Cornell University Library HD 8051. A3 1905 . Convict labor. II i| II I II III II H I III nil MM III 3 1924 002 258 527 hT) QdS! THE LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002258527 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. ,., " • ' 1 9 O 5 . PROPERTY OF LIBRARY NEW YOHK STATE r^i'r"'. iNDysTRiALTnnrtn 12 'ts^ CORNELL UNIVERSITY CONVICT LABOE. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1906. A3 LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of Commerce and Labor, Office of the SiSdretabt, Washington, June 6, 1906. Pursuant to the provisions of section 8 of the act of June 13, 1888, and the provisions of the act of February 14, 1903, creating the Department of Commerce and Labor, and placing under its jurisdiction, among other branches of the pubhc service, the former Department of Labor, now the Bureau of Labor, I have the honor to transmit herewith the Twentieth Annual Report of the Commis- sioner of Labor, which relates to Convict Labor in the United States. Respectfully, V. H. Metoalf, Secretary. The Senate and House of Representatives. Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Labor, Washington, June 6, 1906. Sir: I have the honor to hand you herewith the Twentieth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, dealing with the subject of Convict Labor in the United States. I am, very respectfully, Chas. p. Neill, Commissioner. The Secretary of Commerce and Labor. ^ 3 -C PROPERTY OF L!::F?aRY 'Q (^ NEW W.l STATE ?'^':^:i ^r INDUSTBIAL A^OLA[f!fif;£IATi^?!S ^ ^ CORNELL UNIVERSITY ±4.541 CONTEISTTS. Page. Letters op Transmittal 3 Chapter I. — Introduction and Discussion 9-46 Introduction 11-13 Institutions investigated 13 Number of convicts 13-15 Systems of work 15-20 Value of goods produced by convict labor 20-23 Disposition of convict-made goods 23-25 Commercial effect of the competition of convict--made goods 25-28 Quality of convict-made goods 28 Efficiency of convict labor and displacement of free labor 28-31 Wages of free labor displaced .31 Value of convict labor 31-34 Hours of labor of convicts 34, 35 Civilian employees 35 Statistical comparisons with previous years 35-41 Receipts and disbursements 41-43 Value of prison property 43,44 Cost of maintenance per convict 44^46 Chapter II. — Commercial Effect op the Competition op Convict-made Goods 47-172 Chapter III. — Explanation op Tables 173-189 Chapter IV. — General Tables 191-611 Table I. — Institutions, employees, and contractors and lessees: A. — Name, location, class, and control of each institution, and number of employees and contractors and lessees 193-200 B. — Summary of employees and contractors and lessees, for each State, by classes 200-204 C. — Summary of employees and contractors and lessees, for each class, by States , 204,205 Table II. — Number and employment of convicts: A. — Number and employment, by institutions 206-219 B. — Summary of number and employment, for each State, by classes. ., 220-227 C. — Summary of number and employment, for each class, by States 228-231 Table III. — Systems of work, industries, value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc.: A. — Systems, industries, value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., by institutions 230-271 B. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each State, by industries 272-284 C. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each industry, by States 285-296 D. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each State, by systems 297-302 5 6 CONTENTS. Chaptek IV. — Genbbal Tables — Concluded. Page. Table III. — Systems of work, industries, etc. — Concluded. E. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each system, by States 303-305 F. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., in the United States, for each industry, by systems 306-312 G. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each State, by classes 313-316 H. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each class, by States 316, 317 I. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., in juvenile reformatories in the United States, by industries 318 J. — Summary of number and wages of free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts, for each State, by industries 318-329 K. — Summary of number and wages of free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts, for each industry, by States 330-341 L. — Summary of hours of work at productive labor in penal institutions, by States 341-344 M. — Summary of hours of work at productive labor in juvenile reforma- tories, by States 344, 345 Table IV. — Description and quantity of goods made or work done, and comparison with goods produced by free labor: A. — Description and quantity of goods made or work done, etc., by institutions 346—415 B. — Summary of comparisons of convict-made goods with goods pro- duced by free labor, by industries 416^ 417 Table V. — Disposition of goods made: A. — Disposition of goods made, by institutions 418-451 B. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each State, by industries . 452-475 C. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each industry, by States. 474r-497 D. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each State, by classes. . 498-505 E. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each class, by States. . . 506-509 Table VI. — Receipts: A. — Receipts, by institutions 508-523 B. — Summary of receipts, for each State, by classes 522-531 C. — Summary of receipts, for each class, by States 532-535 Table VII. — Expenditures: A. — Expenditures, by institutions 536-551 B. — Summary of expenditures, for each State, by classes 550-559 C. — Summary of expenditures, for each class, by States 560-563 Table VIII. — Value of prison property: A. — ^Value of prison property, by institutions 564-577 B. — Summary of value of prison property, for each State, by classes 578-585 C. — Summary of value of prison property, for each class, by States 586-589 Table IX. — Cost of maintenance: A. — Cost of maintenance per convict, by institutions 590-599 B.^ — Summary of cost of maintenance per convict, for each State, by classes , . 600-607 C. — Summary of cost of maintenance per convict, for each class, by States 608-611 Chapter V. — Convict Labob Laws 613-787 Alabama 616-621 Arizona 621-623 Arkansas 623-628 CONTENTS. 7 Chapter V. — Coitvtot Labor Laws — Concluded. Page. California 62S-632 Colorado 633-638 Connecticut 638-640 Delaware 640, 641 District of Alaska 641 District of Columbia 642 Florida 642-646 Georgia , 646-651 Hawaii 651-653 Idaho , 653-655 Dlinois 655-661 Indiana 662-667 Iowa.- 667-669 Kansas 669-674 Kentucky 674-679 Louisiana 679-682 Maine 683, 684 Maryland 684r-686 Massachusetts 686-691 Michigan 692-695 Minnesota 695-701 Mississippi 701-705 Missouri 705-709 Montana 709, 710 Nebraska 710-712 Nevada , 712-714 New Hampshire 714, 715 New Jersey 715-719 New Mexico 720-722 New York 722-730 North Carolina 730-734 North Dakota 734-737 Ohio , 737-743 Oklahoma 743, 744 Oregon 744-746 Pennsylvania 747-750 Philippine Islands '. 751 Porto Rico 751,752 Rhode Island 752, 753 South Carolina 754-757 South Dakota 757-760 Tennessee 760-764 Texas 764-768 Utah 768-771 Vermont 771-773 Virginia 773-776 Washington 776-779 West Virginia 779-781 Wisconsin 781-785 Wyoming 785, 786 United States 786,787 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION. CHAPTER I. INTEODUCTION AND DISCUSSION. INTRODUCTION. Convict labor has twice before been made the subj^ct of investi- gation by the Bureau of Labor. The Second Annual Report, pub- lished in 1886, was devoted entirely to the results of an investigation into this subject made in 1885, and Bulletin No. 5 (July, 1896) con- tains an article giving the results of a second investigation made in 1895. The two investigations showed that the convict product as a whole was very small when compared with the entire product of free labor in the United States. But the employers of free labor and their workmen xinite in affirming that when any convict-made product is placed in competition with the product of free labor the market becomes demoralized, even a small sale affecting prices far out of proportion to the amount of the sale. It is a matter of general knowledge that there have been frequent changes in the systems \mder which convicts are employed and in the industries in which they are employed, as well as changes in the quantity and value of the goods produced. To meet the public demand for information concerning the prison labor of the United States as it exists at the present time, an exten- sive investigation of the subject was begun early in 1904 by the Bureau of Labor. The investigation concerns itself with the penal and reformatory institutions of the United States as institutions, rather than with the individual prisoners confined therein. The primary object of the investigation was to determine the number of convicts employed in productive labor in the United States, the industries in which they were at work, the systems under which their work was done, the value of their labor, the value of the product turned out by them, and the number of free laborers that would be required to perform the same amount of work. As the initial step in the investigation by the Bureau of Labor, a letter was sent to every prison, reformatory, and jail in the United States, asking if the inmates thereof were engaged in productive labor, and if so, the value of the goods produced during the preced- ing year. In some of the larger institutions and in the greater num- 11 12 REFOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. ber of county jails it was found that no productive work was carried on by the prisoners. In some institutions, especially county jails, it was reported that a little productive work was done, but not enough to affect to any appreciable extent industrial conditions in the State. To have visited every institution in the United States in which any work whatever was performed would have involved an amount of time and expense that the results obtained would not have justi- fied. It was decided, therefore, that no effort should be made to secure data from any institution in which the value of the produc- tive labor was less than $1,000 during the year preceding the inves- tigation. Wherever it appeared that the value of the productive labor during the year was $1,000 or more, a special agent of the Bureau was sent to the institution to secure the data desired. When the special agents of the Bureau were at work in the several States they made careful inquiry from prison boards and prison officials to ascertain if there were any institutions in the State that by any possibility had not been entered on the list of institutions. Thus, this report, so far as it relates to productive labor performed by inmates of penal and reformatory institutions in the United States, is' nearly exhaustive, as it fails to include only those institutions in which the value of such labor during the year was less than $1,000. The chapter on penal and reformatory laws is exhaustive within the scQpe of the subject treated. In all other respects the figures and other data presented are representative only, for, as just stated, the investigation was not extended to those institutions in which no pro- ductive labor was performed or to those institutions in which the value of productive labor during the year was less than $1,000. The unit of the investigation is the institution. Data were secured for each separate prison, reformatory, jail, or convict camp when- ever possible. In some cases, however, several convict camps or other places of imprisonment were under one management, and their finances and industries were so interrelated that it was deemed advis- able to treat them as one institution. The data were in all cases secured by the agents of the Bureau, either from the records or from the statements of the officials of the institutions and of contractors. In order that the reader may ha,ve the fullest benefit of the infor- mation gathered, the facts relating to each individual institution are presented separately in the tables in this report. The data for each institution cover a period of one year — the last fiscal year ending before the date of the agent's visit. The fiscal year covered was one ending at varying dates during the latter part of the year 1903 or during the year 1904. Since the fiscal year did not end at the same time in all institutions embraced in this report, any attempt to make the data for each institution cover the same identical period of time CHAPTER I, INTRODtrCTION AND DISCUSSION. - 13 would have rendered iiseless much of the information which was ready at hand in the annual reports of the institutions, and would have added greatly to the work involved in the preparation of this report without any corresponding increase in its value. Although the prison officials and the lessees and contractors were generally willing to give the information asked for, the specific infor- mation sought was often obtained with difficulty, as institutions and employers of convicts had different methods of keeping accounts, and in some cases the records and accounts were carelessly and inac- curately kept. A few of the penal and reformatory institutions were found to be under the same management with almshouses, hospitals, or insane asylums, with the accounts combined. In such cases, in order to obtain any data whatever concerning certain inquiries, it became necessary to accept the best estimate that could be made. Great care was taken in making such estimates, and they are believed to be in every case reasonably exact, having, as far as possible, been analyzed and verified in person, by the agents of the Bureau from the available records of the institutions. INSTITUTIONS INVESTIGATED. Reports were secured from a total of 296 institutions, of which number 257 were penal institutions and 39 juvenile reformatories. These 296 institutions covered moris than 400 several and distinct places in which convicts were located. An institution, as the word is used in this report, is a prison, a reformatory, a convict camp, or in some cases a combination of prisons or camps so closely related under one management that the data could not be shown for each separately. Institutions limited to children and young persons under 21 years of age have been classed as juvenile reformatories, while those receiving persons over 2 1 and also persons almost adults in size, although under 21, have been classed as penal institutions. Thus a number of so-called reformatories have been classed as penal institutions. Of the 296 institutions covered by this report, 103 were under the State or Territorial control, 139 under county control, 25 under city control, 1 under township control, 2 under United States control, 18 'under the control of lessees, 1 under private control assisted by the county, and 7 under dual control. NUMBEE OF CONVICTS. In the 296 institutions there was found to be a daily average of 86,036.4 convicts in confinement during the year. Of this number 74,771.7 were in penal institutions and 11,264.7 in juvenile reforma- tories. The number of convicts in an institution changes from day 14 . REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. to day. While new convicts are being received others leave the institution because of the expiration of their sentences, and some die.. The n^umbers given are in all cases the daily average number of con- victs for the year. The averages were computed to one decimal place in order to obtain greater accuracy in the reports for the several institutions. As the inmates of both penal and juvenile reformatory institutions are included in the several tables of this report, the general term con- vict has been used to cover the inmates of both classes of institutions rather than to present each class in separate tables. It will be necessary to wait until the report of the United States Census Bureau is published to ascertain the total number of convicts in the United States. The present report shows only the total num- ber of convicts in those institutions in which convicts are engaged in productive labor. This number was 86,036.4 in the year covered. Possibly a few hundred should be added to this number to cover the convicts who may have been at work in the institutions that produce so little as not to be included in this report. The number is believed to be so small, however, as toTie of little consequence in an industrial sense. Of the 86,036.4 convicts in the institutions covered, 80,426.3, or 93.5 per cent, were males, and 5,610.1, or 6.5 per cent, were females. In the penal institutions 70,069.0, or 93.7 per cent, of the convicts were males, and 4,702.7, or 6.3 per cent, were females; and in the juvenile reformatories 10,357.3, or 91.9 per cent, were males, and 907.4, or 8.1 per cent, were females. While 86,036.4 convicts were in the institutions in which produc- tive labor was performed, the number actually engaged at productive labor was only 51,172.2, or 59.5 per cent of the total number of con- victs. Of the remainder, 21,403.3, or 24.9 per cent of the total, were engaged in prison duties, such as cooking, washing, cleaning, and other domestic service, 2,774,0, or 3.2 per cent, on an average, were sick or invalid, and 10,686.9, or 12.4 per cent, were idle because no work was provided for them or because they were pxirposely kept in con- finement without labor. Those reported idle in juvenile reforma- tories include also inmates who were in school and were not engaged in productive labor. OHAPTEK I. INTEOBXJOTION AND DISCUSSION. 15 The following short table shows the number of convicts in each of the several classes in the institutions investigated : NUMBER AND CONDITION OF CONVICTS IN THE PENAL AND JUVENILE REFOEMA- TORY INSTITUTIONS INVESTIGATED, BY SEX. Condition of convicts. Penal institutions. Juvenile reformatories. Aggregate. Uale. Female Total. Male. Female Total. Male. Female Total. Employed in produc- tive labor 45,053.6 14,349.0 2,353.1 8,313.3 1,385.9 2,673.8 204.9 438.1 46,439.5 17,022.8 2,558.0 8,751.4 4,402.4 3,937.9 188.0 1,829.0 330.3 442.6 28.0 106.5 4,732.7 4,380.5 216.0 1,935.5 49,456.0 18,286.9 2,541.1 10,142.3 1,716.2 3,116.4 232.9 644.6 51,172.2 Employed in prison duties 21,403.3 Sick 2,774.0 Idle 10, 686. 9 Total 70,069.0 4,702.7 74,771.7 10,357.3 907.4 11,264.7 80,426.3 5,610.1 86,036.4 SYSTEMS OF WORK. There are six general systems under which convicts are found at work in the United States: 1. Lease system. 2. Contract system. 3. Piece-price system. 4. Public-account system. 5. State-use system. 6. Public works and ways system. 1. Lease system. — Under this system the State (by which is meant the State proper or its minor subdivisions) enters into a con- tract with a lessee, who agrees to receive the convict, to feed, clothe, house, and guard him, to keep him at work, and to pay the State a specified amount for his labor. The State reserves the right to malse rules for the care of the convict and to inspect the convict's quarters and place of work. No institution is maintained by the State other than a place of detention, where the convicts can be held until placed in the hands of the lessee and in which to confine convicts who are unable to work. 2. CoNTEACT system. — This system differs radically from the lease system. Under this system the State feeds, clothes, houses, and guards the convict. To do this the State maintains an institution and a force of guards and other employees. A contractor engages with the State for the labor of the convicts, which is performed in or near the institution. The contractor pays the State a stipulated amount per capita for the services of the convict, supplies his own raw material, and superintends the work. 3. PiECE-PRiOE system. — This system dififers from the contract system only as to superintending the work and determining the speed at which convicts must work. The State maintains the insti- tution and feeds, clothes, and guards the convicts. The contractor supplies the raw material and pays the State an agreed amount for 16 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. the work done on each piece or article manufactured by the convicts. The supervision of the work is generally performed by a prison official, although sometimes by the contractors. The officials of the prison not only maintain discipline, but dictate the quantity of work required. 4. Public-account system. — So far as the convict is concerned, this system does not differ from the piece-price system, but for the institution it is an entirely different system. In the piece-price sys- tem the contractor finances the business and assumes all the chances of profit and loss. In the public-account system the State enters the field of manufacturing on its own account. It buys the raw material, manufactures and puts the product on the market, and assumes all the risk of conducting a manufacturing business. The State has the entire care and control of the convicts, and with them conducts an ordinary factory. 5. State-use system. — Under this system the State conducts a business of manufacture or production, as in the public-account system, but the use or sale of the goods produced is limited to the same institution or to other State institutions. The principle of the system is that the State shall produce for its own consumption only. 6. Public works and ways system. — Ttis system is very nearly like the State-use system. It might not improperly be included therewith. Under this system the labor is not applied to the manu- facture of the common marketable articles of merchandise, but to the construction and repair of prison or other public buildings, public roads, parks, breakwaters, etc. In each institution investigated an effort was made to secure the opinion of officials and employers of convicts as to the merits and demerits of the several systems under which convicts worked. The opinions expressed in reply to this inquiry are here briefly summarized. The only argument that can be offered in support of the lease system for the employment of convicts is the poverty of the State and its inability to provide quarters, food, and guards for its convicts, and suitable work to keep them employed. If the convenience and immediate financial interest of the State are the paramount consideration in deahng with prisoners, then undoubtedly, the easiest and cheapest way to dispose of convicts is'to turn them over, immediately after conviction, to lessees, who will take them in charge, employ them, and pay the State something for their labor. This system relieves the State of the expense of providing prison buildings and of feeding, clothing, and guarding the convicts, all of which responsibilities are assumed by the lessees. But, aside from its beiig convenient and cheap, the lease system has nothing in its favor and every consideration of humanity and criminology is CHAPTER I. INTBODUOTION AND DISCUSSION. 17 against it. Its general effect has been demoralizing not only on the convict but on the body politic as well. For the purpose of protecting the convict while under lease, the State maintains more or less supervision over the lessees' convict camps, and provides rules for the care of the convict and the direction of his work. The lessee has the immediate charge of the convict, and, as the lessee conducts his business for the money which may be derived from it, it is evident that he wijl give the convict no better care than is necessary to keep him fit for work, and will force all of the work possible out of him, or will approach these conditions as nearly as the law will permit. It is not to be expected that the lessee will have ordinarily any particular interest in the moral and intellectual welfare of the convict, or put forth any particular effort to effect his reformation. To the credit of the States in which the lease system has been in vogue in the past, it should be said that the system is largely being superseded by other systems, mainly the public-account. State-use, and public works and ways systems. And in the States where the lease system is still found, the welfare of the convicts is more carefully guarded than heretofore. So far as the welfare of the convict is concerned, the contract sys- tem is far superior to the lease system. Under this system the State assumes the burden of providing shelter, food, etc., for the convict. The State sells to contractors only the labor, and retains to itself the . general care of the convict. The contractor works the convict under the close supervision of the State, but thfe State has exclusive control of maintenance and discipline, as it has in all of the other systems except the lease system. Prison officials may be brutal sometimes, whatever the system in vogue, but, being employed on a salary independent of the profits of the institution, they do not have the ever-present incentive to over- work the convicts in their charge, or to provide them with the mini- mum of food and clothing. The chief objection to the contract system is that authority over the convicts is' divided. The prison officials maintain order while the contractor or his foremen super- intend the work. As the contractor hires the convict by the day or some other unit of time, it is to his interest to get all of the work possible out of the convict. With three interests involved — those of the State, the contractor, and the convict — it is to be expected that friction will sometimes arise. The influence of the contractor and his employees on the convict is not always good. The division of authority in industrial and financial matters, how- ever, is the principal feature that commends this system. The contractor directs the industries of the institution and assumes all of the responsibility of profit and loss, leaving the prison officials 9061—06 2 18 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOE. free to devote their whole attention to the care of the convict. The working of the lease system has demonstrated that men may be able to get profitable work out of the convicts and yet be utterly unfitted to be trusted with their physical, mental, and moral interests. Conversely, prison officials may be selected who are fully qualified to administer the penal and reformatory side of the institution, yet who possess few qualifications for conducting manufacturing or other industrial enterprises. This system is intended to conserve two interests — first, to administer the institution with the le4st possible expense to the State, and, second, to provide good care in every respect for the convict. Under the piece-price system the contractor pays for the work of the convict, not by the day, but by the piece or article produced. The prison officials may or may not supervise the work of the convicts, but they control the pressure under which the convict must work. When the prison officials supervise the work, as they more often do, this system eliminates the division of authority over the convicts, but it requires that prison officials shall have sufficient ability to direct the labor of the convicts, as well as ability to maintain the punitive side of the institution. So far as the convict is concerned, there is very little difference between the piece-price system and the public-account system. For the State, however, the systems are radically different. In the pubhc-account system the State goes into business on its own account. It provides the raw material, employs the convicts thereon, and places its goods on the market like any other manufacturer, and assumes all the risk of profit and loss in the business. By this system the State seeks to gain for itself all the profit the contractor might make out of the labor of the convicts. Evidence shows that the convicts work more willingly for the State than for a contractor. In authorizing this system the State often provides that the convicts shall produce something that is in general demand in the State, or some article whereon their labor will compete to the least extent with free labor in the State. But the system requires a high degree of ability on the part of the prison officials, for they must be able to conduct not only the penal side of the institution, but also the manu- facturing business, and be able successfully to place the prison product on the market. Under the State-use system the State provides the raw material and employs the convicts in the same manner as under the public- account system. The difference between these two systems lies in the disposal of the product. Under the State-use system the goods must be consumed in the same institution, or be sold only to other State institutions or other departments of the State government. This system has been adopted largely because of the objections of free labor to the competition of t bo nonvip.t, nnH nf t.he mannfap fnrftr CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION. 19 employing free labor to the competition of prison-made goods. It must be conceded that if the convict works at all there must be com- petition between convict labor and free labor, but under this system the competition is indirect and not so apparent. What the State provides it does not have to buy, and thus the post of maintaining the State and its several institutions is partially met by the employ- ment of prisoners under this system and taxation thus reduced. The State gets the full benefit of the labor of the convict, and, as has been stated, the average convict works more willingly when working for the State, and especially when working on articles for his own consumption. This system seeks to conserve three interests instead of two — the financial interest of the State, the general interest of the convict, and to at least an e'qual extent the interest of free labor, which is ignored entirely in the lease, contract, and piece- price systems and to a great extent in the public-account system. The State-use system, however, has its faults. It can not supply all the wants of the convicts, as the convicts can not enter every industry, and as the demand for the convict product is limited the convicts can not, as a rule, be worked to their full capacity. The public works and ways system is nearly the same as the State- use system. The competition with free labor is perhaps a little further removed. The State is the sole beneficiary of the work of the convicts, as is the case under the State-use system. In the public works and ways system the convicts are employed in erecting public buildings, building highways, etc., of a permanent character, rather than in making articles for consumption. Under this system much work is done that would be delayed or possibly not undertaken at all if the work were not done by convict labor. Convicts may be put to work erecting buildings or improving highways, and no diffi- culty experienced in procuring an appropriation for the maintenance of the convicts while so engaged, when it would be quite impossible to secure a direct appropriation for the same work to be done by free labor, even though the total cost should be the same. Practically all of the work done under the public works and ways system is performed in the open air, which is greatly to the benefit of the health of the convicts engaged. When the convicts are engaged, however, in building public roads there is greater danger of escape and consequently a greater cost for guarding them. Another objec- tion to the employment of convicts on public ways is the fact that they are exposed to the gaze of the public, which all penologists admit to be against the best interests not only of the public but of the convict as well. In some institutions only one system of work was found; in the greater number of institutions, however, two or more systems were found. Prison labor is not like free labor. The convicts are on hand whether their labor is wanted for any purpose or not; hence it 20 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. is more often a matter of finding work for the convicts than of finding employees for the work. The importance of the several systems, as measured by the value of. the goods produced and the number of convicts employed, will be discussed in succeeding pages. VALUE OF GOODS PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR. The total value of all goods produced by convict labor during the year investigated was $34,276,205. This sum represents the mar- ket value — that is, the amount for which the goods were sold, or, when used in the institutions where produced, the estimated amount for which the goods might have been sold. In order to carry on the work of the institutions, it was necessary to employ a small nurriber of civilians or free workmen to instruct the convicts and perform certain skilled labor. As their labor entered into the same product, it was impossible to separate the value of their part of the product from the total value of goods produced. Its value, however, is so small as not to affect materially the figures. Of the total product, goods having a value of $33,280,940 were produced in penal institutions, and goods having a value of $995,265 in juvenile reformatories. Thus, of all goods produced, 97.1 per cent were produced in penal institutions and only 2.9 per cent in juvenile reformatories. As an average of 51,172.2 convicts were employed during the year, the average value of product per convict was S670 for the year. Leading industries. — So far as value of product is concerned, boots and shoes is the leading industry. The product in this industry was valued at $8,527,599, or 24.9 per cent of the total convict product in all industries. The other leading industries in order of value of product are farming, $2,983,875; clothing, etc., $2,644,511; chairs, tables, etc., $2,371,703; brooms and brushes, $1,780,834; roads and highways, $1,657,170; coal mining, $1,631,346; binding twine, $1,513,252; lumber, $1,102,032, and building trades, $1,084,831. In all, 80 different industries were found to be carried on in the different prisons and juvenile reformatories in the United States, as may be seen in Table III. The industries shown in the several tables of this report are general rather than specific industries. It was not thought necessary to enumerate in all of the tables the many articles that were made or the kinds of work performed. The industries presented show the general class or kind of work on which the convicts were engaged, which is deemed sufficient for a general study of the subject. Should detailed information be desired concerning the several articles pro- duced by convicts, it may be found in one table designed for the purpose — Table IV. CHAPTER I. ^INTRODUCTION AND DISOtTSSION. VALITE OF PBODTTCT, BY STATES. 21 It may be of interest to notice here the rank or relatire importance of the several States, as measured by the value of the product. The State showing the largest production of convict-made goods was Missouri, where the product was valued at $2,451,939. The State producing the second greatest amount of convict-made goods was Illinois, where the product was valued at $2,261,543. The third State was Georgia, with a convict product of $2,121,080, and the fourth was Texas, with a product of $2,109,244. The relative im- portance of all the States may be seen in the summary at the end of Table III.-C, page 296. VALUE OF PBODTTCT, BY SYSTEMS. The following table shows the market value of goods produced by convicts under each of the six general systems of work: MAKKBT VALUE OF PRODUCT, BY SYSTEMS OF WORK. System ol work. Institu- tions. Market value ol goods pro- duced. 20 64 99 30 169 166 13,093,764 16,642,234 4,748,749 3,239,450 3,665,121 2,886,887 Public-account. . .... state-use Public works and ways . . Total - . 296 34,276,205 Measured by value of goods produced, the contract system far outranks any of the other systems, as 49 per cent of all goods pro- duced by convicts were made under this system. The contract system was found to be in use in 27 States and in 54 institutions. The greatest value of product under the contract sys- tem was found in Missouri, where the product was valued at $2,298,285. The second State in order was Virginia, with a product of $1,631,540; the third State in order under this system was Ken- tucky, with a valuation of product of $1,476,800. The lease system was found in only 5 States — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Virginia, and Wyoming. As shown by the above table, the total value of goods produced under this system was $3,093,764. The value of the goods produced in Georgia was $1,565,893, or a little more than one-half of all the goods produced imder the lease system. The piece-price system was found in 17 States and in 30 institutions. The total value of the goods produced under this system was $3,239,450. The State of Illinois ranks far above all other States as to value of product imder the piece-price system. In this State 22 BEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. the Taluation was $1,932,994, or 59.7 per cent of the total value of all goods produced under the piece-price system. The public-account system was found in 40 States and in 99 insti- tutions. Minnesota produced goods under this system to the value of $1,042,990, which was 22 per cent of the total value of all goods produced under this system. Massachusetts ranked second in importance under this system, with goods to the value of $621,790. Under the State-use system the total value of goods produced was $3,665,121. Under this system New York is the leading State, where the value of product was $1,104,908, or 30.1 per cent of the total product under this system. The only other States producing under this system goods of a greater value than $200,000 were Kansas, with a product of $221,059; Massachusetts, with $285,616; Missis- sippi, with $202,491j and Texas, with $212,471. The State-use sys- tem was found in 47 States and in 159 institutions, coimting the two United States prisons as representing a separate State. Under the public works and ways system convicts were found employed in 38 States and in 166 institutions. The principal States under this system were Georgia, with a product value of $491,789; North Carolina, with a product value of $478,705; South Carolina, with a product value of $325,688, and the United States prisons, with a product value of $419,366. The United States prisons, as has been stated, are not considered as constituting a part of the prison system of the States in which they are situated. The two reported are counted as a single State. The relative importance of each of the several States in each of the systems named may be seen by referring to Table III.-E. A table is given below showing the average market value of goods produced per convict during the year under each of the six systems of work: VALUE OF PRODUCT PER CONVICT, BY SYSTEMS OF WORK. System of work. Average market value of goods pro- duced per convict. Contract Lease , Piece-price Public-account Public works and ways . State-use Total S984 847 S34 657 470 304 670 From this table it is seen that the average market value per con- vict of goods produced under all systems was $670. The highest value per convict ($984) was under the contract system.' Under the lease and piece-price systems the value of product was con- CHAPTER I. — INTEODtrOTION AND DISCUSSION. 23 siderably less, being $847 and $834, respectively. Under the three systems involving exclusive public management — namely, the public- account, State-use, and public works and ways systems — the aver- age value of product per convict is seen to be still lower. In studying these figures due consideration should be given to, first, the different industries pursued under each of these systems, (") which affect to some extent the value of the product per convict; and, second, that the convicts producing directly for the State, county, or city under the public-account. State-use, and public works and ways systems are not worked so hard and generally not so effect- ively as are the convicts working for contractors and lessees under the other systems. The following table shows the market value of product per con- vict under each system in the 10 industries in which the value of the entire convict-made product was more than $1,000,000 during the year. Averages based on less than 25 convicts in any system have been omitted from the table for fear that they may not be rep- resentative. It must be understood clearly that the value of prod- uct as shown in this report represents the value of the completed product, and includes the incidental expenses of production and the profits as well as the value of the labor and of the material upon which the labor was performed. It was not possible to secure the value of the raw material separately. VALUE OF PRODUCT PEE CONVICT PER YEAR UNDER EACH SYSTEM, IN LEADING INDUSTRIES. Industry. Lease. ■ Con- tract. Piece- price. Public- account. State- Public works and ways. Binding twine Boots and slices Brooms and brashes. . Building trades Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Lumber Mining, coal Roads and highways . 1400 W 410 843 881 194 «1,6S2 663 571 $3,433 1,451 722 780 595 1,541 387 630 1,073 $4,510 660 301 538 414 283 484 $297 429 301 271 400 o Only 2 convicts employed. l> Only 4 convicts employed. c Only 7 convicts employed. d Only 1 convict employed. $450 DISPOSITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. Every State objects to being made the market for convict-made goods produced in other States. In order to ascertain to what extent convict-made goods were marketed outside of the State in which produced a special inquiry was made. As all goods produced under the State-use and public works and ways systems must from their a The industries carried on under each system are shown in Table III.-F, pp. 306-312. 24 BEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OP LABOB. nature be disposed of within the States in which produced, this inquiry applies only to goods produced under the lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. These systems are fully explained on pages 15 and 16. Table V (pp. 418-509) shows the market value for each industry of the goods disposed of within and without the State in which produced. Inquiry was also made to determine the market value of goods pro- duced under the State-use and public works and ways systems that were used in the institutions in which produced and in other institu- tions of the State. The value of goods disposed of did not equal in every institution the value of goods produced, as goods produced are not always disposed of in the year in which produced, and more or less of a stock is generally kept on hand. The figures relating to the disposition of goods made for the general market show as nearly as can be determined the place of first ship- ment or sale. Undoubtedly, after passing into second or third hands some goods sold within the State eventually pass out of the State, and possibly to some extent goods sold at first outside of the State may come back within the State. The figures given, however, are believed to show approximately the relative consumption of convict-made goods within and without the State in which produced. Information could not be obtained as to the place of sale of a small part of the goods produced. Of the total amount concerning which definite information was obtained, it is seen that 34.7 per cent of all convict-made goods placed on the market were sold within the State in which produced, and 65.3 per cent in other States. The total value of all goods used that were produced under the State- use and public works and ways systems was $6,513,684, of which goods 53 per cent were used in the institution in which produced and 47 per cent in other institutions of the State. The foHowing table shows the disposition of the product in the 10 industries in which the value of the product was more than $1,000,000 in the year covered by the investigation. For figures concerning other industries the reader is referred to Table V. CHAPTEE I. INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION. 25 DISPOSITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS IN 10 INDUSTRIES WHERE VALUE OF PROD- UCT DURING YEAR WAS OVER $1,000,000. Industry. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account Value of goods sold— Within Outside State. State. Total. Per cent of goods sold— Within Outside State. State. Binding twine Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes. Building trades Chairs, tables, etc . . . Clothing, etc Farming .•.. Lumber Mining, coal Roads and highways 3 83 43 67 36 122 122 11 7 111 11,513,252 1, 487, 527 "674,118 16,850 !> 549, 201 170, 826 1,592,816 293,937 <: 250, 279 22,968 $6,710,635 a 904, 893 i>l,562,166 1,660,821 361,337 794,807 ■=1,126,484 $1,513,252 8, 198, 162 1,659,196 16,850 2,115,839 1,831,647 1,954,153 1,088,744 1,376,763 22,968 100.0 18.1 142.7 100.0 6 26.0 9.3 81.6 27.0 C18.2 100.0 81.9 1157.3 6 74.0 90.7 18.5 73.0 <:81.8 Industry. State-use and public worlds and ways systems. Value of goods used — In insti- tution. In other insti- tutions. Total. Per cent of goods used — In insti- tution. In other insti- tutions. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes . Building trades Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Mining, coal Roads and highways . $136, 459 2,020 1,010,574 6,253 668,259 990,544 65,868 46,797 $69,065 107,507 41,007 234,827 127, 173 25,097 92, 445 1,590,275 $205, 524 109, 527 1,051,581 241,080 795, 432 1,015,641 158, 313 1,637,072 66.4 1.9 96.1 2.6 84.0 97.5 41.6 2.9 33.6 98.1 3.9 97.4 16.0 2.5 58.4 97.1 o Not including $80,185 worth of goods, concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. 6 Not including $4,472 worth of goods, concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. c Including mining and smelting iron ore in 1 institution. COMMERCIAL EFFECT OF THE COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. Supplementary to this general investigation, a special investiga- tion was made in the principal lines of convict-made goods to ascer- tain the effect of the competition of convict-made goods. The industries selected for such investigation were boots and shoes, cloth- ing (working shirts, pants, and overalls), chairs, tables, etc., broom.s and brushes, binding twine, stove hollow ware, stoves, harness, sad- dletrees, whips, cooperage (in the Chicago market), farm wagons, and stonework. In each of these industries statements were secured from leading manufacturers covering their experience and express- ing their opinions of the effect of convict-labor competition. These are given in detail in Chapter II. Reviewing the general question of convict labor as a competitive factor, it may be said that manufacturers consider such competi- tion unfair and ruinous, demoralizing to markets and business stabiUty, compellLug the reduction of prices below a fair margin of profit and often even below the cost of production. Wages are forced to the lowest limit in a vain effort to lower the cost of produc- 26 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. tion to that of the prison contractor. In some cases a deterioration of quality of material used and in others an entire abandonment to the prisons of the manufacture of certain grades of goods has become necessary. In the boot and shoe industry the testimony ot manufacturers is that the low cost of production of prison-made goods — a cost decreasing steadily with the increasing efficiency of the convict through the equipment of prisons with improved machinery — has enabled the prison manufacturer to drive the employer of free labor out of the market or force on him a reduction in the regular prices of many Hues of goods. In furniture the character of work done in prisons has changed entirely in recent years. The high grade of work now being done in prisons, together with the increased use of machinery (in use in 6 prisons in 1885 and in 16 prisons in 1903-4) and the low prison cost of production, have made it impossible for the product of factories employing free labor to compete with it. Prison-made furniture has compelled the abandonment to the prisons of some lines, the reduction of prices in others, and a cutting of wages in an eflEort to keep pace with the reduction of prices. The competitive power of the prison product is greatly increased by the fact that the output of 7 prisons in 5 States is controlled by one contractor. In brushes the volume of prison-made brushes (scrubbing, shoe, etc.) has been so great and the wholesale and jobbing prices so low that a large number of the factories formerly making this class of goods on a large scale have entirely abandoned that grade of product, and many of them now purchase the prison goods to sell with the higher grade of their own manufacture. Those still engaged in direct competition with prison-made brushes can compete only by giving a better finish to the brushes, or by selling them at cost and relying for their profit on their better grades. In broom and whisk making naanufacturers employing free labor have been subject to the greatest price-depressing competition. It is a favorite prison product, the authorities turning to it as an occu- pation for convicts which can be followed with the smallest outlay of materials and machinery, and one in which unskilled labor can be used to make a crude product at a cost far below the cost of a similar product of free labor. The investigation has also brought out the tendency of prisons to absorb the entire production of goods on a declining market where the articles are being substituted, either by changes in style or character of goods, or shrinkage in the market from any cause. For instance, in stove hollow ware the substitution of stamped enameled cooking utensils for the cast-iron articles has taken from the manu- facturer of such cast-iron stove hollow ware all of the market that OHAPTEB I. INTBODtrOTION AND DISCUSSION. 27 would come from increased population, and probably more. The result has been the absorption of all the market left for these goods by the prison-made product. In like manner the Chicago stock- yards market for wood-bound cooperage has been practically abandoned to the prisons. Owmg to the use of refrigerator cars, iron-bound cooperage, tubs, lard pails, both wooden and tin, the demand for wood-bound lard tierces and pork barrels has not expanded with the packing business — indeed is not holding its own — and what market is left is practically absorbed by the prison-labor contractors. In the making of saddletrees a similar condition appears. Horse- back riding has given way to other forms of conveyance. The sad- dle market is a shrinking one. Hence, by a slight expansion and combination of the prison industry in this article, the market is prac- tically absorbed, 90 per cent of all saddletrees being made in prison. In blacksnake whips the prisons have been able, first, to drive out of existence practically all the factories employing free labor, and then to expand to supply the demand of the market. This is also essentially true of whiplashes, quirts, and other small articles. In binding twine the eflEect has been to cause an accurate measure- ment to be taken of both the entire market and prison output, thus enabling the manufacturers employing free labor to ignore for the most part the prices made by the prisons. That is to say, when the annual consumption of biuding twine was practically 110,000 tons, the prison output was approximately 11,000 tons; this sold at a price which would have ruined the factories employing free labor had not they, figuratively, stepped aside until the prison product was absorbed and then sold their 99,000 tons at a profit. The competition of prison-made products, in some instances, forces the weaker manufacturers to deteriorate the quahty of their goods in order to meet prison prices. In this way the price-breaking power of the prison output is augmented by the output of those manufacturers who have had to debase the quality of their wares to meet the prison competition. This will be found true to a certain extent in boots and shoes, binding twine, whips, and some other lines. The concentration of the product of the prisons in a number of States under the control of a single contractor renders the competi- tion of the prison-made goods more powerful and more aggressive. In stove hollow ware one firm (under various names) has the con- tract for 3 prisons; another controls 2 prisons. In furniture one company controls the product of 7 prisons in 5 States, and in clothing one contractor controls the product of 8 prisons in 6 States. As will be seen from the statements of manufacturers as given in full in Chapter II, it is the settled policy of prison contractors and prisons operated on public account to sell their prison-made goods 28 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. outside the State in whicli they are manufactured, as far as possible. There are local manufacturing and pohtical reasons for doing this. It has been repeatedly pointed out by manufacturers, and their state- ments are reinforced by specific detail, that when this is done it is clearly an act of one State to injure the manufacturing and labor interests of another. QUALITY OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. In getting a description of the Tarious articles made by convicts an effort was made to ascertain how these articles compared in quality with like goods produced by free labor with which they came in competition either directly or indirectly. The convict-made goods were examined by the special agents of the Bureau of Labor, and opinions were secured from prison officials, convict employers, and foremen, and from employers of free labor. In stating the comparison four degrees have been employed. The convict-made goods were classed as superior, equal, sUghtly inferior, and. inferior to goods produced by free labor. A total of 928 separate comparisons were made. Of this number, in 25 comparisons the convict product was considered to be superior to the product of free labor. The principal industries in which the convict product was thought in these few instances to be superior even to the product of free labor with which it came into competition were brass castings and brass finishings, brick and tUe, brooms and brushes, clothing, and roads and highways. In 514 comparisons (over one-half of the whole number) the convict product was considered equal to the product Of free labor. In 265 comparisons the convict product was considered slightly inferior, and in 124 comparisons inferior. The industries in which the inferiority of convict product seems to be most manifest are boots and shoes and clothing. Here it should be again stated that the comparison is not made between convict-made goods and the general average of goods made by free labor, but between convict-made goods and the same class of goods produced by free labor wit^h which they come into competition. For example, there can be no comparison between a patent-leather shoe and a brogan, as they are not of the same class or made to serve the same purposes, but a comparison can be made, between brogans made by convict labor and those made by free labor. The reader is referred to page 416 for comparisons in aU of the several industries. EFFICIENCY OF CONVICT LABOR AND DISPLACEMENT OF FREE LABOR. In order to determine approximately the relative efficiency of convict labor and free labor, and the displacement of free labor by convict labor, a careful estimate was made of the number of free OHAPTEB I. INTBODTTOTION AWD DISCUSSION. 29 laborers of average skill accustomed to performing the same kind of work, working the same number of hours, and with similar tools, that would be required to perform the same amount of labor as done by the convicts in each industry in each institution. The data on which to base these estimates were secured by the agents of the Bureau from prison officials, foremen, instructors, contractors, and lessees, and from outside manufacturers in the same locality. In few instances could there be found exact parallels of convict and free labor in an industry. Hence the figures shown are of necessity esti- mates. The subject is so important, however, that it was thought ad- visable to give the figures thus secured, which are the best obtainable. An entirely fair comparison of the number of convicts and free laborers necessary to perform the same amount of work can be made only where both classes work the same hours and under like condi- tions as to machinery, tools, etc. As a matter of fact, however, machinery and tools in some prisons are antiquated and ineffective, especially in those industries conducted by the institution, and work that might be done by machine is very often done by hand. In some prisons little effort apparently is made to work convicts to their normal capacity or to the best advantage. If this work were to be done by employers of free labor, some radical changes would be made by such employers both in machinery and methods of work, thereby reducing the number of free laborers required. For this reason the number of free laborers shown in the tables of this report as neces- sary to perform the work done by convicts is somewhat greater than the number of free laborers actually displaced. As far as possible comparison was made by sex, but in some insti- tutions male convicts were employed at work usually done by women in outside estabhshments. In such cases a certain number of female free laborers are shown in the tables of this report as necessary to perform the same work as the number of male convicts reported at work. In the case of juvenile reformatories comparison generally was made between the inmates of such institutions and persons of like age working in establishments employing free labor. To perform the work done by the 51,172.2 convicts, it was esti- mated that 32,801 . 1 free laborers would be required. Thus, expressed in round numbers, 3 free laborers are equal to 5 convicts on an average, or, in other words, a convict is only three-fifths as efficient as a free laborer. While this is the relative efficiency for all industries as a whole, an inspection of Table IV shows that the ratio differs quite mate- rially in the several industries. Thus in the industries, lumber, phosphate mining, and turpentine and rosin, the convict is consid- ered a more efficient workman than the average free laborer of the locality in the industries named. These industries are located mainly 30 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. in the South, where many prison officials and employers of convicts assert that more work is done by a colored convict than l^y the average colored free laborer. In the industry of building roads and highways the convict is rated as being nearly equal in efficiency to the free laborer, and in some institutions in the South his rating is even higher. In the industries requiring a higher degree of skill, however, the convict compares unfavorably with the free laborer. In the boot and shoe industry 3 free laborers equal 5 convicts; the clothing industry shows the convict still less efficient) and in brooms and brushes and in the making of chairs, tables, etc., 1 free laborer equals 2 convicts, and in some other industries the convict is, seen to be even less efficient. Several reasons exist for the difference in the number of convicts and free laborers necessary to perform like work. There are varying degrees of intelligence, skill, and willingness to work among convicts, as among free laborers. The general opinion is that convicts as a class possess a lower degree of intelligence than free laborers. Some of them have been well endowed by nature, but their intellectual faculties have been blunted by idleness, crime, and dissipation. Undoubtedly some are congenitally defective, but a large number are as intelligent as their fellow-beings outside the prison walls. In skill, however, the convict is decidedly below the free workman, as a rule. In nearly all prisons convicts are required on admission to state their trade or occupation, but a trial at the occupation often proves that their statements on this subject are false. Industrious and skilled workmen may and sometimes do go wrong, but the con- vict of the convict class is not industrious and does not cultivate skill in any trade or profession other than one of crime. And here it may be noted that various kinds of crime require aptitude, practice, and skill. The greater number of convicts, however, possess little skill in lines of work followed in penal institutions when they enter the institution. For this reason the industries undertaken in prisons usually are those that do not require a high degree of skiU. The prison product is usually rougher in finish than the product of free labor, although it may be well made so far as wear and utility are concerned. A third point to be considered is the willingness of the convict to do the work at which he is placed. Not every free laborer works for the love of work; and the average man is generally spurred on in his work by the thought of his wages and the desire to hold his position. These motives do not animate the convict. He has a job he can not lose, and beyond the credit mark for industry, gains nothing except occasional opportunity to work for wages in overtime or when his allotted task is finished. With the lack of incentive it is not OHAPTEK I. INTBODUOTIOW AND DISCUSSION. 31 strange that the ordinary convict does no more work than he is obliged to do to avoid an infraction of prison rules. The convict generally prefers work to absolute idleness, but he wants light work for pastime rather than hard work for practical results. When instances are found of convicts performing as much work as free laborers, it is generally owing to the rigor of prison adminis- tration and the low grade of free labor performing hke work. In the juvenile reformatories there is generally found a greater willingness to work than in penal institutions. The inmates are young and naturally have a desire to be active. WAGES OF FREE LABOR DISPLACED. In considering the number of free laborers necessary to perform the work done by convicts inquiry was also made as to the wages paid free laborers for like work in the same locahty, or the nearest locality where such work was done by free labor. From the result of the inquiry as to the number of free laborers necessary to perform the work done by convicts and the inquiry concerning the wages of free laborers was computed the value of labor on the goods produced as shown in this report. As a result of this inquiry it was found that the average wages per day of male free laborers performing work similar to that performed by convicts was $1.31^. The average daily wages of female free laborers performing work similar to that performed by convicts was 82J cents. As the free labor displaced included young per- sons or children in some instances the wages quoted must not be taken as applying to adults only. VALUE OF CONVICT LABOR. The value of convict labor on the goods produced was desired for two reasons: First, to measure as nearly as possible the value of free labor displaced by the labor of convicts, and, second, to have a more exact standard of measurement of the labor of convicts than is afforded by the value of the goods produced. The value of the labor on the goods produced is the value of the labor of the convicts estimated on a free-labor basis. In other words, it is the estimated amoxint that would have to be paid to free labor for the same quantity and quahty of work. The amount stated must be of necessity an estimate. It is based on the experi- ence of prison ofl&cials and contractors and lessees and the statements of employers of free labor on like work, as brought out by careful and searching inquiries by the agents of the Bureau. That the value of labor, even though estimated, is a more accurate standard of measurement than the value of goods produced is appar- 32 BBPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. ent. One class of product may require a great amount of labor; another class may require but a small amount of labor to produce the finished product. In one product the raw material may con- stitute the greater part of the value; in another the cost of raw mate- rial may be only nominal. But as the value of product is the usual standard of measurement it has been given the greater prominence in this report. In the tables of the report the value of labor is shown in connection with the value of product, so that the two may be studied together. TOTAL VAIiTJE OF CONVICT LABOR IN UNITED STATES. The value of convict labor on all of the goods produced in the year covered by the investigation, as distinguished from the value of the goods themselves, was $11,915,429 — that is, had all of the work done by convicts been done by free labor, the total amount of wages there- for would have been approximately $11,915,429. This total value of labor constituted 34.8 per cent of the total market value of the goods produced. Measured by value of labor on goods produced, farming led with $1,628,016. The second industry in order was boots and shoes, in which the value of the labor was $1,556,964; the third was roads and highways, with a labor value of $1,041,073. In the clothing, etc., industry the labor value was $854,476; in min- ing, coal, $809,579, and in chairs, tables, etc., $774,816. As shown also in Table III, the total number of convicts engaged in all of the prison industries was 51,172.2. The average market value of the goods produced in the year per convict was $670, and the average value of the labor per convict, as measured by the value of free labor for like work, was $233 for the year. VALUE OF LABOB, BY SYSTEMS OP WOBK. The value of the convict labor performed under each of the sys- tems of work is shown in the following table in connection with the value of the goods produced, the number of convicts employed, and tlie number of free laborers that would be required to perform the same work: CHAPTER I. -INTEODUOTIOH" AND DISOUSSIOST. 33 VALUE OF GOODS PRODUCED AND OF LABOR ON THE SAME, NUMBER OF CONVICTS EMPLOYED, AND NUMBER OF FREE LABORERS THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN REQUIRED TO PERFORM THE SAME WORK. System ol worlE.(<») InatJ- tu- tiona. Market value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. NumlDer of convicts employed. Male. Fe- male. Total. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Lease Contract Public-account Piece-price State-use Public works a^nd ways. Total 20 64 99 30 1S9 166 13,093,764 16,642,234 4,748,749 3,239,450 3,665,121 2,886,887 $1,355,796 4,535,089 1,616,758 858,764 1,836,801 1,712,221 3,644.2 16,563.9 8,228.4 3,809.6 11,067.9 6,142.0 7.5 352.0 302.0 76.1 976.6 3, 651. 7 16,915.9 8,630.4 3, 885. 7 12,044.5 2.0 6,144.0 4,183.7 10,845.7 4, 183. 6 1,291.9 5,081.9 4,960.4 7.5 514.5 365.5 747.5 626.9 2.0 4, 191. 2 11,360.2 4,639.1 2,039.4 6,708.8 4,962.4 34, 276, 206 11, 915, 429 49, 456. 1,716.2 61,172.2 30, 547. 2 32,801.1 a A full explanation of these systems is given on pages 15 and 16. VAIiXTE OP LABOR PER CONVICT, BY SYSTEMS OF "WORK. The following short table shows the average market value of prod- uct and the average value of labor per convict for the year covered in each of the systems under which convicts work: AVERAGE VALUE PER CONVICT OF GOODS PRODUCED AND OF LABOR ON THE SAME, BY SYSTEMS OF WORE. System ot work, (a) Average market value of goods pro- duced per convict.. Average value of labor on goods pro- duced per convict. Lease.. i... . ... S847 984 834 557 304 470 »371 Contract - - 268 221 190 State-use . . 153 279 Total 670 233 a A full explanation of tbese systems is given on pages 15 and 16. RATIO OE VALUE OF LABOR AND PRODUCT. In order that a comparison may be made between the value of goods produced and the value of the labor performed under each of the several .systems the following ratios or comparisons have been computed : Lease system 80.44 value of labor to $1.00 value of product. Contract system $0.27 value of labor to $1.00 value of product. Piece-price system $0.27 value of labor to $1.00 value of product. Public-account system $0.34 value of labor to $1.00 value of product. State-use system '. $0.50 value of labor to $1.00 value of product. Public works and ways system $0.59 value of labor to $1.00 value of product. VALUE OF LABOR PER CONVICT, BY INDUSTRIES AND SYSTEMS. A table is now presented showing the value of labor under each system in a few of the leading industries in which convicts were employed. Averages based on the labor of less than 25 convicts 9061—06 3 34 BEPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OF XjABOR. have been omitted. This table may be studied in connection with the last colunm in Table III.-D (pp. 297-302) showing the value ot the goods produced per convict, in each State, by industries. VALUE OF LABOE PER CONVICT PER YEAS UNDER EACp SYSTEM, IN LEADING INDUSTRIES. Industry. Lease. Contiafit. Piece, price. PubUc- account. state- use. Public worlcs and ways. Binding twine Boots and sboes Brooms and brushes. . Building trades Cbalrs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Lumber Mining, coal Boads and highways. tl48 (.') 231 341 171 1309 217 471 227 205 297 342 1261 272 119 183 (<") $333 136 153 C) 216 126 200 1147 154 149 134 134 308 271 <■ Only 2 convicts employed. h Only 4 convicts employed. c Only 7 convicts employed. iJ Only 1 convict employed. COST OF PBODXJCTION. It was not practicable to obtain from the employers of convicts under the lease, contract, and piece-price systems the actual cost to them of their convict labor on the various articles produced, or to make a study of cost of production of convict-made goods. The gross amount paid by lessees and contractors was obtained, but items of workrooms, machiuery, power, etc., generally entered into the contract, and to ascertain the cost of production of all articles pro- duced would of itself be a task of such magnitude as not to warrant its being undertaken for this report. Further, an effort to ascertain the cost of production would necessitate such an inquiry into the prcSfits of contractors as would make them unwilling to furnish other data of greater importance. In some instances under public management it will be seen that the estimated value of the convict labor, as measured by the value of free labor, was greater than the value of the goods pro- duced. If in these instances the convict labor had actually had to be hired by the State, county, or city for the amount shown, the work probably would have been discontinued. But, even though the value of labor was high, it was desirable to keep the convicts at work so long as there was any margin of profit over the cost of raw material. HOURS OF LABOR OF CONVICTS. From Table III.-L (pp. 341-344) it is seen that a few of the convicts in penal institutions worked as little as 4 hours per day. The greater number of convicts, however (22,368.5 males and 589.1 females, nearly 45 per cent of all convicts at work), worked 10 hours per day, 9,718.8 males and 261.0 females worked 8 hours per day and 4,600.0 males and 175.7 females worked 9 hours per day. The aver- age working time for all male convicts in aU penal institutions was 9 OHAPTEK I. INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION. 35 hours per "day, and for females 8.7 hours per day. The inmates of juvenile reformatories generally attend school a part of each day and work a part of each day, hence the hours of labor in juvenile reform- atories are much shorter than in penal institutions. The average hours of work for all male inmates of juvemle reformatories was 5.5 hours per day. The average hours of labor for all female iomates was 5.2 hours per day. In no institution was work at productive labor done on Sundays. In some institutions a number of holidays are observed, on which no work is performed, while in other institutions the convicts are allowed few if any holidays. CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES. The management of the 296 institutions included in this report required the employment of an average of 9,480.1 civilians. Of this number 7,90L3 were nonindustrial employees — that is, wardens, guards, and other persons necessary to maintain the penal side of the several institutions — and 1,578.8 industrial employees, as fore- men, instructors, engineers, etc., who were employed especially to assist in conducting the productive industries of the institutions. As there was an average of 86,036.4 convicts in the institutions covered, it may be seen from these figures that one civilian nonindustrial employee was required for 9.1 convicts. The average number of con- victs engaged in productive labor was 51,172.2, and as these convicts employed required the services of 1,578.8 industrial civilian employ- ees, it is seen that one industrial employee was required for 32.4 con- victs employed. The total number of persons or companies employ- ing convicts under lease or contract was 232. STATISTICAL COMPARISONS WITH PREVIOUS YEARS. As previously mentioned two investigations of convict labor have been made by the Bureau of Labor. The Second Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, published in 1886, was devoted entirely to this subject. The figures therein presented showed the operation of all penal and reformatory institutions in which convict labor was performed for a fiscal year ending some time during the calendar year 1885. The results of the second investigation were published in Bulletin No. 5 (July, 1896). The facts presented in this bulletin article covered a fiscal year for each institution, in nearly all cases ending in the year 1895. Thus the figures presented in the two reports named practically represented conditions in the years 1885 and 1895. The Second Annual Report, like the present report, was practically exhaustive. The investigation covering the year 1895 included only institutions of the grade of State penitentiaries or pris- ons, and did not include reformatories, jails, and workhouses. The 36 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONBK OP LABOE. institutions covered in the bulletin article, however, had u product value of $24,271,078 in the year 1885 out of a total convict product of $28,753,999 in that year, showing that the greater part of the con- vict-labor field was covered in Bulletin No. 5. The figures of the Second Annual Report and those in this report, being practically exhaustive, furnish a fair basis for a comparison of the data for the two years covered. The following table presents summary figures taken therefrom: CONVICTS EMPLOYED AND VALUE OF GOODS PRODUCED, 1885 AND 1903-4, BY INDUSTRIES. Industry. Convicts em- ployed. Market value of goods produced. 190J-4. Convicts ' em- ployed. Market value of goods produced. Agricultural hand tools Bags Baskets, willow ware, etc Binding twine Blacksmi thing and wheelwrlghting Bookbinding Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Boxes,, wooden Brass goods Bread Brick Brooms and brushes Building trades Burying paupers , Buttons Carpets, mgraln. . . i. Carpets, rag Carriages and wagons Castings, machinery, and repairs Cement blocks Chairs, tables, etc Charcoal : Cleaning statehouse Clothing, etc ^ Coke Cooperage Cotton and woolen goods Cotton gLimlng Cotton goods Cotton waste Edge tools 1 Electrical construction repairs Electric light and power Enameled ware .' Farming Flour and meal Gas, illuminating and heating Gloves and mittens Gravel digging Hammocks Hardware, saddlery Harness Hosiery, etc House furnishing goods, miscellaneous. Ice, manufactured Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc Iron and steel, chains Laundry work Leather Levee building Lime Loading and Unloading vessels Locksmlthing Luiii ber Mats and matting , Mattresses 651 409 a $664, 090 101, 319 861 2,123 242 1,376 3,459 3,212 ""667' 110 655 559 2,373 156 91 140 10,100,280 14,550 25,847 286,788 834,956 266,097 COS, 497/ 1,989,790 1,280,256 1,176,708 "834," 963' 22,866 'so,' 662 762,313 8,000 543,465 1,023,027 144,910 312,949 9,000 42,000 « 28, 216 63,890 427.4 908.1 163.7 335.5 158.2 8.0 5,795.5 124 38.9 37.7 22.0 905.0 3. 183. 2. 406. 1 24.0 101.9 .5 156. 8 ISO. 3 W 12.0 4, 298. 4 24.0 5.0 5,224.7 83.0 235.6 525. 9 1.8 40L8 24.0 10.0 16.3 89.4 8, 341. 2 4.0 24.0 21.8 2.9 150.0 315.3 1,276.0 63.5 21.0 300.0 164.4 320.3 105.4 14.6 1.0 1,272.1 659.5 11.6 o Including agricultural maehinery. » Value of work performed. ^Including jute carpets and matting. 1502,683 322,868 60,467 1,513,252 53,652 972 8,527,599 45,088 20, 348 39, 267 8,643 630,122 1,780,834 1,084,831 b 3, 192 40,818 291 47,932 131,891 W 4,000 2,371,703, 29,952 1,275 2,644,511 177, 865 302,468 320,608 2, 481 102, 153 16,882 2,993 10,966 84,340 2,983,875 15, 494 50, 172 33, 750 511 125,000 304,099 903, 106 4, 340 11,242 170,000 67,860 18,924 d See stove hollow ware. « Including a small amount of bone ash. 182,908 12, 199 2,417 360 1,102,032 250, 331 9,101 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION. 37 CONVICTS EMPLOYED AND VALUE OF GOODS PRODUCED, ETC.— Concluded. Industry. 1885. Convicts em- ployed. Market value of goods produced. 1903-4. Convicts em- ployed. Market value of goods produced. Mining, coal (a) Mining, phospnate Nets,nsn Packing and moving. . . Picture moldings Power and lieat plant . Printing..; Ballroad building Beads and highways. . Saddletrees Sash, doors, etc Sewing machines Soap. 3,197 76 3 11,672,515 23,560 382 2,414 584 241 284 54 866, 600 138, 279 S 250, 000 312, 584 37, 5C0 2,185.0 375.0 .1 16.9 53.7 2.0 275.7 455.9 3,607.7 161.0 42.0 {1,631,346 440,000 46 2,885 12,000 1,167 51,398 383,384 1,657,170 198,000 21,071 Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Stove hollow ware Stoves Castings, machinery, and repairs •. Teaming '. Tinsmitnlng, coppersmitbing, and sheet-iron working . Tobacco and cigars Tomato sauce Toys. 4,876 2,462 35 47 763 1, 315, 202 , 1, 8, 195] 10,000 16, 118 462, 499 Trunks and valises Turpentine and rosin Umbrellas Whips Wire goods Wood, cut and sawed Wooden goods, miscellaneous. 35 "isi' 3,887 'i66,"666 6.0 1,918.1 769.4 214.0 486.0 22.0 104.6 296.0 2.0 3,560 572, 000 613, 228 241, 500 220,273 2,333 32,865 207,234 1,721 345 75 444,000 30,000 11.0 778.3 84.0 110.1 124.0 63.6 42.0 6,519 590,653 20,000 90, 130 85, 607 51,676 3,881 Total 45,277 28,763,999 61, 172. 2 34,276,205 a Including mining and smelting iron ore. !> Including bames and stirrups. The figures shown for 1903-4 are the same as shown in the sum- mary tables of this report. In compiling the report for 1885 the classification of industries differed to some extent from that used in this report. In order to facilitjrte comparison, the several industries shown in the Second Annual Report have been reclassified to corre- spond to the classification used in this report. The industries found in 1903-4 appear much more diversified than in 1885. The classification of 1885 was more general than that in the present report, and possibly some industries not shown for 1885 would appear if the classification made at that time had been more specific. In spite of this possible defect in detail in the figures for 1885, it is undoubtedly true that the labor of convicts now enters into more industries than it did in 18&5. Convict labor in the boot and shoe industry appears to have fallen off to some extent, while in the broom and brush industry it has very largely increased. Owing to the more general adoption of the public works and ways system, a great increase is shown in the building trades. The carriage and wagon industry, a very important one in 1885, has iiow become a minor convict industry. Owing to the increasing prevalence of the State-use system, convict labor in the clothing industry has more than doubled, so far as value of product is concerned. There has been quite a decline in the stove hollow ware, stoves, and machine-shop industries, while the value of product 38 BEPORT OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. in the industry of making chairs, tables, etc., has nearly doubled. There has been a decided decrease in the number of convicts employed in coal mining, with a slight decrease in the value of coal mined. Marked changes will be found in many of the other industries. The value of the product of convict labor in 1895 can not be shown in this table, as the investigation made at that timie covered only the most important institutions in which convicts were enaployed at productive labor. In order that a study may be made of the number of convicts employed at productive labor and, the value of goods produced by convict labor in the several States at the two periods named, the following table is presented: CONVICTS EMPLOYED AND VALUE OF GOODS PRODUCED, 1885 AND 1903-4, BY STATES. State. Alabamft Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Columbia. . Florida Georgia". Idaho Illinois , Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentuclcy Louisiana Maine , Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota , Mississippi. . .' Missouri Montana Nebraska , Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oregon .^. Pennsylvania Ehode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States prisons. Convicts em- ployed. All States. 1,536 93 518 1,026 196 620 55 300 181 1,560 2,214 1,382 687 723 1,052 798 198 788 2,366 1,767 443 1,323 1,275 194 78 199 3,395 84 6,369 983 m 2,633 210 2,823 162 767 W 1,274 2,671 184 808 45 205 902 294 45,277 Market value of goods produced. $636,240 ' 25,000 230,450 421, 191 45,875 196,070 11,677 32,146 100,000 460,000 3,284,268 1,570,901 403,978 1,068,720 460,062 352,000 83,700 573,000 979, 451 1,087,736 257,603 442,405 1,342,020 148,000 21, 372 114,000 1,019,608 16,000 6,236,321 261,072 C) 1,368,123 • 120,000 1,317,266 81,000 323,017 w 1,142,000 652,742 128,338 786,290 30,000 275,000 447,601 211,856 28,763,999 1903-4. Convicts em- ployed. 1,550.2 111.0 617.0 1,651.2 372.7 768.0 {") 216.9 276.0 1,034.7 3,225.6 28.0 2,460.9 1,364.2 789.9 1,003.5 1,611.0 972.7 510.0 1,943.2 2,494.0 1,405.8 802.5 816.5 1,973.0 41.0 236.5 15.4 275.0 1, 335. 8 109.5 4, 103. 2 1, 346. 1 96.1 2,263.0 237.1 1,837.1 458.0 1, 162. 5 105.0 1,368.0 3,791.9 95.7 306.0 1,165.0 282.1 842.3 700.7 123.3 897.5 51, 172. 2 Market value of goods produced. 11,246,199 27,721 539,292 483,799 89,290 496, 113 (") 60,212 65,821 874, 350 2,121,080 16, 167 2,261,543 1,030,083 510,606 578,661 1, 494, 693 282,383 363,211 1,304,139 1,022,935 1,028,859 1,725,529 436, 335 2,451,939 3,646 246,122 6,818 164, 661 510,670 48,657 1,218,209 716, 380 279,951 1,239,124 192, 851 668,475 177,626 549,786 31,900 1,433,747 2,109,244 26,589 130,880 1,697,248 99, 595 810,762 1,002,644 49, 871 470, 189 34,276,205 a See North Dakota and South Dakota. 6 See Dakota. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION AND DISCU88I0N. 39 The tables just preceding show the changes that have taken place in the several industries and in the several States since 1885. Another table is now given showiag the changes in the value of product and in the number of convicts employed in the systems of work under which convict labor was performed: CONVICTS EMPLOYED AND VALUE OF GOODS PRODUCED, 1885 AND 1903-4, UNDER EACH SYSTEM. System ol work. 1885. Convicts em- ployed. Market value of goods produced. Convicts em- ployed. Market value of goods produced. Lease Contract Piece-price Public-account state-use Public works and ways Total Total of public-account. State-use, and public works and ways 9,104 16,670 5,676 1114,827 $4,191,935 18,096,246 2,379,180 4,086,638 3,651.7 16,916.9 3,885.7 8,530.4 12,044.5 6,144.0 J3, 093, 764 16,642,234 3,239,460 4,748,749 3,666,121 2,886,887 45,277 14,827 28,753,999 4,088,638 61,172.2 26,718.9 34,276,205 11,300,767 o Work classed under the State-use and public works and ways systems in tbe present report was classed under the public-account system in 1886. It is not until recent years that the State-use and public works and ways systems have been commonly recognized as separate and dis- tinct systems. Work now classified under these systems was classi- fied under the public-account system in preceding investigations. In this table direct comparison may be made between the two periods for the lease, contract, and piece-price systems. To render a com- parison possible in the other systems, however, a total has been made of the public-account. State-use, and public works and ways systems shown for 1903-4, which total may be used in comparison with the public-accoiint system as shown for the year 1885. Thus, under the lease system 9,104 convicts were employed in 1885/, as against 3,651.7 convicts in 1903-4, a reduction in the number of convicts of 59.9 per cent. The market value of goods produced under the lease system decreased from $4,191,935 in 1885 to $3,093,764 in 1903-4. The number of convicts employed under the contract system slightly increased between the two periods, although the value of the goods produced under this system has slightly decreased. The num- ber of convicts employed xmder the piece-price system decreased from 5,676 to 3,885.7, while the value of the goods produced under this system increased from $2,379,180 to $3,239,450. A very marked change is seen in the systems wherein all work per- formed is for the direct benefit of the State, namely, the public- account, State-use, and public works and ways systems. The num- ber of convicts thus employed increased from 14,827 in 1885 to 26,718.9 ia 1903-4, an increase of 80.2 per cent, while the value of 40 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, goods produced under this system increased from $4,086,638 ,to $11,300,757, or an increase of 176.5 per cent. The total number of convicts employed at convict labor was 45,277 in 1885 and 51,172.2 in 1903-4, making an increase in the number employed of 13 per cent. The total value of all goods produced by convicts in 1885 was $28,753,999, and in 1903-4, $34,276,205, an- increase of 19.2 per cent. The average value per convict of goods produced was $635 in 1885, and $670 in 1903-4. The increase in the value of the goods produced by convict labor between 1885 and 1903-4 has not, however, been constant, as the institutions investigated in 1895 had an annual product of $19,042,472, as against $24,271,078 produced in the same institutions in 1885. The investigation of 1895 made no report of the number of convicts working under each of the several systems. The value of the product for the year under each system was reported, however, for the institutions investigated. As all of the important institutions in which convict labor was performed were not investigated in 1895, the total for those that were investi- gated can not be shown in comparison with the value of the product in 1885 or 1903-4, but percentages based on the known figures may very properly be put in comparison, as they are in the following table: PER CENT or CONVICTS EMPLOYED IN 1885 AND 1903^ AND OF VALUE OP GOODS PBO- DUCBD IN 1885, 1895, AND 1903-4, UNDER BACH SYSTEM. System of work. Per cent of convicts employed. Per cent ol market value ol goods pro- duced. 1885. 1903-4. 1885. 1895. 1903-4. 20.1 34.6 12.5 032.8 (") w 7.1 33.1 7.6 16.7 .23.5 12.0 14.6 62.9 8.3 <>14.2 la) . (') 11.4 43.0 19.9 "25.7 9.0 48.6 Piece-price 9 4 Pnhlin-n.p^onTit 13 9 10.7 8 4 Total .. . . 100.0 32.8 100.0 52.2 100.0 14.2 100.0 25.7 100 Total of public-account, State-uae, and public works and o Work classed under the State-use and public works and ways systems in the present report was classed under the public-account system in 1885 and 1895. This table shows a marked decrease in the use of the lease system within the last nineteen years. In 1885 out of all convicts employed in productive labor 20.1 per cent were working under the lease sys- tem, while in 1903-4 only 7.1 per cent of all convicts at work were thus employed. The percentages relating to the market value of goods produced shows a steady decline of the lease system. In 1885, out of all convict-made goods 14.6 per cent were produced under the lease system; in 1895 the per cent produced under this system was 11.4, and in 1903-4 it was 9. In 1885 the lease system was in opera- tion in 13 States, namely, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Ken- OHAPTEK I. INTBODTTOTIOIT AND DISCUSSION. 41 tucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina, Teiinessee, and Washington, while in 1903-4 it was found only in the five States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Virginia, and Wyoming. So far as the relative nimiber of convicts is concerned, very little change has taken place in the contract system, 34.6 per cent of all convicts being employed imder this systeln in 1885 and 33.1 per cent in 1903-4. A greater change has taken place in the value of goods produced, as 62.9 per cent of all convict-made goods were produced xmder the contract system in 1885, 43 per cent in 1895, while in 1903-4 the percentage increased to 48.6. , The figures indicate that the piece-price system grew in favor between 1885 and 1895, as the per cent of product manufactured under this system increased from 8.3 in 1885 to 19.9 in 1895. A com- parison between 1895 and 1903-4, however, shows a decline in favor, as in the latter year the percentage of goods produced under this sys- tem had dropped to 9.4. While the percentage relating to value of product increased from 8.3 in 1885 to 9.4 ia 1903-4, the number of convicts employed under this system decreased from 12.5 per cent to 7.6 per cent. The number of convicts employed under systems of pubhc manage- ment increased from 32.8 per cent in 1885 to 52.2 per cent in 1903-4. The value of goods jft-oduced under systems of public management increased from 14.2 per cent in 1885 to 25.7 per cent in 1895 and 33 per cent in 1903-4, showing that these systems are steadily and rapidly growing in public favor. EECEIPTS AND DISBUKSEMENTS. A statement of receipts and disbursements was secured from each public institution investigated. By public institution is meant an institution imder the control of public officials — State, county, or city. No attempt was made, however, to inquire into the receipts and disbursements of institutions conducted by lessees — that is, employers of convicts who cared for and worked convicts in institu- tions owned and controlled entirely by the employers themselves. Such questions were considered too inquisitive. The only inquiry of this nature made concerning lessees was the amount paid by them to the State for the services of the convicts leased to them. Full statements were secured from nearly every public institution, but as the statements from a few institutions were not clear and com- plete, the total for all institutions covered are necessarily encumbered by notes. Certain interesting figures, however, may be found in these totals. About $23,000,000 was received and disbiirsed by the 278 public institutions included in this report. 42 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. BECEIFTS FROM CONTBACTOIIS. Contractors employing convicts under the contract and piece- price systems of work paid the institutions $3,077,012 for the labor of convicts, which generally included the use of buildings and some- times power and the use of machinery and tools. As stated in the explanation of these two systems, the institution, not the contractor, feeds and clothes the convicts employed under these systems. RECEIPTS PER CONVICT, CONTRACT AND PIECE-PRICE SYSTEMS. As an average of 20,801.6 convicts were employed under these sys- tems, it is seen that $148 per year was paid for the labor of each con- vict, with the use of more or less of the appliances with which the con-i vict works. It was estimated that the labor of the convicts employed under the contract and piece-price systems would have cost $5,393,853 had it been performed by free workmen. From these figures it is seen that the contractors paid for the con- vict labor under the contract and piece-price systems about 57 per cent of the amount they would have had to pay free labor for the same work. At first thought it would appear that the contractors are making excessive profits in their business. While, however, they undoubtedly engage in business for profit, it is only fair to note the fact that owing to the peculiar character of their business many elements must be taken into consideration. They engage the con- victs for a definite time, and must pay for them during the entire term of contract, whether they are needed or not. The convict can not be discharged or laid off as can a free workman. Also a dispro- portionately large number of foremen, instructors, and other free Employees must be hired, thus increasing the expense of manufac- ture. Further, convicts do not often have the same interest in their work as do free laborers, hence they do not observe as many small economies that tend to cheapen the cost of production. In spite of good supervision many convicts are wasteful. Another important element to be considered is the very general prejudice against con- vict-made goods, which often necessitates the marketing of such goods at a lower price than like goods made by free labor. These and other facts must be taken into consideration in connection with the price paid by contractors for convict labor. RECEIPTS FROM I<£SSEES. The totals further show that $404,188 was paid by lessees for the labor of 3,651.7 convicts employed under the lease system. In this system it will be remembered the lessee feeds, clothes, and houses the convicts leased. An average of 317 convicts under lease were OHAPTEK I. INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION. 43 employed at domestic duties, and the value of their labor is included in the total amount paid by lessees to the State, and an average of 117.6 leased convicts were reported as being sick. KECEIPTS PER CONVICT, LEASE SYSTEM. The average cost per year to the lessee of the 3,651.7 convicts leased was $111, or, basing the average on the 3,534.1 convicts capa- ble of working, the average cost was $114. To this first cost, however, must be added the cost of maintenance. The exact figures for the entire cost of the labor of convicts under lease would be very desirable, but the cost of maintenance of qonvicts by lessees is such a personal one with the lessees that no attempt was made to secure data on this point. The total value of labor per- formed by convicts under lease was $1,355,796, as shown in preceding tables. VALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY. Estimates were secured from the institutions investigated as to the value of the property used for prison purposes. It must be borne in mind by the reader that these figures represent the valuation in 296 institutions only and do not purport to show the amount invested in all penal and reformatory institutions in the United States. So far as these figures relate to the value of industrial buildings or appliances, however, they are practically exhaustive, as this report is believed to cover all institutions in the United States in which the value of con- vict labor was more than $1,000 in a year. A total of 146,600.4 acres of land was occupied by the public institutions investigated, the value of which was $29,088,652. In addition, contractors and lessees owned or controlled 570,310.1 acres that were used for industrial purposes in the employment of convicts. The value of this land was $4,933,400. The total investment in nonindustrial buildings owned or controlled by the public institutions was $63,878,556. In addition to this amount the public institutions owned or contr6lled industrial build- ings valued at $7,967,346, making a total investment in prison build- ings occupied by the public institutions of $71,845,902. Contractors and lessees employing convicts owned or controlled nonindustrial buildings valued at $235,550 and industrial buildings valued at $358,850. The total value of all machinery and tools used for industrial pur- poses owned or controlled by the public institutions was $4,444,445. The value of such machinery and tools owned or controlled by contractors and lessees was $2,965,990, making a total investment for machinery and tools used in the employment of convicts of $7,410,435. The total value of all property owned or controlled by 44 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. the public institutions was $105,378,999. From these figures it is seen that the public institutions owned or controlled an inTestment of $1,225 per convict. In addition contractors and lessees had invested in prison property capital to the extent of $8,493,790. COST OF MAINTENANCE PER CONVICT. The Bureau has endeavored to determine as nearly as possible the cost of maintenance per convict in each institution. The figures therefor, computed from receipts and disbursements and the number of convicts, may not show exactly the cost per capita per year, but it is doubtful if more exact figures could be obtained without a methodical keeping of prison accounts with that special object in view. APPBOPBIATION PER CONVICT. The average net appropriation per convict for the maintenance of penal institutions was $123.88. This net appropriation is the gross appropriation from public funds less all amounts refunded or paid into the public funds by institutions, contractors, and lessees. The appropriations include appropriations for land and buildings. At first it would seem that such items should not be included, but the . institutions covered are all established institutions and these expendi- tures are for repairs and enlargements, which in the country as a whole must be made each year. So far as the grand total is concerned the items are properly included. But in the particular year covered the expenditure for land and buildings may be large or small or there may happen to be none at all in a particular institution. This fact should be borne in mind in making use of frhe figures in Table IX. In many instances convicts are employed on public works and ways. As these works and ways are of permanent value to the pub- lic, it is very proper that the convicts should be given due credit for their labor thereon. Subtracting the value of convict labor on per- manent improvements erected under the public works and ways sys- tem, the net cost to the public per convict for the year in penal insti- tutions was $101.74. The cost to the public of maintaining juvenile reformatories was about twice as much per capita as that of maintaining penal institu- tions, the net appropriation per capita being $216.63, or, less the value of labor on public works and ways, $211.29. Considering both classes of institutions, the average appropriation per convict, less all refunds, that is, the cost to the public, was $136.07. Allowing credit for all the work done under the public works and ways system, the net cost to the public per convict per year in the two classes of institutions was $116.13. The figures shown include the cost per convict per year to the public after the convict has been apprehended and convicted. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION. 45 No data can be obtained showing the cost of apprehending and con- "victing criminals, but the figures here shown indicate in part the cost to the public of its criminal element. CONVICTS A PKOFIT. While in the United States as a whole convicts were a burden on the public, Table IX (pp. 590-611) shows that the convicts in the penal institutions investigated were a source of profit in Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, and Virginia. Allowing credit for the labor performed by convicts on public works and ways, the convicts were a source of profit also in Georgia, Louisiana, Missouri, North Carolina, and South Carolina. In none of the juvenile reformatories, however, were the inmates a source of profit to the State. The above statements refer only to the maintenance of convicts after conviction. As previously stated, no data are available showing the loss to the State caused by criminal deeds or the cost of apprehending and convicting criminals. While so far as the institution is concerned, convicts in a few States appear to be a source of profit, it is practically certain that the cost of apprehension and conviction was much more than the immediate profit shown. Three items in cost of maintenance are common to convicts and free men, namely, food, clothing, and housing. These are the three great essentials. In addition, the convict requires an expenditure for civilian keepers and guards. As has been stated, no inquiry was made as to receipts and dis- bursements of employers of convicts under the lease system in which lessees maintain their own institutions. VALUE OP FOOD PBB CONVICT. All public institutions have expenditures for food, and in addition many institutions produced much of their own food. The average value per convict in public penal institutions, of food piu'chased and produced, was $51.37, and in juvenile reformatories $56.06, making an average for the two classes of institutions of $51.68. In many institutions the value of the food raised was inseparably combined with the value of all farm products; hence those institu- tions could not be included in computing the general average for all institutions. The value of food consumed per convict per year ($51.68) can not be considered excessive, being a little less than $1 per week. The average cost of food per adult male in typical work- ingmen's families, as shown in the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor, was $91.31. 46 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOKEE OF LABOB. VALUE or CLOTHIITQ PER CONVICT. Many of the institutions produced at least a part of their own clothing. The average value of clothing used, both purchased and made, per convict per year in the public penal institutions was $16.77, and in the juvenile reformatories $25.83, making a general average in both classes of institutions of $18.02. COST OF GUARDS PEK CONVICT. The average cost per convict per year in public institutions for guards and other nonindustrial employees necessary to keep the con- victs in restraint and to care for them was $56.55 in the penal institu- tions and $54.77 in the juvenile reformatories, making an average of $56.30 in the two classes of institutions. COST OF HOTTSING PER CONVICT. The cost of housing per year is difl&cult to determine. As has been stated, the institutions covered are all established institutions. The lands and buildings of public institutions are practically all owned by the State, county, or city, and to a great extent the realty occupied by contractors and lessees is owned by them, hence the item of rent is difl&cult to obtain or estimate. The estimated value of the realty occupied, however, was secured. The average value of land per convict occupied by the penal institutions included in this report was $430.49, and by juvenile reformatories $166.98. For the two classes combined it was $395.95. These figures include the value of all land occupied. A separate estimate of the value of land used for industrial and nonindustrial purposes was not practicable. The average value per convict of buildings necessary to house and confine the convicts in penal institutions was $773.29, and in juvenile reformatories $566.34. These figures do not include industrial buildings, but only the necessary nonindustrial buildings. For the two classes of institutions combined the average value of nonindustrial buildings occupied was $746.16. The total value per convict of land and nonindustrial buildings occupied was $1,142.11, which figures include realty owned by the State, coxinty, or city, and by contractors and lessees. ' CHAPTEE, II. COMMERCIAL EFFECT OF THE COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 47 CHAPTER II. COMMERCIAL EFFECT OF THE COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. In addition to the general investigation covering all prisons and reformatories producing goods to the value of $1,000 during the year, a special study of a number of the industries was made to ascertain the commercial effect of goods made in prisons and sold, upon the manufacture of similar goods by free labor. The indus- tries selected for study were those which, according to the value of goods produced and sold, seemed to be of greatest importance. The industries investigated were boots and shoes, clothing, chairs, tables, etc., brooms and brushes^ binding twine, stove hollow ware and stoves, harness, saddletrees, and whips, cooperage (in the Chicago market), farm wagons, and stonework. The plan of this supplementary investigation consisted in secui"- ing statements, in regard to their experience of conipetition with prison-made goods, from the leading manufacturers employing free labor in each line of product. In a few cases jobbers and whole- salers were also interviewed. The manufacturers and others interviewed were unanimous in their statements in regard to the destructive effect of the competi- tion of prison-made goods upon the manufacture of similar goods by free labor. In several industries, as stove hollow ware, saddletrees, and certain kinds of whips and whiplashes, the prison-made goods have entirely or practically driven the products of free labor from the market. The same is true of cooperage in the Chicago market. Several other industries, which have survived the competition on account of their size, have for the same reason suffered greater monetary damage. The boot and shoe industry, for example, suffers from the competition of the prisons of 11 States, and in certain lines of'goods in certain localities the injury appears to be very great. In furniture the competition is severely felt in certain lines, as a single company controls the entire product of 7 prisons in 5 States. In the manufacturing of working shirts, pants, and overalls a similar condition exists, as a single contractor controls the product of 8 prisons in 6 States. The manufacturers look upon the competition of prison-made goods -from other States as a special grievance. In some of the 9061-06 4 PROPERTY OF LIBRARY ^^ NEW YOHK STATE SCHOOL 11541 y.m REUTIGKS UNIVERSITY 50 REPORT Oh- THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. States the manufacturing and labor interests have secured the enact- ment of laws prohibiting the manufacture, within the prisons of the State, of goods to be sold in competition with the product of free labor, and requiring that the goods made be for public use only. In such cases it is regarded as a peeuUar hardship that conrict-naade goods from other States may be brought into the State and sold without restriction. In the following pages the quoted parts are the statements of manufacturers interviewed : BOOTS AND SHOES. Prison-made boots and shoes entering into direct competition with the product of factories employing free labor are manufactured ia 26 penitentiaries and prisons of 17 States; but in this discussion- no account is taken of the extrem.ely small number made by hand in the prisons of 6 of these States. The prison factories in 11 of the States are fully equipped with modern shoemaking machinery, and in the year 1903-4 their total output was 7,389,354 pairs of boots and shoes. This product of the prisons of the 11 States was con- centrated and sold in the great wholesale and jobbing centers of the boot and shoe trade of the United States. The following enumeration shows the quantities, varieties^ grades, and qualities of the boots and shoes made in the various prisons : 1,694,000 pairs shoes, medium grade, men's, women's, and children's. 251,3£0 pairs women's and diildren's kid and g^ain. 195,000 pairs men's vici kid and box calf. 263,400 pairs men's vici, box calf, split grain brogans. 316,000 pairs men's and boys' standard screw heavy shoes. 285,000 pairs men's and women's Yici kid, kid, calf, and box calf. 762,500 pairs ladies' and men's light calf and kid. 480,000 pairs heavy brogans, wood and screw pe^ed. 18,566 pairs boots, calf and stogy. 334,854 pairs working shoes for men. 300,309 pairs fine shoes for men. 586,000 pairs plow shoes. 145,886 pairs bals., men's, women's, and youths'. 52,938 pairs brogans. 274,144 pairs bals., split, satio, kangaroo, box calf, men's, boys', and youiiis', m,en's Harvard ties. 371,220 pairs patent leather, russet, vici kid, calf, and brogans. 372,000 pairs medium grade, men's and women's. 373,200 pairs men's calf and cheap-grade kid. 100,000 pairs men's heavy cowhide boots. 100,000 pairs men's heavy brogans. 40,000 pairs medium heavy calf. 10,000 pairs men's light-weight calf and dress shoes. 62,987 pairs women's, misses', and children's, polish and bals., low cut and lace. CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 51 Information was sought in the prisons as to how the product com- pared in quality with that of free labor. On this point the follow- ing statement made by the authorities in one of the largest shoe- producing penitentiaries is fairiy illustrative of a large portion of the product, and has been verified by several competing manufacturers: "Shoes not so good in finished workmanship, but will wear longer, as they contain better leather. Firms using free labor have to use cheaper leather to compete with the prison firms' cheap convict labor." Good materials, made strongly, with indifferent finish and style are the general characteristics of prison-made shoes, and being largely working shoes, in which strength and wear are the desirable features, they command a ready sale. In a few prisons, high-grade and high-price shoes of superior quality are manufactured. The prison product enumerated above is 16 per cent of the output of free- labor shoe factories with which it comes into direct competition. Twenty per cent of the total output of the latter factories, or 43,847,- 083 pairs of boots and shoes, are of the same grade and quality as those made in prisons. The production of convict-made shoes in the 11 States in 1903-4 was greater by 39 per cent than the export trade of boots and shoes of the United States for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905, the numbers being 7,389,354 pairs of convict-made shoes and 5,315,699 pairs exported. In addition to the class of shoes directly affected, many of the better grades of shoes are also affected by the use of the prison shoe as a leader in the sale of high-class goods. Jobbers and dealers who handle both grades buy to better advantage from manu- facturers who, in addition to the product of their outside factories, have a prison-contract product, than from manufacturers with free- labor product only. The low cost of production of the prison-made shoes, steadily decreasing with the increasing efficiency of the convicts combined with the use of machinery and the low price paid for their services, enables a prison manufacturer to market his free-labor factory product of higher-grade shoes readily, either to the exclusion of his competitor or the compelling of a reduction of the regular prices of the latter on his entire line of all grades. In a statement fully set forth in another part of .this report, a manufacturer of shoes for over forty years and still the head of great shoe-producing factories, says with regard to the efficiency of the convict: "Machinery is getting to be an equalizer of labor, thus making prison labor every year a greater injury to the legitimate manufacturer." This statement is verified by comparison of the statistics of pro- duction of the shoe factories employing free labor with those of the prisons of the United States in twenty-year periods, in which the growing efficiency of the prison factory system is shown. In the shoe factories of the United States that employ free labor the number 52 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OP LABOR. of pairs of shoes made per person employed in the year 1880 was 1,129 and twenty years later, in 1900, the number of pairs of shoes made per person employed was 1,534, being an efficiency increase in those factories of 36 per cent. In the prison shoe fac- tories of the United States the number of pairs of shoes made per convict employed in the year 1885 was 1,022, and not quite twenty years later, in 1903-4, the number of pairs of shoes made per convict employed was 1,623, being an efficiency increase in prison factories of 58.8 per cent. i' This comparison, drawn from the reports of the Bureau and from other official figures, indicates that in the eighties the convict was less efficient in production than the free-factory employee, but that at the present time, with the aid of machinery and modern methods applied to prison production, the efficiency of the convict apparently exceeds that of the free-factory employee. A partial explanation of this is that the convict shoe workers are producing shoes every work- ing day of each year, 306 to 312 days, while the boot and shoe factories that employ free labor, according to expert official statements, can produce, if running at full capacity, in seven months all of the shoes required for twelve months' consumption in the United States and those required for the export trade. In the State of Massachusetts, which in 1900 produced 44.9 per cent of the total boot and shoe out- put of the country, a much greater product could be produced annu- ally without increasing existing facilities. Based on maximum production, the Massachusetts bureau of statistics computes the average proportion of business done in the prosperous years of 1903 and 1904 in the manufacture of boots and shoes at 70.30 and 68.89 per cent, which, it states, shows how much more could be done with existing facilities in the shoe factories of that State "if business con- ditions warranted." In this connection it should also be stated that more than five million pairs of slippers are included in the per capita output of factories employing free labor, while slippers made in prisons are few in number. In one penitentiary in a western State where the attempt has been made to manufacture high-grade shoes the per capita output per con- vict employed is 1 ,579 pairs, which is 45 pairs more than the average output per employee of all the free-labor factories in the United States manufacturing high and low grade shoes. The yearly output in this prison was 371,220 pairs of men's shoes, machine made, of patent leather, vici kid, russet, and calf shoes, and some brogans. The successful experiment at this penitentiary has been very damaging to the interest of northwestern manufacturers on account of its price- reducing effects. CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OP CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 53 Definite information as to the "commercial effect of convict-made shoes" when sold in the open market in competition with the shoes made in the free-labor factories of the country, was sought by the Bureau from the principal manufacturers in the New England, Central, Western, and Northwestern States manufacturing grades of shoes similar to those made in prisons. They are a unit in condemning the prison-made product, and denounce it as unfair and ruinous competition. They claim that the system demoralizes markets and business stability, compels the reduction of prices below a fair margin of profit and often the sale of goods without profit, and forces reductions of wages in a vain effort to lower the cost of production to that of the prison contractor. In some cases there is a deterioration of quality and in others an entire abandonment of the manufacture of particular grades of shoes. The Bureau was given 'access to the records of one of the largest manufacturing establishments in the country, which operates a num- ber of free-labor factories, and also for many years had prison contracts, manufacturing shoes in their prison factory. From the cost sheets for one year oif the prison, and of an outside factory where the same grade of shoe was made, the following figures were taken. The shoes of both factories were men's heavy working shoes, the material being similar in both cases, the implements and machinery of the same kind, and the work stated to be by the superintendents of both about as good in the prison as in the outside factory for that kind of a shoe. There'were in that year 261,372 pairs made in the company's outside factory, and 210,648 pairs made in the prison factory, so that in quantity the volume of output is large enough in both cases for comparative purposes. The following shows the difference : Men's heavy working shoes, both same grade: Cents. Labor cost per pair in prison factory of company 14. 5 Labor cost per pair in regular outside factory of company ' 21. 9 The company sold the prison-made shoes (210,648 pairs) at $1.01 per pair. The company sold the regular factory shoes (261,372 pairs) at $1,125 per pair. In the other factories of the company several million pairs of higher- grade shoes were made, which, with the prison shoe as a leader, they were enabled to sell to the wholesale trade at an immense advantage in price not possessed by the manufacturers who had no prison con- tracts. The head of the firm stated that prison-made shoes were unfair competition and hoped the system would be abolished in all of the States, but that while it did exist it was not surprising that manufacturers would be induced to seek a prison contract, partially for its benefits and partially to meet the "other" prison contractor's competition. 54 KEPOET OF THE COMMIS8TONEB OF LABOE. STATEMENT OF A NEW HAMPSHIRE MANtTPACTTTREB. The facts given by tlie aforementioned establisTunent are fully confirmed by the following detailed statement m.ade to the Bureau by the head of a very large factory in another State: I believe that it [prison competition] does seriously affect every manufacturer in the country who is making corresponding lines of shoes. We have been manufacturing medium-grade shoes to a large extent for more than forty years, and for fifteen years of that time we had the contract for all the labor of the prisoners in the * * * Erison. We paid 50 cents a day for our labor, the State furnishing uildings, power, heat, and lighting for nothing; taxes were merely nominal. We could manufacture a shoe similar in every respect and equally as good as one made in a well-organized outside factory, so near alike that not one of our customers in ten knew whether it was made in prison or in our factory, and, of course, we were very careful not to tell them. These shoes were sold from 75 cents to $1 per pair at wholesale, and could be made at a cost-fromi 7J to 10 cents a pair less in prison than, with our long experience and every facility, we could make them outside for. Through political influence we were overbid and lost the contract after that time. We often used our advantage to help our trade in selling the products of our other factory by offering a large customer (we sell only to the wholesale or jobbing trade) the prison-naade line at 5 cents a pair less than they would have cost xis to make them outside, if he would give us his large order for other lines from our other factories at regular prices. This gave us an advantage our competitors could not meet, and was very satis- factory to the purchaser and ourselves, but worked against our com- petitors who had equal advantages with us but did not have a prison contract. , For instance, there is always a great effort made by the larger jobbers throughout the country to have the best shoe they can pos- sibly buy to sell for some popular price, say |1. Of twenty such manufacturers making about that grade of siwes, there would not be over IJ cents a pair difference in the cost of the shoe among them all. The shoe would actually cost from 98| cents to $1 and is sold as a leader for $1 to the jobber and sold by him to the retailer for $1.10. Mr. A, we will say^ from Chicago, in looking around comes across the prison-made shoe and agrees to place a large order for the same at 95 cents, providing Mr. Prison-made will not sell the shoe to any other party m Chicago. Mr. A takes the shoe home and for advertising effect puts the price at $1, the actual cost that the outside shoe costs to make. Now, Mr. B of Chicago hears of it from his salesman and comes at once to Boston and wants us, who have been making that line for him at $1 actual cost, to make him a shoe that he can compete with Mr. A and sell his shoe for $1. We say, "We can not do it." He says, " I must have one at that price and if you can not make me one I shall have to place my orders with the parties who will make me the 95-cent shoe." While we are losing money on every pair sold at that price, we perhaps for policy sake, rather than lose his other large order, reluctantly consent to make some of them for him at 95 cents. Now, Mr. C from St. Louis makes the same bargain for the prison- made for some of these shoes and Mr. D from St. Louis says the same CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 55 to US as Mr. B of Chicago did. We reluctantly again consent to put him in a few for the sake of his other orders, and establish a price for perhaps a large line of shoes at 5 cents per pair less than the regular cost and 5 cents less than we would ever have been obliged to sell them if there had been no prison-made shoes, and the man who has the prison contract has made money all the time because his shoes did not cost him within 10 cents as much as ours. While he might have been making but 1,000 pairs a day it has affected the prices of more than 50,000 pairs a day, affecting other manufacturers all over the country. These are facts that have come under my actual observation during the past thirty years. It takes but one or two bankrupt manufactur- ers or prison contractors to affect a price to the great injury of every legitimate manufacturer, especially on the common or staple lines of shoes such as are usually made in most of the prisons. For instance, take the State of Massachusetts, at Concord. The State buys all the stock at lowest cash prices, furnishes room, power, heat, light, and foremen, together with all lasts, dies, patterns, and tools, makes the shoes at actual cost of the material, not counting the labor of the prisoners, and makes a contract with one man to seU the shoes at his own option, he only guaranteeing the account, and pays the State two-thirds of the difference between the actual cost of the material and the price received, he keeping one-third as his profit. Thus the State only gets the small difference for all the labor put into the shoe. We are heavily taxed as manufacturers by the State, and then the State makes a shoe to sell for far less than we can possibly make it for. The same or similar methods are in vogue at Charles- town, Mass., Nashville, Tenn., in Indiana, atid many other States in the Union, and I believe it is the greatest injury that menaces the manufacturer to-day, especially with the short hours, independence, and high price of labor to-day compared with prison labor. From my own experience during the fifteen years in which I was a prison contractor, the average ^ihty of the prisoners as laborers was nearly equal to the average ability of the same number of hands now in the outside shoe shops. We used our prisoners well, we paid them for no extra time, and during the whole fifteen years in which I had the contract I do not believe we had 500 pairs of shoes damaged in any way intentionally, or more than would have been done by outside help, and we could always find among the prisoners men for special work — such as clerks, machinists, and to run the complicated machines — ^men who would do as good work in every respect as we can employ outside, paying them $2 to $4 per day. Machinery is getting to be an equalizer of labor, thus making prison labor every year a greater injury to the legitimate manufacturer. It is often said by people who do not understand the matter, "Oh, the small quantity of shoes made by that prison does not amount to anything compared with the immense quantity of shoes manufactured." That is where ignorance comes in. As I have tried to explain, 1,000 pairs of shoes offered in this market, unless as a single or job lot that can not be duplicated, will affect the price of a milhon pairs of other shoes for a year or more. 56 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK 01' LABOR. STATEMENT OF A NEW YORK MANUFACTUBEIl. In the following statement of one of the largest shoe manufactur- ing concerns in the world, the methods adopted by manufacturers and jobbers who control the products of prison factories and free- labor factories on the outside are fully set forth, together with the lowering of prices and the reduction of wages: . ,._ The effect of this competition, as felt by -us in the past, has not interfered seriously with our development in growth, tor the simple reason that there are not enough convicts to make as many shoes as are required. If there were, there would be no shoes made out- side of the State's prisons; shoemakers would learn their trade in State prisons, and to work at their trade would have to become and remain inmates of these institutions. The average wholesaler of shoes in buying such shoes as under old conditions could be retailed at $1.50 — coarse, heavy-work shoes, such as are sold to labonng people — usually buys all the prison-made go^ds that he can secure for present and future delivery, generally from 10 per cent to 20 per cent cheaper than he can buy the same goods outside of prisons; the workmanship on this character of goods being an important factor, but leather strongly fastened together being the chief requirement. Prison labor is especially adapted to that class of merchandise. To illustrate: A jobber in the West requires for his use 2,000 dozen pairs of heavy, coarse work shoes that he can sell to the retailer for 90 cents a pair. He buys from prison contractors, or selling agents for prison-made shoes, as many as possible of such goods at their ridiculously low prices, say 75 cents per pair. He may succeed in buying 25 per cent of what he requires for his season's business of this class of goods at this price, and the balance (75 per cent) he has to buy from outside manufacturers at a more reasonable price, based on free labor and healthy conditions; or say 90 cents per pair, giving him the advantage of 15 cents per pair on 25 per cent or his Eurchases. He will take the average price at which the shoes stand im, as he has bought 25 per cent at 75 cents and 75 per cent at 90 cents, and in offering these goods to the retailer he is able to beat but his competitor, who has had to buy all his goods outside — ^in other words, he has not had a chance to get the prison-made goods. Another illustration: A buyer ot mxerchandise has various ways ot "hammering" down prices. One of the best "hammers" he has in the world,. in buying coarse, heavy shoes, is prison-naade shoes. He will state to "weak-kneed" sellers of this class of merchandise that he can buy the same shoes at such a price. He doesn't state that they are prison-made goods, as a matter of course, but states what he can do, what he has done, etc. This weakens the already "weak- kneed" merchant or manufacturer, and in some cases it results in his selling his shoes cheaper than he can afford to, or cheaper than he ought to. It is very likely, after he finds he has so sold his goods (forced to do so by this prison competition) he may attempt to cheapen his shoes in some way, and if he can, will cut his labor so as to meet as far as possible this competition. Another good illustration came under our personal knowledge in the State or Illinois, where the convict-labor system was abolished CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOOBB. 57 by law. One of the State prisons there had been making for a large western jobber quantities of heavy shoes, such as competed with the product of this company, and by reason of the advantages that this cheap prison labor had, was able to hold to the exclusion of all com- petition for a term of years a large amount ot trade on this class of goods. As soon as the contract expired, and he was unable to renew it by reason ol the change of law forbidding the use of prisoners on this kind of work, we immediately secured a large percentage of the business that had formerly been a monopoly of this house. STATEMENT OP A NEW HAMPSHIRE MANtTPACTXTBEB. One important establishment reports a direct loss of trade and an indirect loss by reason of the tendency that the competition of prison shoes sold at 5 cents a pair less than they can be made with free labor has to lower prices in the whole country : In our judgment the effect on the shoe business of the competition of prison-made shoes is directly felt only by manufacturers making cheap staple lines. We are numbered among this class, and have suffered a direct loss of trade, and an indirect loss by reason of the tendency that this competition has to lower prices. The efforts of contractors in the several State prisons have usually been confined to the making of a few styles of these cheap grades. These are bought by the jobbers at lower prices thaUjWe can meet, and are often used as leaders to influence the retailers in their pur- chases. We used to feel the effect of the Illinois penitentiary, but since they have ceased to make shoes we have been able to sell large quan- tities of goods to some of the men who formerly had contracts with the State. The Virginia prisons to-day are our hardest competitors. Tennessee and Massachusetts also affect us very seriously. Prisons in this State have for years produced one line of shoes and sold them at 5 cents a pair less than we could afford, and as 5 cents a pair is more than the average profit on this line the result has been a loss of sales to many of our best customers. While the amount of prison-made goods may not amount to more than 10 to 20 per cent of all the goods of a similar class made in the whole country, the indirect effect on the whole is great, as they certainly do have an effect in lowering prices. STATEMENT OP A NEW HAMPSHIBE MANTTPACTUBEB. The following statement is made by a manufacturer who has been forced by prison .competition to abandon the manufacture of a line of shoes that came into direct competition with those of prison make : Our factory was in direct competition with prison-made shoes for the last four or five years, and inasmuch as our labor costs us a great deal more we continued to do this business at an actual loss until we found that if we continued same it would drive us out of business. We have now been forced to discontinue the making of this line and grade of shoes. If we had not had this competition, there is absolutely no ques- tion but what we could have employed more hands and still got a 58 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. fair return from this grade of merchandise. There is nothing that the writer could possibly say that would be too strong in describing the conditions; that the prison-made shoes have forced a good many of the manufacturers who have made medium grade shoes to do business without any profit. "statement of a MASSACHUSETTS MANXTPACTTTREB.. The following statement shows how the manufacturer, in order to compete, is compelled to use a cheaper grade of material than the prison contractor and then put on a better finish : We make a plain working shoe, the wholesale price being $1 to $1.10, with about 10 cents margin. Messrs. * * * of * * * formerly were exclusive jobbers in the Boston market to the extent of a million dollars annually and bought heavily of me. The Ten- nessee prisons now make the same grade of goods and the jobber has ceased to purchase in the Boston market, buying instead the prison shoes. In order to compete at the same price as the prison, the manufacturer has to use a cheaper grade of material than the prisons and put a better finish on the shoe. On their semiannual visit to the Boston market jobbers from the South (where most of this class of goods are sold) repeatedly have stated that they can do better by purchasing from tne Baltimore and other prison con- tractors. STATEBIENT OP A MASSACHUSETTS MANUFACTURER. The product of several penitentiaries undersold the following establishment : About eight years ago we had to meet competition from the Baltimore penitentiary, and also from shoes sold by the * * * Company, * * *. Both of these concerns were able to under- sell us about 5 cents a pair, and we are confident that we were buy- ing materials as cheaply and putting the shoes together to as good advantage in every respect, except in the matter of their cheap labor. * * !