essays upon An- 
 cient and Modem Learning, The Gardens 
 of Epicurus, JfferoicJc Virtue, and Poetry 
 (1705). Memoirs of his Life and Negotia- 
 tions appeared in 1715 ; his Mem-oirs, by 
 the Rt. Hon. T. P. Courtenay, in 1836. His 
 Works were published, in a collected form, 
 with a Life, in 1814. See Lamb's essay on 
 The Genteel Style of Writing In the Essays 
 hy Elia. " It is an ordinary criticism," he 
 says, "that my Lord Shaftesbury and Sir 
 William Temple are models of the genteel 
 style in writing. We should prefer saying 
 — of the lordly, and the gentlemanly. 
 Nothing can be more unlike than the in- 
 flated finical rhapsodies of Staftesbury, 
 and the plain, natural chit-chat of Tem- 
 ile. The man of rank is discernible in 
 loth writers, but in the one it is only in- 
 sinuated gracefully, in the other it stands 
 out offensively. The peer seems to have 
 written with his coronet on, and his earl's 
 mantle before him ; the commoner in his 
 elbow-chair and undress.'* See AifCIENT 
 A-ND Modern Learning. 
 
 Temple, The ; "or, S;icre<1 Poems 
 and Private Ejaculations," by George 
 Herbert (1593— lG33)i published in 1633. 
 See Synagogue, The. 
 
 Templeton, La-wrence. The 
 pseudonym under which Sir Walter 
 Scott published his romance of Ivanhoe 
 (-l.v.). 
 
 Temptatyon of our Lorde and 
 Saver Jesus Christ by Sathan in the Des- 
 art, Concerning the. A " brefe comedy or 
 enterlude," by John Bale, Bishop of OS- 
 SOKY (1495—1563) ; printed in 1538. 
 
 i 
 
 " Ten lew words oft creep li 
 one dull line, And."— Pope, Essays Ct 
 Criticism. '■ 
 
 Ten Thousand a Year. A nove 
 by Samuel Warren (b. 1807), publishet 
 in 1841. See Titmouse. 
 
 " Tender grace of a day that i: 
 dead, But the."— See Tennyson's poeii 
 beginning — 
 
 " Break, break, break." 
 
 " Tender-handed stroke a net 
 
 tie." — First line of some verses writtei 
 " on a window in Scotland," by Aaroi 
 Hill (1685—1750) :— 
 
 " Tender-banded Btroke a nettle. 
 And it Bting:s you for your paina i 
 Grasp it like a man of mettle, 
 And it soft as silk remains. 
 
 *• *TJ8 the same with common natures ; 
 Use 'em kindly, they rebel ; 
 Be as rough ns nutmeg graters. 
 And the rogues obey you ■well." 
 
 Tender Husband, The : " or, tin 
 
 Accomplished Fools." A comedy by Si] 
 EiCHABi> Steele (1671—1729), written ii 
 1703. "His second play ; in which," sayi 
 Thackeray, "there is some delightful far 
 cical writing, and of which he fondlj 
 l)wned in after life, and when Addisoi 
 was no more, that there were ' many ap 
 j>laudcd strokes ' from Addison's beloTe< 
 hand." 
 
 Tennant, "William, poet (b. 1784 
 d. 1848), published Anster Fair (1812) 
 
 S.v.) ; Papistry Storm'd : or, the Dingin 
 oun of the Cathedral (1819) ; The Tham 
 of Fife (1822) ; Cardinal Beaton, a tragedy 
 (1823): John Baliol (1825); and Hebreu 
 Dramas (1845). He was also the author o; 
 a Memoir of Allan Ramsay, a Syrian am 
 Chaldee Grammar, and Tarious articles ii 
 The Edinburgh Literary Journal. A Me 
 moir of his life by M. F. Connolly ap 
 peared in 1861, 
 
 Tennyson, Alfred Poet-Iaureate 
 (b. 1809), has published Poems hy Twc 
 Brothers (with his brother Charles Tenny- 
 son) (1827} ; Timbuctoo (1829) ; Poems, 
 chiefly lyrical (1830) ; No More, Anacreoiv 
 tics, and A Fragment, in The Gem (1831); 
 a Sonnet, in Tlie Englishman's Magazint 
 
 (1831) ; a Sonnet, in Friendship's Offering, 
 
 (1832) ; Poems (1833) ; Stanzas, in Thi 
 Tribute (1837) ; Poems (1842) ; The Neu 
 Timon and the Poets, in Punch (1846) ; Tht 
 Princess (1847) ; In Memoriam (1850) ; Stan- 
 zas, in The Keepsake (1851) : Sonnet to W. 
 C. Macready, in The Household Narrative 
 (1851); Ode on tli§. Death of the Duke oj 
 Wellington (1852) ; The Third qf February, 
 in The Examiner i^%^2) ; The Charge of thi 
 Light Brigade, in The Examiner (18D4) ; 
 Maud, and other Poems (1855) ; Idylls of the 
 King (Enid, Vivien, Elaine, Chiinevere), 
 (1859); The Gra7idmother*s Apology, .in 
 Once a Week (1859) ; Sea Dreams, in Mae- 
 millcm' 8 Magazine {18Q0) ; Tithonu3,ia TM 
 
688 
 
 TEN 
 
 TEN 
 
 Comhill MagaziTie (18eO)i The Sailor Boy, 
 in The Victoria Regia (1861) ; Ode : May 
 the MT8t (1862) \ A Welcome (1863) ; At- 
 tempts at Classic Metres in Quantity y in 
 The Comhilt Magazine (18C3) ; Epitaph on 
 the Duchess of Kent (1864) ; Enoch Arden 
 (18G4) ; The Holy Grail, and other Poems 
 (1867) ; The Victim, in Good Words (18G8) : 
 lf?65— 6, in Good Words (18G8) ; A Spii^ul 
 Letter,\\\ Once a Week (1868) ; Wages,\xL 
 Macmillan's Magazine (1868) ; Lucretius, 
 in Macmillan's Magazine (1869) ; The 
 Windoie : or. Songs of the Wrens (1870) ; 
 The Zast Tournament, in The Contempo- 
 rary Review (1871) ; Gareth and Zynette, 
 and other Poems (1872) ; Idylls of the King 
 (complete), (1873) ; Queen Mary (1875), and 
 Harold (1S76). The following poems have 
 been attributed to him : — A Lover's 
 Story (privately printed, i833) ; Britons, 
 gvAxrd your oion, iix The Examiner (1852) ; 
 Hands all Round, in The Examiner (1852); 
 and Riflemen, form ! in The Times (l^^V 
 Separate notices of most of the above will 
 be found under their respective headiil^s. 
 A Selection from the Works appeared m 
 1865 ; Songs from his published writings in 
 1871. APocte/^rfi^Mm of the WorJcs VfaB 
 issued in 1869, a Library Edition in 1871 — 3, 
 a Cabinet Edition in 1874, an A-uthor's 
 Edition in 1875, and an Imperial JAhrary 
 Edition in 1877. A Concordance to the 
 Works "was published in 1869. " For the 
 bibliography of Tennyson, see Tennyson^ 
 tana (1867). For CHticism, see Brimley's 
 Essays, A. H. Hallam's Remains, "W. C. 
 Eoscoe'B Essays, Kingsley's Miscellanies, 
 Hutton's Essays, Tavisb's Studies in Ten- 
 nyson, Bayne's Essays, Austin's Poetry of 
 the Period, J. H. Stirling's Essays^ J. H. 
 Ingram in The Dublin Afternoon Lectures, 
 Forman's Living Poets, Buchanan s Mas- 
 ier Spirits, and Stedman'e Victorian Poets. 
 " Mr. Tennyson," says R. H. Hutton, 
 " was an artiPt even bcfoie he was a poet ; 
 in other words, the eye for beauty, grace, 
 and harmony of effect w.is even more em- 
 pbaticnlly one of his original ^ts than the 
 voice for poetical utterance itself. This, 
 probably, it is which maltes his very earli- 
 est pieces appear so full of effort, and 
 sometimes even so full of affectation. 
 They were elaborate attempts to embody 
 what he saw, before the natural voice of 
 the poet had come to him. I think it pos- 
 sible to trace not only a pre-poetic period 
 in his art — the period of the Orianas, 
 Owls, Mennaus, &c. — a period in whicli 
 the poem on Recollections, of the Arabian 
 Nights seems to me the only one of real 
 interest, and that is a poem expressive of 
 tbe luxurious sense of a gorgeous inward 
 picture-gallery— but to date the period at 
 which the soul was * infused' into his 
 poetry, and the brilliant external pictures 
 became the dwelling-places of germinating 
 poetic thoughts creating their own musio. 
 Curiously enough, the first poem where 
 there is any traces of those musings on 
 the legends of the Round Table [q.v.] 
 
 to which he has directed bo much of his 
 maturest.genius, is also a confession that 
 the poet was sick of the magic mirror of 
 fancy and its picture-shadows, and was 
 turning away from them to the poetry of 
 human life. But even after the embryo 
 period is past, even when Mr. Tennyson's 
 poems are uniformly moulded by an * in- 
 fused ' soul, one not unfrequently notices 
 the excess of the faculty of vision over tbe 
 governing conception which moulds the 
 vision, so that I think he is almost always 
 most successful when his poem begins in a 
 thought or a feeling, rather than from a 
 picture or aiiavrative,forthen the thought 
 or feeling dominates and controls in other- 
 wise too lavish fancy. Whenever Mr. 
 Tennyson's pictorial fancy has had it in 
 any degree in its power to run away with 
 the guiding and controlling mind, the 
 richness and the workmanship have to 
 some extent overgrown the spiritual prin- 
 ciple of his poems. 1 suppose it is in soma 
 respects tliis lavish strength of what may 
 be called the bodily element in poetiy, as 
 distinguished from the spiritual life and 
 germ of itj which has given Mr. Tennyson 
 at once his delight in great variety and 
 richness of materials, and liis profound 
 reverence "for the principle of spiritual 
 order which can alope impress unity and 
 purpose on the tropical luxuriance of natu- 
 ral gifts. It is obvious, for instance that 
 even in relation to natural scenery, what 
 his poetical faculty deligbts in most are 
 rich, luxuriant laridscapes, in which either 
 nature br man has accumulated a lavish 
 variety of effects. There is nothing of 
 Wordsworth's passion for the bare, wild 
 scenery of the rugged North in his poems. 
 It is in the scenery of the mill, the garden, 
 the chase, the <lown, the rich pastures, 
 the harvest-fiel'd, the palace pleasure- 
 grounds, the Lord of Burleigh's fair do- 
 mains, the luxuriant sylvan beauty, bear- 
 ing testimony to the careful hand of man, 
 'the summer crisp, with shining woods.' 
 that Mr. Tennyson most delights. If he 
 strays to rarer scenes it is almost alwaya 
 in search of richer and more-- luxuriant 
 loveliness, like the tropical splendours of 
 Enoch Arden [q.v.J, and the enervating 
 skies which cheated the Lotos-Eaters [q.v.] 
 of their lon^ng for home. There is always 
 complexity in tlie beauty wliich fascinates 
 Mr. Tennyson most. And with the love of 
 complexity comes, as a matter of course 
 in a born artist, the love of the ordering 
 faculty which can give unity and haiv 
 mony to complexity of detail Measure and 
 order are for Mr. Tennyson the essence oi 
 beauty. His strong fascination for the 
 Arthurian legends results, no doubt, from 
 the 'mixture, in themoral materials of the 
 age of chivalry, of exuberant stateliness 
 and rich polish, with the imperious need 
 for spiritual order to control the danger-' 
 ouB elements of the period. His Arthu- 
 rian epic is a great attempt to depict the 
 infusion of a soul into a chaos of stately 
 
TEN 
 
 TEN 
 
 689 
 
 passions. Even in relation to modem poli- 
 tics you always see the same bias, a love of 
 rich constitutional traditions welded to- 
 gether and ruled by wise forethought and 
 temperate judgment. He cannot endure 
 cither spasmodic violence on the one hand, 
 or bold simplicity on the other. And this 
 love of measure and order in complexity 
 sho\vs itself even more remarkably in Mr. 
 Tennyson's leaning to the domestic, mod- 
 ern type of women. All his favourite women 
 are women of a certain fixed class in social 
 life, usually not the lowest; sometimes 
 homely, like Alice the miller's daughter, 
 and Rose the gardener's daughter, or 
 Dora [q.v.], or the wife of the Lord of Bur- 
 leigh ; sometimes women of the drawing- 
 room or the palace, like Maud, Lady Flora 
 in The Day Dream, or the Princess in the 
 poem about women, or Lynette [QVj, and 
 £}nid [q.v.], and Elaine [q.v.], and Guine- 
 vere [q.v.] ifi the Idylls of the King ; but 
 always women of the quiet and domestic 
 type^except the heroine of The Sisters), 
 [q.v.J], women whom you might meet every 
 day in a modem home, women of the gar- 
 den-flower kind rather than of the wild- 
 flower kind. The simplest and most lyri- 
 cal heroines, heroines like Gretchen in 
 J'aws/'.-orMignon in Wilhelm J/eis^er, are 
 hardly in Mr. Tennyson's way. He loves 
 something of the air and manners which a 
 flxed status gives. The simplest thotigh 
 hardly the most characteristic form of 
 his art is no doubt the Idyll, in which Mr. 
 Tennyson has'delighted from the first— so 
 much BO, that he has applied the term. 
 somewhat misleadlngly, I think, to one of 
 his last, and in many respects his greatest, 
 works. The power which makes Mr. Ten- 
 nyson's Idylls so unique in their beauty 
 is, I think, his wonderful skill in creating 
 a perfectly real and living scene— such as 
 always might, perhaps somewhere does, 
 exist in external Nature— for the theatre 
 of the feeling he is about to embody, and 
 yet a scene every feature of which helps 
 to make the emotion delineated more real 
 and vivid. Mr. Tennyson's power of com- 
 pelling the external world to lend him a 
 faugnage for the noblest feelings is, how- 
 ever, but the instrument of a still-higher 
 faculty, the power of apprehending those 
 feelings themselves with the vigour of a 
 great dramatist ; and though his range is 
 not wide, they include some of the most 
 delicate and intellectual, and some of the 
 coarsest and earthly. He is not a great 
 djramatist, for his delineations move almost 
 wholly in one plane, in the mood, he has 
 studied and writes to interpret. He has 
 hardly attempted, except in Queen Mcury, 
 {Ha.rold,'\ and his three studies taken from 
 the yeoman class, to draw a character in 
 all its variety of attitudes ; and though 
 these poems are quite fine enough to show 
 his dramatic power ,they are not sufficiently 
 characteristic of his genius to phow any 
 wealth of dramatic fancy. Hence his 
 genius can hardly be called dramatic, 
 
 though in relation to single,moods4ie finds 
 an infinitely more characteristic language 
 for their expression than Mr. Browning, 
 who would make Tithonus [q-v.], UlyBses 
 [q.v.], St. Simeon Stylites [q.v,], and the 
 Northern Farmers [q.v.l, all talk Brown- 
 ingese. But admitting the partial limita- 
 tion of Mr. Tennyson's genius to the inter- 
 pretation of moods, admitting even the 
 limited number of moods he can interpret 
 adequately— for he seems to fail through 
 caricature when he attempts, as in Maud 
 [q.v.] ; or, The Vision of Sin [q.v ], to ex- 
 press misanthropical moods — ^yet no other 
 poet has rivalled in force and subtlety the 
 work he has thus achieved. Mr, Tenny- 
 son's powers of observation, though by no 
 means rapid, are exceedingly close and 
 tenacious, and he has the strong a|)pre- 
 hensive grasp of the naturalist in conjunc- 
 tion wiijo. the harmonising faculty ofthp 
 poet. He seems to have studied his 
 
 * Grandmother ' and his two * Northern 
 Farmers' much as he has studied the 
 habits of trees and animals. He has a 
 striking microscopic faculty on "which his 
 poetic imagination works. No poet has 
 so many and such accurate references to 
 the vegetable world, and yet at the same 
 time references so thoroughly poetic. He 
 is never tired of reflecting in his poetry 
 the physiology of flowers and trees" and 
 buds. It is precisely the same microscopic 
 faculty as this applied to characteristic 
 human habits which has produced the 
 three wonderful studies in the Englis- 
 vemacular life. Tet it would he com- 
 pletely false to give the impression that 
 Mr. Tennyson's studies are studies in 
 
 * still* life. There is always the move- 
 ment of real life in his poems, eveij. in 
 passages where the movement could never 
 show, if the movement itself, like the sub- 
 ject of it, were not magnified by the me- 
 dium through which he makes us view it. 
 In painting, Mr. Tennyson is so terse and 
 compressed that, though he never suggests 
 the idea of swiftness^there is too much . 
 pains expended upon the individual stroke 
 for that— it would be simply absurd to call 
 his manner dilatory. Indeed, his pictures 
 succeed each other too rapidly. It is only 
 in the song, or pieces closely approaching 
 a song in structure, that his style ripples 
 along with perfect ease and grace.*' See" 
 Ai-ciBiADES ; Merlin. 
 
 " Tenor of their -way, They kept 
 the noiseless." A line in stanza 19 of 
 Grat's Elegy written in a Country Churchr 
 
 yard (q.v.). 
 
 " Tent the language o' their 
 een."— Ramsay, The Gentle Shepherd. 
 
 *' Tented field, The."— Othello, 
 act i., scene 2. 
 
 " Tenth transmitter of a foolish 
 face. No." Line 7 of Savage's poem of 
 TIie£astard. 
 
690 
 
 TEN 
 
 THA 
 
 Tenures, A Treatise on, by Sir 
 
 THOMAS LiTTT.ETON (1421—1481); Origin- 
 ally written in Norman-French, and pmit- 
 ed at Eouen in 1584. It was reprinted 
 from that edition in 1825, with A sketch of 
 the author's Life by H. Eoscoe. The Covi- 
 mentary on it, by Sir Edward Coke (1651— 
 1632% appeared in 1628. It has been termed 
 " the principal pillar on which the super- 
 Btructnre of the law of real property in 
 this kingdom is supported." 
 
 Terence. Among the translntions 
 of the plays of this oomie poet may be 
 mentioned those of Bentley (1726) and 
 Parry (1857). 
 
 Terence, The Snglish. A title 
 bestowed by GoLDSMiTn in Hetaliatimi 
 (q.T.), on EicnAKD CtraiBBBLAKD (1732— 
 1811), the di-amatist. 
 
 Terra : " a Discourse of tlie Earth, 
 relating to the Culture and Improvement 
 of it for Vegetation and the Propagation 
 of Plants " by Johh Evelyn (1820—1706) ; 
 published in 1675, and edited, with notes, 
 by Dr. Hunter in 1778. 
 
 Terrible Tractoration. See 
 
 Caustic, Cheistopheb. 
 
 Tessa, in George Eliot's novel of 
 JHomola (q.v.), is in love with Tito Melema. 
 
 Tessira, in Ariosto's Orlando Fu- 
 rioso, is a leader of the Moorish army. 
 
 Testament of Love, The. A 
 
 prose work by Geoffhey Chaucer (132S 
 — 1400), written to beguile the tedium of 
 confinement. It is an allegory, in imita- 
 tion ofBoefhiaa' Consolations of Philosophy, 
 telling how the goddess of Love visitedhim 
 in prison, and accosted him as her own 
 Immortal bard. He then descants to her 
 on his own misfortunes, on the politics of 
 London, and of his devotion to the Lady 
 Marguerite, or Pearl, whom he found in a 
 mussel-shell, and who turns out at last, 
 says Campbell, to mean the spiritual com- 
 fort of the Church. 
 
 Testament, The Ne'w, translated 
 from the Greek by William Tyndale 
 (1477 — 1536), was first published at Antwerp 
 in 1526. See Bible, The. 
 
 Teste. The clown in Twelfth Night 
 (q.v.), who, " in his adopted garb of niot- 
 ley, moves," says Ulrici, " with inimitable 
 ease." 
 
 Testiment of Fair Cresseid. See 
 Ckesseid, Testiment of Fair. 
 
 Testimony of the Rocks, The. 
 A geological work by Hugh Miller (1802 
 — 1856), published after his death (in 1857). 
 
 Testy, Timothy. A character 
 who figures in Beresfobd's Miseries of 
 Human Life (q.v.). 
 
 Tetrachordon. See Divobce, 
 
 IHE DOCIBINE AND DISCIPLINE OF. 
 
 Teuf elsdrockh, i.e., " devil's dung." 
 The name of the imaginary author of Cab- 
 LYLE's Sartor Eesartus (q.v.), who is rep- 
 resented as devoting his lofty genius to 
 the sublime "Philosophy ot Clothes." 
 " The secrets of man's life were laid open 
 to thee : thou sawest into the mystery of 
 the universe further than another ; fjiou 
 h.adst in petto thy remarkable Volume on 
 Clothes."'^ 
 
 Thackeray, Anne Isabella, nov- 
 elist and miscellaneous writer, daughter of 
 W. M. Thackeray, has published The Story 
 of Elizabeth (1863) ; The tillage on the 
 Cliff (1866); JTive Old Friends, and a 
 Toting Prince (1868) ; To Esther, and other 
 Sketches (1869) ; Old Kensington (1872) ; 
 Toilers and Spinsters, and other Essays 
 (1873) ; Bluebeard's Keys, and other Stories 
 (1874) ; and Miss Angel (1875). A uniform 
 edition of her works appeared in 1876—6. 
 
 Thackeray, Williani Make- 
 peace, novelist and miscellaneous wiiter 
 (b. 1811, d. 1863), published The Paris 
 Sketch Book (q.v.), (1840); The Second 
 Funeral- of Napoleon (q.v.), and The Ckron^ 
 icle of the Drum (q.v.), (1841) ; The Irish 
 Sketch Booi (q.v.), (1843); Notes of a Jour- 
 ney from Corruiill to Grand Cairo (1845); 
 Vanity Fair (q.v.), (1847) , Mrs. Perkins's 
 Ball (1847) ; Our Street (1848) ; Br. Birch 
 and his Toung Friends {IB^Q); The History 
 ofPendennis (1849—50) ; Rebecca and Bow- 
 ena (1850), (q.v.) ; The Kicklebnrys on the 
 Rhine (q.v.), (1861) ; Esmond (q.v.), (1852) ; 
 The Newcomes (q.v.), (1865) ; and The Vir- 
 ginians (q.v.), (1857) ; besides the follow- 
 ing, contributed to The Comhill Maffo- 
 zine. Eraser's Magazine, and Punch: — 'The 
 Hoggarty T>iamond, C<ithenne{q.'V.), Barnj 
 Lyndon (q.v.), Jeames's Dlari/ (q.v.), Tlie 
 Book of Snobs, Roundabout Papers (q v.), 
 Lovel the Widower (q.v.), The Adventures 
 of Philip, Denis Duval (q.v.), and Novels 
 by Eminent Hands (q.v.). See, also, his 
 lectures, on The Fowr Georges (q.v.) and 
 The English Humourists of the Eighteenth 
 Century (q.v.). A volume of sketches, 
 fragments, and drawings by Thackeray, 
 with Notes by his daughter Anne Isabella 
 (q.v.), ' was published in 1875, under the 
 title of The Orphan of Pimlico. His Works 
 have been issued complete in varipns 
 library and popular editions ; they include, 
 besides the above, ballads, short tales, a«d 
 other miscellaneous writings, most of 
 which will be found described under their 
 headings in other parts of this volume. 
 For Biography, see Thackerayana (1876) 
 and Thackeray, the Humourist and Man of 
 Letters (1864). For Criticism, see Roscoe^B 
 Essays, Senior's Essays on Fiction, and 
 Hannay's Characters atid Sketches, and 
 Slwlies on Thackeray. "Thackeray." 
 says Hannay, " was not a man 'witli a gift 
 for the creation of stories only, or even 
 with the higher one for the creation of 
 character only,_ He was a thinker and 
 humorist who showed a propoitiouate do- 
 
THA 
 
 THA 
 
 OQl 
 
 CToe of power m everything he undertook. 
 The smallest of his sketches or essays had 
 his mark upon it as distinctly, and could as 
 little have been produced by anybody else, 
 as Esmond or Vanity Fair ; the broad arrow 
 of his sovoreiguty was on biscuits no less 
 than on anchors. His writings form a sys- 
 tem of social philosophy, ajid represent a 
 special type of literary genius, with perfect 
 completeness and individuality. Thack- 
 eray's range took in the whole society of 
 England. Lord Steyne is just as real and 
 lifelike as J. J., and not a whit more so. 
 I>r. Portman is neither better nor worse 
 described than Dr. Fii-min, and Major 
 Pendennis is as distinct in outline and 
 solid in.body as Colonel Newcorae. If the 
 reader will take up Thackeray's figures in 
 haiidfuls— just as they come — Becky 
 Sharp, Laura Pendennis, Mr. Deuceace, 
 Barnes Newcome, Ethel, his sister, Henry 
 Esmond— he will And, on thinking them 
 over, that as regards naturalness and 
 truthfulness they are all on an equality. 
 He deals little, to he sure, with humble 
 life, and has not left us a.Sancho Panza, 
 Andrew Fairservice, Caleb Balderstone, or 
 Jacob Faithful, but this fact is due to the 
 veracity which was his crowning merit. 
 He was* too honest to draw fancy pictures 
 of classes with whom he had never lived. 
 Lefcitbe remembered too, that this admira^ 
 hie fi,delity-to nature, enlivened with a 
 humour neyer grotesque, and tinged with 
 a sentiment never maudlin , is wholly 
 Thackeray's own. Many have imitated 
 him, but he imitated nobody. None of the 
 thousand moods or fashions of our schools 
 of thinking are repeated in his works— even 
 in the earliest of them . His strong intel- 
 lect kept its independence from me be- 
 ginning ; his strong moral nature did 
 justipe from- the beginning. Faithfully 
 and regardless of all sentimental whim- 
 pering, he laid bare the selfishness, mean- 
 ness, and servility of ths age. But with 
 equal truth he brought on the stage noble 
 and kindly characters like Colonel New- 
 come, Ethel Newcome, and Henry Esmond. 
 Severe upon society as society, he had ihe 
 strongest faith in human nature ; and his 
 own^eat heart beat responsive to all that 
 was generous in history, or fiction, or the 
 world of his time. The independence and 
 originality of Thackeray's character as a 
 writer make it difficult to indicate the 
 sources of the culture by which his genius 
 was formed. Sir Walter Scott had a gen- 
 eral influence over Tliackeray, no doubt, 
 but he had no special influence, and the 
 character of his genius was very difforejit. 
 Thackeray was without Scott's feudal 
 sympathies, and had far less romance and 
 historical feeling ; neither was his imagina- 
 tion so various as that of Scott, nor his 
 vein of poetry so rich. In one point the 
 late writer had an advantage — he wrote a 
 lietter style. The prose of Scott is cum- 
 "brous, and apt to be verbose ;_ whereas 
 Thackeray's English is one of his greatest 
 
 merits. It is pure, clear, simple in its 
 power, and harmonious : clean, sinewy, 
 line, and yet strong, like the legs of a race- 
 hoi'se. One sees very distinctly in Thack- 
 eray's style, as in his way of thinking and 
 feeling about things, the English public- 
 school and University man— tlie tone of 
 one born and bred in the condition of a 
 gentleman. We may also see in it a cer- 
 tain conversational ease and grace, which 
 is not the result only of reading, and which 
 -is the direct opposite of the detestable' 
 style, formed upon newspapers, of so many 
 inferior men. There are several varieties 
 of tlie humorists. There is the poetic 
 humorist, in whom the faculty exercises 
 itself on materials suppliedby the imagina- 
 tion and the feelings, and there is the 
 humorist who is a man of the world, not 
 necessarily destitute of poetiy and senti- 
 ment, but who, by preference, draws his 
 materials from observation, analysing com- 
 mon experience and even day life. To 
 this latter division Qhackeray belongs. 
 He was not without poetry, imagination, 
 and sentiment ; nevertheless these quali- 
 ties do not hold the same prominence in 
 his writings that they do in-those of some 
 other novelists. He is more a humorist 
 than a poet ; more amanof the world than 
 a man of sentiment. The substance of his 
 intellect was a roh,ust humorous sagacity, 
 and to this weighty element, which, by a 
 natural law, gravitated towards absolute 
 truth, he kept everything else subordinate. 
 Nothing can be more superficial than the 
 notion that Thackeray was by choice, and 
 taste and affectation, a severe or satirical 
 man — a man who took a pleasure in cen- 
 sure and ridicyle f or censure and ridicule's 
 sake. He had rather an original tendency 
 towards the soft and lachrymose and sen- 
 timentally-religious view of life, and it 
 reqnftred all his sound, shrewd sense, and 
 his active humour — broad at once and fine 
 —to keep this tendency in order. Iji the 
 class of humorists among whom we have 
 placed Thackeray he held a perfectly dis- 
 tinct position. He is original as a humorist 
 no less than as a novelist. It has been 
 said that his humour was ' broad at once 
 and fine,' and its union of these two 
 characteristics deserves particular notice. 
 He could be 'Charles Yellowplush,' 
 ' Jeames,' the ' Fat Contributor,' and 
 * Pleaceman X.' and he could also produce 
 the most delicate, subtle, decorous irony. 
 Windy se;itimentalism, flatulence of style, 
 these he early began to expose ; these, and 
 sordid self-seeking, unkindliness, servility, 
 were what he detested, and loved to Jiold 
 up to contempt. Perhaps the most thor- 
 ough proof of Thackeray's greatness as 
 ahumorist is the way in which he embod- 
 ies his humour in characters. Sometimes 
 the humour depends solely on what the 
 character says. Sometimes he is an oddity 
 with crochets or peculiarities — which reap- 
 pear as regularly as he does, and are mere 
 matters of trick. But the most amusing 
 
392 
 
 THA 
 
 THE 
 
 »f Thackeray's personages is a rfiaracter 
 in a deeper sense, and sliows more than 
 one or two points or angles to the observer. 
 His satire is not employed upon that 
 character, it is part of the character itself. 
 It is neither the satire of class nor of party, 
 [t is the impartial satire of a philosophic 
 bumorist. But besides being Impartial 
 Thackeray's satire was curiously subtle 
 and many-sided. He allowed freely that a 
 gentlemanly snob might exist, whereas 
 your common satirist heaps indiscriminate 
 abuse on every type of character which he 
 undertakes to expose. The object of 
 Thackeray was not destruction, but cor- 
 rection. His humour and satire, like all 
 his other gifts, rested on moral soundness 
 and trutbfulness, were thoroughly original 
 and English in their type, and were em- 
 ployed with a gravity, simplicity, and yet 
 exquisitely subtle piquancy of execution 
 peculiarly his own. Tracing his literary 
 pedigree through Fielding to Horace, and 
 collaterally related to Montaigne, he will 
 be remembered as the classical English 
 humorist and satirist of the reign of Queen 
 Victoria." Besides the above-mentioned 
 references, see CoKNHiLii Magazixe ; 
 CoRNHiLiiTO Gkajid Cairo; Fitzboodle 
 pAPiCBS, The ; Pendennis ; Philip, 
 Adventures op ; Rose aj?d the Ring, 
 The ; Snob, The ; Snobs, Book of ; 
 Solomons, Ikey, Jun. ; Titmarsh, 
 Michael Angelo ; Titmarsh, Samuel; 
 Tellowplush. 
 
 Thaddeus of "Waraaw. A ro- 
 mantic novel by Jane Porter (1776— 
 1850), published in 1803, and afterwards 
 translated into various Continental lan- 
 guages. The author was elected a lady 
 canoness of the Teutonic Order of St. Joap- 
 chim ; and a relative of Kosciusko, the 
 Polish patriot, who figures in the Story, 
 sent her a gold ring, containing that hero's 
 portrait. < 
 
 Thaisa. A daughter of SimonideSj 
 In Pericles (q.v.). 
 
 Thalaba the Destroyer. A poem 
 in twelve books, by Robert Southey 
 (1774—1843), published in 1801, and written 
 in regular verse, which the author is care- 
 ful to explain he did not prefer to the teg- 
 ular blank verse, but which, he thought, 
 was suitable to the varied subject of this 
 particular poem. " It is the arabesque or- 
 nament of an Arabian tale." " Thalaba,^* 
 says Dennis, '* wtile it has its wildernesses 
 and deserts, can also boast, as indeed all 
 Soilthey's epics may, many a fair; scene of 
 richness and beauty. Splendour of diction 
 and felicity of description occur frequent- 
 ly, but frequently also the action halts, 
 the verse drags, and the reader feels in- 
 clined to resign himself to slumber. On 
 the whole, perhaps the erudition lavished 
 on the poem is more striking than its 
 
 Soetical wealth, and it is sometimes a re- 
 ef to turn aside from the text to the 
 
 curious and highly entertaining notes 
 which serve to illustrate it." 
 
 Thalestris, in Pope's Rape of the 
 Lock (q.v.), is intended for Mrs. Morley, 
 sister of Sir George Brown, who is cele- 
 brated under the name of "Sir Plume " 
 (q.T.). 
 
 Thalia Rediviva ; " The Pass 
 Times and Diversions of a Country Muse 
 in Divine Poems," by Henry Vaughajj 
 (1621—1695) ; published in 1678. 
 
 Thaliard. A lord of Antioch, m 
 Pericles (q.v.). 
 
 Thames, The Genius of the. A 
 
 poem in two parts, by Thomas Love Pea- 
 cock (1785—1866), the first part of which 
 appeared in 1810, the second in 1812. 
 
 Thanatopsis. A poem in blank 
 verse, published by "Willlam Cullen 
 Bryant (b. 1784) in 1817. 
 
 "Thank me no Thankings." — 
 
 Borneo am,d Juliet, act ill., scene 5. 
 
 " That day of wrath, that dread- 
 ful day." First line of Sir Walter 
 Scott's version of the Dies Irce, in The 
 Lay of the Last MinstreU 
 
 "That out of sight is out of 
 
 mind." A Song in Absence (q.v.) by Ar- 
 thur Hugh Clough (1819—1861). See 
 "Oct of mind.*' 
 
 Thealma and Clearchus. A pas- 
 toral romantic poem, whose scene is laid 
 in Arcady, and whose object is a raptur- 
 ous panegyi'ic on the Golden Age ; pub- 
 lished by IzAAK Walton, under the 
 pseudonym of "John Chalkhill" (q.v.). 
 Some critics (notably Sir John Hawkins) 
 have believed Chalkhill to be a real per- 
 sonage, but Singer and Sir Egerton 
 Brydges adduce abundant grounds for re- 
 jecting this supposition. 
 
 Theatre of Delightful Recrea- 
 tion, The. A book of poems, on subjects 
 taken chiefly from the Old Testament, by 
 Samuel Kowlands (1570 — 1625) ; pub- 
 lished in 1605. 
 
 Theatre of God's Judgments, 
 The. A folio collection of ** tragical 
 stories," published by Drs, Beard and 
 Taylor in 16+2. It contains, among other 
 instances of " special judOTients," the 
 tragical end of Christopher Marlowe, the 
 dramatist. 
 
 Theatre of the Empire of G-reat 
 
 Britain, The. Fifty-four maps of Eng- 
 land and Wales, constructed and pub- 
 lished, in 1611, by John Speed 01555— 
 1629). 
 
 Theatrum Chemicum Britanni- 
 cum : " containing several Poetical Pieces 
 of our famous Philosophers who have 
 written the Hermetique Mysteries in their 
 
THE 
 
 THE 
 
 693 
 
 own Ancient Language." A collection, by 
 Elias Ashmole (1617—1692), of tlie works 
 of English chemists, which np to that 
 time had remained in manuscript. It was 
 published in 1652, and contained, inter 
 alUif poems by GEOBGii: Kiplby (q.v.), and 
 Thomas Norton (ci.v.), on the general 
 subject of Chemistry. 
 
 Theatrum Poetarum : " or, Com- 
 pleat Collection of the Poets:" "espe- 
 cially the most eminent of all ages, the an- 
 cients being distinguished from the mod- 
 ems in the several alphabets ; with some 
 observations upon many of them, espe- 
 cially those of our own nation ; together 
 with a Prefatoiy Discourse of the Poets 
 and Poetry in general." This work, which 
 was principally from the pen of Edward 
 Phillips (1630 — 1680), one of Milton's 
 nephews, is said to contain passages which 
 could only have been written by the great 
 poet , himself. It was published in 1675, 
 and ** contains," says Warton, " criticisms 
 far above the taste of that period, and 
 such as were not common after the ua^- 
 tional taste had been just corrupted by 
 the false and capricious refinements of 
 the court of Charles II." Those which 
 have been attributed to Milton are on the 
 subject of Shakespeare and Marlowe ; and 
 the preface also seems to bear marks of 
 his fine Roman hand. An edition of the 
 Theatrum was published by Sir Egerton 
 Brydges in 1800. * 
 
 Thebais, The. A play adapted 
 from the Greek of Seneca, by Thomas 
 Newton (d. 1607), and printed in 1581. It 
 is written in Alexandrine measure. 
 
 Thebes, The Story of, by John 
 
 Lydgate (1375 — 1460), was intended as a 
 continuation of The Canterbury Tales, and 
 is consequently included in some editions 
 of Chaucer. "It contains" says Ellis, 
 ** some i)oetical passages ; but Lydgate's 
 style, though natural and sometimes rich, 
 does not possess that strength and concise- 
 ness which is observable in the works 
 of his master. It is dangerous for a mere 
 versifier to attempt the completion of 
 a plan whichhas been begun by a poet," It 
 was first printed about 1661. See the 
 analysis in Warton's History ^ sect. 22. 
 
 Theobald, Le'wis, dramatist, trans- 
 lator, and Shakespearian editor (b. 1688, d. 
 1744), produced The Persian Princess (1711); 
 a translation of Plato's Phasdo (1713); a 
 part-translation of Homer*8 Odyssey (1716); 
 a Life of Raleigh (1719) ; Shakespea/r -Re- 
 etored : or, Specimens ofBltmders committed 
 or v/namended in Pope*8 edition of the poet 
 (1726); Proposals for Publishing Emenda- 
 tions and Remcvrtcs &n SkaJcespear (1728) ; 
 an edition of Shakespeare's plays (1733) ; 
 translations from Sopnocles and Aristoph- 
 anes ; and various contributions to The 
 Censor, Theobald was the original hero of 
 The Dunctad (q.v.), and remained so until 
 1743, when he was replaced by Gibber. 
 
 Theocritus. The poems of this 
 writer have been translated into Englisb 
 by Francis FawkSs (q.v.), and by C. S. 
 Calverley (q.v.). See also the version 
 of the Idylls, x)Y tlie I^ev. J. Banks (1853). 
 An interesting comparison between Theo- 
 critus and Tennyson will be found ir 
 Stedman's Victorian Poets, 
 
 Theodore and Honoria. A tale 
 from Boccaccio, translated into English in 
 1660, when the lovers were disguised 
 as Nastagio and Trauersari. It was after- 
 wards *• beautifully pharaphrased," aa 
 Warton says, by Dryden. 
 
 Theodosius. A tragedy by Na- 
 thaniel Lee (1655—1692), produced in 
 1680, and considered one of his best works. 
 
 Theodosius and Constantia 
 
 The Letters that passed between, " aftei 
 she had taken the veil ; now first published 
 from the Original Manuscripts," by Johm 
 Langhorne (1735—1779), in 1763. Thej 
 are founded on the story told by Addisor 
 in No. 164 of The Spectator. 
 
 Theodric, A " domestic tale " by 
 Thomas Campbell, written in 1824. 
 
 Theopbila: " or, Love's Sacrifice.'^ 
 "A Divine poem " by Edward Ben- 
 LOWES (1613—1686), published in 1652. 
 
 Theophilus, The Legend of, was 
 
 written in Anglo-Norman verse, by 'WlL- 
 LiAM THE Trouvere (circa 1197D. 
 
 "There be none of Beauty's 
 
 daughters." First line of some .Stanzai 
 for Music by Lord Byron (1788— 1824)j 
 wiitten in 1815. 
 
 '^ There came to the beach a 
 
 poor exile of Erin.*' First line of a lyric 
 by Thomas Campbell. 
 
 " There is a garden in her face." 
 First line of a lyric by Richard Allison 
 published in An Sov/re^s Recreation it, 
 Musiche (1606). 
 
 "There is a reaper, whose name 
 is Death." First line of The Reaper and 
 the Flowers, a lyric, by Henry Wads 
 WORTH Longfellow. 
 
 "There is a sound of thundex 
 afar." — Rijlemen,form I a patriotic song 
 by Alfred Tennyson, published in Thi 
 Times on the 9th of May, 1859. 
 
 "There is no flock, howevei 
 
 watched and tended. * . First line of Res 
 ignation, a poem, by Henry "Wads- 
 WORTH Longfellow. 
 
 " ' There is no God,' the wicked 
 
 saith." A lyric in Dipsychus (q.v.), bj 
 Arthur Hugh Clough (1819—1861). 
 
 " There lies a vale in Ida, love 
 
 Uev."~<Enone, by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 " There was a time when mea 
 
594 
 
 THE 
 
 THI 
 
 [low, grove; and stream." First line of 
 WoitDSWORTH's Ode on tJie Intimations qf 
 Immortality. 
 
 "There's a good time coining, 
 
 boys." First line of a lyric by Chables 
 Mackay (q.T.). 
 
 "There's na luck about the 
 house." First line of tlie refrain of 
 MiCKLE's ballad of The Mariner^s Wife 
 (q.v.), and generally given as the title of 
 the ballad i^elf. 
 
 " There's not a joy the •world 
 
 oaD give like that it takes away." First 
 line of some Stanzas for Music, by Lord 
 Byeok (1TS8 — 1824), written in March, 1815. 
 
 " There's not in the ■wide -world 
 a valley so sweet." An Irish Melody by 
 Thomas JMooBE. 
 
 " There's some say that we -wan, 
 
 and some say that they wan.'* First line 
 of a Sccrttish song on the subject of the 
 battle of SherifEmuir. See Herd's collec- 
 tion (1776), and the Jacobite Relics. 
 
 Thersames, in Suckling's play 
 of A(jlaura (q.v.), is in love with the 
 heroine. 
 
 Thersites. "A deformed and scur- 
 rilous Grecian," as- he is called, in 
 Shakespeare's play of Troilus and Cres- 
 sida (q.v.). He is described by Coleridge 
 as " the Caliban of demagogic life — the ad- 
 mirable portrait of intellectual power de- 
 serted by all grace, all moral principle, all 
 not momentary impulse ; just wise enough 
 to detect the weak head, and fool enough 
 to provoke the armed fist of his betters ; 
 one whom malcontent Achilles can in- 
 veigle from malcontent Ajax, under the 
 one condition that he shall be called on to 
 do nothing but abuse and slander, and 
 that he shall be allowed to abuse as much 
 and as pruriently as he likes — that is, as he 
 can." See Thebsytes. 
 
 Thersytes. An interlude, written 
 in 15S7, though not printed till many years 
 afterwards, in which it is endeavoured to 
 show " how that the greatest boosters are 
 not the greatest doers," and of which Ther- 
 sites (q.v.), just returned from Troy, is the 
 hero. It is remarkable as being the first 
 instance in which an historical character 
 is introduced into an English drama ; 
 although, as Collier points out, the events 
 he is engaged in are mere ridiculous bur- 
 lesque, and have no connection whatever 
 with history. It was printed in 1820, by 
 Haslewood, and in 1848 by Child, who says 
 " its lively absurdity could not have failed 
 to be entertaining to an easy audience, and 
 is not tiresome now. Thersltea indnlges 
 largely in the old privilege of Vice —that 
 of talking incoherent nonsense." Carew 
 Hazlitt includes the piece in hia edition of 
 Dodsley'B Old Plays. 
 
 "These, as they change, Al- 
 
 mighty Father, these." The first line of 
 the Hymn appended by James Tiiomsox 
 to the complete edition o^ his Seasons in 
 1730 :— 
 
 •' These 
 
 Are but the varied God I The rolling Tear 
 
 Is lull of l-hee." 
 
 " These lame hexameters, the 
 strong-wingfed music of Homer." — On 
 Translations qf Homer, by Alfbed Tek- 
 
 HYSON. 
 
 "These to his memorj^, since 
 
 he held them dear." Opening line of the 
 dedication to Teknysoh's Idylls of the 
 King (q.v.) ; a noble tribute to tj^ejnemory 
 of tlie late Prince Consort : — 
 
 " Sweet Nature, gilded by the gracious gleam 
 Of lettera, dear to Science, dear to Art, 
 Dear to thy Innd and ours, a Prince indeed. 
 Beyond all titles, and a household name. 
 Hereafter, thro' oil times, Albert the Good." 
 
 Theseus. Duke of Alliens, in A 
 Midsummer Night* s Dream (q.v.). 
 
 " Thick - coming fancies. She 
 is troubled with."— JfacieWt, act v., scene 
 3. 
 
 Thief and the Cordelier, The. 
 A ballad by Maithew Peiob (1664— 
 1721). 
 
 "Thief of time, The.'' See"Y-RO- 
 
 OBASTIITATION IS THE THIEF OF TIME." 
 
 Thiel, The Book of, by William 
 Blaee (1757—1828), was publishe i in 1789. 
 
 Thierry and Theodoret. A 
 
 tragedy by John Fletoheb (1B76— 1626), 
 vmtten before 1621. 
 
 Thierry, Sir, figures in the romance 
 of Sir Guy of Wanoick (q.v.). 
 "Thin partitions sense from 
 
 thought divide, What." Line 226, epistle 
 i., of Pope's Essay on Man (q.v.). So 
 Dyrden, line 163, part 1., Of his Absalom 
 and Achitophel (q.v.) : — 
 
 *' And thin partitions do their bounds divide ! " 
 
 " Thing of beauty is a joy for 
 
 ever, A." The opening line of KeATS's 
 poem of Endymion (q.v.) : — 
 
 " Its loveliness increases ; it will never 
 Fass into nothingness." 
 
 "Things are not. -what they 
 seem. And." A line in liONGFELLOW's 
 poem, A Psalm of lAfe (q.v.). 
 
 " Things seen are stronger than 
 things heard."— Tennyson, Enoch Arden. 
 
 "Things unattempted yet In 
 prose or rhvme." Lino 16, book 1., of 
 Milton's Paradise Zost (q.T.). 
 
 "Think too little CWho), and 
 talk too much."— Dbyden, Alisakm and 
 Achitophel, part i., line S34. 
 
 Thinks I to Myself. A novel by 
 the Kev. Edwabo Nares (q.v.); a clevei 
 
THI 
 
 THO 
 
 695 
 
 aud original production, whose authorship 
 has been much discussed, but is attributed 
 to Nares by Lowndes, in his Bibliographer's 
 Manual, 
 
 Thirlwall, Connop, D.D., Bisliop 
 of St. David's (b. 1797, d. 1875), published 
 A History of Greece (1835—41), and was 
 joint translator with Archdeacon Hare of 
 Niebuhr's Hiatorij of Rome. The former 
 work was enlarged and reprinted in 1845 — 
 62, and again reproduced in 1855. The 
 bishop's Literary lierAains, consisting of 
 charges to his clergy and critical essays, ap- 
 peared in 1876. His first work waa issued in 
 1839, when his father published Frimiti<B; 
 or J Essays and Poems on Various Subjects^ 
 Jleligious, Morale and Entertaining j by 
 Connop Thirlio'allj eleven years of age, 
 
 "Thirty dayes hath Novem- 
 ' ber." The opening line of a familiar nur- 
 sery rhyme, which is to be found in Graf- 
 TOX's Chronicles of England (1590), and in 
 the old play. The JReturn from Parnassus 
 (q.T.), produced in 1606. 
 
 Tliirty-niiie Articles of the 
 
 Church of England, Exposition of, by.Gii/- 
 BEKT BuBNET, Bishop of Salisboky (1643 
 — 1715), published in 1699, and highly com- 
 mended by Bishops Tillotson, Tenison, and 
 Sharp. Works on the same subject have 
 been written of late years by Bishops 
 FoEBES (1817—1875), and Bkottke (q.v.). 
 
 "This figure that thou here 
 
 seest put." — On the Portrait of Shake- 
 speare, by Ben Jonson, in Underwoods 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " This is no my aln house." An 
 old nursery song in Scotland, the refrain 
 of which afterwards suggested a Jacobite 
 Song. See Chambers's Scottish Songs. 
 
 " This is the forest primeval. 
 
 The murmuring pines and the hemlocks." 
 First line of LoKeFBLLO w's poem of Evan- 
 geline (q.v.). 
 
 " This is the month, and this the 
 happy mom." — Miltok's Ode on the 
 Morning of Christ's Nativity. 
 
 Thisbe. The heroine of the inter- 
 lude in A Midsummer Night's Dream 
 (q.v.). In the old mythology, she is a 
 beautiful maiden of Babylon, beloved by 
 Pyramus,^ whom she is not allowed to 
 marry. They succeed, however, in com- 
 municating with one another through a 
 chink in a wall ; whence the amusing epi- 
 sode in Shakespeare' 8 play :— 
 "And through wall'Bchiak, poor Boula, they ore 
 content 
 To whisper." 
 See Pyeamus. 
 • Thom, William, poet (b. 1799, d. 
 1850), published, in 1841, Rhymes and Rec- 
 olleotims of a Handloom Weaver. See 
 BLIND BbY'S PBAITK, TBM. 
 
 Thomalin. One of the shepherds 
 in The Shepherd's Calendar, by Spen see. 
 
 Thomas k Eempis. .See Kempis, 
 Thomas a, 
 
 Thomas, Annie (Mrs. Pender 
 Cudlip) novelist, is the author of JDenis 
 Donne, False Colours, High Stakes, On 
 Guard, Played Out, Theo Leigh, Walter 
 Goring, A Passion in Tatters, No Altenwr 
 tive, A Narrow Escape, The Maskelynes, 
 Blotted Out, and many other novels. 
 
 Thomas, Elizabeth (b. 1675, d. 
 1730), _ wrote several poems, which were 
 highly praised by Dryden. A series of 
 lefters, professing to be a selection from 
 those which passed between her and the 
 poet, were published after her death, 
 under the title of Pylades and Corinna — 
 the latter being a name bestowed upon her 
 by her correspondent. They are, probably, 
 to a great extent fictitious. 
 
 Thomas, Lord, and Fair EUi- 
 
 nor. A ballad, telling how Lord Thomas, 
 by advice of friends, marries the Brown 
 Girl,. who, fair EUinor coming to the wed- 
 ding, there stabs her, and is nerself slain 
 by Lord Thomas. It is given in A Collec- 
 tion of OldSongs (1723), Percy'BifcKgMes,and 
 Kitson's Ancient Songs, and is almost iden- 
 tical with the ballads called Lord Thomas 
 and Eair Annet and Fair Margaret and 
 Sweet William. 
 
 Thomas, Monsieur. A comedy 
 byBEAtiMONT and Fletcheej produced 
 in lti39. 
 
 Thomas, Moy, novelist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, has written A Fight for 
 Life, When tlie Snow Falls, and other- 
 works. 
 
 Thomas of Reading: "or, the 
 SixWorthy Yeomen of the West." A prose 
 fiction by Thomas Deloney (circa 1560-^ 
 1600.) It was printed in 1612. 
 
 Thomas, Ralph. See Hamst, 
 Olphae. 
 Thomas Radivivus : " or, a Com- 
 
 pleat history of tlio life and marvellous ac- 
 tions of Tom Thumb. In three tomes. In- 
 terpers'd with that ingenious comment of 
 the late Dr. Wagstaff, and annotations by 
 several hands. To which is prefixed his- 
 torical and critical remarks on the life and 
 writings of the author." Published in 
 1729, and written in ridicule of Addison's 
 criticisms on the ballad of Chevy Chase in 
 The Spectator. See ToM Thumb. 
 
 Thomas, The Incredulity of. 
 
 An old miracle play, edited by Collier for 
 the Camden Society. 
 
 Thomas the Rhymer. See Bht- 
 
 MEE, Thomas The. 
 
 Thomas, William, miscellaneous 
 writer (d. 156S), wrote The Mitorie <^ 
 
696 
 
 THO 
 
 THO 
 
 JtaliCf a Bolce exceedyng profitable to J>e 
 redde (1549) ; The Vanitee of this World 
 (1549); The Principal Rules of the Italian 
 Grammar (;1550) ; Le Peregrynne, or a de- 
 fence of King Henry VIII., to Aretine, the 
 Italian Poet, and a translation of Cato's 
 speech., and. Valerius's reply, from the 
 fourth Decade of Livy. For Biography, 
 Bee Wood's Athence Oxonienses. 
 
 Thompson, Edward, poet and 
 
 dramatist (b. 1738, d. 1786), published The 
 Meretriciad ; TJie Soldier (1764) ; The 
 Courtezan (1765) ; The Demirep (1765) : A 
 Sailor'' s Letters, written to his select 
 friends in England, during his Voyages 
 and Travels (1767) ; an edition of the 
 works of Oldham (1771) ; The Fair Quaker: 
 or, the Humors of the Navy (1773) ; two 
 otiier dramatic pieces, unpublished, edi- 
 tions of the works of Whitehead and Mar- 
 vell (1777) ; The Court of Cupid ; Aristoph- 
 anes ; and The Muse's Miri'or. 
 
 Thompson, J. C. See Whartok. 
 
 Thompson, Mrs. Eatherine. See 
 Wharton. 
 
 Thompson, Mortimer. See Doe- 
 sticks, Q. K. Philander. 
 
 Thompson, William, Dean of 
 Baphoe (d. lt66). The poetical works of 
 this writer are included in Anderson's 
 British Poets, where they are preceded by 
 
 a Mem-oir, 
 
 Thorns, "William John, antiqua- 
 rian writer and editor (b. 1803), besides 
 founding Notes and Queries (q.v.)j has pub- 
 lished Early Prose Uomances (182ft), Lays 
 and Legends of Various Nations (1834) ; 
 Book of the Court (1838), Notelets on Shaks- 
 -pere (1865}, L<mgevity of Man (1873), and 
 other works. 
 
 Thomson James, poet and drama- 
 tist (b. 1700, d. 1748), published Winter 
 (1726) ; Summer (1727) ; Britannia (l-v.), 
 (1727) ; Spring (1728) ; Sonlionisba (q.v,), 
 (1729) ; Autumn (1730) ; Liberty (q.v.). (1734 
 and 1736) ; Agamemnon (q.v.), (1738) :Ed- 
 ward and Eleonora (q.v.), (1739) ; Alfred 
 (q.v.), (written with Mallet, 1740) ; Tan- 
 cred and Sigismunda (q.v.), (1745) ; The 
 Castle of Indolence (1748) ; 'Coriolanus 
 (Q.T.), (1749) ; and some miscellaneous 
 pieces. His Works were edited, with his 
 last corrections and improvements, and 
 a Life by Murdoch, in 1762 ; with Memoir 
 and Notes by Sir Harris Nicolas, in 
 
 ^ 'laZi/e,. 
 
 by Gilflllan 
 ert Eiell, in 1855, See also the Life by 
 
 1830; with, a Xife, critical dissertation and 
 jilflllan, i] 
 
 notes, by Gilfllli 
 
 in 1853, and by Rob- 
 
 Buchan (1792). " Thomson," says Hazlitt, 
 "is the beat of our descriptive poets : for 
 he gives most of the poetry of natural 
 description. Others have been quite equal, 
 or have surpassed him, as Cowper, for in- 
 stance, in the picturesque part of his'art, 
 in marking the peculiar features and curi- 
 ous details of objects ; no one has yet 
 
 come up to him in giving the sum total of 
 their efl ects.their varying influences on the 
 mind. He does not go into the minatise 
 of a landscape, but describes the vivid 
 impression which the whole makes upon 
 bis imagination, and thus transfers 
 the same unbroken, unimpaired im- 
 pression to the Imagination of his read- 
 ers. The colours with which he paints 
 seem wet and breathing, like those of the 
 living statue in The Winter's Tale. He 
 describes not to the eye alone, hut to the 
 other senses and to the whole man. He 
 puts his heart into his subject, writes as 
 he feels, and humanises whatever he 
 touches. His faults were those of his style 
 — of the author and the man ; hut the 
 original genius of the poet, the pith and 
 marrow of his imagination, the fine natu- 
 ral mould in which nis feelings were bed- 
 ded, were too much for him to counteract 
 by neglect or affectation of false orna- 
 ments. It is for this reason that he is, 
 perhaps, the most popular of all our poets, . 
 treating oi a subject that all can under^ 
 stand, and in a way that is interesting to 
 all alike." See also Castle of Indo- 
 lence, The ; Newton, Sir Isaac, To ; 
 Seasons, The. 
 
 Thompson, William, D.D., 
 
 Archbishop of York (b. 1819), has publish- 
 ed The Atoning Work of Christ (1953), Ser- 
 mons in Lincoln's Inn Chajyel (iS61), The 
 Limits of PMlosophical Inquiry (1868), Life 
 in the Light of God's Word (ISIO), The Ne- 
 cessary Laws of Thought, and other works. 
 He also edited Aids to Fnith. 
 
 Thopas, The Rime of Sir, occurs 
 in ChauceVs Canterbury Tales (q.v.), and 
 is described by Morley as "a merry musi- 
 cal burlesque upon tlie metrical romances 
 of the day, the chief purpose of it being to 
 caricature the profusion of tedious and 
 trivial Tietail that impeded the progress of 
 a story of tasteless adventure." 
 
 Thorn, The. A poem l>y William 
 "Wordsworth, written in 1798. 
 
 Thorn, "William (circa 1380), was 
 the author of a Chronicle of Canterbury. 
 
 Thornberry, Job. ^S'ee Job 
 Thobnbekry. 
 Thornbury, George Walter, 
 
 poet, novelist, and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1828, d. 1876), published Lays and Le- 
 gends of the New World (1851) ; Monarchy 
 of the Main (1855) ; Shakespeare' s England 
 (1856) ; Art and Nature at Home and 
 Abroad (1856) ; Songs of Cavaliers and 
 Roundheads (1867) ; Every Man his own 
 Trumpeter^ a novel (1858); a Life of J, 
 M. W. Turner, R.A. (1862) ; True as Steel, 
 a novel (1863) ; Wildfire, a novel (1864) ; 
 Haunted London (1865) ; Tales for the 
 Mariner (1865) ; Greatheart, ^ novel (1866); 
 The Vicar's Courishipt a novel (1869) ; Ota 
 Stories Retold (1869) ; A Tour Romd Eng- 
 
THO 
 
 HB 
 
 607 
 
 land (1870) ; Criss Cross Journeys (1873) : 
 Old and Jfeio London (vols, i . and ii.) ; and 
 a collection of his poeiQS under the title of 
 Historical and Legendary Ballads and 
 Songs (1875). 
 
 Thorudike, Herbert, divine and 
 controversialist (d. 1672), produced A JHs' 
 course on the Government of the Churches 
 (1611) ; A I^iscourse on JieligUrus Assemblies 
 (1642) ; On JReligious Assemblies and the 
 Public Worship of God (1642) ; Discourse 
 on the Right qf a Church in a Christian 
 State (1649) ; An Epilogue to tlie Tragedy 
 qf the Church of JSngtand (1659) ; Just 
 Weights and Measures, that is, the present 
 state qf Religion Weighed in the Balance^ 
 and Measured by the Standard of the Sanc- 
 tuary (1662) ; De Ratione ac Jure Finiendi 
 ^Controversias Ecclesitx Disputatio (1670). 
 His Works were published m a collected 
 form in the Anglo-Catholic Library (1844 — 
 66). See Epilogue to the Tbagedy of 
 
 THE CHCBCH of EnGLAKD. 
 
 ThornhiU, Sir William. See 
 
 BUKCHELI., Ms. 
 
 X Thornton, Bonnell, versifier and 
 '' miscellaneons writer (b. 1724, d. 1768), 
 started The Student, or Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge Monthly Miscellany (1748) ; Nave at 
 ye All, or the Itrury Lane Journal (nsZ), 
 (q.v.) ; and The Connoisseur (1754) ; besides 
 contributing to The Public Advertiser and 
 The St. James's Chronicle, and publishing 
 An Ode on St. Cecilia's i)ay (1765) ; and 
 ThePa'tleofthe Whigs (llBg), (q.v.). See 
 
 BOXANA TEKMAGAlfT. 
 
 Thornton, Robert de. See Pek- 
 
 /CTVELL OF (tALLES. 
 
 Thornton, William Thomas, 
 
 political economist (b. 18^3), has written 
 Over-Population and its Remedy (184S), A 
 Plea for Peasant Proprietors (1848), On 
 Labour (1869), Old Fashioned Ethics and 
 Common Sense Metaphysics (1873), and 
 some poems. 
 
 Thorough Doctor, The. The 
 title bestowed upon WinLiAM VABBO, a 
 scholastic philosopher of the thirteenth 
 century. 
 
 Thorpe, Thomas Bangs, Ameri- 
 can writer (b. 1815), has published The 
 Mysteries of the Backwoods (1346) ; Tom 
 Owen : or, the Bee-Hwnter (1847) ; Lynde 
 Weiss (1854) ; A Voice to America (1855), 
 and other works. 
 
 "Thou art not, Fenehurst, built 
 
 to envious show."— TAe Forest, by Ben 
 JONSOir. 
 
 " Thou art not steeped in gold- 
 en laHguorB."— ilfade/iMe, by Alfbed Teh- 
 
 KTSON. 
 
 "Thought hath liberti." — Skei^ 
 TOW, Phiylyp Sparowe. 
 "Thought may well "be ever 
 80 
 
 ranging." — Love not Duty, lyric by Ae- 
 THUE Hugh Clough (1819r-l861). 
 
 Thoughtless, Miss Betsy. Tlie 
 heroine and title of a novel by Eliza Hay- 
 wood (1693 — 1756) which probably suggest- 
 ed to Madame D'Arblay the plan of her 
 Evelina (q.v.). 
 
 Thoughts in a Garden. See Gab- 
 ben, &c. 
 
 "Thoughts of men (And the) 
 are widened by the process of the suns." 
 — Tenmyson, Locksley Hall. 
 
 Thoughts on Various Subjects, 
 
 Moral and Diverting, by Jonathan- 
 Swift (1667—1748). They arose out of 
 a sojourn in the country with the poet 
 Pope, during which the, two agreed to 
 write down such involuntary ideas as 
 might occur to them. Some of Swift's 
 have the best qualities of epigram : " We 
 have just enough religion to make us hate,' 
 but not to make us love one another." 
 " The reason why so few marriages are 
 happy, is, because the young ladies spend 
 their time in making nets, not in makiiig 
 cages." "If a man will observe as he 
 walks the streets, I believe he will find 
 the merriest countenances in mourning 
 coaches." '* Query whether churches are 
 not dormitories of tiie living as well as of 
 the dead?" "Complaint is the largest 
 tribute heaven receives, and the sincerest 
 part of our devotion." 
 
 Thoughts on Wheels. See' 
 ■Wheels, &c. 
 
 "Thoughts that breathe, and 
 
 words that bum.** Line 4 of the third 
 section of the third part of Geay's Pro- 
 gress of Poesy (C[.v.). 
 
 "Thoughts that do oft^n lie too 
 
 deep for tears." Aline inWoEDSWOBTH's 
 Ode on the Intimations of Immortality 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Thrale, Mrs. See Piozzi, Hesteb 
 Lynch. 
 Thrasher's Labour, The. A 
 
 poem by Stephen Duck (d. 1756), who at 
 one time followed the occupatio,n of an 
 Agricultural labourer. He afterwards en- 
 tered the Church, and was advanced to a 
 living of considerable value, finally be- 
 coming preacher at Kew Chapel in 1751. 
 
 Thre Laives of Nature, Moses, 
 
 and Christ, The Comedy Concernynge : 
 " Corrupted by the Sodomytes, Fharisees, 
 and Papysts most Wycked." A miracle- 
 play by John Bale, Bishop of Ossoey 
 (1495—1663), written in 1638. It is a satire 
 against Popery, and, according to Warton, 
 probably the iirst composition of the kina 
 in English Literature. 
 
 " ^nireaten and command, To." 
 
 ^Hamlet, att ill., scene 4. 
 
Q9B 
 
 THB 
 
 THB 
 
 Three Dead Po*wis, The. A poem 
 by Patrick Johnstoun, printed in Lord 
 Hailes' Collection. 
 
 Three Estatis, Ane Pleasant 
 
 Satyre of the : " In Commendation of Ver- 
 ten and Vituperation of Vyce." A re- 
 markable drama by Sir David Lindsay 
 (Ug0_1557) j produced iii 1536. It was 
 performed in the open air at Cupar, Lin- 
 lithgow, Perth, and Edinburgh before the 
 king, queen, and court, and occupied a 
 whole day in its performance. It is un- 
 sparing m its exposure of the abuses 
 which had crept into the government of 
 the Scottish kingdom in the time of 
 James I. 
 
 Three Fishers, The. A lyric hy 
 the Rev. Charles Kingsley (1819—1875), 
 telling how they "went sailing away to 
 the west," and how, when the morning 
 came, 
 
 *' Three corpses lay out on the shining saiids, 
 And the women are weeping and wringing their 
 
 hands 
 For these who will never come home to the 
 
 town." 
 
 Three Graves, The. A poem in 
 four parts by Samuel Taylor Cole- 
 ridge, written in 1805—1806. 
 
 Three Hours after Marriage. A 
 
 farce by Alexaitder Pope (q.v.) and 
 John Gay (q.v.), which was attacked by 
 Colley Gibber, and thus led to the latter's 
 enthronement in the place of Theobald 
 aa*'Kiiigof Dunces" in Pope's Dunciad 
 (q.T.). Hazlitt says it was "not a success- 
 xul attemi)t ; [the authors] Ijrought into 
 it *an alligator staff'd,* which discon- 
 certed the ladies, and gave just offence to 
 the critics. Pope was too fastidious for a 
 farce-writer." It was produced in 1717. 
 
 Three Ladies of Iiondon, The. 
 
 A moral play, printed in 1584 ; " wherein 
 it is notablie declared and set foorth how, 
 by means of Lucar, Love and Conscience 
 is so corrupted, that one is married to 
 Dissimulation, tne other fraught with all 
 abhoniination." It is to be found in 
 Garew Hazlitt's ed. of Dodsley's Old 
 Plays. 
 
