ANGLO-SAXON COLLECTION THE BEQUEST OF Professor of Ei^gush Literatttre in the corxeiil, university 18TO-1911 Cornell University Library DA 152.C69 3 1924 027 951 536 MM S 11,2 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027951536 Missing Page l$ritannia Ibaxonita. A MAP OF BRITAIN DURING THE SAXON OCTARCHY, ACCOMPANIED BY A TABLE SHEWING AND THE MUTATIONS IN THE SAXON KINGDOMS THE GENEALOGIES OF WITH CHRONOLOGICAL NOTICES RELATIVE TO THE SAXON PERIOD. BY GEORGE WILLIAM COLLEN. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM PICKERING, CHANCERY LANE. MDCCCXXXm. LOKDO&' : PKINTED BY SAMUEL BENTLEV, Dorset Street, Fleet Street. The following compilation is published to assist the student of English History during the Saxon period, by presenting to his view the geographical divisions of the Country, as well as the succession of and contemporary Sovereigns of the several States ; thus affording a distinct idea of each Government of the Octarchy. The Compiler has the satisfaction of observing, that the utility of a Table similar to that which he has constructed, is considered, by a competent judge on that subject, necessary to a clear understanding of Anglo-Saxon history.* * See Palgra\ e's Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth, Anglo-Saxon Period, Part II. ccxxix. iSrttannia gjayontca. The Saxon states in this island have usually been designated a heptarchy, or seven governments ; and described " the Saxon Hep- tarchy in England." This appellation has probably arisen from the custom of identifying the kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira vv^ith that of Northumbria ; which latter state did, however, contain these two kingdoms when they fell under the dominion of one monarch. The Saxon kingdoms were not confined to the territory now called England, but extended as far north as the Firth of Forth. Hengist founded the Kingdom of Kent anno 455. This was the first Saxon monarchy in Britain. Ella that of Sussex anno 490 ; at which period we have a Duarchy. By the foundation of the King- dom of Wessex in the year 519 by Cerdic, a Triarchy existed. The erection of the Kingdom of the East Saxons by Erchinwin, anno 527, made a Tetrarchy. The existence of the East Anglian State, about the same period formed a Pentarchy. The foundation of the Kingdom of Bernicia by Ida, anno 547, formed a Hexarchy. Ella, or Alia, having conquered the British Kingdom of Deira in the year 559, a Heptarchy was formed. And upon the erection of the Mer- cian Kingdom in the year 586 by Crida, the Saxon States in Britain presented an Octarchy. The Anglo-Saxon Octarchy existed, with interruptions, 84 years, viz. from a.d. 586 to 670. Matthew of Westminster, narrating the events of the years 585 and 586, says, that eight kings reigned in Britain, viz. in Kent, in Sussex, in Wessex, in Mercia, in Essex, in East Anglia, in Deira, and in Bernicia.* * " Regnum Merciorum initium sumpsit, quad primus omnium Creodda tenuit. Inchoata sunt ergo hoc tempore omnia Anglorum sive Saxonura regna quae octo numerantur. Regnum 6 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. In an ancient MS. in the Heralds' College the names and boun- daries of the eight Anglo-Saxon kingdoms are stated, and agree with those recorded by the Monk of Westminster * videlicet Cantise, cujus caput est civitas Dorobernias. Regnum Australium Saxonum, id est, Suthsex, cujus caput est civitas Cicestriae. Regnum Orientalium Saxonum, id est, Estsex, cujus caput est civitas London. Regnum Orientalium Anglorum, id est, Estanglia, cujus caput est Norwicum. Regnum West Saxonum sive Occidentalium Saxonum, cujus caput est ^A en- tana, qua; modo Wintonia dicitur. Regnum Merciae sive Middelangliae, cujus caput est Dorka- cestria, nunc vero Lincolnia. Regnum Northanhumbrorum, cujus caput est Eboracum. Hoc regnum modo in duo dividitur. " Regnabant autem his temporibus oclo reges, quorum nomina haec sunt. Atlielbertus videlicet in Cantia, Cissa in Suthsaxia, Ceaulinus in Westsaxia, Creodda in Mercia, Erkenwinus in Estsaxia, TytiUus in Estanglia, Ella in Deira, Aethefridus in Bernitia. Reges autem Can- tuariae in sola Canciae provincia dominabantur. Reges Suthsexiae, in ilia tantum provmcia dominabantur. Reges Estsexie, in ilia provincia et in ^Nliddelsexia dominabantur. Reges Estanglie in Northfolke et Suthfolke dominabantur, nee non in provincia Canterbrigensi, donee a rege Mercioruni OfFa mutilati sunt. Reges 3Ierciorum dominabantur in provinciis Glouer- nensi, Wygorniensi, Warwicensi, Cestrensi, Derbiensi, Lincolniensi, Leircestrensi, Oxoniensi, Herefordensi, StafFordensi, Northamptonensi, Buckinghamensi, Bedfordensi, Huntededunensi, Cantabrigensi, et