•w 
 
 li'l 
 
 
 T^::^ 
 
 QC940 
 
 i;i 
 i 
 
Mt\a |?orfe 
 
 S)tate College of Agriculture 
 
 ^t Cornell ®nibcrsttp 
 
 Stfiaca, i?. g. 
 
 Hifirarp 
 
r. S. DEPAKTME^T OF AGEIOULTUR?], 
 'WEATHER BUREAU. 
 
 OIROULA]^ OF IKFOEMATIOI^ 
 
 BPLATIfiG TO 
 
 DISPLAY OF WIND SIGNALS 
 
 <3^IIJ]^T Li^KES. 
 
 Published by authority of the Secretary- of Agriculture, 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. 0. : 
 
 WEATHER BUREAU. 
 1895. 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002961336 
 
U. S. DEPAETMEE"T OF AGKIOULTUEE, 
 
 WEATHER BUREAtr. 
 
 OIKOIJLAR OF INFOEMATION 
 
 RELATING TO 
 
 THE DISPLAY OF WIND SIGNALS 
 
 
 Published by authority of the Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 WEATHER EUEEAtJ. 
 1895. 
 
LETTER OF, TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 U. S. I Department of Agriculture, 
 Weather Bureau, 
 Washington, D. C, April 1, 1895. 
 Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the accompanying in^^ 
 formation relating to the display of wind signals on the Great Lakes, ' 
 and to recommend its publication as a circular of the Weather 
 Bureau for distribution to the Lake Marine. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Mark W. Harrington, 
 
 Chief of Bureau. 
 Hon. J. Steeling Morton, 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 3 
 
CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION RELATING TO THE DISPLAY OF 
 WIND SIGNALS ON THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 Warnings of the approach, of windstormB will be published by the 
 display of flags by day and lanterns ,by night, in connection with 
 bulletins posted and reports furnished to newspapers, mariners, and 
 others interested. 
 
 As it is impracticable to establish full reporting stations at all 
 ports where it is necessary to display wind signals, arrangements 
 have been m£|,de to display them at the most desirable points by em- 
 ploying displaymen to attend to the signals. Stations of this class 
 are called wind-signal display stations. 
 
 Orders to display signals on Lakes Michigan, Superior, and Huron 
 are sent from the Weather Bureau office at Chicago, 111. ; on Lakes 
 St. Cla,ir, Erie, and Ontario from the Weather Bureau office at Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 The signals adopted by this Bureau for announcing the approach 
 of wind storms are as follows : 
 
 A Storm Signal. — A red flag (eight feet square) with black center 
 (three feet square) indicates that the storm is expected to be of 
 marked violence. 
 
 A Eed Pennant (five feet hoist and twelve feet fly) displayed with 
 the flags indicates easterly winds — that is, from northeast to south, 
 inclusive, and that the storm center is approaching. 
 
 A White Pennant (flve feet hoist and twelve feet fly) displayed / 
 with the flags indicates westerly winds — that is, from north to south- 
 west, inclusive, and that the storm center has passed. 
 
 When the Red Pennant is hoisted above the storm signal, winds are 
 expected from the northeast quadrant ; when below, from the south- 
 east quadrant. 
 
 When the White Pennant is hoisted above the storm signal, winds are 
 expected from the northwest quadrapt ; when below, from the south- 
 west quadrant. 
 
 Night Signals. — By night a red light will indicate easterly winds ; 
 a white light above a red light will indicate westerly winds. 
 
 The Information Signal consists of a red or white pennant, displayed 
 alone, and is a warning that winds dangerous to tows and small ves- 
 sels may occur at the station displaying the signal. The red, pennant 
 indicates easterly winds and the white pennant westerly winds. 
 
 The Hurricane Signal consists of two red flags with black centers, 
 displayed one above the other, and will be used to announce the ex- 
 pected approach of tropical hurricanes, and also of those extremely 
 
6 
 
 Bevere and dangerous storms which occasionally move across the 
 Lakes and the northern Atlantic coast. 
 
 The flags will be the same as the one used for the distinctive storm 
 signal, the pennants being omitted. No distinctive night hurricane 
 signal will be displayed, but when this signal is ordered during the 
 day and is not lowered or changed before dark, the night storm signal 
 will be displayed, the direction to be determined by the information 
 contained in the message accolnpanying the order to hoist. 
 
 When orders to hoist this signal are received at any Weather Bu- 
 reau station, every effort will be made by the officials and employees 
 of the Service to give the warnings the widest possible distribution, 
 and all vessels will be notified that it is dangerous to leave port. 
 