 Three Laws of ITature. See Thre 
 Lawes. 
 
 Three Lords and Three Ladies 
 
 of London, The. A moral play, printed 
 in 1590 ; and diversified by a good deal of 
 contemporary allusion and satire. See 
 Dodsley's Old PlaySt ed. Garew Hazlitt. 
 
 " Three poets, in three distant 
 
 ages born." First line of an epigram, 
 written by Dryden, Under Mr. Muton*8 
 Picture, in which he is _ understood to 
 praise Homer for his " loftiness of 
 thought," and Virgil for his "majesty," 
 Whilst Milton is said to possess " both r' — 
 *' The force of Nature could no farther &:o \ 
 To make a third she joined the other two." 
 
 See some excellent remarks on this epi- 
 gram in Guesses at Truth (q.v.). 
 
 ' " Three sexes — men, "women, 
 and clergymen." See Sydney Smith's 
 Life and Letters, 
 
 Three Tailors of Tooley Street, 
 
 The. A fictitious body of persons con- 
 tinually being alluded to on public plat- 
 forms and in the periodical press. They 
 owe their existence to the lively fancy of 
 Cakmn'G (q.v.), who represented them as 
 holding a meeting for the consideration of 
 popular grievances, -and as inditing to 
 Parliament a petition which began with 
 the words, " We, the people of England." 
 Tooley Street is in Southwark, London. 
 
 Three 'Warnings, The. A moral 
 poem by Mrs. Piozzi (1740—1821), begin- 
 ning— 
 
 " The tree of deepest root is found 
 Least willing still to quit the ground ; 
 *TwaR therefore said by ancient sages 
 
 That love of life increased with years 
 6o much, that in our later Etages, 
 When pains grow sharp and sickness rages, 
 The greatest love of life appears." 
 
 Threnodia Augustalis : " Sacred 
 to the Memory of her Koyal Highness the 
 Princess Dowager of Wales " (1772). 
 "This," as the author, Goldsmith, him- 
 self says, '* may more properly be termed 
 a compilation than a poem. It was pre- 
 pared for the composer in little more than 
 two days, and may therefore be considered- 
 as rather an industrious effort of gratitude 
 than of genius." 
 
 " Thrice he threw the slain." — 
 Dryden", Alexander's Feast, line 68. 
 
 " Thrice is he armed that hath 
 his quarrel just."- 2 King Henry VI.; act 
 iii., scene 2. 
 
 Thrissil and the Rose, The. A 
 
 poem by William Dunbar, composed on 
 tlie occasion of the marriage of James W., 
 of Scotland with Margaret, eldest daugh- 
 ter of Henry VII. The poet is sup- 
 Sosed to hare a dream, in which he is ad- 
 ressed by May, and desired to celebrate 
 in a poem the return of Spring. Heisth6n 
 introduced into a delicious gari^en where 
 Nature, having suinmoned all created 
 beings to appear before her, crowns the 
 lion, the eagle, and the thistle, as the 
 kings of beasts and birds, and plants, ac- 
 companying the action with many moral 
 and political maxims. To the protection 
 of the thistle (James IV.) she particularly 
 consigns the rose (Queen Margaret), whom 
 she also crowns, with a crown so brilliant 
 that it illumes all the land ; and the song 
 of joy that breaks forth from the birds 
 eiTectually and effectively concludes the 
 poet's vision. 
 
 "Thrones, dominations, prince* 
 
 doms, virtues, powers." Line 601, book 
 v., of Paradise Lost (q.v.). 
 
THR 
 
 TID 
 
 699 
 
 "Through thick and thin."— 
 Spesseb, The Fairie Queene, book i., 
 canto i., stanza 17. In the same passage 
 occurs tlie equally familiar expression, 
 " by hook or crook," 
 
 Thucydidea. Tlie Worlds of tliis 
 Greek bistorian were translated into Eng- 
 lish by Thomas Hobbes in 1629, and were 
 edited by Dr. Thomas Arnold iit 1830—35. 
 
 Thumb, Tom. See Tom Thumb. 
 
 Thunder and Small Beer, Essay 
 
 on. See Kicklebijays on the Bhihe, 
 The. 
 
 "Thunder (In), lightning, or^in 
 rain." — Jifacbethf acti., scene 1. 
 
 Thunderer, The. A name bestow- 
 ed upon Tile Times (q.T.) in allusion to 
 the vigorous articles contributed to it at 
 one time by Edwakd Stekling (q.v.), 
 who possessed a literary style of consider- 
 able power. 
 
 Thundertentronckb, Arminius 
 
 Ton. The nom de plume under which 
 Matthew Abkold (b. 1822) contributed 
 several papers of a satirical character, to 
 the pages of T-he Pall Mall Gazelle. These, 
 with one or two others originally pub- 
 lished in The Comhill Magazine^ were re- 
 published in the volume entitled Friend- 
 skip's Garland^ which the writer pretended 
 to have woven as a memorial of hia dead 
 friend, Arminius, the young Prussiali offi- 
 cer. 
 
 Thurio, in The Two Gentlemen of 
 Verona (q.v.), is a rival of Valentine In the 
 love of Silvia (q.v). 
 
 Thurloe, John (b. 1616, d. 1668), 
 statesman, collected a series of State 
 Papers relating to the affairs of the Pro- 
 tectorate, which, after his death, were 
 found in a false ceiling in J,iincoln's Inn. 
 They afterwards came into the hands of 
 Sir Joseph Jekyll and Lord Chancellor 
 Somers, and from^;hem devolved upon a 
 bookseller, who entrusted their publica- 
 tion to Birch in 1742. They were accom- 
 panied hv a Life of Thurloe, Warburton 
 writes of them '* as letting you thoroughly 
 into the genius " of the times and persons 
 to whom they refer, 
 
 Thurlow, Ed-ward, Lord, Lord 
 Chancellor and poet (b, 1732, d, 1806), pub- 
 lished Poems on Several Occasions (1813), 
 Oxrmen Britannicum (1814), and Select 
 Poems (1821), See the article by Thomas 
 Moox'e, the poet, in The Edinburgh Review f 
 vol, xxxi, 
 
 Thurston, Henry T, The nom de 
 plume under which Francis Tdbner 
 Paloeate (q,v,) published The Pas- 
 sionate Pilgrim: or, Eros and Anteros 
 C18B8). 
 
 Thwackum, A character in 
 FiBLPlJfO's novel of Tom Jones (q,T,). 
 
 " Thy voice is heard thro' 
 
 rolling drums." First line of a song by 
 Alfred Tenhysok in The Princess. 
 
 Thyestes. A play adapted from 
 the Greek of Seiieca, by Jasper Hey- 
 WOOD, and published in 1560. A tragedy 
 called Thyestes was written by John 
 Cbowne (q.v.), 
 
 Thyrsis. An elegiac poem by 
 
 Matthew ABKOLD'(b, 1822), described as 
 " a monody, to commemorate the author's 
 friend, Arthur Hugh Clough, who died at 
 Florence, 1S61," 
 
 " He wen2 ; jiis }>iping took a troubled Bound 
 Of BtorniB that Tage outside our happ^ ground ;- 
 He could not wau their passing ; he is dead 1" 
 
 Thyrsis is the name of a herdsman men- 
 tioned in the poems of Theocritus, as well 
 as of a shepherd In Virgil's seventh 
 Eclogue.^ Hence the name came to figure, 
 frequently in pastoral poetry, 
 
 Thyrza, To, An elegiac poem by 
 Lord Byron, written in 1811, 
 
 Tibbs, Beau, See Beau Tibbs, 
 
 TibuUus, The works of tliis Latin 
 elegiac poet have been translated by James 
 Grainger (1768), and more recently by 
 James Cranstoun (1872), 
 
 Tickell, Richard, grandson of 
 Thomas Tickell (17S3), besides contrib- 
 uting to The JiolUad,p\ibUBiiedThe Wreath 
 of Fashion, and other poetical pieces, and 
 a political pamphlet, entitled AnticipOf 
 iton. 
 
 Tickell, Thomas, poet and poli- 
 tician (b. 1686, d, 1740), wrote The Prospect 
 of Peace; The Poy'al Progress; a trans- 
 lation of the first book of the Iliad ; A 
 Letter to Avignon; Kensington Gardens 
 (q,v,) ; Thoughts on a Picture of Charles 
 I. ; To the Earl of Wanvick, on the Death 
 of Mr. Addison ; and other pieces. See the 
 Life, by Dr, Johnson, and for Criticism 
 consult The Spectator, to which Tickell 
 was an occasional contributor. See Colin 
 AND L0CY J Peace, Thj; Prospect op, 
 
 " Tickle your catastrophe, 
 I'll," — 2 King Henry IV:, act ii,, scene 1, 
 
 "Tickled with a straw." See 
 " Pleased with a battle," 
 
 Tickler, Timothy, in the Nodes 
 Ambrosian(e (q,v,). Is intended partially as 
 a portrait of Robert Sym, an Edinburgh 
 lawyer (1760—1844), 
 
 Ticknor, George, American liis- 
 torian (b, 1791, d, 1862), was the author of 
 a History of Spanish Literature (1849), a 
 Life of Lafayette, and a AfeTnoirof Prescott 
 the historian. His Life, Letters, an^ 
 Journals appeared in 1876, 
 
 Tiddler's Ground, Tom, Set 
 
 Tou Tiddler's Ground. 
 
700 
 
 TID 
 
 TIM 
 
 "Tide in the affairs of men, 
 
 Tliere is a." — Julius CcesaTf act iv,, scene 
 3— 
 
 " Which 1 taken at Qie flood, leads on to fortune." 
 
 Tidings fra the Session, by Wil- 
 
 ltam: Dunbar, is a poetical conversation 
 between two rustics, satirising the pro- 
 ceedings in tlie supreme civH law courts of 
 SEcotland. 
 
 "Tiger, tiger, burning bright." 
 
 First line of^TAe Tiger, a lyric by Wil- 
 liam Blake (q.T.), published in Songs of 
 Experience : — 
 
 *' What immortal hand or eye 
 
 Could frame thy fearful aymmctry ? 
 
 What the hammer ? what the chain ? 
 
 In what furnace wob thy brain 2 
 
 What the anvil ? what dread grasp 
 
 Bare its deadly terrors Clasp r " 
 
 Tigg, Montague. A character in 
 Dickens's riovel of Martin Chuzzlewit 
 (q.v.), whose murder by Jonas Chuzzlewit 
 (q.T.) is one of the most efEective passages 
 lu the story. 
 
 Tighe, Mrs. Mary, poetess (h. 
 1773, d. 1810), published Psyche (q.v.), and 
 some miscellaneous pieces. 
 
 "Tight little island." See "Snug 
 
 LITTLE ISLANB." 
 
 Tilburina. Daughter of the Gov- 
 ernor of Tilbury Fort, in Puff's tragedy of 
 The Spanish Armada^ containo I inSHERi- 
 DAN's farce of TJie Critic (q.v.). The 
 Governor himself is described as " a plain 
 matter-of-fact man, that's his character." 
 
 Tillotson, John, Archbisliop of 
 Canterbury (b. 1630, d. 1694), published The 
 Jiule of Faith (1666); Sermons (1671, 1678, 
 1682, and 1694) ; and other works, all of 
 which were collected and republished, 
 with a Life of the author, by Thomas 
 Birch, in 1752. See also the Xi/e, by 
 Young (1717). 
 
 Tilly Slo'wboy. See Slowbot, 
 
 TiLLV. 
 
 Tim, Tiny, in Dickens's Christmas 
 ' Carol (q.v.), ia thelittle son of Bob Cratchit 
 (q.v.), and his happy sentiment, **God 
 bless us; every one," is now a famous one. 
 
 Timber. See Discotebies. 
 
 Timbs, John, miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1801, d. 1875), published Anecdote Biog- 
 raphy , English Eccentrics, Historic Jifine- 
 pinSf The Romance qf London, Things not 
 Generally Known, Walks and Talks about 
 London, and numerous other works. 
 
 Timbuctoo. A prize poem by 
 Alfred Tennyson (Cambridge, 1829). It 
 is in blank verse, and, according to Ster- 
 ling or Maurice in The Athenceum, July 22, 
 1829, it "indicates really fine poetical 
 genius, and would have done honour to any 
 «nan that ever wrote." It is now only to 
 
 iqjet with in the American editions of 
 
 the writer's works. It has for motto 
 Chapman's lines : — 
 
 " Deep in that lion-haunted island lies 
 A mystic city, goal of high empriae." 
 Here is a passage from it :— 
 
 " Then first vithin the South methonght I saw 
 A wilderness of spires, and crystal pile 
 Of rampart upon rampart, dome on dome, 
 lUimitaDle range of battlement , 
 
 On battlement, and the Imperial height 
 Of canopy o'ercanopied. 
 
 Behind 
 In diamond light up spring the dazzling peaka 
 Of Fyramids. as far eurpassing earthjb 
 As heaven than earth is fairer. Each aloft 
 Upon his narrowed eminence bore elobes 
 Of wheeling suns, or stars, or semblances 
 Of either, showering circular abyss 
 Of radiance. But the glory of the place 
 Stood out a pillared front of humisncd gold, 
 Interminably high, of gold it were 
 Or metal more ethereal, and beneath ' 
 Two doors of blinding brilliance, where no gazA 
 Mi^hb rest, stood open, and the eye could scan 
 Through length of porch and valve and boundlesi 
 
 hall, 
 Part of a ihrone of fiery flame, wherefrom 
 The snowy skirting of a garment hung, 
 And glimpse of multitude of multitudes 
 That ministered around it." 
 
 "Time conquera all, and -we 
 
 must-time obey."— Pope, Pastorals ("Win- 
 ter," line 88). 
 
 " Time elaborately thro-wn 
 
 away.)"— Young, The Last Day, book i. 
 " Time is out of joint, The."— 
 
 Hamlet, act i., scene 5— 
 
 " O cursed spite I 
 That ever I was bom set to it right." 
 
 " Time I've lost in -wooing, 
 
 The." An Irish melody by Thomas 
 
 MOOBE. 
 
 " Time, The thief of." See 
 
 ''Pboobastination is the thief op 
 
 TIME." 
 
 " Time, The tooth of." — YorNO, 
 
 The Statesman's Creed. r ' 
 
 " Time toiled after him in vain, 
 
 And panting." See " Panting Time." 
 
 " Tinie tries the troth in every- 
 thing."— Tusseb, in an acrostic entitled 
 Thomas Tusser Made Me, 
 
 " Time vrasted is existence ; 
 
 used, is life."— Young, I^ight TkoughtSt 
 night ii., line 150. 
 
 "Time writes no wrinlde on 
 
 thine azure brow." See stanza 182, canto, 
 iv., of Bybon's poem of Don Juan. 
 
 "Time's noblest offspring is 
 
 the last." A line in Bishop Berkeley's 
 poem On the Prospect of Planting Arts 
 and Learning in America (q.v.). 
 
 Times, the. The. daily newspaper 
 which stands unmistakably at tlie head of 
 its kind, and has a reputation commensu- 
 rate with the spread of the English lan- 
 guage throughout the world, fli^t saw the 
 light in 1785, when It was started by Mr. 
 
TIM 
 
 TIM 
 
 roi 
 
 John Walter, grandfather of the present 
 
 ?roprietor, under the title of The Daily 
 Tniversal Begister—a, title ■which it re- 
 tained until the 1st of January, 1788, when 
 it appeared under its present designation. 
 At this period, as It had been for some 
 time previously, and as it was for some 
 time after, Tke Times was **set up" on 
 the logographic principle— that is to say, 
 the type consisted- of whole words or por- 
 tions of words, instead of single or double 
 letters as at present. The price of the 
 paper was, as now, threepence, and there 
 were no leading articles or reviews, though 
 there were dramatic criticisms, and though 
 the intelligence was fairly well arranged. 
 The number of advertisements in the first 
 number of The Times was fifty-seven ; the 
 small beginning of an advertising connec- 
 tion su<£. a^ no other journal has ever 
 equalled v ai>t>roachea. In 1803 John 
 Walter the youhger succeeded his father in 
 the maiuLg^ment, and in or about 1812'ap- 
 pointed Dr. (afterwards Sir John) Stod- 
 DABT to "the editorship— a post which he 
 ret^ned only till about 1816, when he was 
 dismissed on account of the rabidity of his 
 attacks on Napoleon I., and, in revenge, 
 started a paper in opposition to The Times, 
 ca lid The New Times, which expired after 
 an existence of ten or eleven years. The 
 next editor was Thomas Barnks, under 
 whom the paper largely increased in in- 
 fluence and circulation. Before his ap- 
 pointment, however, a change had taken 
 place in the mode of i>roduction of The 
 Times, which was destined to have the 
 most notable effect upon the future, not 
 only of that journal itself, but on the whole 
 newspaper press. Up to the 28th of Nov- 
 ember, 1814, the paper had been printed by 
 hand-presstes, which turned out at the most 
 450 copies an hour. The issue for the 29th 
 of the same month was brought out by 
 means of the Koiug printing-machine, 
 and was the first ever produced by the 
 agency of' s^am. Even then the produc- 
 tion did not exceed 1,100 copies an hour ; 
 hut the K(5nig press was soon superseded 
 by that of Applegarth and Cowper; the 
 latter eventually gave away to Hoe's ; and 
 the Walter press now turns out impres- 
 sions at the remarkable rate of 12,000 an 
 hour. Eight of these machines being em- 
 ployed in the printing of The Times, it is now 
 produced at the rate of 96,000 copies an hour. 
 The change from manual to mechanical 
 power, was not, of course^ allowed to oc- 
 cur without strong opposition on the part 
 of the pressmen, who were, however, re- 
 conciled when it became known that they 
 were not to lose their situations in the 
 establishment. It was 1834 or thereabout 
 that The jTime,? began Its system of special 
 expresses for the collection of intelligence 
 in this country— an arrangement which 
 was supplements by the appointment of 
 ppecial correspondents in every capital, 
 ^is was before the days of telegraphs 
 and railways ; what Tke Times has done 
 
 since the Invention of those now familiar 
 adjuncts of our civilization is well known- 
 Its foreign correspondence is the envy of 
 allits contemporaries, and tl^e occasions on 
 which the enterprise displayed in it has 
 been surpassed are very few indeed. One 
 great feature of The rimes— that in which 
 it is quite unrivalled — ^is the number and 
 value of its advertisements, which on one 
 day in 1861 amounted to over 4,000, whilst- 
 in 1971 the revenuefrom them was as much^ 
 it is said, as £5,000 weekly. ^ What it is . 
 now it would be impossible to say, but the 
 sum total for the year must be something 
 almost incredible. The circulation of The 
 Times so far back as 1843 was only 10,000 
 copies; this rose in 1854 to over 60,000, and 
 in 1860 to over 60,000. On single occasions 
 it has been enormous. At the opening of 
 the Exhibition in 1862 it was 88,000 \ on the 
 arrival of the Princess Alexandra m Lon- 
 don It was 98,000; at her marriage it 
 was 110,000. But these numbers were of 
 course phenomenal. Thomas Barnes was 
 succeeded in the editorship of The Times 
 by John Thadeus Delate in 1841. , The 
 literary contributors are; it is well known, 
 drawn from the leading writers of the day, 
 who have always counted it an honour to 
 be retained in the service of the leading 
 paper. Among others may be mentioned, 
 as having gained celebrity in the past by 
 their appearances in TIte Times, Matthew 
 J. HiGGiNS, ("Jacob Omnium," q.v.), 
 Edwakd Sterling ('* Vetus," q.v.), 
 Benjamin Disraeli (" Bunnymede," 
 q.v.), Eev. Lord Sydnev Gouolphin 
 Ohbobne (" S. G.O.," q.v.), Dean Blakes- 
 LEY (" A Hertfordshire Incumbent," 
 q.v.), and Sir W. Vernon Harcourt 
 (" Historicus,'* q.v.). For particulars. con- 
 cerliing the career and intenial working of , 
 The Times, see Frederick Hunt's Fourth 
 Estate, Andrews' History of Journalism, 
 Cassell*8 National Portrait Gallery (" Mr. 
 John Walter"), and other works. See 
 Russell, William Howard ; Sterling, 
 Edward ; and Thunderer, The. 
 
 Timias. A character in Spenser's 
 Fa'erie Queene (q.v). "The affection of 
 Timias for Belphcebe [q.v.],'* says Sir Wal- 
 ter Sc'ott, *' is allowed, on all hands, to al- 
 lude to Sir Walter Raleigh's pretended ad- 
 miration of Queen Elizabeth; and his dis- 
 grace, on account of a less platonic intrigue 
 with the daughter of Sir Nicholas Throg- 
 morton, together with his restoration to , 
 favour, are plainly pointedout in the sub- 
 sequent events." 
 
 Timon, in Pope's Moral Essai/s, 
 epistle iv., is a portrait of the first Duke of 
 Ghandos, who had a great passion for 
 stately buildings and splendid living. His 
 seat, described in the poem, was called 
 "Canons." 
 
 Timon of Athens. A tragedy hy 
 William Shakespeare (1564—1616), first 
 printed in the folio of 1623. The storyof 
 
702 
 
 TIM 
 
 TIS 
 
 tho misanthrope was probably derived by 
 the poet from two books which we know 
 to have been his constant companions — 
 Painter's Falnce of Pleasure and North's 
 translation of the Lives of Plutarch. "Of 
 all the works of Shakespeare," says 
 Schlegel, " Timon of Athens possesses 
 most the character of satire— a laughing 
 satire in the picture of the parasites and 
 -flatterers, and Juvena^li^ in the bitterness 
 of Timon*s imprecations on the ingratitude 
 of a false world. The story is very simply 
 treated, and is definitely divided into large 
 masses. In the first act the joyous life of 
 Timon, his noble and hospitable extrava- 
 gance, and around him the throng of Buii> 
 ors of every description ; in the second 
 and third acts his embarrassment, and tlie 
 trial which he is hereby reduced to make 
 of his supposed friends, who all desert 
 him in the hour of need ; in the fourth 
 and fifth acts, Timon's flight to the woods, 
 bis misanthi-opical melancholy, and Ms 
 death. The only thing which may be call- 
 ed an episode Is the banishment of Alci- 
 biades by force of arms. However, they 
 were both examples of ingratitude — the 
 one of a state towards its defender, and 
 the other of pi-ivate friends to their bene- 
 factor." The reader will remember, per- 
 haps, the allusion in a poem by Tennyson, 
 published in 1846 : — 
 
 " We know him out of ShaTteepearc'a art, 
 And those tine curses which he spoke ; 
 The old Timon with his noble heart, 
 That, strongly loathing, greatly broke." 
 
 jSee New TiMoif, The. 
 
 Timon of Athens the Man- 
 
 Hater, The History of. A play by TnoMAS 
 Shadwell (IMO— 1692), published in 1678, 
 in the dedication of which to Geocge, 
 Duke of Buckinf:ham, the author says : 
 " This play was originally Shakespeare's, 
 who never made more masterly strokes 
 than in this ; yet, I can truly say I have 
 made it into a play." 
 
 Timon, The Ne'w. See New 
 Timon, The. 
 
 Tin Trumpet, The. A series of 
 papers, published anonymously, and writ- 
 ten by Horace Smith (q. v.). This work 
 was erroneously ascribed to Thackeray, 
 and was reprinted with the real author's 
 name atfixed. *- 
 
 Tinclarian Doctor, The Great, 
 
 was the title assumed by William Mitch- 
 ell, a Scotch tin-plate worker, inthep'ub- 
 lication of numerous books and pamph- 
 lets at Edinburgh and Glasgow in the early 
 part of the eighteenth century. Among 
 these was The Tinkler's Testament, " The 
 reason," he said, " why I call myself Tin- 
 clarian Doctor is because I am a Tinklar, 
 and cures old Pans and Lantruus." 
 
 Tindal, Matthe'W, LL.D., deistical 
 ■writer (b. WHT, d. 1733), wrote an Essay 
 Concerning Obedience to the Supreme Pow- 
 
 ers, and the Duty qf Subjects in alllievolu- 
 tlons (1691) ; an Essay CorKeming the Latea 
 qf Nations and the Rights of Sovereigns 
 (1695) ; The Rights of the Cliristian Church 
 asserted against the Romish, with a Preface 
 Concerning the Government of the Church 
 t>f England as by Law Established (1706): 
 a Vejfence of tlte Rights of the Church 
 against W. Wotlon (1707); A Second De- 
 fence (1708) ; The JacobltUm, Perjury, 
 and Poperif of the High Church Priests 
 (1710) J Christianity as Old as the Creation 
 (1730) ; and other works. 
 
 Tindal, Nicholas, clergyman and 
 author (b. 1687, d. 1774), wrote a History of 
 Essex (1726) ; a continuation of Kapin'a 
 History of England (1767) ; some transl.v 
 tions, aiid various other miscellaneous 
 works. 
 
 Tindal, 'William. See Ttkdale. 
 
 Tinker, The Inspired. A name 
 bestowed on John Bunyan (q.v.). 
 
 Tintern Abbey, Lines Com- 
 posed a few Miles Above. Written by 
 William Wobdswoeth, on July 13, 1798. 
 They have no reference to the famous 
 ruin. 
 
 Tinto, Dick. A poor artist, in Sir 
 Walter Scott's novels of Tlie Bride of 
 Lammermoor and St. Ronan*s Well (q.v.), 
 
 Tinto, Dick. Tlie nom de plume 
 of Fraxk Booth Goodrich, an Ameri- 
 can writer (b. 1826). 
 
 Tipto, Sir Glorious. A charac- 
 ter in Ben Jonsok's A'ew Tnn (q.v.), who 
 indulges in thrasonical language and vain- 
 glorious affectation. 
 
 Tiptree Races. A comic poem, 
 redolent of puns, written by " C. C." — 
 Charles Clark, of Great Tolham Hall, 
 Essex. It appeared in 1834.' 
 
 " Tired nature's sweet restorer, 
 balmy sleep:" First line, night i'., of 
 YouNG'.s poem, Night Thoughts (q.v.). 
 
 'Tis a pity she's a 'Whore. A 
 
 tragedy by John Ford, which appeared 
 in 1633. The subject is unfortunate ; but 
 it would be difficult to praise too highly 
 the beauty, pathos, ana melancholy ten- 
 terness of this exquisite play. 
 
 " 'Tis better to have loved and 
 
 lost." See "Better to have loved 
 AND lost." 
 
 '"Tis done,— but yesterday a' 
 
 king." First line of an Ode to Napoleon 
 Sonaparte, by Lord Byron (1788— 1S24), 
 published in 1814. 
 
 " 'Tis not the lily bro-w I prize." 
 First line of a lyric by Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge. 
 
 " 'Tis not your saying that you 
 
TIS 
 
 TIT 
 
 703 
 
 love." First line of a lyric l)y Aphba 
 Behk. 
 
 " 'Tis the last rose of summer." 
 See "Last Rose of Summek." 
 
 " ^Tis time this heart should be 
 
 unmoved." First line of some verses by 
 Lord Byron (1788—1824), entitled On this 
 Daij I complete my Thirty-Sixth Year, and 
 written at Missolonghi, on January 22. 
 1824. 'xbe poet died on the 19th of April 
 in that Tear. The last two verses of this 
 poem— the last he ever wrote — run : — 
 
 " If thon TCffrett'st thy youth, wfty live f 
 The lanuof honourable death 
 la here ;— up to the field, and give 
 Away thy breath 1 
 •* Seek out— less often soueht than found— 
 A soldier'B grave, for thee the beat ; 
 Then look around, and choose thy ground, 
 And take thy rest." 
 
 Lord Lytton the elder has some verses 
 couched in very much the same strain of 
 melancholy regret. 
 
 Tltania. The queen of the fairies 
 in A Midsummer Night's Dream (q.v.), 
 ** The Shakespearian commentators," says 
 Keightley, " have not thought fit to in- 
 . form us why the poet designates the fairy 
 queen * Titania.' It, however, presents no 
 difficulty. It was the belief of those days 
 that the fairies were the same as the classic 
 nymphs, the attendants of Diana. The 
 fairy queen was therefore the same as 
 Diana, whom Ovid styles * Titania.' " See 
 Oberox. 
 
 Titcomb, Timothy. The literary 
 pseudonym adopted by Josiah Gilbert 
 Hollas"!), an American writer (q.v.). 
 
 Tithes, The History of, was pub- 
 lished by John Selden (q.v-) in 1618. 
 
 Tithonus. A poem by Alfred 
 
 Tennysox, written in 1860 ; the soliloquy 
 of one whom ** only cruel immortality con- 
 sumed." 
 
 Titles of Honour, A Treatise 
 on, was published by John Selt>en (q.v.) 
 in 1614, and is still a high authority on the 
 subject of which it treats. 
 
 Titmarsh, Michael Angelo. The 
 
 nom deplume adopted 1t)y Willi am Make- 
 peace Thackeray (1811—1863) in the pub- 
 lication of several of his works " Michael 
 Angelo " is said to have been a nickname 
 bestowed upon him by a friend, probably 
 in allusion to his early artistic career and 
 aspirations; whilst "Titmarsh" was pos- 
 sibly added as a sort of humorous anti- 
 climax. 
 
 Titmarsh, Samuel, The History 
 of, and the Great Hoggarty Diamond. A 
 *tory by William makepeace Thack- 
 eray, published ia 1841. John Sterling 
 wrote of It, in 1841 : " What is there better 
 Sn ITielding or Goldsmith I the man is a 
 true genius. . . There is more truth and 
 
 nature in these papers than In all 's 
 
 novels put together." 
 
 Titmouse, Mr. Tittlebat. The 
 hero of Warren's novel of Ten Thousand 
 a Year (q.v.): a linendraper's assistant. 
 who is suddenly discovered to be a *' scion ** 
 of the aristocracy. 
 
 Tito Melema, in George Eliot's 
 novel of Jiomola (q.v,), is the son of Bal- 
 dassare Calvo (q.v.). 
 
 Titus Andronious. A play gener- 
 ally attributed to William Shakespeare 
 (1564—1616), and included in most editions 
 of his works, but considered by the best 
 judges to be the work of some other drama- 
 tist or dramatists, though itis possible that 
 the poet may have inserted a line here and' 
 there. It is ascribed to him by Meres in hte 
 Palladis Tamia (1598), and is included -ia. 
 the folio of 1623 ; hutthe internal evidence 
 is entirely against Shakespeare's author- 
 ship. Malone says : " To enter into a long 
 disquisition to prove this piece not to 
 have been written by Shakespeare would 
 be an i^le waste of time. To those who 
 are not conversant with his writings, more 
 words would be necessary than the subjec^t 
 is worth ; those who are well acquainted 
 with his works cannot entertain a doubt on 
 the question. I will, however, mention one 
 mode by which it may be easily ascertairied. 
 Let tlie reader only peruse a few lines of 
 any of the pieces that were exhibited be- 
 fore the time of Shakespeare, and he will 
 at once perceive that Titu» Andranicu? 
 was coine(f in the same mint." Eavens- 
 , croft, who, in the time of. James II., 
 adapted the play to the staged mentions a 
 tradition that it was the work of a ;private 
 author, and that all Shakespeare did was 
 to add a few master-touches to some of the 
 principal characters and incidents. Lang- 
 baine states that the play was first printed 
 in 15&4 ; and Henslowe records in his diary 
 the acting on the 23rd of January in that 
 year of a tragedy called Titus AnaronicuSf 
 which was, no doubt, the work ascribed to 
 Shakespeare. ** Titus Andronious j'" says 
 Hazlitt, 'Ms certainly as unlike Shake- 
 speare's st^le as it is possible. It is an 
 accumulation of vulgar physical horrors,"' - 
 in which the power exercised by the poet 
 bears no proportion to the repugnance 
 excited by the subject. The character of 
 Aaron jbhe Moor is the only thing which 
 shows an^ originality of conception, and 
 the scene in which he expresses his joy ' iit 
 the blackness and ugliness of his child 
 begot in adultery,' the only one worthy of 
 Shakespeare. Even this is only worthy of 
 him in the display of power, for it gives no 
 pleasure. Shakespeare managed these 
 things differently. Nor do we think it a 
 sufficient answer to say that this was an 
 embryo or crude production of the author. 
 In its kind it is full grown, and its features 
 decided and heavy. It is not like a first 
 imperfect essay ,but shows confirmed habits 
 
704 
 
 TIT 
 
 TOD 
 
 a systematic preference of violent effort to 
 everything else. There are occasional de- 
 tached images of great beauty and delicacy, 
 but these were not beyond the powers oi 
 other writers then living." * 
 
 Titus Andronicus's Complaint. 
 
 A ballad included in the old collection 
 called The Golden Garland. It is inter- 
 esting as being on the same subject as a 
 play by Shakespeare, though whether the 
 poet was indebted to it or not it is impos- 
 sible to say. See Percy's ^eWgites. 
 
 "To all you ladies no-w on 
 land." First line of a song " written" by 
 Charles Sackville, Earl of Dorset 
 (1637—1706), " at sea, the first Dutch war, 
 1665, the night before an engagement," 
 and characterised by Prior as "one of the 
 prettiest that ever was made," It con- 
 cludes with: 
 
 " And now we've told you all our lovefl 
 
 And likewise all our feara, 
 In hopes this declaration moves, 
 
 Some pity fonour tears ; 
 Xiet's hear of no inconstancy, 
 Wo have too much of that at sea. 
 
 Withafah^U, Klo-" 
 
 "To dra-w no envy, Shake- 
 speare, on thy name." — To The Memory of 
 Shakeapearef by Ben Jonson, in Under- 
 woods. 
 
 " To love unloved it is a pain." 
 First line of Alexander Scot's Lainent 
 when his Wife Left Him, 
 
 " To one -who has been long in 
 city pent." First line of a soni^et by John 
 Keats. See " City pent." 
 
 "To the "West! to the West! 
 
 to the land of the free ! "—Charles 
 Mackay, To the West. 
 
 Toad, Mr. Stapylton, in Dis- 
 raeli's novel of Vivian Grey (q.v.), is a 
 lawyer's clerk who has risen to be a mem- 
 ber of Parliament. 
 
 Tobacco, A Counterblaste to. 
 A short prose treatise by King James I., 
 published in 1604. It was reprinted by 
 Arber in 1869. 
 
 " Tobacco (Sublime) ! "— Bteon, 
 Tlie Island, canto ii., stanza 19 :— 
 
 *' Which from east to west 
 Cheers the tar's labours or the bushmon's rest." 
 
 Tobacco, Tile Farewell to, by 
 Charles Latiib (1775—1834). " Tobacco," 
 says Serjeant Talf ourd, ** had been at once 
 Lamb's solace and his bane. In the hope 
 of resisting the temptation of late conviv- 
 iality to which it ministered, he formed 
 a resolution, the virtue of which can be 
 but dimly guessed, to abandon its use, and 
 embodied the Hoating fancies which had 
 attended on his long wavering in one of 
 the richest of his poems." 
 
 Tobin, John, dramatist (h. 1770, 
 d. 1804), wrote The Faro Table, The Under- 
 
 taker, The Sc7toolfor Authors, The Curfew, 
 The Indians, and The Honeymoon (q.v.). 
 His. Memoirs were published by E. S . Ben* 
 ger, in 1820. 
 
 Toby, Uncle, i.e., Captain Shandy, 
 in Sterne's THstram Shandy (q.v.). was, 
 it is suggested, intended as a sketch of the 
 author's father, who was a lieutenant in 
 the army. " My Uncle Toby," say^ Haz- 
 litt, " is one of the finest compliments ever 
 paid to human nature. He is the most 
 unoffending of God's creatures; or, as the 
 French express it, un tel petit bonnomme.' 
 Of his bowling-green, his sieges, and his 
 amours, who could say or think anything 
 amiss ? " " But what shall I say of thee," 
 says Leigh Hunt, " thou quintessence of 
 the milk of human kindness, thou recon- 
 ciler of war (as far as it was once neces- 
 sary to reconcile it), thou returner to child- 
 hood during peace, thou lover of widows, 
 thou master of the best of corporals, thou 
 whistler at excommunications, thou high 
 and only final Christian eentleman^thou 
 
 ?itier of the devil himself, divine Uncle 
 'oby ? Why, this I will say, made bold 
 by my example, and caring nothing for 
 what anybody may think of it who does 
 not in some measure partake of thy nature, 
 that he who has created thee was the 
 wisest man since the days of Shakespeare ; 
 and that Shakespeare himself, mighty 
 reflector of things as they were, but no 
 anticipator, never arrived at a character . 
 like thine." Percy Fitzgerald has issued 
 a selection from Sterne's novel, entirely 
 devoted to Uncle Toby, his doings and say- 
 ings. A writer in Macmillan^s Magazine 
 (July, 1873) asserts, with some degree of 
 probability, that the character of -Uncle 
 Toby was <u-awn by Sterne from Captain 
 Hinde, a neighbour of Lord Dacre, whom 
 the great author used to visit at his country 
 seat. This Captain Hinde was a retired 
 officer, and it is recorded of him that he 
 made an embattled front to his house, 
 called his labourers from the fields by the 
 sound of a bugle, and had a battery at the 
 end of his garden. 
 
 Toby Veck. See Veck, Toby. 
 
 " Tocsin of the soul — the dinner- 
 bell." — Bykon, Don Juan, canto v. , stanza 
 49. 
 
 To-day in Ireland. The title of 
 a collection of tales, published anony- 
 mously in 1825, and followed by a similar 
 collection entitled Yesterday in Ireland in 
 1829. 
 
 " To-morroTV, and to-morro-w, 
 and to-morrow."— if ac6eWi, act v., scene 5. 
 
 " To-morro-w to fresh woods 
 and pastures new." See "Fresh woods 
 
 AND PASTURES KEW." 
 
 " To-morrow^s sun to thee may 
 
 never rise,"— Congreve, Letter to Coth 
 ham, 
 Todd, Henry John, Arclideacon 
 
TOD 
 
 TOM 
 
 705 
 
 of Cleveland (b. 1T63, d. 1846), wrote Smne 
 Account qfthe Deans of Canterlmri/^ (1793), 
 Illustrations of the Lives and Writings of 
 Gower and Chaucer (1810), Memoirs qf Brian 
 Walton (1821) ajid a Life of Cranmer (1831) ; 
 besides editing tbe works o£ Milton (1801) 
 and Spenser (1805), and Jolinson's Diction- 
 ary (1814): 
 
 Todd, Laurie. A novel by John 
 Galt (1779—1839), founded on the autobi- 
 ograpby of Grant Thorburn. 
 
 Todgers, Mrs. M., in Dickens's 
 
 novel oE Martin Chuzzlewit (q.v.), is the 
 proprietress of a '* commercial boarding- 
 house.'* 
 
 Tofte, Robert. See Boiakdo and 
 Tasso. 
 
 "Toil and trouble." — Macbeth, 
 act iv., scene 1. 
 
 " Toil, eiMry, want, the patron, 
 
 and the jaiL* — Dr. Johnso:«'s description 
 
 - of the '* ills " that " the scholar's life 
 
 assail," in The Vanity of Human Wishes. 
 
 Tokens before the day of judg- 
 ment. A poem by Adam Davie (q.v .). 
 
 Toland, John,iniscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1669, d. 1722); was the author of 
 Christianity not Mysterimis (1696), (q.v.) ; 
 a lAfe of John Milton (1699) ; Memoirs of 
 Denzil, Lord Holies (1699) ; Anglia Libera: 
 ori the Limitation and Succession of the 
 Crown of England (1701) ; Letters to Serena 
 (1704) ; AccoutH of the Courts of Prussia 
 •and Hanover (1706); Adeisidamon sive 
 Titus LiviuSt a superstiiione vindicatus 
 (1709) ; The Art ofBestoring : or, the Probity 
 or. General Monk in bringing about the Last 
 Mestaration (1714) ; Nazarenus : or, Jewish, 
 Gentile, and Mahometan Christianity (1718) ; 
 Tetradynms (1720) ; Pantheisticon (1720) ; 
 A History of the Druids (1814) ; and other 
 works. An Historical Account of the lAfe 
 and Writings of John, Toland was publish- 
 ed in 1722!^aiid A Collection of Several 
 Pieces, jwiafirst published from his Origv- 
 nal Manuscripts, with some Memoirs of his 
 Life and Writings, by Des Maizaux, in 
 1726. See also the lAfe by Mosheim. 
 
 "Tolerabte.(Most), and not to 
 be endured."— afwrA Ado about Nothing, 
 act iii., sqieife 3. 
 
 Toleration, Letters concerning;, 
 by John iooKB (1632—1704), three in 
 number, were published in 1689, 1090, and 
 1692. The first is probably the most im- 
 portant, " as containing," says Professor 
 Fraser, "a scientific exposition and defence 
 of lessons he had derived from the Eng- 
 lish Independents and Quakers, on a sub- 
 ject which had lately employed the pen of 
 Jeremy Taylor, of Bayle, and of Leibnitz." 
 It was originally written in Latin. 
 
 " Toll for the brave." The open- 
 ing line of COWPEB'S lyric, 0» the Loss of 
 the Bcyal George. 
 
 Tom Bo'wling. A lyric by Chas. 
 DiBDiN. 5ee "BowLiNO, Tom." , 
 
 Tom Brcwn's School days. See 
 Brown, Tom. Tom Brown at Oxford, a 
 continuation of tnis work, by the same 
 author, appeared in 1861. 
 
 Tom, Corinthian. One of the 
 heroes of PIekce Egan's story of Life in 
 London (q.v.). 
 
 Tom Crib's Memorial to Con- 
 gress. See Cbib, Tom. 
 
 Tom Essence. A comedy, printed 
 in 1677, and ascribed in Walpole's Anec- 
 dotes to Thomas Eawlins (d. 1670). 
 
 Tom Jones. See Jones, TomJ 
 
 Tom Thumb. See Teagedt of 
 Tragedies. 
 
 Tom Thumb, his Life and 
 
 Death. A famous old balladi " wherein is 
 declared manymarvailous acts of manhood, 
 full of 'wonder and strange merriments. 
 Which little kni^t lived in King Arthur's 
 time, and famous in the Court of tSreat - 
 Britaine. London, printed for John 
 Wright, 1630." Nine years previously, in 
 1621, had appeared The History of Tom 
 Thwmbe the little,forhis smallstaturen^imed 
 King Arthur^ s Dwarfe : wliose- lAfe and Ad- 
 ventures containe many Strange and Won- 
 derfuU Accidents, published for the delight 
 of merry Time-spenders. This, however, 
 was merely a prose version of the popular 
 story, in the preface to which the author, 
 ElCHAKO Johnson, refers to his hero as 
 "Little Tom of Wales, ud bigger than a 
 Miller's Thumbe, and therefore for his 
 small stature surnamed Tom Thumbe." 
 " The Ancient Tales of Tom Thumbe in 
 the olde time have been," he says, " the' 
 only revivers of drowsy age at midnight ; 
 old and young have with his Tales cMm'd 
 Mattens till flie cocks crow In the morn- 
 ing ; Batchelors and Maidea with his Tales 
 have compassed the Christmas lire-blocke, 
 till the Curfew-Bell rings candle out ; the 
 old Shepheard and the young Plow-boy 
 after their dayes labour, have carrold out 
 the Tale of Tom Thumbe to make them 
 merry with." The " little knight " is re- 
 ferred to by Ben Jonson In his masque of 
 The Fartmiate Isles. See THOMAS Kedi- 
 vivns. 
 
 Tom Tiddler's Ground. The title 
 of the Christmas number, by CharIiEs 
 Dickens (1812—1870), of All the Year 
 Round for 1861. Mr. Mopes, the hermit, 
 who forms the subject of one of the tales, 
 was a real personage, named Lucas, who 
 resided at lledcoats G^reen, near Steven.^ 
 age, in Hertfordshire, and whom Dick-, 
 ens had visited in company with Sir Arthur 
 Helps. ' 
 
 Tom Tiler and his VTife. A 
 
 moral-play first published in 1578 and again 
 in 16S1, and professing to be arep rodufition 
 
706 
 
 TOM 
 
 TOO 
 
 of *' an excellent old play, as it was printed 
 And acted about a hundred years ago." 
 GoUidr llxes tlie date of its composition 
 not long after the rebellion of 1569, and 
 infers, trom the prologue, that, like many 
 other pieces of about uie same date, it was 
 performed by children :— 
 
 " To make you joy nnd laugh at merry toys, 
 I mean a play set out by pretty boys." 
 
 The plot, he says, is a mere piece of mer- 
 riment relating toth& sufferings of Tom 
 Tiler under Ihi affliction and inflictions of 
 a shrewish wife. The whole is written in 
 short couplets, two of which are usually 
 pnntediu oue line, as— 
 
 " Curatncsse pTOVokes 
 Kind henrts to dlBscver, and hatred for ever 
 Most Commonly growes by dealing of blowes." 
 
 Six songs are interspersed in various 
 lyrical measures, but none of them are of 
 peculiar merit. 
 
 Tom. TTncle. A negro .slave, noted 
 for his faithfulness, in Mrs. Beechek 
 Stowe's Uncle Tom*s Cabin (q.v.). The 
 prototype of this character is said to have 
 been Josiah Henson, a negro well known 
 in the United States, who was born in 
 Maryland in 1789, and held in bondage for 
 forty-two years, when he made his escape 
 to Canada. He came to England in 1876. 
 
 Tom-^-Llncoln, The most plea- 
 sant History of, '* that ever-renowned sol- 
 dier, the Red Rose Knight, surnamed the 
 Boar of England, showing his honourable 
 victories in foreign countries, with his 
 strange fortunes in Fae'iy Land, and how 
 he married tlie fair Angliterra, daughter 
 toPrester John, that renowned m<marchof 
 the world ; written by Richaud Johnbox, 
 and entered on the books of the St^ioners* 
 Company, December 24, 1599. 
 
 "Tomb of all the Capulets, 
 
 The."— Burke, in a letter to Matthew 
 Smith. 
 
 Tombs in "Westminster Abbey, 
 On the. Lines written by Francis Beau- 
 mont. 
 
 Tomkis. /See Albumazarthe As- 
 
 TRONOMKR. 
 
 Tomline, George Pretyman, 
 
 Bishop of Winchester (b. 1750, d. 1827): 
 wrote Elements of Christian Theology, A 
 liefittaiion of tlie Charge of Calvinism 
 against the Church of England, and The 
 Mfe of the Right Hon. William Pitt, char- 
 acterised by Macaulay as " the worst 
 biographical work of its size in the world." 
 
 Tom's Cabin, Uncle. See Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin. 
 
 " Tongue dropped manna, His." 
 See line 112, book li., of Paradise Lost 
 (q.v.)- 
 
 " And could make the wonc appear 
 The better reason, to perplex imd dnah 
 Maturest couascls." 
 
 "Tongues (Airy) that syllable 
 
 men's names." See " AiRV tokgues." 
 
 " Tongues in trees, books in the 
 Tumiing brooks."— .^8 You Like It, act ii., 
 scene 1. See " Sesmoks in stokes." 
 
 Tonna, Mrs. C. B. See. Charlotte- 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Tonson, Jacob (Ii. 1656, d. 1736), 
 is notable as the publisher of many of the 
 works of Dryden, Addison, and Tope. His 
 name figures largely in the literature of 
 his time. 
 
 Tony Lumpkin. See LnMPKiN, 
 Tosy. 
 
 Too late to call backe Yester- 
 day, and To-morrow comes not Yet : ** the 
 words fancied in a dialogue, supposed be- 
 twene a lover and the day." A poem by 
 KOBERT Davenport, published in 1625. 
 
 " Too late, too late, ye cannot 
 
 enter now." Refrain of the nov'ce's song 
 in "Guinevere," in Tennyson's IdyU$ 
 of the King, 
 
 " Too poor for a bribe, and too 
 
 proud to importune." First line of 
 Gray's " Sketch of his own character," 
 written in 1761, and found in oue of Wa 
 pocket-books. 
 
 "Too, too solid flesh would 
 
 melt-; O, that this." — Hamlet, act i., sc. 2. 
 
 Toobad, Mr., in Peacock's novel 
 of Nightmare Abbey (q.v.), is a persoii 
 whose object in existence is to prove to 
 the world that "the devil is come 
 among you, having great wrath, because 
 he knoweth that he hath but a short 
 time." He has a daughter called Celiiida. 
 
 Tooke, John Home, piiilolngist 
 (b. 1736, d. 1812), wrote The Diversions of 
 Piirley (1786—1805), The Petitim of an 
 Englishman (1765), Zetter to Mr. Dunning 
 (1778), Letter on the J?eported Marriage of 
 the Prince of Wales (1787), and some minor 
 works, A Memoir of Tooke was pub- 
 lished by Hamilton in 1812; and by 
 Stephens in 1813. See the Life by Beid. 
 See Diversions of Purley, The. 
 
 Tooke, Richard. See Dodd, 
 
 Charles. 
 
 Tooke, William, clergyman nnd 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1744, d. 1820), 
 wrote a History of Itussia, a Hfe of the 
 Empress Catherine IL, &' View qf the 
 Uoman Empire, and VaHeties of Litera- 
 t-ur€j liesides translating the works of 
 Lucian, and editing the first iive volumes 
 of the General Biographical Didionary. 
 
 Tootel, tiugh. See Dodd, Chas. 
 
 Toothache, Address to the. A 
 
 poem written by Robert Burn« (1769 — 
 1796), "when the author was grievously 
 tormented by that disorder," 
 
TOO 
 
 TO0 
 
 707 
 
 Toots, Mr. A character in DiCK- 
 Esrs's novel of Dombey and Son (q,v.) ; 
 •* than whom there were few better fel- 
 lows in the world." He is represented as 
 in love with Plorence Dombey, and as 
 continually remarking that "it'sof no con- 
 sequence." 
 
 "Top of my bent. The." See 
 
 " Fool me to the top," &c. 
 
 Tophas, Sir, in Lyly*s Endynuon 
 (q.v.), is *'an affected, blustering,' talk- 
 ative, cowardly pretender." 
 
 Toplady, Augustus Montague, 
 
 polemical writer (b. 1740, d. 1778), wrote 
 Siatoric Proof of the Doctrinal Calvinism 
 of the Church of England (1774), Psalms 
 and Hymns for Public and Private Worship 
 {1776}, The Church of England Vindicated 
 from the Charge of Arminianism, The 
 jboctrine of Absolute Predestination Stated 
 and Assertedf and The Doctrine of Chris- 
 tian and Philosophical Necessity Asserted. 
 His Memoirs were published in 1779 and 
 1794, a Sketch of his Life was appended to 
 an OTiiion of his Hymns and Sacred Poeins 
 in 1860. His complete Worlcs^ with ** an 
 enlarged Memoir of the Author," ap- 
 peared in 1825, and again in 1869. See 
 "Rook of Ages." ■ 
 
 Topsy. A youn^ slave girl, in 
 Mrs. Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom*s 
 Cabin (q.v.) :— 
 
 •' ToDBy never was bom, 
 Never had amudder ; 
 Specks-I growed a nigger brat. 
 Just like auy udder." 
 
 Torre, Sir. Brother of Elaine 
 (q.v.) in Tennyson's Idylls of the King. 
 Tory's Chronicle, The. The 
 
 name popularly given to Dr. Samuel 
 Parker, Bishop of Oxford's De Rebus 
 gui Temporis ' (1660 — 80) Commentariorum 
 Libri Quatwyr, which, published originally 
 in 1726, was translated into English by T. 
 Newlih in the following year. 
 
 Total Discourse, The, of the 
 
 Bare Adventures and Painful Peregrina- 
 tiojis of Long Nineteen Years Travayles : 
 "from Scotland to the most Famous King- 
 doms in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Per- 
 fited by Three Dear-bought Voyages in 
 Surveying Forty-eight Kingdoms, Ancient 
 and Modem ; Twenty-one Beipublics, Ten 
 Absolute Principalities, with Two Hiin- 
 dred Islands." A work by William 
 LiTHGOW (1580—1640), the various editions 
 of which were published in 1614, 1623, 
 1632, andvl640. A notice will be found in 
 TJie Retrospective Review, vol. xi.. 3424 — 
 69. Lithgow is said to have walked no 
 fewer than thirty-six thousand miles in 
 the course o£ his " painful peregrina- 
 tions." 
 
 Tottel's Miscellany ; " or. Sondes 
 and Sonettes," by HenrV, Earl op Sur- 
 BEV, Sir Thomas Wyatt the Klder, Ni- 
 
 cholas GttiMALD, Thomas, Lord Vaux, 
 John Heywood, Edward Somerset, 
 and "uncertain authors;" published by 
 Kichard Tottel, in 1557, and subsequently 
 edited by Bishop Percy, Sir H. Nicholas, 
 KobertBell, George (iilhllan, aud Edward 
 Arber (1870). The last-named says : " It 
 would be' Interesting to know with whom 
 origiiiated the idea of this miscellany of 
 English verse. Who were its first editore ? 
 What was the principle of selection ? Who 
 were the * uncertain authors?' This mucli 
 we do know : that quite half of the col- 
 lection, Was posthumous. Wyatt had been 
 dead fourteen, Surrey ten, Bryan eight 
 years when it appeared. , Of others of its 
 contributors living, there were LordVaux, 
 who was about forty-six, Grimald thirty- 
 nine, Heywood tifty, and Churchyard 
 thirty-seven years of age. If to any' of 
 these four we might assign, as a guess, 
 first the existence of the work, in conjunoi 
 tion with the ;printer, then its chief editing, 
 and supervision through the "^ press, it 
 would be Grimald, We know he was pre- 
 viously in business relations with the 
 printer of this work. Bank undoubtedly 
 placed Surrey's name on the title-page ; 
 but Sir T. Wyatt is the most important of 
 all the contributors, both as to priority in 
 time, as to literary influence, and as to the 
 number of poems contributed. The whole 
 of these poems may be said to have been 
 written within the thirty years between 
 1527—1557." 
 
 Tottenham Court. A comedy by 
 Thomas Nabbes (1600—1645), acted in 
 1633, and printed in 1638. 
 
 "Touch (A), a kias! the charm 
 
 was siiapt." First line of " The Bevival '* 
 in The Day Dream, a lyric by Alfred 
 TE^-NYSON (b. 1809). 
 
 "Touch of a vanished hand, 
 
 The." See Tennyson's poem, beginning 
 
 " Break, break, break." 
 
 ''Touch of nature makes the 
 
 whole world kin^0ne."—5'ee " One Touch 
 OF Nature." 
 
 *' Touched nothing he did not 
 
 adorn, And." See Dr. Johnson's Epitaph 
 on Oliver Goldsmith^ which was originally 
 written in Latin. 
 
 Touchstone. A witty down in 
 As You Like It (q.v.). " Touchstone," says 
 Hazlitt, " is not in love, but he will have 
 a mistress as a subject lor the" exercise of 
 his grotesque humour, and to show his 
 contempt for the passion, by his indif- 
 ference about the person. He is a rare 
 fellow. He is a mixture of- the ancient 
 cynic philosopher with the modem buf- 
 foon, and turns folly into wit and wit into 
 folly just as the fit takes him. His court- 
 ship of Audrey not only throws a degree of 
 ridicule on the state of wedlock itself, but 
 be Is equally an enemy to tlie. prejudices 
 
708 
 
 TOU 
 
 TOX 
 
 of opijoion in other respects. The lofty 
 tone of enthusiasm which the duke and 
 his com{janionB in exile spread over the 
 stillness and solitude of a country life 
 receives a pleasant shock from Touch- 
 stone's sceptical determination of the 
 Suestion : — ' Corin: And how like you 
 lis shepherd's life, Master Touchstone? 
 Clown : Truly, shepherd, in respect of 
 itself, it Is a good life ; but in respect that it 
 is a shepherd's life it is naught._In respect 
 that it is solitary, I like it very well ; but 
 in respect that it is private, it is a very 
 Tile life. Now in respect it is In the fields, 
 it pleaseth me well, but in respect it is not In 
 the court, it is tedious. As it is a spare life, 
 look you, it fits my humour ; but as there 
 is no more plenty in it, it goes much 
 against my stomach.* '* 
 
 Touch'wood, Iiady. A clmrjititer 
 
 in Mrs. Cowley's comedy of The Belle's 
 Stratagem (q.v.). 
 
 Touch'wood, Lady, in Con- 
 OBEYB'S Double Dealer (si.v.), is a woman 
 of strong passions, who alms at securing 
 Mellefont's love, though wedded to au ad- 
 mirable husband. 
 
 ■ Touch-wood, Peregrine. An old 
 
 East Indian, in Sir Walter Scott's novel 
 of St, Honan's Well (q.v.). 
 
 Toulmin, Camilla (Mrs. Newton 
 Crosland), miscellaneous writer (b. 1812), 
 has published Lat/s and Legends illustra- 
 tive of English Life : Partners for Life ; 
 Stratagems; Toil and Trial ; Lydia; Stray 
 Leaves from Shady Places ; Memorable 
 Wom.en ; Hildred, the Daughter ; Light in 
 the Valley ; My Experiences of Spiritual- 
 ism ; Mrs. Blake ; T'he Island of tiie Bain- 
 bow ; and The Diamond Wedding : a Doric 
 Story, and otiier Poems. 
 
 Toulmin, Joshua, Dissenting min- 
 ister (b. 1740, d. 1815), wrote a Dissertation 
 on the Evidences qf Christianity^ An His- 
 torical Beview of Protestant Dissenters, a 
 Life ofSocinuSf and a Biography of Priest- 
 ley, besides editing Neal's History of the 
 Puritans. 
 
 Tour through Parts of "Wales, 
 A. A poem by WIlliam Sotheby (1757— 
 1833), published in 1789 as the result of a 
 tour made in the previous year in com- 
 
 gany with the writer's brother, Admival 
 otheby. 
 
 Tournament, The Last. Tiie 
 title of one of Tennyson's Idylls of the 
 Kvng (q.v.). See Tristram and Iseult. 
 
 Tourneur, Cyril, poet and drama- 
 tist (circa 16Q0), produced Laugh and Lie 
 Down: or, the World's Folly (1605) ; The 
 Revenger's Tragedie (q.v.) ; A Funerall 
 Poem upon the Death of Sir Fra/ncia Vere, 
 knight (1609) ; The Atheist's Tragedy : or, 
 the Honest Mail's Revenge (1611), (q.v.) ; 
 and A Ori^e <m the Death of P-nm.ce Hevr 
 
 rie, expressed in a hroJoen Eleg-le, according 
 to the Nature of suclt a Sorrow (1613). His 
 Works have been published. See The 
 Retrospective Review, vol. vii. 
 
 Toutrond, Martin : " a French- 
 man in London in 1841." A novel by 
 James MoRrEB, published In 1849. 
 
 "Tower of strength, A.."-— King 
 Richard III., act v., scene 3. 
 
 Tower of Vertue and Honour, 
 
 The. One of the five Eclogues of Alexan- 
 der Barclay : being au elegy on the 
 death of the Duke of Norfolk, Lord High 
 Admiral. 
 
 " Towering passion, Into a." — 
 
 Hamlet, act v., scene 2. 
 
 To'wers, Joseph, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1737, d. 1799), wrote, among other 
 works, The General Doctrines of Christiavr 
 ity (1763) and British Biography (1766). 
 
 Town and Country Mouse, 
 
 The : or, in the original Scottish, The 
 Uplandis Mous and the Burges Mous. A 
 poetic fable by Robert Henrysoun, 
 See Mouse, The Country and the 
 City. 
 
 Town !Ejclog;ue9. Satires, in the 
 manner of JPope, written by I^ady Mary 
 WoRTLEY Montagu (1690 — 1762), and 
 published in 1716. See Basset Table. 
 
 Town Ladies, A Satire on the. 
 "Written by Sir Eiohard Maitland (1496 
 —1586). 
 
 Town, The. A Look of liistorical 
 and literiiiy gossip about London and its 
 famous men and places, by James Henry 
 Leigh Hunt, published in 1848. 
 
 Towneley, Lord and Lady. 
 
 Characters in Vanbrugh and Gibber's 
 comedy of The Provoked Husband (q.v.). 
 
 Towneley Mysteries, The. See 
 
 WAKEFIELDTLAYS, THEf 
 
 Townley, James, divine, school- 
 master, and dramatist (b. 1715, d. 1778), 
 wrote False Concord, and The Tutor, be- 
 sides assisting Garrick in the composition 
 of several of his plays, and Hogarth in 
 that of his Analysts of Beauty. See the 
 Biogr<mhia Dramatica^ See also High 
 Life Below Stairs. 
 
 • Townley, John (b. 1697, d. 1782), . 
 translated Hudibras into French, and his 
 work was duly published at Paris in 1767, 
 the French version and the English orig- 
 inal being printed in parallel columns, 
 
 Tox, Miss. An old maid, in 
 Dickens's novel of Dombe.y and Son (q.v.); 
 " the very pink of general propitiation 
 
 and politeness. " 
 
 Tozophilus : " the Schole, or 
 partitions of Shootinge coutayned in 11 
 
TEA 
 
 TEA 
 
 709 
 
 bookes," written by Kogeu Ascham 
 (1515— 1568) in 1544, and published in 1545. 
 It consists of a series of uonversations be- 
 tween tlie two college fellows, Philoiogus^ 
 the lover of learning, and ToxopliUuSt the 
 lover of archery, which took place be- 
 side thfe wheat-fields in the neighbourhood 
 of Cambridge, where, throughout a sum- 
 mer afternoon, they discoursed conceniing 
 the respective attractions of " the Booke 
 and the Bowe." In the firstpart the author 
 commends the use of the bow as a " most 
 honest pastyme," "fit," not only "for 
 princes and greate men^" but " for schol- 
 ers and students ; '* much *' fitter for stu- 
 dents than any musicke or instrumentes," 
 and one in which no man can have too 
 much practice. In peace it excludes all 
 Ignoble and unlawful games, such as cards 
 and dice ; and in war it gives a nation 
 strength. In the second part he goes Into 
 the details of shooting, and all through 
 the work, " not only," says Arber, " are the 
 main arguments interwoven with a most 
 earnest and moral purpose, but they are' 
 enlivened by frequent and charming dis- 
 cuBsionSj in the which he often lays down 
 great principles, or illustrates them from 
 the circumstances of liis time." " The 
 ToxophUiLS of this useful and engaging 
 writer was written," says Dr. Drake, '* in 
 his native tongue, with a view to present- 
 ing the public with a sj^ecimen of a purer 
 and more correct English style ■ than that 
 to which they had hitherto been accus- 
 tomed, and with the hope of calling tho 
 attention of the learned from the exclu- 
 sive study of Greek and Latin to the culti- 
 vation of their vernacular language. The 
 result which he contemplated was at- 
 tained, and from the period of this publi- 
 cation the shackles of Latinity were 
 broken, and composition In ETiglish prose 
 became an object of eager ana successful 
 attention." The To.vophilus was includ- 
 ed in the edition of Ascham'a works by 
 Dr. Giles in 1865, was republished by J. 
 E. Smith in 1866, and was re-edited by 
 Edward Arber in 1868. 
 
 Tractatus. Xiogicse : " divisus in 
 tree partes." A treatise by William of 
 Occam (1270—1347), published in 1488. The 
 first part treats of terms, definition, divi- 
 sion, the categories, and the nominalist 
 theory of universals ; the second of propo- 
 sitions ; and the third of syllogisms and 
 fallacies. Each part is subdivided into 
 chapters, and " the whole treatise is de- 
 veloped," says Professor Fraser^ " with 
 singular clearness and power. His editor 
 declares that if the gods used logic it would 
 be the logic of Occam." 
 
 Tracts for the Times : " by- Mem- 
 bers of the University of Oxford," viz., 
 elchabd hubrel fhoude, johjt 
 Henry Froude, Edward Bouverib 
 PirsET, John Hekry Newman, John 
 Keble, Arthur Pbrcival, "William 
 Palmer, and others. A series of pamph- 
 
 lets on ecclesiastical subjects, published 
 between 1833 and 1837. They form the lit- 
 erary oiigin of the modern High Church 
 party, whose opinions they were the first 
 to formulate. They were the subject of a 
 long and persistent controversy. 
 
 Traddles, Tommy. Tlie young 
 lawyer-friend of David Copperfield, in 
 Dickens's novel of the latter name (q.v.), 
 who falls in love with, and marries, " one 
 of ten " daughters of a curate. 
 
 Tradelove. A cliaracter in Mrs. 
 Centlivre's comedy otABold Stroke for 
 a Wife (q.v.). 
 
 " Trade's proud empire hastes 
 
 to swift decay."— Johnson, in some lines 
 added to Goldsmith's X>eserted Village. 
 
 Traditional Tales of the English 
 
 and Scottish Peasantry, by Allan Cun- 
 ningham, were published in 1822. 
 
 Traditions of Palestine. See 
 Palestine, 
 
 Trafford, F. G. Tlie pseudonym' 
 adopted by Mrs J. H. Kiddell (q.v.), in 
 the publication of several of her earlier 
 novels. 
 