Hertfordensi. Reges Westsaxonum dominabantur in provinciis Bercensi, Dorsetensi, Sutheriensi, Wiltonensi, Saresberiensi, et Bathoniensi. Ihio reges qui sunt in Nortlianhumbria, dominabantur a magno flumine Humbri usque ad mare Scotia." * " And so they" (the Saxons) " departid Bretayne in to vij Kyngdoms, that is to wit, Kent, Estangle, Northumber, Westsex, Estsex, Mercia, and Southsex. Nowe ferthermore it is to be knowen of the foreseid vij k3mgdoms of theyre markys and of theyre boundes, hough ev'y kyng- dom was departid from oder. Fyrst was the kyngdom of Kent, that streachid from the Este Oceyan unto the Ryver of Temmys ; there regn3d first Engistus, and began to regne in the yere of oure lorde iv C Iv. The ij""' kyngdom was Southsex, that had on the Este syde Kent. And in the Sowthesyde the See and the Yle of Wyte, and in the '\\^est syde HampshjTe, and in parte Northesyde Southery ; there Ella regnyd fjrst w' his iij sonnys. This kyngdome w'ynne short tyme passid in to oder kyngdoms. The iij''' kyngdome was Estsex, and had in Estsyde the See, and in the West the Cuntree of London. And in the Sowthesyde Temmys ; and in the Northesyde Sowthefolk. The iiij"" kyngdome was Estangle, and that conteynyd Xorthefolk and Sowthefolk, and had in Este syde and in the Northside the See. And in the Northwest syde Cambrigeshyre, and in the West Seynt Edmond's Dyke and Hertfordshyre, and in the Sowthesyde Estsex. The v"" kyngdome was Westsex. This kyngdome durid longest of all the vij kyngdoms, and had on the Estsyde Sowthsex, and in the northe syde Temmys. In the Sowthe and the West the See Oceyan. The vj""^ kyngdome was Mercia, and was grettest of all the oder kyngdoms. The markys and bowndes therof were in the west syde the R^t' Dee fast by Chestre, and Severne fast by Shrewesbury unto Bristowe. And in the Est the Est See. And in the Sowthesyde Temmys unto London. In the Northe the Ryv' Humbre ; and so Westward and downeward to the Ryver iNIerse unto the corner of Wyrhal. This kyngdom of BRITANNIA SAXONICA. THE EIGHT ANGLO-SAXON KINGDOMS. Ca>'t-wara-rice (Saxon), Cantia (Latin), Kent. This kingdom was founded by Hengist anno 455, and contained the whole county of Kent. SuD-SEAxxA-RicE (Saxou), Suth-scax, Sussexia (Latin), by cor- ruption Sussex, South Saxons ; founded by Ella anno 490. This kingdom comprised the counties of Surrey and Sussex. West-seaxxa-rice (Saxon), Wessex, Wessexia (Latin), West Saxons. Cerdic established this kingdom anno 519. The counties of Hants, Wilts, Berks, Somerset, Dorset, and part of Devon, formed this state. East-seaxna-rice (Saxon), Essexia (Latin), Essex, East Saxons. Erchenwin founded the 4th Saxon kingdom anno 527, which con- tained the counties of Essex, Middlesex (middle Saxons), and part of Hertfordshire. East-Exglas (Saxon), Estanglia, Orientales Angli (Latin), East Angles. This kingdom was founded by Uffa about anno 527, and contained Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. Beornica (Saxon), Bernicia (Latin). Ida founded this kingdom anno 547. The British called it " Bryneich." It was situate between the Firth of Forth and the River Tyne.* Mersia in the begynnyng was deptid in to iii partis. In West INIercia, in MyddUI Mersia, and Est Mersia. The vij** kjmgdome was Northumbrorum, that is the kyngdome of Northumber- land. The marks and bowndes therof were by West and by Est the See of the Oceyan ; by Sowthe the Ryver of Humbre, and so downeward toward the West by the endys of the Shyres of Notingham, and of Derby unto the Ryver of Merse, and by Northe the Scottishe See. This kyngdome of Northumberland was fyrst devided into two parts, that was Deira and that oder Srenyda. The part of Deira was from the Ryver of Humbre unto the Ryver of Tyne. The parte of Brenycia was from Tyne unto the Scottishe See. These two partis were otherwhyle departyd bywene twoo kyngs, and sometyme all under oone kjTig. This kyngdome stode voyde w'oute kyng viij yeres, in which tyme the Danes occupied there." " Kyng Athelstone had the Kyngdome of England all hole to himself." * Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth, part i. 426. 8 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. Deorna (Saxon), Deira (Latin), Deifyr (British) ; founded by Ella anno 559- This state was bounded on the north by the Tyne, and on the South by the Humber ; it contained the county of Durham and part of Yorkshire.