 The officers of the Customs Service, the Life-Saving Service, the 
 Revenike-Cutter Service, and the Lighthouse Service have been directed 
 by the Secretary of the Treasury to assist the Weather Bureau in this 
 matter by displaying the hurricane signal and|by disseminating, so far 
 as practicable, anf information regarding storms and hurricanes that 
 may be furnished them by this Bureau. 
 
 Wind-signal displaymen at stations on the Great Lakes are author- 
 ized to telegraph for information regarding expected weather condi- 
 tions in their vicinity whenever such information is requested by 
 masters of vessels flying the American flag. From stations on Lakes 
 Superior, Michigan, or Huron, these requests will be addressed to th'e 
 Weather Bureau office, Chicago ; ivojm stations on Lakes Erie or On- 
 tario to the Weather Bureau office, Buffalo. 
 
 Masters of this class of vessels, whenever at a port on the Great 
 Lakes, where there is no Weather Bureau office or wind-signal display 
 station, may themselves telegraph for this informatioil, observing the 
 same rule as to territory as given above. 
 
 The telegram should be addressed simply : " Weather, Chicago," or 
 " Weather, Buffalo." 
 
 These messages and the answers thereto will be at Government ex- 
 pense, but it is expected that the privilege herein granted will only be 
 exercised when the information sought is regarded as necessary for 
 the safety of the vessels concerned. 
 
 It is also expected that vessel masters who avail themselves of this 
 privilege will make public the information thus obtained for the bene- 
 fit of all vessels in their vicinity. 
 
STOE.3V^ SIC3-ISr.A.XjS. 
 
 Northwesterly winds. 
 
 Northeasterly winds. 
 
 i 
 
 Southwesterly winds. 
 
 Southeasterly winds. 
 
 iasr:FOS.DynjLTioisr sio^st^IjS. 
 
 Easterly winds. 
 
 Westerly winds. 
 
 HZTnaiaicj^isrE sia-asr^Xi. 
 
Weather Bureau stations and wind-signal display stations on the Great 
 LaUes, with the name of the official or displayman in charge and a list 
 Qf the places at each at which q, copy of storm-warning messages will he 
 posted. 
 
 [Stations printed in small caps are regular Weather Bureau stations.] 
 LAKE STJPEEIOK. 
 
 Ashland, Wis., J. G. Upthegrove. 
 
 Shore's Block. Post OAce. Western Union Telegraph OfBce, 
 
 ■ Knight's Block. 
 Bayfield, Wis., L. M. Dickerson. 
 
 Booth Packing Company's Dock, Washington avenue. Ingle's 
 Steamboat Agency. C, St. P., M. & 0. R'y Depot, Broad street. 
 Bay Mills, Mich., Postmaster. 
 Deer Park, Mich., C. M. Frahm. 
 
 Life-Saving Station. 
 Dtjluth, Minn., James Kenealy, local forecast official. 
 
 Entrance Government Building. Customhouse. Inman's Tug 
 Office, Seventh avenue. Post Office. 
 Eagle Harbor, Mich., Thomas Thomson. 
 
 W. P. Ra,ley's. Foley & Smith's. 
 Grand Marais, Mich., George Wilson. 
 Houghton, Mich', P. Golden. 
 
 Bank Building, Isle Royal street. Telegraph Office. L. Hewes 
 & Co., Huron street. 
 , Maequbtte, Mich., H. R. Patrick, observer. 
 
 ' Post Office. D.S.&S. A. Shipping Office. Spear's Dock Com- 
 
 pany Office. Stafford's Drug Store, Front and Spring streets. 
 Pequaming, Mich., Chas. Hebard & Son. 
 Ship Canal Life-Saving Station, Mich., G. A. Smith. 
 Sault Ste. Maeib, Mich., W. H. Fallon, observer. 
 
 Union Dock & Coal Company. U. S. Ship Canal Office. 
 Two Harbors, Mich., H. L. Holden. 
 
 Minnesota Steamboat Company's Office. 
 Washburn, Wis., C. P. M. Tinling. 
 
 Washburn Docks. 
 Whitefish Point, Mich., C. A. Kimball. 
 
 Lighthouse. ' 
 
 lake MICHIGAN. 
 
 Ahnapee, Wis., 0. E. Overbeck. 
 
 Western Union Telegraph Office. Post Office. Dock. 
 Big Point Sable, Mich., A. G. Morrison. 
 
 Life-Saving Station. 
 Charlevoix, Mich, W. A. Smith. 
 
 Western Union Telegraph Office. 
 
8 
 
 Chicago, III., W. L. Mobre, Professor, Weather Bureau. 
 
 Viaduct, Randolph street. Joy, Morton & Co., Illinois Central 
 Railroad Pier. Customhouse. Richardson Fuel Co., J. C. 
 Railroad Slip " C." Groodrioh Trans. Co., Front street. 
 Chicago Life-Saving Station (annex), Keeper. 
 Escanaba, Mich., Clinton B. Oliver. 
 
 C. & NW. R. R. Office. Dock No. 2. Post Office. 
 iPrankfort, Mich., A. P. Vorce. 
 ' Main and Fourth streets (corner). Vorce's Office. Main and 
 
 Sixth streets. 
 Gladstone, Mich., W. M. Kellie. 
 Glen Haven, Mich!, D. H. Day. 
 Post Office. Day's Pier. 
 Grand Haven, Mich., G. W. Felger, observer. 
 
 D., G. H. & M. Depot. Goodrich Steamboat Office. KirbyTug 
 Office. Post Office. Cutler House. 
 Geeen Bay, Wis., F. W. Conrad, observer. 
 
 Customhouse. Post Office. Beaumont House. Beth & Sqn, 
 315 Washington street. E. L. Tyrell, 226 Washington street. 
 Hart's Steamboat Dock. McCormack's Dock* 
 Kenosha, Wis., W. S. McDermott. 
 
 O'Donnell's Coal Office, Milwaukee avenue. Allen's Sons Tan- 
 nery, Main street. Customhouse. Western Union Tele- 
 graph Office. 
 Kewaunee, Wis., A. C. Voshardt. 
 
 Goodrich Dock. Railroad Dock. Western Union 'Telegraph 
 Office. 
 Ludington, Mich., Lee Fisk. 
 
 Western Union Telegraph Office. Post Office. Customhouse. 
 Mackinaw, Mich., L. Stimpson. M. C. R. R. Dock. Western Union 
 
 Telegraph Office. L. Stimpson's Office. 
 Manistee, Mich., ,F^V. Davis. 
 
 . N. Mich. Trans. Co. Dock. Canfield Tug Office. Custom- 
 house. P. & P. M. Dock. Sawyer, Wallace & Co. Engle- 
 man Block. 
 Manistee Life-Saving Station, Keeper. 
 Manistique, Mich., J. D. Messerreau. 
 
 Dock Office. Chicago Lumber Co.'s store. ^ 
 Manitowoc, Wis., W. W. DeLano. ' 
 
 Schuette Bros., 916 S. Eighth street. C. Beers, 806 S. Eighth 
 street. Western Union Telegraph Office. 
 Milwaukee, Wis., S. C. Emery, observer. 
 
 Goodrich Dock. F. & P. M. R. R. Dock. D., G. H. & M. R. R. 
 ' Dock. Board of Trade. 
 Milwaukee Life-Saving Station, Keeper. 
 
9 
 
 Menominee, Mich., J. H. Kratz. 
 
 Fire Tug Office, 414 Main street. 
 Muskegon, Mich., Wm. McComb. 
 
 R. S. Squires, 24 Jefferson street. Goodrich Line Office. Opera 
 House Block. Central Wharf Dock. 
 Racine, Wis., Andrew Olsen. 
 
 Main street bridge. State street bridge. 
 St. Joseph, Mich., P. S. Collins. 
 
 Graham & Morton Dock. Lake View Hotel. 
 S&ugatuck, Mich., Fred. Wade. 
 
 Printing Office Building. Steamboat Dopks. 
 Sheboygan, Wis., G. W. Leberman. 
 
 Post Office. Goodrich Docks. 717 Center street. 
 South Haven, Mich., J. S. Donahue. 
 
 Williams Transportation Co.'s Office. Post Office. Pacific 
 House. Displayinan's Office. 
 Sturgeon Bay, Wis., B. Hahn. 
 
 Customhouse. Steamboat Dock. Bridge. 
 
 LAKE HURON. 
 
 Alpena, Mich., H. McP. Baldwin, observer. 
 
 Gilchrist's ;Tug Office. Post Office. Grummond l!ine Dock. 
 D., C. & A. Docks. Bay City & Alpena Docks. Custom- 
 house. 
 Bay City, Mich., R. H. Maxwell. 
 
 Frazer House. Campbell House. Alpena Boat Office. Dis- 
 * playman's Office, 1011 N. Water street. 
 
 Cheboygan, Mich., C. L. Marquette. 
 
 Spencer House. Post Office. Customhouse. 
 Detour, Mich., C. A. Watson. 
 
 Anthony's Store. Dock. 
 East Tawas, Mich., H. C. Bristol. 
 