 Tragedy, in English drama, opens 
 withthe Gorfcoe^Mc (q.v.)of Sackville and 
 
 Norton, writteii in 1561. It flourished 
 most conspicuously in the age of Eliza^ 
 beth, when the distinction between ti;ag- 
 edy and comedy was more marked than it 
 is now. Then plays may be said to havp 
 been written on the general principle that 
 tragedy should end with a death or 
 deatl^s, and comedy with a marriage or 
 marriages. The one dealt with the great 
 forces of human passion ; the latter dealt. 
 more with what were then called "hu- 
 mours " — th6 peculiar idiosyncrasies of in- 
 dividual character, together with the curi- 
 osities of contemporary manners and cus- 
 toms. In tragedy as in comedy Shake- 
 speare reigned supreme. The four great 
 tragedies of the world are his Bamiet, 
 Othello, Macbeth, Kijw Lear; with otherg," 
 such as Richard H.^mchcurd III., Antony 
 and Cleopatra, and Jtomeo and Juliet, 
 which rank only second to the unap- 
 proachable four. Grouped round the su- 
 preme writer were men like Marlowe, 
 Webster, Ford, Peele, Dekker, Marston, 
 and Ben Jouson, whose works, even more 
 intense in passages than some of Shake- 
 speare's, lack the modesty of nature with- 
 in which the latter, at the most terrible 
 moments, ciways confined his works. 
 There is no bombast in Shakespearian 
 tragedy ; nor is horror excited where ter- 
 ror only is admissible. The minor Elizar 
 bethan writers look frequent lofty flights, 
 but they had not the sustaining power of 
 their great contemporary. Inferior to him, 
 however, they were infinitely superior to 
 their immediate successors, the Settles, 
 Crownes, Lees, and Otways of the seven- 
 
710 
 
 TRA 
 
 T?RA 
 
 teeuth century ; a body from among whom 
 Dryden stands out conspicuously, with- 
 out, however, at all approaching to the 
 Elizabethan standard. In the eighteenti) 
 century tragedy languished- altogether, 
 Home's Douglas (q.v.) being the repre- 
 Bentative drama of that period. A nearer 
 approach to excellence was afterwards 
 made by Dean Milman in his I/'azio (q.v.)» 
 and Lord Byron in his Sardanapalus 
 (q.v.). Greater than either, however, as a 
 work of genius, was The Cenci (q-v.) of 
 Shelley, in our own time tragedy proper 
 has been practically discarded in favour 
 of a hybrid " comedy-drama," in which 
 characteristics of both tragedy and comedy 
 are sought to be combined. The most suc- 
 cessful approximations to the Elizabethan 
 manner are the Harold of Tennyson, and 
 the Bothwell of Swinbunie, by the side of 
 which the scholarly but essentially un- 
 dramatic efforts of Browning, Westland 
 Marston, and others, pale their ineffectual 
 fires. 
 
 Tragedy of Hoffmann, The, by 
 Hemry Ohettlb, was acted in 1602, and 
 printed in 1631. 
 
 Tragedy of Tragedies, The : 
 
 "or, the Life and I>eath of Tom Thumb 
 the Great." A burlesque drama, by 
 Henry Fielding (1707—1754), which ap- 
 peared in 1751. In this humorous com- 
 position occur the lines : — 
 
 ' So when two dogs are flphtitiff in the streeta, 
 ■wm ,,..,_. a of the tw" ■■ '" 
 
 When a third dog on e of the two dogs meets ; 
 
 With angiT tooth he bites him to the hone, 
 
 And this dog smarts for what that dog has done." 
 
 Tragical Tales, by George Tur- 
 
 BERViLLE (1530 — 1594); "translated . . . 
 in time of his TroubleSj out of sundrie 
 Italians," and published in 1576. 
 
 "Trail of the serpent is over 
 
 them all. The." See Moore's poem of 
 Paradise and the Peri. The line has fur- 
 nished Miss M. E. Bbaddon with the title 
 of one of her novels. 
 
 Traill, Robert, Presbyterian min- 
 ister (b. 1642, d. 1716), was the author of 
 sermons on The Thi'one of Grace, The 
 Lord's Prayer, and other works, collected 
 and published in 1810. 
 
 Traill, Robert, D.D. (d. 1847), 
 translated the Jewish War of Josephus, of 
 whom he also wiote a Biography. Both 
 works were edited by Isaac Taylor. 
 
 Traill, Thomas Stewart, Pro- 
 fessor of Medical Jurispmdence in Edin- 
 burgh University (b. 1781, d. 1862). edited 
 the eighth edition of The Encyclopedia 
 Britannica in 1852. 
 
 Tramecksan and Slamecksan, 
 Jn Swift's GuUivei^s Travels (q.v.), are 
 the low heels and the high heels, the two 
 political parties of Lilliput. 
 
 " Trammel up the conse- 
 quence, ShotUd,"— il/ocbe^A, act i.; scene 7. 
 
 Tranquilitate, De Animi. A 
 
 Latin' dialogue, written by FiiOREJfCB 
 Wilson (d. 1564), and published in 1543. 
 It is described as an ailegory, was dedi- 
 cated to King James IVT of Scotland, is 
 " adorned," says Wartoii, •' with» many 
 pleasing incidents and adventures, and 
 abounds with genius and learning." 
 
 Tranquillity, An Ode to, was 
 
 written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 
 
 Transactioner, The. Two dia- 
 logues, by William Kixg (166^—1712), in 
 wbich the author satirises SirHaits Sloane 
 and the Koyal Society, of which he was 
 president. They were printed in 1700. In 
 1708 were published Useful Transactional a 
 series of essays with a similar purpose. 
 
 Transformation : " or, the Ro- 
 mance of Monte Beni." by Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne (1804—1864) ; published in 
 1859, and described by Hutton as " the 
 most characteristic instance of Haw- 
 thorne's power in studying combinations 
 of emotions that are, as it were, at once 
 abhorrent to nature and true to life." The 
 two leading characters are a young Tuscan 
 count called Donatello. who is , rumoured 
 to be the descendant of an ancient faun, 
 and is described as possessed only of the 
 bappy spontaneous life of the natural 
 creatures, though awakened afterwards 
 (whence the titl^of the book) to the higher 
 responsibilities, by his remorse for an im- 
 pulsive crime ; and his lady-love, Miriam, 
 a lady artist of high powers and mysterious 
 origin, who is pursued by a semi-madman, 
 semi-demon, whom Donatello destroys in 
 the one striking incident in the book. 
 
 Translated, Thou art." — A 
 
 Midsummer Night* s Dream, act iii., scene 1, 
 
 Translated Verse, An Bssay 
 
 on. Written in heroic verse by Went- 
 worth Dillon. Earl of RoscoMnroN (1633 
 — 1684), and containing th^ following lines, 
 in comparison of French and Engli^ poe- 
 try :— 
 
 " Yain are our ncighbouTS* hopes, and vain their 
 cares i ^ 
 The fault is more their languor's than thelra ; 
 'Tis courtly, florid, and abounda in words 
 Of softer sound than ours perhaps ofEords : 
 But who did ever in French autliors seo 
 The comprehensive English eOergy 1 
 The weighty bullion of one sterling line. 
 Drawn to French wire, would through whole 
 pt^cs shine." 
 
 Also, this apology for translations : — 
 
 " *Tis true composing is the nobler part, 
 But good translation is no easy art ; 
 For though materials have long ^uce been found. 
 Yet both your fancy and your hands arc bound ; 
 And by improving what was writ before, 
 Invention labours less, and judgment more." 
 
 Transome, Mrs., in George 
 Eliot's novel of Felix Holt, is the mother 
 of Harold, and secretly married to Mat- 
 thew Jermyn, the lawyer. 
 
 Trapbois. A usurer, in Sir Wal- 
 
TBA 
 
 TEA 
 
 711 
 
 TEK Scott's novel of The Fortunes of 
 Nigel. 
 
 Trapp, Joseph, D.D., divine (b. 
 1679, d. 1747), publislied a translation of 
 Vii^l in Waiik verse (1717), PrcBtectiones 
 PoeticcR (1718), and Notes on the Gospels 
 (1747), besides translating into Latin tbe 
 works of Anacreon, and Paradise Lost, 
 
 " Trappings ' and the suits of 
 ■woe, These but the." — Hamlet^ act i., 
 scene 2. 
 
 Traquair, The Bush aboon. See 
 
 BUSHABOON TRA'iUAIR, The. 
 
 "Traveller from New Zealand, 
 
 Some." See " New Zealand," &c. 
 
 Traveller, The : " or, a Prospect 
 of Society." A poem, in the heroic coup- 
 let, by Oliver Goldsmith (1728—1774), 
 published in 1764 ; " the idea of which had 
 OGCuiTed to him nine years before during 
 his continental wanderings, and some frag- 
 ments of which he had then written and 
 sent home from Switzerland to his brother 
 Henry." *' It was widely and highly 
 praised by the reviewd, the general ver- 
 dict being that there had been nothing so 
 fine in verse since the time of Pope ;" and 
 after Johnson had read the poem aloud to 
 Miss Reynolds from beginning to end, she 
 said, " I shall never more think Mr. Gold- 
 smith ugly." The poem includes descrip- 
 tions of the country and inhabitants of 
 Italy, Switzerla]id, and France, and con- 
 tains many familiar lines. 
 
 *' Remote, unfriended, melancholy, slow," 
 " Wher'er I roam, whutever realm to see. 
 
 My heart untravell'd fondly turns to thee.'* 
 '* And learn the luxury of doing good." 
 •* Pride in their port, defiance in their eye, 
 I see the lords of human kind pass by.'* 
 
 Traveller's Oracle, The, by 
 Dr. "William Kitchener (1775—1827), 
 was published in 1828. 
 
 Traveller's Song, The. An old 
 
 Xlnglish poem, preserved in the Exeter 
 Book(q.v.). 
 
 Travelling, On the Abuse of. 
 A canto, in Imitation of Spenser, contrib- 
 uted to Dodsley's collection of poems by 
 Gilbert West (1705—1756), and highly 
 praised by Gray in his Letters. 
 
 Travels into Several Remote 
 
 Kations of the "World : " by Lemuel Gul- 
 liver, first a surgeon, and then a captain, 
 of several ships. In four ^arts : Part i. 
 A Voyage to Lilliput. Part ii, A Voyage 
 to Brobding^nag. Part ill. A Voyage to La- 
 puta, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glub-dub- 
 drib, and Japan. Part iv. A Voyage to 
 the Country of the Houyhiihnras.*' This far 
 mous work by Jonathan. Swift (1667— 
 1745) was published, the first part in 1726. 
 the second part in the following year, and 
 appeared with the embellishments of maps 
 
 of the countries visited and a portrait of 
 the explorer, after the example of ordi- 
 nary books of travel. It nad been in pire- 
 paration for several years, and was at 
 first published anonymously, the manu-- 
 script being di'opped at night from a 
 hackney coach at the door of ^otte, 
 the bookseller. " It was received," says 
 Johnson, " with such avidity that the 
 price of the fii-st edition was raised before 
 tlie second could be made ; it was read by 
 the high and low, the learned and illiter- 
 ate. Criticism was for awhile lost in won- 
 der ; no rules of judgment were applied to 
 a book written in open defiance of truth 
 and regularity. At Voltaire's suggestion, 
 the Afab6,"Dfesfontaines translated, the 
 Travels int'o French ; and ever since that 
 time it has remained the most popular, 
 book, excepting, perhaps, Defoe's Robin- 
 son Crusoe, iii the juvenile library ; '" chil- 
 dren thumb it, boys read it ; men under- 
 stand it, and old folks commendit. In the 
 Voyage to Lilliput, Swift employs the old 
 and familiar fiction of the pigmies to satire 
 the court, ministry, and policy of the reign 
 of George I. ; Sir Kobert Walpole being 
 severely criticised in the person of Lord- 
 Treasurer Flimnap, and tbe relations be- 
 tween England and France being represent- 
 ed under those im^ned between tbe em- 
 pires of Lilliput and Blefuscu. In the 
 voyage to Brobdingnag, the author de- 
 scribes " a race of exaggerated beings, 
 raised above our fears, our passions, our 
 deceits, our meannesses, as much as they 
 are above our stature ; *^ "William III. be- 
 ing portrayed in the character of the king 
 of that country, who was " incurious about 
 Gulliver till he found the pigmy posp- 
 sessed a mind, and then was willing to 
 learn all he could from the rational atom." 
 In the Voyage to Laputa, the satire is 
 directed against philosophers and pedan- 
 tic scholars, and Sir Isaac Newton and the 
 Boyal Society come under the satiric lash ; 
 whilst in tJiat to the country of the 
 Houyhnhnms, Swift represents man in 
 the form of the Yahoos, who are beneath 
 the scale of horses endowed with the gift 
 of reason. For further particulars, seethe 
 references to some of the various places to 
 which Lemuel Gulliver is supposed to have 
 travelled. 
 
 Travels of an Irish Gentleman 
 in Search of a E-eligion, by Thomas Mooke, 
 the poet, was written in 1827. 
 
 Travers. A retainer of the Earl 
 of Northumberland, in the second part of 
 King Henry IV. (q.v.). 
 
 Travers, Walter. A divine of 
 the Church of Euj^land, notable on account 
 of Ms controversies with Hooker, against 
 whose appointment to the Mastership of 
 the Temple he protested. He was a strong 
 Puritan in his opinions. He wrote A'FuU, 
 and Plain Declaration qf Ecclesiastical 
 Discipline out oJHht Word of Qodf and the 
 
712 
 
 TRA 
 
 TEI 
 
 Declining of tJie Church of England /rom 
 the same. 
 
 Travis, Letters to Mr. Arch- 
 deacon. Written by Richard Pobson 
 (1759 — 1808), *' in answer to his Defence 
 of the -Tliree Heavenly Witnesses," and 
 originally published, in 1787, in The Gen- 
 tleman's Magazine. The dispute was as to 
 the genuineness of the words in 1 John v. 
 7, 8 : " In heaven, the Father, the Word, 
 and the Holy Ghost ; and these three are 
 one. And there are three that bear wit^ 
 ness in earth." Gibbon had attacked the 
 
 Sassage in his usual manner, and Arch- 
 eacon Travis had written a reply, to 
 which Porson's Letters were themselves an 
 answer. Gibbon thought them " the most 
 acute and accurate piece of criticism which 
 has appeared since the days of Bentley." 
 
 -Traytor, The. A tragerly liy James 
 SHIKI.EY (l.'i94— 1666) ; produced' in 1636, 
 and again,with alterations by a man called 
 Rivers, in 1692. Pepys relatesin htsdiary, 
 how, on October 10, 1661, " Sir W. Pen, my 
 ■wife, and I, to the theatre, and there was 
 The Trayfor most ailmirably acted, and a 
 most excellent play it is." 
 
 " Tread a measure. To." — Love's 
 Labour's Lost, act v., scene 2. 
 "Treason doth never prosper. 
 
 What's the, reason?" First line of an 
 epigiam by Sir John Habykgton (1561 — 
 1612), of which the second is ; 
 
 *' Why, if it prosper, none dare call it treason." 
 
 " Treasons, stratagems, and 
 spoils." See "Fit roK tkeasons." 
 
 "Treasures up a -wrong, Him 
 who."— BYKO>t, Mazeppa. 
 
 " Tree of deepest root is found, 
 
 The." First line of Mrs, Piozzi's narra- 
 tive poem. The Three Warnings (q.v.). 
 
 Tremaine : " or, tlie Man of Kefine- 
 ment." Areligio-metaphysical romance by 
 Robert Plumeu Ward (1765—1846), pub- 
 lished in 1825. 
 
 Tremendous, Sir. A character 
 in Pope and Gay's farce of Three Hours 
 after Marriagi'isi.i.). See Appius. 
 
 Trench, Richard Chenevix, 
 D.D., Archbishop of Dublin (b. 1S07), has 
 publielied the' following volumes of 
 poems -.—Sahbation, Honor Neale, and 
 other Poems: The Story of Justin Martyr ; 
 Oenoveva; Elegiac Poems; and Poems 
 from Eastern Sources. Also, X'otes on the 
 Farahles ; Notes on the. Miracles ; The Les- 
 sons in Proverbs ; The Sermfm on the 
 Mount, as illustrated from St. Augustine ; 
 Sacred Latin Poetry ; St. Augustine as an 
 Interpreter of Scripture; Synonyms of 
 the New Testament; The Epistles ts the 
 Seven Churches of Asia Minor ; An Essay 
 on the Life and 'Oenius of Calderon ; Defi- 
 cimoiea (n Sixty English Dictionaries; A 
 
 Glossary qf English. Words used ira Differ- 
 ent Senses ; The Authorised Version of the 
 New Testament, with Thoughts on its Pe- 
 vision ; The Study of Words ; English Past 
 and Present; Gustavus Aflolphus; Social ' 
 Aspects of the Thirty Years' War; A 
 Household Mook qf English Poetry; Notee 
 on. the Greek of the New Testament ; Th 
 Salt of the Earth; Shipwrecks of Eaith! 
 Studies in the Gospels ; -JFhe Sulyection of 
 the Creature to Vanity ; and Synonyms of 
 the New Testament. His Poems were pub- 
 lished in a collected form in 1865. 
 
 " Trencherman, A very valiant." 
 
 — Much Ado about Nothing, act i., scene 1. 
 
 Trevelyan. A novel by Lady 
 Dacre, published in 1833. 
 
 Trevelyan, George Otto, mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1838), has written Xefr- 
 ters of a Competition Wallah (lt64), Caum- 
 pore (1865), The Ladies in Parliament (18BS), 
 and a Life of Lord Macaulay (1876). He 
 has also published Selections from the Writ' 
 ings qfLord Macaulay (1876). 
 
 Trevisa, John of (d. 1412), vpas 
 the translator of Higden's Polychronicon 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Trevisan, Sir. A kniglitin Spen- 
 ser's Ea'irie Queene, who finally hangs 
 himself. 
 
 Trevor, Edward, See Temple, 
 
 Neville. 
 
 Triads, The 'Welsh, in whicli 
 facts or moralities, say.sMorley, are strung 
 together in successive groups of three of a 
 kind, now exist in collections vrhich are 
 not more ancient than the twelfth, thir- 
 te^ith, fourteenth, -and fifteenth cen-, 
 turies. " They are iriads of history, bard- 
 ism, theology, ethics, and jurisprudence. 
 The form of triad was older, and eaa'lier 
 triads of jurisprudence appeared in the 
 tenth century among ijie laws of Hael 
 Dda." 
 
 Trial of the Poets for the Bays, 
 The. A satirical poeni by John Wjlmot, 
 Earl of EocnE.STEK (1647—1680), in the 
 manner of Suckling's Session of the Poets 
 (q.v.) and l^eigh Hunt's Feast of the Poets 
 (q.v.). The following writers are charac- 
 terised :— Dryden, Etherege, Wycherley, 
 Shadwell, Settle, Otway, Mrs. Behn, 
 D'Urfey, and Betterton, to whom the Jjays 
 are given. 
 
 Triall of Pleasure, The. " A new 
 
 and mery Enterlude " or moral-play, by 
 John Skelton (about 1460—1629) ; printed 
 in 1567, and directed against the vanity of 
 wealth. ** The author," says Collier, 
 " promises in the * preface ' to be * mei'ry 
 and short,* but he is neither the one nor 
 the other. The versification is tolerably 
 easy, but Just, Trust, and Contention have 
 several wearisome contentions, varied only 
 by the singing of a psi^m." The play is 
 
TRI 
 
 TRI 
 
 713 
 
 included by Carew HazUtt in his edition of 
 Dodsley's Old Plays, 
 
 Trialogus. A Latin treatise by 
 JoHx "Wycliffe (1324—1384), in which he 
 attacks the leading tenets of the Koman 
 Church. It was first read in the form oE 
 lectures before the University of Oxford. 
 
 Trials of Margaret Lindsay, 
 
 The. See Margaret Lindsay. 
 
 Triamour, Sir. An old English 
 romance, in verse, of which an analysis 
 may be found in EJlis's Early English 
 Bomances. It consists of 1,592 lines, and 
 is probably from a French original. 
 
 Tribus Luminibus Romanorum, 
 De. A Latin treatise by William Bel- 
 LEXDEN (q.v.). The first of his *' three 
 lights " is, of course, the Cicero whom he 
 eulogises in his Bellendenus de Statu 
 ^q.v.T; the other two heroes of his iinfin- 
 i^ed work would probably have been 
 Seneca and Pliny- 
 
 "Tribute of a sigh, The pass- 
 ing.*'— Gray, Elegy written in a Cov/titry 
 Churchyard. 
 
 . Trick for Trick : " or, the De- 
 bauched Hypocrite." A comedy by 
 Thomas D'Urpey (1650—1723), acted in 
 1678, and founded, on Monsieur Thomas 
 ■ (q.v.). 
 
 "Trick -worth two of that; I 
 know a." — 1 King Henry IV., actii.* scene 
 1. 
 
 Trlerxnain, The Bridal of: " m% 
 the Vale of St. John." A poem by Sir 
 "Walter Scott, in three cantos, publish- 
 ed in 1813. 
 
 "Trifles, A snapper-up of un- 
 considered." — The Winter's Tale, act iv., 
 scene 2. 
 
 "Trifles, light as aix."~-Othello, 
 actiii., scene 3. 
 
 Trim, Corporal, Servant to Uncle 
 Toby (q.v.), in Sterse's novel of Tristram 
 Shandy. "Trim," says Elwin, "instead 
 of being the opposite, is, in his notions', 
 the du^icate of Uncle Xpby. Tet, with an 
 identity of disposition, the character of 
 the common soldier is nicely discriminated 
 from that of the officer. His whole car- 
 riage bears traces of the drill-yard, which 
 are wanting in the superior. Under the 
 name of a servant, he is in reality a compan- 
 ion ; and Jie is a delightful mixture of 
 familiarity in the essence and the most de- 
 ferential respect in forms. Of his sim- 
 plicity and humanity, it is enough to say 
 that he is worthy to walk behind his mas- 
 ter." 
 
 Trimmer, Mrs. Sarah, miscella- 
 neous writer (b. 1741, d. 1810), was the 
 r-uthor of numerous educational and re- 
 ligious works, of which the best known are 
 
 Fabulmis Histories (1785) ; A Companion to i 
 the Book of Common Prayer of the Chivrch 
 qf England (1791) ; An Attempt to Familiar- 
 ize the Catechism of the Chur^ch of England 
 (1791) ; An Easy Introduction to the KnowU 
 edge of Nature an.d Reading the Holy 
 Scriptures (1791)'; Abridgments of Scripture 
 History (1792 and 1793): Scriptxt/re Gate- 
 chism^ (1794) ; Sacred History (1796) ; T^he 
 Crucvrdlan of Education (1802—3) ; anq. Ser- 
 mons for Family Beading. Smne Account 
 of the Life and Writings (of this authoress), 
 with original Letters, Meditations, a/nd 
 Prayers, selected from her JoumalSf was 
 published in 1814. 
 
 Trimming of Tom Nash, The, 
 
 by Gabriel Harvey, was written in 
 1597. 
 
 Trinculo. A jester, in The Tem- 
 pest (q.v.). 
 
 "Trip it as you go." — Milton, 
 
 V Allegro, line 33. 
 
 Trip to Cambridge, A : " or, the 
 Grateful Fair." See Grateful Fair, 
 The. 
 
 Tripartite Chronicle, The. Writ' 
 ten by John Gotver, the poet (1320—1402), 
 as a supplement to his Latin poem, Vcos 
 Clamantis (.q.v.). It U a history of the 
 reign of Richard II., and is so called be- 
 cause it tells the story of the king's ruin in 
 three parts, " of which the first, said Gow- 
 er, related human work ; the second, hell- 
 ish work ; the third, a work in Christ. 
 Human work was the control of Richard 
 by his uncle Gloucester when the Cora- 
 mission of Regency was established ; hel- , 
 lish work was the coup d'&tat; the work 
 ■ in Christ was the consequent dethrone- 
 ment of- ICing Richard."- ■ 
 
 Trippet, Beau. A cliaracter in 
 
 Garrick*s farce of The Lying Valet. , 
 
 Tristram and Iseult. A poem, 
 in three parts, Jay Matthew Arnolt> (b. 
 1S22). Tennyson has treated part of the 
 same story in " The Last Tournament," in 
 The Idylls of the King. See also Swin- 
 burne's Sailing of the Swallow. See 
 Tristram. 
 
 Tristram Shandy. See Shandy, 
 Tristram. 
 
 Tristram, Sir. A kniglit of Ap^ 
 thur's court, who, sent to bring Iseult, of 
 Brittany, home to his uncle and her future 
 husband, Mark of Cornwall, falls in loy6 
 with her, as does she with him. they having 
 both partaken by mistake of a love-philtre. 
 See Tristram and Iseult. 
 
 Tristram, Sir, in Oibdin's " biblio- 
 graphical romance" called Bibliomania 
 (q.v.), is intended for Sir Walter Scott, and , 
 is obviously an allusion to his edition of 
 the romance of that name. 
 
 "Triton blow his -wreathed 
 
714 
 
 TRI 
 
 TRO 
 
 liorn, Or hear old."— Wordsworth, Mis- 
 cellaneous SonnetSt part 1., No. 33. 
 
 " Triton of the minno'ws, Hear 
 you 1Ms."—Coriolanus, act iii., scene 1. 
 
 Triumph of Beautie, The. See 
 
 Beautie, The Triumph of. 
 
 Triumph of Love, The. A poem, 
 ill octosyllabic verse, by William Hamil- 
 ton (1704—1754) ; printed in 1748, and in- 
 cluded in Anderson's British Poets. 
 
 " Triumphal arch that fill'st the 
 sky." First line of Campbell's verses To 
 the Eainbow ;— 
 
 " I ask not proud philosophy 
 To teach me what thou art." 
 
 Triumphis Ecclesise, De. A 
 
 Latin poem, in eight boolcs, by JohnGab- 
 LAXD (circa 1210). containing many no- 
 tices o£ English History. 
 
 Triumphs. A series of " solem- 
 nities " composed by Thomas Middleton 
 (1570—1627), and acted on various occa- 
 sions ; The Triumphs of Truth (1613), of 
 Honour and Industry (i617)', of Love and 
 Antiquity (1619), of Honour and Virtue 
 (1622), of Integrity (1623), and of Health 
 and Prosperity (1626). 
 
 Triumphs of Temper, The. A 
 
 poem i» six cantos by William Hayley, 
 published in 1781. 
 
 Triumphs over Death, The : 
 
 " aconsolatnrie epistle for afflicted minds, 
 in the afEectsof dying friends," by Egbert 
 Southwell (1560—1595): published in 
 1595. 
 
 Triumvirate, The. A poem by 
 Leonard Welsted (1689—1747), supposed 
 to be written as a satire upon Pope, for 
 which the author was rewarded with a 
 niche in The Dunciad (q.v.). 
 
 Trivet. Nicholas, Dominican 
 
 friar (d. 1328), wrote Annates Sex Pegum 
 Anglim, joublished at Oxford in 1719 ; be- 
 sides various commentaries on the Scrip- 
 tures and criticisms on great classic au- 
 thors. 
 
 Trivia : " or, the Art of Walking 
 
 the Streets of London." A poem, in three 
 books, by John Gay (1688—1732), written 
 in 1715, and described as ''sprightly, 
 various, and pleasant." 
 
 Troia Britannica : "or. Great 
 Britaine's Troy," A poem, "divided into 
 17 severall cantons, intermixed witli many 
 pleasant poeticall Tales ; Concluding with 
 an universall Chronicle from the Creation 
 until these Present Times ; "by Thomas 
 Heywood (d. 1640); published in 1609. 
 
 TroiluB and Cresseide. A poem 
 In five books, by Geoffrey Chattoer 
 
 (1328—1400). " It is a poem of vast length 
 and almost desolate simplicity, and 
 abounds/* says Campbell, "in. all those 
 
 glorious anachronisms which were then, 
 and so long after, permitted to romantic 
 poetry: such as making the sou of Priam 
 read thd 'Thebais' ot titatius,. and the 
 gentlemen of Troy converse about the 
 devil, jousts and tournaments, bishops, 
 parliaments, and scholastic di vini . y. The 
 langour of the story is, however, relieved by 
 many touches of pathetic beauty." Troi- 
 lus and Cresseide was a great favoarite 
 with Sir Philip Sidney, and was probably, 
 Campbell thinks, after The Canterbury 
 Talesj the most popular poem in England 
 down to the time of Queen Elizabeth, 
 
 Troilus and Cressida. A play 
 by William Shakespeare (1564—1610), 
 fii-st published in 1608, with a preface in. 
 which the *' eternal reader" was informed 
 that he had " here a new play, never staled 
 with the sta^e, iievei" clapper-clawed with 
 the palms ot the vulgar." It was, how- 
 ever, produced later in the year, and, after 
 tiiat, a second edition of the play was is- 
 sued, from which the preface was neces- 
 sarily omitted. Shakespeare seems to 
 have found his materials in the poet Lyd- 
 gaiii* a History of Troye, ii\ CsLXtou'B Pecueil 
 oftlie Historyes of Troye, and in Chaucer's - 
 Troilus and Cresseidet wliich in their turn 
 had been severally derived from the Latin 
 of Guido of Columpra, the Frencl.i of Haoul 
 le Fevre, and from one LoUius, a Lombard. 
 " Troilus and Cressida,*' says Schle^el, 
 "is the only play of Shakespeare which 
 he allowed to be printed without being pre- 
 viously represented. It seems as if he here 
 for once wished, without caring for theat- 
 rical effect, to satisfy the nicety of his pe- 
 culiar wit, and the inclination to a certain 
 guile, if 1 may say so, in the characteriza- 
 tion. The whole is one continued irony 
 of that crown of all heroic tales— the tale 
 of Troy. The cqiitemptible nature of the 
 origin of the Trojan War, the laziness and 
 discord with which it was canied on, so 
 that the seige was made toJast ten years, 
 are only placed in clearer light by the 
 noble descriptions, the sage and ingenious 
 maxims, with which the work overflows, 
 and the high ideas which the heroes enter- 
 tain of themselves and of each otl\er. In 
 this lot no man conceive that any indig- 
 nity was intended^othe venetable Homer. 
 Shakespeare had not the Iliad before him, 
 but the chivalrous romances of the Trojan 
 War, derived from Dares Phry^as. From 
 this source he took the love intrigue of 
 Troilus and Cressida — a story at one time 
 so popular in England that the name of- 
 Troilus had become proverbial for faithful 
 and ill-reqnited love, and Cressida for 
 female falsehood." Of the former charac- 
 ter, Schlegel says that he, "the pattern 
 lover, looks patiently on 'whilst his mis- 
 tress enters into an intrigue witli Dio- 
 medes. No doubt he swears that he will 
 be revenged ; but, notwithstanding his vio- 
 lence In the light next day, he does harm 
 to no one, and ends with only high-sound- 
 iug threats." See Ckessiua. 
 
TRO 
 
 TRU 
 
 715- 
 
 TrokelovT-e, John of. See John 
 
 OF TKOKELOWE. 
 
 TroUe on Away ; " a newe bal- 
 lade made of Thomas Grumwell," i.e., 
 Tliomas Lord Cromwell, the Minister of 
 Henry VIII. " "We have here," says 
 Bishop Percy," a spurn at fallen greatness 
 from some angry partisan," which gave 
 rise to a poetic controversy ; the results of 
 ■which, in the shape of seven or eight other 
 ballads, may be found in the archives of 
 the Antiquarian Society. 
 
 Trollope, Anthony, son of tlie 
 following, novelist (b. 1815), has written 
 The Macilemwts of Ballycloran (1847), Tlie 
 Kellt/s and the O'Ketlys (1848), La Vendie 
 (1860), The Warden (1855), The Three Clerk^ 
 (1857), Marchester Towers (1857), Doctor 
 Thome (1858), The Itertrams (1859), Cattle 
 JlicJimmid (1860), Framley Parsonage (1861), 
 Tales of all Qmntrtes (1861), Orley Farm 
 (1862), Jiachel Hay (1863), The Small House 
 at Aliini/ton (1864), Can You Forqive Her ? 
 (I86i), The Belton Estate (1865), Miss Mac- 
 kenzie (1865), The Last Chronicles of Barset 
 (1867), Tlie Claverings (ISS!), Zotta Schmidt 
 and other Stories (1867), He Knew He was 
 Sight (iS69), Phineas Finn (1869), An Edi- 
 tor's Tales (1870), Sir Harry Hotspur (1870), 
 Tlie .Vicar of BuUhampton (1870), Ralph 
 the Heir (1871), The Eustace Diamonds 
 (1872), Tlie Golden Lion of. Grandpire 
 (1872), Phineas Redux (1873), Harry Heath- 
 cote (lSH),Lady Anna (1874), Tlie Prime 
 Minister (187.5), The Way we Live JSfoio 
 (1875), and The American Senator (1877) ; 
 besides The West Indies and tlie Spanish 
 Main (1859), North America (im2),' hunting 
 Sketches (1865), Clergymen of the Church 
 of England (1866), Travelling Sketches 
 (1866), Australia and New Zedlund (1873), 
 New South Wales and Queensland (1874), 
 Smith Australia and Western Australia 
 (1874), and Victoria and Tasmania (1874). 
 
 Trollope, Mrs. Frances, novelist 
 (b. 1778, d. 1863), wrote Domestic Manners 
 of the Americans (1832) ; The Refuge in 
 America (1832) ; The Abbess (1833) ; The 
 Adventures of Jonathan Je^erson Whitlaw 
 (1836), (q.v.); The Vicar of Wrexhill (1837); 
 A Romance of Vienna (1838) ; Tremordyn 
 C'lff (1838) ; Widcm Bdmaby (1S38), (q.v.) ; 
 Michael Armstrong: or, the Factory Boy 
 (1830) ; One Fault (1839) ; The Widow Mar- 
 ried (1840) : The Blue Belles of England 
 (1841) ; Charles Chesterfield (1841) ; Tlie 
 Ward of Thorpe Combe (1842) ; Hargrave 
 (1843); Jessie Phillips (1843) ; The Lamring- 
 tons (1843); Yonng Jjove (1844) ; Petticoat 
 Government, Fatlier Eustace, and Uncle 
 Walter (1852) ; and The Life and Adven- 
 tures of a Clever Woman. 
 
 Trollope. Thomas Adolphus, 
 novelist and historical writer(b. 1810), has 
 written A Decade of Kalian Women (1849) ; 
 JmpressioTis of a Wanderer in Italy (1S60) : 
 Catherine de Medici (,18S9), Filippo Strogxi 
 
 (1860), Paul (he Pope and Paul the Friar 
 (I860), La Beata (1861), Marietta (1862), 
 Giulio Malatesta (1863), Beppo the Con- 
 script (1864), Lindisfam Cliase (18M), His- 
 tory qf the' Commonwealth of Florence 
 (1865) i Gemma (1866) ; The Dream Num- 
 bers (1868) ; Diamond Cut Diamond (1875) ; 
 The Papal Conclaves (1876), A Family 
 Party at the Piazza of St. Peter's (1877), 
 a Dife of Pope Pius IX. (1877), A Peep 
 belmid the Scenes at Rome (1877), and other 
 works. He also edited a work called Italy': 
 from the Alps to Mount JEtna (1876). 
 
 Trompart. A lazy, but cunning 
 fellow in Spenskr's Fa'irie Qneene, who 
 accompanies Braggadochio as his^squire. 
 
 " Troops of fiiends." — Macbeth, 
 act v., scene 3. 
 
 Trotley, Sir John. A character 
 in the farce of Bon Ton : or. High JAfe 
 Above Stairs (q.v.). 
 
 Trotter, Job. /Sec Job Teottee. , 
 
 Trotty Veck. See Veck, Tobt. 
 
 Trotwood, Mrs. Betsy. Aunt 
 of David Copperfield in Dickess's novel 
 of the latter name (q.v.). 
 
 Troubadour, The. A poem by 
 Letitia Elizabeth Landoit (1802 — 1838) 
 l(ublished in 1825. 
 
 Trowbridge, J. T. See Ckeytoh-, 
 Pahi,. 
 "Troy divine. The tale of."— 
 
 Milton, II Penseroso, line 99. 
 
 Troy, The Tale of. A poem by 
 George Peele (1662—1598), published in 
 1589. It is accompanied by a Farewell to 
 the English expedition then about to sail 
 for Portugal, which Dyce' characterises as 
 an energetic and harmonious composition," 
 breathing a fine spirit of patiiotism. , 
 
 Troye, Recueil of the Hysto- 
 
 ryes of. Translated from the Trench of 
 Kaoul Le Pevre by 'William Caxton 
 (1412—1491)^ and printed by him at Cologne 
 in 1471 ; being the first book in the English 
 language ever put to press. 
 
 Troye, The Hystory, Sege, and 
 
 Destruccyon of. A poem by John Lyd- 
 GATE (1375- 1460), first printed by Pynson 
 in 1513, and stj^led ** The onely trewe and 
 syncere Chronicle of the "Warres betwixt 
 the Grecians and the Troyans." It is 
 merely a translation or paraphrase of 
 Guido de Colonna'B prose romance enti- 
 tled Hisioria Trqfana, which is itself fomi- 
 ded on Dared Phrygiua and Dictys Creten- 
 sis. It is " valuable as a specimen of the 
 learning, as well as of the credulity, of out? 
 ancestors." The Hystory was begun in 
 1412, at the request of Prince Henry, af- 
 terwards HeuiT v., and was finished in 
 1420. 
 
 " Tri}e as the dial to the avn," 
 
718 
 
 TBU 
 
 TUO 
 
 Liue ITS, canto ii., part iii., of BuTLEB'a 
 Hudibraa — 
 
 " Although it be not Bhined upon." 
 
 "True as the needle to the 
 
 pole." A simile whicli occurs in a poem 
 t>y B.^RTON Booth, an English actor (1681 
 —1733). 
 
 True Born Englishman, The. 
 
 A poetical satire by Daniel Defoe (1663 
 — 1731), published in 1701, and aimed at 
 those who derided the Dutch origin of 
 William III. eighty thousand copies of 
 the work are said to have been sold in the 
 streets. 
 
 True Love Requited : " or, the 
 BailiR's Daughter of Islington." A bal- 
 lad, preserved in the Pepys Collection. Is- 
 lington in Norfolk is probably the locality 
 indicated. The ballad tells how the lOTer 
 of the bailiA's daughter, returning from a 
 seven years' apprenticeship, does not 
 know her at first, but afterwards recog- 
 nises her, and marries her. 
 
 " True love's the gift that God 
 
 has given." See stanza 13, canto v., of 
 Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel. 
 
 True Patriot's Journal, The. A 
 
 periodical conducted by Henky Fielding 
 (q.v.). 
 
 "True patriots -we, for be it 
 understood. First line of a witty epigram 
 — ascribed to Geobqe Bakkin&ton, a 
 superintendent of convicts, and author of 
 A Voyage to New South Wales (1795 and 
 1800) of which the second line runs— 
 
 " We left our countiy for our cotintry's good." 
 
 "True to the kindred points of 
 
 Heaven and home." See " Heaven and 
 Home." 
 
 Trull, Dolly. A character in Gat's 
 Beggar* s Opera (q. v.). 
 
 Trulliber, Parson. A character in 
 Fielding's novel of The Adventwrea of 
 Joseph Andrews (q.v.). 
 
 Truman, Joseph, Konconformist 
 divine (b. 1631, d. 1071), was the author of 
 A Discourse of Moral and Natural Jmpo^ 
 tency, republished in 1834 with a biograph- 
 ical introduction by Henry Kogers. 
 
 Trumbull, John. See MacFin- 
 
 OALL. 
 
 " Trumpet - tongued." — Macbeth, 
 act i., scene 7. 
 
 Trunnion, Commodore Haw- 
 ser. A character in Smollett's novel of 
 Tlie Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (q.v.). 
 ** Commodore Trunnion," says Hannay," is 
 perhaps more amusing than Bowling [q.v.]. 
 He is not such a likeable man, and we 
 are left in doubt whether his wounds were 
 all gained in action. But how irresistibly 
 comic he is ! His beating to windward ki 
 
 the lanes, his involuntary part in the fox- 
 hunt — ^what capital specimens they are of 
 that fine natural comedy wiUch is good not 
 merely for the spirits and temper of the 
 reader, but for hie very lungs and diges- 
 tion I " 
 
 "Trust no future, hoWe'er 
 
 pleasant." A line in Longfellow's 
 poem, A Psalm of Life, . 
 
 Truth Cleared of Calumnies. A 
 
 work by Eobf.kt Bakclay (1648—1690), 
 published in 1670. 
 
 Truth, Essay on the Nature 
 
 and Immutability of : " in opposition to 
 Sophistry and Scepticism ; " by James 
 Beattie (1736—1802) ; published in 1770. 
 "This work," says'Dr. McCosh, " was his 
 principal study for four years ; he wrote 
 it three times over, and some parts of it 
 oftener. His object is — first, to trace the 
 several kinds of evidence and reasonliig 
 up to their first principles ; second, to 
 show that his sentiments are in accord- 
 ance with true philosophy and the princi- 
 ples of the most eminent philosophers; 
 and, third, to answer sceptical objections. 
 This work is not so profound or original as 
 thatof Eeid [q.v.)." Goldsmith wrote of 
 it : " The existence of Dr. Beattie and his 
 book, together, will be forgotten in the 
 space of ten years. " 
 
 Truth in Rhyme. A poetical 
 epistle, addressed by David Mallet (1700 
 — 1765) to Lord Bate, and distinguished 
 by its eulogistic references to that minis- 
 ter and to George III. It appeared in 
 1761. Chesterfield said of it :— 
 
 " It has no faults, or I no faults can spy : 
 It is all beauty, or all blindness L" 
 
 The reader will probably accept the latter 
 alternative. '^ 
 
 "Truth of truth is love, The." 
 
 Bailey, Festus, 
 
 Truthful James. See James, 
 
 Tbuthful. 
 
 Tryphon. The doctor of the sea- 
 gods in Spensek's FaXrie Queene. 
 
 Tub, Tale of a. See Talk of a 
 
 Tub. 
 
 Tubal. A Jew, and friend of Sliy- 
 lock, in Tile Merchant of Venice (q.v.). 
 
 Tuck, Friar. One of the asso- 
 ciates of Robin Hood in Sherwood Forest ; 
 introduced by SirWALTEE Scott into his 
 romance of Ivanhoe, as the Holy Clerk of 
 Copmanhurst. 
 
 Tucker, Abraham, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1705, d. 1774), wrote The Country 
 Gentleman* s Advice to his Son on the Subject 
 qf Party Clubs (1755); Free Will,Foreknowl- 
 edge, and Fate (1763) ; Cuthbert Comment's 
 Mem in quest of Himself : or, the Indivirlu- 
 aUti/ qf the ffuman Mind or Sey (1763); 
 
TTJO 
 
 TUB 
 
 717 
 
 TKe Light qf X'ature Pursued (1768) ; and 
 yocal Sounds (1781). See Comment, 
 
 CUTHBEBT ; SEAKCH, EDWABD. 
 
 Tucker, Josiah, CD., Dean of 
 Gloucester (b. 1711, d. 1799), was tlie au- 
 thor, among other works, of a Treatise on 
 Civil Government (1781), An Apology for the 
 Present Church of England^ and Letters to 
 Dr. Kippis, 
 
 Tucker, Miss, tlie " lady nf Eng- 
 land " who writes under the initial-pseu- 
 donym of " A.L.O.B.," has produced the 
 following, among many other works for 
 children : — Fairy Xnoto-a-bitfPride ajnd his 
 Prisoners, Exiles in JSabylonj Hebrew He- 
 roes, House Beautiful, The Giant Killed, 
 Q/ril Ashley, The Lady of Provence, and 
 The Silver Casliet. 
 
 Tuckle, Mr. A footman who 
 figures in the famous " swarry " in chap, 
 xxxvii. of Dickens's Pickwick Papers 
 (q.v.). 
 
 " Tug of -war. The." See " Greeks 
 
 JOIITED GBEEKS. 
 
 Tuke, Sir Samuel. See Adven- 
 tures OF riVE HOUBS. 
 
 Tulkinghorn, Mr. A lawyer, in 
 Dickens's novel of Bleak House (q.v.) ; 
 the confidential adviser ©f Sir Leicester 
 Dedlock (q.v.)^ and eventually shot by 
 the French maid, Hortense (q.v.). 
 
 Tulliver, Maggie. Tlie heroine of 
 Geokoe Eliot's novel of The Mill on 
 the Floss (q.v.) ; in. love with, and beloved 
 by, Stephen Guest. 
 
 Tulliver, Mrs., in Georqe Eliot's 
 novel of Tlie Mill on the Floss (q.v.), is 
 the mother of Maggie and Tom Tulliver. 
 
 ' Tulloch, John, D.D., Principal of 
 St. Mary's College, St. Andrews (b. 1823), 
 feAS published Theism (1855) ; Leaders of 
 the Reformation (1859), Beginning Life 
 (1861), Christ of the Gospels and Christ of 
 Modem Criticism (1864), Bational The- 
 ology and Christian Philosophy in the 
 Seventeenth Centur;/ (1872), The Christian 
 Doctrine of Sin (1876), and 5o7»e Facts of 
 lieligion and ofUfe (1877). 
 
 Tullochgorum. A song by the 
 Bev. John Skinnee (1721—1807), celebrat- 
 ing the virtues of the " reel," or dance, 
 which goes in Scotland by that famous 
 name :— 
 
 " There need na be see ereata phrase 
 
 Wi' dringing dull Italian lays ; 
 
 1 vadna gie our ain strathspeys 
 
 For milf 8 hundred seorc o' 'em . • . 
 
 They're douff and dowie at the best, 
 
 Their allegros, and all the rest. 
 
 They canna please a Highland taste, 
 Compared wi' Tullochgorum." 
 
 Tupman, Mr. Tracy, in Dick- 
 ens's novel of the Posthumous Papers of 
 the Pickwick Club (q.v.), is noted -for the 
 facility with which he falls in love. The 
 
 story of his amorous adventures with Miss 
 "Wardle is told in chapter viii. 
 
 Tupper, Martin Farquhar, 
 D.C.L., poet and prose writer (b. 1810), has 
 wrlttten Geraldine and other Poems (1838) ; 
 Proverbial Philosophy (1838, 1842, 1867); 
 The Modem Pyramid (1839) ; An Author^ a 
 Mind (1841) : The Twins, a tale (1841) ; The 
 Crock of Gold (1844) ; Hactenus, a Budget of 
 Lyrics (1848) ; Surrey ; a Rapid Review 
 qfits Principal Persons a/nd Places (1849) ; 
 King Alfred's Poems in English Metre 
 (1850) ; Hymns of all Nations in Thirty 
 Languages (1851) ; Ballads for the Times, 
 and other Poems (1852) ; Heart, a tale (1833); 
 Probabilities: an Aid to Faith (1854); 
 Lyrics (1855); Stephen Langtan: or, the 
 Days qfKing John (1858) ; Rides and Rev- 
 eries of Mr. lEsop Smith(iaS8)\ Three Hun-, 
 dred Sonnets (1860) ; Oitliara: Lyrics (1863); 
 Twenty-rone Protestant Ballads (1868) ; A 
 Creed and Hymns (1870) ; Fifty Protestant 
 Ballads (1874) ; and Washington, a drama 
 (1877). A Selectionfrom his Poems appeared 
 in 1866. See Pbovebbial Philosophy ; 
 Queey, Peteb, Esq. 
 
 TurbervilIe,George,poet(h. about 
 1530, d. after 1594), pnbliabed. EpitnpJies, 
 Epigrams, Songs and Sonets, with'a Dis- 
 course oftheFriendlyAffectiotts of Tymetes to 
 Pyndara his Ladie (1570): The Bookeof 
 Faulconrie (1576); The Noble Art of Venene 
 or Hunting (1576) j Tragical Tales trams- 
 lated by Turbervile, in time of his TroUr- 
 bles, out of sundrie Italians (1576), (q.v.) ; 
 and translations from the Eclogues of 
 Mantaan and the Heroieal Epistles of 
 Ovid. See Wood's Athente Oxonienses, 
 Brydges' Censura Liferaria, and Ritson's 
 Bibliograpkia Poetica. See Faulconbie, 
 The Booke ov. 
 
 "Turf shall be my fragrant 
 
 shrine. The." First line of a lyric by 
 Thomas Moobe. 
 
 Turkish Lady, The. A lyric by 
 Thomas Campbell. 
 
 Turkish Mcihomet, The, and 
 
 Hyren the faire Greek. A drama by 
 George Peele (1562—1598). See Hiken. 
 
 "Turn, gentle Hermit of the 
 
 dale." First line of Goldsmith's ballad, 
 Edwin and Angelina. 
 
 " Turn, Fortune, turn thy wheel, 
 
 and lower the proud." Enid's song in 
 Tennyson's Idylls of tlie Xing. 
 
 Tournament of Tottenham, 
 The ; or, the , Wooeing, Winning, and 
 Wedding of Tibbe, the rcev's daughter 
 there." A ballad written in ridicule of 
 the ancient chlvalric customs. It was 
 first printed in 1631, and is included in the 
 Harleian MSS. in the British Museum. 
 
 Turner, Charles Tennyson, 
 clergyman and poet, elder brother of Al- 
 frecT Tennyson, has published Sonnet} 
 
718 
 
 TUB 
 
 TWB 
 
 (1864) ; Small Tableaux (1B68) ; and Son- 
 netSf LyricSj and Translations (1873). *See 
 Two Bkuthers. 
 
 Turner, Sharon, liistorian (b. 
 1768, d. 1847), published a History of the 
 Anglo-Saxons (1799—1805), A Vindication 
 0/* the Genuineness of the A:itient British 
 Poems qfAneurin, TatiesiHy Llywarch Hen, 
 and Merdhin, with Specimens of the Poems 
 (180S) ; a History of England from the 
 Norman Conquest to 1509 (1814—23) ; Pro- 
 lusiones on tne Present Greatness of Brit- 
 ain, on Modem Poetry, and on the Present 
 Aspect of the World (1819) ; a History of 
 the Jtelgnctf Henry VIII. (1826) ; a. History 
 of the Jieigns of Edward VI., Mary, ana 
 Elizabeth (1829) ; Tlie Sacred History of 
 the World (1832) ; and Richard III., a 
 poem (1845). 
 
 Turold. An English minstrel 
 (circa 1140). See Wright's Biographia 
 Mteraria Britannica. See KOLAND, The 
 Chakson de. 
 
 Turveydrop. The dancing-master 
 In Dickens's novel of Bleak House (q.v.) ; 
 said to be intended as a portrait of King 
 George IV. 
 
 TuBser, Thomas, poet (b. 1615, d. 
 1680), wrote A Hondredth Good Points of 
 Rusbandrie (15ST), (q.v.), and A .THaloge of 
 Wi/vinge and Thri/vinge (1662), the beat 
 edition of which is that by Mavor, publish- 
 ed in 1812. For Biography, see, in addition 
 to the author's own account of his Life 
 in verse (1673), the Athena Cantabrigienses. 
 Tusser's poems are included in Southey's 
 collection of The English Poets, from 
 Chaucer to Lovelace. 
 
 Twa Corbies, The. A ballad 
 printed by Scott In his Border Minstrelsy, 
 " as written down, from tradition, by a 
 lady," and communicated by Charles Fitz- 
 pati-ick Sharpe. Compare with The Three 
 Havens, a ballad which Kitson printed in 
 his Ancient Songs. 
 
 Twa Dogs, The. A tale in verse 
 by Robert Buiins (1759—1796), consisting 
 of a dialogue between the " twa dogs " in 
 question, called Csesar and Luath. The 
 latter was the name of a favourite dog of 
 Burns, which had been killed by the wan- 
 ton cruelty of some person the night before 
 his father's death, and on which the poet 
 desired to confer such immortality as was 
 in his power. Caesar is understood to be a 
 creature of Burns's imagination, created 
 for the purpose of holding a colloquy with 
 Luath, though Brewer says that the idea 
 of the poem was " perhaps suggested by 
 the Spanish Colloquto de Dos Perros of 
 Cervantes." 
 
 Twain, Mark. The pseudonym 
 adopted by Samuel Langhorne Clem- 
 ens (q.v.). It is said that during a jour- 
 ney down the Mississippi to New Orleans, 
 In 18B6, Mr. C16mens " made friends with 
 
 the steam-boat pilots, and was soon quali- 
 fied to become himself a river pilot. In 
 this employment he was often directed to 
 • mark twain,' that is, that there were two 
 fathoms of water ; and from this he look 
 his nom de plume." See Innocents 
 Abroad, The. 
 
 Twangdillo. Tlie fiddler in Somee- 
 viLLE's burlesque poem of Hobbmol 
 (q.v.) :- 
 
 " Hark I from aloft hia tortured cat-gut EquealB, 
 HoUCklea every string, to cveiy note 
 He bends his plisnt neck, his Buigle eye 
 Twmklea witli jcy, his active stump beats time." 
 
 " 'Twas at the silent solemn 
 hour." First line of Mallet's ballad of 
 William and Margaret, 
 
 " 'Twas -when the seas were 
 
 roaring." Song by John Gay, introduced 
 in his poem, The What d'ye call it ? 
 
 " Tweedledum and Tweedle- 
 
 dee." A phrase which arose out of the fa- 
 mous feud between Handel and-Bouoncini, 
 concerning whom John Byrom (q.v.) 
 wrote, in 1762 :— 
 
 ' Some soy, compared to Bononcini, 
 
 That Mynheer Ilandel's but n ninny i 
 
 Others over that he to Handel 
 
 la scarcely fit to hold a candel. 
 Stronce all this diftercnce shoul 
 TwixV Tweedledum and Tweedledee." 
 
 The last two lines have been attributed 
 both to Pope and Swift. 
 
 TTiveedside. A lyric by Bobert 
 Crawford (d. 1733), beginning :— 
 
 *' What beauties does Flojii disclose I 
 
 How sweet are her smiles on the Tweed I 
 Yet Mary's, still sweeter than those, 
 Both Nature and Fancy exceed." 
 
 Twelfth -Night: "or. What you 
 Will." A comedy by William Shake- 
 speare (1564—1616), first printed in the 
 folio of 1623, and probably so called because 
 first acted on the anniveisaiy of Twelfth- 
 Night. " There is little, or nothing," says 
 Leigh Hunt, " belonging to the occasion in 
 it, except a set ot nieri7makers, who 
 carouse all nighi, and sing enough songs to 
 ' draw three souls out ot a weaver.' It is 
 evident that Shakespeare was at a loss tor 
 a title to his play, for he calls it Twelfthi- 
 Night ■ or. What You Will, bnt the noc- 
 turnal revels remindedhim of the anniver- 
 sary which, being the player 'and the 
 humorist that he was, and accustomed, 
 doubtless, to many a good sitting up, ap- 
 pears to have stood forth prominently 
 among his recollections of the year." In 
 the Diary of one Manninghani, student ot 
 the Temple, preserved In the British 
 Museum, we read, under the date of Feb- 
 ruary 2, 1601-2 :— " At one feast wee had 
 a play called Tioelve Night : or, What You 
 Will, much like the Comedy of Errors, or 
 Menechine, in Plautus, but most like and 
 near to that in Italian called Inganni. A 
 
 good practice in it is to make the steward 
 elieve his ladye wlddowe was In love with 
 
TWl 
 
 TWO 
 
 719 
 
 him, bycoTinterfayting alettre, as from his 
 lady» iu general! termea, telling him what 
 Bhe liked best in liim, and prescribing his 
 gesture iu smiling, his apparraile, etc. ; 
 and then, when he came to practise, 
 making him believe they tooke him to be 
 mad." The poet seems to have derived at 
 least a portion of his plot from The Hls- 
 iorie of Apolonius and Silla, contained iu 
 lUch's Farewell to MUUarie Profession 
 (q.v.) ; and he obtained some further hints 
 from Bellefbrest's ffistoires Tragiques — 
 which was itselffounded on a tale by Bion- 
 dello — and from an Italian comedy, GV 
 Jngannatl (the Deceived), firat printed 
 about 1537, of which an English translation 
 hait probably been seen by Shakespeare, 
 and from which he took the names of two 
 of his characters, Fabian (or Fabio), and 
 Malvolio (or Malevola). The comic pas- 
 sages are, of course, as iu The Comedy of 
 Errors and in other plays, entirely Shake- 
 Bpeare*s own ; and here as in the Mid- 
 summer^ s NlghVs Dreamt we are oppressed 
 with wonder at the remarkable genius 
 which can " blend into one harmonious 
 picture the utmost grace and refinement 
 of sentiment, and the broadest effects of 
 humour, the most poignant wit, and the 
 most indulgent benignity. In short," says 
 Mrs. Jameson, " to brin^ before us in the 
 same scene Vi^ola and Olivia, with Malvolio 
 and Sir Toby, belonged only to Nature and 
 to Shakespeare." Twelfth Nightia indeed 
 " a genuine comedy ;— a perpetual spring 
 of the gayest and sweetest fancies." 
 
 " Twice-told tale, A." — King 
 John J act iii., scene 4 :— 
 
 " Vexing the dull ear of a drowsy man." 
 
 Twice Told Tales, See Haw- 
 
 THOBXE. 
 
 Twickenham, The Bard of. A 
 
 name bestowed on Al-exander Pope 
 (q.v.), who resided at that place for thirty 
 years. 
 
 "Twig is bent, the tree's in- 
 clined; Just as the." Line 150 in Pope's 
 Moral Essays, epistle i. 
 
 Twist, Oliver. See Oliver Twist. 
 
 Twitcher, Jemmy. A cliaracter 
 in Gay's Beggar^s Opera, and a nickname 
 afterwards given to John, Earl of Sand- 
 wich, a man of notoriously vicious charac- 
 ter. As Gay writes : — 
 
 ** When sly Jemmy Twitcher had smug^d up his 
 face. 
 With a lick of Court whitewash and pious 
 grimace.** 
 The Earl of Sandwich had been a boon com- 
 panion of Wilkes, but turned against him 
 when he was persecuted by the Court and 
 the Ministry, *' Shortly after the meeting 
 of Parliament, The Beggar's Opera was 
 acted atCovent Garden Theatre. When 
 Maeheath uttered the words—' That Jem- 
 my Twitcher should peach me I own sur- 
 prised me '—pit, boxes, and gallery buiBt 
 
 into' a roar which seemed likely to bring 
 the roof down. From that day," says 
 Lord Macaiilay, " Sandwich was univer- 
 sally known as Jemroy Twitcher." 
 
 Two Brothers, Poems by< The 
 
 title under which Alfred and Charleb 
 Tehkyson published a volume of poems 
 in 1827. 
 
 "Two children in two neigh- 
 bour villages, Playing mad pranks along 
 the healthy leas." — Circumstance, by 
 Alfred Texnyson. . 
 
 T^wo Drovers, The. A tale by 
 Sir Walter Scott, published in 1827. 
 
 Two Gentlemen of Verona, 
 The, A comedy by William Shak£>- 
 BPBARE (1564—1616), first published in the, 
 folio of 1623. It has been supposed that, 
 the poet derived some hints from Monte- 
 mayor's romance of Diana, which did not, 
 however^ appear in an English form till 
 1598, before which date the comedy was 
 almost certainly written. Furnivall con- 
 siders the date of its composition to be 
 1590—1. " It is little ^pore," says Hazlitt, 
 ** than the first outlines of a comedy loosely 
 sketched in. It is the story of a novel 
 dramatised with very little labour or pre- 
 tension ; yet there are jpassages of high 
 poetical spirit, and of inimitable quaint- 
 ness of liumoux, which are undoubtedly 
 Shakespeare's, and there is throughoutthe 
 conduct of the fable a careless grace and 
 felicity which mark it for his. 
 
 Two Italian Gentlemen, The. 
 A dramatic work, probably translated 
 from the Italian, by Anthony Munday 
 (1554—1633), and printed shortly after 1584 
 under the title of Fidele and Fortunw. _ It 
 is entirely in rhyme. 
 
 Two Married Women and the 
 
 Widow, The. A comic piece by William 
 Dunbar (1465 — 1530), in which three gay, 
 ladies discuss, somewhat freely, themerits 
 of their respective husbands, living and 
 late, and the means by which wives may 
 best advance their own interests. 
 
 Two Noble Kinsmen, The. See 
 
 Kinsmen, The Two Noble. 
 
 " Two of a trade seldom agree." 
 
 A popular proverb, illustrations of which 
 will be found in Ray*s Proverbs, G-ay's 
 Old Hen and the Cock, and Murphy's 
 Apprentice, act iii. 
 
 Two Queens of Brentford, The : 
 
 " or, Bayes no Poetaster." A comicopera 
 by Thomas D'Urke y (1650—1723), intended 
 3& a sequel to The Rehearsal (q.v.). 
 
 "Two strings to one's bow." 
 
 A popular phrase of which some iUiU* 
 trations will be found in HooitER'sfcc^e- 
 siastical Polity, book v., chap. Ixxx. ; 
 Butler's HuHibras, part iii., canto 1.. 
 line 1 ; Churchill's OJiostf book iv. ; ana 
 
720 
 
 TWO 
 
 TYB 
 
 Fielding's Love in Several Masquesi 
 scene 13. 
 
 Two Tragedies in One. A play 
 written by Bobebt Takrington, and 
 printed in 1601. It is founded on two 
 stories — tlie murder of a Mr. Beecli, in 
 Thames Street, London, and the history of 
 The Babes in the Wood, wliich form two 
 distinct plots, and have no connection 
 with one another, the scene alternating, at 
 the author's will, between England and 
 Italy. 
 
 Two Valiant Knights, The His- 
 toric of, by George Feele (1552—1598), 
 was printed in 1599. 
 
 " Two voices are there ; one is 
 
 of the sea." Soimet by William Words- 
 worth, entitled Thouf/hts of a Briton on 
 Vie Subjugation of Switzerland. 
 
 Two Voices.The. A philosophical 
 poem by Alfred Tennyson, written in 
 1842, the " voices " being those of Faith 
 and Doubt. 
 
 Tw^o Wise Men and all the rest 
 
 Fooles : " or, a comieall Moral, censuring 
 the Follies of this Age." A play, in seven 
 acts, by George Chapman (1357—1634), 
 which appeared in 1619. 
 
 Two Years Ago. A novel by 
 the K«v. Charles Kingsley (1819—1875), 
 published in 1857. 
 
 Twopenny Postbag, The. See 
 
 Intercepted Letters. 
 
 Twyne, Thomas, physician, com- 
 pleted the translation of YirgiVs ^neid 
 begun by Thomas Phaer (q.v.); 
 
 Tybalt. Nephew of Lady Capulet, 
 in Romeo and Juliet (q.v.). 
 
 Tye, Christopher, musical com- 
 poser (circa 1645), wrote The Actes of the 
 Apostles translated into Englyshe Metre 
 (1553), (q.v.). 
 
 Tyler, Wat. See Wat Tyler. 
 
 Tylney Hall. A novel by Thomas 
 Hood (1798—1845), the scenery of which is 
 laid neai- Wanstead, where the boolc was 
 written. It was published in 1834. 
 
 Tylor, Edward Burnett, ^mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1832), has published 
 ATKihacus: or^ Mexico and tite Mexicans 
 (1861) ; Researches into the History of Man- 
 kind (1865) ; and Primitive Culture (1871). 
 
 Tyndale, William, theological 
 writer (b. 1477, d. 1536), was the author of 
 The Obedymce of a Christen Man, and 
 how Christen Rulers might to goveme 
 (1628), (q.v.) i The Parable of the Wicked 
 Mammon (1528), (q.v.) ; Exposition on 1 
 Cor. vii., with a Prologue, wherein all 
 Christians are exiwrted to read the Scrip- 
 tures (1529) : The Practyse qf Prelates : 
 whether the Kyngea Grace may be separated 
 
 from hys Quene, because fihe was hj/s 
 Brothers Wyfe (1530) ; A Compendious in- 
 troducdon, PrologCj or Preface unto tJte 
 Pisile qf St. Paul to the Romayns (1530) ; a 
 translation of The Pyrst Soke of Moses 
 called Genesis Iwith a preface and pro- 
 logue shewiiwe tlie use of tlte Scripture'], 
 (1530); The Expositumqfthe Fyrst Epistle 
 qf Saint John, with a Prologge b^oreitby 
 W. T. (1531) i The Supper oftheLarde after 
 the true Meanyng of the Stxte of John and 
 the xi. qf the fyrst Epistle to the Corin- 
 ^thias, wlicreunto is added an Epistle to the 
 ■Reader, and incidently in tlte Exposition 
 qf the Supper is cqfuted the Letter of Mas- 
 ter More against John Fryth (1533) ; A 
 briffe Declaration of the Sacraments ex- 
 pressing the fyrst Originally how they come 
 wp and were institute, etc. (1538) ; An Ex- 
 posicion upon the v., vi., vii.. Chapters of 
 Mathew, whych three chapiters are the 
 Keye and the Vore of the Scripture, and the 
 restoring again of Moses Lawe, corrupt by 
 the Scnbes and Pharisees, etc. (1548) ; An 
 Answer unto Sir Thomas Mares Dialogue ; 
 Tyndale* s Pathway to Scripture ; and the 
 famous translation of the Bible. A Life 
 of Tyndale. and Selections from his Writ- 
 ings, will be found in volume i of Bich- 
 mond's Fathers of tlie Church. See also 
 the Life by Oftor (1836). Tlie Works were 
 published (with those of Frith and Baiuies) 
 ml673, (with those- of Frith) in 1831, and, 
 edited by Walter, in 1848—50. See Bible, 
 The ; Testament, The New. 
 
 Tyndall, John, TiTj.D., scientific 
 writer (b. about 1820), has published Tlie 
 Glaciers of the Alps (1860) ; Mountahieer- 
 ing (1861) ; A Vacation Tour (1862) ; Heat 
 considered as a Mode of Motion (1863) ; 
 On Radiation (1865) ; Sound (1868) ; Lee- ' 
 iwres on Light (1869) ; The Imagination in 
 Science (1870) ; Fragments qf Science for 
 Unscientific People (1871) ; Hours qf Exer- 
 cise in the Alps (1871) ; Contributions to 
 Molecular Physics (1872) ; The Forms qf 
 Water in Clouds ana Riiters, Ice and Gloy 
 eiers (1872) : Lectures on Light (1873) ; and 
 Address delivered b^ore the British Asso- 
 ciation (1874). 
 
 Typographical Antiquities : "be- 
 ing an Historical Account of Printing in 
 England, with some Memoirs of our an- 
 cient Printers, and a Begister of the Books 
 printed by tliem from the year 1471 to 
 1600 ; with an Appendix concerning Print- 
 ing in Scotland and Ireland, to the same 
 time," by Joseph Ames (1689— 1758) ; pub- 
 lished in 1749. It was afterwards edited 
 by William Herbert, and published, vol- 
 ume by volume, in 1786, 1786, and 1700. 
 Last of all, it was redacted by Dr. Thomas 
 Dibdin, and issued, in four separate vol- 
 umes, in 1810, 1812, 1816, and 1820. 
 
 Tyrannic Love : " or, the Koyal 
 Martyr." A play by John Dkyden, pro- 
 duced in 1669. 
 
•EffB 
 
 UNA' 
 
 721 
 
 "Tyrant of his fields vrithstood, 
 
 The little." See " Little tyrant." 
 