|c * * :): ^ At times we feel this competition very sharply, although not always, as their lines are varied like ours, and at times we come into competition with them and in a general way that competition, when we do feel it, is against us in various ways. A great many times they will give for the same money a great deal better shoe, as far as stock is concerned, and at other times while the stock is about the same the price will be less. As one instance we know of, the prison in Nashville was able to sell a shoe at 7 J cents per pair under our asking price with the same quality of stock. Sometimes this difference enables a jobber to sell at a dififerent price than his competitors can sell for when they are buying a regular factory shoe. As a rule, though, their work is not up to regular factory work and in a great many instances they are obliged to take one of the two-mentioned methods in order to secure business. CHAPTER II. COMPETITIOir OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 59 STATEMENT OF A MINNESOTA MANTJPACTTTB.EB. Another firm states that prison manufacturers break down fair shoe prices and labor prices*. In heavy shoes the prison undersells us 10 cents a pair and then makes more money than we would at our price. The oil grain shoe you refer to we sell for $1.60, without profit. The actual factory cost of the shoe is $1.57^, and we can not cover cost of selling with 2i cents. The prison sells this shoe for $1.50 and makes money. Understand me, the $1.57^ does not iaclude fi^ed charges of about 4 per cent. The prison pays for neither light, heat, nor power. Our labor cost is 28 per cent of factory cost; prison labor cost is less than 20 per cent. On higher grades of goods we are undersold as well as on cheap standard shoes. For instance, on a $3 shoe (wholesale price) we are undersold from 15 to 18 cents, while on shoes bringing $4 the prison would cut under us 35 or 40 cents a pair if necessary to sell their goods. This would, of course, drive us out of business if the prison could make enough shoes. In good times there is trade enough for us all and prison prices are more irritating and aggravating than really disastrous. But in hard times the prison sells all its stock and we do all the holding of stock. It carries none of the burden of depressions, hence we carry more than our share. It employs its convicts every day, and we have to give our men enough work to hold our force together, often at a loss to ourselves and close contact with the hunger line for our men. Prison labor does not affect wages in good times. In hard times it affects not perhaps the rate of wages very much but the percentage of time worKed to full time very materially. We joined in the fight against the letting of the Stillwater contract and got an agreement that not more than a number equal to 10 per cent of the free labor employed as shoemakers in the State would be employed at shoe- making in the prison at any one time. This was ail the concession we could get and no attention has been paid to this. STATEMENT OE A MINNESOTA MANUPACTTJBEB. The following firm states that it discontinued the manufacture of a certain grade of shoes as a consequence of prison competition: We must emphatically protest against prison-made shoes being thrown on the open market because : 1. It is unjust to the jobbets and manufacturers. 2. It is unjust to the retailer. 3. It is unjust to the consumer. 4. It is unjust to free labor. It appears to us that it would be mere surplusage and a waste or time and labor to cite figures to prove our first contention. To enable us to put our shoes on the market we pay living wages; we pay heavy taxes, both real and personal; we pay large insurance premiums; we pay for light, heat, and motive power. Against this what does the proprietor of the convict labor pay? Fifty cents a day to the State for each man employed^nothing more. Rents, insur- ance, heat, light, and motive power are furnished free by the State. Why should he not be able' to undersell us in the open market? It 60 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. costs US four or five times as much as it does the prison, contractor to prepare our shoes for the competitive market. We therefore ask, is it fair, is it just, to force us to submit to this unequal discrimination ? However, it is not alone unjust to us. It is equally so to that vast army of retailers who sell our shoes. There are certain lines of our shoes on wliich the merchant has possibly worked up a large trade, which we simply can not longer manufacture under existing conditions. We therefore discontinue their manufacture and leave the prison product a monopoly. The merchant is forced to buy the prison product because he can buy no other. Nor does the consumer of these goods fare any better. He is forced to buy and wear prison-made goods, which are sold in the open market as a monopoly, competition, as we have shown above, hav- ing been forced to quit on account of the arbitrary and unjust action of the State. But, aside from the personal unjustness we have out- lined above, we further object to this prison-labor product because it is rank injustice to the free labor of our company. Every day's convict labor thrown on the open market robs the free and law- abiding laboring man of a day's pay. STATEMENT OF AN ILLINOIS MANTTFACTTTBEH,. Traveling salesmen complain of prison competition and the follow- ing firm has abandoned the manufacture of the grades made in prison: We hear frequent complaints from our salesmen in their various territories of the unfair competition they meet, resultant from the employment of convicts at low cost by manufacturers in the product of heavy and medium grade shoes. The lowest prices quoted by manufacturers in the trade, although their product may be small and the limit of their business confined to a small area, sets the pace in competition for the labor prices to be paid free help outside the prison walls. We have one advantage in manufacturing with skilled citizen help in perhaps getting a better finish on certain branches of our product, but on account of the character of the prison-made shoes, this cuts but little figure in securing business from the retailer. In the vast territory of the West covered by our salesmen we be- lieve we come in more active competition with the prison-made shoes from the factories of Baltimore, Md., Jefferson City, Mo., and Stillwater, Minn., than from any other of the prison factories. In our factories at * * * , employing citizen labor, we have abandoned to a great extent the manufacture of those coarser grades' that are produced largely in the prisons of the country. STATEMENT OF A MINNESOTA MANtrFACTTJBEB,. A northwestern manufacturer, in the following statement, shows that a high grade of prison shoe is sold at 50 cents a pair less than it can be sold for by any manufacturer employing free labor. With reference to prison products interfering with manufactured articles, made by free labor, will say that we have several instances here where they are trying to make a high-class shoe, and they put it on the market 50 cents a pair less than it can be put on hy any manufacturer of the United States. CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 61 I understand that there is a special agreement made between the State and the contractor that employs these prisoners on shoes, making the convicts do a certain amount of work, so that their best welt shoe made in, their factory costs them 12 cents. I know of nothing that will pauperize the labor of the United States so quickly as to compete against this competition. It costs us on the same class of shoe 50 cents a pair. I hare under- stood that in large eastern plants,' where they make exclusively one style of a shoe, that they can compete with prison labor, but I under- stand of late they have refused to compete on certain shoes. Were there enough convicts to make all the shoes that are used in the United States, then it would be no hardship to the manufactur- ers, but would be a hardship to the shoe workers. They are exempt from taxes, exempt from rent, exempt from insurance, exempt from power, exempt from furnishing light, and several minor exemptions that put them on a basis of 3 to 4 per cent cheaper than shoes can be produced by any other manufacturer, and that alone is a profit. STATEMENT OF A MINNESOTA JOBBER. The experience of a northwestern jobber with regard to prison prices and their effect is stated as follows: We do not ourselves job prison-made shoes, because we do not believe in the business. It is a gross injustice to the shoe business to have that sort of condition at Stillwater, and we will not be a dis- tributing agent for these unfair shoes. The manufacture of boots and shoes in the Northwest is a comparatively new business. Most of the manufacturers were originally jobbers, like ourselves, and started in by making a few shoes of a particular kind that they thought they were paying too much for. Gradually they developed into manufacturers. The business is not over 20 or 25 years old in this State. They have had to train their own labor — there are no hereditary families of shoemakers to draw on — hence the work done, while good and solid, has not the attractive finish of the older centers of the industry. For this reason, and the fact that an expert super- intendent and expert foremen were taken into the prison to train the convicts, the prison-made goods in this State are just as good, work and finish just as attractive, as any shoes made in this section of the country. Now as to price. Let us take a standard shoe, one that is just as staple as money in the northwestern market: Men's oil-grained, Creedmore shoe, 6 inches high, halt double sole, all solid. The wholesale price of this shoe when made by citizen tactories is $1.65; the Stillwater prison contractor's price is $1.50; material, finish, labor just as good, and shoe sells just as well in the market, except to dealers who will not, for sentimental reasons, handle prison goods. This holds good of all grades of shoes manufactured in this section. For instance, a Goodyear welt shoe that the citizen factories sell for $2.50, the prison contractor sells for $2.15. It is useless to go on with illustrations. Convicts should not be permitted to make goods made in this country. There are sufficient articles that we can secure only by import to occupy prisoners. 62 EBPOKT OH' THU GOMMISSIOiNEE OF LABOK. It is evident, trom all of tijie foregoing, that the price-breaking power of prison-made shoes is largely increased by the addition of the output of manufacturers who employ only tree labor, which is sold at the same prices as prison slwes when forced to by prison competition. The entire outpu.t of the sasae grades of free lactories is thus directly affected. The quantity of higher-grade goods indi- rectly affected is difficult to state. CLOTHING (WORKING SHIRTS, PANTS,, AND OVERALLS). The manufacturers of working shirts, pants, and overalls are emphatic in stating that it is established by their everyday business experience that articles of the same grade and kind, made in the prisons of 1 1 States mainly, and sold in competition with their goods, affect the prices and sales of the entire products of their factories. Included in the list of manufacturers thus affected and among those who have furnished the Bureau with the facts are establishments, not alone the most extensive in the United States, but in the v/orld, -with heavy export as well as dom.estic trade. It was not thought probable that tlie great establishments in any industry would be found to have been affected adversely, owing to the relatively small percentage of prison product to the total produc- tion, and that only small concerns, if any, would be injured. But the inquiries of the Bureau have developed that the very largest manufacturers in. each of the industries investigated are those most seriously injured by the prices of prison-made goods. This is stated to be because of the small maTgin of profit per unit of product, accumtilated profits depending upon the large volume of output and sales. It is pointed out by manufacturers that the quantity of work- ing shirts, pants, and overalls made in prisons should not be com- pared with that of "clothing" made in factories, but only with the like grade and quantity of goods produced outside. There are no available statistical compilations that admit of tbis comparison. The articles named are generally classified under the head of "clothing," and are included with, but not separable trom, overcoats, ready-made suits, and other articles of clothing not com- parable. While not segregated in -statistical presentations, this branch of the industry and the factories making working shirts, pants, and overalls are :distinct from other' branches of the clothing trade. Every farmer, farm hand, and wageworker in the country are purchasers of the products of these factories. At retail the articles are low in price, and are not difficult to make in factory or prison. Being of this character it is claimed |.hey are peculiarly susceptible to the price influences of prison-made goods. But 2,000,000 articles of this kind were made in prisons in 1885. In 1903-4 over 8,000,000 CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF OONVIOT-MABE OOODS. 63 items of this branch of the clothing industry were made in prisons, and that this quantity of prison-made articles influences the prices of no less than $20,000,000 worth of the same class of merchandise produced by free labor has been the experience of the manufacturers in this line. They direct attention to the conclusions of the State investigating committees of Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Con- necticut, which in 1879 declared that while "the product of convict labor, when compared with that of the entire mechanical industry of the nation is insignificant, its concentration upon a few branches of industry may be seriously injurious to the citizens engaged in those industries." The committees sought to remedy the threatened "injury to any branch of industry" and to reduce it to "very small proportions by the greatest practicable diversity of employment in the prisons," and that " the proper diversity of employment in the prisons should be secured by limiting the num.ber ot convicts to be employed in any one industry." This theory was carried out in the States named. In actual practice it has resulted in the concentration it was intended to avoid. Interstate transportation facilities, the perfec- tion ot the factory system in prisons, and the control of prison con- tracts in several States by one man or company are some of the tactors which have nullified the effect of the intended diversity of employment and industries. It is pointed out that it does not min- imize the injurious effect on an industry if a State apportions its convicts among a number of industries, unless each State was required to sell its prison product within its own limits. When 17 other States nxake similar apportionments for the same industries, the result is the same as though all of the convicts were making one kind of goods in the prisons of two or three States. That is what has happened, and the jobbing centers and wholesale markets become the points of concentration for the aggregate production of all the prisons manufacturing a single line of goods. The power to affect the market is the same as if all of the produc- tive prisons of all the States were factories, owned and directed by one company and operated in one State. Some of the most salient points made by the manufacturers ot clothing of the kinds enumerated are as follows : "The sewing of an ordinary work shirt in our factory costs from 60 cents to 75 cents per dozen. This garment is made at the Michi- gan City prison, we are informed, at 24 cents per dozen." "We have been compelled to discontinue a large branch of our business, which gave emplo3mient to thousands." "One prison contractor * * * owns and controls the cloth- ing output of 8 prisons in 6 States," 64 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. The following statement shows the results of this condition : One establishment makes a certain kind of shirt, with double front and double back, for which was paid (to the employees) for — Sewing 94 cents per dozen. Cutting 12§ cents per dozen. Folding and shipping, 7J cents per dozen. The prison contractors at once imitated and made a specialty of this particular shirt. Owing to this competition the firm has been compelled repeatedly to make reductions in the price of labor, until now it is paying for the same article, for — Sewing 68 cents per dozen. Cutting 7 cents per dozen. Folding and shipping 5 cents per dozen. The prison contractors are making the same garment at a total labor cost of 40 cents per dozen for the completed operations. "The employment of convict labor, by reason of its extreme cheap- ness and adaptability, has created a demand for articles with more stitching, and of heavier cloth, which are being sold at the same prices as the ordinary article, so that it has been impossible for us to dispose of the class of merchandise that was found eminently satis- factory before the employment of convict labor, and which enabled us to maintain a department that gave work to thousands of people, and which now scarcely employs hundreds." "The manner in which our goods are purchased by the trade is that orders are placed for season's requirements twice a year, and no orders are placed until all lines of any consequence are ready. While the prisons can not, as is well known, supply all of the goods that are required in our line, yet immediately their prices are open and announced they have had the effect, season after season, of bearing the price of the goods made by all others with free labor, and the result is that they have, with their output, influenced the price of no less than an average of twenty million dollars' worth of the same class of merchandise annually since they entered the field." "In the last ten years prison stuff was thrown on the market and governs our prices." "We can get no action to sell our goods until jails are sold up for the season. In making merchandise of these grades a mill must have continuous work ahead, and the instances are many where we can not wait until the prisons are sold up before we must reduce our price in order to obtain the requisite work to keep our institutions ui* action." "The idea that is commonly held by some that the paucity of a product does not affect the price of all the rest of it is an absurdity and nonsense, because all goods are sold by commercialism, and the CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OP CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 65 lowest prices make the price for all, as long as the cheaper article is for sale." In the following statements addressed to this office some of the principal manufacturers affected present their views. STATEMENT OF A MARYLAND MANTTFACTUBEB. One of the largest manufacturers of this class of goods in the world, with great factories employing thousands of people, writes as follows : We sincerely regret that time does not permit us to furnish an exhaustive report on the pemiciousness of the system employing con- vict labor on, articles such as shirts, drawers, and overalls, but it appears to us that this fact has been sufficiently well established, inasmuch as the New York State institutions have all concluded to indefinitely discontinue competing with free labor. Notwithstanding that State legislation in many instances provides that convict-made goods should be prominently stamped, and atten- tion drawn to this fact, it is frequently ignored, until m probably the majority of cases the purchaser is not aware that he is buying goods made by convicts; so that it is not strange that employers of free and honest labor, working under the tremendous disadvantages of com- peting with cheap convict labor, find it difficult to market their product. Not only have we to consider the extremely low price that is paid for the convict labor itself, but the contractor employing same is usually free from cost as to rent, storage, light, heat, power, etc., which is an enormous item, and naturally adds considerable to the cost of the article produced. The greatest objection, however, to the employment of convict labor is that it ordinarily displaces inexperienced and unorganized labor — that is, that class of poor people who are unable to leave their homes to enter factories, or can not absent themselves for a definite period, but who nevertheless require for their sustenance the slight amount of money that they might be able to earn while remaining at home, and between the intervals of household work, nursing, etc., can make a little money that will materially benefit their existence. The facts operate in an entirely unexpected manner, inasmuch as the employment of convict labor creates a demand for goods that are not producible by the inexperienced sewing-machine operators, and this has worked a terrific nardship against that class of laborers which belong to the lowest class of wage-earners, and who are deserv- ing of the greatest consideration, being made up principally of widows, orphans, and other helpless individuals who have not had the oppor- tunity to better themselves, and who by birth and education are without the inclination to do so. We are, as you undoubtedly know, among the leading manufac- turers in our line, and having been in business over forty years, we can say without egotism that our methods are uniformly approved, and it has been a great blow to us that by reason of the extensive employment of convict labor in the vicinity of our lon^-established [)lants and elsewhere that we have been compelled to discontinue a arge branch pf our business which gave employment to the very class 9061—06 5 66 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. of labor that we have aboye described. Some years ago we liad thousands employed in their homes doing work for us which was delivered to them by our wagons and called for when finished. The articles so manufactiored were altogether of a cheap grade, being light in texture and easily handled; for it must be admitted that those having their own machines, or who rent them, are unable to manufacture articles made of anything more than the lightest kind of cloth. The employment of convict labor, by reason of its extreme cheap- ness and adaptability, has created a demand for articles with more stitching and of heavier cloth, which are being sold at the same prices as the ordinary article, so that it has been impossible for us to dis- Eose of the class of merchandise that was found eminently satisfactory efore the employment of convict labor, and which enabled us to maintain a department that gave work to thousands of people and which now scarcely employs hundreds. This version of the convict situation is unique, but nevertheless productive of great suffering to the thousands that found themselves able to earn something and who are now almost entirely deprived of this opportunity; and although we reaHze that the convicts must be employed, we consider that of the two evils it would be better to allow them to have nothing to do whatsoever rather than that so many unfortunate and unprotected people should be placed in a position that makes life almost unendurable for them. STATEMENT OF A NEW YOSK MANTJFAO TUBES. The representative of another large firm writes : In answer to your inquiry whether prison labor aifects goods made by individuals who are not in prison, we beg to give you our expe- rience. The question is answered very easily, and there is but one reply. The effect is baneful^ pernicious, and has a tendency to compel honest people to do somethmg wrong and get into jail, because the firms who employ free labor can't compete with prison shops, and men are put out of work. Then through want the discharged man may commit an act that would make him a felon, and then come under the super- vision of a prison contractor who would get the benefits of his best skill and thereby produce a product at a cheapened cost, becoming a competitor against a fellow-laborer who is working for a free-labor firm, and innocently he is creating another felon. This is illustrated by stating that in our experience, and we are among the largest manufacturers in the world in our branches of business, namely, makers of cotton shirts and overalls, the prison competitors that we contend against in these branches, as long as they have merchandise to offer to the jobber (the class we cater to) they offer same for less than we or any other firm who employs free labor can sell it for, they then do the business and we can get no action to sell our goods imtil jails are sold up for the season. In making merchandise of these grades a mill must have continu- ous work ahead, and the instances are many where we can not wait ujitil the prisons are sold up before we must reduce our price in order to obtain the requisite work to keep our institutions in action. CHAPTER ir. COMPETITION OF COWVICT-MADE GOODS. 67 The last few years the demand for merchandise has been good enough, so that the prison ailment has not affected us seriously, but it has compelled goods to be sold too cheap, and in times of depres- sion, it can be clearly stated, that as long as a prison dealer has any goods to sell no free manufacturer has a chance in his line, as in times of depression goods are not taken readily by the trade, and the troubles just stated are more pronounced and longer in effect, as the period of selling up the product is prolonged. The idea that is commonly held by some sociologists that the paucity of a product does not ailect the price of the rest of it is an absurd,ity and nonsense, because all goods are sold by commercial- ism, and the lowest price makes the price for all as long as the cheaper article is for sale. In the interest of mankind all prison labor everywhere, in every form and shape wherein its prodi^uct competes with a commodity produced under free labor, should be stopped, as the result is degrad- ing ; and, eliminating every idea of profit, it breeds and increases crime by forcing honest help to do wrong, to get into the clutches of the law, to work in comLpetition, and to undersell honest labor. STATEMENTS OF SALESMEN OF A NEW YORK MANTIFACTTTK.BR. A traveling salesman of one of the largest establishments in an eastern city has this to say: On June 3S, 1905, I had gotten a hearing from a wholesale dry- foods house in reference to ouf line of shirts. This concern had been uying prison-made goods, but the prison concern had not dehvered their goods promptly to the aforesaid dry-goods houses I was given an order subject to confirmation, the buyer at the time stating that if the prison concern that had previously supplied him with goods could give him a proper delivery and lower prices our order would be canceled. A few days later our order was canceled by the wholesale jobbing house, they stating that they could better themselves. Other instances of similar nature have often occurred. I have found in my endeavors to sell shirts and overalls that wherever the jobbing house had faith in the proper delivery ability of the prison concern we could get no business, owing to the fact that we are always much undersold. My concern is the leading concern of the country, and is in posi- tion to compete at all times with honest labor; in other words, we can always meet legitimate competition. I have been selling this class of goods for over seventeen years. Another employee of this firm states : In my fourteen years' experience as traveling salesman for my firm I never had any difficulty in placing its products excepting when competing with prison-made merchandise, namely, work shirts and overalls. My concern is one of the largest in the country, and is able to compete with honest labor at any time and secure business, but con- cerns who have prison-made goods to offer always and invariably undersell us, and this in spite of the fact that no fault can be found in our delivery of merchandise. 68 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. STATEMENTS OF INDIANA MANTTFACTTJHBBS. An establishment in a western city, manufacturing pants, shirts, overalls, and coats, sends the following communication: We beg the opportunity of submitting our case to your notice. Our worst competition is the * * *^ who employ prison labor in Michigan City, Ind., and at several other points. We also come into competition with * * *^ who, we are informed, operate a prison factory at Moundsville, W. Va. These concerns, owing to the low cost of labor, undersell us in every instance, and whenever we come into direct cornpetition we are forced to withdraw from the field. The prices are invariably lower, and this naturally works a hardship upon every legitimate factory in our line. As* an illustration in the difference of cost of production, we might cite the following: The sewing of an ordinary work shirt in our fac- tory costs from 60 cents to 75 cents per dozen. This garment is made at the Michigan City prison, we are informed, at 24 cents a dozen. This difference represents a large profit, and you can readily see the hardship under which we are compelled to compete. Another firm in the same city, manufacturing workingmen's cloth- ing, also writes: We would like to give our experience as to comparing manufac- turers that make their entire product with free lahor and that of manufacturers that make their entire product with convicts in pris- ons and reformatories. In the first place, we sell our goods to the jobbers, and they always ask for their own brand, hence we place same for them on each gar- ment. Now, then, goods that are made by convicts in the State prisons and reformatories over the United States conflict wit"h our product in such a way that within the last ten years prison stuff was thrown on the open market, and governs our prices; and this stuff, made in these prisons, has left. us without any profit. We think there should be some other way to have these convicts employed and not have them make goods to compete with free labor. We suggest that those firms that employ convict labor confine their entire product to that one particular State in which it is made, and not have the right to sell it over the entire United States. If that is done by Congress it would be one of the greatest bills that passes the House in this session. We will again say that prison-made goods govern the market value, and there certainly should be some way to prevent this. As we understand, about all goods made in prisons are sold direct to jobbers, who can have their own brands placed on each garment, which certainly is hot justice to free labor and their consumers. CHAPTER IL COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 69 STATEMENT OF AN EASTERN MANtTEACTTIB-EB,. An eastern concern, with factories in three different localities, states as below: As affecting our line, viz, shirts, we would say that we sell almost exclusively the very largest wholesale trade, both throughout the United States as well as quite some for export. Of goods made in prison, while there are a few other firms who may be making some of their goods in this manner, the one firm who are direct compet- itors of ours and who make their entire j)roduct exclusively in pris- Qjjg * * !(= aigo has other branches working under other names covering some of the prison contracts operated by them. Due to the competition they have given us since they have been in business, we have had occasion to give serious consideration to prison-made ' goods, with a view of protecting our interests if possible as against this class of production, and we have learned during such- investigations that they are operating among other prisons and they have quite a number more, as to wmch we have been unable to obtain any infor- mation; but the following, we do know some of the details as to their contracts. These are the prisons at Sioux Falls, Iowa ; Weath- ersfield, Conn.; Michigan City and Jefferson City, Ind., and Jackson, Mich. We also in this investigation have recently had occasion to learn that the contract at the Howard Prison, Providence, R. I.; will shortly expire; and due to differences with the present contractor they anticipate making a change, and that this same firm have active negotiations now with a view of getting this contract.. We have learned among other things, firstly, that at least in some of their contracts there is an understanding whereby product which can be termed as "seconds" is to be considered as being made with- out cost and no pay made for the same, and we are of the opinion that this may leave an opening for the construction of qjnite some of a product as such and bring it out free of charge. While operating as we do, and all others who use free labor, we are compelled to stand a loss -of such work ourselves while we pay for the labor per- formed. We have found, 'for instance, that their contracts, where we have been able to obtain specific information, and this latter is very hard to obtain, due to the fact that it is carefully safeguarded as against publication, for reasons probably best known to them, that at Sioux Falls their contract provides for the full operation, including cutting, sewing, and putting up for shipment and the ship- ment charges themselves, at 30 cents per dozen shirts. At * ^ * the amount on a previous contract was 34 ce"nts per dozen, which, however, in view of the difference in freight, would relatively figure as cheap if not cheaper than the previous contract quoted. We have been unable to obtain the price, while we do know some of the other details as to other contracts referred to, but we do know as to the * * * contract, that under this contract the State received a return of 28 cents per day last year per man employed, and we have been informed that the work performed by them would average 50 per cent more than the work of men or women in our employ at free labor who earn SI. 50 per day average. In the latter case we believe it reflects flagrantly the fact that some of the oper- ators there have been permitted to work at night at no cost to the contractor as far as the State is concerned, while we pay under similar TO KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOITER OF LABOR. conditions double pay for work performed as oTertime. We can point as the best instance as to the effect of prison labor on free labor to the following: There is a certain make of shirt, which is made with a double front and double back, which previous to the time that this firm started in business, and they have never worked except with prison contracts, we were paying for the sewing of the shirt alone 94 cants per dozen, for cutting 12^ cents per dozen, and for folding and ship- ping 7i cents per dozen. This particular make was at once made a specialty of by them, and they have since employed in the making of this make the cheapest 'contract in their possession. Due to the competition given us we have repeatedly been compelled to make reductions in the price of the labor until we are now paying for this same shjrt for the sewing operation as low as 68 cents per dozen, for cutting 7 cents per dozen, and for folding and shipping 5 cents per dozen. They are making this sam,e garment under their con- tracts,, taking probably the basis of the highest they have, at a total cost of 40 cents per dozen for these complete operations. If you will take the item of cutting as an example, we would say that we are paying cutters on an average of $18 per week for a week of regu- lar working hours, as against which they have in this one item to pay for a man employing the same machine and doing the same amOrfiit of work, if he works only the regular hours, at a cost to them ot somewhere between 30 and 40 cents per day. This firm claims to do a business of about $2,000,000 per year, and we would credit them with doing pretty nearly that much. The manner in which our goods are purchased by the trade is that orders are placed for season's requirements twice a year, and no orders are placed until all lines of any consequence are ready. While they can not, as is well known, supply all of the goods that are required in our line, yet immediately their prices are open and announced they have had the effect, season after season, of bearing the price of goods made by all others with free labor, and the result is that they have with their output influenced the price of no less than an average of $20,000,000 worth of the same class of merchandise annually since they entered the field. In meeting competition with them our only resource has been, since the materials going into the garments are never made by them nor their competitors but are purchased at market prices in the market, has been to attempt to bring the cost" of our labor down to the lowest possible price in an effort to meet theirs, and as a result we have made an average cut in the price of labor since the time that they entered the field of probably 25 per cent, and this has' held good until within the last and present era of prosperity when the demand for free labor was such that in competition with others employing the same we have been compelled, up to about March 1 of the ctirrent year, to pay slightly more for the same, though recently again the situation seems to be changing, and there will be but one course open to us should conditions in any manner take a turn and be less prosperous, and that would be to again start the reduction of prices, as we will be compelled, due to this competition. At such times as the lines are open as above referred to there is no possi- bility of others withholding their line, awaiting the selling up of the prison product, for the reason that the trade have been in the habit of operating their purchases in a manner appealing to them and OHAPTEB II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 71 allowing them to use such goods as are produced at radical prices, due to this labor, and filling in the remainder of their line from such as we are compelled to make with free labor, and further that there can be no delay in taking such orders and the placing of Ihem, due to the fact that it requires the booking of contracts both for the material to go into the garment as well as the taking up of contracts for work for a season's production in advance by the wholesalers who distribute them to the retailer, and he to the consumer, and we manufacture for the first hands handling the product as does this firm employing prison labor. This statement covers the expe- rience of two members of this firm, viz, our Mr. * * * and Mr. * * * who have sold almost our entire product both since and before this firm entered the field, and our experience dates back in this line for a term of more than twenty years. CHAIRS, TABLES, ETC. The strides made by convict labor in productive industry from occupations requiring but little skill in 1885 to those requiring superior skill in producing articles of high grade and value in 1904 can, perhaps, best be shown in the making of furniture in prisons. The Second Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor shows that furniture in 1885 was manufactured in 32 penitentiaries and prisons in 17 States. That the articles made were not much to be feared in a competitive sense would appear from the fact that in 21 of these institutions, in 12 States, the inmates were employed in the very ordinary occupation of caning seats for chairs, producing in that year 1,172,382 of these seats. The product was not a finished one, the seats being used by manu- facturers in making complete chairs in outside factories. In the same year, in 4 of these prisons in 4 States, the convicts produced 692,967 ordinary chairs complete, 83 per cent being of a common grade and 17 per cent of a medium grade. In 1 State prison 46,500 bedsteads of common hard wood were made. In another State prison, $71,416 worth of beds were made. In a State penitentiary were made $50,836 worth of extension table slides, and in 3 prisons $101,366 worth of miscellaneous furniture. The character of all kinds of furniture made by convicts in 1885 indicates that but little skill was required or expended. In 1903-4 the investigation of the Bureau on the same lines showed that in 12 prisons of 5 States 525,253 seats were caned and 177,451 seat frames and other parts were made, while in 17 peni- tentiaries and prisons of 9 States the making of superior articles of furniture was carried on, of kinds and grades, as shown in the fol- lowing list, very much unUke the common grades made in 1885. Single articles of reed furniture, for which a manufacturer's wholesale price would be $20 each, are now made by convicts and sold by the prison people for $16. Hundreds of thousands of articles 72 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. of the same excellence of workmanship are now made in ppsons. The value of the common chairs made in 1885 was about $1 each. The following list, showing the principal varieties of furniture made in prisons in 1903-4, will best serve to indicate the advance made: .56,128 rattan rted chairs, rockers, and settees. 222,480 dining and rocking chairs and settees. 125,711 reed rocking, children's, and nursery chairs, and settees. 176,920 office, dining, rocking, kitchen, folding, etc., chairs, cradles, and stools. 40,000 reed rocking-chairs, handmade, machine, wood frame. 15,000 gocarts, reed, hand worked. 30,809 large oak and birch rocking-chairs, machine made. 7,217 small oak rocking-chairs, machine made. 99,642 oak and birch cottage and dining chairs. 50,776 wooden chairs. 101,500 sohd bottom chairs. 20,000 reed rocking-chairs. 255,000 chairs with cane seats. 11,000 dining chairs. 43,720 chairs with openwork bottoms. 72,332 parts of chairs. 525,253 cane seats and backs. 105,119 cane seat frames. 8580,838 worth of miscellaneous furniture. In 1885 machinery was used in 6 prisons; in 1903-4 machinery- was used in 16 prisons. As in other industries investigated by the Bureau information as to the commercial effect of the prison product, when sold in compe- tition with that of free manufacturers, was sought and secured from representative establishments in the Eastern and Western States. A western manufacturer, in speaking of the power of prison-made articles to reduce prices, directed attention to the powers of con- centration of product by prison interests and stated that the * * * Company controlled 7 prisons in 5 States in which furniture was made for the single prison-contractipg concern. He also directed attention to the report of the commission of the State of New Jersey in 1879, which stated: "Trade, commerce, and manufactures ignore State lines entirely, and if convicts were employed in manufacturing an article of general use in one State only the goods thus produced, if better or cheaper than those made by free labor, would very soon find their way to all the other States and compete with their labor in that branch of industry." He also stated that", as conditions existed in the 'manufacture of furniture to-day, the movement of prison-made goods and their effect was the same as if it were all made in one State and sold by one company, since the prisons are now convenient distributing points. He further explained the prison system as follows: "Their CHAPTER 11.^ — COMPETIl'ION OF OONVICT-MADE GOODS. 73 usual method of marketing their [prison] goods was to use our catalogue to sell by and offer to supply any of the goods therein illustrated at a discoUnt of 20 to 40 per cent from our printed prices. These prices were not inflated, but were based entirely upon such reasonable percentage of profit as every manufacturing establish- ment is entitled to." A State (Illinois) penitentiary, operating under the public account system and not through a contractor, issued a large illustrated cata- logue to the dealers, in which were shown 39 different styles of rattan reed furniture made in that prison, with the printed statement: "We have a stock of these numbers now on hand and will quote prices upon request." The following table gives a description of these articles, with the prison's net price to dealers for each, the price for each that the manufacturer employing free labor would sell to dealers, and the difference on each article between the prison and the aforesaid manufacturer's price: PRICES OF FREE AND PRISON-MADE GOODS. Description of articles. Manufac- turers' net price to dealers. Prison net price to dealers. Difference in favor of . prison price. •Conversation cliair Large conifort rocking-chair Large comfort rocker. ■. Large armchair, spring seat, upholstered in cretonne. Large comfort rocking-chair Large comfort rocking-chair Large comfort rocker. Large armchair. Lady's armchair Large comfort rocking-chair. Large arm rocking-chair Large comfort rocker Lady's rocking-chair Fancy Cabinet . . .' Large comfort rooking-clmir Large comfort rocking-chair Lady's armchair ,. Suite, 5 pieces Couch (26 by 78 inches) ; Large armchair. Large armchair Suite, S pieces Oblong workbasket (14 by 18 inches, 25 inches high) . . Large comfort rocking-chair : Large comfort rocking-chair Lady' s rocking-chair Reed arm revolving office chair Lady's comfort rocking-chair ': Large comfort rocking-chair Lady's cointort rocking-chair Large arm comfort' rocking-chair Lady's comfort rocker Large armchair Lady's comfort rocking-chair T6te-ft-tfite, 42 inches Large arm rocking-chair Large arm rocking-chair Lady's sewing rooking-chatr. Large armchair; spring sea,t, upholstered in cretonne 118.79 5.70 5.70 9.02 6.17 7.84 4.75 7.12 6.70 8.07 7.84 6.17 4.75 5.70 4.75 5.70 6.17 9.50 12.82 7.13 6.41 3.32 1.90 4.75 7.84 6.65 14.25 7.36 5.70 8.07 9.97 4.51 3.32 3.32 19.95 6.65 7.12 3.80 7.60 96.94 4.60 4.50 7.12 4.87 6.19 3.75 5.62 4.60 6.37 6.19 4.87 3.75 4.50 3.75 4.50 4.87 ■ 7.60 10.12 5.62 5.06 2.62 1.60 3.76 6.19 5.26 11.26 5.81 4.60 6.37 7.87 3.56 2.62 2.62 15.76 5.26 5.62 3.00 6.00 -11.85 1.20 1.20 1.90 1.30 1.65 1.00 1.50 1.20 1.70 1.65 1.30 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.20 1.30 2.00 2.70 1.60 1.35 .70 • .40 1.00 1.65 1.40 3.00 1.56 1.20 1.70 2.10 .95 .70 .70 4.20 . 1.40 l.£0 .£0 1.60 74 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. STATEMENTS OF SALESMEN. The following are from the reports of traveling salesmen to their employers : "A chair has recently been put on the market to sell at $7, which it was impossible for us to sell for less than $10." "In Peoria I was selling ofl&ce stools, 32-inch leg, at $8.50 per dozen. I met the prison chair company's 32-inch leg ofl&ce stool at $5.50 per dozen. I threw up the sponge, as that was less than our factory could produce the goods." "In Joliet, a year ago last winter, I was offering our full oak solid saddle-seat diner at $14.50 per dozen, and I met a like chair from the prison chair company at $12 per dozen, less 20 per cent and 2 per cent delivered at the retailer's door, making the price less than the goods could be produced for with free labor." "An oak diner, cane seat, three-slat double-spindle back, made by both the Joliet, 111., and Frankfort, Ky., prisons, sold at $9 per dozen, 5 per cent off, delivered anywhere in the State. We could not meet it with any chair of like proportion under $11 per dozen." STATEMENTS OF MANTTFACTtTBERS. The following statements show the situation as it appears to these manufacturers : "A thing that is a great hardship to us is that no matter how dull business may be, and free factories must curtail their output to the needs of the market, the prison factories run just the same, and their crews just as large, or larger, at times of commercial depression as at other times." "Whatever price the prison manufacturer places upon his goods makes the market price for this article." "Up to 1903 we were employing from 150 to 200 men in the manu- facture of reed furniture, particularly chairs and rockers, the men employed in this department making about $2 a day. In that year the State of Michigan let by contract to a furniture company the labor of 350 convicts at Ionia Prison. The result of this competition has been that we are now employing about 60 people, all told, in the reed industry. Chairs we are selling for $2.50 each are sold by the prison concern for about $1.65 regularly. This competition has prac- tically driven us out of the reed-chair business." STATEMENT OP A NEW YOKE MANUFACTtmER. Up to about two years ago the prison at JoUet, 111., was farmed out to parties who made there a variety of articles, principally boots and shoes, and rattan and reed furniture. We understand that manufac- turers of boots and shoes felt their competition keenly, and we suf- CHAPTER II. COMPETITIOIir OF CONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 75 fered rery much from their making rattan and reed furniture, of which, business this firm was the founder in this country. They made reed chairs at such ridiculously low prices that it was impossible for the employer of free labor to compete with them and to pay their debts. We would instance that their usual method of marketing their goods was to use our catalogue to sell by, and offer to supply any of the goods therein illustratea at a discoxmt of 20 to 40 per cent from our printed prices.. These prices were not inflated, but were based entirely upon such reasonable percentage of profit as every manufacturing establishment is entitled to. We were not able to meet this competition, and in consequence lost a great many orders, which, could we have had them, would have meant work to free labor at good wages. The State of Illinois finally legislated them beyond their borders. They moved the plant to Kentucky, and are now engaged there in practically the same business. We find their competition fully as serious as before, and they are now also engaged in manufacturing baby carriages and gocarts and a large line or conunon chairs. This prison and others, one of which is located at New Haven, Conn., were controlled by the firm of * * * ^ fg^ months ago , they were all consolidated and absorbed by * * * manufactur- ers of chairs, and we now have the more serious proposition of an employer of free labor also manufacturing similar goods in prisons and pushing their sale to the detriment of our legitimate business as well as their own. The prison located at New Haven, which, as stated before, is now controlled by * * * , is now m:aking large quantities of cheap and medium-priced cane-seated chairs and selling them much below market prices. For example, we inclose herewith illustration of their chair No. 101 A, priced $10 per dozen with arms and $9 per dozen without arms. We also show our corresponding chair. No. G-345-1, priced $11.50 per dozen with arms and $10.50 without arms. We also inclose illustration of their chair No. 103, which lists at $13.50 per dozen, and our corresponding chair, No. G-395-1, at $16 per dozen, or $15 per dozen if the back was set in between the posts as it does on their chair; also illustration of their rocking chair No. 103J, which they list at $21 per dozen, and our No. G-395-3, which would list at $24 per dozen if the back was set in between the posts as theirs does. In sending you these illustrations we are comparing their latest printed prices with ours. This Connecticut prison has an output, we believe, of about 75 dozen chairs per day, perhaps more, and we feel their unjust competi- tion very severely through our eastern territory. To go back to the reed furniture^ we would advise you that the worst competition that we have in this line comes from the * * * Company, * * *, which has its goods made in the Detroit House of Correction and elsewhere in prisons. We inclose herewith photograph of our reed rocker No. 118 D, which we formerly made, trying to compete with them in a small degree. Our wholesale price on this chair was $2.25; their price was $1.75 each, or perhaps less at times if in need of money. We have been obliged to discontinue this chair because we can no longer make it and sell it at $2.25 each and pay our debts. By the aid or their con- 76 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. vict labor they can make it and sell it at $1.75, and are flooding the country with the goods ; whether they make any profit on it or not at this price we can not state. At our factory at * * * we make chairs of various kinds — cane-seated and veranda chairs ; reed and rattan chairs and furniture ; folding chairs of every variety; baby carriages and gocarts; cocoa mats and mattings. This factory is affected in its output also by prison labor, and most especially in its mat department. ■ There are prisons in the Middle West that are now turning out these door mats in large quantities, many carloads a month, and they are sold through agents and through jobbers, such as * * * , who, through their great distributing facilities, are placing them in all the large department stores where mats are sold. In fact, we can now only sell these cocoa mats to parties whom we can prejudice against prison-made goods, or who have such a natural prejudice of their own, and parties who demand better grades of goods, special sizes, etc. This question of making mats in prisons should certainly be carefully considered, as it is a great obstacle to our business and prevents its expansion and the employment of more free labor. We have sufficient competition on such goods by the importers of them without that of convict labor. STATEMENT OP A MICHIGAN MANTTFACTTTBEB,. bur company has been competing with prison labor for more than twenty-five years, as it seems that the manufacture of chairs, in one form or another, is a favorite industry for the employment of prison labor in several of the prisons in the country. If I give you the result of our experiences in two instances where we have had to deal with this competition you will probably be able to obtain more practical information from it than if I should, attempt to set forth the general effects of prison labor on free labor, and the industries that employ free labor in competition with it. The Detroit House of Correction makes a very similar line of goods to those which are manufactured by ourselves. They are making perhaps the best quality of that grade of goods which is made hj any prison institution in the country. The goods, as they make them, should command as high a price as those made by free labor, because I believe that they are fully as good. For a great many years * * * jj ^^^g impossible to arrive at any understanding in the matter of prices, and their goods were sold m open market at figures very much below those which we were able to make or which the trade would pay were it not for the prison competition. At that time the institution was running exclusively on making chairs. They were employing Some three or four hxmdred long-term United. States and Territorial prisoners sent in from outside of the State. In the last few years * * * these conditions have been changed considerably for the better. A law was passed several years ago by the Michigan legislature' prohibiting the employment of convicts outside of the State, and this, of course, reduced the number of prisoners in the institution. CHAPTER ir. COMPETITION' OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 77 Then, bjr the advice of the board of managers, Mr. * * * varied the industries and introduced the manufacture of pearl but- tons and brushes. This, with the reduced number of^ inmates, relieved the situation in the chair business. More than this, Mr. * * * has maintained a fairly reason- able understanding with the manufacturers of chairs in free factories, and does not make his prices run more than 5 or 10 per cent less than goods of the same quality made outside. Up to 1903- we were employing from 150 to 200 men in the manu- facture of reed furniture, particularly chairs and rockers. The men in this department were making about $2 a day at piecework. In that year the State of Michigan let to the * * * Company by contract the labor of 350 convicts at Ionia prison. The highest price paid for this labor was 50 cents per day and carrying with it the usual percentage of "lumpers," or men for which no charge is made. The result of this competition has been that we are now employ- ing about 60 people all told- in the reed industry. Chairs that we are selling for $2.50 each are sold by the * * * Company for about $1.65 regularly, and we are advised at much lower prices in large lots. This competition has practically driven us out of the reed-chair business. Prison competition affects the employer of free labor in both good and bad times. In dull times the prison labor is kept employed whether there is demand for goods at a price or not. Goods are thrown upon the market when produced, as they must be disposed of without reference to their cost, even on the basis of prison labor. When business is unusually good, as at the present time and dur- ing the last two or three years, there is such a demand for labor in other industries at good wages that it is impossible for a manufac- turer who is competmg with prison labor to obtain all of the labor he needs, because he is unable to pay the price which secures the labor from the industry that does not nave prison competition to compete with. For instance, in this State at the present time an intelligent work- man, without any special trade, can find employment in the auto- mobile industry at wages from $2.25 to $3 per day, while we are not able to pay any such a price for men on reed goods, who usually earn about $2 per day, and then on work of a higher class than the prison labor makes. Therefore it is only in medium times, when business is neither dull nor very good, that we are able to get the best results, because labor is then at a moderate figure and the supply is sufficient. The employer of free labor is obliged to go into the open market and engage his workmen and must pay the market price. The prison contractor, making a contract with the State at a very low price is assured of a uniform cost of labor for the full term of his contract, which is usually ten years. As a matter of experiment, we have tried two different men who have been discharged from the Ionia prison, where they learned the trade of reed worker, and we find that they are able to do fully as much work as one working for us and who has learned his trade in a free shop. 78 REPORT OF THE 0OMMI8SIONEB OF I/ABOB. It is true that these men are not always desirable employees, becaase of their bad character and inregHlar hahits, but if they could be put under the same discipline outside that they are sub- jected to in prison I am quite sure that they would do fully as much work under the proper direction as the usual laborer does outside. STATEMENT OK AN ILLINOIS MANUFACTtTBEB. I find it difficult to express in condensed form the situation as it has become impressed upon me after an experience extending over a dozen years or more in attempting to combat the distressing effects of the convict competition upon our own business and in other lines that are similarly affected, and that we have been cooperating with to secure relief. I might enumerate instances in the State of Iflinois, when the State was selling the goods, that the convict-made article was sold on the market at prices that barely covered the cost of the raw material, and where the State received no benefit whatever from the labor, but at the same time the goods were sold and held up by the purchaser to the free manufacturer as the criterion of prices at whiek they were able to supply themselves. This condi- tion was so unusual that, after continuing it to an extent that the State had lost upward of $2,000,000, the plan was abandoned, and the convicts, contrary to the constitution of the State, were let by contracts to various companies. The result of the contract plan was that the price still' contumed to be so much below the price made by legitimate manufacturers in free shops that the eoimpetition effect was just as bad, and I might cite numerous instances of where oak chairs that should sell for a specific price per dozen were sold by the prison contractor at discoimts rangMig from 10 to 25 per cent, placing the net price to the customer below the cost to the free manufacturer, when his factory expenses and the wages that he was obliged to pay his free laborers were considered. Another instance that will serve to illustrate what, in our view, is an impor- tant point in its demoralizing effect upon a class of goods attacked by the prison contractor is in the reed-chair business. The case in point, a certain rocker known as the "comfort rocker," on which a proper price — we will say five years ago^ — was $4 each to the trade, and at that price the manufacturer would enjoy a comfortable profit and would be able to pay his workmen a fair wage. A similar chair was made at the Joilet Penitentiary and put upon the market at $3. The chair was not quite as good as the free-made chair, but at the same time was suflnciently so to attract the trade and to sell in very large quantities. The effect was to compel us to reduce the cost of our chair so that we might meet the competition. In doing this the chair became poorer in quality and the wages of the worKmen were reduced so that we were able to produce a chair that we could sell at $3.25, and it was sufficiently good so that it would secure a portion of the trade. The convict coiLtractor then reduced the price of his own chair somewhat and reduced the quality somewhat, so that they were able to sell it for prices ranging from S2.75 to $2.50. In attemipting to meet this we rediiced. the quality of our own chair agaio. and reduced the wages again as low as we were able to, and by that means continued to sell a portion of our chairs for a while longer, until the prison contractor still further reduced the CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 79 quality of bis chair, and in the end sustains a position in tbe market tliat has practically driven the free manufacturers out of this class of business, and the chairs are to-day being sold as low as $1.75 each, but in doing this the material has been taken out and the quality of 'the work reduced to such an extent that a very inferior article has resulted and a customer that buys one of these pieces finds that in very many cases it is so weak in its construction that it will last but a little while, and the customer's impression is that the whole character of reed goods is weak and not durable, and the consequent result is a general injury to a class of business than which there is none more reputable in the country and which woulfi not have been brought about had it not been for the convict competition. I might cite as coming to my knowledge in the course of investiga- tions held that the trade of the broom manufacturers all over me country is most seriously injured by prison-made brooms; the shoe business in a certain line of working shoes that are universally used all over the country are made at flle present time almost entirely in prison, and the free mianufacturers, as well as the free laborers, are deprived of the opportimlty of making this class of goods at all, because they have had to be absolutely abandoned by the free shops on account of their not being able to compete with convict-made goods. It is an indisputable fact to any fair-minided man that will inform himself on the question that it is not so much the question of volume of the product of a prison shop that affects the free manu- facturer in the same class of goods as it is the price at which the convict-made article is sold, and that the effect of this price is to compel the free manufacturer to reduce the cost of his goods to the lowest possible point in material, and to reduce wages to the lowest possible point, thereby affecting, all of that quality of labor. The pure statistician in reviewing the situation and comparing the vol- ume of prison-made articles with the same articles made in the free shops does not seem to take into consideration the practical effect that it has on the manufacturer of any article that is attacked by the convict-labor contractor, and don't seem to take cognizance of the blighting and demoralizing effect that the convict-made article has. I inclose with this a sheet covering illustrations lately issued by the Joliet penitentiary. The styles ulustrated are almost entirely copies of our own. The prices indicated under the illustrations are the proper market prices as established by the reputable free facto- ries of the country. The State, you will notice, does not publish prices, but in a line at the bottom of the sheet signify that they will quote prices on request. It is a fact given me by the warden of the Joliet penitentiary, and confirmed by outside reports, that the State sells these goods as low as 30 and in some cases 35 per cent discount, while the discount of the free manufacturer would range from 5 to 15 per cent. The difference makes more than the entire profit that it is possible for the free manxifacturer to make, when you come to con- sider the fact that the prison contractor has the advantage, rent free of the factories of the State, including heat, light, and power; no insurance or taxes to pay on real estate, and that the labor paid by the contractor to the State will not exceed 40 to 50 cents per man, while the free manufacturer has to pay all of these operating expenses, with a wage scale to the man ranging in the close vicinity of $2 per 80 BEPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONEK OF LABOB, day. The comi)etition is most severe, and I am writing mainly about a class of goods in which we are vitally interested, but the principle is the same, whether it applies to chairs, brooms, shoes, hollow ware, shirts, matting, harness, or any other of the numerous kinds of goods that are taken up by the penitentiaries. It is an evil inherent to the principle of allowing public funds or public help to be used in the manufacture of goods sold in competition with private enterprise. STATEMENT OF A MICHIGAN MANUPACTUBEB. I take the liberty of addressing you upon the demoralizing effect of prison labor in this country when it comes in cpmpetition with free labor. I have made this a study for sixteen years or more, during which time I have been at the head of the * * * Company. It is a well-known fact among the furniture and chair manufacturers, especially the manufacturers of chairs, that great suffering has been sustained by them from the unfair competition by prison-made goods. This labor is contracted for at a comparatively very small price, run- ning from 30 to 50 cents per day, this enabling such contractors to put their product on the market at a price that no manufacturer employ- ing honest labor and paying living wages could p6ssibly meet without loss. The prison shops pay no tax, while the manufacturer of chairs and other goods which come into competition with them, and their employees, pay millions of dollars toward the support of the National and State government. I have in my employ as superintendent of the Woodworking department of our factory a man that was formerly employed as superintendent in a prison factory. He was in this fac- tory for six or seven years as superintendent of certain branches of the work, and he does not hesitate to say that he could get more labor out of a convict than he can get out of the ordinary chair worker that we employ to-day. Labor throughout the country is in a very uneasy condition, and it is almost impossible to hold them or keep them together at the wages that the chair manufacturers are able to pay them at the present time. To show you the condition of the labor market to-day, would say that we have a very nice village with very large paper mills, and quite a large chair factory, and we employ from 150 to 200 men. In looking over the books I see that we have employed over 100 men between the 1st of January and the 1st of April who were not with us on the 1st of April. In other words, we had about 100 men that we employed who either left or were discharged during this time. I think the manufacturers of chairs throughout the country, in fact I am positive from my work with these manufacturers, would be will- ing and very glad to pay their men greater wages if it were possible for them so to do, but we are met by very low prices from every quarter on prison-made goods, and while the prisons can not supply all the chairs that are needed in this country, they have a very demoralizing effect on these prices, and a tendency to hold down legitimate prices on the products of free-labor chair factories. - I was at the Ionia prison, in this State, some time ago when the contract was let to the * * * Company for a certain number of the convicts in that institution. I was there with a delegation from Grand Eapids, Detroit, and other furni- ture centers, composed largely of the strongest furniture and chair men in Michigan, to see if we could possibly keep these people from getting the contract from the State. At tms time we met Governor CHAPTER It. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 81 Bliss, together with several other State officials, but regardless of the influence brought to bear on them, the contracts were let to the * * * Company. Although I did not hear definitely at that time the price paid for them, I understand that it was from 33 cents to 35 cents per day for this labor. From what I have understood of the * * * Company, I do not think that they were very successful in their business before they got this contract. After that it was my pleasure to handle goods from the * * * Company, through our agents on the road. After the * * * Company had got this prison labor we received notice from the * * * people that they would have to withdraw their goods from us, as they intended to move their factory across the Detroit River into Canada, and do business there, selling their product in Canada, where they would not come into com- petition with prison labor. I know several other instances of this description, where people have retired from the chair business, or are working on such a close margin as to make business unsafe, largely on account of the competition from this prison labor. I understand from authority that is indisputable that during the last year the * * * Company made 140,000 on their investment. STATEMENT OF AN OHIO MANCTPACTTJBEIl. In behalf of our company and a large number of men employed in our reed department, we desire to submit to you facts that have been very serious in their effects upon us. There are a large number of convicts in the Ionia, Mich., prison and the Frankfort, Ky., prison who are employed in the manufacture of reed chairs and rockers. The very low price at which this labor has been contracted has made it possible for their work to be put upon the market at prices that are simply impossible for us to meet. A few years ago we had a large business on reed furniture, which with the reed work in our baby car- riage and gocart bodies gave steady employment to a large force of men the year round, but owing to the loss of a large portion of our business on reed rockers, as a result of prison competition, we are unable to give employment to a large number of our reed workers from four to six months a year. These men, being unable to find employment at their trade, are forced to work at other labor at much less wages than they could earn and should earn at their trade. This works an injury to free skilled labor, and to our stockholders, who have their capital tied up in a plant equipped to employ them. STATEMENT OF A MICHIGAN MANTTFACTTTBEB. Prison-made goods are a constant menace to legitimate business and by disturbing the markets minimize the possibility of manufac- turers making as favorable and permanent arrangement in the matter of ■v^ages and employment with their employees as would be possible if all were governed by the competition arising from natural free conditions. It is not so much in the quantity actually sold that the evil is most apparent, but in the constant disruption of trade conditions. The average dealer desires to conduct his business on a fair basis and supply goods to his customers that represent good construction, merit, and value, and thereby hold and renew his trade, and preferably favors the marketing of good chairs made in 9061—06 6 82 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. a free shop. The fact that every dollar paid to a free shop represents larger wages, paid to deserving men supporting worthy families, is a source of pride to the dealer, and he is reluctant to handle goods made by convicts who have no interest in their work, and he knows that the money paid for prison goods swells the contractors' profits, and its beneficial effect on the community as compared to money paid to worthy and free mechanics is correspondingly lessened. But unfortunately there are dealers who are willing to handle anything that promises profits, and one such dealer in a town, putting in a stock of prison-made goods and offering them for sale at prices lower than a manufacturer paying liberal wages can make the goods, destroys the trade of all the other dealers, and presses their business to the exclusion of any fair profits to which they are entitled. Thus the effect of the sale of prison-made goods destroys confidence in the community and forces the standard of merit and values to the lowest point. Again, it is obhgatory upon free manufacturers desirous of perpetu- ating an honorable business to incur a great deal of expense in the creation and designing of suitable goods, possessing meritorious fea- tures, that will attract trade and meet the demands of the trade. This custom being prevalent among competitive firms insures good com- fortable styles that represent but a fair profit, and it is very discourag- ing to a manufacturer after he incurs this trouble and expense and has taxed his resources in 6riginating and marketing useful styles to have them produced in a mutilated form by piratical prison contract- ors and offered in competition at prices that are not in any sense foverned by cost of designing, or wages paid cabinetmakers, who ave learned a trade and are worthy supporters of the community in which they five. The usual response by persons interested in gains resulting from convict-made goods to arguments advanced by free manufacturers and operatives engaged in free manufactories that they wish to sup- press the trade in prison-made commodities for their selfish interest is very rarely justified by facts. While gain may be the primary motive that governs any and all manufacturers, yet the perpetuation and advancement of their employees is a dominant feature, and the manufacturer who is not in a great measure actuated by a feeling of pride in the liberal distribution of good wages is a rarity; and one of the most inimical sources of prevention of liberal wages to operatives in free chair factories can be traced directly to prison competition in chairs. STATEMENT OF A SALESMAN FOB A MICHIGAN MANTTFACTITBEE. In reply to yours of the 17th instant, I would say that competition with the line of chairs manufactured by the Detroit house of correc- tion at the very low prices they quote and the extra 3 per cent dis- count which they give over and above other manufacturers loses to myself, as well as others selling in this territory, a great share of trade that I would no doubt secure if prices and discounts were on an equal basis. You can take in my territory such dealers as * * * and many others whom I could mention, who, when I approach them on certain patterns, show me what they are buying from the Detroit CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF OONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 83 house of eoirection at a much lower price. Take, for instance, their Nos. 29 and 34 diners, with bent front legs ; oakchairs, at $1 1 per dozen : No. 52 oak diner at $8; also No. 33 short post-oak diner, a very good chair, at $11.50. I am certain that no free factory can put the same goods on the market and make money. The strongest competition of all, though, from them, is the new line of cheap diners they recently put out in both cane and wood seat, all finished in imitation of quartered- oak stock, a good finished large-sized chair. I refer to their No. 100 and No. 101 cane seats at $10 per dozen and No. 102 and No. 103 at S9, cane seats. Also Nos. 104 and 105, wood seats, at |9 per dozen. These chairs to be made by free labor, and put on the market at same price, would be at a loss to any manufacturer. STATEMENT OF A WISCONSIN MANUFACTTTBEB- The chair manufacturers have to compete with a good many prison factories making chairs. It has been a great burden on us for the reason that the rate of wages paid by the prison manufacturer has only been from 33 per cent to 40 per cent of that paid in free factories. Besides that, they have been furnished in many instances with light, heat, and power and in some instances nonproducing help, such as men who clean up the factory, etc., at a mere nominal price or for nothing. These chairs have been put on the market at from 20 to 40 per cent less than we could put out a similar chair. Another thing that is a great hardship to us is that no matter how dull business may be, and free factories must curtail their output to the needs of the market, the prison factories run just the same, and their crews • just as large or larger at times of commercial depression than at other times. I believe that the burden of taking care of the criminals of the country should fall on all the people and not on some particular class of manufacturers with whom the prisoners are brought in competi- tion. That the prisoners must be taken care of in a humane way, and should be so cared for as to come out of prison benefited by , their confinement, rather than made more defective, will be acknowl- ' edged by everyone. The system of contract labor makes these men ' mere machines. They come out of it merely a cog in some machine. \ It is hardly possible that they find the machine outside of prison' into which they would fit and become useful, self-supporting citizens, j In my opinion their prison work should be manual labor, with the; least possible use of machinery, and along lines so diversified that they will not be a burdensome competitor to free factories, and will be so q^ualified by their prison training as to be able to do more than ' one thing when they get out of prison. The restriction on inter- state trade of prison-made goodsj I believe would force the States to take up this problem. The financial earnings of the prisoner should be the least item considered in settling the problem. STATEMENT OF A WISCONSIN MANUFACTITBER. Prison labor has certainly had a decided tendency to lower the wages of free labor in the chair factories of this city. A chair has recently been put on the market to sell at $7 which it was impossible for us to sell for less than $10. This is only one instance given as a comparison, as the material was equal in price. 84 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. To lower our selling price it would be necessary to take it from the laborer. , Personally I find a great deal of trouble, particularly in the South, because of this alien labor. STATEMENT OF AN ILLINOIS MANUFACTTTBEB. One of our men was lately arrested while at work in our factory; he was tried and convicted of burglary and sent to the penitentiary for a term of years, where he is now engaged in making chairs of the same class as he was working on while with us, and thereby becoming a great source of competition to his former fellow-workmen. The case illustrates to my mind an important situation whereby the convict-made product, on account of the lower prices on the market, of necessity bears down the wages of any workman in a similar craft, "increasing their temptation to commit crime for which they may be sent to the penitentiary, and add to the very competi- tion they had before been striving against, as it is a well-known fact that the 'prison authorities will invariably put a man at work at the trade with which he is familiar. I think the illustration is" good, as drawing out the fact that the present method of contracting convict labor is tending to produce convicts out of free men as much or more than the punishment within the walls of the prison tends to reform the prisoner, and as there are many times the number of honest laborers employed in proportion to the convicts in any trade with which you might choose to compare, it would prove to be the fact that for every convict employed in any trade he is injuring the wages of all the workmen in a similar trade in proportion to the number employed, as well as at the same time rendering it impossible for the employers of labor to obtain a fair return for their capital invested. STATEMENT OF A MISSOURI MANTJFACTUBER. There is no doubt in our mind as to the bad effect on free labor where factories employing such free labor are in competion with goods manufactured by convict labor, no matter in what line of manufacture that may be, as we are well aware of the bad effect it has in the line we manufacture, as the factory to meet such competition has to economize at all points, and one of the greatest is the labor, so you can readily see in what way it affects the free labor. We are at present compelled to meet the prices, as close as we can, offered by jobbers in this city on chairs bought from the Detroit House of Correction; in fact, we believe the greater part of its output, which affects the free labor emploj^pd by us very seriously. It would be impossible for us to give you the number of styles referred to when calling your attention to the jobbers Tiandling the output of the Detroit House of Correction excepting in a general way, and that would be from the price of the four spindle bow back wood- seat chair at $4.75 per dozen, or less, to the fancier cane and wood seat line of about $12 per dozen. As you understand, we find no regular prices on this line of goods, excepting to be under whatever price is offered on similar goods by the factories employing free labor. In other words, it seems they try to be from 10 to 25 per cent lower. After considering the matter carefully, there is no doubt but CHAPTER H. COMPETITION OF CONVICT'MADE GOODS. 85 that on that class of goods, taking the prices quoted, we should now be getting about 25 per cent more to allow a margin. The cheapest chair that we manufacture to-day is the four spindle bow back, which sells at $5.25 per dozen, and if it was not for this competition, ought to sell for better than $6, and by the prices being too low, the factories naturally do not push sale of this class of goods, which, of course, is a detriment to the free labor. STATEMENT OP A MASSACHtTSETTS MANXXFACTTJRBB,. In a general way, would say that in several departments of our business we are subjected to competition from this source, which restricts and hampers our operations greatly. This will apply par- ticularly to our lines of reed furniture, children's carriages and gocarts, wood and cane seat chairs and cocoa mats and mattings. There is, perhaps, scarcely another corporation or firm in the entire country conducting a business of such diversity as ours which is so hampered. Because of competition from the institutions employing convict labor, in Pennsylvania and Maryland, our mat and matting business has been conducted at a serious loss for several years, and we are only hanging on in hopes that something will develop in the near future to justify our continuance in the business. Otherwise, we must abandon it absolutely within a comparatively short time. Within a few days we have been obliged to, make such reductions to our largest customer for reed furniture to meet the competition of contractors employing convict labor in the State of Michigan that there will be nothing m it for us unless we can still further reduce our prices for labor, and this it will be very difficult for us to do, as our employees in that department are already poorly paid, as the result of our efforts to stay in the business, and compete with this objection- able competition. STATEMENT OF AN OFFICIAL OF A MANUFACTUBERS' ASSOCIA- TION. Gur organization of manufacturers has taken up the fight against the competition emanating from State prisons in many of the States, and in some of them we nave met with pronounced success. Our object is to have all of the States adopt what is called "the New York law," which prohibits the placing of the products of prison labor on the open market. We are, however, materially handicapped, from the fact that there is no national law prohibiting the transporting of the prison-made goods made in one State to another State. I am under the impression that there is a national law now upon the statute books which prohibits the importation of prison-made goods made in any foreign country into the United States. Now, could not this be extended so that we could get relief through a law confining the prison-made goods made in a State to the State in which they are produced ? It is an admitted fact that the competition that the free manufac- turer and the free laborer is now competing with is one that it is impossible for them to meet. Whenever a prison contractor takes up a certain line of goods to manufacture, it invariably results in the absolute abandonment of this particular line by the free manufac- turer and free laborer. We have found this to be a fact in all of our 86 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. investigations, which have extended to boots and shoes, cooperage, hollow ware, certain lines of plumbers' supplies, saddlery, hosiery, furniture, reed and rattan chairs and furniture, wood and cane seat chairs, etc. The hollow-ware industry is one that we might say has been absolutely absorbed by the prison contractor, and there are to-day but few, if any, free shops manufacturing hollow ware by free labor. This was once a great free industry, and all employees formerly demanded for this work have been obliged to seek employ- ment elsewhere. The lines of goods manufactured by the prison contractor with prison labor are now seldom made by the free manu- facturer, due to the fact that it is impossible for him to meet the competition. This same argument holds good in all the various industries. In our investigations we have found that the prison contractor undersells the free manufacturer all the way from 20 to 40 per cent. In many instances it was proven that the goods sold by the prison manufacturer were listed at such low prices that the free manufac- turer was unable, if he was forced to sell his product at the same figures, to pay the bare wages of his men and the cost of the raw material. He was simply compelled to stop manufacturing this line of goods. It is not the quantity of goods manufactured in the prisons to which we object. It is the placing of them upon the open market, for it is a fact that the competition emanating from the prisons regulates the market price of the article manufactured. This is the evil that both the free manufacturer and free laborer objects to. Whatever price the prison manufacturer places upon his goods makes the market price for this article, and forces the free manufacturer to sell his product at a loss or close up his business. For it is a fact that no free manufacturer can compete with the prison contractor. STATEMENT OP A MICHIGAN MANUFACTtrUBB. I am just in receipt of the inclosed letter from Mr. * * * ^ -yy-j^o has traveled for us for four or five years in the State of Illinois. I think this will give you specific cases enough for all practical pur- poses. Mr. * * * letter is a fair representation of the chair trade at the present time. I will say in addition to this that our chairs are sold in less than carload. lots at 2 off 30 days, net 60 days. The only point that we equalize freight for is in the West, and we equalize freight with Chicago, as 1 think most of the old-established chair houses do. STATEMENT OF A SALESMAN OE A MICHIGAN MANXJFACTTJBEB. Yours of the 17th instant just to hand, and I note your request for specific instances of my experience with prison-made goods in the chair trade. Had you asked these questions two years a,go I could have given you a volume of it, but of late I had come to regard it as an incurable evil, and whenever I have come up against prison- made chairs and their prices I do not try to sell our chair, as it can not be done without a loss, and I go off and leave the customer. For instance, two years ago this summer we were getting a fair trade from * * * j^ bow backs and cheap elm diners and the OHAPTEE II. COMPETITIOlsr OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS, 8Y * * * people came in there and sold the same patterns at 50 cents per aozen on bow backs and 75 cents and $1 per dozen less on the otner patterns and we lost out our trade, simply because I had to meet those prices, and if I had it would have taken off all the profit we had on these goods. In Peoria I was selling office stools at $8.50 per dozen, 32-inch leg. I met the then * * * Company's 32-inch leg office stool at $5.50 per dozen. I threw up the sponge, as that was less than our factory could produce the goods. In Joliet a year ago last winter I was offering our full oak solid saddle-seat diner at $14.50 per dozen to * * * and I met a like chair from the * * * Company at $12 per dozen, less 20 per per cent and 2 per cent delivered at the retailer's door, making the grice less than the goods could be produced in the open market with ■ee labor. Perhaps you will remember I bought one of those chairs for $1 and sent it nome for your inspection. All over the State of Illinois I have had to meet an oak diner, cane seat, three slat, double- epindle back, sold at $9 per dozen, 5 per cent off, delivered anywhere in the StatCj made by both the Joliet, HI., and Frankfort, Ky., pris- ons. We could not meet it with any chair of like proportion under $11 per dozen and make a cent, so I could not sell our goods to meet it without a loss, and hence did not sell. I meet Frankfort, Ky., prison goods all over central Illinois, but can not compete with them. At Danville, 111., they sell an oak sewing rocker at $9 per dozen, delivered, the same kind of a chair we have to get $14 per dozen for — viz, our 713-0. Now, what I have said of these few instances is equally true all through a wide line of chairs, which are similar and alike in style and patterns made in prisons, as well as in other factories employing free labor. We can not meet their prices without a loss, and I do not try to any longer — I simply lose the trade and go on. I wish to add here that delivery means 5 per cent to 10 per cent additional discount to the dealer, depending upon distance shipped. Never less than 5 per cent, often more than 10 per cent. BRUSHES. In 19 penitentiaries and prisons of 8 States great quantities of scrubbing, shoe, stove, .clothes, horse, and whitewash brushes are manufactured. The States are Ohio, Michigan, New Jersey, Massa- chusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Illinois, and Utah. Cheap scrubbing brushes— made of tampico fiber and retailing at 5, 8, and 10 cents each — are typical of the prison grade of brushes, and constitute the principal part of convict brush manufacture. The volume of prison-made brushes of this kind is so great, and the prison prices so low, that most of the brush manufacturers employing free labor have been compelled to abandon those grades to the prisons and to take up the manufacture of higher grade goods. These manufacturers of brushes have also become purchasers of prison-made brushes, to sell with those of their own manufacture when both grades are demanded by jobbers and dealers. Manu- 88 EEPOBT OF THE 0OMMI8SIONEB OF LABOK. f acturers still making cheap grades are at their wits' end in attempt- ing to meet prison competition. Brushes and brooms are two distinct industries, differing radi- cally inmaterials used, in form of product, and machinery required — the two products not being made in the same factories. In this, as in other industries investigated by the Bureau, infor- mation was sought and secured from representative manufacturers in the New England States and in other Eastern, Middle, and West- ern States. Without further comment their statements are herewith presented : STATEMENT OP A NEW YORK MANUFACTUBEB. We were formerly largely engaged in the manufacture of scrub and shoe brushes. Fifteen years ago our product of scrub and shoe brushes amounted to $20,000 annually. It was the principal prod- uct of the factory at that time. Now we do not manufacture any of these goods, excepting 50 gross of shoe brushes annually; no scrubs. We were driven out of the manufacture of this class of goods by the prison product, and now manufacture goods not made in prisons, such as hairbrushes, clothes brushes, hat, flesh, bath, and other kinds of brushes. We used to get $15 per gross for scrubs, a fair margin of profit. The prison scrubs sold for $9 and $10 per gross for the same class of goods. We would go into the manufacture of scrub and shoe brushes again if we had no competition other than the legitimate manufacturers of the country. We could turn them out better, faster, and cheaper than formerly, as our facilities are greater. We own a large grove of white birch trees within a few miles from our factory. We cut the logs ourselves, then in our wood-working factory, with the best modern machinery, we manufacture the backs and parts complete, including the boring of the holes ready for the bristles or tampico. As a matter of fact, we sell these parts to other manufacturers; yet, in spite of all these advantages, the firm would not again go into the manufacture of scrub and shoe brushes, owing entirely to prison competition. STATEMENT OP A PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTUBEB. Five years ago we gave up the manufacturing of all the cheaper grades of brushes that we were then making, owmg to the fact that we could not compete with convict labor. We are to-day buying all such brushes as we require in the way of scrubbing brushes, cheap whitewash, and other low-price brushes from the prison con- tractors in Cincinnati and other prison-labor concerns because we were unable to make these lines of brushes and sell them at a profit that would compete with penal-labor institutions. We took our representative off the road because we could not compete with * * * of St. Louis and * * * of Chicago, who are jobbing concerns that handle prison labor outputs exclu- sively, and, if it were not for prison labor and the unprofitable com- petition developed by concerns jobbing convict-made fines of brushes. CHAPTER II. -^COMPETITION OF CaNVICT-MADE GOODS. 89 we could treble our output, and would tljerefore increase the size of our factory and employ more than three times the number of hands that are now engaged by us. STATEMENT OF A MASSACHTTSETTS MANUFACTTJREB. As to the effect of prison competition on our business, I beg leave to say that it is the very worst evil connected with our business. It makes competition so fierce that we are practically shut out from manufacturing a great many styles of brushes that otherwise could be sold in the market at a lair margin of profit; and in proof of the above, I wish to give one or two instances of what is happening nearly every day. My salesmen will bring in samples of brushes similar to the ones I am manufacturing, and will say: "The prison contractors, * * * sell this brush for $9 per gross. The trade will give me the orders if I can meet the price." So I proceed to make up a sample lot of the brushes, and find the cost to be very near $9 per gross, paying only fair wages — that is to say, about $6 per week for that part or the work done by female help, and not over $12 per week for the work performed by male help, which you will of course admit is not very large pay for either branch of the work, but still I am unable to sell the goods in competition w^Jh the above-named house, for the reason that they are enaploying prison labor in several penal institutions in the West, and I have yeen.it stated in a trade journal. Brooms, Brushes, and Handles, that in one of these institutions they had secured the contract for the labor of the inmates at 25 cents per day, so that this enables them to sell the brushes in the open market at the cost figure to me, but still leaving them with a good profit.. I could give you several instances similar to the above, but all having the same result. Allow me to say that in the manufacture of these goods I have the most improved and latest kind of machines for the work, but I understand there are no restrictions in the insti- tutions mentioned above as to the use of machinery, although I understand there is some limit to this in the eastern prisons. The class of trade which I make a specialty of handling use a great many of such brushes as are made by the prisons, and I am forced to make them in order to sell my other goods, and in many instances I have to put them in at cost on account of the prison competition. At the present time I am manufacturing an average of about 2,000 brushes per day of this particular kind of goods, and most of these I have to sell in small quantities to the small dealers in order to get any prpfit on them whatever, but if it were not for the prison com- petition I fully believe that I could increase my output at least four times as much, and at a fair margin of profit. STATEMENT OF A CONNECTICUT MANTTFACTUBEB . Regarding the work of brush making in penitentiaries, we can assure you that we find this the most difficult, injurious, and unfair of all competiton which we have to meet. We have for a long time made several styles of small scrub brushes especially for the Phila- delphia and Baltimore markets. The cut in prices of these goods made by the manufacturers of prison-made goods copied after our 90 BEPOET OF THE 00MMIS810NEK OF lABOR. patterns has practically reduced the prices below the actual cost of making the goods of the samie quality which we were making them before this competition began. The quality of these goods has, therefore, in many cases been changed to inferior quality and the prices still further cut by this competition, so that at the present time we are compelled to turn our attention more to the making of other goods and supplying these only where we are able to do so at a slight profit or to trade we are furnishing other lines of goods and who desires to keep them supplied with these styles of our make. What is true in regard to these goods in Philadelphia and Baltiniore markets is also true in regard to these same styles as well as other styles particularly adapted to other localities, like New York, Boston, Chicago, St. Louis, and throughout the country. The shoe brush market has also been particularly affected by this class of competiton. The small shoe brush known as our No. 2 Grey Tampico, which we sell at $8.50 per gross, is offered by the prison makers at $7.50 per gross. Other better grades of shoe brushes from $12 to $24 per gross are generally oflFered and sold by the prison makers at a price just about the same or a little less than it would actually cost us to make the same grades of goods. Other styles of scrub brushes made in palmetto fiber, which were formerly sold at a fair profit, have been so cut in price since the prison makers began to offer them tlfet there is practically no profit m our furnishing these goods at the present time. In fact, nearly every style of scrub brush which we put out we soon find in the market, copied by the prison makers and offered at a reduced price, and the greatest difficulty in meeting this competition is that they have no regular prices, but continue to cut under those which we make, until our profits are entirely gone, and they are furnishing goods at less than. the actual cost for us to produce them. We are glad to see that the Government is finally taking an interest in the matter, which we trust will lead to a fair and proper adjustment of the same. STATEMENT OF A MASSACHTTSETTS MANXTFACTXTBEE.. In response to your inquiry regarding prison labor as affecting our business, would say that we do not make many articles which are in same line of brushes as are made generally in prisons. Our business is principally m-anufacturing paint, varnish, kalsomine, whitewash, and artist brushes, nearly all of which kinds are made from bristles and expensive raw materials, which prisons can not handle and use in making product in an economical manner. The waste by them is so much as would destroy profits on good brushes, if made by them. We do, however, make some lines of cheap fiber whitewashbrushes similar to prison goods, of same class, and on that class of goods we are forced to sell at a small nominal profit, or sometimes at prices below cost to make sales in competition with, especially Ohio, prison competition. We sell many of our customers, who are dealers, their entire assort- ment of brushes, and also furnish them the cheap whitewash brushes in the way mentioned at sacrifice prices; rather than oblige them to buy a few articles outside. We do not wish to give any customer an excuse for buying a portion of his brushes elsewhere, and therefore sell in the manner named. They make parallel lines of cheap white- CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OP CONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 91 •wash which they sell at much less than we can. While the finish of articles is not as nice as ours, the wearing qualities are the same. We were some years ago active in getting the laws of our own State and New York State changed so as to allow brush manufacturers to regain their business, which had been practically wrecked by prison competition. The brush business is very largely a business or small shops, often merely family shops, and needs all the protection that the Government can give it. Prison competition affects very seri- ously the small manufacturers, as both classes make goods of same character. More than half of the brushes made in the United States are made in small shops. The larger manufacturers make the better kinds of brushes in a general way which are not so much affected by prison competition as the small makers. STATEMENT OF THE BUYER OF ONE OF THE LARGEST DEPART- MENT STORES. We can buy a certain grade of dusting brushes, convict m-ade, at $10 per gross, which retail for 10 cents. We can not buy the same grade of dusting brushes from regular manufacturers at less than $16 to $18 per gross. STATEMENT OF A NEW YORK MANUFACTURER. Messrs. * * *^ * * *^ N. Y., manufacturers of a general line of brushes, state that their output of scrub and shoe brushes was four tim^es as great ten years ago as it is now, and that this falling off is entirely owing to prison competition. STATEMENT OF A NEW YORK MANUFACTURER. The * * * "Brush Company, * * *, N. Y., state that their product of one line of goods has fallen off 75 per cent in twelve years, on account of the competition of the New Jersey State prison at Trenton. The firm abandoned the manufacture of scrub and shoe brushes, owing to prison competition. STATEMENT OF A NEW YORK MANUFACTURER. We buy a nail or hand brush made of tanrpico, wire drawn, hand- made tack back, made in the penitentiary. We buy from the prison contractor direct. We pay 17 cents per dozen in ten gross lots, $2.04 per gross delivered at Buffalo, freight prepaid. We made this class ot goods ourselves up to eight years ago, but abandoned their manu- facture for the reason that we would have to get 25 cents per dozen, or $3 per gross wholesale to make and sell at a profit. The margin of profit at those figures was 2 cents per dozen. STATEMENT OF A MASSACHUSETTS MANUFACTURER. We were formerly manufacturers of the cheap grade of scrubbing and shoe brushes similar to those made in prisons, but have been pur- chasers of prison goods for many years and up to the present, the prison contractors offering and selling their goods at lower prices than out- 92 KEPORT OF THE OOMMISSIOH^EE OF LABOB. side manufacturers can make them for. Whenever a wholesale buyer orders a line of goods of our own manufacture, and also wants a lot of cheap shoe and scrub brushes, our traveling salesman would give him on the prison goods a price of $10, which would be $1 profit; and if a lower price was insisted on, would put them in at $9, which was cost to us, sooner than lose the order on our regular grades. STATEMENT OF A PENNSYLVANIA MANTJPACTirBEB. In addition to my other grades, I make a line of cheap scrubbing brushes, which retails in the stores at 5 cents, 8 cents, and 10 cents. The prison contractors make similar scrubbing brushes (made of tam- ?ico, wire drawn), which also retail at 5 cents, 8 cents, and 10 cents, rices at which the prison goods are sold to the jobbers and my prices are: Artrcle. My price par gross to jobbers. Prison price per gross to jobbers. 5-ceiit brush.- t4.8a 7.80 9.24 14.20 6.00 7.50 Mr. * * * coniplains that when the Government arsenal sends out specifications for bids on brushes, a free manufacturer seldom gets a contract, the Government accepting the prison-made goods from the lowest bidder. STATEMENT OP A NEW YORK MANUFACTTJREB. For about twelve years I manufactured the same class of goods as that made in prisons, to the extent of about $10,Q00 per year. We have gradually gone out of that class of goods and gone into specialties. Last. year we manufactured not to exceed $1,000 worth of that grade of goods in scrub brushes, shoe brushes, stove brushes, etc. We were compelled to practically abandon that class of work owing to the com- petition of convict-made goods. We would have continued making them were it not for this, as we could readily meet any free competi- tion. Even the $1,000, worth we now make (10 per cent of our former product) we would abandon on account of the low prices were it not that we make them to sell with our higher-grade goods. We sell them at almost cost. We had to sell at $8 on occasions, at which there was no profit at all to get iiL other goods. Some years ago the State of New York, at the Elmira Eeformatory, manufactured brushes on a large scale by contract. The contractor bought his raw materials from the same concerns as we did, yet the prison goods undersold us in the open market. STATEMENT OP A NEW YORK MANUPACTTJRER. A New York manufacturer of mill, foundry, and toilet brushes states that he was driven out of the manufacture of shoe and scrub brushes by prison competition. He had to refuse an order at a prison price of $10 per gross, as he could not make them at less than $15 per gross. CHAPl'EB U.' — COMPETITION OF OONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 93 STATEMENT OF A NEW YORK MANXTFACTUBEB. Mr. * * * hag been making scrubbing brushes and others at his own factories in New Jersey and New York. He also had con- tracts with the prison at Elmira, N. Y., Cleveland, Ohio, and Albany, 'N. Y., and some New Jersey institutions, to take all of their output. I worked for him thirty years and was his foreman for twenty-one years at his New York factory, and for fifteen years the cost of his regular factory goods was from 80 cents to $1.25 per gross higher than the cost of his prison-made contract goods of same kinds including all materia.ls, labor, and superintendence. STATEMENT OF AN OHIO MANTTFACTUBEB. Relative to effects of prison labor on free manufacturing concerns, our line of manufacture originally consisted of such lines as are now manufactured by convict labor. About twenty-five years ago, find- ing it impossible to compete with such labor, we began to drift toward the manufacture or the better grade of goods and have been increasing on this line and abandoning the cheaper goods more and more each year. So that at present we are to our knowledge directly affected only slightly, if at all, by prison or convict labor, although indirectly our sales may have been affected to a certain extent by the cheaper prison-made goods having been used as leaders and entering wedge by competitors. We femly Delieve, however, that prison labor being abolished in all States would tend toward, the betterment of our condition generally, STATEMENT OF AN OHIO MANUFACTUBEB. Replying to the Government inquiry as to the commercial effect of the product of convict labor on the products of this company when sold in the open market, I have to state, as an illustration of the injurious effect, we have this very morning (as illustrative of what has been going on for a number of years) received a letter from our representative at Pittsburg, which shows what he has encoun- tered there and other places in his endeavors to sell our goods to the wholesale trade in competition with the goods offered by prison contractors. He says in submitting an order that "the prison manu- facturers of this certain number are selling the same at $7.43 per gross, whereas our price is $8 per gross. The prison people have a few customers who get a quantity discotint and these people are among them. Something certainly has to be done if we propose to get our share of the trade on this line of goods." As a matter of- fact, the article in question costs us to produce $9.48 per gross, and we are offering the same at $8 in order to hold this trade for the better class of goods. The volume of business in certain numbers affected by prison competition has fallen off from 50 to 60 per cent within the last eight years. In fact, we have discontinued the manufacture of certain brushes as a result of prison competition which formerly had a good sale. In the matter of price upon the class of goods manufactured by prisons, we should, as free labor employers, receive at least 33 per cent more for our goods than what the prison goods are offered for at the present time. 94 EBPOST OF THE COMMIBSIONEB OF LABOK. STATEMENT OP A NEW YORK MANTTFACTXTBEB. It will be a benefit to manufacturers and vastly more so to the brush makers themselves if it were impossible to transport convict- made or reform-school or workhouse goods out of the State where* they were made. This would be a long stride toward helping brush makers earn a better daily wage. The State of Ohio leases her pris- oners in prisons, penitentiaries, workhouses, and reform schools at 40 to 60 cents per day (or did until very recently, and I have heard of no change), and the lessees pay no rent, no fuel, no light, and sometimes for no power. The products made under such advanta- geous conditions (to the lessee) are marketed all over the United States in ruinous competition with legitimate factories that have to bear the legitimate charges mentioned, and to the detriment of the wage-earner in said factories. It is a well-known fact in State and county economics that it is rarely that such contracts result in any- thin^ but loss to the lessors and the deficit has to be borne and paid by the respective communities. It is an unjust and an unnecessary burden placed upon them by a wrong and corrupt system. The city of Cleveland, Ohio, workhouse has made "dandy" or root mane brushes for yeai^s and sold them to large jobbing centers, at prices 20 per cent less than any manufacturer could, and deprived them of what should have been legitimate sales. The same place has sold whitewash brushes under the same conditions. I was compelled once to buy 300 dozen for an export order and bought them 20 per cent less than we could make them. The same conditions prevailed in Cincinnati, Ohio ; Jeffersonville, Ind. ; Mounds ville , W. Va. ; Colum- bus, Ohio; Lancaster, Ohio; Elmira, Albany, and Sing Sing, N. Y., and Kings County Penitentiary. I have known men who were sales- men for prison goods to sell large bills of brushes at any price they could get to secure a customer. If a legitimate factory offered at $40 a gross, the prison man would say "take 10 or 20 more gross at $33." A cut of 10 to 20 per cent is always ready to get an order. I have known prison-work salesmen to tell customers that they can sell at other men's costs or less and make good profits. I have had (when I was "on the road") to sell certain lines at cost in order not to lose all because of this competition. In New York and Brooklyn and for the past four years, legitimate manufacturers can not sell a floor broom, a dusting brush, a paint brush, a whitewash brush, or hardly any other kind, to the school department and some others, because of the Kings County Penitentiary, and the public have to make good a big fat deficit every year because of these methods. I have been in the brush business twenty-five years or more, and I have never known a prison contract to be profitable to anyone but the holder, except of course, from the humanitarian standpoint of giving the prisoners occupations (which we as mantifacturers are compelled to recognize). The contracts are only dollar-making schemes for the holder, for the taxpayer always makes good a shortage. If all penal and reform institutions can be compelled to sell their entire product in the State where made, if all such articles must be distinctly stamped "prison made" and name of place where made; if the number of inmates can be apportioned to each industry so as not to overburden said industry, and if prices are made to be but a little under the prices of comparative goods made by free labor, I think a great deal CHAVTEE II. COMPETITION OF CONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 95 of the trouble will be eliminated. There are other points and con- ditions I could consider, but at this writing have not time, but will be pleased to later, should you wish it. BROOMS AND WHISKS. Prominent among the industries of the country injuriously affected by convict competition is that of broom and whisk making. It is a favorite prison industry, partly on account of the comparative cheapness of its raw materials and partly because brooms can be made easily by hand, though lacking in finished workmanship, by convicts. Where machinery is used, it is not expensive, compared with that required in other prison industries. In 23 penitentiaries and prisons in 15 States, brooms and whisks of the value of about $8,511,300 were manufactured in the year investigated. This quantity does not, however, represent all of the price-reducing competition manufacturers employing free labor have to, contend against. Charitable organizations, such as asylums for the blind, homes of various kinds established for benevolent purposes, etc., furnish raw materials, and the inmates of such institutions turn out large quantities of brooms. As profit is not the first considera- tion, the product is sold for what it will bring, so that this compe- tition, in its effect on prices, is much worse than that of the prisons, where, under the contract system, the contractor aims to get a profit. Where the public-account system is in use in prisons, the effect is very much the same as from the State-aided charitable institutions. Employment is the first consideration, then a profit, if possible, but if not, the product is disposed of at the best obtainable price. From the recorded sales of the total annual output of brooms in 17 penitentiaries and prisons in the 15 States where made, the average price per dozen at which the brooms were sold during the year is given in the following table : AVERAGE PRICE PER DOZEN BROOMS OBTAINED FOR THE YEAR'S OUTPUT OF 17 INSTITUTIONS. Institution. Average price per dozen brooms. PUBLIC-ACCOUNT SYSTEM. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 CONTRACT SYSTEM. No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 ■■ No. 11 No. 12 No. 13 No. 14 No. IS No. 16 No. 17 $0.64 1.61 1.77 1.90 2.53 1.65 1.65 1.76 1.80 1.86 1.87 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.20 2.26 2.72 » Brooms of special grade. 96 EKPORT OF THE OOMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. Quality and grade are factors in the above prices, but manufac- turers employing free labor state that all of these prices are less than their own cost of production for goods of the same grade. As in other prison industries, broom-making convicts are employed every working day in the year, while many of the regular broom fac- tories, even in the present prosperous period, are working on half and three-quarters' time. In a number of broom-making centers in various States such reports as these are common: "Business slack, shops working but four days per week." "Trade dull, shops working but half time since January 1 " (three months previous). "Business very quiet, shops working four days per week." STATEMENT OF A PENNSYLVANIA MANTTFACTTTBEB. A strong statement against , the evils of prison competition has been furnished the Bureau by one of the largest prison-broom con- tractors, who also has a broom factory employing free labor. It is as follows: As to our views on the employment of convicts in the manufacture of goods in competition with free labor, we would say that the quicker the evil is abolished the better for the country and its people. We have employed convicts for the last thirty years, and are acquainted with the evil of the system. The only reason that holds us in the manufacture of prison^made goods is that we have other competitors in the business. The following statements have been furnished the Bureau by representative broom manufacturers over their own signatures. The establishments are in the New England, other Eastern, Middle, and Western States. The facts given by them are illuminative of the whole subject. They are as follows: STATEMENT OF A NEW YOBK MANTJFACTTTBEB. I give you herewith a few facts bearing on the effect prison products produce in our line, beginning with some history within the State. A number of years ago brooms were made m the prisons and reformatories of this State, and in considerable quantities, both for State account and under contract to individuals. The effect of such production was a general lowering of selling values to a point where no profit was possible for either prison or outside product. This condition bred a movement that finally resulted in a State bill being passed requiring all prison products to be plainly branded as "Prison made." It also paved the way for a later move that finally prohibited the making of brooms in the different institutions of this State for commercial purposes, and what are now made in such institutions to-day are consumed by the State and municipalities. The doing away with manufacturing in this State did not accomplish what was desired, as the advertising and publicity attached to the passage of these bills attracted other States and mdividuals to the CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 97 possibilities of using prison labor, and largely increased the broom industry in other States, and they have sought the prohibited terri- tory with their product, and it is not properly branded as the State law requires, and it sells without any prison mark, and is bought by consumers without knowledge of its origin. We have not followed up the matter of seeing that the proper marking was done, as we believed the more publicity we gave the matter the more free adver- tising we would confer and the greater the harm we would produce, so we have endeavored to adjust our operations to fit a condition that exists and then to endure. There is always a retail demand for a broom to retail at just a little less than an article can be produced for, and this demand in a broom takes shape of an article at 10 cents, 15 cents, and 20 cents. Under conditions of raw material and labor cost, no manufacturer can produce such goods at a profit, and the bulk of this demand is supplied by prisons or blind manufacturers. We are at times compelled to compete with prisons in selling this class of brooms by having a customer who trades with us say you must give us some of that class of brooms, as my competitor has them, and I am giving you my other business, etc. If no prison- made brooms were sold, the consumer would pay a trifle more per broom and would get a better, as well as a more sanitary article, and free shops would have a much greater product to produce, and it could be produced some cheaper. In the export trade a great many prison brooms are used, and they tend to compel us to sell at low prices or abandon the trade entirely, and the latter is the direction it is taking, as our export sales are not over one-third in volume as compared with ten years ago. A recent instance of prison competition in the purchase of brooms for Govern- ment use has occurred that we give you herewith, viz: The Govern- ment advertised for bids for 800 dozen brooms for the Brooklyn Navy- Yard and the following were the bids submitted : . Per dozen. Bid from Baltimore prison $2. 69 Bid from my factory 2: 77 Bid from another factory 2. 79 The prison bid of $2.69 got the contract. The actual cost on this broom to us was $2.68 per dozen and we made a bid based on a profit of 9 cents per dozen and we are not low enough. The blind institutions that are supported by State contributions are fully as bad competition as the prisons, though the garb of charity is spread over such efforts and therefore is less reprehensible. The Illinois Industrial Home for the Blind average a product of 100 dozen brooms a day and consume a large appropriation to employ 100 men or thereabouts, and they could board them without work at an equal cost and their product would not be a menace to the broom industry. The Pennsylvania Working Blind of Philadelphia is another institution that has an annual deficiency of thousands and is sup- ported by the State of Pennsylvania, the city of Philadelphia, and by individual philanthropists. Aside from the natural and desirable competition among broom manufacturers is that of the prisons and blind mstitutions and the lot of the average broom manufacturer is not of the best. But the outcome of our effort to do away with prison-made brooms in New York State has been so disappomting that we have never 9061—06 7 98 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. made any further efforts in like directions, nor will we tiow, as we prefer to adjust ourselves to conditions as they exist and to do the best we can in that way as the world at large has troubles of its own. STATEMENT OF A NEW YORK MANUFACTTJBEB. The most annoying feature we have had to contend with during our experience as manufacturers of brooms and whisk brooms has been the commercial competition we have been obliged to meet from goods made by convict labor and placed directly or indirectly upon the market. These goods, while perhaps not quite as good as those made by skilled labor, replace, dozen for dozen, brooms that would other- wise go on the market at prices based on the cost of manufacture by legitimate labor paid liviifg wages. Contractors of this kind of labor evidently have no means, or per^ haps no desire, of curtailing their output and consequently must sell at some price their steady production of brooms without regard to supply and demand. Therefore, in dull seasons of the year when legitimate manufacturers find little demand for brooms and acting accordingly curtail the output of their factories, the prison contractor, with his steady daily production must increase his efforts to dispose of his goods, and to do so makes concessions on an already prohibi- tively low price on his brooms, thereby further depressing the state of the market. For a number of years a considerable portion of our business con- sisted in supplying the large cotton manufacturers of the east, in Fall River, New Bedford, Manchester, Lowell, and Lawrence, brooms for use in their mills, at prices ranging from $2 to $2.50 per dozen, this business amotinting approximately to $20,000 annually. This portion of our business has decreased yearly until now we are not getting ihore than 20 per cent of the mill-broom business we formerly had, the trade having gone to the prison goods at prices 50 cents per dozen less than we can manufacture the same grade of goods. One mill in Connecticut that we had supplied for several years a grade of broom costing $2.37J per dozen, was able to purchase, this winter, brooms manufactured in Chicago, by convict labor and sold through a second party, at $1.65 per dozen delivered in New London. This broom equaled ours in weight and quality of stock, and for a time shut us out. Jobbers of brooms seem never at a loss to obtain brooms of common grades, made in institution shops at prices 25 cents to 50 cents less than the cost of a similar grade of broom to us, and to this class of goods go the orders, especially when prices are anywhere above the normal average cost. This class of commercial competition is most unfair and anything but legitimate, from our point of view, which is that of investors of capital, paying a uniform scale of wages to skilled labor, and compelled to sell manufactured goods in competition with contract labor, averaging not 10 per cent of the cost per dozen of our goods. Such competition should and must come to an end. OHAPTEE II. COMPETITION OP CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 99 STATEMENT OF A NEW YORK MANTJFACTTJBEB. In regard to convict-made brooms, versus free labor, would say from a practical experience of ten years in the manufacture of brooms, we have found that it is impossible to compete with the convict-made goods, especially on the cheaper grades. During the period that the * * * Broom Company had a con- tract with the State of New York, to employ convicts at a price of 16 cents per dozen for the finished product, including all labor, taking the broom com in bales from the wagon and delivering the brooms on the wagon ready for shipment, whereas the same labor cost us from 55 to 60 cents per dozen, making a difference of from 39 to 40 cents per dozen. In order to hold our business, we are forced from time to time to sell our cheaper grades of brooms at actual cost or at a loss, there- fore, reducing the net profit to a very small item. This same trouble exists to-day, from contracts made by other con- cerns in other States, who sell their prison-made product in the markets in New York and other States. To-day we find competition so severe from the * * * Company, of Kentucky, and the * * * Company, of Nebraska, and other concerns that we are forced to sell our cheap grades of brooms and whisk brooms at cost and many times below cost, in order to maintain our trade on our better grade of goods. At least 60 per cent of our product comes in competition mth con- vict-made brooms and whisk brooms. Therefore, we believe that the honest labor employed by us should have some relief, which would be a mutual benefit, both to the employer and the employees, and from our experience we believe that if the United States Government would enact a law confitning the sale of convict-made goods within the State in which they are made that it would be a great benefit and relief to free labor. In marketing our product from our whisk-broom department, we come in direct competition in every State in the Union with the * * * Company, of Nebraska, who are under contract with the State of Nebraska to furnish convict labor, and in order to meet these people we are obliged to sell our cheapest grade of whisk brooms at an actual loss of $2 per gross. We are compelled to meet this compe- tition at this loss in order to maintain our trade on our better grades. The * * * Company to-day is putting on the market a spiral whisk broom at $8 per gross delivered that actually costs us $10 to manufacture, and there would be no trouble whatever, if the whisk broom was taken off the market, for us to sell our whisk at $11 per gross, netting us $1 per gross profit. Whereas to-day we are com- pelled to meet the competition and sell at a loss of $2 per gross. At the present time we have to come into competition with prison- made goods from Kentucky, which are shipped into New York State, at a price from 15 to 25 cents per dozen below the actual cost of manufacturing with free labor. This is relative to the lower grades of house brooms and we have to meet this competition in order to maintain our trade on the better grades. 100 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. STATEMENT OF AN ILLINOIS MANTTFACTUItEB. We beg to say, regarding the commercial effect on the product of brooms and whisks made m prisons and sold in competition with free-labor factories, that the same is very detrimental to our trade and the trade of other free-labor factories. The prison manufacturers get their labor at 25 to 50 cents per day, while the free-labor factories pay from $1.50 to 13 per day. Moreover the prison manufacturers receive many concessions and favors which tends to reduce the cost of manufacture, including free rent, power, . light, heat, and extra convicts without charge. These arrangements apply not only to prison factories but also to industrial homes'for the Wind. We understand the Industrial Home for the Blind in the State of Illinois is run at a heavy loss to the State, which loss would maintain all the blind people in their employ in comfort without the drudgery of making brooms. This is no reflection on the management of this institution, but the result of conditions over which the management has no control. The blind people can not make good brooms, and they must be sold at such low prices that the big loss, as above stated, falls on the State. These low prices, as well as the low prices made by concerns manu- facturing in prisons, prevent free-labor manufacturers from getting a just and reasonable price for their products, which, in the end, of course, tends to reduce the price paid for labor by the free-labor manu- facturers and the price paid by them for materials used in the man- ufacture of brooms. STATEMENT OF AN OHIO MANTJFACTTTREB,. Kegarding the effect of prison labor on our line of business, we beg to say that although Ohio has passed a law prohibiting contract convict labor, yet the other States which allow it ship into Ohio so many brooms and whisks that there is no improvement at all in that direction. The State of Kentucky has two large broom factories operating, one in the prison at Frankfort, the other at Eddyville, whose com- bined output is larger than all of the power broom factories of Ohio combined. The State of Michigan allows the prison at Jackson to turn out a large product of brooms, and during the last three months the Michi- gan prison in particular has so crowded brooms into the trade and sold them at such low prices in Ohio that the free factories in this State have only been running half time. In Nebraska .the. prison at Lincoln turns out large quantities of both brooms and whisks, which are sold all over the United States, and at prices with which free-labor factories can not compete. The prison at Laramie, Wyo., turns out large quantities of whisks, and in a recent letter from our representative on the Pacific coast he says, "The Laramie prison has completely knocked me out in this section, as they are underselling all free-labor factories." The prison at Mounds ville, W. Va., sells most of their product along the Ohio River and east from Moundsville toward Baltimore, and free-labor factories find it impossible to do business in compe- tition. CHAPTER n. ^-COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 101 The contracts generally in force in these prisons compel them to make brooms every working day in the year, so that if the broom trade is dull they begin to pile up stock and soon must unload, regard- less of cost, which of necessity compels us to remain idle or self at a loss. There has been but little increase in the capacity of the free facto- ries of the country in the last five years, nothmg to compare with the increase in consumption of brooms, while the prison factories have increased their output, notably in the case of Eddyville, Ky.', Jackson, Mich., and Lincoln, Nebr. Some of the States have laws compelling prison goods to be labeled, but the law is not observed and can be ignored easily, and is a dead letter. In the larger cities are located wholesale wooden and willow ware houses, the largest distributors of brooms, and these people now buy nearly all their brooms from prison factories. The wholesale grocers, the next largest distributors, buy largely from prison factories, prob- ably one-half their brooms coming from that source. This leaves the free factories with a small part of the wholesale trade and forces them to sell retail trade, cutting out, as you will see, our opportunities for selling in larger quantities. You ask for facts and figures on our own business, and will say in confidence that ten years ago we manufactured and sold 350 dozen brooms per day, while at this time we do not average more than 250 dozen per day, and we attribute the larger part or this decrease to the reason given in the paragraph above. This same difference pre- vails with a number of the free-labor factories of the country. STATEMENT OF AX OHIO MANtrPACTTTRER. As a result of the investigation made by the writer, we are free to state that we know of no business that suffers more than the broom and whisk business from the effect of convict-labor competition. As your inquiry is directed more particularly to our own business, we will confine our reply as far as possible, to our own case. We have been deprived of sharing m the broom and whisk trade of a number of the jobbers in our own State, due to the prices offered by the Erison contractors, which we are in no way aole to meet, and we ave been compelled to seek other trade at great expense to offset that we have lost on account of this unfair competition. This works a hardship in more ways than one, for by being deprived of a share of the jobbing trade we are driven almost entirely to the retail trade, which business is not sufficient to allow us to operate our factory full time; hence it becomes difficult to hold our em- ployees while operating on part time, as they can in most instances secure steady employment elsewhere, particularly in these pros- Eerous times. It has now been over thirty days since we have een able to operate our factory full time, while, as you know, prison shops are operated constantly, and when a surplus stock is piled up it is forced upon the market at ruinous prices. This has a direct effect upon the trade, and legitimate manufacturers are compelled to sit idly by until conditions improve and an unusual demand for goods prevails, when the employers of free labor are privileged to operate their factories on full time and secure fair profit for their 102 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIOKER OP LABOB. goods. To offset such conditions comes the period when the con- Tict-labor contractor has full sway, as at present, and the other fellow must take a back seat or be forced out of business by attempt- ing to meet the prices offered by the prison nxen. We might cite one instance of the direct effect on our own business, as well as that of the business of other outside factories. There formerly existed in our Ohio penitentiary a corporation known as The National Broom Company. This company was composed of some 20 or 25 wholesale grocers and wooden-ware dealers throughout Ohio, Penn- sylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, and perhaps one or two other States. These dealers consumed the output of the prison and disposed of the goods through the various channels of trade, and thus prevented the free factories from securing or competing for the business of the wholesale dealers interested, a great part, if not all, of whom formerly purchased goods of free factories. We might add that a number of those interested in the contract were among the largest distributors of brooms and whisks. There are other features that work to the detriment of the business that we might mention, one of which is the effect of convict institutions shipping their product from the State in which the goods are pro- duced into other States. We suffer directly from the penal insti- tutions of Kentucky and Michigan, which institutions depend upon the business outside of their own State for support. It is not witnin our province to suggest a remedy, but the query has often pre- sented itself. Should not each State be compelled to take care or its own convicts ? As it is, legitimate manufacturers are compelled to aid in the sustenance of not only their own convicts, but also those from other States. STATEMENT OF A NEW YORK MANtTFACTTTREB. If it were not possible to make a higher class of goods on the out- side than is made in the prisons, it is my thought the prisons would own every dollar's worth of business in any hne they might choose to take up. From the medium down to the low class of goods no free shop can compete with them. The only one who would dare say that the prisons do not compete is one who knows very little about it, or one who wishes to take a brave stand and not admit it, but to assume that one can pay rent on the outside or own a build- ing worth 10 per cent on the investment and pay labor from $1 to $3 per day in competition with buildings furnished free and labor from 25 cents to 50 cents per day is ridiculous. I am talking from long experience on both the inside and the outside. From to-day's standpoint the situation is really worse than it has been for five years. Labor has been creeping up gradually for several years, making it all the harder for the man on the outside. The prices mentioned will give you some idea, but presume you have received reports from others in dozens. I know where there was a contract to take the raw material and supplies at the gate of the prison and put them through the factory ready to ship for 16 cents per dozen on brooms and 11 J cents per dozen on whisk brooms, all grades. On the outside it would have cost, and is costing to-day, from 50 cents to 60 cents per dozen on brooms and 35 cents to 40 cents per dozen on whisk brooms, besides furnishing your factory, light, heat, and power. OHAPTEE II, — COMPETITION OF OONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 103 Several years ago New York State discontinued the manufacture of products in competition with free labor. This was a monumental blunder, as one could see at a glance that the sister States would double and treble their capacity and make up more than enough to fill the gap, and consequently make a hard market for us. It has so worked out. A scheme for us to take care of our prisoners and make a nice market for the product of our sister States prisons seemed an unwise and short-signted step to take. STATEMENT OF A MASSACHUSETTS MANUrACTTJBEIl. I have been in the broom business in various ways for the last forty years, as manufacturer for the last six years, and traveling salesman for fourteen years. I covered New England, all of New York, part of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and always found goods made in prisons were pur worst competitors, as prison goods were sold much less than those made by free labor. I have ofttimes had to pass orders as I could not meet the price. I find, since manufacturing for myself, the same conditions — that I have to cut my price or not get the order. The prisons that are my worst competitors now are the Maine prison and the penitentiary in Maryland. I formerly had a large trade with a very large Boston grocery house, which has about 100 retail stores having an annual sale of about 1,000 dozen brooms per year, but have been unable to sell them during the last six months owing to the fact that the purchased brooms are made by the Baltimore prison. When I called on the buyer, I gave him my prices, which he wrote on a card of mine, and he asked me if that was the best I could do ; I told him it was, and he says, "Mr. * * * you are not in it; your price is too high; but I will keep this card, and some day you may be." I am meeting the same sort of competition every day with whole- sale dealers and jobbers. While connected with the * * * Company great quantities of whisk brooms were shipped in car loads from their Nebraska prison contract into Boston and were reshipped to all the eastern cities at very low prices; lower than outside manufacturers could compete with. STATEMENT OF A-^EW YORK MANUFACTURER. When prison brooms were made in the prisons of the State of New York and shipped in from the prisons of other States, I was frequently compelled to sell at a very low margin of profit — only 10 cents per dozen over cost — practically no profit at all. Half the output of 6,000 dozen annually at such times was sold at a loss. "Plig * * * Company, of Pennsylvania, are prison contractors, and also have a free factory on the outside. The prison-made brooms were labeled and mixed with the free-factory brooms and shipped into Buffalo and other points. I formerly sold to city school depart- ment of Buffalo 100 dozen brooms per year, but for many years the prison products have cut me out of this. 104 EEPOKT OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. STATEMENT OF A NEW YOBK MANTJrACTTJBEB'S SALES3IAN. I called this morning (April 25, 1906) at the * * * pharmacy to sell goods. Had sold the buyer occasionally. He looked at my samples, and I quoted prices. On two kinds I made a sale, but on a third grade he said he could buy by the dozen cheaper than I asked by the gross. I offered him the grade at $2.25 per dozen. He told me he could buy them for $1.90 and $2 per dozen, at the highest, from the jobbers. The whisk he said he could buy was the product of the * * * Company, operating the convict prison at Lincoln, Nebr., and the freight was paid from Nebraska to New York on the prison goods, and still we could not meet them, although we made the goods not five blocks away. STATEMENT OF A NEW YORK MANUFACTTJBEB. 