 Life-Saving Station. Steamboat Dock. Displayman's Office, 
 Bay street. 
 Middle Island, Mich., E. McKenzie. 
 
 Life-Saving Station. 
 Oscoda, Mich., G. H. Cosgrove. 
 Point aux Barques, Mich., M. Ferris. 
 
 Life-Saving Station. 
 Poet Hueon, Mich., W. M. Edmondson, observer. 
 
 Lynn's Tug Office. Kendall's Tug Office. 
 Rogers, Mich., Fred. D. Larke. 
 
 Displayman's Store. 
 Sand Beach, Mich., N. P. Arnold. 
 
 F. & P. M. Depot. Carey's Drug Store. Life-Saving Station, 
 News Depot. 
 
10 
 
 Thunder Bay Island, Mich., C. E. Persons. 
 Life-Saving Station. 
 
 LAKE ST. CLAIB. 
 
 Detroit, Mich., E. A. Evans, local forecast official. 
 
 Candler Bros., 24 Lafayette avenue. Parker & Millan, foot 
 of Griswold street. John Stevenson, foot of Randolph street. 
 J. W. Wescott, foot of Woodward avenue. Whittaker & Spn, 
 Board of Trade Building. D. & C. Steamers, foot of Wayne 
 street. Star Line Steamers, foot 6f Griswold street. Grum- 
 mond Line Steamers, foot of First street. Ward Line' 
 ^ Steamers, foot of Shelby 'street. Ashley & Dustin, foot of 
 First street. Anchor Line Steamers, 33 Atwater street, westi 
 Alger, Smith & Co., Telegraph Block. C. A. Chamberlain, 
 Board of Trade Building. Crescent Line Steamers, foot of 
 Shelby street. D. B. I. & W. Ferry Co., foot of, Woodward - 
 avenue. P. J. Ralph & Co., 55 Griswold street. Evening 
 News, 65 Shelby street. Detroit Journal, corner Congress 
 and Shelby streets. Free Press, 11 and 13 Lafayette avenue. 
 IJetroit Tribune, corner Congress and Shglby streets. 
 
 LAKE ERIE, 
 
 Ashtabula, Ohio, CM. Foust. , ' 
 
 Cheney & Sons' store, 15 Bridge street 
 Buffalo, N. Y., D. Cuthbertson, local forecast official. / 
 
 Life-Saving Station. Dock. Vessel Owners' Tug Office. 
 Bridge. River Customhouse. Perry Payne building, 103 
 Superior street. \ 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio, W. B. Stockman, local forecast official. 
 
 Board of Trade, 21 Seneca street. Post Office. Batchel- 
 der. Mansion House. Baker & Co., Terrace street. 
 Smith & Davis, 200 Main street. Union Steamboat Co., 
 44 Main street. Western Transit Co., 47 'M&.in street. 
 Crescent Trans. Co., lOl Ohio street. Anchor Line Co.^' 
 Water street. Northern Steamboat Co., 56 Main street. 
 Lehigh Valley Trans. Co., Main street. Builders' Associa- 
 tion, Pearl street. Maytham^s Tug Office, 1 Main street. 
 Hand & Johnson's Tug Office, 3 Main street. 
 Cleveland Life-Saving Station, keeper. 
 Conneaut, Ohio, W. W. Grant. 
 
 Customhouse. 
 Dunkirk, N. Y., J. A. Townsend. 
 
 Western Union Telegraph Office. 
 
11 
 
 Eeie, Pa., Peter Wood, ot)server. 
 
 Post Of&oe. Western Union Telegraph Office, State and Eighth 
 streets. Postal Telegraph Office, State street and Park row 
 Board of Trade. Beckman & Sons, 506 State street. C. 
 ■ Kessler; 401 State street. Anchor Line, foot of Holland street. 
 Cafnegie Docks, foot of Plum street. E. & P. R. R. Docks, 
 foot of Cascade street. Pan Handle Coal Docks, foot of Cas- 
 . cade street. Erie Fish Association, public dock. Soft Coal 
 Docks, Sassafras stree't, W. L. Scott & Co., State and p'ark 
 row. Peter Thompson, public dock. Fishermen's Fish Co., 
 public dock. P. & E. R. R. Ore Docks, foot of German street. 
 Erie Life-Saving Station, keepef. 
 Fairpo'rt Harbor, Ohio, S. A. Burns. 
 Huron, Ohio, Daniel Duffy. 
 Kelleys Island, Ohio, E. Huntington. 
 
 Lime Kiln Co., North Side Island. Telegraph Office, South 
 Side Island. 
 Lorain, Ohio, E. M. Pierce. 
 
 C, L. & W. R. R. Dock Office. 
 Point Marblehead Life-Saving Station, keeper. 
 Put in Bay, Ohio, Ed. Keiner. 
 Sandusky, Ohio, B. F. Hough, observer. 
 
 Steamboat landing, Columbus avenue. 
 Toledo, Ohio, E. A. Hanner, observer. 
 
 Post Office, Customhouse. Produce Exchange. Tug office, 
 Chas. Hubbard, and Ohio Yacht Club, Neptune block. 
 Reed's drug store, Summit and Madison streets. Mery's 
 drug store. Summit and Cherry streets. Curtis & Brainard, 
 314 Summit street. T. J. Southard, Produce Exchange. 
 Lake Erie Trans. Co. Lake Erie Fish Association, Clover 
 '• Leaf Ry. Ddck. C. H. V. & T. Ry. Docks. 
 
 1 
 
 LAKE ONTARIO. 
 
 Big Sandy Life-Saying Station, N. Y., William Fish. 
 Cape Vincent, N. Y., S: S. Block. 
 
 Bank, Broadway street. 
 Charlotte, N.'Y., A. J. Mulligan. 
 
 Western Union Telegraph Office. Post Office.- Customhouse. 
 New York Central Railroad. 
 Fort Niagara Life-Saving Station, keeper. 
 North Fair Haven, N. Y., F. A. Eldredge. 
 
 Customhouse. Lehigh Valley Railroad. 
 RocHESTEB, N. Y., Orrin Parker, observer. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce. Customhouse. Western Union Tele- 
 graph Office. 
 
12 
 
 Ogdensburg, N. Y., Joseph Jeroy. 
 
 Geo. Hall Coal Company's Office. 0. & L. C. R. R. Office. 
 Oswego, N. Y., J. G. Linsley, observer. 
 
 Western Union Telegraph Office, West Bridge street. Post 
 Office, West Oneida street. Observer's Office, West Oneida 
 street. 
 Sodus Point, N. Y., M. M. Parrell. 
 
 Western Union Telegraph Office. Post Office. Northern Cen-, 
 tral Depot. 
 
 Xist of plaqes where Hurricane Signals only are displayed. 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR. 
 
 Two Harbors, Minn. — Dock Office. i 
 
 Duluth, Minn) — Elevator Great Northern S. S. Co. Minnesota Point 
 
 Life-Saving Station. 
 Ontonagon, Mich. 
 
 Marquette, Mich. — Life-Saving Station. 
 Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. — Ferryboat Beckwith. 
 
 LAKE MICHIGAN. ' 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis. — Revenue steamer Johnson, North Point Light- 
 house. Waterworks Crib. 
 
 Chicago,' 111.— Jackson Park Life-Saving Station. Bvanston Life- 
 Saving Station. Barge Office. Revenue steamer Calumet. 
 Lighthouse tender Dahlia. 
 
 McGulpin Point, Mich. — Lighthouse. 
 
 South Haven, Mich. — Life-Saving Station. Lighthouse. 
 
 Grand Haven, Mich. — Life-Saving Station. 
 
 Muskegon, Mich. — Life-Saving Station. 
 
 White River,'Mich. — Life-Saving Station. 
 
 Pentwater, Mich. — Life-Saving Station. ' ^ 
 
 Ludington, Mich. — Life-Saving Station. Office of Deputy Collector 
 of_Customs. 
 
 Frankfort, Mich.^Life-Saving Station. 
 
 Charlevoix, Mich. — Office of Deputy Collector of Custonas. 
 
 Cheboygan, Mich. — Office of. Deputy Collector of Customs. 
 
 Mackinac Island, Mich. — Office of Deputy Collector of Customs. 
 
 Benton Harbor, Mich. — Office of Deputy Collector of Customs. 
 
 LAKE ST. CLAIE. 
 
 Light-ship. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. — Revenue steamer Fessenden. 
 
13 
 
 LAKE BEIE. 
 
 Toledo, Ohio.— Eobinson's Casino. Presque Isle. Government boat 
 
 Swansea. 
 Erie, Pa. — 'Carnegie Docks. 
 Buffalo, N. Y.; — Life-Saving Station. 
 
 LAKE ONSAEJO. 
 
 Ro'cliester, N. Y. — Weather Bureau Office. Post Express Building. 
 
 Charlotte, N. Y. — Life-Saving Station. 
 
 Oswego, N. Y. — Fort Ontario. Oswego Yacht Club. 
 
Cornell University Library 
 QC 940.G7U5 
 
 Circular of information fe'a*i"9 *°™ 
 
 3 1924 002 961 336