* Myrc-rice, or Myrcena-rice (Saxon), Mercia (Latin), probably from its bordering on the free Britons of the West, of whom it formed the frontier or march {marc, mere, mark, limit). Crida founded this kingdom anno 586. It contained the counties of Lin- coln, Nottingham, Derby, Chester, Stafford, Salop, Worcester, War- wick, Northampton, Rutland, Leicester, Buckingham, Bedford, Oxford, Gloucester, Hereford, Huntingdon, and part of Hertford.f The boundaries of the Danish Kingdom, as settled by Alfred and Godrun in 878, were, on the south, the Thames and Lea to its source ; on the west, the Watling Street to the Ouse. This kingdom contained the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Essex, part of Hertfordshire, part of Bedfordshire, and a little of Hunting- donshire. * The extent of the kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira to the west, or inland, is not very distinctly marked. They were bounded on the west by the British kingdoms of, Reged, which is supposed to have been situate in the forests of South Scotland ; Strath-clyde, and " The Terra Cumbrorum," which included the modern county of Cumberland, together with its appendages, or dismemberments, Lancashire, and Westmoreland. Elmet was also a British principality, which existed north of the Humber in the neighbourhood of Leeds. — Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth, part i. p. 426, note 18. lb. pp. 434, 435. Camden, 711. f Camden's Britannia. Speed's Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain. BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 9 THE FOUR GREAT ROADS. W^TLiNGA-SxRiETE Commenced at Dover, passed through Can- terbury and Rochester to London ; thence over Hampstead Heath to Hendon, St. Albans, Redburne, Dunstable, Stratford, Towcester, Weedon, Dodford, Daventry, Lillburne. It divides the counties of Leicester and Warwick ; crosses The Fossway at High Cross near Cleychester, passing through Great Clopton, Stretton, Baskerville, Manceter, Atherstone, and Wincote, all in Warwickshire, and enters Staffordshire at Fasely Bridge; runs from this bridge between Chesterfield and Wall, near Lichfield, to Knave's Castle, the four Crosses, and Stretton, till it comes to Crackley-bank on the borders of Shropshire. In this latter county, it runs through Okenyate, and so by Wreken Hill through Wroxcester, and crosses the Severn at Wroxcester-ford, thence to Stretton, and so on to Chester.* Erming-Str^te is supposed to have commenced at Southamp- ton. Its course is uncertain till we reach London ; thence it pro- ceeded to Cheshunt, Hertford, Wadesmill, Buntingford, Buckland, and Royston ; thence to Caxton, Huntingdon, Stilton, Dornford, to Stretton-Stocking in Rutlandshire ; South and North Witham in Lincolnshire, to Lincoln ; whence it is stated to have proceeded into Scotland.f Ryckneld-Str^te is stated to have led from St. David's to Tynemouth — its exact course is little known ; it may, however, be traced from Gloucester to Norton ; thence to a little east of Tewkes- bury ; thence to Ashchurch, Bekford, Aston-under-hill, to the west of Sedgebarrow in Worcestershire ; thence to Hinton, a little east of Evesham, South Littleton, to Bitford in Warwickshire, through Wicksford to Alcester ; thence near Coughton, Studley, and Ipsley ; * Leland's Itinerary, vol. vi, pp. 116 to 150. Camden's Britannia, pp. 296, 301, 326, 442, 450, 506, 509, 530, 544. f Leland's Itinerary, vol. vi. pp. 116 to 150. Camden's Britannia, pp. 403, 424. B 10 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. enters Worcestershire again near Beoley, passes near Egbastdn in that county, and a little west of Birmingham crosses the Tame at Woodford Bridge into Staffordshire ; runs through Sutton Park and by Shenston, cuts the Wjetlinga-Str^te about a mile from Wall and Lichfield; thence to Streetley, crosses the Trent at Whichnor; then taking Branston in its way, leaving Burton-upon- Trent half-a-mile to the east, passes through Stretton, enters Derby- shire over Monk's Bridge near Egginton. The direction of this road cannot be traced further, although its course is said to have been through Derby, Chesterfield, York, and so to Tynemouth.* The Foss-way begins at Totnes and proceeds by Exeter to Bath ; from Bath to Walcote in Wiltshire at the Shire Stones ; thence by North Wraxall, Littleton, Drew, AUderton and Shearston ; then it passes by Easton Grey, a mile and a half to the west of Tetbury ; enters Gloucestershire a little beyond Kemble ; from Kemble it leads to Cirencester ; thence to Winston, North Leach, Slaughter, Stow-on-the- Would, Moreton, Lemington, to Stratton, Ilmington, and Whitechurch, in Warwickshire ; crosses W^etlinga- Str«te, and enters Leicestershire at High Cross; thence to Leicester; thence to Newark and Lincoln ; but by what course to Caithness in Scotland, is unknown.f Offa's Dyke. Offa, King of the Mercians, made a trench run- ning one hundred miles over mountains and hills from the mouth of the Dee in Flintshire to the fall of the Wye in Gloucestershire. The country between it and Mercia, which was bounded on the west by the Severn, was commonly called the Welsh Marches. This ditch may be seen on Brachy Hill, near Ryhd an Helig in Radnorshire ; at Lanterden in Herefordshire ; and is continued northward from Knighton, over a part of Shropshire, into Montgo- meryshire, and may be traced over the long mountain called in Welsh Kevn Digolh to Harden Castle ; it crosses the Severn and Lhan Drino Common, from whence it passes the Vyrnwy again * Leland's Itinerary, vol. vi. pp. 116 to 150. f Ibid. Camden's Britannia, p. 509. BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 11 into Salop, not far from Oswestry. In Denbighshire, it is visible along the road between Rhywabon and Wrexham, from whence, being continued through Flintshire, it ends a little below Holywell, where that water falls into the Dee, a place formerly the site of the Castle of Basingwerk.* Egbert made a law inflicting the penalty of death on any Welsh- man who should cross Offa's Dyke. Harold decreed the loss of the right hand to any Welshman found armed on this side the Dyke.f The whole Saxon State was anciently divided, not in into sundry small Regions, and those again into Hides contained 100, or according to some, 120 acres. The names of these regions south of Humber were, Shires, but . A Hide Hides. Hides. Myrcna, which contained . 30,000 Nox-gaga, which contained 5,000 Woken setna 7,000 Oht-gaga . . . . 2,000 Westerna 7,000 Hwynca 7,000 Pec setna 1,200 Cittern-setna 4,000 Ehnud setna 600 Hendrica 3,000 Lindes-farona . 7,000 Vnecung-ga 1,200 Suth-Gyrwal 600 Aroseatna 600 North-Gyrwa 600 Fearfinga . 300 East Wixna 800 Belmiga 600 West Wixna 600 Witherigga 600 Spalda . 600 East Willa 600 Wigesta . • • - 900 West Willa 600 Herefinna . 1,200 East Angle . 30,000 Sweordora . 800 East Sexena 7,000 Eysla . 300 Cant Warena . . 15,000 Wicca, or Hwiccas . 300 Suth Sexena . 7,000 Wight-gora 600 West Sexena . number of Hides of land south of Humber . 100,000 Total 243,600 * Camden's Britannia, p. 587. Turner's Anglo-Saxons, 8vo. 1820, vol. i. p. 422. f Camden's Britannia, p. 584. + There were two provinces in the Kingdom of the East Angles, under the name of Gyrwa, distinguished by their situation, Suih Gyrwa and North Gyrwa. What is now the Isle of Ely was anciently called Svih Gyrwa. — Bentham's History of Ely, p. 47. 12 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. The Saxon Monarchy was divided, by Alfred the Great, into Shires, (from the Saxon word Scyre, to cut or divide,) and subdi- vided into smaller portions, called Hundreds and Tythings. The Counties of York, Nottingham, and Lincoln were divided into Wapentacs. Every Hundred was governed by an officer, called a Centenary or Hundredary ; and when a chief was chosen into that office, the principal people assembled at the usual place of meeting in the hundred, upon an appointed day, and as the new governor alighted from his horse, they rose up, and paid their reverence to him ; then he, setting his spear upright, received from all a covenant of association, after this manner : every one touching the spear with their lances, and by this ceremony they solemnly vowed obedience to his government. Such a society was called a Wapentac, from the Saxon Wepundac, a touching of weapons. A meeting of three hundreds was termed a £,eu, or Lath* The county of Kent is divided into five lathes, each containing several hundreds. To the Leu, or Lath, appeals were made in such causes as could not be determined in the hundreds or wapentacs. A meeting of the whole county was called a Scire-Gemoter. The Judges for settling the peace of the county Shire-gerefr (SheriflP). Other officers in the Government were called Earlderman; by the Danes, Dories (Aldermen). The magistrates in cities were called Portgerefan (Portreves), and Burghwaren (Burgesses) .f * In the parish of Sedgley, in the county of Stafford, is an estate called The Ellows. This place was anciently styled The Leu, from which it might easily be corrupted to Th'elu, JEhu, Ellow, Elhws, and the modern appellation The Ellows. The term Leuca is often used in Doomsday Book for a measure of a mile of land. The Ellows being an enclosure of quadrangular form and small extent, it is possible that it was in Saxon times the place of meet- ing to which appeals were carried from the neighbouring hundreds in that county. t Speed's Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain. Camden, cxlviii. Chauncy's Herts, vol. i. p. 52. BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 13 DERIVATION OF THE NAMES OF SOME OF THE COUNTIES IN ENGLAND. Northumberland. — The Kingdom of Northumbria having ended, and being divided into provinces, the country between the Tweed and Tyne retained the designation of the ancient kingdom, of which it once fotmed a part. It was written Northan-humbra- land, and the inhabitants Northan-hymbra-menn. Cumberland. — The name of the ancient inhabitants of this province was Kumbri, or Kambri. Carlisle was called Caer-luel. It was called Cumbra-land, the land of the Cambrians ; for to this part of the kingdom the Britons retired upon the landing of the Saxons in the north. Westmorland. — This county was called West-moringa-land, or the land of the western mountains. Cheshire. — In this county is Wirheale. Camden, in describing this district, says, " From the city of Chester there runneth out a chersonese in the sea, inclosed on one side with the aestuary Dee, and on the other with the river Mersey ; we call it Wirall ; the Welsh, because it is a corner, Killgury. This was all heretofore a desolate forest, and not inhabited (as the natives say) ; but King Edward disforested it. Now it is well furnished with towns." Devonshire. — This county was called by the British Duffneynt, that is, deep valleys. Cornwall. — The British name was Kernaw, Kern, horns. This county contains many promontories, which run out into the sea like horns. The Saxons called the inhabitants Corn-wealas. Berkshire. — Bearwickscyre (Saxon). This county derives its name from Berroc, a wood where box grew in great abundance. Surrey. — The Saxons called this Sudrea, from sud, south, and rea, a river, because it lay south of the Thames. 14 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. Sussex, Sudseax (Saxon). — Southsaxons. Near Bramber in this county is Cissbury Hill, on which are the remains of a very exten- sive fortification. It was, no doubt, the strong hold of Cissa. Buckinghamshire. — This county abounded with beech-trees, in Saxon Bucken. The Chiltern Hills in this shire derive their name from the soil, c]/lt or chilt, in Saxon chalk. Middlesex. — Middle-saxons ; because the inhabitants dwelt between the South-Saxons, East-Saxons, West-Saxons, and Mercians. Norfolk. — North-folk ; Saxon, Nordfolc, ai distinguished from the people of Sufiblk, called Sud-folc, or South-folk. Rutlandshire. — Roteland (Saxon) ; derives its name from the colour of the earth, which is red. Roet or rud, Saxon for red. Worcestershire. — The people of this county were called by Bede, before it was divided, Wiccii. The region called Wicca, con- taining three hundred hides of land, formed part of this shire. The Welsh Marches lay between the Severn and Offa's Dyke. They contained part of the counties of Chester, Salop, Hereford, Worcester, and Gloucester. As long as the Welsh maintained their independence, this territory was guarded with great jealousy by noblemen, deputed by the King, who were styled " Marchiofies MarchicB Wallice," " Marquesses of the Marches of Wales." We also read of Lords Marchers, BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 15 A TABLE SHEWING THE CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS OF EACH SAXON STATE, AND THE MUTATIONS IN THE KINGDOMS OF THE OCTARCHY. An" DoM. Kent. Sussex. Wessex. Essex. East Angles. Mercia. Deira. Bernicia. 455 Hengist 1 456 2 457 3 458 4 459 5 460 6 461 7 462 8 463 9 464 10 465 11 466 12 467 13 468 14 t i t 1 1 469 15 470 16 471 17 1 1 472 18 473 19 474 20 475 21 476 22 477 23 478 24 479 25 480 26 481 27 482 28 483 29 484 30 485 31 486 32 487 33 16 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. As" DoM Kent. Sussex. Wessex. Essex. East Angles. Mercia. Deira. Bernicia. 488 .t:sc . 1 " Ella . . 1 Cerdic . 1 Srchenwin 1 UfFa . . 1 489 2 490 3 491 4 492 5 2 493 6 3 494 7 4 495 8 5 496 9 6 497 10 7 498 11 8 499 12 9 500 13 10 501 14 11 502 15 12 503 16 13 504 17 14 605 18 16 506 19 16 507 20 17 508 21 18 509 22 19 510 23 20 511 24 21 512 Octa . 1 22 513 2 23- 514 3 Cissa . 1 515 4 2 516 6 3 517 6 4 518 7 5 519 8 6 520 9 7 2 521 10 8 3 522 523 11 9 4 12 10 5 524 13 11 6 525 14 12 7 626 15 13! 8 627 16 14 i 9 528 17 15 10 2 2 629 18 16 11 8 3 630 19 17 12 4 4 631 20 18 13 5 5 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 17 Ano DoM Kent. Sussex. Wessex. Essex. East Angles. Mercia. Deira. Bernicia. 532 i Octa . 21 Cissa . 19 Cerdic 14 Erchenwin 6 U£Fa . 6 533 1 22 20 15 7 7 534 j Ernric . 1 21 Kenric . 1 8 8 635 1 2 22 2 9 9 536 ! 3 23 3 ! 10 10 537 1 4 24 4 11 11 538 i 6 25 ! 5 12 12 539 6 26 6 13 13 540 . 7 27 : 7 14 14 541 1 8 28 8 15 16 542 : 9 29 9 16 16 Ida . . 1 543 i 10 30 10 17 17 544 11 31 11 18 18 545 12 32 12 19 19 546 13 33 13 20 20 547 1 14 34 14 21 21 548 j 15 35 15 22 22 2 549 t 16 36 16 23 23 3 550 i 17 1 37 17 24 24 4 ool 18 38^ 18 25 26 5 552 19 39; 19 26 26 6 553 20 40 20 27 27 7 554 21 41 21 28 28 1 8 555 22 42 22 29 29 I 9 556 23 43 23 30 30 1 10 557 24 44 24 1 31 31 11 558 25 45 25 1 32 32 12 559 560 26 46 26 1 33 33 Ella or Alia 1 Adda . 1 27 47: Ceaulin 1 34 34 2 2 561 28 48 2 35 35 3 i 3 562 29 49 3 36 36 4 ' 4 563 30 50 4 37 37 5 5 564 31 51 5 38 38 6 6 565 82 52 6 39 39 7 7 566 33 1 53 7 40 40 8 Clappa . 1 567 34 54 8 41 41 9 2 568 Ethelbert 1 55 9 42 42 10 3 569 2 56 10 43 43 i 11 4 570 3 57 11 44 44 12 5 571 4 58 12 45 45 13 Theodulfl 572 1 5 1 59 13 46 46 1 14 Freothulfl 573 6 60 14 47 47 15 2 574 7 61 15 48 48 16 3 575 8 62 16 1 49 49 17 4 18 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. An" DOM. Kent. Sussex. Wessex. Essex. East Angles. Mercia. Deira. 1 Bernicia. 576 Ethelbert 9 Cissa . 63 Ceauliiil7. Erchenwin50 Uffa . 50 1, Ella or 18 [ A n — :r^ FreothulfS 577 10 64 18 i 31 51 Alia i9| 6 678 11 65 19 i 52 Titel . 1 20;j 7 579 12 66 r 20 53 2 2li Theodrio] 580 13 67 21 54 3 22^ 2 581 14 68 22 55 4 23 3; 582 15 69 23 56 5 24 4i 583 16 70 24 57 i 6 25 ; 6 584 17 71 25 58 7 26' 6 585 18 72 26 59 8 27, 71 586 19 73 27 J 60 9 Crida 1 28 Ethelnc I 587 20 74 28 Sledda 1 10 2 29 2 588 21 29' 2 11 3 30 3 589 22 80 3 12 4 4 590 23 31 4 13 5 5! 591 24 32 5 14 6 6 592 25 Ceolric .... 1 6 15 7 7 593 26 -2 7 16 i 8 Ethelfrith .... 1 594 27 3 8 17 9 2! 595 28 4 9 18 Wibba 1 3 596 29 5 10 19' 2 4 597 30 6 11 20; 3 5! 598 31 Ceolwulph ... 1 Sebert 1 21' 4 6 599 32 2 2.1 Redwald 1 5| ■ 7 : 600 33 31 3' ^; 6 8 601 34: 45 4 3 7 9 602 35 5 5 4 8| 10 603 36 6! 6 5 9( 11 604 37 7 7 6 10 12 605 38 8' 8 7 11 13 606 39 9 9 8 12 14 607 40 10 \ ^^ 9 13 15 608 41 11 11 10 14 16 609 42 12 12 11 15 17 610 43 13 13 12 16 18 611 44 Cynegils 1 14 13 17 19 612 45 1 Quicelm 2 15 14 18 20 6J3 46 2 3 16 15 19 21 614 47 3 4 17 16 20 ' 22 615 48 4 5 18 17 23 616 Eadbald 1 1 3 6 Saxred 1 18 Cearl 1 24 617 2 6 ::7 B^Seward "g" 19 2 Edwin King of Deira 1 conquered Bernicia~2 618 3 )7 8. and g 20 3 619 4 8 9 21 4 h. 3 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 19 Ano DoM. Kent. Sussex. Wessex. Essex. East Angles. Mercia. i tv Deira. Bernicia. 620 Eadbald 5 9 Quicelm CynegilslO Saxred 5 Redwald22 Cearl . 5 Edwin / ... 4 621 6' 10 11 Seaward &6 23 i ^ ,5 622 7 11 12 bigibert n 24 7 •"6 623 8 12 13 Sigibevt 1 25 8 7 624 9 13 14* the'Little'a Porpwald 1 9 8 625 10 14 15 3 ! 2 Penda . 1 9 626 11 15 16; ■ 4 3 2 10 6^7 12 16 17 5 4 3 11 628 13 ,17 18 6 5 4 12 629 14 18 19 7 6 5 13 630 15 19 20 8 7 6 14 631 16 20 21 9 81 7 15 632 17 21 22 10 9 8 16 633 18 22 23 11 9 Osric ' Eanffid 634 19 23 24 12 10 Oswald . ... 1 635 20 24 25 13 11 2 636 21 26 14 Sigibert 1 12 3 637 22 27 15 2 13 4 638 23 28 16 3 14 5 639 24 29 17 4 15 6 640 Ercomberti 30 18 5 16 7 641 2 31 19 6 17 8 642 3 32 20 7 18 9 643 4 Cenwalch ... 1 21 8 19 Oswy . 1 644 5 2 22 Ecgric 1 20' Oswin . 1 ! 2 645 6 3 23 Anna 2 21 2 3 646 7 4 24 3 22 3 4 647 8 5 25 4 23 4 5 648 9 Edilwalchl 6 26 5 ■ 24 5 1 ® 649 10 2 7 27 6 25 6 7 650 11 3 8 28 7 26 7 8 651 12 4 9 29 8 27 8 ) 9 652 13 5 10 30 9 28 10 653 14 6 11 Sigibert 1 10 29 H 654 15 7 12 II. 2 Adelherell 30 12 655 16 8 13 3 Edewald 1 31 13 656 17 9 14 4 2 14 657 18 10 15 5 3 15 658 19 11 16 6 4 16 659 20 12 17 7 5 Wulfhere 1 17 660 21 13 18 Swithelm 1 6 2 18 661 22 14 19 2 7 3 19 662 23 15 20 3 8 4 Alfred 1 20 663 24 16 21 4 9 5 2 21 20 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. AKo DoM Kent. Sussex. Wessex. Essex. East Angles. ' Mercia. Deira. Bernicia. 664 Egbert 1 Edilwalchl7 Cenwalch22 Swithelm 5 Aldulph 1 Wulfhere6 Alfred 3 Oswy 22 665 2 18 23 Sebbi & 1 2 7 4 23 666 3 19 24 Sigher . 2 3 8 5 24 667 4 20 25 3 4 9 6 25 668 5 21 26 4 5 10 ■71 26 669 6 22 27 5 6 11 8;| 27 670 7 23 28 6 7 12 Ecgfrid 1 671 8 24 29 7 8 13 2 672 9 25 Sexburga 1 8 9 14 3 673 Lothaire 1 26 2 9 10 15 4 674 2 27 j^scwin & 1 - 10 11 16 1 5 675 3 28 Kentwin 2 11 12 Ethelred 1 6 676 4 29 3 12 13 2 7 677 5 30 4 13 14 3 8 678 6 31 5 14 15 1 4, 9 679 7 32 6 15 16 i 5 10 680 8 33 7 16 17 6 11 681 9 34 8 17 18 7 12= 682 10 36 9 18 19 8i 13 683 11 36 10 Sebbi 19 alone 20 Selred 1 9 14 684 12 37 11 2 10 15 685 Edric 1 38 12 21 3 11 Alfred 1 686 Wlthred 1 39 Ceadwallal 22 4 12 i 2 687 2 2 23 5 13 8 688 3 Ina 1 24 6 14 4 689 4 2 25 7 15 5! 690 5 3 26 8; 16 1 6 691 6 4 27 9 17 7 692 7 5 28 10 18 8 693 8 6 29 11 19 9 694 9 7 Senfrid & 1 12 20 10 695 10 8 Sigeherd 2 13 21 11 696 11 9 3 14 22 12 697 12 10 4 15 23 13 698 13 11 5 16 24 14 699 14 12 6 17 25 15 700 15 13 Offa . 1 18 26 16 701 16 14 j 2 19 27 17 702 17 , 15! 3 20 28 18 703 181 16 4 21 29 19 704 19 1 17 5 22 Cenred 1 20 7U5 706 20 21 18 19 6 7 23 2 Eadwulf 2 months. Osredl 707 22 20 8 25, 4 2 3 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 21 DoM. Kent. Sussex. Wessex. Essex. East Angles. Mercia. Lo^'«^- Bernicia. k Northumberland. 708 Withred 23 Ina 21 OfFa . 9 Selred 26 Cenred 5 Osred .... 4 709 24 22 Suealred 1 27 1 Ceolred 1 i 5 710 25 23; or Sue- 2 28 1 2 6 711 26 24 j briclit g 29 j 3 7 712 27 25 i 4 301 4 8 713 28 26 f 5 31 5 9 714 29 27 6 32 6 10 715 30 28' 7 33 7 11 716 31 29 8 34 Ethelbald 1 Cenred .... 1 717 32 30! 9 35 2 2 718 33 31: 10 36 3 Osric .... 1 719 34 32 11 37 4 2 720 35 33, 12 38 5 1 ^ 721 36 34 13 39 . 6 \ ^ 722 37 35 14 40; 7 5 723 38 36 15 41i 8 6 724 39 37 16 42; 9 S 7 725 Ethelbert 1 38 17 43| 10 8 726 &Edbert 2 39 18 44' 11 9 727 3 Ethelheard ... 1 19 45 12 10 728 4 2 20 46 13 11 729 5 3 21 47 14 12 730 6 4 22 48 15 Ceolwulph ... 1 731 7 Sj 23 49 16 2 732 8 6 24 50 17 3 733 9 7 25 51 18 4 734 10 8f 26 52 19 5 735 736 11 9 27 53 20 6 12 10 28 54 21 turns monk. 7 737 13 ; 11 29 55 22 Eadbert ... 1 738 14 12 30 56 23 2 739 740 15 13 57 24 3 16 Cuthred .... 1 58 25 4 741 17 2 59 26 5 742 18 3 60 27 6 743 19 4 61 28 7 744 20 5 62 29 8 745 21 6 63 30 9 746 22 7 S A ithred 64 31 10 747 23 8 Alphuald 1 32 11 748 Ethelbert24 alone 25 9 2 33 12 749 10 Humbean & Albert 34 13 750 26 11 35 14 1 751 27 in 36 15 1 22 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. An" DoM. Kent. Sussex. Wessex. Essex. East Angles. Mercia. ■ Deira. Bernicia. Northumberland. 752 Ethelbert28 Cuthred ... 13 Swithred Humbean and Albert Ethelbald 37 ; Eadbert ... 16 753 29I 14 1 38 17 754 30 Sigebyrth, Cynewulf 1 ; 1 39 s 18 755 31 2 I 40 19 766 32 3/ 41 20 757 33 4 Offa . 1 21 i 758 34 5 Swithred, King of _ Essex this year. Beorna and Ethelred. 2 ,OsuIf .... 1 759 35 6 3 Ethelwald, surnamed 1 ' MoUo 2 760 Alric . 1 7 4 761 2 8 5 3 762 3 9 6 I ^ 763 764 4 10 7 5 5 11 8 6 765 6 12 9 Aired .... 1 766 7 13 101 2 ■ 767 8 14 11 \ 3 768 9 15 1 1 12 4 769 10 16 13 5 770 11 17 14 6 771 12 18 15/ 7 772 13 19 16; 8 773 14 20; 17 9 774 775 Sigiraed, Eadbert, and Eardulf 21 18 Ethelred ... 1 221 19 2; 776 23 20 3 777 24 ! 21 4i 778 25 22 5 779 26 23 Alfwold .... 1 780 27 24 2 781 28 25 3 782 29 26 4 783 30 27 5 784 Brithtric ... 1 28 6 785 2 29 7 786 Egebert 3 30 8 787 4 31 9 788 5 Ecgfrid 32 10 789 6 reigned 33 Osred II. ... 1 V90 7 • with his a A fathpr Ethelred restored . 1 791 8 Sigeric succeeded Swithred. lainer Offa ?£. 36 2 792 9 3 793 10 37 4' 794 11 38 5 V95 12 39 6 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 23 An" DoM Kent. : Sussex. Wessex. Essex. East Angles. , Mehoia. Deira. Bernicia. Northumberland. 796 Brithtric ... 13 Ecgfrid fivel Osbald, Eardulf . 1 797 14 months. o 2 798 Cudred 15 1 3 3 799 16 Sigerid to 1823 4 4 800 Egbert .... 1 5 i ' 5 801 2 6 6 802 3 7 7 803 4 8 8J 804 5 9 9} 805 Baldred 6 10 10 806 7 11 11 807 8 12 12 808 9 13 Alfwold ... 1 809 10 14 2 810 > 11 15 Eanred .... 1 811 12 16 2 812 13 17 3 813 14 5 18 4 814 15 19 5 815 16 20 6 816 17 21 7 817 18 22 8 818 19 .23 9 819 20 Ceolwulfl 10 820 21 2 ir 821 22; Beornwulfl 12 822 i 23 \' 2 13 823 1 24 submitted to Egbert King of Wessex 3[ 14 824 submitted to Egbert Kmg of Wessex. 25 4 15 825 26 Ludican 5 reigned six months. Wiglaf submitted to Egbert 16 King of Wessex. Jy 826 27 827 28 18 828 29 19 8291 30 20 830 31 t i 21 831 32 1 S 832. 33 23 833 34 24 1 834 835 35 25 36 Bertulph 26 836 37 27 1 837 Ethelwulph 1 28 838 2 29 |839 3 30 24 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. An" DoM. Kent. Sussex. Wessex. Essex. East Angles. ( Mercia. Deira. Bernicia. Northumberland. | 840 Ethelwulph 4 Eanred ... 31 841| 5 32 842 6 33 843 1 7 844 8 845 9 846 10 847 11 848 12 849 13 860 14 ' 851 15 I 852 16 Burrhed 1 : 853 17 2 — 854 18 3 855 19 4 856 20 5 857 21 6 858 kthelbald 1 7 859 2 8, 860 3 9 861 Ethelbert 1 10! 862 863 i 2 11 ,' 3 12 864 4 13 865 5 14 866 6 15 867 Ethelred 1 16 Ella and Osbert, the rival sovereigns of Northumbria, are slain by the Danes. 868 2 17 869 3 18 870 Alfred « the Great" .... 1 Edmund, the King and Mar- tyr; slain 870. 19 871 2 20 Egbert, succeeded j by 1 872 3 21 873 4 22 874 5 23 875 6 Ceolwultl Ricseg I. who died 876. 87 6 7 877 8 878 9 879 10 880 11 881 12 882 13 883 14 1 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 25 Ano DoM. Wessex. Essex. East Angles. Meecia. Deira. Bernicia. Northumberland, 884 Alfred the Great .... 15 i 885 16 886 17 887 18 888 19 889 20 890 21 891 22 892, 23 Ethelred governed Mercia ; died 912; was suc- ceeded by Ethelfleda his wife, the dau.ofAlfred "the Great." 893 24 894 25 895 26 896 27 897 28 898 29 899 30 900 31 1 D 26 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. O I— t, o X! < o o O l-H o o <1 o tfi . ^ aj o HH CO 0) t,^ -^ S Ci ^00 -4-3 "^ :§ . '2=2 S 'O .£P . "3 M . g s t» o t^ a _ h" 0) S ^ V A a .5Pc lP3 S _ (U o T3 0) » 0) (U B o . -SI U3 -d 3^ M bo H U O ^ o to "5 -> 1^ CM 3 S) 3 "3 CIS ft. CO bo 1 -ij' T3 13 a> a> -d W (U Cm o o o sua .S 3 CO 05 M CO CD i^^ pq ^ TJ S ^ a) -o Q M T3 W CO d -i is !:§ ^« II- 9 c »^ "° § a ^ O CO S B CB WMcg ca «cg^g § r^ « bP . W B StnpcH S bo - i ^" a g £ So go be .SS '^ B m cB "^ 'J - l'^ 9 •" s 1-1 B ^. . bD ±i W bp05 B .£P OS cu 13 pq >H J) g . II- !h f" CO , g OJ t^ f. . 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O bog saT3^2 ta 01 CO >1^ "* 3 '?S^^2t3' 'o fi O E ^ ^ ^"S g W O 'S bed .w ^7-aM' -d i o 01 " l2 ±1 .£2 ►< ^ "ij ^3 ,ps S "d o - 01 ^ ■ fe t, 01 oj rj Qj t^ WS'djaooo'-^ 01 >» •^ bo _! 13 'B S SO ■^ s bo^ x> C3 O bo)=l O „ h SO w O CO 'd o ^ S ^1 W o u 03 50 o o u -d .Si I bO o u CO bo o o u 01 bo 01 I bO .s -rS W !3 bO -d W BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 33 w «» vt vt ^ Si o « m C3 (U O -a u .60 "5 Q < 3 o i 60 c 13 a 3 CO bo B 5 u ei — • o a a; -go 3 ca "3 S m rS =2 CO CO Oi (U . - (» .S-2 be ca •S S ^ CO w i 3'S CO 0) r^ 1— I S CO St o m — 3 -" -^ u CD 53 CO CO cS '<-' 11 o (U II. • - 3 CO " C3-S W^ 0) -(Si 60 >» ^ c S ^c2c2 3 "" W CO lO S p4 CO H CO . bca H-S.S jns c+i O ■9 cu ^ 3 CO 60 WS.2 . !=-» 60---^ 3 -a 3 s §'i H^^ II- Si) • d 1^ p3 ?= CO o - ^< t» -a 3 aj a) ^ Cr c3 (u 53 p> o CO .Si, 3 60 ca 3 60-r *-i CO .-9 S 60 3 Kt II- 'tt - 3* 3 OJ 'H CO .— o M c„ ." t£] ° 3 rH ca o O '■^ 3 _6p "33 u Bj ca _&< ^ W -3 <2 -O 3 ><. o 5: 60 3 CO O- (U 1-1 ;. 2 <1 II- ,« m i3 CO CO oj 3 ^ o ns 13 a> ^ i-H "^ ca Ol-J -43 an "^ -S . ^ J3 60 3 cSP c«.a o o O T3 -SI -a O ^ )-« rC3 ca -*>9 3 CO a> 3 S (35 O S a u a> a o i» 13 X 0; CO CO w 60 3 3 t» -a 0) aj u u 3 3 O a a> a> a o Pi a 02 X Eei X! 00 60 3 3 01 ai 3 us 1 Cl-. & CO 60 3 T3 ^ 34 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. «3) xa. vt 00 CM 3 o B o C T3 S 3 .3 M m 05 05 o H .3 «l o QJ U T3 , fu Co ra s w K Mi3 J3 Ci 02 i«* m P*" k^ ^ a; .S l-H W -ol o,a _Wi „, - ►J 2 «> ^ 'bb'd W K to tf BJ OJ Irf .r* Cj-i WW gS E: o ^ bo S "S- a w .5 a; -p c3 M bo SI'S -S M a;-d J3 r T 'd U (U CL ra -5 8'a Si 3 gQ O bo-* 3 .2 bO s W ^3 bo a M s -& n bo .3 ■b o u ha 3 Itl •% -* -d 0) J PK H h-) !B <1 x ^ 3 .SP '53 (LI "bb 3 . *>^§ 08 "a W I "-a Cm .-S O ^ bo 3 Hi -d 1 _9< (U -d ^ u .I bpoo 3 ifl . w-S ■Sw g O P3 i CD Sol 13 3 M bO CO S c3 ca Wd ^1 tiD .a" c '3 M S H % « Cm N o N bO Hi c III • 3 «« ^ u o o •> >» 0^ Hi T3 H s .B-d H 3 W > -d % bo 3 M ^ ^ „ o 1^ J3 o ^ £ ^ o O 0) K g u o 02 .S «) (U O S<1 O 60 CO let ^ T3 O ^ OJ S M) Ml CS OS .3 "^ CO < S o — g-ti S3 mH 00 B 9 S ^ O So ^ U) P O o gw .1^ .9 fl g Or If! «^ a fee's S -.S .S j2 sg .B ^ g -« S >.^ S ^ S Mo MI'S • o 3 O egg bDrS •fS 3 M o S S S .3 ^ • ■:3 S 2 to -iii-o-fw^i B 'o 3 O OJ bfi ^M S ^'^< < 8«32 W 3 "o tA m • !> m «o £ W-3.S ^ o w 5a a W c 3 c g to •3 a* ■^TS g '* s = a .^"^ S'cs 0) -bW Si 2SU o-gl-S M-a bo a -*s" b ° rs . 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T3 3 01 ■«-> TS '5i (U GO T3 a 3 Ji en ts »i4 • n 3 s n 'p Cm 5 BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 37 O bo C3 . 1 Acca, wife Ethelfrith, King of Bernicia. w CO f-i o £1 O 3 13 tS ♦^ >, ^ o J2 ^ 1 «4-t ^ll C II— -3 00 Edilb of Etl King d wife. in C3 -0 Q q5 =Tata dau. bert, Kent (2, .2 § ■3 0) d ^^itf 'M [2 11 1 o O TO frith, wald, bjugai om •1^ 1 S -5 TS 3 T3 -■s be .SP S «(» ap ■^ la C '5 by Etl dbyR 517. sh Kin o c3 •3 1 bo 3 o <5 ngdom rotecte om in 1 e Briti "s o .a *»-» S rom his ki He was p his kingd quered th bo C =S o he title of Kin k 633.= '.3 S- o o f3 i 1 c a ; expelled f :e years old. stored him to 48. He con >> 3 s 3 c3 Q t4-l O bO a a § fDeir y thre 'ho re aged ing. 2 C EH 1 J King a hen onl ngles, vs n 633, dtheK 1 DT3 .a g i B 1 CO o si •3 ^ S) ^ S 0? -a W a; fi; ^ ^ 01 ^ ^ 53 13 Mw 0) '^ CD 0) 0) > ^1 si 13 13 .9 '3 PQ bpia D 13 bpS s ° H cT -1" w i2 1-1 ^ 03 O bO t. "O j3 ^ n iu'bb'2 ^S r3 « L5 «M V- BRITANNIA SAXONICA. 39 .3 -li 3 m; -•^ J, III Eh d d QJ 09 w I3i a o 0) .§= 0) . 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