1 used to sell the Buffalo wholesale trade, but I lost it all owing to the fact that I was undersold 25 cents per dozen by prison goods. Since then I had to canvass the retail trade, and even then I found prison competition severe. I had to abandon the making of house brooms, and am now making a heavy factory broom. I formerly sold to, the schools of Buffalo 300 dozen brooms per year; now the schools are supplied by the prisons. I also sold to both county houses 150 dozen per year and got $3.25, $3.50, and $6 per dozen for them- These institutions afterwards bought from the prisons $4 brooms for $3. STATEMENT OF A PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTtTBEB. We are manufacturers of whisks. The prison contractors for the labor of the convicts of the Nebraska State Penitentiary make and ship whisks in large quantities to Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, St. Louis, etc., bemg the largest producers of whisks in the country. They sell to large buyers and to the jobbing trade only, so thai inde- pendent factories have to meet their competition in this class of trade. A whisk that retails at 10 cents, the cheapest that we make, an 8-inch spiral handle, 2-sewn, and the lowest grade of whisk broomcorn, we offer to the trade at $9.50 per net gross. The prison contractors make a similar whisk (if anything a better broom) which they sell for $8.50 per gross. This is their regular price. We can not make this broom to sell at less than $9.5Qwithout selling below a fair margin of profit. At $8.50 there is no profit for us. Owing to the fact that the company could not make this grade of whisk to sell at $8.50 and sell it at a profit in competition with prison goods, we did not make it at all for several years, but finding that we could not secure orders for our other goods unless we sold these, we were forced by the conditions of trade to begin making this grade three years ago, but without any expectation of making it profitable. * * *, of Philadelphia, are large jobbers in whisks, brooms, brushes, etc., and are biiyers of the products of prisons as well as those of free^actories. Our firm sells goods of all grades to them, and have been selling them a large share of their trade this past year, but for the previous years we were unable to sell them owing to the prison competition. To get his trade, we had to scale down our prices on the better grades 5 per cent, and we had to sell our s CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 105 cheapest grade at $8.50, at which there is no profit. The prison pods at $8.50 and better grades were shipped ftom Nebraska and reight paid on them to Philadelphia and then undersold us. Before July, 1905, although both are Philadelphia firms, and in business for the past seven years together, and old friends, and while their places of business are but four squares apart, yet the Erison goods from Nebraska have been delivered to them and we ave been unable to sell them previous to this date, and were com- pelled to lower our prices to do so. STATEMENT OF A NEW YORK MANUFACTXTBEB. I have been selling * * *, a leading department store of Boston, Mass., a superior article of horsehair velvet whisks for twelve years past — a whisk which retails at about $1.25 each — and for four years past having been selling them a whisk made of the very best grad^ of whisk corn with an ebony handle. The firm retailed the three numbers or sizes of this whisk at 49 cents and 59 cents each and 69 cents. The above grades of goods are not made in prisons at all, but these are the only grades I have been able to sell this firm during all these years, notwithstanding the fact that I make all grades of whisks from $10 per gross upward. The firm was buying my $10 grade at $8.50 from prisons. I have been making since 1893 a number of grades of whisks with celluloid handles. The firm has been selling right along during the same period similar grades of celluloid-handle goods, a leader, being a celluloid handle, whisk six inches, two-stitched, with celluloid handle and ring, which they retailed at 25 cents each. For four years this firm has been buying these goods from prisons, and while their buyer has been asking me for quotations on them, I have never been able to sell them this article. My prices on the celluloid-handle goods have been $2.38 per dozen or $28.50 per gross, while the prison price was $23. The firm wanted my goods, but could not use them, as they, wanted to sell this leader at 25 cents each and no more, and they would have to get 30 cents each for mine. Up to twelve years ago I had a large share of the wholesale drug trade of New York City in whisk brooms ; in fact, the most part of it. I furnished a full line of samples to each house for them to sell the retail drug trade. In one case I furnished 43 different style whisks and 8 kinds of horsehair goods, and had all their trade, and the same with another. I do not and can not sell these firms their goods now, excepting some fancy goods they can not get elsewhere, and this part of the trade has fallen 9,600 dozen a year to 1,620 dozen a year. All of this trade is buying the product of the Nebraska peni- tentiary and other prisons. My trade now is largely with the principal department stores of New York City and Brooklyn — prominent and reputable establishments that will not handle prison-made goods. I also sell house furnishing stores and the retail drug trade. In 1891 and 1892 I was in partnership in the manufacture of brooms and whisks with * * * . "Wg were getting nice prices for our goods and in 1892 made 30 per cent profit. At this time the * * * ompany began operating the prison contract at Columbus, Ohio, and makmg large quantities erf whisks and brooms, and shipping into New York heavily. We reduced our prices to compete with the prison 106 BEPOKT OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. goods from S2 to $6 per gross, but even with these prices the prison loods undersold us. At the prices offered we could not make any money, and we were compelled to dissolve partnership. After taking stock in the middle of 1893, we found that we had a total of S106 profit as the result of six months production, drawing out $10 per week each for living expenses. This was the direct result of prison competition. I started in business again in September, 1893, but in horsehair goods only, not attempting to make brooms or whisks, but later went into making a higher grade of whisks of supe- rior quality to prison goods. STATEMENT OF A NEW YORK MANUPACTTJBEB. * * * , who has been a manufacturer sixteen years, complains that prison-made brooms are doing him great injury; that wherever prison-made whisk brooms and brooms are offered for sale he can not compete with their prices. As an illustration of this, the following extract from a letter written on April 16, 1906, and sent in by one of his traveling salesmen with regard to his experience with the trade at Providence, R. I. , At one of the largest houses in Providence, whom I formerly sold in years past, * * * Qf ^j^g house furnishing department said, the * * * people [prison contractors] have us beat a mile on prices, and he would not buy at our prices. A second letter, written April 17, from Boston, Mass., commenting on conditions in the Boston trade, says: "* * * are buying at lower figures than ours from the * * * prison company." This manufacturer formerly sold all the large department and other stores. Five years ago he would sell $1,000 worth of whisk brooms in a week's trip in Boston and vicinity; now he does not sell $200 worth in the same trip. Used to go there five and six times.a year; now does not make but two trips — practically abandoned the trade there — and this on account of being undersold by the prison goods. Mr. * * * makes a specialty of a fine grade of goods of whisks, and makes 100 different styles of whisks, having the largest plant in New York City. Contrary to the popular idea that only the cheaper and common grades of whisks are made in prison, Mr. * * * states that the * * * Company, at the Nebraska State penitentiary, makes as fine a line and as varied of whisks as any manufacturer out- side makes. If an outside manufacturer gets up a new style of whisk, it is immediately duplicated at the penitentiary and offered to the trade and sold for less money. Mr. * * * argument to New York City jobbers and dealers is that he can fill their orders at once and in such small quantities as they may need every day by tele- phone, whereas they would have to wait for many weeks, perhaps, for the penitentiary goods. Their reply is that there is such a vast differ- ence in the price that they can afford to wait. Mr. * * * used to sell the jobbing trade of New York City largely, but now sells scarcely any. CHAPTEB II. COMPETITION OP CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 107 STATEMENT OF SUPEBINTENDENT OF A NEW YORK FACTOBY. * * * are large buyers of a middle grade of whisk broom, which they retail at 5 and 10 cents. The Nebraska State penitentiary at Lincoln manufactures large quantities of whisk brooms of all grades. The prison Contractors have also free factories where they make brooms and whisks in Iowa and Massachusetts, and fxom these depots and the penitentiary the prison product is shipped. Messrs. * * * j^^d ^ whisk that they offered to the buyer of * * * at New York at $10 per gross by letter. Before this the prison people sent their salesman to * * * and oif ered a similar whisk for $9.60. At $10 per gross there was barely $1 per gross profit for the nmanufacturer. The buyer replied, with reference to the offer at $10, that they could buy for less. The manufacturer then sent a man down. The result was that in order to hold their trade the manufacturer had to put the order in at the prison competition price of $9.60 per gross. That order amounted to 600 dozen per week. January 19, 1906, when the price of broom corn increased, the manufacturer advanced the price of a $10 grade to $10.25, and * * * refused to give an order. On three grades the manufacturer's prices were $10, $10.50, and $10. ]\j;j-_ * * * went to New York in the middle of February and found that the prison people were offering the same lands at $9.60, $10, and $9.50, respectively, and he had to reduce his prices at this prison level. If the manufacturer had been obliged to go on the market during this time to buy stock these prices would have repre- sented a loss of $1.50 per gross, but fortunately he had bought his broom corn before the increase in price. We can not sell to jobbers of Buffalo, our nearby city, in the cheap grade of house brooms. A broom that we quote at $2.12| per dozen they get from prisons at $1.75 per dozen. There would be no money in this for us at $2. We have abandoned the manufacture of cheap-grade brooms on account of prison-made goods. One quarter of our total output formerly, now we make as few as possible, not to exceed 75 dozen per week, necessary for a certain trade with other kinds. BINDING TWINE. The output of binding twine, as shown elsewhere in this report, was in 1903-4 15,400,685 pounds in the prisons of three States, namely, Kansas, Minnesota, and North Dakota. Since the data were taken, however, the Missouri prison at Jefferson City has begun to make binding twine on public account, and March 1, 1906, the Indiana prison at Michigan City also began. The Missouri output was approximately 300,000 pounds its first year and will be 1,000,000 the present year. The estimated output of Indiana is given at 108 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOK. 1,000,000 pounds. Bills to establish prison binding-twine plants were introduced into, the legislatures of Michigan, Iowa, South Dakota, Kentucky, and Illinois within the last year. The estimated output for the various prisons during the coming season, that is, the estimates upon which the volume of outside twine to be made are based, are, Minnesota, 13,000,000 pounds; North Dakota, 3,000,000 pounds; Kansas, 4,000,000 pounds; Indiana, 1,000,000 pounds; Missouri, 1,000,000 pounds; a total of 22,000,000 pounds, which is estimated to be eleven or twelve per cent of the requirement of the market. As Minnesota was the pioneer State in the industry and produces such a large percentage of this prison twine the local effect was studied only in that State. The prison-twine plant was started in 1891 at the instigation of the farmers, who were enraged at what they considered the extortionate prices of twine. It is true that the National Cordage Company had at that time established what is usually called a "trust," and while hammering the price of raw sisal down to 2^ cents a pound f. o. b. New York City, to the ruin of the planters in Yucatan, had at the same time run the price of standard sisal binding twine up to 18 cents in Minnesota, while pure manila twine was selling there for 22 cents. However, the prison plant started in to make twine from soft fiber, flax, etc., and was not a success for some time. During the first four years, 1891-1894, the prison produced for the entire period but 3,458,053 pounds of twine and lost money on it to the amount of $6,996.20. In 1894 it began manufacturing from hard fiber, and its somewhat phenomenal success from the standpoint of «the prison officials appears in the following table. The output shown in this table Is the amount manufactured in the twine year, and does not necessarily agree either with that shown in the table on p. 112, which shows pounds sold, or with the general tables in this report which are for the fiscal year of the prison: AMOUNT OF BINDING TWINE MANUFACTURED AT THE MINNESOTA STATE PRISON AT STILLWATER, MINN., NET PROFIT, AND NUMBER OF PRISONERS EMPLOYED, 1891 TO 1906. Year. Pounds manufac- tured. Credits. Debits: Profits. Number of prisoners employed. 1891-1894 3,468,063 4,030,000 8, 4' 5, 459 6,570,135 6,119,^66 ■ 6,6'6,385 6,467,185 7,056,380 10,057,000 11,176,816 13, i52, ejjs *266,2'6.73 266,546.97 523,249.62 421,739.76 605,897.55 447,764.85 651,574.95 730,77.3.15 944,052.37 1,376,882.14 1,286,127.25 $273,271.93 ■ 265,198.78 390,359.84 353,586.75 589,886.04 414,968.72 487, 509. 68 678,813.98 831,608.10 1,178,097.89 1,076,666.28 1 $6, 996. 20 - $11,348.19 132,889.08 68,163.01 16,011.81 32,796.13 64,065.27 51,959.17 •112,444.27 198, 784. 25 208,560.97 74 1895-96 84 1897 98 117 1899 133 1900 121 1901 : 167 1902 125 1903 100 1904 190 1905 212 1906 219 ^80,728,482 7,419,884.24 6,529,867.99 890,016.25 a Loss. CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF COKVICT-MADE GOODS. 109 The prison charges itself with a labor cost of 63 cents per day per convict, because this is the average earnings of convicts contracted at piece-price rates in the boot and shoe factory of this prison. In the meantime, however, and long before the prison plant became a success or its output a factor in the market; in fact, in the latter part of 1891, the "trust" collapsed completely. Without going into any discussion of its affairs or the causes that led to its disruption it is sufficient for the present purpose to state that the prison binding twine had nothing whatever to do with the collapse of the National Cordage Company. This is not so clear, however, as to the Northwestern Cordage Com- pany, of St. Paul, which was established in 1892, and with a capital of about $200,000 started to manufacturing hard fiber binding twine. The concern went out of business in 1894. The stockholders claimed that the company had been forced to quit by the menace of the prison plant; and in business circles that position seems to have been generally accepted. The prison was shifting its machinery to make hard-fiber twine before the collapse of the Northwestern Cordage Company. One of the ablest business men in Minneapolis said in an interview for this report: "It is, I believe, admitted that the affairs of the Northwestern Cordage Company were badly managed, but most manufacturing enterprises lose money the first two years in learning how to make money. In these days failure of manage- ment usually means reorganization for success; but in this case the directors were so depressed over the prospect of prison competition in sisal twine that they had not the heart to reorganize. There was no trouble there from bad management that could not have been remedied, and would have been remedied had not the nerve been taken out of the directors by the menace of prison competition." It was, moreover, asserted that the failure of the Northwestern Cordage Company, of St. Paul, was not due to the uncertainties of the binding-twine market following the collapse of the National Cordage Company and its series of unfortunate successors. The United States Cordage Company which was formed to reorganize the collapsed "National," had borrowed extensively of Minneapolis bankers, on twine as collateral. Upon the collapse of the United States Cordage Company, and before its successor, the Standard Rope and Twine Company, was able to protect itself, the Minneapolis banks "dumped" the twine on the market, some of it selling as low as 4 cents a pound. This is stated to have occurred after the suspension of the business of the Northwestern Cordage Company, and did not cause that failure. It may, however, be taken to indicate a general shakiness of the industry. For the purpose solely of completing the story of the "trust," the antagonism to which prompted the inauguration of prison twine in 110 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. the United States, it may be said that in the early months of 1906 another company, the New Standard Cordage Company, was incorpo- rated to take OTer the constituent plants and operate or dispose of them. The Union Selliag Company which was the selling corpora- tion for the combined output of the "trust" plants was a factor in the northwestern market up to two years ago, since which time it is hardly so considered. None of the constitituent plants was in Minne- sota. The largest single producer of binding twine at present is the International Harvester Company, with headquarters at Chicago; the next largest is the Plymouth Company, of Plymouth, Mass. There are a number of large plants, notably at Xenia, Ohio, St. Louis, Mo., and Peoria, 111. The estimates differ as to what per cent of the Minnesota demand for twine is filled by the prison output. The warden estimates the demand in best years at 20,000,000 pounds, in average years 18,000,000. From this the estimates run as high as 30,000,000. From the best obtainable data the fact seems to be that 22,500,000 pounds is a very close approximation to the average annual consump- tion in that State. The difficulty in arriving at a close estimate is that the amount used in binding an acre of grain varies so much with the years, and the different kinds of grain. It requires 3 pounds of twine to bind an acre of oats ordinarily, but if the field be weedy or the straw especially heavy, it takes more. A case is reported in northern Illinois where it took 5 pounds per acre. Wheat requires from 2 J to 2^ pounds; barley less; flax not more than 2 pounds, etc. The Depart- ment of Agriculture reported about 9,000,000 acres of small grain for the State, and upon this one miist apply an average of at least 2 or 21 pounds of twine per acre to get the requirements of the State. The warden of the prison applies a 2-pound-per-acre basis and asserts that he is producing from 67 to 75 per cent of all the twine used in the State. Others apply another figure and assert that prison twine does not furnish more than 50 per cent of the amount required. All manufacturers agree that prison twine does not affect the price of the outside twine; but does affect its volume by exactly the volume of prison production, or about 10 per cent. Stated in the language of one of the parties interviewed: There are three ways to overcome objectionable competition: Undersell it until you force it to lose all its reserves — in other words, kill it. Second, buy it off and absorb it or discontinue its activities. Third, carefully measure its output in relation to the possible market or demand, then block off enough of the market to absorb the objec- tionable competing product, and, surrendering to it a demand suffi- cient to absorb it, thereafter ignore it and its prices. In case of prison goods manufactured on State account, you can not kill it by underselling, because the State has through the taxing power no limit to its ability to lose money; you can not buy the State and dismantle ^ CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. Ill its plant; it will not enter into any combination or agreement as to fair prices; hence there is but one thing left, measure the demand, give the prison as much of it as they can supply, and manufacture for what demand there is left at prices which need have no relation to prison prices whatever. The entire year's product of the binding-twine plants must be mar- keted and finally consumed in from 30 to 90 days. The entire harvest period in the United States, from first to last, is little more than this. Beginning in southern Texas about the middle of May the last fields in northern North Dakota are cut by the middle of September. The necessity of closely estimating the demand when it shall come is imperative in the nature of the business, and made doubly so by the necessity of producing only what will be required when the prison twine is absorbed. The plan is to take the total grain acreage as deter- mined by the Department of Agriculture. Assume that 10 per cent of this acreage will be cut with heading machines ; to the 90 per cent remaining apply the average of 2^ pounds of twine per acre and the result is the total for small grain, in pounds. If to this be added 1,500 tons used in corn cutting, and 500 tons in rice fields, the total demand will be very approximately measured. In some States the demand for binding twine in corn cutting is increasing, in others decreasing. As this corn cutting comes after the small grain is all harvested, there is a considerable of effort to unload any samples or "hold-over" twine upon this corn market. In some instances under the guise of a regrad- ing of the twine as "seconds" and "thirds," it is sold in the fall of the year for corn cutting at prices much below those of the early season. "Seconds" and "thirds" do not appear, so far as could be learned, until after harvest. An examination of the following table, which gives the prison price and the outside price on the highest class of twine for a series of years will show that there has been no apparent attempt to meet prison prices: 112 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. AMOUNT, GRADE, AND PRICE OF BINDING TWINE SOLD BY THE MINNESOTA STATE PRISON, 1901 TO 1906. AND PRICE OF BINDING TWINIE PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR. [One-quarter of a cent per pound is added to the manulaoturers' prices Sot 1903, 1904, 1906, 1906, to equalize freight between Chicago, Stillwater, and Minneapolis. A credit of 63 cents per day per convict is allowed for the convict labor.] Grade. Prison product. ■ ■ Manufacturers' product. Year. Quantity (pounds). Price to consumer. (») Wholesale price per pound. Jobbers' pricepor pound. (6) Retail price per pound to consumer. 1901 886,165 2,633,600 1,099,050 962,850 80.0925 .0850 .0660 .0660 JO. 1176 .1075 .0876 .0876 $0. 1234 .1129 .0919 .0919 JO. 1734 Mixed .1429 Standard .1119 Sisal ■ .1119 Total.- 5,570,665 1902 68, 640 777, 400 3,076,720 1,535,946 .1275 .1175 .0975 .0975 .1550 .1400 .1150 .1150 .1628 . 1470 .1208 .1208 .2128 Mixed .. .1770 Standard Sisal..... .1408 .1408 5,458,605 1 1903 1,665,180 1, 731, 375 1, 157, 500 1,710,160 917, 110 .1150 .1060 .0960 .0875 .0876 .1300 .1200 .1125 .1050 .1060 .1365 .1260 .1181 .1103 .1103 .1865 .1660 .1381 .1303 -Sisal .1303 7,081,315 1904 1,638,660 2, 109, 755 2,310,080 2,210,730 1,768,740 .1100 .1000 .0900 .0826 .0825 .1275 .1200 .1125 .1025 .1025 .1339 .1260 .1181 .1076 .1076 .1839 Manila mixed .1660 Standard manila .1481 .1276 .1276 10, 037, 866 1905 194, 425 3,696,200 2,040,365 3,253,125 879,005 1, 212, 696 .1200 .1075 .0976 .0876 .0876 .0876 .1400 .1250 .1160 .1050 .1060 .1050 .1470 .1313 .1208 .1103 .1103 .1103 .1970 600-foot manila .1613 .1508 .1303 Sisal .1303 Standard .1303 Total 11,175,816 1906 1,718,840 2,877,065 2,087,070 1,804,540 2,422,365 2, 242, 725 .1200 .1075 .0975 .0876 .0875 .0875 . 1325 .1225 .1125 .1025 .1025 .1026 .1391 .1286 .1181 .1076 .1076 .1076 .1891 .1586 .1481 Standard mixed .1276 Standard . . .1276 Sisal .1276 Total 13,152,605 » F. 0. b. Stillwater. Sold dircetly to consumer. !i F. o. b. St. Paul. In this table 5 per cent has been added to manufactiirers' price to show jobbers' price to retail dealers. As a rule, jobbers handle these goods for 5 per cent. Some, however, make it a rule to add a flat 1 cent per pound to manufacturers' price. This seemed to be universal in St. Louis, Mo., and at some other points, though not in St. Paul or Minneapolis. The retailer adds 2 cents a pound to the sisal and from 3 to 5 cents to the manila twines. The manufac- turers' price f. o. b. Chicago is one-fourth of a cent a pound less than at St. Paul. This table gives prison prices for Minnesota only. The Kansas prison makes only sisal and standard and its 1906 prices are 9 J cents CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. IIS^ in less than 5,000-pound lots, 8f cents a pound for 5,000 pounds or more. Prices are f. o. b. Lansing, Kans. No orders accepted for points outside of Kansas or Oklahoma. Missouri prison makes sisal only. Price is 8| cents f. o. b. Jeffer- son City, sold only in Missouri, and while the law does not restrict- the sale to farmers only, such has been the general practice — possibly^ because the dealers could not get satisfactory terms. North Dakota makes sisal and standard. The price is 9J cents: f. o. b. Bismarck. Sales are made to farmers direct. Indiana prison makes sisal and standard only. Prices are lO cents on lots of from 50 to 1,000 pounds; 9f cents on lots of from 1,000 to 10,000 pounds; 9J cents on carload lots, f. o. b. Michigan. XJity.- Sales are made either to dealers or to farmers direct. As stated above, the prices shown in the table are those of the^ reliable manufacturers of first-class twine. The product of the Min- nesota prison is also admittedly a first-class, high-grade twine of full length. This leads to a discussion of quality. The basic twine, upon which all prices are computed, is a smooth, all sisal fiber,, measuring 500 feet to the pound, and containing from 8 to 10 pounds^ of oil to the 100 pounds of raw fiber used. For each additional 50> feet length to the pound, 1 cent is added to the price. For instance,, the sisal, standard, and standard mixed twines quoted in the table for the years 1905 and 1906 measure 500 feet to the pound; stand- ard mahila measures 550 feet, 600-foot manila measures that length,, and pure manila is not a pure manila in fiber, but measures 650 feet- to the pound. It is, however, understood that no legitimate binding: twines, prison or other, shall measure less than 500 feet to the pound. The effect of prison competition has been, however, to induce some^ of the outside manufacturers to attempt to meet prison prices by making an inferior product; first by putting more oil into the fiber to increase its weight, and by making a twine which has no guaran- teed length per pound and which measures very much less than 500" feet. In some cases these twines are advertised as "running about. 450 feet to the pound " and sold, freight paid, to any point in the wheat fields, for less than the lowest prison price — ^namely, at 8J cents a- pound. It was strongly asserted by agents* handling twine manu- factured by employers of free labor that this "about 450 feet"^ seldom meant over 400, and that by actual measurement it had been known to fall as low as 385 feet to the pound. However, no- measurements were taken by the agent of the Bureau, and these statements were not, therefore, verified. Of course, what a farmer wants is first a twine that will hold a knot and work in the machine j after this he wants length, not weight. 9061—06 8 114 EEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. The cost of manufacture of binding twine was not a part of this investigation, either in prison or out, and yet some idea of legitimate price for twine may be had from such information as to cost of pro- duction as was incidentally secured in the course of these inquiries. If to the price of raw sisal in the market 1 cent a pound be added, the ordinary cost of production of binding twine will be the result. The process of manufacture is simple — the drawing out and combing of the fiber is done by machines that require little or no attention, and feed themselves practically. In the outside factories this work is done almost entirely by girls, men being employed only on the first set of machines that take the raw fiber. It is while passing through these first machines that the oil is added to the raw mate- rial. Legitimately, from 8 to 10 pounds of oil may be added to a hundred pounds of sisal, whereas it is said that from 13 to 15 pounds is added by the outside manufacturers attempting to sell at less than prison prices. One case was reported where a smaller manufacturer took a contract to make a quantity of binding twine for one of the larger concerns whose orders were temporarily overtaxing its pro- ducing capacity. The arrangement was that the same number of pounds of twine should be returned as there were pounds of raw material delivered, and that 1 cent a pound be paid. In this trans- action it was stated that the 1 cent paid all expense, and'that the increased weight given the sisal by the oil furnished an 8 per cent profit to the manufacturer. Of course, the cost of production to the prison is not 1 cent a pound. In the light of this statement it may be well to note the prices on manila and sisal fiber for a series of years, as given in the following table. Fiber prices are f. o. b. New York. PRICE PEB POUND OF MANILA AND SISAL FIBEE AS QUOTED IN THE CORDAGE TRADE JOURNAL, NEW YORK, JULY 6, 1905, TO MARCH 1, 1906. Date of issue. Manila liber, (o) Sisal fiber. 1905-6. 1904-5. 1903-4. 1905-6. 1904-5. 1903-4. July 6, 1905 10.08 .08 $0.08i- .08 , .081- .08 .09 .09 ■1 .09}- .10 .09} .09 .09 .09 .10 .101 .101 .101 SO. 085-iO. 08* S0.07}-S0 OS JO. 06} .07 .07 .07 .07 .07 $0 078- .07 .078- .07 .07 .07 .07 .07 .07 .07 .07!- .08 .071- .08 .078 $0. 07 -SO. 07} .07}- .07 .07 .07 .07- .07 .07 :?? .071- .08 .08 .08 .08 .07 .07 .08 .07}- .08 SO. 07 MO. 07 .071- .07 .06 .061- ..07 .07 .071- .07 .07 .078- .07 .07- .07 . 07 - .08 .074- .07 .07 .07 .078- .07 .07 .078- .07 .07 July 20, 1905 :gi|: .08}- .09 - .091- .09- .09}- .10- .091- 09 09 08} 09 09 09 09 09 09 10 091 091 .08}- .083- • 08|- .09- .08- .08- .071- .07 - .08 - 081 08 081 09 09 09 08J OS} 09 091 OS 08 07 Augusts, 190S August 17, 1905 September 7, 1905 September 21, 1905 October 5, 1905 October 19, 1905 November 2, 1905 November 16, 1905 December?, 1905 December 21, 1905 January 18, 1906 February 1, 1906 February 15, 1908 March 1, 1906 ;.... Average .. .0955 . (IQa.'i ORd.'^ .0757. .0759 .0752 a Current quality, nearest shipment from Manila. CHAPTER n. COMPETITION OF OONVICT-MADE GOODS. 115 It needs no argument to prove that binding-twine factories employ- ing free labor are deprived of trade in Minnesota to the extent of the volume of prison twine. Naturally the twine factories most unfa- vorably situated as to freight rates will be the first to give up that trade. A Pennsylvania manufacturer was the first to quit trying to sell twiue in Minnesota. One of the officials of the company stated for this report that prior to the large increase in prison production in that State they had sold as high as 500 tons of binding twine a year in Minnesota. The books were produced and they showed that in 1902 the copipany sold 475,000 pounds in Minnesota at prices ranging from lOi to llj cents, mostly at the latter rate. In 1903 the com- pany sold 55,000 pounds at 10 cents, shipping the product in June. In 1904 it sold 100,000 pounds at 9^ cents. In 1905 it sold 20,000 pounds at 9i cents, and then had to cut to 9 cents to prevent loss to their jobber. The company then withdrew from the State. As Minnesota consumes from 12^ to 15 per cent of all the binding twine used in the United States, it will be seen that when a manu- facturer abandons its trade it is not commercially a trifle to him. This manufacturer stated tersely the position that all feel them- selves to be in: "If the prison made twine enough to go round, no- body else could sell anything in Minnesota. It is about to expand its twine plant; and if the flax twine project does not succeed, the prison will soon have the market of the State." The * * * Company stated that they had given up the at- tempt to sell in Minnesota; but was met with a growing prison out- put of twine in their own State, Missouri. The price announced by this establishment for sisal and standard is 10 cents in less than car- load lots and 94 cents a pound in carload lots. The length, how- ever, for basic twine (500 feet to the pound) is not guaranteed. The president of this company said: "Prison prices do not follow any business basis of price. When raw sisal fiber is selling for 8f cents, the prison sells twine for 8| cents; and when raw fiber sells for 7^ cents the prison sells for 8f cents, seemingly paying no attention whatever to cost of production. The greatest injury, however, is done to jobbers and retailers. Prison twine is sold direct to the farmer, and the jobber and dealer, as well as we manufacturers, are taxed to meet the losses of the State in its attempt to destroy our business." The greatest commercial disturbance created by prison binding twine is with the agricultural implement dealers, both jobbers and retailers. To understand this more fully, the system of selling prison twine must be explained. The present law governing the matter is contained in the Revised Laws of Minnesota, 1905, chapter 105, section 5448, and is as follows: 116 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Sale of hinding twine — Regulation — Penalty. The price of binding twine manufactured at the State prison shall be fixed by the warden and board of control not later than March 1 each year, and until May 1 thereafter such twine shall be sold only to actual consumers in quantities needed for their use, for cash or security approved by the warden. Of the unsold twine on hand May 1, five hundred thousand pounds shall be reserved to fill subsequent orders of consumers. The bal- ance may be sold to dealers within the State who enter into a writ- ten agreement to sell only to actual consumers therein for their own use, at a price not greater than 1 cent per pound above the purchase price and freight from the prison. The State shall retain a contin- gent interest in twine so sold, and upon violation of such agreement may declare such twine forfeited to it and retake possession thereof. Every dealer purchasing such twine shall keep it. separate from other twine, and also keep a correct record of all his sales, showing the date, amount, price, and name of purchaser, which shall be open to the inspection of the warden, board of control, and the proper county attorney. Sales shall be distributed among the agricultural counties as nearly as practicable in proportion to the acreage of grain therein, and after July 1 all twine on hand may be sold. Every dealer' who shall violate the terms of said written agreement, and every person violating any provision of this section, shall be guilty of a gross misdemeanor. This law of 1905 permits twine to be sold to local dealers after May 1, but does not permit them to charge more than 1 cent per pound above wholesale prison prices, plus freight. Prior to 1905 there had been a special act prohibiting the sale of prison twine to dealers under any circumstances. This was enacted shortly after the Span- ish-American war, as will be noted further on. The warden has the names of 80,000 bona fide Minnesota farmers on his mailing list. To each of these he mails, as soon as the price for the following harvest is fixed, a letter and an order blank. Any farmer may get up a club in his neighborhood, and if the total of such club order equals 5,000 pounds of twine, a joint note may be given subject to the warden's approval, and credit is extended to November 1, without interest— that is, the twine need not be paid for until after harvest. The following is the form of letter sent to a person proposing to get up such a club : Warden's Office, Minnesota State Prison, Stillwater, Minn., December 1, 1905. Dear Sir: Replying to your inquiry, we are sending you here- with circular letters and club-order blanks. The prices were fixed by the board of control and the warden on November 22, 1905, and are tlie same as last season's prices, as follows, to wit: Cents. Standard, 500 feet to the pound 8f Sisal (white), SOO feet to the pound SJ Standard mixed, 500 feet to the pound SJ Standard manila, 550 feet to the pound 9| Manila 600-feet, 600 feet to the pound 10| Pure manila, 650 feet to the pound 12 All f. o. b. Stillwaterj Minn. CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. il7 We can sell at the above low prices because we contracted early for all the manila and sisal that will be needed for the season of 1906. Prices for raw material are much higher now, and will probably rule still higher the balance of the season of 1906. We guarantee the price. We guarantee the twine to be strictly first-class. We guarantee the quality to be fully up to grade. We give options to cancel orders, wholly or in part, at any time before shipment is made, in case of total or partial. failure of crops. Please let us know by return mail whether you will get up a club order or not. An early reply will greatly oblige, Yours, very truly, , Warden. The person getting up the club must make affidavit that each signer is a farmer; that he, the affiant, has made inquiry as to the amount of small grain each signer has, and that the twine subscribed lor by each will be used by such signers, and that no one is subscrib- ing for twine to resell to any other person. To dealers asking for prison twine a stereotyped form of letter is sent as follows : No. 12.] Warden's Office, Minnesota State Pbison, Stillwater, Minn., December 1, 1905. Dear Sir: Referring to your inquiry about the sale of binder twine direct to dealers, wish to state that under the law we are not allowed to sell twine to dealers until after May 1. Up to that time we are required to sell small cash orders direct to individual farmers and club orders in carload lots, giving time on joint notes until November 1, without interest. If the farmers in your vicinity wish to club together for a carload of prison twine and have it consigned to a dealer for distribution to them, that is their business and not ours. The prices were fixed by the board of control and the warden on Nov. 22, 1905, and are the same as last season's prices, as follows, to wit: G«its. Standard, £00 feet to the pound Sf Sisal (white), 500 feet to the pound 1 8| Standard mixed, 500 feet to the pound 8| Standard manila, 550 feet to the pound 9f Manila 600-foot, 600 feet to the pound , lOJ Pure manila, 650 feet to the pound 12 All f. o. b. Stillwater, Minn. We can sell at the above low prices because we contracted early for all the manila and sisal that we will need for the season of 1906. Prices for raw material are much higher now, and will probably rule still higher the balance of the season of 1906. We inclose club-order blanks. We guarantee the price. We guarantee the twine to be strictly first-class. We guarantee the quality to be fully up to grade. 118 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. We give option to cancel orders, wholly or in part, any time before shipment is made, in case of total or partial failure of crops. If you decide to get up a club order, please let us know by return mail. Yours, very truly, , Warden. That the business of the jobbers in binding twine has been prac- tically destroyed was made very apparent. One of the Jargest agricul- tural-implement jobbers in Minnesota said: "It is not a legitimate business at all. Prisoners ought to be put at making good roads for the farmers, not competing out of existence the business men of the community." The Books of this firm show that in 1898 it sold $153,000 worth of binding twine at an advance of 1 cent a pound over the price paid; in 1899, $100,000 worth, still at 1 cent profit; in 1903 but $8,300 worth, at 5 per cent above cost; in 1904, $17,000 worth; and in 1905, $27,000 worth, 85 per cent of which was sold in the Dakotas and only 15 per cent in Minnesota. In 1905 the firm paid 9.69 cents for twine and sold it at 10. It then went out of the twine business entirely. " With North Dakota already making prison twine, and South Dakota threatening to, there is no use in bothering with it. We sold Phila- delphia twine. Last year we paid 9.25 cents with a freight rate of 44 cents per hundred, which made our twine cost us 9.69. Suppose a man buys St. Louis twine at 9.25 with a freight rate of 18 cents, this twine costs him 9.43. Even if we can get a quarter of a cent off on very large orders placed with the International at Chicago, it costs 25 cents a hundred to ship it to Minneapolis, and the net cost is 10 cents. We have become tired of trying to handle twine on less than a cent a pound margin." Another large implement jobber said: " In 1888, 1889, and along in there we jobbed $150,000 worth of binding twine annually. The prison began making twine from hard fiber in 1894; we kept up a little business up to 1901, when we simply quit. There is an advan- tage in handling twine, because one can fill out a car with it if a cus^ tomer orders less than a carload of other stuff, and for this reason we held on to the business long after it ceased to have any profit in it." The books of this concern showed binder-twine business done as fol- lows: 1894, $21,000; 1895, $39,000; 1896, $81,000; 1897, $56,000; 1898, $72,000; 1899, $65,000; 1900, $55,000; 1901, $59,000. One jobber reported an increase in business, but said it was owing to increased activity in adjoining States, and that his Minnesota business had fallen off 50 per cent. One result of this is that outside manufacturers, unable to sell to jobbers have placed "agents" in Minneapolis, St. Paul, St. Louis, and elsewhere who handle their business. The agent for a company CHAPTEK II. COMPETITION OF OONVICT-MADE G00D8. 119 whose binding-twine plant is in Ohio said that his business had dropped off in Minnesota "75 per cent, or to the extent that prison twine suppHes the trade. We are fighting for the Dakota market, and picking up what we can in Minnesota. We have faced the burst- ing of hot-air trust bubbles, we saw the banks unload their "twine at 4 cents a pound, and all sorts of things, but this prison twine is the worst menace to the cordage business that has ever confronted it." The retail implement dealers throughout the State are organized and of course are bitter antagonists of prison-made twine; but the policy of the prison in selling to farmers direct and of attempting to control the profits of the dealers when twine is sold them at all is especially obnoxious. So far as the jobber and retailer are concerned it is of course easy to figure their losfees on the basis of the prison output. If prior to prison regulation of price to the consumer the jobber made 1 cent and the retail dealer 2 cents on a pound based on sisal prices, then on the 13,000,000 pounds of prison product, considered as all sisal, the jobbers of the State lose $130,000 annual profit, and the retailers $260,000. It is natural that the retailers, who on the average would sell 20,000 pounds of twine in a year, making $400 profit, should object to the loss of this profit; but that is not all. The retailers complain that as the State does not make enough to supply the whole demand, and, there- fore they must carry some twine, they are made to suffer additional loss by the uncertainty of the percentage of full supply the prison fills in their vicinity, and that social antagonisms, and loss of trade in other directions arising therefrom increases their losses and their annoyances far beyond that which is apparent. For instance, a retail dealer learns how many farmers have formed prison-twine clubs in his neighborhood, and about how many have not, and the acreage to be cared for outside of the club members. He orders twine in accord- ance with his calculations; after he has ordered, another club or several clubs are organized and he is left with a lot of "hold-over twine" upon which he must lose the use of his money for a year, and probably sustain ultimate loss ; or he may under order, and then not having suflBlcient twine to supply the demand not only loses possible profits but gets the reputation of refusing to supply the farmers with twine in order to spite them for advocating the manufacture of prison twine. Again, it often happens that a club member does not sub- scribe for a sufl&cient quantity of twine and comes in the midst of his harvest to the dealer for enough to finish binding his field; even if the dealer charges him no more than the regular price, which would of course be some 3 cents a pound more than he paid for prison twine, the farmer often gets angry and accuses the dealer of taking advantage of his condition to rob him, and in this frame of mind not only resolves, himself, but gets his friends to unite with £im in a reso- 120 REPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. lution to buy no more plows, harrows, nails, or anything else of the "robber dealer." A social and commercial turmoil and uncertainty is said to exist in many cases from this cause. A dealer writing to the editor of the Minneapolis Journal says : "Every' cent that the farmers have saved in the purchase of prison- made twine in Minnesota has been filched from the pockets of imple- ment dealers of Minnesota who are also taxpayers." The Farm Implement News, published in Chicago, 111., and "devoted to the interests of dealers in and manufacturers of agri- cultural implements and vehicles," said editorially in its issue of February 2, 1905: The movement to establish a prison-twine plant in Nebraska has reached proportions which call for prompt and vigorous action on the part of the implement dealers of that State. Late last week a resolu- tion was passed by the legislature creating a committee which is authorized to investigate the manufacture of binder twine in prisons. The committee was also instructed to visit the Kansas plant. As previously reported in this paper, a bill has already been introduced into the Nebraska legislature providing for an appropriation to build and maintain a twine plant at the State prison. The dealers ot Nebraska should not permit this measure to be passed without opposition. If the South Platte Implement Dealers' Asso- ciation is as strong as has been claimed in membership and, its mem- bers will show that they are thoroughly alive to the interests of the retail trade by urging their representatives in. the legislature to oppose the bill, we think the desired result will be accomplished. Then there is the Nebraska and Western Iowa Association which has also a large membership in Nebraska. These dealers should lose no time in mak- ing known their opposition to the bill. The manufacture of twine in prisons, when the product is sold as it is to farmers at a lower price than is available to the dealer, strikes first at the retailer. It has been a matter of pride with officers of the South Platte Association that this organization has been the means of making the retail twine business profitable in Nebraska. If the condition is to continue, this bill m.ust be defeated. The implement dealers of South Dakota are making a vigorous fight against the prison-twine schemic in that State. Two years ago they defeated a bill that was introduced and now they have the same fight to niake again. It appears that some implement dealers regard the prison-twine movement with indifference because they believe that sooner or later the product of State mills will be disposed of through the dealers. This has not, however, proved true of the prison-twine business, for back of it all is the desire of embryo states- men to build up little political machines in the districts they represent. This can only be done by having the twine sold to certain farmers, who in return for the benefits they derive from the lower prices will render what assistance they can to the political schemers. Even if a bill creating a State plant should expressly provide that the twine must be sold on the market to the highest bidder there would be a constant pressure from the politicians to amend the law so that the product could be sold to farmers direct. The. only way in which the interests of the dealer can be protected permanently is by defeating CHAPTEE II. ^COMPETITION OF CONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 121 every attempt to establish a prison mill. When the manufacture of twine was begun in Minnesota the dealers ot that State believed that they would market the output of the prison mill. There were a few seasons in which a small part of the product was sold to the dealers, but now the plant produces nearly half the twine used in the State and this immense quantity is sold to farmers only. The reply of the warden of the Minnesota prison to the complaint of the dealers is that they brought all of their troubles on them- selves. He states that prior to the Spanish-American war the prison sold from one-half to two-thirds of its twine through dealers; that when war blocked the Manila port, and fiber could no longer be secured from the Philippine Islands, the price of Yucatan and New Zealand fiber advanced and that the outside binding twine manu- facturers put the price of binding twine up to 13 cents a pound. The prison was well stocked with fiber, and its policy had always been to divide every advantage with its customers on the basis of retaining one-third as profit to the prison and letting two-thirds go to the con- sumer. He consequently made a price based on his cost and sold twine for 6 J cents a pound. He states that, the dealers, owing to the high prices of outside twine, were enabled .and did make unreasonable profits on the prison twine; adding generally 5^ cents a pound on twine they had bought for 6^ — in other words, charging the farmers , ^3 cents for prison twine. As soon as the legislature met it passed a . law prohibiting the sale of prison binding twine to dealers under any circumstances; and from that time until 1905 he sold only to farm.ers. The act of 1905 empowers him to sell to dealers after May 1, each year but limits the profits of the dealers to 1 cent_ a pound. He stated that even under that act he had to secure the indictment of three or four dealers and that the courts fined them $25 e^ch, before he could stop the dealers from adding illegal profits to their price of prison binding twine. He stated that less than 1,000,000 pounds would be available for sale to dealers after May 1, 1906. Club subscriptions are, however, sometimes turned over to a dealer who becomes consignee and distributes the twine; but here too, the limit of profit is fixed by law at 1 cent a pound. One argument of a social nature which the r«tail implement dealers use against the manufacture of binding twine in the prison is that the convict is not thereby taught any trade or occupation at which he can get work when his term expires. This is admitted on all sides. Bind- ing twine factories on the outside employ girls, and these from among the newly-arrived immigrants. The work is at piece rates based on a hundred pounds of finished twine. In an establishment employing at the time 1,758 persons, and where most of the twine spinning is done by females, the earnings of the females ranged from $11.63 to $16.78 on a pay roll covering 13 working days, or 130 hours. The hourly earnings will not exceed 10 cents, save for the exceptional girl; and of 122 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE. course the less expert ones earn less than this. Whether or not prison competition has had anything to do with creating this industrial con- dition in free-labor plants was not investigated. It is fully conceded by all, however, that no arguments will drive binding twine out of the Minnesota prison, or probably out of the prisons of any other States that have begun its manufacture. Hence retail dealers now seem to hope for the time when the prison will make enough to supply the entire trade, thus relieving them from carrying any twine in stock. Perhaps the best expression of the attitude of the dealers is to be found in the following extract from the proceedings of the convention of the Minnesota Retail Implement Dealers' Association, held in Minneapolis, March 7, 1905. Before producing this extract it must be explained that early in 1905 the International Harvester Company, which is the greatest producer of binding twine, announced that it had patented a process for making binding twine from flax fiber at a very- low cost, and that it would establish a plant for the manufacture of this twine in St. Paul. The Minnesota legislature at once made a move to take up the manufacture of farm implements in the peniten- tiary. It will be remembered that threshing machines were made in that prison in 1885 under the contract system. It was in the discus- sion of this resolution then pending in the legislature that the mem- bers of the Minnesota Implement Dealers'. Association expressed themselves : Mr. Petou : Mr. President, a resolution has been introduced in the legislature calling for an opinion from the warden of the State prison in regard to the establishment of a factory at Stillwater for the manu- facture of farm implements. I think this body ought to go on record on that question. * The resolution was introduced on Friday last, and is now in the hands of a committee.- It will probably come up for consideration sometime this week; The resolution was aimed at the International Harvester Company, of course. But the State prison is making binder twine to-day, and the implement dealers of Minnesota are footing the bills for the maintenance of the State prison. You can figure it out as well as I can. Before that plant was established the implement dealers of Minnesota sold all the twine and they received all the profits from ,the sale of twine. To-day the State prison sells 10,000,000 pounds of twine a year. Last year it sold 10,200,000 pounds of twine, and it is claimed it made a profit of about seventy- five or eighty thousand dollars (I haven't the exact figures with me). Out of whose pockets did that profit come ? It came out of your pock- ets; every cent of it. You maintained that State prison and you paid every dollar of the profit that the State board of control is boasting of to-day — that the twine factory at the State prison has made the prison self-sustaining and shows a profit on the right side of the ledger. You men are paying the bill — every dollar of it — out of the profits that you lost on the twine you didn't sell because of the plant over there. Now, you don't want to let something else go in there and take more profits out of your pockets. You ought to take action in regard to the reso- CHAPTEB II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 123 lution that has been introduced in the legislature looking to the estab- lishment of a machine factory in the State prison. I will say, further, that it has already been decided to take $10,000 out of the prison twine fund and enlarge the twine plant. That is to be done this year; and undoubtedly it is the first step toward the enlargement of the plant until every pound of twine m the State of Minnesota will be made at Stillwater — and you will be paying the bill, too. Mr. Caley. Mr. President, I would be glad to see the day come when the prison will make enough twine to handle it all. The worst feature, from my standpoint, is not the amount of twine they sell; but they make it very disagreeable for the dealer in twine. They don't make enough twine to go around, and the dealer has to buy some- where else; and a customer comes to the dealer at harvest time and wants twine, and thinks he is being robbed. He will quote you what the State is selling twine for and you can't make him believe that you paid 2 cents a pound more than they sold it for and bought at whole- sale. And that is not all. Every machine dealer has to carry his cus- tomers through harvest — more or less of them — for this twine. It goes on to your books. And the man that buys the twine of you is disgruntled from the time he comes in and gets his twine until after you force him to pay for it. He is disgruntled to think that you have charged him more for the twine than he might have got it for, or that his neighbor did get it for, from the prison. Now, if we could elimi- nate the twine business altogether and not toiich a pound of twine we would be happy. But we can't do that. We still have to handle it, even though the customers are disgruntled and think we are robbing them and all that sort of thing. We have to have some twine, because they depend on us to carry them through harvest for their twine. If the farmer doesn't get enough from the State prison, he comes in and buys from us half a dozen balls or so and then he is very loud in telling how we have robbed him on twine and what he got it for from the State, and all that sort of thing. So I will be glad when the time comes that they make enough so that we needn't carry any, so that we can say: "Here, we can't sell you twine as cheap as you can get it fro6x the State. You would better send to the State and get it." Mr. Pkyor. Well, Mr. President, it is an acknowledged fact that the manufacture of prison twine in Minnesota has reached a point — and reached that point a good many years ago — where the action of this body or any other body — or perhaps action by the entire State unless backed by the farmers — womd be ineffectual to eliminate the manu- facture of twine at the prison. But I merely called attention to the matter in connection with the other suggestion that I made, in regard to the establishment of a factory there to manufacture harvesting machinery. You might better have them make all the twine that is sold in the State than to have them make half the twine that is sold in the State and a little farm machinery as well. If they sell twine for 2 cents a pound less than you can buy it for, if they go to making farm machinery you might have some other competition that you won't Hke also. Mr. Calet. That is as I understood it. I was merely saying that we are "up against it" on twine, and we would be "up against it" in the same way on farming implements. They wouldn't make enough, and we would be "up against it" in the same way. 124 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. Mr. Hatch. I suppose even in case the Stillwater factory would make enough twine to supply the State the implement dealer would have to supply those people that haven't got the credit to buy from the State. Mr. Pryok. What Mr. Hatch has just suggested was the avowed purpose of Mr. Jacobson, the chairman of the State board of control, and himself a retail implement dealer — that is, he was. I don't know that he gives much attention to his implement business at the present time. His avowed intention was to enlarge that plant until it could make all the twine required in the State of Minnesota, and then sell to the dealers so that they could sell to the farmers that hadn't credit to buy from the State. He gave that out in an interview that was published in nearly every paper in the State of Minnesota. On motion the president was instructed to appoint a committee of three to draft a resolution in regard to the resolution pending in the house of representatives in regard to the manufacture of farm imple- ments at the State prison. ' In pursuance of the motion last stated, the president appointed as the committee of three the following: W. W. Sivright, C. F. Miller, and S. E. Stansberry. The committee last referred to submitted the following resolution: Resolved, That we do not oppose the enlarging of the output of the . twine plant, but do oppose the manufacture of farm implements by the State prison. The resolution was adopted. • The installation, by the International Harvester Company, of a plant to make binding twine from flax, in St. Paul, has greatly com- plicated the situation. Numerous attempts have been made to dis- cover a substitute for sisal and other hard-fiber twines. Wire was used at one time, but this ruined the straw for feeding purposes, and the farmer could not aft'ord to lose his straw. Then a paper twine was made, but it was too smooth and slick and would not hold the knot made by the machine. The International Harvester 'Company has at last succeeded in making twine from flax that does the work and does it satisfactorily. The farm implement journals and trade papers are endeavoring to win the farmers over to the plea that the new industry will be supplied entirely by flax straw produced by Minnesota farmers, instead of sisal fiber raised in Yucatan. Just how cheaply flax twine can be produced is not made puMic. The twine is being sold for the harvest of 1906 at 7f cents to dealers, with the stipulation that the price to farmers must not exceed SJ cents a pound. The farmers have been extensively notified that this is the price at which they will be supplied by application to any Minnesota retail dealer that handles the International's line of imple- ments. It will be noted that this is one-fourth of a .cent lower than the prison price, and exactly the price at which the inferior short- length twine of other outside companies is advertised. The flax twine mill at St. Paul employs girls almost exclusively. Perhaps the thing most condemned in the prison policy has been fix- CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 125 ing by law the profits of the dealers. This has-been denounced on all sides as unbusinesslike and un-American. Heretofore the manu- facturer has sold to the jobber, who was at perfect liberty to sell at any price he pleased. The jobber sold to the dealer, who was unin- fluenced by either jobber or manufacturer in fixing his selling price to the consumer. In other words, competition was left free to regu- late prices. This was not permitted to operate, however, in the case of prison twine, as the legislature required the prison manufacturer, who is in this case the warden, to control absolutely the price to the consumer. It is most interesting to note now that the International while it does not attempt to control the retail price of hard-fiber twines, does, when it makes a directly competing soft-fiber twine, exactly what the prison does ; namely, fixes the profits of the retailer, and fixes this at one-fourth cent a pound less than the prison allows to retailers. The manufacturer is thus forced by prison competition to fix the price to the farmer, and limit arbitrarily the margin of profit to the dealers. Economically, especially in the matter of bind- ing twine, Minnesota is to-day the battle ground of giants. That the advent of flax twine may force a change in some of the poHcies of the prison, especially that of confining its market to the farmers of Minnesota seems probable. Touching upon this prospect the Farm Implement News, in its issue of March 22, 1906, says: , An Associated Press dispatch from St. Paul reports Governor John- son as saying that he will recommend to the next legislature , an amendment to the prison twine law permitting the sale of prison twine outside the State. The Minneapolis Journal states that this plan will probably be necessary to insure the continuance of the prison twine industry, which is now threatened by the flax-twine enterprise at St. Paul. In an editorial on the subject the Journal says : "If next year the flax twine should break into prison sales as intended, the prison would be left with millions of pounds unsold. The plan conceived by the board of control and the warden, and now indorsed by governor, is to amend our law so that if necessary prison twine ntiay be sold in other States. The prison output is practically sold for this season, so there is time for this change to be made by the legislature next winter. It will mean that if a Minne- sota market is cut off, prison twine will go into the Dakotas, Iowa, and Wisconsin, where regular trust prices are maintained. The trust must then meet prison prices in all this territory and cut its own profits to almost nothing, or Minnesota will dispose of its entire surplus and the plant will go on flourishing." If the foregoing plan is carried out, dealers in the States adjoining Minnesota will probably be benefited, for it is hardly possible that the board of control would be so unwise as to sell direct to farmers outside of Minnesota. 126 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. STOVE HOLLOW WARE AND STOVES. Stove hollow ware is made for sale in 7 State penitentiaries. The data secured are not uniform, and hence no specific statement of the total volume can be made. Such details as were secured follow : Indiana: 2,358 tons of stove hollow ware ground and unground; value, $129,690; convicts employed, 255. Illinois: 1,392,000 pieces, plain and enameled hollow ware; value^ $100,000; convicts, 188. Ohio: 1,200 tons of pots, kettles, and iron cuspidors; value, $100,000; convicts, 140. Tennessee: No statement of volume of output; value, $48,300; convicts, 40. Maryland: 214,500 pieces iron castings of hollow ware for stoves, ranges, furnaces, and stove furniture; value, $112,837.50; convicts, 43. Alabama: Stove hollow ware, kettles, pots, pans, etc., dog irons, grate frames; value^ $75,000; convicts, 56. Kentucky: Pots, pans, kettles, skillets, etc.; value, $34,000; con- victs, 47- Total value, $599,427.50; convicts, 769. Of stoves, the Tennessee prison makes 6,000 cook stoves, 8,000 heating stoves; value, $88,000; convicts 95. Oregon: 11,051 stoves and ranges; value, $138,000; convicts, 119. Total stoves, 25,051; value, $226,000; convicts, 214. Thus a total for stoves and stove hollow ware of $825,427.50 in 1904. The data for former years is more vaguely classified, and no sepa^ ration seems possible that will throw much light on the matter. Taking the totals for such classifications as are available, however, the total value of stoves and stove hollow ware made in prisons in 1885 was $633,988; in 1895, $743,512. Admittedly the production of stoves in prisons has enormously decreased; the increase being entirely in hollow ware. It is the unanimous testimony of manufacturers and jobbers consulted, that the manufacture of certain articles of hollow ware, and certain grades of a much larger line, has been entirely absorbed by prisons. For- merly stove manufacturers made the utensils that usually went with a stove. The cast iron articles that went to make up the "trim- mings" of a cook stove consisted of 2 pots, 2 skillets, 2 gridl^s, 1 heater, 1 gridiron, 1 teakettle, a total of 9 pieces. There was some differentiation in this industry thirty-five years ago, even while practically all stove manufacturers still made hol- low ware. That is to say, there were a few plants that made hollow ware alone, as long ago as 1870. This differentiation continued and was encouraged by the fact that many stoves were sold without ' ' sets " CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF OONVIOT-MADE &OODS. 127 or "trimmings;" that hollow ware called for large storage room, and that there was a certain amount of trade in pots and kettles entirely apart from the sale of stoves. It was not, however, until the prison-made hollow ware had appeared in considerable quantities that stove manufacturers began generally to abandon the production of these articles. The introduction of stamped enameled ware and of high-class enameled kettles came in to share this market to the full extent of the increase in population, and the total absorption of the business by the prisons began. STATEMENTS OF MARYLAND MANUFACTtTREBS. The statement of a Baltimore manufacturer was to the effect that they continued the making of hollow ware until the prison articles during the hard times sold at a price so little above their actual labor cost that they could stand it no longer. They abandoned this part of their business and buy hollow ware of the prison contractors to supply their trade, thus being forced to become jobbers of the lines of goods they formerly made. As a result of this, they try as far as possible to sell stoves without " sets " or " fixtures," as the trimmings are called by this firm. When making its own hollow ware, this firm had certain shapes and styles of cooking utensils that pleased its customers, and, as the trade still demanded these shapes, the firm was obliged to send its patterns or "flasks" to the prison and then buy from the contractors hollow ware made from its own patterns. All its other patterns to the value of several thousand dollars, have been destroyed within the last few years, as the firm has given up all hope of being able to open up a hollow-ware foundry. It buys an average of $7-,000 worth of prison hollow ware of its own patterns annually. Said the manager of this plant: Of course we would like to make these goods. If we made them and employed the eight or ten men necessary to supply these articles, we would work this trade with pride, as we used to, and sell $12,000 worth a year instead of $7,000, as now. Now we only sell what we have to, not what we could. Another firm in the same locality, that had abandoned the manu- facture not only of hollow ware but of the grade of stoves made in prisons, furnished the following statement : Regarding the matter of convict labor interfering with our busi- ness, wish to state that we have been compelled to discontinue the manufacture of southern stoves and stove hollow ware, owing to our being unable to compete with the convict concerns manufacturing these lines. We average the loss of business sustained in the above to equal about $60,000 to $70,000 per year. 128' EEPGKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Certain articles in the above line we are now purchasing from the convict-labor concerns, owing to their being able to manufacture the goods cheaper than we can. This letter, covering, as it does, the matter of stoves, also brings up a point that will be discussed further on and need only be men- tioned here, and that is that prison stoves, and nearly all prison goods, being inferior, either in fact or in finish and appearance, seek the weakest m.arket; the South, where the smaller purchasing power of the mass of the people compels them to buy the cheapest articles that will answer their immediate purpose, being flooded. The last paragraph of this letter refers to stove furnishings, hollow ware, which this firm buys of the prison contractor. Another firm in the same locality has persistently refused to "become a selling agent for convict-made goods," and is the only stove manufacturer found in this investigation that continues to produce hollow ware. The manager of this establishment said: The original proprietor of this plant is dead, but while he lived he fought the encroachment of prison labor on our industry in season and out of season. When we were whipped on that proposition so far as stove hollow ware is concerned, and all other manufacturers gave it up and bought their stove furnishings of the penitentiary foundries, he said that was one step he would never take. That while he might have to give up making his own trimmings he would never buy prison goods to supply the trade. We do not make oae- tenth of the hollow ware we ordinarily would. All we make is to supply certain customers, to whom we sell our stoves, and who want our goods practically regardless of price. They are mostly old customers who were more or less impressed with Mr. * * * old determination not to buy prison goods. Since his death I have kept to his wishes in this m^atter. We make a slightly larger pot, sell for a very much higher price, but even at this price we nianu- facture hollow ware more as a matter of maintaining his principles than as a commercial proposition. It is a mere fraction of our business, and a fraction of what it ought to be. The following shows a comparative statement of prices between this firm and the prison contractor on a few selected articles which were found to be practically identical. The discounts from the firm's list price is 50 per cent, while the prison discounts are 70; net prices have been figured at these discounts. It is just in this matter of discounts, however, that the uncertainty lies. A jobber of stoves and stove hollow ware stated that during the "hard times" from 1894 to 1899 he frequently got "80 and 10 off the list" on prison- made plain hollow ware, and another case was reported of a discount of 80, 25, and 10 off the list. This rendered it impossible for manu- facturers to take advantage of the flood of idle men and the low wages to attempt to regain this lost industry. CHAPTER II. — OOMPBTITION OF CONVICX-MADE GOODS. 129> PRICE OF HOLLOW WARE MADE BY FREE LABOR AND BY PRISONS. Name of article (full size) . Goods made by free labor. Manu- factur- er's list price. Net price. Prison-made goods. Prison list price. Net price. («) Differ- ence. 6-jnch bulge pots. 7-mch bulge pots. 8-incli bulge pots. 9-incli bulge pots. 10.75 .85 1.00 1.25 to. 375 .425 .500 .626 SO. 65 .75 .85 1.00 SO. 195 .225 .265 .300 S0.]80> .20* .245- .325- o After deducting discount ot December 17, 1904, giving prices for 1905. The founder of this establishment was active in the legislative fight that finally excluded stove making from the Maryland prison. His address to the legislative committee is made a part of this report. It will be noted that on a 9-inch pot the difference in favor of prison, prices is greater than the net prison price itself. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee: The subject that- has brought us together is one of great importance and. far-reaching; in its influence, and is entitled to grave consideration. We a^proacE it with diffidence, and are not unmindful of some of its difficulties. And first of all, we desire here and now to disclaim having personally any other than kindly feelings toward any or all of the contractors for convict labor in the penitentiary; but that we may submit our grievances it is necessary for us to speak plainly, and to treat the sub- ject as an evil that should be removed in the interest of the State and. of the honest labor of her citizens. That society must be protected from the evil doer all must admit,, and that crime ought to be punished, and the criminal placed in suck custody as will prevent him from preying upon the community. W& believe, furthermore, that, in the interest of fallen humanity, all rea- sonable effort should be made to reform and lift up the fallen ; so that- if possible, when the offended law is satisfied, the offender may be- restored to society a better man than he was before the hand of justice- was laid upon him. We understand that the authorities advocate giving employment- to the convicts for the reason that it is better for them while m prison^ and that they are thereby enabled to go out again into the world with a knowledge of some trade, and with habits of industry. Another motive is that the penitentiary may be self-sustaining. These motives are commendable, but we respectfully submit that however commendable the motive, the result of furnishing the peni- tentiary contractor with skilled or unskilled labor at 40 cents per day,, and of allowing him to throw the product of that labor unrestrictedly upon the market in competition with the product of honest labor,, can not fail to be disastrous. By this system the State enforces idleness upon honest workmen. Prior to the introduction of the stove-founding business into the peni- tentiary, there were, in the various foundries of the State, about 40&- persons engaged in the manufacture of stoves and hollow ware. These 400 persons had depending upon them for support from 1,800" to 2,000 persons. The general depression in trade has, to a greater or 9061—06 9 130 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. less extent, affected all branches of business; and in our particular branch of trade, we think it fair to estimate a falling off from that cause of 25 per cent. We take into consideration the fact that no person buys a stove or a piece of hollow ware as an ornament or as an article of luxury, but that, with the present habits and requirements of our people, they are articles of prime necessity. We assume, then, that the "hard times" have thrown out of employment one-fourth of the workmen formerly employed in this branch of business in the State, and that the quantity of goods now in demand would require the labor of 300 hands, having dependent upon them from 1,500 to 1,600 persons. (What becomes of the other 300 or 400 persons who formerly drew their subsistence from this branch of industry we know not. Probably some of them, after having exhausted their little sav- ings, and after picking up a job here and there, and packing two or three families together, their resources at length being at an end, have been compelled to go from place to place in search of work or food, and are stigmatized as tramps. It is greatly to be deplored that such a state of things should exist in this country which God has so bounti- fully blessed.) But, coming more directly to the result of the prison-contract system, let us see what has been its effect upon the 300 remaining employees. I can give clear and positive data in regard to its effects upon one foundry in the State; and the results would hold good pro- portionately as to the other foundries. In the foundry to which I allude the working force has been reduced about one-fourth in conse^ quence of the general depression of business; and for this we do not hold the contract system responsible. But the three-fourths of the former force that were retained in employ were only employed 237 days during 1877, having been deprived of at least 60 days' work during the year, in consequence or the product of the penitentiary foundry being thrown upon the market at prices with which it was impossible for the employers of honest labor to compete. The wages paid to the 130 persons employed at that foundry averaged 1190 per day for each day the foundry was in blast ; and the 60 days enforced idleness arising from the 'cause stated occasioned a loss to these honest workmen of $11,400, and if the same relative results have been reached in the other foundries, the same number of days of enforced idleness would amount to $15,300 more, making in all a loss to the honest laborers engaged in the production of stoves and hollow ware of $26,700 during the past year; or, putting it in another form, practically taxing 300 honest workmen engaged in this branch of industry an average of $89 each, in order that the prisoners in the penitentiary may be employed in producing goods to compete with goods produced by honest labor. How long, think you, gentlemen, can any branch of industry stand such a stram ? Will not such a policy aid greatly to increase poverty and crime ? How long will it be, under such a policy, before the State will be obliged to build another penitentiary or to enlarge the present one, in order to accommodate those who have by this policy of the State been driven to crime, to atone for which society demands their confinement within prison walls ? Gentlemen, let us look at this matter from another standpoint. What is it that builds up the wealth of the State ? We contend that the State, by the prison-contract system, discourages within her limits CHAPTEE II. COMPETITION OF CONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 131 the erection or extension of industries which increase her wealth, pop- ulation, and prosperity. She gives to prison contractors the means whereby they can conduct business without incurring the expense of erecting or purchasing buildings, or of being subjected to taxation thereon, and furnishes them their most skillful labor for 40 cents per day for each man. The prison contractor is thus furnished with the appliances for conducting business without investment for foundry or workshops, or (I believe) storage, and free from taxes, all of which cost the employers of honest labor many thousands of dollars. I state what can be proven by the record, that one stove foundry in Baltimore was last year assessed for taxes for city and State purposes as much per day for every day the foundry was in blast (237 days) as the State received from the prison contractor for fifteen of his skilled workmen. If the same ratio should hold good in the case of the other foundries (and the taxes are supposed to be equal upon all save the prison contractor) , you will see, gentlemen, that the business of stove manufacturing outside of the prison walls has extraordinary difficulties to encounter; and we who are engaged in it must do one of three things — either compete with the prison contractor and his 40-cents-per-day workmen, or seek new markets for our goods, or go out of business. The gentlemen here representing the shoe trade will" tell you of the deception practiced in tneir branch of prison manufacture; and I think it my duty to state that many of the stoves made in the peniten- tiary have cast upon them conspicuously the name of "The American Stove and Hollow Ware Company of Philadelphia." There is no such company in existence ; and while it is true that the parties having the prison contract purchased some of the patterns from that company m the closing out of its effects, so also did the firm which I represent, and some half a dozen or more other firms, purchase patterns from that defunct company; but what right the penitentiary contractors have to manufacture stoves in the penitentiary of Maryland and have them marked "American Stove and Hollow Ware Company of Phila- delphia," I can not see ; nor can I see in what sense they are successors of that company. The patterns, flasks, and effects of that company were sold to different parties, and the foundry and workshops are in Philadelphia standing idle to this day. I am fully persuaded that by the use of that name the penitentiary contractors have been tenabled to damage the business of those employing honest labor. Is it unreasonable to ask you to pass a law requiring all goods manufactured in the penitentiary, whether made under contract or by the State without contract, to be plainly and boldly marked as being "Manufactured in the penitentiary of Mary- land?" It seems to me that it would be a just measure to the con- sumer as well as to those who are obliged to compete with the goods therein manufactured. We ask you, gentlemen of the legislature of Maryland, to do justice in the premises, and not allow your sympathies for the contractors or for those who have broken your laws, and whom society demands shall be placed in confinement, to bias your judgment, and to perpetu- ate a wrong to hundreds and thousands of honest, faithful, industrious naen, struggling for means to feed and clothe those whom they love that are dependent upon them. 132 EEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. If no relief is granted, what-will be the result? Will not many be driven to poverty and crime? Will not numbers become vicious and exasperated because the only trade they know is unable to pay them living wages ? For the benefit of contractors and of a few criminals, are you not sowing seed which will produce a greater crop of criminals ? It has been wdl said by another, "A State or a nation can well afford to lose a few paltry d.ollars in maintaining places of confinement for those whom the courts decide to be unsafe to associate with their fellow-men. A State or a nation can not afford to sell the labor of convicts at a price so far below what can be honestly earned in the same trade elsewhere." If, after mature deliberation, you should decide that honest labor must compete with the convict, let the State, and not the contractor, have the benefit of it, for most assuredly the State will have the pen- alty to pay in the end. STATEMENT OP A MISSOURI STOVE MANTJFACTTJS.EB,. We have been driven out of the manufacture of stove hollow ware, though we did not surrender entirely until about 1894. We buy all our hollow ware from the penitentiary at Jeffersonville, Ind. This trade is largely with the South, though not entirely so. Practically all our stoves are sold without trimmings, and in the North and West the ordinary cast-iron cooking utensils have been displaced by stamped enameled ware. However, the ordinary enameled cast- iron kettle is still a good seller and is a prison product. We have a large trade in Arkansas and Texas on sugar kettles. These we buy of prison contractors exclusively. Yes; exclusively! Don't you see the business absurdity your question implies? If we could afford to buy of outside manufacturers we could afford to make them ourselves. If a manufacturer offered me a thing I was mak- ing or could make at less than my factory cost there would be some- thmg doing with my factory cost at once. But when this offer comes from a man employing convict labor there is no use to try to bring my costs to a level with his. I will bring my cost of produc- tion and selling price down as low as any outside manufacturer, making the same grade of goods, or I will go out of business; but when it comes to convict-labor goods I simply quit and buy their product exclusively. Of course we make no great effort to sell this stuff, simply fill orders that come in as a part of orders for our stoves. We paid the prison contractors $12,500 last year. Yes; we have our old patterns, I think, and I would like to- see our men back at work on hollow ware again. We had 12 men, I think, on that work alone. STATEMENT OF A MISSOURI STOVE MANUFACTURER. Formerly we made our own stove hollow ware. Now we buy of prisons, as everybody else does. Prisons make 90 per cent oi all cast-iron stove hollow ware, whether plain, ground, or enameled. Do not let anybody steer you away from this fact. Yes; I know there are some outside concerns. You mention the Erie. Have you ever seen any of their ware? Why, it is simply beautiful, high- class ware that has no more to do with this discussion than Rook-^ wood pottery has to with tableware. CHAPTER n. COMPETITION OF COWVIOT-MADE GOODS. 133 The Erie sells a lot of output, but sells it practically all in the East, and only to those who will buy only the finest of everything. I do not believe I have a piece of Erie ware in my house. It is so with all the nonprison-made hollow ware. All jobbing stove hol- low ware is prison made. We are jobb^s of the prison goods and know what we are talking about. We buy only prison-made goods. Some manufacturers will not handle prison goodsj and hence do not handle anything. It is prison-made goods or nothing, and has been for several years. The fact that stoves are no longer sold ' 'trimmed " enables some stove founders to refuse to handle hollow ware. Stoves are sold "trimmed" now only to general stores and department stores, never to the regular trade, except in the South, and not always then. There is an advantage in handling it, in that one can fill out a car sometimes and get carload freight rates on an order when otherwise the stoves alone would have to be shipped at higher rates. STATEMENT OF A MISSOTJRI STOVE IiIANTJFACTUBEIl. We have not made a piece of stove hollow ware in fifteen years. Prison goods simply closed us out as it did every other stove manu- facturer. Up to fifteen years ago we made all of our own hollow ware. We have and shall contmue to refuse to be made distrib- uting agents for prison-made goods; so we neither buy nor handle a dollar's worth of hollow ware. Prison prices to jobbers keep so close to cost of production that it is useless to talk about manufac- ture. Take the nine pieces which go to make a set of cast hollow- ware trimmings. The foundry cost to us to-day would be $1.50,. and the prison price to jobbers to-day is $1.54. The prison contractor keeps just close enough to our cost to prevent any attempt to pro- duce these articles. What does that mean to us in dollars and cents ? Well, we made and, sold 40,947 cook stoves in 1905 requiring such "sets." We are thus deprived of $50,000 worth of business on a cost basis, to say nothing of a profit we would expect to make on it, in one year alone, and this would mean 35 men more in our foun- dry making hollow ware only. There are 225 legitimate stove manufacturers in the United States; the loss to these from prison- made hollow ware is at least $2,500,000 a year. Doubtless you will say that far exceeds the total output of prison hollow ware; but even admitting that you get a correct report of values from prison contractors, your figures do not show the power of $600,000 worth of goods to break prices, nor the profits of legitimate founders on the volume of goods consumed. Again, citizen manufacturers would have improved the quality of the goods as the demand arose, and would not have lost so much of the business to the stamped enameled ware makers. It is a business, however, that is gone, and probably forever gone to the penitentiaries. There are not many free molders of stove hollow ware. I do not know of any. Even the trade has been lost by our workmen. It seems useless to quote further from stove founders on this sub- ject. Below will be found the statements of some of the firms who were never stove makers, but during the early period of differentia- tion in the East became producers of stove hollow ware as a separate industry: 134 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. STATEMENT OF A PENNSYLVANIA MANTJFACTTJBEK.. From the organization of the * * * Company in the seven- ties the main portion of their production up to about 1890-1893 consisted of cast-iron enanaeled hollow ware and cast-iron enameled pump cylinders. This business had been, up to some time before the above dates, a fairly profitable business, but after this time the competition of prison labor gravely threatened the business of the company, and the matter of relief from unprofitable conditions, due to direct competition of this labor, was the frequent subject of serious consideration by the directory of the company. At the beginning of 1894 the question of an_ attempt to further reduce cost of production received careful, serious, and final con- sideration. The reduction of the wages of labor was the only remain- ing possible way, every other economy having been utilized, and many previous reductions of wages having been resorted to on wages already too meager for the welfare of the employees in efforts to meet this competition. After a full exhibit by the management of the wages earned by its employees it was decided by the company that rather than attempt to further reduce the wa^es of its employees it would abandon the business and seek other fields of effort, and after January 1, 1894, no more hollow ware was made by this com- pany. The compulsory adoption of this action was extremely dis- couraging, but there was no alternative. A year later, or in 1895, the pump cylinder business of the com- pany was in practically the same condition, and was also with much reluctance and many misgivings abandoned for the same reasons as the hollow ware business had been. These two items of produc- tion constituted upwards of 80 per cent of the business of the com- pany, and was therefore a matter of supreme importance to the company and vital to its welfare. Since that time the company has developed business along the lines of cast-iron enameled sanitary goods — bath tubs, lavatories, sinks, urinals, closets, etc., and brass and sanitary woodwork con- nected with that business. A part of its present business, in the less elaborate lines, such as kitchen sinks, common closet hoppers, small lavatories, etc., are, on account of prison competition, unprofit- able products 01 the company, but upon account of superior quality Jroduced by this company, in order to placate our customers, we nd it necessary to furnish these products to them either at a loss or at an unsatisfactory profit in order to hold our trade with them. I believe I voice the experience of this company when I advise you that prison-labor competition in the products of this company has been very disastrous to the interests of this company, and had it not been able to develop other lines and abandon these it could not have survived. That the labor it employed would have been pauperized, so far as the ability of this company would have enabled it to pay living wages, under prison-labor competition. STATEMENT OF A PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURE B. In obedience to promise, we reduce to writing the substance of information obtained in interview. At the outset we would fain contradict the common belief that the products of convict labor OHAPTEE II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 135 forming such an infinitesimally small portion of the products of the country reduces the objectionto it to the minimum. On the principle that "you can not touch pitch without being defiled" you can no more escape the evil influence of this octopus commercially by contact in a remote degree than you can stop the lost from gomg to Hades. To illustrate : A few years since a serious consultation was had on the subject of one of the articles which convict-labor competition formed a competing factor (maslin kettles). The undersigned argued that as convict labor could not supply the entire demand, why not put a fair profit on the goods and get what trade could be extracted from the surplus demand. The argument seemed to portend that in this case the prison-made goods would multiply enormously, only to make one more article for future monopoly by the prison contractors. Now, this same article, yielding but a fair profit at 60 and 10 per cent off list, went to 80, 25, and 10 6ff list, or an enormous loss based on cost; so that where under ordinary conditions sales would be made at 36 cents, this awful destroyer of profits caused a contraction to 13^ cents, or nearly one-third. Does it need any argument to show that starvation wages was the result? Does it need any more potent reasons to be assigned for the curbing of this twin brother to pauper labor than to refer you to the fact that you have a list from us of a number of manufacturers driven out of this business because of this awful menace to free labor? We would now emphasize more strongly the effects of the convict- labor competition as an offset and complete refutation of some of the claims of small damage to this unfair labor competition, and to show that the effect is widespread in its effect on prices and beyond the mere matter of direct market competition. Some years since a Philadelphia plumbing house induced us to get up patterns for an order of one thousand porcelain-lined hoppers to start with, promising heavy orders. In fond hope of an avenue to greater trade we did get up the patterns and commenced making hop- pers. Before completion of contract we were ordered to stop making the balance and to deliver no more until matter of a competing price from a certain Maryland prison could be looked into. We were thus, at almost the inception of the matter, but not until we had gone to con- siderable expense, balked, and declining to sell the product at a price of goods made by jail-bird labor at ruinous prices, we annulled the matter. To have sued would only have been to affect the one thou- sand, whereas we expected continued business. From that day to this these goods have not been made by us, but boat loads and car- loads are and have been unloaded from Maryland prisons on sister States, to the distress of honest, law-abiding labor, and thus the con- vict is made the preferred over the mechanic who obeys the laws. Now this may be somewhat out of line. What you need is directness, but above may not come amiss. We refer to the fact that when goods in our line were made in the Auburn, N. Y., prison same were sent in carloads to Pittsburg, Pa., finished there, and sent to market as goods made by honest labor. In Philadelphia a friend had a patented article we were to bid on, but refused because it would have been a bid against convict labor. We were sent for to come to New York to bid on an article (plumb- ing), being promised large orders and steady work for our men. As 136 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. soon as we saw the goods and found that they were being made in a penitentiary we simply "threw up our hands." Is not this a refuta- tion of the seUing claim of little effect on the market ? As to convict labor being a destructive agent in the market value of goods, a Rip Van Winkle sleep must have overtaken those who attempt to deny this. The maslin-kettle story herein is a direct refutation of this claim. We beg to say that hardly a week passes but what we are compelled to decline orders because of convict-labor competition. Why, one article alone would give employment to many men, now hoboes, but for this great octopus of convict labor — that of sinks. In conclusion, should you desire us to go further into detail and will further suggest any points, we will be glad to go into same. P. S. — We omitted to note that we found that in the South prisons had obtained samples of our portable furnaces, dressed them up, and using for their patterns, forced our prices down until now the trade is a shadow of its former self. The ability to still further undersell us was the fact that there was a shrinkage off our castings which enabled them, on account of less weight, to still further undersell us. STATEMENT OF A FORMER MANTTFACTTJRER. The following letter is from a member of one of the firms named in the list above referred to as firms driven out of the business. . In regard to the matter of convict labor and its influence- upon the business in which I was engaged prior to 1889, would say that my business prior to the employment of convicts in competition was a prosperous one. As the employment of such labor in this line was found to be profit- able, a number of States contracted their labor, and finally we had in competition Elmira and Auburn,. in New York; Columbus, in Ohio; Jeff er son ville, in Indiana; and Chester, in Illinois. As our business was principally South, we did not feel the competi- tion so keenly until the State of Maryland contracted for Baltimore prison and started the majority of the convicts at our line of business. About then, you will remember, we formed a committee, went to .Washington, and had a bill introduced to prevent the transportation of prison-made goods from one State to another. This, I think, was in 1887 or 1888. You know the result. ******* In 1889 I got out of a business established in 1838 by my father and in which I had been engaged since 1868, and I think that all those engaged in this same line would have done the same thing at that time, if they ceuld have gotten out whole. There were few forms of legislative injustice against honest citizens that was as disastrous in its operation as the convict-labor custom. The prison contractor paid from 25 to 75 cents per day for his labor. It was under strict discipline; the prisoners had to perform a given task. The estab- lishment (except the mere machinery) was furnished by the State free of rent, or taxes, and to undertake to compete with such a state of affairs was simply ridiculous. Customer after customer was taken from the outside manufacturer, the scope of the prison manufacture CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 137 was extended, the goods improved as the prisoners became expert, our taxes were used to estabUsh competition, and you know the rest. Prison-made stoves are not now the menace to manufacturers employing free labor that they were several years ago. Convict- made stoves were driven out of the Maryland prison by act of the legislature. Perry & Co., the great prison stove manufacturers of New York, have been out of business for several years, and stoves are now made in but two prisons' — Nashville, Tenn., and Salem, Oreg. Unlike stove hollow ware, stoves do not prove a success as a prison industry. It may be said that any article which a single convict can make and complete will prove more profitable than articles made in parts by a number of conyicts. When these parts are assembled they do not fit so closely nor so well as when made by outside labor. The skill required to mold and cast to a nicety the various parts of a cook stove or a heater is rarely acquired by a convict in a prison. This is also true of the wagon industry in prisons; so that it is safe to say that any article that must be made in parts by different men, these parts when assembled being required to fit together closely and smoothly, will not prove a successful prison industry for a long series of years. Poorly made stoves or wagons can be sold for a time on their cheapness, but when their lack of durability becomes a well- known fact the market ceases. Prison stoves for this reason soon lose all markets except that of a certain trade, principally in the Southern States, where cheapness is the one requisite and immediate utility the only necessity that can be provided for by the purchaser. For this reason most prison-made goods seek a southern market, for it is there that the largest percentage of the total population must "buy anything that will answer the purpose even temporarily, provided it is cheap." It is this fact that prompted a manufacturer to say for this report: "If the South keeps on buying a better and better class of goods, as it has for the last five years, convict-made goods will lose their only market, and the question will settle itself." This, however, only applies to articles not made by machinery, such as stoves and hollow ware. As a matter of fact, in most lines where machinery can be used the prison product is rapidly improving, and is even now as good as the standard free-made products. The history of the prison stove industry is too well known to require extended notice here. As a means of defeating -the demands of organized labor in its stove foundry, Perry & Co. contracted to employ convicts to make stoves. The Perry stoves were at that time among the best on the market. For some time the firm con- ducted both a free and prison foundry. The goods sold on the former reputation of th^firm. Then began a joint attack by the trade unions and the commercial salesmen of the foundries employing free labor upon the market of the goods made by this firm. In proportion as 138 EEPOKT OF THE COMMI8BIONEE GE LABOE. these efforts succeeded the firm depended less on the product of free labor and more and more on the prison product, with the result that they became finally prison contractors and their goods could no longer sell on their original reputation, ultimately could not sell at all, and the firm went out of business after the loss of practically all it had made by a long business career. So .far as known, this has been practically the history of prison stove contracts. Entered into to defeat some demand or escape making certain agreements with union labor, they end disastrously through inability to niarket the product, partly because of union boycotts, partly because of a gen- eral feeling in all classes of society against conrict-made goods, but principally because a really good stove that will sell on its merits rather than by virtue of its cheapness has not as yet been produced in prisons. The Nashville prison stove contract has recently been transferred to an outside manufacturer of enterprise and business ability, and its result is already being felt in the southern market. How long it will take "history to repeat itself" in this case remains to be seen. Relative to competition in prison stoves, two interviews are here given. STATEMENT OF A MISSOtTKI STOVE MANUFACTUREE. In stoves the Nashville, Tenn., prison hurts us worse than that at Salem, Oreg., as the Nashville contractor makes better goods and is nearer the southern market, which is the great dumping ground for prison-made commodities. I sometimes "take the road" in the interest of our selling department, in fact have just returned from a two months' trip in the South. Of course, I can not say, because I do not know just what price the Nashville prison goods are selling for, but to show how near I can come to it let me relate that I vis- ited a large jobber in the_ South only a few weeks ago to get his busi- ness on a certain line of goods, mostly our cheaper and smaller cook stoves. He stated frankly at the beginning that from what he knew of our prices he did not believe I covud offer him any inducements in the matter of price, and as for quality, while that was becoming daily more and more of an object, yet for this particular trade it was price that sold the goods. To "get a line on him" I offered him a lot of stoves at 5 per cent above our foundry cost. This was, of course a feeler, and I would not have sold him these stoves except of course on condition that he took a supply of better stoves, or gave us his entire business. The offer was made solely to draw him out. His reply was that my price was a trifle more than he paid fOr his goods in Nashville, and the freight rates were against me. You can draw your own conclusions as to the extent of prison competition on prices in that case. This gentleman also showed a telegram dated April 5, 1906, from, Jackson, Miss., from an agent of this firm who had been sent there especially to secure a four-car-lot order for cook stoves, and was told to CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 139 shave prices to the last possible cent. The telegram said : " * * * [prison contractors] get contract." The secretary of this company concluded his interview with the statement: "Convict labor, whether contract or State-account, is very detrimental to maniifacturers who have to pay living wages to regular workmen." STATEMENT OP A MISSOURI STOVE MANTJFACTTTRER. We find most trouble with the Salem, Oreg., prison-made stove, which undersells us from $4 to $5 on medium-grade stoves in Port- land. We sell on the Pacific Coast on the basis of a better-made, better-finished article. Of course, the prison-made stove is not a well-finished stove, and as the mass of people on the Coast are neither poor nor looking for the cheapest thing they can get, we sell some stoves there. We do not attempt to meet prison prices. If we met their prices we would only be in business so long as our. money lasted. HARNESS, INCLUDING SADDLES AND HORSE COLLARS. The value of the total product in the harness and saddlery busi- ness of the United States in 1905 was approximately $63,000,000. This includes harness, saddles, and horse collars produced in facto- ries employing free labor and sold in a finished condition. Some of the material used in these factories, such as saddletrees, hames, and harness hardware like bits, buckles, rings, etc., are prison made, but the finished product is the output of factories employing free labor. The prison output in this industry has been gradually decreasing for years; and with the suspension of the industry by the Illinois penitentiary at Joliet, the story of which will be told later on, the competition from the prisons has been reduced practically to two centers, Tennessee and Kentucky, although the industry is still found in the prisons of seven States. The principal active competition at this time is as stated above from the Tennessee State's prison at Nashville, and the branch prison of Kentucky at Eddyville. The industry in both these pris- ons has recently passed under the control, it is said, of one firm, and that a very strong and active one. A Chicago manufacturer said : We have given up our Alabama trade since the beginning of 1906, and taken our traveling men out of there. It looks as if we would have to abandon the entire South. The Nashville and Eddyville prison goods take the market. These prisons have both recently (Novernber, 1905) passed under the control of a powerful firm and they cover the southern field pretty thoroughly. With prison goods and prison prices they can take the market in any field they select. Prison goods (aside fi'om those formerly made in Illinois) being poor in workmanship and finish, they naturally seek the southern market, 140 KEPOET 01' THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. and in this field they have the market, or will have it absolutely. * * * One of the beauties (from our point of view) of the prison contract system has been that prison contracts have gone to political pets who neither knew how to make or sell goods. The contractor that has just gone out of the Nashville prison was not a strong coni- petitor because he was not a business man. Gradually the politi- cians are learning to let prison contracts alone, and the thing becomes more serious every day as strong men take hold of it. * * * has a monopoly of the saddletree business; he is one of the brightest business men in the country ; we buy only prison-made saddletrees, and buy of him. We never attempt to meet prison prices on harness, saddles, or collars ; we simply step aside and let the trade go; we are stepping aside now in the South. Wages, in the harness business in the North, are not affected much if any, by reason of convict-made harness, but in the southern factories nearer the direct point of competition the effect on the wage rate is more severe. Another firm, manufacturing collars only, in a southern city, reported as follows : Prison-made horse collars are poorly made and cheap; we make collars for a better trade; when we come up against prison prices in competition we simply step aside, we do not attempt to meet their prices; to do so would be to go out of business. The general stiatement made by those interviewed was that no matter what price an outside manufacturer made the prison price would go from 5 to 10 per cent under it, hence to attenipt to meet prison prices would be to cut the outside price down 10 per cent every few months until an utterly ruinous price was reached, only to find the prison ready to cut under even this enough to get the trade. Hence, most legitimate manufacturers have let the prison goods select their field and occupy it. The best concrete example of the commerci9,l effect of convict- made goods, and the attitude of manufacturers toward this com- petition found in the harness industry, was that of the Illinois prison at Joliet while operated under State-accoimt. Notwith- standing, the fact that a constitutional amendment was adopted in Illinois, in 1886, abolishing contract convict labor, no attention was paid to it until about 1894. Under the contract system, in 1885, the Illinois prison produced $149,000 worth of harness and saddlery; under the State-account, in 1895, $158,643 worth. Unfortimately no statement of quantities can be made; but as the State sold the articles practically at prison cost, indeed, it is asserted by manufacturers, at less than prison cost, the quantity in 1895 must have been considerably more than in 1885. It is admitted by all that the quality of the goods produced in Joliet was fully up to the standard of goods of a like grade produced on the outside. It is also asserted by the man who was superia- CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 141 tendent for the contractor under the old contract system, and afterward superintendent of the harness department for the State under pubUc-account system and thoroughly familiar with the industry on the outside, that owing to the minute division of labor and close supervision the volume of output per man per day in the prison was equal to or greater than the output per man in the outside shops. It was also affirmed by another man, who was formerly a prison contractor in Missouri, now president of a large harness factory in St. Louis, that owing to the subdivision of labor and union rules the output was greater, man for man, in the prison than in the outside factories, and that this is brought about by fixing a task on single operations in the prison. On the outside a harness maker insists on making' a harness; the only subdivision of labor practically being that of cutters. In prison one man per- forms one operation only and has a task on that one part of the work to perform each day. In this way convicts become more proficient and more efficient, and in the aggregate when the work is assembled more has been accomplished than would be true of an equal number of men under the regulations obtaining on the outside. Harness has been made in Joliet for more than a generation; the old contractor was a practical man; long-time prisoners were assigned to him, and a system of working convicts was developed in this industry in Joliet which gave astonishing results not only in quality but in quantity of output. Prior to 1894, when A. T. Risser & Co. still had the contract which they had had for years, the competition was felt to be severe and unjust by all the manufacturers. It was the old story of prices 10 per cent under the market that is so general in all lines of goods. But the contractor knew the value of harness and sold only enough cheaper to sell, making all the profit he could for himself. Under public-account from 1894 to 1898 there was no price, apparently, for anything. Saddles that the St. Louis manufac- turers seeking the Texas trade must sell for $10 or lose money, were sold in Texas by agents of the Illinois priscin for $7.50, and the prison saddles, according to testimony of the St. Louis manufac- turers themselves, were the equal in finish and in every respect of the St. Louis goods. , Most of the harness and saddles were sent south; the horse collars were sold wherever a market could be found at first, many of them in Chicago. Upon this phase of the subject, a Chicago manufacturer In 1895-6-:7 when the collars made in Joliet under State-account met us in Chicago and other northern markets, we foimd ourselves undersold everywhere. In some cases the prices would be from 10 to 15 per cent below our selling price, and sometimes 10 per cent 142 KEPOET OF THE C0MMI8SI0NEK OF LABOE. below our cost price. We never knew where to find them. On better grades of saddles they undersold us 20 per cent, and on harness from 10 to 15 per cent. Fortunately, however, for us, nearly all saddles and harness went to the Southern States, and we could simply let that market alone. It was the testimony of a manufacturer of harness in Springfield, 111., that there were times when he bought farm harness, and. parts of harness, such as pole straps, breast straps, etc., of the agents of the State's prison for less money than he could buy the raw material for in the open market. That he sold as raw material the thinner cut- tings from the hides, which he formerly had worked up into cheaper harness or parts of harness, because the market price for such cuttings exceeded the prison price for the finished goods. One company, formerly manufacturing in Texas, stated that they had bought buggy collars from the agents of the Illinois penitentiary traveling in Texas for $18 a dozen, which would cost from $24 to $26 a dozen from any outside factory, and the collars were just as good in every respect. This firm was manufacturing collars at the time and bought the prison collars to resell. An interview was sought with the man who had been State super- intendent of the harness department at Joliet. He stated that his instructions were to make an average of 50 cents per day for the convicts in his department. He had construed this to mean the department as a whole. He was enabled to make an average of $1.03 per day per convict at times in the collar department because he sold quite a percentage of his collars in northern markets. He said that he always sold outside of the State of Illinois so far as he could, and most of the time all the products were sold outside the State. This he had always done whether as superintendent for the contractor or later as agent for the State. It was a settled policy of all prison men and was absolutely necessary in Illruois for political reasons. It enabled the politician to say to his constituents, "con- vict labor does not hurt you in this State, for none of the convict- made goods are sold in the State." The harness he said was sent to the South exclusively, to get them out of the State. The price was fixed on a basis of paying for cost of selling and having an average of 50 cents per day per convict. Harness and, for the most part, saddles were sold absolutely for cost, based upon this require- ment. The cheapest harness he made was a breast harness, which he sold under State-accoimt in Memphis for $3.13. Free-made goods of practically identical character sold for $4.00. A transcript of the prison records of the harness department for three months ending March 31, 1898, shows the following condition of things: CHAPTEE II. COMPETITION OF CONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 148 Statement of the Harness Business of the Jolibt, III., Pkison for 3 Months ENDING March 31, 1898. . HARNESS department. Inventory, January 1, 1898 $14,758.79 Supplies from stock room for three months ending March 31 . 27, 308. 83 Merchandise sales for three months ending March 31 $27, 460. 04 Inventory, April 1, 1898 16,371.91 Balance 1,764.33 43, 831. 95 43, 831. 95 This balance represents 5,061 days' convict labor, or an average earning per day of 35 cents per man. SADDLE department. Inventory, January 1, 1898 $4, 843.42 Supplies from stock room 14,212. 56 Merchandise sales $15,587.37 Inventory, April 1, 1898 5,472.09 Balance 2,003.48 21,059.46 21,059.46 Tliis balance represents 3,181 days' convict labor, or an average earning per day of 63 cents per man. r COLLAR DEPARTMENT. Inventory, January 1, 1898 $3,415.05 Supplies from stock room 8, 042. 41 Merchandise sales $10, 875. 99 Inventory, April 1 , 1898 2, 508. 82 Balance . 1,927.35 13, 384. 81 13, 384. 81 This balance represents 1,766 days' convict labor, or an average of $1.03 earned by each man per day. Average in all departments per man per day, 56.9 cents. It seems necessary at this stage of the inTestigation to get a south- ern viewpoint — to find how all this was affecting the southern harness manufacturer. The following interview occurred April 9, 1906, with a Tennessee manufacturer, who stated in substance: We made a general line of harness, saddles, etc., employing an average of 50 men the year around. About the first of 1895, or possibly in 1894, the Illinois penitentiary at Joliet began selling harness and saddles in our territory through traveling agents. We very soon found this a competition which no manufacturer by any sort of economy could meet, and finally I began buying these goods of the prison agents. I gradually decreased the force of free men employed, until finally, as the prison prices kept falling, and finding the prices offered by the agents of the prison to be far below my cost of production, I closed my factory, sold all my machinery for what it would bring, sold everything connected with the manufac- ture of harness, retaining only such quarters as could be utilized for warehouse and sales-room purposes. I then went to Joliet and bought the entire product of the prison in harness goods; I then put up the price; I will not say that I put them up to the highest notch, for I still sold the goods, but I never sold below a decent price, based on the actual value of the goods. In this I felt that I 144 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. was not only saving myself, but being a great benefit to all free- citizen manufacturers. ' Many of them looked at it this way, and are my best friends, but some disliked me for handling prison goods. The commercial effect of prison competition is always ruinous; but more so under State-account than under the contract system, as the contractor usually knows what the goods are worth and gets all he can for them, while the State agent offers them in the first instance at a price which will simply give a return of 50 or 60 cents a day for the labor, utterly regardless of the market price of the goods. It seemed to me that I had struck upon the only way to face this new prison terror, the State-account system, by buying the entire prod- uct and controlling its selling price. I believe I saved many a firm from ruin, and, as 1 said before, some of them agree with me in this. You understand I had nothing to do with the convicts, no super- vision, no control; the prison goods were manufactured by and for the State, then sold in bulk immediately by the State agent to me. Matters went on in this way until, some time- in the spring of 1898, when the State of Illinois suddenly refused to sell me the goods. It seems that the Atkinson Saddlery Company and W. S. Bruce & Co. had offered a higher price than I was paying for the entire output, and, without asking me if I would pay more, the State agent can- celed my agreement and entered into oiie with them. Before the State had delivered any goods to them, however, W. S. Bruce & Co., of Memphis, got out a flaming advertisement in which they said that owing to prison labor at 50 cents a day, free machinery, free every^ thing, they proposed to sell harness and saddles cheaper than any- body else 'on the globe." On another page of their catalogue they used the expression, "we will undersell anybody on the green earth." This circular was issued just about the time of a political campaign in. Illinois, and the Illinois harness manufacturers took the alarm from the circular, threatened to make a political issue of it, and finally got the prison authorities to cancel the agreement with Bruce. The total output was then sold to me again for awhile, but the Atkinson-Bruce circular had so aroused the manufacturers that, as they had gotten together on the subject, they decided to end the whole business by buying the State plant, and thus ended the matter. ]^P_ * * * -g ygpy miich opposed to prison labor (except on public roads) and says the prospect of the southern harness manufac- turers has been very much darkened by the recent combination of two or three prison harness contracts into the strong hands of an ambitious and wide-awake firm. After this interview with * * *, which seemed sufficiently con- clusive as to the effect on the southern market, a search was begun for the Bruce circular. The following correspondence, which shows the interest taken in the subject by manufacturers and the importance attached to it by them, tells its own story. The first letter, dated June 1, 1898, con-^ tains the first mention of the Bruce matter. Deak Sir: You no doubt have seen the circular issued by the Bruce people and the Atkinson Saddlery Company, Memphis, Tenn., in relation to the Joliet prison. CHAPTEK II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 145' Would say since this circular was issued the penitentiary people^ hare been induced to cancel the contract with them. The Chicago' wholesale saddlery people held a meeting last evening at the Great Northern Hotel and had a representative from the prison, from whom we learned that the commissioners would be willing to stop- making harness at present, but was to continue to make collars and saddles. We will try here to wipe it all out, and have told their- representative that the thing would be forced into politics; that we- could do so from the way this circular reads, and make it very effect- ive. We do not know what their answer will be, as we more than likely will have an interview with the commissioners in a few days.. I write to ask if there is anyone here, in tlie shape of a committee,, in this State, on prisons, to aid us in closing this thing up, if possible^ In the interview so far I have only represented * * * Com- Eany, of this city, and did not think it policy to tell them that I am tate vice-president for Illinois for the Wholesale Saddlery Associa- tion, as I did not wish to antagonize any work the association may be doing in this direction. I write you thinking perhaps something can be brought to bear from the association, and would ask if you wish it represented at the= next meeting. Please advise me at once in relation to this, and oblige. This letter was referred to Mr. W. H. Starr, of Decatur, 111., who- was chairman of the prison committep of the Manufacturers' Associa- tion. Mr. Starr wrote for a copy of the circular. In reply the fol- lowing letter was received: June 6, 1898- Mr. W. H. Starr, Decatur, III. Dear Sir : Your communication of June 3 to hand, and in reply- would say that I do not have one of the circulars to spare, but have had a copy of the first page and last page typewritten and inclose^ same. The W. S. Bruce & Co. is on the first page of their list and then follows a lot of advertisement of harness, etc. On page 16, or last page, is the card of the Atkinson Saddlery Company, and you. will notice they state they have leased the labor of the convicts at. 50 cents per day with a great many other concessions in the way of free rent, free light, free machinery, etc., which will enable them to- manufacture harness cheaper, etc. Now you will notice they do not state in this circular that they will only employ 135 men, but anyone reading it would be under the impression that they were to employ 1,300 skilled laborers on sad- dlery goods. Now, as I understand it, the State has a perfect right to work the men on what they call " State account," which they have been doing, but they have no right, under the law, to lease men to an outside party; and if I am posted aright,, the commissioners have exceeded their authority in this matter. I have been informed that they have canceled this lease and have ordered the work to continue on the State-account plan; if this is a fact, of course we have no- redress in stopping this, and the only redress we have is, to make a. political fight. I am also creditably informed that the other branches- of labor in the prison are not worked on the State-account plart 9061—06 K) 146 REPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. (which is the law), but the labor is leased; if this is a fact, it may be a leyerage to help us. The commissioners sent the superintendent of- the prison up here last week trying to straighten out this matter with the Chicago saddlery people and he asked us to make a proposi- tion of what we wanted to do in the matter, and intimated that they were willing to throw out the harness part of the business and retain the saddles and collars. I also telegraphed to the warden asking when we could have an interview with, the commissioners and received an answer this morn- ing that the commissioners would be in session the evening of the 17th and we could see\them, more than likely, on the morning of the 18th, a week from next Saturday. L also understand the commissioners were in Chicago on Saturday and held a session at the Great Northern; also understand this was for getting the opinion of the attorney-general of the State in relation to this contract which they have canceled with Bruce & Co. for labor. Bruce & Co. I understand have threatened suit. ****** « They may possibly accept a proposition to buy the machinery and stock. The machinery was inventoried, I understand, at $3,100 the first of the year; and there is $6,000 to $7,000 worth of hardware there, and they may accept a proposition to purchase this to close the business out; providing we can get enough people to go in. I am positive the Chicago people will take their share. ****** * Yours, very truly, (Signed) A. L. Smith. The writer of this letter was evidently deceived, by the terms used in the Bruce circular, into thinking there was to be a lease of the convicts. There was to be simply a turning over of the entire harness product of the prison, and under State account there was nothing either illegal or impossible in the State putting 1,300 or 1,600 convicts to making harness if it wanted to and found it profitable. True there had been an ultra-legislative theory and practice of diversifying the industries and putting a not too great percentage at work at any one thing, but while this is the law in some States it does not seem to have been the law in Illinois. The sensational pages from the W. S. Bruce & Co. catalogue were as follows: [Wholesale harness. — W. S. Bruce & Co., wholesale harness and saddlery goods, Memphis, Tenn.] To the Buyer: As shown by the card on page 16, we -are interested with the Atkinson Saddlery Company, and together we make harness in Memphis and in Joliet, 111. By this favorable arrangement we are enabled to manufacture and sell saddlery and harness cheaper than they are sold anywhere else on the globe, quality considered. Styles herein represented form a line of harness unexcelled in quality or appearance. We will send you a sample set of one or more of these styles, or a sample set of each one oi them to any dealer, entirely subject to approval for the CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 147 purpose of comparison. If,- after the comparison is made, the custjomer is not fully satisfied with the quality, the appearance, or price, the sample may be returned by freight at our expense; cer- tainly a fair proposition, and no risk to buyer. Mail orders will have our best attention. Yours, very truly, (Signed) W. S. Beuce & Co. [Atkinson Saddlery Company, lessees ol labor, harness and saddlery department, Illinois State prisonj manufacturers of harness, sai^dleo, collars, bridles, etc. Factory In prison walls, Joliet, 111., 'also 303 Third street, Memphis, Tenn.] A CARD. As above card shows, we have leased the labor in the harness and saddlery department of the Illinois State prison, in which there are 1,300 workmen. We obtained this skilled labor at the rate of only 50 cents per day, beside a great many other concessions in the way of free rent, free lights, free machinery power, etc., thus enabling us to manufacture harness cheaper than any factory on top side of the green earth. W. S. Bruce & Co. are interested with us, and we manufacture saddlery goods together. They constantly carry in stock for distri- bution in the South a large stock of these goods. By this arrange- ment, they are enabled to manufacture goods in Joliet, and distribute them from Memphis, and sell at a lower price than the goods can possibly be made for outside of prison walls. Shipments will be made direct from Joliet factory or from Memphis factory, both in full operation. A customer may have choice of the products of either factory, or either shipping point. Yours, truly, (Signed) Atkinson Saddlery Company. As stated above, this arrangement with W. S. Bruge & Co. was defeated by the prompt action of the Illinois interests. But, having gotten together, they were not satisfied with this temporary measure. July 2, 1898, a circular letter issued to the entire trade laid the groundwork for further and, as it proved, final action so far as the Illinois prison was concerned : Chicago, July 2, 1898. Gentlemen : It is generally known to the trade that the £lhicago saddlery houses have worked in season and out of season to get the manufacture of saddlery goods stopped in the Illinois penitentiary at Joliet, 111. We have met with the authorities who have this matter in charge frequently and tried to demonstrate to them that the manu- facture of saddles, harness, and collars by the State was a losing busi- ness for the State ahd a great detriment to those dependent on this industry outside the prison. The prison management after investi- gating this matter practically for the past year have come to the conclusion that the labor there can be used to better advantage in other directions than manufacturing saddlery goods and think it desirable that a change take place. Having this in view, they offered to the manufacturers of saddlery goods outside of the prison an oppor- tunity to cooperate with them witn a view of disposing of this industry 148 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOB. in the penitentiary. They are willing to sell the machinery and materials which belong to the State at a very reasonable price to the trade, if they will meet them on such a proposition promptly. Inas- much as the manufacturers of saddlery goods throughout the United States are menaced by this competition, for that reason they want to do away with the same if in their power to accomplish it, and, further- more, as they are generally opposed to prison labor, we think that this opportunity will be generally accepted as a favorable one to accom- plish the result desired. If the leading houses in the trade join in the purchase of the plant and material at Joliet it will divide the amount that each house will be required to talie to a very small extent. If the prison authorities carry out their promise, which we have every reason to believe will be the case, the goods should be purchased at a price so there would jiot be any loss to the purchaser. While we are as much interested as many other houses who have been troubled with this competition, we do not think that we should take the liabil- ity of buying the plant and material ourselves, but think it only fair that all concerns who would be benefited by the d6ing away with this competition should do their fair share in disposing of same. In order to give them all a chance, we have concluded to call a meeting of the interested parties in Parlor L No. 38, Great Northern Hotel, Chicago, at 2 o'clock p. m., Thursday, July 7, when the directors of the Illinois State penitentiary will be there to meet with us and at that time we think there will be no trouble to make disposition of the matter in question. You are most cordially invited to attend, and we hope you will be there. Should you for any reason be unable to be represented, we kindly request that you write or wire, stating to what extent you will cooperate with us in this noble effort to benefit the saddlery business. The Illinois penitentiary harness and saddle shop has been a very distasteful institution to those parties who come in contact with that competition. Aside from the direct disadvantages in the past, it has always been a menace for the future for the reason that no one ctjuld tell to what extent it would grow and in what direc- tion it would be harmful. The members of the Chicago firms have had frequent conversations with parties in the trade throughout the different sections of the United States during the past years regarding this competition and invariably the expression came from all p3,rties that they were very anxious to do anything in their power to dispose of the same. Now there is an opportunity to do something, and^we hope that every interested party will come forward and assist and iot dependvupon some one else to get this matter in shape for them. Hoping to hear favorably from you, we remain. Yours, respectfully, (Signed) L. Kiper & Sons, MoRLEY Bros. Sadlt. Co. A. Ortmayek & Son. Negotiations for the purchase of the plant from the State by the outside manufacturers dragged along until August 31, 1898, when another circular was sent out as follows : Dear Sirs: After quite an effort, we have finally concluded arrangements with the Illinois penitentiary commissioners to discon- tinue the manufacture of harness, saddles, collars, and all saddlery CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF OONVtCT-MADE GOODS. 149 goods at Joliet. On account of some of the saddlery firms, whom we expected to assist us in doing away with the prison shops, not respond- ing promptly, and some not at all, we came very near losing our opportunity to do anything with the officials, as they got tired of the delay and started the shops again. They had placed many orders for materials. On Saturday, the 27th instant, the committee went to Joliet to investigate and found it was true that the saddlery industry had been opened again and the prospects were that it would be a ruinous competition. In the saddle department alone we found sixty-five (65) hands working on riding saddles, and benches being erected for thirty-five (35) more, which would make one hundred (100) hands on riding saddles alone; other departments were to be opened up as fast as they could be gotten ready. "The authorities claimed that, inasmuch as the saddlery trade had not taken advantage of their offer, they felt at liberty to make sad- dlery goods suitable for all sections, and we know they intended to do so. fit order not to delay matters any further and take any more chances, we bought the stock and took contract on which we paid one thousand dollars ($1,000) down, and assumed payment of balance of the purchase, amounting to about seventeen thousand dollars ($17,000) in all, by September 15th, and at that time we expect to make such payment. In aS short a time as possible we intend to bring the stock to Chicago, put it in good shape, and offer it at auction in lots to suit purchasers. You will be notified of sale and invited to attend same. We want you to write A. J. Morley, secretary, Chicago, promptly and inform him that you ratify our action and will stand your pro rata of loss, if there is any in this transaction. Should you not want to do this, we hope you will send draft for some contribution toward this cause, which helps you more than you perhaps fully realize. We ex- pect so many to join in the pro rata arrangement that the cost to each contributor will be small. EespectfuUy, yours, (Signed) P. Burns, J. KiPER, A. KUHLMET, A. L. Smith, W. H. Starr, Committee. The association paid the State of Illinois on final invoice 117,324,07, put the goods up at auction in Chicago, and divided a loss between them which reached $142 for each member. In 1904, at the urgent request of the southern members of the association, whose business was suffering therefrom, the Wholesale Saddlers' Association finally secured the abandonment of harness and saddlery manufacture in the reformatory at Pontiac, 111., thus entirely eliminating it from the prison industries of that State. But one further point was covered by this investigation, and that was in Massachusetts, where the prisons operate under public account. In Massachusetts the legislature passed a law to the effect that prison-made goods, manufactured under State account, must not be 150 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. sold at less than the market price. H^re was an evident attempt to prevent unfair competition by legislation. The superintendent of prisons discussing this law as it affected the sale of harness said : "Of course the question always turns on what is the market price, and the final answer likewise always is ' whatever you can get for a com- modity.' We have to sell prison harness a little lower in order to sell at all, and we do sell for about $2 less per set, I think, as a rule." LEATHEE WHIPS AND WHIPLASHES. In all leather and team whips and handmade whip lashes,convict- made goods have a monopoly of the market. With but two or three exceptions, former manufacturers of this line of goods have turned their attention to other branches of the general industry, and are now buying whips and whiplashes from prison contractors as jobbers to supply their own trade. Whips and whiplashes are made in the following prisons: Mounds- ville, W. Va., Eddyville,,Ky., and Nashville, Tenn. One firm located in the Middle West said : * * * prison contractors, are about all there is to the leather- whip industry; 90 per cent of all leather whips are made in peniten- tiaries. Of blacksnake team whips and whiplashes, fully 99 per cent are produced in prisons. We used to employ 15 hands on blacksnake whips; we now buy these whips of the prison contractors. On other lines which we have not entirely abandoned the competition is such that we can only sell to the retail trade direct — that is to say, we seek a trade for our goods which the prison contractors do not visit. Take, for instance, a solid leather team whip 5 feet long : * * * [the prison contractor] price is $4.88 per dozen, f. o. b., 5 per cent off for cash in ten days. T9 us and us alone he gives an additional 5 per cent off to keep us from manufacturing this whip. We could not produce that whip to-day, on a basis of actual cost of production, at the price the prison contractors furnish it to us. During the hard times * * * [the prison contractor] discount was 50 per cent off th© list. This prevented us from taking advantage of the surplus in the leather market to reenter the business. It remained 50 per cent off until January 1, 1906; he then increased his price to 35 per cent off; now, since April 10, 1906, it is 30 per cent off, but the advance in the price of raw material practically absorbs all of this increase in price so that we would not care to take up that branch of the business again. In quirts the business has gone to the prison contractors, except for such trade as desires fihish and appearance rather than price. Take, for instance, a 12-plait shot-loaded quirt, which is one of the low- priced staples of the market; in 1904 and 1905 * * * [j^j^g prison contractor] ppce on this was $3; March 1, 1906, $3.90; the price April 10, 1906, is $4.20, 5 per cent off for cash in ten days, f. o. b. We could not make and sell a 12-plait quirt as good as this for less than $7.50. We beat this game in a way by making an 8-plait quirt with a much better finish, which we sell in competition at $4.50. As stated above, this is sold to the retail trade which is not sought by the CHAPTER II, — COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 151 prison contractors, and is sold purely on its better appearance and finish. On handmade whiplashes we have not for some time made or sold any lashes which come into competition with the prison-made goods. Our handmade lashes are all purely buckskin and are of a grade that puts them out of competition with convict-made lashes. We do, however, make a split-leather cheap lash by machinery which we can sell in competition with the prison contractor's handmade goods. These inachines are run by boys, 1 boy to each machine. A ma- chine will braid as many yards per hour as 3 men could do by hand. The attitude of the prison contractors toward this machine-made lash is clearly shown in the following somewhat threatening letter, under date of March 30, 1906. The letter is further offered in evi- dence to show that there is practical unanimity between the firm controlling the output of two out of the three prisons producing these goods, and the firm ^jontrolling the other one. It certainly shows that they act in unison on all matters, which means the same thing in a commercial way as identity of control. * * * , 'March SO, 1906.] * * * Dear Sirs: After having a talk with the * * * Company we have decided to make the trade discount on whips at 30 per cent on and after April 10, 5 per cent for cash. We trust you will fall in line at once, as we ought to get onto a base where we would have a fair margin of profit. Other manufactures are paying heavy divi- dends and there is no reason in the world why we should not be doing the same. Let us hear form you at once what you will do in the matter. We are having considerable complaints on the matter of your split-leather lashes and whips. Now, while we believe you ought to be allowed to sell at less than the grain-leather prices, the difference ought not to be more than 1 cent, and we find no objection to this, but any greater difference it is going to force us all into the making the split-leather whips and lashes. We do not want to do this, and will not unless we are forced to,l)ut of course you know when the trade demands the cheaper lash and they are to be had, if we do mike them to our trade and exhibit the cheaper lash, as a matter of course they come after us for a lash at the same price and if we will not furnish it they will get it elsewhere, and naturally we will have to make it for them. Let us know what you think about this and also what you will do in order to prevent this state of affairs. Yours very truly. Another letter, giving notice of the advance in price of leather whips, is as follows: NOTICE OF ADVANCE. Dear Sirs: In figuring the cost on leather whips we feel, not- withstanding the advance last winter, that we are still selling at too low a price, as the goods are costing about all we get out of them. Hence we hereby withdraw all former quotations on leather whips, 152 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF OLABOR. and quote you instead 30 per cent trade discount from list with 5 per cent additional for cash in 10 days. This new quotation will take effect April 10, 1906. All orders received prior to that date will be taken care of at present prices, provided however, the shipment on same is ordered for not later than August 1, 1906. Thanking you for the many favors in the past, and trusting we have merited a continuance of the same, we remain, Yours, very truly, * * * The firm above referred to has a further advantage in that it tans its own leather, and hence has a better opportunity to compete with prison goods than most outside firms. Notwithstanding this, it has been shifting to other lines of business, such as drum heads, banjo heads, and other lines of leather goods, and even with these it employs fewer men now than it did five years ago. Since the Nashville and Eddyville prisons came under the present conftrol this firm finds the relation between the various prison contractors very close. In the matter of coil-leather axle washers, which is a new article, and consists of a spiral coil of sole leather, 20 coils in a cylinder, the prison has practically absorbed the business since they have taken it up. The original idea of coiled washers was started by the outside factories, and for some time furnished a very good business, in con- nection, of course, with other products of whip factories. The idea is that of an adjustable washer. One coil of the spiral can be cut off at any point, and the ends brought together to make almost any size of leather washer. As stated before, these spirals contain 20 washers. They are put up for the market in boxes of 5 coils of 20 washers each, or 100 washers in a box. During 1903 and 1904 the firm above named made 1,000 boxes per day of these washers. At that time they were not made in prison. The price to the wholesale trade was 10 cents per box for the 1-inch size, then the prisons began to make them, reducing the price to 9 cents a box, or a reduction of 10 per cent. Now we do not a^rage 100 boxes a day. The entire business has gone to * * * [the prison contractor]. He comes right into the Chicago market and delivers washers f. o. b. Chicago at 1 cent less than free-goods price. Ten years ago — 1896 — when ne was selling 30 Ser cent off the list, we had a factory employing 75 men whom we ad trained up to be whip makers. Leather was cheaper then than now and we made some money. The prison contractor tried twice to buy us out and then he began to cut ; ran his discounts up to 50 per cent off the list, and we had to stop the lines of business that we were in, although we have never entirely gone out of business. Now that the prison combine has run the price up to 30 per cent off the list we hope we can make' whips^ again. This firm further stated that at one time they had had a Govern- ment contract for blacksnake and team lashes and that they bought prison-made whips to fill their Government contract. They also stated that, to the best of their knowledge and belief, the present CHAPTKR II. — COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS, 153 Government contractor on blacksnakes and team whips also got them, as jobbers, from the prison contractor. Another firm in an eastern State reported that they made whips, selling them solely on the strength of finish and the fact that they are not prison-made goods at prices 25 per cent higher than prison prices. They were enabled to do this because of a sentiment in certain quar- ters against the purchase and use of any prison-made goods. Another firm made blacksnake whips, lashes, and quirts .twenty years ago. It had 20 men on these goods. "The first attack upon the market by the prison product was upon blacksnakes, when the prisons began to sell for $7.50 a dozen a 6-foot blacksnake whip that we were obliged to get $9 for to realize any profit whatever. Now we buy from the prison contractors for $5 a dozen this same whip which would cost us to-day $6.50 to make." Another illustration was given as follows : On an Australian shot-loaded cattle whip, which is a patented article, for which the largest prison contractor has a shop right and pays a royalty, the outside price is $10 a dozen, and manufacturers agree in saying that it ought to be $15 a dozen, but the prison price is $9. In fact, it seems to be the policy of prison contractors in this industry to always keep 10 per cent below in their prices on all articles. The workmen employed on this whip work only at piece rates, and a man with ten years' experience, and one of the most expert men in the business, could not earn over $2 a day. This firm has also quit making lashes and everything else that is made in prisons, except when they can sell to a retail dealer. In other words, the entire jobbing trade in these goods has passed into the hands of the prison contractors. Another interesting statement showing the power of the prison contractor to interfere with even the job work of these outside facto- ries was made by this firm. A Pennsylvania establishment sent a dozen leather express bow-top whips to be finished. This involves putting a lash finish to a whip stock. The firm finished the dozen as , samples and sent them to the eastern concern with statement of price. In due course of time they received a letter that the firm was very much pleased with the work, which indeed was the best they had ever seen, but that the price of $2.50 per dozen was impossible while * * * the largest prison contractor would do it for $1.45 a dozen. The firm states that the piece price that they paid for braiding the above whip was 75 cents a dozen; work was done by boys who could not do over 15 in a day; that the cutting cost them 25 cents a dozen, and that the stock used was worth, at market prices, $1 for each dozen. In other words, even with child labor the actual cost price of the work proposed to be done was 55 cents per dozen more than the price quoted by the prison contractor. 154 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Another establishment said : We still make a few 4-foot lashes which we sell to retail dealers at 88 cents per dozen, the same article, convict-made, selling to the jobbers for 80 cents per dozen. However, we have but one girl on this class of goods and have practically abandoned everything that is made in prison. Up to recently we had an excellent trade on a patented unbreakable, revolving, iron handle, latigo, leather team whip, 8 plaits. We own the. patent and had large orders from * * * catalogue or mail-order' hsDuse. Later, under pressure, we sold * * * the largest prison contractor the shop right of this patent and lost this trade within six months, the entire voliimeof .trade now being supplied by prison contractors. In 1900 we got an order from one of our salesmen traveling in Texas for 600 dozen certain grade whip if we could meet the prison contractor's prices. Now 600 dozen orders are not so plentiful as to be passed over lightly. We figured on this matter from every possible point of view, in the hope of effecting economies which would enable ,41s to avail ourselves of the order; we had to let the order go to the prison contractor. . In this factory, which employs principally boys and girls, a negro girl was stitching blacksnake whips to supply a small order and was working at the rate of 200 running feet per day of nine 'aii4 one-half hours; that is to say, she was stitching forty 5-foot whips, or 3 J dozen, for which she was paid 30 cents per dozen, thus earning $1 per day. The prison task for the same work is 140 feet per day. This negro girl was working at a very rapid rate and so intently that she could not be induced to stop her work to answer any questions whatever. A white girl was braiding lashes in competition with convicts; she gets 6 cents per foot dozen— that is to say, 24 cents for a dozen 4-foot lashes; she makes $4.50 a week. This firm stated that their only chance to live was in seeking the small retail dealers that the prison contractors did not reach. One of the whip manufacturers, whose factory was full of boys, admitted that it was a dolefui business, teaching boys ajtrade at which they could get no work outside of the penitentiary, but-said that the out- side manufacturers were in no way responsible for the condition to which the whip business had been brought, and that they suffered no less than the workmen. A manufacturer in St. Louis reported as follows: We employ 15 men, paying from $2.50 to $3 a day wages. We have given up the blacksnake business, except for our private trade, because we could not compete with prison-made goods. We began the whip business in 1856, since then have spent money to stop convict-made whips in Jeffersonville; raised a fund to help fight it in Congress. Prison competition began twenty years ago. Our business has really become that of supplymg personal customers, and we pay no attention to the trade that is sought after or visited by the makers of couvict-labor goods. CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS, 155 The manager of the * * * Company, office in Chicago, manufacturers of buck whips and other articles that do not come in competition with prison-made goods, but jobbers of all kinds of whips, said: I have been in the whip business for thirty-five years. The West Virginia contractor, and the largest prison contractor, is considered the only house on leather whips. They have the market and they keep it. Prison goods are less m pirice than other goods and must be to get the trade, as there is a prejudice against prison goods. This prejudice, however, is not strong enough to prevent their sale, especially when handled through jobbers, where the goods lose their identity, and enter the general market without identification as being convict-made. Outside firms attempting to meet this competition at its price fail and leave the entire field to the contractor. This is exactly what has happened in the whip business. When contractors for prison-made goods quote a price, the tendency is to bring all the goods to that figure. The vicious and ruinous character of prison competition has certainly shown itself in the leather and team whip business. For instance, while we do not manufacture anything that is made in prison, yet as jobbers we are compelled to buy exclusively prison-made goods. In conclusion, it may be said that but one man was found working in a free factory who had learned his trade in prison; that the entire industry, so far as observation went, has passed out of the hands of men into the hands of children, and this refers, of course, not to the articles that have been practically entirely absorbed by the prison contractors, such as blacksnakes and cheap lashes, but to kindred products where the whip factories employing free labor are still struggling to maintain an existence against prison-made goods. COOPERAGE IN THE CHICAGO MARKET. No better introduction can be given to the subject of the effect of convict-made cooperage on the Chicago market than to reproduce at the outset the elaborate and painstaking study of that subject made by Col. John S. Lord, as secretary of the Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics, and published in its fourth biennial report in 1886, as follows : One of the oldest, largest, and most prosperous shops in the Joliet penitentiary is devoted to the manufacture of cooperage, chiefly for the packing of meats and lard, and chiefly for the Chicago market. The firm engaged in this business has had contracts for convicts at Joliet for many years, and now employs there in all 204 men. In addition to this establishment the same firm has contracts and cooper shops in the northern penitentiary of Indiana at Michigan City, where they employ 169 men. The product of these two shops flows for the most part to the Chicago market, though some portion of it reaches the neighboring cities — Milwaukee, Indianapolis, St. Louis, and even Kansas City, 156 EEPOET OF THE OOMKISSIONEE OE LABOK. Through the courtesy of this firm this bureau is placed in possession of a -Statement of the amount of their business in Chicago for a term of eleven years — 1875-1885, both inclusive. This shows the number of each of four kinds of packages manufactured and sold in Chicago for each year, as follows: Year. Pork barrels. Lard tierces. Lard kegs. Beef tierces. Total. 1875 107,320 116,236 119,213 127,046 213,595 297,367 301,034 304,138 316,751 363,265 379,312 90,227 89,552 86,881 107,416 188,320 257,667 269,648 294,088 312,099 293,655 342,159 8,752 6,966 5,976 9,246 7,120 12,660 6,144 3,310 5,387 3,917 2,311 1,167 1,393 1,249 1,592 1,909 2,706 8,944 10,219 16,311 19,160 21,479 207,466 1870 214,137 1877 . ... 213,319 1878 245,300 1879 410,944 1880 670,200 1881 575,770 1882 611,755 1883 660,548 1884 679,987 1885 746,261 Total . . - 2,645,267 2,321,612 71,679 86,129 5,124,687 This shows a total of 5,124,687 packages sold in Chicago in eleven ■ years and 745,261 sold last year. j In order to arrive at some facts upon which to institute a compan-' son, an inquiry has also been made as to the status, past and present, of the manufacture of cooperage by private parties in Chicago. A canvass has accordingly been made among the principal shops, and so far as possible, exact figures for a corresponding number of years have been procured from the books of the various firms visited. The rec- ords of 26 establishments variously engaged in the manufacture of both so-called "tight" and "slack" work were thus obtained. Of these, however, 15 only are and have been for a series of years engaged in the manufacture of provision cooperage of the specific kinds turned out by the prison shops, and upon their statements the following summaries are made. First, a tabulation of-their annual output for a series of years gives the following results: Year. Pork barrels. Lard tierces. Lard kegs. Beef tierces. Total. 1875 31,000 36,870 39,200 32,530 49,010 42,741 36,160 32,650 35,900 26,750 34,600 86,045 86,891 95,600 98,900 133,130 121,780 121,253 133,005 122,400 120,735 122,562 2,600 2,600 2,600 800 700 700 700 600 600 400 400 819 1,700 6,324 5,591 5,400 4,900 4,600 4,000 120,464 128,061 143,724 137,821 188,240 1876 1877 1878 . 1879 1880 170,121 162, 713 1881 1882 170,255 158,900 147, 885 1883 1884 ... 1885 157,562 Total 397,411 1,242,301 12,700 33,334 1,685,746 Here are 1,685,746 packages given as the aggregate product of 15 cooper shops in Chicago for a period of eleven years, and 157,562 as the total product for 1885. The census returns for 1880 show that the total number of cooper shops in Chicago at that date was 65 and that the number of coopers employed in them was 686. In the spring of 1885, however, an enu- meration was made by the Coopers' Assembly of Chicago, which CHAPTEK II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 157 developed the fact that 16 establishments had closed out their busi- ness since 1880, and that they had given employment to 235 men. This would leave as the present force 451 men engaged in 49 shops, provided the discharged men did not obtain -work m the surviving shops. A more recent canvass by this bureau, however, has devel- oped a total ofi56 shops of every kind, employing from 2 men upward, and an average of 12 employees to each, which would give 672 as the total of working coopers in the busy season, which is from November to April. Accepting, then^ 56 shops and 672 men as a fair approximation to the present totals in this industry, the question is what proportion of them are engaged in making the four specific packages used in the meat-packing trade. Of the 26 returns received, 15, or 60 per cent, are so engaged; while an estimate made by our canvasser is that not more than 40 per cent are so engaged. Assuming that 60 per cent is the proper proportion, we arrive at the conclusion that 34 shops employing 403 men are the surviving competitors in Chicago of the prison shops. Of these, we have the records of 15, employing 182 men, and producing last year 157,562 provision packages. This would make the entire product of 34 private cooperage establishments in Chicago, employing 403 men on provision work, 354,515 packages. Upon this basis the following comparative table is presented of the relative product of prison and private shops, showing the columns in juxtaposition, in order to bring out the contrast between them: Number of packages. Year. Made in prison shops. Made in IS private shops. Estimated total prod- uct of all private shops in Chicago. 1875 207,466 . 214,137 213,319 245,300 410,944 570,200 575,770 611,755 650,548 679,987 745,261 ISO, 464 128,061 143,724 137,821 188,240 170,121 162,713 17B,255 158,900 147,885 157,562 '271,044 1876 288,137 1877 323,379 1878 .- 310,097 1879 . . 423,540 1880 . ... 382,773 1881 366, 054 1882 383,074 1883 357,525 1884 332,792 1885 . 354,515 Total.. ... 5,124,687 1,685,746 3,792,930 Last year's product of the prison shops was 745,261 packages, while that of all private shops, upon a liberal and legitimate basis of compu- tation, was 354,515. In other words, out of a total sale and consump- tion of 1,099,776 packages in Chicago, 67.8 per cent was manufactured in prisons. Another marked feature of this table is the great and continued growth of the prison industry throughout the period under considera- tion. This is not more noticeable, however, than the entire absence of any material increase for the same series of years in the development of the industry outside the prison walls. In brief, the contractors' business has increased in volume 360 per cent during the eleven years, while the increase in private establishments was only 31 per cent in the same time. The prison output shows a regular progressive growth from year to year for the whole period ; but the private shops feebly 158 BEPOBT OV THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOR. fluctuate in volume of product throughout the term, and at the end are practically no stronger than at the beginning. The mauufacture of cooperage, stimulated as it has been by the enormous meat-packing trade in Chicago, should have itself increased four or five fold during the last decade, and would have done so beyoud a doubt if such opportunities for free development had been open as were enjoyed by other branches of manufacture. Instead of that it is now a feebler industry relatively than it was eleven years ago, and instead of enjoying the healthy and prosperous growth for which a uotable opportunity was presented, it has barely maintained its existence by a constant and unequal struggle. But the proprietor has not been the only nor the greater sufferer in this struggle. Under the natural and inevitable operation of the con- tract system, prices have continually declined, and the citizen, in his fruitless effort to compete with the contractor, has visited every reduc- tion in price upon the journeyman cooper in the form of a reduction in wages. The consequence has been, as is frequently stated, that Chi- cago coopers have often been able to earn more upon the streets at any kind of .unskilled labor than at the trade they have spent years to acquire. Some facts in regard to the average annual earnings of coopers for the term of years under consideration have been procured from the books of employers who have been continually in business for eleven or more years. From nine of these we have been able to obtain an average of the yearly payments made to their operatives for each of eleven years, and the results of the inquiry as to wages are presented in the following tabulation of averages : Tear. Average annual earnings of provision coopers in Chi- cago, for eleven consecutive years, in nine estab- llshments. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1S75... $624 624 593 572 572 525 519 515 513 488 469 S70a 7oa 675 675 675 640 490 490 460 400 400 S643 624 607 604 579 572 672 564 546 473 468 S640 625 600 590 690 575 576 575 575 640 500 (625 600 600 540 500 600 600 460 460 420 395 1690 689 680 670 680 600 560 650 400 400 400 teso 624 598 598 603 572 572 672 546 481 467 S634 591 540 500 482 475 475 462 450 400 400 S511 1S76 561 1877 500 1878 460 1879... 4S0 1880 . 450 1881 441 1882. . . . 411 1883 410 400 1885 390 Percentage of decline 25 43 27 22 37 42 28 37 24 These nine establishments are selected from the whole number reporting wages because the data in these instances are full for the eleven years m each case, making a complete serial table for the term. The returns from other shops are more or less fragmentary, although the downward tendency is equally marked in every case. The decline is seen to be painfuUy uniform from year to year in every establishment, the percentage of reduction varying in different shops from 22 to 43 per cent. Another arrangement of the figures will give the annual average for the same shops, by years, and the gen- eral average for the term: OHAPTEB II. -COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 159 EatabUshment. Annual average o£ earnings In nine establishments eleven years. tor each of 1876. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1 t624 700 643 040 625 690 650 634 511 1624 700 624 625 600 689 624 591 501 S593 675 607 600 600 680 598 540 500 1572 675 604 590 540 670 598 600 450 $572 675 679 690 600 680 603 482 460 S525 640 672 575 500 600 672 476 460 $519 490 672 576 500 660 572 475 441 $515 490 664 675 460 550 672 462 411 $513 460 646 676 450 400 646 450 410 $488 400 473 540 420 400 481 400 400 $469 2 400 3 468 4 500 5 .. 395 6 400 7 467 8 400 9 390 613 611 599 577 570 645 523 510 481 445 432 This shows that a general reduction has taken place in the earnings of coopers in the provision cooperage shops of Chicago from $613 per annum in 1876 to $432 per annum in 1885, or an average decline of 30 per cent. Some part or this may certainly be due to other causes than the competition arising from the prison shops, but the uniform belief among those interested is that the greater part of it is directly charge- able to that influence. As confirmatory of their statements we cite from the pay rolls of three shops in which beer barrels alone are made the average earnings paid that class of coopers for a number of years past : Year. Average annual earn- ings of beer-barrel coopers in three shops for a series of years. 1. 2. 3. 1876 $682 675 670 662 647 650 650 620 624 622 1877 1878 1879 . . $660 651 645 640 640 626 626 1880 . 1881 1882 .. $675 1883 650 1884 . 626 1885. . . . 623 8.9 5.2 7.7 Here the decline is not greater than might be expected from general causes, ranging from 5 to 9 per cent. Presented in averages by years the earnings of this class of coop- ers, not affected by convict labor, appears as follows: Establishment. Earnings of beer-barrel makers in Chicago for a series of years. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1 $682 $675 $670 $062 660 $647 651 $650 645 $650 640 675 $620 640 650 $624 626 626 S6^ 2 626 3 623 682 675 670 661 649 647 655 636 625 G23 Thus at the present date the earnings of coopers not injured by prison competition is found to be $623 per annum, while the earnings of those who are is only $432, though ten years ago they were sub- 160 KEPOKT Oi' THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. stantially the same. But another line of inquiry has brought out some facts as to the earnings of provision coopers in other cities where the influence of the prison manufacturers is not felt, or only felt in small degree. Among the latter places are Milwaukee, Indian- apolis, St. Louis, and Kansas City, and of the former Louisville, Denver, and eastern cities are examples. From each has been obtained the ruling price paid for making pork barrels, and an average week's work is considered thirty barrels; thus the table presents the prices paid and the possible earnings at different points: Locality. Price per piece paid for mak- ing pork barrels or lard tierces. Average weekly earnings of coopers. Chicago Milwaukee.. St. Louis Kansas City. Indianapolis Louisville... Denver Buffalo Rochester. . . Baltimore . . $7.50 9.00 9.00 9.00 10.00 10. SO 10.50 12.00 12.00 12.00 No comment can add to the suggestiveness of these figures, and it only remains to refer to the movement in prices in the Chicago market since the establishment of the penitentiary shops to complete the out- line of the case against convict labor in cooperage. The following table of prices for barrels of the specified kinds, for a series of years, is compiled from data furnished by manufacturers who have been in the market for the period named : Market prices for eleven years for — Year. Pork barrels. Lard tierces. Lard, kegs. Beef tierces. 1875 SI. 80 1.54 1.31 1.30 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.21 1.19 L18 1.15 $1.55 1.50 • 1.40 1.38 1.34 1.30 L30 1.26 1.25 1.22 1.20 SI. 10 .97 .86 .80 .75 .72 .72 .67 .65 .65 .60 S2 00 1876 1877 1878 1 72 1879 1880 1 62 1881 '. 1.52 1882 1883 .... 1 45 1884 1 45 1886 .36 .23 .46 .30 The noticeable feature in this table of prices is the correspondence between the decline in prices and the reduction in wages. This shows a varying percentage of decline in the different kmds of packages equivalent to an average falling off of 33.7 per cent, while the com- puted reduction of wages for the same period was 30 per cent. Mean- while the demand for this class of goods has increased, as shown by a former table, from a total consumption in 1875 of 478,510 packages to 1,099,776 packages in 1885. It is unnecessary to enlarge upon the significance of these facts and figures in regard to cooperage. CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE G00B8. 161 The simple fact that 67.8 per cent of the provision cooperage used in Chicago is manufactured in prisons, by contractors who pay no rent, no msurance on buildings, and no taxes on realty, and lure men at from 45 to 62 i cents a day, renders every other fact here shown as to the dechne of the business in Chicago, the falling off in the mar- ket price, the reduction of wages, and the consequent reduction of skilled coopers to the rank of day laborers inevitable without other demonstration. From the date of ending of this Illinois bureau report matters grew worse and worse. It must be understood that only wood-bound cooperage is made in the prisons competing for the Chicago market, and that the demand for this class of cooperage — lard tierces and pork barrels — is a diminishing one. Refrigerator cars, iron-bound cooperage, lard tubs, and lard pails of all sizes, both wooden and tiQ, have made serious inroads on the demand for wood-bound packages. The struggle for this Chicago market in wood-bound cooperage is the struggle for the trade of the great meat packers; there is so little market outside of the meat-slaughtering business that it is hardly worth considering. It is stated that while the demand for wood- bound cooperage represents 70 per cent of the business in other pack- ing centers, such as Omaha, it represents but 50 per cent of the busi- ness ia Chicago. That is, there is but half the demand there used to be. The Chicago Board of Trade has a rule which assesses a fine of 5 cents per 100 pounds on the seller when contract lard is put up in other than wood-bound cooperage. Speculative pork and contract lard are, therefore, always so put up. Lard, pork, or beef intended for immediate sale and use is put up in iron-bound cooperage, and in smaller packages, ranging from 3-pound tin pails to 50-pound wooden pails and tubs. There has of recent years been an enor- mous increase in this small-package business. There is evidence to show that prices went as low as 85 cents per barrel in 1888, and that, rather than be entirely without work, coop- ers made barrels as low as 12 J cents apiece, at which rate the earnings of an average cooper would not exceed $1 a day. Shortly after this most of the cooperage plants in Chicago closed. In 1890 there were 22 plants making some wood-boimd work, though but 10 made exclusively the kind of packages made in prisons. These 22 employ- ing coopers petitioned the governor of Illinois in 1890 as follows: COOPERS' APPEAL TO GOVERNOR TANNER. We the imdersigned, manufacturers of cooperage at Chicago, urgently request that you investigate the condition of our industry and give us prompt reUef from the ruinous competition of convict labor as carried on at the Illinois State penitentiary at Joliet. Our shops have been absolutely closed down five months of this year, while the shop at Joliet runs steadUy and suppUes the demand 9061—06 11 162 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. and keeps us from working. We each of us employ, when running, the number of men placed opposite our signature, and these men are idle on account of our not being able to compete with the prison-made packages. William Siegler and Son, employing 25 men. Charles Riekert, employing 46 men. C. Seelig, employing 40 men. James Ralph, employing 20 men. Richard Coll, employii^ 20 men. John Eiszner, employing 75 men. C. G. Washburn & Co. E. Heming. H. C. Farwell & Co. P. & C. Bodga, emplojring 35 men. Mertens Bros., employing 30 men. Maxwell Bros., employing 140 men. F. Johnson & Co., employing SO men. Pioneer Cooperage Company, employing 250 men. F. Geisler, employing 18 men. William League, employing 50 men. A. & H. Gates. D. W. Ryan Cooperage Company, employing 130 men. George Rounsvell, employing 70 men. George Obermayer, employing 24 men. Theodore C. Bogda, employing 30 men. John Hellmuth, employing 21 men. The prison at Joliet, 111., went on public account in 1894, but the contractor still held, and now holds, the Indiana prison at Michigan City. Under public account, the cooperage output at Joliet was greatly reduced. There was no relief as to price ; indeed it is believed the State sold at prices even lower than the contractor had received, but the production was reduced by agreement to 300 barrels per day, whereas the contractor had made as many as 1,500. With this reduc- tion of volume of prison output, citizen cooper shops in Chicago took on new life, at least new hope. Iron-bound cooperage also began to have a ready market and the shops started in again to make both kinds. The Joliet prison cooperage plant was, however, let to the contractor again a few years later and conditions became worse. While the production of cooperage has again been stopped at Joliet, the situation has not been improved much because the former con- tractor, still holding the Indiana prison contract, has started an out- side plant nearer the stock yards and can use his prison-made coop- erage to carry the output of his free-labor factory into the stock- yards market. This will be referred to again. During the period of hope in the business, a few new plants started up to make only wood-bound cooperage. The record of the last of these to close is given below : Started in business in 1902, plant costing $10,000. During 1902, made 750 to 800 packages per week. Prices for May, June, July, and August, $1 per barrel. For September, October, November, and December, $1.20 per barrel. In 1903, made 800 to 900 packages per week, average price for the year $1.30. In 1904, made 1,000 to 1,200 per week, average price $1.50. In 1905, CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OP OOWVICT-MABE GOODS. 163 made 1,200 per week, average price $1,20. In 1906, made 400 to 500 per week, price $1.17^. Sold out in April, 1906, for half what the plant cost. It is to be changed from a wood-bound package shop, to an iron-bound barrel factory to make oil barrels for the Standard Oil Company. As stated above, this was the last of the newer plants. There remain but two exclusively wood-bound cooperage shops in Chicago, and they are both closed, at least temporarily. Four other plants make a few wood-bound packages in connection with a general cooperage business or special lines outside of the packing industry. For instance, the pickle-barrel business is comparatively good, and the Standard Oil Company, while operating an immense cooperage plant of its own in Cleveland, Ohio, is a strong buyer of oil barrels on the Chicago market for its works at "Whiting. STATEMENT OF AN ILLINOIS UANtTFACTTTBEB. One of the manufacturers still making a little wood-bound cooper- age said: I have two plants, one in Chicago and one in Indiana; am getting into the pickle-barrel business just as fast as I can. I have fought prison-made cooperage here for thirty-three years, in common with all other emplojong coopers. I have put up money and spent my time to fight for a fair chance to do business fairly, like other manu- facturers nave. The convicts of two States, and for a while three States, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, were placed at the disposal of one rich and powerful firm to concentrate their entire product into one market, practically to supply the demands of one composite purchaser, the slaughter houses of Chicago. I still make some wood-bound packages but can not sell them, even at a loss. The prison contractor not only controls the price, but for some reason the packers won't buy any other goods at all, apparently. I had some barrels that cost me $1.16, and I had to sell them for $1.12^, and beg them to take the barrels at that. Staves were then $31 per M; staves are now down to $30. One dollar off on a thousand staves means 2 cents apiece on the cost of a barrel, so that my wood- bound are costing me $1.14 now. This is a 6-hooped lard tierce, 52-gallon capacity, 6 hoops at each end. Why do I make any at all ? The answer is to give my men work and keep the force together when orders are slack or storeroom all taken up with pickle barrels. Another thing, I want to say, and I am an old man and have been in the business since I was a boy. The prison contractor manipulates the market not only on barrels, but on staves, controlling not only what we shall get for our barrels, but what we shall pay for our raw material. He is the largest consumer of staves and the largest producer of barrels. When he buys, staves go up; when he sells, barrels go down. He controls cooperage in the stock yards, abso- lutely. Two years ago the coopers' union told us that the other unions had agreed not to handle prison-made barrels and that at last we had a chance to drive convict-made cooperage from the stock yards. We bit, and unionized our plants and put the union 164 BEPOET OF THE OOMMISSIOWEK OP LABOR.' label on our barrels; but when it came to the test the other unions would not stand by the coopers' union, and we were worse oflf than ever. Then I said no more wood-bound for me, and I got into the pickle trade. Employing coopers have not been able to give their men half-pay, nor work half the time in Chicago, since somewhere in the seventies — say, 1876 or 1877. Prison goods are not legitimate competition in any line, and when three prisons turn 400 or 450 convicts over to one man, to make barrels to dump into one market and that market as close as the stock jrards are to Joliet and Michigan City, Ind., the commercial effect of prison-made goods, as you call it, is annihilation, that's all. STATEMENT OF AN ILLINOIS MANUFACTTTREB. I make very few wood-bound packages now. What is the use? The labor cost of a wood-bound barrel to-day is 25 cents; 10 cents for assembling and 15 cents for hooping off. This is piecework, and a good man will make 8 in a day; very fast men makq 9. Convicts in Michigan City prison make 5 a day, and the contractor pays 53 cents for the labor, and gets shop, storage room, and everything else free. Ten years ago I sold 100,000 wood-bound packages a year to Chicago packing houses; now I do not make 2,000 a year. Whatever market there is left for wood-bound work, * * * [the prison contractor] gets it. I sold the packers some iron-bound, but not since the prison contractor started to make iron-bound in his outside plant. Iron-bound cooperage has not been used so extensively in Chicago as in the West. Western packing houses began to use iron-bound five years ago, Chicago houses about eigh- teen months ago. I suppose the western slaughterhouses have a more direct trade. The contract lard and pork handled on the board of trade is mostly put up in Chicago. Iron-bound cooperage is made by machinery, and a large, well-equipped plant will assemble and hoop for 10 or 12 cents a barrel. The stock or material cost about the same. The larger output per day also reduces fixed charges per barrel, so that iron-bound is probably 20 cents cheaper for the same sized package. Coopers do not get steady work. For instance, when I tell you the price is 25 cents a barrel and that a good fast man can make 9 a day, I do not mean that coopers make $2.25 a day in Chicago. They can seldom work a whole week. I think $1.75 a day is a very high estimate of the average earnings of a cooper even when the shop is running, which in wood-bound shops might be five or six months in the year. We run pretty steady, but we are out of the wood-bound business practically. STATEMENT OF AN ILLINOIS MANXTFACTTTBEB. Another firm stated that they made but few wood-bound lard or pork packages, having gone almost entirely into the flour-barrel business. A few years ago when they were still trying to hold on to some of the wood-bound business they used to close the factory from June to September. Then they tried letting the men work at 12| cents a package for hooping off; just to give them a chance to earn their board. They found their men becoming immoral and CHAPTER II. COMPETITION 01' CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 165 debauched. "One dollar a day at piecework makes criminals of men in Chicago. So we made a rule that when we could not pay 15 cents for hooping off we would shut down. We found that under this rule we were shut down most of the time, so we got out of the business. The trouble with flour and apple barrels is that they require too much storage room in a city where rents are so high, and a firm as large as ours has to make such immense quantities to cover fixed charges." STATEMENT OF AN ILIilNOIS MANXTPACTTTREB. The packing business, so far as the use of cooperage is concerned, began m earnest in Chicago in 1869. The demand for wood-bound cooperage became almost unlimited and was increasing by leaps and bounds. The cooperage plants were not only increasing m numbers, but expanding their plants in an endeavor to keep up with the demand. I went to work in 1869 in Chicago, not having quite completed my trade, which I had learned from my father in Europe. It was piece- work then, as now. We got 50 cents for making a pork barrel in sum- mer and $ 1 . 1 in winter. You see, in those days, before artificial refrig- eration, the pork and lard business was seasonal. Nearly all of the packing in barrels was done in the fall and winter. Barrels made in the summer had to be stored and held for a long time. It takes lots of room to store a quarter of a million of barrels, and room costs money, so the sununer piece price was less. At that time a cooper had to make the barrel complete from the rough untrimmed stave. Trimming, beveling, and fittmg the staves was all done by hand. A lard tierce must be so tight that it will hold a high pressure of live steam forced into it without leaking the steam at any point. A cooper would make 5 barrels a day in those years. That is, he was sure of steady work the year round, at $2.50 a day in summer and $5 a day in winter. Then prison cooperage began to appear — first in the old prison at Alton, 111. ; then, in 1873, * * * got into the Indiana prison and into the Joliet prison. In 1875 came the "bucker;" atleast it came in general use in 1875. The "bucker" is a crude machine for trimming and beveling the staves, and does away with much of the need for mechanical skill in cooperage and saves considerable more time. The "bucker" was run by horsepower. It operated to reduce the piece rate only 5 cents a barrel, however, and was welcomed by the men. It proved, however, the thing that was to enable cooperage to be successfully conducted in prisons. I went into business for myself in 1877, hiring only two men, but, of course, working on the floor myself. During the first part of 1877 I sold my barrels for $1.50 each, but by the end of the year prison goods had increased until the price fell to $1.15. The prison contractor began getting control of the market that year. His sales in the stock yards in 1877 totaled something like 213,000 packages, while the comDined sales of all out- side firms did not exceed 325,000. I closed my little shop and went to work for a wholesale grocer who wanted a cooper. I got only $50 a month. In 1879 I tried it again, opening a little shop with two men again. I tried to sell my barrels and found it much more diffi- cult than it had been two years before. The big packers would not talk to me and the smaller houses seemed tied up by some kiad of a deal. 166 EEPOBT Oi' THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOK. One day in 1879 when 70,000 hogs had arrived in the yards, I went to one of the most friendly packers and asked him to buy my barrels. They had cost me $1.40 apiece, counting all my owji time at no more than cooper's wages. He said the price that day was $1.10. Finally I told him I would take that as I must have money and must get rid of my barrels. He said he was sorry, but he could not buy my barre|^. I left with the impression that there was some sort of an agreement to buy only * * * barrels, and that even my personal friends dare not break this rule. I started home to close my little shop for- ever and let my creditors have my barrels to do what they could with them. On my way I happened to think of a friend who was employed at a distillery. I went to see him and he took me to the proprietor, who told me I might make some barrels for him. I told him my money was all tied up in my lard barrels and I was afraid my credit was all tied up in them, too. He said he would help me by advancing enough to buy staves, and that he would see some vinegar and pickle men for me. So I went to making whisky barrels and did not close my little shop. But I was a wood-bound pork-barrel cooper by trade and could not tear myself away from it entirely. Besides, it seemed impossible to me that with that enormous market for coop- erage in the stock yards that I could not get some trade in lard pack- ages, so I held on to this hope. It was about this time that the most improved machinery was put in the prisons, not only for perfectly fitting and trimming the staves, but a machine to press the hoop on the barrel. It does'not, of course, complete the barrel, but it is a great time saver, and does away with a certain amount of skill. Now, of course, the change from all hand to part machine and later to all machine labor, as is now true of iron-bound cooperage and flour bar- rels, would have taken place anyhow. But if the citizen manufac- turers had introduced the macmnery in the outside shops first, and had had a fair chance at the market when the machinery came, the machines would not have decreased wages in the long run ; of course, there might have been some temporary displacement, but the coopers would still have had work on the naachines, just like the linotype machine; printers are working the machines, and making more money in wages than they ever did. But the cooperage machinery got its first start in prisons, where wages could not rise, and the outside shops had no market to expand, so the whole weight fell on the workmen, and the employers were imable to help them or help themselves. Finally, in 1888, 1889, and up to 1890 the situation got so bad that wages for making a complete barrel, assembling and hooping off, got as low as 18 cents, and prices as low as 85 cents a package. I sold pork barrels and lard tierces for 85 cents myself. In 1890 we all shut down for five or six months. In 1891 and 1892 my men were going to the soup houses for food. I do not mean in the winter of 1893-94, when everybody was going to the soup houses; I mean in 1892, the most prosperous year this coun- try had ever known up to that time. In 1893 the wages of coopers again went to 18 cents, and we all closed down. There were then twenty-eight shops trying to make cooperage for the stock yards. In April, 1896, I bought out the last of these (but two that are closed down), and turned this plant into an oil, barrel shop. I stayed in the business partly (I have made whisky and pickle barrels as a principal product since 1879) until 1896. In CHAPTEE II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 167 1896 wood-bound lard tierces sold for 85 and 90 cents, or 10 cents below my actual cost of production, and I quit the business forever; I will never offer a man 18 cents to make a completed pork barrel again. I have watched this thing as workman for four years, as an employer for thirty-three years, and my conviction is that this prison-made cooperage business has put more coopers in the poorhouse, made more criminals, sent more coopers to prison, than anything and everything else that has happened to the trade. If cooperage had never been made in prisons, no hand-made wood-bound barrel would have been hooped off in the United States for less than 25 cents, which means 40 cents for making the barrel complete. Coopers are the poorest paid skilled workmen in the country to-day, and they ought to be among the best paid. As to the employers' side of it : Had prison cooperage been stopped twenty-five years ago, there are twenty-six of my own personal acquaintances who would have been in good business to-day, possibly rich men, who are now poor, out of business, and do not know what to do. I have stayed in the business because I have no other trade ; was born and bred to it ; my father was a cooper in Scan- dinavia, and I feel that I have a right to a fair chance to live, either as employer or workman, at the honest business I learned. I make now only oil barrels; have not made a wood-bound package in ten years. These oil barrels are iron-bound, largely machine made. Any common laborer can run the machine, and coopers have a poor show. Since getting out of the Joliet prison, July 1, 1905, * * * has established a large cooperage plant at * * * 111.; I do not know whether it is inside the city limits of Chicago or not, but it is in Cook County. Here he makes not only wood-bound pork and lard packages, but is making iron-bound packages by machinery in large quantities. He told me not long since that he was thinking of putting iron- bpund cooperage in the Indiana prison, where his contract has yet some time to run; when he does, we will all have to go out of that business, too. It is stated that the prison output is being used to sell the output of this large free factory. That is, iron-bound cooperage made by free labor is sold at a low price by the contractor, who is able to recoup himself from profits on his prison cooperage. Not only is this alleged, but the statement is made that one of the very large packers said to a manufacturer of iron-bound cooperage, on about the 26th of May, 1906: I would like to give you my order for iron-bound cooperage, but you know that for each iron-bound package I use I must have five wood-bound packages. Now, unless I buy my iron-bound cooperage of * * * (made in his outside shop) he will not sell me any wood-bound, and I can not get enough anywhere else. It would seem from this that the output of the Indiana prison is to bS used as a leverage to force a trade in free-made goods, and to force a closing of the market to all competitors in nonprison-made barrels. In other words, a practical monopoly of wood-bound cooperage in the stock yards having been secured by means of prison contracts, 168 EEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE. this monopoly is to be used to force another monopoly of iron-bound cooperage in the stock yards. It must be apparent that if the Indiana prison contract is for a sufficient length of time and iron-bound cooperage is to be made in that prison, the contractor if he so desires can extend his monopoly to oil, whisky, and pickle barrels by simply expanding his outside factory sufficiently to supply the goods, and using his prison goods to compel a market. SADDLETREES. Prison competition with free-labor products began in the saddle- tree business in the early seventies. In 1862 there were three saddle- tree factories in St. Louis, one employing, it is said, as many as 200 men. There were numerous saddletree manufacturers in Louis- ville between 1860 and 1875. It will be admitted, of course, that the markets for saddles has been greatly reduced, as farmers through the more prosperous agricultural belts have substituted the horse and carriage for the old horseback method of transportation. For instance, a large dealer in central Illinois stated that whereas twenty years ago he handled 2,000 saddles a year, now his annual sales would not exceed 200. But it is this very fact of a decreasing demand that enables prison output to supply almost the entire demand and absorb the market. Saddletrees are now produced in three prisons — EddyvUle, Ky.; JeflEerson City, Mo.; and Jeffersonville, Ind. Aside from the distinctive saddletree factories of former years there were a great many small producers all through the Western and Southwestern States, particularly Texas. These men would make peculiarly shaped trees branded with their own names and sell them to the manufacturers of saddles at prices that made the business very profitable. It was not unusual for manufacturers to pay $3 or $4 apiece for these special makes of saddletrees. At present a hard-wood machine-made saddletree produced in prison sells for $9 a dozen. The small manufacturers were first driven out of Texas when the penitentiary authorities of that State let a contract for saddletree making. The saddletree output of that prison in 1885 was valued at $30,000. In the same manner the out- side saddletree manufacturers, whether large or small, were driven out of business one by one, until now over 90 per cent of all the saddle- trees used in the United States are convict made. As one large manufacturer stated for this report: "Large concerns manufactur- ing saddles can hardly afford to buy saddletrees anywhere except at Jefferson City. It is true that there are a few saddletrees made outside of prisons, but these are special shapes, patented, and any- how constitute so small a percentage of the output that little or no attention is paid to them by the trade." CHAPTER II. COMPETITION OF CONVICT-MAOE GOODS. 169 Another saddle manufacturer states that "less than 5 per cent of the ordinary saddletrees are made outside of prison walls. In the Far West there are still a few small shops, but these men make only a peculiarly shaped saddletree that has a reputation there among the cowboys and runners on the plains, and in that way they get up a small regular market. There is nothing manufactured in suf- ficient quantities to make any impression upon the volume of the output. We buy all of our saddletrees from the penitentiary." STONEWORK. The investigation into the commercial effect of prison labor on marble and stone industries was not made very complete, and it was confined almost exclusively to one Southern city, and that a city in which the State penitentiary was located. The first firm investigated stated: Some fifteen or eighteen years ago the Maryland prison had 300 or 400 men working on marble work. The prison contractor at that time had no outside yard. After making a vigorous fight in the State legislature to compel the prison to employ fewer men in one industry this firm changed its line of business entirely and went out of the business which was being conducted in the prisons. Another manufacturer said: Formerly our business was almost exclusively that of marble polishing — that is to say, furniture work, bureau tops, marble tops tor washstands, and things of that sort. The same class of work was done in the Baltimore prison in large quantities, but there was apparently work enough for all of us, and while we joined in the opposition to the policy of the prison in putting such large numbers or convicts upon one class of work, I can not say that we specially suffered in the matter of prices until the beginning of the hard times in 1893. At that time the prison was putting out $150,000 worth of furniture marble per year. In 1890 bureau-top marble was sell- ing for 11.10 per square foot, f. o. b. Baltimore. The prison con- tractor's first cut was to 90 cents, which price was met. I don't remember what their next cut was, but there was continuous reduc- tion in price, the prison firm always taking the lead in cutting until they run it down as low as 35 cents a foot. We followed them down to 35 cents. There we had to stop. How much lower they went I do not know. We stopped business and went into other lines of stonework. Take anotner instance that occurred during the hard times. We were making a marble stationary washstand upon which our actual cost of production was 50 cents per square foot. We lost the contract or order for a lot of these because the prison contractor had agreed to sell them for 45 cents per square foot, f. o. b. Pittsburg, Pa. You understand this was in the nineties. Furniture marble is not very much in demand now owing to change in tastes and styles, and we are running almost exclusively on inte- rior finish for large buildings. On special furniture marble prices have advanced so that we are to-day getting 65 cents per square foot, 2 per cent off for cash, f. o. b, Baltimore. Trade is, however, hardly 170 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. worth having, owing to its small volume. We employ 200 men, whose wages will average $11 per week of 54 hours, and, as I said, they are almost exclusively employed upon interior fiiiish. The prison contractor is likewise shifting to interior finish, marble, granite, etc., but at present there is a sufficient demand to absorb all the output, in fact we are all overcrowded with orders both out- side and inside the prisons. Under such conditions, of course, the prison contractor does not cut prices, and as I understand you the mere volume of output, so long as it is not a price-reducing leverage, does not come within the scope of jj^our investigation. If prison goods were always plainly stamped "prison made" it would render the conapetition much more fair. It must be said, however, that in these particular goods such a proposition would end prison industry, as the vast majority of "stone setters" would refuse to place interior marble work that had the stamp "con- vict made on it. In fact, in many instances, their agreements with their employers are to the effect that they will not be required to place such stones. The investigation of the subject " Stone and marble work in prisons" could not be carried to a satisfactory conclusion, owing to the lack of time. It may be well to refer here, however, to the question of stone crushing, which is being carried on in some places and is being con- templated in many States. A letter from the warden of the Califor- nia penitentiary to the general superintendent of prisons, Boston, Mass., is interesting in this connection: Deoembee 13, 1897. Dear Sie: We have a rock-crushing plant at this prison; it has been in operation now about eighteen months, crushing a blue rock into macadam for road purposes. The original act of the legislature, passed two years ago, contemplated that we should deliver this rock for road purposes at cost. The idea was to secure good roads at the minimum price; and also give employment to the convicts. The last legislature amended the law, and fixed the minimum price at 30 cents per ton, loaded on the cars at the prison. This leaves a profit of about 10 cents per ton to the prison, or perhaps a little more. Our plant is a large one, operated by water power from our power house. We em- ploy 300 convicts, and turn out about 500 tons of macadam daily. It is the best appointed plant of the kind in the country, and has had the effect of cheapening the building of roads very materially — i. e., at Sacramento and Stockton, our nearest distributing points, macadam formerly cost $1.70 per ton; under the present arrangement we deliver the macadam at Sacramento at 55 cents and Stockton at '70 cents per ton; this is a clear saving to these municipalities of $1 per ton. We find this class of work better adapted to convict labor, as it requires no great amount of skill, and is healthful, outdoor work. While this does not make much money for the prison proper it saves a large amount to the taxpayers, and it encourages the building of good roads in every direction. This is a direct benefit to the State, as a saving to the taxpayer is a benefit and profit to the State, CHAPTEK II. — COMPETITION OP OONVIOT-MADE GOODS. 171 The interesting point in this letter is the fact that the legislature felt called upon to pass a law prohibiting the prison authorities from selling their product below a certain price. It might have been interesting had there been time to secure the opinions of outside producers of crushed stone, the price of whose product had fallen from $1.70 per ton to 30 cents per ton as a result of prison competition, and only stopped there by an act of the legislature. FARM WAGONS. The inquiry into the subject of competition of prison-made wagons was not so thorough as could be wished, for want of time. Admit- tedly, the production of farm wagons as a prison industry has very greatly decreased until at the present time it is almost nil. Any investigation, therefore, into this product of the prisons would be based upon its commercial effect in former years. A large dealer in agricultural implements in Minneapolis, Minn., said: From ten to twenty years ago a prison-made wagon coming, I beUeve, from Michigan, was an important factor in the trade in this northwestern territory. The field was worked aggressively and its agents did a large business. The wagon was sold at a lower price than the other wagons of the same grade, the price being from $2, S3, $4, and in some cases $5 less than other similar wagons; in fact, the price was whatever it required to sell it; it was always a price cutter. For the last few years there has been comparatively little attempt to sell the wagon in this territory, or to regain the lost ground. As I understand it, the firm got hold of some poor material, a thing which is Uable to happen to any wagon manufacturer, and as a result got out a lot of bad work. The agents of other wagons took advantage of the trouble people were having with this wagon to raise the cry of "prison-made goods," and this, together with the poor stock, has practically eliminated the wagon from this market. An ofiicial of the largest wagon manufacturing firm in the United States, if not in the world, stated that the principal prison wagon, that produced in a northern State, had for a number of years been seeking a southern market. It is ranked as a third, or probably fourth, grade farm wagon and sells for from $4.50 to $5 less to the dealers than the lowest priced wagon made by this firm. A case was cited where, during the hard times, that is to say, in 1896, a prison wagon was sold in Springfield, 111., in job lots, for $33.33J apiece f. o. b. Springfield, 111., the price of free-made wagons of practically the same grade being $55 f. o. b. South Bend, Ind., with 5 per cent off for cash, the freight rate from South Bend to Springfield, 111., being $2 per wagon in carload lots. There is some difficulty in a hurried study of a matter of this char- acter, because of the fact that there are some five grades of farm wagons and an exact classification is not easy, and it is quite probable that 172 REPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LA BOB. none could be made that all wagon manufacturers and experts in wagon matters would agree to. There are some 12,000 wagon makers, taking in establishments making annually from 25 wagons up; there are approximately 2,000 firms making from 1,000 to 2,500 wagons per year, and 4 firms making from 25,000 to 50,000 wagons per year. For this reason the general conviction of outside manufactur- ers that prison competition in wagons is a pernicious one is perhaps as valuable information as any of the specifi.c facts which were some- what hurriedly secured. In this industry, as in others, it will be well to note the tendency of outside manufacturers to leave the prison product to its field or chosen market and then to ignore it, both in price and volume. Said one large manufacturer: If we permitted their prices to affect ours we would have been broken up long ago; every first-class firm would have gone to the wall. Take, for instance, the Tennessee wagon, which, though a legitinaate wagon now, was twenty or twenty-five years ago made in the Tennessee prison at Nashville. This wagon, while always a second grade, undersold other second-grade wagons from $2 to $5. Of late years prison wagons have been leaving the northern market and seeking an outlet in the South. Another manufacturer of high-grade wagons, who said he had never attempted to compete with anything but the very highest grade of farm wagons, when asked as to what he knew of the price of a certaia prison wagon made in close proximity to his own plant, said: I never was aware that this wagon had any price, at least, more than for the moment. It was always sold for anything they could get for it, so far as my information goes. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. In the matter of agricultural implements it was fovind that the industry was confined almost exclusively to garden tools, such as hoes, rakes, spading forks, in some cases pitchforks, scythes, scythe snaths, etc. The output here is quite considerable and amounts, acceptiag the figures given by the contractors, to $502,682.90 a year. The industry is carried on in three States. The contractors in this case are a part of what appears to be a general selling combination or selling pool, and the prison-made goods are not sold at lower prices than those of the outside factories. For this reason they have no commercial effect, beyond the mere question of volume, and hence were not studied for this report. CHAPTER III. EXPLANATION OF TABLES. 173 CHAPTER III. EXPLANATION OF TABLES. The statistical portion of this report is presented in a series of tables, the titles of which are shown below : Table I. — Institutions, employees, and contkactors and lessees: A. — Name, location, class, and control of each institution, and number of employees and contractors and lessees. B. — Summary of employees and contractors and lessees, for each State, by classes. C. — Summary of employees and contractors and lessees, for each class, by States. Table II. — Number and employment op convicts: A. — Number and employment, by institutions. B. — Summary of number and employment, for each State, by classes. C. — Summary of number and employment, for each class, by States. Table III. — Systems of work, industries, value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc.: A. — Systems, industries, value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., by institu- tions. B. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each State, by industries. C. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each industry, by States. D. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each State, by systems. E. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each system, by States. F. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., in the United States, for each industry, by systems. G. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each State, by classes. H. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each class, by States. I. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., in juvenile reforma- tories in the United States, by industries. J. — Summary of number and wages of free laborers necessary to perform work done by convicts, for each State, by industries. K. — Summary of number and wages of free laborers necessary to perform work done by convicts, for each industry, by States. L. — Summary of hours of work at productive labor in penal institutions, by States. M. — Summary of hours of work at productive labor in juvenile reformatories, by States. Table IV. — Description and quantity op goods made or work done, and com- parison WITH goods produced BY FREE LABOR: A. — Description and quantity of goods made or work done, etc., by institutions. B. — Summary of comparisons of convict-made goods with goods produced by free labor, by industries. 175 176 BEPOBT OV THE OOMMISSIOWEB OF LABOR. Table V.^ — Disposition of goods made: A. — Disposition of goods made, by institutions. B. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each State, by industries. C. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each industry, by States. D. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each State, by classes. E. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each class, by States. Table VI. — Receipts: A. — Receipts, by institutions. B. — Summary of receipts, for each State, by classes. C. — Summary of receipts, for each class, by States. Table VII. — Expendituees: A. — Expenditures, by institutions. B. — Summary of expenditures, for each State, by classes. C. — Summary of expenditures, for each class, by States. Table VIII. — Value of pbison peopeett: A. — ^Value of prison property, by institutions. B. — Summary of value of prison property, for each State, by classes. C. — Summary of value of prison property, for each class, by States. Table IX. — Cost of maintenance: A. — Cost of maintenance per convict, by institutions. B. — Summary of cost of maintenance per convict, for each State, by classes. C. — Summary of cost of maintenance per convict, for each class, by States. The salient features of the investigation have been noted and dis- cussed in Chapter I of this report. The present chapter is devoted to a simple explanation of the various tables, so that they may be readily understood and used. In these tables the data secured from each institution investigated are presented separately and after- wards freely summarized. An institution, as the word is used in this report, is a prison, a reformatory, a convict camp, or a combination of prisons or camps under one management which are so closely related that data can not be shown for each separately. For example, the 18 camps embraced by the Alabama State prison system were so closely related in their management that the data could not be shown for each separately, hence they are shown collectively as one institution. TABLE I.— INSTITtrTIONS, EMPLOYEES, AND CONTBACTOBS AND LESSEES. Table I. — A. — Name, location, class, and control of each institution, and number of employees and contractors and lessees (pp. 193-200) . This table, as well as succeeding tables that present the data in detail for each institution, shows the name of each institution inves- tigated and the State in which it is located. In the column following the name of the institution is given the location of the institution within the State. When a number of camps are covered by one institution, the number of camps embraced by the institution is given, but the exact location of each is not specified. CHAPTER III. — EXPLANATION OF TABLES. 177 The two United States prisons shown at the end of this and suc- ceeding tables are not given under the States in which they are located, as they are not a part of the prison systems of those States^ and their location is simply a matter of convenience to the Federal Government. The third column of the table indicates whether the institution under consideration is a penal institution or a juvenile reformatory. The explanation of the line of demarcation between these two classes of institutions is given on page 13. In the next column is shown the control of the institution — that is, whether it is under the management of a State, a county, a city, the United States, or a lessee. The next three columns show the average number of employees connected with each institution. These employees consist of two classes — nonindustrial employees, comprising wardens, guards, etc.,. necessary to maintain the penal side of the institution, and industrial, employees, as foremen, engineers, etc., who are employed to assist in conducting the industries maintained in the institution. The number of employees varies during the year, and the average is com- puted to one decimal place for greater accuracy in the figures for each of the several institutions. The last column of the table shows the number of contractors and lessees employing convict labor in each institution. In each of the succeeding tables presenting data in detail the name of the institution is given, so that the reader may readily obtain, all of the data from the several tables for any institution that he may especially desire to study. Table I. — B. — Summary of employees and contractors and lessees, for each State, hy classes (pp. 200-20/D . This table is a summary of Table I.-A, and shows for each State the number of employees and contractors and lessees connected with each of the two classes of institutions. For example: Data were received from only one institution in each of the States of Alabama, Arizona, and Arkansas, each of which was a penal institution. la California data were secured from five penal institutions employing an average of 165.2 nonindustrial employees and 70.9 industrial employees, making a total of 236.1 employees. No contractors or lessees employed convict labor in these institutions. In the same State data were secured from two juvenile reformatories, making a. total of seven institutions from which data were secured for this report. The total number of nonindustrial employees in these seven, institutions was 244.0, the number of industrial employees was 91.9, malting a grand total of 335.9 employees necessary to care for the convicts in these seven institutions and direct their work. 9061—06 12 178 BEPOET OK THE OOMMISSIONEJE OF LABOE. At the close of the table a summary is given for each of the two classes of institutions and for the two classes combined. TaMe I. — 0. — Summary of employees and contractors and lessees, far each class, ly States (pp. 204, ^05). The facts presented in this table are the same as those shown in the preceding table, arranged so as to show the figures for the two classes of institutions separately. TABLE n.— BTtJMBEB AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONVICTS. Talle II.— A. — Number and employment,^) institutions {pp. 206-219) . This table repeats the name, location, class, and control of each institution, and shows the average number of convicts in each of four classes, viz, those that were engaged in the productive industries of the institution, those engaged in domestic prison duties (such as cleaning, cooking, etc.) , the number sick, and the number idle. The number idle includes persons for whom no work was provided, persons in con- finement without labor, and inmates of juvenile reformatories who were in school and performed no labor. The average shown is the average for the year. The average is computed to one decimal place for the purpose of showing small num- bers with greater exactness. The last two columns show the number of convicts in each institu- tion that were there by commitment fronr other States, and the num- ber committed there by United States courts. These latteivnamed convicts may have come from the same State or from other States. The number of convicts committed to any institution from another State should be taken into consideration in making a study of the number of convicts of the State. The two United States prisons are considered as belonging to the United States at large and not to the States in which they are situated. Table II. — B. — Summary of number and employment, for each State, by classes {pp. 220-227). This table is a summary of Table II.-A and needs no explanation. Table II. — G. — Summary of number and employment, for each class, hy States (pp. 228-231). This table is hkewise a summary of Table II.-A. The facts pre- sented are the same as those shown in Table II.-B, arranged by classes of institutions for the convenience of the reader. TABLE IIL— SYSTEMS OP WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC. Table III. — A.— Systems, industries, value of goods and labor, con- victs employed, etc., by institutions {pp. 230-271). From an industrial point of view this is probably the most impor- tant table of the report. It gives the name of each institution and OHAPTEE in. EXPLANATION OF TABLES. 179 the State in which it is situated. The location and class can not be given for lack of space. This table shows the different systems under which convicts are employed in each institution. A full explanation of these systems is given on pages 15 and 16. Abbreviations are used to designate the systems as follows: Cont. denotes contract, P. P. denotes piece price, P. A. denotes pubhc-account, S. U. denotes State- use, and P. W. denotes public works and ways. Following the system are given the industries in which the convicts are employed, which may be one or more under each of the several systems of work. Next is given the market value of the goods produced in each indus- try under each system of work. The column immediately following shows the value of the labor performed by the convicts on the goods produced as distinguished from the value of the goods. The method of determining this value of convict labor is fully explained on pages 31, 32. Next is given the average nimiber of male and female convicts em- ployed during the year in the industry named, which is followed by the number of hours they worked per day. As fully explained on page 31, in order to determine the efficiency of convict labor as compared with free labor, and also to determine the displacement of free labor, an estimate was secured of the num- ber of free laborers necessary to perform the work done by convicts. This estimated number is next shown in this table. The term "free laborers" must not be taken to mean adults only, as in some cases, especially in juvenile reformatories, the inmates are performing work done by young persons or children. In the columns following are shown the wages and hours of labor of free laborers performing like work in the same locahty or the nearest locality in which like labor was performed by free laborers. The wages shown in the different subtables of Table III in some instances include the wages of children, for the reason set forth in the preced- ing paragraph. The last three columns of the table show who furnished the power, the machinery and tools, and the foremen and instructors for con- ducting the industries named. In order that Table III.-A may be readily understood, an explana- tion is given for one institution. The first institution shown in this table, on page 230, is the State prison system for Alabama. Eighteen different camps were embraced within this system or composite insti- tution. The accounts relating to the several camps were so closely related, however, that the figures could not be shown for each camp separately. Hence a combination of all of these camps was made and presented under the title "State prison system." So far as this table is concerned, this system or combination of camps must be con- sidered as one institution. The institution or system belongs in the 180 REPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. penal class. The work was performed under four different systems^- the lease system, the public-account system, piece-price system, and State-use system. Although some of the convicts were working for lessees, the institution or system as a whole was under the control of the State. Six different industries were engaged in by the convicts. Those working under the lease system were engaged in four indus- tries, namely, farming, stove hollow ware, lumber, and turpentine and rosin. Some of the convicts were engaged in farming under the pub- Kc-account system, others were engaged in mining coal under the piece-price system, and still others were making clothing or were work- ing at farming under the State-use system. The columns that follow in the table show the value of goods produced and the value of the labor performed on the goods produced in each industry under each system, and also the average number of convicts employed, both male and female, in each of the several industries shown. Other columns of the table show the hours of labor per day for the convicts employed, the number of free laborers that were estimated to be necessary to perform the same work as that done by the convicts, and the wages and hours of labor of such free laborers performing like work. Thus, in the industry of farming under the lease system, 121.8 convicts were employed. They worked 10 hours per day, and, as nearly as can be estimated by prison ofl&cials and the lessees, 121.8 free laborers would be required to perform the same amount of work. In other words, the convicts were considered exactly equal to free laborers in effi- ciency. For like work in the same locality, male laborers received $0.75 per day and worked 10 hours, and female laborers received $0.37^ per day, likewise working 10 hours per day. In this industry of farming under the lease system the lessee furnished the power, machinery and tools, and the foremen and instructors who superin- tended the work. With this illustration it is believed the table wQl be readily understood. Table III. — B. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts em- ployed, etc., for each State, by industries (pp. 27 2-28 4). This table is a summary of a part of the data shown in Table III.-A. All of the data pertaining to each industry in each State are here com- bined so as to show the total therefor. A total is then made for all industries within the State. At the close of the table a further summary is made, bringing together all of the data for each industry in which convicts were engaged in the United States. Table III. — C. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts em- ployed, etc., for each industry, by States {pp. 285-296). The figures presented in this table are the same as those in Table III.-B, rearranged so as to bring together the data for each industry as found in each of the several States. Thus, on page 285, it is seen OHAPTEE III. — EXPLANATION OF TABLES. 181 that agricultural hand tools were manufactured by convicts in three States, viz, Iowa, Michigan, and Ohio. The data are given for this industry in each State, followed by a total for the industry. At the close of the table, totals for all industries are presented for each State. Table III. — D. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts em- ployed, etc., for each State, hy systems (pp. 297-S02). This table is a summary of a part of the data given in Table III.-A. The data are summarized for each State according to the systems under which the work was performed. At the close of the table a further summary is made showing the figures for each of the six sys- tems of work under which convicts were employed in the United States. Table III. — E. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each system, by States (pp. 303-305). The figures presented in this table are the same as those shown in the preceding table, rearranged so as to bring together the figures for each State under each of the several systems of work. Table III. — F. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., in the United States, for each industry, by systems (pp. 306-312). This table is a summary of Table III.-A, in which the figures were brought together so as to show the total for each system of work under each of the several industries in which convicts were employed. Table III. — G. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each State, by classes (pp. 312-316). This table is a summary of Table III.-A, made for the purpose of showing separately the total for each class of institutions in each of the several States, as it may be desirable to make a study of penal institu- tions apart from juvenile reformatories. Table III. — //. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., for each class, by States (pp. 316, 317). The figures presented in this table are the same as those shown in the preceding table, arranged by States, under each of the two classes of institutions. Table III. — I. — Summary of value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc., in juvenile reformatories in the United States, by indus- tries (p. 318). This table affords an opportunity to study each of the industries conducted in juvenile reformatories. A like table has not been pre- pared for penal institutions, as it is believed that such a table is not necessary. Table III. — J.—Sum^mary of number and wages of free laborers nec- essary to perform worlc done by convicts, for each State, by industries (pp. 318-329). Table III is so large that summaries therefor of necessity were made in sections. Table III.-B to III. -I, inclusive, all relate to the same 182 EEPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. subjects, viz, value of goods produced, value of labor on goods pro- duced, number of convicts employed, and the estimated number of free laborers necessary to perform the work done by the convicts. Table III.-J is a summary prepared expressly to show the average wages per day of the free laborers employed in work like that performed by convicts. For the convenience of the reader, it shows in addition the number of convicts employed and the number of free laborers nec- essary to perform the work done by convicts. The figures are presented for each industry conducted in each of the several States. At the close of the table a summary is given showing the figures for each industry for the United States. This table shows approximately the number of free laborers dis- placed by convict labor, and the wages of such free labor displaced. For a further explanation of this subject the reader is referred to page 31. Tahle III. — K. — Summary ofnumher and wages of free laborers nec- essary to perform worTc done iy convicts, for each industry, hy States (:pp. 330-341). This table repeats the figures shown in the preceding table, rear- ranged so that the data for each State are brought together for each industry. At the end of the table a further grouping is made showing a summary of the data for each of the several States. Taile III. — L. — Summary of Tiours of worTc at productive labor in penal institutions, by States (pp. 34-1-344) • This table summarizes the hours of labor in penal institutions shown in Table III. -A. It gives the number of convicts of each sex in each of the several States and the number of hours worked. For exam- ple: On page 341 it is seen that in California an average of 21.4 males worked six hours per day, 980.4 males worked seven and one-half hours per day, and 561.1 males worked eight hours per day, making a total of 1,562.9 male convicts in the penal institutions of the State working an average of 7.7 hours per day. At the cloSe of the table a summary is given for all of the convicts employed at productive labor in all penal institutions of the United States. Table III. — M. — Summary of hours of worlc at productive labor in juvenile reformatories, by States (pp. 344> 345). This table summarizes the hours in which inmates of juvenile reformatories were engaged in productive labor. As nearly all of these inmates were in school a part of each day, it was deemed quite necessary to report their hours of labor separate from the hours of labor of convicts in the penal institutions. OHAPTEB III. EXPLANATION OF TABLES. 183 TABLE IV.— DESCKIPTION AND aTJANTITT OF GOODS MADE OR "WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY EREE LABOR. Table IV. — A. — Description and quantity of goods made or work done, etc., hy institutions (pp. 346-416). Preceding tables name only the general industries in whicli convicts were engaged. This table shows for each industry under each system of work in each of the several institutions the various articles pro- duced, and in many instances the quantities thereof, method of pro- duction, whether by hand or machine work, and a comparison of the goods made with similar goods produced by free labor with which they came into competition. This table affords an opportunity for the reader to see the grade and kind of article produced by convict labor, and gives a much clearer idea of the work of convicts than can be shown when their work is described by general industry names only. For example : On pages 346 and 347 it is seen that under the State-prison system for Alabama farming was engaged in by convicts employed under the lease system. Their work was performed by hand labor. They produced 583 bales of cotton, 8,870 bushels of corn, 700 bushels of oats, and garden truck, the amount of which was not stated. When compared with the product of free labor it is seen that the goods produced by convict labor were equally as good. Convicts were also employed in the stove hollow ware industry under the lease system. Their work was done by hand; they produced kettles, pots, pans, and also dog irons and grate frames. These goods were slightly inferior to such goods produced by free labor. Tahle 1 V. — B.— Summary of comparisons of convict-made goods with goods produced by free labor, by industries (pp. 4^6, 417). This table is a summary of that part of the preceding table relating to the comparison of convict and free labor. It shows the several industries in which convicts were engaged in the United States and the comparison of the convict product with the free labor product in each of the several industries. For example, on page 416 it is seen that agri- cultural hand tools were produced in three institutions — in one institu- tion the product was considered equal to the product of free labor; in two institutions the product was considered slightly inferior. TABLE v.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE. Table V. — A. — Disposition of goods made, by institutions (pp. 4I8- 461). This table shows whether there was any limitation on the place or manner of sale of convict goods, and whether such goods were marked so that the purchaser might loiow their origin. It next shows for each industry the value of all goods sold that were produced under the lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems, and the 184 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. amount sold within the State and outside of the State. These figures refer only to the place of first sale. It is quite impossible to obtain figures concerning the place of final consumption. All goods pro- duced under the systems just named are, from the character of the systems under which produced, designed for and placed on the gen- eral market. Goods produced under the State-use and public works and ways systems, because of the character of the systems, naust be used in the institutions in which produced or be disposed of only to other State institutions. The table shows the amount of goods produced under these systems that were used in the institutions in which produced and the goods disposed of to other institutions. Table V. — B. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each State, by industries (pp. 45^-^75) . This table is a summary of Table V.-A, and shows the disposition of the goods produced in each industry in each of the several States. A further summary is given at the close of the table, bringing to- gether for each industry the figures for all States. Table V.- — C. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each industry, by States (pp. JflJi.-J^97) . The detail figures in this table are the same as those shown in the table just preceding, rearranged so as to present them for each State under each of the several industries. The table closes with a further summary giving the total for each of the several States. • TaMe V. — D. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each State, by classes {pp. 498-505). This table affords an opportunity for the reader to see the dis- position of goods made in each of the two classes of institutions — penal institutions and juvenile reformatories. The table shows the disposition of goods produced in each class of institution in each State, and at the close of the table the disposition of goods in each class of institutions in the United States as a whole. Table V. — E. — Summary of disposition of goods made, for each class, by States {pp. 506-509) . The figures of this table are the same as those shown in the table just preceding, rearranged so as to present the facts for each State under each of the two classes of institutions. TABLE VI.— RECEIPTS. A. — Receipts, by institutions {pp. 508-523). This table shows the receipts during the year covered, for each institution investigated. The table is designed to apply to all public institutions investigated, whether under the control of the State, county, or city, but not to institutions conducted by lessees. A State institution which derives its support mainly from the State may also have receipts from counties, from other States, or from the CHAPTER III. EXPLANATIOK OF TABLES. 185 United States, and a like diversity of receipts may be found in insti- tutions under other control. The heading of each column shows the source of receipt. The table first shows the cash on hand at the beginning of the year and then the appropriation or receipts from the State, the county, or the city in which situated, the receipts from other States, and the receipts from the United States. Next follows the receipts of the institution from contractors who employ convicts under the con- tract and piece-price systems. The next column shows the receipts of the institution from the sale of goods produced in the institution in the industries which were directly carried on by the institution itself. This applies only to the public-account and State-use sys- tems. The next column shows the amount paid to the institution by the State for work done for the State — in other words, it is a special appropriation to the institution from the State for the services only of convicts, for work in which the State supplies such material as may be needed for the work. It is simply a distinction drawn between an appropriation for which there is no return and an appro- priation for services rendered. The column following shows the receipts of the institutions from the sale of old machinery and other discarded appliances. The last column of the table shows the amount paid by lessees for the services of convicts employed. No attempt was made to inquire into the receipts or expenditures of lessees other than to determine the amount paid by them for the services of con- victs employed by them under the lease system, hence when the institution named was conducted by lessees no figures are given under receipts except the amount paid for the labor of the convicts leased. TaMe VI. — B. — Summary of receipts, for each, State, hy classes {fp. 622-531). This table is a summary of Table VI. -A, and shows the receipts for each of the two classes of institutions in each of the several States. The reader must bear in mind that the receipts shown are only those of the institutions covered by this report — that is, those in which productive labor was performed by convicts to the value of $1,000 or more during the year. No information has been gathered con- cerning receipts of other institutions in the United States in which little or no productive labor was performed by the convicts. Table VI. — C. — Summary of receipts for each class, hy States (pp. 632-535). The figures in this table are the same as those in the table just preceding, rearranged to show the totals for each State, in each of the two classes of institutions. 186 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. TABLE VII.— EXPENDITTJBKS. TaMe VII. — A. — Expenditures, by institutions (pp. 536-551). This table shows the expenditures by the several public institu- tions canvassed, classified under the principal items of expenditure. The expenditures shown in this table are for one year. The expend- iture for land shows the amount paid for the purchase of land in addition to that already occupied by the several institutions, as all are established institutions, many of which have been in operation for years. Nonindustrial buildings are those erected for the con- finement of convicts, and are necessary whether the convicts are engaged in productive industries or are maintained in idleness. The amount given under this item is the expenditure for additions, repairs, and construction of new buildings necessary for the care of the convicts. • Industrial buildings are buildings erected to carry on the productive industries of the institution. The line can not always be clearly drawn between nonindustrial and industrial buildings, as some buildings primarily erected as prison buildings are also used for industrial purposes. The expenditures shown for food and clothing represent the actual cash paid out for these two items. It must not be presumed that the figures shown here represent the value of the food and clothing consumed, as much food is raised by the several institutions and a large amount of clothing is manufactured by convicts for their own use. As has been stated in the discussion of Table I, nonindus- trial employees are those necessary to guard and care for the con- victs, whether or not they are engaged in industrial labor. Indus- trial employees are those employed to assist in carrying on the industries of the institutions. The industrial machinery and tools are the appliances necessary to carry on the industries of the insti- tutions. The figures given under raw material for manufacture show the amount paid by the State for the purchase of raw material that was worked up under public-account. State-use, and public works and ways systems. Many institutions were able to refund to the State considerable sums — in a few instances equaling or exceed- ing the amount appropriated by the State for the support of the institutions. Refunds were also made by county and city institu- tions to their respective counties and cities. Various miscellaneous expenditures are included in the title "All other expenditures." The table shows, in addition, the amount of cash on hand at the close of the year for which the report was made. This table shows the amounts expended by public institutions only, and does not purport to cover expenditures by the institutions maintained by lessees. CHAPTEE III. EXPLANATION OF TABLES. 187 Tahle VII. — B. — Summary of expenditures, for each State, hy classes (pp. 550-569). This table is a summary of Table VII.-A, and shows total expend- itures in each of the two classes of institutions in each of the several States. The reader should remember that the expenditures here shown are only those of public institutions in which productive labor was performed. No investigation was made of expenditures of those institutions in the United States in which little, if any, productive labor was performed by convicts. Tdhle VII. — C. — Summary of expenditures, for each class, hy States {pp. 560-563). The figures of this table are the same as those shown in the table immediately preceding, rearranged so as to show the total for each State under each of the two classes of institutions. TABLE VIII.— VALUE OF PMSON PROPERTY. Table VIII. — A. — Value of prison property, hy institutions {pp. 564-577). This table was designed to show the amount of money invested in penal and reformatory institutions in which productive labor was performed. The first items considered are the area and value of the land directly owned or controlled by the public institutions, or, in other words, by the State or its civic subdivisions. Next is shown the area and the value of the land owned and controlled by con- tractors and lessees which was used in connection with the work performed by the convicts. The next subject considered is the value of the buildings. First is given separately the value of the nonindustrial and industrial build- ings owned or controlled by the public institutions — that is, those under the management of the State or its civic subdivisions. In the two columns following are given the value of nonindustrial and indus- trial buildings owned or controlled by the contractors and lessees employing convicts which were used for prison purposes. Here it should be repeated that often parts of nonindustrial buildings are used for industrial purposes. The next subject presented in the table is that of the value of machinery and tools, under which heading is given the value of ma- chinery and tools owned or controlled by the institutions, and such appliances owned or controlled by contractors or lessees. The table then gives the total value of all prison property owned or controlled by the institution, and owned or controlled by contractors or lessees. So far as ascertained practically all property classed as owned or controlled by the public institutions is in reality owned outright by these institutions. So far as the purposes of this table are con- cerned it is immaterial whether or not the property controlled by contractors or lessees was owned by them, the only purpose being to show the amount of capital invested in property used for nonindus- 188 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. trial and industrial purposes in the penal and reformatory institu- tions in which productive labor was performed. Table VIII. — B. — Summary of value of prison property, for each State, hy classes (pp. 578-5^85) . This table is a summary of Table VIII.-A, and presents the figures for each of the two classes of institutions in each of the several States. It should be borne in mind that the figures in this table cover only, those institutions in which productive labor was perfonned by the convicts. Table VIII. — 0. — Summary of value of prison property, for each class, hy States (pp. 586-589). The facts shown in this table are the same as those shown in the table just preceding, rearranged so as to give the figures for each State in each of the two classes of institutions. TABLE IX.— COST OF MAINTENANCE. Table IX. — A. — Cost of maintenance per convict, by institutions (pp. 690-599). The figures of this table are derived by computation from figures shown in preceding tables. The total number of convicts in each institution is first given. The column following that giving the aver- age number of convicts shows the average appropriation per convict by the State, county, or city maintaining the institution, less the refund, if any,-made to the State, county, or city during the year. When convicts work under the public works and ways system the product of their labor is generally of a permanent character and con- sists of something that will be of benefit to the State for years to come, the product thus becoming in effect a refund to the State. The next column of the table shows the net cash expenditure per convict for the support of the institutions, less the value of the con- vict labor performed under the public works and ways system in making permanent improvements. A preceding table shows the actual cash expended in the purchase of food and clothing in each of the several institutions. Such figures, however, do not show the actual value of food and clothing consumed, as convicts working under the State-use system provide a large part of the food and clothing used by them. The purpose of the figures given in this table is to show, not the direct cash expenditure per convict for food and clothing, but rather the actual value of food and clothing consumed per convict. The figures give the cash expend- iture for food and clothing, plus the value per convict of food and clothing produced in the institution. The next column shows the cost per convict in each public insti- tution of maintaining the warden, guards, and other employees necessary in conducting the penal side of the institution. The last two columns of the table show the investment per convict in the CHAPTER III. — EXPLANATION OF TABLES. 189 land occupied and in nonindustrial prison buildings — that is, those buildings that are necessary for confining and safeguarding the con- victs. It was not practicable to attempt to divide the value of the land used for nonindustrial and industrial purposes, hence the value of all land occupied is given in this table. A separation would, of course, be desirable, as the purpose of these last two columns is to show the necessary investment per convict for housing. Of the appropriation shown in this table a part in some institu- tions is expended for repairs on buildings and for the enlargement of grounds and buildings. A discussion of the facts presented in this table is given on pages 44-46. To aid in an understanding of the table an example will be cited. Referring to the first page of the table (page 590) it is seen that in the State prison system of Alabama there were 1,860.0 convicts. The State was not required to make an appropriation for the support of this institution. So far from being an expense to the State, the institution was enabled to pay to the State $144.54 per convict. No work was done in this institution under the public works and ways system, hence the same figures are shown in the column following. A part of the food consumed was raised on the land connected with the institution by the labor of the convicts. The value per convict for the year of all food consumed in this institution, both purchased and raised, was $50.84. The value of clothing per convict used in the institution, including what was made in the institution, was SI 9. 64. The average expenditure per convict for the year for non- industrial employees was $32.34. The averages for food and cloth- ing, just quoted, apply only to the convicts directly cared for by the State, and do not cover the convicts that are under lease. The total value per convict of the land used for prison purposes was $776.91. This total includes the land occupied by lessees as well as by the State. The average value of the nonindustrial prison buildings occupied for prison purposes was $83.63 per convict. With this explanation it is believed that the table will be readily understood. Table IX. — B. — Summary of cost of maintenance per convict, for each State, by classes {pp. 600-607). This table combines the figures shown in the preceding table and presents the average cost of maintenance per convict in each of the two classes of institutions in each State. This table, like the one preceding, is cumbered by many notes, which, however, are neces- sary to a correct statement of the facts. Table IX. — C. — Summary of cost of maintenance per convict, for each class, by States (pp. 608-611). The figures given in this table are the same as those shown in the preceding table, rearranged in order to show the figures for each State under each class of institution. CHAPTEE lY. GENERAL TABLES. 191 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABliES. 193 Table I.— INSTITUTIONS, EMPLOYEES, AND CONTRACTORS AND LESSEES. A.— NAME, LOCATIdN, CLASS, AND CONTEOI OF EACH INSTITTTTION, AND NTJM- BEB or EMPLOYEES AND C0NTBACT0B8 AND LESSEES. [For explanation of -this table, see pp. 176, 177.] Average number of employees. State and institution. Location. Class. Con- trol. Con- tract- ors and lessees. .sti- tu- tion No. Non- indus- trial. Indus- trial. Total. ALABAMA. 1 State Prison System ARIZONA. Penal. State. 69.0 13.0 82.0 18 1 Territorial Prison .... Yuma Penal . Ter... 23.0 2.0 25.0 ARKANSAS. 1 Little Rock Penal. State. 62.0 12.0 74.0 2 * CALIFORNIA. 1 Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal. J.Ref. J.Ref. State. State. Co.... Co. and city. City . , State. State. 68.0 69.2 1.0 20.0 7.0 28.8 50.0 5.0 42.9 4.0 . ^■'^ 15.0 9.0 12.0 73.0 112.1 5.0 24.0 22.0 37,8 62.0 2 San Quentin San Bernardino . . San Francisco Los Angeles Waterman Whlttier 3 4 5 6 7 San Bernardino Co. Jail San Francisco Co. Jail No. 2. Los Angeles City Jail Preston School of Industry. Whlttier State School COLORADO. 1 Canyon City Golden Penal . J.Ref. J. Ret. State . State . State. 56.6 15.0 14.0 10.0 15.4 3.0 65.6 30.4 17.0 2 State Industrial School State Reformatory 3 Buena Vista CONNECTICnT. 1 Wethersfield Bridgeport ... Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal . Penal. Penal . J. Ref . State. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State. 46.0 10.0 12.0 4.0 13.0 3.0 46.0 11.0 '""3.0' 3.0 57.0 10.0 12.0 4.0 13.0 6.0 49.0 2 2 4 Middlesex Co Jail Haddam S 6 New Haven Co. Jail Windham Co Jail New Haven 7 Meriden DELAWARE. 1 2 Newcastle Co. Workhouse . . Ferris Industrial School DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Wilmington Marshall ton Penal . J.Ref. Co.... C) 9.0 7.0 11.0 5.0 20.0 12.0 .1 1 Washington Asylum Work- house Reform School Washington Penal. City . . 25.0 6.0 31.0 2 Washington J.Ref. City b. 34.0 6.0 40.0 FLORIDA. State Prison System Duval Co. Convict Camp ... Escambia Co Jail Penal . Penal. Penal . Penal . Penal . Lessee Lessee Co.... Co.... Co.... 300.0 3.0 12.0 8.0 5.0 1.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 300.0 4.0 15.0 12.0 6.0 3 2 3 Jacksonville Pensacola 1 i 5 Live Oak GEORGIA. 1 2 3 State Convict Camp State Convict Camp State Convict Camps (3) Albany Penal. Penal. Penal. Lessee Lessee 10.0 20.0 30.0 1.0 5.0 14.0 11.0 25.0 44.0 1 Chattahoochee . . . Rising Fawn.CoIe City, and Sugar Hill. Durham 1 1 4 State Convict Camp Penal. Lessee 35.0 2.0 37.0 1 o Private, with assistance by county. » , , .. tCity institution, under the management of the United States Department of justice, o Duties performed by convicts under direction of the guards. 9061—06 13 194 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF I,ABOE. Table I — INSTITXTriONS, EMPLOYEES, AND CONTRACTORS AND LESSEES— Continued. A.— NAME, LOCATION, CLASS, AND CONTROL OF EACH INSTITUTION, AND NTIM- BEE OF EMPLOYEES AND CONTEACTOBS AND LESSEES— Continued. State and institution. Location. Class. Con- trol. Average number ol employees. Non- indus- trial. Indus- trial. Total Con- tract- ors and lessees. GEOEGIA— concluded. State Convict Camp State Convict Camp State Convict Camp State Convict Camps (2) State Convict Camp S tate Convict Camp State Convict Camps (2) State Convict Camp State Convict Camp State Convict Farm Baldwin Co. Convict Camp . Bibb Co. Convict Camp Burke Co. Convict Camps(3) Chatham Co. Convict Camps Chatham Co. Convict Farm. Decatur Co. Convict Camp. . Delcalb Co. Convict Camp . . Dougherty Co. Convict Camp. Eady Co. Convict Camp Floyd Co. Convict Camp . ._ Fulton Co. Convict Camp . . Glynn Co. Convict Camp . . . Lowndes Co. Convict Camp. Muscogee Co. Convict Camp, Richmond Co. Convict Gamp Atlanta City Stockade ID.iHO. State Penitentiary ILXINOIS. Southern Penitentiary State Penitentiary Chicago House oi Correction Peoria House of Correction. Quincy House of Correction. State Reformatory INDIANA. Industrial School for Girls and Women's Prison. Reformatory State Prison Marion Co. Workhouse Reform School for Boys IOWA. Penitentiajy Penitentiary State Industrial School for Boys. KANSAS. State Industrial Reform- atory. State Penitentiaiy Boys' Industrial School KENTUCKY. Branch Penitentiary Penitentiary House of Reform Egypt Fargo Heartsease Jakin and Blakely Lela Lookout Mountain Pitts and Worth Savannah Worth State Farm Milledgeville Macon Waynesboro Savannah. Savannah Cyiene, Decatur Albany Bainbridge Rome Atlanta Brunswick Valdosta Columbus Augusta Atlanta Boise City Mienard Joliet Chicago Peoria Quincy Pontiao Indianap(^is Jefferson vulle Michigan City. . . Indlanapohs Plainflefd Anamosa Fort Madison . . . Eldora Hutchinson lyansing, Topeka Eddyville Frankfort GxeendaJe Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal, Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal Penal Penal Penal. Penal Penal. Penal . Penal Penal Penal. Penal Penal Penal. Penal Penal. Fena;i Penal Penal Penal . J. Ret Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. J. Ref Penal. Penal J.Bef. Penal. Penal , J. Rel. Penal. Penal. J.Ed. Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee State. Co.... Co- Co Co. Co.... Co.... Co.... Lessee Co Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co City.. State. State State City. City. City. State State State State Co... State State State State State State State State. State State 9.0 S6.0 ILO 16.0 6.0 10.0 17.0 8.0 9.0 18.0 3.0 16.0 9.0 21.0 7.0 i.O 4.0 4.0 3.0 s.o 35.0 4.0 3.0 341 s.e 12.0 74.0 101.0 66.0 5.0 2.0 104.0 18.0 59.0 34.0 11.0 28.4 62.7 57.8 36.0 33.4 74.4 27.0 30.0 109.0 29.0 2.0 I.O 2.0 5.0 3.0 10.0 6.0 2.0 5.0 1.0 LO 1.0 LO 7.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 68.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 8.0 6.0 11.0 4.0 3.0 9.0 10.8 8.0 20.0 4.0 18.2 8.7 7.1 9.0 11.0 21.2 10.0 4.0 11.0 57.0 13.0 21.0 9.0 20.0 23.0 10.0 14.0 18.0 4.0 17.0 -9.0 25.0 8.0 5.0 11.0 6.0 4.0 6.0 103.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 9.0 20.0 80.0 101.0 67.0 9.0 fl.O 113.0 67.0 54.0 15.0 46.6 71.4 64.9 45.0 95.6 37.0 30.0 109.0 33.0 OHAPTEB IV, -GEWEBAL TABLES. 195 Table I ^INSTITUTIONS, EMPLOYEES, AND CONTRACTORS AND LESSEES— Continued. A.— HAKE, LOCATION, CLASS, AND CONTBOL OF EACH IN8TIT1TTI0N, AND NUM- BEB OE EKPLOTEES AND CONTBACTOBS AND LESSEES— Continued. State and institution. Location. Ciass. Con- trol. Average number of employees. Non- indus- trial. Indus- trial. Con- tract- ors and lessees. LOUISIAKA. state Penitentiary., MAINE. State Prison Androscoggin Co. Jail Cumberland Co. Jail Penobaeot Co. Jail York Co. Jail Industrial School tor Girls. State School for Boys MARYLAND. House of Correction Penitentiary Baltimore City Jail House of Reformation for Colored Boys. House of Refuge Industrial Home for Colored Girls. St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys. MASSACHUSETTS. Reformatory Reformatory Prison for Women. State Farm State Prison ^erlcshire Co. Jail and House of Correction. Bristol Co. Jail and House of Correction. Essex Co.. House of Correc- tion. Essex Co. Jail and House of Correction. Essex Co. Jail and House of Correction. Fra&ldin Co. Jail and House at Correction. Hampden Co. Jail and Bouse of Correction. Hampshire Co. Jail and House ot Correction. Middlesex Co. Jail and House of Correction. Middlesex Co. Jail Norfolk Co. Jail and House ol Correction. Plymouth Co. Jail and House of Correction. Suffolk Co. House of Correc- tion. Worcester Co. Jail and House of Correction. Worcester Co. Jail and House of Correction. UICHIQAN. Reformatory State House of Correction and Branch Prison. State Prison Betroit House of Correction. Industrial School for Boys... Baton Rouge. Thomas ton Auburn Portland Bangor -Alfred Hallowell South Portland . . Jessups Baltimore .. Baltimore... Cheltenham . Baltimore. Baltimore. Baltimore. Concord.. Bherborn. Bridgewater., CharTestown. Pittsfleld New Bedford.. Ipswich Lawrence Salem Greenfield Springfield Northampton. Cambridge Lowell... Dedham . Plymouth. . . Deer Island . Fltchburg. . . Worcester... Ionia Marquette. Jackson Detroit Lansing o State, and city of Baltimore, Penal Penal. Penal. Penal Penal. Penal J.Ref J.Ref Penal Penal Penal J.Ref J.Ref J.Ref J.HeJ Penal . Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal . Penal. Penal . Penal . Penal . Penal . Penal. Penal . Penal . Penal . Penal . Penal . Penal . Penal . J.Ref. State. State Co... Co... Co... Co... State State State State City. C) C) C) W State State Sta'te State Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... State State State City . State 17L0 19.0 5.0 9.0 '4.0 5.0 8.J IS.O 25.0 63.0 31..0 23.0 30.0 5.0 103.0 37.0 100.0 68.0 11.0 20.0 7.0 12.0 9.0 5.0 11.0 4.0 48.0 12.0 9.0 6.0 135:0 7.0 11.0 40.5 27.0 54.0 20.0 S6.0 40.0 7.0 3.0 3.0 9.0 3.0 1.0 23.0 16.0 2.0 22.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 S.O 1.0 2.0 1.0 7.0 1.0 3.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 18.0 4.0 211.0 26.0 6.0 12.0 4.0 6.0 11.0 27.0 26.0 53.0 31.0 28.0 33.0 6.0 44.0 126.0 53.0 102.0 90.0 12.0 24.0 8.0 13.0 9.0 7.0 14.0 5.0 56.0 13.0 11.0 7.0 142.0 8.0 14.0 42.0 2 28.0 1 •■ifi.O 6 47.0 60.0 196 BEPORT OF THE C0MMI8&I0NER OF LABOR. Table I — INSTITUTIONS, EMPliOYEES, AND CONTRACTOKS AND LESSEES— Continued. A.— NAME, LOCATION, CLASS, AND CONTROL OF EACH INSTITUTION, AND NUM- BEB OF EMPLOYEES AND CONTEACTOES AND LESSEES— Continued. State and institution. Location. ClasB. Con- trol. Average number of employees. Non- indus- trial. Indus- trial. Total. Con- tract- ors and MINNESOTA. State Prison State Reformatory St.Paul Workhouse State Training School. MISSISSIPPI. State Prison System* . State Penitentiary St. Louis City Workhouse. St. Louis House of Refuge. Training School for Boys. . MONTANA. State Reform School NEBKASEA. state Penitentiary State Industrial School for Boys. NEVADA. State Prison NEW HAMPSHISE. State Prison Hlllsboro Co. Almshouse and House of Correction. Hillsboro Co. Jail 3£ancheBter City Farm and House of Correction. Industrial School NEW JERSEY. Reformatory State Prison Essex Co. Penitentiary Hudson Co. Penitentiary. . . Mercer Co. Workhouse State Home for Boys State Home for Girls NEW MEXICO. Penitentiary NEW YORK. Auburn Prison Clinton Prison Eastern New York Reform- atory. House of Refuge for Women. Sing Sing Prison State RMormatory State Reformatory for Wo- men. Erie Co . Penitentiary Monroe Co. Penitentiary . . . Onondaga Co. Penitentiary. Kings Co . Penitentiary New York Co, Penitentiary.! Stillwater, St. Cloud. St. Paul.. Red Wing 19 camps.. Jefferson City St. Louis St. Louis Boonville Miles City Lancaster Kearney Carson City Concord Grasmere. . . Manchester. Manchester. Manchester. Rahway Trenton Caldwell.... Secaucus... Titusville... Jamesburg. Trenton Santa Fe... Auburn Dannemora Napanoch.. Hudson Osslning Elmira . .,. . . Bedford Buffalo Rochester. . JamesTille.. Brooklyn... New York. . Penal. Penal. Penal. J.Ref. Penal. Penal . Penal J.Ref J.Ref Penal J.Ref Penal Penal Penal Penal J.Ref Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. J.Ref. J.Ref Penal i'enal. Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. State State . aty. State State State City. City. State State State. State. State . State Co... Co... City. State State State Co... Co... Co... State State State State State State State State State Co... Co.... Co.... City.. City.. 50.3 35.8 12.3 37.3 117.0 36.0 34.0 17.0 10.0 33.1 21.0 20.0 21.0 10.0 7.0 2.0 7.0 22.0 68.0 16.0 17.0 8.0 49.0 12.0 18.0 95.0 86.0 29.0 64.0 66.0 101.0 37.0 35.0 13.0 28.0 45.0 66.0 7.0 6.2 14.7 13.0 13.0 4.3 2.0 7.2 2.0 4.0 10.0 17.0 20.0 7.0 11.0 11.0 8.0 9.0 24.0 12.0 2.0 2.0 20.0 28.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 8.0 67.3 42.0 12.3 52.0 120.0 36.0 47.0 30.0 35.1 28.2 21.0 10.0 7.0 6.0 17.0 39.0 88.0 23.0 28.0 19.0 ■«7.0 21.0 29.3 119.0 98.0 31.0 56.0 86.0 129.0 40.0 36.0 15.0 32.0 47.0 74.0 CHAPTER IV.— ^GENEBAL TABLES. 197 Table I.— INSTITUTIONS, EaiPLOYEES, AND CONTRACTORS AND LESSEES— Continued. A.— NAME, LOCATIOW, CLASS, AND CONTROL OF EACH INSTITUTION, AND NUM- BER OE EMFLOTEES AND CONTBACTOBS AND LESSEES— Continued. In- sti- State and institution. Location. Class. Con- trol. Average number ol employees. Con- tract- ors and lessees. tu- tioh No. Non- indus- trial. [ndus- trial. Total. NEW TOEK— concluded. 13 14 Workhouse, Black wells Island, and Branch Work- houses, Harts and Eikers Islands. State Industrial School NORTH CAEOLINA. New York Rochester Penal. J.Rel. City . . State. 87.0 111.0 21.0 « 19.0 108.0 130.0 1 State Prison Raleigh Penal . Penal. Penal. State . Co.... Co.... 148.0 3.0 5.0 7.0. 5.3 1.0 165.0 8.3 6.0 7 2 Alamance Co . Convict Camp Anson Co. (WadesboroTp.) Convict Camp. Graham 3 Wadesboro 4 Asheville Penal . Co 7.0 2.0 9.0 Camp. Cabarrus Co . Convict Camp . Columbus Co. Convict Camp Durham Co. Convict Camp. Edgecombe Co. Convict Camp. Forsyth Co. Convict Camp. Franklin Co. and Loulsburg Tp.JaU. Gaston Co. Convict Camp . . Graaivllle Co. Convict Camp. Penal . Penal . Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... 3.5 3.0 6.1 6.8 10.0 6.0 2.0 1.2 8.3 3.0 13.0 2.0 6.6 4.2 14.4 «.8 23.0 8.0 6 7 Whiteville Durham . - 9 10 Winston Salem... Louisburg 11 Dallas Penal . Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Co.... Co.;.. Co.... Co...- Co.... Co.... 3.6 2/4 3.0 10.0 3.0 3.3 2.2 1.0 1.0 2.0 17.0 6.8 3.4 ■4.0 12.0 20.0 3.3 13 Oxford . 1 13 Snow Hill Greensboro and GuiUord College. Waynesville Hendersonville . . . 14 16 16 GuiUord Co. Convict Camps (2). Haywood Co . Convict Camp. Henderson Co. Convict Camp. IredeU Co. Convict Camp . . . Lenoir Co. Convict Camp . . . Mecklenburg Co. Convict Canjp. New 1Ta,nover Co. Convict . Camp. Person Co. Convict Camp . . . Randolph Co . Conviet Camp Bobeson Co. Convict Camp. EooWugham Co. Coihvict Camp. Eowan Co. Convict Camp. . Swain Cow Jail 17 IS Statesville Kinston Penal . Penal. Penal. Co.... Co.... Co.... 3.8 5.0 U.O 1.1 1.0 2.3 4.9 6.0 13.3 20 Wilmington Penal. Co.... 6.0 4.0 10.0 21 22 23 24 Penal . Penal. Penal . Penal. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... 3.0 6.0 3.0 4.0 . 3.8 .6 "i'.'i 6.8 6.6 3.0 7.4 Lumberton Reidsvllle 25 26 Salisbury Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal . Penal . Penal. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Tp... 6.7 2.0 15.0 3.0 7.0 4.5 1.1 ■"i'o" ■"i.'o" - 6.8 2.0 17.0 3.0 7.0 6.6 Bryson City Raleigh 27 28 29 30 Wake Co. Workhouse Camp. Wayne Co. Convict Camp. . Wilson Co. Convict Camp. . Monroe Tp. (Union Co.) Convict Camp. GoldslDoro Wilson J NORTH DAKOTA. Penal . State. 24.5 6.3 29.8 OHIO. Columbus Mansfield Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. State . State . Co.... Co.and city. Co.and city. City . . City . . 110.0 49.0 9.0 3.0 12.0 12.0 122.0 61.0 9.0 3.0 7 2 3 4 2 stark Co. Workhouse Xenia City Workhouse Cani>on 1 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 ZanesvUle City and Co. Workhouse. Cincinnati CTity Workhouse. Cleveland House ol Correc- tion. Columbus Workhouse Dayton City Workhouse. . . Toledo Workhouse Zanesvilie Cincinnati Penal . Penal. Penal . 4.0 33.0 27.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 6.0 37.0 35.0 2 Columbus Penal. Penal. Penal. City . . City . . City . . 14.0 8.0 12.0 ■"3.'6' 14.0 8.0 16.0 2 1 Toledo 198 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. Table I — INSTITUTIONS, EMPLOYEES, AND CONTRACTORS AND LESSEES— Continued. A.— NAME, LOCATION, CLASS, AND CONTBOL OF EACH INSTITUTION, AND NUM- BER OF EMPLOYEES AND C0NTBACT0S8 AND LESSEES— Continued. In- sti- State and institution. Location. Class. Con- trol. Average number of employees. Con- tract- ors and lessees. tu- tlon No. Non- indus- trial. Indus- trial. Total. 1 OKEGON. Penal. Penal. J.Rel. Penal. Penal. Penal. Pflnal . Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. J.Ref. J.Rrf. Penal. Penal. J.Ref. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. State . Co.... State. State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... City{i) State . State. State . State . State . State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... 29.0 2.1 10.0 70.0 83.0 55.0 17.0 6.0 6.0 15.0 8.0 9.0 6.0 39.0 9.0 89.0 77.0 29.0 30.0 34.0 34.0 44.0 S.O 4.0 \ 4.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 2.7 3.0 8.0 "'s.'o' 3.0 2.0 ""i.'s' 1.0 ■"i."o" ■"'iro' 11. a 10.0 2.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 "i.o' 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 "To' 1:0 31.7 S.l 18.0 70.0 91.0 58.0 19.0 6.0 6.0 16.5 9.0 9.0 7.0 39.0 10.0 100.0 87.0 31.0 30.0 34.0 38.0 47.0 €.0 6.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 10.0 3.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 6.5 4.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 2.0 1 2 Multnomali Co. Jail State Reform School PEOTISTLVAKIA. Eastern State Penitentiary. Western Penitentiaiy AHegheny Co. Workhouse. . Portland 3 Salem 1 2 3 4 Philadelphia Allegheny ClaTemont -(a)" 5 Chester Co. Prison WestCEester Media 6 Belawase Co. Prison Lancaster Co. Prison Lehigh Co. Prison . 7 g Lancaster AUentown 9 Norfliampton Co. Prison. . . Northumberland Co. Prison. Philadelphia Co. Prison Sohuylkul Co. Prison FhUadelpMa Co. House of Oorremon. House of Refuge, Boys' De- partment. House of Refuge, Girls' De- partment. RHODE ISLAND. State Prison and Provi- dence Co. Jail. State Work house and House ol Correction. Sookanosset School for Boys SOUTH CAROLINA. Penitentiary 10 f^nnhiT^y, 11 12 13 14 15 1 Holmesburg Pottsville Holmesburg Glen Mills Philadelphia 2 2 3 1 Columbia 1 2 3 State Convict Camp Abbeville Co. Convict Camp. Aiken Co. Convict Camp.. . . Anderson Co. Convict Camp. Bamberg Co. Convict Camp. Barnwell Co. Convict Camp. Beaufort Co. Convict Camp. Berkeley Co. Convict Camp . Charieston Co. Convict Camp. Cherokee Co. Convict Camp. Chester Co. Convict Camp . . Chesterfield Co. Convict Camp. Clarendon Co. Convict Camp. Colleton Co. Convict Camp . Darlington Co. Convict Camp. Edgefield Co. Convict Camp . Fairfield Co. Convict Camp . Florence Co. Convict Camp . Georgetown? Co. Convict Camp. Greenville Co. Convict Camp Greenwood Co. Convict Camp. Hampton Co; Convict Camp. Horiy Co. Convict Gamp . . . Kershaw Co. Convict Camn. Clemson College . . Abbeville 4 Aiken 5 Anderson. . 6 7 Barnwell 8 Beaufort 9 10 11 Monks Corner Charleston GafCney... 12 Chester 13 14 Chesterfield 15 16 17 Walterboro Darlington Edgefield... 18 19 Winnsboro 20 21 22 23 24 Georgetown Greenville Greenwood Hampton Conway . . 25 26 I^aurens Co. Convict Camp'. . T.flji]Tnnci 27 Lee Co . Convict Camp Bishop ville "Farmers, number not reported. <> Philadelphia. CtfAPTEB IV. GENEEAI, TABLES. 199 Table I.— INSTITUTIONS, EMPLOYEES, AND CONTRACTORS AND LESSEES— Continued. A.— NAME, LOCATIOH, CLASS, AND CONTBOL 07 EACH INSTITUTION, AND NTJM- B£B 01' EUFLOTEES AND CONTBACTOBS AND L£S8££S— Continued. State and institatloii. Location. Class. Con- trol. Average number of employees. Non- indus- trial. Indus- trial. Total. Con- tract- ors and SOUTH CAROLINA — OOno'd. Lexington Co. Convict Camp. Marion Co. Convict Camp . . Kewberry Co. Convict Camp Orangeburg Co. Convict Camp. Pickens Co. Convict Camp. . Ricbland Co. Convict Camp. Saluda Co. Convict Camp. . . Spartanburg Co. Convict Camp. Sumter Co. Convict Camp . . Union Co. Convict Camp . . . Williamsburg Co. Convict Camp. York Co. Convict Camp Cbarleston City Jail Columbia City Jail SOUTH DAKOTA. Penitentiary Eeform Bcbool TENNESSEE. Brancb. Prison State Prison TEXAS. State Penitentiaries Bexar Co. Jail Ballas Co. Jail Fannin Co. Jail Harris Co. Jail Hunt Co. Jail Jefferson Co. Jail Jobnson Co. Jail Lamar Co. Jail McLennan Co. Jail Tarrant Co. Jail Walker Co. Jail House of Correction and Ee- lonnatory. UTAH. State Prison State Industrial School. House ol Correction. State Prison Industrial School VIRGINIA. Penitentiary WASHIHQTON. state Prison Seattle City Jail State Beform School. . Lexington... Marion Newberry... Orangeburg. Flckens Cotombla Saluda Spartanburg Sumter Union Klngstree... York Charleston.. Columbia Sioux Falla.. PlanMnton.. Petros Nashville (») San Antonio. DaJlas Bonham Houston Greenville... Beaumont... Cleburne Paris Waco Fort Worth. Huntsville. . . Gatesville... Salt Lake City.. Ogden Rutland... Windsor. . . Yergennes. Richmond. Walla Walla . Seattle Chehalis Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. J.Ref. Penal. Penal Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. J.Ref. Penal . J. Ref . Penal. Penal. J.Ref, Penal. Penal. Penal. J. Ref. Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... City. aty. State State - State. State State Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... State State . State State State State State State City. State 1.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 6.0 2.0 9.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 6.0 2.0 19.0 11.0 42.0 43.0 627.6 6.0 18.4 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 4.0 8.0 15.0 2.0 12.0 24.0 10.0 9.0 19.0 20.0 78.0 33.4 5.0 9.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 5.0 26.0 5.0 34 8 5.5 4.0 2.0 5.0 1.0 3.0 1.5 3.0 3.0 6.6 11.0 2.0 4.0 13.6 2.0 10.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 8.0 2.0 12.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 7.0 3.0 26.0 16.0 68.0 43.0 562.4 11.5 22.4 6.0 8.0 4.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 11.0 20.6 2.0 23.0 26.0 14.0 13.0 19.0 22.0 78.0 47.0 7.0 19.0 a Huntsville and Rusk, also 4 farms and 33 camps. 200 REPOKT OF THE 00MMI8SI0NEK OF LABOR. Table I — INSTITUTIONS, EMPLOYEES, AND CONTRACTORS AND LESSEES— » Continued. A.— NAME, lOOATIOH, CLASS, AND CONTEOL OF EACH INSTITTTTION, AND NTJM- BES OF EMPLOYEES AND CONTBACTOKS AND LESSEES-^oncluded. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and institution. WEST VIKGINIA. Penitentiary... Retonn School . ■WISCONSIN. State Penitentiary State Reformatory Industrial School for Boys. State Penitentiary VNITED STATES PRISONS. Penitentiary. Penitentiary. LocaUon. Moundsvllle.. Pruntytown. Waupun Green Bay. Waukesha.. Rawlins. Atlanta, Ga Fort Leaven- worth, Kans. Class. Penal . J. Ret, Penal. Penal. J.Ref Penal. Penal. Conr trol. State State State . State . State Lessee U. S , U.S., Average number of employees. Non- indus- trial. 48.4 28.0 38.6 14 8 42.2 410 77.3 Indus trial. 2.0 9.0 4.4 9.2 10.8 10.0 19.0 Total 50.4 37.0 43.0 24.0 63.0 18.0 54.0 96.3 Con- tract- ors and B.— SUMMARY OF EMPLOYEES AND CONTRACTOES AND LESSEES, FOR EACH STATE, BY CLASSES. [For explanation of this table, see pp. 177, 178.] State and class. Penal. Penal . Penal. ARKANSAS. CALIFORNIA. Penal Juvenile Reformatory Total. COLORADO. Penal Juvenile Reformatory Total. CONNECTICUT. Penal Juvenile Reformatory Total. DELAWARE. Penal '.. Juvenile Reformatory Total. Institu- tions. Average number of employees. Contract- ors and lessees. Nonin- dustrial. Indus- trial. Total. "1 1 1 5 2 69.0 23.0 62.0 165.2 78.8 13.0 2.0 12.0 70.9 21.0 82.0 25.0 740 236.1 99.8 18 2 7 244 91.9 335.9 1 2 55.6 29.0 10.0 18.4 65.6 47.4 3 84 6 28.4 113.0 6 1 88.0 46.0 14 3.0 102.0 49.0 7 1 7 1340 17.0 151.0 a 1 1 9.0 7.0 11.0 5.0 20.0 12.0 1 2 16.0 16.0 32.0 1 ° Representing 18 camps. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 201 Table 1.— INSTITUTIONS, EMPLOYEES, AND CONTRACTORS AND LESSEES— Continued. B.— SUKMABY OF EHFLOYEES AND COKTBACTOBB ARS LESSEES, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued. State and class. Institu- tions. Average number of employees. Contract- ors and lessees. Nonin- dustiial. Indus- trial. Total. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1 1 25.0 34.0 6.0 6.0 31.0 40.0 Juvenile Reformatory . Total . . 2 69.0 12.0 71.0 FLOKIDA. Penal 05 630 1 ■ 6 1 328.0 396.0 17.0 238.0 104.0 9.0 155.0 4.0 24.0 9.0 «37.0 651.0 21.0 262.0 113.0 4 GEORGIA. 15 IDAHO. "Penal ILLINOIS. Penal 12 4 Total. 6 342.0 33.0 375.0 16 INDIANA. Penal "- 4 1 122.0 28.4 42.8 18.2 164.8 46.6 11 Total 5 160.4 ■ 61.0 211.4 11 IOWA. Penal 2 1 120.5 36.0 15.8 9.0 136.3 45.0 4 Total 3 156.5 24.8 181.3 i KANSAS. Penal 2 1 107.8 27.0 32.2 10.0 140.0 37.0 1 3 134.8 42.2 177.0 . 1 KENTUCKY. 2 1 139.6 29.0 139.0 33.0 8 Juvenile Reformatory 4.0 1 3 168.0 4.0 172.0 9 LOUISIANA. Penal 1 6 2 171.0 42.0 26.0 40.0 10.0 12.0 211.0 52.0 38.0 MAINE. 5 1 Total . 7 68.0 22.0 90.0 6 MARYLAND. Penal 3 4 109.0 86.0 1.0 26.0 110.0 111.0 10 5 Total 7 194.0 27.0 221.0 16 MASSACHUSETTS. 19 6Eive 615.0 99.0 714.0 nted 13 cai 10 a One institution represented 33 camps. institutions represe nps. 202 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIOTSTBR OF LABOR. Table I.— INSTITUTIONS, EMPLOYEES, AND CiONTRACTORS AND LESSEES— Continued. B.— SUMMARY or EMPLOYEES AHD COKTBACTOBS AHD LESSEES, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued. State and class. Institu- tions. Average numter of employees. Contract- ors and lessees.- Nonin- dustrial. Indus- trial. Total. MICHIGAN. Penal 4 1 150.6 56.0 22.5 4.0 173.0 60.0 9 -TnvftTiilfl Rftfnmifl.t.nry Total... . 5 206.5 26.5 233.0 9 MINNESOTA. Penal • 3 1 98.4 ,37.3 13.2 14.7 111.6 52.0 1 Total. . . 4 135.7 27.9 163.6 1 MISSISSIPPI. Penal ol 2 2 89.2 153.0 51.0 38.6 3.0 26.0 127.8 156.0 77.0 1 MISSOUEI. Penal... 8 Total 4 204.0 29.0 233.0 8 MONTANA. 1 1 1 10.0 33.1 21.0 4.3 2.0 7.2 14.3 35.1 28.2 NEBRASKA. 1 Total 2 54.1 9.2 63.3 1 NEVADA. Penal 1 4 1 20.0 40.0 7,0 2.0 4.0 10.0 22.0 44.0 17.0 NEW HAMPSHIKE. Penal 2 Juvenile Reformatory. 1 S 47.0 14.0 61.0 3 NEW JERSEY. Penal . 5 2 131.0 61.0 66.0 17.0 197.0 78.0 8 Total 7 192.0 83.0 275.0 8 NEW MEXICO. 1 13 1 18.0 742.0 111.0 11.3 129.0 19.0 29.3 871.0 130.0 NEW YOEK. Penal Total. . 14 S53.0 148.0 1,001.0 NOETH CAEOLINA. 6 30 1 10 301.7 24.5 269.0 88.3 5.3 41.0 390.0 29.8 310.0 8 NOETH DAKOTA. Penal 16 o Representing 19 camps. & One institution represented 2 camps. CHAPTER IV. GEHERAL TABLES, 203 Table I.— INSTITUTIONS, EMPLOYEES, AND CONTRACTORS AND LESSEES— Continued. B.— S1TKHASY or EKFLOYEES AND CONTBACTOBS AND LESSEES, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued. State and class. Institu- tions. Average number of employees. Contract- ors and lessees. Nonln- dustrial. Indus- trial. Total. OREGON. Penal 2 1 31.1 10.0 5.7 8.0 36.8 18.0 Total 3 41.1 13.7 54.8 1 PENNSYLVANIA. Penal 13 2 412.0 106.0 28.5 12.0 440.5 118.0 Juvenile Reformatory Total IS 518.0 40.5 568.5 BHODE ISLAND. Penal 2 1 64.0 34.0 64.0 38.0 2 4.0 Total 3 98.0 4.0 102.0 2 SOOTH CAROLINA. Penal a 1 1 146.0 19.0 11.0 SO. 5 7.0 5.0 196.5 26.0 16.0 1 SODTH DAKOTA. Penal 2 30.0 12.0 42.0 TENNESSEE. Penal 2 ol2 1 85.0 699.5 12.0 31.0 08.4 11.0 116.0 667.9 23.0 6 Penal 34 Juvenile Reformatory... ... ... . Total oI3 611.5 79.4 690.9 34 UTAH. Penal 1 1 24.0 10.0 2.0 4.0 26.0 14.0 .Tnvfinilft "RBfnrmAtnry . Total 2 34.0 6.0 40.0 Penal ? 28.0 20.0 4.0 2.0 32.0 22.0 1 1 Total 3 48.0 6.0 54.0 2 VmGINIA. 1 2 1 78.0 38.4 9.0 78.0 34. 19.0 i •WASHINQTON. Penal 15.6 10.0 .TnvATiiio "R.fifnrmj^tnry Total J 3 47.4 25.6 73.0 ■WEST yiBQINIA. Penal 1 1 48.4 28.0 2.0 9.0 50.4 37.0 4 Total 2 76.4 11.0 • 87.4 4 o One institution represented 2 prisons, 4 farms, and 33 camps. 204 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Table I.— INSTITUTIONS, EMPLOYEES, AND CONTRACTORS AND LESSEES— Continued. B.— SUMMARY OF EMPLOYEES AND CONTBAOTOBS AHD LESSEES, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Concluded. State and class. Institu- tions. Average number ol employees. Contract- ors and lessees. Nonin- dus trial. Indus- trial. Total. "vnscoNsm. Penal ......... . 2 1 ■ 53.4 42.2 13.6 10.8 67.0 53.0 2 Juvenile Reformatory . Total 3 95.6 24.4 120.0 2 ■WYOMING. Penal 1 2 257 39 14.0 121.3 6,734.6 1, 166. 7 4.0 29.0 1,259.2 319.6 18.0 150.3 7,993.8 1,486.3 1 UNITED STATES PRISONS. ALL STATES. 218 iTnvenile Heformflrtory.. . ., . , 14 o296 7,901.3 1,678.8 9,480.1 232 C— STTMMABY OF EMPLOYEES AND CONTBACTOBS AND LESSEES, FOB EACH CLASS, BY STATES. [For explanation of this table, see p. 178.] Class and State. Institu- tions. Average number of employees. Contract- ors and lessees. Nonin- dustrial. Indus- trial. Total. PENAL. H 1 1 5 1 6 1 1 cS ii of tihis ibalsle^ see p. ITS.] State arad institutiOQ. lionation. Clas9. Con- trol. Average number o£ convicts. Employed in pro- ductive labor. AiLlBAMA. state pcison flyBtem ARIZONA. TerritflfTial P.rison — jlSKANSAS. state Tienitentiary CAlIiFORNIA. .state Prison State Prison San Bernardino Co. Jail San Trandsoo Co. Jail iNo. 2 IjOs' Angeles Ctty Jail - . PrestOD School sti Industry, WhitlSer Sta*B Scliool CDU3EAD0. State Benitentiia.ry State Industrial School State EetormsJtoiy COHHSECTICWT. State Prison - raiifieldCo. JaiJ Hartlord Co. Jafl- Middlesex Co. Jail — New Haven Ca. Jail Wimdham Co. Jaiil School for BoyB_„ „ BELAWABi:. Newcastle Co. Wflrkhoaee Terris IndustjM School 18 camps, Yunm LittlB Rock. Folsrnn Ban Quentin San Bernardino Ban Francisco.. Los Angeles Waterman Whittier CanyioiiCiry Golden Buena VSsta.... WethBrafield. Bridgeport.. Hartlbxd Pladd^m New Haven., BrooBdyn Meriflfin. . laSTEIGT OF COLiraiBIA. W^adungton Asylum Workhouse Reform Schot^ FLOKIBA. State Prison System Duval Co. Comrict Camp . Escamasia'Co. Jail HiMsbiOro Co. J*H Suwianee Co. JaiL,- GEOBGIA. State Conviot •Oa;mp State Convict Camp State Convict Camps (3). State Convict Camp State Conviot Camp State Conviot Camp State Conviot Camp State Convict Camps (2). State Convict Camp Wilmington. Marsballton . Washington. Washington. ji3 camps JaclcsoaviUe. PensacoJa.... T«mpa, Live ©Ak AShemy Chattahoochee . . . Rising Fawn, Cole City, and Sugar Hill. Durham Egypt Fargo Heartsease. Jakin and Blakely Lela Penal. Penai. ■penai. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. J.Bel. J-RbL: Pfinal.. J.JEtef. J-JEbL Penal. Penal., Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal., J. Eei. Penal. J.R£f. Penal. J. Eel. Penal P£nal Penal.. Penal Penal. P««ia!J Penal Penal Penal Penal Penal Penal Penal . Penal State 1,S83.7 State . State. Co.... Co.and c5ty. ■ City__ State .. State.. State Siate. State. State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co... .State Co... ■C-J City City<*), Lessee Lessee Co Co.... Co Ijessee Lessee Lessee Lessee 993.8 980.4 21.4 27.0. ^.3 33.0 48. S 275.4 49.4 47.9 279.0 47.0 78.0 a.0 105. 25.« 214.0 153.8, 45.0 115.0 1S6.0 931.7 19.5 36.0 .14.0 S6.0 182.0 212.0 401.0 46.0 326.0 52.0 93.0 49.0 46.5 1,550.2 12.0 iLS.0 a Private, with assistance by county. CHAPTER IV.— GENERAL TABLES. Table II — NUMBER AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONVICTS. A.— HTJMBEE AHD EMPLOYMENT, BY INSTITUTIONS. [For explanatioa of this table. Bee p. 178.] 207 Average number of convicts. Insti- tu- tion No. Employed in prison duties. Sick. Idle. Aggregate. From other .States From U.S. courts Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. 1«1.0 115.5 93.0 274.2 371.0 5.0 75.0 27.0 81.5 173.4 255.1 162.6 62.2 70.0 16.0 31. 3.0 16.0 11.0 103.0 11.3 25.0 39.0 115.0 60.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 1.0 3.0 10.0 14.0 17.0 3.0 19.0 4.0 6.0 4.0 23.0 3.0 "22.' 6 "29.' 5 16.3 14.0 15.0 38.0 "is.o 3.0 62.0 30.0 "i.o .5 1.0 184.0 113.5 96.0 274.2 393.0 5.0 75.0 27.0 81.5 202.9 271.4 152.6 62.2 84.0 30.0 69.0 3.0 30.0 14.0 103.0 11.3 25.0 101.0 11S;« 90.0 3.0 5.0 4.6 2.0 3.0 10.0 14.0 17.0 8.0 19.0 4.0 6.0 4.0 39.1 16.0 45.0 9.4 19.0 1.0 10.0 6.0 .4 4.7 11.1 5.0 1.2 4.0 3.0 8.0 16.7 1.0 ""2.'4 66.8 16.0 -46.0 9.4 19.0 1.0 10.0 6.0 .4 7.1 11.1 S.O 1.2 4.0 3.0 8.0 06.0 36.0 4.0 2.0 70.0 38.0 1,769.8 278.5 729.0 794.0 1,457.0 61.8 163.0 150.0 114.9 229.1 820.8 207.0 115.9 437.0 108.0 171.0 17.0 186.0 67.0 410.0 176.0 76.4 245. 275.0 1,023.0 22.8 71.0 48.0 22.0 80.0 198.0 239.0 430.0 60.0 350.0 57.0 100.0 SO.0 90.2 2.0 30.0 "22.0 .7 26.4 "38.'7 16.3 26.0 15.0 38.0 "is.o 3.0 18.0 78.0 33.0 "8.3 .5 1.0 1,860.0 280.5 759.0 794.0 1,479.0 52. S 163.0 176 4 114.9 287.8 637.1 207.0 115.9 463.0 123.0 209.0 17.0 201.0 70,0 410.0 194.0 •70.4 323.0 275.0 1,056.0 22.8 79.3 48.5 23.0 60. 198.0 239.0 430.U SO.0 360.0 67.0 100.0 60. 1 14 1 1 10.6 86.0 24.4 Sl.O 70.7 """.'7 26.4 16.0 86. ti 25.1 61.0 103.1 4.2 59.0 1 2 3 1.0 4 5 6 2.5 79.2 2.5 79.2 7 ""4.'3 3.6 3.1 1 2 4.6 84.0 43.0 54.0 6.0 60.0 31.0 93.0 8.2 6.4 86.0 8.0 4.6 84.0 43.0 54.0 6.0 60.0 31.0 93.0 8.2 6.4 94.0 3 8.0 8.0 1.0 2.0 1 2 3 4 6.0 S.0 11.0 6 6 7 2.6 2.6 8.0 1 2 5.0 4.0 31.3 .3 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 13.0 12.0 1.0 S.O 1.0 LO l.'W 3.0 3.0 :::::: 8.0 4.0 34.3 .3 1.3 2.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 13.0 12.0 1.0 5.0 1.0 \i 1 122.0 2 1 2 32.5 fi.O 6.0 7.0 39.6 6.0 6.0 5.S .5 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 bCity institution, under the management of the United States Department ot Justice. 208 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF I/ABOB. Table II — NUMBEE AND EiffLOYMENT OP CONVICTS— Continued. A.— NUMBER AHD EMPLOYMENT, BY INSTITUXIONS— Continued. State and institution. Location. Class. Con- trol. Average number ■ ol convicts. Employed in pro- ductive labor. Male- m^e. T 1,037.3 convicts from various States. 220 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Table II.— NUMBER AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONVICTS— Continued. B.— SVMHABT OF NUIUBEB AND DMFLOYMENT, FOB £ACH STATE, BY CLASSES. [For explanation ol this table, see p. 178vJ State and class. 1 Insti- tu- tions, - Average number ot convicts. 1 Mar- ginal num- Employed in produc- tive labor. Employed in prison duties. ber. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. 1. ALABAMA. Penal ol 1 1 a 2 1,503.7 111.0 591. 1,562.9 81.5 46.5 26.0 "■'as' 1,550.2 111.0 617.0 1,562.9 88.3 161.0 115.5 93.0 752.2 254.9 23.0 3.0 22.0 29.5 184.0 115.5 96.0 774.2 284.4 2 ABIZONA. 3 AEKANSAS. Penal .*.... 4 CALIFORNIA. S Total 7 1,644.4 6.8 1,651.2 1,007.1 61.5 1,058.6 COLOEADO. 6 1 2 275.4 97.3 275.4 97.3 • 255.1 214.8 16.3 271.4 214.8 7 Total 3 372.7 372.7 469.9 16.3 486.2 CONNECTICUT. Penal 8 6 1 542.0 214.0 12.0 554.0 214.0 145.0 103.0 85.0 230.0 103.0 9 Total 7 756.0 12.0 768.0 248.0 86.0 333.0 10 1 1 153.9 45.0 18.0 171.9 45.0 11.3 25.0 11.3 25.0 11 Juvenile Refonnatory. Total 2 198.9 18.0 216.9 36.3 36.3 12 1 1 115.0 156.0 5.0 120.0 156.0 39.0 115.0 62.0 101.0 115.0 13 Juvenile Kefonnatory Total 2 271.0 S.O 276.0 154.0 62.0 216.0 Penal 14 65 c30 1 5 1 1,034.7 3,095.0 28.0 2,038.4 363.5 130.5 49.0 1,034.7 3,225.5 28.0 2,087.4 363.5 72.0 164.5 40.0 1,003.8 346.2 32.5 76.0 1.6 64.4 104.6 240.5 41.6 1,068.2 346.2 15 GEOEGIA. Penal 16 Penal 17 , TT.T.TNOIS. 18 Total 6 2,401.9 49.0 2,450.9 1,360.0 64.4 1,414.4 INDIANA. Penal ■ 4 1 1,126.4 192.7 45.1 1,171.5 192.7 626.5 166.7 124.5 651.0 166.7 20 .Tnvfnile KpfofrnatnTy. . . Total 6 1,319.1 46.1 1,364.2 693.2 124.5 817.7 " Representing 18 camps. i One Institution represented 33 camps. CHAPTER IV. QENEBAL TABLES. 221 Table II — ^NUMBER AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONVICTS— Continued. B.— SUMMAEY or NTJMBEE AHD EMPLOYMENT, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES. [For explanation of tMs table see p. 178.J Average number of oonvlctB. Sick. Idle. Aggregate. From other States. From United States courts. Mar- ginal num- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. ber. 39.1 16.0 45.0 45.4 6.1 16.7 1.0 ■■■ii' 55.8 16.0 46.0 45.4 7.5 66.0 36.0 40 2.0 70.0 38.0 1,769.8 278.6 729.0 2,615.8 344 90.2 2.0 30.0 49.1 38.7 1,860.0 280.6 769.0 2j6649 382.7 1 14 2 3 256.3 2.5 27.1 282.4 2.6 64 2 4 6 50.5 2.4 52.9 267.8 27.1 2849 2,959.8 87.8 3,047.6 64 2 11.1 6.2 11.1 6.2 79.2 46 79.2 46 620.8 322.9 16.3 637.1 322.9 "■■43" 3.6 3.1 6 7 17.3 17.3 83.8 83.8 943.7 16.3 960.0 43 6.7 21.0 21.0 278.0 93.0 278.0 93.0 986.0 410.0 97.0 1,083.0 410.0 8.0 22.0 8 9 21.0 21.0 371.0 371.0 1,396.0 97.0 1, 493. 8.0 22.0 2.6 2.6 8.2 6.4 8.2 6.4 176.0 76.4 18.0 194 76.4 8.0 10 11 2.6 2.6 14 6 14 6 252.4 18.0 270.4 8.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 8.0 4.0 86.0 8.0 940 245.0 275.0 78.0 323.0 275.0 12 i22.6 13 9.0 3.0 12.0 86.0 8.0 940 620.0 78.0 698.0 122.0 36.6 139.6 2.0 146.8 14.3 3.3 28.0 3.4 33.9 167.6 2.0 150.2 14.3 44 5 .• . 7.0 51.5 1,186.8 3,399.0 112.6 3,290.3 1,016.9 42.8 234 6 1.6 123.4 1,229.6 3,633.6 114 3,413.7 1,016.9 6.0 14 16 42.6 101.3 292.9 6.6 42.5 107.9 292.9- 16 60.1 40 17 18 161.1 3.4 164 5 3942 6.6 400.8 4,307.2 123.4 4,430.6 641 41.8 7.4 7.7 49.5 7.4 188.8 202.3 103.8 292.6 202.3 1,883.6 669.1. 281.1 2,164 6 569.1 7.6 .1 19 20 49.2 7.7 56.9 391.1 103.8 494 9 2,452.6 281.1 2,733.7 7.7 e Five institutions represented 13 camps. 222 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table Hn ^NUMBER AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONVICTS— Continued. B.— SUKMABY or N1TIIBEB AND EMFLOYHBITT, TOB EACH STATE, BY CIABSES— Continued. State and class. Insti- tu- tions. Average number of convicts. Ma,T- ginal num- Employed in produc- tive labor. ■ Employed in prison duties. ber. Male. Fe- male; Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. 1 IOWA. Penal 2 1 683.8 193.5 12.6 596.4 193.6 197.3 138.5 13.2 210.5 138.5 2 Juvenile Reformatory Total 3 777.3 12.6 789.9 336.8 13.2 349.0 KANSAS. 3 2 1 956. 5 40.2 6.8 963.3 40.2 260.6 108.1 23.0 283.6 108.1 4 Juvenile Reformatory. Total 3 996.7 6.8 1,003.5 368.7 23.0 391.7 KENTUCKT. Penal S 2 1 1,470.0 90.0 61.0 1,521.0 90.0 218.0 46.0 12.0 60.0 230.0 95.0 6 Juvenile Reformatory, ' . . Total 3 1,560.0 51.0 1,611.0 263.0 62.0 325.0 LOtnSIANA. Penal 7 1 5 2 946.7 347.0 - 98.0 26.0 8.0 57.0 972.7 355.0 166.0 98.0 12.0 30.0 6.0 15.0 21.0 104.0 27.0 51.0 8 MAINE. Penal 9 Total 7 445.0 65.0 610.0 42.0 36.0 78.0 Penal 10 3 4 1,250.2 582.0 84.0 27.0 1,334.2 609.0 117.0 176.0 31.0 27.0 148.0 203.0 11 Total 7 1,832.2 111.0 1,943.2 293.0 58.0 351.0 MASSACHUSETTS. Penal 12 19 4^ 1' 2,388.0 1,199.7 172.1 106.0 4.0 2,494.0 1,233.7 172.1 1,864.5 411.5 501.9 632.0 27.0 2,386.6 438.5 601.9 13 MICHIGAN. Penal 14 Total 5 1,371.8 34.0 1,405.8 913.4 27.0 940.4 MINNESOTA. 15 3 1 684.5 98.0 ■"26.0' 684.6 , 118.0 177.4 58.8 13.7 23.5 191.1 82.3 16 Total 4 782.5 20.0 802.5 236.2 37.2 273.4 MISSISSIPPI. 17 "1 2 2 802.6 1,656.0 211.0 14.0 82.0 25.0 816.5 1,737.0 236.0 136.0 395.0 77.0 3.0 54.0 20.0 139.0 449.0 97.0 18 Missoimi. Penal . 19 Juvenile Reformatory Total . . . 4 1,866.0 107.0 1,973.0 472.0 74.0 646.0 39.3 MONTANA. Juvenile Reformatory 20 1 33.0 8.0 41.0 37.0 2.3 o Kepresenting 19 camps. CHAPTER IV. GElffBRAL TABLES. 223 Table II.— NUMBER AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONVICTS— Continued. B SUMHAEY OF KTJMBEB AND EMPLOYMENT, FOE EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued. Average numter ol oonvicta. Sick. Idle. Aggregate. From other States. From United States courts. Maiv ginal num- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. 11.2 4.5 0.2 11.4 4.6 71.6 173.0 71.6 173.0 863.9 509.5 26.0 889.9 609.6 8.0 1 2 15.7 .2 15.9 244.6 244 6 1,373.4 26.0 1,399.4 8.0 20.8 3.0 2.0 22.8 . 3.0 133.3 50.1 1.0 134 3 50.1 1,371.2 201.4 32.8 1,404 201.4 373.3 2.0 3 4 23.8 2.0 25.8 183.4 1.0 184 4 1,572.6 32.8 1,606.4 373.3 2.0 64.0 15.0 3.0 2.0 67.0 17.0 1,752.0 260.0 66.0 62.0 1,818.0 312.0 6 110.0 110.0 6 79.0 6.0 840 110.0 110.0 2,012.0 118.0 2, 130. 65.0 39.0 6.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 68.0 41.0 8.0 116.3 22.0 12.0 9.0 116.3 31.0 12.0 1,216.0 420.0 145.0 35.0 34 81.0 1,251.0 494 226.0 7 18.0 8 9 44.0 20.0 11.0 8.0 49.0 34.0 9.0 43.0 665.0 116.0 680.0 18.0 2.0 22.0 11.0 497.0 153.0 31.0 30.0 628.0 183.0 1,884 2 922.0 148.0 84 2,032.2 1,006.0 20.0 30.0 10 11 31.0 2.0 33.0 660.0 61.0 711.0 2,806.2 232.0 3,038.2 60.0 27.3 78.1 188.5 46.5 3.0 41.7 1.0 230.2 47.5 3.0 784.0 60.9 21.3 806.3 60.9 5,215.0 1,718.6 677.0 701.0 62.0 6,916.0 1,780.6 677.0 8.0 25.0 12 13 14 49.5 1.0 60.5 60.9 60.9 2,395.6 62.0 2,457.6 25.0 78.1 16.6 1.5 .'3' 16.6 1.8 60.7 127.7 "'so.'s' 60.7 158.2 939.2 286.0 13.7 74 3 952.9 360.3 37.4 16 16 18.1 .3 18.4 188.4 30.5 218.9 1,225.2 88.0 1,313.2 37.4 116.0 83.0 4.0 11.6 6.0 1.0 127.5 88.0 5.0 20.0 203.0 260.0 2.0 40 26.0 22.0 207.0 286.0 1,074 5 2,336.0 552.0 30.5 146.0 72.0 1,105.0 2,481.0 624 • 17 92.0 63.0 18 19 87.0 6.0 93.0 463.0 30.0 493.0 2,888.0 217.0 3,105.0 155.0 2.0 2.0 72.0 10.3 82.3 20 224 BEPOBT OF THE 0&MMI8SIONEB OF LABOB. Table H.— NUMBER AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONVICTS— Continued. -STTKIIARY 07 NUMBEB AND EUFLOTMENT, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued. State and class. Insti- tu- tions. Average number of convicts. Mar- ginal num- Employed in produc- tive labor. Employed in prison duties. ber. Male. re- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. 1 NEBBASKA. Penal. . . 1 1 190.3 45.2 1.0 191.3 45.2 77.2 69.4 43 81.6 69.4 2 Total 2 235.5 1.0 236.6 146.6 43 150.9 NEVADA. Penal 3 1 4 1 15.4 196.0 75.0 ■■■'io' 16.4 196.0 79.0 44.6 30.0 12.0 16.0 13.0 44.6 46.0 25.0 4 NEW HAUPSHIBE. Penal ' . . 5 Total.. 5 271.0 4.0 275.0 42.0 29.0 71.0 NEW JERSEY. Penal 6 ■ 5 2 1,007.5 227.3 26.0 75.0 1,033.5 302.3 391.0 118.8 29.0 22.9 420.0 141.7 7 Juvenile Kef ormatory Total 7 1,234 8 101.0 1,336.8 609.8 61.9 561.7 NEW MEXICO. Penal... 8 1 13 1 109.5 3,616.5 307.0 179.7 109.5 3,796.2 307.0 79.4 2,475.8 418.0 875.6 120.0 79.4 3,361.4 538.0 9 NEW YOKE. Penal 10 JnvfTiile J{Mf\rmi\f.f\ry Total 14 3,923.5 179.7 4,103.2 2,893.8 995.6 3,889.4 NOBTH CAROLINA. 11 »30 1 10 2 1 1,311.2 96.1 2,223.0 187.1 50.0 34.9 40.0 1,346.1 96.1 2,263.0 187.1 50.0 98.1 28.7 628.6 133.6 51.6 34 5 1.5 181.0 2.0 132.6 30.2 809.5 135.6 51.6 12 NORTH DAKOTA. Penal , 13 OHIO. 14 OREGON. Penal 16 Total. 3 237.1 237.1 186.2 2.0 187.2 PENNSYLVANIA. Penal 16 13 2 1,243.1 429.0 88.0 77.0 1,331.1 506.0 1,138.0 238.0 154 3 71.0 1,292.3 309.0 17 Total . 15 1,672.1 165.0 1,837.1 1,376.0 225.3 1,601.3 RHODE ISLAND. Penal 18 2 1 351.0 97.0 10.0 361.0 97.0 66.0 162.0 21.0 86.0 162.0 19 Total 3 448.0 10.0 458.0 227.0 21.0 248.0 SOUTH CAROLINA. PflTll^l 20 41 1 1 1,121.5 72.0 33.0 31.0 1,152.5 72.0 33.0 134 8 60.5 240 6.0 3.0 12.0 139.8 63.5 36.0 21 SOUTH DAKOTA. 22 Total . 2 106.0 106.0 84 5 16.0 99.5 o Including 912 attending trades schools. * CHAPTER lY. GENEBAL TABLES. 225 Table H.— IfUMBEB AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONVICTS— Continued. B.— STTMMABY OF NTTMBEB AND EMFLOTMEHT, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued. Average nmntier of convicts. Sick. Idle. Aggregate. From other States. From United States courts. Mar- ginal Hale. re- male. Total. Hale. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. her. 4.0 .2 4.0 .2 4.0 22.7 4.0 22.7 275.5 137.6 6.3 280.8 137.5 1 2 4.2 4.2 26.7 26.7 413.0 6.3 418.3 1.0 3.0 6.0 1.0 3.0 6.0 9.2 27.0 16.0 9.2 27.0 16.0 70.2 266.0 108.0 16.0 17.0 70.2 272.0 126.0 4.2 2.0 3 4 5 9.0 9.0 42.0 42.0 364.0 33.0 397.0 2.0 36.0 10.0 4.0 15.0 40.0 25.0 187.0 41.7 9.0 10.0 196.0 51.7 1,621.5 397.8 68.0 122.9 1,689.6 520.7 97.0 114.0 6 7 46.0 19.0 66.0 228.7 19.0 247.7 2,019.3 190.9 2,210.2 97.0 114.0 8.0 316.0 36.0 39.0 6.0 355.0 36.0 30.5 ol,446.6 6.0 46.0 36.5 al,492.5 225.4 7,854.8 761.0 6.0 1,140.3 120.0 231.4 8,995.1 881.0 18.2 161.0 8 9 10 362.0 39.0 391.0 ol,446.6 46.0 al,492.5 8,616.8 1,260. 3 9,876.1 161.0 47.8 6.1 71.0 8.0 2.0 9.0 49.8 6.1 80.0 8.0 145.6 14.0 102.3 42.8 5.1 7.0 3.1 160.6 14.0 109.3 46.9 1,602.6 144.9 3,024.8 371.6 101.6 76.5 1.5 237.0 5.1 1,679.1 146.4 3,261.8 376.6 101.6 11 12 124.0 8.5 .9 13 14 16 8.0 8.0 42.8 3.1 46.9 473.1 5.1 478.2 9.4 95.0 35.0 6.0 4.0 101. 39.0 1,848.9 87.0 37.9 1,886.8 87.0 4,325.0 789.0 286.2 152.0 4,611.2 941.0 54.0 16 17 130.0 10.0 140.0 1,935.9 37.9 1,973.8 6,114 438.2 5,552.2 54.0 10.0 3.0 10.0 3.0 207.0 75.0 39.0 246.0 75.0 633.0 337.0 70.0 703.0 337.0 5.0 18 19 13.0 13.0 282.0 39.0 321.0 970.0 70.0 1,040.0 5.0 64.2 5.0 1.0 65.2 6.0 6.0 46.3 6.0 46.3 1,326.6 183.8 57.0 37.0 3.0 12.0 1,363.5 186.8 69.0 20 35.0 .5 21 22 5.0 5.0 46.3 46.3 240.8 15.0 255.8 35.6 9061—06 1R l> One institution represented 2 camps. 226 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Table H.— NUMBER AND EMPLOYMENT OP CONVICTS— Continued. B.— S1TM1IABY or NTJMBEB AND EMPLOYMENT, EOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSE8- Concluded. State and class. Insti- tu- tions. Average number of convicts. Mar- ginal nuin- Employed in produc- tive labor. Empl eyed in prison duties. ber- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. 1 TENNESSEE. Penal. 2 a 12 1 1,312.0 3,685.0 120.9 66.0 86.0 1,368.0 3,671.0 120.9 183.0 399.0 20.0 5.0 47.0 188.0 446.0 20.0 2 TEXAS. Penal 3 Total "IS 3,706.9 86.0 3,791.9 419.0 47.0 466.0 UTAH. Penal 4 1 1 60.0 29.2 ""6.'5' 60.0 35.7 76.8 16.6 2.0 12.6 78.8 29.2 5 Total 2 89.2 6.5 96.7 93.4 14 6 108.0 54 5 28.0 Penal 6 2 1 200.0 82.0 40 20.0 204 102.0 30.0 28.0 24 6 7 Total 3 282.0 240 306.0 58.0 24 5 82.6 VIBGDnA. Penal. g 1 2 1 1,118.0 213.3 64.0 47.0 .8 40 1,166.0 2141 68.0 137.0 183.0 642 3.0 3.0 17.8 140.0 186.0 82.0 9 WASHINGTON. 10 Total 3 277.3 48 282.1 247.2 20.8 268.0 WEST VIEQINIA. Penal .'. 11 1 1 760.3 57.0 26.0 786.3 67.0 140.2 205.0 11.0 161.2 206.0 12 ■TnvflTitlft Reformatory. . , Total 2 817.3 25.0 842.3 345.2 11.0 356.2 WISCONSIN. 13 2 1 682.7 118.0 582.7 118.0 162.5 112.4 11.0 163.6 112.4 14 Total 3 700.7 700.7 264 9 11.0 276.9 WYOMING. 15 1 2 «257 39 123.3 897.5 45,053.6 4,402.4 1,386.9 330.3 123.3 897.5 46, 439. 5 4,732.7 48.0 368.1 14,349.0 3,937.9 2,673.8 442.6 48.0 368.1 17,022.8 4,380.5 16 UNITED STATES PEISONS. 17 ALL STATES. Penal 18 Juvenile Reformatory. Grand total <:296 49,466.0 1,716.2 51,172.2 18,286.9 3, 116. 4 21, 403. 3 " One institution represented 2 prisons, !> From various States. 4 farms, and 33 camps. CHAPTER IV. GENEBAL TABLES. 227 Table II.— NUMBER AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONVICTS— Continued. B.— SUMMAEY OF NTTMBEE AND EMPLOYMENT, FOE EACH STATE, BY CIASSES— Concluded. Average number of convicts. Sick. Idle. Aggregate. From other States. From United States courts. Mar- ginal num- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. ber. 35.0 128.1 2.2 2.0 3.0 37.0 131.1 2.2 56.0 • 440.3 6.9 1.0 61.0 66.0 491.3 6.9 1,685.0 4,562.4 150.0 640 187.0 1,649.0 4,739.4 150.0 102.0 17.2 1 2 3 130.3 3.0 133.3 447.2 61.0 498.2 4,702.4 187.0 4,889.4 17.2 6.1 .2 .y 6.1 .6 5.6 5.5 148.4 46.0 2.0 19.4 150.4 65.4 6.0 4 5 6.3 .3 6.6 5.5 5.5 194 4 21.4 215.8 6.0 9.0 3.0 12.0 23.9 13.0 2.0 10.0 25.9 23.0 262.9 123.0 33.5 30.0 296.4 153.0 10.0 6 7 9.0 3.0 12.0 36.9 12.0 48.9 385.9 63.5 449.4 10.0 206.0 17.2 1.0 206.0 17.2 1,460.0 684 8 128.2 61.0 6.2 21.8 1,511.0 691.0 160.0 8 271.3 2.4 273.7 9 10 17.2 17.2 271.3 2.4 273.7 813.0 28.0 841.0 3.5 8.0 3.6 8.0 37.0 37.0 941.0 270.0 36.0 977.0 270.0 253.0 30.0 8.0 11 12 11.6 11.5 37.0 37.0 1,211.0 36.0 1,247.0 263.0 38.0 11.5 1.4 .4 11.9 1.4 25.1 80.2 .1 26.2 80.2 771.8 312.0 11.5 783.3 312.0 5.0 13 14 12.9 .4 13.3 105.3 .1 106.4 1,083.8 11.5 1,095. 3 5.0 4.0 49.1 2,353.1 188.0 204.9 28.0 40 49.1 2,558.0 216.0 22.0 161.6 d8,313.3 1,829.0 1.7 438.1 106.5 23.7 161.6 lis, 751. 4 1,936.5 197.3 1,466.3 70,069.0 10,367.3 1.7 4,702.7 907.4 199.0 1,466.3 74,771.7 11,264 7 61,466.3 i'2,230.6 43 9.1 1,466.3 2,639.8 231.6 16 16 17 18 2,641.1 232.9 2,774 dlO, 142.3 544.6 iil0,686.9 80,426.3 5,610.1 86,036.4 62,234.9 2,871.4 cTen institutions represented 2 prisons, 4 farms, and 118 camps, d Including 912 attending trades schools. 228 EEPOKT OP THE OOMMISSIONEK 01' LABOR. Tablk II — ^NUMBER AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONVICTS— Continued. C— STIfflMABY OF NTJMBEE AND EMPLOYMENT, FOE EACH CLASS, BY STATES. [For explanation of this table, see p. 178] Class and State. Insti- tu- tions, Average number of convicts. Employed in produc- tive labor. M«J«- mTe. Total. Fe- Employed in prison duties. Male. Fe- male. Total. PENAL. Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia. Florida Georgia - Idaho: Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . Michigan Minnesota Missouri - Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York - . . North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States prisons. Total JUVENILE EEFOEMATOET. California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia. Illinois Indiaim Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Marjfland Michigan ol 1 1 5 1 6 1 1 65 1 S 4 1 5 3 19 4 3 il 2 1 1 4 S 1 13 /30 1 10 2 13 2 41 1 2 1712 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1,603.7 111.0 691.0 1,562.9 275.4 642.0 153.9 115.0 1,034.7 3,095.0 28.0 2,038.4 1, 126. 4 683.8 956.6 1,470.0 946.7 347.0 1,260.2 2,388.0 1, 199. 7 684.6 802.5 1,666.0 190.3 15.4 196.0 1,007.5 109.6 3,616.5 1,311.2 96.1 2,223.0 187.1 1,243.1 351.0 1,121.6 72.0 1,312.0 3,586.0 60.0 200.0 1,118.0 213.3 760.3 682.7 123.3 897.5 46.5 "26.'6 12.0 18.0 5.0 130.5 49.0 46.1 12.6 6.8 51.0 26.0 8.0 840 106.0 34.0 14.0 82.0 1.0 179.7 34.9 40.0 88.0 10.0 31.0 66.0 86.0 4.0 47.0 .8 25.0 1,550.2 111.0 617.0 1,562.9 275.4 654.0 171.9 120.0 1,034.7 3, 225. 5 28.0 2,087.4 1, 171. 6 596.4 963.3 1,521.0 972.7 356.0 1,334 2 2, 494 1,233.7 684.6 816.5 1,737.0 191.3 15.4 196.0 1,033.5 109.5 3,796.2 1,346.1 96.1 2,263.0 187.1 1,331.1 361.0 1, 152. 5 72.0 1,368.0 3,671.0 60.0 204 1,165.0 2141 785.3 682.7 123.3 897.6 161.0 116.6 93.0 762.2 256.1 145.0 11.3 39.0 72.0 164 5 40.0 1,003.8 526.5 197.3 260.6 218.0 98.0 12.0 117.0 1,864 5 411.6 177.4 136.0 395.0 77.2 44.6 30.0 391.0 79.4 2,475.8 98.1 28.7 628.5 133.6 1,138.0 65.0 134 8 60.5 183.0 399.0 76.8 30.0 137.0 183.0 140.2 152.6 48.0 358.1 23.0 3.0 22.0 16.3 85.0 62.0 32.5 76.0 1.5 64 4 124 5 13.2 23.0 12.0 6.0 16.0 31.0 532.0 27.0 13.7 3.0 64 43 16.0 29.0 875.6 34 6 1.5 181.0 2.0 154 3 21.0 6.0 3.0 6.0 47.0 2.0 24 5 3.0 3.0 11.0 11.0 1840 116.5 96.0 774 2 271.4 230.0 11.3 101.0 104 5 240.6 41.5 1,068.2 661.0 210.5 283.6 230.0 104 27.0 148.0 2,386.6 438.5 191.1 139.0 449.0 81.5 446 46.0 420.0 79.4 3,361.4 132.6 30.2 809.5 135.6 1,292.3 86.0 139.8 63.5 188.0 446.0 78.8 64 6 140.0 186.0 161.2 163.5 48.0 358.1 A 257 45,053.6 1,385.9 46, 439. 5 14,349.0 2,673.8 17,022.8 81.6 97.3 214 46.0 156.0 363.5 192.7 193.5 <40.2 90.0 98.0 582.0 172.1 6.8 57.0 27.0 97.3 2140 45.0 156.0 363.5 192.7 193.6 40.2 90.0 155.0 609.0 172.1 254 9 214 8 103.0 25.0 115.0 346.2 166.7 138.5 108.1 45.0 30.0 176.0 601.9 50.0 21.0 27.0 284 4 2148 103.0 25.0 116.0 346.2 166.7 138.5 108.1 95.0 51.0 203.0 601.9 » Bepresentin^ 18 camps. !> One institution represented 33 camps. ' Five institutions represented 13 camps. <> Representing 19 camps. ' Including 912 attending trades schools. CHAPTEB IV. — GENEEAL TABLES. 229 Table II — NUMBER AND EMPLOYMENT 01' CONVICTS— Continued. C— SUUUABY OH NtTMBEB AND EKFIOTKENT, FOB EACH CLASS, BT STATES. [For explanation of this table, see p. 178.] Average numter ol oonvlots. Sick. Idle. Aggregate. From other States. From United States courts. Mar- ginal num- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. ber. 39.1 16.0 45.0 45.4 11.1 21.0 2.6 6.0 36.6 139.6 2.0 146.8 41.8 11.2 20.8 64 56.0 39.0 20.0 188.6 46.6 16.6 116.0 83.0 4 1.0 3.0 36.0 6.0 316.0 47.8 6.1 71.0 8.0 96.0 10.0 64 2 5.0 36.0 128.1 6.1 9.0 205.-0 17.2 3.6 11.6 40 49.1 16.7 ■■"i.'o" '""3.0' 3.3 28.0 """3.4' 7.7 .2 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 41.7 1.0 '"ii.'s' 6.0 ■"■46' ■"'m.'o" 2.0 ""9."6' ""i'.o ""i.o" ""i'.o 3.0 ""'3.6' 1.0 .'4' 56.8 16.0 46.0 46.4 11.1 21.0 2.6 8.0 38.9 167.5 2.0 160.2 49.5 11.4 22.8 67.0 68.0 41.0 22.0 230.2 47.6 16.6 127.6 88.0 40 1.0 3.0 40.0 6.0 365.0 -49.8 6.1 80.0 8.0 101.0 10.0 66.2 5.0 37.0 131.1 6.1 12.0 206.0 17.2 3.5 11.9 40 49.1 66.0 36.0 40 2.0 70.0 38.0 1,769.8 278.5 729.0 2,615.8 620.8 986.0 176.0 245.0 1,186.8 3,399.0 112.6 3,290.3 1,883.6 863.9 1,371.2 1,762.0 1,216.0 420.0 1,884 2 6,215.0 1,718.6 939.2 1,074 5 2,336.0 276.6 70.2 266.0 1,621.5 225.4 7,864 8 1,602.6 1449 3,024 8 371.5 4,325.0 633.0 1,326.5 183.8 1,686.0 4,552.4 148.4 262.9 1,460.0 684 8 941.0 771.8 197.3 1,466.3 90.2 2.0 30.0 49.1 16.3 97.0 18.0 78.0 42.8 234 5 1.5 123.4 281.1 26.0 32.8 66.0 35.0 34 148.0 701.0 62.0 13.7 30.5 146.0 6.3 ■"i6.'6' 68.0 6.0 1,140.3 76.6 1.5 237.0 6.1 286.2 70.0 37.0 3.0 640 187.0 2.0 33.6 61.0 6.2 36.0 11.6 1.7 1, 860. 280.5 759.0 2,664 9 637.1 1,083.0 194 323.0 1,229.6 3,633.5 114 3,413.7 2,164 6 889.9 1,404 1,818.0 1,251.0 454 2,032.2 6,916.0 1,780.6 962.9 1,106.0 2,481.0 280.8 70.2 272.0 1,689.6 231.4 8,996.1 1,679.1 146.4 3,261.8 376.6 4,611.2 703.0 1,363.5 186.8 1,649.0 4,739.4 150.4 296.4 1,611.0 691.0 977.0 783.3 199.0 1,466.3 1 14 2 3 255.3 79.2 278.0 8.2 86.0 44 6 27.1 ■■■■8.'6' 7.0 282.4 79.2 278.0 8.2 940 51.5 ""8.'6' 64 2 3.6 22.0 8.0 4 5 6 7 8 6.0 9 10 42.6 101.3 188.8 71.6 133.3 '"'i'.i' 103.8 """i.'o" 42.6 107.9 292.6 71.6 134 3 11 "sra's" 60.1 7.6 8.0 2.0 12 13 14 15 16 116.3 22.0 497.0 7840 60.9 60.7 20.0 203.0 40 9.2 27.0 187.0 30.5 <1,446.5 145.5 14 102.3 42.8 1,848.9 207.0 6.0 46.3 56.0 440.3 6.5 23.9 ■""9.6' 31.0 21.3 ""2. '6' 4 ""i'.o 6.0 46.0 5.1 ""V.O 3.1 37.9 39.0 "■'i.'o' 61.0 '"'i'o' 116.3 31.0 628.0 805.3 60.9 60.7 22.0 207.0 40 9.2 27.0 196.0 36.5 «1, 492. 6 160.6 14 109.3 46.9 1,886.8 246.0 6.0 46.3 56.0 491.3 6.5 25.9 17 ""8.'6' 25.0 18.0 20.0 27.3 78.1 37.4 18 19 20 21 22 23 92.0 24 25 '"m.o 42 2.0 114 18.2 161.0 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 124 8.6 54 6.0 33 34 35 36 37 36.0 102.0 17.2 6.0 10.0 38 39 40 41 42 43 271.3 37.0 25.1 22.0 161.6 2.4 .'i' 1.7 273.7 37.0 25.2 23.7 161.6 44 263.0 'd,'466.'3' 30.0 6.0 9.1 1, 466. 3 45 46 47 48 2,363.1 204 9 2,658.0 «8,313.3 438.1 e8,761.4 70,069.0 4,702.7 74,771.7 <2,230.6 2, 639. 8 6.1 6.2 2.4 7.6 6.2 2.5 4 6 93.0 6.4 2.5 4 6 93.0 6.4 344 322.9 410.0 76.4 276.0 1,016.9 569.1 609.6 201.4 260.0 145.0 922.0 677.0 38.7 "52.'6' 81.0 840 382.7 322.9 410.0 76.4 275.0 1,016.9 569.1 609.5 201.4 312.0 226.0 1,006.0 677.0 49 43 3.1 60 61 52 4 14 3 7.4 4 5 3.0 16.0 5.0 11.0 3.0 "'i'o' 3.0 4 14 3 7.4 46 3.0 17.0 8.0 11.0 3.0 122.0 40 .1 53 292.9 202.3 173.0 60.1 110.0 12.0 153.0 '"m.o 292.9 202.3 173.0 60.1 110.0 12.0 183.0 54 56 66 67 58 69 30.0 60 61 / One institution represented 2 camps. e One institution represented 2 prisons, 4 farms, and 33 camps. h Ten institutions represented 2 prisons, 4 farms, and 118 camps. < From various States. 230 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE. Table II.^NUMBER ANB EMPLOTMENT OE CO]SrVIC!TS-<:!oncluded. C— STTMMABY OF ITUMBEE AHD EMPLOYMENT, FOB EACH CLASS, BY STATES— Concluded. Mar- ginal num- ber. Glass and State. Insti- tu- tions. Average number of conviots. Employed in produc- tive labor. Male. Fe- male. Total. Employed in prison duties. Male. Fe- male. Total. JUVENILE KEEOEMATOKT — COUo'd. Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampsbire New Jersey .'. . New York Oregon Pennsylvania Ebode Island South, Dakota Texas Utab Vermont Waabington West Virginia Wisconsin Total Penal Juvenile Belormatory Grand total 98.0 211.0 33.0 45.2 76.0 227.3 307.0 60.0 429.0 97.0 33.0 120.9 29.2 82.0 640 67.0 118.0 20.0 26.0 8.0 4.0 75.0 6.6 20.0 4.0 118.0 236.0 41.0 45.2 79.0 302.3 307.0 60.0 506.0 97.0 33.0 120.9 36.7 102.0 68.0 67.0 118.0 68.8 77.0 37.0 69.4 12.0 118.8 418.0 51.6 238.0 162.0 24 20.0 16.6 28.0 64.2 206.0 112.4 23.6 20.0 13.0 22.9 120.0 71.0 "ii'o 12.6. 'i7."8 82.3 97.0 39.3 69.4 25.0 141.7 638.0 51.6 309.0 162.0 36.0 20.0 29.2 28.0 82.0 205.0 112.4 4, 402. 4 330.3 4, 7S2. 7 3,937.9 4,380.5 45,053.6 4, 402. 4 1,386.9 330.3 4,7 14,349.0 3,937.9 2,673.8 442.6 17, 022. 8 4, 380. 5 49,456.0 1,716.2 61,172.2 18,286.9 21,403.3 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC. -SYSTEMS, ISDTTSTEIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS. [For explanation of tbis table, see pp. 178-180.] In- Sfl- tu- tion No. State and institution. Con- trol. System of work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. 1 AlABAMA. state Prison System State. State. State. State. State . State. State. State. Ter... Ter... Ter... Ter. . . Lease. Lease. Lease. Lease. P. A.. P. P.. s.u... s.u... s.u... s.u... s.u... s.u... $62,225 319,038 77,500 163,003 16,053 617,172 4,768 6,450 1,500 1,296 'l40 3,996 $27,457 123, 174 22,786 65,133 18,766 343,663 3,888 5,861 1,200 722 37 1,524 do ....do Turpentine and rosin Farming do do Mining, coal do Olotbing, etc do .. . 1 AEIZONA. Territorial Prison Blacksmitbing and wbeel- wrigbting. do . ...~ do Brooms and brusbes Clothing, etc do a Ten Institutions represented 2 prisons, 4 farms, and 118 camps. 6 Including 912 attending trades schools. OHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 231 Table II NUMBER AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONVICTS— Concluded. C— STTHUABT OF NUMBEB AND EHFLOTMENT, FOB EACH CLASS, BT STATES— Concluded. Average nmnber ol oonriots. Slok. Idle. Aggregate. From other States. From United States courts. Mar- ginal num- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. ber. 1.5 4.0 2.0 .2 6.0 10.0 36.0 0.3 1.0 "'ih'.o 1.8 6.0 2.0 .2 6.0 26.0 36.0 127.7 260.0 30.5 26.0 158.2 286.0 286.0 652.0 72.0 137.5 108.0 397.8 76L0 101.6 789.0 337.0 57.0 160.0 46.0 123.0 128.2 270.0 312.0 74 3 72.0 10.3 ""i7.'6" 122.9 120.0 ■"i62.'6' '"'ii'o' '"w.i 30.0 21.8 360.3 624.0 82.3 137.5 126.0 620.7 881.0 101.6 941.0 337.0 69.0 150.0 65.4 163.0 150.0 270.0 312.0 I 63.0 2 3 22.7 15.0 41.7 "io.o' 22.7 15.0 61.7 4 5 6 7 .9 8 35.0 3.0 4.0 39.0 3.0 87.0 76.0 87.0 75.0 9 10 .5 11 2.2 .2 .3 2.2 .5 6.9 6.9 12 13 13.0 10.0 23.0 14 15 8.0 1.4 8.0 1.4 8.0 16 80.2 80.2 17 188.0 28.0 216.0 1,829.0 106.5 1,935.5 10,357.3 907.4 11,264.7 4.3 231.6 2,353.1 188.0 204.9 28.0 2,658.0 216.0 68,313.3 1,829.0 438.1 106. S !>8,751.4 1,935.5 70,069.0 10,357.3 4,702.7 907.4 74,771.7 11,264.7 02,230.6 4.3 2,639.8 231.6 2,541.1 232.9 2,774.0 610,142.3 644.6 610,686.9 80,426.3 5,610.1 86,036.4 02,234.9 2,871.4 Table III.-^YSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC. A.— SYSTEMS, INDTTSTBIES, TALTTE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EUFLOYED, ETC., BT INSTITUTIONS. [For explanation of this table, see pp. 178-180.] Average number of oonvtots employed. Hrs. of la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and hours of free laborers performing like work. Who furnishes — In- fiti- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 114.3 361.3 56.0 168.1 174.0 675.0 "'55.0' 4.0 6.0 1.0 6.0 7.6 'io.'o' 25. 6' 4.0 121.8 361.3 56.0 168.1 184.0 575.0 25.0 59.0 4.0 6.0 1.0 6.0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 114.3 361.3 42.0 168.1 174.0 403.0 ss.'o' 1.0 1.2 .1 2.5 7.6 "io.'o' '26.'6' 4.0 121.8 361.3 42.0 168.1 184.0 403.0 25.0 59.0 1.0 1.2 .1 2.5 $0.75 1.10 1.75 1.25 .33 2.75 10 10 10 10 10 10 I0.37i 10 Lessee. Lessee. Lessee. Lessee. State. State . State . State . Ter. . . Ter. . . Ter. . . Ter... Iiessee. Lessee. Lessee. Lessee. State . State . State. State. Ter... Ter. . . Ter. . . Ter. . . Lessee. Lessee. t/Cssee. Lessee. State. State . State. State . Ter... Ter. . . Ter... Ter... 1 .30 10 .60 .30 10 10 .33 4.00 2.50 2.50 2.60 10 8 10 10 10 1 o From various States . 232 REPORT OP THE OOMMlSSIOlirEB OP LABOB. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OP GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A SYSTEHS, INSUSTBIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EUFLOTED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tlon No. State and iastitution. Con- trol. System of work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value ol labor on goods pro- duced. AKIZONA — concluded. Territorial Prison . ....do -..do ....do .do. .do. .do. XRSJlNSAS. state Penitentiary. do ....do..... ....do CALIFOBNIA. State Prison at Folsom . .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State Prison at San Quentin do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do State .do State .do. .do. .do. .do. San Bernardino Co. Jail San Francisco Co. Jail No. 2. do do do do Los Angeles City Jail Ter, Ter Ter Ter... Ter.. Ter.. Ter.. State State State State State . State . State . State. State . State . State. State . State . State. State . State . State . State , State. State . State State State State State State State. State . State . Co.... Co.and city. Co.and city. Co.and city. Co.and city. Co.and city. City.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. P.W. Cent. Cent. P. A. S.U.. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. p. A. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. Electric light and power Fanning Mattresses Tinsmithing, coppersmith- ing, and sheet-iron working. Wood, cut and sawed Brick Building trades Brick Bailroad building Farming Farming Blacksmithing and wlieel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Building trades Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Blacksmithing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Fanning Harness Ice, manufactured Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Tinsmithing, coppersmith- ing,and sheet-iron working. Building trades s.u... s.u... s.u... s.u... s.u... s.u... s.u... P.W. P.W. s.u... s.u... s.u... s.u... P.W. P.W. P.W. Blacksmithing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Castings, machinery, and repairs. Chairs, tables, etc "Clothing, etc Cooperage Farming Loading and unloading ves- sels. Locksmithing Tinsmithing, coppersmith- ing.andsheet-iroDWorking. Building trades Boads and highways Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Blacksmithing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Building trades Boads and highways. . Boads and highways. . $2,400 380 260 200 2,160 1,250 14,160 216,318 236,960 53,024 36,000 64 116 124 897 21,673 11,677 4,930 9,293 5,038 280 2,400 10,000 466 18,781 250,268 2,637 679 19,811 3S2 3,978 2,417 360 2,374 14,108 5,933 8,332 11,836 246 61 153 181 999 11,523 69,183 100,700 24,042 15,876 49 37 65 806 43,889 9,026 1,609 4,022 4,524 196 737 9,244 233 10,326 106,986 1,922 3,289 610 5,144 198 2,952 2,059 275 1,752 10,790 4,118 6,296 1,500 1,212 600 465 1,200 455 2,900 2,348 2,000 1,875 12,012 9,729 CHAPTEE rv. aENEBAL TABLES. 233 Table m.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— BYBTEUS, INDTTSTBIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMFLOTED, ETC., BY IKSTITTJTIOHS— Continued. Average number of convicts employed. Hrs. of la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and Eours of free laborers performing lilre work. Wbo furnisbes — In- sti- Male Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- jbinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 6.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 12.0 72.0 173.0 269.0 96.0 63.0 .2 .1 .3 4.2 288.9 31.2 4.8 13.7 23.8 1.0 1.0 60.9 1.8 61.9 769.6 6.7 16.0 33.0 3.0 26.0 1.0 43.0 14.6 1.0 8.7 38.9 30.0 21.4 4.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 11.0 40.3 ifi.o' 10.0 6.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 12.0 72.0 173.0 269.0 112.0 73.0 .2 .4 .3 4.2 288.9 31.2 4.8 13.7 23.8 1.0 1.0 60.9 1.8 61.9 759.6 6.7 16.0 33.0 3.0 26.0 1.0 43.0 14.6 1.0 8.7 38.9 30.0 21.4 4.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 11.0 40.3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ?l 7i n 11 6 8 8 8 8 8 2.0 .6 .1 .2 .4 2.0 18.9 173.0 259.0 96.0 63.0 .1 .1 .1 1.6 89.4 7.3 2.6 6.5 9.2 .3 1.0 18.8 .4 18.7 187.1 1.7 3.8 8.2 .7 8.0 .2 6.4 3.6 .2 2.0 9.7 7.2 17.3 1.0 .5 .5 2.1 •2-7 • ie.'o' 10.0 2.0 .5 .1 .2 .4 2.0 18.9 173.0 269.0 112.0 73.0 .1 .1 .1 1.6 89.4 7.3 2.6 6.5 9.2 .3 1.0 18.8 .4 18.7 187.1 1.7 3.8 8.2 .7 6.0 .2 6.4 3.6 .2 2.0 9.7 7.2 17.3 1.0 .5 .5 2.1 2.7 26.9 $3.00 2.00 2.60 2.60 2.00 2.00 2.31J 1.10 1.25 .76 .75 4.00 2.60 3.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 2.60 2.60 2.00 2.50 3.00 2.00 2.60 2.15 2.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 3.00 3.92} 2.00 2.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.90i 2.25 1.50 8 10 10 10 10 10 n 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9} 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 10 Ter... Ter. . . Ter. . . Ter. . . Ter. . .■ Ter. . . Ter... State . State . State. State. State . State . State . State . State. State. State . State . State . State. State. State. Statfl . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State. State . State . Stat«. State . State . Ter... Ter... Ter... Ter. . . Ter... Ter. . . Ter. . . State . State . State . State. State. State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State. State. State . State . State . State. State. State. State . State . State . State. State. State . State . State. State . Co.... Co. and city. Co. and city. Co. and city. Co. and city. Co. anc city. City.. Ter... Ter... Ter... Ter. . . Ter. . . Ter. . . Ter. . . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State. State . State . State. State . State . State. State . State. State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . Co.... Co. and city. Co. and city. Co. and city. Co. and city. Co. and city. City.. 1 1 $0.40 .40 10 10 T . . ? 1 ; Co. and city. Co. and city. Co. and city. Co. and city. Co. and city. 4 8 26.9 . 234 EBPORT OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A — SYSTEMS, INDUSTBIES, VALUE OT GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. System ol work. Industry. Value of Value of labor on goods goods produced. pro- duced. SI, 200 1721 1,206 ,686 2,326 480 7,622 1,235 960 206 1,272 643 1,988 401 1,500 760 3,209 684 6,471 2,295 3,300 790 10,412 2,098 3,600 616 3,550 1,140 11,449 8,817 1,445 1,096 10,000 7,829 2,747 1,754 5,114 2,529 4,042 3,604 8,555 6,061 5,000 3,438 2,803 1,280 543 316 5,682 3,430 5,995 3,066 1,023 606 737 628 572 290 3,007 2,086 611 255 1,747 699 11,318 7,831 7,000 2,250 280,000 42,560 50,000 10,344 1,800 1,000 18,000 9,666 18,000 16,269 1,500 400 1,000 400 800 250 1,600 410 94,500 27,038 4,200 3,090 1,264 472 284 86 200 86 1,426 472 276 86 790 206 16,376 9,579 3,750 1,030 450 206 CALIFORNIA — Concluded. Preston School of Ind^st^y -do. .do. -do. .do. .do. Wliittier State School. ....do .do. .do. -do. .do. -do. .do. COLOKADO. State Penitentiary. do ,... -do- .do. .do. -do. -do. .do. State Industrial School do do do do do State Eeformatory. do : do do do , do CONNECTICUT. State Prison do do Fairfield Co. Jail Hartford Co. Jail Middlesex Co. Jail. .. do do do New Haven Co. Jail. Windham Co. Jail - . . do. .do. .do. .do- •do. School for Boys . do do do State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State Co... Co.-. Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... State State State State S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. p. w p. A. S.U.. s.rr.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. p. w p. A., p. A. s. u. s.u. s. u. s.u. s.u. P.W. s.u. s.u. s.u. s.u. s.u. P.W. p. A. p. A. s.u. s.u. s.u. s.u. Cont. P.P. S.U. Cont. Cont. Cont. P. A. s.u. P.W. Cont. Cont. P. A. P. A. S.U. S.U. S.U. P. A. P.P. S.U. s.u. Blacksmitbing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Printing Building trades Farming Blacksmithing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Electric light and power. Farming Printing Building trades Lime Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Blacksmithing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Building trades Boots and shoes Castings, machinery, and re- pairs. Clothing, etc Farming Printing Building trades , Boots and shoes. Farming Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Boots and shoes Chairs, tables, etc Farming Farming Farming Roads and highways. . Chairs, tables, etc Farming Farming Wood, cut and sawed. Clothing, etc Farming Wood, cut and sawed. Farming Chairs, tables, etc ; Fanning Printing .. a Part by State and part by contractors. CHAPTER IV. -GEWEEAL TABLES. 235 Table IU.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INDUSTEIES, VALUE OF O00D8 AND lABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Average number of oonviota employed. Hrs. ol la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and hours of free laborers performing like work. Who furnishes— In- flti- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 3.0 7.0 5.0 12.0 2.0 4.0 2.6 3.3 4.2 11.5 3.1 13.5 3.5 6.8 99.2 7.1 13.5 16.5 15.3 66.2 42.1 16.5 7.0 5.0 13.0 17.9 4.0 2.5 1.4 5.8 1.6 7.2 27.0 4.9 215.0 60.0 4.0 47.0 78.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 105.0 16.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 4.0 186.0 20.0 4.0 "6.8 U.O 3.0 7.0 6.0 12.0 2.0 4.0 2.6 3.3 4.2 18.3 3.1 13.5 3.6 6.8 99.2 7.1 13.5 15.5 15.3 66.2 42.1 16.6 7.0 5.0 13.0 17.9 4.0 2.5 1.4 5.8 1.6 7.2 27.0 4.9 216.0 72.0 4.0 47.0 78.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 105.0 16.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 4.0 186.0 20.0 4.0 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 11 74 7i 7! 7! 7J II H 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 9 8 8 8 8 10 9 69 !>9 2.1 6.0 3.5 9.0 1.6 2.5 2.2 2.6 3.0 7.0 2.6 11.5 2.7 5.0 20.1 2.0 7.2 2.7 a8 8.0 11.1 4.5 1.0 .3 3.6 7.5 .6 .5 .4 3.9 .3 1.2 14 3 2.5 108.0 30.0 4.0 25.0 39.0 1.3 .7 .7 2.0 70.0 8.0 1.5 .6 .6 1.5 .5 2.0 9a 10.0 2.0 ' "i.h' "i'o 2.1 5.0 3.5 9.0 1.6 2.5 2.2 2.6 3.0 11.6 2.6 11.5 2.7 6.0 20.1 2.0 7.2 2.7 3.8 8.0 11.1 4.5 1.0 .3 3.6 7.6 .6 .5 .4 3.9 .3 1.2 14.3 2.6 108.0 36.0 4.0 25.0 39.0 1.3 .7 .7 2.0 70.0 8.0 1.6 .6 .6 1.6 .6 2.0 93.0 10.0 2.0 SI. 50 .76 .75 .75 .75 1.121 .75 1.00 .75 .76 1.00 .75 .75 .75 2.00 2.60 4.00 3.00 a 00 2.00 2.50 2.80 a 00 a 00 a 00 2.00 4.00 4.00 a 00 2.00 a 00 a 00 2.00 2.60 1.87 1.37 1.50 1.25 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.25- 1.26 1.25 .75 .76 .75 .75 8 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State. State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Cont.. Co.... State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . (") State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Cont.. Cont.. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Stat.e . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Cont.. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State . State . State . State . 6 7 SO. SO 8 1 ?, 3 1 1.00 9 2 3 4 5 6 Co.... State . State . State . State . 7 & Dairy worker (1), 4 hours per day. 236 BEPORT OF THE OOMMISSIOWEB OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, IHDTJSTBIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND lABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. System of work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value ol labor on goods pro- duced. DBLAWAKE. Newcastle Co. Workhouse. do -do. .do. Ferris Industrial School.. do Co. Co. Co. Co. DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington Asylum Work- house. ....do ....do ....do Reform School ....do do do do State Prison System do Duval Co. Convict Camp . Escambia Co. Jail Hillsboro Co. Jail Suwanee Co. Jail u City.. City . . City . . City . . CityfK) City(6) City(6) Cltyfi") City(6S Lessee Lessee Co.... Co.... Co.... P. A. P. A. P.P.. s. u.. p. A S. U S. U. S. U. P.W. P.W. p. A. P. A. s. u. S. u. s.u. Lease. Lease. Farming Stone quarrying, ■ cutting, and crushing. Clothing, etc Farming Farming Farming Clothing, etc. Farming Buildiiig trades Boads andTughways. Boxes , paper Farming Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming GEOBGIA. State Convict Camp at Al- bany. State Convict Camp at Chattaiioochee. StateConvict Camps atCole City, Rising Fawn, and Sugar Hill. State Convict Camp at Dur- ham. State Convict Camp at Egypt. ■ State Convict Camp at Fargo. State Convict Camp at P.W- P.W.. P.W- Lease. Lease. Lease. Lease Lease Lease Muling, phosphate Turpentme and rosin . Turpentine and rosin. Boads and highways. . Roads and highways. . Roads and highways. Lessee Lessee Lease Brick Brick Mining, coal (») . Mining, coal Lumber Lumber Lumber Lumber Lessee Lease. Lessee State Convict Camps at Jakin and Blakely. State Convict Camp at Lela. State Convict Camp at Lookout Mountain. State Convict Camp at Pitts and Worth. State Convict Camp at Sa- vannah. State Convict Camp at Worth. State Convict Farm do Baldwin Co. Convict Camp. Bibb Co. Convict Camp — Burke Co. Convict Camps (3). a Private, with assistance by county 6 City institution, under the management of the United States Department of Justice. State. State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Lease. Lease. P. A.. S. U.. P.W.. P.W.. P.W. Hjmber Mining, coal. Lumber Lumber Lumber Farming Farming Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways . S1S5 620 50,000 6,429 1,604 1,504 4,250 6,523 7,000 27,860 10,046 185 1,600 3,300 6,167 440,000 400,000 11,100 7,500 12,000 3,750 50,000 180,000 273,263 244,221 25,257 100,000 61,711 100,990 26,667 77,500 161,397 116,667 130,000 25,601 10,602 6,000 65,000 14,640 $155 614 12,814 6,180 732 2,440 6,100 22,908 2,124 110 979 1,652 1,297 173,813 268,016 3,766 6,990 14,085 2,921 14,374 62,712 101,774 136,710 14,321 111,338 17,780 31,824 15,600 29,702 48,048 31,200 24,336 9,922 4,961 3,848 46,800 10,296 OHAPTEE IV. GEITEBAL TABLES. 237 Table HI.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, Convicts employed, etc.— Continued. A.— 8TSTEUS, IND1TSTBIE8, VALUE 07 OOOSS AITD LABOB, COITTICTS EUFLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITTinOKS— Continued. Averaf oonvic- e number of s employed. Hrs. of la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and hours of free laborers performing like work. Who furnishes— In- sti- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Mar 3hinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- ti(n No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 1.0 6.6 98.6 47.8 22.5 22.5 16.0 16.0 83.0 70.0 6.0 20.0 30.0 30.0 375.0 656.7 19.5 33.5 36.0 14 56.0 182.0 212.0 401.0 46.0 326.0 52.0 93.0 45.0 62.0 140.0 90.0 71.0 76.0 39.0 "18.5 136.0 40.0 2.0 16.0 5.0 36.0 19.0 1.0 6.5 100.6 63.8 22.5 22.5 5.0 16.0 16.0 83.0 70.0 6.0 20.0 30.0 30.0 375.0 556.7 19.5 33.5 36.0 140 56.0 182.0 212.0 401.0 46.0 326.0 52.0 93.0 45.0 62.0 140.0 90.0 71.0 112.0 58.0 16.5 136.0 40.0 8 8 8 8 l\ 8 ' 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0.5 2.0 30.0 16.0 9.3 9.3 8.0 8.0 62.7 2.0 .6 40 9.0 8.4 562.5 835.0 12.0 22.3 36.0 9.3 6L0 201.0 233.0 441.0 51.0 358.0 57.0 102.0 50.0 68.0 154 100.0 78.0 46.0 23.0 16.5 150.0 44 LO 40 4 ii'o' 0.6 2.0 31.0 20.0 9.3 9.3 40 8.0 8.0 62.7 16.0 .6 4 9.0 8.4 .163 a 11.00 1.00 L35 1.00 .46 .46 8 8 8 S 10 10 Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Inst.. Inst . . City.. City.. City.. City.. 'city.'; Lessee Lessee Lessee Co.... Co.... Co.... Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee State . State . Co.... Co...- Co.... Co.... Co.... Cont.. Co.... Inst . . Inst . . City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. Lessee Lessee Lessee Co.... Co.... Co.... Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Leasee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Cont.. Co.... Inst . . Inst . . City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City . . City.. Lessee Lessee Lessee Co.... Co.... Co.... Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... 1 tl.OO LOO 8 8 2 .75 10 1 1.25 2.50 1.49J 2.00 1.50 2.00 1.60 L26 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.00 .76 1.00 1.40 1.00 .90 LOO 1.00 LOO LOO L40 LOO LOO LOO .50 .50 .75 LOO .75 10 8 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 .83 9 2 1 835.0 12.0 ' 22.3 1 36.0 1 9.3 61.0 201.0 1 233.0 441.0 61.0 368.0 57.0 102.0 50.0 68.0 ...... 1540 100.0 78.0 22.0 68.0 n.O 340 16.5 150.0 440 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 R 9 If 11 12 13 .40 .40 10 10 14 15 16 15 c Including mining and smelting iron ore. 238, REPOBT OF THE 0OMMI8SIOWEE OF LABOR. Table III — SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A — SYSTEMS, INDTJSTEIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITITTIONS— Continued. State and inatitution. Con- trol. System ot work, Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. OEOBGiA — concluded. Chatham Co. Convict Camps (3). Chatham Co. Convict Farm, Decatur Co. Convict Camp. do Dekalb Co. Convict Camp. Dougherty Co. Convict Camp. Early Co. Convict Camp . . , Floyd Co. Convict Camp . . . Fulton Co. Convict Camp . do Glynn Co. Convict Camp. . Lowndes Co. Convict Camp . Muscogee Co. Convict Camp Bichmond Co. Convict Camp. do ao Atlanta City Stockade . do IDAHO. State Penitentiary. do do ....do ILLINOIS. Southern Penitentiary. do ....do ....do ....do ....do State Penitentiary do do do ....do do do Chicago House of Correction do do do do do do do do do .do. Peoria House of Correction. do Quincy House of Correction. State Reformatory. do do do Co.... Co.... Lessee Lessee Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... City. City. State State State State State . State State State State State State State State State State State State City.. City- City.. City.. City.. City- City.. City.. City.. City.. City- City.. City.. City.. State State State State P.W. s.u. Lease P.W.. P.W.. Lease. P.W.. S.U., P.W.. P.W.. P.W. P.W. P.A.. S.U. P.W. s.u. P.W. s.u. s.u. s.u. s.u. p. A. p. A. P. P. P.P. S.U. s.u. p.p. p.p. p.p. p. p. s.u. s.u, P.W. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. P. A. S.U. s.u. S.u. s.u. s.u. P.W. p. A. P. A. S.U. Cont. Cont. P.P. P.P. Boads and highways Farming Farming_ Turpentine and rosin Boads and highways Boads and highways Turpentine and rosin Boads and highways Farming Boads and highways Boads and highways Boads and highways Boads and highways Fanning Farming Boads and highways Farming Boads and highways Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Fanning Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Brick Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Hosiery, etc Stove nollow ware Clothing, etc Farming Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Chairs, tables, etc Cooperage Clothing, etc Farming Building trades Baskets, willow ware, etc.. . B rooms and brushes Chairs, tables, etc Hosiery, etc Hammocks Brick Clothing, etc Farming Laundry work Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Building trades Brick Brooms and brushes Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Clothing, etc Picture moldings Chairs, tables, etc Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. 1105,676 8,646 1,770 13,600 10,000 16,000 12,950 20,000 2,274 94,120 19,000 14,000 18,947 6,000 8,700 43,080 1,575 800 1,200 11,167 3,000 27,019 17,219 200,000 100,000 8,333 2,400 990,431 81,000 359,784 146,899 7,183 16,921 18,732 10,467 80,186 100 7,709 511 24,804 7,550 3,274 6,862 2,500 5,305 6,600 4,383 2,471 4,850 12,000 22,819 32,061 S76,440 5,382 2,746 5,491 4,976 8,648 4,680 16,302 2,504 82,632 13,728 7,130 13,020 1,716 1,716 20,592 622 801 4,032 1,750 15,911 12,667 38,176 26,881 2,170 807 75,396 14,060 91,773 24,720 2,997 1,623 2,332 6,229 30,009 86 366 261 36,696 3,262 3,131 3,262 7,339 3,914 3,672 3,060 2,188 1,646 7,725 11,201 16,686 CHAPTER IV. GENJIBAL TABLES. 239 Table IH.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, IHDUSTEIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITTTTIONS— Continued. Average number of convicts employed. Hrs. of la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and hours of free laborers performing like work. Wbo furnisbes— In- sti- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 223.0 62.0 8.0 !6.0 16.0 25.0 18.0 47.5 8.0 264.0 40.0 21.0 38.0 6.0 6.0 60.0 "uh'.o 3.0 3.0 16.0 6.0 39.8 54.6 322.5 188.0 8.8 6.2 288.5 52.5 460.4 92.0 9.7 9.2 4.4 30.7 224.5 .3 5.4 2.9 130.7 16.5 15.5 3.2 18.8 17.3 16.0 13.6 7.4 10.1 53.7 75.2 113.2 • 35.0 'io.'s' 'is.' 6" '■3.'6' '28.'6' 223.0 97.0 8.0 16.0 16.0 25.0 18.0 47.5 8.0 264.0 40.0 21.0 38.0 5.0 5.0 60.0 40.5 156.0 3.0 3.0 16.0 6.0 39.8 54.6 322.6 188.0 g.S 5.2 288.5 52.5 478.4 92.0 9.7 9.2 44 30.7 224.5 .3 5.4 2.9 130.7 19.5 15.5 31.2 18.8 17.3 16.0 13.6 7.4 10.1 53.7 76.2 113.2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1* 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 f 8 10 8 g 8 8 245.0 12.0 8.0 16.0 16.0 28.0 15.0 52.3 8.0 264.0 44.0 23.0 42.0 5.5 5.5 66.0 iss.'o' 1.0 1.6 12.0 2.5 30.0 40.0 20.0 112.0 6.0 3.0 100.0 26.0 164 40.0 2.0 40 3.7 12.0 70.0 .2 '45.'6' 1.0 8.0 1.0 9.0 10.0 7.5 6.0 7.0 ■25.'6' 3.0 18.0 7.0 "m.5 180.0 'ii'o' 'io.'o' "i'o' ■ '2. '6' 1.0 "i'o' ■i6.'6' 5.0 '2S.'6' 245.0 19.0 8.0 16.0 16.0 28.0 15.0 52.3 8.0 264 44 23.0 42.0 5.5 5.5 66.0 40.5 155.0 1.0 1.6 12.0 2.5 30.0 40.0 200.0 112.0 6.0 3.0 1440 26.0 174 40.0 6.0 40 3.7 12.0 70.0 .2 2.0 1.0 45.0 9.0 8.0 U.O 9.0 10.0 7.5 5.0 7.0 5.0 25.0 28.0 18.0 tl.OO 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Co.... Co.... Lessee Lessee Co.... Co.... Lessee Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co...- Co.... Co.... City.. City.. State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . Cont.. Co.... Co.... Lessee Lessee Co.... Co.... Lessee Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... City.. City.. state . State . State . State . State . State . State-. Cont.. State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. City... City... City... City... City... City... City... City... City... City... Cont.. .Cont.. State. State. Co.... Co.... Lessee Lessee Co.... Co.... Lessee Co.... Co.... Co...- Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... City.. City.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. City... City... City... City... City... City... City... City... City... City... Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. 18 JO. 75 10 19 20 ?1 22 23 24 26 ?A 27 TH 29 .50 10 sn .90 2.50 2.00 L50 2.50 1.35 2.00 1.50 1.60 1.60 1.00 2.00 1.75 1.73J 2.00 2.10 1.35 2.02 1.66 1.64 2.00 10 9 9 10 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 8 S 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 1 1 .70 10 1.00 8 2 1.15 8 Cont.. 1.35 8 State . State . State . City... City... City... Cont.. City-! City... 'city.'.! J .70 1.00 "■'i.'26' "'i.'oo' 10 10 "io' "io' 2.50 2.50 1.50 2.50 2.50 1.50 2.00 2.60 1.50 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 City... City... City... State . a 1.00 8 f 1.00 2.50 3.00 8 8 8 1.15 8 'state' 240 KEPORT OP THE 0OMMI8BIONEE OF lABOB. Taboi hi.— systems OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AJSTD LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INDTJSTEIES, VALUE OE GOODS AND LABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITTTTIONS— Continued. In- Bti- tu- tion No State and Institution. Con- trol. System of work. State. S.U.. State . S.U.. State . S.U.. State. P.W.. State. P.P.. State . P.P.. State . P.P.. State . P.P.. State. P.P.. State. S.U.. State . S.U.. State . Cent.. State . Cont. . State . Cent.. State . S.U.. State . S.U.. State . Cont.. State. Cont. . State . Cont. . State . Cont.. State . Cont.. State. Cont.. State . S.U.. State. S.U.. State . S.U.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... S.U... Co.... S.U... Co.... S.U... Co.... S.U... State . S.U... State . S.U... State . S.U... State . S.U... State . S.U... State. P.W.. State . Cont.. State . P.A.. State . S.U... State . S.U... State . S.U... State . S.U... State . S.U... State . S.U... State . P.W.. State . Cont.. State . Cont.. State. Cont.. State . S.U... State . S.U..; State. P.W.. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. ILLINOIS— concluded. State Eef ormatory. . do do do INDIANA. Industrial School for Girls and Women's Prison. do do do do do do Reformatory do do do do State Prison do do do do do do do do Marion Co. Workhouse. .do. .do. .do. .do. Reform School for Boys. do do do do do IOWA. Penitentiary at Anamosa . ....do , ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do Penitentiary at Fort Madi- son. ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Building trades Carriages and wagons Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc House furnishing goods, mis- cellaneous. Laundry work Clothing, etc Farming Chairs, tables, etc Iron and steel, chains Stove hollow ware Clothing, etc F arming Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cooperage Cotton and woolen goods.. . Gloves and mittens Hosiery, etc Clothing, etc Farming Tobacco and cigars Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Clothing, etc Farming House fumisblng goods, mis- cellaneous. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Brick Clothing, etc Farming Printing Building trades Cooperage Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming _. Printing Soap Tinsmithing, coppersmiih- Ing, and sheet -iron work- ing. Building trades Agricultural hand tools Buttons •. Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Building trades S5,362 17,876 7,613 23,420 $1,545 6,798 3,090 14,214 ill 18 76 42 979 1,746 2,516 1,947 4,237 1,530 514 309 175,000 32, 675 67,860 35,112 129,690 62,960 6,380 3,696 980 924 115,485 22,774 136,500 22,818 114,848 28,251 106,750 6,375 33,750 8,136 62,795 5,855 9,515 3,622 3,094 1,566 2,623 435 71 54 322 478 2,094 622 402 118 2,406 1,433 3,856 2,639 2,400 1,564 7,628 1,604 11,829 5,508 1,502 1,299 23,746 5,769 23,347 10,718 1,600 1,386 955 616 12,281 5,942 6,489 3,234 846 770 335 308 240 215 57,219 36,960 225,000 45,492 29,820 12,388 90,000 28,611 4,432 2,313 1,589 746 14,000 5i^ CHAPTEB IV. G ENSEAL TABLES. 2il Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Coatinued. 4l>— SYSTEUS, INDUSTBIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LASOS, CONVICTS EKFLOTED^ ETC., BY INSTITTITIOWS— Continued. Average number ot conrictB employed. Hrs. ol la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and Hoars of free laborers performing like work. Who Jumishes— In- Rti- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tioa No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 8.3 36.7 21.1 46.2 "m'.i 164.4 255.4 19.0 6.0 99.4 98.9 98.6 44.9 21.8 32.2 25.5 15.9 3.0 1.2 ""■■3.0" 1.0 39.8 16.5 7.5 18.0 114.5 19.2 17.0 29.0 3.0 2.0 18.0 140 4.0 •2.0 1.0 1S3.7 148.3 .81.9 124.5 10.1 3.3 19.0 0.3 .1 .2 12.6 11.0 11.0 2.0 8.0 "ii'e" 8.3 35.7 21.1 46.2 .3 .1 .2 12.5 11.0 11.0 2.0 196.4 164.4 265.4 19.0 6.0 99.4 98.9 98.6 44.9 21.8 32.2 25.5 15.9 3.0 1.2 8.0 3.0 1.0 39.8 16.6 7.5 18.0 114 6 19.2 17.0 29.0 3.0 2.0 30.6 14 40 2.0 1.0 153.7 148.3 51.9 124 5 10.1 3.3 19.0 8 8 8 8 6 6 9 9 9 9 4 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 7 7 9 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 2.0 6.0 8.0 23.0 '98.'2' 95.0 127.7 10.0 3.0 .65.6 90.0 66.0 40.0 18.-0 30.3 12.5 8.0 1.6 .3 ■3.0" .6 8.0 8.2 3.2 6.0 22.9 48 7.8 29.0 1.5 2.0 18.0 14 2.0 1.0 .5 86.0 740 34 62.0 5.0 3.2 9.5 'io.'o' .3 .1 .1 6.3 7.0 5.5 2.0 3.0 2.0 16.0 8.0 23.0 .3 .1 .1 6.3 7.0 5.5 2.0 98.2 95.0 127.7 10.0 3.0 65.6 90.0 65.0 40.0 18.0 30.3 12.6 8.0 1.5 .3 3.0 3.0 .5 8.0 8.2 3.2 6.0 22.9 48 7.8 29.0 1.5 2.0 30.6 14 2.0 1.0 .5 86.0 74 340 62.0 5.0 3.2 9.5 S2.60 2.00 1.25 2,00 8 8 8 8 State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cent.. State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State . State.. State . State . State . State . Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State. State . n tl.OO 8 State . .90 1.05 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 State . State . State . State . State . State. State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State.. State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. State . State. State. State . State . State . State . State . Cont. . Cont.. Cont.. State. State. State. 1 1.35 1.60 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.19J .87i 1.60 .66 1.66 .66 1.00 .75 1.00 .76 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9. 3 .66§ 9 4 .75 1.00 .75 1.33 1.60 1.00 1.00 1.12i 2.78; 1.20 3.00 1.00 .75 .75 1.25 1.00 1.40 1.395 2.00 1.25 1.60 1.50 .76 1.75 10 9 9 10 8 9 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 R I .60 10 2 9061—06 242 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND lABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— STSTEMS, IITBTTSTBIES, VALTIE QT GOODS ASD lABOB, COWVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BT UrSTITTTTTOHS- Continued. In- sti- tu- tlOD No. state and institution. Con- trol. of work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. IOWA— concluded. State Industrial School tor Boys. do ....do... ....do ....do ....do . KANSAS. State Industrial Betornta- tory. do ....do do Stete Penitentiary ;iiido;"?"i;;;;ii!;2;;;;;;! — .do ....do do ....do .do. .do. Boys' Industrial School . do; do ;;"do;!";;;";";"";: do do KENTUCKY. Branch Penitentiary. do do do do do Penitentiary do do ....do :.. do do _. Houses of Reform do LoinaxAiCA. State Pemtenttary. do ....do ....do ....do State Prison . ....do do ....do do State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State , State . State . State . P.A- S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. p. A. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. p.w. Cont. P.A- S.U.. S.TJ.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. T.W. P. A., P. A.. S. U.. S. U.. S. U.. S. U.. P. w.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. s. u . . p. w.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. P. A- S. U.. P. P.. s. u.. p. A. P. A. S.V. S. U. P. w p. A. P. A. P. A. P. A-, P. A., ParmiQg. Clothing, etc Farming Harness Printing Building trades. Farming. Boataand shoes Ctothiing.. Pannftig. Buitdtng trades Chairs, taiMcs, etc BindtBg tirine Brick Clothing, etc Farmfiig Mitaina coal Stone quarrying cutting, and erushtng. BuiMing trades Koads and byways Farmiaag , Bootts and shoes. Clothing, etc Farming Harness Building trades. . Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes. Harness Stove hollow ware Teaming Buildmg trades Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes. Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Laundry work Clothing, etc Chiarrs, tables, etc Farming Clothing, etc. . . Farmfng Clothing, etc... Farming Levee building. Brooms and brushes.-. Carriages and wagons. Chairs, tables, etc Farming Harness S 11,000' 1,011 625 1,000' 6,281 335 17a 1,250 390,000 77,500 118,300 36,200 2,333 4,817 390,000 60,000 400,000 2,800 971 560 4,372 4,800 32S 67,488 19,000 15,650 180,000 28,423 40,000 610 2,172 45,000 tl,540 3,465 5,390 462 462 6,622 4, 437 3,*76 20, 4n 27,937 3B,9aO 12.664 4,950 31,569 104,994 5,756 6,217 3,838 243 462 770 3,234 104 87 1,001 34,100 23,250 25,833 11,022 2^333 3^110 138,192 23, 175 144,071 2,145 700 150 781 2,078 155 U0,051 15,500 25,188 120,727 IS, 470 20,400 426 530 17,000 CHAPTER IV. »E10:EAL TABLES. 243 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEUB, INDUSTRIES, TALmB OT GOODS AND XABOB, CONVICTS EKPLOYES, ETC., BY IN8TITTJTI0KS— Continued. Average number of convicts employed. Hrs. of la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and hours of free laborers performing like work. Who furnishes — In- st,i- Male. re- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma^ chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. ta- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 20.0 46.0 . 70.0 2.0 2.0 S4.5 4.0 5.0 23.0 30.0 8S.3 165.0 96.0 56.0 18.2 31.0 380.0 26.0 27.0 20.0 2.1 4.0 4.0 22.0 .9 .8 6.4 172.0 62.0 137.0 47.0 22.0 20.0 305.0 66.0 64a ■"'io.'o' 80.0 "473.4' 60.0 108. a 315.0 40.3 49.0 1.0 3.2 44.0 "e.'s" '27.'6" 10.0 11.0 3.0 1.0 ■25.'6" 20.0 46.0 70. 2.0 2.0 54.5 4.0 5.0 23.0 30. 88.3 165.0 95.0 56.0 26.0 31.0 380.0 25.0 27.0 20.0 2.1 4.0 4.0 22.0 .9 .8 6.4 172.0 62.0 137.0 47.0 22.0 20.0 305.0 66.0 667.0 10.0 11.0 3.0 10.0 80.0 1.0 473.4 75.0 108.3 315.0 40.3 49.0 1.0 3.2 44.0 5 5 6 6 5 5 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 4i 4 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 t\ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20.0 45. 70.0 2.0 2.0 54.5 2.0 2.5 11.5 J6.0 44.2 62.0 65.0 27.5 9.0 15.5 190.0 12.6 13.5 10 2.1 4.0 4.0 22.0 .9 .8 6.4 90.0 30.0 60.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 230.0 30.0 325.0 "i'e' 20.0 473.4' 60.0 108.3 315.0 26.0 24.0 .5 1.7 20.0 "s.'s' 'is.'o' 5.0 3.0 .5 1.0 '25.'6' 2ao 45.0 70.0 2.0 2.0 54.5 2.0 2.5 1L5 15.0 44.2 52.0 65.0 27.5 12.5 15.5 190.0 12. S 13.5 10.0 2.1 4.0 4.0 22.0 .9 .8 6.4 90.0 3ao 60.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 230.0 30.0 340.0 6.0 ao .5 4.6 20.0 1.0 47a 4 75.0 108.3 316.0 26.0 24.0 .5 1.7 20.0 to. 50 .60 .50 .75 .75 .59J .75 1.25 1.25 .75 1.60 1.76 2.00 1.50 1.60 .75 1.80 1.50 1.50 1.25 .75 .75 1.26 1.00 .75 .75 1.00 1.10 2.25 1.25 1.60 .75 1.00 1.75 2.25 1.40 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 9 9 10 State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State. State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State. Cont.. Cont.. Cent.. State . State. State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State. State . State . Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State. State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State. State . State . State. State. State . Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . Cont.. Cont-. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State. State. State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . 3 1 ? SO. 75 10 1 1 2 .75 1.25 .75 1.00 10 9 10 10 i.25 .75 10 10 3 .50 10 1 .75 .75 .75 1.25 1.75. 2.62 2.50 1.00 2.50 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 10 9 .50 10 1 244 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table MI.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A — SYSTEMS, INDTJSTKIES, VAUJja OF GOODS AND lABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. System of work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. MAINE— concluded. State Prison do do Androscoggin Co. Jail Cumberland Co. Jail do Penobscot Co. Jail do York Co. Jail Industrial School for Girls State School fo r B oy 8 do do do do MARYLAND. House of Correction. do do do do do Penitentiary do do do do do Baltimore City Jail. do do do do House of Reformation for Colored Boys. do do do do House of Eefuge do do Industrial Home for Col- ored Girls. do St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State . State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State . State . State - State . State . State . State State State State . State State State . State . State State . State State City. City.. City. City. City. State 6 State B State 6 State B State i> State 6 State B State 6 State t State B State 6 State 6 State 6 State !> State >> State B State 6 State B State !> P. A. S. U. s. u. Cont. Cont. S. U. Cont. Cont. Cont. S. U. P. A. P. P- S. U. s. u. s. u. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. S. U. S. U. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. S. U. S. U. Cont. Cont. S. U. S.U. S. U. P. A. P. P. S.U. S.U. S.U. Cont. P. A. S.U. P.P. S.U. Cont. Cont. P. A. P. A. S.U.. S. U.. S.U.. S. U.. P.W. Wood, out and sawed Clothing, etc Farming Boots and shoes Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Panning Chairs, tables, etc Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming.... Baskets, willow ware, etc. . Building trades Clothing, etc Mats and matting... Clothing, etc Farming '. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Stove hollow ware Clothing, etc Baskets, willow ware, etc. . Brooms and brushes Boots and shoesi Clothing, etc Tinsmithing, coppersmith- ing, and sheet-iron work- ing. Farming Chairs, tables, etc. Boots and shoes... Clothing, etc Farming Clothing, etc Farming Clothing, etc Clothing, etc Clothing, etc Brooms and brushes. Clothing, etc Farming Printing Clothing, etc Farming , Hosiery, etc Printing Building trades. $1,995 3,192 300 23,868 112,800 1,200 18,600 29,280 21,900 2,945 888 19,500 580 1,735 8,223 10,000 14,_280 46,360 65,000 1,993 3,940 398, 198 300,000 112,000 112,838 40,000 30,717 2,313 418 944 7,275 576 2,046 4f«87 22,000 751 3,176 10,148 30,000 60,345 7,039 2,372 8,128 7,810 347 406 a, 864 S708 1,186 77 6,467 19,035- 575 S, 660 3,206 3,350 2,295 250 4,774 145 4,517 11,780 29,842 34,086 493 3,049 66,876 129,270. 28,669 26,759 1,581 247 16,270 15, 365 657 1,031 263 961 2,056 466 558 3,844 6,342 230 1,268 1,332 601 6,992 10,716 <;2,394 1,900 1,368 ■12,320 171 379 941 State t State i> State I 1.00 1.00 9 10 fi 2.00 1.60 1.38i 2.50 2.00 1.00 1.25 2.50 2.75 9 9 10 9 10 10 10 9 8 7 State 6 State 6 State 6 State !> c Including S2,156 paid to 5 farm hands who acted as instructors as well as laborers, d Including S2,156 paid to 7 farm hands who act as instructors as well as laborers. 246 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table III — SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INDTISTEIES, VALUE OF GOODS AHD LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY IHSTITUTIOHS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. System ol work. State . P. A.. State . P. A.. . State . P.A.. State . P.A.. State . P. A.. State . P.P.. State . S.U... State . s.u... State . s.u... State . P.A.. State . P.A.. State . P.A.. State . S.U... State . s.u... State . P.A.. State . P.P.. State . s.u... State . P.A.. State . P.A.. State . P.A.. State . P.A.. State . P. A.. State . s.u... State . s.u... State . State . State . State . State - State - s.u... s.u... s.u... s.u... s.u... s.u... Co.... 'P.A.. Co.... p. A.. Co.... S.U... Co.... S.U... Co.... P.P.. Co.... P.P.. Co.... P.A.. Co.... P.P.. Co.... S. U.. Co.... P.P.. Co.... P.P.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... S. U.. Co.... S. u.. Co.... p. A.. Co.... P.A.. Co.... P.P.. Industry, Value ol goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. MASSACHUSETTS. Reformatory. do do do do do do do do Eeformatory Prison for Women. do do do do State Farm ""do"";;;'""!'""!;;! state Prison do do do do do do do do do do do do Berkshire Co. Jail and House of Correction. Bristol Co. Jail and House of Correction at New Bed- ford. do Essex Co. House of Cor- rection at Ipswich. Essex Co. Jail and House of Correction at Law- rence. Essex Co. Jail and House of Correction at Salem. franklin Co. Jail and House of Correction, do do Hampden Co. Jail and House of Correction. Hampshire Co. Jail and House of Correction. Middlesex Co. Jail and House of Correction at Cambridge. !;;;;do;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Middlesex Co. Jail at Lowell Norfolk Co. Jail and House of Correction. Plymouth Co. Jail and House of Correction. Blacksmlthing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Building trades Chairs, taldes, etc Printing Chairs, tables, etc Cotton and woolen goods . . Farming Printing Clothing, etc Farming Laundry work Clothing, etc Farming Chairs, tables, etc Chairs, tables, etc Farming Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Brooms and brushes. Trunks and valises Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Brooms and brushes Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods . Harness Hosiery, etc Trunks and valises Boots and shoes Boots and shoes. Boots and shoes. Farming Chairs, tables, etc. Chairs, tables, etc. Farming Chairs, tables, etc. Farming Umbrellas Chairs, tables, etc Brooms and brushes. Mats and matting Brooms and brushes. Mats and matting Cotton waste Boots and shoes Chairs, tables, etc. «1,985 144,648 1,900 41,706 419 S,900 65,485 9,943 6,050 38,205 1,871 4,131 7,286 1,486 13,842 28,351 38,783 216, 326 996 16,031 16,619 6,470 19,354 7,896 1,987 32,430 7,975 2,066 5,134 49 3,332 31,092 708 1,923 6,497 11,250 800 3,600 400 20,000 4,500 14,856 4,152 2,496 688 16,882 5,993 S964 29,560 964 7,497 214 2,249 22,491 2,433 2,570 9,104 207 3,481 2,151 329 3,672 15,851 23, 141 30,378 268 4,954 7,766 2,114 7,320 2,164 629 6,485 4,003 986 1,864 19 3,425 11,628 230 1,049 3,866 3,750 750 1,800 375 10,500 1,318 9,500 3,000 1,475 400 3,856 5,600 1,542 OHAPTEK IT, — OENEBAL TABLES. 247 TABL2 m.— SYSTEMS OF WOEK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— STBTBM8, IKBTOTEIEB, VALTIE OF GOODS AND LABOB, COKVIGTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITDTIOKS— Cantinued. Average number of soaTiota employed. Hrs. of la- bor per day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily -wages and hours of free laborers perfonping like. -work. Who furnishes — In- frti- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. ohinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tioa- No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 4.0 166.0 4..Q S2.0 1.0 32.0 172.0 20. y 12.0 ■■'ii.o' 148.0 12S.0 199:0 3.8 31.1 44.5 10.9 50.0 30.2 3.9 79.0 41.0 5.5 30. .1 37.0 149:0 3.0 6.0 36.0 35.0 3.3 14.0 1.7 at.0 20.0 37.5 13.0 7.5 2.0 24.0 42:0 23.0 'SLO" 1.9 26.0 12.0 3.1 4.0 166.0 4.0 52.0 1.0 32.0 172.0 20.0 12.0 51.0 1 1.9 26.0 12.0 3.1 11.0 148.0 125.0- 199.0 3.8 31.1 44.5 10.9 50.0- 30.2 3.9 79.0 41.0- 5.& 30.0 .1 37.0 149. a 3.0 6.0 36.0 35.0 3.3 14.0 1.7 84.0 20.0 37.5 13.0 7.5 2.0 24.0 42.0 23.0 7 7 7 - 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 7J V! 7! f. 71. l\ n T. n \' 8 8 9 8 8 9 9 9 9 85 7 7 7 7 9 9 8 1.5 60.0 1.5 20.0 .S 45.0' 10.0 4.0 .1 "\".ki 6.0 ■56.3" 80.0 .9 15.8 15.0 4.4 16.0 7.6 2.0 21.0- 10.0 1.8 7.0 .1 9.0 "'ao-' 2.0 "i.o" 18.8 6.S 3.7 l.» 'isi"6" 15.0 "3i.'9" .8- 13.0 8.0 .2 ■746' ^.0 .8 18.0- 17.5 8.0 '3S.'6' 7.0 iao' 9.0 1.5 60.0 1.5 20.0 .3 12.0 60.0 10.0 4.0 34.0 .9 13.0 8.0 1.1 6.0 74.0 50.0 80:0 .9 15.8 15.0 44 16.0 7.6 2.0 21.0 10.0 1.8 7.0 .1 9.0' 38.0 .8 3.0 18.0 17.5 2.0 8.0 1.0 36.0 7.0 18.8 &5 3.7 1.0 18.0 15.0 9.0 $3.00 2.30 3.00 1.75 3.00 10 10 10 10 10 State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State-. State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State .-, State . State . State. State . State . State. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co Co.... Co State '. State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . '■■ State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co...- Co.... -| State. State . State. State. "siate! $0.70 .75. 8 10 1.75 1.25 3.00 10 U 10 State . State. 'state'; 'sVa't'e'; state . State . State. State. State. State. State . State . State . State . State. State. State . State . State . Co.... 1.25 l.OO' 1.26 1.25 1.00 10 10 » 10 10 ■> 1.59 M 1.50 2.00 10 8 3 .70 I 8 1.10 1.66 1.2& 1.37J 2.33 2.12 2.80- 1.25 L37i 1.35 1.75 2.33 L16J ' 2.12- i 1.25. ■ 11 10 10 10 ; 10 ■' 10 ■ 10 ID 10 ' 10 ' 10 10 10 10 ■ 8 4 i 5 1.00 1.00 8 8 A 1.40 11 7 .70 .70 8 8 8 q 1.26- 10 in .75 8 1.25 10 1.00 .75 9 8 Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... CO.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... 11 1!! 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 s s s 13 :::::::::::: .70 9 14 1.25 8 Co.... Co.... Co.... 15 .70 10 16 248 KEPOET OF THE C|H80|tISSIONBR OF LABOR. Table HI — SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND' LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A — SYSTEMS, INDTJSTKIES, VALUE OF GOODS AKD LABOS, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY IHSTITUTIOIfS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. ytate and institution. Con- trol. System of work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. 18 MASSACHUSETTS— COnc'd. . Suffolk Co. House of Cor- rection. ....do ....do do do "Worcester Co. Jail and House of Correction at Fitchburg. do do Worcester Co. Jail and House of Correction at ■Worcester. MICHIGAN. Reformatory do do do do do..... State House of Correction and Branch Prison. do ;-..dO do . . ; » . , .do .do -do. State Prison. ..-.do ....do ....do ....do .do. -do. -do. -do. .do- Uetroit House of Correction ....do -...do Industrial School for Boys do .-..do , .--.do MINNESOTA. State Prison do :.-.- ----do --..do ....do State Reformatory do :... ..--do St. Paul Workhouse... ---.do ...wdo. State Training School - do Co.. Co.. Co.- Co.. Co-- Co.. Co. Co. Co. State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State . State . State . City . , City . . City . . State . State. State . State , State State State State State . State . State . State . City-. Clly .. City-. State . State. P. A. S. U. S. U- S. u. s. u. p. A. P. P. s. u. p.p. Cont- Cont. P. A. P. A- s. u. s. u. Cont- P. P. S. U.- S. U. S. U. P. w p. w Cont- Cont. Cont- Cont. Cont. P. A., P. A.. S. U.. s. u.. p. w. P.A.. P.A.. P. A.. P.A.. S.V .. S. U-. s. u.. Cont.. P. A.. S. U.. S.U., P. W. S.V .. s. u., p. w . p. A.. S.V .. p. w. P.A.. S. u.. Clothing, etc.: Boots and shoes Clothing, etc - Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Farming Chairs, tables, etc .-- . Fanning Chairs, tables, etc Chairs, tables, etc Packing and moving- Clothing, etc Farming Clothing, etc Farming Clothing, etc Tobacco and cigars Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Fanning Building trades Roads and highways Agricultural hand tools B rooms and brushes Carriages and wagons Clothing, etc - Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boxes, wooden Power and heat plant Clothing, etc Farming Building trades Brooms and brushes Buttons Chairs, tables, etc Farming Boots and shoes ...'..., Clothing, etc Farming Boots and shoes Binding twine Clothing, etc • Printing Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Building trades Brooms and brushes. Clothing, etc Roads and highways. Farming Clothing, etc ^ S38,665 4,012 11,661 32,036 25^918 16,000 850 16,000 219,786 2,885 667 3,327 3,008 2,123 120,000 $13, 780 3,306 4,896 21, 642 11,261 775 5,400 775 4,627 84,617 2,763 553 432 1,934 1,080 5,141 82,052 22,913 1,088 " 826 3,486 490 • 5,252 1,080 2,600 1,836 360 661 127,683 44,064 129,260 19,890 50,976 9,694 19,126 4,406 40,368 16,524 20,34S 14,688 1,167 876 7,887 2,326 2,462 1,120 9,180 9,180 23,070 7,592 10,998 5,196 124,921 23,976 2,637 2,761 1,119 -Soo 6,287 4,515 6,147 1,440 692,500 63,130 040,664 57,870 5,080 2,149 1,385 921 7,500 4,028 4,849 3,465 8,451 4,043 34,733 18,942 760 461 1,520 921 6,876 4,605 1,566 462 5,165 2,028 CHAPTER IV. -GENERAL TABLES. 249 Table OB.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INDTJSTEIES, VALUE OF GOODS AHD tABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY IH8TITTJTI0M8— Continued. Average number of convicts employed. . Hrs. of la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and nours of free laborers performing like work. Who furnishes— In- sti- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 135.0 10.0 10.0 200.0 114.0 4.0 52.0 4.0 45.0 245.6 16.9 1.0 2.0 10.0 15.3 34.0 117.0 1.5 2.3 3.0 5.0 1.6 149.1 136.1 29.0 20.7 25.8 38.9 2.0 10.0 15.7 26.2 •67.0 35.0 200.0 27.0 20.4 42.8 81.9 235.3 188.5 8.2 6.0 31.5 18.7 35.3 122.2 2.0 .4.0 32.8 6.0 38.0 'ii'o' iio" 15.0 7.0 '26.'6" 135.0 10.0 22.0 200.0 114.0 4.0 52.0 4.0 46.0 245.6 16.9 1.0 2.0 10.0 15.3 34.0 117.0 1.5 2.3 3.0 6.0 1.6 149.1 136.1 29.0 20.7 26.8 sag 2.0 10.0 15.7 26.2 69.0 60.0 207.0 27.0 20.4 42.8 81.9 235.3 188.5 8.2 6.0 31.5 18.7 36.3 122.2 2.0 «•*-•> 32.8 6.0 5a 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 4i 4 4 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6.0 5.0 80.0 23.0 2.0 "2."6' 176.0 6.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 6.0 3.0 "i.'s' ' '3.'6' 5.0 1.5 90.0 56.0 20.0 3.0 .20.0 30.0 2.0 1.0 7.0 26.0 10.0 6.0 40.0 27.0 2.3 4.4 12.0 117.5 94.3 4.0 2.0 10.5 9.0 17.5 41.0 1.0 2.0 10.0 1.5 6.7 45.0 "6.6' 26.0 ■22."6" '"5."6" 'i5.6' 117.0 "'2.0' '45.'6' 'ii'o' "7.'6' 'iao' 14.0 40.0 "i'.'b 24.5 "i'.h' 45.0 6.0 11.0 80.0 23.0 2.0 26.0 2.0 22.6 175.0 6.0 1.0 2.0 6.0 6.0 lao 117.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 1.5 90.0 100.0 20.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 2.0 ao 7.0 26.0 28.0 20.0 80.0 27.0 3.8 28.9 12.0 117.6 94.3 4.0 2.0 10.6 9.0 17.5 41.0 1.0 2.0 10.0 1 5 10.3 $1.25 10 Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . Coat.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . Stat«. City.. City.. City.. State . State . State . State , Cont.. State . State . State . State. State . State. State - State . State . State - State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont. . State . State . State . State. State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State. State . City.. City.. City.. State . State . State . State. Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State. State. 17 S2.26 2.60 1.10 2.00 1.25 10 10 10 10 9 1.25 10 1S .70 8 1.26 9 .75 8 Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . State. State . ■State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . 19 1.76 1.661 2.00 .69 2.00 .69 2.00 10 10 10 9 10 9 10 1 1.00 10 1.00 .80 10 10 2 2.25 10 1.00 10 1.15 1.50 1.50 2.00 86J 1.98 2.00 3.00 1.80 1.50 2.60 .67i 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 .763 2.00 2.00 .768 1.75 2.00 1.76 1.60 1.25 1.25 .75 1.50 1.50 1.50' 1.50 2,00 1.60 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 3 .75 10 1.00 10 1.00 10 .76 .76 .76 10 10 10 City.. City.. City.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. 4 5 1.00 1.00 10 10 1 2 3 4 i.66 9 250 EEPOBI OF THE COMMISSJEOBOEK OF tABOE. TAB3E.B HI.— SYSTEMS OF WOSK, INDUSTBIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND lABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued!. A.— SYSEEMS, mumS^BIES, TAETTE OF GOODS AND lABOB, COHTICTS EMPIOYEB, ETC., BY INaXITtlTIOKS— Continued. Stir tnr No. State and institution. Coir- trol. System • of Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. MINNESOTA — conclud«d. state Training School do ....do Misaiasippr. State Prison System, do -dio- .do. .do. -ifc. .do. ..do. MISSOWSI. State Penitentiary do do ....d'o , St. Louis City Workhouse:. do do ....do ....do St. Louis House of Befage. do _ do Trailing School for Boys . .do. .do. .do. .do. State' Bcf ocm School . .do. .do. NEBKJISKA. State, IPtenitentiiary do do do State Industrial School for Boys. do do - iiiiidoiiirii;!'"!"!;;;!;! NEYADA. State Prison do .do- .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State State State State State State. State State : State State State State . State State State State State City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State S. liJ. S. F, P. W P. A. P. A. P.P. S. ¥. S. W. s.tr. p. w p.w Cont.. Cont.. Cont. . Cont.. B.XT.. p.w. S. U .. Farmmg PMnting Building trades. Lumber Fanning Clothing, etc Famning : Wood^ cut and sawed. B uildiog trades Levee 1>uildlng B. V .. P w. r w . p A.. s. rr.. B. u .. 1? w . P A s. U.. K. u.. H. 11 .. P w. R. TT ,. S. 0.. S. u.. Cont. . S. 1)... S. (J— P w . P A.. s. n.. K. u .. S'. u ... P w . P A P A.. S.U.. s. U.. s. u.. K. [}.. S. u.. P.W. J Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Clothing, etc Saddletrees Clothing, etc Build'itag trades Clol^iiing, etc Farming _ Stone, quarrryfngt euitting, and crushing. Building trades Boad's and highways Bread Clothing, etc Fanning Buifding trades Briek Brick Clotbmg, etc Farming, Building trades Boobs and shoes. Clothing, etc Farming Brooms and brushes. Clothing, eto Farming Building trades Farming Clothing, eto Farming. Printing BuiM'ing trades Fanmtag Stone quarrying, eutting, and erusbing. Blaebsmithing and wllteel- wcighting. Boots and shoes Clotfeing, ale Farming Stens quairiying; cutting, and crushing. Building trades Sa,380 1,600 7,500 213,3fig 2,831 4,000 8,741 191,305 2,445. 10,707 ,863,685 111,600 125,000 198,000 7,500 22,500 5,500 2,000 31,000 6,500 25,131 8,643 3,750 4,600 6,000 550 4,950 5,130 7,000 13,000 750 2,,296 ^5,000' 2,336 3,651 6,732 2,378 2,470 925 430 2,500 133 114 435 908 1,403 2,73S 300 SI, 468 578 3,119 I34,.8ei 1,244 311 2,177 98,524 1,260 M,707 1,683 22, 159 1%660 46,650 3,:577 17,416 3). 465 924 24,486 3,696 18,942 4^236 1,925 2,464 3,850 173 1,569 1,733 3i419 4,813 360 548 834 42,042 1,577 1,848 4,168 1,535 1,535 614 1,228 2,034 66 73 684 228 684 675 t,«87 192 OHAPTEB IV. GENEBAL TABLES. 261 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMB, IHDTJSTBIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY IHBTITTJTIOSS— Continued. Average number of convicts employed. Hrs. of la- bor per day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and nours of free laborers performing like work. Who furnishes — In- sti- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 22.0 6.0 27.0 429.3 4.0 1.0 "m'.s 4.1 22.0 5.3 1,114.0 77.0 72.0 161.0 22.0 65.0 ""6."6' 67.0 12.0 60.0 22.0 """32."6' 25.0 1.5 13.5 15.0 74.0 28.0 9.0 "■24.'6" 156.6 7.0 8.0 18.8 10.0 10.0 4.0 8.0 13.2 .3 .3 1.3 1.0 2.5 3.2 6.2 .6 ii'o' ■44.'6' "is'o' '25.'6' 'sis'o' '"8.'6' "'i.'o' 22.0 6.0 27.0 429.3 40 1.0 14.0 336.8 41 22.0 5.3 1,1140 77.0 116.0 161.0 35.0 65.0 26.0 5.0 67.0 12.0 60.0 22.0 25.0 32.0 25.0 1.6 13.5 15.0 74 28.0 9.0 8.0 24.0 156.5 8.0 8.0 18.8 10.0 10.0 4 8.0 13.2 .3 .3 1.3 1.0 2.S 3.2 6.2 .6 4i 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 4 f 10 10 10 10 5 5 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8.5 5.0 13.5 428.6 4 1.0 3i7.'6' 41 22.0 6.3 836.0 57.0 60.0 120.0 11.0 56.0 "3.0 63.0 8.0 41.0 22.0 "32.'6" 25.0 1.5 13.5 15.0 740 28.0 1.2 "e.'o' 78.0 3.5 8.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 40 8.0 13.2 .2 .2 .7 .5 1.5 1.8 3.7 .3 ii'o' '36.0' "6.6' '15.0' "25.6' ■46' "i.'o' 8.6 5.0 13.6 428.6 4 1.0 14 317.0 41 22.0 6.3 836.0 67.0 90.0 120.0 17.5 66.0 15.0 3.0 53.0 8.0 41.0 22.0 25.0 32.0 25.0 1.6 13.5 15.0 74 28.0 1.2 40 6.0 78.0 4 5 8.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 40 8.0 13.2 .2 .2 .7 .5 1.5 1.8 3.7 .3 tl.lli .75 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 9 9 9 10 10 10 State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . City.. City . . City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State. State . State . State.. State . 4 1 $0.50 10 State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City .. City.. City.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State. State. State . State . State . State. State. State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. State . State . State . State . State - State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State. 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.37J 1.25 .75 1.25 .75 1.00 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 .50 8 .50 8 .76 10 2 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 10 10 10 10 10 ".'56' "io' 3 .60 1.00 .75 .76 .75 .30 1.12 2.50 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 4 1 1.25 9 1.25 1.75 1.25 .75 1.50 .50 .50 .50 .60 .60 2.00 2.50 400 2.50 2.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 .76 10 2 1 8 10 10 10 10 8 252 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOK. Table HI.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND liABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A — SYSTEMS, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AKD LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BT INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. System of work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. NEW HAUFSHIBE. State Prison ....do ...do Hillsboro Co. Almshouse and House of Correction. Hillsboro Co. Jail ....do Mancbcster City Farm and House of Correction. do Industrial School do do do NEW JEBSEY. Reformatory. do do do do do ;. do do do State Prison do do do do do do Essex Co. Penitentiary. \]'.]'.do\\"'."'."'."\\\\l do do Hudson Co. Penitentiary. . . do.. do.. do.. do.. Mercer Co. Workhouse. do .do. .do. .do. State Home for boys. do do do do ......do ....do State Home for Girls. State - State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... City.. City.*. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State , State . State . State . Co.... Co:... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... State State State . State State . State . State . State . Cont. S. U. S. U. S. U. Cont. s. u. p. A. s. u. p. A. P. P. s. u. s. u. Cont. P. A. P. A. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. P.W. P.W. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. S. U. S. U. P. A. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. P. A.. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. P. A. P. A. S. U. S. U. S. U. P. A. P. A. P. A. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. Chairs, tables, etc. Clothing, etc Farming Tanning Brooms and brushes. Farming Farming Farming Farming Hosiery, etc . . Clothing, etc. Farming Clothing, etc Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Tinsmithing, coppersmith- ing,and sheet-iron working. Building trades Roads and highways Boots and shoes B rooms and brushes Clothing, etc Mats and matting Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Farming : Stone quMrrying, cutting, and crushing. Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Brick .- Brooms and brushes Farming Boots and shoes Brick .Clothing, etc Farming Clothipg, etc 1105,000 7S0 1,200 9,625 14,479 138 4,344 1,200 • 300 10,750 460 6,325 54,035 358 680 2,151 3,400 1,765 5,816 14,872 1,061 30,000 49,000 71,000 40,000 109,840 1,664 15,220 415 263 1,027 3,566 1,954 1,226 1,617 31,215 175 634 900 2,300 16,313 246 10,929 4,988 2,944 645 5,680 14,736 6,826 121,845 244 217 2,754 4,590 230 3,402 1,096 153 3,060 230 2,525 14,688 184 245 1,102 1,224 979 .3,060 8,530 1,061 7,686 32,025 36,868 24,156 58,499 1,281 7,076 122 184 490 1,469 14,688 643 J75 367 734 25,704 155 834 618 2,163 12,516 162 8,732 924 1,930 416 4,620 3,696 3,477 CHAPTER IV. GENEBAL TABLES. 253 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INDUSTEIKS, VAITJE OF GOODS AHD LABOB, CONVICTS EMPIOYED, ETC., BY IHSTITTITIOHS— Continued. Average number of convicts employed. Hrs. of la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average dally wages ■ and hours of free laborers performing like work. Who furnishes— In- sti- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 120.0 1.0 1.0 15.0 31.0 1.0 21.0 6.0 2.0 40.0 "■33.0' 93.0 1.1 1.9 8.4 9.6 8.9 8.1 23.7 8.8 23.0 100.0 12s. 132.0 198.0 4.0 21.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 11.0 75.0 2.0 1.0 "■■4.6" 93.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 9.0 39.0 1.3 110.0 10.0 12.0 4.0 50.0 40.0 "i'o" '26."6' "'2.o' "2.0" 2.0 '75.'6' 120.0 1.0 1.0 16.0 31.0 1.0 21.0 6.0 2.0 40.0 4.0 33.0 93.0 1.1 1.9 6.4 9.6 8.9 8.1 23.7 8.8 23.0 100.0 125.0 132.0 198.0 4.0 41.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 11.0 75.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 93.0 ].0 3.0 3.0 9.0 39.0 1.3 110.0 10.0 12.0 4.0 60.0 40.0 75.0 1 8 8 8 8 5 6 5 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 , 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 . 9 10 10 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 CO.O .5 .5 7.5 15.0 .5 10.5 3.0 1.3 26.7 '22."6' 60.0 .5 1.0 3.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 11' 4.3 18.0 76.0 92.0 99.0 137.0 3.0 15.0 .5 .5 1.0 6.0 40.0 1.5 .8 '"3."6' 60.0 .5 2.0 2.0 7.0 30.0 .6 27.0 5.0 6.0 1.5 25.0 20.0 "i'o ii'o' "i."6' "i's ig.'o' 60.0 .5 .5 7.5 15.0 .5 10.5 3.0 1.3 26.7 2.0 22.0 60.0 .6 1.0 3.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 11.0 4.3 18.0 75.0 92.0 99.0 137.0 3.0 29.0 .5 .5 2.0 6.0 40.0 1.5 .8 1.5 3.0 60.0 5 2.0 2.0 7.0 30.0 .6 27.0 5.0 6.0 1.6 25.0 20.0 19.0 81.40 1.50 1.60 1.50 1.25 1.60 1.25 1.25 .76 .76 10 8 9 10 9 9 9 9 10 10 Cont.. State . State . Co.... Cont.. Co.... City, . City . . State . State. State. State. State. State. State. State . State. State . State. State. State. State. State , State. State . State . State . State. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State. State . State. State. State. State. State . State. Cont.. State. State . Co.... Cont. . Co.... City . . City.. State . State. State: State. State . State. State. State . State. State . State. State. State. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State. State. State . State . State. State . State . State. Cont.. State . State . Co.... Cont.. Co.... City . . City . . State . State . State . State . State . State. State. State. State. State . State. State . State. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont. . Cont.. State . State. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State . State . State. State . State. State. State. State. 1 2 3 4 S $0.75 10 .75 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.00 2.50 2.535 1.00 1.75 1.75 1.641 1.00 1.75 1.60 1.00 1.00 1.60 1.00 1.00 1.60 1.75 1.50 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 ?. 1.00 10 3 1.00 10 4 1.00 10 1.00 1.75 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.60 1.50 1.75 1.00 1.76 1.50 1.00 1.00 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 fi i.66 10 7 254 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table III — SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Contmued. A.— SYSTEMS, IHSUSrSIES, VALTTE OF GOODS AKD LABOE, COHVICTS EMPIOYED, ETC., BY INSTITTITIONS— Contmued. In- sti- ta- tion No. State and Institution. NEW MEXICO. Penitentiary. do do .do. -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. NEW YOEK. Auburn Prison. do do do do Clinton Prison.. do do .do. Eastern New Vork Heform- atory. do , do .do. House ol Refuge f or Wonaen Sing Sing Prison do do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State Reformatory. do .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. State Reformatory for Wo- men. ....do Erie Co. Penitentiary ....do do .do. Con- trol. 9 Monroe Co. Penitentiary. I do Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. TeiF. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co.... Co.... Co.... System of work. P. A. P. A. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. s. u. P.W. P.W. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. P.W. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. S. U- s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. P.W. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s.v. p. A. s. u. Indastiy. Brick Lime Blacksmithing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and slioes Clothing, etc Electric light and power Farming Harness Tinsmithing, coppersmith^ mg,and sheet-ironworking. Building trades Boads and highways- Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods Clottiing, etc Cotton goods Tinsmlthing, coppersmrth- ing,andstieet-ironwoiking. Wood«igoods,mi9ceUaneous Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Building trades Clothing, etc Soots and shoes Brooms and brushes Castings, machinery, and repairs. Chairs, tables, etc Clothmg, etc Hosiery, etc - Mats and matting Priinting Sash, doors, etc Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Castings, machinery, and repairs. ClotBing, etc Farming House {urniahing goods, mis- cenaaeous. Printing . _ _ Building trades Clothing, etc Hosiery, etc Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Lanndry work Mattresses Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Tinsmithing, coppersmith- ing.andsheet-iron working. Farming Boots and shoes Value of goods produced. H7,000 750 1,500 1,255 3,252 1,200 900 300 300 2,200 20,000 3,527 15,990 201,936 8,314 131,876 21,693 69,172 15,119 3,8S1 2,249 5,346 10,378 3,039 2,25a 24,411 18,383 25,809 20,001 43,936 60,493 10,639 8,610 21,071 6,180 4,790 1,413 17,856 4,466 2,959 2,^3 51,955 2,717 57 932 4,44a 4,620 323 4,867 459 2,160 534 Value ol labor on goods pro- duced. $8,813 588 1,224 918 1,662 918 783 191 191 1,545 12,974 915 10,065 64,355 4,728 37,068 10,980 50,783 7,930 8,S40 973 2,432 4,378 2,4% 1,386 10,640 6,080 9,128 11,342 13,882 6,840 9,120 9,880 14,651 6,080 2,040 2,244 8,140 1,122 4,570 3,213 8,262 1,236 15 737 4,176 1,965 215 3,009 246 990 380 CHAPTEB IV. 6ENEEAI. TABLJES. 255 Table m^-STSTEMS OF WOKE, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND liABOR, CONVICTS. EMPIOYED, ETC.— Coii-tin-u« 26.0 19.0 01.0 18.0 50. Oi 42.0 96.0 32.0 .7 4.5 65.0 8.0 .5 17.5 2.0 16.0- 2.5 8- 8- 8 8 8 8. 8- 8 8 8. 8. 1 8 8 8 3 8 8 8 6 6 6 © 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5. 5 5 5 5 5 5 i 4 g. 8 S 8 7 8 8 8 18.0 1.2 1.0 1.2 2.2 1.0 1.5 .Z .2 1.7 26.5 2.1 28.6 14-1.2 8,6 116.4 24.0 118.0 13.0 14.0 2.0 8.0 9.0 6.3. 12.0 29.0 28.0 38.0 '3ao 60.0 15.0 17.0 1S.0> 16. ILO 38.0 11.0 28.0 14.0 60.0 "i.'s" 6.0 2.0 5 .. — . "6.6' "s.o .1 '5.0 4.0 1810 1.2 1.0 1.2 2.2 1.0 1.8 .2 .2 1.7 26.5 2il astg 141.2 8,^ 115.4 24. 118.0 13.0 14.0 2.0 , 8.0 9.0 6.3 6.0 35.0 12.0 20.0 28.0 38,0 30.0 60,0 15.0 17.0 15.0 16.0 11. 38i0 11,0 28.0 14,0 00,0 8.0 .1 1.5 : 11.0 ' 6.0 .5 5.0 .5 3.9 1 .7 e.ee 2. GO 4.90 2.50 2.60 3.0O 2.00 2.60 2.60 2.94 2.00 1.98 1.77 2.08J 2.50 1.64 1.50 1.44 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.25 2.00 1. 63 Iff 1«' S S 8 8 W 8 8 8 10 9 10 9,V f 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 Ter... Ter. . . Ter... Ter... Ter. . . Ter... Ter. . . Ter... Ter... Ter... Ter... State . State . Stale. State . States. Ter... Ter... Ter... Ter. . . Ter. . . Ter. . . Ter... Ter. . . Ter... Ter... Ter... State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State. State . State-. State . State . State. State . State . State . State. State . State . State. State . State . Stale. State. State . State. State. State. State . State . State. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co... Co.... Co.... Ter... Ter. . . Ter. . . Ter... Ter... Ter. . . Ter... Ter... Ter... Ter. . . Ter... State . State . State . State . State . State. State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . -State. State . State. State . State . State. State. State. State . State . - State . State . - State. State . State . State-. State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co-.... Co.... 1 1 T ? 3 {1.25- 10- State . State . State-. State . State-. State. State. State. State . 4 1 50 2.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.25, .83J 3,25 3.7-8 2; 00 1.25 2.00 2.10 1.00 : 1.60 2.25 1.35 9 9 8 9 10 10 10 9 : 8 9 10 10 10 10 10) 10 10 5 State. State. State. State . State. State . State . State . State. Co-.... Co.... Go-.... Co.... Go-.... Cfr.... Co.... Co ... fi 1.25 1.25- 10 10 7 2.0O 2.00 2.00 1.7,5, 2.00- 2.0O 1.00 2.00 10 10 10 10 10 10 10- , 9 8 1.00 I.OO- 10 10 . .5 .7 9 256 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OP WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INDXrSTBIES, VALVE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. System ol work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value ol labor on goods pro- duced. NEW TOKK — concluded. Monroe Co. Penitentiary . . . Onandaga Co. Penitentiary. .\\"do"\""\"\\""'.['.[V. do Kings Co. Penitentiary do do do do do do do ., New York Co. Penitentiary. do do do do do .do.- Workhouse, Blackwells Is- land, and Branch Work- houses, Harts and Rikers Islands. ....do ....do ....do ....do , .do. .do. State Industrial School . . .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do- NOBTH CABOLINA. State Prison. do , do , do .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. -do. Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. Bity. City . City. City. City. City. City . City. City., City . City . City., State State State State State State State State State State. State. State. State. State . State. State. State . State . State. State. S. U. S. U. a. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. P.W. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. B. U. s. u. p. W s. u. s. u., s. u.. s. u.. s. u.. s. -0., P.W s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. P.W Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. P. A. P. A. P. A. S. U. S. U. P.W Farming Boots and shoes '. Clothing, etc Farming stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Hosiery, etc Mattresses ; Printing Roads and highways '.., Blacksmitbing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Clothing, etc Farming .-. .-•. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Tinsmithing coppersmith- ing, and sheet-iron work- ing. Building trades . .". Blacksmithing and wheel- wrighting. Burying paupers Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Tinsmithing coppersmith- ing, and sheet-iron work- ing. Building trades Blacksmitbing and wheel- wrighting. Bookbinding Boots and shoes Castings, machinery, and repairs. Cldtning, etc Electrical construction and repairs. Farming Printing Building trades Lumber Railroad building Roads and highways Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Wood, cut and sawed Brick Clothing, etc Farming Clothing, etc Farming Roads and highways SI, 958 1,603 2,936 4,141 14,000 16,486 67,813 13,199 7,543 7,697 8,828 2,779 10,646 8,768 7,191 1,496 26,221 2,394 27,889 4,239 18,472 2,018 a 3, 192 18,268 3,894 29,485 1,594 28,591 838 972 6,196 6,602 17,308 2,993 2,133 2,487 4,438 67,474 47,434 17,334 26,299 1,947 12,064 479 27,864 8,883 21,455 18,732 $846 1,012 1,248 1,712 9,116 8,896 36,147 6,165 3,371 1,317 2,809 2,283 3,746 4,966 2,128 861 7,661 2,394 22,311 4,138 12,118 1,«90 .3,192 9,876 2,394 7,980 1,182 21,360 674 2,881 4,822 9,289 1,487 1,190 2,404 3,670 14,975 41,730 13, 477 22,936 1,910 6,372 171 23,173 3,776 11,482 11,790 o Value of work performed. OHAPTEK IV. GENEBAL TABLES. 257 Table HI SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INDirSTBIES, VALTTE OF GOODS AND LABOR, COITVICTS EKFLOTED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Average number of convicts employed. Hrs. of la- bor per day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and bours of free laborers performing like work. Who furnishes— In- sti- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 14.5 3.0 3.0 i5.0 81.0 72.0 243.0 33.0 25.0 15.0 10.0 12.0 22.0 25.0 25.0 10.0 70.0 35.0 115.0 28.0 30.0 6.0 24.0 14.0 35.0 66.0 6.0 93.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 eo.o 71.0 10.0 22.0 25.0 41.0 43.8 121.9 43.8 67.1 5.6 18.6 "i32.'2' ""m.2 34.6 n.o "■i.'6" 4.6 22.1 2.8 14.5 3.0 3.0 15.0 81.0 72.0 243.0 33.0 25.0 16.0 10.0 12.0 22.0 25.0 25.0 10.0 70.0 35.0 115.0 28.0 30.0 6.0 24.0 105.0 35.0 66.0 6.0 93.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 CO.O 71.0 10.0 22.0 25.0 41.0 43.8 121.9 43.8 67.1 5.6 18.6 1.0 136.8 22.1 68.0 34.5 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5J 5 5 5 if 53 5i 54 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3.4 2.3 2.3 8.6 30.0 24.0 82.0 10.7 8.0 6 4.0 3.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 2.0 18.0 9.0 28.0 7.0 8.0 2.0 6.0 5.0 9.0 15.0 2.0 23.0 2.2 1.8 7.1 11.2 32.7 3.4 8.4 4.5 8.5 48.2 134.1 48.2 73.8 6.1 20.5 i'ih'.'i Vi'.i' 37.9 '28.0" "i.'i" 5.1 24.3 3.0 3.4 2.3 2.3 8.6 30.0 24.0 82.0 10.7 8.0 6.0 4.0 3.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 2.0 18.0 9.0 28.0 7.0 8.0 2.0 6.0 33.0 9.0 16.0 2.0 23.0 2.2 1.8 7,1 11.2 32.7 3.4 8.4 4.5 8.5 48.2 134.1 48.2 73.8 6.1 20.5 1.1 150.5 24.3 74.7 37.9 $1.00 2.00 2.60 1.00 1.52J 1.60 2.00 2.46i 2.00 1.25 3.00 3.25 2.00 3.60 1.50 2.00 2.00 1.25 3.37 2.50 6.00 4.00 2.00 2.00 1.25 2.00 2 60 3.49J 2.12i 3.60 2.41 2.82J 1.895 2.90 1.00 3.60 2.86J 1.00 1.00 .90 1.00 1.00 1.00 10 9 9 10 10 9 9i 10 9 10 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 9 8 10 •10 8 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... City.. City . . City . . City . . City . . City . . City . . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... City . . City . . City . . City . . City . . City . . City.. City.. City.. City . . City . . City . . City . . City . . City . . City . . City . . City.. City . . City . . City . . City . . City . . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State. Cont.. Cont. . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State. State. State. State. State. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... City . . City . . City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City . . City.. City.. City . . City.. City . . City.. City . . City . . City . . City . . City.. State. State. State. State. State. State. State . State. State . Cont.. Cont. . Cont. . Cont. . Cont.. State . State. State. State. State . Co.... 9 10 T1 City . . City . . 1? City . . City . . City . . City . . City.. City . . 13 $1.25 10 City . . 1 1 State. 14 State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. 1 1 1 Cont.. State. State! State. State. .50 .35 .60 .35 10 10 10 10 .50 10 .50 1.00 10 10 9061—06 17 258 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOIOIB OF I^BOB. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— STBTEHS, INSTTSTBIES, VALUE OH GOODS AtTD XABOB, CONVICTS EMFLOTEO, ETC., BY INSTITCTIOTJS— Continued. In- Bti- tu- tion No. State and institution. Con- trol. System of work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. NOKTH CAROLINA— COnc'd. Alamance Co. ConTiot Camp Anson Co. (Wadeslwro Township) Convict Camp. Buncombe Co. Convict Camp. Cabarrus Co. Convict Camp. Columbus Co. Convict Camp Durham Co. Convict Camp. Edgecombe Co. Convict Camp. Forsyth Co. Convict Camp . Franklin Co. and Louisburg Township Jail. Gaston Co. Convict Camp.. G ranville Co. Convict Camp do Greene Co. Jail GuiUord Co. Convict Camps (2). Haywood Co. Convict Camp Henderson Co. Convict Camp. Iredell Co. Convict Camp... Lenoir Co. Convict Camj). . Mecklenburg Co. Convict Camp. New Hanover Co. Convict Camp. Person Co. Convict Camp . , Bandolph Co. Convict Camp. Robeson Co. Convict Camp. Rockingham Co. Convict Camp. do Rowan Co. Convict Camp .. Swain Co. Jail Wake Co. Workhouse Camp do do Wayne Co. Convict Camp . . Wilson Co. Convict Camp . Monroe Township (Union Co.) Convict Camp. NOKTH DAKOTA. State Penitentiary. ....do do do do do ....do OHIO. Penitentiary . do ....do ..do. ..do. .do. .do. .do. ..do. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Tp.. State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State' State P. W. P. W. P. W. P. W. P. W. P. W. P. W. P. w. P. w. P. W- Cont.. P. W. P. W. P. W. P. W. P. W. P. W. P. W. P. W. P. W P. W, p. w P.'W p. w P. w p. w p. A. s. u. p. w p. w p. w p. w p. A. P. A. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. P. W Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. S. U. S. u. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Wood, cut and saved Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Building trades Roads and highways. Heads and highways. Roads and highways. Farming Farming Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Binding twine . . . Brick Boots and shoes. Brick Clothing, etc Fanning Building trades . . Agricoltaral hand tools Brooms and brushes Castings, maohinery, and repairs. Hardware, saddlery Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc. Stove hollow ware Tobaeeo and cigars Boots and shoes Clothing, etc $7,742 8,206 43,522 9,599 4,180 21,986 10,960 23,701 4,177 26,272 450 3,070 4,267 22,154 16,8.31 6,413 8,931 9,914 63,297 58,649 4,969 7,074 3,366 600 13,978 18,047 2;916 2,098 3,904 27,090 8,053 12,098 11,912 252,989 3,289 600 1,800 2,298 10,475 8,500 150,000 29,000 35,000 125,000 170,000 100,000 120,000 4,072 19,434 t3,035 4,221 23,021 5,243 1,670 10,352 6,311 17,918 15,903 227 2,078 3,716 22,019 .S,789 3,093 5,439 7,128 32,418 1,556 4,781 1,766 132 6,638 9,888 2,429 S73 565 2 3 4 . 5 6 Co.... 7 8 Co.... q in Co.... 11 1? 13 14 Co.... 15 16 Co.... 17 18 Co...i Co.... 19 ?0 ?! W. S3 ?A Co.... 9.fi ?6 SO. 40 .40 10 10 Co.... Co.... Co.... 27 ?Si W City . . State. State. State. State. State. State . State. Cont. . m 1 1 Cont.. 1.00 10 Cont.. 2.25 1.25 10 10 260 EEPORT OF THE 0OMMIS9IONEK OF LABOE. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES,' VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INBUSTEIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND lABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tLon No State and institution. Con- trol. System of work. State. Cont.. State . Cont.. State. S.U.. State. S. U.. State. S. U.. State. P.W.. Co.... Cont.. Co .and Cont.. city. Co.and P. A.. city. City . . Cont.. City . . Cont.. City . . P. A.. City . . P.A.. City ■. . P.P.. City . . Cont.. City . . Cont.. City . . P.A.. State . Cont.. State. S. U.. State . S.U.. State. S. U.. State . S.U.. State . P.W.. Co.... S.U.. State . S.U.. State . S.V.. State . s. u.. State . P.W.. State . P.A.. State . P.A.. State . P.A.. State . P.A.. State . P. A.. State . P.A.. State . P. A.. State . S. U.. State . S. U.. State . S.U.. State . S.U.. State . S. U.. State . S.U.. State . S.U.. State . S.U.. State . P.W.. State . P. A.. State . P. A.. State . P.P.. State . S. U.. State . S. U.. State . S.U.. Co.... Cont.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co..... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Industry. Value of Value of labor on goods goods produced. pro- duced. $121,641 S67,540 20,257 3,377 12,000 5,526 19,088 2,210 3,500 2,149 5,393 2,763 24,000 10,361 12,000 7,291 13,735 3,070 90,000 29,933 60,000 20,723 3,500 3,070 33,760 27,846 440 129 40,000 33,540 14,000 8,634 13,304 9,394 145,000 38,633 460 222 7,208 2,727 2,118 1,502 7,621 3,091 6,100 1,671 11,624 5,385 1,023 685 1,400 854 10,797 2,000 500 250 5,954 2,263 6,618 1,440 12,665 3,418 2,684 198 27, 330 17,258 161 95 2,559 1,479 2,632 967 64 13 18 5 8,709 1,430 7,279 3,908 8,120 595 184 113 1,309 1,190 2,009 1,827 29,408 2,153 69,851 17,701 53,209 6,698 3,332 1,435 5,297 706 51 27 6,000 3,375 1,093 640 90,162 20,925 8,704 6,063 7,178 2,250 95 21 OHIO — concluded. State Reformatory .....do do do do do Stark Co. Workhouse . . Xenia City Workhouse. Zanesville City and Co. Workhouse. Cincinnati City Workhouse . do do Cleveland House of Correc- tion. ....do Columbus Workhouse Dayton City Workhouse... Toledo Workhouse OREGON. State Penitentiary. . do do do do do Multnomah Co. Jail. State Reform School. do do do PEIWaYLVANIA. Eastern State Penitentiary. do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Western Penitentiary do do do do do Allegheny Co. Workhouse. '.do'.... .do.... .do. .do. Brooms and brushes Wire goods Clothing, etc., Farming Printing Building trades Brooms and brushes Brooms and brushes B rooms and brushes Brooms and brushes Wire goods Stone quarrying, cuttingj and crushing. Brooms and brashes Hosiery, etc Brooms and brushes Brooms and brushes Brick Stone Boots and shoes Brick Clothing, etc Farming Roads and highways Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Clothing etc Farming Building trades Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Chairs, tables, etc Flour and meal Hosiery, etc Mats and matting Tobacco and cigars Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods.. . Flour and meal Hosiery, etc Printing Building trades Hosiery, etc Mats and matting Brooms and brushes Boots and shoes Cotton goods Printing Farming Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Carpets, rag Farming Harness OHAPTEE IV. GENERAL TABLES. 261 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— STSTEUS, INDUSTBIES, VAITTE 07 GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED ETC., BY INSTITTITIONB— Continued. Average number ol convicts employed. Hrs. ol la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- lorm same work. Average daily wages andbours ol Iree laborers performing like work. Who lumishes— In- st i- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 299.0 20.0 20.0 11.0 4.0 7.0 54.0 38.0 20.0 110.0 90.0 50.0 207.0 "i23.'6' 45.0 45.0 119.0 2.9 6.4 11.9 24.2 5.3 17.4 4.0 7.0 37.0 2.0 J7.0 34.7 66.0 .5 57.5 1.0 6.0 7.0 .3 .1 16.0 10.0 1.5 .6 3.0 4.0 45.0 145.5 35.0 12.0 5.0 .5 25.0 4.0 00.0 90.0 17.0 .5 30.0 2.0 8.0 "ii.'o' 299.0 20.0 20.0 11.0 4.0 7.0 54.0 38.0 20.0 140.0 90.0 50.0 207.0 2.0 131.0 45.0 45.0 119.0 2.9 6.4 11.9 24.2 5.3 17.4 4.0 7.0 37.0 2.0 17.0 34.7 66.9 .5 68.5 1.0 8.0 7.0 .3 .1 16.0 10.0 1.5 .5 3.0 40 45.0 145.5 35.0 12.0 5.0 .5 25.0 4.0 90.0 90.0 17.0 .5 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 8 10 10 10 8 8 n 10 8 8J 8J 10 8J 5 5 5 5 9 4 5 6 8 P 4 5 4 10 6 B 9 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 9 9 9 10 9 220.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 2.0 3.0 27.0 19.0 10.0 55.0 45.0 8.0 65.0 'su.o' 22.5 22,0 60.0 .3 45 3.0 12.0 49 11.0 1.5 2.3 12.0 .5 4 2 9.5 23.9 .5 51.6 .4 43 1.8 .1 .1 io.'o" 1.4 .4 2.0 3.5 12.0 37.0 14 40 2.5 .1 8.0 1.3 45.0 15.0 6.7 .1 15.0 .7 6.0 220.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 2.0 3.0 27.0 19.0 10.0 70.0 45.0 8.0 65.0 .7 92.0 22.5 22.0 50.0 .3 4 5 3.0 12.0 4 9 11.0 1.5 2.3 12.0 .5 42 9.5 23.9 .5 51.6 .4 4 3 1.8 .1 .1 12.9 10.0 1.4 .4 2.0 3.5 12.0 37.0 14 4 2.5 .1 8.0 1.3 45.0 15.0 6.7 .1 SI. 25 1.25 2.25 1.00 3.50 3.00 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.75 10 10 10 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Cont. . Cont. . State. State. State . State. Co.... Cont. . Cont. . State. State. State. State . Cont.. Cont.. Co.and city. Cont.. Cont.. City.. City.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. City... Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . Co.... State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State. State. State . Stat». State. State . State . State . State. State . State. State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Cont. . Cont.. State. State. State . State. Cont.. Cont. . Co.and city. Cont.. Cont.. City.. City.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. City... Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . Co.... State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State. State . State . State. State . State . State. State. State. State. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... H 3 4 S Jl.OO 10 Cont.. Cont.. 6 City.. 7 .75 1.25 10 10 1.25 1.25 1.75 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.90 2.40 .95S 3.00 2.00 1.25 1.00 2.50 1.50 1.26 1.50 2.00 1.25 1.00 10 10 10 10 9 10 9 10 10 10 9 9 10 8J 9 10 10 10 10 10 8 9 10 10 8 q City... State . State . State . State . State . State . 10 1 ? 3 State. State . State . State . State. State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . 1 1.00 10 1.50 2.60 1.50 2.12i 2.78 .75 2.00 2.00 1.60 1.18 2.663 1.25 1.50 1.72i 1.25 1.00 1.75 10 10 10 9 83 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 V State. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... 3 262 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. Table IH.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OP GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INBUSTEIES, VALUE OF GOOBS AHB I.ABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY IHSTlTUTIOlIS^Continued. sti- tii- tlon No 13 IS State and institution. PENN3rLVANiA— concluded. ASegbeny Co. Wortliouse . . ao. Ao. .^ .do .do..., Berks Co. Prison do Chester Co. Prison DkawareCo. Prison ""'do" Lancaster Co. Prison ...do ....do ....do y//Aoy//^y///.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Lehigh Co. Prison Northampton Co. Prison. . - NorthamoeriandCo. Prison do do do do Philadelphia Co. Prison do do do !!!!doI";!!';!;!;!!;! do do Schuylkill Co. Prison. do do do .do. Philadelphia Co. House ot Correcfaon. do do .do. . .do., -do.. ..do.. ..do.. .do., .do-, .do., .do., .do.. House of Refuge, Boys' De- partment. do- do do ....do House of Refuge, Girls' De- partment. Con- trol. System ojE work. Co.... P. A,. Co.... P. A.. Co.... S. U ... Co.... S. u..- Co.... S.U.. Co.... P.W-. Co.... p. A.. Co.... s. u.. Co.... P.A.- Co.... P.A.. Co.... P. A- Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P-A.. Co.... P. A,. Oo.>.. S.U.. Co.... S.U.. Co.... S.TJ.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P-A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P-A.. Co.... S. U.. Co.... S-U.. Co...- S.U.. Co.... p. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... s. u.. Co.... S. u.. Co.... s. u.. Co.... s. u.. Co.... P.W.. Co.... p. A.. Co....; P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... s. u.. Co.... S. U- City . . p. A.. City.. P. A.. aty.. P. A.. City.. P.W.. City.. P.W.. City.. S.U.. City.. B.U.. City.. S.U.. City.. S.TJ.. City.. S.U.. City.. S. U.. City.. S. U.. City.. S. U.. State. S. u.. State . S.V.. State. S-U.. State. s. u.. State. s. u.. ,Sta4£. P-W.. State. S.U.. Industry. Laundry work Printing Boots and shoes Cotton goods Fanning Building trades Carpets, rag Cotton goods Carpets, rag Brooms and ferushes Carpets, rag Chairs, tables, etc Boots and shoes j... Carpets, rag Nets, fish Boots and shoes Cotton goods Hosiery, etc Carpets, rag Carpets, rag Carpets, rag Hosiery, etc Carpets, rag Cotton goods Hosiery, etc .. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes ,.' Hosiery, etc Boots and shoes ■ Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods — Hosiery, etc Building trades Carpets, ingrain Carpets, rag ; Hosiery, etc Cotton goods Hosiery, etc Gas, illuminating and heating Laundry w-ork Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Building trades Koads and highways Blacksmlthing and wheel- wrightieg- Boots and ^oes Oastings,machinery, and re- pairs. Clothing, etc Farming Gas, iUuminatlng and heating Soap Tinsmithing, eoppersraith- Ing, and sheet^ron work- ing. Blacksmithing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming P rlnt ing Biiiiding trades. Clothing, etc Value ot Value of labor on goods goods produced. pro- duced. J577 1615 2S 15 2, fi 7 8 9 in Co.... Co..:. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... 11 1.00 10 1.60 1.50 2.65 1.50 1.50 10 10 9J 10 10 I"" .80 10 1.30 10 .80 10 'City.": City.. City . . City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. ■City.. City.. City.. City.. City . . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . 2.40 12 13 1.00 10 1.76 3.20 1.60 2.50 2.40 3.00 2.00 1.60 2.40 1.50 2.60 2.58J 2.40 2.00 1.50 2.16 3.17 8 10' 9 10 10 10 10 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 1.10 10 14 1.10 10 .60 10 15 264 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A SYSTEMS, INSTTSTBIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institutioc. Con- trol. System of work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. KHODE ISLAND. State Prison and Provi- dence Co. Jail. ....do.... ....do. ...:..-> ...-do State Workhouse and House of Correction. ....do do ....do Sockanosset School for Boys. ...-.do. ...do-. .do. .do. .do. .do. SOUTH CAROUNA.. Penitentiary.. do .....do........ .do. .do. ....do ....do ....do ....do State Convict Camp at Clemson College Farm. . .do Abbeville Co. Convict Camp Aiken Co. Convict Camp Anderson Co. Convict Camp Bamberg Co. Convict Camp. Barnwell Co. Convict Camp. Beaufort Co. Convict Camp. Berkeley Co. Convict Camp . Charleston Co. Convict Camp. Cherokee Co. Convict Camp . Chester Co. Convict Camp - . Chesterfield Co. Convict Camp. Clarendon Co. Convict Camp. Colleton Co. Convict Camp . Darlington Co. Convict Camp. Edgefield Co. Cogviot Camp, Fairfield Co. Convict Camp. Florence Co. Convict Camp. Georgetown Co. Convict Camp. G reen ville Co. Convict Camp Greenwood Co. Convict Camp. Hampton Co. Convict Camp Horry Co. Convict Camp.. Kershaw Co. Convict Camp Laurens Co. Convict Camp.,. Lee Co. Convict Camp... State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State . State. State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State. Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Cont.. P.P. S. U. S. U., P. A. S. U. S. U.. S. U.. S. XJ.. s. u.. S.V.. s.v .. s.v .. B.V .. P.W. Cont. P. A. S. U. S. U. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. P.W. s. u. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W, P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. Wire goods Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting. and crushing. Farining Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Blacksmithing and wbeel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Castings, machinery, and repairs. Clothing, etc Farming Printing Building trades Hosiery, etc Farming Blacksmithing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Castings, machinery, and repairs. Cleaning statehouse Clothing, etc Farming Building trades Farming Building trades Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and liighways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways. . . Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and liighways Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways {5,350 $2, 675 108,600 8,991 736 36,950 5,967 612 8,750 5,738 2,S0O 20,000 460 1,530 11,475 383 600 448 1,829 765 1,119 697 8,000 7,600 1,731 1,924 1,193 1,790 671 1,417 122,302 49,958 1,019 37,265 21,606 927 475 849 309 773 1,275 4,170 29,025 459 15,025 1,159 2,318 12,508 387 2,333 10,000 13,608 8,690 10,517 5,861 7,600 4,547 3,325 24,378 4,898 4,403 5,287 6,180 3,488 3,510 2,488 1,866 15,152 10,000 15,000 1,945 2,796 4,092 1,166 3,330 1,244 6,165 5,608 3,032 3,266 9,218 6,599 6,270 10,609 3,774 3,610- 2,976 7,153 30,000 6,223 10,230 4,199 2,801 2,397 5,075 8,420 2,088 1,061 1,400 2,784 3,359 1,011 CHAPTER IV. GENEBAL TABLES. 265 Table III SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INDUSTBIES, TALVE OE GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EKFLOTED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Average number of convicts employed. Hra. of la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average dally wages and bours of free laborers performing like work. Who furnishes— In- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 14.0 230.0 26.0 4.0 2S.0 "'hb'.Q 2.0 6.0 16.0 8.0 16.0 24.0 9.0 19.0 223.0 130.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 6.0 73.0 1.0 9.0 19.0 19.0 17.0 20.0 15.0 15.0 10.0 8.0 65.0 11.0 20.0 5.0 8.0 13.0 16.0 12.7 19.0 16.0 23.0 40.0 20.0 4.0 6.0 11.8 18.0 fi.O 10.0 29.0 "2.0' 14.0 230.0 26.0 4.0 25.0 10.0 50.0 2.0 6.0 15.0 8.0 16.0 24.0 9.0 19.0 252.0 130.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 8.0 73.0 1.0 9.0 19.0 19.0 17.0 20.0 15.0 15.0 10.0 8.0 55.0 11.0 20.0 6.0 8.0 13.0 16.0 12.7 19.0 16.0 23.0 40.0 20.0 4.0 6.0 11.8 18.0 5.0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 65 6i 6i 6J 6* 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 10 10 7.0 'i's'.o 2.0 12.5 'm.'o' 1.0 3.0 7.5 4.0 8.0 12.0 4.5 9.5 60.0 152.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 6.0 88.0 1.0 10.0 21.0 19.0 17.0 20.0 15.0 16.0 10.0 8.0 69.0 12.0 22.0 5.0 8.0 .13.0 14.0 17.0 23.8 16.0 23.0 44.0 20.0 4.0 6.0 13.5 18.0 5.0 115.0 5.0 141.0 "2.'6' 7.0 115.0 13.0 2.0 12.5 5.0 25.0 1.0 3.0 7.5 4.0 8.0 12.0 4.6 9.5 201.0 152.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 8.0 88.0 1.0 10.0 21.0 19.0 17.0 20.0 15.0 15.0 10.0 8.0 69.0 12.0 22.0 6.0 8.0 13.0 14.0 17.0 23.8 16.0 23.0 44.0 20.0 4.0 6.0 13,5 18.0 . 5.0 $1.25 9 State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... 1 $1.05 9 1.50 1.00 1.50 9 9 9 State . State . State . ?, 1.00 9 i.so 1.25 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .76 .75 .60 .46 1.50 l.CO 2.50 ■ .75 1.00 .46 1.26 .75 .75 .75 1.00 l.OO .75 .75 .80 .75 .80 .75 .60 .75 .50 .75 .75 .75 .60 .60 1.00 .75 .75 .85 .75 .60 .60 .65 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10- 10 10 10 10 10 10' 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 ID 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 State . State . State . .60 10 Cont.. State . State . State . State . 1 .75 10 State . State . State . State . State . ? 3 4 Co.... Co.... Co.... 5 , 6 7 8 9 TO Co.... Co.... 11 12 13 Co.... Co.... Co.... 14 I.'; 16 17 IS Co.... 19 2(1 Co.... Co.... Co.... 21 2? m 9A 25 Co.... Co.... 2f 27 266 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A SYSTEMS, INDTTSTBIES, VALTJE OF GOODS AND LABOB, COITVICTS EMPIOYED, ETC., BY INSTITTTTIOirS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. System of work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. SOUTH CAEOLINA— COno'd. Lexington Co. Convict Camp. Marion Co. Convict Camp. Newberry Co. Convict Camp Orangeburg Co. Convict Camp. Pickens Co. Convict Camp. . Richland Co. Convict Camp. Saluda Co. Convict Camp . . . Spartanburg Co. Convict Camp. Sumter Co- Convict Camp. . Union Co. Convict Camp . . . Williamsburg Co. Convict Camp. York Co. Convict Camp Charleston City Jail Columbia City Jail SOUTH DAKOTA. Penitentiary. do ....do ....do do Reform School. do TEOTTESSEE. Branch Prison , do do State Prison do do v.. do do do do do do do do do do do do TEXAS. State Penitentiaries . do do..- do do do , do do do do do do do do Bexar Co. Jail.. Dallas Co. Jail . . FflrTiniTi Co. Jail. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... City.. City., State . State , State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State Co... Co... Co... P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. s.u... s.u... S.U.. s.u.. P.W. S.U.. S.U.. P. A. p. A. S.U.. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. P. A. P. A. P. A . P. A. ,S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. Cont. Cont. P. A. P. A. P. A. P.A. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. 8.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. P.W. P.W. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Cement blocks Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, aJid crushing. Building trades. . . Farming Printing cutting Coke Mining coal Mining coal Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Harness Hosiery, etc Stoves Stove hollow ware.. Brick.., Farming Hosiery, etc Ice, manufactured.. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Hosiery, etc Ice, manufactured.. Farming Railroad building Carriages and wagons Castings, machinery, and repairs. Chairs, tables, etc Farming Boots and shoes Charcoal Clothing, etc Cotton goods Electric light and power Farming Ice, manufactured Wood, cut and sawed Roa.ds and highways Roads and highways Roads and highways ....... $3,867 3,413 3,618 11,301 10,000 15,427 4,575 16,125 3,848 3,638 7,846 9,884 2,945 4,000 2,000 9,126 3,300 8,000 6,125 350 177,865 269,970 6,577 373,200 26,160 118,600 254,375 96,500 65,000 14,769 4,933 5,278 5,133 S,875 16,410 11,034 1,460 618 1,226,372 100,000 40,791 137,765 $1,800 1,306 1,770 7,722 2,568 6,878 2,001 10, 496 4,272 1,747 1,633 4,883 6,600 1,969 2,625 1,660 6,526 2,645 4,093 2,163 258 13,684 90,042 2,449 48,983 4,666 19,049 44,038 32,655 12,440 5,598 3,358 1,400 1,866 1,866 3,810 7,342 700 611,832 35,100 27,466 117,780 104,988 81,120 103,600 76,206 20,412 8,736 29,952 9,984 41,742 18,720 26,057 12,168 3,166 1,660 23,000 14,976 2,191 1,660 42,120 14,040 10,000 7,003 36,000 21,600 13,000 9,360 CHAPTER IV, GENEBAI- TABLES. 267 Table HI.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTKIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.^Continued. A.^STfiTEMS, INDUSTEIES, VAIITE OT GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY nrSTITTJTIONB — Continued. Average number of convicts employed. Era. of la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work Average dally wages and Eomrs of free laborers performing like work. Who furnishes — In- sti- Male. Fe- male. Total. ■M-oi« Fe- Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- 36 Co.... 37 .38 Co....' 39 40 41 State . State. State. State. State . State . State. State. State. State . State . State . State . State. State . State. State. State . State . State. State. State. State. State. State . Cont.. Cont.. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. 1 2 1 9. $0.60 10 1 .75 10 26.0 i 2.0 1 48.0 2 30.0 14 4 48.0 20.0 ? 3 i 268 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OE^ LABOR. Table HI.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A SYSTEMS, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and Institution. Con- trol. System of work. Industry. Value of goods produced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. TEXAS— concluded. Harris Co. Jail... Hunt Co. Jail do Jefferson Co. Jail, JoluiBon Co. Jail. . do. do. Lamar Co. Jail McLennan Co. Jail Tarrant Co. Jail Walker Co. Jail House of Correction ■Reformatory, do. and .do. -.do. .do. .do. .do. UTAH. State Prison do do do do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State Industrial School . ....do ....do .do. .do. .do. .do. VEBMONT. House of Correction. do do do State Prison do Industrial School. do do do VIRGINIA. Penitentiary. ....do , do do ....do do... .-...do ....do do do do Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State. State. State . State. State. State. State State . State . State. State. State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State P.W. P. A. S.U.. P.W. P. A. S.U.. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. p. A.. P. A. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. p. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. p. A. P. A. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.: P.W. P.A. P. A. S.U.. S.U.. Cont. S.U.. P.A. P.P. S.U.. S.U.. Lease. Lease. Lease. Cont. . P.A.. P. A.. S.U... S.U... S.U... P.W.. P.W.. Boads and highways. Farming Farming Boads and highways. Farming Farming Boads and highways. Boads and highways. Boads and highways. Roads and highways. Boads and highways. Cotton, ginning Farming Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Electric light and power. . Farming Ice, manutactuied Brooms and brushes Farming Harness -. Hosiery, etc Blacksmlthing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Clothing Farming Harness Hosiery, etc Building trades Boots and shoes Farming Blacksmlthing and wheel- wrighting. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Fanning ■. : Building trades ■. '. Fanning Stone quarrying, cutting and crushing. Clothing, etc Farming Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Cooperage Farming Boads and highways . Boots and shoes Farming Tomato sauce Clothing, etc Farming Flour and meal Building trades Boads and highways. S10,S00 1,740 2,185 10,000 4,369 5,546 5,000 12,000 22,000 36,600 6,000 2,481 14,767 1,300 2,650 900 10,360 900 886 983 843 4,397 4,000 610 174 2,648 3,354 672 3,018 2,000 300 318 1,173 967 250 992 40,000 18,999 1,374 1,737 6,447 2,340 2,808 2,808 7,301 15,300 23,868 4,419 639 9,632 710 1,420 639 6,878 470 292 232 1,925 903 513 93 1,568 998 157 1,647 542 31 52 238 267 861 842 218 93 12,936 1,083 232 867 185 70,860 41,637 900 579 650 380 12,328 4,172 1,800 1,540 1,400 760 17,022 3,466 2,478 1,602 5,634 4,959 1,631,540 362,584 4,855 3,402 1,721 462 7,966 4,168 6,133 3,003 4,690 616 9,776 9,240 5,445 6,006 CHAPTER IV. GETSEBAL TABLES. 269 Table IM.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INDUSTEIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, COHVIOTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Average number of convicts employed. Hrs. ol la- bor day. Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and hours of free laborers performing like work. Who furnishes— In- flti- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and in- struct- ors. tu- tion No. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 29.3 6.6 8.4 20.0 5.9 7.1 7.0 26.0 61.0 64.8 11.0 1.8 59.7 2.0 6.0 2.0 48.4 2.0 6.9 1.4 3.0 17.8 2.0 3.0 1.1 5.0 4.6 2.0 12.2 2.0 .6 1.0 3.0 6.4 """i6."2' 3.0 1.0 94.0 ■■"2."6' 101.0 2.0 3.0 72.0 ""i'.o 16.0 8.0 29.0 990.0 17.0 2.0 9.0 15.0 2.0 20.0 11.0 '"2."6' ■"e.'s' 4.0 '■xi'.'o "iY.o 29.3 6.6 8.4 20.0 5.9 7.1 7.0 26.0 51.0 64.8 13.0 1.8 59.7 2.0 5.0 2.0 48.4 2.0 5.9 1.4 3.0 17.8 2.0 3.0 1.1 5.0 4.6 2.0 12.2 2.0 .6 1.0 3.0 6.4 6.5 16.2 3.0 1.0 94.0 4.0 2.0 101.0 2.0 3.0 72.0 20.0 7.0 15.0 8.0 29.0 1,037.0 17.0 2.0 9.0 15.0 2.0 20.0 11.0 8 12 12 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10- 10 10 10 10 5 6 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 9 10 10 9 9 18.4 3.7 4.6 14.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 19.6 38.3 51.0 8.1 1.8 44.8 2.0 4.0 1.5 32.3 1.6 1.3 .8 .6 6.4 1.0 1.0 .3 3.6 2.8 .4 4.3 .8 .3 .3 .6 2.3 "4.8' 1.0 .3 24.0 "".'5 77.0 1.5 .8 18.0 "i.'s' 15.0 8.0 29.0 742. 17.0 2.0 6.0 16.0 2.0 19.0 11.0 ...... "2.0' "6.6' 1.0 'io.'o' '35.' 6' 18.4 3.7 4.6 14.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 19.5 38.3 61.0 10.1 1.8 44.8 2.0 4.0 1.5 32.3 1.5 1.3 .8 .6 5.4 1.0 1.0 .3 3.6 2.8 .4 4.3 .8 .3 .3 .6 2.3 6.0 4.8 1.0 .3 24.0 1.0 .6 77.0 V 1.5 .8 18.0 10.0 1.8 16.0 8.0 29.0 777.0 17.0 2.0 6.0 15.0 2.0 19.0 11.0 J2.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.26 1.60 1.50 1.26 .76 1.25 1.26 1.50 .75 1.50 2.08 -2.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 2.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 .60 .75 1.50 .60 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 8 10 Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State. State . State. State . State. State. State. State . State. State. State . State. State . State . State. State. State . State . State . State. State. State. State. State . State. State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. State . State . State . State. State . Lessee Lessee Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State. State . State . State . State. State. State . State . State. State. State . State . State . State . State. State . State. State. State . State. State. State . State . State. State. State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . Lessee Lessee Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . 5 A 7 Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... S 9 m 11 si. 66 10 State! State. State . State. State. State . State. State. State. State. State. State. State . State. State . State. State . State . State. State. State . State. State . State . State. State. State . State . State . State . State . State . 12 13 1 ?, .76 10 .76 .75 1.20 1.76 10 8 10 10 1 .75 10 1.20 1.75 1.26 1.50 1.50 10 10 10 10 10 9, 3 1.00 10 1.60 .75 .65 .75 1.60 .65 .76 2.25 .65 1.00 1.68 1.47} 10 10 10 10 mo 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 Lessee 1 1.00 olO Cont.. State . State . "» Work 9 hours Saturday. 270 REPORT OF THE C0MMI8SI0WEB OP LABOR. Table HI.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, INDTJSTBIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Concluded. State and institution. ■WASHINGTON. state Prison do do _ do do do do do do Seattle City Jail State Eelorm School. do do do ■WEST ■VIRGINIA. Penitentiary do do do do do .....do do Reform School do do do do do.... ■WISCONSIN. State Penitentiary do do do do ..,.do State Reformatory do do do do do Industrial School for Boys do do ■WYOMING. State Penitentiary. do do UNITED STATES PRISONS. Penitentiary at Atlanta. . . ....do Penitentiary at Foxt Leav- worth. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .do. Con- trol. System of •work. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . City.. State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State State - State State State State State State . State State State . State . State State State Lessee U.S.. U.S.. U.S.. U.S.. U.S.. U.S.. U.S.. U.S.. U.S.. U.S... U.S... P.A. P. A. P.A. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. T.Vf. S.U.. S.U.- B.U.. F.yf. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. Cont. Cont. P.A. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. p.p. p.p. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.'W. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. Lease Lease. Lease. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.W.. Industry. Brack FaTming Boots And shoes Bridk Clothing, etc Farming Soap Buildiiig trades Roads and highways. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Fajming _ Building trades Brass goods Brooms and hrushes. Clothing, etc.- Enameled ware Whips Boots and shoes. Clothing Farming Boots and shoes Brick Clot^ng, etc Farming Mining, coal Building trades Boots and shoes Hosiery, etc Farming Clothing, etc j?anning Building trades Brooms and brushes. Clothing, etc Brick .Clothing, etc Famung.- Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Building trades Boots and shoes. Brooms and brushes. Clothing, etc Boots and shoes. Clothing, etc Farming Building trades.. Boots and shoes. Brooms and brushes. Clotiiing, etc Farming "Value of goods produced. Printing. Tinsmi^thing, coppersmith- ing, ajid sheet iron work- ing. Building trades $42,610 17,198 2,000 900 1,898 3,065 6,998 1,680 1,280 7,212 1,048 3,675 5,031 5,000 39,267 80,500 485,000 84,340 90,130 1,903 4,790 8,658 1,325 2,767 5,032 3,800 1,200 2,050 685,440 91,800 1,637 6,721 2,635 19,500 16,000 125,000 4,800 3,750 6,834 15,000 7,005 11,522 6,000 900 45,771 3,200 1,331 9,367 3,234 37,913 3,672 1,275 8,783 21,361 900 900 381,453 ■Value of labor on goods pro- duced. 817,458 11,093 918 442 1,233 1,590 2,295 740 740 5,«52 824 1,158 2,280 2,160 10,245 12,049 102,490 15,863 21,344 1,102 3,866 .2,892 612 514 1,004 1,469 246 490 76,194 25,755 516 3,443 918 8,279 7,344 38,250 3,060 2,295 3,461 4,590 2,678 5,432 1,377 361 16,906 1,734 2,086 a, 100 5,641 26,997 2,163 1,082 «,4B9 10,429 773 773 176,594 CHAPTEB IT. GENERAL TABLES. 271 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. A.— SYSTEMS, IITDTISTKIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., BY IHSTITUTIOMS— Concluded. Average number ot convicts employed. Hrs. of la- bor Free laborers nec- essary to per- form same work. Average daily wages and hours of tree laborers performing like work. Who furnishes— In- sti- Male Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Female. Power. Ma- chinery and tools. Fore- men and In- struct- ors. tu- tion No Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. 126.6 44.4 2.9 3.4 4.9 6.9 7.1 1.0 2.0 16.1 8.0 8.0 38.0 10.0 37.7 63.9 440.2 89.4 110.1 4.0 12.0 13.0 8,0 10.0 12.0 18.0 3.0 6.0 284.6 67.3 4.8 15.1 7.8 21.1 16.0 124.7 10.2 6.0 16.1 10.0 36.0 71.0 12.0 2.0 114.3 7.0 1Q.0 41.0 35.0 W4.0 8.0 4.0 30.0 46.0 6.0 5.0 679.5 "■4.0" '25.6' 126.6 44.4 2.9 3.4 4.9 6.7 7.1 1.0 2.0 16.1 8.0 12.0 38.0 10.0 37.7 53.9 465.2 89.4 110.1 4.0 12.0 13.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 18.0 3.0 6.0 284.6 67.3 4.8 16.1 7.8 21.1 16.0 124.7 10.2 6.0 15.1 W.0 36.0 71.0 12.0 2.0 114.3 7.0 10.0 41.0 36.0 134.0 8.0 4.0 30.0 45.0 6.0 5.0 579.5 a 10 a 10 a 10 mo alO a 10 a 10 olO olO 7 s 6 5 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 S 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 8! 7 7 7 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 30.0 18.0 2.0 .6 2.0 2.0 5.0 1.0 LO 8.2 2.0 2.0 10.0 4.0 31.0 35.0 272.0 48.0 62.0 2.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 60 9.0 12.0 2.0 4.0 142.5 67.3 2.3 7.6 4.0 18.0 16.0 124 7 10.2 6.0 16.1 10.0 36.0 7L0 12.0 .5 40.0 3.0 7.5 30.3 26.3 100.6 4.0 2.0 12.0 46.0 2.0 2.0 288.3 '"."3' "i.'s" 'is.'o' 30.0 18.0 2.0 .6 2.0 2.3 5.0 1.0 1.0 8.2 2.0 3.6 10.0 4.0 3L0 36.0 287.0 48.0 62.0 2.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 2.0 4.0 142.5 67.3 2.3 7.6 4.0 18.0 16.0 124.7 10.2 6.0 16.1 10.0 36.0 71.0 12.0 .5 40.0 3.0 7.5 30.3 26.3 100.5 4.0 2.0 12.0 45.0 2.0 2.0 288.3 $2.00 2.25 1.60 2.50 2.2s 2.60 L60 2.60 2.60 2.26 2.75 2.25 1.45i 3.00 1.20 L26 1.30J 1.20 1 26 2.00 2.00 1.60 .60 .35 .45J .50 .50 .50 P 1.75 1.26 .75 1.50 .76 L50 1.50 LOO 1.00 1.25 .76 L50 .50 .50 .75 2.50 1.60 2.00 1.60 1.40 1.00 L26 1.76 1.76 1.75 .75 1.25 1.25 L98} 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 I 10 Si 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 f 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . City.. State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Lessee Lessee Lessee U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . City.. State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont-. Cont.. State . State . State . State - State - State . State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. Sta;te . State . State . State L State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Lessee Lessee Lessee U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... 1 $1.25 10 ? 3 L50 9 Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . Lessee Lessee Lessee U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... U.S... 1 1.20 10 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 68 hours per week. 272 EEPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OF IiABOB. Table 111 — SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. B.— STTMMABT OF VALTIE OF GOODS AND LABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOB EACH STATE, BY INDUSTBIES. [For explanation of tliis table, see p. 180.] State and industry. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Value per con- vict of goods pro- duced. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. ALABAMA. Clothing, etc 1 1 1 1 1 1 $4,758 74,728 319,038 617, 172 77,500 153,003 $3,888 52,084 123, 174 343,663 22,786 65,133 ""343.'3 361.3 575.0 56.0 168.1 26.0 21.5 25.0 364.8 361.3 575.0 56.0 168.1 '"343.'3 361.3 403.0 42.0 168.1 26.0 21.5 25.0 364.8 361.3 403.0 42.0 168.1 $190 206 883 Mining, coal 1,073 Stove nollow ware Turpentine and rosin . 1,384 910 Total "1 1,246,199 610,727 1,603.7 46.6 1,650.2 1,317.7 46.5 1,364.2 804 ARIZONA. Blacksmithing and wheel wrigh ting Boots and shoes Brick. . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,500 1,296 1,250 140 14, 150 3,995 2,400 380 250 200 2,160 1,200 722 999 37 11,523 1,524 1,836 245 61 153 181 4.0 5.0 12.0 I.O 72.0 6.0 6.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 12.0 1.0 72.0 6.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.2 2.0 1.0 1.2 2.0 .1 18.9 2.5 2.0 .5 .1 .2 .4 375 259 104 Brooms and brushes. . Building trades Clothing, etc ' .11 18.9! 140 197 666 Electric light and 480 190 Mattrepses 250 Tinsmithing, copper- smithing, and sheet- iron working Wood, cut and sawed. 200 1,080 Total. .. . 1 27,721 18,481 111.0 111.0 28.9 28.9 250 AKKAHSAS. Brick 1 1 1 215,318 88,024 235,950 59,183 39,918 100,700 173.0 159.0 259.0 ■"m.o 173.0 186.0 259.0 173.0 159. 26. 269.0 173.0 185.0 269.0 1,245 Farming 476 Eailroad building 911 Total 1 539,292 199,801 591.0 28.0 617.0 591.0 26.0 617.0 874 CALIFORNIA. 1 5 5 5 1 1 5 1 1 4 I I 1 1 2 3 2 2 250,258 18,578 18,099 40,735 9,966 679 39,101 352 3,300 29,935 280 2,400 2,417 360 4,560 19,945 40,005 2,829 106,986 13,690 6,760 25,302 6,999 610 12,396 198 790 12,016 196 737 2,059 276 822 15,722 59,429 1,985 759.5 48.4 34.1 119.9 33.0 3.0 67.2 1.0 3.1 99.1 1.0 1.0 14.6 1.0 • 5.5 81.3 371.2 10.5 "'""e.'s 759.5 48.4 34.1 119.9 33.0 3.0 64.0 1.0 3.1 99.1 1.0 1.0 14.6 1.0 5.5 81.3 371.2 10.5 187.1 14.7 15.0 38.1 8.2 .7 23.5 .2 2.6 39.9 .3 1.0 3.6 .2 4.2 36.8 126.5 2.4 ""i.6 187.1 14.7 15.0 38.1 8.2 .7 28.1 .2 2.6 39.9 .3 1.0 3.6 .2 4.2 36.8 125.6 2.4 330 Blacksmitliing and wheel wrigh ting Boots and shoes Building trades Castings, machinery, and repairs Chairs, tables, etc. 384 531 340 302 226 611 Cooperage 352 Electric light and power 1,065 302 Harness 280 Ice, manufactured Loading and unload- 2,400 166 Locksmithing 360 Printing 829 Roads and highways . Stone quarrymg, cut- ting, and orusiiing . . Tinsmithing, copper- smithing, and sheet- iron working . 245 108 269 Total 7 483,799 266,972 1,644.4 6.8 1,651.2 504. C 4.6 608.6 293 aBepresenting 18 camps. CHAPTER IV. — GENERAL TABLES. 273 Table HI.— SYSTEMS OF WORE. INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. B.— SUKMASY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOB EACH STATE, BY IHDITSTBIES— Continued. State and Industry. In- stl- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same worlc. Value per con- vict of goods pro- duced. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. COLOBADO. Blacksmitbing and wheelwrighting Boots and shoes Building trades Ca«tingB| machinery. 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 1 2 $10,000 6,633 6,737 543 12,543 24,362 11,449 1,023 17,000 $7,829 3,679 3,966 316 6,658 16, 487 8,817 606 9,406 13.5 . 25.5 19.0 5.0 35.5 116.9 99.2 4.0 64.1 13.6 25.5 19.0 6.0 35.5 116.9 99.2 4.0 54.1 7.2 4.4 6.0 .3 8.6 33.7 20.1 .5 16.6 7.2 4.4 5.0 .3 8.6 33.7 20.1 .6 15.6 1741 260 302 Clothing, etc.., . 353 Lime 115 256 Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and cmsning . . 314 Total 3 89,290 67,664 372.7 372.7 95.4 95.4 240 CONNECTICUT. Boots and shoes Chairs, tables, etc. Clothing, etc 2 3 2 4 1 1 1 298,000 128,875 50,200 16,529 450 1,500 559 52,216 52,886 10,430 7,320 206 410 172 262.0 369.0 61.0 54.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 "ii'.b 262.0 369.0 73.0 54.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 133.0 202.0 30.6 29.7 2.0 2.0 1.0 ""i'.b 133.0 202.0 36.5 29.7 2.0 2.0 1.0 1,137 349 688 306 Printing 113 Koads and highways. Wood, cut and sawed . 375 280 Total.. 7 496, 113 123,640 756.0 12.0 768.0 400.2 6.0 406.2 646 DELAWARE. 1 2 1 60,000 9,592 620 12,814 7,991 614 98.6 93.8 6.6 2.0 16.0 100.6 109.8 6.5 30.0 35.1 2.0 1.0 4.0 31.0 39.1 2.0 497 87 stone quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing . . 95 Total 2 60,212 21,419 198.9 18.0 216.9 67.1 5.0 72.1 278 DISTRICT OP CO- LUMBIA. Boots and shoes Boxes, paper 1 1 1 2 2 1 1,500 10,046 7,000 7,650 11,876 27,850 979 2,124 6,100 2,384 3,847 22,908 20.0 70.0 16.0 30.0 52.0 83.0 ■■■"s.'o 20.0 70.0 16.0 36.0 62.0 83.0 4.0 2.0 8.0 9.0 17.0 62.7 "'i4.'6 ""i.O 4.0 16.0 8.0 13.0 17.0 62.7 75 144 Building trades Clothing, etc 438 216 228 Koads and highways. 336 Total . .. 2 65,821 38,342 271.0 5.0 276.0 102.7 18.0 120.7 238 FLORIDA. Mining, phosphate Roads and liighways. Turpentine and rosin. . 1 3 2 440,000 23,250 411,100 173,813 23,996 261,771 375.0 83.6 676.2 376. C 83.6 576.2 662.6 67.6 847.0 562.5 67.6 ' 847.0 1,173 278 713 Total OS 874,360 459,680 1,034.7 1,034.7 1,477.1 1,477.1 845 GEORGIA. Brtek 2 6 8 3 13 2 230,000 65,168 712,689 694,984 491,789 26,450 77,086 35,245 294,447 268, 186 347,797 10, 171 238.0 203.0 863.0 675.0 1,082.0 34.0 "iio.h 238.0 333.6 863.0 676.0 1,082.0 34.0 262.0 108.0 950.0 742.0 1,145.8 31.0 ""sb'.h 262.0 188.5 960.0 742.0 1, 146. 8 31.0 966 195 Lumber 826 Mining, coal (!>) Roads and highways. Turpentine and rosin. . 881 455 773 Total c30 2,121,080 1,032,932 3,095.0 130.5 3,225.5 3,238.8 80.5 3,319.3 658 9061—06- <> One institution represented 33 camps. > Including, in 1 institution, mining and smelting iron ore. c Five institutions represented 13 camps. —18 274 KEPOES' OP THE C0MMISSI03SrEB 0¥ 3LAB0B. Tabm III SYSTEMS OF WOKK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF OOODS AND' LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Coatimied. B.— SUMMAET OF VALUE OF OOQSS AHD LABOB, COinOCTS EMPLOYED, ETC., JTOE EACH STATE, BY INDBSIStlES— Ooatinued. State and industry. In- sti- tu- tious. Value ol goods pro- aueed. Value of labor: on goods pro- duoed. Number of convicts employed. Male. Fe- male. Totai free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Kale. Fe- male. Total. Value per con- yiotof goods pro- duced. IDAHO. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc , Farming Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing . . Total ILLINOIS. Baskets, willow ware, «tc B Dots and shoes Biick Brooms and brushes.. Building trades Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cooperage Farming Hammocks Hosiery, etc Laundry work Picture moldings Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing . . Stove hollow ware Total INDIANA. Boots and shoes Brick Building trades Carriages and wagons . Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cooperage Cotton and woolen goods Farming Gloves and mittens . . . Hosiery, etc House furnishing goods, miscellaneous Iron and steel, chains. . Laundry work Printing Stone quarrying, cut- tang, and 'CruBOing - ■ Stov^rhollow ware Tobacco and cigars . . . Total IOWA. Agricultural hand tools Boots and siioes Building trades Buttons Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cooperage Farming Harness Printing S800 1,200 11, 167 3,000 $622 801 4,032 1,750 3.0 3.0 16.0 3.0 3.B 16.0 6.0 1.0 1,6 12.0 1.0 l.« 12.0 J267 «0 16. 167 7,205 28.0 10,467 990,431 57,323 165, 56S 47,457 ,388,065 45,792 146,«99 29,208 511 207, 709 5, 12,000 54,251 100,000 5,229 75,396 56,279 47,129 20,460 104,604 16,772 24,720 8,651 261 38,540 3,262 7,725 30.7 288.5 186.5 390. « 67.9 544.2 80.8 92.0 61.0 2.9 327.9 3.2 63.7 194.0 188.0 18.0 3.0 28.0 30.7 288.5 186.5 290.6 67.9 662.2 83.8 92.0 6L0 2.9 327.9 31.2 53.7 194.0 188.10 12.0 100.0 82. 5 lOl.'O 36.7 169.2 15.0 40.0 23.0 36.0 27.0 20.0 1.0 25.0 74.0 112.0 1.0 182.0 10.0 12. a 144.0 82.5 101.0 36. 7 304.2 42.0 40.0 23.0 1 202.0 11.0 25.« 74. >0 112.0 474,779 299.0 1,110.4 3,856 2,400 23,746 ■ 124 290,698 164,658 114,848 H)«,750 18,511 33,750 82,795 1,381 67,860 2,516 1,502 2,477 129,690 2,623 2,639 1,564 5,769, 56 55,467 33,790 28,251 6,375 8,919 8,136 5,855 1, 35,112 1,947 1,299 1,487 62,960 435 16.5 7.5 17. Q .3 295.8 .1 161.4 19.2 98.6 44.9 139.4 2.C 21.8 32.2 1.0 12.5 164.4 ll.f 19.2 41.0 265.4 3.0 16.5 7.5 17.0 .3 295.9 180.6 98.6 44. S 141,4 21.8 32.2 13.6 184.4 11.0 19.2 4L0, .256. 4| 3-0 8.2 3.2 7.8 163.8 118.5 65.0 18.0 30.3 .3 .1 8.6 7.0 8.3 127.7 1.6 8.2 3.2 7.8 .3 163.9 127.1 65.0 40.0 38.9 18.0 30.3 6.8 95.0 7.0 4.8 8.3 127.7 1 1,030,083 261,925 1,319.1 1,364.2, 729.5 24.3 753.8 225,000 956 86,339 29,820 90,000 26,323 23,347 25,490 824 1,433 335 45,492 616 48,668 12,388 28,611 11,720 10,718 1&910 ■ 462 1,232 1-48.3 2.8 227.2 51.9 124.5 73.1 29,0 107.3 2.0 6.0 2.0| 148.3 2.o; 227.2 61.9 124.5 86.7, 29.0 107.3' 2.0 6.0 2.0 •74.0 2.0 150.0 34.0 62.0 68.0 29.0 107.2 2.0 4.0 1.0 12.6 74.0 2.0 160.0 34.0 62.0 80.6 29.0 107.2 2.0 4.0 1.0 341 3,433 307 570 648 1,697 673 176 833 188 280 532 320 1,397 413 «g2 912 1,165 2,378 131 1,548 1,950 102 413 229 78 60 508 874 1,517 47B 376 575 238 312 239 168 CHAPTER IV. — GEWEBAL TABLES. 275 Table HI.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. B.— SUJOIAEY or VALUE OF GOODS AND lABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOB EACH STATE, BY INDUSTBIES— Continued. State and induatTy. In- sti- tu- tlona. Value of goods pro- duced. Vahie of labor on goods , pro- duced. Number ol convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Value per con- vict of goods pro- duced. Mate. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. IOWA— concladed. Stone 3uarrying, cut- ting, and crushing . . ■Knsmitliing, coppex- smitblng, and soeet- iTon working 1 1 Jl,600 240 $1,386 215 3.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 1.5 .5 1.5 .5 $533 240 Total 3 510,506 172,726 777.3 12.6 789.9 635.2 12.6 547.8 646 KANSAS. Binding twine Boots and shoes Brick 1 2 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 219,599 2,396 21,343 48,793 75,850 23,265 16,985 800 151,443 11,000 7,197 39,910 1,739 12j664 27,689 27,937 12,621 7,866 549 104,994 3,838 5,756 95,0 9.0 55.0 121.7 155.0 63.2 68.0 4.B 380.0 20.0 25.0 ""e.'s 95.0 9.0 55.0 121.7 155.0 70.0 68.0 4.8 380.0 20.0 25.0 65.0 6.5 27.6 64.1 52.0 42.S 35.5 4.8 190.0 10.0 12.5 " "s.'s 65.0 6.5 27.5 64.1 52.0 46.0 35.5 4.8 KO.O 10. 12.5 2,312 206 388 Building trades Chairs, tables, erto Clothing, etc.. 401 -489 332 250 Mining, coal . 399 Koadfand highways . . Stone quarrying, cut- ling, and crushing . . 650 288 Total 3 578,661 245,553 996.7 6.8 1,093.5 510.4 3.5 S13.9 577 1 KBNruCKY. Boots andj^oes Bnooms and brushes.. Bajllding trades Chairs, tables, etc. . . . . 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 780,000 137,500 4,817 404,372 3,300 4,800 118,300 971 38,200 2,333 172,292 46,425 3,110 144,852 2,295 2,078 25,833 700 11,028 2,333 477.0 127.0 20.0 650.0 '""so.'o 137.0 """47.' 6 22.0 ""27.' 6 13.0 "'ii.'o 477.0 127.0 20.0 677.0 13.0 80.0 137.0 11.0 47.0 22.0 320.0 60.0 10. 329.5 "■"26.'6 60.0 ""ib'.b 10.0 '"is.'o 6.5 320.0 60.0 10.0 344.5 sole 60.0 3.0 20.0 10.0 1,635 1,083 241 397 254 60 Harnfi!ffif , . 864 Laundry work Stove hollow ware Tfin.ming 38 813 106 Total 3 1,494,593 410,940 1,560.0 61.0 1,611.0 829.5 23.5 853.0 928 LOVISIANA. Clothing, etc . . . 1 1 1 19,325 83,058 180,000 15,655 135,239 120,727 50.0 581.7 315.0 26.0 76.0 581.7 315.0 60.0 581.7 315.0 26.0 76.0 581.7 315.0 254 Farming.. 143 Levee buflding 571 Total. 1 282,383 271,621 946.7 26.0 972.7 946.7 26.0 972.7 290 MAINE. Boots audioes Brooms and brushes.. Carriages and wagons Chairs, tables, etc 5 2 1 2 4 2 1 1 177,748 57,703 40,000 20,110 9,072 11,683 45,000 1,995 31,667 18,676 20,400 5,200 4,644 1,556 17,000 708 193.7 62.3 49.0 78.0 14.0 10.0 44.0 4.0 '"es.'o 193.7 52.3 49.0 78.0 79.0 10.0 44.0 4.0 74.7 32.0 24.0 26.5 2.0 4.7 20.0 1.7 "2S.'6 74.7 32.0 24.0 .26.5 25.0 4.7 20.0 1.7 918 1,10s 816 %8 115 1,158 Harness . - 1,028 W ood, cut and sawed . 499 Total 7 363,211 99,741 445.0 65.0 510. 185.6 23.0 208.6 712 KARVLAND. Baskets, willow ware, etc Boots and shoes Blooms and brushes. . Boildine trades CSiairs, tallies, etc. Clothing, etc 2 3 2 2 1 7 50,000 399,575 60,717 16,134 7,275 461,295 20,787 66,998 22,357 12,721 2,056 184,402 133.0 212.0 168.0 33.0 86.0 804.2 "iii^o 133.0 212.0 168.0 33.0 86.0 915.2 70.0 153.5 62.0 22.0 22.0 418.0 '"es.'s 70.0 153. S 62.0 22.0 22.8 483.5 376 1,885 361 4S9 85 504 276 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table HI.— SYSTEMS- OF WORE, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. B.^STJMMAEY OF VALTTE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOR EACH STATE, BY INDUSTHIES— Continued. State and industry. In- sti- tu- tlons. Value of gooda pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Male. Fe- male. Total. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Value per con- vict of goods pro- duced. MARYLAND— COnc'd. Farming. .1^ Hosiery, etc. Mats and matting Printing Soap -. Stone quarrying cut- ting, and crusbjng . . Stove hollow ware Tinsmithing, copper- smithing, and sneet- . iron working Total UASSACHUSETTS. Elacksmitlning and wheelwrighting Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Brooms and brushes.. Building trades Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods Cotton waste Farming Harness Hosiery, etc Laundry work Mats and matting Printing Ston? quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing. Trunks and valises . . . Umbrellas Total UICHIGAN. Agricultural- hand tools Boots and shoes Boxes, wooden Brooms and brushes. Building trades Buttons Carriages and wagons Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Packing and moving . Power and heat plant Beads and highways Stone quarrymg, cut- ting, and crushing. Tobacco and cigars. . . Total MINNESOTA. Binding twine Boots and shoes ■.Brooms and brushes. Building trades Clothing, etc Farming J25,171 347 55,000 2,778 691 112,000 112,838 418 tl2,798 171 34,085 2,279 247 263 69.0 4.0 166.0 20.0 1.0 91.0 43.0 2.0 69.0 4.0 166.0 20.0 1.0 91.0 43.0 2.0 34.5 1.0 83.0 6.0 68.0 32.0 1.0 34.6 1.0 83.0 6.0 68.0 32.0 1.0 1,304,139 413,592 1,832.2 1,943.2 3 671 1,' 425,465 8,892 35,370 1,900 151,077 128,247 73,460 16,882 88,961 18,685 5,134 4,131 4,840 5,469 25,918 6,519 20,000 964 91,446 2,432 16,558 964 51,562 36,416 26,494 3,856 51,376 8,752 1,864 3,481 3,400 2,784 11,261 2,133 10,500 4.0 656.0 34.0 80.0 4.0 468.0 224.0 213.0 24.0 364.0 50.0 30.0 75.0 5.0 15.0 13.0 114.0 11.0 84.0 4.0 656.0 34.0 80.0 4.0 468.0 299.0 213.0 24.0 369.0 50.0 30.0 26.0 15.0 13.0 114.0 11.0 84.0 1.5 186.0 8.5 40. 1.5 26.0 26.0 55.0 38.8 161.0 16.8 7.0 194.0 93.0 15.0 18.0 1.0 7.5 4.3 23.0 4.5 35.0 1.5 224.8 8.6 40.3 1.5 220.0 119.0 70.0 18.0 152.0 16.8 7.0 13.0 7.5 4.3 23.0 4.5 36.0 1,022,935 2,388.0 558.9 407.8 127,683 2,207 20,348 152,330 11,780 10,998 50,976 344,707 160,060 20,948 2,886 1,157 360 40,368 82,052 44,064 1,626 14,688 27,482 11,016 5,195 9,694 108,693 19,366 7,913 2,763 876 561 16,624 22,913 149.1 21.9 38.9 192.1 31.2 35.0 29.0 445.6 120.8 144.9 16.9 2.0 1 25.8 117.0 12.0 "is.'o "7.'6 149, 21.9 38.9 204.1 31.2 50.0 29.0 452.6 120.8 144.9 16.9 2.0 1.6 25.8 117.0 90.0 3.8 30.0 65.0 30.0 6.0 20.0 215.0 13.4 56.0 6.0 2.0 1 20.0 1.6 63.0 "u'o 40.0 65.5 117.0 1,028,859 1,371.8 1,405.8 658.7 301.0 1,040,664 592,500 760 49,733 16,614 15,397 57,870 63,130 461 26,089 8,563 5,973 188.5 235.3 2.0 180.7 68. 63.3 20.0 188.6 235.3 2.0 180.7 88.9 63.3 94.3 117.5 1.0 65.0 21 27.5 90.0 5.3 30.0 128.0 30.0 20.0 20.0 255.0 78.9 56.0 6.0 2.0 1.5 20.0 1,665 117.0 701 .7 732 94.3 117.6 1.0 65.0 25.3 27.5 CHAPTER IV. GENEBAL TABLES. 277 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OP GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. B — SUMMABY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOR EACH STATE, BY INDUSTRIES— Continued. State and industry. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on. goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Value per con- vict of goods pro- duced. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. MINNESOTA— COnc'd. Printing 2 1 $2,985 6,876 }1,499 4,605 11.0 32.8 11.0 32.8 7.0 7.0 10.0 $271 Roads and highways . 10. Qi 210 Total 4 1,725,529 168,190 782.6 20.0 802.6 344.0 H.R 347.6 2,150 MISSISSIPPI. Building trades Clothing, etc 1 1 1 1 1 1 10,707 8,741 408,703 2,908 2,831 2,445 10,707 2,177 233,636 1,633 1,244 1,260 22.0 "'767.'i 6.3 4.0 4.1 ""li.b 22.0 14.0 767.1 5.3 4.0 4.1 22.0 """746'6 5.3 4.0 4.1 """i4."6 22.0 14.0 746.6 ~ S.3 40 4.1 487 624 Farming 633 Levee building 549 708 Wood, cut and sawed. 696 Total m 436,335 250,657 802.5 14.0 816.5 782.0 14.0 796:0 534 MISSOURI. Boots and shoes 1 1 1 1 4 4 3 1 1 1 1,863,685 8,643 5,500 111,600 48,000 146,880 13,600 25,131 198,000 31,000 358,039 4,236 1,732 22,159 29,775 29,360 6,807 18,942 46,650 24,486 1,114.0 22.0 15.0 77.0 130.0 109.0 111.0 60.0 161.0 67.0 ""107.' 6 1,114.0 22.0 15.0 77.0 130.0 216.0 111.0 60.0 161.0 67.0 836.0 22.0 836.0 22.0 16.0 57.0 117.0 162.5 109.0 41.0 120.0 53.0 1,673 393 Brick 16.0 367 Brooms and brushes.. Building trades Clothing, etc 57.0 117.0 86.0 109.0 41.0 120.0 53.0 '"ii'.h 1,149 369 680 Farming 122 Boads and highways . SaddletieW 419 1,230 Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing. . 463 Total 4 2,451,939 542,186 1,866.0 107.0 1,973.0 1,466.0 76.6 1,532.5 1,243 MONTANA. Boots and shoes 1 1 1 600 750 2,296 360 548 834 9.0 ■■"24.'6 ""'"8."6 9.0 8.0 24.0 1.2 6."6 "i'.b 1.2 4.0 6.0 67 94 Farming 96 Total 1 3,646 1,742 33.0 8.0 41.0 7.2 4.0 11.2 89 NEBRASKA. Brooms and brushes. . Building trades Clothing, etc 1 2 2 2 1 225,000 9,232 4,606 6,964 430 42,042 6,192 3,112 3,997 1,228 166.5 32.0 17.0 22.0 8.0 ""'i."6 156.5 32.0 18.0 22.0 8.0 • 78.0 22.2 13.6 22.0 8.0 ""■■i."6 78.0 22.2 14.5 22.0 8.0 1,438 289 260 Farming . . 316 54 Total 2 246,122 56,571 235.5 1.0 236.5 143.7 1.0 144.7 1,041 NEVADA. Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting Boots and shoes Building trades 1 1 1 1 1 1 800 435 300 908 1,636 2,839 684 228 192 684 741 1,760 1.3 1.0 .6 2.6 3.6 6.5 1.3 1.0 .6 2.5 3.5 6.5 * .7 .5 .3 1.5 2.0 3.9 .7 .5 .3 1.6 2.0 3.9 615 435 500 363 Farming... 439 Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing . . 437 Total 1 6,818 4,289 16.4 15.4 8.9 8.9 443 o Representing 19 camps. 278 REPORT OB" THE COMMISSIOWER OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDCSTEIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, OONVIGTS EMPLOYED, ETC^Oontiaued. B.— STmiMAST or VALtTE OF GOOBS AWD LABOB, CONVIGTS UMPIOTED, ETC., FOE EACH STATE, BY INDtTSTMES— Contmued. State and industry. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- ^ueed. Value of !aboT on goods pro- duced. Number of oomviets employed. Maie. Fe- male. Total. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Kale. Fe- male. Total. Value per con- vict of goods pro- duced. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Brooms and brashes. Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Hi3siery, etc Total. NEW JEKSEY. Bags Boots and shoes Brick Brooms and bruahes Building trades Clothing, -etc Farming Mats and matting. . . Hoods and high ways. .. Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and cru^ing . Tinsmithing, copper- 'Smithing, and sheet- iron working ,. Total. NEW MEXICO. Blacksmithiz^ and wheel wrigfeting Boots and shoes Brick Building trades Clothing, etc Electric light and power Farming Harness Lime Eoada and highways.. Tinsmithing, copper- smithing, and sheet- iron working Total. NEW YORK. Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting Bookbinding Boots and shoes Bfooms and brushes. Building trades Burying paupers Castings, machinery, and repairs Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods Cotton goods Electrical construc- tion and repair Farming Hosiery, etc House furnishing goods, miscellaneous $14,479 105,000 1,200 23, 132 10,750 S4,J>90 21,846 474 10,377 3,060 31.0 120.0 1.0 79.0 31.0 120.0 5.0 79.« 15.0 eo.o .5 •45.3 26.7 2.0 15.0 m.o 2.6 4S.3 26.7 164,561 40,346 271.8 4.0 276.0 147.5 2.0 149.6 30,000 56,686 891 81,929 14,872 128,994 29,662 109,840 1,061 50,919 5,816 7, 36,981 578 45,600 6,538 56,961 10,242 68,499 1,061 54,384 3,060 23.0 125.5 5.3 235.fl 23.7 314.5 84.9 198.0 8.8 212.0 23.0 125.6 5.3 235.0 23.7 411.5 84.9 198.0 8.8 212.0 18.0 88.8 2.1 119.0 11.0 208.0 46.0 137.0 4.3 133.6 1,234.8 101.0 1,335.8 771.7 1,500 1,255 17,000 2,200 3,262 1,200 900 300 750 20,000 300 1,224 91S 8,813 1,645 1,652 918 783 191 588 12,974 191 4.0 6.2 36.7 5.5 11.8 3.2 7.4 1.0 6.2 26.5 4.0 6.2 36.7 5.5 11 3.2 7.4 1.0 6.2 26.5 1.0 1.0 1.2 18.0 1.7 2.2 1.0 1 .2 1, 26.6 48,657 29,797 8,618 972 65,640 103,382 100,496 3,192 33,824 235,136 174,794 131,576 89,172 2,993 26,482 68,247 2,959! 7,529 888 29,029 53,143 47,900 3,m 16,194 81,862 7fi,62S 37,058 50,783 1,457 13,080 8,172 4,570 51.0 8.0 252.0 348.0 286.0 24.0 136.0 551.0 487.0 243.0 351.0 M.fl 186.5 141.0 50.0 174.0 51.0 8.0 252.0 348.0 286.0 24.0 136.0 551.0 661.0 343.0 351.0 10.0 185.5 141.7 60.0 10.2 1.8 94.7 124.6 105.8 6.0 42.2 179.9 182.6 115.4 118.0 3.4 61.3 36.0 28.0 18.« m.8 2.1 119.0 11.0 243.6 46.0 137.0 4.3 133. 35.5 47. fl 807.2 1.0 1.2 18.0 1.7 2.2 1.0 1.6 .2 1.2 38.5 10.2 1 •94.7 J24.6 105.8 42..S 179.-9 115.4 118.0 3.4 61.3 36.1 28.0 " Value of work performed. CHAPTEK IV. — GENEBAIi TABLES. 279 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPL0"5nED, ETC.— Continued. B.— SUMHABT OF VALVE 0? GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EUFLOTED, ETC., rOB EACH STATE, BY IND0BTBIES— Continued. State and industry. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value ot labor on goods pro- duced. Nimiber of convicts employed. -■ Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Value per con- vict of goods pro- duced. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. NEW YOBK— oonc'd. Laundry -vrork Mats and matting Mattresses 1 1 2 4 1 1 6 4 1 $4,620 10,639 8,851 16,809 10,646 21,071 92,799 21,411 3,881 tl,965 9,120 3,024 17,780 3,746 14,651 52,874 13,496 8,540 3.0 134.0 10.5 123.0 22.0 42.0 349.5 74.0 42.0 6.0 8.0 134.0 10.5 123.0 22.0 42.0 349.5 74.0 42.0 2.0 60.0 4.5 36.5 8.0 17.0 102.0 22.5 14.0 4.0 6.0 60.0 4.6 36.6 8.0 17.0 102.0 22.5 14.0 $578 79 843 Pointing 137 Eoads and higltways.. Sash, doors, etc Stone guariylng, cut- ting, and, crushing . . Tinsmitliing, copper- smithing, and sheet- iron working Wooden goods, mis- cellaneous 484 602 266 289 92 Total 14 1,218,209 666,676 3,923.6 179.7 4,103.2 1,375.4 51.1 1,426.6 297 NORTH CAROLINA. Brick 1 1 1 2 1 ] 30 1 2 12,004 600 9,362 55,311 67,474 47,434 495,439 26,299 2,397 6,372 132 3,947 36,093 14,976 41,730 289,966 22,936 2,137 18.6 .3 "'262.'5 43.8 121.9 850.6 67.1 6.4 ■■■23.i 11.8 18.6 .3 23.1 214.3 43.8 121.9 850.6 67.1 6.4 20.5 .4 ■■■222.'2 48.2 134.1 1,028.4 73.8 7.0 '"'25.' 4 12.5 20.5 .4 25.4 234.7 48.2 134.1 1,028.4 73.8 7.0 649 Building trades 2,000 405 268 T^nmhp.r 1,541 389 682 392 375 Eailroad building Beads and highways.. Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing. . . Wood, cut and sawed.. Total 1.30 716,380 418,288 1,311.2 34.9 1,346.1 1,534.6 37.9 1,572.6 532 NOETH DAKOTA. Binding twine Boots and shoes Brick 1 1 1 1 1 1 252,989 600 5,089 8,600 2,298 10,475 13,860 277 3,080 4,620 493 2,772 52.0 .9 9.5 16.8 1.6 16.3 52.0 .9 9.5 15.8 1.6 16.3 30.0 .4 5.0 6.0 .8 9.0 30.0 .4 5.0 6.0 .8 9.0 4,86s 667 536 Building trades 538 1,436 643 Farming Total 1 279,951 25,102 96.1 96.1 51.2 51.2 2,913 OHIO. Agricultural hand 1 1 1 9 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 150,000 4,072 13,304 378,136 5,393 35,000 31,434 19,088 125,000 440 170,000 3,500 3,500 100,000 120,000 80,257 39,910 2,072 9,394 207,403 2,763 18,420 11,286 2,210 69,070 129 69,076 2,149 3,070 53,725 26,095 24,100 130.0 10.0 45.0 996.0 , 7.0 40.0 60.0 11.0 150.0 300.0 4.0 60.0 140.0 170.0 110.0 ■"ss.'o ""i'.b ....... 130.0 10.0 45.0 1,034.0 7.0 40.0 60.0 11.0 150.0 2.0 300.0 4.0 60.0 140.0 170.0 110.0 65.0 3.0 22.0 554.5 3.0 20.0 25.0 9.0 75.0 150.0 2.0 • 8.0 70.0 """56.6 "2i.'6 .'7 ""ss.'o 65.0 3.0 22.0 675.5 3.0 20.0 25.0 9.0 75.0 .7 150.0 2.0 8.0 70.0 85.0 56.0 1,154 Boots and shoes Brick 407 296 Brooms and brushes. . Building trades Castings, machinery. 366 770 875 Clothing, etc 524 Farming . 1,735 833 220 Hardware, saddlery.. . Hosiery, etc Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc 567 875 Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing . . Stove hollow ware Tobacco and cigars . . . 70 714 706 730 Total 10 1,239,124 540,871 2,223.0 40.0 2,263.0 1,062.5 106.7 1,169.2 548 a One institution represented 2 camps. 280 BEPOET OP THE COMMIS8IONEB OF LABOE. Table III.^-SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OP GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.^<:!oiitinued. B.— SUMMABY OF VALTIE OF GOODS ASD LABOB. CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOB EACH STATE, BY INDTJSTBIES— Continued. State and industry. In- sti- tu- tions Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number .of convicts employed. Fe- male. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Value per con- vict of goods pro- duced. OBEGON. Boots and shoes Brick - Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Boads and highways. Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing : Stoves Sl,<83 7,208 500 3,518 18,418 5,100 11,624 145,000 $907 2,727 250 2,3S6 5,091 1,671 5,385 38,633 6.9 6.4 2.0 18.9 61.2 5.3 17.4 119.0 6.9 6.4 2.0 18.9 61.2 5.3 17.4 119.0 1 4.5 .5 6.3 24.0 4.9 11.0 50.0 1 4.5 .5 5.3 24.0 4.9 11. 60.0 S315 1,126 260 186 301 668 1,218 Total . 192,851 57,020 813 PENNSYLVANIA. Blacksmithing and wheel wrigh ting Boots and shoes ....... Brooms and brushes. . Building trades 8arpets, ingrain arpets, rag Castings, machinery, and repairs Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cotton- and woolen goods Cotton goods Farming --- Flour and meal Gas, illuminating and . heating Harness Hosiery, etc Laundry work ■Mats and matting . - - Nets, fish Printing Roads and highways.. Soap Stone quarrying, cut ting, and crushing . . Tinsmithing, copper- smithing, and sheet- iron working Tobacco and cigars . . . Total. . KHODE ISLAND. Blaoksmjthing and wheelwrighting , Boots and shoes Building trades Castings, machinery, and repairs Clothing, etc Farming 'Printing. •Stone quarrying, cut- ■ ting, and crushing . Wire goods 4,752 28,706 111,615 26,107 291 47,932 1 1,561 2 12,646 5 34,667 8,822 6,924 37,903 10,804 50,172 95 65,064 824 70,012 46 7,478 23,703 964 4,0 751 2,559 15 558,475 Total. 600 1, 1,924 765 119,000 45,241 1,731 1,186 5,360 177,626 3,419 14,697 29,627 21,019 74 15,936 17,147 5, 1,482 13,661 793 13,140 21 22,266 837 17,796 23 4,767 16,013 334 656 1,479 210,834 1,119 1,417 597 39,673 24,970 671 995 2,675 72,566 19.0 100.5 181.3 103.0 .6 166.8 3.0 67.2 127.0 25.0 14.8 297.0 2.0 24.0 .6 127.9 146.5 .1 40.0 122.0 2.0 104.0 2.0 6.0 1,672.1 6.0 15.0 19.0 8.0 246.0 126.0 9.0 6.0 14.0 448.0 11.0 12.0 105.0 19.0 100.5 181.3 103.0 .5 156.8 3.0 67.2 269.0 25.0 14.8 297.0 2.0 24.0 .5 138.9 12.0 146.5 .1 40.0 122.0 2.0 104.0 2.0 6.0 10.0 10.0 1,837.1 6.0 15.0 19.0 8.0 256.0 125.0 9.0 6.0 14.0 468.0 7.0 34.3 71, 34.5 .3 46.9 , 1.0 24.1 7.0 20.0 5.5 63.0 1, 15.0 .1 74.3 4.1 4.0 37.4 .1 14.2 48.0 1.0 13.0 1.0 4.3 3.0 7.6 9.5 4.0 8.0 62.5 4.6 3.0 7.0 109.0 129.0 120,0 120.0 7.0 34.3 71.7 34.6 .3 46.9 1.0 24.1 127.9 20.0 5.5 63.0 1.9 16.0 .1 78.4 4.0 37.4 .1 14.2 48.0 1.0 13.0 1.0 4.3 644.6 250 286 616 263 582 306 620 188 129 353 468 128 5,402 2,091 190 468 69 478 460 187 194 477 376 427 304 3.0 7.5 9.5 4.0 128.0 62.5 4.6 3.0 7.0 229.0 100 122 101 96 465 362 192 198 388 OHAPTEB IV. QENEEAL TABLES. 281 -Table 111 SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VAEUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. B.— SUMMABY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOE, CONVICTS EMPIOTED, ETC., FOK EACH STATE, BY INDUSTEIES— Continued. State and industry. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. ' Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Value per con- vict of goods pro- duced. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. SOUTH CAROLINA. Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting Boots and shoes Building trades Castings, machinery, and repairs 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 39 51,019 476 10,459 849 1,275 4,170 94,008 122,302 315,229 $927 309 6,285 773 1,159 2,318 36,446 37,266 154, 152 2.0 1.0 20.0 1.0 5.0 6.0 212.0 223.0 661.6 '"""2.0 2.0 1.0 20.0 1.0 5.0 8.0 2.0 1.0 22.0 1.0 5.0 6.0 250.0 60.0 676.9 '" "2.0 "'iii.'o 2.0 1.0 22.0 1.0 6.0 8.0 260.0 201.0 676.9 t510 475 623 849 Gleaning statehouse. . . Clothing, etc 265 621 1 212.0 29.0,. 252.0 1 651.5 443 485 Eoads and highways. . 484 ^ Total 41 649, 786 238,634 1,121.5 31.0 1,152.6 1,023.9 143.0 1,166.9 5.0 4.8 2.4 26.0 .8 3.1 477 SOUTH DAKOTA. Building trades Cement blocks Clothing, etc 1 I 1 2 1 1 8,000 4,000 2,000 14,250 350 3,300 4,093 2,625 1,650 7,689 258 2,545 10.0 12.0 6.0 61.0 3.0 13.0 10.0 12.0 6.0 61.0 3.0 13.0 6.0 4.8 2.4 25.0 .8 3.1 800 333 333 234 Printing 117 Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing . . 254 Total 2 31,900 18,860 105.0 106.0 41.1 41.1 304 TENNESSEE. Boots and shoes 379,075 26,160 14,769 16,410 177,865 15,967 118,600 261,113 6,751 266,547 55,000 96,500 50,849 4,665 6,698 3,810 13,684 10,700 19,049 46,138 2,098 92,491 12,440 32,655 195.0 20.0 27.0 18.0 83.0 44.0 70.0 164.0 14.0 562.0 40.0 95.0 ""66.0 196.0 20.0 27.0 18.0 83.0 44.0 70.0 210.0 14.0 662.0 40.0 95.0 109.0 15.0 15.0 7.0 40.0 29.0 35.0 124.5 4.5 276.0 26.0 60.0 ■■"36.6 109.0 15.0 16.0 7.0 40.0 29.0 35.0 160.6 4.6 276.0 25.0 60.0 1,944 1,308 Brick 547 Clothing, etc 912 2,143 Farming 363 1,694 1,243 loe, manulactured Mining coal 411 483 Stoveliollow ware — 1,375 1,016 Total 2 1,433,747 294, 177 1,312.0 56.0 1,368.0 740.0 36.0 776.0 1,048 TEXAS. Boots and shoes Carriages and wagons Castings, machinery. 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 2 1 10 1 21,712 40,791 137, 765 104,988 29,952 44,392 2,481 26,057 4,066 1,391,829 3,091 100,000 160,000 42,120 9,446 27,466 117,780 81,120 9,984 20,140 639 12,168 2,199 - 727,683 2,199 35,100 107,106 14,040 22.0 72.0 260.0 217.0 24.0 49.0 1.8 36.0 5.0 2,578.4 6.0 75.0 314.7 45.0 '"m.o ""i'.a 22.0 72.-0 260.0 217.0 24.0 49.0 1.8 36.0 5.0 2,662.4 6.0 75.0 316.7 46.0 16.0 44.0 151:0 130.0 16.0 34.0 1.8 26.0 3.5 2,311.7 3.5 76.0 237.7 30.0 '"hi'.b """"2." 6 16.0 44.0 151.0 130.0 16.0 34.0 1.8 26.0 . 3.6 2,362.7 3.5 75.0 239.7 30.0 987 567 630 Chairs, tables, etc 484 1,248 906 Cotton ginning. Cotton goods Electric Ught and 1,378 724 813 ^Farming 523 Ice, manufactured Eailroad building Roads and highways.. Wood, out and sawed.. 615 1,333 505 936 Total oia 2,109,244 1,167,06E 3,705.9 86.0 3,791.9 3,080.2 63.0 3,133.2 666 a One institution represented 2 prisons, 4 farms, and 33 camps. 282 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. Table HI — SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, YAIAJE OF GOODS' AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. B.— SUmiABT OF VAITIE OF GOODS AND LABOB, COSVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOE EACH BTAXE, BY IHDXTSTEIES— Continued. State and industry.' In- Bti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- diiuied. Number ol convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Value per con- Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. goods pro- duced. UTAH. Blackamittalng and •whealwrighting Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes. . Btulding trades Clothing, etc 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 t4,300 966 1,069 2,250 3,821 6,363 1,415 7,415 Jl,141 811 663 760 2,429 2,184 389 3,472 5.0 9.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 23.2 5.0 30.0 ""i'.i 6.0 9.0 7.0 6.0 11.5 23.2 5.0 30.0 1.6 3.6 1.6 1.8 3.5 8.7 1.0 9.7 """5.0 1.6 3.6 1.6 1.8 8.5 8.7 1.0 9.7 t860 107 161 450 332 231 283 247 Hosiery, etc Total 2 26,589 11,749 89.2 6.5 95.7 31.5 5.0 - 36.5 278 VEKMONT. Boots and shoes Chairs, tables, etc 1 1 3 2 1 70,860 12,328 3,783 3,909 40,000 41,637 4,172 2,351 1,418 12,936 101.0 72.0 2.0 13.0 94.0 "'24.'6 101.0 72.0 26.0 13.0 94.0 77.0 18.0 1.5 3.4 24.0 """ii."6 77.0 18.0 12.5 3.4 24.0 702 171 Parmlng 301 Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing... 426 Total 3 130,880 62,514 282.0 24.0 306.0 123.9 11.0 134.9 428 VIRGINIA. Boots and shoes Building trades Clothing, etc 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,631,540 9,776 7,955 17,022 13,466 4,690 11,079 1,721 352,584 9,240 4,158 3,465 8,007 616 9,964 462 990.0 20.0 9.0 15.0 40.0 2.0 40.0 2.0 47.0 1,037.0 20.0 9.0 15.0 40.0 2.0 40.0 2.0 742.0 19.0 6.0 16.0 40.0 2.0 40.0 2.0 36.0 777.0 19.0 6.0 16.0 40.0 2.0 40.0 2.0 1,573 489 883 1,135 337 Flour and meal Eoads and highways.. Tomato aauee 2,345 277 861 Total 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1,697,248 42,610 1,948 19,096 6,280 6,740 14,029 7,212 1,680 388,496 1,118.0 47.0 1,165.0 866.0 35.0 901.0 1,467 ■WASHINGTON. 17,458 1,266 12,326 2,900 2,748 5,493 5,652 740 126.6 11.4 49.3 12.0 13.9 48.0 16.1 1.0 "i's 125.6 11.4 49.3 12.0 18.7 48.0 16.1 1.0 30.0 2.6 20.0 5.0 4.0 17.0 8.2 1.0 ""i.h 30.0 2.6 20.0 5.0 5.8 17.0 8.2 1.0 339 Boots and shoes Brick. 171 387 Building trades Clothing, etc 523 360 292 Eoads and highways.. Soap - 448 1,680 Total . . 3 "99,696 48,583 277.3 4.8 282.1 87.8 1.8 89.6 363 WEST VIKGINIA. Boots and shoes Brass goods . . 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3,228 39,267 2,767 80,500 2,060 494,822 84,340 12,468 1,200 90,130 1,714 10,245 514 12,049 490 107,350 16,863 4,361 245 21,344 12.0 37.7 10.0 53.9 6.0 464.2 89.4 31.0 3.0 110.1 ""25.'6 12.0 37.7 10.0 53.9 6.0 489.2 89.4 31.0 3.0 110.1 7.0 31.0 6.0 36.0 4.0 288.0 48.0 19.0 2.0 62.0 '"'is.'o 7.0 31.0 6.0 36.0 4.0 303.0 48.0 19.0 2.0 62.0 269 1,042 277 Brooms and brushes. . Building trades 1,494 342 1,011 943 402 Enameled ware Farming Mining, coaL . 400 Whips 819 Total 2 810, 762 174, 176 817.3 25.0 842.3 602.0 15.0 517.0 963 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 283 Table SM — SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOOBS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. B SCMMABY OF VALUE OF OOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOE EACH STATE, BT INDUSTBIES— Continued. State and industry. In- Bti tu- tloius. Value ol goods pro- auoed. Value of labor on goods pio- dooed. Number ol convicts employed. Male. Fe- male. Total. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Value per con- vict of goods pro- duced. WISCONSIN. Boots and shoes Blink Brooms and brushes. Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Hosiery, etc Total WYOMING. Boots and shoes Brooms and bnisties Clothing, etc Total UNtTBD STATES rKISONS. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes.. Balldlng trades Clothing, etc Farming Printing Tinsmitning, oopper- smithing, and sheet- iron working Total ALL STATES. Agricultural band tools Bags Baskets, willow ware, etc Binding twine Blacksmithing and wheolwrighting Bookbinding Boots and shoos Boxes, paper Boxes, wooden Brass goods Bread Brick Brooms and brushes. . Building trades Burying paupers Buttons Carpets, ingrain Carpets, rag Carriages and msigons Castings, machinery, and repairs Cement blocks Chairs, tables, etc Charcoal Cleaning statehouse. . . Clothing, etc Coko Cooperage Cotton and woolen goods 4,800 16,000 40,600 141,476 22,628 91,800 $76, 194 3,068 7,344 14,246 46,666 10,327 25,755 284.« 10.2 16.0 43.1 180.8 98.7 67.3 284.6 10.2 16.0 43.1 180.8 08.7 07.3 142.5 10.2 16.0 40.0 173.2 92.4 67.3 142.5 10.2 16.0 40.0 173.2 92.4 67.3 {2,408 471 1,«00 940 783 229 1,364 3 1,002,644 183,592 700.7 700.7 541.6 541.6 1,431 900 45,771 3,200 361 16,906 1,734 2.0 114.S 7.0 2.0 1H.3 7.0 . 5 4o!o 3.9 .5 40.0 3.e 450 4490 457 49,871 19,001 123.3 123.3 43.5 43.5 40S 5,003 1,275 419, 3fi6 18,150 24, 595 900 4, 1,082 203,591 15,589 16,070 773 773 18.0 4.0 713.5 71.0 80.0 6.0 6.0 18.0 4.0 713.5 71.0 80.0 6.0 5.0 11.5 2.0 388.8 42.3 71.3 2.0 2.0 11.5 2.0 388.8 42.3 71.3 2.0 2.0 278 319 588 25S 387 198 470, 189 242,727 524 602,683 322, 868 3 60,467 31,513,252 19 53, 1 83 8,527, 45: 20, 39, 8> 630, 1,780, 1,084, "3, 40, 47, 131 10 220,273 I 4,000 36 2,371,703 II 29,952 l| 1,275 122 2,644,511 1 177,865 5 302,468 129,466 132,130 26,018 111,640 39,055 886 , 556, 964 9,221 14,688 10,245 4,236 201,909 621,6.33 579,024 3,192 17,583 74 15,936 57,606 161,746 2,625 774, 816 9,984 1,159 8S4, 478 13,684 67,352 427.4 908.1 163. T 335.5 47.0 158.2 8.0 5,748.5 124.0 38.9 37.7 22.0 905.0 3, 133. 2,406.1 24.0 86. 9; IS. .5 156.8 150. 0; 427.4 908.1 163.7 335.5 158.2 50.0 " 5, 795. 124. 38. 37. 22. 905 3, 183 2,408. 24, 101, ise! 150, 229.0 235.1 82.0 189.3 1.8 3, 312. 9 25.5 30.0 31.0 22.0 C88. 5 1,475.8 1,276.6 6.0 40.0 .3 46.9 88.0 119.3 14.0 84.0 "ii'-b .3 486.0 12.0 4,246.3 24.0 5.0 4,175.9 83.0 235.6 52.1 1,048.8 486.0 12.0 4,298.4 24.0 S.0 5,224.7 83.0 235.6 227.7 4, 1,680.71 284.1 10.0 5.0 1,992.1 40.0 149.2 855.5 320,608 75,920' S25.9 525.9 "Value of work performed. 230.4 15.0 229.0 235.1 82.0 189.3 49.9 1.8 3, 432. 2 39.5 30.0 31.0 22.0 688.5 1,559.8 1,276.6 6.0 54.0 .3 46.9 88.3 227.7 4.8 1,964.8 M.0 5.0 2,847.6 40.0 149.2 245.4 1,176 356 369 4,610 339 122 1,471 364 523 1,042 559 451 133 401 582 308 878 453 333 552 1,248 255 506 2,143 1,284 610 284 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. Table III — SYSTEMS OF WOKK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOE, CXJNVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. B.— SUMBLASY or VALUE OF G00B8 AND LABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOTED, ETC., FOR EACH STATE, BY INDUSTEIES— Concluded. State and industry. In- Bti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced.' Number of convicts employed. Male. Fe- male. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work:. Male. Fe- male. Total. Value per con- vict of goods pro- duced. ALL STATES— COnc'd. Cotton ginning Cotton goods Cotton waste , Electrical construc- tion and repairs Electric light and power , Enameled ware ...'..,, Farming Flour and meal GaS', illuminating and heating Gloves and mittens. .. Hammooks Hardware, saddlery.. , Harness ; Hosiery, etc House furnishing goods, miscellaneous Ice, manufactured Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc Iron and steel, chains. . Laundry work Levee building Lime Loading and unload- ing vessels Locksmithing Lumber Mats and matting Mattresses Mining, coal (a) Mining, phosphate Nets, fish Packing and moving. . Picture moldings Power and heat plant. Printing Eailroad building Koads and highways. . Saddletrees Sash, doors, etc Soap Stone quarrying, cut- ting, and crushing . . Stove hollow ware Stoves Teaming Tinsmiihing, copper- smithing, and sheet- iron working Tobacco and cigars . . . Tomato sauce Trunks and valises . , . Turpentine and rosin . Umbrellas Whips Wire goods ...--. Wood, cut and sawed. Wooden goods, mis- ceUaneouB Grand total S2, 481 102, 153 16,882 122 2 1 1 1 1 10 20 1 1 11 6 3 7 1 1 1 1 1 24 3 111 1 1 4 35 7 2 1 10,966 84,340 2,983,875 15, 494 60,172 33,750 511 125,000 304,099 903, 106 4,340 11,242 170,000 67,'860 18,924 182, 908 12,199 i,417 360 SG39 64, 433 3,856 1,457 6,743 15,863 1,628,016 1,409 13, 140 8,136 261 69,070 72,442 192, 687 6,434 5,034 69,075 35,112 12,192 122,360 9,405 1, 102, 260 9: 1, 631', 440, 2, 12, 1 51, 383, 1,667, 198, 21, 433, 122, 3, 809, 173, 2, •7, 38, 177, 1: 572,000 613,228 241, 600 2,333 362, 391 215,572 71,288 2,333 32, 207, 1: 6, 590, 20, 90, 85, 61, 20, 50, 2, 337, 10, 21, 26, 18; 1.8 401.8 24.0 1,044.4 4.0 24.0 21.8 2.9 150.0 315.3 ,, 177. 3 51.0 21.0 300.0 164.4 6.2 320.3 106.4 14. 1. 1,272. 659, 11. 2, 185. • 376. lo! 63. 2. 275. 455. 3,605. 161. 42. 3,881 8,640 1,918.1 769.4 214.0 22.0 104.6 296.0 2.0 11.0 778.3 84.0 110.1 124.0 63.6 42.0 6 296 34,276,206 11,915,429 49, 456. 1, 716. 2 51, 172. 2 98.7 12.6 93.0 1.8 401. 8 24.0 10.0 16.3 89.4 8,341.2 4.0 24.0 21.8 2.9 150.0 316.3 1,276.0 63.5 21.0 300.0 164.4 99.2 320. 105.4 14.6 1.0 1,272.1 659.5 11.5 2,185.0 375.0 .1 16.9 53.7 2.0 275.7 455.9 3, 607. 7 161.0 42.0 6.0 1,918.1 769.4 214.0 22.0 104.6 296.0 2.0 11.0 778.3 84.0 110.1 124.0 63.5 42.0 1.8 149.5 3.4 9.1 48.0 6, 143. 2 3.9 15.0 18.0 198.5 75.0 140.2 455.8 28. 9.0 160.0 95.0 3.0 320.3 21.3 3.6 .2 1, 363. 6 324.9 4.6 1,613.0 662.5 .1 6.0 25.0 2.0 100.8 468.1 3, 460. 3 120.0 17.0 781.2 428.7 110. 10.0 5.8 2.0 4.5 1,046. 1 363.9 62.0 63.0 44.2 14.0 35.0 1,647.22,253.9 32,801.1 1. 149.6 18.0 3..4 9.1 48.0 6,341.7 3.9 . 15.0 18.0 1.0 75.0 140.2 819.7 34.8 9.0 150.0 96.0 44.0 320.3 21.3 3.6 .2 1, 363. 5 324.9 . 4.6 1, 613. 662.6 .1 6.0 25.0 2.0 100.8 468.1 3, 462. 3 120.0 17.0 781.2 428.7 110.0 10.0 33. 207.8 2.0 4.6 ,046.1 35.0 62.0 63.0 44.2 14.0 o Including, in 1 institution, mining and smelting iron ore. 6 Ten institutions represented 2 prisons, 4 farms, and 118 camps. OHAPTEK IV.^&EHEKAL TABLES. 285 Table III SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. C.^STTMMABY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND lABOS, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOB EACH INDirSTBY, BY STATES. [For explanation of this table, see pp. 180, 181.] Industry and State. Insti- tu- tions. Value ol goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Uale. Fe- male. Total. Hale. Fe- male. Total. AGBIGULTURAL HAND TOOLS. Iowa 1 1 1 $225,000 127,683 150,000 145,492 44,064 39,910 148.3 149.1 130.0 148.3 149.1 130.0 74.0 90.0 65.0 74.0 Michigan 90.0 65.0 Total 3 502,683 129, 466 427.4 427.4 229.0 229.0 BAGS. 1 1 1 250,258 30,000 42,610 106,986 7,686 17,468 759.6 23.0 125.6 769.6 23.0 125. 6 187.1 ■18.0 30.0 187.1 18.0 Washington ' 30.0 Total 3 322,868 132,130 908.1 908.1 236.1 235.1 BASKETS, WILLOW WARE, ETC. Illinois 1 2 10,467 60,000 5,229 20, 787 30.7 133.0 ;;;;;;; 30.7 133.0 12.0 70.0 12.0 70.0 Total 3 60,467 26,016 103.7 163.7 82.0 82.0 BINDING TWINE. 1 1 1 219,699 1,040,664 262,989 39,910 57,870 13,860 95.0 188.5 52.0 95.0 188.5 52.0 65.0 94.3 30.0 65.0 94.3 North Dakota 30.0 Total 3 1,513,252 111,640 336.6 335.6 189.3 189.3 BLACKSMTTHING AND WHEEL- WRIGHTING. Arizona.. 1 5 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1,500 18,578 10,000 1,985 800 1,500 8,618 4,762 600 1,019 4,300 1,200 13,690 7,829 964 684 1,224 7,529 3,419 448 927 1,141 4.0 48.4 13.5 4.0 1.3 4.0 51.0 19.0 6.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 48.4 13.5 4.0 1.3 4.0 61.0 19.0 6.0 2.0 6.0 1.0 14.7 7.2 1.5 .7 1.0 10.2 7.0 3.0 2.0 1.6 ::::::: 1.0 California 14.7 7.2 1.5 .7 1.0 New York 10.2 7.0 3.0 2.0 Utah , 1.6 Total 19 63, 652 39, 065 158.2 158.2 49.9 49.9 BOOKBINDING. New York 1 1 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 3 6 2 1 972 1,296 18,099 6,633 298,000 1,500 800 990,431 3,856 955 2,396 780,000 177,748 399.576 425,465 2,207 692,600 886 722 6,760 3.679 52,216 979 622 75,396 2,639 616 1,739 172,292 31,657 66,998 91,446 1,626 63,130 8.0 5:o 34.1 25.5 8.6 5.0 34.1 25.5 262.0 20.0 3.0 288.6 15.5 2.0 9.0 477.0 193.7 212.0 656.0 21.9 235.3 . 1.8 1.2 15.0 4.4 133.0 4.0 1.0 100.0 8.2 2.0 6.5 320.0 74.7 163.5 186.0 3.8 117.6 '''i'i.b 1.5 1.8 BOOTS AND SHOES. 1.2 15.0 4.4 262.0 20.0 3.0 288.5 16.5 2.0 9.0 477.0 193.7 212.0 133.0 District of Columbia 4.0 1.0 Illinois -^ 144.0 8.2 2.0 6.5 320.0 Maine 74.7 153:5 656.0 21.9 235.3 224.8 Michiean 5.3 Uimiesota 117.5 286 REPORT OS THE COMMISSIOHJEB OF lABOE. Table IIi:.--SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDDSTKIES; VALUE OF GOODS AND' IjABOR, CONYICTS employed, etc.— Continued. C— STJSIMAEY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, COKVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.,. FOB EACH IHDirSTEY, BY STATES— Continued. In- , sti- tu- tlons. Valuis of gooda pro- duced. Value ol la'bor on goods pro- duced. ! Number ol conTicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to peiform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Kale. Fe- male. ■ Total. BOOTS AND SHOES— OOnc'd. 1 1 1 s 1 9 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 $1,863,685 600 435 56,686 1,256 65,640 «00 4,072 1,483 28,706 1,829 475 379.075 21,712 966 70,860 1,631,540 1,948 3,228 685,440 980 S,D03 J358,039 380 22S 36,98) 918 29,029 277 2,072 907 14,597 1,119 309 50,849 9,446 811 41,637 352,584 1,266 1,714 76,194 3«1 4,849 1,114.0 9.0 1.0 125.5 6.2 252.0 .9 10.0 6.9 100.5 15.0 1.0 195.0 22.0 9.0 101.0 990.0 11.4 12.0 284.6 2.0 18.0 "'47.'6 1,114.0 9.0 1.0 125.5 6.2 252.0 .9 10.0 6.9 100.5 15.0 1.0 195.0 22.0 9.0 101.0 1,037.0 11.4 12.0 284.6 2.0 18.0 836.fl 1.2 .5 88.8 L2 94.7 .4 3.0 1.8 34.3 7.5 1.0 109. 18.0 3.6 77.0 742.0 2.6 7.0 lffi.5 .5 11.5 ..'..'.7. '35. 6 sa&e X.2: Nevada .S 8g.« a.'s NewYork 94.7 .4" Ohio 3.0 1.8 P^maylvania 34.3 7.5 1.0 TftuTiBsaee..-.. Texas .- 109.0 16.0 Utali 3.6 77.0 Virginia 777.0 Washington - 2.6 West Vireinia 7.0 142.5 .5 United States prisons 11.5 Total - - 83 8,527,599 1,556,964 5,748.6 47.0 5,795.5 3,312.9 119.3 3, 432. 2 BOXES, PAPEK. District of Columbia 1 1 1 10,046 8,892 2a,150i 2,124 2,432 4,665 70.0 34.0 20.0 70.0 34.0 20.0 2.0 8.5 15.0 14.0 16.0 8.5 15.0 Total 3 45,088 9,221 124.0 124.0 25.5 14.0 39.5 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,348 39,267 8,643 1,250 215,318 230,000 57,323 2,400 21,343 5,500 891 17,000 12,064 5,089 13,304 7,208 14,769 19,096 2,767 4,800 14,688 10,245 4,236 999 59,183 77,086 56,279 1,564 12,664 1,732 578 8,813 6,372 3,080 9,394 2,727 5,598 12,326 514 3,060 38.9 37.7 22.0 12.0 173.0 238.0 188.5 7.5 55.0 15.0 5.3 36.7 18.6 9.5 45.0 6.4 27.0 49.3 10.0 10.2 38.9 37.7 22.0 12.0 173.0 238.0 186.6 7.5 55.0 15.0 5.3 36.7 18.6 9.5 45.0 6.4 27.0 49.3 10.0 10.2 30.0 31.0 22.0 2.0 173.0 262.0 82.5 3.2 27. S 15.0 2.1 18.0 20.5 5.0 32.10 4..S 15.0 sao 6.0 10.2 '.'.y.'.'.'j 30.0 BRASS GOODS. West Virginia 31.0 BREAD. 22.0 BRICK. 2.0 173.0 262.0 Illinois ..-'. 82.5 3.2 27.5 15.0 2.1 18.0 20.5 5.0 22.0 4.5 15.0 20. « 'West Virginia 6.0 10.2 Total 20 630,122 261,989 905.0 905-0 688.5 688. S CHAPTEE IV. aiEWBKAI. TABLES. 287 Tamjb hi — SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPDOTED, ETC.— Cmtinued. C — STTKHASY OF VALV£ OF OOOSS AITI) LABOB, COITVICTS EMPLOYES, £T€., rOE EACH IlTDTIsniT, BY STATES— Continued, Industry and State. Ib- flti- tu- tlons. Value ol goods pro- diueed- Value ol labor on goods pro- duced. Number «I convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. BROOMS AND BBU3HES. 1 3 2 H 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 9 5 1 1 1 1 1 S140 165,568 137,500 57,783 60,717 35,370 152,330 760 111,600 225,000 14,479 81,929 103,382 378, 136 111,615 1,059 80,500 16,000 45,771 1,275 *37 47,129 46,425 ie,«7e 22,357 16,658 27,482 461 22,159 42,042 4,S90 45,600 53, 143 207,403 29,627 563 12,«49 7,344 16,906 1,082 LO 290.6 127.0 52.3 168.0 80.0 192.1 2.0 77.0 156.5 31.0 235.0 348.0 996.0 181.3 7.0 S3 9 16.0 114.3 -4.0 "ii'.b "ss'.b 1.0 290.6 127.0 62.3 168.0 80.0 204.1 2.0 77.0 156.5 31.0 235.0 348.fl 1,034.0 181.3 7.0 *3.9 16.0 114.3 4.0 O.i 101.0 60. 32.0 62.0 40.3 fi5.0 1-.0 57.0 78.0 15.0 119.0 1246 654 6 71.7 1.6 35.0 M.0 40.0 2.0 "eio ""ii.'o 0.1 lUinois 101.0 60. P Uune... 32.0 Maryland 62.0 40.3 Michigan 128. e 1.0 Missouri - 57.0 Nebraska 78.0 IS.S New Jersey 119.0 New York.. 124 6 Ohio Pennsylvania . 675.5 71.7 Utah 1.6 West Virginia :.. 35.-B Wisconsin 16.0 40.0 United States prisons 2.0 Total . 43 1, 780, 834 621,633 3, 133. 50.0 3,183.0 1,475.8 840 1,5S9.S BUILDING TSADES. Arizona California. - 1 5 2 1 3 1 3 i . 2 1 2 14,150 40,735 5,73? 7,000 47, 457 23,746 85,339 48,793 4,817 16, 134 1,900 11.780 11,523 25,382 3,966 6,100 3D, 460 5,789 48,668 27,689 3,110 12,721 964 11,016 26,089 10,707 29,775 6,192 192 8,530 1,545 47,900 132 4,620 2,763 250 21,019 1,417 5,285 4,093 760 9,240 2,900 490 14,246 203,591 72.0 119.9 19.0 16.0 67.9 17.0 227.2 121.7 20.0 33 8 4.0 31.2 180.7 22.0 130.0 32.0 .6 23.7 5.5 ::::::: 72.0 119.9 19.0 16.0 67.9 17.0 227.2 121.7 2a 33.0 40 31.2 180.7 22.0 130. 32.0 .8 23.7 5.5 286.0 .3 15.8 7.0 2.0 103.0 19.0 20.0 10.0 5.0 20.0 12.0 6.0 43.1 713.5 18.9 38.1 5.0 a« 36.7 7.8 150.0 641 10.0 22.0 1.5 30.0 C5.0 22.0 117.0 22.2 .3 11.0 L7 105.8 18.9 38.1 5.0 8. a 36.7 Indiana.. 7.8 150.0 Kansas... . -.. 641 K/^^tiT^lry . . 10.0 22.0 1.5 Michigan . 30.0 si 49:73 65.0 1 4 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 6 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 10,707 48,000 9,232 300 14,872 2,200 100,495 600 8,500 5,393 500 26,107 1,924 liO,4S9 S,<390 2,2B0 9,775 6,280 2,850 40,500 419,366 22.0 Missouri 117.0 22.2 Nevada .3 11.0 New Mexico 1.7 New York 286.0' .3 15.3' 7.01 2.0 1030 19. 0' 20.0 10.0 5.0 20.0 12.0' 16.0 43.1' 713.5 105.8 .4' 6.0 3.0J 34'6i;";!;; 9.51 22. ol 5.0' .4 North Dakota 6.0 Ohio 30 .5 Pennsylvania. _.... 34.5 Khode Island 9.5 South Carolina Roiith PflrVotiA. . 22.0 5.0 Utah 1.8 19.0 5.0 vtO 40.0 ssas 1.8 Virginia . . ■ . . 19.0 5.0 West Virginia. 4.9 40.0 United Sta*flS prisons 388.8 Total 671,084,831 579,024 2,406.1' 2, 406. 1 1,276.6 1,276.6 BUETIIIG PAUPERS. Now York 1 «3,192 3,192 24.0 24 6.0 6.0 a Valae of work performed. 28S BEPQET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OP WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED,' ETC.— Continued. C— SUMMARY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOS, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOB EACH INDTTSTRY, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value ol labor on goods pro- duced. Numt)er of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. BUTTONS. Iowa 1 1 $29,820 10,998 $12,388 5,195 51.9 36.0 "'i5.'6 51.9 60.0 34.0 6.0 """ii"6 34.0 Miclaigan . 20 Total 2 40,818 17,583 86.9 16;o 101.9 40.0 14.0 54.0 CARPETS, INGRAIN. Pennsylvania 1 9 1 1 1 1 291 47,932 124 40,000 50,976 40,791 74 15,936 56 20,400 9,694 27,456 .5 156.8 '""49.'6 29.0 72.0 .3 .5 156.8 .3 49.0 29.0 72.0 .3 46.9 ""iHo 20.0 44.0 .3 .3 CARPETS, RAG. 46.9 CARRIAGES AND WAGONS. .3 Maine 24.0 Michigan . . 20.0 44.0 Total... 4 131,891 57,606 160.0 .3 150.3 88.0 .3 88.3 CASTINGS, MACHINERY, AND REPAIRS. 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 9,966 643 33,824 35,000 1,561 766 849 137,765 6,999 316 16, 194 18,420 667 597 773 117,780 33.0 5.0 136.0 40.0 3.0 8.0 ■ 1.0 260.0 33.0 5.0 136.0 40.0 3.0 8.0 1.0 260.0 8.2 42:1 To 4.0 1.0 161.0 8.2 .3 New York • 42.2 20.0 1.0 Rhode Island 4.0 South Carolina . . 1.0 161.0 Total 10 220,273 161,746 486.0 486.0 227.7 227.7 CEMENT BLOCKS. 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 9 2 1 3 2 1 1 4,000 679 128,875 388,065 290,696 90,000 75,850 404,372 20,110 7,275 151,077 344,707 105,000 235,136 12,645 104,988 12,328 2,625 610 52,886 104,604 65,467 28,611 27,937 144,852 5,200 2,056 51,662 108,693 21,845 81,862 3,439 81,120 4,172 12.0 3.0 369.0 544.2 295.8 124.5 155.0 650.0 78.0 86.0 468.0 445.6 120.0 561.0 67.2 217.0 72.0 ""'is.'o .1 '""27.0 " ""7."6 12.0 3.0 369.0 562.2 296.9 124.6 1S5.0 677.0 78.0 86.0 468.0 452.6 120.0 651.0 67.2 217.0 72.0 4.8 .7 202.0 169.2 163.8 62.0 52.0 329.6 26.5 22.0 26.0 215.0 60.0 179.9 24.1 130.0 18.0 '"ii'.b .1 "ih'.b . i94.6 40.0 ::.:::: 4.8 CHAIRS, TABLES, ETC. .7 Connecticut 202.0 204.2 163.9 Iowa . . 62.0 52.0 Kentucky 344.5 Maine. .. . 26.5 22.0 Massachusetts 220.0 265.0 New fiampshire 60.0 New York 179.9 24.1 Texas 130.0 Vermont 18.0 Total , 3G 2,371,703 774,816 4,246.3 62.1 4,298.4 1,680.7 284.1 1,964.8 CHARCOAL. 1 1 29,952 1,275 9,984 1,159 24.0 6.0 24.0 6.0 16.0 6.0 16.0 CLEANING STATEHOUSE. South Carolina 5.0 CHAPTER IV. -GENERAL TABLES. 289 Table HI.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC;— Continued. C— STjaUHAEX or VALUE OF GOODS AND lABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., " ' • FOB EACH INDTTSTEY, BY STATES^Continued. Industry and State. In- eti- tu- tlons. Value ol goods pro- duced. Value ol labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Male. Fe- male. Total. "Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. CLOTHING, ETC, Alabama Arizona California - Colorado '. Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia. . Idaho Illinois Indiana lowa Kansas Kentucky Lqtulsiana, Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Mllssoun Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North CaroUna North Dakota Ohio Oregon... Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee. Texas Utah Vermont--. Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States prisons . Total Tennessee COOPEKAOE. California. Illinois Indiana... lowa Virginia. . . 2,644,511 Total COTTON AND WOOLEN GOODS. Indiana Massachusetts . New York Pennsylvania.. Total - 9061- S4,758 3,995 39,101 12,543 50,200 50,000 7,550 1,200 45,792 164,658 26,323 23,255 3,300 19,325 9,072 461,295 128,247 160,060 16,614 8,741 146,880 750 4,506 908 1,200 128,994 3,252 174,794 9,362 2, 31,434 3,518 34,607 119,000 4,170 2,000 16,410 44,392 3,821 3,783 7,955 6,740 494,822 141,476 3,200 18,150 177,865 352 146,899 114,848 23,347 17,022 302,468 106,750 73,460 131,576 8,822 320,608 $3,888 1,524 12,396 6,658 10,430 12,814 2,384 801 16,772 33,790 11,720 12,621 2,296 15,655 4,544 184,402 36,416 19,365 8,563 2,177 29,360 548 3,112 684 474 56,961 1,652 76,625 3,947 493 11,286 2,356 17, 147 39,673 2,318 1,650 3,810 20,140 2,429 2,351 4,158 2,748 107,350 46,666 1,734 15,689 6.0 57.2 35.6 61.0 98.6 30.0 3.0 80.8 161.4 73.1 63.2 6.8 12.0 2.0 5.0 50.0 14.0 804.2 224.0 120.8 68.9 3.0 19.2 12.6 6.8 13.0 26.0 65.0 111.0 75.0 109.0 17.0 2.6 1.0 310.5 11.8 487.0 20.0 14.0 107.0 8.0 1.0 4.0 101.0 1.6 60.0 . 18.9 127.0 246.0 6.0 6.0 18.0 49.0 5.0 2.0 9.0 13.9 464.2 180.8 7.0: 71.0 174.0 23.1 142.0 10.0 2.0 6.5 24.0 4.8 25.0 25.0 6.0 64.0 35.6 73.0 100.6 35.0 3.0 83.8 180.6 85.7 ' 70.0 13.0 76.0 79.0 915.2 299.0 120.8 88.9 14.0 216.0 8.0 18.0 2.5 6.0 411.5 11.8 661.0 23.1 1 60.0 18.9 269.0 256.0 8.0 6.0 18.0 49.0 11.6 26.0 9.0 18.7 489.2 180.8 7.0 71.0 2.5 23.5 8.6 30.5 30.0 9.0 1.6 15.0 118.6 68.0 42.5 26.0 '"4." 6 6.0 1.0 4.0 50.0 2.0 418.0 26.0 13.4 21.7 86.0 13.5 1.5 .5 208.0 2.2 182.6 27.0 8.6 12.6 .3.5 5.5 26.0 23.0 65.5 93.0 65.5 3.6 14.0 76.5 4.0 1.0 2.0 35.. 5 47.0 25.4 25.0 5.3 7.0 8.0 6.0 2.4 7.0 34.0 3.5 1.6 6.0 4.0 288.0 173.2 3.0. 42.3 . 120. 120.0 2.0 5.0 11.0 1.8 15.0 854,476 4,175.91,048.8 13,684 24,720 28,251 10,718 3,465 1,.0 92.0 98.6 29.0 16.0 67,362: 235.6 6,375 26,494 37,058 5,993 44.9 213.0 243.0 25.0 76,920 626.9 5,224.7, 1,992.1 83.0 1.0 92.0 29.0 15.0 235.6 44.9 213.0 243.0 25.0 855.5 40.0 .2 40. ol 05. o! 29.0' 15.0] 149.21. 40.0 56.0 115.4 20.0 526. gi 230.4 15.0 15.0 290 BBPOBI OF THE OOMMISSIOSTEB OF I^BOE. Table HI — SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AN© LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. C — SVmSL&SS OF VAITTE OF tSOODS jSafD LABOR, COSVICaiS ^EMPLOYED, ETtL, FOE EACH INDTJffEET, BY STATES— CoaSmued. Industry and State. In- sti- tu- tions. Yalue of goods pro- duced. Vato ■St labear on ;goed3 pro- duced. Number oJ-oonvlotB employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perlorm same wotk. Male. IFe- male.- Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. COTTON GINNING. Texas , COTTON GOODS. ■New York Pennsylvania , , Texas 1 1 6 1 «2,481 69,172 6,924 26,057 S639 50,783 1,482 12,168 l.« 351.0 14.8 36.0 ■1.-8 3Sl.tl 14.8 36.0 1.8 118.0 5.5 26.0 1.8 U8.0 5..S .26.0 Total 8 102,153 64,433 401.8 ■401.-8 149.5| 149 5 COTTON -STASTE. . 'Massachusetts a 1 1 1 1 2 16,882 2,993 2,400 3,300 1,200 4,066 3,856 JL,i467 1,836 790 918 2,199 •34.0 10.0 5.0 3.1 3.2 5.0 ■24.0 10.0 ^.•0 3.1 3.^ 5.0 3.4 2.0 2.6 1.0 3.6 18.0 18.0 ELECTEICAL CONSTRUCTIOM AND KEPAIKS. New York ELECTRIC UGHT AND PQ-WEK. CaliJornia New Mexico ., 'Texas 2.6 1.0 3 5 Total 5 10,966 5,743 16.3 16.3 9.1 9.1 West Virginia „ PAEMINO. Alabama 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 .2 2 ■6 1 4 .5 3 3 1 1 2 ? 4 2 1 3 1 2 1 5 6 1 7 2 1 1 i 3 3 2 84,340 74,728 380 88,024 29,035 .24,362 16,529 9,592 .U,-S76 ■65,168 •11,167 29,208 ,18,511 25,490 16,985 ■4,800 83,058 11,583 25,171 88,961 20,948 16,397 408, 703 13,500 2,296 6,954 1,536 23, 132 29,562 900 26, 482 65, 311 10,475 19,088 18, 418 37,903 46,241 94,008 15,863 52,084 245 39,918 12,016 16,487 7,320 ■7,991 3,847 35,245 4,032 ^661 8,919 10,910 7,856 2,078 135,239 1,556 12,798 51,376 7,913 5,973 233,636 6,807 834 3,997 741 10,-377 10,242 783 13,080 36,093 2, "772 2,210 5,091 13,661 24,970 36,446 89.4 343.3 21. S ■89..4 364.8 2.0 JflSufl 89.1 Xli6.a ' .5.4.0 iGfl.S £2.0 333.5 16.D auo MX.A 107.3 68.A 80.0 681.7 10.0 fl9.0 369.0 144.9 63.3 767.1 lll.t) 24.0 22.0 3.6 79.0 84.9 7-4 185. 5 214.3 Ifr. 3 11; 61.2 297:0 125.0 212.0 48.0 343.3 .5 159.0 39.9 33.7 29.7 35.1 17.0 108.0 12.0 .23.0 36.9 107.2 .35.6 20.0 681.7 4.7 34.6 21.5 '"26:6 "'"'4.'6 """so.'s ""2.0 48.0 364. S 2,0 159. 0| 26.0 99.1 116.9' . . .6 Arkansas. 185.0 CaUfomia 39.9 33.7 Connecticut Delaware ; Georgia Idaho Illinois 54.0 93.8! 16.0 62. c! 203.0 130.6 16.0' 51.0' 139.41 2.0 107.3' 68.0' _. -80.0' 581. 7j 10.0 69.0 364.0 5.0 144.9' 63.3 767.1 IH.O 24.0 22.0 3.5 79.0' 84.9; 7.4 185.6 202.5; 11.8 16.3 ,11.0 ■61.2' a7.0' 125.0' 212.0 29.7 39.1 17.0 188.5 12.0 23.0 38.-5 107". 2 Kansas Kentucky. . 36.5 20:0 681.7 Maine ; _ . 4.7 34.'5 Massachusetts 151.0 1.0 5«.0 27.6 •746.6 109.0 •22;o;;!!;;; •2.0 45. 31 46.01 1.6' ei. 3 152.0 Michigan 56.0 27. S Mississippi 746.6 Missouri 189.0 Montana. 6.0 22.0 2.0 New Hampshire 45.3 New Jersey 46.0 L6 New York 61.3 North Carolina "1:1 9.0 24.0 ■S3.0 62.6 250.0 12.5 234.7 North Dakota 9.0 Ohio 9.0 Oregon ..' 24.0 68.0 62.6 gouth Carolina 250.0 OHAPTBB IV. SEtTEEAL TABLES. 291 Tabu; ni.— SYSTEMS OF WOKK, INDUSTEIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.-Oontmued. C— SVUHABT 07 VALTTE OF GOODS ASS LABOB, COHVICTS EHFLOTEO, ETC., rOE EACH INDTTSTEY, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State. In- sti- tu- tiona. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor oa goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. FAEMmG— concluded. South Dakota Tennessee 2 1 4 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 $14,260 15,967 1,391,829 6,363 3,909 13, 466 14,029 12,468 22,ffi8 24,596 $7,689 10,700 727,683 2,184 1,418 8,007 5,493 4,361 10,327 16,070 61.0 44.0 2,578.4 23.2 13.0 40.0 48.0 Sl.O 98.7 80.0 "'84.'6 61.0 44.0 2,662.4 23.2 13.0 40.0 48.0 31.0 98.7 80.0 26.0 29.0 2,311.7 8.7 3.4 40.0 17.0 19.0 92.4 .. 71,3 "hV.h 26.0 29 Texas 2 362 7 Utah 8.7 Vermont 3.4 40.0 Washington 17.0 West Virginia 19.0 Wisconsin. United States prisons 92.4 71.3 Total . 122 2,983,875 1,828,016 8,044.4 296.8 8,341.2 6, 143 2 isas 6 341 7 FLOUR AND MEAL. 1 1 10,804 4,690 793 616 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 Virginia 2.0 Total 2 16,494 1,409 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 GAS, ILLUMINATING AND HEATING. Fezmsylvaufa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 50,172 33,760 511 125,000 280 ^34 800 118,300 46,000 18,686 300 96 118,600 1,415 13,140 8,136 281 69,070 196 462 549 25,833 17,000 8,752 191 21 19,049 389 24.0 21.8 2.9 150.0 1.0 2.0 4.8 137.0 44.0 50.0 1.0 .6 70.0 5.0 24.0 21.8 2.9 150.0 1.0 2.0 4.8 137.0 44.0 50.0 1.0 .6 70 6.0 15.0 18.0 75.0 .3 2.0 4.8 60.0 20.0 16.8 .2 .1 35.0 1.0 1.0 15.0 GLOTES AND MITTENS. ]jidiana 18.0 nAMMaCKS. 1.0 HABDWAKOE, SADDLEKY. Ohio 75.0 nAKNEaa. .3 Iowa 2.0 Kansas - 4.8 Kentucky 60.0 20.0 16.8 New Mexico .2 .1 35.0 Utah 1.0 Total 10 304,099 72,442 316.3 315.3 140.2 140.2 BOSIEEY, ETC. Illinois 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 6 1 1 1 1 207,709 62,796 347 6,134 10,750 68,247 440 65,054 122,302 281,113 7,415 9-1,800 38,540 5,855 171 1,884 3,060 8,172 129 22,266 37,266 46^138 3,472 2S,7S6 327»9 32.2 4.0 30.0 40.0 141.0 ■"i27.'9 223.0 154.0 30.0 67.3 .7 2.0 11.0 29.0 56.0 327.9 32.2 4.0 30.0 40.0 141.7 2.0 138.9 262.0 210.0 30.0 67.3 20.0 30.3 1.0 7.0 26.7 35.0 '""74.3 60:0 124.5 9.7 67.3 182.0 ."i .7 4.1 141.0 36.0 202.0 30.3 Majytand 1.0 7.0 26.7 New York ■. 35.1 Ohio .7 78.4 South Carolina 201.0 160.5 Utah 9.7 67.3 Total 20 903,106 192,687 1,177.3 98.7 1,276.0 456.8 363.9 819.7 292 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. Table IH,— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. C— SUMMARY or VALUE OT GOODS AND LABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYBB,* ETft, rOE EACH INDD8TET, BY STATES-^Continued. Industry and State. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- ouced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Numtier of convicts employed. Tree laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. HOUSE FURNISHING GOODS, MISCELLANEOUS. 2 1 $1,381 2,959 Jl,864 4,570 1.0 50.0 12.5 13. S S0.0 ■ 0.5 ■ 28.0 6.3 6.8 28.0 * Total ...^ 3 4,340 6,434 51.0 12.5 63.5 28.6 6.3 34.8 ICE, MANUFACTURED. 1 1 2 2,400 5,751 3,091 737 2,098 2,199 1.0 14.0 6.0 1.0 14.0 6.0 .1.0 4.5 3.5 1.0 4.S Texas 3.5 ^'' Total . 4 11,242 5,034 ■ 21.0 21.0 9.0 9.0 IRON AND STEEE„ BOLTS, NUTS, ETC* Ohio 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 170,000 67,860 5,862 2,516 971 4,131 4,620 824 69,075 35,112 3,262 1,947 700 3,481 1,965 837 300.0 164.4 3.2 3."6 28.0 11.0 11.0 IS 12.0 300.0 164.4 31.2 11.0 11.0 26.0 8.0 12.0 150.0 95.0 1.0 2.0 10.0 7.0 3.0 13.0 4.0 ■ 4.0 150.0 IRON AND STEEL, CHAINS. 95.0 LAUNDRY TVORK. Illinois 11.0 7.0 ■Kentuclcv .3.0 13.0 New York 6.0 4.0 Total 7 18,924 12, 192 6.2 93.0 99.2 3.0 41.0 44.0 LEVEE BUILDING. 1 1 180,000 2,908 120, 727 1,633 315.0 5.3 315.0 5.3 315.0 6.3 315.0 5.3 Total 2 182,908 122,360 320.3 320.3 320.3 320.3 LIME. 1 1 11,449 750 8,817 588 99.2 6.2 99.2 6.2 20.1 1.2 20.1 1.2 Total 2 12,199 9,405 105.4 105.4 21.3 21.3 LOADING AND UNLOADING VESSELS. 1 1 1 8 1 1 2,417 360 3lC038 712,689 2,831 67,474 2,059 275 123,174 294,447 1,244 14,975 14.6 1.0 361.3 863.0 4.0 • 43.8 14.6 1.0 361.3 863.0 4.0 43.8 3.6 .2 361.3 960.0 4.0 48.2 3.6 LOCKSMITHING. .2 LUMBER. 361.3 950.0 4.0 48.2 Total 11 1,102,032 433,840 1,272.1 1,272.1 1,363.6 1,363.5 MATS AND MATTING. 1 1 1 1 2 55,000 4,840 109,840 10,639 70,012 34,085 3,400 68,499 9,120 17,796 166.0 15.0 198.0 134.0 146.6 166.0 15.0 198.0 134.0 146.6 83.0 7.5 137.0 60. U 37.4 83.0 7.5 137.0 New York 60.0 37.4 Totai 6 260, 331 122,900 6.59.5 659.6 324.9 324.9 1 OHAPTEB IV.' GENERAL TABLES. 293 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICrrS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. Ci-^SUMMART OP VALUE OF GOODS AKD LABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., POB EACH INDUSTEY, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State, In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value ol labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. MATTRESSES. Arizona 1 2 t250 8,861 $61 3,024 1.0 10.5 1.0 10.6 0.1 4.6 0.1 New York 4.S Total 3 9,101 3,086 11.6 11.6 4.6 4.6 MINING, COAL. 1 3 1 1 I 617, 172 694,984 151,443 266,647 1,200 343,663 268,186 104,994 92,491 246 675.0 675.0 380.0 552.0 3.0 675.0 675.0 380.0 552.0 3.0 403.0 742.0 190.0 276.0 2.0 '403.0 742.0 Kansas 190.0 Tennessee 276.0 West Virginia 2.0 Total 7 1,631,346 809,579 2,185.0 2,185.0 1,613.0 1,613.0 MINING, PHOSPHATE. 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 440,000 46 2,885 12,000 1,157 4,560 1,023 460 1,502 1,433 2,778 6,469 2,985 430 16,809 3,600 7,478 1,731 350 900 173,813 23 2,763 7,725 876 822 606 206 1,299 1,232 2,279 2,784 1,499 1,228 17,780 2,149 4,757 671 268 773 375.0 .1 16.9 63.7 2.0 5.5 4.0 4.0 19.2 6.0 20.0 13.0 11.0 8.0 123.0 4.0 40.0 9.0 3.0 6.0 375.0 .1 16.9 53.7 2.0 5.5 4.0 4.0 19.2 6.0 20.0 13.0 11.0 8.0 123.0 4.0 40.0 9.0 3.0 6.0 562.6 .1 6.0 25.0 2.0 4.2 .5 2.0 4.8 4.0 6.0 4.3 7.0 8.0 36.6 2.0 14.2 4.6 .8 2.0 562.5 NETS, FISH. Pennsylvania .1 PACKING AND MOVING. Michigan - 6.0 PICTURE MOLDINGS. 26.0 POWER AND HEAT PLANT. 2.0 PRINTING. 4.2 .5 Connecticut 2.0 4.8 Iowa 4.0 6.0 4.3 Minnesota 7.0 8.0 New York 36.5 2.0 14.2 Rhode Island 4.5 South Dakota .8 United States prisons 2.0 Total 24 1 1 1 51,398 38,343 275.7 275.7 100.8 100.8 BAILKOAD BUILDING. 235,950 47,434 100,000 100,700 41,730 35, 100 259.0 121.9 75.0 259.0 121.9 75.0 259.0 134.1 75.0 269.0 134. 1 Texas 76.0 Total 3 383,384 177,530 455.9 466.9 468.1 468.1 o Includ ing, in 1 institution, mining and smelting iron ore. 294 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table IM.— SYSTEMS OF WORE, INDUSTKIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. C— SUBEMAET OF VALTIE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOB EACH IHDDSTRY, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State, In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on gooda pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. ROADS AND HIGirWAY3. California Connecticut .-... 3 1 1 3 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 1 1 39 10 1 1 J19,945 1,500 27,860 23,260 491,789 11,000 360 6,876 25,131 1,061 20,000 10,646 495,439 5,10Q 23,703 315,229 160,000 11,079 7,212 tl-5,722 410 22,908 23,996 347,797 3,838 551 4,605 18,942 1,061 12,974 3,746 289,966 1,671 16,013 154,162 107, 106 9,964 6,662 81.3 40 83.0 83.6 1,082.0 20.0 1.6 32. » 81.3 4.0 83.0 83.5 1,082.0 20.0 1.6 32.8 60.0 8.8 26.5 22.0 850.6 5.3 122.0 651.5 316.7 40.0 16.1 36.8 2.0 62.7 ' 67.6 1,145 8 10.0 1.5 10. Q 41.0 4.3 26.6 8.0 1,028.4 4.9 48.0 676.9 237.7 40.0 8.2 "■"2.0 36; 8 2.0 62.7 67.6 Georgia _ 1,145.8 10.0 Michigan 1.5 MiTiTiPso^'-a ' IB.O 60.0] 8.8 26.S 22.0 - 41.0 4.3 New Mexico 26.5 ao North Carolina 850.6 I22I0 661.6 314.7 40.0 16.1 '"■"i'o 1,028.4 Oregon ' 4.9 48.0 676.9 Texas - 239.7 40.0 8.2 Total 111 1, 667, 170 1,041,073 3,605 7 2.0 3,607.7 3,400.3 2.0 3,462.3 SADDLETREES. 1 1 1 1 1 1 198,000 21,071 336 691 964 1,680 46,660 14,661 308 247 334 740 161.0 42.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 161.0 42.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 120.0 17.0 1.0 .8 1.0 1.0 120.0 SASH, DOCKS, ETC. New York 17.0 SOAP. 1.0 .8 1.0 1.0 Total 4 3,560 1,629 6.0 6.0 3.8 3.8 AND CRUSHING. 2 2 40,006 17,000 620 3,000 64,251 2,477 1,600 7,197 112,000 25,918 40,368 31,000 2,839 50,919 92,799 26,299 3,600 11,624 4,098 1,186 3,300 40,000 59,429 9,406 614 1,750 38,870 1,487 1,386 5,766 28,669 11,261 16,624 24,486 1,760 64,384 52,874 22,936 3,070 5,385 5,868 995 2,546 12,936 371.2 541 S.6 6.0 194.0 41.0 3.0 250 91.0 114.0 26.8 07.0 8.6 212.0 349.6 57.1 50. 17.4 104.0 6.0 13.0 94.0 371.2 64.1 6.6 6.0 194.0 41.0 3.0 25.0 91.0 114.0 25.8 67.0 6.J 212.0 349. £ 67.1 60. C 17.4 104. C 6.0 13.0 94.0 125 5 15 6 2.0 2.6 74.0 8.3 1.6 12.5 68.0 23.0 20.0 53.0 3.9 133. S 102.0 1 73.8 8.0 11.0 13.0 3.0 125 5 Coloratio - 15 6 2.0 Idah 1 2.6 Illinois 74.0 8.3- Iowa - 1.6 12.6 68.0 Massachusetts 23.0 20.0 53.0 3.9 133.5 NeivYork 102.0 73.8 Ohio 8.0 11.0 13.0 3.0 South Dakota. 3.1I 3.1 Vermont 24. C 24.0 Total 35 572,000 362,391 1,918.1 1,918.1 781.5 781.2 CHAPTEB IV. OEKEHAL TABLES. 2«5 Table IH — SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTEIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPIiOYED, ETC.— Continued. C— SXrUHASY Of VALUE OF OOOSS AnS I.A20B, CONVICTS EMfLOTES, ETC., roa EACH UfDUSTBY, BY flTATES— Continued. Industry and State. Tn- 8ti- tu- tSons. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of lalwr on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same worlc. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. STOVE HOLLOW WAKE. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 877,600 106,000 129,690 38,200 112,838 100,000 55,008 t22,785 26,881 02,960 11,022 25,769 58,725 12,448 S6.0 188.0 2SS.4 47.0 43.0 14a 40.0 S6.0 188.0 255.4 47.0 43.0 140.0 40.0 42.0 112.0 127.7 20.8 32.0 70.0 25.0 42.0 Illinois 112.8 • 127.7 20.0 Maryland.'.. ., 82.9 Ohio 70.0 ^ftm'lASBPW ,- 25. Total 7 613,228 216,572 769.4 769.4 428.7 428.7 STOVES. Oregon , 1 1 145,000 96,500 38,033 32,655 IW.O 95.0 119.0 95.0 50.0 60.0 50.0 TeniiGsseG 60.0 Total 2 241,500 71,288 214.0 214.0 110.0 iiao TEJIUIH<3. 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 ZJ33S 200 2,829 240 41S 5,810 300 21,411 751 flOO 2,333 153 1,985 215 263 3,000 191 13,496 556 773 22.0 1.0 10.5 1.0 ao 8.1 1.0 74.0 2.0 6.0 22.0 1.0 10.5 1.0 2.0 &1 1.0 74.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 .2 10.0 TINBMITHma, COPPBBSMITB- IHG, AND SUEET4BON WOBK- INQ. .2 2.4 .6' l.Ol 4.0 2.4 Iowa. - .5 Maryland 1.8 4.0 .2 22.S 1.8 2.0 .2 New York 22. S Pennsylvania . 1.0 • 2.0 Total... . ... . 13 32,86$ 20,692 104.6 104.6 33. £ 33.8 TOBACCO AND CIGAES. Indiana 1 1 1 1 2,6231 82,052 120,000 2,559 ^ «6 22,913 1,479 3.0 117.0 170.0 6.0 3.0 117.0 170.0 «.0 1.5 43 '"ii7.6 85.0 1.5 Michigan 117.0 Ohio 85.0 4.3 Total... 4 207,234 50,922 296.0 296.0 5.8 202.0 207.8 TOMATO SAUCS. 1 1 1 2 2 1,721 6,519 153,003 411, 100 26,450 462 2,133 65,133 3fa,771 10,171 2.0 11. e 1«8.1 676.2 34.0 2.0 11.0 168.1 676.2 34.0 2.0 4.5 1S8. 1 847.0 31.0 2.0 TRUNKS AND VALISES. 4.5 168.1 Florida 847.0 31.0 Total 5 590, 553 387,075 778.3 J78.3 1,046.1 1,046.1 UMBBELLAS. 1 1 2 1 20,000 90, 1«) 80,257 5,350 10,500 21,344 24,100 2,676 84.0 110.1 110.0 84.0 110.1 110. 14.0 62.0 56.0 7.0 35.0 35.0 ■WHIPS, West Virginia 62.0 WIRE GOODS. Ohio 56.0 Rhode Island 14.0 7.0 Total 3 85,607 26,775 124. ol 124.0 63.0 63.0 296 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOWEE OF LABOE. Table 1H.--SYSTEMS OP WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALtlE OP GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. C BTIMMARY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOE, COHVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.;"^ FOB EACH INDTTSTET, BY STATES— Concluded. Industry and State. In- sti- tu- tions. Value oi goods pro- duced. Value ol labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. WOOD, CUT AND SAWED. Arizona 1 1 1 1 2 1 $2,160 669 1,996 2,446 2,397 42,120 $181 172 708 1,260 2,137 14,040 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.1 6.4 46.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.1 6.4 45.0 0.4 1.0 1.7 4.1 7.0 30.0 0.4 noTlnfV.tirnt 1.0 1.7 Mississippi 4.1 North Carolina. 7.0 Texas.. 30.0 Total 7 61,676 18,498 63.6 63.6 44.2 44 2 WOODEN GOODS, MISCELLA- NEOtrs. New York 1 1 1 1 7 3 7 2 2 6 30 1 6 5 3 3 3 1 7 7 19 S 4 1 4 1 2 1 5 7 1 14 30 1 10 3 15 3 41 2 2 13 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 3,881 1,246,199 27,721 639,292 483,799 89,290 496,113 60,212 65,821 874,360 2,121,080 16,167 2,261,643 1,030,083 510,506 578,661 1,494,593 282,383 363,211 1,304,139 1,022,935 1,028,869 1,726,629 436,336 2,451,939 3,646 246,122 6,818 164,561 510,570 48,657 1,218,209 716,380 279,961 1,239,124 192,861 668,476 177,626 549,786 31,900 1,433,747 2,109,244 26,689 130,880 1,697,248 99,696 810,762 1,002,644 49,871 470,189 8,640 610,727 18,481 199,801 266,972 57, 664 123,640 21,419 38,342 459,580 1,032,932 7,205 474,779 261,926 172,726 .245,553 410,940 271,621 99,741 413,692 326,243 293,263 168,190 250,667 642, 186 1,742 66,671 4,289 40,346 283,682 29,797 666,676 418,288 25,102 540,871 57,020 210,834 72,565 238,634 18,860 294, 177 1,167,069 11,749 62,614 388,496 48,583 174,175 183,692 19,001 242,727 42.0 1,603.7 111.0 691.0 1,6414 372.7 766.0 198.9 271.0 1,034 7 3,096.0 28.0 2,401.9 1,319.1 777. 3 996.7 1,660.0 946.7 446.0 1,832.2 2,388.0 1,371.8 782.5 802.6 1,866.0 33.0 236.6 15.4 271.0 1,234.8 109. S 3,923.6 1,311.2 96.1 2,223.0 237.1 1,672.1 448.0 1,1-21.5 105.0 1,312.0 3,705.9 89.2 282.0 1,118.0 277.3 817.3 700.7 123.3 897.6 46.6 ""26.'6 6.8 ■"i2."6 18.0 5.0 "ms '"49.0 45.1 12.6 6.8 81.0 26.0 65.0 lU.O 106.0 34.0 20. Q 140 107.0 8.0 1.0 ■""i'o 101.0 "in.7 '34.9 "■46.'6 ■"i65."6 10.0 31.0 "■56.' 6 86.0 6.5 24.0 47.0 4.8 25.0 42.0 1,550.2 111.0 617.0 1,651.2 372.7 768.0 21«.9 276.0 1,034.7 3,225.5 • 28.0 2,460.9 1,364.2 789.9 1,003. 6 1,611.0 972.7 610.0 1,943.2 2,494.0 1,406.8 802.6 816.5 1,973.0 41.0 236.6 16.4 275.0 1,336.8 109.5 4,103.2 1,346.1 96.1 2,263.0 237.1 1,837.1 458.0 1,162.6 105.0 1,368.0 3,791.9 95.7 306.0 1,166.0 282.1 842.3 700.7 123.3 897. S 14.0 1,317.7 28.9 591.0 604.0 95.4 400.2 67.1 102.7 1,477.1 3,238.8 17.1 811.4 729.6 636.2 610.4 829.5 946.7 185.6 973.8 668.9 558.7 3440 782.0 1,456.0 7.2 143.7 8.9 147.5 771.7 54 8 1,376.4 1,634 6 51.2 1,062.5 102.0 516.6 109.0 1,023.9 41.1 740.0 3,080.2 31.5 123.9 866.0 87.8 502.0 641.6 43.6 619.9 46.6 "■26.'6 46 "■■6.'d 5.0 18.0 ■"so.'s "m.i 24 3 12.6 3.6 23.5 26.0 23.0 66.6 407. -8 301.0 3.6 140 76.6 4 1.0 !""2.'6 35.5 "hi.i 37.9 "'i66."7 "i29."6 120.0 143.0 "■36."6 63.0 5.0 11.0 36.0 1.8 ' 15.0 14 ALL..IimiESTEIEa._ _ - - Alabama 1,364 2 28.9 617.0 California 508:6 Colorado , 96.4 Connecticut ■..-..■ 406.2 72.1 District ol Columbia Florida 120.7 1, 477. 1 3,319.3 Idaho .■ -- 17.1 Illinois 1, 110. 4 763.8 647.8 Kansas 613.9 863.0 972.7 208.6 Maryland . 1,039.3 ■Massachusetts 966.7 869.7 Minnesota 347.6 Mississippi, . . 796.0 1,532.5 Montana 11.2 Nebraska. 144 7 8.9 149.6 New Jersey 807.2 54 8 New York 1,426.5 North Carolina 1,672.5 North Dakota 51.2 Ohio : 1,169.2 Oregon 102.0 644 6 229.0 South Carolina 1,166.9 41.1 . 776.0 Texas 3,133.2 Utah 36.5 Vermont 134 9 Virginia - 901.0 89.6 West V&ginia 617.0 Wisconsin 541.6 43.5 United States prisons 519.9 296 34,276,205 11,915,429 49,456.0 1,716.2 61,172.2130.547.2 2,263.0 32,801.1 1 1 OHAPTEB IV. GENERAL TABLES. 297 Table MI.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. D — STTMMABT OF VAITTE OF GOODS ASTD LABOB, COITVICTS EMFLOYEDi ETC., FOB EACH STATE, BY SYSTEMS. [For explanation of this table, see p. 181.] State and system, In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. ALABAMA. Lease 1 1 1 1 J601,766 16,053 617,172 11,208 (238,549 18,766 343,663 9,749 699.7 174 676.0 65.0 7.5 10.0 '"'29.0 707.2 184.0 575.0 84.0 685.7 174.0 7.5 10.0 d93.2 184.0 Piece-price State-use 403.0 55. Ol 29. 403,0 . 84.0 Total al 1,246,199 610,727 1,603.7 46.5 1,550.2 1,317.7 46.5 1,364.2 ARIZONA. State-use . . 1 1 12,321 15,400 5,959 12,522 27.0 84.0 27.0 84.0 '" 8.0 20.9 8.0 Public works and ways 20.9 Total. 1 27,721 18,481 111.0 111.0 28.9 28.9 AEEANSA3. 1 1 1 451,268 53,024 35,000 159,883 24,042 15,876 432.0 96.0 63.0 '"ie.'o 10.0 432.0 112.0 73.0 432.0 96.0 63.0 "'ie.'o 10.0 432.0 PuNio-acx^onnt 113.0 State-use 73.0 Total 1 639,292 199,801 691.0 26.0 617.0 591.0 26.0 617..0 CALIFORNIA. ■PHhlin-n/^nniiTit 3 6 6 275,120 14S, 123 60,556 162,223 73,780 40,969 1,065.8 387.7 200.9 ""e.'s 1,065.8 394.5 200.9 280.6 148.6 74.8 ■■"i'e 280.6 State-use 153.2 Public works and ways 74.8 Total... 7 483,799 266,972 1,644.4 6.8 1,651.2 504.0 4.6 508.6 COLOBADO. ■PllWin-n/lfinmit 2 3 2 16,473 67,080 5,737 12,288 41,410 3,966 113.6 240.2 19.0 113.5 240.2 19.0 26.4 64.0 6.0 26.4 64.0 Public works and ways 5.0 Total 3 89,290 67,664 372.7 372.7 95.4 95.4 CONNECTICUT. 6 3 2 4 1 416,200 3,338 66,375 8,700 1,500 99,013 1,164 19,923 3,130 410 463.0 9.0 246.0 34.0 4.0 "ii'o 463.0 9.0 258.0 34.0 4.0 251. 3 261.3 Public-account 4.7 123.0 19.2 2.0 " "e.'o 4.7 129.0 19.2 Public works and ways 2.0 Total 7 496,113 123,640 756.0 12.0 768.0 40O.2 6.0 406.2 DELAWARE. Public-account 2 1 2 2,279 50,000 7,933 1,597 12,814 7,008 30.0 98.6 70.3 ""i'o 16.0 30.0 100.6 86.3 11.8 30.0 25.3 ■■"i.'o 4.0 11.8 31.0 State-use , 29.3 Total 2 60,212 21,419 198.9 18.0 216.9 67.1 6.0 72.1 DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 1 2 1 10,231 20,740 34,850 2,234 7,100 29,008 76.0 96.0 99.0 " "s.'o 76.0 101.0 99.0 2.6 29.4 70.7 14.0 4.0 16.6 Stftte-use 33.4 Public works and ways. 70.7 Total 2 65,821 38,342 271. 0| 6.0 276.0 102.7 18.0 120.7 o Bepresenting 18 camps. 298 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table HI.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. D.— SXrMMASY 07 VALUS Or GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EHFLOTED, ETC., FOE EACH STATE, BY SYSTEMS— Continued. State find ByittQm. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers-neces- sary to perform same work. Male. male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. FLORIDA. X/eaBe . . 2 3 1851,100 23,260 S435,584 23,996 961.2 83.5 951.2 83.5 1,409.5 67.6. 1,409.5 67.6 Public works and ways Total 06 874,350 459,580 1,034. 7 1,034.7 1,477.1 1,477.1 XicasB, 15 2 5 13 1,565,893 31,601 31,797 491,789 652,636 11,638 20,861 347,797 1,818.0 81.0 114 1,082.0 ""38.'6 94.6 1,818.0 117.0 208.5 1,082.0 1,993.0 51.6 48.5 1,146.8 '"'22.0 58.5 1,993.0 73.5 State-use 107.0 Public works and ways. 1,145.8 Total... 630. 2,121,080 1,032,932| 3,095.0 130.6 3,225.5 3,238.8 80.6 3,319.3 IDAHO. State-use v . 1- 2 3 3 5 3 16, M7 115,311 S4,632 1,932,994 111,148 47,457 7,205 44,958 35,561 298,892 74,908 20,460 28.0 324.7 326.9 1,892.3 290.1 «7.9 "ii'o 3L"0 28.0 324.7 126.9 1,«10. 3 321.1 67.9 17.1 107.2 82.5 483.0 102.0 36.7 7.0 1.0 259.0 32.0 17.1 ILLINOIS. 114.2 83.5 742.0 134.0 Public works and ways 36.7 Total 6 2,261,543 474,779 2,401.9 49.0 2,450.9 811.4 299.0 1, 110. 4 Contract ,- 2 1 1 5 1 942,678 71 3,806 69,782 23,746 224,953 54 3,e09 27,337 5,769 1,012.0 1.2 ■"288.'9 17.0 "iii 21.0 1,012.0 1.2 24.1 309.9 17.0 629. S .3 ""ii'.h 7.8 "iz.'s 10.5 629.8 .3 13.8 State-use , 102.1 Public works and ways. 7.8 Total 6 1,030,083 261,925 1,319.1 46. 1 1,364.2 729.5 24.3 763.8 IOWA. 2 2 3 3 368,167 5,668 61,332 85,339 97,209 2,926 23,923 48,668 353.7 23.0 173.4 227.2 '"'i2."6 353.7 23.0 186.0 227.2 199.0 21.5 U4.7 150.0 ""i2.'6 199.0 21.5 State-use 177.3 Public works and ways. — 160.0 Total 3 510,606 172,726 777.3 13.6 789.9 535. Sj 12.6 54718 KANSAS. 1 3 3 3 76,860 221,959 221,059 59,793 27,937 41,079 145,010 .31,627 155.0 105. 1 594.9 141.7 ""i'.s 155.0 106.1 601.7 141.7 52.0 73.1 311.2 74.1 ""i'.h 52.0 73.1 314.7 Public works and ways 74.1 Total 3 578,661 245,553 996.7 6.8 1,003.5 510.4 3.5 513.9 KENTUCKY. Contract 2 1 1 3 1 1,476,800 971 4,372 7,633 4,817 «)1,788 700 781 4,661 3,110 1,428.0 ""io.o 102.0 20.0 37.0 U.O "'"3.6 1,465.0 11.0 10.0 105.0 20.0 785.0 4."6 38.0 10.0 20.0 3.0 .'^ 805.0 3.0 4.5 State-use 30.5 Public works and ways 10.0 Total 3 1,494,893 410,940 1,660.0 61.0 1,611.0 829.5 23.5 855.0 LOUISIANA. 1 1 1 67,733 34,650 180,000 116,206 40,688 120,727 473.4 168.3 315.0 26.0 474.4 183.3 315.0 473.4 158.3 316.0 1.0 25.0 474.4 State-use 183.3 Public works and ways 315.0 Total 1 282,383 271,621 946.7 26. o! 972. 7 946. 7l 26. 972.7 a One institution represented 33 camps. & Five institutions represented 13 camps. CHATTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 299 Table III SYSTEMS OF WOKK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OP GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Coatmaed. 1> 8TJMMABT OF VALTJE OF GOODS AND LABOB, COHVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOE EACH STATE, BY SYSTEMS— Continued. State and system. ru- st!^ tu- tlons. Value of goods pro- duced. Value ol laiboroa goods pro- duced. Number of oouTlots employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. re- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. MAINE. Contract 4 2 1 4 $206,448 119,088 19,500 18,175 J34,718 54,784 4,774 5,466 203.0 143.1 77.0 21.9 ■"ee.'o 203.0 143.1 77.0 88.9 80.0 74.6 26.0 6.0 "■23.0 80.0 Fublic^account. . . 74.6 26.0 28.0 Total 7 363,211 99,741 445.0 65.0 610.0 185.6 23.0 208.6 MAKYLAND. Contract . . . 6 3 2 7 1 1,231,728 11,106 17,423 42,028 1,854 385,483 5,485 3,388 18,295 941 1,687.0 32.0 86.0 119.2 8.0 76.0 "is.'o 17.0 1,663.0 32.0 104.0 136.2 8.0 888.0 11.3 22.0 60.5 2.0 .62.5 ' "6.0 7.0 94a 6 11.3 28.0 State-i3E&. . . 57.5 Public works and ways 2.0 Tijtal . 7 1,304,139 413,692 1,832.2 III.O ];,943.2 973.8 Rn. a 1,039.3 MASSACHUSETTS. 12 JO K • tel,790 lil5,.529 285,616 153,457 60,893 121,893 972.1 489.0 926.9 78.9 ■"■27.'i 1,051.0 489-. 954.0 258.8 'm.i T48.8 229.0 30:0 407.6 F5ece-pric6. State-uB© 229.0 330:1 Total 19 1,022,935 326,243 2,388.0 106.0 2,494.0 568:9 407.8 966.7 MICHIGAN. Contract . ... 3 4 1 4 2 710,083 187,125 82,052 37,459 12,140 187,099 56,073 22,913 15,611 11,567 666.2 362.9 117.0 2(B.9 32.8 ■"34.'6 656.2 396.9 117.0 202..9 32.8 372.0 118.0 """37.'2 31.5 72.0 72.0 117.0 40.0 444 190,0 117.0 77.2 Public works and ways. 31.5 Total 6 1,028,859 293,283 1,371.8 34.0 1,405.8 668.7 301.0 859.7 MINNESOTA. Contract. 1 3 4 4 592,500 1,042,990 33,430 56,609 63,130 58,793 15,673 30,694 235.3 196.5 137.2 213.5 'm.'o 235.3 196.6 157.2 213.5 117.5 96.8 64.7 76.0 ""'3.'6 117.5 96.8 68.3 Public woi^s and ways. 75.0 Total 4 1,725,529 168,190 782.5 20.0 802.6 344.0 3.6 347.6 MISSISSIPPI. Public-aeeount 1 1 1 1 216,229 4,000 202,491 13,615 136,045 311 101,961 12,340 433.3 1.0 340.9 27.3 ■"ii'6 433.3 1.0 354.9 27.3 432.6 1.0 321.1 27.3 ""i4.'6 432.6 Piece-price , 1.0 336.1 Public works and ways 27.3 Total ol 436,335 260,667 802.5 14.0 816.5 782.0 14.0 796.0 MISSOURI. 1 2 4 4 2,298,286 9,193 71,330 73, 131 446,508 4,403 43,552 48,717 1,424,0 23.5 228.5 190.0 44.0 "■"63.'6 1, 468. 23.6 291.6 190.0 1,073.0 23.5 201.6 158.0 30.0 ■"46.'5 1, 103. Public-account Statf*-use ^ 23.5 248.0 Public works and ways 158.0 Total 4 2.«1.939 542,186 1,866.0 107.0 1,973.0 1,456.0 76.5 1, 532. 6 • " ■ " MONTANA. state-use 1 3,646 1,742 33.0 8.0 41.0 7.2 4.0 11.2 a Representing 19 camps. 300 REPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONEK OP LABOB. Table IH.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. D.— STJMMAET or VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOH, CONVICTS EMPLOYBD,' ETftJ FOB EACH STATE, BY SYSTEMS— Continued, State and system. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Vatae of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. NEBRASKA. 1 1 2 2 S22S,000 2,378 9,512 9,232 J42,042 1,535 6,802 6,192 156. S 10:0 37.0 32.0 ""i.o 156.5 10.0 38.0 32.0 78.0 10.0 33.5 22.2 ""i.'6 Public-account 1'.. 10 State-use.. ^ 'i Ptiblio works and "ways . . _•. 22.2 Total 2 246,122 56,571 235.5 1.0 236.5 143.7 1.0 144 7 NEVADA. Public-account ■ 1 1 1 247 6,271 300 139 3,958 192 .6 14.2 .6 .6 14.2 .6 .4 8.2 .3 4 Piflblio works aild ^^ays : . . ^ .3 Total. 1 6,818 4,289 15.4 15.4 8.9 8 9 NEW HAMPSHIEE. Contract 2 2 1 5 119,479 4,644 10,750 19,688 26,435 3,555 3,060 7,296 151.0 23.0 40.0 67.0 "i'o 151.0 23.0 40.0 61.0 76.0 11.8 26.7 34.0 "io 75 Public-account 11 8 Piece-price ~ '. 26 7 36.0 Total 5 154,661 40,346 271.0 4.0 275.0 147.5 2.0 149 5 ' ' NEW JERSEY. 2 . 5 7 1 353,875 19,228 121,534 15,933 173,922 12,001 88,068 9,591 671.0 131.3 400.0 32 5 "ioi.'o 671.0 131.3 501.0 32.5 481.0 38.6 236.8 15.3 '"'35.'5 481 Public-account 38 6 State-use 272 3 Public works and ways 15.3 Total ; 7 510,570 283,582 1,234.8 101.0 1,335.8 771.7 36.5 807.2 NEW MEXICO. 1 1 1 17,750 8,707 22,200 9,401 5,877 14,519 42.9 34.6 32.0 42.9 34.6 32.0 19.2 7.4 28.2 19.2 State-use . . . ^ Public works and ways 7.4 28.2 Total 1 48,657 29,797 109.5 109.5 54 8 54.8 NEW TOEK. Public-account j 1 15 6 2,160 1,104,908 111,141 990 504,040 51,646 16.0 3,599.5 308.0 "i79."7 16.0 3,779.2 308.0 3.9 1,257.7 113.8 ""si.'i 3.9 1,308.8 113.8 Public works and ways Total - 14 1,218,209 556,676 3,923.5 179.7 4,103.2 1,375.4 51.1 1,426.5 NORTH CAROLINA. 2 2 2 30 160,938 42,495 34,242 478,705 95,255 30,589 15,823 276,621 283.0 164.0 67.1 807.1 ""i'i 26.8 283.0 162.1 93.9 807.1 311.3 169.1 73.6 980.6 ""8.7 29.2 311. 3 177.8 102.8 Public works and ways 980.6 Total 30 716,380 418,288 1,311.2 34.9 1,346.1 1,634.6 37.9 1,572.5 NORTH DAKOTA. 1 1 1 256,278 15, 173 8,500 15,893 4,589 4,620 68.2 22.1 15.8 58. 2 22.1 15.8 33.3 11.9 6.0 33.3 11.9 Public works and ways 6.0 Total 1 279,951 25, 102 96.1 96.1 61.2 51.2 <• One institution represented 2 camps. CHAPTER IV. GEliTEBAL TABLE8. 301 Table III SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. i>.^st;])Imaby of valve of goods and labob, convicts emfloteb, etc., FOB EACH STATE, BY SYSTEMS— Continued. State and system. In- sti- tu- tlons. Value ol goods pro- diiced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. OHIO. Contract 7 4 1 2 1 $1,110,898 64,299 440 58,094 5,393 1476,882 43,380 129 17,717 2,763 1,809.0 322.0 ""ss'.b 7.0 38.0 "'"'2.0 1,847.0 322.0 2.0 85.0 7.0 915.5 105.0 ""'39."6 3.0 106.0 ."7 1,021.5 106.0 ;7 State-use .. 39.0 Public works and ways 3.0 Total . . . .. 10 1,239,124 540,871 2,223.0 40.0 2,263.0 1,062.5 106.7 1, 169. 2 OREGON. Contract 1 3 2 145,000 42,251 5,600 38,633 16,466 1,921 119.0 110.8 7.3 119.0 ■ 110.8 7.3 60.0 ,. 46.6 5.4 50.0 Btate-use . 46.6 Public works and ways 6.4 Total 3 192,851 57,020 237.1 237.1 102.0 ■■"s'o "m'.b 102.0 PENNSYLVANIA. 1 13 1 11 5 5,000 316,671 53,209 133,785 49,810 3,375 105,753 6,698 57,976 37,032 25.0 814.2 35.0 672.9 225.0 "'23."6 "■i42."6 26.0 837.2 36.0 714.9 225.0 8.0 282.4 14.0 128.7 82.5 8.0 290.4 Piece-price 14.0 249.7 Public worksand ways 82.5 Total 15 668, 476 210,834 1,672.1 165.0 1,837.1 515.6 129.0 644.6 RHODE ISLAND. Contract 1 1 1 3 1 6,350 8,750 108,500 53,102 1,924 2,675 5,738 36,950 25,786 1,417 14.0 26.0 230.0 160.0 19.0 ""io.'o 14.0 25.0 230.0 170.0 19.0 7.0 12.5 """"86."6 9.6 ""ii5."6 5.0 7.0 12.5 116.0 State-use 85.0 Public works and ways 9.5 Total 3 177, 626 72,565 448.0 10.0 458.0 109.0 120.0 229.0 SOUTH CAROLINA. Contract 1 1 2 41 122,302 49,95f 325|68£ 37,265 21,605 20,327 159,437 223.0 130.0 97.0 671.5 29.0 ""'"2."6 252.0 130.0 99.0 671.6 60.0 162.0 113.0 698.9 141.0 ■""2."6 201.0 Public-account 162.0 116.0 Public works and ways 698.9 Total - 41 649,786 238,634 1,121.6 31.0 1,152.5 1,023.9 143.0 1,166.9 SOUTH DAKOTA. State-use 2 1 23,900 8,000 14,767 4,093 95.0 10.0 96.0 10.0 36.1 5.0 36.1 Public works and ways 5.0 Total 2 31,900 18,860 105.0 105.0 41.1 41.1 TENNESSEE. 1 2 2 923,825 467,948 41,974 161,830 115,948 16,399 552.0 682.6 77.5 56.0 608.0 682.5 77.6 360.0 340.0 40.0 36.0 396.0 Public-account 340.0 State-use 40.0 Total 2 1,433,747 294,177 1,312.0 56.0 1,368.0 740.0 36.0 776.0 TEXAS. Contract 1 4 4 10 1,326,372 410,401 212, 471 160,000 646,932 316, 447 96,575 107,105 2,112.3 906.0 312.9 314.7 ""'84."6 ""i'.b 2,112.3 1,050.0 312.9 316.7 2,036.3 686.3 219.9 237.7 ""'5i.'6 '"■"2."6 2,036.3 Public-account 637.3 219.9 Public works and ways 239.7 Total .— STJMHABY OF VALXTE OF GOODS AKS LABOB, CONVICTS £M£LO-T£I>, £IC.^ FOB EACH STATE, BY SYSTEMS— Concluded. State- and aystem. In- sti- tu- tiOILS. Vaitieof goods pro- duced. Value ol lafeor on gDOdS pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Malfe Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. UTAH. T^nlirTiR-fliiEanTit 2 2 2 ST, 206 17,134 2,250 83,002 7,987 760 29.7 54.5 5.0 """6.'6 29.7 61.0 5.0 8.7 21.0 1.8 ■"■"6.'6 8i7 26.0 Public woEks and- ways. 1,8 Total.. 2 26,589 11,749 89.2 6.5 96.7 3L5J 5.0 38.5 Contracti . .1 2 . 1 3 70,860 41,642 12,328 6,050 41,637 13, 409 4,172 3,296 101.0 98.0 72.0 11.0 ""24."6 101.0 98.0 72.0 35.0 77. - 77.0 25.1 18.0 3.8 ■"ii."o 25.1 Bleee-price ^ atate-use 18.0 14; 8 Total 3 130,880 62, 514 282.0 24.0 306.0 123.9 11.0 134.9 VtBG-INTA. 1 1 1 1 1 25,134 1, 631, 540 6,578 is; 778 15i220 10,026 352,584 3,864 7,777 ,14,245 52.0 990.0 19.0 20. 31.0 ■■"47 .'6 52 1,087.0 19.0 26.0 31.0 52.0 742.0 19.0 23.0 30.0 ""36.'6 62.0 GontractJ 1 777.0 iJ^Mc-aceotint bSTlc wQi^a-and ways 19.0 23.0 30.0 Total !• 1,697; 248 388,496 1,118.0 47.0 1, 165. 866.0 35.0 901.0 ■WASHINQTON. 1 2 3 61,808 24,2916 13^402 29, 469 10,562 8,552 172.9 ,76.3 28.1 ""i.i 172.9 81.1 28.1 50.0 24.6 13.2 ""i.'s 50.0 state-use ]fi3i>lic worfcs and ways . . .. 26.4 13.2. Total 3 99,595 48,583 277.3 4.8 282.1 87.8 1.8 89.8. WESr VIRGINIA. Contract 1 2 1 779,237 29,475 2,050 161,991 11,694 490 731.3 80.0 6.0 25; 756.3 80.0 6.0 448.0 60.0 4.0 15.0 463.0 60.0 Public works and ways _'. . . 4.0 Total 2 810,782 174; 175 817.3 25.0 84213 502.0 15.0 617. WiacONSIN. Contract 1 1 1 3 3 777,240 1,637 141,000 42,267 40,500 101,940 516 45,594 21,287 14,246 351.9 4.8 140.7 160.2 43.1 351.9 4.8 140.7 160.2 43.1 209.8 2.3 140.7 148.8 40.0 209.8 2.3 140.7 State-use 148.8 Public works and ways 40.0- Total 3 1,002,644 183, 592 700.7 700.7 541.6 541. 6 WYOMING. 1 2 2 49,871 50,823 419,366 19,001 39,136 203,591 123.3 184.0 713.6 123.3 1810 713.6 4a £ 131.1 388. S rrr"-!T 43.5 UNITED STATES PRISONS. 131.1 Public works and ways. . .". 388.8 Total 2 470, 189 242,727 897.5 897.6 619. £ 619.9 ALL STATES. 20 54 99 30 im 166 3,093,764 16,642,234 4,748,749 3,239,450 3, 665, 121 2,88e,8»7 1,355,796 4,535,089 1,610,758 858, 764 1,836,801 1,712,221 3,644.2 16,663.9 8,228.4 3,809.6 11,067.9 6,142.0 7.£ 352. t 302. C 76.] 976. f 2.C 3,651.7 16,915.9 8, 530. 4 3,885.7 12,044.6 6, 14* 4,183.' 10,845." 4,lS3.f 1,291.< 5,081.! 4,960.' 7.£ 614. £ 355. £ ) 747. t 626. t 2.C 4,191.2 11, 360. 2 4,639.1 2,039.4 state-use ; 6,708.8 Public works and ways ^ 4,962.4 o296 34, 276; 205 U, 915, 429 49,466.0 1,716.2 61,172.2 30/547.5 2,253.£ 32,801.1 1 o One institution represented 2 prisons, 4 farms, and 118 camps. CHAPTER IV. OENEBAL TABLES. 303 Table MI.— SYSTEMS OP WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOY1ED, ETC.— Continued. E.— STIMMABY OF VALUE OF GOODS AHD lABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOB EACH 8YSTEK, BY STATES. [For explanation of this table, see p. 181.] System and State. [nsti- tu- ;ions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to portorm same work. Male. Fa- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. LEASE. Alabama 1 2 15 1 1 $601,766 851,100 1,566,893 25,134 49,871 1238,549 436,584 662,636 10,026 19,001 699.7 951.2 l,81S.O 52.0 123.3 7.6 707.2 951.2 1,818.0 62.0 123.3 685.7 1,409.5 1,993.0 52 43.6 7-. 5 693.2 Florida . 1,409.6 1,993.0 Virginia 52.0 Wyoming 43.5 Total 20 3,093,764 1,356,796 3,644.2 7.5 3,851.7 4,183.7 7.5 4,191.2 CONTBACT. 1 6 2 2 451,268 416,200 115,311 042 678 169,883 99,013 44,968 224,956 97,209 27,937 401,788 34,718 385, «3 187, 09B 63,130 445,608 ^,042 26,436 173,922 98,265 476,882 38,633 3,375 2,675 37,265 161,830 646,932 41,637 362,584 161,991 101,949 432.0 432.0 463.0 324.7 1,012.0 353.7 155.0 1,465.0 203.0 1,663.0 656.2 236.3 1,468.0 166.5 151.0 671.0 283.0 1,847.0 119.0 25.0 140 432 261.3 107.2 629.8 199.0 620 785.0 80.0 888.0 372.0 117.6 1,073.0 78.0 75.0 481.0 311.3' 915.6 60.0 8.0 7.0- 60. 0< .360.0 2,038.3 77.0 742 448.0 209.8 ""7.0 "26. '6 ""52.'5 72 6 ■■■36.6 ■'i66.'o "ui'.b 36.0 "35.6 16.0 432 463.0 261.3 Illinois 324.7 1,012 353.7 156.0 1,^.0 Tm.o) 1,587.0 666.2 235.3 1,424.0 156.5 m.o 671.0 283.0 1,809.0 119.0 26.0 14.0 223.0 652.0 2,112.3 101.0 990; 731.3 351.9 ""ST.'O "'7e.'6 "ii'o "■38.0 114.2 829.8 2 368,167 1 75,850 2 1,476,800 4' 206,448 5 1,231,728 3 710,083 1 592,500 1; 2,298,285 1 225,000 2 119. 479 199.0 ICansas 62 Kentuclsy 805.0 Maine 80.0 940.5 444.6 117.5 Missouri 1,103.0 Nebraslsa-. . ... 78.0 75.0 2 363,878 481.0 Nortli Carolina 2 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 160,938 1,110,898 145,000 5,000 6,3S0 122,302 923.825 1,326,372 70,860 1,631,540 779,237 777,240 311.3 Ohio 1,021.5 60.0 8.0 Hhode Island 7.0 South Carolina 29.0 56.0 262,0 608. 201.0 396.0 Texas. "■47."6 25.0 2, 112. 3 101.0 1,037.0 756.3 351.9 2,036.3 77.0 Virginia 777.0 West Virginia 463.0 Wisconsin 209.8 Total 64;i6,642,234 4,635,089 16,563.9 362.0 10.915.9 10,845.7 514.6 10.0 16.0 "■■i4.o 22.0 1.0 ""¥.0 1.0 "i48."8 72.0 ..^ .. 8.7 11,300.2 PUBLIC-ACCOtTOT. 1 1 3 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 12 4 8 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 2 16,653 63, (K4 276,120 16,473 3,338 2,279 10,231 31,601 54,632 71 5,668 221,959 971 67,733 119,088 11,106 621,790 187,125 1,042,990 216,225 9,193 2,378 247 4,64^ 19,228 17,760 2,160 42,49£ 18,766 24,042 152,223 12,288 1,164 1,597 2,234 11,638 35,561 54 2,926 41,079 700 110,206 54,784 5,485 153,467 56,073 58,793 138',.046 4,409 1,535 139 3,555 12,001 9,401 990 30; 589 174.0 96.0 1,055.8 113.6 9.0 30. 76.0 81. C 126.9 1.2 23.0 105.1 ""473.1 143.1 32.0 972.1 362. S 196. £ 433.! 23. J 10. C .( 23'.t 131.: 42. < 16. t 154. C 10.0 16.0 "30.0 "'"ii.'o 1.0 ....... 78.9 34.0 8.1 184.0 112.0 1,065. 8 113.5 9.0 30.0 76.0 117.0 126.9 1.2 23.0 105.1 11.0 474.4 143.1 32.0 1,051.0 396.9 196.5 433.3 23.5 10.0 .C 23.0 131.3 42.8 16. C 162.1 174.0 96.0 280.6 26.4 4.7 11.8 2.6 61.6 82 6 .3 21.5 73.1 "■473.' 4 74.6 11.3 258.8 118.0 96.8 432.6 23.5 10.0 .4 n.a 38.6 19.2 3.9 189.1 184.0 112.0 280.6 Colorado 26.4 4.7 Delaware District of Columbia 11.8 16.6 73.6 Illinois 83.5 Indiana. - .3 21.6 73.1 3.0 X/OUisianib. .- 474.4 Maine 74.6 Massachusetts 11.3 407.6 190.0 96.8 Mississippi 432 6 Missouri 23.4 10.8 .5 11.0 38.8 19.6 New York 3.2 North Caroima 17T.9 304 BEPOBT OF THE COHMISSIONEE OF LABOE. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OP GOODS A1>ID LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. E— SUMMAEY OF VALUE OF GOODS AHD LABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYiSD, ETC.,'' FOB EACH SYSTEM, BY STATES— Continued. System and State. Insti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value ot labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. PUB LTC-ACC OUNT— cone' d . North Dakota 1 4 13 1 1 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 JI2flfi,278 64,299 316,671 8,750 49,958 467,948 410,401 7,205 41,642 6,676 61,808 1,637 116,893 43,380 105,753 6,738 21,605 115,948 316,447 3,002 13,409 3,864 29,469 616 58.2 322.0 814.2 25.0 130.0 682.5 966.0 29.7 98.0 19.0 172.9 4.8 ■■■23.0 ""84."6 58.2 322.0 837.2 25.0 130.0 682.5 1,050.0 29.7 98.0 19.0 172.9 4 8 33.3 105.0 282.4 12.6 152.0 8.7 25.1 19.0 50.0 2.3 ""i.'o " 'si.'o 33.3 OMo 105.0 PfiTii^Ryl vp.-nifl. , . , 290.4 Ehode Island -. 12. S South Carolina 162.0 340.0 Texas 637.3 Utah , 8.7 25.1 Virginia 19.0 Washin^on. . / 50.0 2.3 Total 99 4,748,749 1,616,768 8,228.4 302.0 8,530.4 4,183.6 355.5 4,839. 1 PIECE-PEICE. Alabama. . . ^ . . . .-. 1 2 1 3 1 1 .1 2 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 617,172 66,375 60,000 1,932,994 3,806 4,372 19,500 17,423 115,529 82,052 4,000 10,760 440 53,209 108,600 12,328 141,000 343,663 19,923 12,814 ^8,892 ^3 809 781 4,774 3,388 60,893 22,913 311 3,060 129 6,698 36,950 4,172 45,594 S76.0 246.0 98.6 1,592.3 "'"'io.'o 77.0 86.0 489.0 117.0 1.0 40.0 ""35.'6 230.0 72.0 140.7 ■"iao 2.0 18.0 24.1 ""is.o """2.0 576.0 268.0 100.6 1,610.3 241 10.0 .77.0 1040 489.0 117.0 1.0 40.0 2.0 35.0 230.0 72.0 140.7 403.0 123.0 30.0 483.0 45 26.0 22.0 i.'o 26.7 "■"'iio "'"i8.'6 140.7 ""6.'6 1.0 259.0 13.8 ""6.0 229.0 117.0 """."7 "ii5.'6 403.0 129.0 Delaware. - l- i 31.0 Illinois ■- i . 742.0 Indiana. . . 13.8 45 Maine 26.0 Maryland 28.0 Massachusetts 229.0 Michigan . 117.0 Misaissippip ' -. 1.0 "WftiV TTn.Tnps'hirp. 26.7 Ohio ... . .. .7 14 115.0 Vermont 18.0 Wisconsin.. . 140.7 Total 30 3,239,460 858,764 3,809.6 76.1 3,885.7 1,291.9 747.6 2,039.4 STATE-tTSE. 1 1 1 6 3 4 2 2 5 1 5 5 3 3 i 1( 16 2 1 11,208 12,321 36,000 148,123 67,080 8,700 7,933 20,740 31,797 16,167 111,149 69,782 61,332 221,069 7,633 34,650 18,175 42,028 286,616 37,469 33,430 202, 491 71,330 3,646 9,612 6,271 19,688 121; 634 8,707 1,104,908 34,242 15,173 9,749 5,959 15,876 73,780 41,410 3,130 7,008 7,100 20,861 7,205 74,908 27,337 23,923 146,010 4,561 40,688 5,465 18,295 121,893 15,611 16,673 101,961 43,652 1,742 6,802 3,968 7,296 88,068 5,877 604,040 15,823 4,689 56 27.0 63.0 387.7 240.2 34.0 70.3 96.0 114.0 28.0 290.1 288.9 173.4 594.9 102.0 158.3 21.9 119.2 926.9 202.9 137.2 340.9 228.6 33.0 37.0 14 2 57.0 400.0 34.6 3,599.6 67.1 22.1 29.0 "io.'o 6.8 ■■"i6."6 50 94 5 ■'si' 6 21.0 12.6 6.8 3.0 25.0 65.0 17.0 27.1 "'26'0 140 63.0 8.C 1.0 ""i'c 101. C '"i79.'7 26.8 84 27.0 73.0 394 5 240.2 34 86.3 101.0 208.5 28.0 321.1 309.9 186.0 601.7 105.0 183.3 86.9 136.2 9540 202.9 157.2 354 9 291.5 41.0 38.0 14 2 61.0 501.0 34 6 3,779.2 93.9 22.1 66 8.0 63.0 148.6 64 19.2 25.3 i29.4 48.5 17.1 102.0 91.6 164 7 311.2 30.0 168.3 5.0 50.5 300.1 37.2 54 7 321.1 201.5 7.2 33.5 8.2 34.0 236.8 7.4 1,257.7 73.6 11.9 29.0 "io.'o 46 ""46 40 58.5 "ffifO 10.5 12.6 3.5 .5 25.0 23.0 7.0 30.0 40.0 3.6 140 46.5 40 1.0 ""2.0 35. J "'si.'i 29.2 84 Arizona..^ 8.0 73.0 163.2 64 Connecticut 19.2 Delaware 29.3 District of Columbia 33.4 107.0 Idaho. 17.1 134 102.1 Iowa . 177.3 314 7 Kentucky 30.6 liOuisiana 183.3 Maine 28.0 Maryland Massachusetts 57.5 330.1 Michigan 77.2 58.3 335.1 Miaspun 248.0 11.2 Nebraska 34 5 8.2 36.0 New Jersev 272.3 7.4 New York 1,308.8 102.8 North Dakota 11.9 CHAPTER IV. GENEKAL TABLES. 305 Table III SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES. VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. E.— STIMMAEY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOE EACH SYSTEM, BY STATES— Concluded. System and State. Insti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. STATE-USE— concluded. Ohio 2 3 11 3 2 2 2 4 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 t58,094 42,261 133,785 53,102 61,838 23,900 41,974 212, 471 17,134 6,050 18,778 24,295 29,475 42,267 60,823 $17,717 16, 466 57,976 25,786 20,327 14,767 16,399 96, 675 7,987 3,296 7,777 10,662 11,694 21,287 39, 136 85.0 110.8 672.9 160.0 97.0 96.0 77.6 312.9 54.5 11.0 26.0 76.3 80.0 160.2 184.0 ■■i42.'6 10.0 2.0 ""h'.l 24.0 ■■■■4.8 85.0 110.8 714.9 170.0 99.0 96.0 77.5 312.9 61.0 35.0 26.0 81.1 80.0 160.2 184.0 39.0 46.6 128.7 80.0 113.0 36.1 40.0 219.9 21.0 3.8 23.0 24.6 50.0 148.8 131.1 "i2i.'6 5.0 2.0 '""5.0 11.0 ""i.'s 39.0 Oregon 46.6 FjennsylTanla 249.7 Rhode Island . ... 85.0 115.0 South Dakota 36.1 40.0 219.9 Utah : 26.0 Vermont . . . . 14 8 Virginia 1 23.0 26.4 West Vtrginia 60.0 148.8 United States prisons 131.1 Total .. 159 3,665,121 1,836,801 11,067.9 976.612,044 5 5,081.9 626.9 5,708.8 PUBLIC WORKS AND WAYS. 1 6 2 1 1 3 13 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 4 1 4 2 1 1 1 6 30 1 1 2 6 1 41 1 10 2 1 3 1 3 2 15,400 60,566 6,737 1,600 34,850 23,250 491,789 47,457 23,746 85,339 59,793 4,817 180,000 1,854 12,140 56,609 13,615 73,131 9,232 300 16,933 22,200 111,141 478,706 8,500 5,393 5,600 49,810 1,924 326,688 8,000 160,000 2,250 16,220 13,492 2,060 40,500 419,366 12,522 40,969 3,966 410 29,008 23,996 347,797 20,460 6,769 48,668 31,527 3,110 120,727 941 11,667 30,694 12,340 48,717 6,192 192 9,591 14,519 51,646 276,621 4,620 2,763 1,921 37,032 1,417 159,437 4,093 107, 105 760 14,246 8,552 490 14,246 203, 691 84.0 200.9 19.0 4.0 99.0 83.5 1,082.0 67.9 17.0 227.2 141.7 20.0 315.0 8.0 32.8 213.6 27.3 190.0 32.0 .6 32.5 32.0 308.0 807.1 16.8 7.0 7.3 226.0 19.0 671.5 10.0 314.7 5.0 31.0 28.1 6.0 43.1 713.5 "■"i'o 84.0 200.9 19.0 4.0 99.0 . 83.5 1,082.0 67.9 17.0 227.2 141.7 20.0 316.0 8.0 32.8 213.5 27.3 190.0 32.0 .6 32.5 32.0 308.0 807.1 16.8 7.0 7.3 226.0 19.0 671.5 10.0 316.7 6 31.0 28.1 6.0 43.1 713.5 20.9 74.8 6.0 2.0 70.7 67.6 1,145.8 36.7 7.8 150.0 74.1 10.0 315.0 2.0 31.5 75.0 27.3 158.0 22.2 .3 15.3 28.2 113.8 980.6 6.0 3.0 5.4 82.5 9.6 698.9 5.0 237.7 1.8 30.0 13.2 40 40. C 388.8 ■"""i'o 20.9 74 8 Colorado 6.0 2.0 District of Columbia Florida 70.7 67.6 Georgia 1,146.8 Illinois .. . S6.7 7.8 160.0 741 Kentucky . 10.0 315.0 2.0 Michigan 31.5 76.0 27.3 Missouri 168.0 Nebraska 22.2 .3 15.3 New Mexico 28.2 New York 113.8 980.6 6.0 Ohio 3.0 6.4 82.5 Rhode Island 9.5 South Carolina 698.9 5.0 Texas 239.7 Utah 1.8 Virginia 30.0 Washington 13.2 West Virginia 4 40.0 United States prisons 388.8 Total 166 2,886,887 1,712,221 6,142.0 2.0 6,144.0 4,960.4 2.0 4,962.4 ALL STATES. Lease 20 64 99 30 169 166 3,093,764 16,642,234 4,748,749 3,239,450 3,666,121 2,886,887 1,356,796 4,535,089 1,616,758 868,764 1,836,801 1,712,221 3,644 2 16,563.9 8,228.4 3,809.6 11,067.9 6,142.0 7.5 352.0 302.0 76.1 976.6 2.0 3,651.7 16,915.9 8, 530. 4 3,885.7 12,044 6 6,144.0 4,18a 7 10,845.7 4,183.e 1,291.£ 5,081.£ 4,960.4 7.5 514 6 365.6 747.5 626.9 2.0 4, 191. 2 Contract 11, 360. 2 4, 539. 1 2,039.4 State-use 5,708.8 Public works and ways 4,962.4 Grand total 296 34,276,205 11,915,429 49,456.0 1,716.2!51,172.2 30,547.; 2,253.8 32,801.1 1 9061—06 306 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AJSTB LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. F.— STTHMABY OF YALITE OF O0OB8 AND XABOB, CONVICTS EKFLOYED, BIG., IN THE UNITED STAtES, FOB EACH INDUSTBY, BY SYSTEMS. [For explanation ol this table, see p. 181.] loadustry and system. Insti- tu- tions. Value ol goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts . employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perlorm same work. Uale. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. AGBICULTUBAL HANB TOOLS. Contract BAGS. Contract 3 1 2 $502,663 30,000 292,868 $129,466 7,686 124, 444 427.4 23.0 885.1 427.4 23.0 886.1 229.0 18.0 217.1 229.0 Public-account 217 1 Total 3 322,868 132, 130 908.1 908.1 235.1 BASKETS, WILLOW -WABB, ETC. Contract . ^ 3 3 2 18 60,467 1,613,252 2,049 51,603 26,016 111,640 1,013 38,042 163.7 336.5 4.2 164.0 163.7 335.5 4.2 154.0 82. C 189.3 1.6 48.3 82 BINDING TWINE. Public-account 189.3 '1.6 BLACKSMITHING AND WHEELWBIOHTING. State-use Total 19 53,662 39,056 168.2 158.2 49.9 49 9 BOOKBINDING. State-use 1 1 16 1 13 64 972 900 6,919,591 990,431 410,390 206,287 886 361 1,S94,488 75,306 84,359 102, 360 8.0 2.'0 4,140.9 288.6 621.5 695.6 ""ii'.o 8.0 2.0 4,187.9 288.5 621.5 695.6 1.8 .6 2,772.0 100.0 172.3 268.1 "35.0 44.0 38.0 2.3 1 8 BOOTS AND saoES. Lease 5 Contract . 2,807.0 Public-axjCount .... 210 3 State-use 270 4 Total 83 8,627,699 1,656,964 5,748.6 47.0 5,795.6 3,312,9 119.3 3,432.2 BOXES, PAPES. Contract 1 2 1 26,160 11,042 7,896 4,666 2,392 2,164 SO.O VS. 8 30.2 20.0 73.8 30.2 15.0 2.9 7.0 ""i4"o Public-account . . . 16 9 7 8 Total 3 45,088 9,221 124.0 124.0 25.6 14.0 39 5 BOXES, WOODEN. Public-account 1 1 1 2 1 10 10 1 20,348 39,267 8,643 230,000 215,318 110,939 72,615 1,250 14,688 10, 246 4,236 77,086 59, 183 63,221 61,480 999 38.9 37.7 22.0 238.0 173.0 236.6 245.6 12.0 38.9 37.7 22.0 238.0 173.0 236.5 245.6 12.0 30.0 31.0 22.0 262.0 173.0 136.4 115.1 2.0 30.0 BBASS GOODS. Contract 31.0 BEEAD. 22.0 262.0 173.0 136.4 115.1 2.0 BEICK. Contract. Public-account Public works and ways. . . . Total 20 630, 122 261,969 906.0 905.0 688.6 688.5 CHAPTEB XV. GEITEBAI- TABLES. 307 Table IH SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. — STJUMABT or VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMFLOTED, ETC., IN THE UNITED STATES, TOE EACH INDUSTEY, BY SYSTEMS— Continued. Industry and system. Insti- tu- tions. Valae of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total; BE00M3 AND BRUSHES. Lease - 1 19 3 14 10 345, 771 1,270,162 150,209 205, 174 109,518 $16,906 410,082 28, 102 104,071 56,472 114.3 1,879.0 103.5 070.4 365.8 ■■"38.0 '"ii'.b 114.3 1,917.0 103.5 682.4 365.8 40.0 1,009.5 66.0 237.6 132.8 '"m.'o '"jk'.b 40.0 1,075.6 58.0 Piece-price 265.5 State-use 132.8 Total 43 1,780,834 621,633 3,133.0 60.0 3,183.0 1,476.8 84.0 1,669.8 BUILDING TRADES. 1 2 65 14,280 2,024 1,068,627 11,780 1,019 566,225 25.0 4.3 2,376.8 25.0 4.3 2,376.8 20.0 1.6 1,256.0 20.0 Public-account 1.6 Public works and ways 1,256.0 Total 67 1,084,831 579,024 2,406.1 2,406.1 1,276.6 1, 276. 6 BURYING PAUPERS. Siiate-use 1 1 1 03, 192 29,820 10,998 3,102 12,388 5,195 24.0 61.9 35.0 ■■■is.'o 24.0 51.9 50.0 6.0 34.0 6.0 ■■'ii"6 6.0 BUTTONS. 34.0 Public-account 20.0 Total 2 40,818 17,583 86.9 15.0 101.9 40.0 14.0 54.0 CARPETS, INGRAIN. 1 9 1 291 47,832 100 74 15,898 38 .5 166.6 .2 .6 166.6 .2 .3 46.8 .1 .3 CARPETS, RAG. Public-account 46.8 .1 Total 9 47,932 15,936 156.8 156.8 46.9 46.9 CARRIAGES AND WAGONS. 1 1 2 50,976 124 80,791 9,694 56 47,866 29.0 "121.0 '.i 29.0 .3 121.0 20.0 ""is.b .^3 20.0 .3 Public-account 08.0 Totat 4 131,891 57,606 160.0 .3 ■150.3 88.0 .3 88.3 CASTINGS, MACHINERY, AND REPAIRS. 1 1 8 35,000 137, 765 47,508 18,420 117,780 25,646 40.0 260.0 186.0 40.0 260.0 186.0 20.0 151.0 58.7 20.0 151.0 56.7 10 220,273 161,746 486.0 486.0 227.7 227.7 CEMENT BLOCKS. State-use 1 4,000 2,625 12.0 12.0 4.8 4.8 CHAIRS, TABLES, ETC, Contract ■ 10 17 7 6 1,293,721 538,093 298,694 241, 195 405,922 164,747 120,125 84,022 1,764.2 1,371.6 548.1 662. 4 27.0 18.1 7.0 1,791.2 1,389.7 555.1 562.4 947.0 330.5 220.5 182.7 15.0 229.1 40.0 962.0 Piece-orice 559.6 200.5 182.7 Total 36 2,371,703 774,816 4,246.3 52.1 4,298. 4 1,680.7 284.1 1,964.8 CHARCOAL. State-use 1 29,952 9,984 24.0 24.0 16.0 16.0 <» Value of work performed. 308 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. F.— SUMMARY or VALUE OF GOODS AND T.ABOH, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., IN THE UNITED STATES, FOR EACH INDUSTRY, BY SYSTEMS— Continued. Industry and system. Insti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. CLEAKINQ STATEHOUaE. State-use 1 1 13 6 6 118 Jl,275 3,200 1,416,005 343,724 79,021 802,661 »1,159 1,734 372,219 99,732 24,008 356,783 5.0 7.0 1,660.9 513.3 137.9 1,866.8 "i65.'6 32.2 53.0 808.6 5.0 7.0 1,815.9 645.5 190.9 2,665.4 6.0 3.0 990.0 184.7 2.0 812.4 '"isi's 128.1 81.1 511.8 S.0 CLOTHING, ETC. 3.0 1,1245 Piece-price '. 312.8 Public-account . . 83.1 1,324.2 Total 122 2,644,511 177,865 17,022 138, 195 146, 899 352 854, 476 4, 176. 9 1,048.8 5,224.7 1,992.1 865.5 2,847.6 COEE. Public-account 1 1 2 1 1 13,684 3,465 38,969 24,720 198 83.0 15.0 127.6 92.0 1.0 83.0 16.0 127.6 92.0 1.0 40.0 15.0 94.0 40.0 .2 40 COOPERAGE. 15.0 Contract . . ^ Piece-price 94.0 40.0 .2 Total 6 302, 468 67,352 235.6 235.6 149.2 149.2 COTTON AND WOOLEN GOODS. Contract 1 6 106,750 213,858 6,375 69,545 44.9 481.0 44.9 481.0 40.0 190.4 ""i5.'6 40.0 205.4 Total ... 6 320,608 75,920 525.9 525.9 230.4 15.0 245.4 COTTON GINNING. Public-account 1 8 1 1 6 1 3 4 1 54 120 2,481 102,153 16,882 2,993 10,966 84,340 66,473 1,237,072 4,000 072,157 1,014,173 639 64,433 3,856 1,457 5,743 15,863 31,805 618,697 311 476,210 600,993 1.8 401.8 24.0 10.0 16.3 89.4 130.3 2,080.3 1.0 2,223.0 3,609.8 7.5 "'i55.'6 134.3 1.8 401.8 24.0 10.0 16.3 89.4 137.8 2,080.3 1.0 2,378.0 3,744.1 1.8 149.5 3.4 9.1 48.0 130.3 1,978.6 1.0 1,956.9 2,076.4 18.0 7.6 "167^4 83.6 1.8 149.5 COTTON WASTE. 18.0 ELECTRICAL CONSTRUC- TION AND REPAIRS. 3.4 ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER. State-use 9.1 ENAMELED WARE. 48.0 FARMING. 137.8 Contract 1,978.6 1.0 2,064.3 2,160.0 Total 122 2,983,875 1,628,016 8,044.4 296.8 8,341.2 6,143.2 198.6 6,341.7 TLOUE AND MEAL. 1 2 2,684 12,810 198 1,211 .5 3.6 .5 3.5 .5 3.4 .5 3.4 Total 2 15,494 1,409 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 309 Table III.-SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. F.— SVMHABT 07 VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMFLOTES, ETC., IN THE UNITED STATES, FOE EACH INDUSTRY, BY SYSTEMS— Continued. Industry and system. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. TotaL • Cgas, illuminating and HEATING. Public-account 1 1 $37,496 12,676 $9,636 3,604 17.0 7.0 17.0 7.0 11.0 4.0 iiio 4.0 Total 1 50,172 13,140 24.0 24.0 15.0 15.0 GLOVES AND MITTENS. Contract 1 1 1 2 5 6 33,750 511 125,000 236,900 6.1,182 4,017 8,136 261 69,070 44,882 25,481 2,079 21.8 2.9 150.0 207.0 96.0 12.3 21.8 2.9 150.0 207.0 96.0 12.3 18.0 75.0 95.0 39.7 5.5 1.0 18.0 HAMMOCES. 1.0 HAEDWABE, SADDLERY. Contract 75.0 HABNESS. Contract . 95.0 Public-account 39.7 5.5 Total 10 304,009 72,442 315.3 315.3 140.2 140.2 HOSIERY, ETC. 5 3 7 12 538,i)81 211, 190 74,322 78,613 113,278 41,364 25,407 12,638 469.9 362.5 153.4 1 1.5 85.0 2.0 11.0 .7 554.9 364.5 164.4 192.2 277,6 46.7 81.9 49.6 179.0 180.7 4.0 .2 456.6 Piece-price 227.4 Public-account 85.9 49.8 Total.-. 20 903,106J 192,687 1,177.3 98.7 1,276.0 455.8 363.9 819.7 HOUSE FUBNISniNQ GOODS, MISCELLANEOUS. 1 2 979 3,361 1,746 4,688 ■"'si.'o 12.5 12.5 61.0 ■"■28.'5 6.3 6.3 State-use 28.6 Total 3 4,340 6,434 51.0 12.5 63.6 28.6 6.3 34.8 ICE, MANUFACTURED. 1 4 5,133 6,109 1,866 3,168 12.5 8.5 12.5 8.5 4.0 5.0 4.0 State-use 5.0 Total 4 1 1 1 4 2 11,242 5,034 21.0 21.0 9.0 9.0 IRON AND STEEL, BOLTS, NUTS, ETC. Contract . 170,000 67,860 2,516 5,926 10, 482 69,075 35, 112 1,947 5,018 5,227 300.0 164.4 ""\'6.'2 11.0 49.0 33.0 300.0 164.4 11.0 49.0 39.2 160.0 96.0 3.'6 7.0 20.0 14.0 150.0 IRON AND STEEL, CHAINS. 95.0 LAUNDRY WORK. Piece-price 7.0 20.0 State-use 17.0 Total 7 18,924 12,192 6.2 93.0 99.2 3.0 41.0 44.0 LEVEE BUILDING. Public works and ways 2 182,908 122,360 320.3 320.3 320.3 320.3 310 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. Table MI — SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. F — SUMMARY Or VAITIE OF GOODS AND LABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., IN THE UNITED STATES, EOB EACH INDUSTEY, BY SYSTEMS— Continued. Industry and system. Insti- tu- tions Value of goods pro- duced. ValOB of labor on goods pro- duced. Number oi convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. LIKE. ' 2 $12, 199 $9,405 105.4 21.3 LOADING AND TJNLOADINQ VESSELa. State-use 1 2,059 14.6 3.6 LOCKSMITHINO. State-use 1 36C 275 1.0 1.0 .2 .2 LUMBER. 9 1 1 1,031,727 67,474 2,831 417,621 14,975 1,244 1,K4.3 43.8 4.0 1,224.3 43.8 4.0 1,311.3 48.2 4.0 1,311.3 43 2 Contract Public-account . 4 Total 11 1,102,032 433,840 1,272.1 1,272.1 1,363.5 MATS AND MATTING. Contract . . . .^ 2 3 2 164,840 74,164 U,327 92,684 20,796 9,520 364.0 159.5 136.0 364.0 159.5 136.0 220.0 43.9 61.0 22D Total 6 250,331 122,900 659.5 659.6 324.9 MATTRESSES. 3 9,101 3,085 11 5 11.5 46 MINING, COAL. 3 1 1 3 594,984 617,172 259,970 159,220 268, 186 343,663 90,042 107,688 675.0 575.0 . 537. 398.0 675.0 675.0 637.0 398.0 742.0 403.0 269.0 199.0 Piece-price 403 Pnblip^finnnimJ; 269 State-use 199 Total 7 1,631,346 809,579 2, 185. ....... 2, 186. 1, 613. 1,613.0 MINING, PHOSPHATE, 1 440,000 173,813 375.0 375.0 662. 5 562.5 NETS, FISH. 1 46 23 .1 .1 .1 .1 PACKING AND MOVING. Contract ... 1 2,885 2,763 16.9 16.9 6.0 6 PICTtIRE MOLDINGS. Contract 1 12,000 7,725 53.7 53.7 25.0 25.0 POWER AND HEAT PLANT. Public-account 1 1,157 876 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 PRINTING. S 23 2,816 43,682 2,129 36,214 16.5 269.2 16.6 259.2 5.4 .>95.4 5 4 95 4 Total 24 51,398 38,343 276.7 276.7 100.8 100.8 ka"ileoad btolding. Contract 3 383,384 177,530 455.9 455.9 468.1 468.1 CHAPTER IV. -GEKEBAL TABLES. 311 Table IH.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OP GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. F SUMMAET OF VALTJE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., IN THE UNITED STATES, FOB EACH INDTJSTBY, BY SYSTEMS— Continued. Indostiy :and system. Insti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value ol labor on goods duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. ■ Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. ROADS AND HIQHWATS. 1 1 111 S5,634 17,334 1,634,202 $4,959. 18, 477 1,022,637 29.0 43. S 3,432.9 " "2.0 29.0 43.8 3, 434. 9 29.0 48.2 3,383.1 ""i'.b 29.0 Contract '. 46.2 Public works and ways 3,385.1 Total. . . . 111 1,657,170 1,041,073 3, 505. 7 2.0 3,607.7 3,460.3 2.0 3, 462. 3 SADDLETJEEES. 1 1 4 3 1 12 25 35 196,000 21,071 3,560 178,667 32,061 91,777 269, 495 46,650 14,651 1,629 68,129 16,686 83,119 194, 457 161.0 42.0 6.0 183.9 113.2 614.6 1,006.4 161.0 42.0 6.0 183.9 113.2 614.6 1,006.4 120.0 17.0 3.8 161.8 18.0 183.9 417.5 120.0 SASH, BOOBS, ETC. State-use _ SOAP. 17.0 3.8 STONE QltTAIOlYING.CUrHNG, AND CETJSHraG. 161.8 Piece-price 18.0 Public-account 183.9 417.5 Total - ... 572, 000 362,391 1,918.1 1,918.1 781.2 781.2 1 5 1 77,500 435,728 100,000 22,785 165,906 26,881 S6.0 525.4 188.0 56.0 625.4 188.0 42.0 274.7 112.0 42.0 274.7 Piece-price 112.0 Total 7 613, 228 215,572 769.4 769.4 '428.7 428.7 STOVES. 2 1 13 1 1 1 1 241,500 2,333 32,865 120,«00 82,052 2,559 2,623 71,288 2,333 30,692 36,'095 22,913 1,479 435 214.0 22.0 104.6 « 170.0 117.0 6.0 3.0 214.0 22.0 104.6 170.0 117.0 6.0 3.0 110.0 10.0 33.8 4.3 1.5 85.0 117.0 110.0 TEAMINO. 10.0 TINSMITHING, COPPEE- SMITHINQ, AND SHEET- lEON -WOUKINO. 33.8 TOBACCO AND CIGABS. 86.0 117.0 Public-account 4.3 1.5 Total 4 207,234 50,922 296.0 296.0 5.8 202.0 207.8 TOMATO SAUCE. Public-account 1 1 1 1,721 6,470 49 462 2,114 19 2.0 10.9 .1 2.0 10.9 .1 2.0 4.4 .1 2.0 TRUNKS AND VALISES. 4.4 State-use .1 Total 1 «,S19 2,133 11.0 11. 0, 4. 6 4.5 312 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. J F.— STJMMAEY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND lABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., IN THE UNITED STATES, FOE EACH INDUSTBY, BY SYSTEMS— Concluded. Industry and sys^m. Insti- tu- tions, Value ol goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Male. Fe- male. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. TURPENTINE AND EOSIN. Lease TTUBKELLAS. Piece-price WHIPS. Contract ■WIRE GOODS. Contract ... - WOOD, CUT AND SAWED. Contract Public-account State-use Total WOODEN GOODS, MISCELLA- NEOUS. State-use. ..' ALL INDUSTRIES. Lease Contract Piece-price Public-account State-use Public works and ways Total $590,553 20,000 90, 130 85,607 2,397 2,279 47,000 $337,076 10,500 21, 344 26, 775 2,137 794 15, 567 778.3 84.0 1,046.1 810 36.0 6.4 5.0 62.1 6.4 5.0 52.1 7.0 2.2 35.0 1,046.1 35.0 62.0 63.0 7.0 2.2 35.0 51,676 18, 498 20 54 30 99 169 166 3,881 3, 093, 764 16,642,234 3,239,450 4, 748, 749 3, 666, 121 2,886,887 8,640 1,356,796 4,535,089 858, 764 1,616,758 1,836,801 1,712,221 3,644.2 16,563.9 3,809.6 8,228.4 11,067.9 6, 142. .7.6 352.0 76.1 302.0 976.6 2.0 42.0 3, 651. 7 16,916.9 3,885.7 8, 630. 4 12, 044. 5 6, 144. 14.0 4, 183. 7 10,846.7 1,291.9 4,i8r " 5,081.9 4,960.4 7.5 614.5 747.5 355.5 626.9 2.0 14.0 4,191.2 11,360.2 2, 039. 4 4,639.1 5, 708. 8 4,962.4 34,276,205 11,915,429 49, 456. 61, 172. 2 D, 647. 2 2,253.9 32,801.1 G.— SUMMAEY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOE, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES. [For explanation of this table, see p. 181.] state and class. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers necps- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. ALABAMA al 1 1 6 2 $1,246,199 27,721 539,292 435,183 48,616 $610,727 18,481 199,801 254,217 12,756 1,603.7 111.0 691.0 1,562.9 81.6 46.6 26.0 '"'6.' 8 1,650.2 111.0 617.0 1,662.9 88.3 1,317.7 28.9 591.0 443.9 60.1 46.6 26.0 "'"4 6 1,364.2 ARIZONA. 28.9 ARKANSAS. 617.0 CALirORNIA. 443.9 Juvenile Reformatory 64.7 Total 7 483,799 266,972 1,644.4 6.8 1,651.2 504.0 4.6 508.6 o Re^esenting 18 camps. CHAPTEB IV, GENERAL TABLES. 313 Table III SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. G.— STJMMABY OF VALUE OF OOOBS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOR EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued. State and class. In- Bti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. COLORADO. Penal 1 2 $-18,352 40,938 t35,027 22,637 275.4 97.3 276.4 97.3 59.4 36.0 59.4 Juvenile Reformatory 36.0 Total 3 89,290 67,664 372.7 372.7 95.4 95.4 CONNECTICUT. 6 1 474,748 21,365 112,619 11,021 642.0 214.0 12.0 664 214.0 293.2 107.0 6.0 299.2 Juvenile Eeformatory 107.0 Total 7 496,113 123,640 756.0 12.0 768.0 400.2 6.0 406.2 DELAWARE. Penal 1 1 57,204 3,008 19,763 1,656 163.9 45.0 18.0 171.9 45.0 48.5 18.6 5.0 63.5 Juvenile Reformatory 18.6 Total 2 60,212 21,419 198.9 18.0 216.9 67.1 5.0 72.1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Penal 1 1 45,623 20,198 32,180 6,162 115.0 156.0 5.0 120.0 156.0 78.7 24.0 4.0 14.0 82.7 Juvenile Reformatory 38.0 Total 2 65,821 38,342 271.0 5.0 276.0 102.7 18.0 120.7 TLORIDA. Penal "5 6 30 1 S 1 874,360 2,121,080 16,167 2,135,542 126,001 459,580 1,032,932 7,205 411,975 62,804 1,034.7 3,096.0 28.0 2,038.4 363.5 130.5 49.0 1,034.7 3,225.6 28.0 2,087.4 363.6 1,477.1 3,238.8 17.1 726.4 86.0 80.5 259.0 40.0 1,477.1 GEORGIA. Penal 3,319.3 IDAHO. Penal 17.1 ILLINOIS. Penal . 985.4 Juvenile Reformatory 125.0 Total 6 2,261,543 474,779 2,401.9 49.0 2,460.9 811.4 299.0 1,110.4 INDIANA. 4 1 979,122 50,961 243,542 18,383 1,126.4 192.7 45.1 1,171.5 192.7 676.6 52.9 24.3 700.9 Juvenile Reformatory 52.9 .Total.. 6 1,030,083 261,925 1,319.1 45.1 1,364.2 729.5 24.3 753.8 IOWA. 2 1 468,153 42,353 154,785 17,941 683.8 193.6 12.6 596.4 193.6 341.7 193.6 12.6 364,3 Juvenile Eeformatory 193.5 Total 3 510,506 172,726 777.3 12.6 789.9 535.2 12.6 547.8 KANSAS. 2 1 567,984 10,677 239,652 5,901 956.5 40.2 6.8 963.3 40.2 470.2 40.2 3.5 473.7 Juvenile Reformatory 40.2 Total 3 578,661 245,553 996.7 6.8 1,003.5 510.4 3.5 613.9 KENTUCKY. Penal 2 1 1,485,421 9,172 408,081 2,859 1,470.0 90.0 51.0 1,521.0 90. 805.0 24.5 23.5 828.5 Juvenile Reformatory 24.5 Total 3 1,494,693 410,940 1,560.0 51.0 1,611.0 829.5 23.5 863.0 LOUISIANA. Penal 1 282,383 271,021 946.7 26. C 972.7 946.7 26.0 972.7 a One institution represented 33 camps. 6 Five institutions represented 13 camps. 314 REPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Contmued. «.— STJMMABY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOS EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— ContiQued. \ State and tHass. In- stt- , tu- tions. Valtieol goods duced. Value ol labor on goods pro- auced. Number of convicts employed. Freelaborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total.- Male. Fe- male. Total. MAINE. 5 2 $329,340 33,871 891,090 8,051 :S47.0 98.0 8.0 57.0 355.0 155.0 166.2 29.4 4 19.0 160.2 J.UTOnile Reformatory 48.4 Total 7 363,211 99,741 445.0 65.0 SIO.O 185.6 23.0 208.6 MAEYI.AND. 3 4 1,133,299 170, 84B .368,754 - «j-838 1,260. 2 gS2.0 84.0 27.0 1,334.2 909.0 812.3 161. -6 56.5 9.9 868.8 Jurenile Reformatory 170.6 Total 7 1,304,139 413,692 1,832.2 111.0 1,943.2 973.8 65.6 1,039.3 MASSACHUSETTS. Penal 19 i 1 1,022,359 1,014,609 14,190 326,243 383,747 9,516 2,388.0 1,199.7 172.1 106.0 34.0 2,494 1,233.7 172.1 568.9 613. Q 46.7 407.8 27S.8 26.0 966.7 MICHIGAN. Penal 788.0 .Tayenile Reformatory 71.7 Tatal 5 1,028,859 393,263 1,371. 8 34.9 1,405 8 558.7 301.0 869.7 MINNESOTA. 3 1 1,704,318 21,211 160,535 7,856 684.5 98.0 '"ib'.b 884 5 118.0 308.8 3.5.2 ■"■s.'6 308.8 Juvenile Reformatory ....... 38.8 Total i 1,725,529 168,190 782.5 20.0 802.6 344 3.C 347. 6 MISSISSIPPI. ol 2 2 436,335 2,398,410 53,523 260,667 518,014 24, 172 802.5 1,655 211.0 14.0 82.0 25.0 Sib. 5 1,737.0 236.0 782.0 1,245.0 211.0 14.0 51.5 25.0 796.0 MISSOUEI. 1,296.5 Jnivenile Reformatory .236.0 Total 4 2,451,939 542, 186 1,866.0 107.0 1,973 1,4.56.0 76.6 1,632.5 MmrTANA. NEBKASKA. Penal . . . . ■ 1 1 1 3,646 237,719 8,403 1,742 49,625 e,'S48 33.0 190.3 45.2 8.0 1.0 41.0 191.3 46.2 7.2 98.6 45.2 40 1.0 11.2 99.5 Juvenile Reformatory 46.2 Total 2 246,122 56,571 235.6 1.0 236.6 143.7 1.0 144 7 NEVADA. 1 4 1 6,818 136,736 17,825 4,289 34,378 5,908 16.4 196.0 75.0 '"'4.' 6 15 4 196.0 79.0 8.9 -97.5 8.9 NEW HAMPSHIEE. 97.5 Juvenile Reformatory 50.0 2.0 62.0 Total ;. 5 6 2 154,561 40,346 271.0 4.0 276,0 147.5 2.0 149.5 NEW JERSEY. Penal Juvenile Reformatory 463,576 46,994 2S9,625 23,957 1,007.5 227.3 26.0 75.0 1,033.5 302.3 086.6 85.1 16.5 19.0 703.1 104. J Total 7 1 510,670 283,582 1,234.8 101.0 1,335.8 771.7 35.5 807.2 NEW MEXICO. Penal 48,657 29,797 109.5 109.5 54 8 64.8 a Representing 19 camps. CHAPTEB IV. GENEBAX TABLES. 315 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. G.— 8TTMMAET OF VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued. Jn- sti- tu- tiona. Value of goods pro- duced. Value ot labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. HEW TTOEK. Penal 13 1 11,174,242 43,967 t529,703 26,973 3,616.6 307.0 179.7 3,796.2 307.0 1,295.0 79.8 61.1 1,346.7 J u venlle Eelormatory 79.8 Total 14 1,218,209 556,676 3,923.5 179.7 4,103.2 1,375,4 61.1 1,426.5 NORTH CAROLINA. "30 1 10 2 1 710,380 279,961 1,239,124 179,131 13,720 418,288 25,102 640,871 63,231 3,789 1,311.2 90.1 2,223.0 187.1 60.0 34.9 40.0 1,346.1 96.1 2,263.0 187.1 50.0 1,534.6 61.2 1,002.5 85.7 16.3 37.9 106.7 1,672.5 NORTH DAKOTA. Penal 51.2 OHIO. 1,169.2 OREGON. Penal 85.7 Juvenile Reformatory 16.3 Total 3 192,851 57,020 237.1 237.1 102.0 102.0 PENNSYLVANIA. 13 2 500,899 57,876 185,337 25,497 1,243.1 429.0 88.0 77.0 1,331.1 506.0 446.6 69.0 54.0 76.0 600.6 Juvenile Reformatory 144.0 Total 15 558,475 210,834 1,672.1 165.0 1,837.1 516.6 129.0 644.6 RHODE ISLAND. Penal 2 1 155,277 22,349 65,330 7,235 351.0 97.0 10.0 361.0 97.0 60.5 48,5 120.0 180.5 Juvenile Reformatory 48.6 Total 3 177,626 72,565 448.0 10.0 468.0 109.0 120.0 229.0 SOUTH CAROLINA. 41 1 1 649,786 26,426 5,475 238,634 16,439 2,421 1,121.5 72.0 33.0 31.0 1,152.5 72 33.0 1,023. 9 30.3 10.8 143.0 1,166.9 SOUTH DAKOTA. Penal 30.3 J uvenile Reformatory 10.8 Total 2 31,900 18,860 105.0 105.0 41.1 1 41.1 TENNESSEE. 2 *12 1 1,433,747 2,075,896 33,348 294,177 1,146,602 20,457 1,312.0 3,586.0 120.9 66.0 86.0 1,368.0 3,071.0 120.9 740.0 2,992.3 87.9 36.0 53.0 776.0 TEXAS. Penal 3,045.3 Juvenile Reformatory 87.9 Total 6 13 2,109,244 1,167,059 3,706.9 86.0 3,791.9 3,080. 2 53.0 3,133.2 Penal 1 1 23,484 3,105 9,240 2,509 60. 29.2 ""'6." 5 00.0 36.7 22.2 9.3 ""s.b 22.2 Juvenile Reformatory 14.3 Total 2 26,589 11,749 89.2 0.5 95.7 31.5 5.0 36.5 VERMONT. 2 1 114,702 16,178 55,662 6,852 200.0 82.0 4.0 20.0 204.0 102.0 103.3 20.6 1.0 10.0 104.3 Juvenile Reformatory 30.6 Total _3 130,880 62,514 282.0 24.0 306.0 123.9 ; 11.0 134.9 VIRGINIA. Penal 1 1,697,248 388,496 1,118.0 47.0 1,165.0 866.0 1 35.0 901.0 a One institution represented 2 camps. !> One institution represented 2 prisons, 4 farms, and 33 camps. 316 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIOlirER OP LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. G — STJMMABT OF VAITIE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, EIC, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Concluded. State and class. In- stl- tu- tions. Value ol goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. ■WASHINGTOIir. Penal.. 2 1 {84,841 14,754 $42,161 6,422 213.3 64.0 0.8 4.0 214.1 68.0 69.8 18.0 0.3 1.5 70 1 JuvenUe Eelormatory 19.5 Total...*. 3 99,695 48,583 277.3 4.8 282.1 87.8 1.8 89 6 WEST VIRGINIA. Penal. 1 1 794,688 16,174 169,841 4,334 760.3 67.0 25.0 785.3 67.0 464.0 38.0 15.0 479 Juvenile Reformatory 38.0 Total 2 2 1 ' 810,762 174,176 817.3 25.0 842.3 sn'?. n 15.0 517.0 WISCONSIN. 978,117 24,627 174,105 9,487 582.7 118.0 582.7 118.0 423.6 118.0 423.6 Juvenile Reformatory 118.0 Total 3 1,002,644 183,592 700.7 700.7 541.6 641.6 WYOMING. 1 2 267 39 49,871 470,189 33,280,940 996,266 19,001 242,727 11,503,889 411,640 123.3 897.6 45,053. 6 4,402.4 1,385.9 330.3 123.3 897.5 46,439.5 4,732. 7 43.5 519.9 28,718.9 1,828.3 1,996.2 267.7 43.5 UNITED STATES PEISONS. 519.9 ALL STATES. 30,715.1 Juvenile Reformatory 2,086.0 Grand total a 296 34,276,205 11,916,429 49,466.0 1,716.2 51,172.2 30,547.2 2,253.9 32,801.1 H. -SUMMABY OF VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOB, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC., FOB EACH CLASS, BY STATES. [For explanation of this table, see p. 181.] Class and State. In- sti- tu- tions. Value of goods pro- duced. Value of labor on goods pro- duced. Number of convicts employed. Free laborers neces- sary to perform same work. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. PENAL. Alabama 61 1 1 5 1 6 1 1 c5 ,%0 l.OO Total 2,388.0 166. 668.9 407.8 1.63i .90^ MICHIGAN. 149.1 21.9 38.9- 192.1 31.2 36. 29.0 446.6 120.8 144. 9 16.9 2.0 1.6 90.0 3.8 30.0 65.0 3ftO 6.0 20 2)6.0 13.4 56.0 6.0 2.0 1.6 2.00 2.10 1.80 .96 1.50 1.60 1.98 1.70i 2.0Sf .76* 1.663 1.50 1.50 1.5 1.00 12.0 63.0 .76 Biiiilding trades ButtOBS 15.0 14 .75 Chairs tables, etc 7.0 40 65.5 75 Otothine etc 1 00 farming CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 323 Table IU.~SySTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. J.— SUKKABT OF NUMBER AND WAGES OF FREE LABOBEBS NECESSARY TO FEBFOBH WORK DONE BT CONVICTS, FOR EACH STATE, BY INDUSTRIES— Continued. State and industry. Number of oon- vieta employed. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Average wages per day of free laborers. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. MICHIGAN — concluded. St&n& quarrying, cutting, and crushing . . Tobacco ana cigars _..- 25.8 117.0 20.0 S3. 00 117.0 SO SO Total 1,371.8 34.0 668.7 301.0 1.62J .82i MINNESOTA. Blowing twine..... 188.5 235. S 2.0 180.7 68.9 63.3 11.0 32.8 94.3 117.5 1.0 66.0 21.7 27.6 7.0 10:0 2.00 1.75 1.60 1.46 1.44 .93 .96 1.50 Building trades Clothing, etc 20.0^ 3.6 1.00 Farming Printing Heads and highways Total 782.5 20.0 344.0 ,3.6 1.65J l.OO MISSISSIPPI. Building trades -. 22.0 22.0 1.25 Clothing, etc 14.0 14.0 .60 Farming Levee building 767.1 5.3 4.0 4.1 746.6 6.3 4.0 4.1 1.00 l.OO 1.00 1.00 Lumber Total 8«2.5 14.0 782.0 14.0 l.OOS .50 MISSOURI. Boots and shoes 1,114.0 22.0 15.0 77.0 130.0 109.0 111.0 60.0 161.0 67.0 836.0 22.0 16.0 57.0 117.0 86.0 109.0 41.0 120.0 63.0 1.375 1.26 .75 1.25 1.06J .75 .S7i 1.50 1.25 1.60 Bread . - . Building trades - . 107.0 76.5 .55 Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. . Total 1,866.0 107.0 1,466.0 76.5 1.22i .55 MONTANA. 9.0 1.2 2. SO 8.0 4.0 1.25 24.0 6.0 i.25 Total 33.0 8.0 7.2 4.0 1.4.6i 1.25 NEBRASKA. 156.5 32.0 17.0 22.0 8.0 78.0 22.2 13.5 22.0 8.0 1.75 .90* .694 .59" .50 Clothing, etc 1.0 1.0 .75 Total 235.5 1.0 143.7 1.0 1.27J .75 NEVADA. 1.3 1.0 .6 2.5 3.5 6.5 .7 .5 .3 1.5 2.0 3.9 4.00 2.60 3.00 2.50 2.00 2.60 Clothing, etc Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing . . Total 15.4 8.9 2. 52? 324 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. J SUMMARY OF NUMBER AND WAGES OF FREE LABORERS NECESSARY TO PERFORM WORK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOR EACH STATE, BY INDUSTRIES— Continued. State and industry. Number of con- victs employed. Female. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Male. Female. Average wages per day of free laborers. Male. Female. NEW HAMPSHIKE. Brooms and brushes. Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Hosiery, etc Total. NEW JERSEY. ' Boots and shoes Brick Brooms and brushes Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Mats and matting Roads and highways Stone quarrymg, cutting, and crushing . Tinsmithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working Total. NEW MEXICO. Blacksmithing and wheel wrighting Boots and shoes Brick Building trades : Clothing, etc Electric light and power F arming Harness , Lime , Roads and highways Tinsmithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working Total. NEW YOEK. Blacksmithing and wheel wrighting. . . Bookbinding Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Building trades Burying paupers Castings, machinery, and repairs Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods Cotton goods Electrical construction and repairs. .. Farming Hosiery, etc House furnishing goods, miscellaneous Laundry work Mats and matting Mattresses Printing Roads and highways Sash, doors, etc Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Tinsmithing, coppersmithing. sheet-iron working Wooden goods, miscellaneous . . . and Total. 31.0 120.0 1.0 79.0 40.0 271.0 23.0 125.5 6.3 235.0 23.7 310.5 84.9 198.0 8.8 212.0 1,234.8 4.0 6.2 36.7 5.5 11.8 3.2 7.4 1.0 6.2 26.5 1.0 109. S 51.0 8.0 2.52.0 348.0 286.0 24.0 136.0 551.0 487.0 243.0 351.0 10.0 185.5 141.0 60.0 -3.0 134.0 10.5 123.0 22.0 42.0 349.5 74.0 42.0 15.0 60.0 .5 45.3 26.7 147.5 101.0 18.0 88.8 2.1 119.0 11.0 208.0 46.0 137.0 4.3 133.5 4.0 35.6 101.0 771". 7 174.0 .7 '6.'6 1.0 1.2 18.0 1.7 2.2 1.0 1.6 .2 1.2 26.5 .2 64.8 179.7 10.2 1.8 94.7 124.6 105.8 6.0 - 42.2 179.9 182.6 115.4 118.0 3.4 61.3 35.0 28.0 2.0 60.0 4.6 36.5 8.0 17.0 102.0 22.6 14.0 1,375.4 47.0 .1 '4.6 51.1 SI. 26 1.40 1.60 1.04 .75 1.151 1.75 1.72J 1.50 1.66i 2.5SJ 1.00 1.00 1.75 1.00 1.61i 2.60 1.47J 4.00 2.50 2.00 2.94 2.50 3.00 2.00 2.50 2.00 2.00 2.50 2. Hi 3.30J 3.50 1.56 1.99J 2.23 2.00 2.22 2.09i 1.96i 1.54 1.44 2.90 l.lOi 1.26 1.60 2.00 .83) 2.86} 2.91 2.00 3.78 2.233 2.20 2.00 CHAPTBR IV. GENERAL TABLES, 325 Table HI.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. J.— SUMMABY or NUMBEB AND WAGES OF FEEE LABOEEKS NECESSABT TO PEEFOEM WOEK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOE EACH STATE, BY INDTISTEIES— Continued. State and industry. Number o( con- victs employed. Male. Female. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Male. Female. Average wages per day of free laborers. Male. Female. NORTH CAROLINA. Brick Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Lumber Eailroad building Roads and higbways Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing . Wood, cut and sawed Total. NOKTU DAKOTA. Binding twine... Boots and shoes . Brick Building trades.. Clothing, etc Farming Total. OHIO. Agricultural hand tools Boots and shoes Brick Brooms and brushes Building trades Castings, machinery, and repairs Clothing, etc Farming Hardware, saddlery Hosiery, etc Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc Printing : Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Stove hollow ware Tobacco and cigars Wire goods Total. Boots and shoes Brick Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Roads and highways Stone quarrymg, cutting, and crushing. Stoves — Total. PENNSYLVANIA. Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Building trades Carpets, ingrain Carpets, rag Castings, machinery, and repairs. . . Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods Cotton goods 18.6 202.5 43.8 121.9 850.6 67.1 6.4 1,311.2 52.0 .9 9.5 15.8 1.6 16.3 96.1 130.0 10.0 45.0 996.0 7.0 40.0 60.0 11.0 150.0 300.0 4.0 50.0 140.0 170.0 110.0 2,223.0 6.9 6.4 2.0 18.9 61.2 5.3 17.4 119.0 237.1 19.0 100.5 181.3 103.0 .5 156.8 3.0 67.2 127.0 25.0 14.8 23.1 11.8 20.5 .4 222.2 48.2 134.1 1,028.4 73.8 7.0 25.4 12.5 tl.OO 1.10 .50J 1.00 1.00 .94J 1.00 .97 J 34.9 1,534.6 30.0 .4 5.0 6.0 .8 9.0 1.50 2.25 2.00 2.60 2.00 1.00 1.59} 65.0 3.0 22.0 554.5 3.0 20.0 25.0 9.0 75.0 2.00 2.25 1.75 1.33i 3.00 3.00 1.65 1.00 3.00 150.0 2.0 8.0 70.0 56.0 40.0 1,062.5 85.0 106.7 1.60 3,50 1.25 2.50 1.45 1.65 J 1.8 4.5 .5 5.3 24.0 4.9 11.0 50.0 2.83J 2.00 3.00 2.03: .97! 1.50 2.00 3.00 102.0 2.24i 7.0 34.3 71.7 34.6 .3 46.9 1.0 24.1 7.0 20.0 5.5 120.9 2.53J 2. 07 J 1.69f S.Oli 1.50' 1.30 3.00 1.00 2.00 1.50 1.13 326 EEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OP LABOR. Table III SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. J.^SUMMART OS- NTTMBEB AND WAGES OF rBEE LABOBEHS NECESSABY TO PBRFOBM WOBK DONE BY CONVICTS, EOE EACH STATE, BY INDTJSTBIES— Continued. State and industry. Nttmber ol con- victs employed. Male. Free laborers necessary to per- lorm work done by convicts. Male. Female. Average wages per day of free la.borers. Male. Female. PENNSTL V AN lA— concluded. Farming . , . . ; Floiir and meal Gas, illuminating and heating Harness Hosiery, etc Laundry work Mats and matting Nets, flsli Printing _ Boads and highways Soap Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing . . Tuismithing, coppersmithiiig, and sheet-iron working Tobacco and cigars , 297.0 2.0 24.0 .5 127.9 Total. EHODE ISLASD. BlaoksmitMng and wheelwrighting Boots sold shoes — ., Building trades , Castings,- machinery, and repairs Clothing , et Farming.. Printing... Stone quEurying, cutting, and crushing. Wire goods Total. SOUTH CABOLINA. Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting. Boots and shoes Building trades Castings, maehinery, and repairs Cleaning statehouse Clothing, etc Farming . . . ., Hosiery, etc Boads and highways Total. SOUTH DAKOTA. Building trades ; Cement blocks Clothing, etc Farming Printing Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Total. TENNESSEE. Boots and shoes. . . Boxes, paper Brick Clothing, etc Coke Farming- Harness Hosiery, etc Ice, usiQUlactured . Mining, cool 146.5 .1 40.0 122.0 2.0 104.0 2.0 6.0 6.0 15.0 19.0 8.0 246.0 125.0 9.0 6.0 14.0 448.0 2.0 1.0 20.0 1.0 5.0 6.0 212.0 223.0 651.5 1,121.5 10.0 12.0 6.0 61.0 3.0 13.0 105.0 195.0 20.0 27.0 18.0 83.0 44.0 70.0 154.0 14.0 552.0 11.0 12.0 53.0 1.9 15.0 .1 74.3 37.4 .1 14.2 48.0 1.0 13.0 1.0 4.3 4.1 4.0 165.0 129.0 3.0 7.5 9.5 4.0 8.0 62.5 4.5 3.0 7.0 10.0 109.0 2.0 '29.0 2.0 1.0 22.0 1.0 5.0 6.0 250.0 60.0 676.9 2.0 1,023.0 5.0 4.8 2.4 25.0 .8 3.1 109.0 15.0 15.0 7.0 40.0 29lO 35.0 124.6 45 276.0 36.0 *1.36f 2.60 2.40 1.75 1.37i 1.99 J 1.50 2.161 1.60 1.60 1.75 2.50 1.50 1.70i .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 1.35J .75 1.08i 1.25 1.50 1.00 .77i 2.60 .75 1.00 .47} .00 .751 3.00 2.00 2.50 1.433 2.00 3.031 1.50 1.00 1.20 1.75 1.10 1.20 1.75 I.OIJ 1.50 1.10 CHAPTEB IV. -GENEEAL TABLES. 327 Table ni.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS ANB LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. J SVMMABY OF NUKBEB AND WAQES OF FBEE LABOBEBS NECESSABT TO FEBFOBM WOBK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOB EACH STATE, BY INDVSTBIES— Continued. State and industry. Nitmber of con- victs employed. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Average wages per day of free laborers. Ma!'?. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. TENNESSEE— concluded. Stove hollow ware . 40.0 95.0 25.0 60.0 $1.60 1.75 Total 1,312.0 56.0 740.0 36.0 1.25J $0.60 TEXAS. 22.0 72.0 260.0 217.0 24.0 49.0 1.8 36.0 6.0 2,578.4 6.0 75.0 314.7 45.0 16.0 44.0 151.0 130.0 16.0 34.0 1.8 26.0 3.5 2,311.7 3.5 76.0 237.7 30.0 1.905 2.0O 2.50 2.00 2.00 1.91i 1.25 1.50 2.071 .99J 2.07i 1.60 1.52f 1.50 Castings, macliinery , and repairs 84.0 61.0 .75 2.0 2.0 1.00 Total 3,705.9 86.0 3,080.2 53.0 1.21 .76 UTAH. Blacksmithing and wheclwrighting 6.0 9.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 23.2 5.0 30.0 1.6 3.6 1.6 1.8 3.5 8.7 1.0 9.7 3. 061 1.19| 2.00 L75 2.60 1.26J 2.00 2.00 6.5 5.0 .75 89.2 6.5 31.6 5.0 1.80 .76 101.0 72.0 2.0 13.0 94.0 77.0 18.0 1.6 3.4 24.0 1.76 1.60 1.26 1.43 1.75 24.0 11.0 .97i Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. . Total 282.0 24.0 123.9 11.0 1.70 .97J VIEGINIA. 990.0 20.0 9.0 15.0 40.0 2.0 40.0 2.0 47.0 742.0 19.0 6.0 16.0 40.0 2.0 40.0 2.0 35.0 1.60 1.58 2.26 .76 .65 1.00 .95 .75 1.00 Total 1,118.0 47.0 866.0 35.0 1.425 1.00 ■WASHINGTON. 125.6 11.4 49.3 12.0 13.9 48.0 16.1 1.0 30.0 2.6 20.0 6.0 4.0 17.0 8.2 i.a 2.00 2.69J 2.25 2.90 2.37J 1.47i 2.25 2.60 Clothine etc 4.8 1.8 1.46 Total 277.3 4.8 87.8 1.8 2.07J 1.46 328 BEPOET OF THE 00MMI8SI0NER OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WOEK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. J.— SUMMARY OF NTJMBEE AMD WAGES OF FKEE LABOEEBS NECESSARY TO PERFORM WOEK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOR EACH STATE, BY INDTTSTEIES— Continued. State and industry. Number ol con- victs employed. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Average wages per day of free laborers. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. WEST VIBGINIA. Boots and shoes 12.0 37.7 10.0 63.9 6.0 464 2 89.4 31.0 3.0 110.1 7.0 31.0 6.0 35.0 4.0 288.0 48.0 19.0 2.0 62.0 $0.92i 1.20 .35 1.25 .50 1.29J 1.20 .m .50 1.25 Brass goods Brick Brooms and brushes Building trades Clothing, etc 25.0 15.0 $1.20 Enameled ware Fanning i "Whips Total 817.3 26.0 502.0 15.0 1.225 1 20 WISCONSIN. Boots and shoes 284.6 10.2 16.0 43.1 180.8 98.7 67.3 142.5 10.2 16.0 40.0 173.2 92.4 67.3 1.75 1.00 1.50 1.27i .93 .55J 1.25 Brick Clothing, etc "Ffl.l'Tning Total 700.7 541.6 1.16J WYOMING. 2.0 114.3 7,0 .5 40.0 3.0 2.60 1.50 2.00 Total . 123.3 43.5 1.541 UNITED STATES PRISONS. 18.0 4.0 713.5 71.0 80.0 6.0 5.0 11.5 2.0 388.8 42.3 71.3 2.0 2.0 1.581 1.75 1.80S 1.50 .845 1.25 1.25 Building trades ■Clothing, etc Printing ■. TinsmiWiing, coppersmi thing, and sheet- Total ... 897.5 519.9 1.64 ALL STATES. 427.4 908.1 163.7 335.5 158.2 8.0 5,748.5 124.0 38.9 37.7 22.0 905.0 3,133.0 2,406.1 24.0 86.9 .5 156.8 150.0 486.0 12.0 229.0 235.1 82.0 189.3 49.9 1.8 3,312.9 25.5 30.0 31.0 22.0 688.5 1,475.8 1,276.6 6.0 40.0 .3 46.9 88.0 227.7 4.8 2.00 1.98 1.20 1.92 3.04 3.50 1.661 1.16i 1.80 1.20 1.25 1.24f 1.63J 1.68J 2.00 1.28i 1.60 1.30 2.16J 2.48J 2.00 Baskets, wiUow ware, etc Bookbinding 47.0 ii9.3 14.0 i.66 .83 Boxes, wooden Brass goods Brick ■ Brooms and brushes 50.0 84.0 .80J Building trades 16.0 14.0 .75 Carriages and wagons .3 .3 90 Castings, machinery, and repairs Cement blocks CHAPTER IV. — GENERAL TABLES. 329 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. J SUMMABY OF NTTMBBB AND WAGES 07 FBEE LABOBEBS NECESSABT TO PEEFOBM WOBK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOB EACH STATE, BY INDTTSTBIES- Concluded. State and industry. ALL STATES— concluded. Chairs, tables, etc Charcoal Cleaning statehouse Clothing, etc Coke Cooperage Cotton and woolen goods Cotton ginning Cotton goods Cotton waste j Electrical construction and repairs Electric light and power Enameled ware Farming Flour and meal Gas, illuminating and heating Gloves and mittens Hammocks Hardware, saddlery Harness Hosiery, etc House furnishing goods, miscellaneous . . Ice, manufactured. Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc Iron and steel, chains Laundry work Levee building ., Lime Loading and unloading vessels Locksmithing Lumber Mats and matting Mattresses Mining, coal Mining, phosphate Nets, fish. Packing and moving Picture moldings Power and heat plant Printing Eailroad building Roads and highways Saddletrees Sash, doors, etc Soap Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing.. . Stove hollow ware Stoves Teaming Tinsmitning, coppersmithing, and sheet- iron workmg Tobacco and cigars Tomato sauce Trunks and valises Ttirpentine and rosin Umbrellas Whips Wire goods Wood, cut and sawed Wooden goods, miscellaneous . Total Number of con- victs employed. Male. Female. 4,246.3 24.0 5.0 4,175,9 83.0 236.6 525.9 1.8 401.8 24.0 10.0 16.3 89.4 8,044.4 4.0 24.0 21.8 2.9 150.0 315.3 1,177.3 51.0 21.0 300.0 164.4 6.2 320.3 105.4 14.6 1.0 1,272.1 659.5 11.5 2,186.0 375.0 .1 16.9 53.7 2.0 275.7 455.9 3,505.7 161.0 42.0 6.0 1,918. 1 769.4 214.0 22.0 104.6 296.0 2.0 11.0 778.3 84.0 110.1 124.0 63.5 42.0 49,456.0 52,1 'i,'648."8' 98.7 12.5 2.0 1,716.2 Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Male. 1,680.7 16.0 5.0 1,992.1 40.0 149.2 230.4 1.8 149.5 3.4 9.1 48.0 6,143.2 ■ 3.9 15.0 18.0 75.0 140.2 455.8 28.6 9.0 150.0 95.0 3.0 320.3 21.3 3.6 .2 1,363.5 324.9 4.6 1,613.0 562. S .1 6.0 25.0 2.0 100.8 468.1 3,400.3 120.0 17.0 3.8 781.2 428.7 110.0 10.0 33.8 5.8 2.0 4.5 1,046.1 62.0 63.0 44.2 14.0 Female. 284.1 865.5 15.0 18.0 198.5 1.0 "363.9' 2.0 202.0 2,263.9 Average wages per day of free laborers. Male. Female. SI. 55i 2.00 .75 • 1.32 1.10 1.501 1.41J 1.25 1.44 2.90 2.07} 1.20 .88i 1.73 2.40 i 1.66 -[ 3.00 I 1.66i 1.08 1.59 1.89 1.50 1.60 2.16? 1.24J 2.00 2.00 4.00 1.02J 1. 64J 2.85i 1.62J 1.00 1.60 1.66S 1.00 1.60 2.04J 1.21J 1.01 1.25 3.78 1.68 1.82J 1.94 2.31i .76 2. 19J 1.37 .76 2.12 1.04i 1.26 1.42}1 1.37i 2.00 1.31} 330 EEPOET OF THE C0MMIS8I0NEB OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OP WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC— Continued. K.— SUMMARY OF NUMBER ASD WAGES OF FREE LABORERS NECESSARY TO PERFORM WORK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOR EACH INDUSTRY, BY STATES. [For explanation ot this table, see p. 182.] Industry and State. Number ot con- victs employed. Free laborers necessary to per- lorm work done by convicts. Average wages per day of Iree laborers. Male. Female. Male.. Female. Male. Female. AGRICULTURAL HAND TOOLS. 148.3 149.1 130.0 74.0 90.0 65.0 J2.00 2.00 2.00 Michigan Ohio ....:.: . ■ * Total 427.4 229.0 2.00 BAGS. 759.5 23.0 125.6 187.1 18.0 30.0 2.00 1.76 2.00 New Jersey . . Washington . . Total 908.1 236.1 1.98 BASKETS, -WILLOW WARE, ETC. Illinois 30.7 133.0 12.0 70.0 1.665 1.12 Total 163.7 82.0 1.20 BINDING TWINE. 95.0 188.5 62.0 66.0 94.3 30.0 2.00 2.00 1.60 Minnesota . . .. North Dakota. Total 336.5 189.3 1.92 ELACKSMITHING AND WHEELWRIGHTING. 4.0 48.4 13.5 4.0 1.3 4.0 51.0 19.0 6.0 2.0 5.0 1.0 14.7 7.2 1.6 .7 1.0 10.2 7.0 3.0 2.0 1.6 4.00 3.13} 4.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 3.30! 2.63i .75 1.50 3.06i Nevada New York Pennsylvania. "Utah . Total 158.2 49.9 3.04 BOOKBINDING. New York 8.0 5.0 34.1 26.5 262.0 20.0 3.0 288.5 16.5 2.0 9.0 477.0 193.7 212.0 666.0 21.9 235.3 1,114.0 9.0 1.0 125.5 1.8 1.2 15.0 4.4 133.0 4.0 1.0 100.0 8.2 2.0 6.5 320.0 74.7 153.5 186.0 3.8 117.5 836.0 1.2 .6 88.8 3.50 2.50 1.71 3.00 1.76J 2.00 2.60 2.00 1.33 1.00 1.25 1.66} 1.60i 1.60 1.86} 2.10 1.75 1.371 2.60 2.60 1.72i BOOTS AND SHOES. District of Columbia Illinois 44.0 SI. 00 Kentucky . 38.8 1.5 1.00 1.00 ... — p.. r--* . CHAPTEB IV. -GENERAL TABLES. 331 Table III SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. K.— SUKMAST 07 NUUSEB AND WAGES OF FBEE lABOBESS NECESSABT TO FEBFOBM WOBK DONE BY GOKVICTS, FOB EACH INDU8TBY, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State. Number of eon- victg employed. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Average wages per day of free laborers. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. BOOTS AND SHOES— concluded. New Mexico 6.2 252.0 .9 10.0 6.9 100.5 15.0 1.0 195.0 22.0 9.0 101.0 990.0 11.4 12.0 284.6 2.0 18.0 1.2 94.7 .4 3.0 1.8 34.3 7.5 1.0 109.0 16.0 3.6 77.0 742.0 2.6 7.0 142.5 .5 11.5 $2.50 1.50 2.25 2.26 2.83J 2.07} .75 1.00 1.60 1.905 1.19J 1.75 1.60 2.69} .921 1.75 2.60 1.588 New York Ohio . . . Pennsylvania . .- Rhode Island Tennessee. - Texas Utah ... Virginia 47.0 36.0 SI. 00 Washington West Virginia Wisconsin .... United Sta.tes prisons Total 5,748.5 47.0 3,312.9 119.3 1.66S 1.00 BOXES, PAPER. District of Columbia 70.0 34.0 20.0 2.0 8.5 15.0 14.0 2.00 1.25 1.00 .83 Total 124.0 25.5 14.0 1.16} .83 BOXES, -WOODEN. 38.9 37.7 22.0 12.0 173.0 238.0 180.5 7.5 65.0 15.0 5.3 36.7 18.6 9.5 45.0 6.4 27.0 49.3 10.0 10.2 30.0 31.0 22.0 2.0 173.0 262.0 82.5 3.2 27.5 16.0 2.1 18.0 20.5 5.0 22.0 4.5 16.0 20.0 6.0 10.2 1.80 1.20 1.25 2.00 1.10 .94! 2.031S 1. liO 1.50 .75 1.50 2.00 1.00 2.00 1.75 2.00 1.20 2.25 .35 1.00 BRASS GOODS. West Virginia Illinois Missouri Wisconsin Total 905.0 688.5 1.243 BROOMS AND BRUSHES. 1.0 290.6 127.0 52.3 168.0 80.0 192.1 .1 101.0 60.0 32.0 62.0 40.3 66.0 2.50 1.7H 2.26 1.75 i.esj 1.58J .96 Maine Michigan iio 63.0 .75 332 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OP LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. K.— SUMMARY OF NTJMBEB AND WAGES OF FBEE lABOEEES NEOESSAEY TO PESFOEM WOEK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOE EACH INDUSTEY, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State. Number of con- victs employed. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Average wages per day of free laborers. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. BK00M3 AND BRUSHES— concluded. Minnesota ... ... - . 2.0 77.0 156.5 31.0 235.0 348.0 996.0 181.3 7.0 63.9 16.0 114.3 4.0 1.0 57.0 78.0 15.0 119.0 124.6 654.5 71.7 1.0 35.0 16.0 40.0 2.0 $1.50 1.25 1.76 1.25 1.66 1.99 1.33 1.69 2.00 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.75 Nebraska New York Ohio . . 38.0 21.0 $1.07i Utah Total 3,133.0 50.0 1, 475. 8 84.0 1.53J .80J BUILDING TRADES. 72.0 119.9 19.0 16.0 67.9 17.0 227.2 121.7 20.0 33.0 4.0 31.2 180.7 22.0 130.0 32,0 .6 23.7 6.5 286.0 .3 16.8 7.0 2.0 103.0 19.0 20.0 10.0 5.0 20.0 12.0 6.0 43.1 713.5 18.9 38.1 5.0 8.0 36.7 7.8 160.0 64.1 10.0 22.0 1.6 30.0 66.0 22.0 117.0 22.2 .3 11.0 l.t 106.8 .4 6.0 3.0 .5 34.5 9.6 22.0 6.0 1.8 19.0 6.0 40 40.0 388.8 2.31i 2.46 2.92 2.60 1.86 2.78 1.12 1.45 1.00 1.38t 3.00 1.50 1.46 1.25 '■z\ 3.00 2.53J 2.04 2.23 1.10 2.60 3.00 3.00 3.01? .75 .77} 3.00 1.75 1.58 2.90 .50 1.27J l.SOj Illinois New York Ohio Utah West Virginia 2,406.1 1,276.6 1.661 BUBYINO PAUPBBa. New York 24.0 51.9 36.0 6.0 34.0 6.0 2.00 1.25 1.60 15.0 14.0 .76 Total 86.9 15.0 40.0 14.0 128| .75 CARPETS, INGEAIN. Pennsylvania .5 0.3 1.50 CHAPTER IV. — GENERAL TABLES. 333 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. K.— SUMMAEY OF NUMBER AND WAGES OF FKEE lABOEEBS NECESSARY TO FEBFOBU WORK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOE EACH INDTTSTEY, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State. Number ol con- victs employed. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Average wages per day of free laborers. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. CABPETS, RAG. 156.8 46.9 tl.30 CARRIAGES AND WAGONS. Indiana .3 .3 to. 90 49.0 29.0 72.0 24.0 20.0 44.0 2.62 1.98 2.00 Michigan Texas Total 150.* .3 88.0 .3 2.16J 90 CASTINGS, MACHINERY, AND REPAIRS. California 33.0 5.0 136.0 40.0 3.0 8.0 1.0 260.0 8.2 .3 42.2 20.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 151.0 3.00 3.00 2.22 3.00 3.00 .75 2.50 2.50 NewYork Ohio Rhode Island Total 486.0 227.7 2.48J CEMENT BLOCKS. South Dakota 12.0 3.0 369.0 544.2 295.8 124.5 155.0 650.0 78.0 86.0 468.0 44S.6 120.0 551.0 67.2 217.0 72.0 4.8 .7 202.0 169.2 163.8 62.0 52.0 329.5 26.5 22.0 26.0 215.0 60.0 179.9 24.1 130.0 18.0 2.00 3.00 1.065 1.75f 1.29 1.50 1.75 1.391 1.52 .67 1.80f 1.70J 1.40 2.09J 1.00 2.00 1.50 CHAIRS, TABLES, ETC. California Illinois 18.0 .1 35.0 .1 1.15 Indiana 1.05 27.0 15.0 .75 194.0 40.0 .71 7.0 .75 New Hampshire Pennsylvania . - Vermont Total 4,246.3 52.1 1,680.7 284.1 1.55J .77i CHARCOAL. Texas . . 24.0 5.0 16.0 5.0 2.00 .75 CLEANING STATEHOUSE. South Carolina CLOTHING, ETC. 25.0 25.0 .50 6.0 57.2 3.5.5 61.0 98.6 30.0 3.0 80.8 161.4 73.1 63.2 2.5 23.5 8.6 30.5 30.0 9.0 1.6 15.0 118.5 68.0 42.5 2.50 1.855 3.00 1.36} 1.35 1.50 2.00 1.843 .941 .64 1.175 6.8 4.6 .50 12.0 2.0 6.0 6.0 1.0 4.0 1.00 1.00 .75 3.0 19.2 12.6 6.8 27.0 8.6 12.6 3.5 1.12« .89 .60 Kansas .75J 834 EEPOET OF THE 0@^MMIS8I0NEE OF LABOR. Table MB SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Cootinued. M..—SVJSMARY OF NUMBER AND WAGES OF FBEE LABOBEBS NECESSABT TO PERFOBM WOBK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOE EACH INDUSTET, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State. Number ol con- victs employed. Free laborers necessary to per- lorm work done by convicts. Average wages per day of- free laborers. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. CLOTHING, ETC.— concluded. Eentucky , . 13.0 26.0 66.0 111.0 75.0 5.5 26.0 23.0 65.6 93.0 85. 5 3.6 140 76.5 4.0 1.0 SI. 22? .50 50.0 14.0 804.2 224.0 120.8 68.9 60.0 2.0 418.0 26.0 13.4 21.7 10.76 1.00 1.51J 1.57 Maine Maryland 1 00 1.25 1.00 20.0 14.0 107.0 8.0 1.0 Mississippi 60 Missouri 109.0 86.0 .75 .65 Nebraska 17.0 2.5 1.0 310. 6 11.8 487.0 is. 6 1.5 .5 208.0 2.2 182.6 2.50 1.60 I.OO- 2.50 1.961 .75 Nevada. New Hampshire 4.0 101.0 2.0 35.5 75 New Jersey 1 00 New York 174.0 23.1 47.0 25.4 1.22J 50 North Carolina . . . . North Dakota s 1.6 60.0 18.9 127.0 • 2-46.0 6.0 8.0 18.0! 49.0 5.0 2.0 9.0 13.9 464.2 180.8 7.0 71.0 .8 25.0 5.3 7.0 8.0 6.0 2.4 7.0 34.0 3.5 1.5 6.0 4.0 288.0 173.2 3.0 42.3 2,00 1.66 2.03} 2.00 .76 1.00 2.50 1.75 1.91i 2.60 1.25 2.25 2.37* 1.29| .93 2.00 1.50 Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania 142.0 10.0 2.0 120.9 120.0 . 2,0 .83J 1.04i 75 Rhode Island - . . South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah 6.5 24.0 5.0 11.0 .975 Virginia 4.8 26.0 1.8 15.0 1.46 West Virginia 1 20 Wisconsin.,, United States prisons Total 4, 175. 9 1,048.8 1,992.1 855.5 1.32 .92S COKE. 83.0 1.0 92.0 98.6 29.0 15.0 40.0 .2 40.0 65.0 29.0 15.0 1.10 3.00 2.00 1.50 1.20 .75 COOPERAGE. Illinois ' Virginia 23.';. 6 149.2 1..501 44.9 213.0 243.0 26.0 40.0 55.0 115.4 20.0 .55 1.75 l..'>4 1.50 Massachusetts 15.0 75 New York Total 625.9 230.4 15.0 1.41J 75 COTTON GINNING. Texas 1.8 351.0 14.8 36.0 1.8 118.0 5.5 26.0 1.25 1.44 1.13 1.50 COTTON GOODS. Pennsylvania , Total 401.8 149.6 1.44 CHAPTER IV. -GENERAL TABLES. 835 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. K.— STTMUABY OF NUHBEB AND WAGES 07 FBEE lABOBEBS NECE8SABY Td FEBFOBK WOBK DONE BY COKVICTS, FOB EACH INDTTSTBY, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State. Number ol con- viota employed. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Average wages per day of free laborers. Male. Fexaale. Male. Female. Male. Female. COTTON WASTE. Massachusetts 24.0 10.0 6.0 3.1 3.2 6.0 18.0 SO. 70 ELECTRICAL CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIRS. Now York 3.4 2.0 2.6 1.0 3.6 $2.90 3.00 1.00 3.00 2.07} ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POVER. Arizona Total 16.3 9.1 2.071 ENAMELED "WARE. West Virginia 89.4 343.3 2.0 159.0 99.1 116.9 64.0 93.8 52.0 203.0 16.0 51.0 139.4 107.3 68.0 80.0 681.7 10.0 69.0 364.0 144.9 63.3 767.1 111.0 24.0 22.0 3.5 79.0 84.9 7.4 186.5 202.5 16.3 11.0 61.2 297.0 125.0 212.0 61.0 44.0 2,678.4 23.2 13.0 40.0 48.0 31.0 98.7 80.0 48.0 343.3 .5 169.0 39.9 3S.7 29.7 35.1 17.0 lOS.O 12.0 23.0 36.9 107.2 36.6 20 681.7 4.7 34.6 151.0 66.0 27.5 746.6 109.0 6.0 22.0 2.0 45.3 46.0 1.6 61.3 222.2 9.0 9.0 24.0 63.0 62.5 260.0 26.0 29.0 2,311.7 8.7 3.4 40.0 17.0 19.0 92.4 ;i.3 1.20 .47 2.00 .75 1.29 2.00 I.IOJ .71J 1.26| l!60 1.32} ■It .76 .75 .75 l.llj 1.03 l.I2i .75j .93i 1.00 .37S 1.25 .69 2.00 1.04 1.00 2.00 ^^ 1.00 1.00 I'sef 1.35i 1.431 1.20 .99} 1.26 J 1.43 .65 1.47} :843 FARMING. 21.5 21.5 .32! A rkanaas 26.6 26.0 .40 California 16.0 4.0 1.00 District of Columbia Georeia 130.5' 80.6 .48 Idaho Illinois Indiana 2.0 2.0 1.25 Kansas Xjoniaiana Maine . . . Massachusetts 6.0 1.0 1.00 Mississippi Nebraska ..' Nevada New Mexico -... .... New York North Carolina 11.8 12.6 .36i Ohio South Dakota 84.0 61.0 .75 Utah : Virginia - - - West Virginia Total . . .- 8,044.4 296.8 6,143.2 198.6 .88} .6.3} 336 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Contmued. it.— SUMMAEY OF NUMBER AND WAGES OF FREE LABOEEES NECESSAET TO PEEFOEM WOEK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOE EACH INDUSTEY, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State. * Number of con- ■ vlots employed. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Average wages per day of free laborers. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. FLOUK AND MEAi. Pennsylvania- 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 S2.S0 1.00 Virginia Total 4.0 3.9 1.73 GAS, ILLUMINATING AND HEATING. 24.0 21.8 2.9 150.0 1.0 2.0 4.8 137.0 44.0 60.0 1.0 .5 70.0 6.0 15.0 18.0 2.40 1.56 GLOVES AND MITTENS. Indiana . . - HAMMOCKS. Illinois. . 1.0 11.00 HARDWAKE, SADDLEKT. Ohio 75.0 0.3 2.0 4.8 60.0 20.0 16.8 .2 .1 35.0 1.0 3.00 2.50 .75 .75 1.25 2.50 2.33 2.50 1.75 1.75 2.00 ^ HARNESS. Iowa. Maine.. Massachusetts Tennessee Utah - Total 316.3 140.2 1.66i HOSIEKT, ETC. Illinois 327.9 32.2 4.0 30.0 40.0 141.0 20.0 30.3 1.0 7.0 26.7 36.0 182.0 1.50 .66 1.25 1.161 .75 1.25 .70 Indiana New Hampshire New York ... .7 2.0 11.0 29.0 56.0 .1 .7 4.1 141.0 36.0 1.25 Ohio .75 127.9 223.0 154.0 30.0 67.3 74.3 60.0 124.5 9.7 67.3 1.37i .60 l.Oli 2.00 1.25 .80 .60 .60 Utah Wisconsin. Total 1,177.3 98.7 455. S 363.9 1.08 .65i HOUSE FXnSNISHINQ GOODS, MISCELLA- NEOUS. 1.0 50.0 12.6 .5 28.0 6.3 1.00 1.60 1.00 New York Total 61.0 12.6 28.5 6.3 1.59 1.00 1.0 14.0 6.0 1.0 4.5 3.6 . . , ..^ 3.00 1.50 2.075 Tennessee , Total 21.0 9.0 1.89 IRON AND STEEL, BOLTS, NUTS, ETC. Ohio 300.0 160.0 1.50 CHAPTER IV. — (JENEEAL TABLES. 337 Table III.— SYSTEMS OP WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OP GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. K.— SUMMABT 07 NUMBER AND WAGES OF FBEE LABOBEBS NECESSABT TO PEBFOBM WOBK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOB EACH INDUSTBY, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State. Number of con- victs employed. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Average wages per day of tree laborers. Male. Female. Uale. Female. Male. Female. IRON AND STEEL, CHAINS. 164.4 3.2 . 96.0 1.0 $1.50 2.50 LAXTNDRY -WORK:. Illinois . . 28.0 11.0 11.0 26.0 5.0 12.0 10.0 7.0 3.0 13.0 4.0 4.0 SI. 00 Indiana 1.00 .76 1.25 New York . . 3.0 2.0 2.00 1.00 .81} Total 6.2 ■ 93.0 3.0 41.0 2.16S 1.04} LEVEE BUILDING. 315.0 5.3 315.0 5.3 1.25 1.00 Total 320.3 320.3 1.24 J LIME. 99.2 6.2 20.1 1.2 2.00 2.00 Total 105.4 21.3 2.00 LOADING AND UNLOADING VESSELS. 14.6 1.0 361.3 863.0 4.0 43.8 3.6 .2 361.3 950.0 4.0 48.2 2.00 4.00 1.10 .99i 1.00 1.00 LOCKSMITHING. ' LUMBER. 1,272.1 1,363.5 1.02} 166.0 15.0 198.0 134.0 146.5 83.0 7.5 137; 60.0 37.4 1.60 1.75 1.75 .83* 1.99} New Vork Total 659.5 324.9 1.54J MATTRESSES. 1.0 10.5 .1 4.5 2.50 2.86} 11.5 4.6 2.85J 575.0 675.0 380.0 552.0 3.0 403.0 742.0 190.0 276.0 2.0 2.75 1.16} 1.80 1.10 .50 Total 2,185.0 1,613.0 1.62} a Including, in 1 Institution, mining and smelting iron ore. 9061—06 22 338 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF JCABOE. Table in.-^YSTEMS OP WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. K.— SUMMARY or NUMBER AND WAGES OF FREE LABORERS NECESSARY TO PERFORM WORK DONE BY CONVICTS, FOR EACH INDUSTRY, BY STATES— Continued. Industry and State. Number ot con- victs employed. Free laborers necessary to per- form work done by convicts. Average wages per day of free laborers; Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. MINING, PHOSPHATE. Florida 375.0 .1 16.9 53.7 2.0 S.5 4.0 4.0 19.2 6.0 20.0 13.0 11.0 8.0 123.0 . 4.0 40.0 9.0 662.5 .1 6.0 25.0 2.0 4.2 .5 2.0 4.8 4.0 6.0 4.3 7.0 8.0 36.5 2.0 14.2 4.5 .8 2.0 11.00 1.50 1.685 1.00 1.50 .75 4.00 .75 1.12J 1.00 2.50 3.00 ..G6i .50 2.91 3.50 2.16i .75 2.00 1.25 NETS, FISH. PACKING AND MOVING. Michican . . PICTT7EE MOLDINGS. Illinois POWEK AND HEAT PLANT. Micliigaii . .. ., PEINTING. Iowa Maryland New York Ohio. ... 3.0 6.0 Total 275.7 100.8 2.04J KAILEOAD BUILDING. 269.0 121.9 75.0 2S9.0 134.1 75.0 1.25 1.00 1.60 North CardlfBa. Total 465.9 468.1 1.211 EOADS AND HIGHWAYS. 81.3 4.0 83.0 83.5 1,082.0 20.0 1.6 32.8 60.0 8.8 26.6 22.0 850.6 5.3 122.0 651.5 314.7 40. 8t 16.1 36.8 2.0 62.7 67.6 1,145.8 10.0 l.S 10.0 41.0 4.3 26.5 8.0 1,028.4 4.9 48.0 676.9 237.7 48.0 8.2 1.65J 1.50 1.49 1.13 .97 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.00 2.00 2.00 i.m 1.50 .75J 1.52f .95 2.25 District of Columbia New York . . South Carolina . ... Texas 2.6 2.0 Sl.OO Wftahineton - 3,605.7 2.0 1 3,460.3 2.0 1.01 1.00 SADDLETREES. 161.0 42.0 120.0 17.0 1.25 3.78 New York CHAPTEE IV. — GSIfERAL TABLES. 339 Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK:, IKDDSTEIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND lABOR, CONVICTS EMHUOYED, ETC.— Cflikotft 96.1 633.0 123.0 1,467.0 10 8 .9i 10 Ohio 2.0 .«..0 30.0 8 ■Si 10 2,223. 40.0 9.4 9.8 Oregon 5.3 17.4 158.0 6.4 i' 187.1 8.5 51.0 137.0 12.0 7.0 699.1 246.0 GD.O 24.0 7.0 4 6 6 f 9 IB 12 13 78.0 10.0 8 9 A^verage - ™ ^- 1,248. 1 88.0 7.9 8.1 351.0 70.0 1,039. 7 11.8 10.0 9 9 10 11 9 31.0 10 1,121.5 31.0 9.9 10.0 72.0 1,312.0 75.9 3,494. 1 15.0 8 10 8 10 12 Tennessee 56.0 10 86.0 10 3,686.0 ■86..0 lO.iO 10.0 Utah Vermont - . ^ 60.0 20O.0 6 10 4.0 10 344 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table III.— SYSTEMS OF WORK, INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Continued. L,.— SUMMABY OF HOTTRS OF WOEZ AT PBODUCTIVE LABOE IN PENAL INSTI- TUTIONS, BY STATES— Concluded. State. Number of convicts employed at productive labor. Hours of work per day at productive labor. Male. Female. Male. Female. 1,030.0 88.0 47.0 9 10 g 1,118.0 47.0 9.1 9 16.1 197.2 7 10 .8 10 213.3 .8 9.8 10 West Virginia 760.3 182.0 400.7 25.0 9 8 10 9 682.7 9.4 9.0 114.3 il 123.3 8.7 220.0 677.5 7 10 897.5 9.3 56.0 449.0 804.8 895.0 7.0 1,832.6 1,790.1 9,718.8 1,684.7 114.3 4,600.0 547.3 22,368. 5 91.7 47.8 39.0 7.0 34.7 4 5 6 ?l 7 9 m 12 13 . 26.4 6 193.0 7 261.0 98.0 8 Si 175.7 8.0 689.1 9 10 46,053.6 1,388.9 9.0 8.7 m.' -SUMMABY OF HOURS OF WOEK AT PBODUCTIVE LABOB IN JUVENILE BEFOBMATOBIES, BY STATES. [For explanation of this table, see p. 182. State. Number of convicts employed at productive labor. Hours of work ppr day at productive labor. ,i Male. Female. Male. Female California 33.0 48.5 6 8 6.8 8 81.5 6.8 7.2 49.4 47.9 if Average 97.3 7.0 CHAPTEB IV. GENERAL TABLES. 345 Table IH.— SYSTEMS OF WORK. INDUSTRIES, VALUE OF GOODS AND LABOR, CONVICTS EMPLOYED, ETC.— Concluded. M.— STJMMABY or HOURS OF WOEK AT PRODUCTIVE LABOR IN JTIVENILE REFORMATORIES, BY STATES— Concluded. State. Number ol convicts employed at productive labor. Hours of work per day at productive labor. Male. Female. Male. Female. 214.0 45.0 156.0 363.5 192.7 193.5 40.2 90.0 91.7 4 f 8 f % 4 Illinois 57.0 5 6.3 10 98.0 57.0 4.4 5,0 .431.0 111.0 4i 5i 27.0 6i 40.0 n 582.0 27.0 4.9 6.5 172.1 98.0 211.0 4i 4i 6 20.0 25.0 8.0 4i 5 ii 33.0 4 Average .• 33.0 8.0 4.0 3.5 45.2 75.0 227.3 285.0 22.0 6 5 6 il 4.0 75.0 6 6 307.0 5.5 50.0 429.0 97.0 33.0 120.9 29.2 72.0 10.0 5 4 f 10 8 5 10 77.0 4 Utah 6.5 20.0 8 5 Average 82.0 20.0 5.6 5.0 64.0 57.0 118.0 4.0 5 8 4 6 8.0 77.0 20.0 110.0 3i 1,041.7 831.3 743.7 111.0 285.0 22.0 49.4 260.3 45.0 97.0 40.0 498.2 47.9 192.7 137.2 4 f 5 5 S 5 6 6i 6 7 8 10 4 f 75.0 6 27.0 6i 13.3 8 4,402.4 330.3 ' 5.5 5.2 346 REP0S:T of the COMMISSIONBE of tABOE. Table IW,— DESCRitPTION ATSID QUANTITY OF GOODS MADIE OS WORK DONE, AND COHiffARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR. A.— BESCRIPTIOH AHD ftTJANTITT OF GOODS MAD^ OR WORK DOirE, lETC, BY I»STITTJTION«. [FoT explanation of this table, see p. 183.] jState and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. ALABAMA. State Prison System . , . .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Territorial Prison . do .do. ..do... ..do... ...do.... ..do... .do., .do. .do.. ARKANSAS. State P«nitentijary. .....do > ....do CAI,IFOENIA. State Pjison at .F'Oilsom. do. do.. do... .do. (do..... do.... .:d© .do... .do... .do... .do... .do... .do. State Prison at San Quentin. . State . Lease . State. Lease State . Lease State . Lease State . P A. State . P P. State . S. U. State . s. u. Ter... •s. TT Ter... s. U. Ter... K. 11 Ter... S. U. Ter... R. TT Ter... S. U. Ter... ■s. 11. Ter... S. V. Tor..: •fl. TT Ter... P W Ter... P.W. State . Cont. State . Cent. State . P A. state . State . state . State . state . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State State State S. U. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. B. U. S. U. S. U. P. W. . P. A. S. U. Farming Lumber Stove hollow ware Turpentine and rosin Farming "Mining, coal Clothing, etc Farming Boots aha slices Blacksmithlng and wheelwrighting Brooms and brumes Clothing, etc Electric light and power Farming Mattresses Tinsmitbing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working. Wood, cut and sawed Brick Building trades BTidk Railroad 'building Farming Farming Blacksmitliing and 'wheelwrlg^tiing Boots and ^oes . Building trades _ .. Fanning Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing, Blaclcsmftliing and wheelwrighting . . . Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Harness Ice, manufactured Stone guaprying, cutting, and crushing Tinsmithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working. Building trades Bags Boots and shoes a Ind].udteg articles in this dndustry pajodiaoed 'under Stat&^use -s-ys'teim. OHAPTEK IV. GEKERAL TABLES. 347 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR. A.— DESCBIFTION AJSTD ClITANTITT OF OOOOS UADE OB 'WOBK DONE, ETC., BT INSTITUTIONS. '['For explanaticm oi this table, see 5.183.] Hand oi machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by Iree labor. In- sti- tn- tion No. Sand Machine. Hand Machine. Hand Hand Machine . Hand- J Hand Hand Hand Hand and mach. Machine. Hand Hand Hand Hand. Hand. Hand. Hand. Hand. Hand. Hand. Hand Hand and mach. Hand m Hand and mach. Hand Hand and mach. Handandmaoh. Hand Hand Machine Hand and mach. Hand Hand Machine Hand and mach. 583 Ijalsseottoo; 8,870 bushels com; 700 bushels oats, and garden truck, 31,685,000 feet yellow-pine lumber Stove hollow ware; dog irons; grateirames 4,742 barrels turpentine; 13,125 barrels rosin 16,475 bushek 'COim; 358,716 pounds raw cotton 524,454 tons coal, soft.-- Stripes and underwear i,12» boahelsicDiii, and garden *ruok 389 pairs brogans ; 680 pairs shoes repaired Miscellaneous repairs SSOteooms - 522 pairs pants, regulation stripes; 544 .shirts, canton flannel; 974 undershirts; 850 pairs drawers; 540 sheets; 312 Blips; 640 towels. 3,000 electric iights 4,750 pounds pork products 50 moss mattresses Miscellaneous repairs 360 cords wood, split ,- 125,000 adobes Removing Took bank; extending and repairing prison walls; and miscellaneous repairs— masonry, carpenter- ing, and painting. 35,885,000 hard burned brick Building and repairing railroads 457,391 poonds raw cotton; 075,445 pounds cotton seed; Cottonwood timber. ■ Garden truck, and clearing up land for cultivation Miscellaneous repairs - l,713.pairsbtQgaHBTnade; 2,160pairs brogans repaired (a) Miscellaneous repaiiB, carpentering 2,385 pounds pork; 1B5 tons hay; 9,942} gallons milk; and ■garden track, etc. (c) 69,542tons crushed rock; 4,051 cubic feet granite; 562 run- ning feet ) Miscellaneous repairs ,(C) 1,953 .undershirts, 1,871 pairs drawers, cotton flannel; 36 pairs drawers, 36 shirts. States' prison regulation stripe; 36 shirts, 36 pairs drawers, 21 overshirts, red flannel; 1,783 smrts regulation stripes; 804 cheviot shirts; 2,526 pairs pants, regulation stripes; 249 cassi- mere-ooatsi.3foiitgoingcitis.enB' suits; 140 outgoing citi- zens' suits renovated and repaired; 240 bedtioks; 240 pillow slips; and miscellaneous repairs. Miscellaneous repairs. 200 tons («) Equal. Equal Slightly inferior . Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior . Equal Slightly inferior . Equal Equal Equal Squal . Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal . Equal Slightly inferior. Equal Equal Equal. (■'I J^qual.. Equal.. 11 slop buckets, 7 water buckets, 3 dippers, galvanized iron; 56 cups, 160 plates, 1 sprinkling can, 1 cuspidor, 3 oil cans, 2 wash basins, tin; and miscellaneous repairs. Miscellaneous repairs, carpentering and painting; exca- vating and building walls. 4,526,700 grain bags; 3,980 yards buTlap, 45 inches; 920 yards burlap, '32 inches; 89,545 pounds sewing twine; 3,075 pounds 8-ply twine. 2,017 pairs brogans; 90 pairs slippers; 38 pairs boys' shoes; 7 pairs wameO's Shoes; 9pairB«ffieers' shoes; 5,034shoes repaired. t Not reported. " Included under public-account system, Equal Slightly inferior . Equal Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Slightly inferior . 348 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF XABOK. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCRIPXION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OB WOBK DONE, ETC., BT INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. CALIFOBNIA— concluded. State Prison at San Quentin . . do do -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. San Bernardino Co. Jail San Francisco Co. Jail No. 2. .do. .do. .do. .do. Los Angeles City Jail Preston School of Industry. do .do. .do. .do. Whittier State School . .do. .do. do. do. do. do. Con- trol. State State State State State State State State State . State . State. Co.... City and Co. City l°o' City and Co. City and Co. City and Co. City.. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State , State . State . State State State Sys- tem. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. U. S.U. S. U. S.U. P.W. P.W. p. w S.U. S.U. S.U. S.U. P.W. P.W. S.U. s. u. s. u. s. u. S.U. S.U. P.W. p. A. S.U. S.U. S.U. S.U, S.U... S.U.. P.W.. Industry. Castings, machinery, and repairs Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc'. Cooperage Farming ■ Loading aJid unloading vessels..,; Locksmithing ■ Tinsmithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-Iron working. Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting . . . Building trades Roads and highways Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting — Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Building trades Roads and highways Roads and highways Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Printing Bunding trades Farming Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting. . . Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Electric light and power Farming Printing Building trades a Not reported. CHAPTER IV. — GENEKAL TABLES. 349 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCRIPTION AHD ftUANTITY OF GOODS MA3E OB WOBK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Hand Hand Hand and maoh. Hand C) Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand Han"a Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand (a) Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand and maoh. Hand Quantity and description of goods made or worlc done. Miscellaneous repairs Kiscellaneous repairs . .' 953 coats, 998 vests, 2,726 pairs pants, 2,639 shirts. State prison: 3,021 undershirts; 3,03b pairs drawers; 128hick- oiy shirts; 1,060 caps. State prison; 290 coats, 293 vests, 322 pairs pants, 201 shirts, discharge; 56 coats, 72 vests, officer's uniform; and miscellaneous repairs Miscellaneous repairs 1,080 dozen eggs; 5,356 gallons milk; 17,732 pounds pork, veal, and poultry; 74,220 pounds vegetables. Loading and unloading vessels Miscellaneous repairs 168 large water Duckets 216 slop buckets, 192 dippers, 36 spittoons, 24 water tanks, 60 water buckets, galvanized iron; 48 small water buckets, 324 wash basins, 816 cups, 528 plates, tin; 24 bread plates; 36 dish pans; 12 boilers. Miscellaneous repairs Miscellaneous repairs, carpentering, painting, and plumb- ing. Miscellaneous repairs 1,890 tons crushed rock Miscellaneous repairs 600 pairs shoes repaired 3.50 pairs pants, 200 shirts, wool, prison stripes; and mis- cellaneous repairs. Miscellaneous repairs, carpentering, painting, and plumb- ing. Miscellaneous repairs 4 miles road repaired Miscellaneous repairs 180 pairs brogans; 84 leather slippers; 900 pairs shoes re- paired. 260 coats, 260 pairs pants, uniform; 390 top shirts; 260 shirts, 260 pairs drawers, cotton flannel ; 490 pairs over- alls; 60 aprons; and miscellaneous repairs. 5,000 pounds pork and veal; 200 tons hay; 159,950 pounds milk; and garden truck, etc. 3,600 monthly school magaziaes; and miscellaneous blanks. Miscellaneous repairs, carpentering 12,35» pounds beef, pork, and veal; 1,025 boxes oranges and lemons. Miscellaneous repairs 743 pairs brogans; 49 pairs lace shoes, ladies'; 1,600 pairs shoes repaired. . 100 boys' suits, dress; 250 boys' suits, fatigue; 600 pairs overalls, 60 baseball suits, 26 football suits, 36 parole and discharge suits, 4 parole and discharge overcoats, 1,000 overshirts, 1,000 imdershirts, 1,000 pairs drawers, 500 nightshirts, boys'; 12 officers' uniforms, suits; 6offl- cers' citizen suits; 135 aprons; 145 waiters' coats; 50 waiters' aprons; 175uniformdresses, 25 citizens' dresses, 150 nightdresses, 150 pairs drawers, 150 undershirts, girls'; and miscellaneous repairs. Electric light for institution, and miscellaneous repairs . . 21,350 pounds pork and veal; 1,000 chickens; 3,416 boxes oranges and femons; 3,000 gallons mUk; 310 tons fodder, and garden truck, etc. 12,000 magazines; 12,000 letter heads; 2,400 note heads; 12,000 envelopes; 1,200 songs; 3,000 company roll checks, and miscellaneous blanks. Miscellaneous repairs, carpentering and painting Comparison with goods produced by free labor. Equal Egual Slightly inferior. Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Slightly Inferior Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal Equal .■ Equal Slightly inferior . Equal Equal Inferior Equal Equal Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal . Equal. Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . In- sti- tu- tion No. 350 EEPOBT or THE COMMISSIONEK OF XABOE. Table IV,— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPABISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY J"EEE lABGR-^Oontmued. A.— DESCBIPTIOH AHD It 12- 13- 9061—06- ■23 354 EEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OF LABOK. Table IV DESCEIPTION AJSID QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE. WORK; BOHS,:, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Contiraued, A.— DESCEIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OK WOEK BONE, ETC., BT INSTITtlTIONe— Ontanued. State ajid inatttutlon. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. ? GEOSGiA-7-concludea. State Convict iF.arm. ../.do Baldwin Co. Ccmvict Ca.rap Bibb Co. Comvict Caiffip..., Burke Co. Convict Camps (3) Chatham Co. Convict Gamps (8) . Chatham Co. Convict Parra Decatur Co. Convict Camp . .do. Dekalb Co. Convict Camp Dougherty Co. Convict Oaanp. Early Co. CoaiviEt 'Camjp Floyd Co. Convict Omap . . - Fulton Co. Convict Oamp . . .do. Glynn Co. Convict Camp. . . Lounsdes Co. Convict Camp. Muscogee Oo. Convict Camp. . Eichmond Co. ■Convict Camp. dc do Atlanta City Stockade .do. IDAHO. State Penitentiary. . . ....do ....do State . State. Co... Co-. Co.... Co... Co. Lessee Co. Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... O0... Co... City. City. State State State State Southern Penitentiary State do V. , State P. A. S. U . P.W.. P.W. P.W. P.W.. 8.U . Lease Farming.. Farming-. Eoads and highways. Boads and hl^ways . Eoads^and highways. Eoads and highways . FBimlng.. Fflaaaiing. Turpentine and rosin. Eoads and highways. Eoads and highways. Lease. Turpentine and rosin. P.W.. I Eoads and highways.. Farming P.W.. P.W.. s.u . P.W. P.W. p. A. s.tr ..' ■P.W. P.W.. S.TT . S.U . S.U . S.U .. P. A... P. A., Eoads aiid highways. Eoads flfnd highways. Eoads and b^hways . EeMds and high-ways . Fanai^,.^ Boads andtaighways. Eoads and highways. Farming. Boots and shoes. Clothfag.ete Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Brick StO'He'E|iaari:y^i(g, cutting, andcniBibiQg. CHAPTEB IV, -GEH-EKAL TABLES. 355 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTION AND ftUANTITT OF GOODS MADE OB WORK DOSE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Qnantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Hand andmach. Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand Machine Machine 305 bales cotton; 277,200 pounds cotton seed 12,000 pounds pork; 15,600 pounds beef; 219,000 pounds hay; 7,000 bushels com; 700 bushels wheat; 500 bush- els oats; 700gallons simp; 600 bushels poaa; 1,000 bush- els sweet potatoes, and other garden truck. miles macadam road constructed; 3 bridges built, and general repairs on roads and bridges. 15 miles road graded, and general repairs on roads and bridges. 40 miles clay road made ; 700 miles clay roadway repaired , and general repairs on bridges. 55,445 linear feet gravel road made; 64,235 linear feet ca- nals and ditches cut; 520,590 linear feet canals and ditches drained and cleaned. 2,901 pounds pork; 64,800 pounds hay; 30 tons straw; 3,732 bushels rice; 1,326 bushels potatoes; 865 bushels peas; 3,400 bushels com; 967 gallons sirup. 600 bushels com; 600 bushels oats; 300 bushels potatoes; 120 barrels sirup. 500 barrels spirits of turpentine; 1,500 barrels rosin 2 miles road macadamized; li miles road built; general repairs on roads, bridges, and sewers. 7i miles road graded; 320 miles road repaired; general repairs on bridges. 500 oaiiels spirits ol turpentine; 150 barrels rosin 12 miles road macadamized ; general repairs on old roads. 6,351 pounds pork; 150 bushels com; 150 bushels beans; 12S bushels onions; 26 bushels okra; 600 bushels pota- toes; 5,000 pounds cabbage; 26 bushels peas; 500 bush- els turnips; 25 bushels tomatoes; 10 bushels peppers; 500 watermelons. 12 miles road, gravel, built; general repairs on roads and bridges. 75 miles road repaired ; general repairs on bridges, and canals drained. 2 bridges constructed; 52 bridges repaired, and general repairs on roads. S5 miles road repaired 75 bales cotton 200 tons hay; 9,000 bushels com 281 miles road repaired ; general repairs on bridges 106,986 cubic yards earth removed m grading new streets ; 867,524 square leet street macadamized; 61,924 square feet Belgian block pavement; 263,650 square feet mac- adam pavement repaired; 338 perch masonry wall built; 8,000 cubic yards stone quarried; 226,000 square feet rock gutters laid; 254,798 square feet Belgian block pavement repaired; 5,392 linear feet fence rebuilt; 4,000 linear feet curbing reset; 160 manholes built. 3 700 bundles fodder; 400 bushels com; 36 tons hay; 27,100 pounds turnips; ]9,200poundscabbage; 960poundspo- tatoes; 400 pounds collards; 86 bushels peas. 250 pairs shoes, leather; 25 pairs shoes, canvas; 26 pairs shoes, cloth, mens'; 10 gross shoe laces, leather. 40 coats, 275 pairs pants, 25 vests, woolen; 550 shirts, 100 Jackets, 160 aprons, waiters'. 40,000 pounds pork; 1,500 pounds beef and veal; 58 tons alfalfa; 125 tons ice; 60,000 pounds potatoes; 40,000 Sounds peaches; 8,000 pounds tomatoes , and other gar- en truck. Quarrying, breaking, and cutting stone tor pavements, foundations, and curbing. 6,480,000 brick, pressed 16,958 cubic yards macadam, 2,345 cubic yards rubble, 10,993 running feet cut stone (window and door sills, steps, capstones, etc.) . Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal . Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal . Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. . . Equal . - . Superior Equal. . . Equal... Equal . . Equal.. 356 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OP GOODS MADE OK WOKK: DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OF WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. ILLINOIS— concluded. Southern Penitentiary .do. .do. ....do State Penitentiary . .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Chicago House of Correction. do... .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Peoria House of Correction. ....do..... Quincy House ol Correction.. do State Reformatory. ....do ....do ...do ....do ....do .do. .do. INDIANA. Industrial School for Girls and Wo- men's Prison. ....do ...do .do. .do. .do. State State. State State State State State - State State State City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. City. State State State State State State State State State State State . State State P.P. P.P. S.U.. S.U, P.P.. P.P. P.P. P.P. S.U.. S.U... Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. Cont. . P. A.. S. U.. S.U... S.U. S.U. S.U. P.W P. A. P. A. S.U.. S.U.. Cont. Cont. P.P. P.P. S. U.. S.U.. s. u.. p. w. p.p. p.p. p.p. p.p. p.p. p.p. Hosiery, etc Stove hollow ware. Clothing, etc... Farming Boots and shoes. Brooms and brushes. Chairs, tables, etc Cooperage Clothing, etc. Farming Building trades Baskets, willow ware, etc. Brooms and brushes Brooms and brushes Chairs, tables, etc Hosiery, etc Hammocks Brick. Clothing, etc Farming ". Laundry work Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. B uilding trades Brick Brooms and brushes. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crashing. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Clothing, etc Picture moldings Chairs, tables, etc Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming ;.. Building trades.. Carriages and wagons. Chairs, tables, etc. Clothing, etc Clothing, etc House furnishing goods, miscellaneous Laundry work " In other tables boots and shoes are inseparably combined with clothing in this insti-tution. CHAPTER IV. GJblNEKAL TABLES. 357 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCBIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WOBK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machlBe work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- stl- tu- tion No. Machine Machine Machine Hand Machine Hand : Hand and mach. Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand Machine Hand Hand and mach. Machine Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Machine Hand Machine Hand Machine Hand and mach. Hand Hand and mach. Hand Machine Hand Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Hand and ma«b 304,099J8 dozen pairs cotton hose, 36,000,^ dozen pairs half nose. 1,392,000 pieces hollow ware, plain and enameled 920 coats, 1,764 pairs pants, 1,858 shirts, 5,600 pairs stock- ings, prison. Garden truck 18,566 pairs boots, calf and stogy; 334,854 pairs shoes, men's working, and 300,309 pairs shoes, men's, fine, solid leather bottoms. 36,000 dozen house brooms, maple handles, broom straw, wire bound, assorted sizes. 278,608 chairs, rocking, dining, etc., hard wood, cane seated, and rattan; 12,000 cane seats for chairs. 146,899 barrels, lard and pork 360 whole suits, 26 extra coats, 374 pairs pants, 602 pairs overalls. Beef cattle, fatted and killed; all kinds vegetables raised. Equipment work and repairs, heating and cooking appa- ratus Installed, floors concreted, etc. S,000 dozen baskets, splint, market; 3,200 hampers and order baskets. 30,752 dozen brooms, house, maple handles; 6,791 brooms, whisk. 2,456 gross brushes, scrubbing, rice root and tampioo 50 rocking chairs, willow 5,139^ dozen pairs l^ose, cotton 50 dozens hammocks, No. 16 seine cord, open mesh 6,046,000 brick, dry pressed, wire-end out 2,300 suits, men's; 200 suits, women's, convict Farm products Laundry work 4,000 yards macadam Dog pound built; women's building remodeled; 500 feet of wall 17 Inches thick, 18 feet high, 4-foot concrete foun- dation, etc. 1,000,000 brick, sand, common 2,225 dozen brooms, broom corn, maple handles, house and factory. 3,003 yards macadam 12 loads riprap, 197 loads gutter stone, 76 loads crossing 'stone. Muslin underwear Picture moldings 3,803 dozen cane seats, chair 1,570 pieces monumental and turned granite work Office furniture, bookcases, etc., for institution 2,867 coats, 3,678 pairs pants, 3,271 shirts, 2, 468 suits un- derclothing, 2,K)6 pairs shoes, (a) 14,795 pounds meat, 4,290 bushels potatoes, 300 bushels onions, and other garden truck. Miscellaneous repairs, plastering, painting, concreting, etc. Hand. 311 cart seats, cane 37 chairs, rockers and straight back 7 shirtwaists, white linen, women's; 1 underskirt, silk; 5 dresses, wash material; 1 dress, mohaJr; 5 corset covers; 11 night dresses, muslin, and 43 garments repaired. 4 belts, white duck; 8 handkerchiefs, linen, hemstitched. . IIOJ dozen sheets, 193| dozen pillowcases, 2 dozen napkins, linen; 60 roller towels, crash; 60 quilts, calico, batted. 22,269 pieces laundered Equal Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior Slightly inferior SUghtly inferior Slightly inferior Equal Equal Equal Inferior Slightly inferior Inferior Equal Slightly Inferior Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Inlerior Equal Inferior Equal Equal Inlerior Equal Slightly Inferior Equal Slightly inferior Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Superior 358 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE JOF LABOE. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DE6CEIPTI0H AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WOBK DOWE, ETC., BY IKSTITUTIOHS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and institation. Con- trol. tern. Industry. INDIANA— continued. Industrial School lor Gitla and Wo- men's Prison. -do. -do. Kelormatory. do do do do State Prison. do .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. -do. .do. .do. Marion County Workhouse. do .do. .do. .do. State State State State State State. State State. State State. State State State State State State State State State State Co... Co.... Co. Co. Co. S.U.. s.u... s.u... Cont. Cent. Cont. Cont. s.u.. S.U.. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. p. A. S. U.. S.U.. s. u.. S.U.. Clothing, etc.. Clothmg, etc. Farming..... Chairs, tables, etc Chairs, tables, etc Iron and steel, chains . Stove hollow ware Clothing, etc., Farming Chairs, tables, etc^ Chairs, tables, etc. Clothing, etc.. Cooperage Cotton and woolen goods. Gloves and mittens Hosiery, etc.. Clothing, etc. Clothing, ete. Farming. Tobacco and cigars.' „ Stone quarrying, cutting, and cruihing. Clothing, etc Farming House Jurnishing goods, miscellaneous, Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing, o In other tables boots and shoes are inseparably combined with clothing in this institution. CHAPTEE IV. GENEEAIi TABLES. 359 Table ¥V.— DESCRIFllON AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCBIPTION AND ftUANTITY Or GOODS MADE OB WOBK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or worlt done. Comparison witli goods produced by free iabor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand and macli. Hand and mach. Macliine Hand Hand and macti. Hand... Hand . . . Machine Machine, Machine. Machine Hand and mach Machine Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand and mach Hand Hand Hand 472 dresses, 2 wrappers, lOourtains, calico; 384undersldrtB; 218 aprons, 84 dresses, 4 stin bonnets, gingham; 424 nightgowns, 409 pairs drawers, 60 corset covers, 139 che- mises, unbleached muslin; 11 pairs drawers, 6 under- skirts, bleached muslin; 11 dresses, graduating, 8 caps, India linen; 267 sheets, sheeting; 230pillowcases, Ipair curtains, 10 pairs oversleeves, muslin; 112 towels, crash; 36 bags, laundry; 71 bed pads, 22 mattresses, 2,050 iron holders, ticking; 46 tablecloths, 434 napkins, 25 stand covers, linen; 21 belts, black duck; 7 shirt waists, chev- iot; 4 shrouds, cashmere, white; 13 skirts, cashmere; 14 suits, band, serge; 14 skirts, Banncl; 4 dresses, wors- ted; 8 dress skirts, wool. 2 pairs mittens, wool, knit; 34 quUts 204 d-o«en eggs, 201 bushels tomatoes, 1S6 bushelscabbage, and other garden truck. 40,000 chairs, rockers and straight bade, wood frame, reed. 15,000 go-carts, baby's, reed 1,131 tons chains, tTace, etc i 23,580 tons stove hollow ware, ground and unground Ill overcoats, 295 suits, cheviot, etc.; 292 coats, 650 pairs pants, 637 caps, grade, cadet gray; 1,914 shirts, hickory; 6,128 pairs socks, cotton; 140 coats, duck; 1,659 pairs overalls, 1,177 jackets, denim; 1,474 undershirts, 1,403 pairs drawers, cotton flannel; 995 sheets, sheeting, un- bleached; 750 towels, linen, Engli*; 89 aprons, ticking. 8,008 gallons milk, S,993 bushels potatoes, 584 bushels to- matoes, 8,«50 pounds cabbage, and other garden truck. . 916 chair seats, Vanila fiber 38,026 rocking chairs, large and small; 80,094 dining chairs, straight backed; 7,601 ofBcechairs, revolving; 1,711 lawn chairs, 227 Roman chairs, wooden seats, oak and birch; 7,294 stools, wooden seats, elm; 3,315 folding chairs, maple and oak; 7,778 tops, 3,559 bases, 57 ,-961 legs, office ohaTr, oak and birch; 114 cradles, swinging basket, elm; 2,920 brace arms, oak ani birch. 39,'000 dozen ahirts, drill, men's 135,115 barrels, lard and pork, white oak, tight, wooden hoops. 305,000 i>omids yarn, cotton and merino 22,500 dozen pairs gloves and mittens, leather, men's and boys'. 7,117 dozen pairs socks, 55,000 dozen pairs gloves, men's, wool. 432 coats, 6 vests, 498 pairs pants, 426 caps, woolen; 1,078 shirts, cotton, hickory; 641 ■undershirts, 632 pairs draw- ers, cotton flannel; 394 night shirts, muslin; 439 aprons, Spairs jumpers, 63 suits, discharge, denim; 113 aprons, bleached muslin; 15 pairs suspenders, 47 coats, linen; 20 shToiids, sheeting; 281 suits, dischaTge, woolen suit- ing; 89 overcoats, discharge, overcoat suiting; 117 mirts, discharge, madras; 3,288 pairs socks, cotton; 275 sheets, 809 pillow slips, 12 bed pads, muslin; 909 tow- els, lin£n orasn. 615 pairs shoes, heavy, «plit leather; (") 4 pairs sneaks — l,8IBi gallons milk, 492 dozen eggs, 124 chickens, 115 bales straw, 967gJ bushels potatoes, 4,891 heads cab- bage, S,443JS bushels onions, and other garden truck. 10,088 pounds tobacco, smoking and chewing 62 cubic yards limestone crushed 232 undershirts, men's; IQl pairs drawers, men's; lOxmder- shirts, women's; 19 pairs drawers, womens; cotton flan- nel; 96 shirts, top, hickory; 17 aprons, ticking; 10 aprons, 10 caps, cooks'; 274 pillow slips, 5 jackets, 9 win- dow curtains, muslin; 164 shirts, men's, cotton check; 39 dresses, calico; 146 towels, cotton crash; 36 pillow ticks ticking. 13,600 heads caobage, 925 bushels potatoes, 75 barrels kale, 200 bushels onions, and other garden truck. 804 mops, scrubbing, common, wood handles 2,092 oubic yards limestone crushed Equal . Equal Equal Inferior SUghtly inferior Slightly inferior Equal Equal Equal. Equal Slightly inferior , Slightly inferior Equal Equal SUghtly inferior Equal Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior Equal Slightly inferior Equal Equal Equal 360 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OV LABOR. Table IV — DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISOK WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A — DESCEIPTION AND ftTIANTITT OF GOODS MADE 0» WOSK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued . State and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. INDIANA— concluded. Rojonn School lor Boys. do ....do .do. .do. .do. ICWA. Penitentiary at Anamosa. do do do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Penitentiary at Fort Madison. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State Industrial School for Boys. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State Stats State State State State. State . State State . State State State . State - State State State State State State . State . State State State State State . State . State State . S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.,., P.W.. Cont. P. A. S. U. S. U. S. U. S.V. S. U. S. U. P. W. P.W. Cont. Cont. Cont. S. U. S.U.. P. w p. A. s. u. s. u. s. u. s. u. P.W. Boots and shoes. Brick Clothing, etc Fanning Printing Building trades.. Cooperage , Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming. Printing Tinsmithing, ooppersmithing, and sheet- iron working. Soap - Building trades B uilding trades Agricultural hand tools Buttons Chairs, tables, etc. Clothing, etc Farming Building trades . Farming Clothing, etc. Fanning Harness Printing Building trades. o Not reported. CHAPTER IV. — GENEKAL TABLES. 361 Table IV DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCSIPTION AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OB WOKK DOHE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- stl- tu- tion No. Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach Hand. Machine. Hand. Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Hand and mach Hand Hand Hand Hand Machine Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand (») Hand and ma«h. Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand l,298-pair8 brogans, crown calf, brass nail 400, 000 brick, common 460 coats, 706 pairs pants, 350 vests, jean; 328 suits, che- viot; 73 undershirts, 73 pairs drawers, 212 union suits, boys', canton flannel; 764 shirts, cotton strijie; 466 pairs overalls, 97 aprons, 117 pairs jumpers, denim; 87 night shirts, muslin, unbleached; 1,589 towels, crash; 470 sheets, unbleached sheeting; 842 pillowcases, mus- lin; 162 napkins, 15 tablecloths, Unen; 2 aprons, duck; 64 pillow ticks, 22 bed ticks, ticking. 2,847 pounds beef, 8,594 pounds pork, 7,610 gallons milk, 1,691 bushels wheat, oats, and corn; 35 tons hay, 4,441 bushels potatoes, 6,891 heads cabbage, and other garden truck. 23.950 pamphlets, 41,400 blanks, 6,500 envelopes, 700 cir- cular letters, 2,100 programmes, 659 report books, 300 folders, 500 booklets, 400 receipts, 12,200 cards, 9 re- ceipt books. 2 buildings, brick, cement foundation; 1 building, frame, cement floor; 2,000 feet fence, 6 plank, cedar posts; 24 boiler tubes replaced; 1 building, brick, brick founda- tion. 154,046 butter tubs, wooden 3,200 feet out stone 650 pairs convict brogans 89 coats, 81 vests, woolen, discharge; 329 pairs pants, woolen, discharge and convict. 1,804 pounds beef ; 17,799 pounds pork; 5,157 pounds lard; 832 gallons milk; 1,366 bushels potatoes, and other gar- den truck. Books and blanks • Tin buckets and cans Soft soap Prison building and walls General repairs to buildings, etc 77j500 dozen hoes, pitchforks, spading forks, and rakes, 139,163 gross pearl button blanks 101,500 chairs, solid bottom and cane seat 708 pairs drawers, 367 undershirts, 1,047 pairs mittens, fleece lined; 770 pairs pants, half cotton, convict stripe; 162 vests, convict stripe; 592 shirts, woolen; 211 suits, woolen, discharge, 2,348 pairs socks, cotton; 486 pillow slips, 212 sheets, 353 aprons, cotton; 112 coats, stripes; 109 caps, wool, stripes; 1,149 towels, crash. 7,299 pounds pork; 7,233 pounds lard; 6,176 pounds cab- bage, 263 bushels potatoes, and other garden truck. Brick and cement conduit; stone building 183 hogs; 30 calves; 1,874 bushels potatoes and other gar- den truck. Uniform and underclothing 19,700 pounds pork; 3,090 pounds pork products; 52,727 gallons milk; 200 tons hay; 1,138 bushels com; 8,048 pounds butter; 6,098 bushels potatoes and other garden Eepairing harness Books and blanks 1 dormitory, brick; and repairing buildings, fencec,eto.. Slightly inferior . Equal Slightly inferior . Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior. Equal Slightly inferior Inferior Equal Equal SUghtly interior . SUghtly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal . Slightly inferior . Equal Equal - Equal. Equal. Equal. Equal. 362 EEPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONEK OF LABOB. Table IV — ^DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY 01" GOODS MADE OK WORK DOffli, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE liABOR— Continued. A.— DESCRIPTIOIf AND dTJANTITY OT GOODS MADE OK WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITTTTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. State . State . State . P. A.. S. U.. s. u.. State . s. u.. State' . State . State. State. State . State . F.Vf.. Cont.. P. A.. S. U.. S.U.. s.tr.. State . State . State . State . State . State . S.U.. S.U.. P.W.. p. 'W.. p. A.. P. A. ., State - Sta,te. S.U.. S. U.. State. State. State. S.U.. S, U.. P. -w.. State - State. Cont.. Oont.. State . Cont.. State . State . State. State . Cont.. S. U.. P. 'W- Cont.. State . State . Cont.. Cont.. State. State. State . State. State . State . Cont.. Cont.. P. A.. S.U.. p.p.. S. u.. State . State . p. A.. P. A.. State . State . S.U.. S.U.. State . P. w.. Industry. State Industrial Eeformatory. do :.. do.... .do. ....do State Penitentiary. do ....do ....do ....do -do. .do. .do. .do. Boys' Xndustilai School. do .do. .do. .do. .do. KENTUCKY. Braaieh Penitentiary. do .do. do do do Penitentiary. .do. .do. do ....do do ....do House ol Eelorm. . ....do LOirrSIANA. State Penitentiary. ....do .do. .do. .do. Farming Boots and shoes Clothing, etc.... . Panning. Building trades . . . Chaira, tables, etc. Binding twine Biick Clothing, etc Farming Mining, coal Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Building trades Roads and highways Farming.*.'.... Boots and shoes. Clothing, etc Fanning. Harness. . Building trades. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes. Harness. Stove hoUow ware. Teaming. Building trades Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes. Chairs, tables, etc Chairs, tables, etc . Clothing, etc Laundry wo A Clotblng, etc Chairs, tables, etc. Farming Clothing, etc. Farming Clothing, etc. Farming Levee building. o Not reported. CHAPTEB IV. GENEBAL TABLES. 863 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCaiPTIOlf AHD ftUANTITY OF GOODS HADE OB WORK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and deBcriptlou ol goods made or work^dono. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. Hand and maoh. Hand and mach. Hand. Hand. («) («) Hand and mach. Hand Hand. Hand. Hand. («) Hand and maoh. Hand and mach Hand. C) Hand. Machine.. Hand and mach. (?) Machine.. Hand Machine.. Machine.. Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand and mach. Hand 110 bushels potatoes; 400 bushelscane seed; Ihorse; IbuU. 098 pairs, call skin 389 coats, 127 vests, 451 pairs pants, half cotton; 957 top- shirts, 277 neckties, 842 collars, 9 nightshirts, 8() aprons, cotton; 680 pairs overalls, 97 jumper jackets, duck; 773 pai rs mittens, cloth; 526 undershirts, 569 pairs drawers, cotton flannel; 31 caps, 489 finger stalls, woolen; 691 pairs socks, cotton; 120 bedticks, 247 pillow slips, 148 pillow ticks, 493 towels, 219 sheets, 12 napkins, cotton. ■40,354 pounds beet; 13,370 pounds pork; 18,498 gallons milk; 7,954 bushels corn and wheat; 100 tons hay; 305} bushels potatoes; 13,945 pounds cabbage, and other gar- den truck. Stone cell house and walls and general repairs Fttrnituie, hard and soft wood 2,532,545 pounds sisal binder twine 1,873,500 brick, building Clothing, prison 26, 329 pounds pork; 7,068 gallons milk; 4,990 pounds hay; 2,394 bushels potatoes; 38,445 pounds cabbage; 29,047 pounds pumpkins, and other garden truck. 75,721 tons coal, soft Quarrying stone for macadam General repairs Macadam 37 hogs; 28 head of cattle 34 sets harness, leather; single, heavy, and light double; 42 breast straps; 125 hame straps; 60 halters; 8 sets breeching. 628 pairs, calfskin; also 1,234 pairs repaired 169 coats, 255 pairs pants, half cotton, uniform; 135 suits cassimere, citizen; 669 pairs overalls, 580 jackets, duck; 450 undershirts, 450 pairs drawers, cotton flannel. 350 bushels corn; 10 tons millet; and garden truck 12 sets harness, single, light, and heavy double; 9 breast straps; 32 hame straps; 1 necktie; 15 halters; 2 sets lines; 3 sets breeching. General repairs 480,000 pairs brogans, heavy 744, 000 house brooms, second-grade broom corn, ash han- dles. {») 96,000 horse collars, cheap grade; 15,500 wagon whips; 2,500 saddletrees, hard wood. Hollow ware, pots, pans, kettles, skillets, etc Hauling coal from railroad, etc Repairs on buildings 762, 500 pairs shoes, light calf skin and cheap-grade kid, women's and misses'. 180,000 brooms, broom corn, ash handles Chairs, solid bottom, ash and oak dining room; cane seat, ash and oak dining room. Chairs, rocking, wicker 1,800 walking skirts, mixed cotton and wool, women's. . Laundry work Women's clothiBg; bedding 43,720 chairs, caned Farm products Pajits and skirts 1,803 barrels sugar (New Orleans) ; 664 bales cotton; 4,024 sacks cotton seed. Stripes, underwear, skoes, etc 38 barrels sugar (New Orleans); 290 tons hay; 11,400 bush- els corn, stock; 50 bushels peas, cow; 500 bushels potar toes. Building levees Equal Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior. Equal. Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Egual Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Equal Egual Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Egual Slightly inferior Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal Slightly inferior. Equal. Inferior. Inferior. Inferior. Equal Equal Slightly inferior . Inferior Equal... Inferior. Inferior Slightly inferior . Equal Slightly inferior, subtly inferior . Equal Equal. Equal- Equal. Equal. Equal. Hand i> In other tables whips and saddletrees are inseparably combined with harness in this institution. 364 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONBB OF LABOR. Table IV — DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESGEIPTION AHD ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OB WOEK DOHE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. State Prison. ....do , .do. .do. .do. .do- .do. -do. Androscoggin Co. Jail Cumberland Co. Jai! ....do Penobscot Co. Jail ....do ; York Co. Jail Industrial School tor Girls. State School ior Boys -do. .do. .do. MARYLAND. House of Correction. do .do. .do. .do. .do. Penitentiary. ....do ....do. do Baltimore City Jail. .do. .do. .do. .do. State State State State State State State State Co... Co... Co... Co.... Co.... Co.... State. State . State State State State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State - .do State .do State House of Reformation for Colored Boys. .do. State . City . . City . . City.. City . . City.. State and city. State and city. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. S. U. S. U. Cont. Cont. S. U. Cont. Cont. Cont. S. U. P. A. P.P. S. u. s. u. s. u. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. . s. u.. s. u. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont.. S. U S. U. Cont. Cont. S. U. S. U. S. U. P. A. P.P. Brooms and brushes. . Carriages and wagons. Chairs, tables, etc Farming Harness Wood, cut and sawed. Clothing, etc Farming Boots and shoes Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes . Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming. Chairs, tables, etc. Boots and shoes. . . Clothing, etc Farming. Baskets, -willow ware, etc . Building trades Clothing, etc Mats and matting. Clothing, etc Farming. Boots and shoes Clothing Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Stove hollow ware . Clothing, etc Soap Baskets, willow ware, etc Brooms and brushes Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Tinsmithlng, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working. Farming Chairs, tables, etc. o Not reported. OHAPTEK IV. — GENERAL TABLES. 365 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or worl^ done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand Machine Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand and mach. W Machine Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand . , («) Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach, C) Hand and mach. (<■) Hand and mach. Hand and mach. C) Hand. W 42, 70O dozen brooms, broom com, long handles 10 stanhopes; 50 surreys; 4S express; SO democrats; 80 piano box; 25 runabouts. 22 dozen chairs, oak, cane seat 160 tons hay , Single and double harness, light; express harness, heavy 255 cords wood, hard and pine 370 suits, black and white jean, cotton and wool under- wear, made; also repairing and mending. 20 tons hay 98,472 pancakes, sole leather 2,820,000 pairs heels, leather, for boots and shoes 300 suits, woolen cloth 958,000 pairs lifts, leather, for boots and shoes 14,640 dozen brooms, broom corn, long handles 1,137,600 pairs lifts, leather, for boots and shoes 150 dresses, gingham; 145 dresses, cotton and woolen goods; 125 suits underclothing, cotton and woolen goods 2,200 pounds pork; 5 tons hay; 45 calves and pigs; and garden truck. 11,000 dining chairs, maple and oak 27S pairs brogans and 75 pairs slippers, split leather 158 suits, gray Hannel; 160 suits, blue and white, cotton and merino cloth; 350 shirts, cotton cloth, striped; 325 shirts, cotton and woolen cloth; 200 pairs stockings, woolen; 185 caps, cashmere. 1,211 pounds pork and veal; 3,201 pounds butter; 20.421 quarts milk; 189 tons hay; 490 bushels oats, and gar- den truck. 112,852 demijohn covers, 2,156 baskets, wicker 66,977 cubic feet earth excavated, 60 cars building mate- rial unloaded. 30,900 dozen shirts, cone cotton, workingmen's 8,778 mats, cocoa 450 pairs pants, 450 coats, woolen, prison; 450 shirts, cot- ton, prison. 12,9'46 pounds pork, 30 tons hay, 555 bushels oats and rye, 1,200 bushels potatoes, 2,6gO bushels turnips, and other garden truck. 372,000 pairs shoes, medium grade, men's and women's. . . 170".500 dozen shirts, negligee, cotton, men's 13,000 feet marble cut and dressed for table, bureau, and dresser tops; 42.000 feet marble cut and dressed lor plumber's supplies. 214,500 pieces hollow ware 203 coats, 604 pairs pants, 162 vests, 321 Caps, 1,192 shirts,- woolen, prison stripe; 744 shirts, cotton; 348 shirts, woolen; 900 pairs drawers, cotton; 267 aprons, drilling; 74 aprons, cotton; 2,614 towels; 680 pillow slips, 202 sleeve protectors, cotton; 12 tablecloths; 12 pillow ticks, ticking; office towels. 1,000 gallons soft soap 1,405,000 fruit baskets, 64,000 pea barrels, 27,500 crates, wood. 17,065 dozen brooms, broom corn, wooden handles 203 pairs shoes, coarse, men's 308 shirts, cotton; 298 pairs overalls, denim, prison; 3 pairs jumpers, denim; 44 dresses, gingham, women's; 236 sheets, cotton; 180 pillowcases, 67 pillow ticks, 31 bedtioks, ticking; 22 table covers, linen; 149 towels. 12 ladles, soup, 419 cups, 150 dishes, 375 pans, tin 949 bushels wheat, 96 barrels corn, 2J tons corn fodder, 4 bushels turnips, 14,549 chairs, wooden frames, cane seats Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior Egual Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Equal Slightly inferior Equal Slightly inferior Equal Equal Inferior. Equal Equal Equal Equal Slightly interior Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior Equal" Equal Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior Equal Slightly inferior Equal Equal Equal Inferior 366 EEPOET OV THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOR. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCBIPTIOH AWD ftUAHTITY OF OOODS HAS£ OE WOSK DOME, ETC., BY INSTITUTIOH&— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. Sta,te and mstitiitlou- Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. MARYLAND — COnclUdOd. House of Beformation for Colored Boys. .do. ....do House of Reiuge. do ..'..do State and city. State and city. State and city. State and city. State and city. State and city. S. U.. S. U.. S.V.. Cont. . P. A.. S. U.. Boots and shoes. Clothing, etc Fanning Clothing, etc. Farming dotbing, etc. Industrial Home for Colored Girls. ....do St. Mary's Industrial School lor Boys. do do do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State P.P.. and city. State and city. State and city. State and city. State and city. State a;i£d city. State and city. State and city. State and city. State and city. State and eity. S. U. Cont. . Cont.. P. A.. P. A.. S.U., S. U. S.U. S.U.. P. W. Clothing, etc- Clothing, etc. Brooms and hrushes. Clothing, etc Farming Printing Clothing, etc. Farming Hosiery, etc. Printing Building trades. a Not reported. CHAPTEK IV. — GENERAL TABLES. 367 Table IV — DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Contiraied. A.— BESCBIPITON AND ftUAKTITY OF GOODS MADE OB WOBK DONE, ETC, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and descripticxn of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. (<■) Band and mach. Hand Hand and mach. 800 pairs brogans, coarse . Hand. Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand and mach. C) Hand and mach. C) (.-) Hand and mach. Hand C) C) Hand. 400 pairs pants, 400 coats, denim; 400 pairs pants, 400 coats, woolen; 400 sUrts, cotton; 400 shirts, cotton flaimel; 400 undexdiirts, 400 pairs drawers, cotton; 400 under- shirts, 40O paixs drawers, wooden; 12 table covers, linen; 500 towels, SOO sheets, 200 pillow slips, 200 bedspreads, -» cotton; 100 bedticks, ticking. 254 bushels barley and oats, 75 tons hay, 160 barrels com, 500 bushels potatoes, 2,046 bushels turnips, 105 bushels beans, and other garden truck. 14,750 dozen shirts, cotton, workingmen's 18,775 roses. 294 vests, 260 pairs pants, 295 caps, 60 slippers, 24 pairs mittens, wcMjlen; 300 coats, 12 T«ets, 2^ pairs pants, cotton; 40 coats, waiter's, duck; 26 coats, cotton and wool, citizen's; ^ pairs overalU, denim; 26 pairs pants, cotton, citizen's; 210 pairs suspenders, webbing; 170 aprons, 384 pairs drawers, 922 handkerchiefs, 169 pillow sups, 840 shirts, 264 sheets, cotton; 72 tablecloths, linen; 247 towels, crash; 312 undershirts, cotton flannel; 4 Ijedticks, ticking. 6,765J dozen shirts, cotton, workingmen's 225 dresses, 52 waists, 39 aprons, cotton cloth; 82 pairs drawers, 105 chemises, 90 nightgowns, 196 pillow slips, 196 sheets, cotton doth, white; 6S towels; 100 napkins; 6 table covers. 6,662 gross scrubbing brushes, wooden back, Florida grass 40,230 dozen shirts, cotton, wojkingmen's 146,475 roses, carnations, etc., 2,685 smilax and bedding plants, 430 bushels wheat, 7 calves, 3 hides. 329,838 circulars, 193,410 cards, 76,150 billheads, 68,800 letter heads, 135,050 envelopes, 65,600 labels, 16,200 pro- grammes, 7,759 books, 46,900 statements, 11,580 pam- phlets, 33 electrotype prints, 25 posters. 12 aprons, duck; 338 caps, 1,178 shirts, 564 pillowcases, cotton; 5 cloaks, woolen; 669 coats, 412 jackets, 1,276 pairs pants, 370 vests, woolen and cotton; 1,636 pairs drawers, 178 undershirts, cotton flannel; 14 Brothers' habits. 1,150 pounds pork, 13,025 gallons milk, 1,063 pounds but- ter, 90 tons hay , 225 tons ensilage, 800 bushels potatoes, 6,600 heads cabbage, and other garden truck. 1,386 pairs stockings, woolen and cotton, boys' 12,000 copies oiBcial paper of institution, 1,250 annual re- ports, 600 calendars, 1,500 pamphlets, 3,500 letter heads, 500 billheads, 1,800 cards, 2,500 envelopes,' 33,000 laun- dry slips. 25,600 surface leet of Tsuildings painted, 11,550 feet hard, wood floor laid, general repairs, and glas- replaced. Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal Slightly inferior . Equal . Equal. Equal . Slightly inferior. . Equal Slightly inferior . Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal 368 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COIVIPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCBIFTION AND ftUANTITT OF GOODS MADE OE WOKK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and mstitution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. mass^chitseVts. Reformatory. ....do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Reformatory Prison for Women. ....do ....do do ....do State farm. . do do State Prison. . .do. .do. .do. .do .do .do .do .do. .do. State State State State. State State State . State State State State State State State State State. State. State State State. State .do State . State State . State. State State P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. P. S. U.. S. U. S.V. P. A. P. A. P. A. s. u. s. u. p. A. p. p. s. u. p. A. P. A. P. A.. P. A. P. A. 3. U. S.V. S. U. S. U.. S. 0. s. u. Blacksmithing and wlieelwrighting Boots acd shoes Building trades Chairs, tables, etc Printing Chairs, tables, etc Cotton.and woolen goods Farming. Printing. .-. . Clothing, etc Farming. Laundry work Clothing, etc. Farming Chairs, tables, etc Chairs, tables, etc Farming Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Brooms and brushes H arne ss Trunks and valises Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Brooms and "brushes Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods. Harness, etc o Not reported. CHAPTER IV. GENEBAL TABLES. 36^ Table IV — DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE^ AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCBIPTION AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OB WOKK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITDTIONS— Continued. Hand or macMne work. Quantity and description of gooda made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by tree labor. In- sti- tu- tion- No. Hand. , C) Hand. Machine . Hand and macli- Hand. 9061— 06- Miscellaneous work 14S,886 pairs balmorals, men's, women's, and youths'; 52,938 pairs brogans. Miscellaneous work 50,776 chairs, wooden Miscellaneous work 47,794 chairs caned, seats 12,6S2 yards cashmere, 35,151 yards cheviots, 7,156 yards dress goods, 3,598 yards kersey, 29,676 yards satmets, 16,605 yards shirtings, 9,661 yards jean; and 12,201 blankets, wool. Beet, pork, and garden truck 62,400 copies of "Our Paper;" sundries 10,202 dozen shirts, white ^ 6,891 pounds butter; milk, cream, and garden truck Laundry work 520i dozen women's wrappers and miscellaneous pieces of clothing; 336 dozen shirts, colored, men's and boys'. 2,263 poimds butter; milk, cream, and garden truck 90,570 wooden frames for cane seats and backs 97,570 cane seats and backs for chairs 38,541 pounds beef and pork; 307 pounds poultry; 231,137 quarts milk; 1,296 dozen eggs; 651i tons hay; 8,425 bushels potatoes, 40,000 heads cabbage, and other gar- den truck. 274,144 pairs split bals., satin bals., kangaroo grain bals., box calf bals., men's, boys', and youths' and Harvard ties, men's. 33,963 cartons, shoe 7,192J dozen brushes, hog bristles, horsehair, and tampico, sohd wooden backs. 790 sets harness, teaming and driving, single and double . . . 734 trunks, canvas covered, metal cornered, painted; 240 extension cases, fiber; 337 sample cases, leather and can- vas covered; 109 shoe cartons, fiber, canvas covered; 318 dress-suit cases, canvas, leather, and rubber; 140 bags, leather; 68 straps, leather; 654 sample trays, peb- ble cloth; 14 music cases and rolls, leather; 31 bottle cases, leather; 136 instrument cases, leather; 21 bags, ladies', alligator. 7,528 pairs brogans, men's and boys', medium grade; 4,098 pairs shoes, women's, medium grade; 5,288 pairs slippers, men's, and 399 pairs slippers, women's, cloth and leather, medium grade; 1,257 pairs buskins, men's, medium grade. 492,855 cartons, shoe 907a dozen brushes, hog bristles, horsehair, and tampico, medium grade. 414 overcoats, 215 reefers, Kerse3rand Irish frieze, medium grade; 927 coats 4nd vests, men's, 663 suits, boys', 13 jackets, boys', cheviot and cassimere, medium grade; 1,073 coats, seersucker and jean, medium grade; 4,005 pairs pants, men's, 1,677 suits, men's, cheviot, medium grade; 1,200 pairs overalls, denim, medium grade; 834 pairs jumpers, denim and jean, medium grade; 663 vests, covert and cassimere, medium grade; 897 sheets, 878 pillow sUps, 24 sheets, hospital, 108 bedtloks, 3 pillow ticks, 1,293 towels, 53 towels, roller, 9 aprons, white, 2 meat and bread cloths, 92 aprons, shop, 3 aprons, can- vas, 8 curtains, 12 aprons, carpenters', for prison use; 228 caps, prison; 361 coats, 1,148 pairs pants, 425 vests, 947 shirts, striped, prison uniform; 799 undershirts and 569 pairs drawers, prison ; 54 pairs overalls and 28 jump- ers, prison; 18 eye shades. 19,878 yards sheetmg, 22,008} yards shirting, 5,153i yards ticking, 13,535J yards denim, 818* yards drilling, 2,280 yards toweling, ll,043i yards flannel, 11,796§ yards blankets, prison. 59 sets harness, teaming, single and double, medium grade. 24 Slightly inferior. SHghtly Inferior, Slightly inferior Slightly Inferior Slightly inferior Equal SUghtly inferior Equal Shghtly inferior SUghtly inferior Equal Shghtly inferior Shghtly inferior Equal Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior. Slightly Inferior. Shghtly inferior. Shghtly inferior. Shghtly inferior. Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior. Shghtly inferior. Slightly inferior. . SUghtly inferior 370 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Tabm! IV.— description AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, ANI^ COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTIOIT AND ftTJANTITY OT GOODS MADE OR WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITTTriONS— Continued. State -aad institation. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. MASSACHUSETTS— concluded. Reformatory Prison lor Women . -do. Berkshire Co. Jail and House ol Cor- rection. Bristol Co. Jail and House of Correo- tion. do Essex Co. House ol Correction at Ipswich Essex Co. Jail and House ol Correc- tion at Lawrence. Essex Co. Jail and Hmise ol Correc- tion at Salem. FranMln Co. Jail aad House of Cor- rection, .do .do. Eami>denCo. Jail and House of Cor- rection. Hampshire Co. Jail andJHouse of Cor- rection. Middlesex Co. Jail and House ol Cor- rection at Cambridge. do....; do do Middlesex Co. Jail at Lowell Norfolk Co. Jail and House of Correc- tion. Plymouth Co. Jail and House ol Cor- rection. , Suffolk Co. House of Correction do .do. .do. .do. Worcester Co. Jail aaid House of Cor- rection at Fitohbuig. do do Worcester Co. Jail and House of Cor- rection at Worcester. MICHIGAN. Reformatory. .do. .do. .do. State . Co... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co... Co.... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co.... Co... Co... Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. State. State State S. U. S.V. P. A.. P. A. s. u., s. u. p.p.. P.p.. p. A.. P.P.. B.V.. P.P.. P.P.. P. A.. P. A.. S.U.. s. u. p. A. P. A. P.P. P. A. P. A. s. u. s. u. s. u. p. A.. P.P. S. U. P. P. Cont. Coat.. P. A.. P. A Hosiery, etc Trunks and valises Boots and shoes Boots and shoes Boots and shoes ' Farming. Chairs, tables, etc Chairs, tables, etc Farming. Chairs, tables, etc Farming. Umbrellas Chairs, tables, etc Brooms and brashes Mats and matting Brooms and brakes Mats and matting Cotton waste - Boots and dioes Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Boots and ^oes Clothing, etc Farming. . Farming. Chairs, tables, etc. Farming. Chairs, tables, etc. Chairs, tables, etc Packing and moving . Clothing, etc Farming a Not reported. CHAPTER IV. — GENERAL TABLES. 371 Table IV DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— BE8CBIFII0N ASD ftVAirTITT OF GOODS HADE OB WOBE DOKE, ETC., BT IWSTITTITIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and deacrlption of goods made oi work done. Comparison with goods produced by Iree labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Machine - Hand. Hand. (-) Hand. Hand. (") (») (a) Hand. Hand. Hand. Hand. C) Machine.. C) Machine. . Machine. . Hand. Hand. I Hand. C) w Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Ma<;hine Hand 4,784 dozen pairs hose, men's, 1,423} dozen pairs hose, women's, cotton, medium grade; 280i dozen pairs hoae, men's, 121 dozen pairs hose, women's, wool, medium grade. 4 trunks, fiber, canvas covered 282,223 pairs shoe heels, sole leather. 653,693 pairs insoles, men's, women's, and children's; 348,124 pounds pancake heeling. 13,000 pounds pancake heeling 3,000 pounds pork; 3,650 quarts milk; 24 tons hay; 300 bushels potatoes, and other garden truck. 25,376 cane seats tor chairs 35,547 cane seats and backs for chairs Garden truck 15,000 cane seats for chairs Garden truck 22,872f dozen cotton covers put on umbrellas 17, 000 cane seats for chairs 17,627 dozen brushes, scrub, stove, and shoe, all sizes S69 mats, coir and rope 700 dozen brushes, scrub, stove, and shoe, all sizes; 856 dozen brooms, com, Nos. 6, 7, 8. 70 dozen mats, coir and rope 1,371,723 pounds cotton waste, sorted 373,214 pairs shoe heels 23,100 cane seats for chairs 15,472 dozen overalls, common; 847 overcoats, common 34,543 feet edge stone; 255 curbstones; 102 gutter mouths.. 1,282 pairs brogans, men's; 687 pairs shoes, women's, common; 864 pairs slippers, leatner, common. 505 coats, 769 vests, 936 pairs pants, 192 overcoats, 7 dozen shirts, men's, liberty; 1,16() pairs pants, 889 vests, 28 overcoats, men's, institution; 598 dozen overalls; 166 dozen shirts, woolen: 180 dozen shirts, cotton; 150 dozen pairs drawers, cotton; 750 dresses, cotton, women's; 150 tires; 196 handkerchiefs, head; 610 pairs drawers, cotton; 60 nightdresses; lOSshrouds; 1,874 pillow slips; 495 roller towels; 90 tablecloths; 350 clothes bags; 300 pillow ticks; 933 aprons, cotton; 722 shirts, cotton; 132 shirt waists, cotton; 450 napkins; 1,590 sheets; 1,832 towels; 220 stand covers; 12 curtains, cotton; 295 bed- ticks; 285 bedspreads; 531 chemises, cotton. 154 chickens and ducks; 123,650 quarts milk; 25 tons fod- der; 900 dozen eggs; 18,250 heads cabbage, 2,592 bushels turnips, and other garden truck. Garden truck. * 67,331 cane seats and backs for chairs Garden truck 109,465 cane seats, chairs 123,505 chairs, all kinds; 2,206 settees, rattan, hard-wood frames. Packing and lemovlng from prison 23 suits, 40 odd pieces clothing, 25 hats, oi&cers' 260 hogs; 23,380 pounds milk; 65 tons hay; 4,300 bunches celery, 3,600 heads cabbage, 1,000 bushels carrots, 800 bushels potatoes, and other garden truck. (') Slightly inferior. Inferior. Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior. Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior, SUghtly inferior SUghtly inferior Equal Shghtly inferior Equal Slightly inferior. Equal Shghtly inferior Slightly inferior. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Equal Equal Equal Equal Shghtly inferior Equal Equal Equal Equal 6 Including articles in this industry produced under State-use system. 372 EEPOET OF THE 00MMI8SI0NEK OF LABOR. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCRIPTION AWD ftlTANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. State . S. U.. State . State . State . S. U.. S.U-. Cont.. State . State . State . State. P.P.. S.V.. S.V.. S. u.. State . p. w. State . State . p. w. Cont.. State . Cont.. State . Cont.. State . State . State . Cont.. Cont.. P. A.. State . P. A.. State . S. U.. State . s. u.. State . City . . p. w. p. A.. City . . City . . P. A.. P. A.. State . P. A.. State . s. u.. Industry. MICHIGAN— continued. .Reformatory ' .do. .do. state House of Coirrection and Branch Prison. do do do .- do .do. do State Prison. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do- Detroit House ol Correction. .do. .do. Industrial School for Boys. .do. Clothing, etc Clothing, etc Farming Clothing, etc Tobacco and cigars. .'. Boots and shoes. Clothing, etc Farming Building trades Roads and highways Agricultural hand tools Brooms and brushes Carriages and wagons Clothing, etc Stone cpiarryingjcattingjand crushing. Boxes, wooden Power and heat plant Clothing, etc Farming Building trades Brooms and brushes Buttons Chairs, tables, etc Farming Boots and shoes "In other tables boots and shoes are inseparably combined with clothing in this institution. 6 Included in public-account system. CHAPTEB IV. -GENERAL TABLES. 373 Table IV — DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCKIPTION AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WORK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Machine. Hand and mach. Hand Machine Hand and mach. Hand and maclx Machine Hand Hand. Hand Machine . Machine. Machine. Machine . Machine . Machine. Machine . Machine . (0. Hand. Hand. Machine. Machine. Hand. Hand and mach. 224 coats, 118 vests, 650 pairs pants, woolen material; 609 shirts, cotton; 328 pairs overalls, 39 blouses, jean; 139 dozen pairs socks, cotton; 599 aprons, factory, ticking; 15 pairs sleeve protectors, 354 sheets, 134 pillow slips, cotton; 2,569 towels; 162 pairs slippers. 729 pairs shoes (') m 20,000 dozen pairs overalls, common 9,248,675 cigars 544 pairs shoes, prison 617 suits, prison 58 tons hay; 12 tons fodder; 81 bushels oats; 3,706 heads cabbage; 2,744 bushels potatoes; 31 bushels cucum- bers; 474 dozen ears com; and pork. Convicts employed to do rough work and as laborers on new factory building. 3,000 square feet cement walks in prison grounds 36,098 dozen forks, 29,347 dozen hoes, 9,847 dozen rakes, steel; 4,971 dozen snaths, scythe, 5,119 dozen grain cradles, hard wood. 36,600 dozen brooms, house and bam, broom com, hard- wood handles; 116,000 dozen brushes, shoe and scrub- bing, bristles, rice root, tampico, hard-wood backs. 172 gears and bodies, 555 pairs shafts, spring wagons; 3,316 sets axles, reaches, hounds, bolsters, and sapd- boards, 2,766 sets poles, whiffletrees, and yokes, 2,366 boxes and seats, 1,285 brake woods, farm wagons. 6,375 dozen shirts, men's 363 monuments, granite 56,936 box shocks, 43,855 boxes, 820 beehives, 6,633 crates, all kinds, pine wood; 2,000 trays for handling butter in creamery; 2,000 braces, brooms; 5,265 pieces woodwork, miscellaneous. Power and heat supplied to contractors from prison plant. 853 caps, 827 coats, 255 vests, 1,232 pairs pants, 843 shirts, 802 nightshirts, 359 undershirts, 354 pairs drawers, 322 pairs overalls, 118 aprons, convict; 68 overcoats, 46 coats, 46 vests, 89 pairs pants, discharge clothing; 2,370 pairs hose, cotton; 40 suits, 9 overcoats, 7 coats, 4 coats and vests, 8 single vests, 26 pairs pants, officers'custom clothing; 267 pillow cases, 198 sheets, 674 bedspreads; 1,328 tdwels. 545 bushels com, 92 dozen eggs, 37,800 pounds cabbage, 2,400 bunches celery, 361 bushels tomatoes, 787 bushels potatoes, and other garden truck. Convicts employed as laborers on new cell block 319 gross horse brushes, 838 gross scrubbing brushes, rice root, hard-wood backs; 730 gross stove brushes, 264 gross scrubbing brushes, tampico, hard-wood backs; 121 gross clothes brushes, bristles and tampico, hard- wood backs; 43 gross shoe brushes, bristles, hard-wood backs. 36,187 gross buttons, fresh-water pearl 103,827- chairs, dining and rocking, hard wood, cane and wood seats; 3,472 chairs, olBee, hard wood, wood and leather seats; 56,067 chairs, kitchen and folding, hard wood, wooden seats; 7,106 chairs, children's, hard wood; 925 cradles, children's, hard wood; 5,523 stools, counter or desk, hard wood. 48 cows and calves; 111 pigs; 3,950 pounds pork; 28,183 f aliens milk; 20 tons hay; 1,212 bushels oats; 1,673 ushels beets, 4,820 heads cabbage, 550 bushels potatoes, and other garden truck, (d) 865 pairs shoes; 182 dozen leather shoe laces; 28 cap visors, leather; 39 cap straps; 10 pairs slippers, leather; 174 pairs suspenders, leather. SUghtly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal Inferior.... Inferior Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal Equal . Equal . Equal . Inferior. Equal . Inferior. Equal . . . Equal... Equal Slightly inferior . Equal . Equal . Equal. Equal. Equal . Equal Slightly inferior . c Not reported. ^ Including articles in this industry produced under State-use system. 374 BEPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. Table IV DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A — DESCEIPTION AHD ftUANTITT OF GOODS MADE OE WORK DOITE, ETC., BY mSTITUTIOBS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem.. State . S. U.. State . S. U.. State . Cont.. State . State. P. A.. S. U.. State . State . State. State . S.U.. P. W. S. u.. S.U.. State . State . City.. City.. City.. State . State . State . s. u.. p. w. p. A.. S.U.. P. w. p. A.. s. u.. s. u.. State . State . s. u.. p. w. State . p. A.. State. State . State. State. P. A.. P.P... S.U... S.U... State . State . State. S.U... P.W.. P.W.. State . Cont.. State. State . State . State . State . City... Cont.. Cont.. Cont.. S. U.. P. W.. 8. v.. Industry. MICHIGAN— concluded. Industrial School for Boys... do MINNESOTA. State Prison do do do do... State Eeformatory. do .do. .do. St. Paul Workhouse... ....da ....do State Training School. ....do ....do .do. .do. MISSISSIPPI. state Prison System .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. MISSOUBI. State Penitentiary ..do. ..do. ..do. Ao. .do. St. Louis City Workhouse, o Not reported. Clothing, etc. Fanning Boots and shoes Binding twine.. Clothing, etc Printing Building trades Clothing, etc... Clothing, etc Farming Building trades Brooms and hrushes. Clothing, etc Beads and highways. Farming Clothing, etc Farming Printing Building trades Fanning Lumber Farming Clothing, etc Farming Wood, cut and sawed Building trades Levee building Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes. Clothing, etc Saddletrees Clothing, etc Building trades Clothing, etc 6 Included in public-account system. CHAPTER IV. -GENEEAL TABLES. 375 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A SEBCSIFTION AND atTANTITT OF GOODS KADE OB WOBE DONE, ETC., INSTITUTIONS— Continued . BT Hand or machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by |ree labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Machine. C) Machine Machine Machine Hand and mach. Hand Hand Machine C) Hand Machine Machine C) (») Machine (.") Hand and mach. Hand Hand (") Hand C) C) Hand. Hand. , C) W Machine . . C) Machine.. Hand Machine.. 814 jackets, 1,332 pairs pants, inmates'; 346 pairs overalls; 544 caps; 312 coats, 305 vests, 361 pairs pants, parole; 528 pairs drawers; 30 jackets; 73 baseball suits; 4 pairs pants, 8 caps, 8 coats, band; 14 coats, lieutenants''; 131 dozen shirts; 1,596 pairs socks, cotton; 74 aprons; 29 caps, bakers'; 35 bed mattresses; 64 pillows. ■371,220 pairs shoes, brogan, patent leather, russet, vici Idd and calfskin, men's. 10,118,14l> pounda sisal binding twine 324 bedticks, 771 pillowcases, 170 pillow ticks, 1,056 sheets, 809 mattresses, 835 aprons, 891 shirts, 250 pairs sleeves, 2,848 towels, 13 tablecloths, cotton; 223 caps, 151 pairs mittens, 384 padrs socks, woolen; 70 coats, 18 pairs pants, 304 jackets, 306 pairs overalls, hickory; 200 coats, 284 pairs pants, 153 vests, part wool; 813 undershirts, cotton and flannel; l,024pairs drawers, cotton flannel. Newspaper, blanks, etc Miscellaneous repairs 645 pairs shoes, grain (c) 289 aprons, 470 pillowcases, 1,088 towels, 558 sheets, cot- ton; 101 coats, 399 pairs pants, 138 vests, 879 caps, jean; 712 shirts, hickory; 423 undershirts, cotton and wool; 303 coats, 272 pairs pants, wool; 1,666 pairs socks, cot- ton; 1,206 pairs socks, 441 pairs mittens, wool; 50 jack- ets, 112 pairs overalls, denim. Farm products Cell house , 300 dozen house brooms : Clothing, prison Improvmg parks Flowers and plants Clothing 12,285 pounds pork; 1,011 pounds veal; 240 pounds beef; 13,614 gallons milk; 983 dozen eggs; 507 bushels potatoes, and other garden truck and flowers. Letter heads, blanks, etc Miscellaneous repairs 2,388,315 pounds raw cotton; 3,871,402 pounds cotton seed; 5,750 bushels corn; 6 bushels potatoes; 65 bushels peas; 73 head ot cattle; S7 hogs- 626 gallons molasses. 402,317 feet oak, cut; 381i cords oak headings for barrels . . . Picking cotton Stripes, dresses, and underwear 50,340 bushels corn; 6'1,802 gallons milk; 6,000 gallons mo- lasses; 4,059 bushels potatoes, 3,530 bushels peas, and other garden truck; clearing land for cultivation. 5,145 cojds hard wood Grading ground for new statehouse Work on levees 251,350 pairs shoes,kidand grain, women'sand children's, 195,000 pairs shoes, vici kid and box calf, men's; 263,400 pairs biogans, vici kid, box calf, split grain, men's; 316,000 paira shoes, standard screw, heavy, men's and boys'; 285,000 pairs shoes, vici kid, kid, calf, and box calf, ladies' and misses'. 60,000 dozen brooms, whisk to heavy house brooms Overalls, shirts, and coats 64,000 saddletrees, hard wood Clothing and underwear Cell house for women convicts Uniforms, underclothing, etc Slightly inferior. Equal. Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior . . Slightly inferior . . Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior . E^ual Sijghtly inferior . Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior, E^ual Slightly inferior. Equal Eoual Slightly inferior Equal Equal Egual Slightly inferior Equal Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly interior . Slightly inferior . Slightly interior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . • In other tables boots and shoes are inseparably combined with clothing in this institution. 376 EEPOBT OF THE C0MMI8SI0N-EE OF LABOB. Table IV — DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A — DESCEIPTIOH AND ftlJANTITT OF GOODS MADE OR WOBK DONE, EIC, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- Sys- trol. tem. City... S. U.. City... S. U.. City... P. W.. City... P. W.. City... P. A.. City... S.U.. City... S. U ... City... P. W.. State . P. A.. State . s. u.. State . s. u.. State . s. u.. State . p. w.. State . s. u.. State . s. u.. State . s. u.. State . Cont.. State . S. U.. State . S. U.. State. P. W.. State. P. A.. State . S.U.. State. S. u.. State . P.W.. State . p. w.. State . p. A.. State. P. A.. State. S.TJ.. State . S. U.. State . S. U.. State . S. U.. State . S.U.. State . P. w.. Industry. MissouKi— concluded. St. Louis City Workhouse. . do do do St. Louis House of Refuge. do do do Training School for Boys . . do do do do .;.. MONTANA. State Reform School ....do..-.. .do. NEBBASEA. State Penitentiary. do .do. -do. State Industrial School for Boys. .do. .do. .do. -do. State Prison. :...do do ....do ....do .do. .do. .do. Farming Stone gaarrying,-cutting, and crushing Building trades Roads and highways Bread. — 1 Clothing, etc Farming B uilding trades Brick Brioki Clothing, etc ; Farming Building trades Boots and shoes Clothing, etc , Farming Brooms and "brushes Clothing, etc Farming Building trades Farming Building trades Farming o Not reported. Clothing, etc Printing Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, crushing. Blacksmithing and wheclwrighting. Boots and shoes. '. Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarryfng, cutting, and crushing Building trades CHAPTEB IV,— GENEBAI, TABLES. 377 Table IV DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— SESCBIPTIOH AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OB WOBK DONE, ETC, BT INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Hand C) Hand Hand (<■) Machine Hand Hand P, Uachine Hand Hand Hand Hand and mach. (.") (<■) Machine.. C) Hand. Hand. Hand. W ») (") (o) C) Hand and maoh C) Hand. .(.<•) Garden truck , Quarrying stone lor street Building, etc Grading streets 288,110 pounds bread, wheat Clothing and underwear Garden truck Miscellaneous repairs on bdildings 100,000 brick, bunding, hard burned 900,000 brick, building, hard burned , Uniforms and underclothing Corn, oats, hay, and garden truck 1 brick cottage, built; general repairs on buildings 200 pairs shoes, boys' and girls' , 81 pairs trousers, 24 coats, woolen jean; 219 shirts, 20 un- derskirts, 96 aprons, 33 nightgowns, girls', 27 corset covers, 61 nightshirts, boys', 60 pairs overalls, cotton; 14 skirts, woolen jean; 18 shirt waists, woolen; 140 • sheets; 190 pillowcases; 10 tablecloths; 60 towels. 6,400 pounds pork; 4,380 gallons milk; 25 tons alfalfa; 18 tons oats hay; 12,000 pounds cabbage, 6,400 pounds onions, 2,650 pounds potatoes, and other garden truck. 160,920 dozen house and whisk brooms 210 pairs pants, 107 coats, 94 vests, 245 suits cotton flannel underwear, 174 cotton flannel caps, 345 pairs woolen socks, 198 pairs brogan shoes.(l>) 1,728 bushels I rish potatoes, 166 bushels onions, 25 bushels radishes, 325 bushels green corn, 50 bushels beans, 60 bushels sweet potatoes, 170 bushels parsnips, 2,000 heads cabbage, 45 bushels tomatoes, 100 bushels cucumbers, 275 bushels turnips, 75 bushels beets, 35 bushels carrots, 156 pounds poultry, 4,950 poundspork, 9,501 pounds beef, 242 pounds veal, 9 tons hay, 2,100 bushels field corn, 125 bushels rye, 81 tons straw, 8 tons- fodder. General repairing 420 tons sugar beets, 473 bushels Irish potatoes, 732 bush- els field corn, 30 tons alfalfa. Miscellaneous repairs 14} bushels asparagus, 69i bushels beets, 1,206 heads cab- bage, 40 bushels carrots, 83 bushels celery, 154 dozen corn, 10 bushels cucumberS42 bushels horseradish, 6 bar- rels kraut, 8 bushels lettuce, 90} bushels onions, 22 bush- els parsnips, 904 bushels potatoes, 22 bushels radishes, 72i bushels rhubarb, 65J dozen squash, 39 bushels sweet potatoes, 52i bushels turnips, 17 tons alfalfa hay, 7 tons wild hay, 800 bushels corn, 515 bushels oats, 9 bushels cauliflower, 57 bushels lettuce, 6i bushels peas, 12 bush- els spinach, 227 quarts strawberries, 12 bushels beans, 30 bushels tomatoes. Clothing Printing 117 pounds veal, 1,4481 pounds pork 116 feet curbing stone, 258 loads rough rock Miscellaneous repairs, tools sharpened, etc 290 pairs shoes repaired 101 pairs convicts' wool pants; 61 coats, wool, convict; 84 undershirts; 214 overshirts; 97 pairs drawers; 137 hand towels. 14,000 pounds oobbage, 300 pounds onions, 100 pounds parsnips, 1,000 pounds carrots, 1,200 pounds beets, 500 pounds turnips, 500 bunches celery, 421 dozen eggs, 3,294 gallons milk, l,744i pounds pork, 17 pounds veal, 90 pounds lard, 70 chickens, 15 ducks. Limestone Miscellaneous repairs Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Shghtly inferior. Equal Equal Equal Equal ■Equal Equal Equal Inferior. Interior. Inferior. Equal Slightly inferior. Equal. Slightly inferior . Equal Equal . Equal. Equal . Equal. Equal... Equal . . . Inferior. Inferior. Inferior. Equal. Equal _. - . Inferior. li In other tables boots and shoes are inseparably combined with clothing in this institution. 378 EEPOET OF THE 00MMI88I0KEE 01' LABOE. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, , AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A — DESCBIPTION AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OB WOSK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. Industry. NB"W HAMPSmBE. state Prison .do. -do. HiUsboro Co. Almshouse and House of Correetion. Hillsboio Co. Jail do Manctiester City Farm and House of Correction. do Industrial School .do. .do. .do. KEW JEBSET. Reformatory. do do.i .do. .do. -do .do.;. .do. .do. State Prison. do .do. .do. .do. State State State Co... Co... Co... City. City. State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State State Cont.. S. U.. s. u.. S.U.. Cont. Cont. P. A. s.v . P. A. P.P. S. u. s. u. Cont. P. A. P. A. S. U. S. XJ. s. u. s. u. p. w P. w Cont. Cont. Cont.. Cont.. S. U. Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Farming Brooms and brushes Farming Farming Fanning Farming Hosiery, etc Clothing, etc Farming Clothing, etc Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming., Tin9nijthing,coppersmithing,and sheet- iron workiiig. Building trades Koads and highways. Brooms and brushes. Clothing, etc Mats and matting. Boots and shoes... .a Including articles in this industry produced under State-use system. OHAPTEE IV. -GENERAL TABLES. 379 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTION AND ftBANTITY OF GOODS MADE OS WORK DONE, ETC., BT INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand oKaachine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand and maob. Hand Hand. Hand. Hand. Hand. Hand. Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand and ma^h. Hand and mach. Hand. Hand. Hand Hand Machine Machine Hand and mach. Machine Hand and mach. 90,000 chairs, spring rookera, cane, reed> and wooden frames and seats. 260 suits, convict Garden truck 44,S32i pounds beef, pork, poultry, and veal; 62} tons hay; 3,863 pounds butter; 1,757 dozen eggs; 11 tons fodder; and garden truck. 87,300 brooms, mill and kitchen -. . Garden truck 8,000 pounds pork; 10,000 gallons milk; 200 tons hay; and garden truck. (o) 1,560 bushels com; 51 tons hay; 1,220 bushels potatoes; 5,000 heads lettuce; 10,000 pounds cabbage, rhubarb, and squash, and other garden truck; veal and hogs; milk and butter, (o) 72,900 pairs men's merino half hose 35 dresses, girls; 800 pairs overalls, boys; 725 shirts, boys W 27.017 dozen overalls 80 pairs shoes, split leather,made; 114pairs shoes repaired. 1 overcoat, 71 pairs pants, 34 vests, blue woolen cloth; 57 coats, blue serge; 491 coats, 641 pairs pants, 170 vests, and 8 overcoats repaired. 688 pairs shoes made; 24 pairs slippers made; 896 pairs shoes repaired. 341 coats, 122 vests, 428 pairs pants, 526 caps, 4 capes,.uni- form, blue woolen cloth; 688 outside shirts; 131 check aprons; 140 napkins; 20 bedtieks; 37 pillow ticks; 76 coats, 73 vests, 81 pairs pants, parole, blue frieze; 173 jumpers, 602 overalls, blue denim; 712 undershirts, 648 pairs drawers, 34 tablecloths, 241 inmates' sheets, cot- ton cloth; 1,0S0 crash and salt bag towels; 343 coats, 445 pairs pants, 127 vests, and 40 shirts repaired. 16.018 quarts milk; 4 tons hay and fodder, and garden truck; 411 bushels potatoes. 12 dippers, 6 boxes, 4 pans, 11 measures, 6 torches, 6 pails, 60 pot covers, tin; 6 steamers, 17 pails, sheet iron; 6 dish pans, 36 pails, 3 oil pans, 1 pan, galvanized iron; 6 milk cans; 44 water cans; 1 gasoline tank; 18 cake pans; 6 apple corers; 8 copper strainers; 1 sirup can; I- bread box; 1 funnel; 20 card holders; 10 ash pans; 24 iron bread pans; 4meatpans; l2cofEeecans; 1 cruller kettle; 8 pudding pans; 1 turpentine box; 16 feet stovepipe; 1 varnish box. Masonry,carpentering,and painting, work on buildings. . Concrete walks and floors; macadamizing walks and roads in grounds. 125,000 mail bags, duck and leather 6,000 gross scrubbing and shoe brushes, bristle, horse hair, and tampico; 22,032 gross blocks, ash wood, backs of brushes; 1,653 dozen brooms, long handles, broom corn. 30,195 pairs pants, cotton , corduroy, and wool 7,200 mats, 300,000 square yards matting, coarse fiber 495 pairs shoes made; 2,329 shoes repaired 6 Included under public-account system. Slightly inferior Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . 380 REPORT OF THE OOMMISSIOBER OF LABOR. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTION AHD ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OB WOKK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. NEW JERSEY — contiaued. State Prison Essex Co. Penitentiary. , -do.. .do.. -do. .do. Hudson Co. Penitentiary. do do, .do. .do. Mercer Co. Workhouse. do do. -do. .do. State Home for Boys . do do .- do .do. .do. .do. State . S. U. Co.. Co. Co. Co. P. A. S.U.. S. u.. S. u.. Co.... S. U.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... S. u.. Co.... O.U.. Co.... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co... Co.... State . State . State . State . State . State . State - Clothing, etc. Farming. Boots and shoes. Clothing, etc Farming. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Stone quarrying, cutting, andcrustiing. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc S. U.. S.V.. P. A.. P. A.. S. U.. S.U.. S. U. P. A. P. A. P. A. S.U . S. U. S.U. s. u.. Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Clothing, etc , Farming. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Brick Brooms and brushes Farming Boots and shoes Brick Clothing, etc . Farming. CHAPTER IV.. -GENERAL TABLES. 381 Table IV DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCaiPTION AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS HADE OR WORK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and description ol goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- stl- tu- tion No. Hand and maoh. Hand. Hand Hand and mach. Hand. Machine Hand Hand Hand and nmch. Hand Machine Hand Machine Hand and mach. Hand Machine Machine . 1 . . Machine Hand Hand and maoh. Machine Hand and mach Hand 1,969 top shirts, 6-ounce; 630 undershirts,. 7-onnce; 157 top shirt sleeves, 6-ounce, pairs; 24 undershirt sleeves, 7- ounoe, pairs; 122 jumpers, 6-ounoe; 776 pairs men's drill drawers; 621 cell sheets, 105 hospital sheets, 439 pillow slips, 68 bakers' aprons, 6 barbers' cloths, sheeting; 379 bedticks, 177 pillow ticks, 261 shop aprons, ticking; 9 shrouds, bleached muslin; 1,102 cell towels, 48 roller towels, crash; 133 sack towels; 40 dresses, 4 waists, gingham; 62 aprons, muslin; 10 curtains for screens; 10 pillow cases; 2 white muslin waists; 46chemises, 391 pairs drawers, unbleached muslin; 60 pairs drawers; 27 nightgowns; 12 shelf covers; 14 table covers; 29 petti- coats, 8 shawls, blue flannel; 42 napkins; 1 petticoat, white; 21 pairs drawers, white muslin; it dresses; 731 coats; 526 vests; 2,044 pairs pants; 580 caps; 60 oil-drill aprons; 288 coats, 24 vests, 1,476 pairs pants, 232 caps, 546 blankets, 626 Iwdticks^ 362 pillow ticks, 252 pairs drawers, unbleached muslm, repaired. 1,000 pounds straw; 12 pigs; 350 quarts strawljerries; 87 barrels potatoes; 150 bushels carrots, onions, parsnips, and tomatoes. 526 pairs shoes, soled and heeled 260 coats, 250 pairs pants, cotton and wool mixture; 290 sheets, 150 pillow cases, 60 dozen napkins, 20. dozen towels, 200 undershirts, 150 pairs drawers, cotton cloth; 30 dresses, gingham. 1,335 pounds pork and poultry; 9,125 quarts milk; 940 dozen eggs; 22 tons hay and straw; 600 tons ice, and garden truck; 1,025 bushels potatoes; 146 bushels rye; 87 bushels onions; 100 bushels tomatoes. 1,954 tons crushed stone 1,150 yards crushed stone 1.019 pairs shoes, soled and heeled 38 dozen shirts; 33 dozen pairs trousers; 3 dozen coats; 4 dozen vestj; 34 dozen pairs drawers; 23 dozen pillow cases; 15 dozen aprons; 14 dozen roller towels; 2 dozen dresses; 4 dozen chemises; 18 dozen sheets; 6 dozen napkins; 2 dozen petticoats; 20 dozen pillow ticks; 2 awnings; 12 saddle pads; 3 carriage covers; 23 tier bags; 200 dozen pairs trousers, 30 dozen pairs drawers, 30 dozen undershirts, 90 dozen socks, 150 dozen shirts, 25 dozen coats, 15 dozen vests, and 12 dozen bags, re- paired. • 5,000 heads cabbage; 3,000 heads lettuce; 3,600 bunches of celery; 600 bushels tomatoes, and other garden truck. 16,094 yards stone, crushed and quarried 500 heads cabbage; 200 bushels potatoes and turnips 846 tons crushed stone 150 suits, blue jean; 60 suits underclothing, cotton and wool; 75 pairs overalls, cotton denim. 1,200 bushels com, oats, rye, and wheat; 85 tons hay; 1,000 bushels potatoes; 2,000 heads cabbage, and other garden truck. 21,760 tons crushed stone 41,000 brick, common clay 2,021 gross scrubbing brushes, tampico 3.020 bushels potatoes, 200 tons hay, 35 tons rye and straw. 1,146 pairs shoes and slippers, grain and kip leather; 2,825 pairs shoes repaired. 109,000 brick, common clay 664 coats, jean and cloth; 1,364 shirts, cotton cloth; 610 pairs overalls, denim; 834 pairs pants, jean cloth; 3,664 sheets, pillow cases, towels, etc., cotton cloth; 68,878 articles repaired. 56,447 quarts milk; 6,090 bushels corn, oats, rye, and wheat; 3,802 pounds butter; 15 calves; 13 pigs; 3f lambs; 137 tons hay, and garden truck. Slightly inferior . Equal. Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal. Slightly inferior . Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal. Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior . Equal Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly interior . Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal. 382 KEPOBT OF TELE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A — DESCBIPTIOU AND ftUANHTY OH GOODS MADE OB WOEK DOSE, ETC., BY INSTIimCIONS— Oontimied. State and institution. Cpn- trol. Sys- tem. State. S. U.. Ter... Ter-.J Ter. . . Ter... Ter. . . P. A.. P. A.. S.U.. s. c. S.Tf.. Ter... Ter... Ter. . . Ter... S.U.. S.V.. S.V.J Ter... Ter... P.W.. P.W.. State. s.u... State. s.tr... State. s.u... State. s.u... State. s.tr... State. State. s.u... s.u... State. s.u... State. State. s.u... s.u... State. s.u... State . State . S.U...' P.W.. Industry, NEW JERSEY — concluded. State Home lor Girls NEW MEXICO, Penitentiary. . do do do do -•do. -do. .do. .do. ..-.do. ....do. NEW YOEK. Aulsura Prison do do .do. .do. Clinton Prison. . do .do... -do. Eastern New York Refonaatory. .do. .do. .do. Clothing, etc. Biiclc I/ima Bbacksmitliing sbA viieelwrighting . . . Boots and sboes Clothing, etc Electric Bght and power.-....^ Fanning Hatness : TinsMltlalQg, icoppersmithing, and Bl>eet-in»i woiAdng. B)iiiMii% taaides .„„,,..- B/oa/dfiaamigbways Boots and shoes .-.. Brooms and brashes CShairs, tables, ©to Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods Clothing, etc Cotton ^ods Tinsmithlsg, ooppersmithing, and sheet-iron woTldng. Woodem goods, misoellaiieoas Clothing, etc. Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Building trades a Not reported. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL- TABLES. 383 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITII GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— BESCBIFIION AND ftVAKTITY OF GOODS MAD£ OB WOBE DONE, ETC., BY INSTITTJTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and description oJ goods made or work done. Comparison witli goods produced by free laljor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Hand and macli. Machine Hand Hand Hand Hand and macli. Machine. Hand Hand Hand Hand. Hand. Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand. , (") 605 dresses, gingham and woolen; 150 nightgowns, 427 under-garments, 37 head cloths, 3 mattress covers, 176 wash rags, 24 pillowcases, 48 sheets, cotton cloth; 261 skirts, cotton cloth and Oannel; 264 aprons, gingham and muslin; 33 pairs curtains, muslin; 12 tablecloths, 598 napkins, 281 towels, linen cloth; 35 laundry bags; 113 ironing pads, cotton flannel; 65 blankets, cotton and wool; 64 dishcloths, crash; 39 dust caps, gingham; 12 bedticks, ticking; 28 capes, woolen cloth; 13,325 garments and 4,471 pairs stockings, repaired. 2,000,000 brick , 150 tons lime Miscellaneous repairs 353 pairs brogan shoes, 372 pairs shoes repaired 89 coats, 90 vests, 92 pairs pants, 100 shirts for discharged prisoners; 94 coats, 20 vests, 456 pairs pants, 272 shirts, 35 caps fox prison wear; 480 undershirts, 460 pairs drawers, 177 towels, and miscellaneous repairs. Electric light tor prison Vegetables and pork Miscellaneous repairs Miscellaneous repairs Miscellaneous repairs 4 miles road built 1,194 pairs brogan shoes, 108 pairs cloth shoes, 3,910 pairs shoes repaired. 2,392 doiien ordinary house brooms, 373 dozen whisk brooms, etc. 1,570 iron bedsteads, brass trimmings, 1,089 desks for house or olBce use, 19,947 chairs, 2,545 tables, 400 settees for olBce or hall use, 48 hard-wood chiffoniers, 235 bu- reaus, 68 index cases, 124 office stands, 225 wardrobes, 94 frames, 14 stepladders, 32,718 school desks, 93 iron tables, 114 iron pieces, 338 sash lifts, 3,536 pounds iron for Siting chairs, 1,702 brass knobs, 32,586 brass ink wells, 76 settees, 693,342 pounds iron castings for stock and frames. 142 coats, 162 vests, 1,035 pairs pants, 708 caps, all of gray cloth with prison stripe, 50 overcoats, 266 coats, 270 vests, 273 pairs pants, all of plain suiting, 319 white shirts, cotton. 86,127 yards of suiting for prison clothing, 16,444 pairs woolen blankets, 15,200 yards toweling. 4,229 dozen men's shirts, overalls, pajamas, etc 400,346 yards ticking, blue denim, hickory shirtings, brown sheetings, 143,143 pounds cotton yarn. 3,1^ doEen buckets, boilers, basins, kettles, bread boxes, coffee pots. Wheelbarrows, Tolling-pins, potato mashers, baskets, etc. 47 suits check cloth, 418 pairs pants, 135 coats, 126 vests, 224 shirts, 224 caps, 34 aprons, 14 bedticks, 29 cotton piUows, 9 cotton sheets, 22 woolen mittens. I,7fi0 bushels potatoes, 360 bushels onions, 2,335 bunches gieen onions, 60 bushels carrots, 340 bushels turnips, 250 bushels tomatoes, 100 bushels parsnips, 10 bushels green beans, 46 barrels apples, 10,560 ears sweet corn, 5,490 heads cabbage, 1 ,570 cucumbers, 1,200 heads celery, 950 heads lettuce, 76 bushels beets, 1,300 bunches radish, 19 bushels green peas, 150 gallons cider, 475 gallons tomato sauce, 13,129 pounds pork. 4,000 cubic yards stone, crushed 1 shed 200 feet long, 20 feet wide, and grounds graded Slightly inferior . Equal Equal Equal, Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal. Slightly inferior. Equal Equal Equal. Equal Inferior. Inferior. Inferior. Inferior. Equal. Equal. Equal. 384 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. Table IV — DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTION AND ftTJANTITT OF GOODS MADE OR WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. State . S.U... State. S.U... State . S.U... State . State . S.U... S.U... State . S.U... State. S.U... State. S.U... State . S.U... State. S.U... State . State. S.U... S.U... State. State. S.U... S.U... State. s.u... State. s.u... State. s.u... State. P.W.. State. s.u... State. Co.... s.u... s.u... Co.... s.u... Co.... s.u... Co.... Co.... s. u... s.u... Industry. NEW YORK— continued. House of Refuge for Women. . Sing Sing Prison. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. .do. do State Belormatory. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State Eeformatory for Women.. .do. Erie Co. Penitentiary . ....do .do. .do. .do. Clotbing.etc .. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Castings, machinery, and repairs. Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, ete. Hosiery, etc Mats and matting Printing Sash, doors, etc Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Castings, machinery, and repairs Clothing, etc. Farming .'. House furnishing goods, miscellaneous. Printing Building trades Clothing, etc. Hosiery, etc Boots and shoes Clothing, etc. . .■ I aundry work. Mattresses Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing a Not reported. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 385 Table IV DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTIOW AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WOEK DONE, ETC., BY" INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- sti- tu- tiott No. Hand and maoh. (") C) (») (°) C) (<■) Hand. (») Hand. (-) (") Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Machine. 911 cotton and gingham aprons, 94 cotton bands and bed pads, 165 muslin dresses, 71 woolen dresses, 138 calico dresses, 204 Otis check cloth dresses, 306 muslin night- gowns, 139 muslin sheets, handkerchiefs, napkins, etc. 14,309 pg-irs men's and women's medium-grade shoes, 6,109 pairs slippers, 84 pairs boots, 48 heavy sheep-skin mittens. 5,992 rattan street brooms, 2,997 floor brooms, 20,116 brushes, scrub and horse. 46,484 gray iron castings of all kinds 11 oak desks, 206 oak bu reaus, 221 ward robes, 1 19 oak lock- ers, 240 pairs crutches, 203 hard-wood tables, 35 benches for shop and prison use, 26 plain and quartered oak chiffoniers, and brush blocks, stretching poles, and washstands. 3,246 woolen hospital suits, 1,980 cotton and woolen coats, 3,342 pairs pants, 1,599 cotton and woolen vests, 1,282 overcoats, 4,794 cotton and woolen caps, 2,000 white- fleece shirts. 4,301 dozen white cotton fleeced drawers, 4,996 dozen cot- ton undershirts, 362 dozen brown and white cotton women's skirts, 170 dozen flannel pajanu suits, 35 dozen towels, 2,053 dozen cotton hose, 838 dozen cot- ton sheets, 382 dozen pillowcases, 32 dozen night- gowns, 68 dozen cotton diapers, 20 cotton petticoats, 339 dozen mittens, 300 dozen bedspreads, igijozen bath robes, 6 strait-jackets. 6,146 coir and chain mats, 1,970 yards domestic cocoa mat- ting. 214,767 labels of various sizes, 13,000 tags, 35,280 cards, 80,850 envelopes, 16,405 letter heads and billheads, 131,372 copies "Star ol Hope," the prison paper. 3,875 soft and hard-wood window frames, 1,400 window and door sashes, 328 doors, 10 cases. 450 pieces cut granite blocks 3,040 pairs of shoes, brogans, and other better grades, 982 pairs slippers, 4 pairs boots. Miscefianeous shop supplies, castings, patterns, etc 442 aprons, 1,709 caps, 1,538 coats, 535 overalls, 2,864 shirts, 1,959 suspenders, 2,746 pairs pants, 643 vests, 269 over- coats, 18,066 pairs socks. 107 bushels potatoes, 10 tons field com, 10,989 pounds cab- bage, 700 bushels oats, 40,177 quarts milk, 183 dozen eggs, 1,928 pounds beef, 10,908 pounds pork, 60 tons hay, and a quantity of vegetables. A large quantity of miscellaneous household articles, such as ladles, dish pans, dustpans, pillow slips, mat- tresses, towels, etc. 50 annual reports and a large quantity of miscellaneous printing, such as daily reports, demeanor reports, meal tickets, property return sheets, labels, letter heads, etc. Conduits and power house and trades school building constructed, plumbing and sewerage repairs. 159 pairs drawers, 49 handkerchiefs, 80 cuffs, 10 linen table- cloths, 77 crash dish towels, 464 aprons, cotton and gingham; 602 dresses; 96 skirts, cheviot; 119 shirt waists, gingham; 220 sheets, cotton. 538 pairs women's cheap-grade cotton stockings 445 pairs shoes for convicts, 263 pairs slippers, 370 pairs . shoes repaired. 399 quilts, 2,141 towels, 69 curtains, 32 rugs, 53 chemises, 54 table covers. 148 mattress covers, 144 aprons, 131 pil- low s ips, 318 dresses, 311 sheets, 343 cloth bags, 277 coats, 84 vests, 333 overalls, 603 shirts, 308 caps, 674 pairs pants, 222 pairs mittens, 33 jumpers, 24 suits, 248 dozen pairs socks, 64 dozen women's stockings. Laundered 11,840 sheets, 11,960 pillow slips, 68,380 towels, 15,600 shirts, 15,600 pairs pants, 2.600 quilts, 2,080 dresses, 2,080 chemises, 2,080 pairs stockings. 132 new mattresses and 148 pillows for mattresses 811 cubic yards stone crushed Slightly Inferior . , Inferior. Slightly inferior. Equal... Inferior. Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior , Slightly inferior . Equal Equal. Equal... Inferior. Inferior. Equal... Inferior. Inferior. Slightly Inferior. Inferior Interior. Inferior. Inferior. Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior. Equal 9061—06 386 EEPOET OF THE O0MMISSIONEK OE LABOR. \ Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WORK DONE/ AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCBIPXIOH AND aUAHTITT OF GOODS MADE OE WORK DONE, ETC., BY mSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. NEW YORK— oontinued. Erie Co. Penitentiary Monroe Co. Penitentiary. .do. .do. Onondaga Co. Penitentiary. do .do. do King's Co. Penitentiary. do do ....do .do. .do. .do. .do. New York Co. Penitentiary. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Co.... Co. Co... Co... Co. Co.^.. Co.. S.0., P. A. S.U... S.U... S.U. S.U. s. u.. Co.... S. U.. City.. S. U.. City.. S. U.. City . . S. U.. City.. S. u.. Workhouse, Blackwells Island, and Branch Workhouses, Harts and Rikers islands. ...do. City. City.. City. City. City. City., City., City .. City. City . City.. City .. City.. City .. S. U.. S.U. S.U.. P. W S.U. S. U.. S.U. S. U., S. U.. S. U.. S. u.. p. w. S. u.. S. u.. Tinsmithing, coppersmitMng, and sheet-iron working. Farming , Boots and shoes Farming Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, catting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc. . , Hosiery, etc- Mattresses '. , Printing Beads and highways Blocksmithing and wheelwrighting Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Clothing, etc Fanning Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Tinsmithing, coppersmithing,- and sheet-iron working. Building trades Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting . . . Burying paupers oNot reported. CHAPTEB IV.' GEUEBAL TABLES. 387 Table IV DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A DESCKIPTIOH AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WOBK DOME, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or macbine work. Qliantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Hand and mach. Hand . . . Hand . . . Hand . . . Hadd . . . Machine Hand . . . Hand and Mach C) (°) (a) (a) Hand. C) C) (<■) (») Hand. Hand. CI 80 cooking utensils of various kinds, 48 dozen large ration cans, 12 dozen small ration cans. 5 galvanized Trails, 60 water cans, 3 dustpans. 8,833 pounds pork and a quantity of tomatoes, onions, cabbages, beets, turnips, apples, and carrots, 334 pairs brogan shoes, 600 pairs brogan shoes repaired. . . 100 bushels onions, 2,500 bushels potatoes, 10 tons hay, 8,760 quarts milk, fodder, and garden produce. 1,060 pairs brogan shoes made, 900 pairs shoes repaired . . 409 pairs pants, 200 vests, 391 coats, 6 overcoats, and re- pairing. 15 tons hay, 7 tons straw, 5 tons cabbage, 2,700 bushels po- tatoes, 120 bushels rye, 150 bushels beans, 100 bushels turnips, 100 bushels carrots, 100 bushels beets, 125 bush- els onions, 35 bushels green peas, 25 bushels oyster plant, 5 bushels tomatoes, 5 bushels parsnips, 3 bushels string beans, 75 barrels apples, 250 barrels summer squashes, 1,000 pounds winter squashes, 200 dozen green corn, 150 heads cauliflower, 16,000 quarts milk. 19,600 tons stone quarried, 16,277 tons stone fed to steam crusher. 15,136 pairs men's, women's, and chiWien's shoes, 580 pairs canvas and carpet slippers, 380 pairs sandals. 38,553 horsehair and bristle brushes, 23,728 common house brooms, 69,848 street brooms. 1,897 iron beds with woven-wire springs, 18 desks and ' cabinets. 166 citizen's worsted suits, 75 melton overcoats, 1,194 cot- ton and woolen prison pants, 328 prison coats, 328 prison vests, 1,010 cotton shirts, 950 towels, 568 cotton pillow slips. 800 pairs white cotton and woolen undershirts, 800 pairs drawers, 71,516 pairs hose, (a) 694,705 printed forms of various kinds, letter heads, bill- heads, tags, labels, etc. Bluestone and granite broken into small pieces and dis- tributed over 5,000 square yards on 2 streets. 3oxcarts, 1 garden wagon, 1 ox cart body, 8 wagon wheels, 488 bolts and nuts, 2,516 rivets, 944 washers, 1 quay chain, 4 coal buckets, 12 dozen pole hooks, 30 ringbolts, 12 wheelbarrows, and a quantity of tub handles, stone drills, chisels, hammers, sheet iron. 4,500 pairs coarse-grade workingmen's shoes, 1,500 pairs coarse-grade women's shoes. 300 dozen common house brooms ; 9,536 jiairs cotton and woolen pants, 261 cotton flannel women's dresses, 1,722 ticking dresses, 1,133 brown mus- lin chemises, 2,071 eottoh petticoats, 3,700 blue and white duck mitts, 2,606 mushn sheets, 2,326 pillowcases, 1,942 towels, 150 duck suits, 4,484 shirts, 30 linen bath cloths, 1,208 bedspreads, 1,000 pillow ticks,806 cottonade and woolen coats, 2,612 cotton and wool caps, 220 brown muslin aprons, 40 bedticks, 536 vests, 500 jackets. Beets, turnips, cabbages, tomatoes, and other vegetables . 3,600 feet rough granite curbing, 18,000 feet granite quarried. 20O dustpans, 3,000 four-quart mess pans, 168 one-quart tin cans, 1,000 one-quart tin cups, 100 wash basins, 50 boilers, 12 one-galK>n pails, 506 one-gallon tin cans, 1,000 miscellaneous pieces. A one-story wooden storehouse 35 by 80 feet, 5,000 linear feet hard-wood flooring, 746 pigeonhole boxes, 10 wheel- barrows, 2 gang planks, etc. 107 horses shod, 62 steel drills, 108 iron table legs, 3 feet high, 900 iron hooks, 2,200 iron nails 4 inches long, 331 stone wedges 6 inches long, 672 window bars made and 1,458 stone drills sharpened. 4,371 bodies buried Slightly inferior . Equal Equal Equal Inferior Slightly inferior Equal 10 Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly Inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Inferior Equal Inferior Inferior Inferior Inferior Equal Slightly inferior.. Equal Inferior Slightly inferior 13 Equal . 388 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table .IV DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. ' A DESCEIPTION AND aUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OB WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. NEW YOEZ— continued. Workhouse, Blackwells- Island, and Branch Workhouses, Harts and Kikers islands. < .do. do. do. do. State Industrial School. do do do .do. .do. City. City. S. U. S.V .. Clothing. Fanning. City. City. City. S. U. S. U. P. W. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Tinsniithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working. Building trades. State . S U State . S. U State . S U State . S U State State S.U.. S. U. Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting . Bookbinding Boots and shoes Castings, machinery, and repairs . . . Clothing, etc Electrical construction and repairs . "Not reported. CHAPTER IV. -GENERAL TABLES. 389 Table IV — DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTION AND QTJANTITT OF GOODS MADE OE WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand o^ machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. C) Hand. Hand. (<•) Hand. Hand and mach. C) (.") 1,199 coats, 1,028 vests, 1,636 pairs pants, 2,300 men's caps, 225 women's dresses, all woolen; 1,515 pairs blue and white ticl^ing pants, 1,096 women's blue and white tick- ing dresses, 1,965 men's blue and white ticking shirts, 1,000 unbleached muslin chemises, 1,645 cotton petti- coats, 88 women's cotton nightshirts, 92 cotton and woolen shrouds, 5,178 crash towels, 525 muslin sheets, 30 napkins, 4 cotton aprons, 6 linen tablecloths, 2,465 cotton pillowcases. 4 tons hay, 12,663 ears corn, 205 bunches asparagus, 84 bushels string beans, 10 bushels 16 quarts Lima beans, 270 bushels beets, 8,S43 heads cabbage, 259 bushels car- rots, 336 heads cauliflower, 1,457 bunches celery, 163 heads eggplant, 626 bunches horseradish, 129 bushels kale, 171 bushels kohlrabi, 162 bunches leeks, 4,309 heads lettuce, 77 muskmelons, 16 watermelons, 358 bushels onions, 4,113 bunches parsley, 317 bushels parsnips, 21 bushels peas, 279 bushels potatoes, 16 pumpkins, 1,930 bunches radishes, 1,816 bunches rhubarb, 86 barrels spinach, 227 squashes, 72 bushels tomatoes, 290 bushels turnips. 12,160 square yards stone broken 1,000 one-quart watercups, 600 one-gallon mess pans, 18 one-gallon milk cans, 24 twelve-gallon soup boilers, 24 two-quart coffeepots, 24 tin lamps, 6 tin trays, some one- gallon water cans, five-quart water pails, twelve-gallon swill cans, ten-gallon boilers, 300 feet 6-inch tin pipe, 500 feet 6-inch tin pipe, and 4,560 square feet tin roofing. 400 feet stone wall 10 feet high 8 feet thick, 1,600 tons stone gathered from beach and grounds, 5,010 cubic yards earth banked back of wall, 8,678 square feet par- tition, 17,178 square feet flooring, 760 square feet wooden ceiling, 1 one-story wagon shed 148 by 22 feet, 1 black- smith shed 18 by 18 by 10 feet, I bath house 16 by 34 by 18 feet, 10 boathouses 3 by 3 by 7 feet, 1 platform 14 by 14 feet, 1 platform 16 by 8 feet, 1 bridge 6 by 3 feet, 1 bridge 12 by 2 feet, 2 coats paint over 141,471 square feet surface, 3 coats paint over 67,000 square feet surface, 610 square feet flagging laid, 73 square feet stone wall, 180 cubic feet brick wall, 56 square feet sea wall, 324 square feet sewer wall, 870 cubic feet stone wall, brick vault 16 by 6 by 12 feet, 954 square yards surface plastered, 221 square yards concrete laid, 10,000 bricks laid, and a quantity of sundry articles made, such as lamp-posts, crutches, storm doors, blinds, tables, snow shovels. A number of small articles made in the course of learning the trade. 600 State reports bound, plain cloth, and 500 Institution reports bound, paper covers. 2,443 pairs shoes, low cut i with tip, balmoral shoe 3 with tip, 2,700 pairs shoes repaired. 1 millmg machine for cutting gears, 1 power machine for electric current, 305 pounds brass castings, 22 pounds copper castings, 51,622 pounds iron castings, 2 sewer trap covers, some lathe and l)ench work, and general repairs. 231 military suits, 1,347 military pants, 771 khaki military suits, 212 graduating military suits, 116 aprons, 1 mili- tary cape, 550 military caps, 1,533 khaki military caps, 895 nightshirts, 2 flags, 78 pairs chevrons, 34 pairs straps, repairing. 1 direct 40 k. w. dynamo complete, 2 dynamos 2J h. p. wound and commutator, 1 ay;namo 20 h. p., 2,665 16 c. p. electric lights kept in repair. Inferior. Equal . Equal... Inferior. Slightly inferior . Inferior Inferior Slightly inferior. Equal Slightly inferior . 14 Equal. 390 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. Table IV — DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORE DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— OntiBued. A.— DESCEIPTION AND aUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WORK DOHE, ETC., BY INSTITTJTIOHS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol: Industry. NE"W YORK — concluded. State Industrial School .do. .do. NOKTH CAROLINA. State Prison. do do do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Alamance Co. Convict Camp... Anson Co. (Wadesboro Township) Convict Camp. ' Buncombe Co. Convict Camp Cabarrus Co. Convict Camp.. Columbus Co. Convict Camp . Durham Co. Convict Camp . Edgecombe Co. Convict Camp. . Forsyth Co. Convict Camp Franklin Co. and Louisburg Town- ship Jail. Gaston Co. Convict Camp Granville Co. Convict Camp do Greene Co. Jail Guilford Co. Convict Camps (2) . Haywood Co. Convict Camp Henderson Co. Convict Camp . Iredell Co. Convict Camp State State. State State State State State State State State State State State State Co... Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co., Co., Co.. Co.. S.U. s. u.. p. w. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. P. A.. P. A. P. A. S. U. S. U. P. w. P. w.. p. w. P.W., p. w. p. w. P.W.. p. w. P. w. p. w. p. w. Cont.. P.W.. F.W. P. W. P. w. p. w. p. w. Farming. Printing. BuUdlng trades. Lumber Railroad building Roads and bi^iiways Stone quarrying, cutting and crushing Wood, cut and sawed. Brick Clothing, etc Farming Clothing, etc- Farming. . Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. . Roads and highways . . Roads and highways. . Roads and highways. . Roads and highways. . Wood, cut and sawed. Roads and highways . Roa4s and l^hways . . Roads and highways. . Roads and liighways. . Roads and highways . . Roads and highways. . oNot reported. OHAPTEE IV. GJENBEAL TABLES. 391 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AKD QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DE8CBIFTI0N AND aVANTITT Or OOODS KASE OB WOBK DONE, ETC., BT INBTITUTIOHS— Continued. Hand or machine worJc. Quantity and description ol goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In sti- tu- tlon No. Hand Hand. Hand. Machine . . (») <") (a) (°) C) (°) Machine.. C) C) («) Hand Hand and mach. Hand and macb. C) (a) 66 bushels string beans, 318 bushels beets, 548 quarts blackberries, 7,492 heads cabbage, 173 bushels carrots, 18,651 ears sweet corn, 34 dozen cucumbers, 436i pounds grapes, 323 dozen heads lettuce, 24S bushels parsnips, 242 bushels onions, 87 dozen bunches green onions, 46 bushels oyster plants, 158 bushels peas, 181 dozen bunches pieplant, 135 pumpkins, 71 dozen bunches radishes, 740 pints raspberries, 27 bushels spinach, 33 dozen summer squashes, 1,166 quarts strawberries, 282 bushels tomatoes, 22 bushels turnips. 41,600 copies ol "Progress," newspaper, 31,200 copies of lessons for Sunday school, 41,600 copies chapel service, 73,800 copies day lessons tor school work, 500 copies institution reports, 10,000 letter heads, 25,000 regulation blanks, 10,000 legal blanks. Miscellaneous repairs, masonry, carpentering, stesm and gas fitting. 36,804,000 feet yellow pine saw logs 346,270 cubic yards cutting, filling, leveling, etc 10 miles road grading, leveling, ditching, mling, etc 37,882 cubic yards crushed stone, used to ballast railroad beds. 2, 178 cords, cut short lengths for use in locomotives 2,010,000 good, smooth, clay bricks 336 garments, wool and cotton, convict stripes 821 boles short-staple cotton, 7,896 bushels peanuts, 6,429 bushels com, 4,573 pounds hams. 8,660 garments, wool and cotton, convict stripes, coats and pants, etc. 14,560 bushels Indian com, 4,800 bushels com meal, 7,500 bushels sweet potatoes, and other garden truck. 32 miles of road building and repairing 1,400 cubic yards rock quarried in small pieces for feeding to steam crushers, i mile macadam rosxi and 2 miles new dirt road constructed, 150 miles of old road gone over and repaired. 3§ miles new road, 25 feetr wide, surfaced with clay or gravel. 57,226 cubic yards of rock quarried and fed to steam crusher; 6 miles of road 25 feet wide, 12 feet of which is macadam, constructed. 2 J miles macadam road; J mile sand and gravel road 1 mile 200 yards of road through marsh and swamp, 5 miles of road through stump land built; 3 miles road graded and repaired. 7 miles of macadam road, 24 feet wide, well drained by sloping aides, iOfeet of macadam in middle of roadbed, 12 inches deep, put down in 3 layers. 25 miles of new dirt road constructed; 300 miles of old road repaired; 75 bridges constructed, wooden. 19 mileB of macadam road constructed; 1,100 miles of dirt road repaired. 75 miles of dirt road repaired 54 miles new road and 2 bridges constructed, 5 miles old road repaired. 300 cords pine wood 18J miles of road graded, ditched, and otherwise improved. .50 miles road lepaiied 88 miles dirt road, 22 feet wide, constructed 18,060 cubic yards rock quarried and crushed; 5} miles road graded, 3} miles road macadamized. 5 miles of road, 20 feet wide, and 16 bridges constructed and 15 miles of old road repaired. 3,520 cubic yards of rock quarried and crushed; 6 miles of dirt road, 24 feet wide, and 2 miles of macadam road, 30 feet wide. Equal . Equal. Equal. Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Equal Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Equal Slightly Hiferior Equal Slightly inferior Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior Equal Equal Slightly inferior Superior Superior Slightly inferior Superior Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Equal Slightly inferior Slightly Inferior Slightly inferior Slightly inferior 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 3^2 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table IV DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WOEK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DBBCBIPTION AND- ftTJANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WOEK DONE, ETC., BY .INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and ins jtution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. NORTH CAKOLINA — Concluded. Lenoir Co. Convict Camp MeoHenturg Co. Convict Camp.. New Hanover Co. Convict Camp- Person Co. Convict Camp Randolph' Co. Convict Camp, Robeson Co. Convict Camp. . Rockingham Co. Convict Camp. do.... Rowan Co. Convict Camp Swain Co. Jail Wake Co. Workhouse Camp . do : .do. Wayne Co. Convict Camp . Wilson Co. Convict Camp Monroe Township (Union Co.) Con- vict Camp. NOETH DAKOTA. state Penitentiary. do do do do do .do. Penitentiary. . do do , do do do , do do State Reformatory . .do. -do. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co... Co. Co. Co.. Co., Co. Tp. State State State State State State State . State . State . State. State. State . State . State . State . State State State State P.W. P. W. P.W. P.W.. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W.. P.W. P.W. p. A. S. U. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. p. A. P. A. S. u. S,U. s. u. s. u. P.W. Cont. Cent. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. Cont. S.U. S. U. Cont. Cont. S.U. S.U. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Building trades Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Farming.. Farming, . Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Binding twine — Brick Boots and shoes. Brick Clothing, etc Farming Building trades. Agricultural hand tools Brooms and brushes Castings, machinery, and repairs Hardware, saddlery Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc . . . Stove hollow ware. Tobacco and cigars Boots and shoes Clothing, etc. . Brooms and brushes.. Wire goods .. . Clothing, etc. . Clothing, etc. oNot reported. OHAPTEB IV. GENEEAL TABLES. 393 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORE DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCBIPTION AND aUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OB WOBK SONS, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand ■01 machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with gooQs produced by tree labor. Hand and mach Hand and mach. Hand. C) (») Hand and mach. C) W Hand and mach. Machine Machine Hand Machine Hand and mach. Hand Hand Machine Hand Hand Hand Machine Hand Machine../ Hand Hand Machine Machine Hand and mach. Hand and mach. 600 miles gravel road, 18 feet wide, improved, and 1,000 bridges and culverts. 13i miles of road, 35 feet wide, dressed with crushed stone for a width of 12 feet. 6,330 tons rock quarried and crushed, and 7 miles of road constructed, 20 feet wide. 43 miles of dirt road repaired 47J miles of dirt road, 19 feet wide, constructed. . .■ .; . 1,200 yards of embankment made to a swamp, 9 miles of road improved and repaired; 320 feet bridges, " rough country bridges," built. 1 building suitable tor a bam ; 36 miles dirt road 17 miles of dirt road improved and repaired, 8,000 leot of city streets graded and drained, 3J miles ol macadam road constructed, 30 feet wide. 1 mile of road, 12 feet wide, constructed, 4 miles of road repaired, 750 yards of rock abutments constructed. 38 bales short-staple cotton 1,875 bushels corn, 450 bushels peas, 1,125 bushels sweet potatoes, 263 bushels oats, 37,500 pounds fodder, 10,600 pounds pork, and garden truck. 35 miles macadam road, 26 feet wide, 60 miles graveled road, 8 bridges, 40 feet long, 12 feet wide, wooden, con- structed. 22i miles dirt road,30feet wide, and 4 bridges, 12feetwide, 40, 38, 32, and 27 feet long, respectively, constructed, and 5 miles of road repaired. 16 miles of road, 36 feet wide; constructed, and 36 miles road repaired. 12 miles graveled road, 24 feet wide, and 1 bridge, 100 feet long, 12 feet wide, constructed; and grading, shaping, and draining streets. 2,760,000 pounds sisal and manila binding twine 660,000 hard-burned bricks 250 pairs heavy calfskin shoes 300,000 hard-burned bricks -. Complete suits, caps, and underclothing 3,000 bushels corn, 1,600 bushels oats, 200 tons hay, 3,000 bushels potatoes, 60 head beef cattle, 75 hogs, and a quantity of carrots, beets, onions, cabbages, cucum- bers, lettuce, celery, turnips, tomatoes, and peas. Building wall and miscellaneous rppnlrs 50,000 dozen forks, rakes, and hoes, open-hearth steel 17,600 dozen house brooms, broom com 1,200 tons miscellaneous castings for machinery 600 tons rings, buckles, and bits, open-hearth steel 2,000 tons bolts, nuts and washers, open-hearth steel — 1,200 tons iron hollow ware pots, kettles, pans, etc 12.000,000 stogies 989 pairs brogans, 200 pairs slippers, 1,200 pieces hand leather ('or handling iron), 156 Belts, 394 finger stalls, leather, prisoners'. 2,101 pairs pants, 1,029 coats, 487 vests, 1,042 caps, prison uniforms; 2,394 shirts, hickory, prison; 836 undershirts 1,317 pairs drawers, cotton; 1,040 pairs overalls. Brushes, scrub; brushes, shoe; brushes, horse 6,572 dossen rat-traps 033 coats, 361 vests, 1,I04 pairs pants, 407 caps, 1.306 shirts, prison; 17 coats, 17 pairs pants, band; 36 overcoats, 78 coats, 96 vests, 96 pairs pants, civilian. 1,108 pairs drawers; 42 pairs overalls; 172 aprons; 1,034 fingerstalls; 12 caps; 692 sheets; 1,103 pillowcases; 619 towels; 9 hair cloths; 200 mattress casings; 43 table- cloths; 58 awnings; 24 copying cloths; 6,089 articles repaired. Slightly inferior . . Superior Slightly inferior . . Slightly inferior . . Slightly inferior . . Slightly inferior . . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . SUghtly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Superior Slightly inferior . Equal . . Equal . . IiJerior Equal.. Inferior Equal.. Inferior Slightly Slightly SUghtly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly inferior . inferior . inferior . inferior . inferior . Inferior . inferior . inferior . Slightly inferior . SMghtly inferior .. Slightly inferior.. Slightly inferior . . Equal.. 394 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSION EE OF LABOE. Table 1V.--DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Cootinued. A.— DE8CBIPTI0N AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OB WOEK BONE, ETC., BY INSTITTTTIONS— Continued. State anxl institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. State . S.U.. State . S.U.. State. P. W.. Co ... . Cent.. Co. and city. Co. and city. City... Cont- . P.A-. Cont.. City.. . Cent.. City... City... P. A.. P.A.. City... City... P.P.. Cont.. City... aty... Cont.. P.A.. State . State . State . State . Cent.. S. U.. S.U.. S.U.. State. S. U.. State. P. W.. Co.... State - S.V.. S. u.. State . S.U.. State. S.U.. State. S.U.. State. State. State . S. tJ.. s. u.. P. w. Industry. OHIO— concluded. State Eeformatory .do. .do. Stark Co. Workhouse XeniftCity Wotkhouse ZanesvUle City and Co. Workhouse .. Cincinnati City Workhouse -do. .do. Clereland House ol Correction . -do. Colunabus Workhouse Dayton City Workhouse. Toledo Workhouse State Penitentiary. do do do .do. .do. Multnomah Co. Jail — .. State Eelorm School ..do. .do. ..do. .do. .do. .do. ITarming. . Printing.. Building trades Brooms and brushes. Brooms and brushes. Brooms and brushes. Brooms and brushes . Wire goods Stone qaarrying, cutting, and crushing. Brooms and brushes Hosiery, etc B rooms SMd brushes . Brooms and brushes.. Biick Stoves Boots and shoes. Brick Clothing, etc Farming. . Boads and higjiways Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Boots and shoes Clothing, etc. . Clothing, etc. . Clothing, etc.. Clothing, etc. Farming Building trades. . «Not repotted. OHAPTEB IV. -GENERAL TABLES. 395 Table IV.— DESCKIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND CX)MPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCBIPTIOH AND ftTJAHTITT OF GOODS MADE. OB WOEK DOKE, ETC., BY INSTirailOHS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by Iree labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Hand Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand and Mach Hand. Hand. w (") Hand.. Hand. C) Hand. 132 hogs; 1,367 pounds pork; 80 tons hay; 1,682 bushels com, oats, and rye; 2,992 bushels potatoes, 934 bushels turnips, 4,289 heads of cabbage, and other garden truck. 12,000 copies Reformatory Paper; 20,000 envelopes; 20,000 letter heads; 5,000 billheads; 5,000 note heads; 12,000 checks; 25 pads, parole cards; 160,000 miscellaneous blanks. Miscellaneous repairs, farm building, implements, and furniture.' 52,000 dozen brushes, scrub, clothes, horse, and whitewash, bristles, tampico and horsetail. 7,700 dozen brooms, house, broom corn 6,867 dozen brooms, carpet, broom com 126,000dozenbrushes, scrub, shoe,clothes, and whitewash, tampico and rice root, bristles, and horse, hard wood and oak backs. Sieves, mouse traps, bird cages, egg beaters, and woven- wire cloth . 800 tons broken stone 107 gross horse brushes; 693gro38 shoe brushes; 31&gross whitewash brushes; 1,784 scrub brushes; 76 window blushes; 263 stove brushes. 164* dozen fascinators I 6.500 dozen house brooms, broom corn; 72,000 dozen scrub brushes, tampico bristles, oak wood backs. 28,000 dozen scrub brushes, tampico bristles 1,800,000 bricks, building 11,051 stoves and ranges 183 pairs brogans 961,000 bricks, unpiBssed 26 coats, 245 pairs pants, 99 shirts, wool, striped; 131 suits underwear, cotton flannel; 149 suits (3 pieces) , 9 pairs pants, serge, discharge. 8.501 pounds pork; 720 dozen eggs; 90 tons hay; 125 bush- els wheat; grain to the value of S2,000; 150,000 pounds potatoes, 23,645 pounds carrots, 11,808 pounds cabbage, and other garden truck. 4 miles roadway graded and graveled, and 880 feet sewers laid. 4,814 cubic yards rook, crushed 12 pairs low shoes; 155 pairs brogans; 137 pairs dress shoes; m pairs shoes, discharge. 41 suits (3 pieces) discharge; 102 coats, 106 pairs pants, cloth, uniform; 106 pairs panls 19coats, denim; OOcaps, cloth; 206 shirts, 36 undershirts, 26 pairs drawers, cot- ton. 34 sheets, 22 nightshirts, 2 aprons, 47 pillow slips, 27 table- cloths, cotton; 345 tea towels; 101 iron holders; 100 towels. 19 laundry bags, 7 caps, cook's, 30 waiter's coats, cotton; 2 curtains; 61 bcdtioks; 12 hot-bed covers; 49 roller shades. 49 pairs pants, flannel 24,871 pounds beef and veal; 1,894 pounds mutton; 3,415 pounds pork; 577 pounds poultry; 5,000 bushels grain; 200 tons hay; 1 ,08ZDUshels potatoes,2,546 bushels apples; 3,896 pounds peas, and other garden truck. Carpenter work on pump house EquaL Inferior Equal Inferior Inferior Slightly inferior Inferior.^ Inferior Equal Equal Equal Inferior : Interior Superior ■. ... Inferior Slightly inferior Superior Slightly inferior Equal Equal Slightly inferior Sl.ghtly inferior Slightly inferior Superior Equal Inferior Slightly interior Slightly interior .. 9 10 396 REPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A — DESCaiPTION AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OS WORK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. PENNSYLVANIA. Eastern State Penitentiary.. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. ,do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. -do. .do. Western Penitentiary. ....do .do. .do. .do. Allegheny Co. Worldiouse. ;;;;do;;;!;;;!;;!!!i;;;;;;; .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Con- trol. Sys- tem. State . P. A.. State . P. A.. State . State . State . P. A.. P. A.. P. A.. State . P. A.. State . State . State . State. State. P.A.. S. U.. S.U.. s. u.. S.TJ.. State. S. U.. State. State. State. State. S. U.. S. u.. S.U.. p. w.. State . State. p. A.. P. A.. State. p. P.. State. S.U.. State. S. u.. State . S. u.. Co.... Co.... Co.... Cont.. P. A.. P. A.. Co.... Co.... Co.... P. A.. P. A.. P. A.. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... P. A.. P. A.. S.U.. S.U.. Industry. Boots and shoes. Brooms and brushes . Chairs, tables, etc . Flour and ineal Hosiery, etc Mats and matting Tobacco and cigars. . . Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes- Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods. Flour and meal.. Hosiery, etc Printing , Building trades. Hosiery, etc Mats and matting. Brooms and brushes. Boots and shoes Cotton goods. Printing. Farming Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes. Carpets, rag. Farming Harness Laundry work... Printing Boots and shoes. Cotton goods a Not reported. 6 Including articles in this industry produced under State -use system. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 397 Table IV — DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCRIPTION AND GTTANTITY OP GOODS MADE OE WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. C) (■") Hand. Hand. (") Machine. Hand Hand Hand Machine. C") Quantity and description of goods made or work done. 1,283 pairs men's prison-cell shoes, out brogans, pegged; 17 pairs men's patent-leather shoes, stitched; 122 pairs men's custom shoes, stitched; 33 pairs men's calf, plain sewed, hooks; 4 pairs boys' calf stitched shoes, 4 pairs men's double sole pegged boots, 54 pairs men's split, nailed, tipped balmorals; 110 pairs boys' tipped calf, nailed; 2 pairs men's sewed brogans, 4,328 pairs men's pegged split brogans, 91 pairs men's custom shoes, 477 pairs women's custom shoes, 2 pairs children's custom shoes. (!•) 1,473 gross scrubbing brushes, wooden back, wire drawn, made of tampico fiber, pig hair, and rice root; backs bought already holed, m 54,779 chair seats caned, frames furnished (6) 132,780 pounds middlings, 126,270 pounds bran 43,430 dozen pairs men's cotton half hose, 84 and 100 needles, 2 to 2i pounds per dozen. (6) 340 door mats, made from coco yarn (cocoanut fiber) looped into warp and clipped. 70,005 hand-made cigars, 192,895 mold-made cigars 335 lined coats, 125 feeding aprons, 578 jackets, 3,166 pairs pants, 360 pairs suspenders, 2,336 towels, 827 vests, 2,312 cotton shirts, 1,691 woolen shirts, 1,720 caps, 380 masks, 48 car covers, 1,309 sheets, 1,041 bedticks, 1,538 pairs drawers, 50 clothes bags, 55 quilts, 12 pairs feeding sleeves, all for the use of convicts. 24,962 yards unbleached muslin, 14 warps 40 picks to inch, 11,111 yards flannel cotton and woolen filling, 16,802 yards jean, No. 10 cotton warp, 6,874 yards bedticking, 7 831 yards gingham. 468,520 pounds wheat flour Printing job work for prison use Some carpenter, sanitary, and tinsmithing work, all for prison use. 53,798 dozen men's cotton half hose, plain and mixed yarn . 291,762 square feet cocoa floor mats and 123,924 square yards cocoa floor matting. 20,776 dozen brooms, about 50 varieties, 1,207 cotton mops, 19 wire brushes. 1,000 pairs men's stock shoes, 32 pairs women's shoes, 100 pairs men's brogans, 97 pairs boys' shoes made, and 2,989 pairs shoes repaired. 3,398 yards black cotton cloth, 1,194 yards striped cotton cloth, 7,096 yards common colored shirting, 951 yards gingham, 8,275 yards cotton flannel, 112 yards cotton ducking, 48 yards cotton jean, 132 yards cotton cap cloth, 1,328 yards lining cloth, 2,314yards sheeting, 742 yards bedticking, 684 yards muslin, 783 pairs cotton and wool blankets, 1,215 yards cotton toweling. 300 C. B. Q. matting cards, 32,300 hosiery bands, 1,000 yam checking slips. Farm products Shoes, made and repaired 19,829 dozen brooms, 20 varieties, and 7,236 dozen shoe brushes. 34,907 yards cotton and wool mixed carpet Farm products 23 Irish horse collars, faced with ticking and filled with hair. Laundry work Bookbinding Shoes made and repaired 5,835 yards common cotton shirting, 4,493 yards striped bedticking, 217 yards cotton jean. c Included under public-account system. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. Slightly inferior .. Superior Superior Equal Slightly inferior Equal Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Superior Superior Inferior Inferior Equal Slightly inferior Inferior Equal Equal Superior Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal In- sti- tu- tion No. 398 EEPOBT OP THE C0MMI8SI0NEK OF lABOB. Table IV — DIBCEIPTION AND QUANTITY GP GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTION AND ftUAHTITY Or GOODS MADE OE WORK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITTITIOKS— Continued. State and institution. Con- Sys- trol. tem. Co.... S.U.. Co.... P. W„ Co... P. A.. Co.... S. U.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... S. U.. Co.... s. u.. Co.... s. u.. Co.... p. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... 8.U.. Co.... S. U.. Co.... 8. U.. Co.... P.A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... 8. U.. Co.... S. U.. Co.... S. TJ.. Co.... S. U.. Co.... P. W.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... P. A.. Co.... S. U.. Co... s. u.. City.. P. A.. City.. P. A.. aty.. P. A.. City.. s. u.. City.. s. u.. City. . s. u.. City. . s. u.. City... S.tT... City... S.U... Cilir... s.u... City... S.U... Industry. PEintSYLTANiA— continued. Allegheny Co. Workliouse. a© Berks Co. Prison do Chester Co. Prison Delaware Co. Prison. ....do do Lancaster Co. Prison ....do ....do do ....do do Lehigh Co. Prison Northampton Co. Prison Northumberland Co. Prison. do ....do do ....do Philadelphia Co. Prison do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Schuylkill Co. Prison ....do do do ....do Philadelphia Co. House ot Correction. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do do do Farming BaiWilBg trades Carpets, rag. , Cotton goods Carpets, rag Broona£ and brushes . Carpets, rag Clmirs, tables, etc Boots and shoes Carpets, rag NetSjflsh Boots and ^oes..... Cotton goods Hosiery, etc Carpets, rag Carpets, rag . Carpets, rag Bakery, etc Ca/^ets, rag Cotton goods Hosiery, etc Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes. Hosiery, etc Boots and shoes. Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods . Hosiery, etc. Building traces,.. Carpets, iogjaitt. Carpets, rag Hosiery, etc Cotton goods Hosiery, eftc ^... Gas, illQiQinating and heating. Laundry wort - Stone quarrying, onttlng, and crushing Blaoksntithiiig ajjd wheel wrighting Boots aaad Sttoes Csatings, maduaery, and repairs Ctotbiug, etc Farming. Gas, illuminating and heating. . Tinsmithing, cffppersmithing, sheet-iron working. and oNot reported. 6 Including articles in this industry produced under State-use system. CHAPTER IV. — GENERAL TABLES. 399 Table IT.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A DESCKIPTION AWB ftUANTITY OT GOODS MADE OK WORK DOKE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Hand. («) {") (<■) C) (o) Band and mach W W (») C°) C) (") Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Farm products . . r. Carpentering 19,923 yards cotton warp, wool-stripe carpet 370 yards cotton cloth for prison use only 18,846 yards rag carpet 77 dozen sweeping brooms 18,617 yards rag carpet 82 cane seats 29 pairs shoes and slippers made, 209 pairs repaired 10,684 yards cotton, wool, and cotton and wool warp, all wool stripe. 31 fish nets, various kinds Repair work on convicts boots and shoes 460 yards regular stripe cotton ticking 68 dozen cotton hall hose 25,615 yards rag carpet, cotton warp and wool stripe 21,869 yards rag carpet, cotton and wool stripe 10,949 yards common rag carpet, cotton and woolen warp . 123 dozen cotton, hotl hose 400 yards common rag carpet, cotton and woolen warp . . 720 yards cotton cloth 27 dozen cotton hall hose 1,675 pairs men's pegged shoes (6) 54,879 scrubbing brushes, white tampico, wired, backs tacked on. 71,605 pairs men's stockings, 23 ounce to the dozen (6) 797 pairs striped trousers, 152 vests, 758 pairs drawers, 1,382 muslin shirts, 753 sheets, 725 pillow slips, 369 mat- tresses, 150 pillows, 1,576 cell towels, 88 roller towels, all for prisoners. 7,817 yards unbleached muslin, 1,456 yards ticking, No. 14 cotton warp, 777 yards giqgham, 1,687 yards woolen stripe, 1,028 yards doeskin. 402 yards blue cottonade. Some repair work in the line of blacksmithing, carpenter- ing, painting, plumbing. 765 yards ingrain carpet, cotton warp, wool filling 9,048 yards rag carpet, cotton warp, cross strips woolen. 9,841 dozen cotton halt hose 1,515 yards cotton cloth 190 dozen cotton halt hose 33,480,460 cubic feet of gas, 2,063 barrels of coke, 1,461 bar- rels coal tar. Laundry work 9,616 perches of sandstone, 258 loads of gravel Horseshoeing and repairs, using 1458 worth of materials. . 2,522 pairs of men's shoes, 647 pairs women's shoes Lathe, press, drill, and vise work 944 winter coats, 149 vests, 450 capes, 1,773 pair mitts, 1 summer coat, 23 summer pants, 597 pairs men's draw- ers, 26 nightgowns, 299 underwaists, 126 baker's aprons, 315 check sbirts, 787 pillowcases, 30 waiter's coats, 391 chemises, 20 tablecloths, 765 sheets, 304 women's draw- ers, 174 skirts, 463 sacques, 333 petticoats, 1,357 gray twill shirts, 162 roller towels, 71 dish towels, 121 clotnmg bags, 233 check aprons, 87 bedticks, 36 mattress ticks, 327 bedspreads. 61 bushels string beans, 3,030 ears corn, 238 cucumbers, 25 bushels lima beans, 88 bushels tomatoes, 2 bushels okra, 13,671 quarts milk, 35 barbels onions, 81 busbelscarrots, 15 bushels beets, 2,280 stalks of celery, 1,775 bushels rye, 220 bushels rutabagas, 556 bushels turnips, 1,250 bushels gotatoes, 300 barrels cabbage, 20,505 pounds hay, 1,440 eads lettuce, 858 bunches asparagus, 15 barrels spinach, «,725 pounds straw. 12,676,100 cubic teet gas 190,800 pounds soft soap Two 1-gallon milk cans, 263 quart cups, 382 spittoons, 453 tin plates, 42 water cans, and a number of other utensils made of tin. c Included under public-account system. Comparison with goods produced by tree labor. Equal... Equal Equal Eoual Slightly inferior Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Superior Equal Equal Inferior , Equal Equal Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Slightly Inferior Slightly inferior Slightly inferior Inferior Superior Slightly inferior Inferior Inferior Inferior Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior Inferior Slightly inferior Equal Equal Equal Inferior Slightly interior Interior Inferior Equal. Equal.. Equal.. Interior Xn- sti- tu- tion No. 8 9 10 12 400 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A — DESCEIPTION AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WOKK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITTITIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. Sys- tem. Industry. PENNSYLVANIA — Concluded. Philadelphia Co. House of Correction, .do. House ol Refuge, Boys' Department. -do. .do. .do. .do. House of Refugp, Girls' Department. RHODE ISLAND. state Prison and Providence Co. Jail. ....do ....do .do. State Workhouse and House of Cor- rection. .do. .do. City. City.. State' State P.W. P.W. S.U.. .u.. state . State State S.U.. 3.U... P.W.. Building trades Roads and highways Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Printing Building trades State . S.U. Clothing, etc. State State State State State. State State Cont. P. P. S.U.. S.U.. P, A. S.U.. S.D.. Wire goods... Clothing, etc. Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Fanning '. ^ Clothing, etc. Farming a Not reported. & Including articles produced in this industry under State-use system. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 401 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DOITB, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. W (a) (.-) (.-) (.") (.") (<■) Hand Machine. Hand Hand. Hand. Machine. Hand Quantity and description of goods made oi work done. Carpentering, jobbing and repairing, using $1,455 worth of materials; bricltlaying, repairs, using »1,659 worth of materials; some painting. Eepairs 1,047 pairs brogans, 772 pairs Sunday shoes, 769 pairs slip- pers, 433 girls' shoes, 2,365 pairs boys' and girls' shoes repaired, 1,440 suspender straps and some small articles of harness. ^ 378 citizens' coats, 351 citizens' vests, 322 citizens' trou- sers, 203 uniform coats, 832 uniform trousers, 216 work- ing pants, 58 jumpers, 491 overalls, 130 undershirts, 1,473 moccasins, 924 suspenders made; 8,249coats, vests, and trousers repaired; 2,251 blue shirts, 1,004 sheets, 2,514 towels, 359 tablecloths, 1,554 nightshirts, 1,426 pillow- cases, 1,487 napkins, 588 aprons, 335 bedtioks, 1,973 mops made; and 23,549 blue shirts, 737 sheets, 2,958 overalls, 1,739 aprons, 2,397 jackets, 4,426 flannel shirts, 7,620 nightshirts, 11,314 pairs socks, 7,771 drawers repaired. 151,657 quarts milk, 6,961 pounds beef, 405 pounds veal, 8,502 pounds pork, 11,880 pounds mutton, 290 pounds chicken, 157 pounds turkey, 53 pounds duck, 573 dozen eggs, 32,000 ears sugar corn, 20,555 heads cabbage, 3,114 pounds asparagus, 646 bushels onions, 2,577 pounds grapes, 3,800 pounds squashes, 8,720 pounds pumpkins, 3,000 bushels potatoes, 744 bushels wneat, 3,100 bushels field com, 96 tons hay, 40 tons wheat straw, 40 tons cow beets. 2,500 copies annual report, 92 pages; 20,250 letter and packet heads; 28,500 requisition,- attendance, dairy, school report, and laundry blanks; 15,500 officers', work, and family reports; 100 copies third annual report, 700 copies per day "Glen Mills Daily," 17,050 envelopes, 5,000 menu blanks, and a quantity of other slips and blanks. 34 brush handles, 26 fork handles, 12 gates, 10 tables, 135 hammerhandles,15stepladders,40stoneboxes, lOchiok- en coops, 6 doors forchapel made, and a number of like articles repaired; laying brick in repairs to ovens and boilers, 59 days' work; repairs to cottages and other buildings, including plastering, etc., 1,107 days' work; drainage and catch basins, laying pipe and building in stone and brick, 598days' work; cement workin repairs, 89 days' work; laying stone in wails, 655 days' work; 1,293 linear feet agricultural drain, 14,750 square feet franolithic walk, administration building kitchen given coats of paint and woodwork varnished, Gchapel doors and balustrade for belfry given 4 coats lead and oil, water-closets in gymnasium swimming pool 3 coats cork paint, 17 rooms and halls in administration build- ing painted and decorated. 748 dresses, 120 skirts, 13 silk waists, 3 shirt waists, 263 boys' red flannel shirts, 468 boys' omega stripe shirts, 220 aprons, 2,015 underclothing, 779 nightdresses, 260 shirts, 148 pillowcases, 24 bolster cases, 42 pillow shams, 40 tablecloths, 11 tray covers, 192 napkins, 4 sideboard scarfs, 191 towels, 10 doilies, 18 dish towels, 7 curtains, 16 bedtioks, 4 spreads, 12 awnings. Window and tree guards; screens; sieves 28,000 dozen men's cotton negligee shirts 9,645 pounds beef, chickens, pork, and veal; 23,601 quarts milk; 56 tons of hay; 909 dozen eggs, and garden truck, etc. Broken stone 21,464 pounds beef, pork, and poultry; 21,753 gallons milk; 2,439 bushels fodder; 317 tons hay; and garden truck, etc.(i>) 1 ,500 convicts' suits Comparison with goods produced by free labor. 9061—06 ^26 c Included under public-account system. Inferior. Inferior. Interior. Equal. Slightly inferior.. Inferior. Inferior. Slightly inferior. . Slightly inferior. , Equal In- sti- tu- tiOQ No. IS 15 Equal . Equal. Slightly interior.. 402 KEPOET OF THE OOMMISSIOITEK OF LABOB. Table IV — ^DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. . A,— DESCEIPTION AND aUAHTlTT Or GOOBS MADE OK WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. tem. Industry. KHODE ISLAND — concluded. State Woribouse and House Correction. Sockanosset Scbool for Boys do do do do ol -do. .do. SOOTH CABOLmx. Penitentiary .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State Convict Camp at Clemson Col- lege Farm. do Abbeville Co. Convict Camp. Aiken Co. Convict Camp Anderson Co. Convict Camp. Bamberg Co. Convict Camp.. Barnwell Co. Convict Camp. .. Beaufort Co. Convict Camp. . . Berkeley Co. Convict Camp. . . Charleston Co. Convict Camp. / Cherokee Co. Convict Camp. Chester Co. Convict Camp Chesterfield Co. Convict Camp. Clarendon Co. Convict Camp... Colleton Co. Convict Camp Darlington Co. Convict Camp . . Edgefield Co. Convict Camp Fairfield Co. Convict Camp Florence Co. Convict Camp Georgetown Co. Convict Cfamp. Greenville Co. Convict Camp . . . Greenwood Co. Convict Camp. Hampton Co. Convict Camp. Horry Co . Convict Cainp Kershaw Co. Convict Camp. . State - State State State State State State State State. State State State State State State State. State . State Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co... Co... Co... Co... S.TJ.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U-. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. Cont. P. A.. S.U... S.U... S.U... S.U... S.U... S.U.. P.W., S.U.. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W.. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W., P.W.. P.W.. P.W. P.W. P.W. P.W. stone CLUarrying, cutting, and crushing, Blacksmithfag and wheelwrighting Boots and shoes Castings, machinery, and repairs Clothing, etc , Farming Printing Building trades. Hosiery, etc. Farming Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting. . Boots and shoes Castings, machinery, and repairs Cleaning statehouse Clothing, etc Farming. Building trades. Fanning Building trades. Iloads and highways. Roads and highways . Beads and highways . Beads and highways. Roads and highways. Koads and highways . Roads and highways. Roads and highways . Beads and highways . Roads and highways . Roads and highways . Roads and highways. Roads and highways . Roads and highways . Roads and highways . Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways . Roads and highways . Roads and highways . Roads and highways. CHAPTEE IV. GENERAL TABLES. 403 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OK WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTION AND dTTANTITY OF GOODS MADE OS WOEK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- sti- tii- tion No. Hand.'. ■ Broken stone 2 Hand Slightly inferior... Slightly inferior... Slightly inferior... Slightly inferior... 3 Hand Kepair work Hand Machine Hand Bepair work 900 suits 6,918 pounds beef, pork, and poultry; 40,296 quarts milk; 19 tons hay and straw; and garden truck, etc. Machine Hand Slightly inferior... Slightly inferior. . . Machine Hand and mach. Hand 432,600 dozen pairs men's common cotton half hose, knit and looped only. 1 Hand Miscellaneous repairs Rqnn.! Hand Miscellaneous tep&iTS . Equal ■ Hand Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand 2,173 suits, men's; 105 suits, women's; convicts' striped clothing; 666 pairs men's cotton drawers; HO pairs jeans pants; 72 men's plain cotton shirts; 400beaticks, common ticking. 19,325 bushels corn, 15,525 bushels oats, 2,850 bushels peas, 2,380 bushels sweet potatoes, 925 bushels wheat, 270 bushels rice, 2,250 bushels potatoes, 22,700 bushels cot- ton seed, 24,250 pounds pork, etc. Equal Equal . Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand 3,800 bushels com, 83 tons hay, 420tons ensilage, 218 hogs, 50 pigs, 28 calves, 33,750 gallons milk. 1,000,000 brick, 1,700 cubic yards sand, 25 carloads lumber, 5carloads lime, 3 carloads cement, 10 carloads rook and stone, 4 caiioads iron and copper, 1 carload gravel hauled one mile; 5,000 cubic yaras earth and rock re- moved for foundation. 3 miles road improved; 1,000 miles road gone over and 100 miles sand and clay road repaired . .; Equal 3 Hand and mach. Hand and mach. Hand and maoh . Hand and mach. Hand Equal 4 IfiO miles sand and clay road improved ■. : . F Included under public-account system. Slightly inferior. Equal Equal Equal Equal Inferior Slightly inferior . . Inferior 408 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCRIPTION AND ftTJANTITY OF GOODS KADE OR WORK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. -- State and institution. Con- trol. Industry. DTAH — concluded. State Prison do do do State Industrial Scbool. do .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. VERMONT. House oJ Correction do do .do. State Prison. ....do Industrial School . ....do....... ....do ....do Penitentiary. .do. .do- .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State . S.U... State . S.U... State. S.U... State . P.W.. State . P. A.. State. P. A.. State. S.U... State. S.U... State . S.U... State State State State State State State State State State State State State . State State State State State State State State State State, State. S.U.., P.W., P. A. P. A. S.U.. S.U.. Cont. S.U.. P. A. P.P.. S.U. S.U. Cont. Lease. Lease Lease. Lease. P. A P. A. S.U.. S.U., S.U.. P.W. P.W. Fanning Harness Hosiery, etc Building trades Boots and shoes Farming Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Fanning Building trades. Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Clothing, etc Farming. Boots and shoes. Clothing, etc Farming Chairs, tables, etc . Clothing, etc Fanning Boots and shoes. Cooperage Fanning Boads and highways. Boads and highways . Farming...; Tomato sauce. Clothing, etc.. Fanning. Flour and meal Building trades Boads and Mghways . o Included under public-account system. & Including articles produced in tills industry under State-use system. OHAPTEK IV. -GENEEAL TABLES. 409 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION^ND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTION AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WOBE DONE, ETC., BY INSTITTTTIONB— Continued. Hand or machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Hand Hand Machine Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand. Hand. Hand Machine Hand and mach. Hand Machine Hand and mach. Hand Hand Hand and mach. Hand (») («) W Miscellaneous repairs, carpentering lOSpairscommonbrogans; 140 pairs repairedC") 1,830 pounds pork andveal; 459 pounds butter; 374 dozen eggs; 25 tons..hay; 1,000 pounds cabbage; 909 quarts canned fruit; and garden truck.(i>) Miscellaneous repairs (") 58 Sunday shirts, 117 pairs drawers, 117 undershirts, 204 top shirts for boys; 65 school skirts, 9S school waists, 30 underskirts, 37 summer underwear suits, 22 corset covers, 93 aprons, 25 uniform skirts, 25 uniform winter waists, 21 summer waists, 49 pairs hose for girls; 9 uni- form coats; 15pairs uniform pants; 9base-ball suits; 138 pairs socks; 12 shoemakers' aprons; 41 sheets; 111 pil- lowcases; 265 towels; 12 tablecloths; 60 table napkins, and 92 fancy articles. Miscellaneous repairs, carpentering 8,000 heads cabbage, 75 bushels tomatoes, 800 bushels beets, 6 bushels peas, 250 heads lettuce. 80,000 feet of 1-inch marble interior work, such as wain- scoting, tiling, etc. 300 blue denim overshirts, 250 jean suits, 350 cotton flan- nel drawers and undershirts, 200 caps (blue denim), 600 cotton sheets. 1,000 heads cabbage, 15 bushels tomatoes, 25 bushels beans, 100 bushels beets, 200 bushels potatoes, 100 heads let- tuce, 10 bushels peas. 62,987 pairs women's, misses', and children's polish and iDalmoral, low-cut, lace shoes. 75 suits cotton flannel underwear, 130 suits satinet out- side clothing. 100 tons hay, 857 quarts milk, and flowers and plants 952 dozen common cane-seat Grecian chairs 306 blue jean, gray woolen, and cotton suits 65 tons hay, 300 bushels potatoes, 20 bushels carrots, 50 bushels onions, 300 bushels oats, 25 barrels apples, 40 bushels beans, 200 quarts strawberries, 50 bunches as- paragus, and other garden truck. 1,694,000 pairs shoes, medium grade, coarse working,wom- en's and children's. 141,850 kegs, nail, wooden 60 tons hay; 30 tons fodder, corn; 1,250 bushels corn 4 miles road made, 48 miles road repaired 10 miles road made, 50 miles road repaired 8,640 pounds beef; 3 cows; 1 call; 4 hides, cow; 50 tons hay; 60 tons com, shocks; 50,670 pounds tobacco; 521 bushels oats and wheat; 85 bushels potatoes; 71J bush- els onions. 8,199 gallons tomato sauce 1,550 coats, 1,550 pairs pants, 1,650 shirts, woolen, convict stripe; 1,550 shirts, 1,550 pairs pants, cotton, convict stripe; 6,200 pairs socks, cotton. 800 pounds pork, 850 pounds poultry, 7,300 gallons milk, 1,600 dozen eggs, 3,650 pounds butter, 100 tons hay, 100 tons com fodder, 1,488 bushels oats and wheat, 95 bush- els beans, 800 bushels potatoes, 2,000 bushels tumips. 4,690,000 pounds com meal 186,000 feet earth excavated for new building Care statehouse grounds and ditches, roads, etc., in prison grounds, miscellaneous repairs. c Not reported. Equal.. Equal. . Equal . . Equal . . Inferior Equal.. Inferior Inferior Equal.. Equal Inferior Equal Superior Inferior Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal Slightly inferior . Slightly inferior . Equal Inferior. Equal... Equal... Superior Equal . . . Equal... Equal . . . Equal . . . Equal . . . Equal... Equal... Equal... 410 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOK. Table IV ^DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOOBS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Cratinned. A.— DESCBIPTIOH AMD QTJANTITY OF GOODS MADE OE WOBK DONE, ETC., BY IHSTITTJTIONS— Continued. State and jnatltiitlon. Con- trol. Sy»- tern. State . P. A.. State. State. P. A.. P. A.. State . S.U... State. State. S.U... S.U... Stata. State. State. S.TT... S.U... P.W.. City.. State . State. P.W.. S.U... S.U... State . s.u... State . P.W.. State . Cont.. Stabs. State. State. State. Cont- Cont. . Cont-. Cont.. State. State: Cont.. S.U... State. S.U... State. S.U... State. State. S.U... s.u... Industry. ■WASHINGTON. State Prison do do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Seattle City Jail State Reform School. ....do .do. .do. ■WEST 'VIBGINU. Penitentiary. -do, .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Reform School . ....do Bags Brick Farming Boots and shoes.. Brick Clothing, etc. Farming Soap BtmdSng trades . Roads and higliways. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming. Building trades. Brass goods. Brooms and brashes. Clothing, ertc Clothing, etc Knameled ware Whips Boots and shoes.. Clothing, etc , Famaing. Boots and shoes. Brick a Including articles in this industry produced under State-use system. GHAPTEB IV. — GENEBAL TABLES. 411 Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOOiBs PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTION AND ftUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OS -WOKE DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Hand or machine work. Machine Hand... Hand . . . Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Hand. Hand Hand and maoh. Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand. Machine. Handandmach {') Hand and mach. Hand . (.<:) 855,050 jute grain bags, 3,933 jute bags for wool, 1,200 bags lor beet seed, 318 bags lor oats, 36,000 yards burlap, 584i yards matting, 1,476 pounds of hop warp, 1,405 pounds fleece twine. 2,341,200 bricks. 200 tons hay, 1,056 bushels wheat, 7 sacks green com, 6,256 gallons milk, 225 pounds tomatoes, 300 pounds green onions, 2,200 pounds pumpkins, 15,227 pounds pork, 1,329 pounds lettuce, 985 pounds peas, 1,215 pounds beets, 2,797 pounds turnips, 8,992 pounds onions, 65 pounds rhubarb, 6,312 pounds cal^bage, lOO pounds string beans, 35,899 pounds potatoes, 620 pounds rad- ishes, 155 pounds peaches, 70 pounds cherries, 3,258 pounds spinach, 637 pounds veal , 204 pounds asparagus, 1,562 pounds apples, 11,805 pounds carrots, 2,300 pounds pears, 215 watermelons, 1,085 dozen eggs, 226 chickens, 13 ducks, 61 turkeys, 550 muskmelons, 1,904 cucumbers, 1,940 squashes, (o) 239 pairs shoes, nailed, for prisoners, and 150 pairs shoes, nailed, for discharged prisoners. 292,000 bricks 604 pairs pants, striped woolen, for prisoners; 149 coats, striped woolen, for prisoners; 200 pairs pants, 190 coats, and 175 vests, mixed goods, for discharged prisoners; 516 shirts, 157 caps, and 3 hats, cotton; 93 pairs mittens. Women also did sewing on table and house linen, and on their own clothes, of which no record was kept. m 42,000 gallons soft soap Repairs of all kinds and many articles made, including 13 coffins. Street cleaning, clearing land for new roads, etc 379 pairs shoes 150 suits (3 pieces) , 444 shirts, 413 pairs overalls, 326 pairs trousers, 244 coats, 215 vests, 100 undershirts, 96 caps, 25 girls' suits (dresses and blouses). 35 tons hay, 700 bushels oats, 1,500 bushels potatoes, 60 bushels green peas, 60 bushels beans, 600 bushels onions, 500 bushels turnips, SOO bushels carrots, 300 bushels beets, 4,000 heads cabbage, 4,000 heads lettuce, 1,000 pounds spinach, 2,000 pounds strawberries, 2,000 pounds raspberries, 200 bushels apples, 150 bushels plums, 60,000 pounds milk. Small greenhouse, value J200; large refrigerator, value $200; bookcases, cupboards, kitchen and work tables, and miscellaneous repairing. 6,600 gross top mounts, middle mounts, bottom mounts, husks, tea balls, vases, rod ends, spindlers, rail balls, caps, brass. 29,500 dozen brooms 25,000 dozen petticoats, cotton 40,000 dozen pairs pants, cotton 30,286 dozen enameled-waro utensils (kettles, paiis, bowls, cups, etc.) . 26,460 dozen whips, 16,840 dozen whiplashes 788 pairs shoes, working; 284 pairs shoes, discharge; and repairing. 184 pairs pants, llBcoats, 113 vests, 2,229 shirts, working; l,357pairs drawers; 67blouses; 163pairs pants, overalls; 641 caps; 102 overcoats; 557 pairs suspenders; 284 suits, discharge; and repairing. 2,334 pounds beef, 21 . 868 pounds pork,432 pounds chickens, 240mdes, 374 dozen eggs, 20,500 pounds fodder, 10,174 pounds kale, 74,869 pounds cabbage, 120,000 pounds ensilage, 2,765bushel3 potatoes, and other garden truck. 450 pairs shoes, lOOpairs slippers, l,500pairs shoes repaired 341,000 bricks, building and paving Comparison with goods produced by free labor. Inferior Inferior. Equal.. Inferior Inferior Inferior Equal... Inferior . Inferior. Equal . . . Inferior. Inferior. Inferior. Inferior. In- sti- tu- tion No. Superior Equal Equal Inferior Equal Equal Shghtly inferior Slightly inferior b Included under public-account system. Equal.. Equal . . Equal.. c Not reported, 412 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOWER OF LABOR. Table IV.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued; A — DESCRIPTION AND ftTJANTITT OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, ETC., BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Con- trol. tern. Industry. WEST VIEGIITIA— concluded. Reform School . do .do. .do. .do. ■WISCONSIN. State Penitentiary.. do do.... do..; -do. do State Eelormatory. do do do .do. .do. Industrial School for Boys. do .do. WYOMING. State Penitentiary.. do .do. iraiTED STATES PRISONS. Penitentiary at Atlanta. do State State State State. State . State State State State State State State. State State State State State State State . Lessee Lessee Lessee U.S . U.S.. S.U... S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P. w. Cont. Cont. P. A.. S.U.. S.U. P.W. p.p.. p.p.. S.U.. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. S.U.. S.U.. P.W. Lease. Ijease. S.U.. S.U.. Brick Clothing, etc.. Farming. Mining, coal Building trades.. Boots and shoes. Hosiery, etc Farming Clothing, etc Farming. Building trades Brooms and brushes.. Clothing, etc Brick. Clothing, etc Farming Building trades.. Clothing, etc Fanning. Building trades.. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes.. Clothing, etc Boots and shoes. Clothing, etc oNot reported. CHAPTER IV. — GENERAL TABLES. 413 Table IT.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCBIFTIOH AND QUANTITY 01" GOODS MADE OB WOBE DONE, ETC., INSTITUTIONS— Continued. BY Hand or machine work. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison with goods produced by free labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Hand Hand and mach. Hand. la) Machine. Machine. Hand Machine. Hand... Hand... Machine Machine Machine Machine Hand Hand Machine Hand Hand Hand Hand Hand and mach. 38,000 bricks 247 coats, l,090pair8pants, woolen; 98 suits, release; 1,047 coats and 2,700pairs pants, repaired; 75 shirts, release; 1,455 shirts; 680 pairs drawers; 163 napkins, 24 sheets, officers'; 278 sheets; 30 nightshirts; 220 towels; 100 towels officers'; 460 pillowcases; and general repairs. l,500bushel3Corn,140DUshels wheat, 800 bushels potatoes, 510 bushels beans, 4,000 heads cabbage, 3,000 dozen beets, and other garden truck. 48,000 bushels coal, bituminous 2 sheds, 1 dwelling (i-story), new floor in building, rooi on house, and general repairs. 686,000 pairs shoes, plow , 625,000 pairs stockings, cotton, children's 1 bull, 2 cows, 225 hogs, 134 pounds greenhides, calf 373 caps, 500 pairs mittens, cloth; 262 coats, 288 vests, 691 pairs pants, cassimere, prison; 1,168 pairs drawers, 953 shirts, cotton flannel; 345 pairs overalls, 126 jackets, 7pillowticks,58bedtick3, ticking; l,118shirts, hickory; 23i coats, 232 pairs pants,^32 vests, 93 overcoats, wool- en; 162 sheets, 102 pillow slips, 198 aprons, cotton; 600 mufflers, woolen; 1,233 towels, crash. 1,691 pounds veal, 108,106 pounds milk, 698 bushels pota- toes, 3,825 heads of cabbage, 208 bushels onions, 155J bushels carrots, and other garden truck. New shop and miscellaneous repairs 7,467 dozen brooms, house 1,018,878 pairs overalls, children's 600,000 bricks, hard 342 coats, 360 pairs pants, woolen; 598 shirts; 110 coats, 152 pairs pants, 130 vests, wool, discharge; 318 caps, cloth; 22 uniforms, officers', cassimere; 1,152 shirts, 879 pillowslips, 184 aprons, cotton; 272 pillow ticks, 261 bedticks, ticking; 2,099 towels, crash; 62 coats, 34 caps, duck; 675 pairsbrogans; 982 pairs shoes, repaired. (6) Farm products Hospital and miscellaneous repairs 443 coats; 667 pairs pants; 456 shirts, hickory; 550 night- shirts, cotton; 726 pairs shoes, caUsldn. 117 pigs, 5,470 pounds hogs, 30,810 gallons milk, 2.784 bush- els oats and rye, 69,430 pounds hay, 6,687 pounds chick- ens, 500 bushels potatoes, 696 bushels onions, 3,968 heads cabbage, and other garden truck. Miscellaneous repairs 400 pairs shoes, hand sewed and nailed 22,472} dozen brooms 13,432J dozen whisks, straw, hand pressed and sewed. 300 coats, wool, stripes; 600 pairs pants, 800 shirts, 800 pieces underwear, 1,600 pairs socks, 400 caps. Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior Equal Equal Slightly inferior Equal Slightly inferior. Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Equal Slightly inferior. Equal Slightly inferior. Inferior. . Inferior.. Inferior.. Equal. Equal. Hand 987 pairs brogan shoes - - - Hand and mach. 207 cadet-blue coats, largely wool; 139 duck coats; 614 pairs cadet-blue pants, largely wool; 230 pairs overalls; 1,327 pairs drawers; 610madras shirts; 204 nightshirts; 670 undershirts; 443 aprons; 2,274- towels; 352 scrap rugs, 24 by 30 inches; 259 suits, custom made, largely wool, for discharged prisoners; 348 sheets; 671 pillow- cases; 321 pairs mittens; 70 overcoats, largely wool; 231 uniform caps; 30 blouses; 375 bedticks. 6 In other tables boots and shoes are inseparably combined with clothing in this institution. 414 BEPOBT OP THE COMMISBIONEE OF LABOR. Tabue IV.— description AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCHIPTIOK AKD ftUANTITY QV OOODS MADE OS WOSK DOHE, ETC., BY INSTITtTTIOKS— Coneliided. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and inatitutiraiM Con- trol. Industry. UNITED STATES PBISONS— OOHCluded. Penitentiary at Atlanta tr.s.. ....do Penitentiary at Fort Leavenwortli. do.... ....do „. ....do ....do :.... ....do do U.S.. U.S... U..3... U.S... U.S.. U.S... U.S.-. U.S... S.U.. Farming. , P.W.. S. U... S.U.. S.U.. s.u... S.U.. 8.U.. P.W.. BolldiBg trades Boots and shoes. Brooms and brushes eiothing, etc Fafcmii^.. ..„...,., Printing. . - Tinsmimmg, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron wording. Building trades. CHAPTER IV. GEKEEAL TABLES. 415 Table IV.— DESCKIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. A.— DESCEIPTIOM AHD ftUANTITY OP GOODS MADE OE WORK DONE, ETC., BY INSmUTIOKS— Concluded. Hand or machine w&rk. Quantity and description of goods made or work done. Comparison witli goods produced by free labor. In- sti- tu- tion No. Hand and mach. Hand. Machine Macliine Maciiine Hand... Macliine Machine Hand... 10 bushels grapes, 1^ bushels peanuts, 5i bushels straw- berries, 200 bushels wheat, 10,212^ quarts milk, 2,811 pounds t)eans, 2,993 pounds beets, 6,769 pounds caljbage, 349 pounds carrots, 1,001 pounds cucumbers, 6,825 pounds hay, 108 pounds horse-radishes, 472 pounds let- tuce, 1,380 pounds oats, 422 pounds okra, 15,638 pounds onions, 3,085 pounds Irish potatoes, 25,774 pounds sweet potatoes, 1,578 pounds parsnips, 3,500 pounds field peas, 106 pounds red pepper, 344 pounds radishes, 27 pounds sage, 5,561 pounds oyster plant, 736 pounds spinach, 967 pounds squash, 8,503 pounds tomatoes, 8,285 pounds turnips, 155 pounds veal, 1,604 pounds dressed pork, 2,233 oantaloupes,.com; 900 feeds green rye, 1,384 water- melons. 4,321 cubic yards cement wall built, 11,217 cubic yards of earth removed, 106 perch ashlar wall made and laid, 4,568 linear feet curbing cut, 1,509 linear feet curbing set, 7,684 square feet granitoid walk laid, 4 bush-hammered posts for ashlar wall, 251 linear feet bush-hannnered coping, 4,000 feet of 10-foot barbed-wire fence built, 905 feet terra cotta sewer pipe laid, and 400 feet of 14-toot stockade built. 4,332 pairs, brogans andcaltskin, also 3,121 pairs repaired . 6,380 brooms, house; 2,961 brushes, scrub, cotton 1,996 coats, 2,566 pairs pants, cassim^, prison; 1,626 suits, 452 overcoats, 2,409 ca^s, woolen; 9,760 shirts, hickory and flannel; 8.210 pairs drawers, cotton and cotton fUinnel; 6.403 pairs overalls, denim; 2,308 pairs suspenders, web; 2,938 handkerchiefs, cotton; 4,126 pairs mittetis, cloth; 8,338 towels, crash; 3,S54pillow- cases, 3,806 sheets, cotton; 851 bedtieks, ticking. 10,508 bushels com, oats, and wheat, 55 tons alfalfa; 45 tons of hay, 5,000 bales fodder, 7,350 bushels potatoes, 2,000 bushels onions, 40,000 heads of cabbage, and other garden truck. Printing 1,430 buckets, 1,076 cuspidors, 384 dippers, 5,352 tin cups, 2,050 tin plates, 2,871 mess pans, lOgcans, 13 coal scuttles, 1.252salt and pepperboxes, 229wash basins, 64 dustpans. Building, and miscellaneous repairs Equal. Equal. SHghtly inferior. Shghtly inferior. SHghtly Inferior. Equal. Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior. Slightly inferior 416 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Table IY.— DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Continued. -SUMMARY OF COMPAEISONS OT CONVICT-MADE OOOSS FBODTTCED BY FREE lABOB, BY INSITSTBIES. [For explanation of this table, see p. 183.] WITH GOODS Industry, Institu- tions. Number of institutions in which con- ■vict-made goods are — Superior. Equal. f],&};J Inferior. Agricultural hand tools Bags Baskets, willow ware, etc Binding twine Blacksmlthing and wheelwrighting Bookbinding Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Boxes, wooden Brass goods Bread Brick , Brooms and brushes Building trades' Burying paupers Buttons Carpets , ingrain Carpets, rag Carriages and wagons Castings, machinery, and repairs Cement blocks Chairs, tables, etc. Charcoal Cleaning statehouse Clothing Coke Cooperage Cotton and woolen goods Cotton ginning Cotton goods , Cotton waste , Electrical construction and repairs Electric light and power Enameled ware Farming Flour and meal Gas, illuminating and heating Gloves and mittens Hammocks Hardware, saddlery Harness : Hosiery, etc House furnishing goods, miscellaneous- Ice, manufactured. Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc Iron and steel, chains - Laundry work Levee building Lime Loading and unloading vessels Locksmithing Lumber Mats and matting Mattresses Mining, coal { «) Mining, phosphate Nets, fish Packing and moving Picture moldings Power and heat plant Printing Railroad building Boads and highways 18 1 83 3 1 1 1 20 43 67 1 2 1 9 i 10 1 36 1 1 H22 1 6 7 1 8 1 1 5 1 cl24 2 1 1 1 1 10 1120 3 4 1 1 7 2 2 1 1 11 7 1 1 1 1 1 24 3 ni3 i.2 ns 1 15 14 34 1 1 1 7 3 6 1 ol8 1 1 6 43 1 4 2 1 5 1 1 5 1 C121 2 1 2 /75 "X3 »6i 1 10 10 6 26 2 1 o In 2 institutions part of work done was equal, part slightly inferior; in 1 institution part was slightly tnferiSr and part inferior. 6 In 7 institutions part of work done was equal and part slightly inferior; in 1 institution part of work done was equal and part inferior; in 2 institutions part slightly inferior and part inferior; in 1 institu- tion part superior, part equal, part slightly inferior, and part inferior. <: In 1 institution part of work done was equal and part slightly inferior. d In 1 institution part of work done was equal and part inferior. e Including, in 1 institution, mining and smelting iron ore. /In 1 institution part of work done was superior and part equal. CHAPTER IV. GENEKAL TABLES. 417 Tabm IV.— DKSCRrPTION AND QUANTITY OF GOODS MADE OR WORK DONE, AND COMPARISON WITH GOODS PRODUCED BY FREE LABOR— Concluded. B.— SUUKABT OF COMFABISONS OF GdNVICT-UASF GOODS WITH GOODS FBODUCED BY FBEE LABOB, BT INDUSTEIES— Concluded. Industry. Institu- tions. Number of Institutions in which con- vict-made goods are- Superior. Equal. ?JifrioJ. Inferior. Saddletrees ■. Sash, doors, etc Soap Stone quarrying, cutting, and crusliing Stove Hollow ware Stoves Teaming Tinsmltning, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron work- ing Tobacco and cigars Tomato sauce Trunlcs and valises Turpentine and rosin Umbrellas '. .Whips....... : Wire goods Wood, cut and sawed Wooden goods, miscellaneous Total comparisons a 25 »124 a In 10 institutions a part of the work done was equal and part slightly inferior; in 3 institutions part was slightly inferior and part inferior; in 2 institutions part equal and part inferior; in 1 institution part superior and part equal, and in 1 institution part superior, part equal, part slightly inferior, and part inferior. 9061—06 27 418 EEPOKT OF THE 00MM18SI0NEK OP LA BOB. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE. A.— SISFOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITTJTIOHS. [For explanation' of this table, see pp. 183, 184.] In- stl- tu- tlon No. State and institution. Control. Limi- tation ' on sale of goods. Are goods marked Industry. ALABAMA. state Prison System. . do ..,-.do ..'..do do do ABIZONA. Territorial Prison .do. -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. .do. ABKANSAS. State Penitentiary. do do CALIFOBNIA. State Prison at Folsom. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State Prison at San Quentin. do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. :n: San Bernardino Co. Jail San Francisco Co. Jail No. 2.. do ....do State. State. State. State. State. State. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. None None None None None None None None None None No.. No.. No.. No., No.. No.. No.... No.... No.... No.... Ter... State . State. State. None None None None None None None None No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No. N6. State. State. State. Yes... Yes.. No.. No.. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State . State. State. State. State. State. State. Co.... Yes.. Yes.. Yes.. Yes.. Yes.. Yes.. Yes.. Yes.. Yes.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes; Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes! No.. No.. No.. City and Co. City and City and Co. a $12,750 used in lessee's camp. Clothing, etc Fanning Lumber Mining, coal StovehoUow ware . . . Turpentine and rosin Blacksmithing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes Brick Brooms and brushes Building trades Clothing, etc Electric light and power Farming Mattresses Tinsmithtng, coppersmithiugj^nd sheet-iron worBng. Wood, cut and sawed Brick Farming Bailroad building Blacksmithing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Harness Ice, manufaotured Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Tin^mithmg, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working. Bags Blacksmithing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes Building trades Castings, machinery, and repairs. . Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cooperage Farming Loading and unloading vessels . . . Locksmithing Boads and highways Tinsmithlng, coppersmitliing, and sheet-iron .working. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Blacksmithing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes Building trades. OHAPTEB IV. QBNBEAL TABLES. Table T.— DISPOSITION OP GOODS MADE. A.— DISFOSITIOV 07 GOODS KASE, BT IHSIITVTIOirS. [For explanation of this table, see pp. 183, 184.] 419 Lease, contiaot, piece-price, and public-accovint sysTOms. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods sold. Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent ol goods used. In- sti- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tion No. ■ $4,768 6,450 S4,768 6,450 100.0 100.0 1 aS28,803 15,750 47,172 7,000 13,203 139,475 290,000 670,000 68,000 139,800 <'J68,278 305, 750 617,172 75,000 153,003 42.2 6.2 7.6 9.3 8.6 67.8 94.8 92.4 90.7 91.4 1,600 1,296 1,250 140 14,150 3,996 2,400 380 260 200 2,160 1,500 1,296 1,260 140 14,160 3,995 2,400 380 250 200 2,160 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 95,318 53,024 235,950 64 118 124 120,000 215,318 53,024 235,950 64 116 124 44.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 55.7 1 35,000 35,000 100.0 11,677 4,930 18,781 9,293 • 5,038 280 2,400 10,000 456 11,677 4,930 18,781 9,293 5,038 280 2,400 10,000 455 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 1 897 897 100.0 21,673 21,673 100.0 250,258 250,268 100.0 2 2,637 8,038 14,108 9,966 679 19,811 362 3,978 2,417 360 6,933 2,374 2,637 8,038 14,108 9,966 679 19,811 352 3,978 2,417 360 5,933 2,374 8,332 1,600 600 2,900 100.0- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ■ J8,332 3 1,500 600 2,900 4 420 REPOKT OF THE. COMMISSIOWBK OF LABOR. ■ Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS' MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITTJTIOHS— Continued. State and institution. Limi- tation on sale of goods. Are goods marked Industiy. CALIFORNIA — concluded. San Francisco Co. Jail No. 2 . ....do ' Los Angeles City Jail Preston School of Industry. .do. .do. .do. .So. .do. Wliittier State School. .do. .do- .do. .do. .do, .do. State Penitentiary. .do. .'do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State Industrial School. do do do do do State Reformatory do do do COlWEgTICUT. state Prison ....do •. do Fairfield Co. Jail Hartford Co. Jail Middlesex Co. Jail. . . do New Haven Co. Jail. Windham Co. Jail . . . ....do do School for Boys do do DELAWAitte. Newcastle Co. Workhouse. do do Ferris Industrial School . City and City and Co. City... State,. State . . State . . State . . State. . State . . State . . State . . State. . State . . State.. State . . State . State. State. State . State. State. State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State. State . State. State . State . State. State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... State. State . State. Yes... Yes... No.... No... Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. No.. No., No., No., Yes.' Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes.. Yes.. No. No. No. No. No., No. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes... Yes. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. Yes... Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes... Yes None None None . None None -None No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No., No., No., No., No. Co. Co. Co. Privateo None . None None . None . None . None . None . None. None . None None No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No... No... No... No... Clothing, etc Koads and high ways Roads and highways !. . Blacksmithing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes Building trades Clothing, etc , Mrming Printing. , Blacksmithing and wheeiwright- ing. Boots and shoes Building trades ",.,.. Clothing, etc Electric light and power Farming Printing .^. Blacksmithing and' wheel wright- ing. Boots and shoes Building trades : . . Clothing, etc. ..:... Farniing Lime , Stone quarrying,, cutting, and crushing. B oots and shoes , Building trades , Castings, machinery, and repairs , Clothing, etc ■= Farming Printing '. Boots and shoes ." Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Boots and shoes Chairs, tables, etc Farming Roads and highways. . Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Fanning Wood, cut and sawed. Chairs, tables, etc Farming » Printing Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Farming a With assistance by county. OHAPTEB IV. GBNEEAL TABLES. Table V DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.—SISFOSITION 01* GOODS MADE, BY INSTITTTTIOXTS— Continued. 421 Lease, contract, piece-price, and pnbUc-acoount syBtems. state-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods sold. Percent of goods sold. Value of goods used. ■ Per cent of goods used. In- sti- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out-- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In In- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions . tion No. $1,200 2,000 $1,200 2,000 12,012 1,200 1,206 1,272 2,326 7,622 960 1,500 3,209 3,660 6,471 3,300 10,412 3,600 •10,000 2,747 5,000 5,114 4,042 100.0 100. o' '"i66."6' 100.0 100.0 100.0 ' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 4 s $12,012 S *■ 1,200 1,206 1,272 2,326 7,622 960 1,500 3,209 3,550 6,471 3,300 10,412 3,600 10,000 2,747 5,000 5,114 4,042 6 7 $1,988 $1,988 lOO.O 1 11,449 1,445 11,449 1,445 100.0 100.0 8,555 2,803 737 543 5,682 5,995 1,023 511 1,467 11,318 7,000 8,556 2,803 737 543 5,682 5,995 1,023. 611 ■ 1,747 11,318 7,000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ■ 100.0 100.0 84.0 100.0 100.0 "'"i6."6" 2 672 572 100.0 .S 28P 3,007 3,007 ido.o 55,000 $225,000 50,000 280,000. 50,000 19.6 80.4 100.0 1 1,800 1,800 100.0 3,000 4,500 2,522 * is, 666 13,500 18,000 18,000 2,522 16.7 25.0 100.0 82,3 75.0 9. S 800 800 1,500 i66.6 ""i66.'6' 4 1,500 22,000 72,500 94,500 23.3 76.7 5 200 1,425 275 200 1,425 275 100.0 100.0 100.0 6 5,464 284 ' 5,464 284 16,375 790 100.0 100.0 "i66.'6' "i66.'6' "■■■i6,'375' 7 790 3,750 450 3,750 450 100.0 100.0 ........ 50,000 50,000 155 620 1,504 ""i66.'6" 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 155 620 1,504 6,429 6,429 100.0 1,504 1,504 100.0 2 422 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Table V DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITDTIOlfS— Continued. State and institution. Control. Limi- tation on sale ot goods. Are goods marked Industry. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington Asylum Workhouse. do do do Reform School , do do do State Prison System do Duval Co. Conviot Camp . Escambia Co. Jail Hillsboro Co. Jail Suwanee Co. Jail GEOBGIA. State Conriot Camp at Albany State Convict Camp atChattahoo- ' chee. State Convict Camps at Cole City, Rising Fawn, and Sugar Hill. State Convict Camp at Durham . . State Convict Camp at Egypt State Convict Camp at Fargo State Convict Camp at Heartsease State Convict Camps at Jakin and Blakely. State Convict Camp at Lela State Convict Camp at Lookout Mountain. State Convict Camps at Pitts and Worth. State Convict Camp at Savannah . State Convict Camp at Worth State Convict Farm Baldwin Co. Conviot Camp Bibb Co. Conviot Camp Burlce Co. Convict Camps (3) Chatham Co. Convict Camps (3) . Chatham Co. Convict Farm Decatur Co. Convict Camp do Dekalb Co. Convict Camp Dougherty Co. Convict Camp Early Co. Conviot Camp Floy d Co. Convict Camp Fulton Co. Convict Camp do - Glynn Co. Convict Camp Lowndes Co. Convict Camp Muscogee Co. Convict Camp Richmond Co. Convict Camp do Atlanta City Stockade do IDAHO. State Penitentiary. . ....do ....do ....do City.. City.. City.. City.. City(«) City(a) City (a) CityW Lessee Co.... Co.... Co.... Lessee . Lessee . Lessee Lessee Lessee Lessee . Lessee . Lessee. L/essee Lessee Lessee State . Co Co Co Co Co Lessee , Lessee, Co Co Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... City.. City.. State. State . . State . . State None . None - None - None . None. Nona. None None None No.. No.. No.. None - None . None . None . None . None . None . None - None . None . None . None . None - None . No..., No... No..., No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... None None None No. No. No. None None No., No.'! None None No.. No."! None None None None No. No.... No.... No... Building trades Clotliing, etc Farming Roads and higliways. Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Clothing, etc Farming Mining, phosphate . . . Turpentine and rosin. Turpentine and rosin. Roads and highways. . Roads and highways. . Roads and highways. . Brick. Brick. Mining, coal (b) . Mining, coal. Lumber , Lumber , Lumber , Lumt>er , Lumber Mining, coal. Lumber Lumber Lumber Farming Roads and highways. , Roads and highways. . Roads and highways. , Roads and highways . Farming Farming Turpentine and rosin. Roads and highways. Roads and highwaj^s. , Turpentine and rosin. Roads and highways. , Farming Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Farming Roads and highways. Farming Roads and highways. Boots and shoes , Clothing, etc , Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. o City institution, under the management of the United States Department of Justice. CHAPTEK IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V ^DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A ^DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. 423 l«ase, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods sold. Per cent ol goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. In- sti- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tion No. S2,333 1,400 1,223 »4,667 2,850 5,300 27,850 J7,000 4,260 6,523 27,850 1,500 33.3 32.9 18.7 ■■io6."6" 66.7 67.1 81.3 100.0 1 1,600 2 S10,046 110,046 100.0 3,300 5,167 3,300 5,167 100.0 100.0 186 185 440,000 400,000 11,100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1440,000 400,000 11,100 1 2 7,500 12,000 3,750 7,500 12,000 3,750 100.0 100.0 100.0 3 4 6 37,500 90,000 6 60,000 12,600 90,000 6163,263 244,221 50,000 180,000 6 213,263 244,221 25, 257 100,000 61,711 100,990 26,667 77,500 161,397 116,667 130,000 25,601 75.0 50.0 23.4 "ioo.o' ■■■25.0' 10.0 ""ioo.o' 66.7 ■■■46.'6" 100.0 25.0 60.0 6 76.6 100.0 1 2 3 4 28,257 5 100,000 38,783 90,891 26,067 100.0 75.0 90.0 100.0 6 12,928 10,099 7 8 9 77,500 107,698 10 53,799 116,667 . 78,000 33.3 100.0 60.0 11 12 52,000 25,601 13 10,602 10,602 6,000 65,000 14,640 105,576 8,645 100.0 ■""34."7' ""i66"6" 100.0 100.0 100.0 65.3 14 6,000 66,000 14,640 106, 5'6 .5,645 15 16 17 IS 3,000 19 590 13,500 590 13,500 100.0 100.0 20 10,000 16,000 10,000 15,000 100.0 100.0 21 22 12,950 12,960 100.0 n 22,480 22,480 2,274 94,120 19,000 14,900 18,947 8,7CO 43,080 1,676 66,426 800 1,200 11,167 2,800 ""i66."6" ""i66."6' "ioo.'o" 100.0 100.0 100.0 85.7 100.0 ""ioo.'o" 100.0 100.0 100.0 "ioo.'o" ""io6."6" 24 2,274 25 94,120 19,000 14.900 18,947 26 27 f 28 6,000 6,000 100.0 8,700 29 43,080 1,575 30 66,426 800 1,200 11,167 2,400 1 " * ".' 400 6 Including mining and smelting iron ore. 424 BEPOET OP THE 0OMMI8SIOHEB OP- LABOE; Table V DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A DISPOSITION or GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- stl- tu- tlon No. State and iastitution. Limi- tation on lAleof goods. Are- goods marked Industry. ILLINOIS. Southern Penitentiary. do ..do ..do ..do .do. State Penitentiary do... ....do ....do ....do ....do :...do Chicago House ol Correction. do ....do.. ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do Peoria House of Correction. . do ; Quincy House of Correction! State Reformatory. do do do do do INDIjUSA. Industrial School for Girls- and Women's Prison. ....do do • ;.. .;-..do -• do... do :... Reformatory do do do do State Prison do do do do do do do Marion Co. Workhouse. do do .do. State. State . State . State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State . State. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. State . State. State . State. State . State. State. State. State. State . . State . . State. State. State. State. State. State . State. State. State. State. State. State. State . State . Co.... Co.... Co.... None . None None . None None None None None No:. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. None . None - None . None . None . None . None . No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. None . None . None . None . None . None : None . None . None . Yes... No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. Co. Reform School for Boys. do None . None None None None None None None None None Nona None . None . None None . None None None . None None None None ■None None . None . None . None . None None None State . . State uNot reported. No., No., No., No., No. No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No.., No.., No.. No..: Brick Clothing, etc Farming Hosiery, etc Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Stove hollow ware Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Building trades t Chairs, tables, etc . . . .' Clothing, etc Cooperage ^ . . Farming Baskets, willow waTe, etc BTick Brooms and brushes Building trades Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming. Hajflmocks Hosiery, etc Laundry work ;.'... Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Brick Brooms and brushes Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Building trades Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Picture moldings Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Carriages and wagons. Chairs, tables, etc '. Clothing, etc Farming House furnishing goods, miscel- laneous. Laundry work Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, fete Farming Iron and steel, chains Stove hollow ware Chairs, tables, etc. Clothing, etc Cooperage . ; , Cotton and woolen goods .... Farming , Gloves and mittens , Hosiery, etc Tobacco and cigar's , Clothing, etc , Farming ■ , House furnishing goods, miscel- laneous. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushmg. Boots and shoes Brick /CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Tabui v.— disposition OF GOODS MADE— Continued. t.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITTITIOHS— Continued. 425 Lease, ootitract, piece-price, and public-aooount systems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods -sold. Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. In- sti- tu- Witlilii State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tion No. t27,019 i27,019 100.0 1 t8,333 2,400 t8,333 2,400 100.0 100.0 (a) 17,219 C-) 198,087 16,200 (°) 200,000 17,219 100,000 990,431 81,000 (a) 100.0 S,'.o 20.6 (a) »792,344 64,800 So 80.0 2 2,332 2,332 100.0 123,107 236,677 369,784 34.2 65.8 7,183 7,183 100.0 88,139 58,760 146,899 60.0 40.0 ■ 16,921 15,921 100.0 • ■(») ("i 10,467 (") (<•) 3 2,693 $19,101 21,794 12.4 87.6 (») W 80,186 (") (°) 2,660 2,665 5,305 60.0 60.0 (a) C) 100 (») C) 7,600 3,146 60 128 7,550 3,274 99.3 96.1 .7 3.9 611 611 7,709 100.0 (") («) 5,862 35 5,862 1,900 '"'98;2' 100.0 1.8 1,865 4,066 3,691 *4,066 3,691 100.0 100.0 4 -■■■- 2,471 2,471 23,420 5,247 17,876 6,738 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5 23,420 5,247 17,876 6,738 6 4,664 18,265 22,819 4,850 20.0 100.0 80.0 12,000 6,412 12,000 32,061 124 111 76 100.0 -20.0 100.0 100.0 26,649 124 80.0 100.0 i 111 76 4,237 614 4,237 614 100.0 100.0 979 5,516 3,500 979 2,516 175,000 100.0 100.0 2.0 171,500 98.0 2 - 6,380 ■980 6,380 980 100.0 100.0 1,367 2,694 66,503 127,096 115,485 136,600 1M,848 ■ 106,750 67,860 129,690 115,485 136,500 114,848 106,760 2.0 2.0- 98.0 98.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3 9,615 9,615 100.0 I 3,094 3,094 100.0 750 33,000 62,795 33,750 62,795 2.2 97.8 100.0 2,623 322 2,094 90 2,623 322 2,094 402 2,406 3,866 2,400 100.0 100.0 100.0 22.4 100.0 100.0 "'77.'6' 100.0 4 312 2,406 71 100.0 3,856 2,400 5 426 EEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIOWEB OF LABOE. Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— SISFOSITIOK or GOODS MADE, BY IHSTITUTIOSS— Continued. In- stl- tu- tion No. State and institution. Control. Limi- tation on saleol goods. Are goods marked Industry. li INDIANA— concluded. Eeform School lor Boys State.. ^ ., ..do State.. State.. State.. State.. None.. None.. None.. None.. No.... No.... No.... No.... ClotMng, etc do do Printing 1 IOWA. Penitentiary at Anamosa do do : State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State None.. None.. None.. None.. None.. None.. None.. None.. No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... ClotMng, etc .do Cooperage do do .do Soap ........ do. . Stone quarrying, cutting, crushing. Tinsmithing, coppersmlthing sheet-iron working. Agricultural hand tools and ,and do 2 Penitentiary at Fort Madison do ■RnildiTig trB.HfiR do .State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. None.. None.. None.. None.. No.... No.... No.... No.... ■Rnttnns .... do Chairs, tables, etc .do do ■pa^TpiTig ... 3 State Industrial Soliool for Boys. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State None.. None,. None.. None.. None.. No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... do do do HarnessT. Printing 1 KANSAS. State Industrial Eeformatory. . . . do Boots and shoes State.. State.. State.. State.. State None.. None.. None.. None.. No. J.. No.... No.... No.... do Fanning. 2 Binding twine do Brick do Building trades do State.. State.. State.. State.. State . None.. None.. None.. None.. No.... No.... No,... No.... Chairs, tables, etc. do do do Mining, coal do do State.. State.. State None.. None.. No.... No.... Stone quarrying, cutting, crushing. Boots and shoes and 3 do Building trades State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State None.. None.. None.. None.. None.. No.... No.;.. No.... No.... No.... Clothing, etc do Farming do 1 KENTUCKY. do do State.. State . . State . . None.. None.. No.... No.... Stove hollow ware do 2 State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. None.. None.. None.. None.. None.. None.. None.. No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... Boots and shoes. do do Clothing, etc do 3 Chairs, tables, etc do Farming a Not reported. OHAPTEK IV. GENEEAL TABLES. Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DIBF08ITI0K OF GOODS KASE, BT INSTITUTIONS— Continued. 427 Lease, contract, piece-pilce, and public-account systems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value ol goods sold. Per cent of goods sold. Value ol goods used. Per cent of goods used. In- sti- tu- Within State. Outside Stat«. Total. Within State. Out- Side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tion No. (23,746 7,628 11,829 1,502 955 57,219 12,281 (23,746 7,628 11,829 1,602 955 57,219 12,281 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5 1 (23,347 (23,347 100.0 6,489 846 335 6,489 846 335 100.0 100.0 100.0 (1,600 1,600 100.0 240 240 100,0 7,000 218,000 225,000 3.1 96.9 2 14,000 14,000 100.0 29,820 75,000 29,820 90,000 ""is'.V 100.0 83.3 15,000 4,432 1,589 14,120 9,610 13,344 624 587 1,396 37,293 9,594 7,497 4,432 1,589 14,120 9,610 13,344 624 587 1,396 37,293 9,594 7,497 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3 4,068 4,068 100.0 1 724 219,599 724 219,599 100.0 100.0 2 (21,343 21,343 10,250 "ioo.'o' 100.0 10,250 5,850 70,000 75,850 7.7 92.3 7,380 7,418 58,998 7,380 7,418 151,443 11,000 7,197 1,000 1,250 6,281 335 175 100.0 100.0 39.0 "'ioo.'o' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 "'ei.'o' 100.0 92,445 11,000 7,197 1,000 1,250 6,281 335 175 3 1,011 625 6,000 27,500 1,011 625 355,000 77,500 100.0 100.0 1.4 35.5 98.6 64.5 350,000 50,000 1 4,817 4,817 100.0 6,000 22,000 104,000 12,000 110,000 34,000 5.5 64.7 94.5 35.3 2,333 2,333 100.0 40,000 12,000 25,000 1,600 971 320,000 48,000 360,000 700 360,000 60,000 385,000 2,300 971 4,372 11.1 20.0 6.5 69.6 100.0 W 88.9 80.0 93.5 30.4 2 500 600 100.0 W C) 3 4,800 4,800 ioo.o 428 EEPOET OF THE 0OMMI88IONEE OF LABOE. Table V\— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tlon No. State and institution. Control. Limir tatloli on sale of goods. Are goods marked Industry. LOUISIANA. State Penitentiary, do do MAIKE. State Prison do do do ; do do..... do Androscoggin Co. Jail Cumberland Co. Jail do Penobscot Co. Jail do YorkCo. JaU Industrial School lor Girls . State School lor Boys do '. do do MARYLAND. House of Correction. do do do do... Penitentiary do do do do Baltimore City Jail. do : do , do , do House of Reformation for Col- ored Boys. do .', : do do House of Refuge. do Industrial Home for Colored Girls. St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys. do ....do ....do = ....do ....do MASSACHUSETTS. Reformatory .do. .do. .do. State. State. State . State . . State . . State . . State . . State . . State . . State . . Co Co Co Co Co Co State . . State . . State . . State . . State . . State - State . State - State . State - State . State . State . State . State . City.. aty.. aty.. City., aty.. C) lb) (b) m '■II m {"} m - state None None No.. No.. Ni>ne None None None None None None None None, None None None. None None None. None None None Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes., Yes., Yes. Yes. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. None . None . ■None . None . None . None. None . None . None . None . None . None . None None None None None None None . None . None . No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No-. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.... No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No. None None N'one None No. No.. No.. No.. None None None a Not reported. state State State No.. No.. No!! Cloffiing, etc... Panning Levee building. Brooms and brushes. . . Carriages and wagons. Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, eto Farming ; Harness Wood, cut and sawed. . Boots and shoes Boots and shoes Clothing, eto Boots and shoes Blooms and brushes.;. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Boots and shoes Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, eto Panning Baskets, willfiw ware, etc. Building trades Clothing, etc Farming.... Mats and matting Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Soap. Stone ctuarrying, cutting,, and crushing. Stove hollow ware Baskets, willow ware, etc Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Clothing, etc ; Tiasmithing, coppersmithlng, and sheet-iron working. Boots and shoes Chairs, tables, etc. . Clothing, etc Farming Clothing, etc 1 Fanning Clothing, eto Brooms and brushes. Building trades. Clothing, etc Fanning Hosiery, etc Printing Blaoksmlthing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes : Building trades Chairs, tables, etc, .'.^ CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DIBPOSIXIOH OF OOOBS MADE, BY INSTITTITIOWS— Continued. 429 Lease, oontraot, pleo&-prioe, and publloaooount . systems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value ol goods sold. Per cent ol goods sold. Value ol goods used. Per oent ol goods used. In- sti- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. Within. State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. . To'tal. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tion No. $325 67,408 $325 67,408 100.0 100.0 $16,300 15,650 $15,300 15,650 180,000 lop.o 100.0 "ioo.'o' 1 $180,000 7,423 9,218 610 $20,000 i24,00D 27,423 33,218 610 27.1 27.8 100.0 72.9 72.2 1 3,192 300 3,192 300 100.0 100.0 2,172 2,062 1,485 2,868 2,172 28,062 1,485 23,868 111,000 100.0 7.3 100.0 12.0 "'92.'7' 26,000 • 21,000 111,000 88.0 100.0 - 2. 3 . 1,200 1,200 100.0 17,000 10,000 20,000 17,000 27,000 20,000 "'63.'6' 100.0 37.0 100.0 17,000 ' 5 2,945 580 2,945 580 100.0 100.0 g 7 2,500 17,000 19,500 12.8 87.2 1,735 8,223 1,735 8,223 100.0 IOO.O ., 888 1,000 14,280 1,390 888 10,000 14,280 46,350 100.0 10.0 100.0 3.0 90.0 9,000 1 44,960 97.0 1,993 3,940 . 1,993 3,940 100.0 100.0 2,250 19,909 16,000 52,760 378,289 286,000 56,000 398,198 - 300,000 4.1 5.0 5.0 96.9 95.0 95.0 2 3,860 591 3,860 591 100.0 100.0 10,200 5,643 38,000 101,800 107,195 2,000 112,000 112,838 40,000 9.1 5.0 95.0 90.9 96.0 5.0 3 801 801 100.0 15,717 15,000 30,717 51.2 48.8. 2,313 418 676 2,313 418 576 100.0 100.0 100.0 4 1,275 '6,000 7,276 17.5 82.5 ^,046 4,687 3,176 2,046 4,687 3,176 100.0 100.0 100.0 944, 944 22,000 751 10,148 30,000 100.0 "ioo.'o' 4.9 8.0 "ioo.'o' 22,000 6 751 501 2,400 9,647 27,600 95.1 92.0 936 936 100.0 6 7 1,854 8,128 7,810 347 406 1,864 8,128 7,810 347 406 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 60,345 60,345 7,039 'ioo.'o' ioo.o 7,039 2,37i 1,985 144,648 1,900 47,606 2,372 1,98? 144,648 1,900 47,606 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 ^ !) State, and city of Baltimore. 430 KBPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. Table V DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued., A.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY IHSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. T,imi- tation Are Control. on goods sale of marked goods. • State.. None. No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None. No.... State.. None - No.... State.. None. No.... State.. None. No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None . No...- State.. None. No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None. No.... Co None. No.... Co None . No.... Co None . No.-.. Co None . No.--. Co None. No.... Co None . No.... Co None . No..-- Co None . No...- Co None . No.... Co None . No.... Co None . No.... Co None . No.... Co None . No-... Co None . No-... Co None , No.... Co None . No.... Co None- No.... Co None . No..-- Co None . No.... Co Co None . None . No.... No.... State.. State.. State.. State.. None . None . None . No---- No-.-. No...- State.. None . No---- State-. State.. None. No---- State.. None. No.... State . . State.. None . No...- State.. None . No.... State.. None . No..-- State.. None . No.... State.. Industry. MASSACHUSETTS — Concluded. Reformatory . '. do do Reformatory Prison for Women do do State Farm do State Prison do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Berkshire Co. Jail and House ol Correction. Bristol Co. Jail and House of Cor- rection at New Bedford. Essex Co. House of Correction at Ipswlcli. Essex Co. Jail and House of Cor- rection at Lawrence. Essex Co. JaU and House of Cor- rection at Salem. Franklin Co. JaU and House of Correction. do Hampden Co. Jail and House of Correction. Hampshire Co. JaU and House of Correction. Middlesex Co. Jail and House of Correction at Cambridge. do Middlesex Co. JaU at LoweU Norfolk Co. Jail and House of Correction. Plymouth Co. JaU and House of Correction. Suffolk Co. House of Correction. do do.... do Worcester Co. Jail and House of Correction at Fitohburg. do Worcester Co. JaU aind House of Correction at Worcester. MICHIGAN. Reformatory do do do State House of Correctioii and Branch Prison. do do do do ...-do State Prison ..-.do -...do - ....do Cotton and woolen goods Farming Printing Clothing, etc Farming Laundry work Chairs, tables, etc Farming Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Brooms and brushes Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods Harness Hosiery, etc Trunks and valises Boots and shoes Boots and shoes Farming Chairs, tables, etc Chairs, tables, etc Chairs, tables, etc Farming UmbreUas Chairs, tables, etc Brooms and brushes Mats and matting Cotton waste Boots and shoes Chairs, tables, etc Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Chairs, tables, etc Farming Chairs, tables, etc Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming , Packing and moving. Boots and shoes Building trades Clothing, etc Harming Roads and highways Tobacco and cigars Agricultural hood tools. Boxes, wooden Brooms and brushes Building trades , CHAPTER IV. GBNBEAL TABLES. Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— SI8F0SIII0N or GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIOKS— Continued. 431 Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. State-use and public worts and ways sys- tems. Value ol goods sold. Per cent of goods sold. Value ol goods used. Per cent of goods used. In- sti- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out- side Stele. In Insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other Institu- tions. tion No. $11,000 9; 943 5,050 , 932 1,486 $54,485 $65,485 9,943 5,050 7,286 1,486 16.8 100.0 100.0 12.8 100.0 83.2 ■"■87.'2' 1 $419 35,402 1,871 4,131 42,192 $419 35,402 1,871 4,131 42,192 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6,354 2 3 38,783 1,322 38,783 19,354 7,896 1,987 32,430 7,975 2,066 5,134 49 100.0 6.8 '"■6.'i" 21.2 19.4 4.4 4.6 16.3 "■93.' 2' 100.0 93.9 78.8 80.6 95.6 95.4 83.7 16,326 996 15,931 $200,000 216,326 996 16,031 7.5 100.0 99.4 92.5 18,032 7,896 1,865 25,571 6,427 1,976 4,897 41 4 100 .6 122 6,859 1,548 90 237 8 '^ 15,869 760 16,619 95.5 4.5 6,870 3,332 27,890 600 6,470 3,332 31,092 90.7 100.0 89.7 9.3 5 3,202 10.3 708 909 708 1,922 82.7 100.0 47.3 6 1,013 7 6,497 11,250 1,800 800 6,497 11,260 3,600 t 800 20,000 4,500 13,674 4,900 16,882 6,993 4,431 100.0 100.0 60.0 100.0 83.2 85.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 8 9 1,800 50.0 "166.0' 100.0 16.8 14.3 10 400 400 100.0 20,000 4,500 2,300 700 11 1?, 11,374 4,200 16,882 S,993 4,431 29 2,456 2,485 1.2 98.8 13 14 15 16 4,012 11,661 30,773 4,012 11,661 32,036 20,612 100.0 100.0 96.1 "■"■3.'9" 100.0 17 38,665 38,665 100.0 1,263 20,612 15,000 869 16,000 10,999 667 3,327 2,884 16,000 869 16,000 219,786 667 3,327 2,884 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 IS 850 850 100.0 19 208*, 787 95.0 1 3,608 2,123 3,608 2,123 100.0 100.0 1,088 2,600 3,486 5,252 360 1,088 2,600 3,486 5,252 360 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7 120,000 120,000 100.0 82,052 121,309 82,052 127,683 20,348 129,260 5.0 100.0 39.8 100.0 95.0 6,374 20,348 51,426 3 77,834 60.2 9,180 9,180 100.0 432 jREPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONBH OF LABOE. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF Q001")S MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITOTIOITS— Continued. State and institution. Control. Limi- tation on sale of goods. Are goods marked Industry. MICHIGAN— concluded. State Prison . do do do do Detroit House ol Correction. do do Industrial School for Boys . . . do do MINNESOTA. State Prison do do do do State Reformatory do , do St. Paul Workhouse. .. do do State Training School. do .'. do do MISSISSIPPI. State Prison System. do do do do ......do MISSOUBI. State Penitentiary .'do do do do St. Louis City Workhouse. do do do... do St. Louis House of Refuge. do do do Training School for Boys. . do do.... do MONTANA. State Reform School .j. d'o do State . State. State. State. State . City.. City.. City. . State. State . State. State . State . State . State. State . State . State. State . City.. City.. City.. State . State . State. State'. State . State. State - State. State - State. State. State . State . State. State. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. State . State. State. State. State. State. State. None . None . None . None . None . None . None . None . None . None. None . None None No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. None None No. No. Nona . None . None . None . No. No. No. No. None None None No. No. No. None None . No. No. None None ., None None No. No. No. No. None . None No. No. None None No. No. None . None . No... No... None . None . None . No. No. No. None . None . None . None . None . No. No. No'. No. No. Carriages and wagons . . Clothing, etc Farming Power and heat plant Stone guarrying, cutting, and crashing. ■• Brooms and brushes Buttons Chairs, tables, etc Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Fanning Binding twine Boots and shoes , Building trades Clothing, etc Printing _ Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Brooms and brushes Clothing, etc Roads And highways Building trades.. Clothing, etc -. Fanning ; ., Printing .' Building trades Clothing, etc . . : Farming Levee building Lumber Wood, cut and sawed Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Building trades Clothing, etc Saddletrees Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Roads and highways Stone (luarrying, catting, and crushing. Bread .». Building trades . . ; Clothing, etc .'. Farming Brick Building trades 1 Clotbing, etc Farming Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION or GOODS MADE, BY IHSTITUTIONS— Continued. 433 Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods sold. Per cent ol goods sold. Value ol goods used. Per cent of - goods used. in- sti- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tion No. »10,195 956 $40,781 18,169 $50,976 19,125 20.0 5.0 80.0 95.0 3 $6,011 2,254 $6,011 2,254 100.0 . 100.0 1,157 40,368 3^070 10,998 64,921 1,167 '40,368 23,070 10,998 124,921 100.0 100.0 13.3 100.0 44.0 20,000 86.7 4 70,000 66.0 1,119 5,287 5,147 1,119 5,287. 5,147 100.0 100.0 100.0 6 2,637 1,040,664 242,600 2,637 1,040,664 692,300 100.0 100.0 40.9 1 350,000 69.1 7,500 6,080 1,385 34,733 4,849 8,461 7,600 6,080 1,385 34,733 4,849 8,451 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 :;:::::: 2 760 760 100.0 3 1,620 1,520 6,876 7,600 5,165 5,380 1,600 10,707 8,741 191,305 2,908 100.0 ""ioo.'o' 100.0 lOO.O lOO.O ■■i66.'6' 100.0 '"ioo.'o' 100.0 "ioo.'o' $6,876 7,600 5,166 6,380 1,600 4 1,566 1,566 100.0 10,707 1 8,741 191,305 217,398 217,398 100.0 2,908 2,831 2,831 100.0 2,445 2,446 100.0 327,600 -61,600 1,486,000 60,000 1,812,500 111,600 18.1 55.2 81.9 44.8 1 ' 22,500 7,600 22,500 7,600 loo.o 100.0 43,666 53,750 75,000 137,500 118,000 191,260 36.4 28.1 63.6 71.9 6,600 6,600 2,000 6,600 6,600 2,000 26,131 24,289 100.0 100.0 100.0 "i66.'6' lOO.O o • 26,131 24,289 8,643 8,643 100.0 3 6,000 3,750 4,600 4,960 13,000 6,130 7,000 600 760 2,296 6,000 3,750 4,500 4,950 13,000 5,130 7,000 600 760 2,296 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 650 550 100.0 • 1 9061—06—28 434 REPORT OF THE OOMMISSIOWEB OP LABOR. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION or GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIOHS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and institution. Control. Limi- tation on sale of goods. Are goods marked Industry. NEBBAaKA. State Penitentiary do do do State Industrial School for Boys do do do NEVADA, State Prison -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. NEW HAMPSHIEE. State Prison do do Hillsboro Co. Almshouse and House of Correction. Hillsboro Co. Jail do Manchester City Farm and House of Correction. Industrial School do do NEW JEKSEY. Reformatory. do do do do do State Prison do ....do do do Essex Co. Penitentiary. do ....do ....do Hudson Co. Penitentiary. ....do do ; do Mereer Co. Workhouse . ...do do State . State . State . State. State - State. State . State . State . - State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State . Co.... Co.... Co.... City.. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State . State. State. State. State. State. State. Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. State Home for Boys. do. do. do. do. State. State. State. State. _ State. State Home for Girls I State, None . No.. None None None None None Yes. Yes. No. No. No'. No No. No. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. None None None None None None None None None None None No.. No.. No.. No.. No. No.. No. No. No. No.. No., No.. No.. rea... None None Yes. Yes. None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None . None . None . None . Yes... Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yea. Yes. No.. No.. No.. No... No.. No.- No.. No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... No... Brooms and brushes. Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Building trades Clothing, etc Fanning Printing Blackamithing and wheelwrlght- ing. Boots and shoes Building trades.... Clothing, etc Farming Stone guarrylng, ^cutting, and crushing. Chairs, tables, etc. Clothing, etc Farming Farming Brooms and brushes. . Farming Farming Clothing, etc. Farming Hosiery, etc . . Boots and shoes Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Roads and highways Tinsmithing, copjmrsmithing, and sheet-iron working. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Clothing, etc Mats and matting.. Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Stone (juarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots ana shoes , Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes Brick Brooms and brushes Clothing, etc Farming Clothing, etc CHAPTER IV. GENEBAL TABLES. Tabus V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— SISFOSITION or GOODS MADE, BY IHSTITUTIONS— Continued. 435 Lease, contract, piece-price, and systems. public-account State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods sold. Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of • goods used. In- sti- tu- ■Within State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tlon No. (10,000 J216,000 S225,000 4.4 95.6 1 16,732 2,336 3,651 2,500 2,170 925 430 800 435 300 908 1,403 149 $6,732 2,336 3,651 2,500 2,170 925 430 809 435 300 908 1,403 2,725 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.5 ■■■gi's' 2 2,378 2,378 100.0 1 133 114 6,500 133 114 105,000 100.0 100.0 6.2 93.8 $2,576 98,500 1 750 1,200 9,625 760 1,200 9,625 100.0 100.0 100.0 9. 6,979 7,600 14,479 48.2 51.8 3 138 1,200 450 6,325 138 1,200 450 6,325 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4,344 4,344 100.0 4 5 300 750 358 300 10,750 358 100.0 7.0 100.0 "'93.'d' 10,000 2,151 14,872 3,400 1,765 1,061 5,816 2,151 14,872 3,400 1,765 1,061 5,816 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 . 4,715 60,000 54,715 8.6 91.4 ■ 30,000 39,000 49,000 40,000 65,000 30,000 46,000 68,000 40,000 100,000 ■"i5."2' 25.8 '"36.'6' 100.0 84.8 74.2 100.0 65.0 2 T,000 17,000 1,664 1,664 100.0 15,220 15,220 100.0 35,000 263 1,027 3,566 1,954 306 1,226 800 29,160 900 2,300 263 1,027 3,666 1,954 306 1,226 1,617 31,215 900 2,300 16,313 2,944 645 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 49.5 93.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 '"m.5 6.6 "ioo.o' 3 415 415 100.0 4 817 2,055 803 803 100.0 5 175 634 175 634 100.0 100.0 16,313 2,944 645 6 246 3,929 246 10,929 100.0 36.0 ■"ei'o" 7,000 5,680 14,736 6,826 6,680 14,736 6,826 100.0 100.0 100.0 4,988 4,988 100.0 7 436 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Tabub v.— disposition OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A ^SISFOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- aU- tu- tlon No. State and Institution. Limi- tation- on sale of goods. Are goods marked Industry. NEW MEXICO. Penitentiary .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. NEW YORK. Auburn Prison. do — ..do do do. Clinton Prison.. ...do do .do. Eastern New Tork Betormatory. ;;"do"ii"i;";iii."."iiiiiriiii House of Befo^ for Women. Sing Sing Prison do do .do. .do. -do. .do. -do. .do. -do. Stat« Beformatory. ....do do do do .do. .do. State Beformatory for Women. Erie Co. Penitentiary. '///.doy//.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. do .do. .do. Monroe Co. Penitentiary ....do Onondaga Co. Penitentiary . ;;;;do';"!""""!!!!!i!!" ....do Eings Co. Penitmtlary . .do. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. Ter. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State. Co,... Co Co Co.... Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co aty... City... City... None None None No. No. No., None None None None None No. No., No., No. No. None. Yes.. Yes.. Yes.. Yes.. Yes.. None None No;:e No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No. No. Xo. NoiK .! No_. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes., Yes. Yes. Yes., Yes. Yes.. Yes. Yes., ' No.. ]So.. ! Xc. Xo.. Xo.. Xo.. Xo.. Xo.. Xo.. Xo.. No.. No.. No.. No.. ! No.. Blaeksmitliing and wheelwriglit- ing. Boots and shoes Brick Bunding trades Clotblng, etc Electric li^t and power Farming Harness Lime _ Roads andiij^ways TinsmithingjCoppeuBmitiung, and Bheet4ron wiHKlsg. Boots and ^oes Brooms and iHiislieB. Clothing, etc Cotton and woiAqi goods. Fami tore, etc. OoUiIng, ' Cotton » Tinami&ingywqywsaniaimg^ and I Ootbrag, \ Farming. ' Stone qnazxyingg CloaiIng,etc Boots and ^HKS , Brooms sndtensbes. , Castii^s, madunray, and repairs CSiairs, tatdes,etc Clol^iing, etc HaGiez7,etG Mats aim matting. .— .- Printing ■ .^ Sash, doors, etc : Stone ^oanyiag, laitting, and Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... Xc... Yes... No.... Yea... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yra... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No.... Yes... No..., Boots Baiiding trades Castings, macdimray, and repairs . Clothing) etc : Farmmg House mm^ung goods, mlscel- laneo&s. Printing Clothing, etc Hosiery, etc. _■ Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Laundry work Mattre^^ . . Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. TXasmithingjCopporsmithii^, and sliBet4ron worsiiig. Boote and shoes ^ Farming Boots and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots ^id shoes. Brooms and brushes. . . Chairt, tables, etc OHAPTKR IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. 437 Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. ■ Value of goods sold. Per cent ol goods sold. Value ol goods used. Per cent of goods used. In- sti- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out- side. State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tion No. $1,500 1,255 $1,500 1,266 100.0 100.0 1 tl7,000 J17,000 100.0 2,200 3,252 1,200 900 300 2,200 3,262 1,200 900 300 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 760 750" 100.0 S20,000 20,000 300 3,627 16,590 8,314 131,676 201,936 21,693 69,172 15,119 3,882 3,039 2,249 5,346 10,378 2,258 24, 410 18,383 25,809 20,001 43,935 60,493 10,639 8,509 21,071 6,180 4,799 51,965 1,413 17,856 •4,466 2,959 2,933 2,717 57 932 4,445 4,620 323 4,867 469 534 1,958 1,603 2,986 4,141 14,000 16,456 67,513 13,199 ■"ioo.'o' lOO.O 1.2 100.0 5.4 .2 1.8 .8 1.7 .3 100.0 100.0 100.0 loo.o 100.0 6.0 ■■'ii.'e' 3.0 "■49.'9' "'ioo.'o' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 77.3 75.0 100.0 100.0 ■ 100.0 100.0 98.5 96.4 83.3 71.7 3.0 100.0 "'oi's' "gi'e" 99.8 98.2 99.2 98.3 99.7 '"■946' 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.4 97.0 100.0 60.1 100.0 62.5 "■22.'7' 25.0 "ioo.'o' ""1.5 4.6 16.7 28.3 97.0 100.0 100.0 300 3,527 196 8,314 7,062 309 381 543 260 13 3,039 2,249 6,346 10,378 2,258 1,465 1 15,794 124,514 201,627 21,312 68, 629 14,869 3,869 ?. 3 4 22,945. 18,383 25,809 20,001 38,827 58,678 10,639 4,262 21,071 5 6,108 1,815 4,247 6,180 4,799 51,955 1,413 17,866 4,456 2,959 1,100 2,717 57 932 3,435 3,466 .323 ft 1 1,833 7 , R 1,010 1,155 4,867 459 534 1,958 1,579 2,850 3,449 10,039 600 f 9 2,160. 2,160 100.0 24 136 692 3,961 15,966 67,513 13,199 10 n 438 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OE LABOB. Table V,— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DIBFOSIIION OF GOODS MADE, BY IHSTITUTIONS— Continaed. State and Institution. Control. Limi- tation on sale of goods. Are goods marked Industry. NEW YORK — concluded. Kings Co. Penitentiary do : do New York Co. Penitentiary. -do. .do. -do. -do. .do. .do. .do. Workhouse, BlaokweUs Island and Branch Workhouses, Harts and Hikers islands. do do , do do do .do. State Industrial School. .do. .do- .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. NORTH CAROLINA. State Prison. do ....do ....do ....do ...-do ....do .do. Alamance Co. Convict Camp Anson Co. ^Wadesboro Town- ship) ConTiet Camp. Buncombe Co. Convict Camp Cabarrus Co. Convict Camp Columbus Co. Convict Camp Durham Co. Convict Camp Edgecombe Co. Convict Camp.... Forsyth Co. Convict Camp Franklin Co. and Louisburg Township Jail. Gaston Co. Convict Camp Granville Co. Convict Camp ....do Greene Co. Jail GuUford Co. Convict Camps (2) . . Haywood Co. Convict Camp Henderson Co. Convict Camp Iredell Co. Convict Camp Lenoir Co. Convict Camp City... City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City.. City-. City.. City., aty.. City.. aty.. aty.. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. aty.. aty.. aty.. City., aty.. City.. State . State. State. State. State. State. State . State. State.. State. State. State. State. State. State . . State.. Co.. Co.. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. None. None. None. None. None. None. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. CO.. Co.. Co.. None. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. ,No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Clothing, etc , Hosiery, etc , Mattresses , Printing Roads and highways Blacksmlthing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes Brooms smd brushes Building trades , Clothing, etc Farming. ; Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Tinsmithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working. Blacksmlthing and wheelwright- ing. Building trades Burying paupers Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Tinsmithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working. Blacksmlthing and wheelwright- Ing. Bookbinding Boots and shoes Building trades Castings, machinery, and repairs. . Clothing, etc Electrical construction and re- pairs. Farming Printing Brick Clothing, etc Farming Lumber Railroad building Roads and highways Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. T\ood, cut and sawed Roads and highways Roads and highways Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways. a Work performed. Roads and highways. . Roads and highways . . Wood, cut and sawed. . Roads and highways. . Roads and highways,. Roads and highways . . Roads and highways. . Roads and highways. . Roads and highways . . CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 439 Table V ^DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITIOir OF GOODS MADE, BY IHSTITTTTIOWS— Continued. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods sold. Per cent ol goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. In- stl- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tion No. $7,543 $7,643 7,697 8,528 2,779 10,646 5,765 7,191 1,496 16,472 . 25,221 2,394 27,889 4,239 2,015 25,591 "3,192 18,268 3,894 29,485 1,594 838 972 6,196 4,438 6,602 17,308 2,993 2,133 2,487 100.0 "ioo.o' 100.0 100.0 "w.o 33.3 100.0 100.0 10.3 100.0 100.0 "'ioo.o' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100:0 100.0 100.0 "ioo.'o' 100.0 ■]] 100.0 100.0 80.0 66.7 89.7 "ioo.'o' 11 $7,697 8,528 2,779 10,646 5,765 12 7,191 1,496 12,378 16,814 3,094 8,407 2,394 27,889 437 2,015 25,591 3,802 13 03, 192 18,268 3,894 29,485 1,594 838 972 6,196 4,438 6,602 17,308 2,993 2,133 2,487 14 $12,064 479 27,864 67,474 47,434 17,334 26,299 1,947 $12,064 479 27,854 67,474 47,434 17,334 26,299 1,947 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 8,883 21,455 8,883 21,455 100.0 100.0 * 15,732 15,732 100.0 7,742 8,206 43,522 9,599 4,180 21,986 10,960 23,192 4,177 26,195 3,070 7,742 8,206 43,522 9,599 4,180 21,986 10,960 23,192 4,177 26,195 3,070 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2 3 4 5 fi 7 8 9 10 11 12 450 450 100.0 4,267 22,164 16,831 5,413 8,931 9,914 4,267 22,154 16,831 5,413 8,931 9,914 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13 14 15 16 17 18 440 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOHEB OV LABOR. Table V DISPOSITION OF GIOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION or GOODS MADE, BY IHSTITUTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Control Limi- tation on sale of goods. Are goods marked Industry. NORTH CAROLINA — concluded. Mecklenburg Co. Convict Camp . New Hanover Co. Convict Camp Person Co. Convict Camp Randolph Co. Convict Camp Robeson Co. Convict Camp Eookingham Co. Convict Camp. . do Rowan Co. Convict Camp Swain Co. Jail Wake Co. Workhouse Camp do Wayne Co. Convict Camp Wilson Co. Convict Camp Monroe Township (Union Co.) Convict Camp. NORTH DAKOTA. State Penitentiary. ;....dO do do do do OHIO. Penitentiary do do do do do .....do do do State Reformatory do do do'. do do Stark Co. Workhouse. . Xenia City Workhouse. ZanesvUle City and Co. Work- • house.. Cincinnati City Workhouse do •- .do. Cleveland House ol Correction . do Columbus Workhouse Dayton City Workhouse Toledo Workhouse 08EG0N. State Penitentiary. . do ....do ....do ....do ....do Multnomah Co. Jail. State Reform School State. do State. do State. do State. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co., Co., Tp. State . State . State . . State State State . . State . State . State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State . State - , State . , State . , State . . State . . Co Co. and city. Co. and • city. City... City... Yes.. Yes.. Yes.. No., No. No. Yes. None None None None None None None None None None No., No., No., No., No., No., No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. City. City. City. City. City. City. State . State . State. State . State . State . Co.... None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None ^one None Npne No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. No.. Np.. No.. No. No. No., No., None . No, None - No. None None None No.. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways. Roads and highways.. Roads and highways. . Building trades Roads and highways. . Roads and highways.. Roads and highways.. Farming Roads and highways.. Roads and highways.. Roads and highways.. Roads and highways. . Binding twine Boots and shoes. Brick. BuUding trades.. Clothing, etc Farming Agricultural hand tools Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes — ', Castings, machinery, and repairs. Clothing, etc Hardware, saddlery. Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc . . . Stove hoUow ware Tobacco and cigars Brooms and brushes Building trades. . ,-. Clothing, etc Farming , Printing Wire goods Brooms and brushes Brooms and brushes Brooms and brushes. B rooms and brushes Stone c[uarrying, cutting, crushing. Wire goods Brooms and brushes Hosiery, etc.... ' Brooms and brushes Brooms and brushes Brick and No., No. Boots and shoes Brick Clothing, etc Farming Roads and highways , Stoves , Stone 'quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Boots and shoes , Building trades Clothing, etc Fanning OHAPTEK IV. GBNEEAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION or GOODS MADE, BY INSTITTITIOHS— Continued. 441 Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods sold. Per cent ol goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. In- sti- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other nstitu- tions. tion No. »63,297 58,649 4,969 7,074 3,438 800 13,978 18,047 2,915' 1,673 27,090 8,063 12,098 11,912 $63,297 58,649 4,969 7,074 3,438 600 13,978 18,047 2,915 3,904 27,090 8,063 12,098 11,912 "'hi'.i' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 42.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 19 ?n SI w. 23 ?A 25 2fi 863 t63 100.0 12,231 27 28 W 30 252,989 252,989 100.6 1 600 1,800 8,500 2,298 10,475 600 1,800 8,500 2,298 10,475 100.0 100.0 100. p 100.0 100.0 3,289 3,289 100.0 ^ 80,000 170,000 160,000 53.3 46.7 1 4,072 4,072 100.0 24,000 35,000 5,000 • 29,000 35,000 82.8 100.0 17.2 19,434 19,434 100.0 78,000 90,000 40,000 20,000 7,868 50,000 80,000 60,000 100,000 113,773 125,000 170,000 100,000 120,000 121,641 60.0 62.9 40.0 16.7 6.5 40.0 47.1 60.0 83.3 93.5 ? 5,393 12,000 19,079 3,600 5,393 12,000 19,079 3,500 i66.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 8 8 100.0 20,257 20,257 24,U00 12,000 13,715 90,000 1,640 60,000 31,934 440 40,000 14,000 13,304 '"ioo.'o' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ■10.6 "ioo.'o' 100.0 100.0 100.0 24,000 12,000 13,715 90,000 1,640 60,000 3,400 3 ' 20 20 100.0 S f 28,534 440 ■89.4 100.0 , ■■"4D,"6d6 14,000 '13,304 8 c n - 460 2,260 1,918 7,621 2,550 460 7,208 - 1,918 7,621 5,100 100.0 31.2 lOO.O 100.0 50.0 ""es-'s' ■"'so.'o' 1 4,958 2,650 34,500 103,500 138,000 25.0 75.0 ~ 11, 624 11,624 1,023 50O 1,400 JO, 797 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,023 , 600 1,400 10,797 , 442 EEPOKT OP THE OOMMISSIONEK OF LABOB. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and institution. Control. Limi- tation on sale of goods. Industry. PENNSYLVANTA. Eastern State Penitentiary, .do .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. -do. .do. .do. .do. 10 12 Western Penitentiary. do do do do do Allegheny Co. Workhouse :;;;!do;;;i;;;;!;';;;;;;";;!;;;;; do do do do do do Berks Co. Prison do Chester Co. Prison Delaware Co. Prison do do Lancaster Co. Prison do do do do Lehigh Co. Prison Northampton Co. Prison Northumberland Co. Prison do do Philadelphia Co. Prison do ....do ....do ....do ....do Schuylkill Co. Prison do ....do ....do Philadelphia Co. House of Correc- tion. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do City(l>) None City(!>) City(6) City(6) CityfK) City (6) City(6) City(6) CityC*) City(6) City(6) None None None None None None None None. None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None, None, None , None, None, None , None, None, None , None, None. None . None . None . None. None . None . Yes(a) Yes(o) Yes (a) Yes(o- Yes(a; Yes . . . Yes... Yes.. Yes.. No... No... No".!! No.... No.... No.... No.... No!!!! No.... No.... Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Building trades Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc .' Cotton and woolen goods ... . Flour and meal Hosiery, etc Mats and matting Printing .' Tobacco and cigars Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Cotton goods Hosiery, etc Mats and matting Printing Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Building trades Carpets, rag Cotton goods Farming Harness Laundry work Printing ^ Carpets, rag Cotton goods Carpets, rag Brooms and brushes Carpets, rag Chairs, tables, etc Boots and shoes Carpets, rag Cotton goods Hosiery, etc Nets, fish Carpets, rag Carpets, rag Carpets, rag Cotton goods Hosiery, etc Boots and shoes^ Brooms and brushes Building trades Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods Hosiery, etc Carpets, ingrain Carpets, rag Cotton goods Hosiery, etc Blacksmithing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes Building trades Castings, machinery, and repairs. Clothing, etc Farming Gas, illuminating and heating Laundry work Boads and highways Soap Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Tinsmlthing,coppersmithing,and sheet-iron working. a If sold outside of State, need not be marked. OHAPTEJB IV. QENEBAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIOirS— Continued. 443 Lease, contract, piece-price, and pubUc-account Bystems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods sold. Per cent of goods sold. Value ol goods used. Per cent of goods used. In- stl- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. WitMn State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tion No. »7,078 667 »7,078 6,669 100.0 10.0 '"m.o »2,631 64 2,009 18 8,709 7,279 8,120 184 $2,631 64 2,009 18 8,709 7,279 8,120 184 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 $6,002 12,910 12,910 100.0 2,684 2,684 27,406 121 100.0 "■86.'2' "ioo.'o' 19.8 27,406 24 97 1,309 1,309 100.0 2,895 724 3,619 80.0 20.0 3,011 $321 3,332 90.4 9.6 2 53,209 63,209 100.0 6,297 5,297 100.0 22,915 69,667 , 22,915 69,667 100.0 100.0 60 2,060 60 2,060 100.0 100.0 1,093 60,162 646 8,704 1,093 60,162 546 8,704 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 3 1,188 7,178 1,188 7,178 100.0 100.0 7,289 96 677 26 6,493 7,289 ■95 577 25 6,493 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4 37 37 100.0 4,274 137 4,400 49 114 2,822 4,274 137 4,400 49 114 2,974 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.9 5 6 "'h'.i 34 34 100.0 7 162 45 34 46 34 100.0 100.0 46 7,953 6,615 2,415 46 7,963 5,515 2,415 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 8 9 50 66 26 1,190 50 100 66 25 1,190 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 60.0 10 46 965 1,364 46 966 1,364 100.0 100.0 100.0 11 3,119 3,007 1,643 60 3,119 3,007 1,543 60 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,360 291 1,900 2,360 291 1,900 100.0 100.0 100.0 !•? 242 44 3,262 7,068 11,869 1,661 6,496 2,933 9,486 242 104 3,262 7,058 11,869 1,561 6,496 2,933 12,676 100.0 42.3 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 74.8 "'ii'.i' '25.2" 2,888 2,625 6,413 53.4 46.6 60 13 37,496 247 37,496 247 100.0 100.0 3,191 7,690 954 16,013 23,703 954 32.4 100.0 67.6 4,211 4,211 100.0 751 751 100.0 !> Philadelphia. 444 KBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table" V,— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIOWS— Continued. State and institution- Limi- tation on sale of goods. Are goods marked Industry. PENNSYLVANIA — Concluded. House of Refuge (Boys' Depart- ment). do do do do do House of Refuge (Girls' Depart- ment) . BHODE ISLAND. state Prison and Providence Co. Jail. do do .do. State Workhouse and House of Correction. do...., do Sockanosset School for Boys. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. SOUTH CAROLINA. Penitentiary.. -do. -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State Convict Camp at Clemson College Farm. do Abbeville Co. Convict Camp ..... Aiken Co. Convict Camp Anderson Co. Convict (5amp Bamberg Co. Convict Camp Barnwell Co. Convict Camp Beaufort Co. Convict Camp Berkeley Co. Convict Camp Charleston Co. Convict Camp... Cherokee Co. Con viot Camp Chester Co. Convict Camp Chesterfield Co. Convict Camp . . Clarendon Co. Convict Camp Colleton Co. Convict Camp Darlington Co. Convict Gamp... Edgefield Co. Convict Camp Fairfield Co. Cohviot Camp...... Florence Co. 'Convict Camp Georgetown Co. Convict Gamp.. GreenvillQ Co. Convict Camp Green w-ood Co. Convict Camp... Hampton Co. Con vict Camp Horry Co. Convict Camp Kershaw Co. Convict Gamp Laurens Co, Convict Camp State . . State.. State.. State.. State. . State .. State . . State . State . State. State. State . State . State . State . State . State . State. State - State. State. State. State. State. State. State. State . . State - . State . . State State . Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... Co.... None. None . None . None . None . None . None None None None None None None None None . No... No... No."" No... No... No... No., No.. 7*0.. ■No.. No., No., No., No., None None None None None None No., No., No., No. No. No. None None None None None No. No. No. No. No. None No.,. Blacksmithing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Printing Clothing, etc Clothing, etc Fanning .' Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Wire goods Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Blacksmithing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes , Building trades Castings, machinery, and repairs Clothing, etc Farming Printing Blacksmithing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes Building trades ., Castings, machinery, and repairs Cleaning statehonse Clothing, etc Farming Hosiery, etc Building trades Farming.. Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Koads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and Roads and highways. . highways., highways., highways., highways., highways., highways., highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways, highways. CHAPTER IV.— GENERAL TAfeLES. Table T,— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY IHSTITUXIOKS— Continued. 445 Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods sold. Per cent of goods sold. Value ol goods used. Per cent ol goods used. in- sti- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions.' Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institU' tions. tlon No tl,490 4,909 8,564 11,600 20,604 6,093 4,325 $1,490 4,909 8,664 11,500 20,604 6,093 4; 816 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 89.8 ■"■i6.'2' 14 - $491 ) J108,SOO $108,500 100.0 1 8,991 736 8,991 730 100.0 100. 16,350 5,350 100.0 1,200 20,000 450 600 1,829 1,924 765 8,000 7,500 175 1,019 475 469 849 1,300 2,600 20,000 450 600 1,829 1,924 765 8,000 7,500 1,731 1,019 476 459 849 1,275 4,171 29,025 48.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 "'82.'4' 100.0 62.0 "■"89.'9' ■■i66!6' 17.6 2 8,750 8,750 100.0 3 1,656 1 1,275 733 3,438 29,025 42,458 500 42,458 122,302 100.0 .4 "'m.i' 121,802 16,666 7,830 13,008 8,690 10,517 5,861 7,500 4,547 3,325 24,378 10,000 . 15,000 1,945 3,330 6,165 6,608 9,218 6,599 6,270 10,609 30,000 6,223 2,801 2,397 6,075 8,426 10,000 16,025 . .13,608 8,690 10,617 6,861 7,600 4,647 3,326 24,378 10,000 16,000 1,945 3,330 6,166 5,608 9,218 6,699 6,270 10,009 30,000 6,223 2,801 2,397 5,075 8,420 47. ff 100.0 62.1 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 - 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2 7,195 i ( 6 b 7 i i Ml 1; - li 1; !■ lb It 17 It It 2t 21 2i 21 2t - 2; 1 2t 446 EEPOET Of the commissionee of laboe. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and institution. Control. Limi- tation on sale of goods. Are goods marked Industry. W SOUTR CABOtlNA— concluded. Lee Co, Convict Camp Co.. 28 Lexington Co. Convict Camp Marion Co. Convict Camp Newberry Co. Convict Camp Orangeburg Co. Convict Camp . . . Ficlcens Co. Convict Camp ■ Eichland Co. Convict Camp Saluda Co. Convict Camp Spartanburg Co. Convict Camp. . Sumter Co. Convict Camp Co ?,9 Co sn Co Koads and highways 31 Co... Koads and highways m Co. .^3 Co 34 Co Hoads and l^ighways SS Co Roads and highways 3fi Co... . 37 Co 38 Williamsburg Co. Convict Camp . York Co. Convict Camp Co 39 Co Roads and highways m Charleston City .Tail City. . . Roads and highways 41 Colnmhia, City .Tail City. . Roads and highways 1 SOUTH DAKOTA. Penitentiary State . . Building trades .do State.. State.. State.. State.. State. - State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State . . State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State None. None. None. None . None . None . None. None. None . None . None . None . None . None . None. None . None. None . None . No.... No.... No.... No.... Yes... Yes... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... Yes... do Clothing, etc do do Stone quarrying; cutting, and . crushing. Fanning ? Keform School do Printing.. 1 TEITNESSEK. do 2 State Prison Boots and shoes .. do Boxes, paper. do do do do Harness do Hosiery, etc Ice, manufactured . ..do do do 1 TEXAS. State Penitentiaries Boots and shoes do Railroad building do State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. State.. Co None . None . None . None . None. None. None . None . None . None. Yes... Yes... Yes... Yes... Yes... