LIBRARY ANNEX ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY If tarn Wit^mh ^trhur\um ICtbrarg Cornell University Library SD 144.M2M222 Forest protection and conservation in Ma 924 002 070 187 UBW^I^^ CAYL.ORO PMINTCO IN U.S.A. FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION IN MAINE 19 19 By FORREST H. COLBY Forest Commissioner STATE OF MAINE. To His Excellency, Carl E. Milliken, Governor of Maine, and to all persons interested in forest fire protection and conservation of the forests of Maine, this volume is respectfully submitted. FORREST H. COLBY, Forest Commissioner. FORESTRY DEPARTMENT Forest Commissioner^ Deputy Forest Comm^issioner, Clerk and Stenographer, Bookkeeper, Forrest H. Colby, Bingham, Maine. Neil L. Violette, Augusta, Maine. Lillian J. Coleman, Augusta, Maine. Herbert A. Folsom, Augusta, Maine. Director of Public Instruction in Forestry, Prof. John M. Briscoe, Orono, Maine. Associated Professor of Forestry, Inspector of Slash, Prof. C. W. L. Chapman, Orono, Maine. Warren C. Merrill, Skowhegan, Maine. "DANGER/' This effective warning is strung across the road at many points on all main high- ways that run through the Maine forests. Photo by lUin« Forestry Dept. STATE OF MAINE ^ Forest Protection and Conservation in Maine. — 1919- FOREWORD V Forest Policies. / / /^|N the present widespread Am discussion of forestry ^--^ matters we are hearing a great deal and reading a great deal about "Forest Pol- icies," the avowed object of these proposed policies being to make at least a beginning in the solution of our forest problems by bringing about a more economical use of our present stand of merchantable timber, by furnishing for our forest lands a greater meas- ure of protection from fire and insects and disease and by establishing on our cut- over lands, on our burned areas and on our waste and barren tracts, through dili- gent care of the young growth and by planting, a crop of young trees for future harvesting, to the end that we may have con- tinued employment for our woodsmen and a future supply of raw material for our wood-using industries. Beyond a doubt it is necessary and imperative that timberland owners, the manufacturers of wood products and the general pub- lic in our State of Maine begin to consider more seriously the future of our renowned Maine Woods. It is a fact not to be dis- puted that we are cutting off our forests to-day much faster than they are being reproduced, and we have been doing this for years. Vlll FOREWORD While fortunately we still have large areas of timber of mer- chantable sizes, and thousands of acres of cut-over lands on which the young trees, with no other care than fire protection, are mak- ing marvelous grov^th, yet it would seem more logical and better business for us now to begin to consider how we may improve on present methods, rather than to await further depletion or delay reconstructive measures until our workers and our mills begin to feel the pinch of an actual timber famine. .. z. I am not in- clined to take up much of the readers' time with criticism or fault finding as regards eith- er past or pres- ent measures and practices of timberland own- ers in our State. That we have wasted our for- ests is a matter of common knowledge. But in considering our forest prob- lems we may well adopt the philosophy of Phillips Brooks, that the best way to get rid of a past is by building a fu- ture out of it. With adequate A Mammoth Tier of Hardwood in Bingham, Maine. measures of fire Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. protCCtion f O r F<)llEWORD IX our mature tim- ber and for our young growth, and with re- stocking of our idle lands by the agency of seed- ing or planting, the situation as to future supply may be wonder- fully improved here in Maine. In fact, it would seem that the natural for- est conditions given us to work with are ROBUST SPRUCE SEEDLING GROWING IN OLD FIELD ABANDONED FIVE YEARS. Under the edge of the spruce, at the left, is a thrifty young white pine seedling trying to grow on the same spot. With a five-acre field to settle in these two youngsters might better have chosen loca- tions a few feet apart at least. j^ Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. much better here than in many other parts of the country. And in considering future supply we may begin to include grades and species of lumber never thought of as merchantable in the past. There is increasing demand for our hardwoods ; arid while we say that the hardwoods are not easily transported, we may safely forecast that a consid- erable demand will certainly bring much hardwood to market. But for the present our chief concern is for the perpetuation of our more valuable soft wood species. We have in Maine no great areas of barren land. On our cut-over lands, in most instances, the natural reproduction of the soft woods is indeed remarkable, and if afforded proper protection, must give a very satisfactory yield. It is true that we have certain areas that have been burned over successively and these acres are not reforesting themselves with merchantable species. Also we have in certain sections areas of abandoned farm lands to consider. While the majority of these old abandoned fields are being reclaimed for forest growth by nat- ural reseeding, there are many acres where a dense growth of bushes and hardwood sprouts have fairly taken possession of the soil and any harvesting of merchantable timber is obviously so far removed that we must consider such tracts as waste land. In addition to stated areas that may be classed as waste land there are many other idle acres lying about. Some times on cut- over lands where reproduction on the whole is satisfactory, there FOREWORD will be spots that bear no second growth of merchantable species. Also on that class of rough land distributed throughout our farm- ing districts, and known as wood lots, in some instances there are many acres that must be classed as waste land, as they are produc- ing little more than scrub and brush. Any idle land in our State that is suited for growing a timber crop, and not suited for agriculture or other purposes, must be classed as waste land. Only by reforesting these idle lands can we shield our- selves from the charge of thrift- lessness and mismanagement. Al- most in a day we have been re- moved from the easy going times of former years, when waste was overlooked and condoned, to the present period of stringency and high prices, when we can ill afford to tolerate waste and idleness. To a large extent this sudden change in economic conditions has been precipitated by the World War. The billions of dollars borrowed by our government to carry on that worthy cause constitute, in fact, a mortgage on all our resources. Only the land itself can pay this enormous debt. The products of the farm, the mine and the forest, in the form of food and raw ma- terials, furnish the basis of life and industry, and if we are to con- tinue to thrive and develop as a na- tion, every effort must be devoted to production and economy. In Maine our greatest resource is land — land the major part of which is chiefly valuable for growing a timber crop. In the past the harvesting of the trees from this land, and their manufacture into lumber, pulp, paper and a hundred and one other valuable 1'^ jBt..'^ :» X . »\is «^ Pine Growth Fifty-two Years Old in Old Field. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. PULPWOOD OPERATION. It is interesting to compare this picture with the frontispiece on page 2. It shows what the most beautiful of forest growth may look like after a pulpwood operation. At present the greater part of Maine's forest production is pulpwood. This State is the greatest consumer of pulpwood in the United States and the demand is ever increasing. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. ** «*r^: *.,;i,^. YOUNG SEEDLINGS SPRINGING UP IN OLD CUTTING. On such natural reforesting of cut-over lands the future of the lumber supply largely depends. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. Xll FOREWORD commodities has been our chief source of devel- p m e n t and wealth. It is proper, there- fore, that we should seek to insure a contin- uation of this harvest by still greater meas- ures of protec- tion, by econom- ical utilization of waste and by reforesting b y planting the idle acres within our boundaries. Having sketched, I fear but roughly, the need of care- fully husband- ing our forest resources, let us now consider more particu- larly some of the measures necessary to ac- complish this end. While the participants in the discussion of for- est policies are far from agreeing on all points, the majority unite in accepting as truly essential to any forest policy the three follow- ing elements : fire protection, reforesting of waste areas and public ownership. Spruce and Fir Pulp Wood. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. Fire Protection For many years the forestry department of Maine has realized the primary importance of fire protection for our timberlands, and FOREWORD xiu has given this branch of the service prece- dence over ev- erything else. The greater part of our funds have been expended for the construction and m a i n t e - nance of lookout towers, tele- phone lines and shelters for men and equipment ; for the purchase of tools and sup- plies and for the compensation of chief wardens, lookout watch- men, patrolmen and inspectors. Also in certain years when ex- treme dry con- ditions prevail, ' large sums are spent for sup- pressing fires, as at such times quite an amount of assistance from outside the department has to be secured for the actual fight- ing of fire. Considering the character of our woodlands, the topography of our State and the conditions which we have to meet, I believe we may safely say that our present system of fire protection is based on sound principles. The efficiency of our lookout stations in locating fires has been thoroughly demonstrated. The idea of de- tecting forest fires from a lookout situated on the summit of a LOOKOUT TOWER ON BLACK CAT MOUNTAIN. This is one of the towers erected in the summer of 1919. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. XIV FOREWORD mountain originated among our Maine lumbermen in the days before the State concerned itself particularly with fire protection. After three years of close observation of its workings I am sat- isfied that, with the one exception of which I will treat later, our Maine Forestry District Law can scarcely be improved. The incor- poration by law of all the real wild lands of the State into an admin- istrative district, which pays its own way in matters of fire pro- tection by a special tax on the timberlands within its bounds, is a measure that has worked smoothly and effectively. By provision of this law the Forestry District is divided up into sub-districts each in charge of a Chief Warden appointed by the Forest Com- missioner. As their assistants the Chief Wardens have deputy wardens, lookout men and, when necessary, patrolmen. - As a means of promoting still greater efficiency the Department has recently inaugurated a plan of calling the Chief Wardens to- gether each year at Augusta for a general conference lasting two days. At the conferences these "Guardians of the Maine Forests" have been furnished with simple entertainment, have listened to addresses by prominent citizens and officials and have received instruction by experts regarding the installation and up-keep of telephones and also on other matters relating to their work. The men themselves assure me that they have been greatly benefited BURNED LAND ON CHASE STREAM TOWNSHIP. This fire was the largest in Maine during the summer of 1919, and burned over one hundred and twenty-five acres. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. FOREWORD XV by these meetings and I feel sure that they have gone back to their districts better equipped for their duties. It is particularly fortunate for the department that we have been able, with slight exception, to keep the same Chief Wardens commissioned year after year. Under the direction of the Forest Commissioner, they are the main stay of the Department, and each year of experience they gain in the handling of men in actual fire fighting and the prevention of fire, in tactful intercourse with the public in their respective districts, and in the methods of preven- tion and suppression of forest fires, renders them progressively more valuable to the service. While treating of the personnel of the Department I will ex- plain the exception noted above, relating to the Maine Forestry Dis- trict Law, and this exception has to do with the limited wage al- lowed the Chief Wardens and the men under them. The law par- ticularly states the following rates of compensation: For Chief Wardens three dollars per day with allowance for expense of travel and subsistence; for deputy wardens two dollars per day and expenses; for patrolmen and other assistants and for fire fighters twenty cents an hour — which amounts to two dollars per day for a ten hour day. The forestry district law was enacted in 1909, and at that time the rates of compensation specified perhaps constituted a fair wage. But think what it would mean to-day to any employer if he were not allowed to bid more than twenty cents an hour for labor as strenuous as fire fighting, or were compelled to seek men of some executive ability, such as the Chief Warden service requires, but were not able to offer them more than three dollars per day. Only by some persuasion and a hint of the hope of better things to come have we been able to hold the class of men we re- quire. In fact, it hardly would have been possible to keep our present efficient force together if there had not been, particularly on the part of the Chief Wardens, a certain conscientious loyalty to the Department. To correct the unfortunate wage situation outlined above some immediate action is needed and I would suggest that at the next session of the Maine Legislature the Maine Forestry District Law be so amended that the Forest Commssioner can offer to the men in the fire protective service a fair compensation and propor- tionate to the work they perform. There is no economy in a low wage for responsible workers — it tends toward slackness, ineffi- ciency and disorganization through a constant change of personnel. XVI FOREWORD While we speak more fre- quently of the lands in the Maine Forestry District, not by any means are all our timberlands con- fined within its boundaries. There is much valuable timber, both of soft wood and hardwood species, distributed throughout our organ- ized townships outside the Disrict ; and in recent years the loss froni woods fires in lands outside the District frequently has been greater than the fire loss in the timberlands lying within the Dis- trict. The timber loss is not the only consideration in case of woods fires in the settled portions of the State, as other valuable property^- such as cordwood, sawed lumber^' fences, and sometimes even farm^ buildings are destroyed. Ever since I became Forest Commissioner I have been trying for better protection for these lands outside the District. As or- ganized towns they have their town officers who are charged with looking after their town affairs; but I have always felt that in mat- ters of fire protection for tim- berlands, the Forest Commissioner, though not responsible, should co- operate with the local authorities and lend every assistance possible. So the Department has kept in touch with each board of Selectmen by means of letters and circulars, has assisted in enforcing the slash law by keeping a slash inspector working in the lower part of the State, has furnished a considerable number of fire signs for posting, and, most important of all, has made a beginning in systematic GROWTH ON BURNED LAND. Twenty-six year old growth of white birch and poplar on burned land. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. FOREWORD xvii fire protection for organized lands outside the District by the erection of several lookout stations where the need is greatest. A s Maine Forestry District money could not be used for these purposes o u t - side the limits of the District, finances for these projects were secured from federal al- 1 o t m e n t for State aid, from special forestry funds and from private sub- scription. In order to maintain the efficiency of our system of fire protection within the Maine Forestry District I already have made a recommendation for a change in the Forestry District Law which will allow this Department to offer a rate of compensation for em- ployees that will average well with the wage offered in other fields of labor. I feel that this suggestion must meet with the approval of the owners whose lands are incorporated in the District, for it would seem that they will not deny these men, who are virtually their employees and working for the protection of their property, a wage at least equal to what men are receiving in the lumber camps. Neither do I anticipate from the land owners in the Dis- trict any opposition to a proposal that the Maine Forestry District tax be increased another half mill. The funds now placed at the BURNED LAND. Showing how fire destroys young growth and undersized timber, making the land a waste for years. - Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. xviii FOREWORD disposal of the Department have been barely sufficient to carry on our present measures of fire protection, and if we raise the wages of our men to a fair standard, this additional expense, coupled with the increased expense of the necessary materials, supplies and equipment, will so cut into our District fund that we will be unable, on account of lack of finances, to carry on our work as we should. But any slacking up in our efforts for the protection of the Dis- trict should not even be considered. Rather we should extend and improve our methods of protection by every agency we can devise. Even if the District tax is raised to two and one quarter mills, the landowners will not be paying for their fire protection an in- crease proportionate to the increase in the cost of every other kind of service. How near we may come in the future to making our forests really fire proof is a matter for conjecture. Probably the menace of forest fires will persist as long as we have forests and natural conditions make them highly inflammable at times. Lightning, spontaneous combustion and inevitable accident will doubtless con- tinue to set fires in the wilderness as well as in the village and city. As a nation we are notorious for the amount of valuable property that we convert into cinders and smoke each year, and the greater part" of this loss arises simply from lack of care and precaution. I am convinced, however, that the damage we suffer from forest fires set bv human agency is really caused by the carelessness of a very small proportion of our public. Of the thousands of indi- viduals who pass through our forests and woodlands each day during the danger season, if even one in a thousand were habitually careless with fire we would hardly have a green acre left after a dry period of a week's duration. But the measure of carelessness and indifference exhibited by this very small per cent, is truly amazing. Sometimes in burning brush and clearing land, fire is allowed to smoulder in debris or stump for days till a brisk wind begins to scatter sparks broadcast. Men engaged in lumbering and doubtless claiming some measure of woodcraft as a part of their business, sometimes neglect to extinguish their luncheon fires. Fishermen, passing along a stream, have been known to throw lighted matches and burning tobacco into the litter behind them, instead of into the water at their feet. Our records show that fires are set each season by just such careless practices, and not a small part of the activities of the Forestry Department is concerned with combating indifference and carelessness by edu- cational methods. HARDWOOD OPERATION. A four-horse load of hardwood logs en route to the landing. There is increasing demand for the hardwoods and in some sections within easy hauling distance of the railroads, or of waters where rafting operations can be safely carried on, consid- erable amounts of hardwood logs are being cut. . .,.. < Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. HARDWOOD OPERATION. ^ •Building a hardwood raft behind a breakwater erected to keep the swift current of the river from hindering the work. - >• Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. XX FOREWORD Through education and publicity we have made great progress for fire prevention. Not only our fire signs distributed through the forests help mould public sentiment toward protective prac- tices, but there are other agencies that render great assistance. Our wardens and other employees in the woods naturally talk fire protection most of the time and make good missionaries for pre- vention. Our lookout towers from their high elevation easily be- come landmarks and serve as constant reminders of the danger of fire and the need for prevention. Practically all the publications issued from this Department deal with forest protection and most of them relate particularly to fire protection, and these publications are given a wide circulation in our State. And finally, but not least, the aid freely given by a friendly press, through the publica- tion as news items of matter relating to the activities of the de- partment, helps constantly to keep fire protection before the public. All these agencies serve as means of publicity and hav^ an im- portant bearing on fire prevention and the protection of our tim- berlands. Reforestation "Few that fell trees plant them", is the terse statement made a number of years ago by a keen observer of forest conditions. But the present depleted condition of our forests leads us to believe that those who fell trees must begin to plant them, if they would have trees to fell in the future. Maintenance of a timber supply in Maine is of the utmost im- portance. With millions of dollars invested in wood-using plants, such as our pulp and paper mills, if these mills are to continue in business we must endeavor to establish a future supply on a per- manent basis. Fortunately some of our manufacturing interests own or control considerable tracts of timberland and of cut-over lands on which young trees are growing, and for these fortunate ones the crisis in raw material may be delayed for twenty-five or even fifty years. But any large consumer of wood not backed by a considerable reserve of timber land may well view the future with uncertainty, unless he is content eventually to scrap his plant or turn it to some other line of production. If we sought to follow out the instructions of authorities on forestry matters, before attempting reforestation we must needs make a classification of our lands. Certainly it might be considered poor policy to plant with trees areas well suited and needed for agricultural purposes. Doubtless if such a classification were HARDWOOD OPERATION. Raft of hardwood with its one man crew, on its way down river. The motive power is the current of the stream. A sort of control is maintained by vigorous use of the long sweep at the rear. photo by Mnine Forestry i>«pt. _ - HARDWOOD OPERATION. ^ Breaking up the hardwood raft and hauling the logs ashore with donkey engine. . ». Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. xxii FOREWORD undertaken we would find among our woodlands and waste lands limited areas adapted to agriculture. But the fact that so much fertile land in Maine, once cleared for farms, has been abandoned in the last twenty-five years would seem to point to the conclusion that in our State, if we should classify our lands and reserve for agriculture all the suitable areas, these areas, whether large or small, would not be in demand for a long time to come. But allowing that farming is due in the future to develop con- siderably and to take up a much larger area than it now occupies, we know that we will yet have a large territory for which we can find no better purpose than to continue to grow trees, and many acres of waste land to which a timber crop is more suited than any other kind of crop. The problem then before us is to reforest by planting such por- tions of these lands as are not making satisfactory progress toward reforesting themselves. The magnitude of the task is thoroughly appreciated, and it is not to be expected that any great progress would be made in a year or even in ten years; but the pressing need is to make a substantial start in planting and to keep adding to our planted areas year after year an ever increasing acreage of young forest trees. Both for any program of restocking that the State may choose to undertake for itself, or for co-operation with private owners in reforesting their own lands, it is necessary to produce in large quantities young trees for planting. This leads me to recommend that the next Legislature make provision for establishing one or more State forest nurseries in addition to the one we now have. Our State forest nursery at Orono was instituted primarily to sup- plement the course of instruction in forestry at the State College. In addition to -serving splendidly in training our young foresters in nursery practices, it also has furnished at a very reasonable cost a considerable amount of planting stock for distribution to private owners throughout the State. The fact that for the last few seasons the demand from private owners for young soft wood trees to plant has been very much greater than any possible output of this nursery goes to show that in Maine we are already awakening to the need of reforestation, and that our land owners are willing to begin to plant trees if they can secure the planting stock. In order to meet this increasing demand for planting stock the State should establish a neW forest nursery go that we may have an adeqi^te ;i5iipply-of yopu^ig tees ilo?-, distribution: at^e^asW ^ Ami LUMBERMEN'S FARM IN THE DEEP WOODS. When carried on in connection with lumbering operations such a farm proves a real profit maker. Advantages — farm produce for the camps at cost, of better quality and without excessive transportation charges by rail or tote team; opportunity to make use of the fertilizer that is usually wasted around the hovels j a chance to give a few good men an all-the-year job. farming in summer and lumber in winter, resulting in better labor conditions. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. Potato Field on a Lumbermen's Farm. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept, xxiv • . FOREWORD appropriation of ten thousand dollars, five thousand dollars to be available in 1921 and the balance in 1922, would be ample for im- mediate needs. In acquiring a suitable location for this new nursery we should bear in mind that the demand for planting stock will surely increase and a sufficient area of land should be secured to allow of a much larger development in the future. A new State nursery must soon become self supporting through the sale of its products, and then it becomes simply a business proposi- tion that maintains itself. The State nursery at Orono now has an income from sales sufficient to pay all expense of maintenance. While some advocates of tree planting believe that young forest trees should be furnished free to any who will plant and properly care for them, at present it is quite a privilege to be able to secure them at cost. With the present nation-wide interest in planting and restocking of timberlands there is prospect of such a request for young trees to plant that every source of production of nursery stock must be severely taxed to meet the demand. Public Ownership When considering forest conservation we are apt to think pri- marily of protecting our forest resources for the purely commer- cial reason that we may have raw material for our mills. But we must also realize that the forests minister to us in many other ways that have a very direct relation to public comfort and health. Shot (with the camera) at Sunrise. Photo from J. K. Pooler FOREWORD XXV We should not forget that cur forests serve as a never ending source of clean, potable v^ater ; that they are closely affiliated with stream flow, favorable climatic conditions and rain fall ; and, of no little consequence, that they harbor and sustain a variety of wild life which constitutes in itself a great natural resource. Also v^e must consider the importance of our forests as a means of recrea- tion and health. The value of even a brief sojourn in the big woods as a cure for many of the minor ills provoked by a feverish, steam- heated civilization is too well known to need appraisal in these pages. It seems to be the privilege of the forests even to doctor the doctors, as I notice that none come oftener to the woods for rest and health than the medical men themselves. It would seem, therefore, that the forests are indispensable to the public wel- fare, and that 1 the public may | well take such mm 1 measures as will assure that they are maintained. While it is prob- able that many private owners, for their own interests, will take steps to reforest their lands, it is only right that the public should lead the way in matters of con- servation and forest renewal. Thousands o f acres of cut- over lands and of waste lands are being pur- chased for pub- lic administra- tion bv othpr ^^ Baker Stream, Tp. 5, R. 6. WUU uy Otner Photo br lUiae ror«»try Dept. XXVI FOREWORD states. In or- der that the State of Maine may acquire by purchase tracts of land suitable for reforesta- tion I would rec- ommend that for 1921 and 1922 the appro- priation for general forestry purposes be in- creased to twen- ty thousand dol- lars for each year, the money thus appropri- ated to consti- tute a perma- nent fund and any unexpended balance in any one year to be available in fu- ture years. Not all of this sum would be de- voted to the pur- chase of lands, as there are cer- tain other ex- I penditures for general forestry purposes that draw from this fund. But the greater part of the appropriation would be available for buying land and for reforestation and improvment of any lands that may be acquired. Public ownership of timberlands should be a popular |neasure with the citizens of Maine, and from a comparatively sm^li beginning ^W|^ i]fiay hope tp see developed a broad -arid t>S*te policy of teqUiring'^fends for the State. ^'^^' ' ' '^^ ^^^ * MOUNT KATAHDIN. One of Maine^s beauty spots that may be in- cluded in a State Forest Reserve. Photo by Florence H. Colby. / / .-A- FOREWORD XXVII A Forest Policy For Maine/ ^ If the State of Maine will protect the forests within her bor- ders from fire, will carry on a progressive plan for State ownership of lands suitable for reforestation and improvement, will encourage the planting of trees by private owners and improve and reforest such tracts as may be secured in the future for public ownership, it would seem that in these three fundamental principles — protec- tion, public ownership and reforestation — we have a forest policy for Maine that is adequate for the present. For a beginning I would rather see these three basic principles diligently applied, than to undertake a forestry program with more complicated, and, WASTEIN LUMBERING. ^ Brow log on yard, a fine stick of spruce with owner's mark and scaler's check mark, left to rot in the woods. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. in a way, experimental details which might serve perhaps to dis- tract from the main issue, namely : to stop wasting what we have and to add what we can to our forest resources. There are many other valuable measures of forest protection which we may hope to grow up to and develop in time. We have to admit that our present system of taxation invites the stripping"^ of our landrthat;|t^^ acciJmj^^ makes :fir^-r^i«)teetiiaji«Baore difficult and that indiscriminate cutting of all XXVlll FOREWORD sizes, without leaving even a tree for seed, is radically wrong. But if all the methods that might work for better forest conditions were made mandatory at one stroke, the business of lumbering and the allied manufacturing industries would be reduced to a condition bordering on confusion. At this period of labor shortage and other unfavorable situa- tions, when it is a problem how to get enough lumber cut and de- livered to the mills to keep the wheels turning, it does not seem best that we try to adopt forestry all at once. That we will con- tinue to progress I am fully assured. Self interest alone on the part of our private owners will gradually induce them to practice forestry for themselves, and this tendency toward voluntary im- provement will grow as we learn to consider our forests not as a mine to be exhausted and abandoned, but as a crop to be cultivated and produced. One particular method by which the private owner can favor his land is through requiring of his operators more respect for the young growth that is so liable to damage or de- struction in the process of lumbering. The young soft wood trees that have proved their dominance by struggling up through brush and sprouts are worth dollars, and their development toward a fu- ture crop is far ahead of anything we may accomplish by the planting of t;ny seedlings. Logs in Indian Pond, East Branch of the Kennebec. ^ ^ Pboto bj Maine FoTMtiT X>c9t. FOREWORD xxix I am inclined to believe that lumber is bound to continue both scarce and high priced, and in a way this condition will work for better forest management, as a high price for lumber will have a marked tendency toward the elimination of waste and on account of the increased value of stumpage the owners of timberland can better afford to spend more for protection and for restocking of their holdings. The financing of any measures for the protection and improve- ment of our forest resources, either by the Maine Forestry District or from public funds, should not be considered as an expense, but rather as an investment; for we will be repaid once and again through the manifold benefits and comforts that only the forests can supply. The maintenance of a forest policy embracing pro- tection reforestation and public ownership will assuredly con- tribute to the wealth and welfare of every one of us. Budworm Damage In Maine. The damage being done to our forests by the spruce budworm first attracted my attention in the spring of 1911 on Parlin Pond Township in Somerset County. By the end of the summer of 1912 the spread of the budworm, as evidenced by the brick-red color of the foliage of the dead and dying trees, was very noticeable and began to cause some concern in the minds of the Kennebec lum- bermen. In the infested areas at certain seasons the air was filled with the small, light colored moths, the final development of the worm, and it seems only natural that they should be blown about and spread over new territory by the wind, like an unchecked forest fire. By the fall of 1913 the budworm was widely established in the northern part of the Kennebec watershed, and in 1914 and 1915 the infested territory included townships to the north and east of Moosehead Lake. In the next three seasons this blighting insect hoard spread rapidly to the north, south and east. It overran the Allagash regions, invaded the valleys of both branches of the Penobscot River and the Katahdin district and extended down into Hancock and Washington Counties. The greatest amount of dam- age probably occurred in the summers of 1917 and 1918; and in this latter year the budworm visitation seemingly came to an end. They did not dwindle away. They simply vanished in a season. So the budworm apparently has come and gone; but as a re- sult of his reign in our forests we have wide areas where prac- XXX FOREWORD tically every fir tree is dead. Also in certain localities quite a percentage of the spruce either has been killed or so badly damaged that it must even- tually die. The greatest damage ap- parently occurred where the young growth consisted principally of fir. The budworm seemed to concentrate to such an extent in these thick fir stands that old growth, mature trees were virtually stripped in a year, and spruce trees in the vicinity of these heaviest outbreaks suffered almost as much as the fir. At the request of the Department the Chief Wardens reported on the budworm damage in their respective districts. From these reports and from my own observations I would estimate that at least one-third of the fir in the State of Maine has been killed by this insect. In the worst af- fected areas perhaps ten percent of the spruce has suffered with the fir. Entomologists tell us that Maine was visited years ago by the budworm and that other visitations are liable to occur in the future. But some think the present invasion was invited by the dense growth of young fir that was common in many localities. This young fir growth had sprung up dur- ing the last thirty or forty years in old clearings and following heavy cut- tings in thick spruce stands. The theory is that with such a boun- teous supply of green and thrifty young fir available for food, the budworm family waxed particularly strong and numerous and overran the woods before the natural parasites and other enemies of the species could put a check on them. Just what brings such an insect invasion to a sudden end is hard to determine ; but we may indeed be thankful that this plague has apparently run its course. _ BUDWORM DAMAGE. Young Spruce and Fir Killed by the Spruce Bud- worm. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. / / FOREWORD XXXI Those who make a study of such matters and are wise in the ways of insects, state with conviction that insects are the greatest enemy that man has to fear. They claim that if all checks were removed from insect life all living things on the face of the earth must perish within three years. First, all vegetation would be de- voured and then all animal life, including mankind, would suc- cumb to famine. That this could be true we may well believe when we consider how helpless man is against the countless hordes of insects, with their prodigious power of multiplying themselves. ; ; ./ With poison sprays and sticky paper we may account for a few bugs and flies; but we would soon be overcome without the aid of our many vigilant little allies— the insect hunting birds and many of the smaller animals and reptiles. So we may well ^ive every protection and support to these busy little helpers that render such great assistance in keeping this insect peril in check, if we would further our own interests in saving not only our forests, but also our farm crops, from substantial injury. XXXll FOREWORD SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS. (1) That a change be made in the provision of the Maine For- estry District law relating to compensation of chief war- dens and assistants. (2) That an additional half mill be added to the Maine Forestry District tax. (3) That the appropriation for General Forestry Purposes be increased to twenty thousand dollars for each year ; part of this sum to be used in the purchase of land suitable for improvement and reforestation. (4) That an appropriation of five thousand dollars for 1921 and a like sum for 1922 be made for the purpose of estab- lishing a new State Forest Nursery. r For the courtesy of the loan of photographs for reproduction in this publication a grateful acknowledgment is due to the fol- lowing parties : J. K. Pooler ; J. F. PhiHppi ; H. B. Shephard ; J. H. Gordon; E. B. Draper; Milford Baker; Florence H. Colby; C. W. Grover, H. J. Craig and Prof. John M. Briscoe. / / Fire Protection Maine Forestry District ir^" * -, ^-^^ ^^r 'W-^^'^ ^^^t^ ttnr_^^^ i ^^ j^ -T*?- '^^^ ^ j# iijsp P^ .^ilMI jH^^^^H ^ lMttl^^^^^^MM^»»<»«-«J^^^^^^^L!^i^la^^^^^^^^^^^^^l ~ 1 •si 1r -A -*•»» *# «»>«»» M «fMiP^^^^^^^| hwv Moll^k^W ■i ■|^^Vb^^|^^>^ -«^n> ik.. i^-^^-^Cl J^^^LjBL^I^&j^ - / / ■ ■ • FIN BOOM ON THE KENNEBEC NEAR BINGHAM, MAINE. The comparatively recent introduction of the fin boom has quite revolu- tionized log driving on some rivers. The picture illustrates how the set of the current against the fins forces the boom far to the right, almost to the opposite bank of the river. Thus the boom guides the floating logs to the right, past the head of the island just visible in the middle distance and down the right hand channel of the river. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT FIRE SEASON S[ HE Maine Forestry Dis- trict, in the past year, ex- perienced one of the most I j ^ jfef dangerously dry seasons since ii "taHS^ ^^^ establishment in 1909. The Ik 9^^l^^ rainfall was below normal; no B ^I p^HJ^ general rains and only very few ^|||HF ^^^JB^ESt/m: season the brooks became low, ^^^^j^ti/fK/^^^^^KKf' . later some of them going dry. ■ lC^I^^^^^^BiS~ Also the fishermen and woods I ^^iRRSIIR^HRi^ travelers were very numerous. ■ " The lookout stations opened I mM earlier than usual. Lead Mt., ■jl^^^^^^ WKm i^ Hancock County, was opened ^ ^^ April 14th, and the first fire of ^BHHI^W^^B^^HHIiii^BH the season was discovered by this station on April 20th. By the first of May practically all the Watchmen and Patrolmen were on duty and had to be kept on duty until September 15th, when we were favored with a general rain all over the State. A notable fact for 1919 is that Washington and Hancock Counties, which in the past have always been very unfortunate with forest fires, had no fires of any consequence this season. The territory between Millinocket and Ashland, super- vised by John E. Mitchell of Patten, Thomas Griffin of Millinocket and Charles L. Weeks of Ashland, three Chief Forest Fire War- dens, proved to be the most dangerous section for forest fires in the Maine Forestry District. The particular reason for this we believe is that there were more lumbermen and sportsmen in the woods in that particular section than in any other part of the State. BURNED LAND. ' / A condition all too common in the United States — a railroad track, bounded on both sides by burned land, stretching away into the distance as far as the eye can see. -- t^u ^ v. ^ - t^ . ^ Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. / / ./ BURNED LAND. After ten years the reproduction here is nothing but fireweed and cherry bushes. Reforesting by planting is necessary if this land is ever again to acquire value as timberland. t>u ^ u »,-,:,. .. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT FOREST FIRES REPORTED BY LOOKOUT STATIONS NO. STATION NAME 1. Lead Mt 2. PL Pond Mt 3. Sally Mt 4. Tumbledown Mt. . . . 5. Squaw Mt 6. Snow Mt 7. Bigelow Mt 8. White Cap Mt 9. Spencer Mt 10. Rocky Mt 11. Center Mt 12. Otter Lake Mt 13. Mt. Chase 14. Ragged Mt 15. Kineo Mt 16. Coburn Mt 17. Wesley Mt 18. Depot Mt 19. Soper Mt 20. Round Mt 21. Aziscoos Mt 22. Katahdin Mt 23. Moxie Bald Mt 24. Kibbie Mt 25. Priestly Mt 26. Boundary Bald Mt. . 27. Williams Mt 28. West Kennebago Mt. 29. No. 4 Mt 30. Pocomoonshine Mt. . 31. Passadumkeag Mt. . . 32. Tug Mt 33. Beetle Mt 34. Horse Mt 35. Boarstone Mt 36. Jo. Mary Mt 37. Cooper Mt 38. Musquash Mt 39. Green Mt 40. Muscalsea Mt 41. Saddleback Mt 42. Doubletop Mt 43. Nulhedus Mt 44. Lawler Hill 45. Norway Bluflf 46. No. 9 Mt 47. Hedgehog Mt LOCATION OF STATION Twp. 28, Hancock Co. Caratunk PI Attean Twp Twp. 5, R. 6, W. K. R. Twp. 2, R. 6, E. K. R. Twp. 2, R. 5, Franklin Co. Dead River PL, Somerset Co Twp. 7, R. 10, N. W. P. Middlesex Grant, Piscataquis Co Twp. 18, R. 12, W. E. L. S. Twp. 4, R. 10, W. E. L. S. Twp. 3, R. 4, W. E. L. S. . Chase Twp No. 4, Indian Purchase . . . Moosehead Lake Pwp. 3, R. 6, B. K. P., W. K. R. Wesley, Washington Co. . Twp. 14, R. 16, W. E. L. S. Twp. 18, R. 12, W. E. L. S. Twp. 11, R. 8, W. E. L. S. Lincoln PL, Oxford Co. . . Twp. 3, R. 9, W. E. L. S. . Twp. 2, R. 3, E. K. R twp. 1, R. 7, W. B. K. P. . Twp. 10, R. 13, W. E. L. S. Twp. 4, R. 3, N. B. K. P. . . Twp. 2, R. 7, B. K. P., W. K. R. Twp. 4, R. 4, W: B. K. P. . Twp. A, R. 14, W. E. L. S. Princeton, Washington Co. Grand Falls PI Twp. 30, M. D. Washington Co Twp. 7, R. 10, W. E. L. S. Twp. 6, R. 8, W. E. L. S. . Elliottsville PI Twp. A, R. 10 Cooper, Washington Co. . . Topsfield Twp. 4, R. 18, W. E. L. S. Twp. 5, R. 16, W. E. L. S. Twp. 2, R. 1, W. B. K. P. . Twp. 4, R. 10, W. E. L. S. Twp. 5, R. 17, W. E. L. S. Benedicta Twp. 9, R. 9, W. E. L. S. . Twp. D, R. 2, W. E. L. S. . Twp. 15, R. 6, W. E. L. S. NO. FIRES 8 1 1 10 1 6 5 2 10 15 6 10 5 2 3 2 11 1 1 2 1 1 11 2 5 4 2 4 15 1 10 5 13 3 13 1 8 FOREST PROTECTION/AND CONSERVATION 48. Three Brooks Mt. . . 49. Speckles Mt 50. Spoon Mt 51. Mattamiscontis Mt. . 52. Squapan Mt 53. Schoodic Mt 54. Hardwood Mt 55. Almanac Mt 56. Allagash Mt 57. Picket Mt 58. Flagstaff Mt 59. Pogey Mt 60. Washington Bald Mt. 61. Mitchell Mt 62. Soubungo Mt 63. Black Cat Mt 64. De Boullie Mt Twp. 15, R. 6, W. E. L. S. Grafton, Oxford Co Twp. 8, R. 7, W. E. L. S. Twp. 3, R. 9, N. W. P. . . Twp. 11, R. 4, W. E. L. S. Twp. 9, Hancock Co. . . . Twp. 9, R. 18, W. E. L. S Lakeville PI Twp. 7, R. 14, W. E. L. S. Lang PI Twp. 3, R. 4, B. K. P., W. K. Twp. 4, R. 9, W. E. L. S. Twp. 42, M. D Haynesville Twp. 4, R. 11, W. E. L. S. Twp. 1, R. 9, W. E. L. S. . Twp. 15, R. 9, W. E. L. S. R 1 3 7 24 2 9 5 3 8 1 257 FOREST FIRES REPORTED BY PATROLMEN PATROLMAN Richard Witham Robert J. Walsh Joseph Labby Jos. J. Albert E. K. Peck Andrew Sawyer Geo. M. Austin Otto Hede John Webber Twp. James Smart Twp. Frank McMannus Twp. H. E. Huson TERRITORY Twp. 12, R. 17 Twp. 10, R. 4 Twp. 11, R. 6 Twp. 17, R. 3, 4, 5 Twp. 7, R. 3 Twp. 9, R. 7 Twp. 16, R. 4; 17, R. 4 Twp. 16, R. 5 17, R. 5 D. R. 2 16, R. 5 & 6 5, R. 5 8, R. 6 8, R. 9 Twp. 10, R. 3 M. W. Toothaker Dallas John H. Martin Twp. 3, R. 1 Chas. Goggins Letter D COUNTY Aroostook Aroostook Aroostook Aroostook Aroostook Aroostook Aroostook Aroostook Aroostook Aroostook Aroostook Aroostook Franklin Franklin TOTAL NO. FIRES 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 5 Oxford 20 Herbert Tinker Twp. 8, R. 14 Jos. A. Lebel Twp. 6, R. 7 & 8 7, R. 8 Penobscot Penobscot 1 2 MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT W. F. Harnden Twp. 7, R. 8, R. 7 7 Penobscot 1 E. J. Grant Leon E. Potter Twp. Twp. 5, R. 1, R. 14 10 Piscataquis Piscataquis 2 1 4 3 FEDERAL COOPERATION 35 The cooperation of the United States Forest Service was con- tinued under the agreement which was signed in 1916. On account of the State of California quahfying for cooperation under the Weeks Law, together with the fact that Congress failed to increase the so-called Weeks Law appropriation, our allotment for 1919 has been somewhat smaller than in previous years. The following tabulation will show the amount of money received from the U. S. Forest Service and the amount expended by this depart- ment under the different headings: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE Report of Expenditures on Watersheds of Navigable Streams. State of Maine — Season of 1919. Kind of Expenditure State or Federal: Collaborator Lookout Watchmen Patrolmen State only: Firewardens, rangers, etc Fire fighting Construction work, (lookouts telephone lines, etc.) Administration charges Miscellaneous charges Total for the year Number 42 75 38 State Amount of expenditure (salaries, travel and other charges) $16,275.78 19,527.90 19,304.41 6,397.69 49,687.01 4,212.76 2,378.46 Federal Number Amount of expenditure (salaries only) 1 22 $12.00 5.715.00 $117,784.01 $5,727.00 FEDERAL LOOKOUT STATIONS As in previous years, the Federal allotment was confined entirely to the Lookout Stations named below : STATIONS NUMBER WATCHMAN Squapan Mt. 52 J. M. Potter Three Brooks Mt. 48 J. M. Donahue Hedgehog Mt. 47 Herbert E. Brown Mt. Chase 13 Warren Darling Coburn Mt. 16 P. J. Walsh 8 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION Kineo Mt. 15 Alice Henderson Mattamiscontis Mt. 51 John Stanchfield Ragged Mt. 14 George H. Monroe Boarstone Mt. 35 T. H. Katen Squaw Mt. 5 C. H. Leland Attean Mt. 3 Allen Runnells Boundary Bald 26 Ed. Goshn Bald Mt. 23 Richard Morris Bigelow Mt. 7 / Lewis F. Marsh West Kennebago Mt. 28/ Wallace Houston Musquash Mt. 38 Warren A. Bailey Lead Mt. 1 Hiram Corliss Pocamoonshine Mt. 33 Merle E. Hoar Wesley Mt. 17 S. M. Hawkins Cooper Mt. 37 Oscar Sadler Schoodic Mt. 53 Howard L. Webb A Mountain Laid Waste by Forest Fire. Photo by C. W. Grover. COOPERATION WITH THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE As in previous years, the watchmen of the Maine Forestry District were furnished with a list of watchmen and wardens in New Hampshire, including their post office address and telephone connection. They were instructed to be on the lookout for fires across the State boundary, and, should a fire be discovered, to get into communication with the watchmen and wardens in that territory. Patrolmen on the Magalloway River, the Valley of Big Meadows and Hammond Brooks were employed and paid jointly by the Maine Forestry District and New Hampshire Timberland Owners' Association. MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT COOPERATION WITH THE RAILROADS The section foremen of the different railroads in the State, whose divisions are in the Maine Forestry District, were commis- sioned as Deputy Forest Fire Wardens. These men were called upon many times this summer to put out fires. We find in the tabula- tion of forest fires in 1919 that only nine fires were caused directly by the different railroads. We believe that this is a good showing made by the railroads in protecting the forests along their lines from fire. SLASH Early in the spring letters were written to all the Chief Forest Fire Wardens, instructing them to take care of all slash in their respective territories, and we are informed by these men that in all cases where slash was left along side the road, contrary to the law, it was taken care of, either by the owner of the land or the operator. Letters also were written to the County Commissioners and Road Commissioners in regard to slash left along side the roads in the District. SUPERVISION Mr. Edwin I. Small, experienced woodsman and once employed by this department as foreman of the construction crew, in putting up towers and camps, was appointed Inspector for the season of 1919. We are glad to report that more stations were inspected this year than in any other year since the establishment of the Maine Forestry District. Out of the sixty-four lookout stations in the District, fifty were thoroughly inspected by Mr. Small. On receipt of his reports in this, office a copy was sent to each Chief Warden, with instructions to comply with the recommendations as closely as possible. FOREST FIRES According to our records, 292 forest fires were reported to this office by our Watchmen and Patrolmen during the past season. The services of outside help, besides our regular force, were re- quired on 86 fires, which are listed in the tabulation below. The largest forest fire of the season occurred May 31st on what is called Chase Stream Township, Somerset County, and this was about the most expensive fire. 10 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION Township. Date Acres Cause Damage Twp. 15, Range 4, Aroostook Co. . . July 4 150 Burning Brush $300.00 Twp. 2, Range 3, May 16 5 Cigarette 50.00 Twp. D, Range 2, May 15 20 Burning stumps 100.00 Twp. 11, Range 4. May 14 12 Burning brush * Twp. 3, Range 4, May 14 10 Campers 1000.00 Twp. 10, Range 3, June 3 2y2 Unknown ^ Twp. 12, Range 6, June 9 12 Woodsmen 360.00 Twp. 11, Range 6, July 1 2 Fishermen 15.00 Twp. 12, Range 13, July 1 100 Cigarette if. TwT). 8, Range 4, June 25 50 Campers r.-voo Twp. 14, Range 7, June 26 2 Campers * Twp. 20, R. 11 & 12, June 19 20 Canadian farmers * Twp. 9, Range 7, June 21 4 Unknown 15.00 Twp. 11, Range 8, July 4 100 Fishermen 500.00 Twp. 8, Range 4, July 5 ^ Campers * Twp. 12, Range 17, June 24 3 Canadian farmers •if. Twp. 9, Range 17, June 21 4 Unknown 15.00 Twp. 10, Range 6, July 21 4 Cigarette 900.00 Twp. 9, Range 7, Aug. 13 M Unknown 20.00 Twp. 12, Range 9, Aug. 16 'A Lightning 10.00 Glenwood PI., Aug. 18 1 Campers 10.00 Jerusalem, Franklin Co. Apr. 23 10 Engine * Jerusalem, Apr. 23 1 Engine 5.00 Jerusalem, May 14 12 Engine * Jerusalem, Mav 15 15 Fishermen 75.00 Letter D, May 14 20 Engine :i: Dallas PL, May 30 y2 Engine ^ Redington, X << June 3 2 Pulp cutters 100.00 Twp. 3, Range 1, June 4 2 Lightning 5.00 Twp. 3, Range 4, June 5 10 Fishermen * Twp. 10, S. D., Hancock Co. May 16 1500 Fishermen * Twp. 8. S. D., May 10 20 Unknown 30.00 Twp. 8, S. D., H i i April 28 12 Unknown 30.00 Twp. 16, S. D., << <• May 16 1500 Fishermen 1000.00 Twp. 8, S. D., May 31 25 Fishermen 50.00 Twp. 10, S. D., << Aug. 8 30 sq. ft. Fishermen * Andover West Surplus (< 11 Aug. 5 1/10 Unknown * Twp. 3, Range 7, Penobscot Co. July 3 M Fishermen * Indian No. 3, May 16 Unknown * Drew PI., May , 14 9 Fishermen * Twp. 6, Range 7, May 21 ^ Drivers * Twp. 1, Range 8, June 6 3 Matches * Twp. 2, Range 8, June 26 300 Matches * Twp. A, Range 7, July 27 1/8 Unknown * Twp. 2, Range 8, Aug. 2 75 Lightning * Twp. A, Range 7, Aug. 13 M Berry pickers * Twp. 6, Range 8, Aug. 12 16 Berry pickers * Indian No. 3, Sept. 29 14 Unknown * Twp. 7, Range 14, Piscataquis Co. Aug. 22 * Elliottsyille PI., <> _ .. May 1 2 Accidental 30.00 Twp. Big Squaw, May 30 2 Engine 20.00 Twp. 1, Range 9, June 3 M Lightning * Twp. 2, Range 10, June 13 15 Unknown 50.00 Twp. 5, Range 10, July 1 1 6/10 Campers 328.00 Ti^T). 1, Range 9, Sept. 17 * Twp. 5, Range 10 Mav 14 11 Woodsmen * Twp. 5, Range 10, Sept. 22 2 Unknown 80.00 Long Pond PI., Somerset Co. May 14 2 Burning brush * Chase Stream, It it May 13 75 Engine * Chase Stream, May 31 125 Fishermen 900.00 Twp. 5, Range 16, June 3 2 Lightning * Spaulding Town, June 29 1 Fishermen 10.00 Twp. 4, Range 5, June 6 2 sq. rods Lightning * Twp. 4, Range 7, Sept. 5 6 Woodsmen 36.00 Beddington, Washington Co. April 20 50 Unknown * Twp. No. 32, M. D., tt tt May 19 50 Unknown 100.00 Grand Lake Str. PI., '^■».«.«- «.«.«*^—*- ;s^ ^gS^^BL^^m 5^ ,r^^^ 1 i Woods Engineering — Dam Built by Lumbermen. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. Woods Engineering — Dam Built by Beaver Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. 12 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION SUMMARY OP^FOREST FIRES 1919 IX MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT. rouxTY. Acreage. Aroostook . . . Franklin. . . . Hancock. . . . 503 T2Vy 3121 V-, Penobscot. . . Piscataquis. . 418 33 Oxford... . . , Somerset. . . . Washington . 1 211 142 4502 Damage. S3370.00 185.00 1316.50 508.00 946.00 280.00 S»ViO.".50 Causes of Fires: Lightning, 8; railroad, 9; unknown, 21; lum- bering, 4; brush burning, 7; campers, 37; total, 86. CAUSES OF FOREST FIRES ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER THE FOLLOWING SIX HEADINGS LIGHTNING: Fires the origin of which is directly traceable to lightning. RAILROADS: Fires incidental to the construction, operation or maintenance of common carrier railroads. (This includes fires from sparks or cinders from all locomotive or construction engines ; from lighted cigars, etc., thrown from car windows; from the clearing of rights of way, or from the individual carelessness of any employee or passenger.) LUMBERING: Fires incidental to all lumbering operations. (This includes fires caused by sawmills or donkey engines and log- ging railroad locomotives, except on such logging railroads as are common carriers; and by the carelessness of all lumbering employees. BRUSH BURNING: Fires caused by clearing lands for any purpose (other than for rights of way for common carrier rail- roads, and brush -burning in lumbering operations,) or by rubbish, garbage, range, stubble or meadow burning, and by burning out animals, insects or reptiles. CAMPERS: Fires resulting in any manner from carelessness of campers, stockmen, prospectors, picnickers, surveyors, berry pickers, hunters, fishermen, automobilists, tramps and other trav- elers through the forest. UNKNOWN: All fires the origin of which cannot be deter- mined with such degree of certainty as would justify their inclu- sion under any other head. MAINE FORBSTRY DISTRICT 13 EDUCATIONAL WORK It is the belief of this department that the greatest need at the present time in this State is the education of the five per cent of the population which does not use care and intelligence in its treat- ment of the woods. The greater portion of the citizens of Maine, and most sportsmen from without the State are now very careful. There remains that smaller per cent that always cause trouble, and these people the department is trying every year, and especially this year, to reach by putting out posters and other publicity matter. The posters put out this year are mostly metal signs tacked on trees or hung above roads. During this past season pamphlets have been distributed in practically all of the public places in the State. The Kennebec Valley Protective Association has helped us a great deal in this particular work with their effec- tive posters and other publicity material. SUMMER COTTAGES IN THE MAINE WOODS. If cottagers have a proper respect for the forest and are careful of fire their presence is an advantage to the State. A cottage community makes good market for produce from nearby farms. Also summer residents hold millions of dollars in valuable property in Maine on which they pay an annual tax. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS We desire to enumerate here the different permanent improve- ments that were made during the past season ; a more particular account of which can be found in the Chief Forest Fire Wardens' reports, pubHshed elsewhere. Steel Towers. HEIGHT STATION WATERSHED IN FEET Moxie Bald Mt. . Kennebec 12 Squaw Mt. . Kennebec * 12 14 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION Aziscoos Mt. Androscoggin 24 Speckles Mt. Androscoggin 36 ♦DeBoulie Mt. ^t. John 12 No. 9 Mt. St. John 36 Soubungo Mt. Penobscot 12 Black Cat Mt. Penobscot 48 Passadumkeag Mt. Machias 36 Center Mt. Penobscot 12 *To be completed in 1920. During the past season the department has built ten camps and about 150 miles of telephone line. Fifty-five telephone instru- ments were purchased and installed and six test sets were added to the service. During the winter of 1918-1919 a thirty-foot motor boat with a twenty-horsepower motor, the Catherine B., was built by E. M. White & Co., Oldtown, Maine, and placed on Chamber- lain Lake. This large boat is of sufficient power to patrol the lake in all weather and adds greatly to the protection of this territory. The smaller boat used formerly on Chamberlain was placed on Eagle Lake. A boat house has been built on the shore of Cham- berlain Lake near the Chamberlain Farm buildings. The main improvement made on the telephone lines the past season was the building of ^ twenty-five-mile line connecting the Chesuncook region with the Allagash region. This was built early in the spring and runs from Chesuncook to the Tramway Camps at head of Chamberlain Lake via Mud Pond. This was a very expensive piece of work, but it is the belief of this department that it is money well invested. If necessary, wardens can now be called from the lower Allagash region to help fight fire in the upper sec- tion of Chesuncook region. Another motor boat was purchased and put in Grand Lake. There was also purchased by this depart- ment early in the season 32 dozen shovels, 46 dozen pails, 26 dozen axes, 24 dozen mattocks and five canoes. Seven Ford cars were purchased and placed as follows : One in Machias watershed under the supervision of F. E. Patten, Cherryfield; two in St. John water- shed under the supervision of C. L. Weeks and C. M. Austin, and three in the Penobscot Watershed under the supervision of D. H. Lambert, R. L. Brick and John E. Mitchell. Station Maps, The fourteen panoramic maps which were sketched last season have been completed and installed in the stations. Our Engineer has sketched maps for the following stations during the past MAINE FORE.STRY DISTRICT 15 season: Back Cat Mountain, Squa Pan Mountain, Mitchell Moun- tain, Washington County Bald Mountain, Passadumkeag Mountain, Squaw Mountain, White Cap Mountain, Moxie Bald Mountain, Spencer Mountain, Soper Mountain, Allagash Mountain, Priestly Mountain, Soubungo Mountain, Center Mountain, Beetle Mountain, No. 9 Mountain, and Nulhedus Mountain. Early next spring out of the sixty-four lookout stations now in use in the Maine For- estry District fifty will be equipped with these maps. This leaves seven maps of these stations to be sketched; the other seven are only emergency stations. The tabulation on page four will show the amount of money expended for supplies and construction under the heading of construction work. A YEAR'S SUPPLY OF STOVEWOOD ON HAND. This logging concern believes it good business to have a supply of dry wood on hand and each winter cuts and hauls up next season's supply. The argu- ment for this is that three cords of seasoned wood will do as much work as four of green. Also an ample supply of good wood on hand tends to add sunshine to the camp cook's disposition and makes him more devoted to his art. FINANCIAL STATEMENT MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT, December 31, 1919. Receipts Balance on hand January 1, 1919 $ 7,023.87 1919 Assessment 112,773.87 Interest on Deposits 119.96 Miscellaneous Income 3,374.57 Total Receipts $123,292.27 Expenditures Expense of fire protection during season of 1919 (For detail see watershed expense) 121,158.58 Balance December 31, 1919 $2,133.69 (M O iO ^ O Tf (M lO rH l^- 00 O ^ 00 CD (>! ■ ^■ O O T-^ o LO iq O < H O d 00 CO 00 «^\ id oi CD TJH ^* 00 < O l>^ lO CD (M C> lO CD -^ 00 t> IC (M CO CD O^ ^ Ci t> O t- CO T— 1 t- •s. »k •\ »\ •s. »^ *\ #\ »v •v ^v w H 00 tH t> o CD (M Tt lO t- CO T-H H irt) tH CO (M (M T— 1 (M €/9- €/3- 1— i €^ C/2 (M LO t:- (M O^ T-^ 00 CD o O! O ^ q < '^. t— 1 d CO r-^ CD Tj^ (N CO CO CD t>^ (N CD CO -^ CO 00 LO (M LO -^ o lO r-\ co^ Ci lo l>^ C5 00 o ^ 00^ < T-T CO (m" < ^-^ T-T tH a €^ €^ ?- €/3- H z a 1 z o o o o t- 00 c^ tH o T— 1 CD >* ^ O CO Oi LO r-i IC q ^. q a ) o ^. 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In the Spring of 1919 the Forestry Department instituted a new project; namely, the organization of the Guardians of the Forests of Maine. The first meeting was held at Augusta April 8th and 9th and attended by over forty chief forest fire-wardens and representatives of the timberland owners. The program of this meeting was as follows : Tuesday Forenoon Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner met the Wardens at 9:36 and 9:50 trains. 10:00 o'clock Assignment of rooms at the Augusta House 10 :30 o'clock Meeting in Senate Chamber at State House Calling of the roll 10 :45 o'clock Address of welcome by the Commissioner 11:15 o'clock Question Box 12:00 Noon Luncheon at the Augusta House Tuesday Afternoon 2 :00 o'clock Address, Maine's Forests Hon. Blaine S. Viles, Former Forest Commissioner 2 :30 o'clock First Aid Work MAJOR BiAL F. Bradbury 3:00 o'clock Address on Fish and Game Commissioner Willis E. Parsons 4:00 o'clock Moving Pictures at Colonial Theatre Tuesday Evening 7:00 o'clock Banquet at Augusta House Music by Merrill's Orchestra MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 19 Address, ''My trip across as Manager of the New England Sawmill Units^' E. C. Hirst, State Forester of New Hampshire Wednesday Forenoon 7:30 o'clock A Real Woods Breakfast, Augusta House 8:30 o'clock The Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner, in the offices at the State House, conferred and advised with the Wardens in regard to the work for each Warden's own territory 11:00 o'clock Meeting in the Senate Chamber for final talk and final adjournment 12:00 Noon Farewell luncheon at Augusta House. Logging in Little Wassataquoik Lake Region. Photo by E. B. Draper. 20 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION Reports From Chief Wardens. Hosea B. Buck, Bangor, Chief Warden, Northwestern part of Aroostook County. In patrolhng this territory there were three active chief wardens, viz: — Grover C. Bradford, Ervin L. McKenney and Fred A. Lancaster. By active, I mean these men were on the work continuously dur- ing the season and were held responsible for the efficiency of the patrol in the special territory which was assigned to each. ABANDONED FARM SCENES— 1. New England's abandoned farms are frequently *' vie wed with alarm" in the public prints; "but in Maine they are serving as nurseries for young tim- ber. Usually the fields are mowed and the hay gathered for a number of years after the farm is abandoned as a place of habitation. Sooner or later the fields also are abandoned and then the young seedling trees begin to grow. Some very creditable pulpwood operations are now being made on farm land that the older inhabitants can remember as mowing fields. Although lost to agriculture the abandoned farms will certainly help out the waning timber supply. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. ASSIGNMENT OF TERRITORY Section 1, Grover C. Bradford, Chief Warden; Permanent address, St. Francis, Maine. District No. 3 This section covers the v^atershed of the St. Francis River in Maine; the Little Black River in Maine; the Allagash River from MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 21 its mouth to Umsaskis Lake; and the St. John River from the mouth of the St. Francis River to the mouth of Big Black River. Mr. Bradford lives at St. Francis, v^here he has switch connec- tions with all the woods telephone lines and with the Fort Kent Telephone Co.'s lines and the New England lines. It is usually very easy to get into telephone connection with Mr. Bradford from our Bangor office ; and through him Mr. Ervin L. McKenney, Chief Warden of the Upper St. John, can be reached, which makes it possible for me to keep in close touch with the greater part of this territory. ABANDONED FARM SCENES— 2. Showing young spruce and fir seedlings growing in field abandoned six years. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. Section 2, Ervin L. McKenney, Chief Warden; Permanent address, Sebago, Maine. Summer address, St. Pamphile, P. Q. District No. 4 Mr. McKenney was located on Twp. No. 14 R. 16, close to the Canadian Boundary, and on the road leading from St. Pamphile, P. Q., to Seven Islands farm on the St. John River in Twp. No. 13 R. 15. This section covers the Canadian Boundary adjoining townships Nos. 15 R. 15, 14 R. 16, 13 R. 16 and 12 R. 17; the Big Black River 22 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION watershed in Maine ; and the St. John River from the mouth of Big Black River to the northwest branch of the St. John River. After several years' experience on the patrol we feel that there is but little fire danger on the St. John River in this section. During the summer season the water is usually at a low pitch, not easy to traverse with canoes. For this reason we have not during the past season maintained a patrol on the river. To off -set this favor- able condition in this section, we have some 28 miles of the Cana- dian Boundary which is nearly always a source of danger. The Canadian farmers in clearing land often burn during a dry period ABANDONED FARM SCENES— 3. Young spruce, pine and fir in old field abandoned fourteen years. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. and with a westerly or northwesterly wind, and our Maine forests are dangerously exposed. But it is only fair to state that during the past few years the Canadian Government, through its Forestry Department, has done much to reduce this fire danger. Section 3, Fred A. Lancaster, Chief Warden; Permanent address, Old Town, Maine. Summer address, Chesuncook, Maine. District No. 6 Mr. Lancaster was located at the Eagle Lake end of the "Tram- way" connecting Eagle and Chamberlain Lakes. MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 23 This section covers the watershed of Eagle Lake ; Chamberlain Lake ; Telos Lake ; Churchill Lake ; and Allagash Lake and Stream. Mr. Lancaster connects with Ralph L. Brick, Chief Warden, at Mud Pond and with John M. Mitchell, Chief Warden, at Telos Lake. As will be seen by reference to this territory, the patrol consists practically of lake work. On Chamberlain Lake a motor boat has been used during the past four summers. During the winter of 1918-1919 a new motor boat, the Catherine B., was built by E. M. White & Co. at Old Town, upon order of your Department. It was put in operation on Chamberlain Lake ABANDONED FARM SCENES— 4. Poplar trees growing in field abandoned eighteen years. There is a sec- ondary growth under this poplar of young spruce and pine from two to four feet in height. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. in the spring of 1919. It is a large boat and of sufficient power to patrol the lake in all weather and adds greatly to the protec- tion of this territory. The smaller boat formerly on Chamberlain Lake has been placed on Eagle Lake. A boat house has been built on the shore of Chamberlain Lake, near Chamberlain farm build- ings, in which the Catherine B. is properly housed for the winter. The smaller boat is stored in a building left by recent lumber oper- ators on the shore of Eagle Lake. 24 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION FIRE LOOKOUT STATIONS. In this territory we have five lookout stations as follows : — 1. On Depot Mountain in Twp. No. 14 R. 16, Aroostook County. This station is a 60 ft. steel tower built in 1914, replacing a platform station in a high spruce tree. 2. On Rocky Mountain in Twp. No. 18 R. 12, Aroostook County. This station was originally built in 1907, at the expense of those owning land in that immediate vicinity. In 1917 a new log tower was built on another bluff of this mountain. From the two bluffs a view can be obtained in all directions. 3. On Soper Mountain in Twp. No. 8 R. 12, Piscataquis County. This tower was originally built of logs in 1909. In 1916 it was re-built of logs. 4. On Priestly Mountain in Twp. No. 10 R. 13, Piscataquis County. This is a log tower, built in 1910. This is the best log tower we have in this territory. It has a house on the top for the watchman. It commands a good view of a large area in all directions. 5. On Allagash Mountain in Twp. No. 7 R. 14, Piscataquis County. This is a log tower, built in 1916. The log towers are in good usable condition. At best, the life of a log tower is limited to a few years. The location of the towers at Allagash Mountain, Soper Mountain and Priestly Moun- tain almost precludes the possibility of erecting steel towers. It appears to be a question of replacing with log towers as condi- tions demand. The steel tower at Depot Mountain w^as re-painted in 1917 and is in good condition. CAMPS There is a camp at each of the lookout stations, in which the watchman lives. The Department also owns camps built for the use of the patrolmen, located as follows : — At the Castonguay settlement, so-called, on the St. John River, in Twp. No. 16 R. 12; at the mouth of Big Black River; on the westerly bank of the St. John River, in Twp. No. 15 R. 13 ; on the westerly bank of the St. John River, about one-half mile below Seven Islands Farm in Twp. No. 13 R. 15 ; near the Canadian Boundary, on the road leading from St. Pamphile, P. Q., to Seven Islands Farm, in Twp. No. 14 R. 16; at English Lake in Twp. No. MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 25 12 R. 17; on Round Pond, on the Allagash River in Twp. No. 13 R. 12; on Umsaskis Lake in Twp. No. 10 R. 13; and on St. Francis River in Twp. No. 20 R. 11 and 12. Of these camps, those on Twps. 14 R. 16; 12 R. 17 and 10 R. 13 are fitted with the necessary equipment for permanent occupancy. The others are used but temporarily by the patrolmen. They are so located as to be convenient as temporary stopping places. TELEPHONE LINES. The following telephone lines are owned by the Department. St. Francis to head of Glazier Lake in Twp. No. 18 R. 10, a distance of 10 miles ; Dickey, at mouth of Little Black River in Twp. No. 16 R. 11 to Rocky Mountain station in Twp. No. 18 R. 12, a distance of 15 miles. The Dickey line as above noted, follows the St. John River to the St. John Farm, so-called, in Twp. No. 14 R. 14, a distance of 30 miles. From camp on Twp. No. 14, R. 16 to English Lake camp on Twp. No. 12 R. 17, following the Canadian Boundary a distance of 13 miles. From camp on Twp. No. 14 R. 16 to Priestly Mountain on same township, a distance of 4 miles. Other telephone lines on the Allagash and St. John Rivers, and lines connecting these rivers, are owned partly by the Department and partly by the various lumbering interests and the land owners. These lines have been built from time to time and have been used in common. FIRES This territory has been practically free from forest fires the past season; only two small fires having gotten beyond the camp fire stage. While the patrolmen have extinguished many camp fires in their inception, no fires of any consequence have occurred. I want to call attention to the extreme good will and hearty cooperation of the people who live near or within this vast terri- tory, and of the lumbermen and the crews of men working in the forests. To my mind, based upon personal observation and contact with these people, a very great part of our success in this fire preven- tion work should be accredited to these people. Without honest, hearty cooperation, our small force of patrolmen, for such a large area, would be dealing with a diflScult proposition. 26 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION The telephone lines have been repaired during the season. In general the lines have been in good working order. The wire and connections for a new telephone line connecting Priestly Mountain lookout station with Soper Mountain lookout station was shipped to Chamberlain Farm during the winter of 1918-1919. Owing to the scarcity of labor and extra cost of building, the work was put over to another year. . ' ■ The new line from Chesuncook to the Tramway camps at head of Chamberlain Lake, via Mud Pond, built in spring of 1919, by Ralph L. Brick has given good service. ABANDONED FARM SCENES— 5. Young timber growing in field abandoned twenty-six years. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. On the whole, I think the telephone Ines are giving a fair aver- age service for woods lines. This service can be, and no doubt will be, greatly improved from year to year as the Chief Wardens and patrolmen come to appreciate the great importance of the telephone. James M. Pierce, Houlton, Chief Warden, E Plantation, Hammond Plantation, C. & D. R. 2, Aroostook County. . District No. 7 On my return from Augusta, I set out to apply to our system the things that I had learned at the meeting about telephones. We MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 27 lowered about three miles of line, began using sleeves at splices and tried several new methods of fastening insulators. The main improvement in the district this year was the erec- tion of a thirty-six foot steel tower, on the north peak of Number Nine Mountain. This tower adds very much to the usefulness of our lookout. The patrolmen and watchmen cleaned up the trails around the lookout in better shape than I have ever succeeded in having them. We had good connections with the Maine Last Block Company's camp on Tw^p. 8 R. 3, where the Company kept a watch- man nearly all summer. I had my man do quite a lot of work on ABANDONED .FARM SCENES— 6. In the background is merchantable pine growth. jp old field abandoned fifty- two years. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. this line, as we might need it very much some time, and it con- nected on to our wire about half way out. For next year I would like very much to see a better camp built for the watchman, as the present one is 9 by 12, with a three-and- one-half-foot wall, and has a roof of cedar splits covered with roofing paper. This is too small, as the patrolman makes this his headquarters. 28 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION S. C. Cummings, Haynesville, Chief Warden, Southern part of Aroostook. District No. 8 I herewith submit my report as one of the Chief Wardens of Aroostook County for the year 1919 in my district, which is the southern part of Aroostook County. The season commenced quite dry, and later it changed to be very wet; I only had two small fires of any consequence. These were in May on Two, Range Three and in August on Two, Range Two at Wytopitlock Lake, and were extinguished quickly and at a small expense. In regard to patrolling and patrolmen, I would suggest having more lookout stations and less patrolmen, although of course there should be a certain amount of patrolling done. I would say, if it is proper, it is necessary to have some patrolmen, especially around the pulp operations and on the by-paths and highways where the men are travelling to and from the camps. I think we have in this State at the present time one of the best fire systems in New England, and as the years go by, this system becomes more efficient and the Chief Wardens and deputy wardens are onto their job, and more especially in regard to posting the fire notices. That is one of the best things in the fire service today. The travelling public begins to see that the forest fire commission of this State is organized to protect the forest and in protecting the forests we protect the resources of the State and every person in the State. In regard to the lookout stations, I have one in my district, completed this season, 1919, and the observation from the lookout covers a very large territory ; its location is on Mitchell Mountain in the town of Haynesville, Aroostook County, Maine. Claude M. Austin, Stockholm, Chief Warden, Northeastern part of Aroostook, District No. 1. I would recommend that a small camp be built at the Long Lake Thorofare on Township 17, Range 4, for a patrolman's camp and also that a telephone line be built to it, as there is no telephone there that can be used in an emergency. We have three old tele- phone boxes that are 2500 Ohms and would like to replace them with new 1600 Ohm boxes and would like to put in a line of poles in the town of Winterville where it connects with the Aroostook Telephone Co. line, as it is not a very good place there, and it would pay to do it. Will need a new ignition system for the motor boat. MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 29 as it has not been satisfactory running on batteries, as the batteries have been of poor quahty and have given a lot of trouble. The car will not need any expensive repairs made on it, but should have a storage battery to be used for lighting and ignition. I have built a camp 16x20 on Township 16, Range 4, on Mada- waska Lake for a patrolman's camp and have partly equipped it, and it has been a great improvement over a tent, as the place can now be locked up. Have changed the switch from the Yerxa camp to the tower, where the lookout watchman has it in his own hands about the line being split, and it has been a success in every way, as the watchman has had a clear line at all times. It also cut the line so that the load was taken off the Aroostook Telephone Com- pany's line, and in wet weather this has helped a lot. While the change in the switch brought a complaint from one of the sporting camp owners I cannot see where it has not been a great improvement and should have been done before. Have started to change the line from Stockholm to Guerette and put it along the road. Have made a good start on it and it will be a big improve- ment when it is done, as it will take it out of the woods, so there will be a lot of time saved in locating trouble with the line. Charles L. Weeks, Chief Warden, Aroostook and Big Machias Rivers, District No. 6. I herewith submit my report as Chief Forest Fire Warden of District No. 6, St. John waters, for the fire season of 1919. The first work of the season was hanging telephone wire from Round Mountain to McKeen Crossing on the Machias River, a dis- tance of four miles, thus saving patrolling and repairing sixteen miles of wire to the same point as has been done in the past. The result has been most satisfactory as the telephone service has been excellent all through the season. We also hung three and one-half miles of telephone line from Round Mountain lookout to the Amer- ican Realty Company road where we connected with their line, thus giving the Watchman at Round Mountain direct communica- tion with all the Realty Company's camps from Ashland to the Allagash. We hung four and one-quarter miles telephone line from Sterling Ridge in Masardis to the foot of Squapan Lake to patrol- man's camp. On the Munsungan line we took down and cut out all bad connections and soldered all the connections from Oxbow Flat to Norway Bluff lookout. All that the telephone lines needed 30 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION to Squapan Mountain lookout were a few minor repairs. The tel- ephone service all through my terri- tory has been ex- cellent; could not have been better, all the season. We have made several new trails and have put all old trails in good condition. In my territory this season we have had ten fires on which we have had crews of men. The land and timber dam- age has been com- paratively small, owing to the prompt work of the watchmen in reporting fires, and the quick re- sponse of the deputy forest fire wardens and pa- trolmen when no- tified of the fires. Right here I wish to thank all for their efficient work during the season. I wish to thank especially Mr. A. H. Rhinelander, Superintendent of the American Realty Co., for the assistance he rendered us in furnishing outfit for crew of men to fight the fire which occurred at McKeen's Crossing on July 4th. Also I wish to thank Mr. Harry E. Hasey for the kindly assistance rendered in bringing more men and provisions when needed, to help in getting this same ABANDONED F'ARM SCENES— 7. Showing a young spruce, bearing seed cones, growing in field abandoned nine years. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 31 fire under con- trol. I wish to speak personal- ly of ni;otor boat patrolman Rob- ert J. Walsh, who not only performed h i s duties faithfully and well, but played the part of a life saver in rescuing two people from drowning in the waters of Squa- pan Lake. The same watchman served this sea- son who served in 1918. The princi- pal cause of fires in this section has been the carelessness of local fishermen in leaving lunch and camp fires unextinguished ; but two fires at least were caused by care- lessness in the use of smoking material. The two fires occurred in the pulp woods. Three of the reported fires were set by lightning. I would recommend that a lookout station be established on the south point of Chandler Mountains on Township 10, Range 7, as Middle Brook Mountains and Chandler Mountains obstruct a good deal of the view from Norway Bluff lookout, while the Aroostook Mountains and Chandler Mountains obstruct a good deal of the ABANDONED FARM SCENES— 8. White birch, spruce and poplar in field aban- doned twenty-two years. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. 32 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION view from Round Mountain lookout. Each of these lookouts is about twelve miles from Chandler Mountain. A lookout on Chand- ler Mountain would be about twenty-five miles from Squapan lookout. It seems to me this is too large a territory to depend on three lookout stations to cover. It surely is in hot, smoky weather. I would recommend that a telephone line be hung from Norway Bluff telephone line to Chandler Mountain and from Chandler Mountain to Machias telephone line at the forks of the Machias, thus giving Norway Bluff lookout direct communication with Ashland central and Chief Warden. A lookout station if established at Chandler Mountain will need a 48-foot steel tower, three telephones and material for constructing fourteen miles of telephone line. If this lookout is not established I would recommend that a telephone line be hung from Norway Bluff' lookout direct to Round Mountain lookout. In some way Norway Bluff lookout should be connected with Ashland central. This would take two telephones and mate- rial for about fourteen miles of telephone line. Another important recommendation I would make is that a camping outfit be furnished the Chief Warden, to consist of tents, blankets, dishes and cooking utensils for about thirty men, also two good cross-cut saws ; I now know what it is like to try to borrow or hire an outfit with which to get into the woods to fight fire. In conclusion let me thank you for the consideration and help in my work that your department has shown me. D. H. Lambert, Old Town, Chief Warden, Seboomook Territory, District No. 1. The first part of the past season was the driest we have had for several years^ but, notwithstanding, we had only one fire and this did but very little damage. The past season I have done no new work, but have had sixty-one miles of telephone to keep in repair. I would recommend that a new steel tower, sixty feet high, be put on the west peak of Green Mountain, as this peak covers more territory and is only about two miles from the new Dole Brook road. A. H. Chase, Milo, Chief Warden, Seboeis and Schoodic Lake ter- ritory. District No. 2. We started April 28th to go over our telephone lines, and put them in fine condition. It took some time as we had some 150 -d<£i«& V- olK-^SSH^SSSSiS^Ois '-^'<«!»Sf':a*SilSSS*«!^/*tfi«IU!liat MOUNTAIN SLOPES DENUDED BY FIRE. Showing slides and erosion after forest cover is burned off. Thus forest fires change tree covered slopes to barren ridges of rock — waste land on which reforesta- tion is almost impossible. Scene from Attean Pond, Somerset County, Maine. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. SLIDE ON BURNED OVER MOUNTAIN. Showing a serious erosion of soil taking place after vegetation is killed by fire. Scene on Wood Pond, Maine. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. 34 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION miles to look over and had them 0. K. by the time the watchmen went on. With the exception of a few times, we have had good service. The watchmen and linemen have all been trusty and faithful. My ter- ritory (until last year) was cov- ered by two Chief Wardens and it keeps one busy. We had some dif- ficulty to locate trouble with the line and I got Mr. E. L. Chase of Brownville t o trace the line with his test set and found it at Arbo's. For this service he charged nothing. The lightning had burned out some insulated wire and the line- man could not find it without an instrument. We have had very few fires; one at Long Pond on 7 R. 9 was put out at a small expense. Had one on White Brook, which was put out by the river drivers. I would recommend that while the Rowland Pulp & Paper Co. are driving out of White Brook into the main river a patrol be put on to look ONE HORSE YARDING ROAD. Where one horse only is used in yarding timber the saving of small growth and undersized trees is very apparent. Only a narrow path shows where the logs have been hauled to the yard and there is but slight disturbance of the unmerchantable stuff, which is thus left to grow and mature. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 35 after the fires that might start. There was one started this sea- son and had quite a headway, but with the amount of pails stored there and a large crew of drivers it was soon extin- guished. But it is a fire trap along this stream as there is a lot of slash and it should be looked after carefully. I have been over the district and took account of the tools. I found some in the boxes and somje scattered around. I collected all I could find and locked them up. I do not think we have lost many this season. I have taken in the large hanging signs and stored them for the winter. I took up the telephone line from Logan Brook around the West Branch Ponds to L. P. Chadwick's, a distance of about five and one-half miles, and cut a new trail from the tower on Whitecap to the main line on East Branch Pleasant River, a distance of about four and one-quarter miles. Used the wire and splits that we took up ; had to sack the wire from three to seven miles. Got a fine trail, and it does away with switching at Chadwick's and is a direct line to Ar- bors, North Brownville, and gives excellent service. Have cut TWO HORSE YARDING ROAD. Compared with the one horse road this is a reg- ular highway from eight to twelve feet wide. Where timber stands thick and there is considerable swamping to be done a large part of the territory actually yarded over is entirely laid waste. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. 36 FOREST^ PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION bushes on trails and around cabin, also cleared away 25 feet around foot of tower. The inspector this year recommended a steel tower for this mountain, a 27-foot tower, and I agree with him, as the old one is a wooden structure and is in poor condition and only 12 feet high. The watchman on this mountain needs a new camp. The present one is old and rotten and not fit to live in. I would recom- mend that some changes be made on the gauntlet line to make it shorter, as the line now goes to the different old lumber camps of Mr. Pride's, and would be less distance to patrol. With the consent of the Forest Commissioner I have purchased a camp at a reason- able cost to be used by the lineman, and there should be some repairs on the camp at the gauntlet to make it comfortable. This hne is some 32 miles long from Arbo's to top of mountain and there is no stopping place along the line; only some old lumber camps broken in and fallen down. Mattamiscontis Line: The distance from the tower to Seboois Plantation on the Canadian Pacific Railway is about seven miles and until this year we have had no line to this settlement. I got permission from Mr. V. R. Nason to connect onto his line near his lumber camps. We cut a trail two miles and strung new wire, so we get good service from tower to the settlement. I also had Mr. Nason appointed deputy warden. We have also cut bushes on the trails and around the tower and camp, painted the house on the tower and have on hand paint to paint tower next spring. It was painted two coats last season. Ragged Mountain Line: This line is in good repair but could be improved by -putting in some new wire in places and taking out some of the old where it has been repaired with short pieces. We have cut the bushes (or Mr. Monroe did) around tower and trail. Painted the tower house and steel tower and put on shutters for winter. Boarstone Mountain: We started in to clear up around the camp, where the lumber was cut to build the camp, and got it well along when called off. The tower has shutters on and everything is 0. K. for winter. I think all the towers and camps are left all right and am in hopes will find them the same in the spring. The watchmen on the different towers cut the bushes around towers and trails. MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 37 Thomas Griffin, Millinocket, Chief Warden, Lower Lakes, West Branch of the Penobscot River, District No. 3. I wish to submit my report for District No. 3 for the season of 1919. In the early spring we repaired all telephone lines so that they were ready when the fire season opened. We built a 48-foot steel tower on Black Cat Mountain, 1 Range 9. This tower was fitted with table, map, glass alidade ; and two telephones — one con- necting with the Great Northern Paper Company line, central at warden's home at Millinocket; the other connecting onto Charles Daisey's line reaching the sporting camp section to the west branch. We used about one and one-quarter miles of wire here. We built a watchman's camp, put telephone in this ; camp 14x20, sawed lumber. This camp was furnished with everything to make a man com- fortable. We fitted up an old camp on the East Branch, 2 Range 7, for patrolman and furnished it with dishes, stove and such things as are necessary for one man. Installed a telephone here and ran one-half mile of wire to connect with the East Branch driving line ; this line runs into Mr. Robbins' house at Grindstone and New Eng- land line to Millinocket. Built sleeping room onto camp at Double- top Mountain. I would advise that the lookout at Mount Katahdin be discon- tinued indefinitely ; and also Jo Mary until such times as the depart- ment sees fit to put a steel tower on it. I think this country is well covered now. Would recommend a tower for either Whetstone or Hunt Mountain on the East Branch to cover a place up the Branch that we cannot cover now ; should we get this tower we have wire enough at Grindstone and I think telephones enough to equip this outfit. Would change telephone line now running from Millinocket to Norcross, then to Ragged Mountain, to run on New England tel- ephone poles from Millinocket to Norcross, cutting out about nine miles of line and possibly cutting out a central at Norcross. A car could be used in this district now to good advantage. We could cover Indian 3, A, R. 7; 1, R. 7; 1, R. 8; 1, R. 9. There is only one train a day each way that will stop at Grindstone, and this causes a lot of waste time. John B. Mitchell, Patten, Chief Warden for Upper East Branch Waters of the Penobscot River, District No. 4. I have the honor to submit to you the following report of the forestry section of Penobscot and Piscataquis Counties for the year 1919. There have been only four fires of any consequence in my territory this season. 88 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION I— • Q < H CO 52 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION steel tower and house on Saddleback Mountain were painted and the trails of the above two stations were bushed out and also put in first-class order. The District employed during the dry months of the season one expert telephone man, whose job was to put the telephone line in first-class order. For that reason the telephone service has been exceptionally good the past season. R. L. Brick, Lily Bay, Chief Warden, Chesuncook Region, District No. 5. The season of 1919 has been very favorable in Section 5 of the Maine Forestry District, Penobscot Waters. Only one fire occurred, and that was taken care of without any damage and at very small expense. For improvements, there has been a new telephone line, twenty- four and one-quarter miles long, built from Chesuncook to Eagle Lake (Allagash) via Mud Pond and Chamberlain Lake, of No. 10 wire, and this line has been of great importance to the Forestry District. Also a branch line of two and one-half miles from Pine Stream to Chesuncook House (A. B. Smith's). The line from Chesuncook to the Grant Farm, owned by the Great Northern Paper Company, but used by the Maine Forestry District during the fire season, was built over and put in good condition. The line from Grant Farm to Spencer Mountain Lookout, nine miles, was rebuilt and bushed out, making a first-class line of fifty- six and one-half miles from Spencer Mountain to Eagle Lake (Alla- gash) . The tower on Spencer Mountain has been painted inside and out; also wooden shutters placed on same. There has been a steel tower built on Saubunge Mountain, which is of great importance to Section 5. Also two and one-half miles of telephone line built from Soubungo, connecting the tower with the Cuxabexis line at Camp 3, Ripogenus Stream. This lookout has been furnished with full camp outfit, including fire tools, etc. ; also one coat of paint on tower. The telephone system, with the assistance of the Great Northern Paper Company clerks, has been one of the best. Also all other assistance has been rendered by the Company, and as one of the Chief Wardens of the Maine Forestry District I take this oppor- tunity to thank them for their prompt and courteous assistance rendered at all times. There has been a cabin built at Chesuncook Dam for your Warden's headquarters, also store room and out-buildings. This MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 53 is a large, roomy camp, built of shaved spruce logs, with full-size doors and"^ windows and will stand inspection by any State official. The aiitomobile furnished by the Department was of great assistancelind is in first-class condition. It is stored at the home of your Chief Warden in Levant, Maine. SUGGESTIONS FOR 1920. The trail from Grant Farm to Spencer Mountain should be cut out and fixed suitable for a team. Also a camp should be built at the spring at the foot of the Mountain. There should be a watch- man's camp built at Soubungo Mountain out of sawed lumber. The material should be placed there on snow this winter. Lumber or some other suitable material should be furnished to build a garage at Chesuncook Dam ; also covering for a wood shed. There are several small improvements that your Chief Warden will take up later for your consideration. John M. Brown, Eagle Lake, Chief Warden Fish River Territory. District No. 2. We have had a very favorable summer in my section, frequent light showers preventing the fires from getting started, although the ground remained very dry most of the time. There were no heavy rains to wet down any depth. I have no recollection of ever seeing the waters so low in streams of all kinds as they were at the close of the season. Only three small fires were reported from the lookout stations, and they were put out with very slight damages being done. I built a telephone line from Birch River Dam patrol camp to DeBoulie Mountain, eight miles, and connected this line direct into the Eagle Lake central office, a distance of one and one-half miles, on the telephone company's poles ; also built a line one and a half miles to connect the Whitman Camps on to this line and installed a telephone in the camps which are situated at Island Pond 15 Range 9, making this line total length about 21 miles. Repaired and put in good condition all the fire lines in my terri- tory, and they were in good condition all summer until the big wind storm, which demoralized all lines in general. I built a temporary cabin at the foot of DeBoulie Mountain, on the shore of DeBoulie Lake, for the watchman to live in, roofing it with bark and installing a telephone therein. I would suggest building a larger camp there and covering with shingles so as to store canoe, fire-fighting utensils, etc., at close of season. 54 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION A good trail has been cleared out from the foot of DeBoulie Mountain to the top, where the watchman had a temporary lookout in the trees, which answered the purpose very well for this year. The steel tower for the DeBoulie Mountain lookout station, and other materials for building the same, were started en route for the mountain, but too late to get there last spring; therefore the work was put over until this fall. As soon as the lakes freeze up I would recommend that the work be completed. I would also suggest that the patrolman's camp on Walla- grass Lake should be moved to higher ground at the head of first lake, where there is a never-failing spring of water. The reason for this is, that the American Realty Company has built a large dam at the foot of the lake that flow^s the water nearly over the floor of the camp at present. This could be moved with small cost in the early fall when the lake is frozen over. One pair of horses could haul it to the new site. Frank P. Conley, Chief Warden, Greenville Jet., Moosehead Lake Region. District No. 1. There have been three lookout stations in operation in my dis- trict this season. Squaw Mountain station has been greatly im- proved by the erection of a modern steel tower, 20 feet high, placed on the highest peak. This gives the lookout man a better view of Indian Stream Town and Big Indian Pond. I recommend six miles of telephone wire for a metallic line for Squaw Mountain, as our telephone service is very poor. I recommend a 40-foot steel tower for Lily Bay Mountain, to be put up first thing next spring. Wire, insulators and brackets should be sent to Greenville some time during the winter for Squaw Mountain. Frank W. Hilton, Chief Warden, Upper Kennebec Regions. Dis- trict No. 4. Although there have been several small fires along the railroad, I have had but one bad fire in my territory during the season. This occurred at Chase Stream and was quite a bad one on account of the high winds and its being so far away from men. The help used to extinguish this was almost wholly Preble & Robinson's crews of lumbermen. The smaller fires along the railroad have been almost wholly taken care of by the railroad men, except one at Misery Siding which deputy warden Daniel Burns, with a crew of log-drivers, took care of. There was a small fire July 3 on I m" - _ p t.: -diJijt MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF EASTERN FORESTERS IN THE MOOSEHEAD REGION. On July 17, 18 and 19, 1919, the members of this Association were assembled at Pittston Farm. Eleven of the Eastern States and three of the Canadian Provinces were represented. The picture was taken while the discussion of Mr. Graves' Na- tional program of Forestry was going on. . ^ Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. /'" ',.'ip ' ^'^'l^ _,lfe«li ^— W^ ;t • : • '^^ ^ <-4^ - ^ -^ W^ 4*^ ^^< ■ ^^ " ^^^ ^Bi^^n^ >■ , t ^ *'»^\^'Tf* ' ^ V-* ^ * ^ ■ : -^ ^''MJ^ -■'Vx*, .1. ' . . . :v .'-v^-' "• "^ • ^ , . .■- . ;j*V;^ . 1 ^1 ' > ■ ' .'^,-■ ' -? **^ » ' . '>#«>?^^*'-^'Pf^^;f*>^*:r' ^- •"'' . ;, w- ' ^wf S -. 1^. *;#;!: ^ . - -^^^^ ^»-: -^v ^";^ .^""WL. 'i^iMT' - . 'M-^te. v^./ .aS ■ ^ if^' - ..- . - : |^^^'^;ar=^ li ^MHSBh^^^'Sv ^ Iri^ n ."^^ ^ mi 1 '■^•^«l pum :si^B v^mA i -''IMk" '!lHil>" 'jf^m. '■*«■ • -1M^ J3v''**3^~'' ^^Vi^" ^"^^ i^f'b'^ir m * ii» ^& - » ^. * ■■ MEMBERS OF THE EASTERN FORESTERS ASSOCIATION. Studying conditions in the woods at Pittston. Secondary growth of spruce and fir under hardwood cover is occupying their attention. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. 0D FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION Bald Mountain town which was taken care of by HoUingsworth & Whitney men. The improvements in my territory the past season have been the erection of a 12-foot steel tower on Moxie Bald Mountain, No. 23, to replace the old wooden one, and we have also erected at Troutdale a new State camp, 18 ft. by 24 ft., for the telephones and telephone operator. This is a three-room camp, painted white, and has a veranda. PIGS IN THE LUMBER CAMP The unsightly garbage heap that used to repose under the cook-room window has vanished since the pig came to the lumber camp. Where a few pigs are kept the refuse from the cook-room goes a long ways toward their maintenance. Thus a certain amount of waste is eliminated. Photo by C. W. Grover. The worst thing I have had to contend with the past season has been "campers'' during the fishing and berry seasons. In my opinion the big fire on Chase Stream was caused by fishermen. The telephone service has been very good this season. / J. B. Comber, Caratunk, Chief Warden, East Side Kennebec River, Somerset County. District No. 3. In regard to fire protection for the Maine Forestry District during the past season will say that while there were frequent MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT m showers during the season, it%ould be called a very dry summer. My territory was posted with fire notices, the telephone lines were put in good condition, the lookout men were well furnished with equipment, and all the trails were rebushed out. The tower on Mount Coburn and also the tower on Pleasant Pond Mountain, were each newly painted. The State boat at Pleasant Pond was painted and a new set of oars and oar-locks were purchased for the same. ' We built a camp 10 by 12 feet at the foot of Mount Coburn lookout station and installed a new telephone instrument in it, as there are windy days when it is very difficult for the watchman to hear from the tower. Wherever tools were lacking in the tool boxes they have been replaced by new ones, although most of the boxes in this section were well supplied. We had only two small fires in my territory this season, with very little expense. People who travel in the woods in general seem to be getting educated more and more each year in regard to being careful with fire. 58 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION Laws Pertaining to Forest Fire Protection Revised Statutes, Chapter 8, Section 60, as Amended by Chapter 138, Public Laws of 1917, and Chapter 104, Public Laws of 1919. The administrative district known as the Maine Forestry District, here- tofore established and incorporated, shall include the following territory: Township A, R. 2, W. E. L. S.; Hammond Plantation; C, R. 2 W. E. L. S.; D, R. 2, W. E. L. S.; E. Plantation; 3, R. 2, W. E L. S.; Cox Patent; Macwahoc Plantation; Glenwood Plantation; 3, R 3, W. E. L. S.; 4, R. 3, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 3, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 3 W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 3, W. E. L. S.; 10, R. 3, W. E. L. S.; 17, R. 3, W. E L. S.; 1, R. 4, W. E. L. S.; 2, R. 4, W. E. L. S.; 3, R. 4, W. E. L. S-; 7 R. 4, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 4, W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 4, W. E. L. S.; 10, R. 4, W E. L. S.; 11, R. 4, W. E. L. S.; Westmanland Plantation; 16, R. 4, W. E. L. S. 17, R. 4, W. E. L. S.; A, R. 5, W. E. L. S.; 1, R. 5, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 5, W. E L. S.; 8, R. 5, W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 5, W. E. L. S.; 13, R. 5, W. E. L. S.; 14, R 5, W. E. L. S.; 15, R. 5, W. E. L. S.; 16, R. 5, W. E. L. S.; 17, R. 5, W. E L. S.; Oxbow Plantation; 10, R. 6, W. E. L. S.; Garfield Plantation; Nashville Plantation; 14, R. 6, W. E. L. S.; 15, R. 6, W. E. L. S.; 16, R. 6, W. E. L. S. 9 R. 7, W. E. L. S.; 10, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; 11, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; 12, R. 7, W E. L. S.; 13, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; 14, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; Winterville Plantation Eagle Lake; 9, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; 10, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; 11, R. 8, W. E. L. S. 12, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; 13, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; 14, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; 15, R. 8 W. E. L. S.; 16j R. 8, W. E. L. S.; 11, R. 9, W. E. L. S.; 12, R. 9, W. E L. S. 13, R. 9, W. E. L. S.; 14, R. 9, W. E. L. S.; 15, R. 9, W. E. L. S.; 16, R. 9 W. E. L. S.; 11, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; 12, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; 13, R. 10, W. E L. S.; 14, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; 15, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; Allagash Plantation; 18 R. 10, W. E. L. S.; 11, R. 11, W. E- L. S.; 12. R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 13, R. 11, W E. L. S.; 14, R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 15, R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 18, R. 11, W. E. L. S. 19, R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 11, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 12, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 13, R. 12 W. E. L. S.; 14, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 15, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 16, R. 12, W. E L. S.; 17, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 18, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 19, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 20 R. 11 & 12, W. E. L. S.; 11, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; 12, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; 13, R 13, W. E. L. S.; 14, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; 15, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; 16, R. 13, W. E L. S.; 17, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; 18, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; 11, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 12 R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 13, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 14, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 15, R. 14 W. E. L. S.; 16, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 17, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 11, R. 15, W. E L. S.; 12, R. 15, W. E. L. S.; 13, R. 15, W. E. L. S.; 14, R. 15, W. E. L. S.; 15 R. 15, W. E. L. S.; 11, R. 16, W. E. L. S.; 12, R. 16, W. E. L. S.; 13, R. 16, W E. L. S.; 14, R. 16, W. E. L. S.; 11, R. 17, W. E. L. S.; 12, R. 17, W. E. L. S. in Aroostook County. Township No. 4, Washington Plantation; Sandy River Plantation; Range- ley Plantation; 4, R. 1, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 4, R. 2, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 4, R. 3, B. K. P., W. K. R.; D, R. 1; 1, R. 2, W. B. K. P.; Dallas Plantation; Coplin Plantation; Lang Plantation; 3, R. 3, W. B. K. P.; 3, R. 2, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 2, R. 4, W. B. K. P.; 3, R. 4, W. B. K. P.; 1, R. 5, W. B. K. P.; 2, R. 5, W. B. K. P.; 3, R. 5, W. B. K. P.; 1, R. 6, W. B. K. P.; 2, R. 6, W. B. K. P.; 3, R. 6, MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 59 W. B. K. P.; 1, R. 7, W. B. K. P.; 2, R. 7, W. B. K. P.; 1, R. 8, W. B. K. P.; 2, R. 8, W. B. K. P.; Gore North of T. No. 2 and 3, R. 6, W. B. K. P.; No. 6 North of Weld; Gore North of T. 1, R. 8, W. B. K. P.; Township E; Perkins; in Franklin County. Township No. 3, North Division; No. 4, North Division; Two Mile Strip North of No. 3, North Division; Strip North of No. 4, North Division; No. 7, South Division; No. 8 Plantation; No. 9, South Division; No. 10, South Divi- sion; No. 16, Middle Division; No. 21 Plantation; No. 22, Middle Division; No. 28, Middle Division; No. 32, Middle Division; No. 33 Plantation; No. 34, Middle Division; No. 35, Middle Division; No. 39, Middle Division; No. 40, Middle Division; No. 41, Middle Division; Butter Island; Eagle Island; Spruce Head Island; Bear Island; Beach Island; Hog Island; Bradbury's Island; Pond Island; Western Island; Little Spruce Island; Marshall's Island; Pickering's Island; Resolution Island; in Hancock County. T. A, No. 1; Andover North Surplus; Andover West Surplus; T. C; C. Surplus; 4 R. 1, W. B. K. P.; Magalloway Plantation; 4, R. 2, W. B. K. P.; Lincoln Plantation; 4, R. 3, W. B. K. P.; 5, R. 3, W. B. K. P.; 4, R. 4, W. B. K. P.; 5, R. 4, W. B. K. P.; 4, R. 5, W. B. K. P.; 4, R. 6, W. B. K. P.; 5, R. 5, W. B. K. P.; Grafton; in Oxford County. Township 3, R. 1, N. B. P. P.; Lakeville Plantation; 5, R. 1, N. B. P. P.; Webster Plantation; Drew Plantation; 1, R. 7, N. W. P.; 2, R. 8, N. W. P.; Seboeis Plantation; 2, R. 9, N. W. P.; 3, R. 9, N. W. P.; 1, R. 6, W. E. L. S.; 2, R. 6, W. E. L. S.; Stacyville Plantation; 6, R. 6, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 6, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 6, W. E. L. S.; A, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; 1, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; 2, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; 3, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; 4, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 7, W. E. L, S.; 6, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 7, W. E. L. S.; Hopkins Acad- emy Grant; 8, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; A, R. 8 & 9, W. E. L. S.; Veazie Gore; No. 3, Indian Purchase; No. 4, Indian Purchase; 1, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; 2, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; 3, R. 8, W. E. L S.; 4, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; 6, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 8, W. E. L. S.; No. 1, North Division; Grand Falls Plantation; in Penobscot County. Lakeview Plantation; Barnard Plantation; 4, R. 9, N. W. P.; 5, R. 9, N W. P.; 6, R. 9, N. W. P.; 7, R. 9, N. W. P.; Elliottsville Plantation; 3, R. 5 B. K. P., E. K. R.; 2, R. 6, B. K. P.; E. K. R.; 1, R. 9, W. E. L. S.; 2, R. 9 W. E. L. S.; 3, R. 9, W. E. L. S.; 4, R. 9, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 9, W. E. L. S. 6, R. 9, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 9, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 9, W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 9, W. E L. S.; 10, R. 9, W. E. L. S.; A, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; B, R. 10, W. E. L. S. 1, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; 2, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; 3, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; 4, R. 10 W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; 6, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 10, W. E. L. S. 8, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; 10, R. 10, W. E. L. S.; A, R. 11 W. E. L. S.; B, R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 1, R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 2, R. 11, W. E. L. S. 3, R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 4, R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 6, R. 11, W E. L. S.; 7, R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 11, W. E. L. S. 10, R. 11, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 10, N. W. P.; 8, R. 10, N. W. P.; A, R. 12, W. E L. S.; 1, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 2, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 3, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 4, R 12, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 6, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 12, W. E L. S.; 8, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 12, W. E. L. S.; 10, R. 12, W. E. L. S. A, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; A, 2, R. 13 & 14, W. E. L. S.; 1, R. 13, W. E. L. S. 2, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; 3, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; 4, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 13, W E. L. S.; 6, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 13, W. E. L. S. 60 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION 9, R. 13, W. E. L. S.^ 10, R. 13, W. E. L. S.; A, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; X, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 1, R. 14, 3, R. 14 & 15, W. E. L. S.; 4, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 6, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; 10, R. 14, W. E. L. S.; Sugar Island; Deer Island; Middlesex Canal; Day's Academy; 4, R. 15, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 15, W. E. L. S.; 6, R. 15, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 15, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 15, W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 15, W. E. L. S.; 10, R. 15, W. E. L. S.; Moose Island; Farm Island; Dollar Island; Ledge Island; Birch Island; both Moody Islands; Cove Point; Harford's Point; Kingsbury Plantation; in Piscataquis County. Lexington Plantation; Pleasant Ridge Plantation; Highland Plantation; 1, R. 3, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 2, R. 3, B. K. P., W. K. R.; Dead River Plantation; Bigelow Plantation; 1, R. 4, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 2, R. 4, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 3, R. 4, B. K. P., W. K. R.; Flagstaff Plantation; West Forks Plantation; 2, R. 5, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 3, R. 5, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 4, R. 5, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 1, R. 6, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 2, R. 6, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 3, R. 6, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 4, R. 6, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 5, R. 6, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 1, R. 7, B. K. P., W. K, R.; 2, R. 7, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 3, R. 7, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 4, R. 7, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 5, R. 7, B. K. P., W. K. R.; 6, R. 7, B. K. P., W. K. R.; Gore North of Nos. 1, 2 & 3, R. 7, B. K. P., W. K. R.; Mayfield Plantation; 2, R. 3, B. K. P, E. K. R.; The Forks Plantation; 2, R. 4, B. K. P., E. K. R.; 1, R. 5, B. K. P., E. K. R.; 2, R. 5, B. K. P., E. K. R.; 1, R. 6, B. K. P., E. K. R.; 1, R. 1, N. B. K. P.; 2, R. 1, N. B. K. P.; 3, R. 1, N. B. K. P.; Jackman Plantation; 5, R. 1, N. B. K. P.; 6, R. 1, N. B. K. P.; 1, R. 2, N. B. K. P.; 2, R. 2, N. B. K. P.; 3, R. 2, N. B. K. P.; Moose River Plantation; Dennistown Plantation; 6, R. 2, N. B. K. P.; Big W, N. B. Ks P.; Little W, N. B. K. P.; 1, R. 3, N. B. K. P.; 2, R. 3, N. B. K. P.; 3, R. 3, N. B. K. P.; 4, R. 3, N. B. K. P.; 5, R. 3, N. B. K. P.; Seboom- ook; 1, R. 4, N. B. K. P.; 2, R. 4, N. B. K. P.; 3, R. 4, N. B. K. P.; 4, R. 4, N. B. K. P.; 5, R. 4, N. B. K. P.; 3, R. 5, N. B. K. P.; 4, R. 5, N. B. K. P.; 4, R, 16, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 16, W. E. L. S.; 6, R. 16, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 16, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 16, W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 16, W. E. L. S.; 10, R. 16, W. E. L. S.; 4, R. 17, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 17, W. E. L. S.; 6, R. 17, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 17, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 17, W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 17, W. E. L. S.; 10, R. 17, W. E. L. S.; 4, R. 18, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 18, W. E. L. S.; 6, R. 18, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 18, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 18, W. E. L. S.; 9, R. 18, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 19, W. E. L. S.; 6, R. 19, W. E. L. S.; 7, R. 19, W. E. L. S.; 8, R. 19, W. E. L. S.; 5, R. 20, W. E. L. S.; Caratunk PL; Moscow; Sandbar Tract; in Somerset County. Township No. 18, East Division; No. 19, East Division; No. 26, East Divi- sion; No. 27, East Division; No. 18, Middle Division; No. 19, Middle Division; No. 24, Middle Division; No. 25, Middle Division; No. 29, Middle Division; No. 30, Middle Division; No. 31, Middle Division; No. 36, Middle Division; No. 37, Middle Division; No. 42, Middle Division; No. 43, Middle Division; No. 5, North Division; Strip North of No. 5, North Division; No. 6, North Division; Strip North of No. 6, North Division ; No. 1, R. 1, Titcomb's Survey ; Grand Lake Stream Plantation; 1, R. 2, Titcomb's Survey; 1, R. 3, Titcomb's Survey; 6, R. I, N. B. P. P.; 7, R. 2, N. B. P. P.; 8, R. 3, N. B. P. P.; 10, R. 3, N. B. P. P.; II, R. 3, N. B. P. P.; 8, R. 4, N. B. P. P.; Indian Township; Codyville Plan- tation; No. 14 Plantation; No. 21 Plantation; Edmunds; Brookton; Cooper; Beddington; Wesley; in Washington County. MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 61 Section 61. An annual tax of 1 3-4 mills on the dollar is hereby assessed upon all the property in said district, including rights in public lots, to be used for the protection thereof. Said tax shall be due and payable at the date of the assessment of the State tax, in the years when the legislature is in session, and for other years it shall be due and payable in one year after the date of such assessment. The valuation as determined by the board of state assessors, and set forth in the statement filed by them, as provided in section eleven, of chapter 9, shall be the basis for the computation and apportionment of the tax hereby assessed. The tax hereby assessed shall be valid, and all remedies herein provided shall be in full force if said property is described with reasonable accuracy, whether the ownership thereof is correctly stated or not. Section 62. The board of state assessors shall within thirty days after such tax is due, prepare and file with the treasurer of the state, a certificate setting forth the description of each lot, parcel or right subject to the tax, together with the tax computed at the rate fixed in the preceding section. Section 63. The treasurer of the state shall cause lists of the assessments made hereby to be advertised for three weeks successively in the State paper, and in some newspaper, if any, in the county where the land lies, within three months after such tax is due. Such advertisement may be consolidated with the advertisement required by Section 44 of Chapter 10. The land shall be held to the State for the payment of the tax so assessed, with interest at twenty per cent per annum, to commence six months after such tax is due as herein provided. Section 64. Owners of lands so assessed and advertised may redeem them by paying to the treasurer of the state the tax with interest thereon, within one year from the time when such interest commences. Each owner may pay for his interest in any tract, whether in common or not, and upon filing with the Treasurer of state a certificate showing the number of acres and describing the property on which he desires to pay the tax, and where the same is located, and paying the amount due, shall receive a certificate from the treasurer of the state, discharging the tax on the number of acres or interest upon which such payment is made. Each part or interest of every such township or tract upon which the tax hereby imposed so advertised is not paid, with interest, within the time limited in this section for such redemption, shall be wholly forfeited to the state and vest therein free of any claim by any former owner. Section 65. The treasurer of state shall annually send his warrant, together with a copy of the assessment of taxes upon the organized plantations in the Maine Forestry District, directed to the municipal officers of said plan- tations, requiring them respectively to assess in dollars and cents, the sum so charged, according to the provisions of law for the assessment of such taxes, and to add to the amount of such tax the amount of State, county and plan- tation taxes, to be by them assessed in each plantation respectively. Section 66. The tax assessed by authority of Section 61 shall be held by the Treasurer of State as a fund to be used to protect from fire the forests situ- ated upon and within the district and to pay expenses incidental thereto and for no other purpose. 62 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION The governor and council shall from time to time, as the forest commis- sioner may request, issue their warrant to the Treasurer of State to pay to said commissioner such sums of money as said commissioner may deem necessary for the purpose aforesaid. If the tax assessed by authority of Sec. 61 has not been collected or for any other reason is not available for the purpose aforesaid or if said tax proves insufficient in any year to properly carry out said purpose the gover- nor and council may issue their warrant to the Treasurer of State authorizing him to advance and pay to the forest commissioner from any moneys then in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, such sum or sums of money as they may deem necessary for such purpose. The accounts of the commissioner of the disbursement of all funds shall be examined by the state auditor for the purpose of determining if said accounts are correctly kept and all payments properly vouched for. The forest commissioner may employ from time to time such clerks in his office as will enable him to pay promptly, all bills contracted in carrying out the provisions thereof; the compensation of such clerks shall be paid from the funds provided for the district. Section 67. The forest commissioner shall take measures for the preven- tion, control and extinguishment of forest fires in said forestry district, and to this end he shall establish such sub-forestry districts as he may deem necessary for effective protection against loss or damage by fire. He may establish lookout stations connected by telephone, and equip and maintain depots for necessary tools for the extinguishment of forest fires. Section 68. He shall appoint in and for each of the districts so established, a chief forest fire warden, and such number of deputy forest fire wardens as in his judgment may be required to carry out the provisions of Sections 60 to 73, both inclusive, assigning to each of the latter the territory over and within which he shall have jurisdiction. All chief and deputy forest fire wardens, so appointed, shall hold office during the pleasure of the commissioner ; they shall be sworn to the faithful discharge of their duties and a certificate thereof shall be returned to the office of the commissioner. Section 69. The chief forest fire wardens, under the direction of the com- missioner, shall have general supervision of their respective districts and of the deputy forest fire wardens therein. Each chief forest fire warden, when directed by the commissioner, shall patrol the forest of his district for the purpose of searching out, extinguishing and guarding against forest fires. He shall investigate and gather evidence regarding the causes of forest fires, enforce all laws relating to forests and forest preservation, arrest all violators thereof, prosecute all offenses against the same, and in this connection shall have the same powder to serve criminal processes against such offenders and shall be allowed the same fee as a sheriff, or his deputy, for like services, and shall have and enjoy the same right as a sheriff, to require aid in executing the duties of his office. The chief forest fire wardens shall perform such other duties, at such times, and under such rules and regulations, as the said com- missioner may prescribe, and each shall receive as compensation three dollars for each and every day of actual service, with an allowance for actual nec- essary expenses of travel and subsistence. The commissioner may authorize the employment of suitable persons to assist the chief forest fire wardens in patroling their respective districts and every person so employed shall be paid U-, ■"-— OJ o. Q >r u OQ 0) u o c o -♦J o IX, CO < 12; o 2 CQ ft g 4J S i be """^ ^ M OT ^ +3 bo ft 2 I .s o o O o o CQ bo c ft CO T3 0) C X -*-> CS w ft S CC ■ ■ M O W 0) ^, ^ ^ 9^ cd -^ -^ S5 0^ ^ -^ >* ^ 3 "^ ^ ^ ;^ C G QJ c =s '^ ^ .5 be i § 2 > Q n o c '3 > O O 0^ o CO 5 M^9llk.. •-8 o o A4 2 ■^ O 64 FORElST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION twenty cents for each hour of service so rendered by him and be provided by subsistence during such period. Deputy forest fire wardens shall perform such duties, at such times and under such rules and regulations, as the com- missioner, or the chief fire warden of the district, with the approval of the commissioner, may prescribe and they shall receive as compensation two dollars and actual necessary expenses for each and every day of actual service. Section 70. Whenever a fire occurs on, or is likely to do damage to forest lands within the district of any chief forest fire warden, he shall take imme- diate action to control and extinguish the same. If such fire occurs upon or is likely to do damage to forest lands within the territory of a deputy forest fire warden and the chief fire warden of the district is not present, the deputy forest fire warden having jurisdiction of the territory shall forthwith proceed to control and extinguish the same, and he shall meanwhile, with all consistent dispatch, cause the said chief fire warden of the district to be notified of the occurrence of such fire. Until the arrival of the chief warden at the place of fire, the deputy warden shall be in charge of the control and extinguishment of the same. For the purpose of controlling and extinguishing fires, chief forest fire wardens, and deputy forest fire wardens, when in charge of the control and extinguishment of forest fires or when so directed by the chief warden, may summon to their assistance any person found within the State and each person so summoned and assisting shall be paid twenty cents for each hour of service rendered by him and be provided with subsistence during such service. Immediately after the extinguishment of a fire, the deputy forest fire warden who for any time may have been in charge of the same, shall make return to the chief warden of the district of the expense thereof during the period of his being in charge, including the names of the persons so summoned and assisting, with their postoffice addresses and the hours of labor actually performed by each under his direction. The return shall be made upon oath and the chief warden is hereby authorized and empowered to administer such oath. Upon receipt of such return, the chief fire warden shall carefully exam- ine and audit the same and he may direct the deputy to amend and correct any return found to be incomplete, incorrect, or insufficient in form. If upon examination and auditing of said return, and investigation of the subject matter thereof, the chief fire warden believes said return to be just and cor- rect, he shall endorse his written approval thereon and forward the same so approved to the forest commissioner. The chief fire warden of every district burned by a forest fire shall, upon the extinguishment of such fire, promptly forward an exact and detailed statement of the expense, if any, which he may have incurred in connection with the extinguishment of such fire, to the forest commissioner, who may confirm, reject or recommit either or both the approved return of said deputy or the detailed statement of the chief fire warden if justice so requires. Section 71. All expenses incurred under the provisions of sections 60 to 73, both inclusive, shall be paid from the funds raised and created under the provision of section 61. Section 72. For the purpose of the better carrying out the provisions of this act it is hereby provided that the chief clerk of the land agent shall be a deputy forest commissioner. The said deputy forest commissioner shall hold office during the pleasure of the forest commissioner and perform such duties as the latter may prescribe. For such services the deputy forest commissioner MAINE FORESTRY DISTRICT 65 shall receive annually the sum of seven hundred dollars, to be paid from the funds provided under this act, in addition to the salary now provided for the clerk to the land agent. It is also hereby further provided that the forest commissioner shall receive from the fun 50.25 Hancock County, it ii ^ 1,221,94 283.00 Aroostook County, 15.00 " •* 1,471.17 tt it 107.74 it it 232.04 Penobscot County. 10.00 Oxford County, it it 24.25 56.75 it it 49.25 it it 124.25 it it 50.00 Franklin County. 90.00 100.00 1,988.46 71.10 99.93 135.00 231.48 77.50 $25,076.60 2,603.47 $27,680.07 84 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION Laws Relating to Public Lands. The Public Lands. Land Agent. Location and Care of Lots for Public Uses. Sections 1-14 The Land Agent, his Appointment, Powers and Duties. Sections 15-27 Lands Reserved for Public Uses. The Land Agent Sec. 1. Appointment of Land Agent; bond; duties and restrictions of Land Agent. R. S. c. 7, % 1. The governor with the advice and consent of council shall appoint a land agent, who shall be a trained forester or a person of skill and experience in the care and preservation of forest lands and shall hold his office for a term of four years and shall give bond to the State in the sum of fifty thousand dollars with sufficient sureties or with one or more surety companies authorized to do business in the State, as surety or sureties, satisfactory to the governor and council for the faithful performance of the duties of his office. The land agent shall superintend and manage the sale and settlement of the public lands. He shall not when appointed, or while in office, be directly or indirectly concerned in the lumber business on the State lands, or in the purchase thereof, or of any timber or grass growing or cut thereon. The first appointment under the foregoing provision shall be made January first in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and twenty. — (Approved March 17.) Sec. 2. To receive moneys arising from land and attend personally to the duties of his office; no com/tnission allowed; traveling expenses to be paid; number of his clerks and their pay. R. S. c. 7 % 2. He shall receive all moneys and securities accruing to the State from the sale of lands, timber and grass, or in payment for timber or grass cut by trespassers, and shall pay to the treasurer of State all moneys so received and found due from him on settlement. All securities shall be made payable to said treasurer. He shall personally attend to the duties of his office, so far as practicable; no commis- sion shall be allowed him for his disbursements or collections, and nothing shall be allowed him for traveling expenses from his home to the land office, unless on official business, nor for transportation of the official records, unless money is paid out specifically therefor. All persons employed by him shall be sworn to the faithful discharge of their duties, and they shall not be con- cerned directly or indirectly, in the purchase of lands, or of timber or grass on lands belonging to the State. The number of his clerks shall be determined by the governor and council, who shall fix their compensation. Sec. 3. Land agent to execute deedSy collect notes, and account monthli/ to treasurer of State. R. S. c. 7 % 3. He shall execute deeds in behalf of the State, conveying lands which have been granted by the legislature or sold by lawful authority, as soon as the grantees have complied with the conditions of their respective grants; collect all sums due the State by note or from any source mentioned in this chapter; collect the interest on all notes at least annually, and pay at the expiration of every month into the State treasury all moneys so collected or received by him, after deducting all such payments as devolve upon him to make. 69 Me. 78. Sec. U' Certified copies of records of deeds in land office recorded in reg- istry of deeds, legal evidence. R. S. c. 7, § ^. A copy from the records in the PUBLIC LANDS 85 land office of a deed from the State of the land of the State, or of a deed from the State and from the commonwealth of Massachusetts of the undivided lands of the State and of said commonwealth, or a deed from said commonwealth of the lands of said commonwealth of Maine, certified by the land agent or other legal custodian of such records as a true copy thereof, may be filed and recorded in the registry of deeds in the county or registry district where the land lies, with the same effect as if the deed itself had been recorded, whether said deed shall or not have been acknowledged by the agent or other person making the same ; and such record shall have all the force and effect of a record of deeds duly acknowledged, and certified copies thereof from such registry shall be evidenced when the original would be. 77 Me. 76. Note. Tax deeds from treasurer of State, and releases and certificates to be recorded in land office, c. 10 § 46. Sec, 5. Board for surveys of lands; plans and field notes to be kept at^ land office, R, S, c, 7, % 5. The governor and council and land agent con- stitute a board under whose direction all surveys of land shall be made. An accurate plan or map of all lands surveyed shall be returned to the land office and entered upon the plan-books within three months after the survey is com- pleted, on which shall be laid down all lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, falls, mill sites and roads. The field notes of such surveys shall be deposited in the land office within three months and shall contain a description of the growth, soil and general character of the township, and of every lot, if surveyed into lots. Said plans and field notes shall be kept at the office in Augusta, open for inspection at all times when the land agent or his assistant is there; he shall aid in furnishing information about the public lands to all who seek for it at his office. Sec, 6, Land agent authorized to sell lands, and rights to cut timber belonging to the State, R. S. c. 7, § 6. 1915, c. 306, § 1, The land agent, under direction of the governor and council, shall sell at public or private sale and grant rights to cut timber and grass belonging to the State and may lease camp sites on land belonging to the State, on such terms as they direct; also the right to cut timber and grass and lease camp sites on lots reserved for public uses in any township or tract of land until the same is incorporated. Preference in such sales or leases shall be given to citizens of the State of Maine. Note. License required for maintaining sporting camp within Maine for- estry district, c. 33, § 15. Sec, 7, Agent may grant permits; bond; timber held for payment. R, S. c. /, § § 1^0, Jfl, U2, The land agent may grant permits to individuals, to cut and haul timber of all kinds upon lands owned by the State, on such terms and conditions as he thinks proper. Persons obtaining such permits shall give bond to the land agent with satisfactory sureties for payment of stumpage and the performance of all conditions of the permit. All timber cut under permits is the property of the State until the stumpage is paid in full. 47 Me. 23. Sec, 8, Surveyors, their appointment, oath and duty, R, S, c. 7, § -4^. Surveyors or scalers shall be appointed by the land agent, and sworn; they shall scale all timber cut under permits, superintend the cutting thereof, and make return to the land agent of the number and quality of the logs cut. 86 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION whether hauled or not, and the number of feet board measure, and shall see that the timber is cut clean and without strip or waste. Sec. 9. Land agent's report. R. S. c, 7, § 50, 1915, c. 306, § 3. The land agent shall on the first secular day of December biennially report to the gov- ernor a particular account of all the doings of his office for the two preceding years; the State auditor shall audit and settle his accounts at the close of each year, and at such other times as the governor and council may designate. Sec. 10. All deeds made absolute; State lands to he sold at option of land agent in iNo. U, R. A, W. E. L. S., and in No. lU, R. U, W. E. L. S., R. S. c. 7 § 35. All deeds given by the land agent, providing in substance, **that if the grantee has failed to perform all the duties required of a settler, in conformity to chapter five of the revised statutes, approved April seventeen, eighteen hundred and fifty-seven, and all other acts additional or amendatory thereto, the deed shall be void," convey as absolute and complete a title as if such condition or reservation was not contained in said deed. Lots or sections of land in township number four, range four, W. E. L. S., and lots of land in township number fourteen, range four, W. E. L. S., exceeding the quan- tity allowed to be sold to settlers, may be sold if, in the judgment of the land agent, such lots or sections are not valuable for lumber growth, but are found to be better adapted for settlement than for other purposes. Sec. 11. Settler's lot to the value of $1,000, exempt from attachment. R. S. c. 7, § 38. Whoever purchases a lot of wild land of the State for settle- ment, and complies with the condition of purchase, may hold it with the im- provements thereon, free from attachment and levy on execution, while he remains in actual possession thereof. The value so exempted, shall not exceed one thousand dollars, to be set off to the owner in such portions of the lot as he directs, by the appraisers appointed to levy an execution, as real estate is set off and appraised on execution. Sec. 12. Descends to children free from debts of deceased, until youngest is 18 years old. R. S. c. 7, § 39. On the death of such purchaser, such lot and the improvements shall descend to his children, subject to the right and interest of his widow by descent, and are not liable for payment of his debts, unless his other property is insufficient therefor; and, in that case, his chil- dren shall have the occupancy and improvement thereof, subject to the right and interest of the widow by descent, until the youngest surviving child at- tains the age of eighteen years. The remainder, after the estate of the widow, and after the youngest surviving child attains said age, may be sold as other estates of deceased persons for payment of such debts, if the other estate of the deceased is not sufficient. If he dies without issue, such lot shall descend and be disposed of like other property. Sec. 13. Trespasses, prosecutions for them; measure of damages. R. S. c. 7, § 9. If any person unlawfully enters and trespasses upon the public lands, or upon any lands reserved for public uses, while under care of ^he agent, and cuts, takes or carries away, any trees or grass upon said lands, he and all persons who furnish teams, implements, apparatus or supplies of pro- visions, or of other articles, used in committing and carrying on such tres- passes, are trespassers, jointly and severally liable in damages for such tres- passes, and they may be sued therefor in any county. The measure of dam- ages is the highest price which such timber, logs or other lumber, or hay, would bring at the usual place of sale thereof. Nothing in this section affects SCENE ON GOLD BROOK. Gold in very small quantities is found here. 88 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION the right of the State to seize and sell any timber, logs, lumber or hay, cut as aforesaid. At such sale no person, who was in any way concerned in com- mitting such trespass, or in supplying or aiding those who committed it, shall become a purchaser directly or indirectly. 45 Me. 69; 49 Me. 390; 78 Me. 264. Sec. H. Damages, if suit is for benefit of an individual. R. S. c. 7, § 10. When an action for such trespass is prosecuted in the name of the State for the benefit of an individual, the principles of decision and the measure of damages shall be the same as in like actions between individuals. See c. 100, § 9. Lands Reserved for Public Uses Sec. 15. Reservation for public uses; may be located by agreement. R. S. c. 7f ^ 11. In every township there shall be reserved, as the legislature may direct, one thousand acres of land, and at the same rate in all tracts less than a township, for the exclusive benefit of such town or tract, to average in quality, situation and value as to timber, with the other lands therein. In townships or tracts sold and not incorporated, the lands reserved for public uses may be selected and located by the land agent and the proprietors, by a written agreement, describing the reserved lands by metes and bounds, signed by said parties, and recorded in the land office. The plan or outline of the land so selected shall be entered on the plan of the township or tract in the land office, which shall be a sufficient location thereof. See Articles of separation, condition 7. See c. 17, § § 61-63; 26 Me. 205; 30 Me. 377; 97 Me. 336; 112 Me. 424. Sec. 16. Location without agreem,ent. R. S. c. 7, § 12. When the land agent and proprietors of such township or tract cannot agree on such loca- tion, if the right to cut the timber and grass thereon until the town is incor- porated or organized as a plantation has not been sold, the land agent may petition the supreme judicial court for the appointment of commissioners to make the location as hereinafter provided. The petition may be filed, and the proceedings under it had in any county. 97 Me. 336. Sec. 17. Land agent to have care of lots located; may sell timber and grass. R. S. c. 7, § i4". The land agent shall have the care of reserved lands in all townships or tracts, until they are incorporated, and the fee becomes vested in the town. He may, from time to time, sell for cash for such sum as he thinks just and reasonable, the timber and grass thereon, or the right to cut the same, until incorporated into a town, except the grass growing on improvements made by an actual settler. When so sold, he shall give the purchaser a permit under his hand and seal, setting forth the terms of the contract, which permit shall be recorded in the office. Sec. c. 17 § § 50-60; 30 Me. 381; 45 Me. 69; 49 Me. 390; 61 Me. 446; 78 Me. 264; 97 Me. 336. Sec. 18. Land agent to keep an account with lots. R. S. c. 7, § 15. The land agent shall keep an account with each such township and tract, in which shall be entered all expenditures made on account thereof, and all sums received therefrom. He shall settle his account of such receipts and expendi- tures annually with the State auditor and pay to the treasurer of State the PASTURE PINE. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. PASTURE PINE. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. Showing how such growth is often treated. By lopping off the lower limbs a better ,appearance is made; but it is believed that a better growth results from natural pruning. _^ r 90 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION balance in his hands, specifying each township and tract from which it was received. 61 Me. 447, 448; 97 Me. 336. Sec. 19, Treasurer also to keep account, R, S, c, 7, § 16, The treasurer shall keep a separate account with the reserved land in each township, in which account he shall enter all sums by him received and paid on account thereof; and the balance shall remain in the treasury until such township or tract is by law authorized to receive it; and thereupon it shall be paid to the proper officers thereof. 61 Me. 447, 448; 97 Me. 336. Sec. 20, Money to constitute school fund. R, S. c, 7, § 17, The money arising from the sale of timber and grass or from trespasses on reserved lands, paid into the treasury of the county in which the township is situated, or into the State treasury, constitutes funds for school purposes, of which the income only shall be expended and applied as is by law provided. 61 Me. 447, 448; 97 Me. 336. Sec, 21, Management of fund. R, S. c. 7, § 18. 1915, c. 11^, The in- terest shall be added to the principal of such fund, until the inhabitants of such township or tract are incorporated into a town or organized as a plan- tation, and establish in such plantation one or more schools, and until the first day of January next preceding the date upon which the treasurer of said plantation shall call for such interest, unless previously expended according to law. When any such township is incorporated as a town, said funds belonging to it shall .be paid by the treasurer of State to the treasurer of the trustees of the ministerial and school funds therein, to be added to the funds of that corporation, and held and managed as other school funds of that town are required to be held and managed. If such township or tract is organized as a plantation, the interest of said fund shall be paid annually by the treas- urer of State to the treasurer of such plantation to be applied toward the support of schools according to the number of scholars in each school. Said interest shall be cast up to the first day of each January, by the treasurer of State. The State superintendent of public schools shall file a list of such plantations with the amount due for interest for the preceding year accord- ing to a record of such amounts to be furnished to him by the treasurer of State, in the office of the State auditor, who shall thereupon insert the name and amount due such plantations in the first warrant drawn in that year. The State superintendent of public schools shall be satisfied that all such plantations are organized, and that schools have been established therein according to law, that assessors are sworn and qualified, and that the treas- urers of such plantations have given bonds as required by law. 61 Me. 447; 97 Me. 336. Sec. 22. When school lands revert to State, land agent shall exercise con- trol of lands and funds. R. S. c. 7, § 19. When the incorporation of a town is repealed, the care and custody of the school lands therein reverts to the land agent and he has the same powers in relation thereto which he would have if such town had never been incorporated; and the school funds of such town shall be collected and transmitted to the treasurer of State and by him made a part of the permanent school fund belonging to such township or PUBLIC LANDS 91 tract. The land agent is charged with the duty of enforcing the provisions of this section and is authorized to commence and maintain suits in the name of the State for this purpose. Sec. 23, Location of land where portions are reserved on grants how made, R, S, c, 7, § 20, When in the grant of townships or parts thereof, certain portions of them are reserved for such townships, or for public uses, and they have not been lawfully located in severalty by the grantee for the purposes expressed in the grant, the supreme judicial court in the county where the land lies, on application of the land agent, may appoint three dis- interested persons, and issue to them a warrant, under the seal of the court, requiring them, as soon as may be, to locate in separate lots, the portions reserved for such purposes, and to designate the use for which each lot is so reserved and located, such lots to be of average quality with the residue of lands therein. Sec. c. 93, § 29; 17 Me. 426; 26 Me. 205; 29 Me. 42; 30 Me. 219; 33 Me. 304; 104 Me. 551; 112 Me. 423. Sec. 24. Proceedings by committee; record, R. S, c. 7, § § ;21, 22, 2S. Said committee, before acting, shall be sworn before a justice of the peace; and a certificate thereof shall be indorsed on the warrant. They shall give notice of their appointment, and of the time and place of their meeting to execute it, by publishing it in some newspaper in the State to be designated by the court, and by posting written notifications in two or more public places in the same plantation or town, if so ordered by the court, at least thirty days next prior to their meeting. They shall make return of said war- rant and their doings thereon, under their hands, to the next supreme judicial court in the county after having completed the service; which, being accepted by the court, and recorded in the registry of deeds in the county or registry district where the land is situated within six months, shall be a legal assign- ment and location of such reserved portions for the uses designated. 8 Me. 135; 26 Me. 205. Sec. 25. Location by grantee, how made, R. S. c. 7, § 2U' When thej grantee of any such lands severs and locates such reserved portions thereof for the purposes mentioned in the grant, designating the use for which each lot is located, and presents it to- said court, the court may confirm it and such location shall then be legal and conclusive, being recorded as before mentioned. Sec. 26. Location on partition. R. S, c. 7, § 25. Such severance and location may also be made and completed in the manner prescribed in section twenty-nine of chapter ninety-three. Sec. 27. Exceptions may be filed. R. S. c. 7, § 26. Any person aggrieved by the opinion, direction or judgment cf said court in matter of law, in a proceeding for the location of such public lots, may allege exceptions thereto as in other actions. Note. Review of proceedings for location of lands reserved for public uses, c. 94, § 1. In cases of inquests of office, plan to be filed in land office, c. 98, § 8. Duties of land agent as to timber and grass on reserved lands forfeited for taxes, c. 10, § § 55-6. • THE PITTSTON ROAD IN THE MOOSEHEAD LAKE REGION. You will hardly recognize this as a tote road. Instead of the slow and laboring tote sled the toting is done mostly with auto trucks. Photo by Milford Baker. White Pine Blister Rust In Co-operation with the Bureau of Plant Industry United States Department of Agriculture, Washington. D. C. -/ A STORAGE PLACE FOR TOOLS. One of the types of store-house used by the Maine Forestry District for storing fire fighting tools in the woods. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. BLISTER RUST CONTROL T STATE OF MAINE 1919 / r" , -' ll « '-^ JH|| ■ p RIOR to the opening of the field season of 1919, the work done in Maine con- sisted of demonstration and eradication areas at Alfred, Brunswick, and Kittery Point; of general scouting for the dis- ease throughout the state; and of inspection of plantations, par- ticularly those planted with stock from outside of Maine. The program for 1919 in- cluded the completion of the eradication area at Brunswick; checking over the eradication areas at Alfred and at Kittery Point; and the beginning of a project for mapping the white pine areas of the state, as a basis for more definite information as to the exact location and extent of the white pine, and as a guide to further investigation and erad- ication. From the work already done it seems evident that any program of state-wide or general eradication is altogether out of the question and impractical both from the physical and economic standpoint. Enough has been done to be thoroughly convincing on this point. It is necessary, therefore, to have definite and detailed information as to where the most valuable white pine stands are located, not only those of present, but also those of potential economic value, in order to advise the owners as to the best means of keeping the blister rust from such areas, and suppressing or at least holding it within bounds if it is found. ^ 96 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION No such information is at present available, and it is consid- ered essential as a basis for the future state policy in regard to blister rust control, inasmuch as the experimental work so far carried on by the State and the Federal government has obtained most of the important data necessary for the information of private owners who are willing to aid in combating the disease. It is becoming increasingly evident that from now on the owner of white pine owes it to himself as well as to his neighbor to pro- tect his pine from blister rust, just as he protects any timberland from fire. A certain expenditure will be necessary to effect this, just as he must pay insurance in one form or another for the fire protection of his timber crops. The best methods of procedure and accurate cost figures for eradication work in some eight or ten different types of land have been carefully worked out in the scientific, experimental and dem- onstration work done to date by the State and Federal organization cooperating, and it is hoped that this work may be continued for any data needed ; but it is to the private owner that we must look in the future for taking the initiative in the actual eradication work. Both the State and Federal organizations stand ready to advise, to cooperate and to coordinate the work undertaken by towns and cities, as well as by corporate and private owners to protect their lands. Further than this they should not be expected to go in the matter of eradication. In order to aid in eradication of ribes from white pine areas the offer is made to duplicate the amount of any funds appropriated by towns, or organizations of any kind, or contributed by individ- ual citizens for the protection of their timberlands, and the Forestry Department of the State stands ready at any time to plan cooper- ative work with any organization or individual wishing to do eradication work. To facilitate such cooperation the use of the following form of agreement is suggested : STATE OF MAINE Forestry Department. Cooperative Agreemeiit — Control of White Pine Blister Rust. Memorandum of understanding between the Forest Commissioner, Maine Forestry Department, and of , Maine, herein known as the Cooperator. 1. For the purpose of protecting white pine growth against the disease, commonly known as the White Pine Blister Rust, the Cooperator hereby agrees to contribute the sum of $ , to be expended under the direction of the Commissioner. WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST 97 2. The Commissioner agrees to expend the sum contributed by the Co- operator in the control of the White Pine Blister Rust on the land of the Cooperator, particularly for the removal of currant and gooseberry bushes. 3. In consideration of an agreement between the Commissioner and the Bu- reau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, whereby Federal aid is furnished to the State and its Cooperators, the Commissioner hereby agrees to expend an equal sum, in the control of the White Pine Blister Rust, on the land of the Cooperator, or on land adjacent or nearby, so that the Co- operator's pine growth may hereby be better protected/ 4. In order to facilitate the handling of field crews and accounts, the Co- operator agrees to advance to the Commissioner, the contribution of $ , upon the request of the Commissioner, before eradication work is begun on the Cooperator's land. 5. It is agreed that the charges against the total sum available for this project shall consist of wages and expenses of field men, and shall not include charges for clerical work nor overhead expenses incurred at the central office at Augusta. 6. It is agreed by the Commissioner that upon the completion of this work, a statement of all expenditures incurred in carrying out this project, to- gether with a report indicating the area where control measures were per- formed, will be rendered to the Cooperator. This agreement, signed this day of 1920, shall remain in effect until the completion of the control measures herein specified. Countersigned : Agent By Cooperator. Maine Forestry Department, Forest Commissioner. ORGANIZATION As formerly, the administration of the work was placed in the hands of the Forest Commissioner. Mr. Neil L. Violette of Augusta was appointed Collaborator; John M. Briscoe of Orono was ap- pointed Agent in charge of field work ; and Francis G. Harden, Clerk. The cooperative agreement with the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture was renewed in practically the same form as for the two preceding seasons. The State Collaborator and Agent acted as inspectors and supervisors so that no additional men were employed for that purpose. The foremen placed in charge of the eradication crews, of six men each, were : Mr. G. H. Kimball, of Waterboro, and Mr. P. F. McGouldrick of Augusta, both having had previous experience in the work. After the close of the eradication work, Mr. Kimball did scouting work in the southern part of York County, immediately north of the eradication area at Kittery Point, and this area is now ready for eradication work next season. The field season began May 1st, and continued into September. Mr. Foster was retained on the mapping work into November and 98 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION Mr. Kimball on scouting up to November 1st. During the season, the following names appeared on our payroll, most of them, with the exception of G. H. Curtis and L. G. Morton, for the greater part of the field season : MEN EMPLOYED ON BLISTER RUST CONTROL SEASON OF 1919 Bisson, A. L. Curtis, D. S. Curtis, G. H. Dow, Frank Davis, L. K. Doyon, Henry Foster, N. H. Jones, C. K. Kimball, G. H. I/ambert, A. J. Marden, F. G. Morton, L. G. McGouldrick, P. F. Philbrick, Wm. Pepin, L. S. Pierce, I. G. Read, C. D. Redman, J. E. Taber, C. W. Turner, P. S. Willett, H. F. The following Skowhegan, Maine Brunswick, Maine Brunswick, Maine Augusta, Maine Augusta, Maine Augusta, Maine Newcastle, Maine Augusta, Maine Waterboro, Maine Augusta, Maine Orono, Maine Augusta, Maine Augusta, Maine Skowhegan, Maine Augusta, Maine Augusta, Maine Orono, Maine Augusta, Maine Augusta, Maine Augusta, Maine Augusta, Maine instructions governing crews July 8-September 1 May 19-September 1 May 19-June 7 May 19-September 30 May 1-July 25 June 2-September 1 May 1-November 15 May 1-June 24 May 19-October 31 May 19-September 1 May 19-September 1 May 1-June 3 May 1-September 1 July 8-September 1 May 19-August 15 May 1-September 1 July 1-September 30 May 1-July 19 May 1-September 1 May 1-August 27 May 19-August 26 employed m cooperative eradication work were agreed to in writing by each employee : The foreman will be held accountable for the efficient super- vision of the crew, and crew members shall be under his personal direction while employed. In unsettled or doubtful weather, the crew shall begin work at the usual hour and shall not stop eradica- tion work until the weather prevents further work. In rainy weather, at the discretion of the foreman, crew members shall report at crew headquarters or such other point as the foreman may designate. In fair weather crew members actually engaged in eradication work shall be paid the regular hourly rate agreed upon, but for rainy weather, when not engaged in eradication work but subject to the direction of the foreman, they shall be paid one-half of the regular hourly rate. It is understood, however, that for all time for which pay is allowed crew members shall be under the immediate direction of a foreman. Provided that if time lost u WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST 99 from Ribes eradi- cation on account of bad weather does not exceed more than one hour in any one day, payment for this hour will be made at the reg- ular hourly rate for Ribes eradi- cation. Foremen and crew mem- bers being paid on an hourly ba- sis are not en- titled to annual or sick leave and will not be paid for holidays un- less work is per- formed on such day. 2. Trans- portation may be provided to and from work, when place of employ- ment exceeds two miles from head- quarters, if the supervisor thinks this advisable and first gives his approval. 3. It is expected that all field men will conduct themselves dur- ing working hours, and at all other times, in such manner that there will be no room for criticism by the public. The foreman is empow- ered to dismiss any member of his crew whose conduct may be detrimental to the work. 4. It should be clearly understood by all crew members that the foreman has authority to discharge any man employed under him for ineflScient work or for failure to respect these instructions. WASTE IN LUMBERING— THE BIG TOP. Here a splendid spruce was topped off at thirteen inches, leaving twelve lineal feet of merchantable timber in the woods. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. 100 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION In any case where a crew member, or other person working under the direction of the foreman, is so discharged, and considers such action by the foreman unjust, the matter may be referred by the discharged employee to the supervisor for final settlement. 5. Where any tools or instruments are issued to field men, they will be required to sign a receipt for same, and will be held respon- sible for the return of such tools in good condition, reasonable wear and tear excepted. In case tools or instruments are lost or damaged through carelessness, the person so responsible will be charged the actual cost. All cooperative employees (whether under Federal appointment or not) shall carry with them at all times a card issued by the State fe ^§r%^":*mm., fm^^^tm^ m i ^^^^^H It: ' ^c 'i- H ■L 9BK- ^E ^^^H ■^^^r^wB^-- Ik ^^^^^^K: ..^^-^^.^ . ,^ ^ '',■■"■■ «s §^B^' >!■■■ «!r>*«^ K^ 4ISI ^^ Htt^^-^^ JH^H^^^^^^^^H "^^*^l^3^' WASTE IN LUMBERING. Logs left to rot on the yard. Photo by Maine Forestry De^.. Cooperator authorizing them to enter on private property in per- formance of duty, and destroy such pines and Ribes as may be directed by the State Cooperator. No employee shall represent himself as destroying pines or Ribes under Federal authority since under the Constitution of the United States, this is a power which can be exercised only by the State. When employed on any public or private property, no field man shall remove or destroy any cultivated Ribes until someone in authority has explained the nature of the disease, and has obtained / / WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST 101 permission from the owner to remove them, unless a properly authorized State official shall give orders for the removal of such bushes. The foreman or other person in charge shall report the name of the owner, the number and condition of cultivated Ribes removed, and the number left. Great care must be taken by field men to be sure to get all of the main roots of each currant or gooseberry bush pulled. As an aid, tools will be provided, but they are intended to assist in loosen- ing the roots, and should not be used to cut them off. All Ribes on any control area, where eradication work is carried on, must be removed except as ordered by the supervisor. When a road is a boundary of a control area, the Ribes are to be removed WASTE IN LUMBERING. A tier of logs that has lain in the woods twenty-six years. It is inter- esting to compare the size of these logs with the average size of present day logs. As near as can be estimated this tier averaged about three logs to the thousand feet. One spruce in fair state of preservation measured seventeen inches at the top end and forty-one feet in length. This gives a contents scale of about six hundred feet, board measure. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. on both sides of the highway, including both sides of the fence lines bordering the highway. 6. The foreman of each crew will be required to fill out com- pletely (or as designated) the B. R. Form No. 1, and shall mail the same at the end of each working day to the central office in Boston, and to such other place or places as designated by the State Agent 102 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION in charge. Failure to mail these forms daily as designated may be considered sufficient cause for the dismissal of the foreman responsible. The foreman, on leaving field headquarters in the morning shall leave a note, telling of the plan of work for that day, and indicate on a map the location of his crew. This will enable the supervisor or others to easily locate the field force. 7. The foreman of all crews should bear in mind that they are responsible to the supervisor, and are expected to cooperate at all times with him to the best of their ability. The supervisor shall have complete charge of all crews assigned to him, and shall be responsible to the State Agent in charge of Blister Rust Control Work. 8. Where resignations or dismissals from the service have reduced the personnel of the crews, the supervisor is empowered to hire locally the necessary men. 9. The supervisor shall be responsible for the correctness of the B. R. Records of each foreman, and in event of any error on these reports, shall notify the State and central office at once, by mail. 10. In case any foreman under the supervisor shall prove ineffi- cient, or in any manner negligent in his duty, the supervisor is empowered to discharge him from the service. Where any dis- agreements arise between a foreman and supervisor, the matter shall be referred to State Agent in charge. 11. All supervisors, foreman and crew members are expected to cooperate to the best of their ability, and in a proper spirit with any State or Federal Inspectors, who may be sent to investigate BHster Rust Control Work. While the authority of such inspec- tors, unless by special written order of the person in charge, does not extend to any member of the field force, it should be distinctly understood that these men do not come to find fault, but to assist in improving our work. A friendly spirit of cooperation between all concerned will be of great benefit to the work. Suggestions will be welcomed by the inspectors, and proper credit given for such suggestions. We were very fortunate in securing two exceptionally well pre- pared and capable men for the mapping work, their experience hav- ing been gained in technical schools in this country, and at the Artillery School of Fire, Southern France. Both Mr. N. H. Foster and Mr. P. S. Turner turned out fine work in connection with the WASTp IN LUMBERING— THE HIGH STUMP. This sound spruce stump was seventeen inches in diameter and by going well down to the swell of the roots could have been cut twenty-one inches lower. Approximately fifty of such stumps would yield a cord of merchantable pulpwood of the best quality. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. Scene on West Branch Penobscot. Photo by J. F. Philippic 104 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION white pine survey in the southern part of the state, beginning in the town of Kittery, and continuing through Eliot and York, up to the Berwick line. The labor situation was not very different from what we had to contend with during the field season of 1918, and prices were about the same. Advertisements in local papers brought but three applicants, or even inquiries, and only one of these would consider the job at all at the wages offered. He happened to be an experienced woods- man, living at home for the summer, and he liked the kind of work offered well enough to forego larger wages in more confining em- ployment. He proved to be one of our best and most satisfactory men in every way. SCOUTING Both Mr. Curtis and Mr. Kimball, as well as the State Agent, did scouting work during the season, but no new areas of infection were discovered. This would seem to indicate that the disease is not spreading, at least to any alarming degree throughout Maine. Whether we can go so far as to say that the work already done has had an effect in holding the disease in check and in confining it to the areas now known to be diseased, is problematical. Certainly there are no present indications of a rapid spread of the disease. It is, therefore, against the possible damage to young growth and reproduction of this valuable species that we must direct all our efforts. The method of preliminary scouting adopted at the request of the Bureau of Plant Industry for eradication work proved satisfac- tory and helped to reduce the cost figures on eradication areas where it was used- The following method, as outlined by Mr. E. C. Filler, has been used in Maine: PRELIMINARY SCOUTING Preliminary scouting is used to advantage in sections where the bushes are comparatively few, and grow more or less in patches, or in a territory where only certain types contain Ribes. Such scouting consists of finding the Ribes in a section and marking their location in the field and on a map so that the bushes in such places can be pulled at some future time without having to strip the whole area. No eradication work is performed by the crew in NATURAL REPRODUCTION. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. This young spruce is left to grow after ten inch diameter limit cutting. UNDERSIZED TIMBER LEFT AFTER LIMIT CUTTING. It may be expected that another cut of merchantable timber can be made here in a few years if fire is kept out of the slash. Photo by Maine Forestry Deiyt 106 FOREST. PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION those areas that are shown by the scout as containing no Ribes. This scouting system is a prime factor in reducing the cost of eradication. The success of this method will invariably depend upon the ability of the scout. No set rules can be applied to scouting. It is a thing that requires natural ability in handling one's self in the woods. A scout must have good judgment, keen eyesight, and be most conscientious in his work. On his reports will depend what eradication work is to be done. The following methods have proven most effective in prelim- inary scouting for ribes. The scout covers the section by running parallel strips with a compass every 100 or 200 feet, giving partic- ular attention to those places where Ribes are likely to occur. If only a few bushes are found the scout pulls these. However, when scattered Ribes are found more or less abundantly, or patches of Ribes, such as skunk currants, are encountered, he does not try personally to eradicate these. In such cases, the scout marks the trees, by paint or blaze, around the patch and then arrows a line out to the nearest road or some natural feature, as a stream. Here he marks a tree by the roadside in a definite way, as a cross within a circle. In* some cases, instead of marking each Ribes plot by a trail direct to the road, or some naturd^feature, two or more such areas may be connected by a blazed line. On an enlarged map of the section covered, the scout shows the approximate location of the areas containing Ribes, the trails to such plots from the road- v/ays, and any connecting lines between plots. Later the foreman of the crew, with this map in his possession, takes the men to the nearest Ribes mark shown near a road. Then following the blazed trail, he locates the patch of bushes, and directs the crew to pull them. The men move from one plot to another until all the areas containing Ribes have been covered. If some of the marked plots containing Ribes are large, it may be advisable for the crew to run strips, but usually this will not be necessary. In order to eliminate blazing a trail from the Ribes patch to the roadway, the following system has been successfully tried out, where only a few patches of Ribes were found. The scout marked the approximate location of the currant or gooseberry plots on his map, and also made a mental picture of their exact location. When the foreman wished to have the Ribes in these plots eradicated, he asked the scout to take the crew to these places. In some cases, it may work well for the foreman and scout to alternate in their WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST 10' duties. During that day, when the scout is showing the crew the Ribes plots, he could act as foreman, while the regular foreman could scout other sections. If a scout knows a territory thoroughly, it may not be neces- sary for him to run parallel strips on his scout work. In such a case, he would scout effectively the places where he knows Ribes are hable to be found, and only roughly cover the other areas. For instance, in a territory where there are no skunk currants and practically no gooseberries on the dry hardwood ridges, he would confine most of his efforts in scouting the lowlands, along stream valleys, little runs, and hillside swamps. To check himself, he would occasionally run a strip along the ridge. Where Ribes are very few and grow more or less in definite places, as in swamps, a method has been tried out, more or less successfully, where the whole crew scout in line formation with spaces of about 50 to 100 feet between the men. Here the lineman uses a compass for running his line, and does not mark it in any definite way. The men run a strip across the area to a definite boundary, and then return on the next strip, continuing in this man- ner until the whole section is covered. If Ribes are found, the Hne- men mark their lines, and the whole crew closes in and pull the bushes. As soon as these Ribes are eradicated, the line is re-established, and the crew continue on their strip. During October Mr. Kimball scouted over 1160 acres in the town of Kittery, outside of and adjacent to the eradication area, at a cost of a little less than nine cents per acre, taking out the small groups of Ribes, and marking the larger groups for crew eradication. ERADICATION AREAS The Brunswick-Bath area was the only area on which eradica- tion work was done this year, with the exception of the checking work on areas already gone over in whole or in part at Alfred and Kittery Point. A portion of the Brunswick area was eradicated in 1918, but the greater part was done during the present field season. A section of some 1200 acres in West Bath was selected as a demonstration eradication area. It comprised practically all types recognized in the eradication work, and has great variations in topography, ranging from sea-level swamps and salt marshes to precipitous ridges. PINE BLISTER RUST WORK IN MAINE. Photo by J. M. Briscoe. Crew of six men and a foreman who is really a **hindman" as he follows behind his crew and inspects the thoroughness of the work on the strip passed over. \ PINE BLISTER RUST WORK IN MAINE. ' Eradication work. Pulling up the plants of wild gooseberry and wild currant to avoid infection of neighboring pine growth. Photo by j. M. Briscoe. WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST 109 On this area the total averages for all types are about as follows : Area — 1192 Acres Average No. gooseberries 23.1 per acre " currants 56.8 *' " man-hours 2.24 " ** cost eradication $1.16 " a Advanced scouting was not used on this area, as the number of Ribes was heavy and the occurrence very well distributed over the entire area. This cost includes the entire cost of maintenance for the men as well as salaries, and was the maximum for all of the work done during the season. A larger area about Brunswick and adjacent to the demonstra- tion area was eradicated by using the advance scouting method, and this helped considerably to reduce the cost on an acreage basis. THE ALFRED AREA On the Alfred area very careful checking was done in order to find out the actual results from the eradication work of the previous season, and to learn, if possible, what to expect in the way of organ- ized eradication of a large area. The results were about what might reasonably be expected. The greater part of the Ribes found this season were either young seedlings or sprouts from plants broken off in the eradication work. Of the 1528 plants found over an area of 545 acres, 1092 or 60% were sprouts or young seedlings of less than six inches, while 436 or 40% were larger plants overlooked in the eradication work of the previous season. As a whole, however, the previous eradication showed an effi- ciency of 95%). Only 4.9%, of the number of plants previously found were taken out during the present season's work. A general summary of the work on all of the Alfred check plots is as follows: Eradication: Alfred Area YEAR ACRES NUMBER OF RIBES AVERAGE NO. PER ACRE % ERADICATED 1918 545 31,012 57.1 95.1 1919 545 1,528 2.8 4.9 - 110 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION The areas selected for the checks were taken at random from all parts of the eight and more square miles of the eradication area, the only pre-requisite being that the number of plants from the same area for the previous season should be definitely known, so that the above comparative figures might be obtained. ' ^ THE KITTERY POINT AREA The Kittery Point area presented more difficult problems in keeping an accurate record of the checks, inasmuch as some of the LOW STUMP. Photo by Maine Forestry Dopt. Five and one-half inches from the soil to the top. data for the eradication work of previous seasons was deficient or missing. Some of the work on this area was done during the early stages of the eradication work, before the methods of procedure had been very far perfected, so that the results are not as definite or as convincing as for the Alfred area. Nevertheless, they are of value and the fact that they compare so reasonably with the work on the Alfred area would seem to indicate that they are not far out of the way. The average number of Ribes found on check plots, aggregating some 425 acres on this area, was 15, up to this season's work. The finding of 243 plants, or an average of one-half plant per acre, brings the previous eradication figure to a little better than 951/2%. WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST \ 111 During the season, on all areas, more than 1000 acres were checked over, with a total average of about 4i/2% of Ribes of all kinds found this season, as against 951/2% previously eradicated. With improved methods and increased experience, it may be quite possible to bring this up to at least 987c or even better, and the pathologists give us every assurance that even at the present figure, the work of checking the advance of the disease will be effective. - -"T MANUFACTURING FUEL WOOD. The high price and scarcity of coal has acted as a stimulant to wood lot values. Photo by C. W. Grover. COOPERATION Up to the time of this report, no cooperation with towns or private owners has been solicited in Maine, for the reason that it has been deemed advisable to await more definite results from the experimental and demonstration work being carried on by the State and the Federal Government before asking for further financial assistance from the owners who are already paying through taxa- tion for the work now being carried on in the state. Neither have any claims been paid for Ribes destroyed, since either the plants were diseased, and therefore they are a menace under our present law and can be destroyed without compensation 112 FORESTvFROTECTION AND CONSERVATION by the Forest Commissioner or his agents, or the owners have con- sented to aid in the work of eradication to the extent of contrib- uting their bushes in order to check the spread of the disease. Consent of the owner (for the removal) was always secured before the eradication of any cultivated Ribes. In all of the areas where the eradication work has been carried on, the owners have been unanimous in their preference for white pine as a crop; and in no case was the growing of Ribes of suffi- cient economic importance to warrant the cleaning out of the pine in the vicinity. Several large shipments of Ribes were excluded under the quarantine act, and the present policy of the State is not to permit the entrance of any species of Ribes as long as present conditions exist. White pine has been admitted in limited quantities from nurseries outside of the state, but only after inspection at the shipping point and also after receipt. The following permits were issued during 1919: SPECIAL PERMITS 1919 No. 1, Mar. 12, Keene Fy. Assoc, to L. S. Piper, Kezar Falls, 10,000 White Pine Seedlings. No. 2, Apr. 23, Amer. Fy. Assoc, to W. A. Hodgden, East Booth- bay, 10 White Pine Transplants. to H. A. Morton, South Paris, 1,310 White Pine Transplants, to R. A. Ring, Livermore Falls, 2,000 White Pine Transplants, to Paris Mfg. Co., South Paris, 1,300 White Pine Transplants, to E. F. Crockett, South Paris, 100 White Pine Transplants, to P. L. Sprague, Ram Island Farm, Cape Elizabeth, 10,000 White Pine Transplants, to R. L. Marsten, Skowhegan, 55 White Pine Transplants, to Freeman Marsten, Portland, 2 Limber Pines. No. 3, it 23, '' tt No. 4, May 3, Keene a No. 5, << 7, Amer. a No. 6, it 7, '' ii No. 7, n 8, Keene n No. 8, n 9, Amer. take advantage of but a few of the weakened trees. Trees killed by the budworm are by no means valueless, as they will remain sound for several years and can be utilized for pulp- wood, provided they are not riddled by wood boring insects. This is especially true of the spruce which seems to be more resistant to decay than is the fir, and at the same time seems to be less attrac- tive to those borers which riddle the wood such as the "sawyers.'' A very large per cent of the balsam has suffered from "sawyer" injury and much of it will soon be valueless. Owners of woodlands in the regions infested should, in so far as it is practicable, con- centrate their logging operations in the worst affected localities in an attempt to utilize as much as possible of the Head spruce, fir and hemlock before it becomes useless. SPRUCE BUDWORM AND WHITE PINE WEEVIL 151 THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, WITH METHODS OF CONTROL AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A MODIFIED SYSTEM OF PLANTING WHITE PINE AND NORWAY SPRUCE At one time the greater part of the southern half of Maine was covered with forests in which the White Pine was the predominat- ing tree. From this fact the state became popularly known as the *Tine Tree State." Even now the uncultivated portions of this region support many pine trees and they reproduce naturally sur- prisingly well, so that many of the rocky hillsides, farm woodlots and pastured woodlands contain a large percentage of new growth pine. But how different are these crooked, scrubby or bushy pines from the tall trees with their clean, straight boles, characteristic of the original virgin forests of this region. A great majority of the new growth is of no value commercially except as it furnishes a very inferior quality of stove wood and is at least of very doubtful ornamental value. It is undoubtedly true that a considerable part of the land of southern Maine is better fitted for the rearing of forest trees than for any other use. Foresters usually agree that the white pine grows more rapidly, can be harvested sooner, and yields a larger return in a shorter time than any other planted forest tree suitable to this region. However, in spite of these undisputed facts, it is very questionable whether under present conditions, it is wise to advise the making of pure plantations of this valuable timber tree. This is because of two very serious enemies which threaten the destruction of its life or its commercial value. One of these, the Pine Blister Rust, is a fungus disease accidentally introduced from Europe, while the other is an insect native to this country — ^the White Pine Weevil. At the present time more frequent mention of the former of these two pests is heard by those interested in the preservation of our forests, than of the pine weevil. This is due largely to a well-organized propaganda based upon a real menace to the white pine and its kindred species, and should in no degree be discouraged or hampered. It is doubtless also due to the fact that a new, formerly unknown danger always appeals more strongly than an equally great or even greater one, to which one has become 152 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION accustomed, by long association. It is indeed very doubtful if the blister rust is as important an enemy to the production of white pine timber as is the pine weevil. The adult of the white pine weevil is a small brown beetle, about 14 of an inch long, with two grey or white band-Hke markings across each hard, shell-like wing cover. It differs from the more ordinary beetles in the possession of a long snout-like extension of the head equal to about i/4 of the body length. The insect usually passes the winter in the adult condition and leaves its hibernation quarters early in the spring and immediately flies to young pine trees. Here the female seeks the terminal shoot or leader of a tree and places her eggs under the bark of that part of the leader produced the preceding year. This she accomplishes by excavating a number of shallow pits in the bark with her biting jaws which are at the end of the snout, and by then reversing her body and placing her eggs in these cavities from the end of her abdomen. Wherever the leader is injured in this manner, droplets of pitch are exuded which soon harden, and thus indicate the lead- ers in which eggs have been oviposited. The depositing of eggs begins with the first few warm days of spring — usually during April — and continues actively for several weeks or a month. The exact season of egg-laying cannot be stated, as this varies with the locality, and in the same locality varies with the advancement of the season. Some egg-laying may occur as late as the latter part of June, but it is usually mostly completed by the middle of May. The eggs usually hatch within a period of eight or ten days, each producing a small white larva or grub, which feeds voraciously under the bark of the terminal shoot, eating the cambium, the essential growth-producing portion of the tree. Usually the eggs are deposited in the upper part of the last year's growth and the grubs work downward, destroying the entire inner bark and com- pletely killing the tissue as they proceed. As they become larger, the larvse eat deeper and deeper into the surface of the sapwood and finally, in their last larval stage when they have reached about their full growth, they burrow into the wood, usually in the lower part of a terminal shoot. There they construct small oval cham- bers about one-third of an inch long, which are covered with par- tially chewed up bits of wood, known as "chip-cocoons.'' Within these cocoons which may lie either near the surface of the sapwood or in the pith, each larva changes into the stage known as the pupa, which requires no food and is capable only of feeble movements of the abdomen. The insect remains in SPRUCE BUDWORM AND WHITE PINE WEEVIL 153 this stage for a period which varies with conditions of temperature and moisture. This transformation in the region of Orono was at its apex during the summer of 1919 in the latter part of July, although a few of the insects were still larvae in the middle of August. The first adults of the new generation were obtained July 30, but these were but recently transformed from the pupse and from a considerable number of infested leaders which were under observation; no adult emerged before August 5th. The adults continue emerging from the old hosts throughout the month of August and to a decreased degree during early Sep- tember, while a few derived from eggs laid late, pass the winter in the old leaders either as larvse or as young, immature adults. By far the greater number, however, emerge before September and on the approach of cool weather, seek some sheltered place in which to pass the winter. THE BOOM WALKER The care of one or more fin booms is intrusted to a watchman who keeps them in repair and clears away logs or drift that catch on the fins or braces. . - Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. The leader which has been attacked at first shows no signs of injury aside from the exudations of pitch already mentioned. The new growth begins normally, but soon after the larvse begin feed- ing, the new growth above the injury begins to wilt, and soon turns brown and dies. As the larvse continue feeding, the terminal con- tinues to die farther and farther down and usually the entire leader down to the first whorl of laterals is killed. Occasionally, when the number of larvse is greater than usual, they may continue their work of destruction below the upper whorl of laterals. In this manner, two years' growth and rarely three years' growth is killed. 154 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION V:- The killing of the leader in this manner throws the vitality of the tree into the next group of laterals below the injury. These turn up- ward ; each de- velops a more or less strong grow- ing tip, and they all contend for leadership. I f these new leaders are not again at- tacked the result is the production of a forked or branched top, known among woodsmen as a "stag-horn pine." This either much decreases or en- tirely dstroys the timber value of the tree, and at the same time de- tracts from its beauty. H o w - ever, very often the new leaders may be attacked year after year, resulting in the production of a stunted, bushy growth which has neither commercial nor esthetic value. Instances where this has been carried so far that from 25 to 100 leaders are striving for supremacy, may be seen by the thousands throughout southern Maine. Indeed, in this region, only a very small per cent of the young pines escape injury by the weevil. While the pine weevil shows a decided preference for white pine {Pinus strohus L.) over all other species of trees, it will occasion- Building Booms. Photo by Maine Forestry Dept. •■w- ,. SPRUCE BUDWORM AND WHITE PINE WEEVIL 155 ally attack other species of pine such as the jack pine i P inus banksiana Lamb) and true pitch pine (Pinus ex- c els a Link.) Plantations o f Norway spruce, especially, are often subject to great damage — second only to white pine in this respect. Young trees from 4 to 20 feet in height, are most subject to attack, al- though less com- monly pines well over thirty feet high may be in- jured by the wee- vil. It also shows a decided prefer- ence for trees growing in plan- tations or in open stands. Thus it is that the most noticeable dam- age usually occurs in pure plantations of white pine or Norway spruce or in the younger volunteer growth in pastures, along the borders of woodlands or along roadsides. Where white pine occurs under cover in woodlots it is nearly exempt from attack and injury. METHODS OF CONTROL. The white pine weevil is best controlled by removing the infested leaders and so treating them as to destroy the contained grubs and young beetles before they have an opportunity to emerge and escape. This is most easily accom- plished by burning, and should be done before July 1st. By this Load of Logs and Lumberjacks. Photo by C. W. Grover. 156 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION procedure all of the new brood is destroyed, but unfortunately all of its parasitic enemies are also killed. A better method, but one involving more trouble, is that recommended by A. D. Hopkins, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology. He recommends that the col- lected leaders be confined in tight barrels, closed at each end with ordinary wire screen. This allows the smaller parasites to escape. By the time cold weather begins, all of the weevil will have emerged from the leaders earlier collected, and will have died, so that the screens can then be removed and the barrels and their contents left until the succeeding June to allow the emergence of the larger para- sites which develop later. The leaders collected later in the season — those wilting after the middle of July — should either be burned at once, or should be kept screened until the midsummer following, as some of the weevil will not be ready to emerge until the following spring. Plantations, whether known to be infested or not, and natural woodlands in the vicinity of plantations, should be inspected at least twice during the summer (late in June and again about the middle of July) and all wilted leaders collected and either burned at once or confined in screened containers as recommended above. It should be borne in mind that weevils develop just as readily in nat- ural growths of pine where these occur in the open, as they do in planted trees. The adults are equipped with wings and are cap- able of flying for a considerable distance, so that no matter how clear of dying leaders a plantation be kept, it will certainly become reinfested if the weevil breeding in the woodlands of the vicinity are not also destroyed. Above all things, it should be borne in mind that the mere removal of the infested leader does no good, for the insects will breed just as readily in one broken off as in one still attached to the tree. It must either be destroyed by burning, or screened so that the emerging beetles cannot escape to infest new trees. In plantations where an infestation is thoroughly established, or in a region in which the weevils are numerous, the collection and treatment of infested terminals should be supplemented by other measures to prevent, in so far as is possible, the beetle from depos- iting its eggs. One means to this end consists in the collection and destruction of the weevil while they are on the terminals preparing to oviposit. With but little practice the insects can be readily seen upon the leaders just below the terminal group of buds. If the tree is slightly jarred the weevils will release their hold of the stem and drop to the ground. Advantage may be taken of this habit in A NOBLE PRODUCT OF THE MAINE WOODS. Game protection, as well as fire protection, should have the hearty co-operation of all good citizens, if Maine is to contin^e to be known as the home of big game. Photo from J. K. Pooler. 158 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION collecting them. If an insect net or a light vessel containing a small quantity of kerosene or crude petroleum is held at one side of the leader, and the other side is tapped with a stick, the insect will invariably fall into the receptacle. If an insect net is used, this should be emptied from time to time in a vessel of kerosene or petroleum, a thorough bath in which is always fatal. This collection and destruction of adults should be repeated at intervals of a week or ten days during the height of the egg-laying period. In southern Maine this would usually be from the beginning of warm days late in April, till early in June, when most of the adults have disappeared. Three or four thorough collections made in this manner will very much reduce the number of infested leaders, but those dying later should be removed and treated as recommended above. If these recommendations are fol- lowed thoroughly and conscientiously for several years, it will result in a very material lessening in the number of the weevil and if they are supplemented by widespread and thorough destruction of the infested parts of natural growth, the weevil will soon be entirely under control. But the work must be thorough, and to be lasting must be widespread. Indeed, scientifically there seems to be no reason why the pine weevil should not be controlled throughout the state — or indeed throughout its range — and their numbers so reduced that a pine or spruce infested by them should become a rarity. There is no real reason why the "stag-horn" pines and the "bushy'* pines along the roadsides and in the woodlots and plantations should not give place to symmetrical trees growing in the way nature intended them to grow ; no reason why the present unsightly, stunted trees should not be replaced by objects of real beauty, and from being of no value, become the producers of the most valuable timber it is possible to grow in the state. The writer thoroughly believes that the control of the pine weevil is a practical proposition. All that is necessary is a concerted, cooperative effort by all land owners, directed and aided by a corps of experts employed by the State. The cost for a few years would be considerable, but it would not be excessive when the increased value of the woodlands is taken into consideration. The State would be a more attractive place to live in, and the coming generations would not only receive a heritage of greater beauty, but could also reap a crop of immensely greater value. Even if state-wide efforts at controlling the pine weevil are not undertaken, much can be accomplished by co-operative community SPRUCE BUDWORM AND WHITE PINE WEEVIL 159 efforts. Several public-spirited men in a community interested in the preservation and improvement of the woodlands of their region, can readily interest a number of their neighbors in a matter of this sort, and by a thorough, conscientious endeavor can do much to protect their pines and spruces and thus insure a more beautiful and profitable future for their locality. However, it should be borne in mind that several years' effort will be necessary to estab- lish control and the results will be more or less temporary unless neighboring communities are cooperating. Suggested Systems of Planting White Pine and Norway Spruce to Obviate Weevil Injury The question is often asked why it is that while the virgin pines were most of them so perfect, the new grov^th is so markedly sub- jet to weevil injury. It is believed the correct answer is that these perfect and symmetrical trees came up under cover of larger trees, either of the same or of other species, and were thus protected from injury. By the time their crowns reached through to the open above the surrounding trees, the pines were of such a size as to be exempt from attack, or if attacked, were injured but slightly. There is good reason for believing that any open woodland in this part of the country, if left untouched for several centuries, would at the end of that period have become as perfect a forest as was here when the white man first came, and that the predominating tree would be the white pine, provided a few good seed trees of white pine were present at the start. The history of such a forest would be somewhat as follows : A very large per cent of the first new growth of pines would be attacked by the weevil, and never reach a height of much more than thirty feet. A few would prob- ably escape without injury or with only minor injuries. Later lots of pines coming up under cover of the older **bushy" growth would escape with a much smaller percentage of injury, and the survivors would eventually over-top the injured growth. Having reached a height where they were comparatively exempt from injury, some of them would continue to grow, and eventually they would bacome sufficiently numerous to suppress and kill the imperfect stunted trees by shading. Such a process as that outlined above, however, would certainly require several centuries for its completion. The writer thoroughly believes that comparatively good results can be accomplished in a SPRUCE BUDWORM AND WHITE PINE WEEVIL 161 much shorter time by using proper methods of planting, intelH- gently devised to combat the pine weevil. Observations made sev- eral years ago at the Great Bear Springs Plantation near Fulton, N. Y., first suggested that such a system might be possible. Most of the pine is there planted in blocks of pure white pine, Scotch pine, or Western yellow pine. However, in a small part of the plantation a dozen or so rows occur between two larger blocks of Scotch pine, and in still another place white pine and Scotch pine were planted in alternate rows. When examined, the injury by the weevil was serious in all of the blocks of pure white pine, while the other species showed no evidence of its attack. In the small block of white pine, surrounded by Scotch pine, only a few leaders were killed, while in that plot where the two species had been planted in alternate rows, no evidence of attack by the weevil was found. The two sorts of pine had been planted at the same time, but the Scotch pine, on account of its more rapid early growth, had out- stripped the white pine and, at the time observations were made, was several feet higher. The protection of the white pine from beetle attack was probably due either to the higher, denser growth of the other species, or possibly the odor of the Scotch pine pre- dominated and acted as a deterrent to the weevil. It is probable that both factors aided. The higher leaders of the Scotch pine pro- tected the white pine by inducing the weevils to alight upon them, it being common observation that up to a height of 20 feet, the higher leaders in a plantation are more often chosen for ovipositing. The weevil, however, having alighted on a Scotch pine, found it undesirable for ovipositing and soon sought further. It is the belief of the writer that a system of planting white pine can be devised which will give a large measure of protection to the young trees during the period when they are most suscep- tible to weevil injury. However, it will require a number of experi- ments carried out over a long period before the best system could be decided upon. Several experimental plots are suggested below. In all cases the rows should be laid out at right angle to the prevailing winds during the active period of the weevil. Experimental Plot No. 1. — A plot of a minimum of several acres 6 ft. x 6 ft. as follows : The center of the plot to be planted with alternate rows of Scotch pine and white pine, surrounded by a border of at least six rows of Scotch pine, and this in turn sur- rounded by another band of at least six rows of pure white pine. This outer border of white pine would serve the double purpose of 162 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION a check plot to determine the normal percentage of infestation in pure stands, and would also serve as trap trees to induce ovipositing. The history of this plot would probably be somewhat as follows : On account of its more rapid early growth, the Scotch pine would in a few years outstrip the white pine, and by the time the latter had reached a height when it would be attractive to ovipositing weevils, the Scotch pine would act as a cover or protection, so that at worst a much decreased percentage of white pine would be injured. But when Scotch pine reaches a height of 20 or 30 feet its further growth in height continues much more slowly and at this time the white pine would soon overtake and eventually outstrip the other species. But by the time this occurs, it would have reached a height where it would be less liable to weevil injury, and a large percentage would escape unharmed. The Scotch pine having served its purpose could then be cut and used either as cord wood, or converted into box boards or other cheap lumber. The gaps thus made should be immediately planted with new white pine which, growing up under cover, would be nearly immune to weevil injury. In the meantime the border of white pine surrounding the plot, from the time the young trees reached a height of 5 or 6 feet, would suffer a large percentage of infestation. As soon as the leaders begin to wilt they should be removed from the young tree and treated as previously recommended. Many of these trees would soon become bushy growth, but they should be allowed to remain to serve as traps, and as soon as attacked, the infested parts should be removed. The inner border of Scotch pine would serve as a partial barrier and could either be cut when the trees of the same species in the center of the plot are removed, or could remain till the interplanting of white pine had become thoroughly established. Experimental Plot No. 2. — Similar in general to Plot No. 1 but with Norway spruce or other species of spruce replacing the white pine in the center of the plot. The outer border may be either white pine or Norway spruce. Experimental Plot No. 3, — Similar to Plot No. 1, but with the central area planted with alternate strips of from 2 to 10 rows each of white pine and Scotch pine, or of Norway spruce and Scotch pine. It is believed that not so high a percentage of pro- tection would thus be secured but there would be less difficulty in removing the Scotch pine, and if desired this could remain until SPRUCE BUDWORM-AND WHITE PINE WEEVIL 163 more mature. Its removal would also be accomplished with less mechanical injury to the more valuable white pine. Experimental Plot No, i. — Similar in general construction to Plots 1 and 2, but with some rapid growing broad-leaf tree replac- ing the Scotch pine. It is believed at least equal immunity for the pine or spruce would be secured, but care would probably have to be exercised to prevent some of the pines from being shaded out. An occasional judicial thinning might be necessary, but this should not be carried far enough to make large openings in the cover until the size of the pines (more than thirty feet high) make them comparatively immune from injury. There is every reason to believe that any of the experimental plots suggested above would be successful to a considerable degree. Perhaps a small percentage of the protected pines would suffer injury, but this percentage would never be great, and in no way compare with the injury in pure plantations or that occurring in the protecting border of trap trees. However, in all cases there should be a systematic effort at reducing the number of weevils by conscientiously collecting and treating the infested leaders through- out the plot, and better and more certain results will be secured if the natural growth in the yicinity is treated in a like manner. This would require only a few hours', or at the outside only a few days' labor per year especially if the man is equipped with long- handled pruning hook.