 Tyxe, in Drtden"s Absalom and 
 AchUophel (q.v.), is intended for Holland. 
 
 Tyrell, Francis. See. St. Eonan's 
 Well. 
 
 Tyrwhitt, Thomas, critic (b. 1730, 
 d. 1786), was the author of an Epistle to 
 Florio (1749), Observations and Conjectures 
 on some Passages in SJiakespeare (1766), 
 and edited the worlds of (Chancer and 
 Chutterton. 
 
 Tytler, Alexander Fraser, Lord 
 'Wodehouselee, Scottish judge (b. 1747, d. 
 1813), wrote an Essay on the Principles of 
 Translation (1791), an Essay on Military 
 Zaw and the Practice of Courts Martial 
 (1800). Tlie Elements of General History 
 (1801), an Essay on the Life and Writings 
 of Petrarch (IRIO), a Bipgraphy of Lord 
 Kames, and other works. 
 
 Tytler, Ann Fraser, writer for 
 the youiig, has piiblished Leila : or, the . 
 Island; Leila at Home ; Leila in England; 
 Mary and Florence ; and Mary and Flor- 
 ence at Sixteen. 
 
 Tytler, C. C. Fraser, poet and 
 novelist, has published Sweet Violet, and 
 other Stories (1868) : A Jiose and a Pearl 
 (1869) ; Jasmine Leigh (1871) ; Margaret 
 (1872) ; Mistress Judith (1873) ; and Jona- 
 than (18t6). 
 
 Tytler, Patrtob Fraser, liistorian 
 and biographer (b. 1791. d. 1849), published 
 Lines of the Admirable Crichton (1819), 
 Sir Thomas Craig of Jiiccarton (1823), I'he 
 Scottish Worthies (1832), Sir Walter lla- 
 leigh (1833), and King Henry VIII. and his 
 Contemtioraries (18.37) ; besides his History 
 of Scrtland (lS2e — 40), J.'nglrn! under tlie 
 IteUins of Edward > /. and Mary (1839), 
 and Historical View of the Progress of Dis- 
 covery on the Northern Coasts of America. 
 
 Tytler, Sarah. The nom de phime 
 adopted by Miss KEDniE in the publica- 
 tion of several novels and iiumerous mis- 
 cellaneous works. Among the former are 
 Citoyenne Jacqueline, Days of Yore, The 
 Diamond Pose. Girlhood and Womanhood, 
 The Huguenot Family, Noblesse Oblige, A 
 Garderiof Women, By the Elbe, What She 
 f^ame Through, and Lady Bell ; among 
 the latter. Papers for Thoughtful Girls, 
 Sweet Counsel, Modem Painters, Modem 
 Composers, and The Old Masters. 
 
 tiller, 'William, liistorian (b. 
 ITll, d. 1792), published an Inquiry, His- 
 ttmcal and Critical, into the Evidence 
 against Mary Queen of Scots^and an Ex- 
 aminaiim of the Histories of Dr. Bobtrtson 
 and Mr. Hume with respect to thatEvidence 
 (1759). 
 
 Ut)ique. The pseudonym adopted 
 81 
 
 by GiLLMOUE PAKEEit, an American 
 writer, in the publication of Afloat and 
 Ashore, and other works. 
 
 Udall, Nicholas, dramatist and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. 1506, d. ISCS), 
 wrote Floures for Latine Spekynge (1633), 
 (q.v.) i Exechias (1664), (q.v.) : Balph Pais- ' 
 ter Doister (1566) ; and translations from 
 Terence and Erasmus (Apophthegms and a 
 Paraphrase upon the New Testament). See 
 BoisTEs Doisteb, Balph. 
 
 Ugly Princess, The. A lyric by 
 the Rev. Chakles Kingsley (1819—187^, 
 which describes how she was compelled to 
 take the veil : — 
 
 " I waB not good enough for man, 
 And BO am given to God." 
 
 TTlania, Queen of Perduta or Is- 
 landa, figures in Abiosto's Orlando Furi- 
 oso. 
 
 Ullin's Daughter, Lord. See 
 
 Lord Ullin's Daughteb. 
 
 Ulrica. A sybil, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's romance of Ivanhoe (q-v.). 
 
 Ulysses. A play by Nicholas 
 KowB (1673—1718); written in 1706, and 
 founded on the old mythological story. 
 
 Ulysses. A poem by Alfred 
 Tennyson, witteu in 1842, and full of 
 •' modern touches." 
 
 Ulysses, The Adventures of: 
 
 "a juvenile book," by Ohables Lamb 
 (1775--1834), suggested, he tells us, by the, 
 Shakespeare Tales, written by himself and 
 sister. It was published in 1808, and has, 
 says Talfourd, " some tinge of the quaint-^ 
 ness of Chapman ; it gives the plot of the 
 earliest and one of the most charming of- > 
 , romances, without spoiUng ita interest. * 
 
 - Umbra, in Pope'b Moral Essays, 
 epistle i., is intended for Bubb Dodding- 
 ton, who is again referred to in the Epistle 
 to Dr. Arbuthnot, v. 280. 
 
 Umbra, Obsequious, in Gabth's 
 
 Qispen^ary (q.v.), is intended for Dr. 
 Dould. 
 
 Una, in Spensbk's Faen'e Queeiie, 
 is an allegoiical personification of Truth,-- 
 whose loveliness is depicted in the most 
 exquisite colours that poetic imagination 
 can furnish. , Her name, Una, '■ one," 
 probably indicates the Oneness of object 
 and unique excellence which characterise' 
 Truth. The reader will remember Words- 
 worth's famous allusion :-r 
 
 " And heavenly Una, with her milV-white Ismb;** 
 See Ked Cross Knight, The. 
 
 "Unadorned ('When), adorned 
 the most."— Thomson, The Seasons (" Ati- ■ 
 tumn "), line 206. 
 
 - "Unanimity is 'wonderful: 
 
 'Where they do agre« on the stage, theUr.** 
 
722 
 
 tTNA' 
 
 TTNI 
 
 See scene 2, act ii., of Sheridan's farce 
 of The Oritic (q.T.). 
 
 " Unassuming commonplace of 
 Nature, Thou." A description applied to 
 the daisy, in one of Wobdswobth's 
 poems. 
 
 " XTnboiinded stomach. He Tvaa 
 a man of an.*' — King Henry VIII., act iv., 
 scenes. 
 
 " Uncertain, coy, and hard to 
 please."— Scott's description of "woman, 
 m our hours of ease," in his MarmUmt 
 canto vi., stanza 30. 
 
 " Uncertain glory of an April 
 
 day, The." — The Two Gentlemen q^ Verona, 
 act i., scene 3. 
 
 •'-' Unclasps her ■warmed je'wrels 
 one by one." — Keats, St. Agnes' Eve, 
 
 Uncle Toby. See Toby, Unci,b. 
 
 Uncle Tom. See Toh, Uncle. 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin. A work of 
 fiction by Mrs. Harriet Beecheb 
 Stowe (b. 1812), which first appeared in 
 parts in The Washington National Era 
 (1850). after which it was published in 
 complete form. It had an enormous sale, 
 and at once made the'author famous. As 
 a picture of slave life as it once obtained 
 in the Southern States of America it is 
 certainly unsurpassed. The scenes de- 
 gcrihed in it are so terrible that Mrs. 
 Stowe deemed it advisable to publish in 
 1863 a Key to the work, showing the large 
 extent to which it is founded upon fact. 
 The hero is of course Uncle Tom ; the 
 figure next in interest being Legree, the 
 brutal slftve-owner. Every one, also, will 
 remember Eva and Topsy (q.v.). See Tom, 
 TJkcle. 
 
 Unco Guid, or the Rigidly 
 Kighteous, An Address to. A satirical 
 pOem by Kobert Bubss (1759—1796) :— 
 " O ye wha are oao guld youxselfl. 
 Sac pious and aae holy, 
 Te'vo nought to do hut mark and tell 
 Your neighbour's f auts and folly 1 " 
 
 Uncommercieil Traveller, The. 
 
 A series of miscellaneous papers, contri- 
 buted by Charles Diokexs (1812—1870) 
 to All the Tear Jiowid (q'.v.), and repub- 
 lished, to the number of twenty-eight, 
 towards the end of 1860. 
 
 " Unconquerable mind, Man's." 
 Wordsworth, Sonnet to Touasaimt I'Ou- 
 verture. 
 
 " Unconsidered trifles." See 
 "Trifles, A skapper-up op onoon- 
 
 BIDEBED." 
 
 Unconverted Sinners, An 
 
 Alarm to. See Alarm to Unconvbbted 
 Sinkers, An. 
 
 "Under a spreading chestnut 
 ta«e." Vint Uiw of Tht ViUage Slack' 
 
 a lyric by Hen by 'Wadsworth 
 Longfellow. 
 " Under 'which king, Bezonian? 
 
 speaker die,"— Xing Henry IV., paxi ii., 
 act v., scene 3. 
 
 " Underneath this sable hearse.". 
 
 — " Epitaph on the Countess of Pembroke," 
 by Ben Jonson in Underwoods (q.v.). 
 
 "Underneath this stone doth 
 
 lie." First line of Ben Jonson's epitaph 
 oh Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 .Undertones. A volume of poems 
 by Kobebt Buchanan (q.v.), published, 
 in 1860. 
 
 Underwoods: "consisting of, 
 Divers Poems." By Sen Jonson (1574— ' 
 1637). 
 
 "Undevout astronomer is mad. 
 An." — Young, Night Tfioughts, night ix.^ 
 line 773. 
 
 "Undiscovered country (The) 
 
 •from whose bourn no traveller returns. — 
 Samlet, act iii., scene 1. 
 
 "Uneasy lies the head that 
 
 wears a crown." — King Henry I V., part ji., 
 act ill., scene 1. 
 
 " Unezpressive she. The." — As 
 
 You Like It, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 " Unf eathered, two-legged thing 
 
 (That), a son."- Dbyden, Absalom and 
 Achitophel. 
 
 Unfortunate Iiady, Elegy to the 
 
 Memory of an, by Alexandeb Pope 
 (1688-1744) ; first published in 1717, hut 
 probably writteii some time before that 
 date. It is not known to whom the lines 
 apply, but it is conjectured they refer to 
 a Mrs. "Weston, who soon after her marriage 
 was separated from her husband^ and who. 
 is doubtless referred to by Pope in his Let-' 
 
 ters as a " Mrs. W ," who had endured 
 
 a series of hardships and misfortunes. 
 "Buckingham's lines," says CarrutherSr 
 on a Lady designing to retire into a Moii* 
 astery, " suggested the outline of the pic- 
 ture, Mrs. Weston's misfortunes and the 
 poet's admiration of her cave it life and 
 warmth, and imagination did the rest." 
 
 Unhappy Favourite, The : " or, 
 
 the Earl of Essex." A play by John 
 Banks (q.v.), produced in 1682. Steele 
 has a reference to it in The Tatler, No. 
 14 : — " Yesterday," he says, " we were en- 
 tertained with the tragedy of The Earl of 
 Essex, in which there was not one good* 
 line ; and yet a play which was never seen 
 without drawing tears from some part of 
 the audience." , 
 
 " Unhousel'd, disappointed, un- 
 
 anel'd." — Hamlet, act i., scene 5. 
 
 Unimore : " a Dt'eam of the High- 
 lands," in ten poetical t^isiont; vritteD 
 
tTNI 
 
 UPIi 
 
 723 
 
 by Profeasor John Wilson (1785—1854), 
 and published in Blackwood* s Magazine in 
 1831. 
 
 " Unintelligible world, This." — 
 WoRDSWOKTH, TinteDi Abbey. 
 
 TTnion Review, The, was started 
 
 In 1863. 
 
 TTnione, Britanniae, De. A po- 
 litical dialogue by Kobjekt Font (152S— 
 1606), published m 1604, and containing 
 some curious particulars as to Scottish 
 manners at thlit time. 
 
 TTniversal Beauty. A poem by 
 Henby BitooKi: (1706— 1783), published in 
 1735, under the auspices of Pope. It should 
 be compared witli Darwin's poem ot Tne 
 Botanic Garden (q.T.). 
 
 " TTniverscd darkness buries all. 
 And." A line in Pope's poem, The Dun- 
 cUtd, book iy., line Gi''. 
 
 ■Universal Etymology, An Es- 
 say towards : " or, the Analysis of a Sen- 
 tence," by Thomas Blacklock (1721— 
 1791) ; printeidin 1756. 
 
 Universal Passion, The ; i.e., 
 ** the LoTC of Fame." Seven poetical. and 
 " characteristical " satires by -Edwaed 
 Toijxcs (1684—1765), the publicatioii of 
 which began in 1725. The fifth and sixth, 
 on women, appeared respectively , in 1727 
 arid 1728, in which year the whole poem 
 wasissued with notes by Horace Walpole. 
 It brought the poet the handsome sum of 
 £3,000. 
 
 Universal Prayer, The. A poem 
 by Alexandeb Pope (1688—1744), con- 
 sisting of thirteen quatrains, in imitation 
 or paraphrase of the Lord's Prayer. It was 
 published in 1738. The twelfth verse 
 nma :— 
 
 " This day be bread and peace my lot, 
 ; . All else beneath the sun, 
 
 Thou know'Bt if h^pt heetnwp'1 or not t 
 And let Thy nill be done." 
 
 " University of Crottingen, The." 
 
 See BoGERO. 
 
 "Unkindest cut of all." See 
 " Most unkindest cut of all. The." 
 
 " Unknelled-, uncoffined, and 
 
 unknown." — Byuon, Childe Harold* s Pil- 
 grimage, canto iv., stanza 179. 
 
 Unknown, The Great. See 
 
 Great Unknown. 
 
 "Unlike my subject now shall 
 
 be my song."— First line of &n epigram by 
 Lord Cbestebb'ield ;— 
 
 " It shall be witty, and it shan't be long," 
 
 " Unmask her beauty to the 
 moon. If she."— Hamlet, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Unnatural Combat, The. A 
 tragedy by Philip Massinoeb (1684— 
 l&S)t ^litten iu 1639. MBllefODt having 
 
 poisoned his flrst wife to make way for a 
 second, is challenged by his Bon. They- 
 flght, and the son is slain. ," In this play,"I 
 says Hallam, " we find a greater ener^Tf 
 a bolder strain of figurative poetry, more 
 command of terror, and perhaps of ptty,"' 
 than in any other of his dramas." 
 
 Unnatural Tragedy, The. By- 
 
 ■ Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle (162Jt 
 —1673). 
 
 "Unpremediated verse. My." 
 
 Line 23, book Ix., ot Paradise Lost (q.v.). j 
 
 "Unreal' mockery, heuoeJ"— ■ 
 
 Macbeth, act iii., scene' 4. 
 
 " Unrespited, unpitied, unre- 
 prieved." — Paradise Lost, book ii., Una 
 ISS. 
 
 "Unayllabled, unsung ! "— 
 Motherwell, Jeanie Morrison^ 
 
 Unum Neoessarium : " or, the 
 
 Doctrine or Practice of Repentance." A 
 work by Bishop jEBEky Taylor (1613^ 
 1667), published in 1655; "describing tha. 
 necessity and measure of a strict, a holy, 
 and a Christian life, and rescued from 
 popular errors." "This book," saysPrin- 
 cipaJ TuUoch, "presents the writer as an: 
 original -speculator on the; great i subjects . 
 of Christian dogma." " The views as to 
 original sin which he propounded, in this, 
 treatise drew wide attention, and called 
 down hostile criticism, not only from th6 
 Galvinistic and Puritan theologians of tli^; 
 day, upon which he no doubt reckoned^ 
 but from his own theological friends."' 
 The venerable Sanderson, in particular, 
 " bewailed the misery of the times w-hicli 
 did not admit of suppressing by authority 
 so perilous and unseasonable novelties." 
 
 "Unutterable things." See 
 " Looked unutterable things." 
 
 "Unvarnished tale." See "Round, 
 
 UST.IRNISHED TALE." 
 
 " Unwept, unhonour'd, and 
 unsung." A line In Scott's Lay of the 
 Last Minstrel, canto vl., stanza 1. 
 
 " Unvrhipt, unblanketed, un- 
 
 kicked, mislain."— Lady Wobtley Molr-- 
 tagu and Lord Hervby in some Verses 
 addressed to Pope. 
 
 Up the Rhine. A prose work by 
 Thomas Hood, written "in letters" at' 
 Osteud, where the author was then residing, 
 
 Upcott, William, bibliograplier' 
 (b. 1779, d. 1845), wrote A Bibliographical- 
 AecmOnt^f the Priruipal Books relating to 
 English Topography (1818), and edited., 
 several valuable and well-known workSi 
 including The Clarendon (1828), and TliOf- 
 esby Correspondence (1830), ^nd Pepys' arid 
 Evelyn's Diaries (1825). 
 
 Upland, Jack. A populnr son.? 
 of the time of Bichard U., wliieh espoused: 
 
724 
 
 TJPL 
 
 UTO 
 
 the cause of the Wycliffites against Aiiti- 
 chiist and his followers iu the Church of 
 Rome. See Wright's Political Songs (1861). 
 
 "Uplift a thousand voices full 
 andsweet." — Ode Sung at the Opening of 
 the /nteimational Exhibition^ by Alfbed 
 Tensyson. 
 
 "Upon this hint I spake." — 
 Othello, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Upton, John, clergyman and 
 .critic (b. 1707, d. 1760), published an edition 
 of Ariau's Kpictetua (1737),* Critical Ob- 
 servations OH Shakespeare (1746), Jiemarts 
 on Three Plays of Benjamin Jonson (1749s 
 Letters concerninrf a NevJ Edition of Spen- 
 ser^s Faiirie Queene, addressed to Gilbert 
 West (1751), and au edition of The Eairie 
 Qiteenc, in 1758. 
 
 Urban, Sylvanus. The name 
 originally adopted, and still retained, by 
 the editor of The Genileman^s Magazine 
 (q. v.). It is intended to typify the interest 
 taken by the periodical in both town aud 
 country affairs. 
 
 Uriel. " Repent of the Sun," and 
 " sharpest-sighted spirit of all in heaven," 
 appears in Milton's Paradise Lost (q.v.). 
 He is also introduced by Longfellow in 
 The Golden Legend (q.v.) as the minister 
 of Mars. 
 
 Urim, in Garth's poem of The 
 Dispensary (q.v.), stands for Dr. Francis 
 Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester (1662— 
 1732), who is thus described ;— 
 " Urim was civil, and not void of Gen&e, 
 
 ITud humour and a courteous confidence. . . 
 
 But see how ill-mistaken parts succeed ! 
 
 He threw off my dominion, and would read ; 
 
 Engag'd in controversj, wrangled well. 
 
 In convocation laneuago could excel. 
 
 In volumes prov'd the Church without defence— 
 
 By nothingguardcd but by Providence." 
 
 Urquhart, Sir Thomas, trans- 
 lator (b. 1613, d. 1661), published The 
 Trissotetras : or, a most exouisite Tabl^for 
 resolving all manner of Tr'uuigles (1649) ; 
 The Jewel, a panegyric on Scotland and 
 Scotsmen ; Logopandecteision : or, an In- 
 troduction to the Universal Language ; and 
 other wolks, of which the best known is his 
 translation into English of the first three 
 books of Rabelais (q.v.). 
 
 Ursa Major. A title bestowed 
 upon Dr. Johnson by the father of James 
 Boswell (Lord Auchiuleok). 
 
 Ursula. A servant to Hero, in 
 Much Ado About Nothing (q.v.). 
 
 " Use doth breed a habit in a 
 man. How."— TAe Two Gentlemen of Ve- 
 rona, act v., scene 4. 
 
 " Use 'em kindly, they rebel."— 
 Aahox Hill, Verses written on a Window. 
 
 Used Up. A comedy adapted 
 by Cbables James Mathews (b. 1803), 
 
 from a French piece called L* Homme Blasi. 
 The hero is Sir Charles Coldstream, a 
 young but worn-out man of the world, who' - 
 IS eventually converted to energy by the 
 force of circumstances. 
 
 Usher, James. See TJssnEB. 
 
 Usher's "Well, The Wife of. , A 
 
 ballad, piinted iu the Border Minstrelsy, 
 and thought by some critics to be a frag- 
 ment of a longer one called Ttie Clerics 
 Twa Sonsi,' Owstnford. Thewife, " hear- 
 ing her three sons are lost at sea, passion- 
 ately prays that the storm may never 
 cease till they come back to lier. One 
 night, at Martinmas, they come home, hut 
 at cock-crow depart again." 
 
 Usinulea, in Babclat's allegorical 
 romance Argenis (q.v.), is intended for 
 the French reformer, Calvin. 
 
 Ussber, James, Archbishop of 
 Armagh (b. 1586, d. 1656), wrote Annates V. 
 et N. Testamenti, & primd Mv/ndi Origine 
 deducta ad extremum Jleipublica JudaicuB 
 Excidium Ecclesiarum ; Gravissimtje Ques- , 
 iionis de Chrisiianarum in Occid^tia-- 
 prtesertim partibus (1613) ; Answer to. a 
 Cliallenge of a Jesuit in Ireland [William 
 Malone] (1624); A Discourse on the Re^ 
 ligion anciently professed by the Irish and 
 British (1622} ; Britannicarum Ecclesiarum 
 Antiquitates et Primcrdia (1639) ; The 
 Original of Bishops and Metropolitans 
 (1641) •, Direction concerning the Lyturgy 
 and Episcopal Government (1642) ; Vox 
 Hibemiae ; or, rather the Voyce of the Lord 
 from Ireland (1642) ; Immanuet : or, the 
 Mystery of the Incarnation of the Son qf 
 God (1638) ; Tits Principles of the Chris- 
 tian Religion (1644) ; Chronnlogia Sacra et 
 de Romante Ecclesias Symbolo ApostoHco 
 Vetere (1660) : Episcopal and Presbyterian 
 Government conjoyned (1679) ; and many 
 other Works, the whole pf which were 
 collected and published, with a Life of 
 the anthor, by Dr. Ebrington, in 4847. 
 See also the Life qf Ussher by Bernard 
 (1666), the Life by DUIineham (1700), Se 
 Vita Jac. Usserit, Archtep. Armacnaitti 
 (1704), The Life and Prophecies of Arch- 
 bishop Ussher (1712), the Life by Aikin 
 (1773), tmdthe Life and Letters by Dr. Sam- 
 uel Parr. 
 
 Usurers, An Alarm against. See 
 
 Alarm against Usurers, An. 
 
 Uther. Tlie reputed father of 
 King Arthur, In Tennyson's Idylls of 
 the Xing. 
 
 Utopia. The title of a curious 
 philosophical romance, written in LaUn 
 by Sir Thomas More (1478—1535), and 
 said to have been first published at Lou- 
 vain In 1516. The edition issued by Eras- 
 mus at Basle in 1518 is, however, the ear-" 
 liest that bear" a date ; and the first trans- 
 lation Of the work that appeared in £ng- 
 lish was by " Raphe Robynson," a London 
 
UTO 
 
 VAL 
 
 725 
 
 foldsmith (q.v.), published in 1551, The 
 rtopia was afterwards translated 1?y Bish- 
 op Burnet in 1684. It is a desciiplion of 
 an imaginary island which the author re- 
 presents as having been discovered by a 
 companion of Amerigo Vespucci, and as 
 enjoyiug the utmost perfection in laws,poli- 
 tics,cusK>ms, manner', and the like, as com- 
 pared with tlia defects of those which then 
 existed elsewhere. The fundamental prin- 
 ciple of the republic is a community of 
 wealth, aud "the structure," says Dunlop, 
 " is what mii^ht be expected from such a 
 hasis." '* That the author meant this 
 imaginary republic seriously to embody 
 ]iia notious of a sound system of govern- 
 ment can scarcely be believed," says Bur- 
 ton, *• by any one who reads it, and remem- 
 "bers that the entirely fanciful and 'ab- 
 ^utract existence there depicted was the 
 dream of oiie who thoroughly knew man 
 in all his complicated relations, and was 
 deeply conversant in practical govern- 
 ment." ''The Jiepublic of Plato," says 
 Hallam, " no doabt furnished More with 
 the germ of his perfect society ; but it 
 would be unreasonable to deny him the 
 merit of having struck out the fiction of 
 its real existence from his own feiiile 
 im£^inatio]i ; and it is manifest that some 
 of his most distinguished successors in the 
 same walk of romance, especially Swift, 
 were largely Indebted to his reasoning as 
 well as inventive talents." See the edition 
 by J. A. St. John (1838). The following 
 
 gassage will give a notion of the style of 
 ishop "Burnet's translation : — *' There 
 were," he makes More say, " several sorts 
 of religions, not only in different parts of 
 the Island, but even in every town, . . . 
 Every man might be of any religion lie 
 pleased, and might endeavour to draw 
 others to it by the force of argument, or 
 by amicable and modest ways, but without 
 bitterness against those of other opinions, 
 but that he ought to use no other force 
 but that of persuasion, and was neither to 
 mix reproaches nor violence with it ; and 
 such as did otherwise were to be con- 
 demned to banishment or slavery. This 
 law wa^ made by Utopus, not only for 
 preserving the public peace, which he saw 
 suffered much by daily contentions and 
 irreconcilable heats in these matters, but 
 because he thought .the interests of re- 
 ^ligion itself required it. He judged it was 
 not fit to determine anything rashly in 
 that ma'ter, and seemed to doubt whether 
 those different forms of religion might not 
 all come from God, who might inspire men 
 .differently, He being possibly pleased with 
 every variety of it ; and so he thought it 
 was a very indecent thing for any man to 
 frighten and threaten other men to be- 
 lieve anything because it seemed true to 
 him ; and in case that one religion was 
 certainly true, and all the rest false, he 
 reckoned that the native force of truth 
 would break foith at last, and shine 
 bright, if it were managed only by the 
 
 strength bf argument and with winning 
 gentleness." (^eHYTHLODAY,BAPHAEL. 
 
 " v.", IX. Poems by. Written by 
 Mrs. Archer Clive, authoress of Paul 
 Ferroll (q.v.). Lockhart wrote of them in 
 The Quarterly Review^ vol. Ixvi. :— " We 
 believe this is the first time the world has 
 heard of 'V.'; we are persuaded that it 
 \yill not, cannot, be the last." The Col-' 
 lected Poems ot "V." were published . in 
 1872, See Grave, The; Queen's Ball, 
 The. 
 
 Vafrino is the squire of Tancred in 
 Tasso's Jerusalem DeliverecL 
 
 " Vain is the effort to forget." 
 Allhein "Oh the Rhine," in Faded Leaves 
 by Matthew Arnold (b, 1822). 
 
 "Vale of years, The."— Othello, 
 act iii,, scene 3. , ■ 
 
 Valentine. A gay, witty gentle- 
 man, in debt and in love; the hero, of 
 CoxGREYE's Love/or Love (q.v.). 
 
 Valentine, in Twelfth Night (q.v.), 
 is a gentleman in attendance on the 
 Duke. - ^ 
 
 Valentine. One of The Two Gen-' 
 tlemen of Verona (q.v.) ; the other is named 
 , Proteus. 
 
 Valentine and Ursine. A hallatT . 
 
 founded on the old story of Valentine and - 
 Orson, which forms one of the earliest of 
 the French romances. 
 
 Valentinian. A tragedy by Fran- 
 cis Beaumont and John Fletcher 
 (q.v.). '* The matron purity of the> Injur- 
 ed Lucina, the ravages of mu-estrained in- 
 dulgence on a mind not wholly witliout ' 
 gUmp3:;s of virtue hi Valentinian, the vile- 
 ness of his courtiei's, the spirited coiitrast 
 of unconquerable loyalty in ^lius, with 
 tlie natural indignation at wrong in Max- 
 imus, are brought before our eyes," saya 
 Hallam, " in some of Fletcher's best 
 pOeti^.'* But, notwithstanding this, the 
 playis disfigured by a remarkable want 
 of taste and judgment, which has led the 
 authois to descend from beauty and 
 dignity to the most prepopterous absurdi- 
 ties. See next paragraph. 
 
 Valentinian. A trapedy by Joh^t 
 WiLMOT, Earl of Rochester, publislied- 
 in 1685 ; altered from the tragedy by 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, described ab:>ve.- 
 
 " Valerius. "A Eoman story," hy 
 John GtnsoN Lockhart (1794^1854). 
 published in 1824. and containini; eloquent 
 descriptions of Rome and Roman society 
 in the time of Trajan. The hero is the 
 son of a Roman commander^ who has. 
 settled ill Biitain, and on whose death 
 Valeiius returns to Italy to claim his 
 
726 
 
 VAL 
 
 VAP 
 
 estates ; there he falls in love with Athan- 
 ssia, the daughter of Ca^ito the philoso- 
 pher, and hy her he is initiated into the 
 Christian faith. 
 
 " Valiant trencherman." See 
 
 " Trencheemak, a veby valiast." 
 
 Valiant-for-Truth.!A. brave Chris- 
 tian in BuNVAN's Pilgrim's Progress, who, 
 after some encounters on the way, joins 
 Christiana's party to the Celestial City. 
 
 " Vallambrosa, Thick as au- 
 tumnal leaves thatstrow the hrooks in." 
 Paradise Lost, book i., line 302. 
 
 Valley of Humiliation, The, in 
 
 BuNYAN's Pilgrim's Progress (q.v.), is the 
 place where Christian is attacked 'by 
 ApoUyon (q.v.). 
 
 Vcilley of the Shadow of Death, 
 
 The, is referred to in Bunyan's Pilgrim's 
 ^Progress (q.v.). Christian has to pass 
 through it on his way to the Celestial 
 City. 
 
 Valliere, The Duchess de la. 
 
 See Ddchess de la Valliere, The. 
 "Valour is certainly going, 
 
 My." See scene 3, act v., of Sheridan's 
 comedy of The Rivals (q.v.). The speaker 
 is Bob Acres (q.v.) : *' It is sneaking off ! 
 I feel ,it oozing out, as it were, at the 
 ' palms of my hands ! " 
 
 Van Artevelde, Clara. Sister of 
 the hero, and beloved by Walter d'Arlon, 
 ■Jn Sir Henky Taylor's Philip Van 
 ■.<4rtercMfi(q.v.>. - " She is as arch," says 
 Anthony TroUope, **as Rosalind; but 
 her archness never goes beyond the natural 
 wit and bearing of a woman, Henry Tay- 
 lor's ladies are always ladies, and Clara, 
 with her frolic and fun, is as perfect a 
 lady as any." 
 
 Van Artevelde, Philip. A play. 
 In two parts, by Sir Henry Taylor (b. 
 1800) :< published in 1834, and character- 
 ised by its author as " an historical ro- 
 'mance, cast in a dramatic and rhythmical 
 ■ 1form.'* The subject, we are told, was sug- 
 gested by Southey, and recounts the story 
 of the Arteveides, father and son, who 
 figure so largely in the history of Flanders. 
 See Elena and previous paragraph. 
 
 Vanbrugh, Sir John, architect 
 and comic wHter (b. 1666, d. 1726), wrote 
 \Xsop (1697), The Kelapse (1697), The Pro- 
 voked Wife (1697), The Fa'jse Friend, and 
 other plays. His characteristics as an 
 architect drew forth the following epigram 
 in the form of an epitaph : — 
 
 *' Lie heavy on him, earth, for he 
 Laid many heavy loads on thcc." 
 
 Another of his critics speaks of his come- 
 dies as being "renowned for the well-sus- 
 tained ease and spirit of the dialogue ; " 
 whilst Golley Cibber on his part testifies 
 that they were great favourites with the 
 
 actors of his day — <* there was something 
 so catching to the ear, so easy to ttie 
 memory, in all he wrote." See Confei> 
 eraoy,The ; Provoked Husband, The j 
 Provoked Wife, The j Relapse, The. 
 
 Vanderbank, Instructions to. A 
 
 poem by Sir Kichaed Blackmore (q.v.), 
 in imitation of Denham's Advice to Vie 
 Poet. It was agreeably ridiculed by Steele 
 in the Tatler. 
 
 Vane, Frank, in Stem-ing's poem 
 of Tlie ElectuyB,{f{.v.\is a rival with Peter 
 Mog^ (q.v.) for the representation of an 
 English borough. The sentiments he ex- 
 presses are probably those of John Sterling 
 himself. 
 
 Vane, Lady. See Frail, Ladt. 
 
 Vanessa. See Cadenus. 
 
 "Vanille of society, The." A 
 
 phrase invented by Sidney Smith. See 
 his Memoir by his daughter. 
 
 Vanity Fair, in Buntan's Pil- 
 grim's Proqress (q.v.), is the name of a city 
 where a fair was held all the year round. • 
 (See Psalm Ixii. 9.) " The way to the 
 Celestial City," says Bunyan, *' lies just 
 through this town where this lusty fair ia 
 kept ; and he that would go to the city, 
 and yet not go through this town, must 
 needs go out of the world." 
 
 Vanity Fair : " a Novel without a 
 Hero," by William Makepeace Thack- 
 eray (1811—1863); published in 1847. 
 " There are scenes of all sorts," says the 
 author in his preface to the work : " some 
 dreadful combats, some grand and lofty 
 horse-riding, some scenes of high life ana 
 some of very middling indeed, some love- 
 making for the sentimental, and some 
 light comic business ; the whole accom- 
 panied by appropriate scenery, and bril- 
 liantly illuminated by the author s own 
 candles." See Amelia Sedley- ; Craw- 
 ley, Captain Rawdon ; Dobbin, Cap. 
 tain; Sharp, Beckv. 
 
 Vanity of Human VTishes, The. 
 
 A poem in imitation of the manner of 
 Juvenal ; written by Dr. Johnson (q.v.), 
 and described by Sir Walter Scott as " a 
 satire, the deep and pathetic morality of 
 which has often extracted tears from 
 those whose eyes wander dry over pages 
 professedly sentimental." It was pub- 
 lished in 1749, and brought the author the 
 sum of fifteen guineas. , 
 
 "Vantage-ground of truth, The." 
 
 Bacon, Essays (" Of Truth "). 
 
 Vapians, The. A name occurring 
 in Twelfth Night, act ii., scene 3, ana 
 evidently the Invention of the poet. See 
 " QVEVBUB, The equinoctial of." 
 
 Vapid. The hero of Reynolds's 
 comedy of The Dramatist (q.v.) a dra- 
 
VAR 
 
 VAU 
 
 727 
 
 matic author, who goes to Bath "to pick 
 up characters," ana who has *• the ardor 
 scribendi upon him so strong, that Jie'd 
 rather you'd ask him to write an epilogue 
 or a scene than offer him your whole 
 estate. The theatre was his world, in 
 which ^were included all his hopes and 
 wishes." 
 
 Varden, Dolly. See Dolly Vak- 
 
 DEN. 
 
 Varden, Gabriel. Father of Dolly, 
 in DxcKExS's novel of Bamahy Rudge 
 (q.v.). It is a curious fact that Gabriel 
 "Farrfcn was to have heen the title of a 
 work of fiction which was announced to he 
 -published from the pen of Dickens before 
 the appearance of Pickvyick^ and whibh 
 ^would thus have become his earliest novel. 
 Jt was so announced until the commence- 
 ment of 1837, when Macrone, who was to 
 have issued it, failed in business, and 
 the advertisement was withdrawn. 
 
 '' Variable as the shade." — 
 Scott, Marmionj canto vi., stanza 30. 
 
 " Varied earth, the moving 
 
 . lieaven, The." — Chonis in an Unpuhlishi^d 
 Drama, by Alfked TenxYsott : " written 
 very early," and publishediiL Poems (tS30), 
 ■>(not reprinted in England). 
 
 "Variety's the very spice of 
 life." Line 606, book ii., of Cowfbb's 
 Task (q.v.). 
 
 " Varying year 'with blade and 
 
 ■sheaf ,' The." —" The Sleeping Palace," 
 In Tke Bay-Dream, by Alfred Texky- 
 
 flON- 
 
 Vasa, Gustavus. See Gustavus 
 
 -Vasa. 
 
 "Vasty deep, The." — King Henr^ 
 lY.y part i., actiii., scene 1. 
 
 Vathek : " An Arabian Tale, from 
 an unpublished MS.," by William Beck- 
 ford (1760— 1S44) ; originally written in 
 French, and printed In 1787. "It was 
 composed," says the -author, " as it now 
 stands, at twenty-two years of age. Jt 
 took me three days and two nights of hard 
 labour, i never took off my clothes the 
 whole time." The deseriplion of the Hall 
 of Eblis, which is often quoted, was taken, 
 it appears, from the old hall at Fonthill, 
 Beckford's residence, probably the largest 
 in any private house in England, " It was 
 from tluit hall I worked, magnifying and 
 'colouring it with Eastern chaiacter. , All 
 tite female characters were portraits 
 drawn from the domestic estnblishmeint of 
 old Fonthill, their good or evil qualities 
 ideally exaggerated to salt my purpose," 
 Vathek was translated into English, it is 
 rot known by whom, immediately on its 
 appearance. '' It was one of the tales." 
 says Byron, " I had a very early admira- 
 tion of. For correctness of costume, 
 beauty Qf description, and power of imagi- 
 
 nation. It far surpasses all EUroperiU imit9- 
 tious, and bears such marks of originality 
 that those who have visited the East will 
 find some di£B.culty in believing it to bo 
 more than a translation." Byron further 
 refers to Beckford in the first canto of 
 Childe Harold, 
 
 Vaudracour and Julia. A poom 
 by William Wordsworth, in which 
 the writer treats the passion of love with 
 more force and glow than is customary 
 with him. 
 
 Vaughan, Charles James, D.D., 
 
 Master of the Temple (b. 1816), has pub- 
 lished Xa££ Jfordsinthe Parish Church at 
 Doncaster (1869), HalfHowrs in the Temple 
 C/mreA (1871), The Solidity of True Jieligion 
 (1874), Heroes of FaitJi (1876), and many 
 other works, 
 
 Vaughan, Henry, poet and devo- 
 tional writer (b. 1621, d. 1695), published 
 PoemSy with the Tenth Satyre of Juvenal 
 Englished, (1646); Oloir tscanus (1651), (q.v.), 
 Silex .Scintillans (1650—55), (q.v.); U'he 
 Mount of Olives (lG52)f (q.v.) 'jPloreg Soti- 
 tudims (IGH), (fl.v.) ; and Thalia Pediviva' 
 (1678), (q.v.). An edition of his Poem ^ ap^ 
 peared in 1847. See the Biography by 
 Lyte. " Vaugian's art,^' says MacDonald 
 in Englamd's Antiphon, " is not compar- 
 able with that of Herbert's. He is care- 
 less and somewhat rugged. If he can gbt 
 his thought dressed, and thus made visiDl,(^, 
 he does not mind the dre&s fitting awk- 
 wardly, or even being a little O'lt: of 
 elbows. And yet he has grander linos and 
 phrases than any in Herbert* He has 
 occasionally a daring success that strikes 
 one with astonishment. . .In a word, he 
 says more splendid things tban Herbert, 
 though, he writes inferior poems. His 
 thought is profound and Ijust, the har- 
 monies ill his soul are true, itsai:tisti'aand 
 musical ear is defective. His movements ' 
 are sometimes grand, sometimes awkward. 
 Herbert is always gracious." See Silur- 
 IST, The. 
 
 Vaughan, Robert Alfred, Pis- 
 eenting minister and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1823, d. 1855) wrote Hours with the 
 Mystics (1856). His Essays aud Pemain'Sf 
 with a memoir by his father, appeared in 
 1858.- ,;, - -,.' 
 
 Vai&ghan, Robert. D.D., Noncon- 
 formist divine (b. 1795, d. 1868), publishe'd 
 The Ufe and Opinions of Wyclijf^ (1828)>; 
 Congregationalism (1842) ; The Modem Pul^ 
 pit (1842) ; The Age of Great. Cities (1843) ; 
 Essays on History^ PhilosopJiy, and Theol- 
 ogy (1849) ; Revolutions in Eng Huh Historp ; 
 and other works. He started The Briiish 
 Quarterly Review in 1844. 
 
 " Vaulting ambition." — Macbeth, 
 act i-, scene 7. 
 
 Vaurien: "or, Sketches of the 
 
728 
 
 VAU 
 
 VER 
 
 Times." A philosophical nnrel by IsAAO 
 Disraeli (1700—1848), published in 1797. 
 
 Vaaz, Thomas (Iiord), poet (b. 
 ISIO, d. 1557). The poems of this writer 
 were originally printed in Tottel's Miscel- 
 laiuj (q.v.), (1557), and The Paradise qf 
 
 Dainty Devices i.^- v.), {1576). 
 
 Vavasour. A cluimcter in Dis- 
 KAKLi's novel of Tancred (q.v.). 
 
 Veck, Toby, in Dickens's story 
 of The Chimes (q.v.), is a London ticket- 
 porter who, plying his vocation near an 
 old church, listens to the voices of the 
 bells, and learns encouragement from 
 them. The story is mainly occivpied by a 
 description of Ins dream, and ends withhis 
 performances in .a country dance to the 
 8tep wliich had obtained for him the nick- 
 name of Trotty. " They called him Trotty 
 from his pace, which meant speed if it did 
 not make it. He could have walked faster 
 perhaps ; most likely , but rob him of his 
 trot, and Toby would have taken to his bed 
 and died." 
 
 Vedder, David, poet (b. 1790, d. 
 1854), wrote Orcadian Sketclies (1836). His 
 collected Poems appeared in 1842. 
 
 Veiled Prophet of Khorassan, 
 
 The. One of the tales in verse told by 
 Feramors in Moore's Lalla Rookh (q.v.). 
 The real story of the Prophet, who was 
 called Mokauna, from the veil of silver or 
 golden gauze he always wore, may be read 
 In Herbelofc. 
 
 Velvet, The Rev. Morphine. 
 A preacher in Samuel 'WARnEK's Ten 
 Tfujusand a Year (q.v.) ; described as being 
 one " who feeds his audience with milk 
 well sugared." 
 
 Venerable Bede, The. •See Bcde. 
 
 Venerable Initiator, The. A 
 
 title bestowed upon William of Occam 
 (q.v.), the schoiaaUc philosopher, on ac- 
 count of the lead he took in the theological 
 and philosophal discussions of his d:iy. 
 
 Venetia. A novel by Benjamin 
 Disraeli (q.v.)j published in 1837. See 
 Delta. 
 
 Venice Preserved. A tracredy by 
 Thomas Otway (1G51— 1685) ; "his" last 
 and greatest dramajLic work," published in 
 1C82. Johnson B!)oaksof"wantof morality 
 in the orii^iiuil design, and the despicable 
 scenes of vile comedy with which he has 
 dlversilied liis tragic action. The striking 
 passages," he says, "are in every mouth, 
 and the public seems to judge rightly of 
 the fa-ilts and excellences of this play, 
 that it is the work of a man not attentive 
 to decency or zealous for virtue, but of 
 one who conceived forcibly and drew 
 originally by consulting nature in his own 
 breast." 
 
 " Venice sat in state, Throned 
 
 on her hundred isles."— Byron, Childe 
 Harold* 8 Pilgrimage, canto iv., stanza 1. 
 
 Venice, The Stones of. A work- 
 by John Ruskin (q.v.), published in 1851. 
 
 Venison, The Haunch of. "A 
 poetical epistle to Lord Clare," by Olivkr 
 Goldsmith (1728—1774). 
 
 Venn, Henry, clergyman and re- 
 ligious writer (b. 1725, d. 1797) published 
 TIte Complete ihUy of Man (1764), Sermons 
 (1759), Mistakes in Jieligion Exposed in an 
 Essay on the Prophecy of Zachartas (1774), 
 and other Works. His Life^ and a Selec- 
 tion from his Letters, was published by the 
 Kev- John Venn (1834). See Sir J. Ste- 
 phen's essay on The Evangelical Succes- 
 sion. See Duty of Man, The Complete. 
 
 Venus and Adonis. A poem by 
 William Shakespeare, published in 
 1593, when the author was in his twenty- 
 niutii year. It is full of fine passages, but 
 treats the old myth of Venns's passion for 
 the beautiful youth Adonis in too generally 
 licentious a tone to admit of its being very 
 widely read. Tt was Shakespeare's first 
 work, and has all the faults of youth. * 
 
 "Venus rising from a sea of 
 jet."— Walleb, Lines to the Countess of 
 Carlisle, 
 
 " Venus, take my votive 
 tablet," First line of an epigram from 
 Plato, by Matthew Piiioa (ICGI— 1721), 
 callea 2'Ac Lady who offers her looking- 
 glass to Venus. 
 
 Verbal Criticism. A satire in 
 verse by David Mallet (1700—1765), pub- 
 lished in 1733, and aimed at tho great 
 scholar, Bichard Bentley, whom Le de- 
 scribes as — 
 
 Id error obstinate, in wrangling loud. 
 For trifles eager, positive, and proud : 
 Beep in the anrkneea of dull nuiliois bred. 
 
 For trifles eager, positive, and proud : 
 
 Beep in the flnrkneea of dull nuihois b 
 
 'With aU their refuEe lumbered on his head." 
 
 Vercelli Book, The. A volume 
 of old English manuscripts, so called be- 
 cause onginally discovered in 1823 in a 
 monastery at Vercelli, in the Milanese. 
 Among its contents are Cynewulf's Elene; 
 a Legend of St. Andrew; a Vision rf the 
 Holy hood } a poem on The Falsehood of 
 Men; another on The Fates of the' Apostles; 
 and two Addresses of the Soul to tJie Body. 
 See Exeter Book, The. 
 
 Verdant Green, The Adven- 
 tures of Mr. A work of fiction by Cuth- 
 bert Bede (q.v.), descriptive of college 
 life; published in 1857. 
 
 Vere, Aubrey Thomas de, poet 
 (b. 1814), has written The Waldenses, and 
 other Poems (1842) ; The Search after Pro- 
 serpine (1843) ; Sketches of Greece and Tur- 
 key (1860) ; The Infant Bridal, and other 
 Poems (1874) ; The Fall of Bora (1877) ; An^ 
 tar ana Bora (1877) ; aud other worlss. 
 
VBR 
 
 VET 
 
 *72& 
 
 " Vere de Vere, The caste of . * 
 
 — Tenxysox, Zady Clara Vere de Vere. 
 
 Vere, Edward. -See Oxford, Earl 
 
 OF. 
 
 Vere, Sir Aubrey de, poet (b. 
 
 1807, d. 1846), wrote Julikn the Apostate 
 (1822) ; The Duke ofMercla (1823) ; A Smig 
 cf Faith, and other Poems (1842) ; and Mary 
 Tudor, a drama (1847). 
 
 "Verge euough." See "Ample 
 
 ROOM." 
 
 Verges. A watchman in Much 
 Ado About Nothing (q.v.). 
 Verisopht, Lord Frederick. A 
 
 dissolute young nobleman, friend of Sir 
 Mulberry Hawk (q.v.), in Dickens's novel 
 of 2^icholas Ificklehy (q.v.). 
 
 Vernal Ode, A, was written by 
 ■William Wordsworth in 1817. 
 
 Verne, Jules. Tlie best works of 
 this French romancist (b. 1828), have been 
 translated into English. Among Others 
 are A Journey to the Centre of the Earth, 
 Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, 
 From the Earth to the Moon, Around the 
 ' Earth in Eighty Days, A Floating City, 
 and Michael Stroggoff. 
 
 Vernon, Diana. See Diana Ver- 
 
 NOX. 
 
 Verona, The Two Gentlemen 
 of. See Two Gentlemen of Veron'a, 
 The. 
 
 Vers de Societe is tbe title which 
 In England as well as in France is given 
 to the lightest kind of lyrical poetr]^— the 
 poetry which either busies itself with the 
 doings and sayings of the fashionable 
 world, or treats of general topica in a semi- 
 careless, semi-serious manner. Of this 
 species of verse, Frederick Locker, one of 
 its most successful cultivators, says thatit 
 ** should be thort, elegant, refined, and 
 fanciful, not seldom distinguished by 
 chastened sentiment, and often playful.' 
 The tone should not be pitched high, and 
 it should be idiomatic, tiUe rhythm crisp 
 and sparkling, the rhyme frequent and 
 neverforced, while the entire poem should 
 be mai'ked by tasteful moderation, high 
 finish, and completeness, for however tri- 
 vial the subject-matter may be, indeed, 
 rather in proportion to its triviality, sub- 
 ordination to the rules of composition, 
 and perfection of execution, should bo 
 strictly enforced. Each piece cannot bo 
 expected to exhibit all these characteris- 
 tics, but the qualities of brevity and buoy- 
 ancy are es ential," Ho adds that " it 
 should have the air of being spontaneous, 
 and no one has fully succeeded in it withr 
 out possessing a certain gift of irony. The 
 poem may be tinctured with a well-bred 
 philosophy, it may be gay and gallant, it 
 may he playfully malicious Oi* tenderly 
 
 ironical, it may display lively banter, and 
 it_ may be satirically facetious ; it may 
 even, considcfrins it as a mere work of art, 
 he pagan in its philosophy or trifling in its 
 tone, but it must nev^i be ponderous or 
 compnonplace." Among the earliest mas- 
 ters in this peculiar style, were Ben Jon^- 
 son, Raleigh, and Marlowe, each of whom 
 has left lyrics, rivalling in grace and ease, 
 the compositions of less earnest ages. The 
 Cavaliers were naturally adepts in this 
 direction, yielding as they do tlie names of 
 men like Lovelace and Suckling, who 
 sang, as they lived, gaily and gallantly. 
 In a later generation, Waller was supreme 
 in this way, emulated by courtly writers 
 like Sedley and Kochester. The eighteenth 
 'century produced society-verse in Pope, 
 Swift, Prior, Goldsmith, Gray, and Cow- 
 per. Of late years, the best productions in 
 that vein have been the work of Captain 
 Morris, Canning, Haynes Baylv,. Thomas 
 Moore, Praed, Thackeray, Mortimer, Col- 
 lins, Frederick Locker, and Austin Dob- 
 son, with many others hardly less success^ 
 ful. 
 
 " Verse, a breeze mid blossoms 
 straying." First line of Youth and Age, by 
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge^ 
 
 Verse, The Danger of Writing. 
 
 A poem by William Whitehead (1715— 
 1785), published in 1741, in which he con3k> 
 plains that 
 
 " Not iii this, like other arts, wo try 
 Our light excursions in a summer Rky. 
 No casual flights the dangerous trade admits 
 But wits once authors are for ever wits. 
 The fool ill prose, like earth's unwieldy son. 
 May oft nsevig'rous, though he's oft o'erthrown i 
 One dangerous crisis mark's our rise or fall : 
 By all we're courted, or we're Ghunncd by alt." 
 
 "Very like a whale."— ^a?n/ef, 
 act ill., scene 2. 
 
 Very ^Voman, A : " or, the Prince 
 of Tarent." A tragi-coniedy by Philip 
 MasSinger (1584—1640), apparently found- 
 ed on an Italian story. It appeared in 
 
 ]655. 
 
 "Vesture of decay." See "Mud- 
 dy VESTURE." 
 
 Veterans. The liero of Shaker- 
 ley Marmion*s comedy, The Antiquary 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Vetus. Tlie nom de plume under 
 which Edward Sterling (1773 — 1847), 
 father of John Sterling, the poet (180G — 
 1844), contributed a series of letters to The 
 Times newspaper in 1812 and 1813 ; " vol- 
 untaiy letters, I suppose," says Carlyle, 
 " without payment or pre-engagement, 
 one Buccessf nl letter calling out another 
 till Vetus and his doctrines came to be a 
 distinguishable entity, and the business 
 amounted to something ; but of my own 
 earliest newspaper reading, 1 can remerai 
 ber the name Vetus as a kind of editorial 
 backlog on wllich able editors wexe wont 
 to chop straw uo\f and then, Ka^, the l^t- 
 
rso 
 
 VEX 
 
 VI Ii 
 
 teis were collected and reprinted." See 
 
 I'HUKDISnEB. 
 
 "Vex not his ghost: O. let him 
 
 I>ass : be hates bim." Tbe first line of a 
 
 Sassage in Xing Lear, act v., scene 3, 
 'bleb was used with mucb eHect by 
 Thackekay In the conclusion o£ bis Lec- 
 ture on George IV. 
 
 " Vez not thou the poet's 
 
 mind."— r/i« Poet's Mind, by Alfked 
 Tennyson. 
 
 "Vibrates in the memory." 
 
 Tbe second line of a lyric by Shelley, 
 commencing ; — 
 
 " Music, when soft voices die "- (q.T.). 
 
 Vicar of Bray See Bkay, The 
 
 ViCAlt OF. 
 
 Vicar of "WakeBeld, The. See 
 
 ■Wakefield, The Vicak of. 
 Vicar of Wrexhill, The. A 
 
 novel by Mrs. Frances Tbollope (1778— 
 1863), published in 1837, and characterised 
 as " her best." 
 
 " Vice is, a monster of so fright- 
 ful mien." The first line of a couplet in 
 Pope's Essay on Man, epistle ii., of which 
 tbe second line runs— 
 
 " As to be hated, needs but to be seen." 
 Dryden had previously written in bis 
 Hind and Pantlter : — 
 ^ •'For Truth has such a face and such a mien. 
 
 As to be loved, needs ontj to be seen." 
 
 Vice, The. A grotesque allego- 
 rical character who *' invariably figures," 
 says Wheeler, "in the old English mys- 
 teries and moralities which preceded the 
 rise of the regular modern drama. He 
 was fantastically accoutred in a long jer- 
 Jcin, a cap with ass's ears, and a dagger of 
 latli. His chief employment was to make 
 sport for tbe multitude by leaping on the 
 back of the Devil, and belaboring him 
 with bis dagger till he roared. TbeTOevil, 
 however, always carried bim off in the 
 end. He bore the name sometimes of one 
 particular vice, and sometimes of another ; 
 but was generally called ' Tbe Vice ' 
 simply." 
 
 Victim, The. A lyric by Alfred 
 Tennyson, published in 1868. 
 
 Victor and Cazire, Original 
 
 Poetry by, published in 1810, and contain- 
 ing some of the earliest elforts of. the poet 
 Shelley when scarcely seventeen years of 
 age. Cazire is bis friend Miss Grove. 
 Bonie of the pieces are borrowed bodily 
 from Matthew Gregory Lewis. 
 
 Victoria, Queen (b. 1819), has 
 appeared as an authoress by tbe publica- 
 tion of Leaves from the Journal of mir Life 
 tU the Highlands (1867), 
 
 ' Victoriiw. A student of Alcalit, 
 
 tbeberoof LoNGFELLOW'B dramatic poem, 
 The Spanish Student (q.v.) j in loye with 
 Preciosa. 
 
 Victory at Agincoiirt, Por the. 
 An old ballad, reprinted by Bishop Per<^ 
 from a MS. copy in tbe Pepys Collection. 
 
 "Victory, or else a grave.";— 
 
 King Henry VI., part ili.; act ii., scene 2. 
 
 Vida, Mark Jerome. Tlie Ail nf 
 Poetry of this writer (b. 1666) was trans- 
 lated into English verse by Christopher 
 Pitt (q.v.), and published in 1725. 
 
 Village Blacksmith, The. A 
 
 lyric byHENKY Wadsworth Longfel- 
 low (b. 1807), which thus concludes : — 
 "Thus at the flaming forge of life 
 Our fortunes must be wrought ; 
 Thus on its sounding anvil shaped 
 Eacli bumiiig deed and thought 1 " 
 
 Village Coquettes, The. An 
 
 operatic burletta; the words by Charles 
 Dickens (1812—1870), the music by John 
 Hullah ; produced in 1836. Braham and 
 .Tobii Parry both sang in it, and some of 
 the songs, such as The aula and the Old 
 Man sat atone. Love is not a feeling to pass 
 away, Autumn Leaves, and There's a Charm 
 in Spring, are still remembered. 
 
 " Village Hampden, that, Tirith 
 
 dauntless breast, Some." See stanza 15 
 of Gray's Elegy wHtten in a Country 
 Churchyard (q .v.). 
 
 Village Minstrel, The. A poem 
 by John Clare (1793—1864), descriptiveof 
 the career and feelings of a peasant poet, 
 published in 1821. 
 
 Village, Our. A series of rural 
 sketches, contributed by Mary Kdssel'l 
 MiTFORD (1786—1855), to The Lady's Maga- 
 zine in 181fl, and republished in 1824. A 
 second volume followed in 1825, a third in 
 1828, a fourth in 1830, and a fifth in 1832. 
 " Every one," says Cborley, " now knowa 
 Oitr Villaqe, and every one knows that the 
 nooks and comers, the haunts and copses, 
 60 delightfully described in its pages, will 
 be found in the immediate neighbouiliood 
 of Heading, and more especially ai^und 
 Three-Mile-Cross, a cluster of cottages on 
 the Basingstoke Road, in one of which tbe 
 authoress resided for many years." 
 
 Village, The. A pnem by George 
 Crakbb (q.v.), descriptive, as the title 
 would imply, of country life and character. 
 Before publication in 1783 it had been seen 
 and corrected by ,Tohnson and Burke, and 
 when it appeared its success was immedi- 
 ate and thorough. It was quoted every- 
 where, and earned for the author the gift 
 of a couple of small livings from Lord 
 Thurlow. 
 
 "Villaine maketh vUleine."— 
 Chaucer, Romaunt of the Hose. 
 
 "Villainous low, "With fore- 
 heads,".— ;?*« Tempest, act iv., scene 1, .. 
 
VIL 
 
 VIR 
 
 731 
 
 "Villainous saltpetre." —King 
 Henri/ IV., part ii, act i., scene 3. 
 
 Villeneuve,Huon:de. See Atmon, 
 The History of the Foub Soits of. 
 
 Villette. A novel by Chaklottk 
 Bko.nte (1816—1865) ; published in 1850. 
 
 Villiers, George. See Bucking- 
 ham, Duke of. 
 
 Viuoentio, Duke of Vienna, in 
 Measuiefor Measure (q.v.). Also the name 
 of an oM gentleman of Pisaiu The Taming 
 of the Shrew (q.y.). 
 
 "Vindicate the w^ays of God to 
 man. But." A line in Pope's poem, An 
 £!ssay on Man, whicli may be compared 
 with Milton's line in Paradise Lost, book 
 
 " And justify the ways of ?lod to man." 
 
 Vindici2e Gallicae : " A Defence 
 of the French Revolution and its English 
 Admirers against the Accusations of the 
 Right Hon. Edmund Burke," by Sir James 
 Mackiktosh (176S-.1832) ; published In, 
 1791. Several passages were suppressed 
 in later editions. 
 
 Vinegar Bible, The. An edition 
 published by the Oxford Clarendon Press 
 in 1717^ and so called because, in the 
 twentieth chapter of St. Luke's Gospel, 
 1* The Parable of the Vinegar " is printed 
 instead of the " Parable of the Vineyard." 
 
 Vinesauf, Geoffrey de. See Nova 
 
 POETKIA. 
 
 Viola. Sister to Sebastian, and tlie 
 heroine in Twelfth Night (q.v.) ; in love 
 with Orsino, the Duke of lUyria. " That 
 she should be touched by a passion made 
 up of pity, admiration, gratitude, tender- 
 ness, does not, I think," says Mrs. Jame- 
 son, " in any way detract from the genuine 
 sweetness of her character, /or she never 
 told her love." 
 
 Violante. One of the heroines of 
 XiOrd Lytton's story otMy Novel (q.v.), of 
 whom it has been said that "to the uncon- 
 scious grace, and innate nobility, which, 
 rightly or wrongly, we associate with hi|rh 
 birth and along line of ancestors, she adds 
 something of the energy ^nd modest bold- 
 ness of the Viola [9.V.] in Twelfth Night, 
 and possibly Lord Lytton may, with the 
 name, have borrowed from Shakespeare 
 the hint of her relations with L'Estrange," 
 
 Violante. Tlie high - spirited 
 heroine of Fi^etcheb's Spanish Curate 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Violante, Donna. The heroine of 
 Mrs. Centlivke's comedy of The Wotider 
 (q.v.) ; beloved by Don Felix (q.v.). 
 
 ' Violenta. See Acheley, Thomas. 
 Violente. A character in All's 
 Well that Mnds Well (q.v.), 
 
 Violet, On a Dead. A • lyric by 
 Pekoy Bysshe Shelley. 
 
 " Violets plucked, the s-weetest 
 
 rain,"— John Fletcher, The Queen of 
 
 Corinth-^ ' - ". 
 
 " Makes not fresh nor grov again." 
 
 These lines reappear, slightly altered, lit 
 Percy's composite ballad of The Friar of- 
 Orders Qrey. 
 
 Virgidemiarum. See Satikes iSt 
 Six Books. 
 
 Virgil. The leailinsr Engli.sh ver- 
 sions of iiia jEneid of tliis famous poetare 
 those of Gawin Douglas, linished m 1513 ; 
 of Lord Surrey, published in 1553 ; TJiOmas 
 Phaer arid Thomas Twyne, (1558—1673); 
 Bichard Stanihurst (1583) ; John Eiryden 
 (1697; ; Christopher Pitt (1740) ; John Con,. 
 ington (1870) ; and William Morris (1876); 
 See the Ancient Classics for English Jieaa^ 
 ers. 
 
 Virgil Travestie. See Scasbo* 
 
 KIDES. 
 
 Virgil's Gnat. A poem by Ei>» 
 
 MUND SPENSEK. 
 
 Virgin Martyr, The. A tragedy 
 by Phillip Massikgeb (q.v.), written in 
 1622. In this fine play he was assisted hj 
 Dekker. 
 
 Virgin XTnmasked, The: "oi^ 
 Feinale Dialogues," by Bernabd de MAif- 
 DEviLLE (about 1670-1783) ; published iii 
 1709, and consisting of coarse discussions 
 on an indecent subject. 
 
 Virgin 'Widow, The. A comed\% 
 byFRAHCis QUABLES' (1692— 16M)i whioli 
 appeared in 1649. , This was the only 
 dramatic production of the author of 
 IHvine Mmblems, ■ 
 
 Virginia. The subject of one of 
 Macaulay's Laj/s of Ancient Home (q.v.). 
 
 Virginians, The : " A Tale of tlig 
 Last Century," by William Makepeace 
 Tiiackekay (ISll— 1863): publlshe4 1h 
 1857. " TJte Virginians,^* says Hannav, 
 "shows many of Thackeray's best quaU- 
 ties, but does not add to the resources at 
 our disposal for understanding or measur- 
 iug his powers." 
 
 Virginitatis, De Laude. A prose 
 
 treatise by Aldhelm (656—709). 
 
 Virginius. A tragedy by James 
 Sheeidan Knowles (1784—1862), pro- 
 duced origi nally at Covent Garden Theatre, 
 with Macready in the title-rdle. 
 
 Virolet. The liero of Fletciieb's 
 
 Slay of Tlie Double Marriage; married to 
 uliana (q.v.) and to Martia (q.v.). 
 
 " Virtue alone is happiness be- 
 low." Lino 310, epietl^ iv., pf PoFE'l 
 fSaaiiy on Man (n.y .'^, 
 
732 
 
 VIR 
 
 VIS 
 
 ** Virtue alone out-builds the 
 
 pyramids.'* Line 312, night vi., of Young's 
 poem of Night Thoughts, 
 
 "Virtue is her own reward." A 
 
 line which occurs in Dkydejs's play of 
 TyTannic Love (act iii., scene 1). A very 
 similar thought is found in Prior's Imita- 
 tion of Horace (book iii., ode 3), Gka-y's 
 Epistle to Methueiit and Home'b play of 
 Douglas (act iii., scene 1). Hjsitry More, 
 in his Cupid's Cmifiict, saye^ ■** Virtue is to 
 herself the best reward.'* 
 
 " Virtue of necessity, Make a." 
 — Two Gentlemen ^f Verona, act iv., scene 
 1. The expression appears to have been 
 preTionsly used by Chaucer in The 
 Squire's Tal$ : — 
 
 " Thap I made vertu of neceasite." 
 
 It Is foan<i also in Drydek's Palamon 
 and Arcite. 
 
 Virtue or Merit, An Enquiry 
 
 concerning, by Anthony Ashley 
 Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury 
 (1671—1713) ; published in 1699, again in 
 1709, and eventually forming the fourth 
 treatise in the writer's Characteristics ^ 
 published in 1711 and 1713. 
 
 Virtuoso, The. A comedy by 
 Thomas Shadwell (1640—1692), produced 
 in 1676. "There is nobody," says Lang- 
 baine, *' will deny this play its due of ap- 
 plause ; at least, I know that the univer- 
 sity of Oxford— who may be allowed com- 
 petent judges of come'dy, especially of 
 such characters as Sir Nicholas Gimcrack, 
 and Sir Formal Trifle— applauded it. 
 And as no one ever undertook to discover 
 the frailties of such pretenders to this 
 kind of knowledge before Mr. Shadwell, 
 so none since Mr. Jonson's time ever drew 
 BO many different characters of humours, 
 and with such success." 
 
 " Virtuous actions are but 
 
 born and die." A line in Stephen Har^ 
 vby's translation of Juvenal, satire ix. 
 
 Virtuous Octavia., A " tame 
 and feeble" Roman play, by Samuel 
 Bicandon (temp. Elizabeth) ; produced in 
 1598. 
 
 "Virtuousest, discreetest, 
 best." See " Wisest," &c. 
 
 Vision, A. The title of what 
 Chambers calls "a grand and thrillhig 
 ode," by Robert BuR^'s. " in which he 
 hints- for move than a hint could not bo 
 ventured upon— liis sense of the degrada- 
 tion of the ancient manly spirit of his 
 country under the Conservative terrors of 
 the passing era." 
 
 Vision of Judgment, A, A poem 
 by Robert Southey (1774—1843), pub- 
 lished in 1821. See next paragraph. 
 
 Vision of Judgment, The : " hy 
 QUEVEDO Recivivus ) suggested by the 
 
 composition so entitled by J^ie author of 
 Wat Tyler** (q.v.), and published in 1822. 
 "Quevedo Redivivus" is Lord Byron, 
 who wrote this ~ poetical parody upon 
 Sou^ey's poem in revenge for an attack 
 on him by the latter in a newspaper of the 
 day. Southey had also denominated 
 Byron, iu his Vision of Judgement, the 
 leader of the " Satanic School of Poetry " 
 (q.v.). ITie scene of Byron's satire is laid 
 liard by the gates of heaven, where St, 
 Peter stands ready to admit those worthy, 
 and whither the devil repairs to show just 
 reason why King George III., who has just 
 died, 
 
 " by no mcane could or should 
 Make out n case to be exempt from woe 
 Eternal." 
 
 To this end he calls several witnesses, in- 
 cluding Wilkes and Junius, and the latter 
 has just " melted in. celestial smoke," 
 when the ghost of Soutliey makes its ap- 
 pearance, and after recounting briefly all 
 the things he has written, he proceeds to 
 read a few lines from an unpublished 
 MS., which causes the company to dis- 
 perse in great disorder, and induces St. 
 Peter to knock the poet down with hia 
 hunch of keys. 
 
 " AU I Bftw further in the last confURion, 
 
 Wag, that King George elipp'd into heaven for 
 one; 
 And when the tumult dwindled to a calm, 
 I left him practifiing the hundreth psalm.^' 
 
 Vision of Poets, A. A poem by 
 Elizabeth Barrett Brownino (180&^ 
 1861), published in 1844. It describes how 
 
 *' a poet could not Bleep arieht. 
 For his soul kept too much light 
 Under his eyelids for the night," 
 
 and how he 
 
 " rose diE^uietcd 
 
 _ ; rhymes nngine "■ 
 
 And in the forest wandered 
 
 meeting there a lady whose mission it was 
 to *' crown all poets to their worth," and 
 through whose agency he obtains a, sight 
 of some of the great men of song. ThesA 
 are characterised in generally felicitous 
 terms. 
 
 Vision of Sin, The. An nllegro- 
 rical poem by Alfred Tennyson, writ- 
 ten in 1842. 
 
 " Vision o£ the faculty divine, 
 The."— Wordsworth, The Excursion 
 book i. 
 
 Vision of the Sea, A. A poetic 
 fragment by Percy Bysshe Shelley, 
 written in 1820. 
 
 Vision, The. A poem by John 
 SHEFFrKLn, Duke of Buckinohasishire 
 (1649—1721), written in 16f0, duiinc; a 
 voyage to Tanciers. It Is " a licentious 
 poem." says Johnson, " such as was fash- 
 ionable in those times, with little power of 
 Invention or propriety of sentiment." 
 
 Vision, The Theory of, by 
 
 With Bvcet rhymes rmg:lne thro' his head, 
 ' ' ' ■• • '^- 'red," 
 
VIS 
 
 VOL ' 
 
 733 
 
 George Berkeltsy, Bishop of Cloy>'e, 
 (1684—1753), was publisliett in 1709. The 
 author's aim in this treatise is "to dis- 
 tinffuish," says Dugald Stewai-t, "the im- 
 mediate anfj natural objects of sight from 
 the seemingly instantaneous conclusions 
 which experience and habit teach us to 
 draw from them in our earliest infancy ; 
 or, in the more concise metaphysical 
 language of a later period, to draw the 
 line between tlie original and acquired 
 perceptions of the eye.'* 
 
 Visions! "of Bellny," "of Pe- 
 trarch," *■' of the World's Vanity." Poems 
 by Edmund Spenser. 
 
 Visions, A Book of. By Egwin, 
 
 Bishop of Worcester (d. about 768). 
 
 Visions in Verse. Poems by 
 Nathaniel Cotton (1721—1788), intended 
 " for the instruction of younger minds." 
 
 "Visions of glory, spare my 
 aching sight." — Gray, The £ard, part 
 lii,, B'^nza 1, 
 
 - "Vital spark of" heavenly 
 flame."- First line of The Dying Christian 
 to his Soul (q.v.), an ode by Ai.exander 
 Pope (168&— 1744). 
 
 Vitalis, Ordericus. See Order- 
 icus Vitalis. 
 
 Vivian. Tlie pseudonym ndopted 
 by George Henry Lewes (q.v.) in vaii- 
 ous contributions to Tlie Leader. 
 
 Vivian Grey. A novel hy Ben- 
 jamin Disraeli (q.v.), published in 1826 
 — 7. The writer is supposed to have iiidi- 
 -cated, if nothing more, his own cliaracter 
 in tiat of the hero, who is represented as 
 being, like himself, the son of a literary 
 m^n, and between whose career and that , 
 of the subsequent Lord Beaeoiisfield there 
 are certain points of likeness. Among 
 the other characters in the book are the 
 Marquis of Carabas. Mrs. Felix Lorraine, 
 Stapylton Toad, Mrs. Million and many 
 ^others. In one of hi^ prefaces to the woik 
 the author describes Vivian Grmj as a 
 youthful production, having all the usual 
 faults of youth. It was highly popular 
 whou first published, and is still widely 
 read, chiefly, however, for the light it is 
 supposed to throw on the author's life and 
 character. 
 
 Vivien, The title of one of Ten- 
 nyson's Idylls. "The wily Vivien" is 
 f^ho who ensnares the prophet Merlin in 
 '* the hollow oak." , 
 
 " For Merlin once had told her of a charm, 
 Tlie which, if any wrought on nny one 
 TVith woven paces nnd with waving arms, 
 The man ho wrought on ever fccm'd to lie 
 Cloeedin the four walls of n hallow tower, 
 From which was no escape for evermore, 
 And none could find that mnn for evermore. 
 Nor could he bcc but him who wrought the charm. 
 
 " Coming nnd eoingi and he lay ss dead 
 Aa^ lost to lila and u^e and name and fame. 
 
 And Vivien ever sought to work the "chasm 
 Upon the ^reat Enchanter of the time, 
 As fancying that her glor> would bo great 
 According as his greatness whom she quenched." 
 
 "Vocal spark.'' — Wordsworth, 
 
 A Morning Exercise, 
 
 " Voice of the sluggard, 'Tia 
 
 the." First line of some verses by Dr. 
 "Watts. 
 
 "Voiceful sea. The." — Colb- 
 
 RiDGE, Fancy in Nubibus. 
 
 Voices of the Night. Poems by 
 Henry "Wadsworth Longfeilow (b, 
 1807), published in 1841. They include the 
 Prelude, the Hymn to the Night, A Psalm 
 of Life, and Flowers. 
 
 " Violet by a mossy stone, A." 
 
 A line in Wordsworth's poem, begin- 
 ning— 
 
 " She dwelt among the untrodden ways." 
 The whole verse runs— 
 
 "A violet by a mossy stone, 
 Half-hidden from the eye 1 
 Fair ax a star when only one 
 Is shining -in the sky." 
 
 Volpone: **or, tlie Fox." A come< 
 dy by Ben Jonson (1574—1637). written 
 in 1605. Hazlitt calls it his best play: 
 prolix and improbable, but intense and 
 powerful. It seems formed on the model 
 of Plfiutus in unity of plot and interest.'* 
 The principal character is represented as a 
 wealthy sensualist, who tests the charac- 
 ter oi; his friends and kinsmen by a vari- 
 ety of stratagems, obtjiins from them a 
 large addition to his riches by the success 
 of his impostures, and finally falls under 
 the vengeance of_ the law. *'Volpone," 
 says Campbell, *• is not, like the common 
 misers oi comedy, a mere money-loving 
 dolard, a liard, shrivelled old mummy, 
 with no other spice than his avarice to 
 preserve him— he is a happy villain, a 
 jolly misanthrope, a little god in his 
 own selfishncFS ; and Mosca [q-v.] is his 
 priest and prophet. Vigorousand heallhy, 
 though past the prime of life, he hugshinr- 
 self m his barsh humorr, his successful 
 knavery and imposture, his sensuality and 
 his wealth, with an unhallowed relibh of 
 selUsh existence," 
 
 Volscius, Prince, in the Dwke of 
 Buckingham's farce of The Jieliearsal 
 
 (q.v.), is in love with Parthenope (q.v.), 
 
 Voltaire. Tlie Life of lliisFrench 
 writer was written by Oliver Goldemilli in 
 1750. See the essay by Ihomae Carlyle, 
 included in his Miscellaneous Worhs ; a'\]a. 
 tlie Trf/e by Francis Espinafse (IffiG); the 
 biograjjhical study by John Morley, pub- 
 lished in 1871 ; also .Foreign Clamcs fvf 
 English Headers, in which is included a 
 work on Voltaire by Colonel Hamley. 
 
 Voltimand. A^ourtisr, in Hainlei- 
 (q.v,). 
 
734 
 
 VOL 
 
 WAI 
 
 Voltigern andRovrena. Adrania 
 
 ■written by William Hekuv Ireland 
 Xq.v.), and put forward by him as the work 
 of Shakespeare. It was brought out at 
 J>rui7 Lane, with Kemble as the lead- 
 ing characteFj but was immediately con- 
 demufid, the line, 
 
 ' '* And wheii thia solemn mockery is o'er," 
 significantly emphasised by the actor, b e- 
 iiig taken up by the pit, and received with 
 b roar of ironical approval which sealed 
 the fate of the drama. 
 
 Vox Clamantis. The second part 
 of a great poem by Jows Goweb (1320— 
 lli>2),writteninLatin and never printed. It 
 i»in seven books, of alternate nexameter 
 and pentameter verse, and " treats," ac- 
 Vsording to a contemporary chronicler, *' of 
 Jihat marvellous event which happened in 
 England iu the time of King Richard II., 
 in we fourth year of his reign, when the 
 servile rustics rose impetuously against 
 the nobles and gentles of the kingdom, 
 pronouncing, however, the innocence oi 
 the said lord the king, then under age, 
 his case therefore excusable. He declares 
 the faults to be more evidently from other 
 Bources, by which, and not by chance, 
 such strange tilings happen among men. 
 And the title of this volume, the order of 
 "Which contains seven sections, is called 
 Vox Clamantis: the Voice of one Crying." 
 This, of course, refers to the insurrection 
 of Wat Tyler, in 1381. Many years later, 
 after the accession of Henry IV., Gower 
 added to this poem a supplement called 
 The TripaHite Chronicle (q.v.). See CoN- 
 FEssio Amaktis and Speculum Medi- 
 
 TANTIS. 
 
 Voyage and Travaile, The, 
 •* which treateth of the Way to the Hieru- 
 salem, and of the Marvayles of Inde, with 
 other Islands and Countryes," by Sir 
 JOTi^ Mandeville (q. V.) ; originally 
 written iu English, then translated into 
 -Latin, and finally into English, "that 
 every man of his nacioun *' might read it. 
 
 Voyage of Captain Fopanilla, 
 
 The. A work of fiction by Benjamin 
 Disraeli (q.T.)f published in 1828. 
 
 " Vulgar flight of common 
 souls, The."— Murphy, Zenohia^ act v., 
 scene 2. 
 
 Vyet, Childe. A ballad, printed 
 by Maidment, Buchan, and Jamieson. 
 ^* Lady Maisry, loving Childe Vyet, is 
 forced to marry his elder brother. Lord 
 Ingram, and a sudden fate falls upon the 
 three." The two brothers kill one an- 
 other, and Lady Malsry goes mad. See, in 
 Jamieson's collection, the ballad called 
 JiOrd Wa*yate8 and Auld Ingram, 
 
 •w 
 
 ■ Wace, Maiatre, Norman poet 
 (b. 1112, d. 1184), wrote Xe Roman d&.Srut 
 
 and Le Eonum de Ron. See The Retrospect- 
 toe Review for November, 1853 ; Wright's 
 Riographia Idteraria ; and Plu^et's If'o- 
 tice sur la vie et les 4crits de Robert Wace, 
 See Layamon andliou. , 
 
 " Wad some Povr'r the giftie 
 
 gie us, O.'* See Louse, To a. 
 
 Waddington, George, D.D., 
 Dean of Durham (1793—1869), published A 
 Visit to Greece (1825), A History of the 
 Church from, the Earliest Ages to the Re- 
 fomiatimi (1833), and A History of the Re- 
 formation on the Continent (1841). 
 
 Waddington, AATilliam of, was 
 
 the English author of the French work, 
 Manuel des P^kis, . which Bobert de 
 Brunne translated inio English as A 
 Handling of Sins (q.v.). Waddington's own 
 work was, no wever, so far from being orig- 
 inal that he himself said of It, "Bieh del 
 mien ni mettrai.'* 
 
 "Wade, Thomas, poet (b. 1805), 
 has published Mundi et Cordis (1835), and 
 other works.* See Stedman's Victorian 
 Poets* 
 
 " TATade through slaughter to a 
 throne, Forbade to." — Gray, Elegy written 
 in a Country Churchyard* 
 
 Wadman, VTido-w. A character 
 in Stebne'S novel of Tristram Shandy 
 (q.v.) ; an intriguing female, who essays 
 the heart of Uncle Toby (q.v.). 
 
 " Waft a sigh from Indus to the 
 
 Pole, And." Line 58 of Pope's epistle of 
 Abelard to Eloisa. 
 
 "Wager, Le'wis. See IMarie Mao- 
 
 BALEXE. 
 
 Wager, W. See Longer thou 
 
 LIYEST, &G. 
 
 Wages. A lyric ^^y Alfred Tew- 
 
 K YSON^originally published in Macmillan's 
 Magitztne, 
 
 Waggoner, The. A poem in four 
 cantos by William Word.sworth, writ- 
 ten in 1805, and dedicated to Charles 
 Lamb. It was published in 1819. 
 
 Waife, Gentleman, in Lord Ltt- 
 TON's novel of JVhat Will he Do with It? 
 is described by The Quarterly Review as 
 " a perfectly new character, drawn with 
 all the tender delicacy of a Sophocles— 
 the old man, who, for the sake of sfireen- 
 Ing a dissolute and criminal son, consents 
 to undergo transportation, and for years 
 to bear the imputation of a felon ; strug- 
 gling against poverty for the support of 
 his grandchild, with the same thrift and 
 calm philosophy as Dr. Kiccabocca ; 
 dreading success more than failure, be- 
 cause it brings notoriety : refusing each 
 proffer of friendship, and loyine darkness 
 because his deeds are sood and his son's 
 eviLV 
 
WAK 
 
 WAL" 
 
 735 
 
 ^ATake, Sir Isaac, political and 
 miscellaneous writer (b. nbout 1575, d. 
 163ii), was the author of, among other 
 Works, Jiex Platonicus, sive tie Potentissimi 
 principis Jacobi regis ad Acad. Oxon. ad- 
 veniu (1605), which contains a passage tliai 
 is said to nave suggested to Shakespeare 
 ihe plot of liis ^facoeth, 
 
 "Wake, "William, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury (b. 1657, d. 1737), was the au- 
 thor of An ExpositUm of the Doctrines of 
 the Church of England (1686) ; An Eng- 
 lish Vetsionofthe Genuine Epistles of the 
 Apostolic Fathers (1693), ifind Tlie State of 
 the Church and Clergy of England Con- 
 sidered i,1697). His Kemains include 
 Charges and Sermons. 
 
 . " "Waked to ecstasy the living 
 
 lyre, Or.'*— Gkay, Elegy written in a 
 Country Churchyard. 
 
 - Wakefield, Gilbert, scholar and 
 miscellaneoua writer (bi 1756,^ d, 1801), pub- 
 lished a large number of works, of which 
 the most Important are his translation of 
 the New Testament ; Poeinatd Latine 
 partim scriptaj. partim reddita (1776) ; An 
 Essay on Inspiration (1781) ; A Plain, and 
 Slvnri Account of_ the Nature q^ Baptism 
 (1781) ; An Enquiry into the Opinions qf 
 tile Christian Writers of the three first cen- 
 inries concerning the Person qf Jesus Christ 
 <1784) ; Remarks on the Internal Evidence 
 of the Christian Religion (1789) ; Silva 
 ■Critica (1789—95) ; An Enquiry into the Ex- 
 pediency and Propriety of Public or Social 
 , Worship (1792) ; Evidences of Christianity 
 (1793) ; An Examination of the Age of Rea- 
 son, by Thomas Paine (1794) ; A Reply to 
 Tliomas Paine's Second Part of the Age of 
 Reason (1795) ; Observations on Pope (1796); 
 «,nd A Reply to some Parts of the Bishop 
 of Llandaff^s Address . to the People of 
 Great Britain (1798'). His Memoirs ^ written 
 hy Himself, appeared in 1792 ; his Corre^ 
 wontlence with the late Right Hon. Charles 
 James Pox in the years 1796 — 1801, chiefly 
 on subjects of Classical lAt^ratwre^ ap- 
 peared in 1813' 
 
 "Wakefield Plays, The, some- 
 times called the Towneley or the Widkirk 
 Mysteries ; Towneley, because the only 
 MS. in which they are contained belongs 
 to the library of the Towneley family at 
 Towneley, Lancashire ; and Widkirk, from 
 the statement made by Douce in 1814 to 
 the effect that they " formerly helonged 
 to thfe Attbey of Widkirk, near Wakelield, 
 in the county of York." It has since been 
 discovered that no such place bs Widkirk 
 ever existed, and that as at Woodkirk— 
 which is four miles from the town of 
 Wakefield— there were no guild or trades, 
 it is obvious the plays could only have been 
 acted at the latter place, which is also 
 fluf&ciently indicated by internal evidence. 
 The mysteries, which are thirty-two in 
 number, were first published in 1836 for the 
 Surtees Society. "The metres^" says 
 
 Professor M6rley", *i are more Tarious and 
 irregular than those of the Chester ot 
 Coventry series, and more freely broken 
 Up into dialogue by the dramatic apirit of 
 the writers. It is evident that these plays' 
 are not, as the other sets appear to be, the 
 production of one wit." A full analysis 
 of them will be found in Collier's History 
 of Dramatic Literature and Morley's Eng- 
 lish Writers. See Shepherd's Play, 
 The. 
 
 "Wakefield, the Vicar of. A 
 novel by Oliver Goldsmith (1728—1774), 
 published in 1766, with the sub-title of A 
 Tale, supposed to be written byhims^ef-~i.e., 
 the vicar. It had been written as early 
 as 1764, when Johnson,, calling at his lodg- 
 ings, fouUd he had been arrested by hia . 
 landlady for rent, " at which he was in a 
 violent passion." " He had got abottle of 
 Madeira and a glass before him. I put the 
 cork into the'bottle, desired he would be 
 calm, an.d began to talk to him of the 
 means by which he might be extricated'. 
 He then told me he had a novel ready for 
 the press, which he produced to me. I 
 looked Into it, and saw its merits : told the 
 landlady I would soon return, and, having 
 
 fone to abookseller, sold it for £60." The 
 ookseller was Newberry, by whom the. 
 tale was issued on the 27th of March, 1766. 
 By May, a second edition had been called 
 for; by August, a third ^ and a sixth' had 
 been issued before Goldsmith's death in 
 1774. It was translated into most Euro- 
 pean languages, and it was only four years 
 after its publication that Herder read a 
 German version of it to the poet Goethe 
 who admired it greatly. " How simple 
 this Vicar of Wakefield was," says Pro- 
 fessor Masson, "how humorous, how par 
 thetic, how graceful in its manner, ho\i^ 
 humane in every puls^- of its meanings 
 how truly and deeply ^ood ! So said every- 
 body ; and gradually into that world of 
 imaginary scenes and beingsj made fami> 
 liar to English readers by former works of 
 fiction, a place of special regard was found 
 f or . the ideal Wakefield, the Primrose 
 family (q.v.), and all their belongings." 
 
 " Waken, lords and ladies 
 gay." First line of a Hunting Song by 
 Scott, first published in The Edinburgh 
 Annual Register for 1808 : — 
 
 " To the greenwood haste away." 
 
 "Waking bliss, Such sober 
 
 certainty of."— Milton, Comus, line 263. 
 
 Wald, Matthew. A novel by 
 JOHS. GiBSOX LocKHART (1794—1864), pub- 
 lished in 1824, and written in an autobio^ 
 graphical form. 
 
 Walden, Thomas of (b. about 
 1380, d, 1430), wrote Doctrintde AntiquiiOr 
 turn Ecclesia (q.v.) : De Sacrajnentis j 
 Bundles of Master John Wicljf's Tares 
 with Wheat; Pasciculi ^izaniommi axid 
 various books on theological and mdtaf 
 phyiiififll, subjects. . , 
 
736 
 
 WAIi 
 
 WAli 
 
 Waldly, John of. See Mirror 
 OF Life, The. 
 
 Walford.Edvrard, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1823), has published A Handboolc 
 of the Greek Drama (1856) ; Lives of the 
 Prince Consort (1862), Lord Palmerston 
 (1867), and Louis Napoleon (1873) : Old and 
 NtiW Londmi (after vol. li.) ; Tales of our 
 Great Families (1877) ; and many other 
 works. He was for Bome time the editor 
 of Oiice a Week (lb64— 67) and of The Gcn- 
 tleman^s Matjazine (1866 — 68), and has con- 
 tributed largely to periodical literature. 
 
 "Walker, Clement (tl. 1651), -was 
 the author of The History of Iwlepeoulenci/f 
 published in three parts, in 1618, 1G49, and 
 1G51. A fourth part was added by another 
 hand in 1660. 
 
 Walker, John, lexicographer (b. 
 1732, d. 1807), published, in 1775, A Diction- 
 ary of the English Langtiage, ansfcering at 
 once the Purposes of lihym.ing. Spelling and 
 Pronouncing; Elements of Elocution (1781); 
 Hints for Improvement in the Art of Head- 
 ing (1783) ; The Melody of Speaking Delin- 
 eated (17S7).; A Critical Pronouncing Dic- 
 tionary and Expositor of the English Lan- 
 guage (1701) ; Ithetorical Grammar (1801) ; 
 English T/temes and Essays (1801) ; The 
 Academic Speaker (1801) ; Outlines of Eng- 
 lish Grammar (1805) ; and A Rhyming Dic- 
 tio7iary (q.v.). 
 
 Walker, Obadiah. See Beauty, 
 A Discourse of. 
 
 Walker, Sir Ed-ward (b. early 
 In the seventeenth century, d. 1677). wrote 
 Historical Discourses upon the Progress 
 and Sticceas of the Arms of Charles L, ^c. 
 (1705)» the most important portions of 
 wliich are their accounts of the personal 
 history of that King, in 1644— 6( and of 
 Charles II., in his Scotch expedition, in 
 1650 — 1. He is also credited witli A Cir- 
 cumstantial Account of the Preparations 
 for the Coronation of Charles ll. (IS20), 
 and Itfir CaroHnum, a diary of the move- 
 ments of Charles I., from 1641 to his death, 
 published in 1660. 
 
 Walker, Thomas, masrisfrate (b. 
 1784, d. 1836), was the author of The Origi- 
 nal (q.v.). 
 
 Walliing Gentleman, A. Tlie 
 name assumed by Thomas Colley Grat- 
 TAN (1796 — 1864), in the publication of his 
 work, entitled High-toays and By-ways, or 
 Talcs of the Bond-side, picked up in the 
 French Provinces (1825). 
 
 "Walks in beauty, like the 
 night, She," First line of one of Byron's 
 Hebrew Melodies (q.v.). 
 
 " Walks the -waters like a 
 thing of life. She." See stanza 3, canto i., 
 of Byron's poem of The Corsair ;— 
 " And secuu to daro tUc elemcaU to atrlXe." 
 
 MVall. A character in the interlude 
 of Pvramiis and Thisbej in A Midsummer 
 NighVs Dreamt enacted by Snout, a 
 
 tinker : — 
 
 " In this Bamc interlude it doth befall, 
 That I, one Suout by name, present a wall." 
 
 Wallace, Alfred Russel, scien- 
 tific and miscellaneous writer (b. 1822), has 
 Published Travels on the Amazon and Jtio 
 ^egro (1852), 7'he Malay Archipelago (1869). 
 Contributions to the Theory of Katural 
 Selection (1870), and TJie Geographical 
 Distribution of Animals. 
 
 Wallace, Donald Mackenzie 
 
 (b. 1S41), is the author of Russia (1877). 
 
 Wallace, James. A novel hy 
 KoBEUT Bags (1728—1801), published in 
 1788. 
 
 Wallace, The Acts and Deeds 
 of Sir "William. A poetical chronicle 
 written abc.ut the year 1460, by the wander- 
 ing minstrel called Blind Harb'y (q.v.). It 
 is wiitten in the ten-syllabled couplet, and 
 is said to have been mainly founded on a 
 Latin Life of the hero by his schoolfellow^ 
 John Blair — 
 
 " T'le mai\ 
 That first coinpild in dyt the '. -itync buk 
 Off Wallace lyfE, rychtlamous of renoune. 
 
 It was republished iu 1S69. "Blind 
 Harry," says Professor Morley, " was 
 more patriot tlian poet, but where the 
 spirit of the patriot is active, the life-blood 
 of song flows warm." 
 
 Wallenstein. A drama in two 
 parts, translated from Schiller by SamueIi 
 Taylok Coleridge, in 1800. 
 
 Waller, Edmund, poet {h. 1605, 
 d. 1687). Thefii-st collection of this writer's 
 works was made bv hiniself, and pub- 
 lished iu 1664. It went thiough numeiOQfl 
 editions in his life-time, and was followed 
 in 1690 by a second collection of poems, 
 written in hia later years. The complete 
 Works of Edmund Waller, Esq.j in Verse 
 and Prose, published fry Mr. Fenfon, ap- 
 peared in 1729. The Poems were edited by 
 Kobert Bell in 1866. See Johnson's Lives 
 of the Poets. "The eharacteis," says that 
 writer, " by which "Waller intended to dis- 
 tinguish his writing are sprifhtliness and 
 dignity ; in his smallest pieces he en- 
 deavours to be gay ; in the larger to be 
 great. Of his airy and light productions, 
 tiie chief sourre is gallantry, thji\ attentive 
 reverence of female excellence which has 
 descended to us from the Gothic ages. Ab 
 his poems are commonly occasional, and 
 his addresses personal, he was not ^o 
 liberally supplied witli prand as with soft 
 images. The delicacy which he cultivated 
 restrains him to a certain nicety and cnu- 
 tion, even when he writes upon the slight^ 
 est matter. He has, therefore, in his whole 
 volume, nothing burlesque, and seldom 
 anything ludicrous or fiimilial'. He seems 
 always to do his best, though his subjectH 
 
WAIi 
 
 WAL 
 
 737 
 
 nre often unworthy of his care. His 
 thoughts are for the moat part easily under- 
 stood, and his images such as the superhcies 
 of nature readily supplies ; he has a just 
 claim to popularity, because he writes to 
 common degrees of knowledge, and is free 
 at least from philosophical pedantry, un- 
 less, perhaps, the end of a song To the Sun 
 may be excepted, in which he is too much 
 a Gopernican. His thoughts are sometimes 
 hyperbolical, and his images unnatural. 
 His images of gallantry are not always in 
 tlie highest degree delicate. Sometimes a 
 thought, which might perhaps fill a distich, 
 is expanded and attenuated till it grows 
 weak and almost evanescent. His sallies 
 of casual tiattery are sometimes elegant 
 and happy, as that in returi\ of The ■-■ilver 
 Pen; and sometimes empty and triSing, 
 as that upon The. Card torn bi/ the Queen. 
 There are a few LiTies Written m the 
 Duchess's Tasso^ which he is said by Fen- 
 toji to have kept a summer luider correc- 
 tion; It happened to Waller, as to others, 
 that his success was not always in propor- 
 tion to his labour. Of these j)retty com- 
 positions, neither the beauties nor the 
 faults deserve much attention. The amo- 
 rous verses have this to recommend them, 
 that they are less hyperbolical than those 
 of some other poets. "Waller is not always 
 at the last gasp ; ha does not die of a frown 
 nor live upoii a smile. There is. however, 
 too much love, and too many trifles. Little 
 .things are made too impoiiiant ; and the 
 Empire of Beauty is represented as exert- 
 ing its influence further than can be 
 alfowed by the multiplicity of human 
 
 Sassions and the variety of human wants. 
 f his nobler and more weighty perform- 
 ances, the greater part is panegyrical. He 
 certainly very much excelled in smooth- 
 ness most of the writers who were living 
 when his poetry commenced. But he was 
 rather smooth than strong ; of the ' full 
 resounding line ' which Pope attributes to 
 Dryden,hehas given very few examples. 
 The general character of his poetry is ele- 
 gance and gaiety. He is never pathetic, 
 ' and very rarely sublime. He seems neither 
 to have had a mind much elevated by 
 nature, nor amplified by learning. His 
 thoughts are such as a liberal conversation 
 and lar^ acquaintance with life would 
 easily supply." See Panegyric upox the 
 
 liOBD PKOXECTOlt ; SACHARISSA. 
 
 "Waller, John Francis, IiL.D., 
 
 poet and miscellaneous writer (b. 1810), 
 has published The Slingshy Papers (1852), 
 Poems (1854), The Dead Bridal (1856), Pic- 
 tures from English Literature (1870), The 
 Jtevelatlons of Peter Brovm (!870), and 
 Festival Tales (1873). He was for many 
 years the editor of The Dublin University 
 Mafia^.ine ; has edited (with biographical 
 memoii's) the "works of Swift, Goldsmith, 
 and Moore ; and ha-i contributed largely to 
 perio<Ucal literature. He also edited The 
 Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biog- 
 
 raphy. See Slisgsby, Jonathan 
 
 FK£KE. 
 
 "Waller, Sir William, general 
 (b. 1397, d. 1668), wrote Divine Meditations 
 upon Several Occasions with a Daily Di- 
 rectory (1680), and a Vindication of the 
 Character and Conduct of Sir lFiLliq,ni 
 Waller, Knt., Commander in Chief of the 
 Parliamentary Forces in the West ; eccr 
 planatory rf ids taking up Arms against 
 King Charles the Firstt tvritten by himself, 
 nowjirst published from the original Manu- 
 script (1793). See wood's AtliencB Oxoni- 
 enses. 
 
 Wallis, John. D.D., mathema- 
 tician (b. 1616, d. 1703), wrote 4. Grammai' 
 of the English Tongue SX^^) ; Mnemonica : 
 or, the Art of Memory (1661) ; Bbbbiuf 
 ffeauton-timorumenos (1662) ; Meclianicaf 
 sive de Mofu (1670), and other works, re-» 
 published in a complete form in leOS-^-O, 
 the titles of which may be read in Hnt- 
 ton's Philosophical Dictionary. For auto- 
 biographical particulars, see the publish- 
 er's appendix to the preface to Heame's 
 edition of Langtoft's Chronicle, 
 
 " Walnuts and the -wine, 
 Across the." — Tennyson, The Miller*s 
 Daughter. ' 
 
 Walpole. A comedy l>y Ed- 
 ward, Lord Lytton (q.v.), published in 
 1869, and founded on incidents in the 
 career of Sir Robert Walpole. 
 
 Walpole, Horace, foiirtli Earl of 
 Orford, antiquary (b. 1717, d. 1797), wrote 
 ^des WalpofianiE : or, a Description of 
 the Pictures at Hmighton Hall, the Seat of 
 Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford (1752) ; 
 Catalogue of the Boyal and Noble Authors 
 of En'glandj loith Lists of their Works 
 (1758) ; Fugitive Pieces in Prose and Verse 
 (1758); Catalogue of the Collections of Pic- 
 tures of the Duke of Devonshire (1760) ; An- 
 ecdotes of Painting in England (1762 — 71), 
 Catalogue of Engravers tvho have been bom 
 or resided «i. England (1763) ; The Castle 
 ofOtranto (1765), (q.v.) ; Historic Doubts 
 onthe Life and lieiqn of King Pichard IIT. 
 (1768), (q.v.) : The Mysterious Mother 0768),' 
 (q.v.) ; Miscellaneous Antiquities (1772) ; De- 
 scriptioii of the Villa of Horace "Walpole at 
 Strawberry Hill (1772) ; Letter to the Editor 
 of the MlsceManies of Thomas Chatferton 
 (1779) ; Hieroglyphick Tales (1785) ; Essay 
 on Modem Gardening (1785) ; Hasty ' PrO' 
 ductions (1791) ; Memoirs of the Last Ten 
 yVrtra (1751— 60) oftheHeignofGeortfe II. 
 (edited by Lord jlolland in 1812) ; lieminis- 
 cmccif (collected in ISlfi) : Memoirs of the. 
 Reign of King George III. from- his acces- 
 sion, (ol77l (editeflby Sir Denis Le Mar- 
 chant in 1845) ; Journal of the Reign- of 
 George III. from 1771 to 1783 (edited by Dr. 
 Doran in 1859 ; and several minor publi-- 
 cations. A complete edition of The Let' 
 terf! of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford,- 
 edited by Peter Cnnningliaui, clironblogi- 
 caUy arranged, illustrated with hotel^ 
 
738 
 
 WAL 
 
 WAN 
 
 and accomI>anied by a general index, ap- 
 peared in X857. Hia Memoirs, edited by 
 Eliot Warburton, were published in 1851. 
 See Macaulay's Essaj/a from The Edin- 
 tur^ATiewieu' and Scott's JSiograpkies. " It 
 is the fashion," -wrote Lord Byron, " to 
 underrate Horace Walpole ; firstly, because 
 Jie was a nobleman, and secondly, because 
 he was a gentleman ; but to say nothing 
 of the composition of his incomparable 
 lettern, and of the TJie Castle of Otranto, 
 lie is the * uHimus Jtomanorum,' the author 
 of The Mysterious Mother , a tragedy of the 
 highest order, and not a puling love-play. 
 He is the father of the first romimce and 
 the last tragedy in our language, and 
 fiurely worthy of a higher place than any 
 living author, be he who he may." This 
 exaggerated estimate of Walpole may be 
 contrasted with Macaulay's criticism : 
 ** None but an unhealthy and disorganised 
 mind could have produced such literary 
 luxuries as the works of Horace Walpole. 
 His mind was a bundle of inconsistent 
 Ivhima and affections. He played in- 
 numerable parts, and over-acted them all. 
 When lie talked misanthropy, he out- 
 Timoned Timon ; when he talked philan- 
 thropy he left Howard at an Immeasui^ 
 able distance." 
 
 ' Walsh, 'William, poet, critic, and 
 scholar (b. 1663, d. 1709), wrote The Golden 
 ^Age Mestored ; Eugenia, a Def&ixce of 
 'women,- Esculc^ius : or, the Hospital of 
 Fools ,\ and A Collection of Letters aaid 
 Poems, amormis and gallant. See John- 
 don's Lives of the Poets. The reader will 
 yemember Pope's reference to him in The 
 JJunciad: — 
 •' And knowing^alsh would tell me I could write." 
 
 Walsingham, Thomas, monk of 
 St. Albans, and chronicler (circa 1400), 
 wrote Historia Anglicana (q,v.) ; and 
 Ypodigma Neustrice, vel Normannice ah 
 Jrruptione Norma7inorum usque ad Annum 
 £extum regni Henrici V. (1574). Both works 
 were reprinted in 1603, 
 
 Walter. John, journalist (b. 1739, 
 d. 1812), began The Daily Universal Segis- 
 ter on January 1 , 1785, merging it, on Janu- 
 ary 1, 1788, into the paper which is now 
 known as The Times (q.v.). 
 
 Walter of Varila. A vassal of 
 the Landgrave Lewis, in Ghaklks ICiKGf}- 
 XEy's dramatic poem of The Saint*s Trag- 
 edy (q.v.). He represents the "healtliy 
 animalism ** of the Teutonic mind, with 
 its mixture of deep earnestness and hearty 
 merriment. 
 
 Walter, Richard. See Ansok, 
 Gborok, Lord. 
 
 Walter, William. See Siois- 
 
 MinfDA. 
 
 Walton, Brian, Bishop of Chester, 
 (b, 1600, d. 1661), is best known as the 
 editor of the Polyglott Bible, which goes 
 
 by his name. He was, however, the author 
 of several vfduable and interesting treat> 
 isea. See the iV/fe by Todd (1821). ^cealso 
 
 POLYGLOTTA BiBLIA WALTOKI. 
 
 Walton, Izaak, Liogrnpher and 
 angler (b, 1593, d. 1683), wrote Lives of 
 Donne (1640), Wotton (1651), Hooker (1665), 
 Herbert (1670), and Sanderson (1678), the 
 first four being published together in 1671. 
 The Compleat Angler : or. Vie Contempla-^ 
 live Man's Recreation (q.v.), appeared in 
 1653. Walton also wrote an elegy on the 
 death of Bonne in 1G33, and he is said to be 
 the author of " two modest and peaceable 
 letters" oix Love and Truth (q.v,), which 
 were published in .1680. A Lift of Izaak 
 Walton, including Notices of, his Content^ 
 poraries, was published by Dr. Zouch ul 
 1814. See also the Lives by Hawkins^. 
 Nicholas, and Dowliug. See " Sat^lutes^ 
 
 BURSING IN A LUCID KING," and THEAL- 
 liAASO) ClEAEOHUS. 
 
 Waltz, The : " an Apostrophic^ 
 Hymn," by Horace Hobkem, Esq. (i.e,,' 
 Lord Byron), published in 1813. A satire 
 ical poem, in the heroic couplet, directed 
 against the improprieties of a dance which 
 bad a short time previously been intro- 
 duced into England. The writer repre- 
 sents himself as "a country gentleman of 
 a Midland county " who, disgusted with 
 what he witnessed at a ball, " sat down, 
 and, with the aid of William Pitzgerald, 
 Esq., and Dr. Busby, composed the hymn'* 
 in question. 
 
 " Waly, -waly up the bank, O." 
 
 See •' O WALY, WALY UP THE BANK." 
 
 Wamba. " Son . of "Witless," and 
 jester to Cedric of Eotherwood, in Sir 
 Walter Scott's romance of Ivanhoe 
 (q.v.). 
 
 '* Wandered east (Fve), I've 
 wandered west." — Motherwell, Jeanie 
 Morison — 
 
 " Through many a weary day." 
 
 "Wanderer (A), Wilson, from 
 thy native land." First line of an Ode to 
 Jiae Wilson, Esquire, by Thomas Hoop. 
 
 Wanderer of S-vntzerland, The. 
 
 A poem by James Montgomery (1771 — 
 1854), published in 1806, and severely re- 
 viewed in The Edinburgh Jieview for ijan- 
 uary, 1807. It was Apropos of the latter 
 notice that Byron declared this poem of 
 Mohtgomery*8 to be " worth a thousand 
 Lyrical Ballads and at least fifty * de-' 
 graded epics.' " 
 
 Wanderer, The. A poem con- 
 tained in the Exeter Book (q.v.). in which 
 the wanderer bewails the slaughter of Ins 
 lord and kinsmen, the destruction of their 
 king, and the hardship of hid wandeiings. 
 " Into this half epic matter,"'says Warton, 
 "are woven reflections on the excellence 
 of constancy and silent endurance, and on 
 the transitory nature of earthly thiu^ : 
 
WAN 
 
 WAR 
 
 73S 
 
 the ruins which coyer the face of the earth 
 are but presages of that general destruc- 
 tion to which alL things are tending ; the 
 'world grows old and decrepit day by day." 
 
 . Wanderer, The. A poem by 
 EicBABD Savage (q.v.), published in 
 1729. 
 
 ■Wanderer, The : ' " or, Female 
 Difficulties." A novel by Madame D'Ak- 
 BLAY (1762—1840), published in 1S14, for 
 which she received the sum of £l,SOa. 
 " Yet,'? as Miss Kavanagh says, " The 
 Wanderer is a dull story, in. spite of char- 
 acter, incident^ evident care, and minor 
 merits." The heroine is called Juliet 
 '£ranville,-andis wedded to a man whom 
 she despises, from whom she flees in de- 
 spair, and by whom' she is relentlessly fol- 
 lowed, until his death delivers her from 
 her torture, and restores her to liberty and 
 social rank. 
 
 Wanderer, The. The title given 
 by HOBEKT, Lord Lytton (q.v.), to a col- 
 lection of his miscellaneous lyrics pub- 
 lished in 1859. 
 
 Wandering Je'w, The. A ballad 
 of the sixteenth century, which relates 
 how this famous personage appeared at 
 Hamburgh in 1547, and pretended be had 
 been a shoemaker at the time of Christ's 
 crucifixion. It is preserved in the Pepys 
 collection. The story of the Wandering 
 'Jew is told by Matthew of Paris, and may 
 be consulted in the erudite pages of Bar- 
 ing-Gould's CurUms Mytha of the Middle 
 Ages, 
 
 Wandering Jevr, The. A romance 
 by Percy Bysshe Shelley, written in 
 .conjunction with Captain Medwin, about 
 1809, when the poet was seventeen years of 
 age. 
 
 Wandering Muses, The : " or, 
 
 the River of Forth Feasting.' ' See Kiveb 
 OF FoKTH Feasting. 
 
 Wandering Prince of Troy, 
 The. An old ballad on the subject of the 
 travels of .ffineas. 
 
 Wandering "Willie. A song by 
 KOBEBT BUKXS (1769—1796), the heroine 
 of which, according to Allan Cuimingham, 
 was Mrs. EiddeL Chambers, on the other 
 hand, thinks it was written on Mrs. Ma- 
 clehose, who was then in the West Indies, 
 seeking a reunion with her husband. 
 "Wauken, ye breezes, row gently, yebillowB," 
 And waft my dear laddie ance, moir to my arms." 
 
 "Wandering Wood, The, in 
 
 SPEySEB's Fa'irie Que^ne, is the place 
 where the Bed Cross Knight (g.v.) and 
 Una (q.v) encounter Error, who Is slain by 
 the former. 
 
 " Want of decency is -want of 
 sense," A line in Boscouuoii's Eisay 
 on Trantlated Verse. 
 
 ■ " Want of pence, That eternal." 
 
 See " Pence, That eteenal want or." 
 "Wanton wiles." — Milton, 
 VAllegrOy line 2T. 
 
 " War (Ez fur), I call it mur- 
 der."— Lowell, Sigloio Papers. 
 
 "War its thousands slays: 
 
 peace its ten thousands."- Beilby Pob." 
 teoub, Deathr line 178. 
 
 " War, Sinews of." See " Sinews 
 OF War.'' 
 
 " War, war is still the cry, ' war 
 even to the knife ! ' "— Bybon, Childe 
 Harold's Pilgrimage, canto 1., stanza 86., 
 The expression, "war to the knife," is 
 said to have been uttered by General Pala- 
 fox in reply to a summons to surrender 
 Saragossa in 1808. ' ' 
 
 " Warbler of poetic prose." A 
 
 description applied to Sir Philip Sidney 
 by William Cowpeb in his Task, book ■ 
 iv. (" Winter Evening "). 
 
 " Warbles his native Wood- 
 notes wild."— Milton, L' Allegro. The 
 allusion is to Shakespeare. 
 
 Warburton and a Warbur- 
 tonian. Tracts by. Published by Samuel 
 Parr (1747—1825) in 1789. The tracts were 
 early compositions by William Wab- 
 bubton, not, admitted into the collected 
 editions of his works ; and the Warbuft 
 tonian was Bishop Hukd, who had been 
 as full of adulation for his brother bi.shop 
 as he had been of recrimination "for his 
 opponents, and whom Parr bitterly at- 
 tacked in the preface to the Tracts. See 
 Bisraell's Quarrels of Authors. 
 
 Warburton, Eliot Bartholomew- 
 George, novelist and miscellaneous writer 
 (b. 1810, d. 18S2), wrote The Crescent and 
 the Cross (1845) ; Memoirs <tf Prince Jiuperi 
 and the Caiialiers (1849) ; Reginald Hast- 
 ings (1850) : Darien • or, the Merchant 
 Prince (1851) ; and A Life of the Earl of 
 Peterbormigh (1853). i 
 
 Warburton, William, Bishop of 
 Gloucester (b. 1698, d. 1779),, published 
 Miscellaneous Translations, in Prose and 
 Verse, from Soman Poets, Orators and 
 Historians (1714) ; A Critical and Philo- 
 sophical Inquiry into the Causes of Prod- 
 igies and Miracles, as related by , Histo- 
 rians, 4c. (1727) ; The Alliance tewceji 
 Church and State (1736), (q.v.) ; The Dimne 
 Legation of Moses Demonstrated (q.v.) ; A 
 Vindication of Pope's Essay on Man (1740); 
 A Commentary on the same work (1742)1 
 Julian (1750) ; The Principles of Natural 
 and Revealed Religion, occasionally opened 
 and explained (17B3— 54) ; A Vieio of Lord 
 BolingbroTee's Philosophy (1756) ; The Doc- 
 trine of Grace (1762) ; and some minor pub- 
 lications. His Works were edited fcy 
 Bishop Hurd in 1788. His Literary Ee- 
 
740 
 
 WAI 
 
 WAR 
 
 mains appeared in 1841, under llie editor- 
 ahip of theKev. F. Killigrew. His Ltttera 
 to the Hon. Charles Yorke from 1752 to 1770 
 were privately printed in 1812. Dr. Parr 
 edited in 1789 Tracts by Warburton and a 
 Warburtonian (q.v.) [Bishop Hurd], and in 
 1808, LHters from a late eminent Prelate 
 [Warburton] to one of. his Friends [Bishop 
 Hurd]. The i'/s of Bishop Warburton 
 was published by the Kev. J. S. Watson 
 in 18()3. See also Jiibliotheca Pamasiaf 
 and The Quarterly Review for June, 1812. 
 iSee Prodigies Axb Miracles, 
 
 . "Ward, ArtemuB.. The literary 
 pseudonym of Chas. Farrer Browne, 
 an American Humorist (1832—1867), whose 
 story is told in tlie preface to his Lecture 
 at ttte Egt/ntian Hall, and in The Genial 
 Shoioman, oy E. P. Hingston. His Book 
 of Goaks and Travels among the Mormons 
 appeared in 1865, and Artemus Ward in 
 London in 1867. 
 
 "Ward, Edward, poet {b. 1667, d. 
 1731), wrote a large number of Works, 
 published in a collected form in 1717, of 
 which the following are the most import- 
 ant -.—The London Spy (1698—1700) ; Hudi- 
 bras Redivivus (q.v.) ; Vulgas Bntannicus 
 (1710) ; Nuptial Dialogues and Debates 
 IniO) ; and The History of the Grand Re- 
 hellion digested into Verse (1713). A list of 
 Ward's various writings is given in 
 Lowndes* Bibliographer's Manual. For 
 Biography see Baker's Biographia Drama- 
 tied and The Retrospective Review, vol. iii. 
 
 Ward, Robert Flumer, novelist 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1765, d. 1846), 
 wrote An Inquiry into the Foundation and 
 History of the Latos of Nations in Europe 
 Vl791); Tremaine : or, the Man of Refine- 
 ment (1825) ; De Vere : or, tlie Man of In- 
 dependence (1827) ; Illustrations qf Life 
 (1837) ; Pictures of the World (1838) ; The 
 Revolution of 1688 (1838); De Clifford: or, 
 the Constant Jfan (1841) ; and Chatsworth: 
 or, the Romance nf a Week (1844). His 
 Memoirs, with selections from his diaries 
 and letters, appeared in 1850. 
 
 "Ward, Thomag, Rom.in Catholic 
 controversialist (b. 1652, d.'1708), wrote 
 Ei~rata of the Protestant Bible, and Eng- 
 land's Reformation, a Hudibraptic poem. 
 
 " Warder of the brain. Memory, 
 the." — Macbeth, act i., scene?. 
 
 Wardlaw, Lady. See Halket, 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Wardlaw, Ralph, D.D., Dissent- 
 ing divine (b. 1779, d. 1853), wrote Sermons 
 (1803) ; Discourse on ike Principal Points 
 of the Socinian Controversy (1814) ; Uni- 
 tnrianism Incapable of Vindication (1816) ; 
 Lectiires on the Book of Ecclesiastes (1821) ; 
 Assays on Pardon and Assurance (1831) ; 
 On Faith and Atonement (1832) ; On the 
 Sabbath (1832) : Christian Ethics (1334) ; 
 .On National Church Eetabliahments (1839) ; 
 
 Female Prostitution (1842) ; On the Atone- 
 ment (1843) ; Life of Joseph (1845) ; Infant 
 Baptism (1846) ; Congregational fndepen^ 
 dency (1848) ; On the Miracles (1853) ; Sys- 
 tematic Theology, a\u\ lectures on various 
 portions of Scripture (1S60, 1861, and 1862). 
 His Life was published by Dr. W. Li 
 Alexander in 1856. 
 
 Wardle, Mr. A fat gentleman in 
 Dickens's novel of the Pickwick Papers 
 (q.v.), who possesses two daughters, Emily 
 and Isabella, and a maiden tiister, of un- 
 certain age, called Rachel. For their lirst 
 appearance, see chapter iv. 
 
 Waring. A poem by Kobert 
 Browning (b. 1812), of which the opening 
 lines are : — 
 
 "■Whnt'a become of Waring 
 Since he gave ue all the elip, 
 Chose laud-travel or Gea-faring, 
 
 Boats and chest or EtafC and scrip, 
 Bather than pace up and down, 
 Any longer, Lonaob-town ? " 
 
 By Waring the poet means Alfred Domett; 
 who, so long ago as 1837, " was contribu- 
 ting lyrics to Blackwood, which justly won 
 the favour of the burly editor. From a 
 young poet who could throw off a glee like 
 " * Hence, rude Winter, crabbed old fellow, ' 
 
 or, 
 
 " ' All who've known each other long.' 
 his friends had a right to expect a briU 
 liant future. 'But he was an insatiable 
 wanderer, and ' could not rest from travel.^ 
 His productions dated from every portioii 
 of the globe ; finally he disappeared alto- 
 gether, and ceased to be heard from, -bn^ 
 his memory was kept g[_reen by Browning's 
 nervous chavactensation of him. After 
 three decades tlie question was answered, 
 and our vagrant bard returned from Aus- 
 tralia with a long South Sea idyl, Ranolf 
 and Amahior—a. poem justly praised by 
 Biowningfor varied beauty of power, but 
 charged with the diffuseness, transcend- 
 entalism, defects of art and action, that 
 were current among Domett's radical 
 brethren so many years ago. The world,^* 
 says Stedman, writing in 1876, " has gone 
 by him. The lyrics of his youth, and chief- 
 ly a beautiful Christmas Hymn, are, after 
 all, the best fruits, as they were the first, 
 of his long and restless life." (He pub- 
 lished in 1877 a volume of lyrics, old aud 
 new, entitled Flotsam and Jetsam.) 
 
 "Warn (To), to comfort, and 
 
 command." — WoBDSwottTH, She was a 
 Phantom of Delight, 
 
 Warner, Anna B., nn American 
 authoress, Bister of Susan Warner (q.v.), 
 has published, under the pseudonym of 
 " Amy Lothrop," Dollars and Cents (1852), 
 My Brother*s Keeper (1855), Stories qf Vin- 
 egar Hill (1871), and various other works, 
 including several in conjunction with her 
 sister. 
 
 Warner, Charles Dudley^ 
 
•WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 74,% 
 
 American humorist, has published My 
 Summer in a Garden; Backlog Studies; 
 Baddech, and that Sort of Thing \ Saun- 
 terin<is; The Gilded Age (with Mark 
 Twain) ; Mummies and Moslems ; and 
 other works. 
 
 ■Warner, Susan. See. WEiHEn- 
 i:ll, Elizabeth. 
 
 "Warner, Sybil. A diameter in 
 Lord Lytton's Last oftlie Barons. 
 
 Warner, 'William, poet (b. 1558, 
 d. 1609), wrote Albion's England (1586— 
 1606), (q.v.); Pan his Synnx, or Pipe, 
 compact of Seven Reedes, &c. (1584) ; he- 
 sides translating the Metwichmi of Plautus. 
 See Akgektilis and Cuban ; Syeinx. 
 
 Warning to Pair Women, The. 
 
 An old Elizabethan tragedy, in which a 
 London merchant is raurdered by his wife 
 and her paramour. It was jftublished in 
 1599. It includes personifications of Trag- 
 edj[, Historj', and Comedy, each of whom 
 claims superiority and the possessiion of 
 the stage. 
 
 Warren Hastings, Charges 
 
 Against. A pamphlet by John Logan 
 (17-18 — 1788), which excited considerable 
 attention at the time of its publication, 
 and led to the prosecution of its publish- 
 er by the House of Commons. See the 
 Essay on Warren Hastings, by Macaulay. 
 
 "Warren, John Leicester, poet, 
 has published lieliearsals, a Book of Verses 
 (1870) ; PlUloct^ies, a Metrical Drama 
 {1S71) : Orestes, a Metrical Drama (1871) ; 
 and Searching the Net, a Book . of Verses 
 (1873). " This poet," says Stedman, " is of 
 the most cultured type. His Behearsals is 
 a collection of versf s that generally show 
 the influence of Swinbui-ne, but include a 
 few psychological studies in a widely dif- 
 ferent vein. He is less florid and ornate 
 than his favourite master ; all of his work 
 is highly fluiahed, and much of it very 
 effective." 
 
 Warren, Samuel, D.C.L., novelist 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1807, d. 1877), 
 wrote Passages from the Diary of a Late 
 Physician (1837) ; Ten Tlumsand a Year 
 (1841) ; Now and Then (ISt!) ; The Lily and 
 ilie Bee (1851) ; Miscellanies, Critical and 
 Imaginative (1854) : The Moral and Intel- 
 lectual Development of the Age (1854) ; and 
 several legal works. His writings were 
 published in a unifoi'm edition in 1854 — 5. 
 
 Warres, Warres.Warres, Arma 
 
 Virumque Cano. A poem attributed by 
 Rimbault, in his preface to TAc 'KnighVs 
 Cmijurvnfi, to Thomas Dekkeb (about 
 1670—1641). It was printed in 1618, andhas 
 for liiotto— 
 
 ** Into the field 1 brine 
 Souldiers and battauCB, 
 Boeth their Barnes I sing." 
 
 Warrington, G«orge. A bar- 
 
 rister, and friend of Arthur Pendennis, in 
 love with Laura (9. v.), in Thackeray's 
 novel of Pendennis, "One of the most 
 real, as well as loveable, of the author's 
 creations." 
 
 "Warrior taking his rest. He 
 lay like a."— Chakles Wolfe, The Burial 
 of Sir John Moore, 
 
 "War's a game -which, vrere 
 
 their subjects wise. Kings would not play 
 at."— CowPEU, The Task, book v., " Win- 
 ter Morning Walk." 
 
 "War's glorious art." — YorsG, 
 The Love of Fame, satire vii., line 55. 
 
 ""Wars of old. King out the 
 thousand." — Tennyson, In Memoriam, 
 canto 5. 
 
 '• War's rattle." — Scott, Marmion, 
 canto iii., stanza 10. 
 
 "Wars (The big) that make 
 ambition virtue." — Othello, act iii., scenes. 
 
 Warter, John Wood, clergyman", 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1806), is best, 
 known as editor of his father-in-law, South- 
 ey's. Doctor, Vommon-place Book, Letters, 
 and TlteLast oftlie Old Squires (1854). He 
 has also published Pajrochial Sermons 
 (1844), The Seaboard and the Doton (1860), 
 Wise Saws and Modem Instances (1861), 
 and other works. See Oldacke. 
 
 Warton, Joseph, poet and critic 
 (b. 1722, d. 1800), contributed an English 
 translation of the Eclogues and Georgics to, , 
 an edition of Virgil undertaken by him- 
 self and Pitt (1753) ; also several papers, 
 chiefly critical, to The Adventurer. Ho- 
 published Odes on Several Sulijecis (1746), 
 An Essay on the Genius and Writings of 
 Pope (17B6— 82), editions of Pope (1797) and 
 Dryden (1800), and various miscellaneous '; 
 pieces. His Biography and Letters were- * 
 published by Wool! in 1806. 
 
 Warton, Thomas, poet-laureate 
 and critic (b. 1728, d. 1790), published Five 
 Pastoral Eclogues (1746) ; The Pleasures of 
 Melancholy (1746) ; The Triumph of Isis 
 (1749) ;.4?j Ode for Music lynVj ; The Union,: 
 or. Select Scots and English Poems (1753) ;', 
 Observations on the Fa^ry Queene of Spen- 
 ser (nSS); The Observer Observed (1766)-, 
 The Life of Sir Tliomas Po/ie (1760) ; The 
 Life and Literary Remains of Ralph Batfif^' 
 urst, M.l),, Dean of Wells (1761) ; contri- 
 butions to the Oxford Collection of Verses 
 (1761) ; A Companion to the Gtiide and a 
 Guide to the Companion (1762) ; The Oxford 
 Sausage (1764), (q. v.); an edition of Theocri- 
 tus (1770) ; A History ofKiddington Parish 
 (1781) ', An Inquiry into ike Poems attrib- 
 uted to Thomas Rnwley (1782) ; an edition 
 of Milton (1785) ; Tlie Progress of Discon-- 
 tent; and Newma/rket, a Satire; A PmM-' 
 gyrie on Ale; A Description of the City 
 Oiltei/e,and Ctaaimkili;fWirMliktte,r. XIJ^ 
 
742 
 
 WAR 
 
 WAT 
 
 flret volume of his famous History of Eng- 
 lish Poetry appeared in 1774, and tlia third 
 in 1781 ; an edition, witU notes by Ritson, 
 Ashby, Douce, Park, and others, appeared 
 In 1824 : and another was published in 
 1846, wiiih additional notes by Madden, 
 Thorpe, Kembte, Thorns, and Taylor. The 
 most elaborate edition is that prepared by 
 W. Carew Hazlitt. Wai'ton's Poetical 
 WorlcSy with memoirs of his. life and wri- 
 tings, and notes critical and explanatory by 
 Kiohard Mant, were issued in 1802. For 
 an essay both on Thomas and on Joseph 
 Warton, see Dennis's, Studies in English 
 Literature. See Ale, A Paneqvkio on 
 Oxford. 
 
 ^Varwickahire, The Antiquities 
 
 of. Illustrated. A county history by Sir 
 "William Dcgdale (1606—1686), published 
 in 16.%, after twenty "years' indefatigable 
 research. " It must stand," says Gough, 
 " at the head of all our county histories.* 
 " There are works," says Whitaker, " which 
 scrupulous accuracy, united with stubborn 
 integrity, has elevated to the rank of legal 
 evidence. Such is Dugdale's Wanvick- 
 sJtire.** 
 
 " "Waste its s'weetness on the 
 desert air, And.'* A line in stanza 14 of 
 Gbay's Elegy written in a Country ChurcJt- 
 yard (q.v.). 
 
 "Waste of .wearisome hours. 
 
 Life is a.'* — ^MooBE, Oh, think not, my 
 Spirit, 
 
 " Wasteful and ridiculous ez:< 
 cess.** — King John, act iv., scene 2. 
 
 "Wasting in despair, Shall I." 
 First line of a lyric hy George 'Witheb. 
 
 Wastle. William. A pseudonym 
 under which John Gibson Lockhaex 
 (J794— 1864) contributed several papers to 
 £laektoood*s Magazine. 
 
 "Wat Tyler. A poetic drama, writ- 
 ten by KOBEBT SODTHEY (1774—1843) "in 
 the course of tliree mornings *' in 1794, and 
 published in the same year. " I wrote 
 ITat Tyler," said the poet, afterwards, 
 " as one wjio was impatient of all the op- 
 pressions &at are under the suii. The 
 subject was injudiciously chosen, and it 
 was treated as might he expected by a 
 youth of twenty in such times- who re^ 
 garded only one side of the question." 
 
 "Watcher of the skies, Some." 
 Keats, Sonnet xi. 
 
 Watchman, The. A periodical in 
 prose and verse, projected and written by 
 Samitel Taylor Coleiudoe. Its motto 
 was—" That all might know the truth, and 
 that the truth might make us free.*' It 
 Was published weekly, and lasted from 
 March 1 to May 13, 1786. 
 
 Water Patient, The Confessions 
 of «. A letter by Edwabd, Lord LrViiOH 
 
 (1806 — 1873), addressed to Harrison Ainsr 
 worth, in 1846, in defence of the hydro- 
 pathic system, which the author had been 
 induced to try for the benefit of hishealth. 
 
 Water-Poet, The. A name bestow- 
 ed on John Taylor, the poetaster (1580— 
 1664), Who waa for some time a waterman 
 plying on the river Thames. 
 
 Water-'work : " or, tlie Sculler's 
 Travels from Tyber to Thames, -with his 
 boat laden with a Hotch-Potch, or Gal- 
 limaufrey of Sonnets, Satires, and Epi- 
 
 frams. With an ink-horn disputation 
 etwixt a Lawyer and a-Poet, and a quan-'. 
 tum of new-catched Epigrams, caught the 
 last ilshing-tide, together with an edition 
 of Pastoral Equivoques, or the Complaint 
 of a Shepherd, dedicated to neither Mon- 
 arch nor Miser, Keaser or Caitiff, Palatine, 
 or Plebeian, but to great Mounseer Multi- 
 tude, alias All, or Every One," by John 
 Taylor (1580—1654). 
 
 "Watelr, "water, everywhere," 
 
 — Coleridge, The Ancient Mariner, part 
 ii. — 
 
 " Nor any drop to drink." 
 
 "Waterloo, The Field of. A 
 
 poem by Sir "Walter Scott (1771—1832), 
 published in 1815, with thefollowing adver- 
 tisement :— " It may be some apology for 
 the imperfections of this poem, that it was 
 composed hastily, and during a i-hort tour 
 upou the Continent, when the author's 
 labours were liable to frequent interrup- 
 tion ; but its best apology is, that it was 
 written for the purpose of assisting the 
 "Waterloo subseription." The general opin- 
 ion in regard to the poem is well expressed; 
 by the contemporary epigrammatist, whq 
 wrote — 
 
 " On Waterloo's ensanguined plain 
 Fult many a gallant man was slain 
 But none, by bullet or by stiot. 
 Fell half so flat as Walter Scott." 
 
 Waterland, Daniel, theological 
 writer (b. 1683, d. 1740), published (jueriea 
 in Vindication of Christ's Divinity (1719) ; 
 Sermons in Dffenee of Christ's Divinity 
 (1720) ; Case ofArian Subscription Consider^ 
 ed (1721) ; A Second Vindication (1723) ; A 
 Further ViffCdication (1724) ; A Critical 
 History of the Athanasian Creed (1724) ; 
 The Wature, Obligation, amd Efficacy of 
 tile Christian Sacraments Coresirfercd (1730); 
 The Importance (f the Doctrine of the 
 Trinity Asserted (1734); Jtevieio of the Eu- 
 charist (1737); Scripture Vindicated cMaiJist 
 Tindal; and other Works, repuljlished 
 complete by Bishop "Van Mildcrt in 1823. 
 A lieviev) of his Life and Writings accom- 
 panied that edition, which was reprinted 
 in 1866. 
 
 "Waters, "young. Aballad printed 
 in Percy's Jielimes, "from a copy printed 
 not long since at Glasgow. The world was 
 indebted for its publication to the Lady 
 Jeaii Htune, sister of the £arl of Hume." 
 
WAI- 
 
 WAT 
 
 743 
 
 It is supposed to allude to the fate of the 
 Earl of Murray, who was murdered by 
 the Earl of HunCley in 1592. " I'here is, at 
 most," says Allingham, " a resemblance in 
 the motive." 
 
 Waterton, Charles, naturalist (b. 
 about 1782, d. 1866), published Wanderingt 
 in South America^ the NoHh^West of the 
 United States^ anc2 the Antilles, in 1812, 
 1816, 1820, and 1824 (1825) ; Essays 
 on Natwrcd History, chiefiy Ornithology^ 
 with ayi Autobiography of the Author (lB3i^\ 
 a second series of essays, with a continua* 
 tion of tlie autobiography (1844) ; and a 
 third series of essays (1857). 
 
 "Wats, Gilbert, miscellaneous wri- 
 ter (b. 1600, d. 1657), translated Davila'a 
 History of the Civil Wars and Lord Bacon's 
 De Augmentis Scientiarium, 
 
 ■ "Watson, David (b. 1710,' rl. 1756), 
 published a translation of Horace and The 
 JRstory of the Heathen Gods and Goddesses. 
 
 'Watson,Jaines, printer and jonm- 
 alist (b. 1675, d. 1722), started The Edin- 
 burgh Gazette in 1699, and The Edinburgh 
 Omrant and The Scots Courant iu 1705 ; 
 besides publishing a translation from the 
 Frence of Jean de la Callle entitled The 
 History of the Art of Printing i 
 
 AATatson, Richard, Bishop of Llan- 
 daff (b. 1737, d. IZIS}, published Institutlimes 
 MetaXlva-giow (1768); An Apology for Chris- 
 tianity (1776); Letter to Archbishop Com- 
 wallison the Church Revenues; Chemical 
 Essays (1781^87); Theological Tracts 
 U785); Sermons on Public Occasions and 
 Tracts on Religious Subjects (1788) ; An 
 Apology for the Bible (1796); Principles of 
 the Revolution Vindicated; and other 
 Works. Anecdotes of the JJfe of Richard 
 Watsour Bishop 'of Llomdaff, written by 
 Himself, appeared in 1817. 
 
 Watson, Richard, Dissenting di- 
 Tlne (b. 1781, d. 1833), wrote Theological 
 institutes (1814) ; Conversations for the 
 Young (1830) ; a Life of John Wesley 
 (1831) ; a Biblical and Theological JDic- 
 lionary (1832); Sermons (1834); Expositions 
 <^ Scrtptwre (ISSSy, The Universal Redemp- 
 tion of ManJeind the Doctrine of ManHna ; 
 and other Works. His Life was written by 
 the Bev. Thomas Jaclsson, and published 
 inl834. 
 
 Watson, Robert, IiL.D. (b. 1730, 
 d. 1780), wrote a History of the Beign of 
 PhiKp II., King_of Spain (1777), of the 
 Reign of Philip III., King of Spain (1783), 
 and of the Duke of York (1779). 
 
 Watson, Thomas, D.D., Bishop 
 ot Lincoln (d. 1682), pubhshed Two Notable 
 Sermons before the Queene's Bxgliness c&n- 
 ee.-ning the Reall Presence (1661), and 
 Holsome and Catholyhe Doctrine concerning 
 the Seven Sacraments (IBBS), 
 
 Watsoni Tbomaa, Nonconformist 
 
 divine (d. abgut 1690), was the author of 
 A Body qf Divinity and The Art of 
 Divine Contentment. 
 
 Watson, Thomas, poet (b. 1560, d, 
 1592), was the author of The 'EKaToiJ-TraSla : 
 or, Passionate Centurie Q/" Love, divided 
 into two parts (1682), (q.v.) ; Amyntaa 
 (1585) ; . Melibceus (1690) : An Eclogue 
 upon the Death of the Right Hon. Sir 
 Era/ncis Walsingham (1690) ; The Eirs^ 
 Set ofltalifin Madrigals Englished (1690) ; 
 Amintie Gaudia (1592); The Tears of 
 Francie; or, Love Disdained (1693); Coni-> 
 pendium Memcrlie Xoca/zs/ anda transla.^ 
 tion of the Antigone oi Sophocles. See' 
 Axber'a' English Reprints. 
 
 Watt, Robert, M.D. (b. 1774, d,- 
 1819), was the compiler of the Bibliotlieca^ 
 Britannica : oTj General Index to British 
 and-Eoreign Literature (1819^-24); and the" ' 
 author of Rules of Life (1814), and dtheff 
 works. ' 
 
 Wattle, Captain. A character \rk 
 BiBDiN's ballad of Captain Wattle anS 
 Miss Roe: — 
 
 "Did you ever hear of Captain 'Wattlo ? . . 
 He was all for love ond a little for the bottle." 
 
 Watton, John. A contemporary 
 of Duhbar. See Speculum Christiamj, 
 
 Watts, AlEiric Alexander, poet 
 and journalist (b. 1799, d. 1864), published 
 Poetical Sketches (1822),-»S'cenes ^ Life and 
 Shades of Character (1831), ana Lyrics of 
 the Heart, with other Poems (1851) ; besides- 
 editing The Literary Souvenir (1826 — 34)f 
 The Poetical Album (1828—29), and Thi 
 Cabinet of Modem Art (1835—38). Hat 
 also conducted, at different periods, The 
 Leeds Intelligencer, The United Service. 
 Gazette, The Standard, and other news.^ 
 papers. 
 
 Watts, Isaac, CD., devotional 
 writer and religious poet (b. 1674, d. 1748), 
 published Hora Lyricm (1706); tiymfiiS 
 (1707); Guide to Prayer (1716); Psalias an^. 
 Hymns (1719) ; Divhie and Moral Songs f^ 
 Children (1720) ; Sermons on Various Sub^ 
 jects (1721— 23) ; Xogic (1725) ; The Christian! 
 Doctrine of the Trinity (1726) ; On the Love 
 of God, and On the Use and Abuse of the 
 Passions (1729); Catechismsfor Childrenand 
 Youth (1730) ; Short View of Scripture His' 
 tory (1730) ; Humble Attempt towards the 
 Revival of. Practical Religion (1731)'.;' 
 Philosophical Essays (1734) ; \ Reliquio^ 
 Juveniles (1734) ; Essay on the Strength and 
 Weakness qf Human Reason (1737) ; TIte. 
 World to Come (1738); The Ruin and Re-' 
 coverj/ of Mankind (1740) ; Improvement -<if- 
 the Mind (1741); Orthodoxy and Charity 
 United (1745) ; Glory of Christ as God-Mxi>lf 
 Unveiled (1746).; Evangelical Discourses 
 (1747); Nine Sermons preached in 1718 — 19^ 
 (1812) ; and Christian Theology and Ethics^ 
 with a Life by Mills, in 1839. The Life bj. 
 Milner, including the . Correspondence j. 
 had appeared . in 1834.'. See- Muit>,- iM-t 
 
744 
 
 WAT 
 
 WBL 
 
 PROVEMEKT OF THE J SOIi'GS, DiVISE ASB 
 MOKAL. 
 
 Watty and Meg. A poem liy 
 Alexakueb Wilsos (17G6— 1813), pub- 
 Uslied aDOiiymotisly in 1792, aiid attributed 
 to llobsrt Bums. Chanibeie snys that ns 
 the latter poet was one day Bitting at his 
 desls by the side of tlie window, a well- 
 known hawker, Andrew Bishop, went 
 past crying — •' Watty and Meff, a new 
 ballad, by Robert Bnrns." The poet 
 looked out and said — " That's a lee, An- 
 drew, but I could make your plack a baw- 
 beo if it were mine." 
 
 Waugh, Ed'win, poet and prose 
 ■writer (b. 1817), is the author of Lan- 
 cashire Songs, Lancashire Sketches, Tvfts 
 of Heather from a Lancashire Moor, Besom 
 Men, Jien an* th* Bantam, Th* Owd Blan- 
 ket, and other works. " Waugh,'* says 
 Stedman, " is by far the best of Lancashire's 
 recent dialeci>poet8. To say nothing of 
 many other little garlands of poesy which 
 have their origin jn his knowledge of 
 humble life in that district, the Lancashire 
 Songs have gained a wiio reception by 
 pleasing truthful studies of their dialect 
 and themes." 
 
 ■Waverley: "or, 'tis Sixty Years 
 Since." A novel bv Sir Waltek Scott 
 (1771—1832), the iirst few chapters of which 
 were written in 1805, but then laid aside, in 
 deference to the nnfavourable opinion of 
 certain of the author's friends. Eight 
 years afterwards Scott came across the 
 manuscript by chance, and determined to 
 conclude the story. This ho did in the 
 remarkably short period of three weeks, 
 the whole work being jpublished anony- 
 mously in 1814. It was immediately and 
 strikingly successful, and the author of 
 Waverley became a literary lion_, the iden- 
 tity of whom it was long a passion of the 
 reading world to discover. The secret 
 was, however, kept successfully for many 
 
 fears, though it was known, Scott tells us, 
 at least twenty of his private friends. 
 It was publicly divulged in 1827, first at 
 the Theatrical Fund Dinner in Edinburgh, 
 and again in the introduction to The 
 Chronicles of the Canonpate, published in 
 that year, Wavcrleif, it is well known, 
 was only the first of a long series of similar 
 works, which are now generally referred 
 to as Tlie Waverley Novels. These in- 
 clude Guy Mannerlng, The Antlqiiary, 
 Jiob Boy, Old Mortality , Tlie Black JJwarf, 
 A Legend of Montrose, The Bride ofLam- 
 mermoor. The Heart of Midlothian, Iva/n- 
 hoe, The Monastery, The Abbot, Kenilworth, 
 Tile Pirate, The t'arivnes of Nigel, Feverll 
 of the Peak, Qnentin Dunoard, St. Jlonan's 
 Well, Bedgauntlet, Tlie Betrotlied, Chron- 
 istes of file Canongate (The Highland 
 Widow, The Two Drovers, and The Sur- 
 geon's Baugliter), The Talisman, Wood- 
 tloak. The Fair Mq.ld of Perth, Anne qf 
 Qelersiein, Oamt Uobert ttfPari»-, ana uu- 
 
 tle Dangerous. Of these, the last published 
 under the pseudonym of " the author of 
 Waverley " was The Betrothed. Refer- 
 ences to many of them will be found under 
 their respective headings. For cilticism 
 oil the novels, see Scott, Sir "Walter. 
 
 Waverley, Ed-ward Brad-ward- 
 ine. ITie pseudonym adopted by JoHW 
 Wilson Croker in his Two Letters, pub- 
 lished in reply to Malachi Malagrowther 
 (q.v.) in 1826. 
 
 Wavrin, John de, w.as tlieautlior 
 of a chronicle of English history from the 
 earliest time to 1471. •' He is also," says 
 Morley, •* probably the anonymous con- 
 tiimer (from 1443) of the chronicle of Mon- 
 strelet, who died in 1453. John de Wavrin 
 was present at the battle of Agincourt. 
 
 " Wax to receive, and marble 
 to retain."— Byron, Beppo, stanza 34. 
 Way of the World, The. A 
 
 comedy, by William Congreve (1670 — 
 1729), which appeared in 1700. It is the 
 most elaborate and brilliant of all his 
 works ; nevertheless, it failed on the stage 
 — a circumstance which induced Congreve 
 to abandon dramatic writing. 
 
 Way to Bliss, The : " in three 
 books," by Elias Ashmolb (1(!17— 16n2), 
 published in 1G.58, and consisting of a 
 treatise on the hermetical philosophy and' 
 the Philosopher's Stone. Anthony d Wood 
 describes it as " pen'd by an unknown 
 author in the reign of Qu. Elizabeth." 
 
 Way to Keep Him, The. A 
 
 comedy, by Arthur Murphy (1727—1805), 
 which appeared in 1761. 
 
 Ways and Means. A comedy 
 by George Colman the younger (1762— 
 1836), produced in 1788. 
 
 Wayside Inn, Tales of a. Poems 
 in various metres by Henry Wadsworth 
 Longfellow (b. 1807). The first series, 
 published in 1863, includes a Prelude 
 ("Tho Wayside Inn"), the LandTord's 
 Tale ("Paul Eevere's Eide"), the Stu- 
 dent's Tale ("The Falcon of Ser Federigo"), 
 tho Spanish Jew's Tale (" Tlie Legend of 
 Kabbi Ben Levi"), the Sicilian's 'Tale 
 (" King Robert of Sicily"), tlie Musician'* 
 Tale (''The Saga of King Olaf "), the Theo- 
 logian's Tale (" Torqueinada "), tho Poet's 
 Tale ("The Birds of Killingworth "), 
 several Interludes, and a Finale. 
 
 We are Seven. A lyric liy Wii- 
 LiAM Wordsworth, written in 1798. The 
 first verse was contributed by Samuel Tay- 
 lor Coleridge. 
 
 " We kno-w him out of Shake- 
 speare's axV—The New Timon and the 
 i'oe(«, by Alfred Tennyson, written in 
 1846. See Timon op Atheks. 
 
 " We left behind the painted 
 
WEM 
 
 WEB 
 
 745 
 
 loy."— TAe Voyage, by Alfred Tesity- 
 
 )N. 
 
 " We met — 'twas in a crovrd." 
 Irst line of a song by Thomas Hayhes 
 AYLY 11797—1839). 
 
 "' "We sleep and Twake and sleep, 
 
 it all tbings move.''' — Tha Golden Year, 
 f Alfred Tensysos. 
 
 "We ■TO-atch'd her breathing 
 iro' the night."— TVie Dealli-Bed, by 
 HOMAs Hood. 
 
 "Weakest (The) goes to the 
 all." — Borneo and Juliet, act i., scene 1. 
 
 " Wealth accumulates and men 
 Bcay, Where."— Line B2 in Goldsmith's 
 oem of The Deserted Village (q.v.). 
 
 Wealth of Nations, An Inquiry 
 ito the Nature and Causes of the. A work 
 y Adam Smith (1723—1790), published in 
 r76r " The Wealth of Stations," says 
 tcGnlloch, " gives Adam Smith an un- 
 oubted claim to be regarded as the f ound- 
 r of the modem system of political econo- 
 ly, and to be classed among the most emi- 
 ent benefactoi-s of his species. The excel- 
 5nce of this greai work is obvious from the 
 act of its havijig exercised a more power- 
 b1 and beneficial influence over the pub- 
 ieopfnlon and legislation of the civilized 
 roiM, since its appearance, than has. ever 
 e€n exercised by any other publication. 
 t owes this high distinction to a vailety of 
 anses, but principally, perhaps, to the 
 eneral soundness and liberality of its 
 ioctrines ; to their bearing upon the most 
 mpnrtant affairs and interests of nations 
 jid iudividnals, and to the admirable man- 
 ler in which they are expounded. Nor is 
 t the least of the author's merits that he 
 as pointed out and smoothed the route by 
 bllowing which subsequent philosophers 
 lave been able to perfect much that he left 
 ncomplete, 1o rectify the mistakes into 
 vhich he fell, and to make many new and 
 mportant discoveries." 
 
 " "Wealth of Ormuz and of Ind, 
 Che." See " Obmuz and of Ind." 
 
 "Weary, flat, stale, and un- 
 profitable, Ho-w."— Samlet, act i., scene 2. 
 
 " Weary of myself and sick of 
 isking." — Self-Dependence, a lyric by 
 Hatthe-w Aenold (b. 1822). 
 
 " Weave the ■warp, and Tweave 
 ihe woof." See Gbay's poem. The Bard, 
 part ii., line 1. 
 
 W'eavfer, John, .antiquary (b. 
 1576, d. 1C32), was the author of A Deserlp- 
 'Irm of the Ancient Monuments in this 
 Realm, and a history of our Lord in verse. 
 
 Weaver, Thomas. See Plakta- 
 
 SEKET»3 TKAGIOAL StOBY J SOJfCS, ASD 
 
 Poems of Love akd DudiiLEltY. 
 
 Webbe, George, BFsliop of Limer- 
 ick (b. 1881, d. 1641), was the author of 
 The Practice of Quietness, An Exposition 
 of the Principles of the Christian Jteligion, 
 The ProtestanVs Jteligion, and a translation 
 of two of Terence's comedies. 
 
 Weber, Henry William, literary 
 editor (b. 1783, d. 1S18), produced an edition 
 of the works of Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 and a collection of Ancient Metrical Ro- 
 mances, N 
 
 Webster, Alexander, Presby- 
 terian minister (b. 1707, d. 1784), wrote some 
 Fermons and a few patriotic lyrics. See 
 
 " O how COrl/D I YEKTUKE TO LOVE OSE 
 LIKE THEE." 
 
 Webster, John, tlramfitist and 
 poet (temp, seventeenth century),' wrote 
 (witli Dekker) The Jfdmous Nistont of 
 Sir Thomas Wyat (1607) ; The White Devil 
 (1612), (q.v.) ; A Monumental Columnp 
 Erected to ihe Loving Memory of Henry, 
 late Prince of Wales (1613); The Devil's Law 
 Case (1623) i The Duchess cf Maify (1623), 
 (q.v.) ; The Monument of Honour (1624) ; 
 Appius and Virginia (1654), (q.v.) ; The 
 Thracian Wonder (1661) ; and (with Bow- 
 ley) A Cure for a Ouclold (1661). His Poetical 
 and Dramatic WorI:s were first collected, 
 with some, account of the Life of the 
 Author, and notes, by Dyce, in 1830'j and 
 again, by 'W. Hazlitt. in 1857. "He was a 
 man," wrote Henry Mackeinzie, " of truly 
 original genius, and seems to have felt 
 strong pleasure in. the strange and fantas- 
 tic horrors that rose up from the d^^'^ 
 abyss of bis .imagination. The vices anfl 
 crimes which he delights to paint, all yai- 
 taUe.of, an. extravagance which ncyerthe- 
 lesa makes them impressive and ten-ible..; 
 .ind in the retribution and puiiisbm'elit 
 there is a character of corresponding witd- 
 ness." " 'Webster," says a writer in The 
 EdlnhurgJt Pevieio, " was an unequal wiitier, 
 full of gloomy power, bnt with touches of 
 profound sentiment and the deepest par 
 thos." 
 
 Webster, Mrs. Augusta, poetess, 
 has- published .4 Woman Sold, a/nd other 
 Poems (1866); Dramatic Studies <)SeS)', 
 The Auspicious Day (1872) ; and - several 
 other V/orks. " For many qualities," 
 says one of her critics, " this 'lady's work 
 is nearly equal, in several departments of 
 verso, to that of the best -of- her sister ar- 
 tists ; and I am not sure but her general 
 level is above them all. She lias a dramatic 
 faculty unusual with women, a versatile 
 ran<ie, and much penetration of thought : 
 is objective in her dramatic scenes and 
 longer idylls, which are tliinner than 
 Browning's, but less rugged and obscurei; 
 shows great culture, and is remarkably 
 tree from the tricks and dangerous maniiep- 
 ism of recent verso. 
 
 ■VSTebster, Nojah, lexicogrnplier 
 and eirammarian (b. 1758, d. 184^, pablfsliea 
 
748 
 
 WED 
 
 "VvEL 
 
 A Grammatical Institute of the English 
 Lanquaqe (1783 and 1796) j A Dissertation 
 on the English Language (1789) ; A Ccym- 
 pendioiis Dictionari/ of the English Lan- 
 f/i(ti3e(lS06) ; A Philosophical and Practi- 
 cril Grammar of the English Language 
 (1807) ; An American Dictionary of ike 
 English Language (1828) ; and other works 
 dC a similar cliaracter. 
 
 Wedderbura, David, poet (b. 
 about 1570), wrote /» Obitu Henrici Wallice 
 Pi-incipis Lessns (1613) ; Jacobi VI. Scotiam 
 snam revisenti Xwevtftpavrnpiov D. Wedder- 
 bumii (16L7) ; Abredonia Atrata sub obitum 
 Jacobi VI. liritamiuB, etc., Regis (1625) ; 
 ilpotrtvKTiKov pro R. Caroli in Scotia In- 
 augurdtione (1633) ; Institutiones GrammO' 
 ticce (1633) ; Meditationum Campestrium, 
 seu Epigrammaium moralinm Centuriater- 
 tla (1643) ; and Persius Enitcleatus, sive 
 Commentarius in Persinm (1664), the latter 
 being a posthumous work. Some of his 
 poems "Were republished in the Delicim 
 Poetarum Scotomm and in X^auder's Poe- 
 tarum Scotorum Musce Saorce (1731). 
 
 Wedderbum, James, poet (b. 
 about 1500, d. 1564), wrote a tragedy on the 
 execution of John the Baptist, and a com- 
 edy on the Wstoi-y of Dionysius the Great, 
 which were acted at Dundee about 1540, 
 and contained much graphic satire on tl^e 
 Romish clergy. He was also the author of 
 the Compendious Sooke of Godlie and 
 Spirituall Songs, collectit out of sundrie 
 partes of Scripture, with sundrie qf other 
 Satiates changed out of prophane Songes. 
 The Complaynt of Scotland (q.v.) has been 
 attributed to his pen. See Godlib and 
 
 StlRITUALL SOXGS. 
 
 'Wedding, A Ballad upon a, by 
 .Sir JoHif SuoKLiNO (1609—1641), was 
 written about 1637. " Sir John's most re- 
 nowned elfusion," says Leigh Hunt, " was 
 A Ballad on a Wedding ; and exciuislte of 
 its kind it is. The bridegroom is said to 
 have been Lord BrogliiU, the well-known 
 soldier and politician (afterwards Earl'of 
 Orrery), and the bride. Lady Margaret 
 Howard, daughter of the Earl of Suffolk." 
 The most beautiful and famous passages 
 are those beginning respectively — 
 " Her feet beneath her petticoat, 
 Like little mice, stole in and out, 
 M if they f ear'd the light ; " 
 
 and — 
 
 " Her lipd were red, nnd one was thin 
 ComparM to that was next her chin. 
 Some bee had stung it newly." 
 
 Wedding Day, The. A comeiJy by 
 Hesiiy FmLDiNO (1707—1754), notable for 
 iui amusing anecdote connected with one 
 of the rehearsals. Garrick, who performed 
 a leading part, was anxious that Fielding 
 sliould out down a certain scene which he 
 was sure would not be tolerated by the au- 
 dience J but Fielding would do nothing of 
 
 the kini, and said, "No, d n 'em; if 
 
 the aceoA Is not a gooa one, let theiD fine 
 
 it out." As it happened, the scene was re- 
 ceived with considerablo disapprobation, 
 and (^aiTick afterwards rushed into the 
 
 treen-room, where Fieldhig was calmly 
 rinking Ms champagne. *' What's' the 
 matter now, Garrick ? What are they hiss- 
 ing now?" "Why, the scene 1 begged 
 you to retrench ; I knew it would not ao." 
 " Oh, d n 'em," rejoined Fielding, care- 
 lessly, "they have found it out, have 
 they?" 
 
 Wee Man, The. A humorous 
 poem by Thomas Hood. 
 
 " Wee, modest, crimson-tipped 
 
 flow'r. " First lin e of ?\> a Mountain Daisy, 
 a lyric by Bob£rt Bukns. 
 
 "Wee, sleekit, co-w'rin, tim'- 
 
 rous beastie." First line of a lyric To^ 
 Mouse, by Bobebt Burks. 
 
 Weeds and Wild Flowers. 
 
 Poems and aphorisms by Edwabd, Lord 
 Lyitok, published in 1826. 
 
 " Weed's plain heart." See 
 Secret, The," &c. 
 
 • Weekly Nevyes, The. A news- 
 paper started by Nathaniel Butler in 
 1622. It was brought into being by the 
 interest manifested in the Continental 
 wara of the period. 
 
 "Weep no more, nor sigh, nor 
 groan." Song in The Queenof Corinth, by 
 John Fletcher the dramatist. 
 
 Wegg, Silas. The wooJen-legged 
 " literary'man " to Boffln, in DiOKESs'g 
 story of Our Mutual Erieiul (q.v.). 
 
 "Weighty bullion of one ster- 
 lipsline. The." See Traxslated Verse. 
 
 Weir, William, journalist (b. 
 1802, d. 1858), was successively editor of 
 TAe Edinburgh Liierarg Journal and The 
 Glasgow Argus, a leading contributor to > 
 The Spectator, and conductor of The Daily 
 News (1864). 
 
 Weissnichtwo, i.e., I know not 
 where ; in Scotch, Kennaguhair ; is, in 
 Carlyle's Sartor Resartus (q.v.) the city 
 in whose university TeufelsdrBckli (q.vO 
 is supposed to hold a professorate. 
 
 Welcome, A. Addressed to the 
 Princess Alexandra, on her arrival in 
 England on March 7, 1863, by Alfred 
 Tbnn Ysox. " As to the laureate's verses," 
 wrote William Makepeace Thackeray in a 
 " Koundabout Paper " on " Alexandrines" 
 in the Corvhill Magaeine, " I would' re^ 
 spectfully liken his highness to a slant 
 showing a beacon torchon ' a windy head- 
 land.' His llaring torch is a pine tree, to 
 be sure, which nobody can wield but him- 
 self. He waves it ; and four, times in the 
 midnight he shouts mightily * Alexan- 
 dra!' and the Pontlo pine is wMrled 
 into the ocean, and Encelaausgoes home.", 
 The poem begins : 
 
WEL 
 
 WEB 
 
 747 
 
 " Sea-ktngs' daughter from over the eea 
 
 Alexandra 1 
 Saxons and Noimans and panes are we, 
 But all oi us Danes A. our welcome of thee, 
 
 Alexandra 1 " 
 
 " "Welcome the coming, spe6d 
 
 the parting guest." See Friendship's 
 Laws," &c. 
 
 "Weldon, Sir Anthony, clerk of 
 of the kitchen to King James I., wrote 
 The Court and Character of JCing James, 
 Written and Taken hy Sir A. W., being <m 
 
 I^ar find Eye Witness (X^^)- This work is 
 an amusing and yaluable, if exaggerated, 
 description of the king and his household. 
 
 ""Well of Bngllsh undefyled." 
 
 A descrii>tion applied to Chaucer by 
 Spexser in his Faerie QueenCj book iv., 
 canto ii., stanza 32 :— 
 " Dan Chaucer, well of English imdefylcd. 
 On Fame's eternal bead-roll worthie lo be pyled." 
 
 V* Dan " is a corruption of dominus, mas- 
 ter. 
 
 "Well Ordering and Carriage of 
 a Man's Life, Precepts and Directions for. 
 Addressed to his son Robert, by William 
 CeciXi, Lord Burleigh (1520—1598), and 
 publislied in 1G36. They consist of "pre- 
 cepts and directions " on such subjects as 
 the choice of a wife, domestic economy, 
 the education of children, suretyship and 
 borrowing, the similar practical matters. 
 Of ' children, he says : " Praise them 
 openly, reprehend them secretly ;" of girls, 
 "Marry thy daughters in time, lest they 
 many themselves;" and of borrowing, 
 " Neither borrow money of a neighbournor 
 a friend, but of a stranger, where, paying 
 for it, thou shalt hear no more of it." 
 
 " "Well ! thou art happy, and I 
 
 feel ." First line of a lyric by Lord Byroh" 
 (1788— lfi24), written on November 2, 1808, 
 and addressed to his former love, Mary 
 Chawoi-th, at that time a married woman. 
 " "Well-bred whisper close the 
 scene. And with a." See book ii. of Cott- 
 per's poem of The Tosh ((i.y.). 
 
 "Weller, Sam. Son of Tony Wel- 
 ler (q.v.), and originally " boots " at an 
 inn ; afterwards servant to Mr. Pickwick, 
 in Dickens's Pickwick Papers, 
 
 Weller, Tony. A stage-coachman, 
 and father of the above, in Dickeks's 
 Pickivick Papers (q.v.). He is noted for 
 his horror of widows, one of whom he has 
 married. 
 
 ■Wellington, Ode on the Death 
 
 of the Duke of, by Alfred Te^^jtvsok, 
 ^v-a^ llrst published in 1852, the day after 
 the ilnke's funeral. A second edition, 
 considerably altered, appeared in 1853, 
 and the poem was still further retouched 
 before it was included in the Maud volume 
 in 1855. It begins— 
 
 *' Bunr the Great Duke 
 
 With a people's lamentation," 
 
 and includes a large number of familiar 
 lines. 
 
 Wells, Chkrles, poet, is the au- 
 thor of Joseph and his JSrethren, a scrip- ^ 
 tural drama, which was reprinted in 1870, 
 with a critical essay by Algernon Charles- 
 
 Swinburne. 
 
 "Wells of fire." See "Labur- 
 nums DROPPING." 
 
 Welsted, Leonard, poet {b. 1689, 
 d. n4T), yriote EvistleSf OdeSj ^c, with a 
 ira7islation of'£onginus mi the Sublime 
 (1724) ; The Genius (q.v.) ; a prologue and 
 epilogue to Steele's Conscious Lovers ; The 
 Triumvirate (q-v.) ; The Dissembled Wan- 
 ton ; The Apple Pie ; and many other com^ 
 positions or a - similar character. Hia 
 Works, in prose and verse, were published 
 with notes and Memoir of the author, by 
 John Nichols, in 1787, 
 
 " Weltering in his blood, And." 
 — Dryden, Alexander's Feast. 
 
 Wemmick. Tlie lawyer's clerk 
 in Dickens's story of Great Expectations 
 (q.v.) ; famous for his " castle " at "Wal- 
 worth, and for his peculiar ideas of port- 
 able property. 
 
 Wenonah. The mother of Hia- 
 watha, in Longfellow's poem of the lat- 
 ter name (q.v.). 
 
 Wentworth, in Plumer Ward's 
 novel of De Vere: or, the Man of Independ- 
 ence, Is intended as a representation of 
 George Canning, the statesman, "the con- 
 tention in whose mind between literary 
 tastes and the pursuits of ambition is beau- 
 tifully delineated." 
 
 Werburgh, Life of St, b.y Henkt 
 Bradshaw (d. 1613) ; a poem, which, be* 
 sides telling the story of St. Werburgh's 
 life, includes a description of the kingdom 
 
 of the Mercians, th-:j lives of St.Ethelred 
 and St. Sexburgh, and an apcount Of tho 
 foundation of the city of Chester,' 
 
 Were na my Heart licht I -wad 
 
 dee. A favourite Scottish song, from the 
 pan of Lady Grisell B aillib (1665—1746); 
 first printed in the Orpheus Caledonius 
 about 1725, and reproduced by Allan liam- 
 say in hia Tea~Table Miscellany, See 
 Lady Baillie's Memoirs by her daughter 
 (1822). 
 
 Werner : " or, the Inheritance.'' A 
 tragedy^ in five acts, by Lord Byron 
 (1788—1824), published in ,1822, and, in the 
 w:n'ds oE tlie author, " taken entirely from 
 the German*s T'ale, Kruitzner, published 
 many years ago In Lee's Cant&'lmry Tales 
 tq.v.], written (I believe) by two sisters, oC 
 whom one furnished only this story and 
 another, both of which are considered 
 supeiior to the remainder of the collection. 
 
 I haveadopted the characters, plan, and 
 
 even the Isuisfuageof iaany parts 
 
748 
 
 WEB 
 
 WES 
 
 BtOiy. Some of the cLaiacters are modi- 
 fied or altered, afewof the names changed, 
 .and one characier (Ida o£ Stialenheim) 
 added by luyselt ; but in the rest the origi- 
 nal is chiefly loUowed," 
 
 Werther, The Sorro-ws of. A 
 
 humorous poem by William Makepeace 
 Thackeray (1811—1863) in ridicule of 
 Goethe's famous novel. It begins— 
 
 " Werther had a love for Charlotte, 
 . Sueh as words could never utter ; 
 "Would you know how lirst he met her ? 
 SheVa3 cutting breud and butter." 
 
 ■Wesley, Charles, liymn-writer (b. 
 1708, d. 1788), published .Hi/»ms./br <Ae Pttfr- 
 lic Thanhsf/ioing Day, Oct. 9 (1746) ; Hymns 
 and Sacred Poemi (1749) ; Hymns for the 
 Nativity {Vlo^) \ Hymns for the Ascension 
 7)ay (1753) ; Gloria Patri: or. Hymns to 
 the Trinity (1753) ; Funeral Hymns (1753); 
 Hymns forOur hordes Jiesurrection ( 1754) ; 
 Hymns for the Neio Year's Day (1755); 
 Hymns for those that Seek and those that 
 have found Redemption (1755) ; Hymns 
 for tlie Year (1756) ; Hymns on Clod's 
 Everlasting Love (1756) ; Hymns of In- 
 tercession for all Mankind (1758) ; Hymns 
 on the Expected Invasion (1759) ; Hymn^ 
 f'yr the Thanksgiving Day (1759) ; Short 
 Hymns on Select Passoiges from Holy 
 ■Scriptures (1768) ; Hymns for the Fast 
 Day (1780) ; Hymns for the Watch-Niglit ; 
 Hymns written in the Time of Tumults 
 (1780) ; Hymns for the Nation in 1782 (1781) ; 
 and Set'inons with a Memoir of the Author 
 (1816). See also the Memoirs by White- 
 head (1793), and Jackson (1841). See next 
 paragraph. 
 
 ■Wesley, John, founder of Meth- 
 odism (b. 1703, d. 1791), published A Plain 
 Account of the People called Methodists 
 (1749), A Survey of the Wlxlom of God in 
 the Creation (1763), and other works. He 
 was also joint author, with his brother 
 Charles, of a Collection qf Psalms and 
 Hymns tl738). 
 
 "Wesley, Samuel, clergyman (b. 
 1662, d. 1735), wrote Maggots : or. Poems on 
 Several Subjects (1685) ; The Life of Jesus 
 Citrist, an lieroick rmem (1693) ; The Pious 
 Communicant, with Prayers and Hymns 
 (1700) ; The History of the Old and New 
 Testament attempted in Verse (1704) ; Dis- 
 sertationes in Liorum Jobi (1736J; and other 
 works. See Maggots. 
 
 ■West, Gilbert, LL.D., tlieologi- 
 cal writer and poet (b. 1705, d. 1766), pro- 
 duced The Institution of the Garter (1742), 
 Observati^ms on the History and Evidence 
 of the Pesurrection of Jesus Christ (1747), an 
 English version of the Odes of Pindar 
 (1749), .ind several pieces of poetry includ- 
 ed ill Bodsley's collection, among others 
 some Imitations of Spenser. See Johnson's 
 Lives of the Poets. See Oudek of the 
 Gabtee ; Teavelliso, On the Abcse 
 or. 
 
 ■West Indian, The. A comedy 
 
 by KiCHARD CtJMBEBLAHD (1732—1811), 
 
 produced in 1771. ' ^ 
 
 "West Indies, The. A poem by 
 JAMES Montgomery (1771—1854), pub- 
 li shed in 1810. It is in four parts, and is 
 written in the heroic 'couplet. It origin- 
 ally appeared in the Tolnme entitled Poems 
 on tlie Abolition of the Slave Trade, which 
 was issued in the previous year, ajid which 
 included contributions from James Mont- 
 
 ;omery, James Graham, and Elizabeth 
 
 ^gilvy Benger. 
 
 ■West, Richard. See Auicos, Ai> 
 
 ■West ■Wind, Odo to the, by 
 Pehcy Bysshe Shelley, was written in 
 1819. It begins— 
 
 ** O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's 
 bemg." 
 
 ■Westoott, Brooke Foss, D.D.,. 
 
 Professor of Divinity at Cambridge (b, 
 1826), has published The Elements of Gos- 
 pel Harmony (1851), The History of the 
 Canon of the Ifew Testament (1855), Char' 
 
 0| 
 
 acteristics ■'f the Gospel Miracles (1859), 
 Introduction to the Study of the Gospels 
 (I860), The Bible and the Church (1864),' 
 
 The Gospel qf the Besurrection (1866), Tht 
 History of the English Bible (1869), and other 
 works. 
 
 ■Western, Sophia. The heroine 
 of Fielding's Tom Jones (q.v.) ; beloved 
 by tho hero. 
 
 ■Western, Squire. A country 
 
 fentleman, father of the preceding in 
 'lELDiNG'a novel of Ti^ Jones (q.v.) ; 
 described by Sir Walter Scott as " an inimi- 
 table picture of ignorance, prejudice, iras- 
 cibility, and rusticity, united with natural 
 shrewdness, constitutional good humour, 
 and an instinctive afl'ection for his daugh- 
 ter." 
 
 ■Westminster Drollei-y : " or, a 
 Choice Collection of Songs and Poems." 
 Originally publislied in 1671, but subse- 
 quently reprinted. 
 
 ■Westminster Magazine, The. 
 
 A periodical, started in 1772, to which 
 Oliver Goldsmith was an occasional 
 con'tributor. 
 
 ■Westminster Review, The. A 
 quarterly magazine of Tjberal principles, 
 devoted principally to science and religion, 
 and first published in 1824. It was at on© 
 time edited by John Stuart Mill, aud has 
 received contributions from George Henry 
 Lewes, George Eliot, George Grote, Kei^ 
 ben Spencer, and other leading writezs, 
 See Breeches Review, The. 
 
 West-ward Ho ! A novel by tbe 
 Bev. Charles KiNRSLEv (1819— 187.5), pub- 
 lished in 1K55, the scene of which is laid In 
 " the spacious times of great Elizabeth»" 
 when the safety of England was threatened 
 
WES 
 
 WHA 
 
 r49 
 
 by,the SpauisU Armada. Several histori- 
 cal personages figure in. the story, such as 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Bichard Grenville, 
 Admiral Hawliiiis, and Sir Francis Drake; 
 and the narrative carries the reader from 
 Bideford to London, and from thence to 
 Ireland, to the Spanish Main, and the 
 South American continent, bacl£ again to 
 Bideford and Plymouth, whence the hero, 
 Amyas Leigh (q.v.), sails to talte part in 
 the faaious sea-tight," 
 
 "■Westnrard the course of 
 
 empire talces its way." First line of. a 
 poem by Bishop BerkeIjEY On the Pros- 
 pect of Planting Arts at)d Learning in 
 America. See Am£K1ca. 
 
 Westwood, Thomas, poet (b. 
 1814), has produced Beads from a Rosary 
 (1843), Tlie Burden of the Belt (1880), Ber- 
 ries and Blossoms (1835), and The Quest of 
 the Sancgredt (1868). •' Westwood's Quest 
 ef_ the^Sancgreal" says Stedman, " marks 
 him for one of Tennyson's pupils. His 
 xninor lyrics are more pleasing." 
 
 " "W e t damnatiou." — C t m i, 
 
 TouKN-EUR,'2'Ac Jleeenger's Tragedy, act 
 iii., scen e 1. 
 
 "Wet his whistle. To."— Cot- 
 ton, Virgil Travestie, line 6. 
 
 " 'Wet sheet and a flomring sea, 
 A." First line of a sea song by Allan 
 
 CUNHISGHAJtt (1784—1812). 
 
 W^etherell, Elizabeth. The 
 
 nom deplume of StrsAN Wabnee (b, 1818), 
 an American writer, authoress of The 
 
 Wide, Wule World (1852) ; Queechy (1852) ; 
 
 The Old Helmet (1863) ; Melbourne House 
 (1864) ; and many other works of iiction. 
 See WABNEB, Akna B. 
 
 Whale, The. A legendary poem 
 Included in the Exeter Book (q.v.). The 
 whale is represented as attracting fishes 
 by the sweet odour tliat proceeded ^om his 
 mouth ; " then suddenly around the prey 
 the grim gums crash together. So," mor- 
 alises the poet, '" is it to every man who 
 often and negligently in this stormy world 
 lets himself be deceived by sweet odour." 
 
 - •' 'Whale, 'Very like a." — Bmnlet, 
 act iii,, scene 2. 
 
 Wharton, Grace and Philip. 
 The nom de plume of Mrs, Katherike 
 Thompson, and her son, J,C. Thompson, 
 authors of the Wits and Bea/ux of Society 
 (1860), 2'he Queens of Societi/ (1860)i and 
 The Literature of Society (1862). 
 
 'Wharton, Lord, See Lilli- 
 
 BUKLEBO, 
 
 "'What a piece of ■work is 
 
 man ! " — Hamlet, act ii., scene 2. 
 
 "'What a tangled web •we 
 ScoTTfMarmion, canto yi,, stanza 
 
 '* When flrat we practice to deceive,' 
 
 IT— 
 
 " 'What ails this heart o' mine?" 
 
 A lyric by Sos anna Blamire (1747— 1794), 
 which, her biographer says, " seems to have 
 been a favourite with the authoress, for I 
 have met with it. in various forms among 
 her papers ; and tlie labour bestowed upon 
 it has been well repaid by the popularity 
 it has long enjoyed," 
 
 " 'What bird so sings, yet so 
 does wail ? " A song, by John Lyly. 
 
 "'What care I how fair she 
 
 be?"— George "Wither, Tlie Sheplierd's 
 Resolution: — 
 
 " If flhe be not bo to me," 
 The same sentiment is echoed by Sheri- 
 dan }\\ his verses beginning 
 
 ** I ne'er coul^ any lustre Bee, 
 In eyes that.would not look on me." 
 
 See also Raleigh's Slialll like a Hermit 
 Dwell? 
 
 "■What does little birdie say ? " 
 A nursery song, which occurs in Sea 
 Dreams, by Alfred Tennyson, 
 
 "What d'ye call it ? A tragi- 
 comic-pastoral farce by John Gay (q,V.) ; 
 acted in 1714, and characterised by Hazlitfe 
 as " not one of his happiest things," 
 
 "■What hope is there in mod- 
 em rl^me?" — Sect. Ixxvi. of In Memo- 
 riam, by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 "'What is mine is yours, and 
 
 what is yours is mine." — Measure for 
 Measure, act v., scene 1. 
 
 " 'What is our life ? The play 
 
 of passion." A lyric by Sir "VTalter 
 Ealeigh, (1552—1618). 
 
 " 'What is the existence of 
 
 man's life ? " From a lyrie, entitled The 
 Dirge, by Henry King, Bishop of Chi- 
 chester (1591—1669). 
 
 " wnat made my heart at New- 
 stead fullest swell ? " — A Picture at New- 
 stead, sonnet by Matthew Arnold (b. 
 
 1822). 
 
 " 'What shall I do to be for 
 
 ever known ? " A line in Cowley's poem 
 of The Motto. 
 
 " 'What time the mighty moon' 
 was gathering light." — Love and Death, & 
 poem by Alfred Tenxyson. 
 
 " 'What we, when face to face 
 
 we see." — Through a Glass Darkly, a Ivric 
 by Arthur Hugh Clouqh (1819—1861), 
 
 What "Will he Do with It ? A 
 novel by Edward, Lord Lytton, which 
 appeared originally in Blackwood*8 MaqOr. 
 zine in 1857, and was republished,coinplete, 
 in 1868, See Waife. 
 
 " 'What will Mrs. Grundy 
 say?" 4'ee Grundy, Mrs. 
 
760 
 
 WHA 
 
 WHS 
 
 What you Will. A comedy by 
 John Makston, produced In 1007. 
 
 Whately, Richard. Archhisliop 
 of Dublin (b. 1787, d. 1863), wrote, among 
 otber works (a list of wliich is giveu in 
 Lowndes' Blblioffrapher's Manuat)^ His- 
 toric Doubts relative to Napoleon (1819) ; 
 The Use and Abuse of Party Feeling in 
 Matters (^ Religion {IB22) ; On Some of the 
 Peculiarities of the Christian Peligion 
 (1825) J On Some Difficulties in the Writings 
 of St. Paul and on other parts of the New 
 . Testament (1828) ; The Elements of Loriic 
 (1828) ; Elements of Rhetoric (1828) ; A View 
 qfthe Scriptural Revelations Concerning a 
 JFuture State (1829) ; Introductort/ Lec- 
 tureson Political Economy (1831); Thoughts 
 on the Sabbath (1832) ; Thoughts on Second- 
 ary Punishment (1832) ; Essays on Some of 
 the Dangers to the Christian Faith (1839) ; 
 The History of Religious Worship (1847) ; 
 anda Collection of English Synonyms (1852). 
 His Life and Correspondence was publislied 
 by bis daughter. See Country Pastok, 
 A ; Nettlight, Abistabchds ; Search, 
 John. 
 
 " Whatever is, is right." — ^Pope, 
 Essay on Man, epistle i., line 294. 
 
 " What's Hecuba to him." See 
 " Heouba." 
 
 " What's in a name ? that ■which 
 wo call a rose." The first line of a famil- 
 iar quotation, occurring in Romeo and 
 Juliet, act ii,, scene 2. 
 
 Wheatley, Charles, vicar of 
 Brent (b. 1680, d. 1742), published A Ration- 
 al Illustration of the Rook of Common 
 Prayer (1710), a book on 3Vie Nicene and 
 Atlianaslan Creeds, and a volume of ser- 
 mons. 
 
 Wheels, Thoughts on, by James 
 Montgomery (1771—1854) i published in 
 1S17, and animadverting upon the impro-. 
 priety of State lotteries. 
 
 " Wheer 'asta bean saw long 
 and mea liggin' 'ere alo^n ? " — The North- 
 em Farmer (old style), by Alfred Ten- 
 nyson. 
 
 " When Adam delv'd and Eve 
 Bpau." See Adam delv'd. 
 
 " When all is said and done." 
 
 First line of a lyricv On a Contented Mind, 
 by Thomas, Lord vaux. 
 
 ■'When daisies pied, and vio- 
 lets blue." A song in Love's Labour's Lost, 
 act. v., scene 2. 
 
 "When I consider ho-w my 
 life is spent." The first line of a sonnet. 
 On his Blindness, by John Milton. 
 
 " When I go musing all alone." 
 
 See Melancholy, The Author's Ab- 
 stract OF. 
 
 " Wlien icicles hang by the 
 
 wall." A song in Love's Labour's Lost, 
 act v., scene 2. 
 
 "When Ziazarus left his char- 
 nel cave." — Sect.xxxi. of In Menioriam, by 
 Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 " When Love, ■with unconfined 
 ■ wings." Tile yirst line of a poem called 
 To Althea, written, in 1049, by Bichabd 
 Lovelace (1618—1658) whilst m the Gate- 
 Kou6e Prison. Tliis contains the stanza, 
 beginning — 
 
 *' stone walla do not a prison make." 
 
 " When lovely iwoman stoops 
 
 to folly." First line of two stanzas by 
 Oliver Goldsmith (1728—1774) in The 
 Vicar of Wakefield (q.v.). 
 
 " When maidens such as Hes- 
 ter die.'' Firat line of Hester (q.v.), a poem 
 by Charles Lamb (1775— 1834). 
 
 " When o'er the hill the East- 
 ern star." First line of My ain kind dearie 
 O, a song by Robert Burns (1769—1796). 
 
 " When shall -we three meet 
 
 again ? " — Macbeth, act i., scene 1. 
 When the Kye comes Hame. 
 
 A Bone by James Hogg (1772—1835), the 
 title of which is derived from the last line 
 of each verse : — 
 
 " "What is the greatest bliss 
 
 That tlie tongue o' man can name ? 
 Tis to woo a bonnie lassie 
 ■When the kyc comes hame." 
 
 " When the lamp is shattered." 
 
 Stanzas by Percy B. Shelley, written 
 in 1822. 
 
 " When to the sessions of s^weet 
 
 silent tliought." First line of Shake- 
 speare's Sonnet No. xxx. 
 
 " When •we t^wo parted." First 
 lino of alyric by Lord Byron (1788—1824), 
 written in 1808, and ending — 
 " If I should meet thee 
 After loncs years, 
 How shoultl I greet thee ?— 
 ■With silence and tears." 
 
 " When you, poor excommuni- 
 cato." — To My Inconstant Mistress, by 
 Thomas Cakew (1589—1639). 
 
 "Whence are ye, vague de- 
 sires 7 " A lyric by Arthur Hugh 
 Clough (1819—1861). 
 
 " Whence comes my lov«? O 
 heart ! diSL'lose." A sonnet on Isabella 
 Markham by John Harrington (1534— 
 1582). 
 
 "Where Claribel low Ueth."— 
 Claribel, by Alfred Tennv.';on. 
 
 " Where lies the land to ■which 
 
 the ship would go ?" A Song in Absence 
 (q.v.), by Arthur Hugh' Clough (1819 
 —1861). 
 
WHB 
 
 WHI 
 
 751 
 
 " Where the remote Bermudas 
 
 ride."' First lino of The Emigrants in the 
 Bermudas, a poem, by Audrey Mab vell 
 (1620—1678). 
 
 "Wherever God erects a house 
 of prayer." See " GOD nevek had a 
 
 CHUBCH." 
 
 Whetstone, George, dramatist 
 and luiscellaneous writer (temp. Eliza- 
 beth), produced The liocke qf Regard (1576), 
 (q.v.) ; The right excellent and famous 
 History e of Promos and Cassandra (1578) ; 
 An Heptameron of'Civill Discourses (1582) ; 
 A Mirur for Magestrates of Cyties (1584) ; 
 An Addition: or. Touchstone of the Time 
 (1584) ; The Honourable Reputation of a 
 Souldier (1586) ; The English ilf j/rror(1586); 
 The Enemie to Unthriftyness (1586) ; Ame- 
 lia (1593) ; and Remembrances of the lives 
 of several worthies^ including Sir Philip 
 Sidney, Sir Nicholas Bacon, and George 
 Gascoigne. For Biography and Criticism 
 see Warton's English Poetry, Ritson's 
 Bibliographia Poetica, Beloe's Anecdotes 
 of Literature, Brydges' Censura Literaria, 
 and Collier's Poetical Decameron. See 
 Pbomos akd Gassasbda. 
 
 Whewell, William, D.D., phil- 
 osophical writer (b. 1794, d. 1866), wrote 
 Elementary Treatise on MecJtanics (1819), 
 Analytical Statics (1833), Astronomy and 
 General Physics considered with reference 
 to Natural Theology (1833), A History of 
 the Inductive Sciences (1837), The Philos- 
 ophy of the Inductive Sciemies (1840), Tlie 
 Meclianics of Engineering (isil). Elements 
 of Morality (1845), Tlie History of Moral 
 Philosophy in England (1852), and many 
 other works, a list of which is given in 
 Lowndes* Bibliographer's Manual. An 
 Accoumt of his Writings, with Selections 
 from his Correspondence, by 1. Todhunter, 
 was published in 1876. 
 
 "Which is the properest day 
 to drink 7 Saturday, Sunday, or Monday ?" 
 Is the first line of a catch printed in Tlie 
 Words of the Favourite Catches and Glees, 
 sung at Kanelagh in 1767. There are only 
 four lines altogether, in the form of ques- 
 tion and answer : — 
 
 *• A. Each is the properest day, I think. Why 
 Bhould we name but one day ? 
 
 " Q. Tell me but yours j I'll mention my day. 
 Let UB butfix upon some day. 
 
 "A. Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, 
 Saturday,- Sunday, Monday.*' 
 
 A parallel to this is found ifl the well- 
 known trifle by Dean Aldrich :— 
 
 " If all be true, as 1 do think, , , , , , 
 There are iivc reasons wc should drink i 
 
 Good wine, a friend, or beinff diy. 
 Or lest we should be by-and-b.'"" 
 Or any other reason why. 
 
 Whiohcote, Benjamm, D.D., 
 
 divine (b. 1610, d. 1683), wrote various 
 Works, of which collected editions were 
 published in 1701—3, and again in 1761 
 
 His Sermons appeared in 1702—7, his Moral 
 and Relu/ious ApJtorisms in 1703. See 
 Principal Tulloeh''B Rational Theology in 
 England. 
 
 Whiffers, Mr. A footman, wlio 
 figures in the famous " swarry '* in chap- 
 ter xxxvil. of DiCKEKS's Pickwick Papers 
 (q.v.). 
 
 WTiifile, Captain, in Smollett's - 
 novel of Roderick Random (q.v.), is " a 
 loathsome fop,*' says Hannay, " radiantin 
 silk lace and diamond bucliles, who, when 
 Kandom comes to bleed him, exclaims, 
 'Hast then ever blooded anybody but 
 •brutes?* The reader is surprised to find 
 in Smollett a dandy, glittering with gems, 
 drenched with essences, and talking like 
 the latest fashion of fool of quality, along- 
 side the tarry veterans in check shii'ts, 
 odorous only of pitch, tobacco and rum.* 
 
 Whigs, The Battle of the. See 
 
 Battle of the Whigs, The. 
 " 'While about the shore of 
 
 Mona those Neronian legionaries.** — Bo- 
 adicea, by Alfked Tekkyson. 
 
 " While that the sun, with his 
 beams hot.** First line of Tlie Unfaith- 
 ful Shepherdess, a, lyric, of which Palprrave 
 says, that " by its style this beautiful ex- 
 ample of old simplicityand feeling may be 
 referred to the early years of Elizi^beth." 
 The refrain is : — 
 
 " Adieu love, adieu love, untrue love : 
 Untrue love, untrue love, adieu love i 
 Tourmmd is light, soon lost for new love." 
 
 "While there is life, there's 
 hope ! he cried." A line in Gay's poem 
 of Tlie Sick Mali and the Angel. 
 
 " Whining schoolboy, The." 
 
 As Tou Mice It, act ii., scene 7 :— 
 " With his satchel 
 And shining morning face, creeping like snail 
 Unwillingly to sohool." 
 
 ■Whipple, Edwin Percy, Ameri- 
 can essayist (b. 1819), has published The 
 Genius and Writings qf Macaulay (1843), 
 Essays and Reviews (1848); Lectnres an 
 Subjects connected with jAterature, and 
 Life (1849), Success and' its Conditions 
 (1864), Character and Chracteristie Men , 
 (1866), The Literatwre of the Age of Queen 
 Elizabeth (1869), and A Biographical 
 Sketch of Macaulay {K70). A collection of 
 his Essays appeared in 1871. 
 
 "Whips and scorns of time, 
 
 The."— Hamlet, act ill.-, scene 1. 
 
 " Whirligig of time brings in his 
 revenges, Thus the."— welftli Night, act 
 v,, scene 1. 
 
 Whiskerandoes, Don Ferolo. 
 The lover of Tllburina (q.v.), in Puff's trag- 
 edy of Tlie Spanish Arrhada (q.v.), that 
 occurs in Shebidad's farce of The Critio 
 (q.v.). SeeVVTV. 
 
752 
 
 WHI 
 
 WHI 
 
 " 'Whispering 
 See Bated breath." 
 
 humbleness." 
 
 " 'Whispering, ' I will ne'er 
 
 consent,' consented."— BYBOir, Don Juan, 
 canto i., stanza 117. 
 
 " Wluspering tongues can poi- 
 son truth, But." A line in Colsbidqe's 
 poem of C/tristabel (q.v.). 
 
 ■Whistlecraft, William and 
 Kpbert. The nom de plume under wliich 
 Joux I-IooKHAM Fbeue (1709—1846) wrote 
 and published his humorous poems called 
 The Monks and Giants (si-v,). 
 
 "Whistled (And) as he went, 
 for vant of thought."— Dbyden, Cymon 
 and Iphigenia, line 84. 
 
 Whiston, 'William, divine (b. 
 1667, d. 1752), was the author of A New 
 Theorj/ of the Earth,from the Orifjinal to tlie 
 Consummation of all Things (1696); AnHis- 
 iorical Preface to PrimiUve Christianity 
 Revived (1710) ; and many other works, 
 besides an edition of Josephus. His Life 
 was written by himself (1749). 
 
 ■Whitaker, John, divine and 
 antiquary (b. 1735, d. 1808), wrote The Gen- 
 uine History of the Britons (1772), A' His- 
 tory of Mancliesier (1774), Mary Queen of 
 Scots Vindicated (1788), The Origin qf 
 AriaTiism Disclosed (1791), and other works 
 enumerated in Lowndes* Bibliographer's 
 Manual. 
 
 'Whitby, Daniel, D.D., divine 
 (b. 1638, d. 1727), produced The Protestant 
 Jieconciler (1683), A Paraphrase and Com- 
 mentary on the New Testament (1703), Dis- 
 guisitiones Modestcs (1718), Last Thoughts 
 (1727), Ji'ive Points ofCalvanism, and other 
 works. 
 
 'White, Babington. The author 
 of a' novel called CJircCf whicjh was de- 
 scribed by many critics as being chiefly de- 
 rived from the Dalilah of Octave Feuil- 
 let. He was freely identified with Miss 
 Braddon (q.v.), who, however, denied the 
 authorship of the book in question. 
 
 "White, Century. See CENinEY 
 
 ■WUITE. 
 
 "White, Devil, The : " or, "Vittoria 
 Corombona, a Lady of Venice." A tragedy 
 by Joas Websteb (temp. 17th century), 
 first printed in 1012. " This White Devil 
 qf Italy," says Charles Lamb, " sets oil a 
 bad cause so speciously, and pleads with 
 such an innocent boldness, that we seem 
 to see that matchless beauty of her face 
 which inspires such gay confidence into 
 her, and are ready to expect, when &he has 
 done her pleadings, that her very judges, 
 her accusers, the grave ambassadors who 
 sit as spectators, and all the court, will rise 
 and make proffer to defend her, in spite of 
 the utmost conviction of her guilt." 
 
 'White Doe of Rylstone, The : 
 
 "or, the Fate of the Nortous." A poem 
 by William Wobdswobth (1770—1860), 
 founded on a tradition connected with 
 Bolton Priory, Yorkshire, which the au- 
 thor visited, for the first time, in 1807. 
 (See also the ballad. The Jlisina of the 
 North.) The tradition is, that " about this 
 time," not long atter the Dissolution, " a 
 white doe long continued to make a weekly 
 pilgrimage from Rylstone over the fells o'f 
 Bolton, and wus constantly found in the 
 Abbey churchyard during divine service, 
 after the close of which she returned home 
 as regularly as the rest of the congrega- 
 tion." 
 
 'White, Gilbert, clergyman and 
 naturalist (b. 1720, d. 1793), published The 
 Natural History and Antiquities of Sel- 
 ftoroe (1789), The Naturalist's Calendar, 
 (1795) ; and some Miscellaneous Observa- 
 tions and a Calendar, wliich are included 
 in certain editions of the foregoing. See 
 the Biographical Memoir by Jesse, prefixed > 
 to an edition of the Natural History, pub- 
 lished in 1850. See Selbobke, &c; 
 
 'White, Henry. Kirke, poet(b. 
 1785, d. 1806), was the author of Clifton 
 Grove and other poems, published in 1803. 
 His Remains were edited, with a lAfe, by 
 Southey. See also the Biography by Sir 
 Harris Nicolas. 
 
 White, James, vicar of Bonchurcli 
 (b. 1804, d. 1862), wrote a poem entitled The 
 Village Poor-lumse: by a Country Curate 
 (1832); some plays, including The Earl of 
 Gowrie, Feudal Times, and The King qf 
 the Commons; several contributions to 
 Blaclstvood's Magazine ; a series of His- 
 torical Landmarks; histories of France 
 and England ; and an historical sunnnary 
 called The Eighteen Christian CentuHes. 
 
 'White, Joseph Blanco, miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1775, d. 1841), published 
 Letters from Spain (1822) ; Practical and 
 Internal Evidence against Catholicism 
 (1825) ; The Poor Man's PTeser-cative 
 against Popery (1825) ; Letters to Mr. Butler 
 on his Notice of the latter (1826) ; Second 
 Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search 
 of a Beligion (1833), [see Moobe, Thomas]; 
 and Observations on Heresy ami- Orthodoxy 
 (1839). He also edited The London lieview, 
 and translated into Spanish the Evidences 
 of Porteous andPaley, the Booltof Common 
 Prayer, and -some of the Homtlies. His 
 Life, "written by himself," appeared, with 
 a portion of his CoiTespondence, edited by 
 J. Hamilton Thom, in 1845. See Leucadio 
 Doblado, Don ; Night, On. 
 
 'White Lady of Avenel, The, 
 figures in SnoTT's novel of The Monastery 
 (q.v.) as a mysterious spirit that watches 
 over tlie fortunes of the Avenel family. 
 She describes herself, in the work, as 
 " Somothinff betwixt henven and hell, 
 Somethinj: that neither stood nor Xell , , , , 
 Neither BubBtauce quite or Bluidow. 
 
WHI 
 
 WHI 
 
 753 
 
 Haunting lonely moor and meadow, 
 Dancing Dj the haunted spring, 
 Riding on the whirlwind'B wiag, 
 Aping in fantastic fashion 
 Every change of human passion." 
 
 ""White radiance of eternity, 
 The.'* All expression used by Shelley 
 in liis AdonaiSj Ux. : — 
 
 '* I.ifc, like a dome of many-coloured elaBB, 
 Stains tlie wliite radiance of eternity?' 
 
 White, Richard G-rant, Ameri- 
 can essayist and Shakespearian critic (b. 
 1822), has published Shakspere's Scholar 
 (1854) ; an edition of the plays of Shakes- 
 peare, with essays and notes (1857 — 64) ; The 
 Life and Genius <^ Shakespere (1865) ; 
 Words and their Uses (1870) ; and several 
 other works. See Yankee, A. 
 
 White Rose and Red. A poem 
 by Robert Buchanan (q.v.), published 
 anonymously in 1873. It is American in 
 ficenery and incident. 
 
 Whitefield, George, Methodist 
 preacher (b. 1714, d. 1770), published a 
 ereat number of sermons and journals. 
 His Worksy with an account of his life, ai>- 
 peared in 1771—2. 
 
 Whitefoord, Caleb, wit and satir- 
 ist (b. 1734, d. 1809), lives in English liter- 
 ature in the postscript to Goldsmith's Re- 
 taliation (1774), where he is described as 
 
 "Bare compound of oddity, frolic, and fun," 
 
 and as the 
 
 ** Best-humour*d znan with the worst humour'd 
 muse,"' 
 
 His writings were chiefly confined to epi- 
 grams and other verses, contributed to 
 Tile Public Advertiser. 
 
 ■Whitehead, Paul, poet {b. 1710, 
 d, 1774), wrote State Dunces, Manners^ 
 
 Honour, Satires. Oi-nC The Gymnasiad {q.Y.). 
 His Poems and Miscellaneous Compositions 
 were edited, with a Life, by Edward 
 ThoG'pson, in 1777. 
 
 WTiitehead, William, poet-lau- 
 reate and dramatist (b. 1715, d. 1785), wrote 
 On the Danger of Writing Verse (q.v.), 
 Atys and Adrastus (1743), An Essay on 
 Ridicule (1743), The Jirnnan Father (1750), 
 Creusa (q.v.), Tfie ScJwol for Lovers (q.v.), 
 A Cliarge to the Poets (1762), The Trip to 
 Scotland (1770), and various other works. 
 Ife himself published, in 1774^ a collection 
 of his Plays and Poems, to which was 
 added, in 1^88. some further pieces and a 
 Life by W. Mason. See also Fatal Con- 
 stancy ; Sweepeks, The. 
 
 Whitelocke, Bulstrode, lawyer 
 and politician (b. 1605, d. 1676), wrote 
 Memoirs of the English Affairs from the 
 beginning of the Peign of Charles J. io tlie 
 Happy Pesforation of Charles IT.,' An 
 Aeccnint of the SvfedisU Embassy in 1653—4 ; 
 and Memorials of the English Affairs from 
 the avppQaed. expedition qfJSrute.to tli4 end 
 
 82* 
 
 of James /.'s Peign ; all of them published 
 after his deatli, and all of them of great 
 value to the historical student. 
 
 Whitgift, John, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury (b. 1530, d. 1604), wrote various 
 sermons and other Works, which were 
 collected and edited b;^ the Hev. John 
 Ayre in 1851—4. His Life and Acts were 
 written by John Strype (q,v.). 
 
 •' Whither, O whither, love, 
 shall we go?"— r/w Islet, by Alfked 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Whitlaw, Life and Adventures 
 
 of Jonathan Jefferson. A novel by Mrs. 
 TaoLLOtE (1778—1863), published in 1836, 
 and containing many satirical pictures of ' 
 American manners. 
 
 Whitman, Walt, American poet 
 (b. 1819), has published numerous volumes 
 of " poems," a selectiou from whichwas 
 made and publisbedy in .1868 by William 
 Michael Kossetti. They include Leaves 
 of Grass, Dnim Taps, and other produc- 
 tions. " Let it at once and unhesitatingly, 
 be admitted, ' says Robert Buchanan,-' that, 
 ■Whitman's want of art, his grossness, hia~ 
 tall talk, his metaphorical word-piling are 
 faults— prodigious ones ; and then let us 
 turn reverenWy to contemplate these signs 
 which denote his ministry, his command 
 of rude forces, his nationality, his manly 
 earnestness, and, last and greatest, his 
 wondrous sympathy with men as men. 
 He emerges from the mass of unwelded 
 materials— in shape much like the earth- 
 spirit in Faust He is loud aiid coarse, 
 like most prophets, ' soundiyg,' as he-him- 
 self phraseii it, 'his barbaric yawp over 
 the roofs ot the world.' He is the voice of 
 which America stood most in need— a 
 voice at which ladies scream and. whip-. 
 per-snappera titter with delieht, but 
 which clearly pertains to a man who means 
 to be heard . JSe is tlie clear forerunner of 
 the great American poets, long yearned 
 for, now prophesied, but not peihaps to 
 be beheld till the vast American democ- 
 racy has subsided a little from its last and 
 grandest struggle. 
 
 Whittier, John Greenleaf,Amer- 
 iean poet and prose writer (b. 1808), has 
 published, among other works, Legenrls of 
 New England (1831) ; Ballads (1838) ; Lays 
 of my Home (1843) / The Stra/nqer in Lowell 
 (1845); Voices of Freedom {i^'i^)'\ Old por- 
 traits and Modem Sketches (1850); Srngs 
 of Labour (1850); Literary Pecreatiffns 
 (1854) ; Home Ballads and Poems (I860) ; 
 National Lyrics (1865); Maud Milller (If 65); 
 Among the Hills (1R68) ; Ballads of New 
 England (1870); Child-Life (1871^; and 
 The Pennsy I vanvtn Pilgrim, andftker Po- 
 ems {12^2)* A collection of his Poems ap- 
 peared in 1869. 
 
 Whittingham, Williani, pnlslish- 
 ed in 1557 a translation of tho New Testa* 
 
754 
 
 WHI 
 
 WID 
 
 ment from the Greek text as publislied by 
 Erasmus. Calvin, liis brother-in-law, pre- 
 fixed to it An Epistle Declaring tltat Christ 
 is ilie J'.nd of the Laxo. 
 
 Wliittington, Dick. Tlie liero of 
 a popular nurser]r legend, the history of 
 vrhich is fully, discussed by Halliwell- 
 Phillippy jmd Keightley in their respective 
 works on legendary lore. 
 
 " Who fears to speak of Nine- 
 ty-eight ! '* First line of a famous Irish 
 Bong oy the Rev. JoHx Kells Ingram, 
 It lirst appeared in The Nation news- 
 paper. 
 
 '* Who blushes at the nome 7 
 Wlien cownrda mock the patriot's fate* 
 
 Who hanga his head in Bhamo 1 
 He's nil n kunve or linlf a slave, 
 
 Who Blights his country thus i 
 But 0, true man. like yon, man, 
 VVill till hid glass with us." 
 
 " "Who Is Silvia ? V7hat is she ? " 
 A song ill The Two Gentlemen qf Verona, 
 act iv.t 8cene 2. 
 
 "Who would be a mermaid 
 
 fair ! "—The Mermaid, by Alfeed Ten- 
 
 HYSON. 
 
 " 'Who ■would be a merman 
 
 'boM?"— The Merman, by Alfked Ten- 
 
 KYSON. 
 
 "Whoe'er has travelled life's 
 dull round." First iiuo of n quatrain, 
 written by Shenstoxe on the window- 
 pane of an inn at Henley : — 
 
 " Whoe'er hoR travelled life's dull round, 
 *VV^lialc'er his Btogea may have been, 
 May elgh to think lie Rtill hna fouad 
 
 " Whoe'er she be, That not im- 
 possible she." Opening lines of Cea- 
 SHAW's Wishes to his {Supposed) Mistress. 
 
 Whole Duty of Man, The: "laid 
 down in a Plain and Familiar Way." A 
 once popular work, published in 1659 ; 
 translated into Welsh in 1672, and Into 
 Latin in 1693 ; and attributed at various 
 times to three archbishops, two bishops, 
 several clergymen, and a lady. Its auth- 
 orship still remains a secret. Morley 
 points out that in Hobbes's Behemoth, pub- 
 lished in 1679, one of the two interlocutors 
 expi-ess a wish for "a system of the pres- 
 ent morals written by some divine of good 
 reputation and learning, and of the late 
 king's party ;" whereupon the othoi' says : 
 " I think I can recommend unto you the 
 best that is extant, and such a one as (ex- 
 cept a few passages that I mislike) is very 
 well worth your reading." He according- 
 ly goes 6n to mention The Wliole Duty of 
 Man. See Duty of Man, The Com- 
 plete. 
 
 " Whole of life to live, 'Tis not 
 the."— MoN'TQoMEBY, The Issues qf Life 
 and Death :— 
 
 " Nor all of death to die." 
 
 " ' Whom the Gods love die 
 
 young,* was said of yore." — ^Byeoit, Don 
 Juan, canto iv., stanza 12. The expression 
 is to be found in Flautus ; " Quern Di 
 diligunt adolescens moritur." lu a frag- 
 ment of Meuander also we read : — " 'Ot' ot 
 deol t^i^ovaiv oLTrodvriaKet. veo^." 
 
 Whore of Babylon, The. "An 
 
 elegant comedy," said to have been writ- 
 ten by Edward VI. It was probably of a 
 religious and controversial character. 
 
 " Why art thou BUent ? Is thy 
 love a plant?" A sonnet by William 
 
 WOBDaWOKTH. 
 
 Why come ye not to Courts? 
 
 A rhyming satire by John Skelton (q.v.), 
 directed against Cardinal Wolsey. 
 
 "Why does azure deck the 
 
 sky." A song by Thomas Mooee. 
 
 " Why don't the men propose? " 
 
 First line of a song by Thomas Ha ykes 
 Bayly (1797—1839). 
 
 " 'Why dost thou say I am for- 
 sworn ? " A song by Eichaed Lovelaob 
 (1618—1658) :— 
 
 ** Ilavc I not loved thee much and long, 
 A tedious twelve-hours' space ? " 
 
 "Why so pale and wan, fond 
 
 lovor ? " A song by Sir John Suckling 
 (1609—1641), occurring in his play ot Ag- 
 laura (q.v.). "How do you like that?" 
 says some one in Longfellow's HyperUm, 
 "To you I say. Quit, quit for shame!" 
 replied Flemining. '* Why quote the songs 
 of that witty and licentious age ? " 
 
 Why ttington W i 11 i a m . See 
 
 Apostolic Ckeed; Atjcanasiak Creed; 
 Command.ments, The Ten. 
 
 Wicked Bible, The. An edition 
 published in 1631 ; so called because the 
 word '• not " is omitted in the seventh 
 commandment. See Dr. Heylin's Life of 
 Laud. "The printers," says Lowndes, 
 "were called before the High Commis- 
 siou, fined deeply, and the whole impres- 
 sion destroyed." 
 
 Wicket Gate, The. Tlie entrance 
 to the road leading to the Celestial City in 
 BuNYAN's Pitgrim^s Progress. 
 
 Wicklif, WioHf, or "Wicliffe, 
 John. See Wycliffe, John. 
 
 " Wide as a church door. As." 
 Jtomeo and Juliet, act iii., scene 1. 
 
 Widkirk Mysteries. See Wake- 
 field Plays, The. 
 
 Widow, The. A comedy by Ben 
 JoNSON, John Fletcher, anil Thomas 
 Middleton, acted in Charles I.'s reign, 
 but not printed until 1652. 
 
 Widow's Tears, The. A comedy 
 by 0£uaaG Chapman (q.v.), produced iu 
 
WT-Rl 
 
 WIL 
 
 753 
 
 1612, in which Cynthia, the heroine, falls 
 in love with the sentinel who is put on 
 guard over the co^se of her husband. 
 
 ■Wieland. Tlie Oberon of tin's Ger- 
 man poet was translated into English by 
 William Sotheby, and published in 1T98. 
 
 Wieland : " or, the Transforma- 
 tion." A novel by Gharlbs Brockdeit 
 Browit (1771—1810), published in 1798. 
 
 Wife, A. now a Widowe. A 
 
 poem written by Sir Thomas Oveubury 
 (1518—1613) in 1614, to persuade the Earl 
 of Somerset from marrying the divorced 
 Countess of Essex. "The compassion of 
 the public," says Campbell, " for a man 
 of worth, ^ whose spirit still walketh unre- 
 venged among them,* together with the 
 contrast of his ideal Wife with the Coun- 
 tess of Essex, who was his murderess, at- 
 tached an interest and popularity to lii^ 
 work, and made it pass rapidly through 
 sixteen editions befote the year 1653. . . . 
 As aipoet Overbury has few imposing at- 
 tractions ; his beauties are those of solid 
 reflection, predominating over, but not ex- 
 tinguishing, sensibility." 
 
 Wife of Bath, The. A comedy 
 by John Gay, first produced in 1713, and 
 again, with alterations, in 1730, but each 
 time unsuccessfully. See also Bath, 
 The Wife of. 
 
 "Wife, The: "a tale of Mantua." 
 A tragedy by James Sheridan Knowles 
 (1784-^1862). When it was originally pro- 
 duced, the hero and heroine were played 
 by Knowles and Miss Ellen Tree (after- 
 wards Mrs. Charles Kean] respectively. 
 
 'Wilberforce, Samuel, CD., 
 
 Bishop of Winchester (b. 1805, d. 1873), 
 vublisked Agathos (q.v.t, andotlier Stories; 
 Hebrew Heroes; Sermons and Charges; 
 and other works. His Quarterly Essays 
 appeared in 1874. 
 
 Wilberforce, 'Williain, anti- 
 slavery advocate (b.l759,d. 1S3.3), published 
 in 1797 A Practical View of tlie Prevailing 
 Jieligious System of Professed Christians in 
 the Higher and Middle Classes of this 
 Country^ contrasted with Heal Christianity, ' 
 See the Life by his sons. 
 
 Wild Flowers. Poems l)v Egb- 
 ert Bloomfield (1766-1823), written in 
 1806. 
 
 " Wild in woods the noble 
 savage ran, When." A line occurring in 
 Dryden's play of The Conquest of 6ra- 
 nada^ part i., act i., scene 1. 
 
 Wild Irish Girl, The. A novel 
 by Lady MonoAif (1783—1859), published 
 111 1801. This "national tale "ranlhrough 
 seven editions iu two years. 
 
 Wild Oats : " or, the Strolling 
 Gentleman." A comedy by JoHK' O'Keefe 
 (1747—1833) ; printed in 1798. 
 
 "Wild with all regret."— Ten- 
 nyson, The Princess, canto iv. 
 Wild, The History of Jonathan. 
 
 A novel by Henry Fielding (1707—1764), 
 published in 1743, and founded on the his- 
 tory of a notorious highwayman who was 
 executed in 1725. " In that strange apo- 
 logue," says William Makepeace Thack- 
 eray, *'the author takes for a hero the 
 greatest rascal, coward^ traitor, tyrant, 
 hypocrite, thatiiis experience In this mat- 
 ter could enable him to devise or depici ; 
 he accompanies this villain through, all 
 the actions of his life, with a grinning def- 
 erence and a wonderful mock respect, 
 and does not leave him till he is dangling 
 at the gallows, when the satirist makeg 
 him a low bow, and wishes the scoundrel 
 good day." " A satire like this," says W. 
 C. Eoscoe, " strips off the spurious omar 
 nients of hypocrisy, shows the beaufy oi 
 the moral character, and will always be 
 worthy the attention of the reader who 
 desires to rise wiser or better fi-om the 
 book he peruses." 
 
 Wild-Goose Chase, The. A 
 
 play by John Fletcher (1576—1625). 
 
 ■Wildair, Sir Harry. A comedy 
 by George Farquhar (1678—1707), pro- 
 duced in 1701 ; also the name of the hero ol 
 The Constant Couple (1700). 
 
 Wilde, Lady. See Spekanza. 
 
 " Wilderness of sweets, A." — 
 
 Paradise Lost, book v. , line 294. 
 
 Wildfell Hall, The Tenant of. 
 
 A novel by Anne Bronte (1822—1849). 
 
 ■Wildfire, Madge. Tlie sobriquet 
 attached to Margaret Murdochson in Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel of I'lie Heart q) 
 Midlothian (q.v.). 
 
 Wilhelm Meister's Apprentice- 
 ship. Translated from the German ol 
 Goethe by Thomas Cahlyle (b. 179p), and 
 publishett in 1824. It was severely criti- 
 cised by De Quincey, in The London Maga- 
 zine, and hyi^riSeSieyia The Edinburgh 
 Ileview. 
 
 Wilkes, John, journalist (b. 1727, 
 d. 179T), wrote An Essay on -Woman ,(1763), 
 Speeches (1777—9. and 1786), !u\d, Letters 
 (1767, 1768, 1769, and 180,5). His Life was 
 written by Baskerville in 17ea, by Cradock 
 in 1772, by Almon in 1805, and by W, F. 
 Kae in 1873.* ** Wilkes," says Macaulay, in 
 his essay on the Earl of Chatham, "was 
 a man of taste, reading, and engaging 
 manners. His sprightly conversation was 
 the delight of green-rooms and tavemp, 
 and pleased even grave hearers when he 
 was sufficiently under restraint to abstain 
 from detailing the particulars of hiB 
 amours and from breaking jests on* the 
 New Testament. In Parliamenthe did not 
 succeed. His speaking, though just, wae 
 feeble. Asa writer be foidi a better figure." 
 
75Q 
 
 WIL' 
 
 WIL 
 
 See Byron's description of Wilkes in T/te 
 yision of Judgment. See also the Percy 
 Anecdotes and The Edinhurqh lieview for 
 1839- See North Britox, The. 
 
 "Wilkie, "William, D.D., minister 
 and poet (b. 1721, d. 1772), wrote The EpU 
 ffoniad (1757 and 1759), (q.T.) j A Dream^ in 
 the Manner of Spenser (1759); Fables (1768) ; 
 and Bome miscellaneous pieces. His 
 JVorks are included in Anderson's edition of 
 Tf.e British Foets^ See ScSttish Homer, 
 The. 
 
 'Wilkins, John, D.D., Bishop of 
 Chester (b. 1614, d. 1072), wrote A Discovery 
 of a Nexo World : or^ a JJiscourse tending 
 to prove that 'tis probable there may be 
 another habitable world in the Moofi, with a 
 discourse cnncer}ung the possibility of a 
 passage thither (1G38) ; A Discourse con- 
 cerning a New Flanet, tending toprove that 
 it. is probable our Earth is one of the 
 /•/anc^s. (1640) ; An Essay towards a real 
 Citaracter and a Philosophical Language 
 (166S) ; Of the Principles and Duties of 
 Natural Religion (1675) ; and othqr works. 
 
 "Wilkins, Peter, The Life and 
 
 Adventures of : "relating particularly his 
 Shipwreck near the South Pole : liis won- 
 derful passage through a subterraneous 
 Cavern into a kind of New AVorld ; his 
 there meeting with a Gawrey, or Flying 
 "Woman, whose life he preserved, and after- 
 wards married her ; his exti-aordinary Con- 
 veyance to the Country of Glumms and 
 Gawreys, or Men and Women that fly ; 
 likewise a description of this strange 
 Countiy, with the Laws, Customs, audMan- 
 nera of its Inhabitants, and tliG Author's 
 remarkable Transactions among them ; 
 taken from his own Mouth on his Passage 
 to England from off Cape Honi in America 
 ill the ship Hec/or ,■ witli an Introductiou 
 giving an Account of the Surprising Man- 
 ner of his coming on Board that Vessel, and 
 his I)eath on his landing at Plymouth, in 
 the year 1739 ; by R. S., a Passenger in the 
 Hector.*' This work was first published in 
 1750, with a dedication to Elizabeth, Count- 
 ess of Northumberland, and is presumed, 
 from an a^eement with Dodsley, the pub- 
 lisher, which was dicovered in 1835, to be 
 from the pen of Hobekt Paltock (q.v.), 
 *' of Clement's Inn, Gentleman," of whom 
 we have absolutely no more infoiTnation 
 than is contained in the above description, 
 or in the fact that Paltock had been m- 
 debted to the Countess for " alate instance 
 of benignity," and that it was after her 
 that lie drew the portrait of Youwarkee, 
 hi« charming heroine. The "K. S., a 
 passenger in the Hector" is obviously a 
 lictitions personage, for the dedication and 
 the introduction are both signed by the in- 
 itials of this Bobert Paltock ; and if he 
 stands for any individnal at all, it has been 
 suggested that he is intended for the Hich- 
 ard Synipson who stood sponsor for Lemuel 
 OuUlver iu Swift's famous Hction. The 
 
 idea of the work, together with the name 
 of the hero, was probably suggested hy 
 Bishop y<fi\k\a&* Discovery of a Neio World , 
 
 Sublished anonymously \i\ 1638, which was 
 escribed as " a discourse tending to prove 
 that 'tis probable there may be another 
 habitable "World in the Moon," and in 
 which there occur speculations as to the 
 possibihty of men being able to fly by 
 means of wings attached to their bodies. 
 Otherwise, the book seems founded to a 
 great extent on the plan of Defoe's Robin' 
 son Crusoe, Peter Wilkins being, like that 
 immortal personage, a shipwrecked voy- 
 ager, cast upon a solitary shore, of which 
 he is for a considerable time the sole in- 
 habitant. Tlie name of the "strange Coun- 
 try " inhabited by Glumms and Gawreys 
 is Nosmnbdsgrsutt, an unpronounceable 
 word ; and in the description of it given 
 by Peter Wilkins, there is an evident imi- 
 tation of the style of Swift. Southey con- 
 fesses to having derived from it his con- 
 ception of the Glendoveers who ligure in 
 his Curse of Kehama, and Weber has re- 
 printed the whole siory in hia Collection, 
 of Popular Fomances. See The Feti'O' 
 spective Review, vii., 120 — 183, and Leigh 
 Hunt's Seer- 
 
 Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner, 
 
 Egyptologist (b. 1797), has produced Miv- 
 teria Hieroglypkica (1828) ; The Topog- 
 raphy of Thebes\ and General View of 
 ■^ffypi (1833) ; The Manners and Customs /- 
 of the Ancient Egyptians (1837 — il) ; Dal' 
 maiia and Montenegro (1848) ; The ArcM-* 
 lecture of Ancient Thebes (1S50) ; On Colowf 
 and on the Necessity for the General Dif' 
 fusion of Taste among all Classes (1S58) ; 
 and other works. 
 
 Will Waterproof's Ziyrtcal 
 
 Monologue. A poem by Alfred Tejtny- 
 SON, written in lS42 : one of the poet's few 
 attempts at the composition of vers de 
 soci&t^. 
 
 Willet, Joe, in Dickens's novel 
 ot Bamaby Fudge (ci.v.), eventually mar- 
 ries Dolly Varden (q.v.). 
 
 William, Archbishop of Oranj^e, 
 figures in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. 
 
 ^ 'William and Margaret. A ballad 
 by David Mallet (1700—1766), published 
 in 1727. See Fair Margaret akd 
 Sweet William. 
 
 William and the Werwolf. An old 
 
 English Romance, edited by Sir Freder- 
 ick Maddex, and published by him in 1828 
 and 1S32. The author is unknown. Xt was 
 probably written about 1350. 
 
 William de Brampton. See 
 Bramptox, William de. 
 
 William of Malmesbury, his- 
 torian (temp, eleventh centuiy), wrote 
 several works, enumerated by Wright iu 
 his Biographia Litcraria, among whicli thd 
 most Jiaportanfr are the Gesta Fegwn An^ 
 
•WIL 
 
 WID 
 
 757 
 
 glarum, fha Slstoria N'oveltajBxid the Gcsta 
 PontijUcum. The lirst includes a i*esuTn4 of 
 EIlgU^H history from the arrival of the 
 English in 443 till 1120 ; tlie second opens 
 ■wim a retrospect of Henry I.'s-rcign, and 
 terminates abruptly with the year 1143. 
 All three were first printed in the 5cWp- 
 /orfisjjos* 5crfai», edited by Sir Henry Sa- 
 ville. Of the lirst two, there is an edition 
 by Sir Duffus Hardy, published in 1840 for 
 the Historical Society. An English trans- 
 lation by the Rev. John Sharpe, issued in 
 1815, formed the basis of that made by Dr. 
 Giles, which is included in Bohn*s Anti- 
 guaruxn Library (1847). 
 
 William of Newbury (or New- 
 burgh), historian (b. 1136, d. 1208), wrote 
 the Historia liegum, Angl-icantm, the nar- 
 rative of which extends from the Norman 
 Conquest to the year 1198, and which was 
 first printed at Antwerp In 1S97. It was 
 edited for the Historical Society, in 1856. 
 For the original Latin, see Ilerum Britan- 
 nicarum Scripiores (1587). 
 
 ■William of Occam. See Invin- 
 cible DocTOB, The j Occam, William 
 
 OF. 
 
 ■William tlie Trouvere. See 
 
 Theophilxts. 
 
 Williams, Anna, poet (b. 1706, d. 
 1783), published, in 1766, a volume of Mis- 
 cellanies in Prose and Verse, to which Dr. 
 Johnson contributed a preface and, it is 
 'said, some of the pieces themselves. She 
 had published, in 1T46, a translation of La 
 Bletterie's Li/e of the Emperor Julian. 
 
 ■Williams, Caleb. A novel by 
 ■William Goodwis (1756—1836), pub- 
 lished in 1794. " There i.i little knowledge 
 of the world," says Hazlitt, " little variety, 
 neither an eye for the picturesque, nor a 
 talent for the humorous, in Caleb Wil- 
 liams ; but you cannot doubt for a mo- 
 ment of the originality of the work and 
 the force of the conception. This novel is 
 utterly unlike anything else that ever was 
 written, and is one of the most original as 
 well as powerful productions in the Eng- 
 lish language." The hero, Caleb, is a man 
 of " insatiable, incessant curiosity." See, 
 Falklaxd 
 
 ■Williams, Daniel, D.D., Noncon- 
 formist divine (b. about 1643, d. 1716), 
 wrote Practical Discourses, and other 
 works, published in 1738—60. His Memoirs 
 appeared In 1718, and Papers relatmr/ to 
 his Life in 1816. See Kelson's Ufe of 
 Bishop Bull. 
 
 ■Williams, David, miscellaneous 
 writer (b. 1738, d. 1816), was the author of 
 A Letter to JJavid GarricI: (1770) : The 
 Philosopher; Essays on Public Worship, 
 palriotisMr and Projects of Reformation; 
 A Liturgy on tlie Universal Principles of 
 Religion and Morality ; Lectures on Po- 
 litieal Principle); Lectures on PoMv- 
 
 cal .Liberty ; 'Lessons to a Towng Prinze ; 
 a History of Monmouthshire ; a Treatise on 
 Education ; and Preparatory Studies for 
 Political Reformers. He was the founder 
 of the " Eoyal Literary Fund." 
 
 ■Williams,, Helen Maria, mis- 
 ce'laneous writer (b. about 1762, d. 1828), 
 published Miscellaneous Poems (1786) ; 
 Julia : a novel (1790) ; A Sketch of tite Poli- 
 tics of France in nS3—i(n9S) ; Letters from 
 France: containing many New Anecdotes 
 relative to the French Revolution (1792— v 
 96) ; A Tour in Switzerland (ViSi) ; Sketches 
 of the State of Manners and Opinions in ijie 
 French Republic towards the close of the 
 Eighteenth Century (1801) ; Poems on Va- 
 rious Occasions (1823) ; and other worlts. ' 
 
 ■Williams, John, Arclib'isliop of 
 York (b. 1582, d. 1650) was the author of 
 Tlie Holy Table, Name and Tiling^ ser- 
 mons, and other worlcs. See the i?/c by. 
 Bishop Hacket (1693), and by Ambrose 
 Philips (1700). 
 
 ■Williams, Monier, Sanscrit 
 scholar (b. 1819), has published A Practical 
 Grammar of the Sanscrit Language (1846), 
 an English and Sanscrit Dic/wnary (1851), 
 Indian Epic Poetry (1863^, a Sanscrit ami 
 English Dictionary (1872), and numerous 
 translations from the Sanscrit. 
 
 ■Williams, Rowland, D .D., 'Welsh 
 scholar and divine (b. 1817, d. 1870) was the 
 author of Rational Godliness after tlie 
 Mind of Christ and the loritten voices vf -- 
 Ms Church (1855) ; Hinduism and Chris- 
 tianity compared (1856) ; 2'he Prophets of 
 Israel and Juilah during the Assyrian Em- 
 pire (1866) ; Glendower: a Dramatic Bio- 
 graphy (18T0) ; The Hebrew Prophets, 
 Translated Afri'shfrom the Original (1872) ; 
 and other works, including iin article on 
 Bunsen's Biblical Researc/ies, contributed 
 to Essays and Reviews (1860). His Life and 
 Letters was published in 1874. 
 
 "Williams, Sarah, poet, was tbe 
 author of I'lviliglit Hours, a volume of 
 verse published in 1872, with a Memoir by 
 E. H. Plumptre. 
 
 "Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury, 
 diplomatist and poet (b. 1709, d. 1759), 
 wrote Poems (1763) and Odes (1775), Which' 
 were republished, in his Works, printed 
 "from the originals," with notes by 
 Horace Walpole, in 1822. 
 
 Williams, Sir Roger, militnry 
 officer (temp. Queen Elizabeth), was the 
 author of Actions of the Low Countries, A 
 Brief Discourse of War, Advice from 
 France, and other works. See Sir "Walter 
 Scott's edition of Somers's Tracts. 
 
 "Willie and May Margaret. A 
 ballad, printed by Jamieson in his collec- 
 tion. Willie is represented as crossing the 
 Clyde, against his mother's wish, to visit 
 May Margaretj and as being drowned oa 
 
758 
 
 ■Wlli 
 
 WIIj 
 
 hi3 way home. Buchan entitles his ver- 
 fiion The Jirowned Lover. 
 
 Willie's Iiadye. A ballad, printed 
 by Scott inhis Border Minstrelsy f and pub- 
 lislied by Jamieson under the title of 
 Sioeet Willy. Matthew Gregory Lewis 
 has included a version, in his Tales of 
 Wonder ; and Professor Aj^toun gives it as 
 it is given by Jamieson, with some slight 
 re-touches. The ballad tui-ns upon the 
 Fpell under which WiUie^n Ladye is laid 
 by her wiolced mother-in-law. 
 
 " "Willing to -wound, and yet 
 
 afraid to strike." — Pope, Prologue to the 
 Satires, line 203. 
 
 "Willingly let die, Not." A 
 phrase ussd by Milton in his essay on 
 Church G-yi'pmment. " I might, perhaps, 
 leave something so written to after times 
 as they should not willingly let die." 
 
 Willis, Nathaniel Parker, 
 American miscellaneous writer (b. 1806, d. 
 1867), was the author of Peiicillings by the 
 Way (q.v.), ffw^ygraphs, People I have 
 Jl/e'i Dashes at Life, and many other vol- 
 umes of a light and gossiping character, 
 descriptive of the men and manners of his 
 time. He was a large contributor to peri- 
 odical literature. 
 
 Willison, John, Presbyterian di- 
 vine (b. 1680, d. 1750t, wrote The Mother's 
 Catechism, The Afflicted Man's Companion, 
 and other works, published at Aberdeen 
 in 1769. HU Proof ical Jfor/js were edited, 
 with an introductory essay, by Dr. Eadie. 
 
 Willoughby, Brave Lord. See 
 Brave Lord Willoughby. 
 
 Willoughby, Sir Clement. A 
 
 character in Madame D'Arblay's Evelina 
 (q.v.); "insolent and polished." *'His 
 passion for Evelina is alternately bold and 
 perlidious, and always impertinent." 
 
 Willow Tree, The. A pastoral 
 dlalo3;ue between " "Willy " and ** Cuddy," 
 in The Golden Garland of Princely JDc' 
 lights (q.v.). 
 
 Willo-w, Willow, Willow. An 
 old ballad, in two parts, from which 
 Shakespeare took his song in Otliello, act 
 Iv., scene 3 : — 
 
 " My motlior had a maid call'd Barbara : 
 She was in love { and he she loved proved mad, 
 Anfl did forsake her. She hndaBoiiGrof ' Willow;' 
 An old thing 'twas, but it cxprcss'd herfoitune. 
 And she died uinsinj it." 
 
 Wills, "William Gorman, dra- 
 mati'tt and novelist (b. 1828), has written 
 the following plava:— TAe Man o^ Airlle 
 
 il866\ Hinko (1871), Cha/rles I. (1872), 
 Zaqene Aram (1873), Mary Queen o* Scots 
 (1874), and Jane Slmre (1875) ; also The 
 Wife's Evidence, David Chantrey, The 
 Pace that Kills, Nqtict to Qxi^it, afid «ther 
 stories. 
 
 Wills, William Henry, jour- 
 nalist (b. 1810), was for a long time Bub- 
 editor of Household Words and All the 
 Year Pound, under Charles Dickens. He 
 has published Old Leaves Gathered from 
 Household Words. 
 
 Wilmot, in Lillo's tragedy of 
 TJie Fatal Curiosity (q.v.), is an old man 
 who, with his wife, murders a rich 
 stranger who takes shelter in their house, 
 and discovers afterwards that he has 
 killed his sou, 
 
 Wilmot, Arabella, in Gold- 
 smith's Vicar of Walcejield (q.v-). ia be- 
 loved by George Primrose. 
 
 Wilmot, John. See Kochester, 
 Earl of. 
 
 Wilson, Alexander, ornitholo- 
 eist and poet (b. 1766, d. 1813), published 
 The Laurel Disputed (1791); Watty and 
 Meg (1792)) (q.T.); American Omitiiology 
 (1808—1814); and TAe i^bresfcrs (1825), (q.v,). 
 A sketch of his Life is prefixed to the 
 ninth volume of the Ornithology ; and a 
 Memoir J by George Ord, was published in 
 1828. 
 
 Wilson, Arthur, liistdrian and 
 dramatist (b. 1596, d. 1652), wrote a History 
 of Great liritain : being the' Life and 
 Jieign of K. James /., 1603—25 (1653), and 
 three comedies, of which one, The In- 
 constant Lady, was printed at Oxford in 
 1814. See his Autobiography. 
 
 Wilson, Daniel, LL.D., miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1816), has published 
 Memorials -of Edinburgh in tfte Olden 
 Time (1847) ; Oliver Cromwell and the Pro- 
 tectorate {ISiS) ; The Arclusology and Pre- 
 historic Annals of Scotland (1851) ; Prehis- 
 toHc Man : Researches into the Origin qf 
 Civilization in the Old and New Worlds 
 (1863) ; and CJiatterton: a Biographical 
 Study (1869). 
 
 Wilson, Florence, Scottish 
 scholar, (b. early in the sixteenth century^ 
 d. 1564), wrote a Latin dialogue, De Animi 
 Tranqiiilitate (q.v.), and a theological 
 tract, published in 1539. 
 
 Wilson, George, chemist, tech- 
 nologist, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1818, 
 d. 1850), wrote The Five Gate-Ways of 
 Knoxoledge ; Paper, Pen, mirf /nfc ,■ vari- 
 ous scientiAc treatises ; an unfinished 
 Life of Professor Edward Forbes ; a 
 volume of lectures ; and numerous con- 
 ti'ibutions to magazines and reviews. See 
 the Memoir by his sister (1866.) 
 
 Wilson. Henry Bristo-w, divine 
 (b, 1803), contributed a paper on " Chris- 
 tian Comprehension " to Oxford Essays in 
 1857, and an article on '*The National 
 Church" to Essays and Pevietvs in I860. 
 
 Wilson, Horace Hayman, Pro- 
 fessor of Sanscrit at Oxford (b^ 1786, d. 
 
WIL 
 
 WIL 
 
 759 
 
 18^). piiblished a translation of Kali- 
 daaa*s M^gha DUtd (1813), an edition of 
 Colebrooke's Sanscrit-English Dictionary 
 (1819), A Hist&i-y o/ Cashmere (1S25), Spect- 
 me7is of the Theatre of the Hindoos (1826—7), 
 DociimeiAs lUustratioe of the Burmese War 
 (1827), a translation of the Vishna Purana 
 (1840), Ariaiia Antlqua (1841), an edition of 
 Mill's History of BHtish India (1844—8), a 
 translation of %\\q Rig~Veda (1850— 7), and 
 other works. For Biography , see the Ite- 
 port qftJie Royal Asiatic Society (1860), 
 
 "Wilsoai, James, zoologist (h. 1795, 
 d. 1SS6), was the anthor of IllustratUms of 
 Zootogijy Rodand G«h, contributions to the 
 seventh edition of The Encyclopaedia Bri- 
 tannicn, and numerous articles in, the re- 
 views and magazines. 
 
 "Wilson, James, Clmncellor of the 
 Indian Exchequer (b. 1805, d. 1860), found- 
 ed The Economist in 1843. 
 
 "Wilson, John, poet (b. 1720, d. 
 1776), published The Clyde (176i), (q.v.) ; 
 and Earl Douglas, a tragedy, in the same 
 year. The former was republished by 
 Leyden, with a biographical sketch in the 
 first volume of Scottish J)escriptive Poems. 
 
 Wilson, John (" Cliristoplier 
 North"), poet, novelist, and essayist (b. 
 1785, d. 1854), wrote The Isle of Palms 
 (1812), (q.v.);. TJie City of tJie Plague 
 (1816) ; Lights and Shadows of Scottish 
 Life (1822); The THals of Margaret 
 ,Mndsay (1823) ; The Foresters (19,2^), (q.v.) ; 
 Essay on tlie Life and Geniiis of Robert 
 Bums (1841) ; and Recreations of Christo- 
 plier North (1842). Hia Poems and Dra- 
 matic yVorks appeared collectively in 1825- 
 His complete Works, edited by Professor 
 Ferrier, and including the Nodes Am- 
 hrosianoR (q.v.), appeared in 1855—8. His 
 Life was written by his daughter, Mrs. 
 Gordon. *'lf ever,'* says Professor Mas- 
 Bon, " there was a man of genius, and of 
 really great genius, it was the late Profes- 
 sor Wilson. From the moment when his 
 magnificent physique and the vehement, 
 passionate, ennui-dispelling nature that 
 ft so fitly enshrined, first burst upon liter- 
 ary society at Oxford, at the Lakes, and 
 at Edinburgh, there was but ane verdict 
 respecting him. It was that which Scott 
 and other competent judges expressed, 
 when they declared, as they did repeatedly, 
 that Wilson had powei-s that might make 
 him in literature the first man of Ids 
 generation. Moreover, what he actually 
 did, in the course of his five-and-thirty 
 years of literary life, remains to attest 
 the amount and vigour of his faculties. 
 In quantity it is large ; in kinds most vari- 
 ous. In the general literature of Britain a 
 place of real impoi*tance is accorded to 
 Christopher North, while his own com- 
 patriots—with that power of enthusiastic, 
 simultaneous, and, as it were, national re- 
 gard for their eminent m.en, either while 
 yet liv^Sr or after they are just dead, 
 
 which distinguishes them from their 
 neighbours the Knf2;li6h— have added hiin. 
 to the list of those illustrious Scots whom 
 they so delight to count overin chronologi- 
 cal series, and whom they remember wi,i.h 
 alfection. And yet not only in disin- 
 terested England, but even among.admir- 
 ing Scotchmen themselves, there have 
 been critical comments and drawbacks of 
 opinion witlx respect to Wilson's literary 
 career, and the evidences of his genius- 
 
 that remain So far as 1 have 
 
 seen, all the criticisms and drawbacks 
 really resolve themselves into an assertion 
 that Wilson, though a man of extraordi- 
 nary natural powers, did not do justice to 
 them by discipline—- that he was intellec- 
 tually, as well as physically, one of those 
 Goths of great pei'soual prowess, much of 
 whose prowess went to waste for want 
 of stringent self-regulation, and who, 
 as respects the total efticiency of their 
 lives, were often equalled or beaten-' by 
 men of more moderate build, but that 
 build Roman." See Mcjllion, Mordecai; 
 North, Christopher. 
 
 Wilson, Mathias. See Kkott, 
 Edward. 
 
 Wilson, Robert. See Cobblek's 
 Prophesy, The. 
 
 Wilson, Sir Thomas, divine, 
 statesman, and critic {d. 1581), wrote The 
 Rule of Reason, contemying the Arte of 
 Logiiiue (1551) ; The Art ofReiOrique (1553) ; 
 A Discoivrse upon Usury e^ hy xoay of Dior 
 logueasid Oracuyiis ; and a translation^ of 
 three of Bemosthenes' Orations. See Ket- 
 ORIQUE, The Art of. 
 
 Wilson, Thomas, D.D., Bishop of 
 
 Sodor and Man (b. 1663, d. 1765), wrote 
 The Principles and Duties of Christianity 
 (1707) ; Insti'uctionsfor Better Understand- 
 ing the Xord^s Supper (173G) ; Parochialia i 
 or, Instructionfor the Clergy XVJdl); Maxims 
 of Piety and Christianity (1791) ; Sacra 
 Privata : Private Meditations and Prayers 
 (1800), (q.v.) ; Sermons (1822) ; and other 
 WorkSf republished, with a Life by Crutt- 
 well in 1781. See also the biographies by 
 Stowell (1810) and Keble (1852). 
 
 Wilson, William, Scottish poet 
 (b. 1801, "d. 1860), contributed numerous 
 pieces to The Edinburgh Literary Journal ^ 
 Blackwood' sMagazine,Chamhers^ s Journal , 
 The Book of Scottish Song^ The Modern 
 Scottish Minstrel, and similar publications: 
 an edition of his Poems being published 
 posthumously, with a Memoir, by B. Loss- 
 mg. A second edition, .witn additional 
 poems, appeared in 1875. See Grant Wil- 
 son's Pods and Poetry of Scotland. 
 
 "Wilt thou forget the happy 
 
 hours?"— r/ie Past, by PEiicY Bysshe 
 Shelley, written in 1818. 
 
 "Wilt thou leave me thus? 
 And." First line of a lyric by Sir Thomas 
 
760 
 
 Wlli 
 
 WIN 
 
 Wyatt (1503—1042), of wliich Palgrave 
 says tliat "it was long before- Eiiglisk 
 poetry retanied to the charming simplic- 
 ity of this and a few other poems " by the 
 same writer. 
 
 "Wilton, Bialph de. A character 
 in Scott's poem of Marmion (q.v.)- 
 "Wiltshire Labourers, The 
 
 Hymn of the. Contributed by Charles 
 DiCKE^rs (1812-1870) to The haily Metos. 
 of February 14, 1846, and elicited by a 
 speech at one of the night meetings of the 
 wives of agricultural labourers in Wilt- 
 Bhlre, held lo petition for free trade. It 
 
 " Oh Cod, who by Thy Prophet's Hand 
 
 Didat smito the rocky brake, 
 "Whence water caine at Thy command, 
 
 Thy people's tliirst to slalte ; 
 Strike, now, upon this granite wall, 
 
 Storn, obdurate, and high: 
 Andlet some drop of pily fall 
 
 For ua who starve and die 1 " 
 
 "There is the true ring in these lines. 
 They have the note which Dickens con- 
 siBtently sounded through life of right 
 against might ; the note which found ex- 
 pression in. the Anti-Corn Law agitation, 
 m the protest against workhouse enormi- 
 ties, in the ,raid against those eccentrici- 
 ties in legislation which are anomalies to 
 the rich and bitter hardships to the poor." 
 
 "Wily Beguilde. A "plensant 
 comedie," piinted in 1606, and reprinted 
 by Carew Hazlitt in his edition of Dods- 
 ley's Old Plays. Hawkins describes it as 
 "a regular and very pleasing comedy," 
 and said that '*if it were judiTiiously 
 adapted to the manners of the times, it 
 would make no contemptible appearance 
 on the modern stage." "The chief e Ac- 
 tors," says the title-page, "Ije these: A 
 ■ poore sehoUer, a richfoole, and.a knave 
 at a shif te." The play is not divided into 
 acts. 
 
 Winible, "Will. A member of the 
 fictitious Spectator Club (q.v.) ; said to be 
 intended as a portrait of a Mr. Thomas 
 Morecroft (d. 1741). 
 
 "Winchelsea, Countess of, Anne 
 
 Finch, poetess (d. 1720), published Miscel- 
 lany Poems, and a tragedy called Aristo- 
 menes, in 1713. Wordsworth speaks of the 
 former volume as containing *' some de- 
 lightful pictures from external nature." 
 
 ""Wind and his nobility, Be- 
 twixt the."— Shakes PEA KE, King Henry 
 IV., part i., act 1., scene 3. 
 
 " Wind that profits nobody, 
 
 111 blows the."— A7?i.f/ Hem^j VI., part iii., 
 .act ii., scene 5. 
 
 "Windows (Rich), that ex- 
 clude tlie light." See Gray's poem, A 
 Long Story:— 
 
 " And passages that lead to nothing^." 
 
 Windsor Forest. A descriptive 
 
 poem, by Alexander Pope, written in 
 1704 ; completed and published in 1713. 
 
 "Wind-ward of the law, Just 
 to the." Churchill, TJie Ghost, book iii., 
 Une 56. 
 
 Wingate, David, Scottish poet 
 (b. 18^8), has published Poems (1862), and 
 Annie Weir, and other Poems (1866), besides 
 many fugitive verses in the magazines. 
 " The earnestness," says The Aihcnaum, 
 "with which he has cherished his sense 
 of beauty through a life of severe and per- 
 ilous toil demands from us sympathy and 
 respect." See Grant Wilson's J'oets and 
 Poetry of Scotland, , 
 
 Winifreda. A "lieant*fnl jiddresa 
 to conjugal love ; a subject," says Bishop 
 Percy, " Too much neglected by the liber- 
 tine Muses." It was, he believes, first 
 printed in a volume of Aliscellaneoui 
 Poems by several hands, in 1726 ; where it 
 is said, though apparently on no author- 
 ity, to be a translation " from the ancient 
 British language." 
 
 Winifreda< A poem by John 
 Gilbert Cooper (1723—1769). 
 
 ■Winkle, Mr. Nathaniel. The 
 Cockney sportsman, in Dickeks's novel 
 of the Posthumo^ts Papers of the Pickwick 
 Club (q.v.) ; inserted, the author tells us, 
 in order to afford scope for the pencil of 
 Seymour, the artist. 
 
 "Winkle, Rip Van. See Rip Van 
 "Winkle. 
 
 "Winning of Cales, The. A bal- 
 lad wjiich describes the capture of Cadiz, 
 on June 21, 1596, by Lord Howard and the 
 Earl of Essex. 
 
 'Winslo'W, Forbes Benignus, 
 
 M.D., physician and writer on psycliolog- 
 ical subjects (b. 1810, d. 1874), has written 
 On Cholera (1831), Physic and Physicians 
 (1839), The Anatomy of Suicide (1840), lec- 
 tures on Insanity (1854), Obscure Diseases 
 qfthe Mrain (1860), and other works. 
 
 Winstanley, William, biograph- 
 er (temp. Cliarles I. and II. and James 
 II.)) published The Muses Cabinet, stored 
 with a variety of Poems (1655) ; JEti^/laaid's 
 Worthies: Select Lives of the most Lmiiient 
 Persons of the ISnglysh Nation, f rom Con- 
 sfantine the Great down to these Times 
 (ICOO) ; The Loyall Martyrology : or. Brief 
 Catalogties of the most Eminent Peisoni 
 who suffered for their Conscience during the 
 late PebeVinn (1663) ; The Honour of the 
 Merchant Tct.ylors (1568) ; HistoiHcal Pari' 
 ties and Curious Obseriyafions, domestic 
 and foreign (1684) ; Lives <f the mosl fa- 
 mous English Poets (1687) ; and other 
 Worl-s. 
 
 Wint^. A poem, forming one of 
 the series on The Seasons, hy James 
 Thomson (1700—1748), publi^ed in 1726.. 
 
WKT 
 
 WIS 
 
 701- 
 
 It had been suggested to the writer by a 
 poetical composition on the same subject 
 of his friend Riccaltoun, and when com- 
 pleted was sold to a bookeeUer for the 
 sum of three guineas. To this Sir Spencer 
 Compton, to whom the poem was dedi- 
 catedf added twenty guineas. By-and-by, 
 the work became better known iu the lit- 
 erary world, and was " accompanied in 
 jnany editions," says Dr. Johnson, " not 
 only with a preface and dedication, but 
 with poetical praises by Mr. Hill, Mr. 
 Mallet (then Malloch), and Mira, the fic- 
 titious name of a lady once too well- 
 known." 
 
 ""Winter comes, to rule the 
 varied year."— Thompsox, jrinier, line i. 
 
 " "Winter of her days^ The."— 
 Sir Charles Sedlsy, Songs. 
 
 " Winter of our discontent, 
 Now is the."— JCinj Hichard IIL^ act i., 
 scene 1. 
 
 " Winter ! ruler of the inverted 
 year."— CowPER, The Tasky book iv., 
 (** Winter Evening "), 
 
 Winter-Nighf s Vision. A met- 
 rical history of the reign of Queen Eliz- 
 abeth, by Richard Niccols (q.v.), which 
 appeared in 1610. 
 
 Winter's Tale, The. A play hy 
 Wllmam Shakespeari; (q.v.), of which 
 there is no earlier edition thau that of the 
 folio of 1623. It had, however, been acted 
 as early as 1611, and the evidence procur- 
 able .tends to prove that it was written 
 about that year. The main Idea of the 
 plot was derived by Shakespeare from 
 Kobert Greene's novel, Panrfos^o; tlie Tri- 
 umph of Time (q.v.) ; otherwise, the jjlay 
 is entirely his. ** Robert Greene," writes 
 Collifer, ** was a man who possessed all the 
 advantages of education ; he was a grad- 
 uate of T)oth universities— he was skilled 
 in ancient learning and in modern lan- 
 guages ; he liad, besides, a prolific imagin- 
 ation, a lively and elegant fancy, and a 
 grace of expression rarely exceeded ; yet, 
 let any person well acquainted with The 
 Winter^ 8 Tale read the novel of Pandoato, 
 upon which it was founded, and he will be 
 sft-uck at once with the vast pre-eminence 
 of Shakespeare, and with the admirable 
 manner in which he has converted materi- 
 als supplied by another to liis own use. 
 The bare outline of the story (with the 
 exception of Shakespeare's miraculous 
 conclusion) is nearly the same in both; 
 but this is all they have in common, ana 
 Shakespeare may be said to have scarcely 
 adopted a single hint for his descriptions, 
 or aline for his dialogue j while in point 
 of passion and sentiment Greene is cold, 
 formal. Find artificial— the very opposite of 
 everything in Shakespeare." "The idea 
 of this deaghtful drama," says Coleridge, 
 *' is a genuine jealousy of disposition, and 
 It should be immediately followed by a 
 
 perusal of OtJiello^ which is the direct con- 
 trast of it in every particular, For jeal- 
 ousy is a vice of the mind, a culpable ten- 
 dency of the temper, having certain well- 
 known and well-dehned effects and con- 
 comitants, all of which are visible in 
 Leontes, and not one of which marks its 
 presence in Othello; such as first, an 
 excitability by the most inadequate causes, 
 and an eagernes^s to snatch at proofs ; 
 secondly, a grossness of conception, and a 
 disposition to degrade the object of the 
 passion by several fancies and images ; 
 thirdly, a sense of sliame of his own feel- 
 ings exhibited in a solitary moodiness of 
 humour, and yet, from the violence of the 
 passion, force to utter itself, and there- 
 fore catching occasions to ease the mind 
 by ambiguities, equivoques, by talking ta 
 those who cannot, or who are known not 
 to be able to underetand what is said to 
 thera, i^j^ short," by soliloquy in the form of 
 dialogue, and hence a confused, broken, 
 and fragmentary manner ; fourthly, a 
 dread of vulgar ridicule, as distinct from 
 a high sense of honour, or a mistaken 
 sense of duty ; and, lastly, and immedi-' 
 ately consequent upon this, a spirit of self- 
 ish vindictiveness. " The Winter's Tale,'* ^ 
 says Schlegel, " is as appropriately named 
 as the Miasummet NlghVs Dream, XV is 
 one of those _^ tales wiiich are peculiarly 
 calculated to beguile the dreary leisure of 
 a long winter's evening, and are even at- 
 tractive and intelligible . to childhood ; 
 while animated by fervent truth in the 
 delineation of character and pas&ion,''and 
 invested with the embellishments of poe- 
 try, lowering itself, as it were, to the sim-. 
 plicity of the subject, they transport even 
 manliood back to the golden age of the 
 imagination. Nothing can be more fresh 
 and youtbful, nothing at once so ideally 
 pastoral and princely as the love of Flori- 
 zel and Perdita ; of the prince, whom love 
 converts into a voluntary shepherd ; and 
 the princess, who betrays her exalted . 
 origin without knowing it, and in whose 
 hands nosegays became crowns." See 
 AuTOLYcus ; Elorizel ; Hermioi^e ; 
 Leontes ; Perdita. 
 
 Winthrop, Dolly. A character in 
 George Eliot^s tale of Silas Mamer. 
 
 "Wire-drawing his -words in a 
 
 contrary sense." See Florio's translation 
 of IWontaigne's £!ssays, book ii. 
 
 Wireker, Nigelus, precentor of 
 Canterbury (circa 1190). See Speculum 
 Stitltorum. 
 
 " Wisdom married to immortal 
 
 verse."- WoRDSWORTEt, The Excursiont 
 book vi. 
 
 Wisdom of Solomon, The. 
 
 " Paraphrased " by Thomas Middletoi? 
 (1570—1627), and printed in 1597. 
 
 Wisdom, The Age of. A lyric by 
 
702 
 
 WIS 
 
 WIT 
 
 "William Makepeace Thaokeeat (1811 
 —1863) ;— 
 
 '* All your wisli is woman to win.— 
 Tliia is the way that boys begin : 
 Wait till you come to i?'orty Year." 
 
 "Wisdom, The House of. "A 
 
 fantastical book," published by FsAKCis 
 Bamfylde (d. 1684) ill 1681, in wliicb the 
 author "would have the Hebrew tongue 
 and language to be the most universal 
 character over all the inhabited earth, to 
 be taught in all schools, and the children 
 to be taught it as their mother-tongue. He 
 proposes,^" says Anthony & Wood, " a way 
 for the erection o( Academies to have it 
 taught, and all Philosophy to proceed from 
 Scripture, to have all books translated into 
 that language, and I know not what." 
 
 " "Wisdom, •which alone is truly 
 fair."— Paradise Lost, book Iv., line 491. 
 
 ""Wise and masterly inactivi- 
 ty." See " Inactivity, Mastebly." 
 
 Wise, Henry Augustus. See 
 Gbisgo. 
 
 ""Wisesa'ws, and modern In- 
 stances." — As you Like It, act li., scene 7. 
 
 " "Wisely, but too -well, Not." — 
 Othello, act v., scene 2. These words 
 from the title of a novel by Khoda 
 Bbocghton (q.v.). 
 
 ""Wisely -worldly (Be), but 
 not worldly-wise." — Qcables, Emblems. 
 
 "Wiseman, Nicholas, Cardinal, 
 Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westmin- 
 ster (b, 1802, d. 1865), published Horas Syr- 
 iacce (1828) ; The Connection between Science 
 and Revealed Religion (18^6) ; Essays on 
 Various Subjects (1853); Recollections of 
 the Last Four Popes, and of Rome in their 
 Times (1858) ; Points of Contact between 
 Science aud Art (1863); William Shake- 
 speare (1865) ; Fabiola: or, the Church 
 of the Catacombs (186P) ; and other works. 
 Memoirs of the cardinal appeared in 1865 
 and 1867. 
 
 " Wisest, brightest, meanest of 
 mankind ! " A description applied to Lord 
 Bacon in Pope's Essay on Man, epistleiv., 
 line 281. 
 
 " "Wisest, virtuousest, discreet- 
 
 estj best."— Milton, Paradise Lost, book 
 viii., line 548. 
 
 " "Wish that of the living whole. 
 The."— Sect. liv. of Tennyson's In Me- 
 moriam. 
 
 "Wish, The. Two lyrics by Aura- 
 ham Cowley (1618—1667), one of which 
 is contained in The Mistress (q.v.), and in- 
 cludes the following verse :— 
 " Ah yet. e'er I descend to the gmvo, 
 May I a small house and largo Harden have I 
 An& a few friends, and many books, both true. 
 Both wise and both delightful too I 
 
 And since Love ne'er will from me flee, 
 
 A mistress moderately fair, 
 
 And good as guardian angels are, 
 Oniy belov'd and loving me 1 " 
 
 "Wishart, George, Bishop of 
 Edinburgh (b. 1609, d. 1671), wrote 73e i?eJ«» 
 Auspiciis Serenissi^ni et Potentissimi Caroli 
 D. (r. Brit. Regis, sub imperio illusirissimi 
 Montisrosarum Marchionis, sub anno 1644, 
 et duobus sequentibus, published at Paris 
 in 1647 ; translated into English in 1756, 
 aud republished in 1819. 
 
 " "Wishes (Our) lengthen as our 
 
 sun declines."— Young, JXight Tlumghts, 
 night v., line 662. 
 
 "Wishes to his (supposed) Mis- 
 tress. A lyric by Eichabd Cbashaw 
 (1616—1650), contained in his Delights qf 
 the Muses (q.v.). It begins— 
 
 " Whoe'er she be. 
 That not impossible she. 
 That shall command my heart and me; " 
 
 and is to be found, somewhat condensed, 
 in Palgrave's Golden Treasury of English 
 Songs and Lyrics. 
 
 "Wishes (Whose), soon as 
 granted, fly."— Scott, Tlie Lay of the Last 
 Minstrel, canto v., stanza 13. 
 
 ""Wishes will not do." — ^Isaao 
 
 BlCKEKSTAFF, Thomos and Sally ;— 
 *' One cannot eat one's cake, and have it too." 
 
 "Wishfort, Lady. A witty but 
 vain person in Congreve's comedy of 
 The Way qfthe World (q.v.). 
 
 "Wishing Gate, The, and The 
 Wishing Gate Destroyed. Two lyrics by 
 William Wordswoeth, written in 1828. 
 
 "Wit, A Satire upon, by Sir 
 
 Eichabd Blackmore (1650- 1729),appear- 
 ed in 1700; a performance which, if not 
 witty itself, was the cause of wit in others. 
 
 "Wit and Mirth : " ov. Pills to 
 Purge Melancholy." The title under 
 which a collection bt sonnets by Thomas 
 D'Ubfey (1650—1723), was republished la 
 1719—20. See Laugh and be Fat. 
 
 Wit at several "Weapons. A 
 comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 produced about 1614. 
 
 W"it, Ode on. A poera by Abka- 
 HAM Cowley (1618 — 1667), which Dr. 
 Johnson charncterises as •' almost without 
 a rival. It was about the time of Cowley 
 that wit, which had been till then used for 
 intellection in contradistinction to will, 
 took the meaning, whatever it be, which 
 it now bears." 
 
 Wit Restored, " in several select 
 
 fioems, not formerly published," appeared 
 n 1658. It was reprinted In 1817. 
 
 " "Wit (True) is Nature to ad- 
 vantage dressed." Sec " Nature to ad- 
 vantage DKESSEP." 
 
WIT 
 
 WIT 
 
 763 
 
 "Witch of Atlas, The. A poem 
 by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822), 
 ■written in 1820. " This poem is peculiarly 
 charr^cteristic of his tastes — wildly fanci- 
 ful, full of brilliant imagery, and discard- 
 hig human interest and passion to revel 
 in the fantastic ideas that his imagination 
 BUggested." A sympathetic critics calls 
 it ** from first to last, consummate in im- 
 agination and workmanship." 
 
 Witch of Edmonton, The. A 
 
 play, the joint production of John Fokd, 
 Thomas Rowley, and Thomas Dekkek, 
 which, though acted with " singular ap- 
 plause," remained in manuscript until 
 16o8. It is a dramatisation of the story of 
 Mother Sawyer, a poor woman who had 
 been condemned and executed for witch- 
 craft. Weber, the editor of Ford, assigns 
 to him in particular the scenes between 
 Frank, Susan, and Winuifred. 
 
 "Witch of Wokey. The. A ballad, 
 first published in 1756, in Enthemia: or, 
 the Power of Harmony, written by Dr. 
 Harrington, of Bath. The Tersion in 
 Percy's Reltqites contains some variations 
 "from the elegant pen of the late Mr. 
 Shenstone." Wokey Hole is a cavern in 
 Somersetshire. 
 
 Witch, The. A play by Thomas 
 MiDDLETON" (1570— 162"^ ; discovered in 
 3ffS. bv Isaac Reed, editor of Dodsley's 
 Collection of Old Plays. It is supposed to 
 have suggested the choruses and incanta- 
 tions in Macbeth (q.v.), but the gi-eat 
 Shakespearian tragedy seems to have been 
 written prior to Middleton's play, and the 
 witches in the .latter compared with those 
 that assemble on *' the blasted heath," are 
 commonplace and even grotesque person- 
 ages. The plot of the Duke and Duchess 
 of Ravenna, incorporated in this drama, is 
 adapted from a novel by Biondello, upon 
 which Sir William Daven'ant fomided r. 
 tragedy. 
 
 "Witching time of night, 'Tis 
 now tha yeij.'*— Hamlet, act iii., scene 2. 
 
 "With a half -glance upon the 
 sky."— .4 CJiaraeter,\>y Alfred Tenxy- 
 SON. ' 
 
 "With blackest moss the 
 
 flower-pots."— AfaHana, by Alfhed Ten- 
 
 NYSOX, 
 
 "With fingers -weary and 
 worn."— The Song of a Shirt, by Thomas 
 Hood. 
 
 " With ho-w sad steps, O moon, 
 though climbst the sky." A sonnet by 
 Sir Philip Sidney (155t— 1686). Kiuke 
 AVhite commences asonnet with a similar 
 line. 
 
 "With me, mary syrs, thus 
 Bhold- It be." A song by Johx Skelton ; 
 BUT! ' by Liberty in his moral play of Mag- 
 nufycenoe (q.v.). 
 
 Wither, George, poet (b. 1588, d. 
 1667), wrote Prince Henry^s Obxequie§ : or, 
 Moum^ull Elegies upon his Death (1612) ; 
 Abuses Stript and Whipt: or, Satiricall 
 Essayes (l&iS),(Si.'v.) ; Epiihalamia (1613); 
 A Satyre written to the Kings most excellent 
 Majestye (1614) ; . TJie Shepheard's Pipe 
 (1614, written with Browne) ; The Shep- 
 herds Hunting (1615), (q.v.); J''irfc/ia (1617); 
 Wither'' s Motto (1618) ; A Preparation to 
 the Psalter (1619) ; Exercises upon the first 
 Psalmes, both in Verse and Prose (1620) ; 
 The Songs of tJie Old Testament, trans' 
 lafed into English Measures (1621) ; Juvet 
 nilia (1622); The Mistress of Philarete 
 (poems) (1622) ; The Hymnes and Songs of 
 the Church (1623) ; The Schollers*' Purga-^ 
 tory, discovered in the Stationer's Common' 
 wealth, and described in a Discourse ApolO' 
 geticall (1625 — 6) ; Britain's Pemembrancer, 
 containing a Narrative of the Plague 
 lately past (1628) ; The Psalmes of David 
 translated into Lyriclc verse (16S2),' Collec- 
 tion of Emblemes (1635) ; Nalure of Man 
 (1636) ; Read and Wonder{l^\) ; A Proph- 
 esie (1641) ; Hallelujah (1641) ; Cavwo 
 Musce (1643) ; Le Dejtndendo (1643) ; Mer- 
 cwrius Jiusticus ^643) ; The Speech without 
 Doore (1644) ; Letters qf Advice touching 
 the Choice of Knights affid Burgesses for the 
 Parliament (1614) ; and nearly sev.enty 
 other works, a list of which will be found 
 in Lowndes' Bibliographef s Ma/nual. See,. 
 also, Wood's Athenos Oxonienses, Brydges' 
 Censura Literarla, British Bibliographer, 
 and Restituta, and an essay on Wither's 
 works by Charles Lamb. See Emblems, 
 Ancient and Modern ; Scoukge, The. 
 
 " Withering on the virgin 
 thorn." — A Midsummer Night* 8 Dream, act 
 i., scene 1. 
 
 "Withers areun-wrung, Our." — 
 
 Hamlet, act ill., scene 2. 
 Witherspoon, John, D.D., 
 
 Scotch Presbyterian minister (b. 1722, fl. 
 1794), wrote Ecclesiastical Cfiaracteristics, 
 The Connectimi of Justification by Faith 
 with Holiness of Life, An Jnauiry into the 
 the Nature and Effects of the Stage, and. 
 The Dominion of Providence over the Pas- 
 sions of Men, 
 
 Withrington, Roger. A squire^ , 
 whose prowess is celebrated in the ballad 
 of Chevy Chase (q.v,). 
 
 Witikind, an historian of . the 
 tenth century, produced Annates de Gestis 
 Othonum, lii'st published at Basle in 1532. 
 
 Wititterly, Mr^ and Mrs., are 
 characters in Dickens's novel of Nicholas 
 Nichleby (q.v.). 
 
 Witness, The. A newspaper, 
 published bi-weekly, of which Hugh Mil- 
 TjER (q-v.) became the first editor in IMij 
 and to which he was a remilar'contributor. 
 The best of hii work in it is included in 
 liis collected writings. 
 
764 
 
 WIT 
 
 WOIi 
 
 W^it's CabaL A comedy, in two 
 parts, by Makgahet, Duchess of New- 
 castle (1624—1673). 
 
 Wit's Commonwealth. See Pol- 
 
 ITEUPHIA. 
 
 Wits Treuohmone : "in a, con- 
 ference bad between a scholler and an 
 angler." A work by Nicholas Breton 
 (1558 — 1624), wliich is supposed to have 
 suggested The Compleat Angler of Izaak 
 'Walton. It was published in 15?7. 
 
 "Wit's Interpreter. A collection 
 of songs, epigrams, epitaphs, drolleries, 
 and the like, published iu 1671. 
 
 Wit's Miserie and the World's 
 
 Madnesse ; " discovering the devils incar- 
 nate of this age." Apampblet by Thomas 
 Lodge, published in 1596. It is probably 
 alluded to by Shakespeare in A Midsum- 
 mer Night's Dream : — " One sees more 
 devils than vast hell can hold," 
 
 Wit's Private Wealth : " stored 
 witli choice Commodities to content the 
 Minde." A series of maxims, in the man- 
 ner of Larocliefoucauld,' by Nicholas 
 Breton (1558—1624), published in 1603. 
 
 Wit's Recreations. "Selected 
 from the fine'st fancies of modem muses," 
 and published in 1640. This collection was 
 reprinted in 1817. 
 
 Wit's Treasury, by Fkancis 
 Hekes (d. 1646), appeared in"l598. 
 
 " Witty as Horatius Placcus." 
 First line of An Impromptu of Lord Jeffrey, 
 by Sydney Smith, which continues :— 
 
 "As great a Jacobin na Omcchus, 
 Sliort, though Dot ng fiitas Bacchus, 
 Riding ou a little jackass." 
 
 "Witty (So) and so -wise." 
 
 — ^Rochester, Epistle to Edward Howard. 
 
 #Witwould, Sir Wilful. A charac- 
 ter in CoNOKEVE's comedy of The Way of 
 the World (,n.v.). 
 
 Wives of Windsor, The Merry. 
 
 AcomedybyWiLLiAMSHAKESPEAEE(1564 
 —1616), first published in 1602, and said to 
 have been written by desire of Queen 
 Elizabeth, who wished to see Falstaif (q-v.) 
 represented as in love. It was afterwards 
 revised and much Improved by the author. 
 The plot is founded upon more than one 
 lt.alian story. The comedy itself is de- 
 scribed by Warton as " the most complete 
 specimen of its author's comic power." 
 See the criticisms by .Johnson, Hazlitt, 
 Schlegel, and Plallam. See, also, Bar- 
 dolph; Caius j Evans, Sir Huoiij Fobd; 
 Nym ; Pace j Pistol ; Shallow ; and 
 Slender. 
 
 Wizard of the North, The. A 
 
 title bestowed upon Sir Walter Scott 
 in allusion to the magical influence of his 
 works, which on their first appearance fas- 
 
 cinated their readers even more perhaps 
 than they do now. 
 
 Wodhull, Michael, poet (b. 1740, 
 d. ML6), published a translation of Eurip- 
 ides into blank verse (1782), besides vari- 
 ous miscellaneous poems, a collection of 
 which appeared in 1804. 
 
 Wodrow, Robert, ecclesiastical 
 historian (b. 1679, d. 17341, -wrote a History 
 of the Sujferings of the Church of Scotland^ 
 from the ReformajLion to the licvolution 
 (1721), and Collections upon the Lives of the 
 Jieformers find Most Eminent Ministers in 
 tlie Church of Scotland (1834). His AntUecta: 
 or, Materials for a History of liemarkable 
 Providences were published in 1842^ and 
 his Correspondence, edited by M'Cne, in 
 1842—3. His Private Letters had already 
 appeared in 1694—1732. See the pnblica-' 
 tions of the Maitland and Wodrow Socie- 
 ties. 
 
 "Woe succeeds a 'woe, as wave 
 
 a wave." — Herrick's Hesperides (" Aphor- 
 isms"). Young in his Night Thougbta 
 has a very similar idea : — 
 
 " Woes cluster ! rare are eolitoiy woes j 
 They love a train, they tread each other's heels." 
 
 Woloot, John, M.D., poet (b. 
 1738, d. 1819), wrote a large number of 
 Works, the most important of which were 
 published in five volumes (17D4— 1801). A. 
 Life of him is included in the Annual Bi- 
 ography and Obituary for 1820. See Lou- 
 siAD, Tub i Pindar, Peter. 
 
 Wolf of Badenoch, The. See 
 Lauder, Sir Thomas Dick. 
 
 Wolfstan, Bishop. <See Litfus 
 Episcopus. 
 
 Wolfe, Charles, clergyman and 
 poet (b. 1701, d. 1823), wrote various poems, 
 of "which the best known is The Burial of 
 Sir John Moore (q.v.). Hi3 7?emain5 were 
 published by Archdeacon Russell in 1826. 
 
 Wollaston, William, divine and 
 scholar (b. 1659, d. 1724), wrote The Itelig- 
 ion of Nature Delineated (1722), (q.v.), and 
 The Design of Part qf the Book of Ecclesi- 
 astes represented in an English Poem (1691). 
 A sketch of his Life, Character, and Wri-. 
 tings was prefixed to the seventh edition of 
 the former iu J1750. 
 
 ■WoUstonecraft, Mary (Mrs. God- 
 win), miscellaneous writer (b. 1759, d. 1797), 
 wrote Thoughts on the Educationof Daugh- 
 ters (1787) ; Female Header : or. Miscel- 
 laneous Pieces (1789); Moral and Historical 
 Relation of tile French Revolution (1790) ; 
 Original Stories from Real Life 079\) ; A 
 Vindication of the Rights of Women, with 
 Strictures on Political and Moral SuMects 
 (1792); Origin and Progress of the French 
 Revolution, and its Ejects on Europe (1795); 
 and Letters written during a short Resi- 
 dence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmarlt 
 (1796). Her Posthumous Worha were pub- 
 
WOL 
 
 WOM 
 
 765 
 
 lislied, witU a Memoir^ by her husband, 
 William Godwin, in 1798. A rjefence of 
 their Cltaracter aiKl Conduct appeared in 
 1803. 
 
 Wolsey, Cardinal, The Life and 
 Death of Thomas. A poem by 1?homas 
 Storsk (d. 1604), " divided into three parts ; 
 his Aspiration, 'Triumph, and Death," and 
 published in 1509. It is said tp have sug- 
 gested some passages in Shakespeare s 
 Meiiry VII L See the second volume of 
 ' Heliconia and the fifth volume x)f Tlie He- 
 trospective Meview. 
 
 Wolsey, The Negotiations of 
 
 Thomas. See WoOLSEr. 
 
 Wolstan. A monk of Winches- 
 ter (circa 990). See the Biography of this 
 ■writer, by William of Malmesbury ; also, 
 Wright*s Biographia Britannica. 
 
 Wolves and the Lamb, The. 
 An unacted comedy, by William Make- 
 peace THACKERAY (1811—1863), of which 
 he afterwards made use as the foundation 
 of his novel of Lovel the Widower (q.v.). 
 
 Woman, An Apology for. 
 
 Written in 1S09, by William Heale, of 
 Exeter College, of whom Anthony 4 Wood 
 quaintly says that he " was always esteem- 
 ed an ingenious man, hut weak, as being 
 too much devoted to the female sex." His 
 book was composed primarily as a counter- 
 blast to a certain Dr. Gager, who had 
 maintained that it was lawful for husbands 
 to beat their wives." 
 
 Woman, in the Moon, The. A 
 ■play by John Lyly (1S53— 1601), which ap- 
 peared in 1597. The women is Pandora, 
 - who creates much mischief among the 
 
 Utopian shepherds. 
 
 Woman is a Weathercock, A. 
 iSee WoMAif's A Weathercock, A. 
 
 Woman-Hater, The. A tragedy 
 by Beaumont, and Fletcher (q.v.)j first 
 printed in 1607. A Woman^IIater is the 
 title of a novel by Charles Re adb (q.v.). 
 Woman Eilde vrith Eindnesse, 
 A. A play by Thomas Heywood (1570— 
 1640), the first edition of which (1607) is of 
 extraordinary rarity. The drama is char- 
 acterised' by Campbell as the author's 
 " best performance." " In this play," he 
 says, " the repentance of Mrs. Frankford, 
 who dies of a broken heart for her infidel- 
 ity to a generous husband, would present 
 a situation consummately moving if we 
 "were left to ccmceive her death to De pro- 
 duced simply by grief. But the poet most 
 iUiiBkilfally prepares us for her death by 
 her declaring her intentions to starve her- 
 self, and mars, by the weakness, sin, and 
 horror of suicide, an example of penitence 
 that would otherwise be sublimfely and 
 tenderly edifying." 
 
 Woman Never Vezt, A. See 
 WoNtiEB, A New, 
 
 "Woman scorned, A fury 
 
 like a." See "Love to hatred tursed." 
 " Woman that deliberates is 
 lost, The." A line in Addisok's play «f 
 CatOf act iv., scene 1. ' 
 
 Woman, The Triumph of. A 
 
 poem, in heroic verse, by Robert South- 
 EY (1774—1843), founded on the third 
 and fourth chapters of the first book of 
 Ksdias. 
 
 " Woman ('Tis) that seduces all 
 mankind."— Gay, Tlie Beggar's Opera, 
 act i., scene 1. 
 
 " By her we first were taught the wheedling arts." 
 
 ■Woman's a Weathercock, A. 
 
 A play by Nathaniel Field (d. 1641% 
 written before 1610, and published in 1612, 
 with a preface addressed to " any woma!n 
 that hath been no weathercock." A second 
 part, entitled Amends for Ladies (q.v.), was 
 acted before 1611. Bothplayshav^ been re- 
 printed by J. PrCoUier, who says they " are 
 the productions of no ordinary poet. In 
 comic scenes Field excels Massinger, who 
 was not remarkable for his success in this 
 department o£ the drama ; and in those of 
 a serious character he may frequently be 
 placed on a footing of equality." See 
 Carew Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley's Old 
 Plays. 
 
 "Woman's at best a contra- 
 diction still."— Pope, Moral' Essays, epis- 
 tle ii., line 270. 
 
 Woman's Inconstancy. A lyric 
 by Sir Eobert Ayton (1570—1638). 
 
 Woman's Last Word, A. A 
 
 lyric by Robert Brownikg (1^. 1812). 
 
 Woman's Tongue, The Anat- 
 omic of a. See Anatomie of a Woman's 
 Tongue, The. 
 
 Women : " or. Pour et Centre." 
 A novel by Charles Robert Matubin, 
 (1782—1824), published in 1818, in which the 
 ~hero, who is called DeCourcy, is in love 
 with two ladies — Eva Wentworth and 
 Zaira, the latter of whom turns out to be 
 mother to the former. De Courcy is false 
 to both, and wliile Eva Wentworth dies 
 calmly of despair, he expires in the agony 
 of his remorse. 
 
 Women, A Praise of. A poem 
 by Geoffrey Ohaucee (1328—1400), In 
 which he says ;— 
 
 Withoute women were al our joye lore { 
 ■Wherefore weou^ht alle'Women to obeye 
 In al goodnesse ; 1 can no more saye." 
 
 " Women (As for the), though 
 we scorn and flout *em," — Dryden, The 
 WilU act v., scene 4 — 
 " We may live with, but cannot live without, 'em." 
 
 Women as They Are : " or, tlie 
 Manners of tJ^^e Day." A novel by Mrs. 
 GOAE (1799— ISUt), pubUahed In 1^. 
 
766 
 
 WOM 
 
 ■WOO 
 
 Women, beTivare of Women. A 
 
 drama, by Thomas MiddiiEton (q.v.), tlie 
 plot of wnicli was derived from an Italian 
 Btory. 
 
 " Women's -weapons, water- 
 drops." — KiTlg Lear, actii., scene!. 
 
 Wonder, A : " or, an Honest 
 Yorkshire Man." A ballad-opera, written 
 by Hekkv Cakey in 1736. 
 
 Wonder, A New : " or, a Wo- 
 man never vext," A '* pleasant, conceited 
 comedy" by Wiluam Bowlev, iii-st 
 printed in lt>32. It is to be found in Carew 
 Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley's Old Plays. 
 
 " Wonder of an hour, The." — 
 BvBOM', Childe HaroWs Pilgrimage. 
 
 " Wonder of our stage, The." — 
 Ben JoJfSON, To the Memory of Shake- 
 speare, 
 
 Wonder of Women, The : " or, 
 
 the Tragedie of Sophonisba," by Johk 
 Matiston (1575— after 1633), produced at 
 the '•■ Blacke Friers " in IGOC. Giftord says: 
 ** It is not very probable that Mr. M. G. 
 Lewis ever looked into Marston, yet some 
 of the most loathsome parts of the 'Monk' 
 are to be found in this detestable play." 
 
 Wonder, The : " or, a "Womiin 
 keeps a Secret." A comedy by Mrs. Cekt- 
 LIVBE <l(i67— 1723), acted iu 1713 ; " one of 
 the best of our acting plays," .=iays Hazlitt. 
 " The ambiguity of the heroine's situation, 
 which is like a continued practical equi- 
 voque, gives rise to a quick succession of 
 causeless alarms, subtle excuses, and hair- 
 breadth 'scapes." The hero is called Don 
 Felix (q.y), the heroine Violante (q.v.). 
 Among the characters are Colonel Breton 
 (q.v.), Flippanta (q.v.), and Lissardo. 
 
 Wonderful Quiz, A. Tlie name 
 assumed by James Russell Lowell (b, 
 1819) in publishing his Pable for Critics 
 (1848). 
 
 Wonderful Year, The : " wliere- 
 Jn is showed London being sick of the 
 Plague." A tract in which Thomas 
 DEKKEit (circa 1.'570 — 1641) celebrates the 
 death and funeral of Queen Elizabeth in 
 1603. 
 
 Wondrous Tale of Alroy, The 
 A fantastic Action by Bekjamin Dis- 
 raeli (q.v.), published in 1833. 
 
 " Woo'd and Married and A'. 
 
 A Scotch song by Alexakdek Eoss 
 (q.v.) :- 
 
 " Woo'd nnd mnrried and a', 
 Mftrried nnd woo'd nnd n' t 
 And WQB Bhe sae very wcel off. 
 That WDS woo'd and married and a' 7" 
 
 Wood, Anthony h, antiquarian 
 and historiographer (b. 1632, d. 1615), pub- 
 lished IHatoria et Antiquitates Universi- 
 tates OxonMnait (1674) ; Athena Oxonien- 
 
 ses (1691 — 2) ; Fasti .• or, Atvnals of the said 
 University; and A Vindication qfiheHistori* 
 ographer of the University of Oxford and 
 his Worlcsfrom the reproaches of the Bisho}} 
 of Salisbury \Bumet'\. The last-named 
 work appeared in 1693. A Life of Wood 
 appeared in 1711, and was followed by an- 
 other in 1772. See also that by Bawhnson 
 (1811). See Athene Oxoniekses. 
 
 Wood, John George, clergyman 
 (b. 1827), has written Sketches and Anec- 
 dotes of Animal Life, My Feathered 
 Friends, Common Objects of the Sea Shore, 
 Common Objects of tlie Country, Our Gar- 
 den Friends and Foes, Homes vjithoui 
 Hands, Bible Animals, Insects at Hume, 
 Man and Beast Here and Hereafter, In- 
 sects Abroad, A Natural History, Nature^s 
 Teachings, and many other works. 
 
 Wood, Mrs. Henry (n€e Miss 
 Ellen Price), novelist (b. about 1820), has 
 written Banelmry House (l.'-GO) ; East 
 Lynne (1801) ; Tlie Channings (1862) ; Mrs. 
 Halliburton's Troubles (1S62) ; Tlie Sliadoa 
 ofAshlydyat (1663) ; Vemer's Pride (1863); 
 Lord Oakbum's Daughters (1864) ; Oswald 
 Cmi/(1864); Trevlyn HohUKW) ; Mildred 
 Arkelt (1865); Mister's Folly (1866); St. 
 Martin's Eve (1866) ; A Life's Secret (1867) ; 
 Anne Hereford (ISBS); Poland For A-e (1869) j 
 George Canterbury's Will (1S70) j Bess^ 
 Pane (1870) ; Dene Hollow (1871) ; Within 
 the Maze (1872) ; The Master qf Oraylcmdt 
 (1873) ; Told in the Twilight (1875) ; Edina 
 (1876) ; Adam Grainger (1876) ; and other 
 works, 
 
 Woodes, Nathaniel. See Con- 
 flict or CoKsciENOE, The, 
 
 Woodfall, William, iournnlist 
 (b. about 1745, d. 1803), started The Morn- 
 ing Chronicle in 1769 and The Diary in 
 1789. He was famous as a reporter, at a ' 
 time when reporting, as now understood, 
 was entirely unknown. He took nonoteSi 
 trusting wholly to bis memory ; whence 
 his nickname, " Memory " Woodfall. 
 
 Woodman, spare that tree!" 
 First line of a song by Geokge P. MOBBia 
 (1802—1864), which continues — 
 
 " Touch not a single bough I 
 Iu youth it eheltered me. 
 And I'll protect it now." 
 
 " Wood-notes -wild." See " Na- 
 tive woodxotes wild." 
 
 "Woods decay (The), the 
 woods decay and fall."— Tiiftoniw, by Al- 
 fred TENNtSOS. 
 
 " Woods (Fresh) and pasttizes 
 new." See "Fresh Woods," &c. 
 
 Woodstock. A novel by Sir 
 Walter Scott, published iu 1826. 
 
 Woodvill, John. A tragicdy by 
 Chablbs Lamb (1775—1834), published In 
 
woo 
 
 WOE 
 
 767 
 
 Woodville, Anthony. See 
 RivEss, Eakl. 
 
 ■Woollier, Thomas, sculptor niirl 
 poet (b. 1825), has written My Seautiful 
 Lady (1863), (q.T.). 
 
 ■Woolsey, The Negotiations of 
 Thomas. A life of " the great Cardinal of 
 England," by Geokge Cavendish (b. 
 1550); published after the writer's death, in 
 1641, and reprinted in the fifth volume of 
 the HarleUin Miscellany, in Wordsworth's 
 Ecclesiastical Biorirajih.y in 1810 ; also, 
 with notes and otlier illustrations, by S. 
 W. Singer, in 1825. It includes a parallel 
 between Wolsey and Laud. See The Re- 
 trospective Review, vol. v. 
 
 'Woolston, Thomas, sceptical 
 theologian (b. 1669, d. 1733), was the au- 
 thor of The Old Apology for the Truth of 
 the Christian Religion against the Jews and 
 Gentiles Revived (1705) ; J*'rce &ifts to the 
 Clergy (1723 — 4) j Six Discourses on the 
 Miracles of Christ <1727— 30) ; and many 
 other works of a similar character, all of 
 which are now deservedly forgotten. 
 
 ■Worboise, Smma Jane, novelist 
 and writer for the young (b. 1825), lias pub- 
 lished Helen Bury, Lights and Shades of 
 Christian Life, Seed Time and Harvest, 
 Thornycroft Hall, Sir Julian's Wife, 
 Violet Vaughan, Grey and Gold, Tlie House 
 qf Bondage, and many other works. 
 
 Word to the public, A. See 
 
 LUOKETIA. 
 
 " Words are ■wise men's count- 
 ers."— Hobbes, Leviathan, part i., canto 4. 
 
 " Words are 'women, deeds are 
 men." — ^Herbert, Jacula Prudentum, 
 
 "Words came first, or, after, 
 blows."— Lloyd, Speech of Courtney. 
 
 " Words of leEimed length and 
 thunderingsound."— Goldsmith, The De- 
 serted Village, line 213. 
 
 " Words that wise Bacon or 
 brave Baleigh spoke." — Pope, Imitations 
 of Horace, book ii., epistle ii., line 163. 
 
 "Words (The) of Mercury are 
 harsh after the songs of Apollo,"— iofe'a 
 Labour's Lest, act v., scene 2. 
 
 " Words, words, words." — 
 Hamlet, suA ii., scene 2. 
 
 Wordsworth, Charles, D.D., 
 Bishop of St. Andrews (b. 1806), has writ- 
 tun Shakespeare's Knowledge and Useofthe 
 Bible (1854); The Outlines of the Christian 
 itmistrji Delineated and Brought to the 
 Test of Reason, Holy Scripture, History, 
 and Experience (1872) ; Catichesis : or. 
 Christian Instruction; A Greek Primer: 
 and numerous sermons, pamphlets, and 
 charges. 
 
 Wordsworth, Christopher, Dj 
 
 D., Bishop of Lincoln (b. 1807), has pub- 
 lisned, among other works. Memoirs of 
 William Wordsworth; Theophilus Anj)licus; 
 an edition of the Greek 'Testament, with 
 notes J an edition of the Old Testament iu 
 the Authorised Version, with notes and in-r 
 troductlon ; The Holy Year ; Original 
 Hymns; Greece: Historical, Pictorial, anfl 
 Descriptive; Sermons on tlie Church of 
 Ireland i assAUke Correspondence of Richard 
 Bentley, 
 
 Words-worth, Christopher, 
 D. D., divine (b. 1774, d. 1846), was the au- 
 thor of Ecclesiastical Biography: or, the 
 Lives of Eminent Men connected with the 
 History of Religion in England from the 
 Reformation to the Revolution (1809) ;, Ser- 
 mons on Various Occasions (1815) ; arid va- 
 rious other writings. 
 
 Wordsworth, Dorothy, sister of 
 William Wordsworth (d. 1855), was the au- 
 thor of Recollections of a Tour made »» 
 Scotland in 1803 (1874). 
 
 Wordsworth, To William. 
 
 Lines written by Samuel Taylor Col- 
 eridge. 
 
 Wordsworth, William, jjoet- 
 laureate (b. 1770, d. 1850), published An 
 Evening JTai/j (printed 1793) ; Descriptive 
 Sketches (1793) ; Lyrical Ballads (with 
 Coleridse) (1798) ; Tlie Excursion (1814) ; 
 The Wldte Doe of Rylstone (1815) ; The 
 Waggoner (1819) ; Peter Bell (1819) ; Yar- 
 row Revisited, and other Poems (1835); Thi^ 
 Borderers (1842) ; and other works,includingr 
 Ecclesiastical Sketches, and Sonnets on tlie 
 River Duddon. For Biography see the 
 Lives by Dr. Wordsworth', G. S. Phillips, 
 and Paxton Hood ; also the article by 
 Lockhart iji The Quarterly Review (vol. 
 xcii.), Crabb Robinson's Diary, and Doro- 
 thy 'W'ordsvforth's Tour in Scotland. For 
 Criticism, see Shairp's Studies in Poetry 
 and Philosophy, Hutton's Essays, Brim* 
 ley's Essays, Jeffrey's Essays, Hazlitt'a 
 English Poets and Spt?-** o/'Wje.^ne, Mas- 
 son's Essays, F. W. Itobertson's Lectures 
 and Addresses, De Quincey's Miscellaneous 
 Works, Giltillan's Gallery of Portraits, and 
 other authorities. A complete edition of 
 Wordsworth's Prose Works, edited by the 
 Rev. A. B. Grosart, appeared in 1875. " In 
 the opening of The Prelude," says John 
 Campbell Shairp, " Wordsworth tells us 
 that when he tirst thought seriously of 
 being a poet, he looked into himself to see 
 how he was fitted for the work, and seem- 
 ed to find there ' that first great gift, the 
 vital soul.* In this self-estimate he didnot 
 err. The vital soul, it is a great gift, whicl!, 
 if ever it dwelt in man, d\velt in Words- 
 worth. Not the intellect merely, nor the 
 heart, nor the imagination, nor the con- 
 science, nor any of these alone, but all of 
 them condensed into one, and moving all 
 together. In virtue of this vital soul, 
 wluttlsver be did 6ee he saw to thevny 
 
ves 
 
 WOR 
 
 WOR 
 
 core. He did not fumble witli the outside 
 or tlie accidents of tlie tiling, but his eye 
 went at once to the quick — rested on the 
 essential life of it. He saw what was 
 there, but had escaped all other eyes. He 
 did not import into the outward world 
 transient feelings or fancies of his own, 
 
 * the pathetic fallacy,' as it has been 
 named ; but he saw it as it exists in itself, 
 or perhaps rather as it exists in its per- 
 manent moral relation to the human spirit. 
 Again, this soul within him did not work 
 with effort ; no painful grouping or gasp- 
 ing. It was as vital in its receptivity as 
 its active energy. It conld be long in a 
 
 * wise passiveness,' drawing the things of 
 earth and sky and of human life into itself, 
 as the calm clear lalce does the imagerjr of 
 the surrounding hills and overhanging 
 sky. This is the cardinal work of the 
 imagination, to possess itself of the life of 
 whatever thing it deals with. In the ex- 
 tent to which he did tliis, and the truthful- 
 ness with which he did it, lies "Words- 
 worth's supreme power. This power mani- 
 fests itself in Wordsworth in two direc- 
 tions—as it is turned on nature and as it 
 is tiu'ned on man. Between Wordsworth's 
 Imagination, however, as it works in the 
 one direction and in the other, there is 
 tlois difference- In dealing with nature it 
 has no limit — it is as wic^ as the world ; 
 as much at home when gazing on the little 
 celandine as when moving with the vast 
 elemental forces of heaven and earth. In 
 human life and character his range is nar- 
 rower, whether these limitations came 
 from within or were self-imposed. His 
 sympathies embrace by no means all 
 hurafln things, but within the range which 
 they do embrace his eye is no less penetra- 
 ting and true." " Wordsworth," the critic 
 goes on to say, " pushed the domain of 
 poetry into a whole field of subjects hither- 
 to unapproached by the poets. In him, 
 perhaps more than any other contempo- 
 rary writer eith'er of prose or verse, we see 
 the highest spirit of this centuiy, in its 
 contrast with that of the preceding, sum- 
 med up and condensed. Whereas the 
 poetry of the former age had dealt mainly 
 with the outside of things, or if it some- 
 times went further, did so with such a 
 Btereotyped manner and diction as to 
 make it look like external work, Words- 
 worth evexywhere went straight to the 
 inside of things. Seeing in many things 
 which had hitherto been Qeemed unfit sub- 
 jects for poetry, a deeper truth and beauty 
 than in those which had hitherto been 
 most handled by the poets, he reclaimed 
 from the wilderness vast tracts that had 
 been lying waste, and brought tliem within 
 the poetic domain. In this way he has 
 done a wider -service to poetry than any 
 other poet of his time, but since him no 
 one has arisen of spirit strong and large 
 enough to make full proof of the liberty 
 he bequeathed. The same freedom, and 
 bydlnt of the same powers, he won for 
 
 future poets with regard to the language 
 of poetry. He was the first who, both in 
 theory and practice, entirely shook off the 
 trammels ot the so-called poetic diction, 
 wliieh had tyrannised over English poetry 
 for more than a century. This diction of 
 course exactly repVesented the half-courtly 
 half-classical mode of thinkiiig and feeling. 
 As Wordswoi-th rebelled against this con- 
 ventionality of spirit, so against the out- 
 ward expression of it. The whole of the 
 stock phrases and used-up metaphois 
 he discarded, and returned to living 
 language of natural feeling, as it is used 
 by men, instead of the dead form of it 
 wliich bad got stereotyped in books. 
 And just as in his subjects he had taken in 
 from the waste much virgin soil, so in 
 his diction he appropriated for poetic use 
 a large amount of words^ idioms,metaphors, 
 till then by the poets disallowed. In doing, 
 so, he may here and there have made a 
 mistake, the homely touching on the ludi- 
 crous, as in the lines about the washing- 
 tub and some others, long current in the 
 ribaldry of critics. But, bating a fewjilmost 
 necessary failures, he did more than any 
 other by his usage and example to reani- 
 mate the effete language of poetry, and 
 restore to it heal thiuln ess, strength, and 
 feeling. His shorter poems, both the earlier 
 and the later, are, for the most part, very 
 models of natural, powerful, and yet sen- 
 sitive English ; the language being, like a 
 garment, woven out o^and transparent 
 with, the thought. In the world of nature, 
 to be a revealer of things hidden, the sanc- 
 tifier of things common, the interpreter of 
 new and unsuspected relations, theopener 
 of another sense in men ; in the moral 
 world, to be the teacher of truths hitherto 
 neglected or unobserved, the awakener. of 
 men's hearts to the solemnities that en- 
 compass them, deepening OUT reverence 
 for tiie essential soul, apart from accident 
 and pircumstance, making us feel more 
 truly, more tenderly, more profoundly, 
 lifting the thoughts upward through tne 
 shows of time to that which is permanent 
 and eternal, and bringing down on the 
 transitory things of eye and ear some 
 shadow of the eternal, till we 
 
 " ' feel through alVthiB fleshly dresa. 
 Bright shoots of everlaBtingness '— 
 
 this is the office which he will not cease to 
 fulfil as long as the English language lasts." 
 Separate notices of most of the -poems 
 named will be found under their respective 
 headings. See also Armbkian Lady's 
 Love, The ; Autegal akd Elidure ; 
 Brougham Castle ; Burns, At the 
 Grave of ; Cumberland Poet, The ; 
 Fountain, The ; Hart-leap Well ; 
 Intimations of Immortality ; Pre- 
 lude, The ; Eob Roy's Grave ; White 
 Dob of Rylstone, The. 
 
 " Work like madness on the 
 brain." See "Wroth with one we love." 
 
 " Work (The) goes bravely on." 
 
WOE 
 
 WOB 
 
 769 
 
 An expiession occurring in CiBBEit's ver- 
 Bion of Shakespeare's iJtc/iord///., act iii., 
 scene 1. 
 
 Work without Hope. Alyrie 
 composed oil February 21, 1827, by Samuel 
 Taylor Coleridge. " Wliat more," 
 asks Swinburne, " could be left to hope 
 for when the man could already do such 
 ■work?" 
 
 Workes of a Young Wyt : 
 
 "tfust up with a Fardell of prettie Fan- 
 cies ; " " whereunto is joined an odde 
 Kinde of Wooing with a Banquet of Con- 
 lettes," by Nicholas Breton (1558—1624) ; 
 published in 1577, and containing curious 
 and picturesque descriptions of contem- 
 porary life and manners. 
 
 " Working-day world, This." 
 
 — As You like It, act i., scene 3. 
 
 World, A History of the, by 
 Sir Walter Kaleigh, was published in 
 1614. See Raleigh. 
 
 World and the Child, The. A 
 
 " proper new interlude, otherwise called 
 MunduH et Infans : it showeth of the estate 
 of childhood and manhood ; " printed in 
 July, 1.522. "As aspecimen," says Collier, 
 "of our ancient' moralities, it is of an 
 earlier date and in several respects more 
 curious than almost any other pifece " in 
 Dodsley's collection (see Carew Hazlitt's 
 edition). 
 
 World at ■Westminster, The : 
 
 "a periodical publication, by. Thomas 
 Brown theYounger," i.e., Thomas Moore, 
 the poet, published during the year 1816. 
 
 World before the Flood, The. 
 
 A poem, in the heroic couplet, by James 
 Montgomery (1771—1854), published in 
 1813, and consisting of ten snort cantos, in 
 which the writer describes " the antedilu- 
 -vian patriarchs in their B^ppy Valley, 
 the invasion of Eden by the descendants 
 of Cain, the loves of Javan and Zillah^ the 
 translation of Enoch, and the final deliver- 
 ance of the little band of patriarchs from 
 the hands of the giants." 
 
 World in the Sun and Moon, A 
 History of the, by Cyrano de Bergerao 
 {Histoire Comique des Etats et Empires 
 de la lAime), was translated by Thomas 
 St. Serf in 1659 ; bj-A. Lovell in 1687 ; and 
 by S. DeiTiok in 1753. This fantastic ro- 
 mance suggested many passages in Swift's 
 Gullivef's Travels, Fontenelle's Plurality , 
 of Worlds, and Voltaire's Micromegae. See 
 DuDlop's History of Fiction. 
 
 " Worl4 is all a fleeting show. 
 This." A sacred song by Thomas Moore. 
 
 " World knows nothing of its 
 
 freatestmen.The." A line In Sir Hekey 
 'ATLOB'9 dramatic poem, Philip Van 
 Artevelde (il.r.). 
 
 38 
 
 " World must be peopled, The." 
 
 Much Ado About Nothing, act ii., scene 3. 
 
 World, The. A lyric by Francis, 
 Lord Bacon, printed in Eeliquia Woito- 
 niantR (q.v.). See Spedding's edition of 
 Bacon's Works and Hannah's (Courtly 
 Poets. See " World's a bubble," Sec. 
 
 World, The. A series of prose 
 essays and sketches, edited by Edward 
 MooBE (1712 — 1752), who included among 
 his assistant contribu^ra Lord Gliester- 
 field. A weekly jonnial with this title 
 was started in 1874. 
 
 "World(The) had wanted many 
 
 an idle song."— PoBE, Epistle to Dr. Ar- 
 buthnot, line 28. 
 
 " World (The) is too much with 
 
 us ; late and soon." A sonnet by William 
 
 Wordsworth :— 
 
 " Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers." 
 
 " World (The) is very odd, we 
 see." From a lyric in XHpsychus (q.v.), by 
 Arthur Hugh Clough (1819—1861). 
 
 "World (The) was all before 
 
 them where to choose their place of rest." 
 Paradise Lost, book xii., line 646. 
 
 Worlde and the Chylde, The. 
 
 A moral play, which came from the press , 
 of Wynkyn de Worde, in 1622, but, from ' 
 internal evidence, would appear to have 
 been written before the close of the reign 
 of Henry VII. Man is here represented in 
 five stages of life, — infancy, when he is 
 called Infans ; boyhood, when he is called 
 Wanton ; youth, when he is called Lust- 
 and-liking ; maturity, when he is called 
 ISIanhood ; and infirmity, when he is called 
 Age ; in each of which conditions he is 
 supposed to pass a number of years, and 
 experience many .adventures, until at last 
 Age is converted to Grace, and is then 
 styled Repentance, 
 
 "Worldly-wise." See "Wisely 
 
 WORLDLY." 
 
 Worldly -'Wiseman, Mr., in Bun- 
 yak's Pilgrim's Progress, is one who en- 
 deavours to dissuade Christian from con- 
 tinuing his journey to the Celestial City. 
 
 " World's abubble(The)and the 
 
 life of man Less than a span." Opening 
 lines of a lyric on The World (q.v.), writ- 
 ten byLoril Bacon (1661-1626); "a fine 
 example," says Palgrave, " of a peculiar 
 class of poetry,— that T*ritten by tliought- 
 ful men who practised this art but little." 
 
 " World's a stage. All the." See 
 " All the world's a stage." 
 
 "World's Hydrographical De- 
 scription, The. A work by JOHN Davis, 
 the Elizabethan navigator (d. 160S), 
 "wherein," as the title-page Informs us, 
 "Is proved not onely by aucthotltle 
 of writers, but also by late experience 
 
770 
 
 WOB 
 
 WRA 
 
 of travellers, and reasohs of substan- 
 tial! probabilltie, that the woilde in all 
 his zones, clymats, and place;i!j is habitable 
 and inhabited, and the seas likewise uni- 
 veriaily navigable, without any natnrall 
 annoyance to hinder the same ; whereby 
 appeares that from England there is a 
 short and speedie passage into the South 
 Seas to China, Mtuucca, Phillipina, and 
 India, by northerly navigation, to the re- 
 nowne, honour, and benefit ot her majes- 
 tie's State and Commonalty." 
 
 "■World's mine oyster, The." 
 — The Merry Wives of Windsor ^ act ii., 
 scene 2. 
 
 World's Olio, The. A work hy 
 Mabsaeet, Buchess of Newcastle 
 (1624—1673), which appeared in 1655. 
 
 "■Worm i' the bud, Like a."— 
 
 Tivel/th Night, act ii., scene 4. 
 
 " Worm (The), the canker, and 
 the grief." See Bvron's verses On His 
 Thirty-Sixth Birthday. 
 
 " Worm -will turn. The small- 
 est." — King Henry VI., part 3, act ii., 
 scene 2. 
 
 Wornum, Ralph Nicholson, 
 
 writer on art (b. 1812), has published A 
 Sketch of the History of Paintvng (1847 and 
 1859), The Analysis of Ornament (1866 and 
 I860), A Biographical Catalogue of the 
 Principal Italian Painters (1855), Epochs 
 of Painting (1861), A Life of Holbein (1867), 
 and other works. 
 
 "Worse for wear. The." — 
 
 COWPER, Jolin Gilpin. 
 
 "Worship (The) of the world, 
 
 •but no repose." — Shelley, Hellas. 
 
 Worsley, Philip Stanhope, is 
 the author of a translation of the Tliad of 
 Homer (1865), and of Poems and Translor- 
 tions (1863). 
 
 Worsley, Sir Richard, liistorian 
 (b. 1761, d. 1805), wrote The History of the 
 Isle of Wight (1781), and Museum Worslei- 
 anum (1794—1803), See Savage's Libra- 
 rian. 
 
 " Worst humour'd muse. The." 
 
 See Whitepooed, Caleb. 
 
 Worthies of England, The 
 
 History of the. See Fuller, Thomas. 
 
 Wotton, Edward, M.D., nat- 
 uralist (b. 1492, d. 1566), was the author of 
 I)e Differentiis Animalium (1652). 
 
 Wotton, Sir Henry, diplomatist, 
 poet, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1668, d. 
 1039), wrote The Elements of Architectwe 
 (1624) ; Ad Hegem e Scotia reducem Hehrici 
 Wottonii Pldusus et Vota (1633) ; A Par- 
 allel between Robert late Earl of Essex and 
 Oeorge late Dulaef Buckingham (1841) ; 
 A Short Vieu) qf the lAfe and Death of 
 
 George Villiers, Dulce of Buckingham (IG^; 
 The State of Christendom (1657)] and- 
 Panegyrick of King Charles, being Observa- 
 tions upon the Inclination, Life and Gov- 
 ernment of our Sovereign Lord the King. 
 The Beliquits Wottonianot (q.v.), contain- 
 ing iiues. Letter^, Poems, with Characters 
 of Sundry Personages, and other incom- 
 parable Pieces of Language and Art by 
 Sir Henry Wotton, Kt., appeared in 1651. 
 The Poems were edited by Dyce for the 
 Percy Society, and by Dr. Hannah in 1845. 
 See the Life by Izaak Walton, Wood's 
 AthencB Oxonienses, and Brydges' British 
 Bibliographer. See Bohemia, &o. 
 
 Wotton, Sir Henry, Elegy on, 
 
 by Abraham Cowlev (1618 — 1667) ; char- 
 acterised by Johnson as "vigorous and 
 happy ; the series of thoughts is easy and 
 natural, and the conclusion is elegant and 
 forcible." 
 
 Wotton, William, D.D., miscel- 
 laneous writer (b. 1666, d. 1726), published 
 Reflections upon Ancient ana Modem 
 Learning (X&^ : a History of Rome (1701); 
 Miscellaneous Discourses relating to the 
 Traditions and Usages of the Scribes and 
 Pharisees, in our Saviour Jesus ChrisVa 
 Time (1718) ; a Discourse on the ConfusUm 
 ofLanf/uage at Babel (1730) ; A Short View 
 of HicUes* Thesaurus, translated into Eng- 
 lish (1735) ; and other works. 
 
 "Would you know what's 
 soft ? I dare." First line of a song by 
 ThomasCarew (1589—1639). 
 
 " Wounded snake, drags its 
 slow length along j That, like a." A de- 
 scription applied to the "needless Alex- 
 andrine," in line 158 of Pope's Essay on 
 Criticism. ^ 
 
 Wounds of Civill War, The: 
 
 " lively set forth in the true Tragedies of 
 Marius audScilla," by Thomas Lodge 
 (1555 — 1625) ; printed in 1594, and written in 
 blank verse. It has been reprinted In 
 Dodsley'a Old Plays. 
 
 Wozenham, Miss. Tlie lodfcin^- 
 bonse keeper in Dickens's Chrltmas 
 stories of Mrs. Lirriper's Lodgings (q.v.) 
 and Mrs. Lirriper^s Legacy. 
 
 Wraburn, Eugene. A cliaraoter 
 in Dickens's Our Mutual Friend (q.v.). 
 
 Wrangham, Francis, Archdeacon 
 of Chester (b. 1709, d. 1843), was the author of 
 Poems (1705) ; Tlte British Plutarch (1812): 
 Humble Contributions to a British Plutarch 
 (1816) ; Scraps (1816) ; Sermvns (1816) ; 
 Tracts (1816) : Sertum. Cantaibrigiense 
 (1824) i The Pleiad (1828\ (q.v.) ; A Few 
 Epigrams ; an edition of Plutarch j and 
 other works. 
 
 Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel, mis- 
 cellaneous writer (b. 1761, d. 1831), was the 
 author of Memoirs qf the Kings qf France 
 
WEA 
 
 WYO 
 
 771 
 
 tfthe Htru.se of Valois (1777) ; A Hiatory (\f 
 SYaruxfrom the Accession of Henry III. to 
 ike Death of Louis XIV. (1795) j Memoirs of 
 the Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw, 
 and Vietma. QJOl) ; and Historical Memoirs 
 tjfHis Own Time (1816), a supplementary 
 Tolume of which appeared in 1836. 
 
 ■Wray, Enoch. Tlie liero of 
 
 Ckabbe's poem of The Village Patriarch. 
 
 " Wreathed smiles." See " Nods 
 
 AKD BECKS." 
 
 Wren, Jenny. A maker of dolls' 
 dresses, in Dickens's story of Our Mutual 
 Friend (q.v.). See Fledgkby, Fasoina- 
 
 TIOK. 
 
 " Wretched are the -wise, The 
 only." A line in Priok's verses To 
 Cliarles Montague. 
 
 " Wretches hang, that jurymen 
 may dine. And." Line 22, canto iii., of 
 Pope's Hape of the Lock (q.v.). 
 
 Wrexhill, The Vicar of. See 
 
 Vicar of Wkexhill, The. 
 
 Wright, Thomas.literary antiquary 
 and editor (b. 1810), has published Queen 
 Elizabeth and her Times (1838) ; England 
 under the House of Hanover (1848) ; The 
 Celt, the Norman, and the Saxon (1852) ; 
 Domestic Manners in England during tlie 
 Midille Ages (1861) ; Essays on Arclueo- 
 logical Subjects (1861) ; A History of Cari- 
 cature and the Grotesque in Literature an^ 
 Art (186.5) : Womanlcind in Western Europe 
 (1869) ; and other works ; besides editions 
 of The Canterbury Tales, The Vision of 
 Piers Plowman, and other classics, and 
 numerous contiibutiona to magazines and 
 reviews. 
 
 " Wrinkled care.'' — Milton, 
 UAllegro. 
 
 " Write about it, godd.esa, and 
 about it. "—Pope, Tlie Dunciad, book iv., 
 line 232. 
 
 "Write me down an ass, O 
 that he were here \a."— Much Ada about 
 Nothing, act ii., scene 4. 
 
 Writing Schoole-master, The, 
 
 by Peter Bales (1517— abouri6in); "con- 
 teining three Bookes in one — the first, 
 teaching swift Writlhg ; the second, true 
 Writing ; the third, faire Writing ;" pub- 
 lished in 1590. This work is also called 
 BraeJiygraphy. 
 
 Written on the day that Mr. 
 Leigh Hunt left prison." A sonnet by 
 John Keats. 
 
 Wronghead, Sir Francis. A 
 
 character in the comedy of The Provoked 
 Husband (q.v.). 
 "Wroth with one we love, 
 
 And to be." A line in Coleridge's poem 
 of Christabel (q.v.). The couplet runs :— 
 
 " And to be wroth with one we love 
 IJoth work like madnesB on the brain." 
 
 Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester 
 (d, 1013). See the Biography of this writer 
 by William of Malmesbury. See, also, 
 Wright's Biographia Britannica. 
 
 . Wuthering Heights. A novel " 
 by Emily Bronte (1818—1848), published 
 in 1?47. 
 
 Wyatt, Sir Thomas, diplomatist, 
 poet, and prose writer (b. 1503, d. 1642), 
 -wrote various songs and lyrics, which first 
 appeared in Tottel's Miscella/ny (q.v.) in 
 1657. His Poems were published, with a 
 Memoir, in 1831, and are included in 
 Chalmers's Collectionqf the Poets. Seealso 
 Hannah's Courtly Poets. " The genius of 
 Sir Thomas Wyatt," says Campbell, " was 
 refined and elevated, but his poetry is 
 sententious and sombrous, and in his 
 lyrical effusions he studied terseness rather 
 than suavity." He is referred to in Ten- 
 nyson's Queen Mary, where his son is_ 
 represented as saying of him :— 
 *' Courtier of many courts, he loved the more 
 
 His own ^ray towers, plain life end letter'd peace, 
 
 To read and rhyme in solitary fields ; 
 
 The lark above, the nightingale below, 
 
 And answer them in song." 
 
 Wycherley, William, dramatist 
 and poet (b. 1640, d. 1715), wrote Love in a 
 Wood (1672) ; The Gentleman Dancing 
 Master (1673); The Country Wife {imS), 
 (q.v.)j and The Plain Dealer (1677), (q.v.). 
 His Works in Prose and Verse were revised 
 and published by Theobald in 1728; and 
 his plays were published with those of 
 -Congreve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar, in . 
 1842. His Miscella/ny Poems appeared in 
 1704. 
 
 Wycliffe, John, religious reform- 
 er (b. 1324, d. 1384), wrote Wyclyffe's 
 Wycket (q.v.), (1546) ; The True Copye of a 
 Prolog written about two C Tears past by 
 John Wyckliffe, the original whereqf as 
 fcfwnde in an old English Bible, betwixt the 
 Olde Testament and the Newe (1660) i Tu;o ' 
 Short Treatises against the Orders qf the 
 Begging Friars, edited, with a Glossary, 
 by Dr. James (1608) ; The Last Age of the 
 Church, nolo first pri/nted from a Manu- 
 script in tile University Library, Ditblin, 
 edited, with notes, by Dr. Todd (1840) ; An 
 Apology for Lollard Doctrines, attributed 
 to Wield ffi'., now first printed from a MS., 
 with an introduction and notes, ' by Dr. 
 ■ Todd (1842); Tracts and Treatises of John 
 de Wycliffe, D.D., with selections and 
 translations from his Manuscripts and 
 Latin Works, with an introductory memoir 
 by Robert Vauglian, D.D. (1845) ; and vari- 
 ous other' pieces which have not come 
 down to us. See, also, the publications of 
 the Wycliffe Society ; Fasciculi Zizanio- 
 mm Magisiri Johannis Wyclif, edited by 
 W. W. Shirley (1858) ; the IJfe by P. F. 
 
773 
 
 WYO 
 
 YEB 
 
 Tytler (1826) ; the Ufi by Le Bas tl823) j 
 and the Lrfe in Foxe's Acts and Monu- 
 ments, which is also giveji in yol i. of 
 Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical Biography. 
 Wvcliffe's Select English Works were 
 edited by T. Arnold in 1871. See Bible, 
 The ; Evakgelio Doctor, The ; Morn- 
 ing Star of the Eefoemation, The ; 
 Tbialogus. 
 
 ■Wycliffe, "WUfria, in Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott's Itoteby (q.v.), is in love with 
 Matilda, heir of Rokeby's Knight. 
 
 Wyolytfe's Wycket : " wlij'clie 
 he made in Kynge Bycards Days the 
 Second iu the Yere of our Lorde God 
 'M.CCC.XIV;" "a learned and godly 
 treatise of the Sacrament," first printed in 
 1546. 
 
 Wye, The Banks of. A poem by 
 BOBERT Bloomfield, Written about 
 1822. 
 
 Wyl Bucke his Testament. 
 
 Attributed to John Lacy (d. 1681), and 
 consisting of ten stanzas; The remainder 
 of the tract is occui)ied with recipes for 
 dressing various joints, and for making 
 saToury dishes out of a buck or doe. It 
 is reprinted in Halliwell-Phillipps' Coniri- 
 butimis to the Literature of the Sixteenth 
 and Seventeenth Centuries. 
 
 Wyll of the Devyll, The : " with 
 
 his ten detestable Commandments ; where- 
 unto is adjoyned a Dyet for dy vers of the 
 Devylles Dearlings, commonly called 
 Dayly Dronkardes," by G-eorqe Gas- 
 coigne ; reprinted in 1815. See Deli- 
 cate Diet, &c. 
 
 "Wynter, Andrevr, M.D., mis- 
 cellaneous wi-iter (b. 1819, d. 1876), was the 
 autlior of Sketches of Town and Country 
 Hfe (1855), afterwards republished as Our 
 Social Bees (1861), Chtriosities of Civilizor- 
 turn. Subtle Brains and Lissom Fingers, 
 and various other volumes, besides con- 
 tributions to periodical literature. 
 
 ■Wyntershylle, William (d. 
 about 1424), was a monk ofSt. Albans, and 
 wrote a Chronicle. 
 
 Wyntoun, Andrew, chronicler 
 (circa 1395—1420), wrote, in metre, The 
 Ort/gynale Crony HI of Scotland which was 
 edlteil, with notes and glossary, by David 
 Macpherson, in 1795. See Okygynale 
 Cbonykil. 
 
 Wyoming, Gertrude of. See 
 Gebtbdde of Wyoming. 
 
 Xanadu. The name of a city re- 
 ferred to in Coleridge's poem of Kubla 
 Khan (q.v.). It is an aliered form of 
 Xaindu, the name given to the residence 
 of the Khan Kublal in Purohas's Pilgriwr 
 age. 
 
 Xenophon. English translations 
 of the works of this Greek historian have 
 been published by Bradley, Cowper, Den- 
 ham. Fielding, Graves, ifforris, " Moyle, 
 Smith, Spelman, Watson, Wellwood, and 
 others. The best edition is that by Ste- 
 phens. See also the Ancient Classics for' 
 English Headers. 
 
 Xury. A Moresco boy and ser- 
 vant to Eobinson Crusoe in Defoe's 
 work of the latter name (q.v.). 
 
 Yahoos, The, in Swift's Gul- 
 liver's Travels (q.v.), arace of beings with 
 the form of men and the nature of brutes, 
 who are subject to the Houyhuhiuns, a 
 race of horses who are endowed with rea- 
 son. 
 
 Yair, J. The editor of a collection 
 of Scottish songs entitled The Charmer 
 (1749—51). 
 
 Yalden, Thomas, poet (b. 1671, 
 d. 1736), was the author of Hymns to Light 
 and To Darkness, and other pieces. See 
 Namur, Ode on the Capture of. 
 
 Yankee, A. The nam de plume 
 under which Bichard Grant White (b. 
 1822), the Shakespearian commentator, 
 contributeda series of letters on American 
 affairs to Tlie Spectator. 
 
 Yarico. <See Ikele, Me. Thomas. 
 
 Yarrington, Robert See Chii.- 
 DBEN in the Wood, The ; Two Trag- 
 edies IN One. 
 
 Yarrow, The Braes of. -See 
 Braes of Yarrow, The. 
 
 Yarrow TJnvisited. A lyric 
 by William Wordsworth (1770—1850), 
 written ill 1803. Yarrow Visited was com- 
 posed eleven years after, in September, 
 1814 ; Yarrow Eevisited, in 1831. 
 
 Yates, Edmund Hodgson, nov- 
 elist and journalist (b. 1831), has written, 
 among many novels. Broken to Harness 
 (1864), Running the Gauntlet (1866), Kissing 
 the Mod (1866) ; Black Sheep (1867), and 
 Wreckedin Part (18690 He was for several 
 years the editor of Temple Bar, and has 
 Deen an extensive contributor to peri- 
 odical literature. 
 
 " Ye banks and braes and 
 
 streams around." First line of Highland 
 Mary, song by Koeert Burns (1769— 
 1796). 
 
 " Ye banks and braes o' bonnie 
 Doon." First line of The Banks o' Doon, 
 a song by Robert Burns (1759—1796), 
 which first appeared iu Johnson's Mu- 
 seum. A simpler, and undoubtedly a finer 
 version, is that beginning — 
 
 " Yo flovery banks o* bonnie Doon," 
 
YEQ 
 
 YON 
 
 773 
 
 ■which, was composed in 1787, while the 
 author sat, sad and solitary, by the side of 
 a fire in a little country inn, drying his 
 ■wet clothes. 
 
 "Ye Gentlemen of England." 
 
 An old English ballad (authorship un- 
 kno\vn), of which Eossetti sa;]fs, that it 
 would be difficult to find anything which 
 in stately, noble, and thoroughly popular 
 Btructure ajid melody, comes closer toTihe 
 ideal of a patriotic song. 
 
 **Ye Mariners of England." The 
 first line of a song written at Altona, in 
 1800, by Thomas Campbell (1777—1844), 
 and entitled " Alteration of theOldBallad 
 Ye Gentlemen of England, composed on 
 the prospect 'of a Bussian War," The first 
 four lines are — 
 
 " Te marinera of England, 
 
 That guard our nntive eeas ; 
 Whose Has baa braved, a thousand years, 
 The battle and the breeze." 
 
 Yeast : " a Problem." A novel by 
 the Rev. Charles Kixgsley (1819—1875), 
 published in 1848, and reprinted in 1856. 
 •' The title indicates the epoch and the 
 character of the work — one in which, on a 
 limited canvas, are painted side by side 
 the spiritual perplexities of a certain high- 
 er class of minds, and the, in many re- 
 spects, menacing fispects of the rural popy.- 
 lation as it tlien was." 
 
 " TTelloTW autumn, "wreathed 
 
 with nodding corn."— Bukns, The Brig o' 
 Ayr. 
 
 " Yello-w leaf. My days are in 
 the." First line of a verse inBYRON's 
 lines On his Tlilrty- Sixth Year : — 
 
 *' The flowers and fruits of love are gone, 
 The worm, the canker, and the grief 
 Are mine alone." 
 
 See "Sear, the yELLO"W leaf, The." 
 
 "Yellow primrose (A) "waste 
 him." i5ee" Primrose by the river's 
 
 BRIM, A." 
 
 " Yello"w to the jaundiced eye, 
 All looks."— Pope, Essay on Criticism^ 
 part il., line 359. 
 
 Yellow-haired Laddie, The. A 
 Bong by Allan Ramsay, 
 
 Yello"wley, Triptolemu3, in Sir 
 "Walter Scott's Pirate, is " an agricul- 
 tural enthusiast, of mixed Scottish and 
 Yorkshire blood." Mistress Barbara and 
 old Jasper Yellowley are also characters 
 in the -same novel, and are the sister and 
 father respectively of the above-named 
 individual. 
 
 Yelldwplush, The Memolr-g of 
 Mr. C. J. A series of humorous sketches, 
 written in the character of a West-End 
 footman, and contributed to Fraaer*sMag- 
 azvne, by "William Makepeace Thack- 
 BBAV-USU— 1863)., yhey .iiwjlude "Miss 
 
 Shum's Husband," "The Amours of Mr-. 
 Deuceace," "Poring Parts," " Mr. Deuce- 
 ace in Paris," " Mr. Yellowplush's Ajew," 
 " Skimmings from the ' Diary of George 
 IV.,' " and ^'Epistles to the Literati"— the 
 latter a fierce criticism upon Lord Lytton's 
 play of The Sea Captain (q.v.). 
 
 Yendys, Sydney. The nom de 
 plume of Sydney Dobell (1824—1874), in 
 the publication of scme of his earMer\)o- 
 etry, e.g., The Roman, a Dramatic Tale 
 (1850). "Yendys" is, of course, Sydney 
 written backwards. 
 
 Yeo, Salvation, in Charles 
 
 Kingsley's novel of Westward Ho I is a 
 stern warrior, admirable seaman and gun- 
 ner, true comrade, Spatiiard-hating and 
 God-fearing Englishman, intended as an 
 embodiment of English Puritanism in 
 the days of Elizabeth, 
 
 Yeoman's Tale, '^The, in The 
 
 Canterbury Tales, is that of a canon who, 
 having borrowed one mark of a priest for 
 .three days, and repaid him punctually, 
 proceeded to beguile him-by jugglery into 
 the belief that he knew how to make tjil- 
 ver ; whereupon the priest gave forty 
 ■pounds for the secret, which turned out 
 valueless, and he never saw the canon any 
 more. See Morley's English Writers. 
 
 Yes and No: "A Tfile of the 
 
 Day," by the first Marquis of Norm anby 
 (1797-1863). 
 
 " Yes ! in the sea of life en- 
 
 lisled." — " To Marguerite," in Switzerland 
 (q.v.) ; a lyric by Matthew Arnold (b. 
 1822). 
 
 Yes, The Lady's. Verses by 
 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1809^ 
 1861) :— 
 
 *' And her Yes, once eaid to you, 
 Shall be yea for evermore.'* 
 
 Yesterday, To-day, and Tor 
 
 Ever. A poem in twelve books by Ed- 
 ward Henry Bickersteth (b. 1826), 
 published in 1866. 
 
 " Yielding marble of her snowy 
 breast, The." — Waller, Lines on a Lady^ 
 line 12. 
 
 Yuiol. The father of Enid (q.v.) 
 in Tennyson's Idylls of the King. 
 
 Yonge, Charles Duke, Professor 
 
 of English Literature and History (b, 1812),. 
 has published A History of England to the 
 Peace qf Paris, 1856 ; ALife of the Duheof 
 Wellington ; A History of the British 
 Navy ; A History of . France under the 
 Bourbons ; Three Centuries of Modem His- 
 tory ; A History of the English Revolution 
 Q/*1688 ; and other works. ' 
 
 Yonge, Charlotte Mary, novelist 
 and miscellaneous writer (b. 1823}, has 
 published, among many works of fiction, 
 The Heir qf lledcliffe (1863) ; Heartsease 
 
774 
 
 YOR 
 
 YOU 
 
 (1854) ; The Daisy Chain (1856) ; Dynevor 
 jferrace (1857) ; The Trial: More Links of 
 the Daisy Chain (1864) ; The Young Step- 
 mother O-iiGi) ; The Clever Woman of the 
 Family (1865) ; The Dove in the Eagle's 
 J\res< (186ti) ; The Chaplet of Pearls (1868) ; 
 Lady Hester (1873) ; and The Three Brides 
 (1876) ; Woman-Kind (1876) ; besides a 
 History of Christian J^ames, a lAfe qf 
 Bishop FaMeson. Landmarks qf History^ 
 Stories of English History, and many other 
 volumes. 
 
 Yorick, in Hamlet (q.v.), was 
 jester to the King of Denmark. "Alas, 
 poor Yoiick ! I knew him, Hoiatio ; a 
 fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent 
 fancy " (act v., scene 1). See next para^ 
 graph. 
 
 Yorick, in Sterne's novel of 
 Tristram Shandy (q.v.), is an Englishmaiij 
 who is represented as of Danibh origin, 
 and as being descended from the Yorick 
 (q.v.j) cf Shakespeare. " Yorick," sajjs Sir 
 Walter Scott, " the lively, witty, sensitive, 
 and heedless parson, is the well-known 
 personification of Sterne himself, and 
 undoubtedly, like every portraitof himself 
 drawn by a master of the art, bore a strong 
 resemblance to the original. Still, there 
 are shades of simplicity thrown into the 
 character of Yorick, which did not exist in 
 that of Sterne." 
 
 Yorke; Oliver. The pseudonym, 
 at one time, of the editor of Eraser's 
 Magazine (first assumed by Francis Ma- 
 hoxy), in which appeared Carlyle's Sartor 
 Jiesartus. Frequent references occur in 
 that work to the said Oliver Yorke ; as 
 also in the entertaining Reliques-of Father 
 Prout. 
 
 Yorkshire Tragedy, A. A play- 
 performed at the, Globe Theatre, in 1604, 
 and four years afterwards printed with 
 Shakespeare's name as author. It is prob- 
 able that the poet revised it for the stage. 
 Both Dyce and Collier are of opinion that 
 it contains passages which can only have 
 proceeded from his pen. 
 
 "You ask me -why, Tho' ill at 
 ease." A lyric by Alfred Tekxyson, 
 
 containing his famous eulogium upon 
 Britain as 
 
 " Theland that freemen till, 
 Tliat Bobei^fiuitcd Freedom chobc, 
 Tl»e land where, girt by friends or foes, 
 A inon may epcak the thing ho will." 
 
 " You meaner beauties of the 
 
 night." First line of a lyric by Sir Henry 
 'W()TTON" On His Mistress, the Queen of 
 Boliemia (q.v.). 
 
 "You might have -won the 
 
 poet's name." A lyric by Alfred Ten- 
 KYSOJT addressed to his 'elder brother 
 Charles {see Turner, Charles Ten- 
 nyson), and a line outburst against "tho 
 scandal and the cry " which so often greet 
 a greatm.au at hiu death — 
 
 * Proclaim tho faults he would not show, 
 Bfeoic lock and seal ; betray the trust : 
 , Keep nothing sacred ; 'tis out juBt i 
 
 The many-headed beast should know." 
 
 "You must -wake and call me 
 
 early, call me early, mother dear." — The 
 May Queen, by Alfred TENifYSON. 
 
 Young Admirall, The. " A 
 poem," or tragi-comedy, by James Shir- ' 
 
 LEY (1594—1666), published in 1637. It is 
 referred to by Eveiyn in his Diary. 
 
 Young Beichan. See Beichan, 
 
 YOUXG. 
 
 " Young Ben he "vras a nice 
 
 young man." — Faithless Sally Brown, by 
 Thomas Hood. 
 
 Young Duke, The. A novel, by 
 Benjamin Disraeli (q.v.), published in 
 1831. 
 
 Young, Ed-ward, poet, dramatist, 
 and prose writer (b. 1684, d. 1765), wrote 
 The Last Day (1713), (q.v.) ; an Epistle to 
 the Right Honourable Lord Landsdoicne 
 (1713); The Force of Religion: or. Van- 
 quished Love (1713) ; On the late QueeiVs 
 Death, and Ms Majesty*s Accession, to Vie 
 Throne (1714) ; a Paraphrase on tfte Bonkof 
 Job (1719) ; BtmriSt King qf Egypt, a trag- 
 edy (1719) ; The Revenge, a tragedy (q.v.), 
 (1721); The Universal Passion [_ci.v.); Ocean, 
 an Ode (q.v.), (1728) ; The Brothers, a trag- 
 edy (1728) ; A Fine Estimate of Human Life 
 (1728) ; An Apology for Princes : or, the 
 Reverence due to Government (1729) ; 2m- 
 perium Pelagi, a Naval Lyrick (1130) ; Two 
 Epistles to Mr, Pope conceDiinrf the Authors 
 qf the Age (1730) ; The Foreign Address 
 (1734) ; The ComjAaint : or. Night Thoughts' 
 on Lrfe, Deafh, and Immortality (1742) ; 
 The Consolation^ to which is annexed some 
 Thoughts occasioned by the present Junc- 
 ture (1745) ; The Centaur not Fabulous 
 (1755) ; An Essay on the Writings and 
 Genius of Pope (1756) ; Conjectures on 
 Original Composition, in a Letter to the 
 Author of Sir Charles Grandison (1759); 
 and Resignation, in Two Parts (1762). His 
 Works were published in 1757, and, witli a 
 Liff of tho author, in 1802 ; his Poetical 
 Irorks, with a Memoir by the Rev. J. 
 Mitford, in 1834, and again in 1841 ; his 
 Works, Poetical and Prose, with a Life 
 byDoran, iii*18ol j and his Poetical Works, 
 edited, with a Life, by^ Thomas, in J852. 
 " Of Young's poems it is diflicnltto give^ 
 any general character, for he has no uni- 
 formity of manner one of his pieces has 
 no great resemblance to anotlier. He be- 
 gan to write early and continued long, and 
 at different times had different modes of 
 poetical excellence in view. His numbers 
 are sometimes smooth and sometimes 
 rugged i his style is sometimes concaten- 
 ated and sometimes abrupt; sometimes 
 diffusive and sometimes concise. His plans 
 seem to have started in his mind at the 
 present moment ; and his thoughts appear. 
 the effect of chauce, sometimes adverse,' 
 
Yotr 
 
 ZAP 
 
 775 
 
 and sometimes lucky, with very little 
 operation of Judgment." "Young," says 
 the first LordLytton '• is not done justice to, 
 popular as he is with a certain class of 
 readers. He has never yet had a critic to 
 display and make current his most pe- 
 culiar and emphatic beauties. He is of a^l 
 poets tlie one to be studied by a man who 
 IS about to break the golden chains that 
 bind him to the world— Ills gloom does not 
 then appal or deject ; the dark river of 
 his solemn genius sweeps l^e thoughts on- 
 wards to etern'ty."- /SceCoMPLAiKT, Thi ; 
 IMPEEIUM Pelagi ; Religion, The 
 
 POKCE OF. 
 
 "Young idea ho-wr to shoot. To 
 
 teach." See "Kear (To) the tendeb 
 
 THOUGHT." 
 
 Young, Matthe'w, Bishop of Clon- 
 fert and Kilmacduach (h. 1750, d. 1800), 
 ■wrote An Analysis of the Principles of 
 NaMiral Philosophy^ An Essay on tlie Phe- 
 nomena ofSounaSt and other works. See 
 The Gentleman^s Magazine, vol. Ixx. 
 
 Young, Patrick. Scottish scholar 
 (b. 1584, d. 1652), published an edition of 
 the two epistles of Clemens Romaiius, and 
 assisted Reed in. the Latin translation of 
 the works of James VI. 
 
 Young, Sir "William (li. 1750, d. 
 1815), colonial governor and miscellaneous 
 writer, was the author of The Spirit of 
 Athens (1779), afterwards expanded into 
 The History of Athens, politically and phil- 
 osophically considered (1786). 
 
 Young "Waters. A Scottisli bal- 
 lad, in which covert allusion is apparently 
 made to the indiscreet partiality which 
 Queen Anne of Denmark is said to have 
 shown for the " bonny Earl of Murray." 
 
 "Your 'if is your only peace- 
 maker; much virtue in 'if'." — As You 
 Like It, act v., scene 4. 
 
 Youth and Age. A poem hy 
 Samuel COLEBIBGE (1772—1834). "This," 
 says Leigh Hunt, " is one of the most per-- 
 feet poems, for style, feeling, and every- 
 thing, that ever was written." 
 
 " Youth at the prow, and Pleas- 
 
 . ure at the helm."— Gkay, Tlie Lard. 
 
 Youth, My Lost. A poem by 
 Henby 'Wadswobth Lokgfellow (b. 
 1807), containing the familiar refrain : — 
 
 *' a boy's will is the wind's will, 
 And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts." 
 
 Youth of Nature, The. A lyric 
 by Matthew Arnold (h. 1822); com- 
 panion piece to The Youth of Man, by the 
 same author. 
 
 Youth, The Interlude of. A 
 moral play of the Reformation, printed by 
 John waley, of London, between 1547 and 
 1958. Collier describes it as decidedly a 
 Roman Catholic production, and has little 
 doubt that it made lis appearance 'ijuriiij; 
 
 the reign of Mary. It details the temptar 
 tions that Youth suffers from the impor- 
 tunities of Pride' and Lechery, who are 
 tinally defeated by the more efCective 
 counsel. of Charity and Humility. 
 
 Youth's Glory and Death's 
 
 Banquet. A tragedy, in two parts, by 
 Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle 
 (1624—1673). 
 
 You-warkee. The lieroine of 
 The Life and Adventures of Peter Willcins 
 (q.v.), by Robert Paltock (q.v.). She is 
 one of a nation of Hying men and women, 
 "glumms" and " gawreys," who inhabit 
 Nosmnbdsgrsutt, and who- propel them- 
 selves through the air by means of an ap- 
 paratus called a " graundee." When first 
 discovered by the hero, " she had a sort 
 of browii chaplet, like lace, rouid her 
 head, under and about which her hair was 
 tucked up and twined ; and she seemed to 
 be clothed in a thin hair-coloured silk 
 
 garment She felt to the touch in 
 
 the oddest manner imaginable ; for while 
 in one respept it was as though she had 
 been cased in whalebone, it was 'at the 
 same time as soft and warm as if she had 
 been naked." 
 
 YpodigmaNeustriae. Sec Wal- 
 siNGHAM, Thomas. 
 
 Ypotis, The Lamentations of the 
 Child, figures in the inventory of books 
 belonging to John Paston in the reign''of 
 Edward IV. See Paston Letters, The; 
 
 "Yt fell abovrght the Lam- 
 assefcyde." First line of the ballad of The 
 Battle of Otterbmime (q.v.). 
 
 Y'wrain and Oawain. A romance 
 supposed by "Warton to have been written 
 in the reign of Henry VL A Welsh ver- 
 sion is in the Mabinogion (q.v.). 
 
 Zadkiel. Tlie pseudonym under 
 which Lieutenant Riohard Thomas Mor- 
 Riso^r published his famous Almanacs. 
 
 Zadoc, in Dbtden's Absalom and 
 Achitopliel (q.v.), is intended for William 
 Sancroft (q.v.), Archbishop of Canterbu^. 
 
 Zanga. The liero of Young's 
 tragedy of Tlie Revenge (q.v.). 
 
 Zanoni. Tlie title and the name 
 of the hero of a novel by Edward, Lord 
 Lytton (1805 — 1873), published in 1842, 
 and characterised by him as the "well- 
 loved work of his mature manhood." 
 
 Zapolya. "AChristmns Tale, in 
 two parts,'' by Samuel Taylor Cole- 
 ridge (1772—1834) published in 1817 j in 
 which, Says Swinburne, there is " little 
 enough indeed of high dramatic quality, 
 but a native grace which gives it some- 
 thing of the charm of life. The song of 
 Glycine Is one of the brightest bits of 
 music ever done Into Words." 
 
776 
 
 ZAB 
 
 ZUIi 
 
 Zara. A " captive Queen " in 
 CoxGREVE's tragedy of The Mourning 
 Bride (q.v.). 
 
 Zara. A tragedy by Aaro:t Hill 
 (1685—1750), founded on a work by Vol- 
 taire. 
 
 Zarah, The Secret History of 
 Queen. A work by Mi-s. De la. Riviere 
 Manley .01672—1724), iu which the story 
 of Sarah, Ducliess of Marlborough, is told 
 with remarkable freedom ; the mother of 
 the duchess, whose maiden name was Jeu- 
 niugs, figuring as Jenisa. 
 
 Zarca. Father of I'edalma, in 
 George Eliot's dramatic poem of The 
 Spanish Gi/psjf (q.v.). 
 
 Zastrozzi. A novel written by 
 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792— 1822) be- 
 fore his seventeenth year. " It is a wild 
 story," says Rossetti, " of a virtuous 
 Yirezzi, persecuted and ruined by the 
 effervescent passion of a 'guilty siren,' 
 Matilda, Countess de Lauren tin!,, m league 
 with a mysterious and dark-browed Zas- 
 trozzi, who has, in chapteif the last, a 
 family grudge to clear off. Some deep- 
 buriad romance named Zofioya : or, the 
 Aforr, is recorded to have been the model 
 " of Zastrozzi.** 
 
 " Zealand, Some traveller from 
 New." See " New Zealand, Some 
 
 TRAVELLER FROM." 
 
 Zelica. Tlie ]ieroine of Moore's 
 poem, The Veiled Prophet qf Khorassant in 
 XaUa Jiool^h (q.v.). 
 
 Zeluco: "Various Views of Human 
 Nature taken from Life and Manners, 
 foreign and domestic.'* A novel by Dr. 
 John MooitE (1730-1802), published in 1789. 
 
 Zenophon. See Xenophon. 
 
 Zephon, in Milton's Paradise Lost 
 (q.v.), is *' a strong and subtle spirit," 
 " severe in youthful beauty." See Ithu- 
 riel. 
 
 Zerbino. Friend of Orlando, in 
 Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, 
 
 Zig-zag manuscript." — Cowper, 
 Thg Task, book ii., " The Timepiece." 
 
 Zimri, in Dryden'b Absalom and 
 Achitophei (q.v.), is intended for George 
 Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, who had 
 Batinsed Di^denin The Rehearsal (q.v.) as 
 Bayes (q.v.). 
 
 Zincali. A prose work by George 
 Borrow (b. 1803), giving " an account of 
 the gipsies of Spain," with a collection of 
 their songs and poetry, and a copious dic- 
 tionary of their peculiar language. 
 
 Zion Mount. See Mount Zion. 
 
 Zodiac of Life, The. Ametricnl 
 translation by Barnaby Googe (q.v.) of 
 the Zodiacm Vitcs of Palingenlus (Pier 
 Angelo MauzoU) ; described by 'VVortOM as 
 
 " a favourite performance." Tliree booUa 
 of it appeared in 1560, six in 1561, and the 
 whole twelve in 1565. To the first two edi- 
 tions the translator added separate poetical 
 introductions. See Carew Hazlitt'a Ikmd~ 
 book to tariff English Literature. 
 
 Zohrab the Hostage. An histo- 
 rical novel by James Morier (1780— 1849), 
 published in 1832. The scene is laid in the 
 time of Aga Mohammed Shah, whose story 
 has been told by Sir John Malcolnirand 
 who is really the hero of the book, thougn, 
 that post is 'nominally assigned to Zohrab, 
 an iudependeiit Mazandeiini chief, who 
 fallls in love with Aga Mohammed's niece. 
 
 Zoilus, The Life of. A satire on 
 Dennis the critic and Theobald the com- 
 mentator, written by Thomas Parnell 
 (1679—1718) at the request of the members 
 of the ScriblevuB Club (q.v.), with whom 
 Dennis and Theobald were at variance. 
 " Your Zoilus," wrote Pope, who was one 
 of the club, " really transcends the expec- 
 tation I haa conceived of it." It appeared 
 in 1717. 
 
 Zoist, The. A periodical started 
 by Dr. John Elliotson in support of his 
 physiological opinions. It was to I)r. 
 Elliotson that Thackeray dedicated his 
 Fendennis (q.v.)- 
 
 Zoonomia: "or, the Laws of Or- 
 
 fanic Life," by Erasmus Darwin (1731— 
 802) ; published in 1794—6. 
 
 Zophiel, in Milton's Paradise 
 Lost J is " of cherubim the swiftest wing." 
 
 Zophiel : *' or, tlie Bride of Seven." 
 A poem, in six cantos, by Maria Brooks 
 (1795—1845), which was prepared for the 
 press by Robert Southey, the poet, who 
 called the author " the most impassioned 
 and most imaginative of all poetesses." 
 It appeared in 1825. 
 
 Zoroas, On the Death of. A 
 poem in blank verse, b)[ Nicholas Grim- 
 bold (1519—1662), described as *• a nervous 
 and animated exordium." 
 
 Zouch, Richard, LL.D., lawyer, 
 and judge (b. about 1590, d. 1660), was the 
 author of a large number of legal works, 
 and of a poem called The Dove (1613). 
 
 Zouch, Thomas, divine (b. 1737, 
 d. 1815), was the author of The Crucifixion, 
 s poem (1765) ; Memoirs of the Life and 
 Writings of Sir Philip Sidney, sermons, &e. 
 He also edited, with a memoir of the 
 author, Walton's Lives (1796). 
 
 Zuleika. Tlie heroine in Byron's 
 poem of The Bride qf Ahydos (q.v.), in 
 love with Selim : — 
 
 " Fair, as the first that fell of woTnankind .... 
 Soft, as tho memory of buried love : 
 Pure, as the prayer which childhood wofti 
 
 above .... 
 Such waB Zuleika— auch around her shona 
 The nnmelcHB charms unmark'd by her alon»— 
 The li^ht of love, tho nurity of grace, 
 The mind, tho Mualc breathing from her face, 
 - The heart whoso aoftness harmonized th« whole ; 
 And oh I the eye woa in ItseU % SouL** 
 
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 Dictionary of English literature; being a 
 
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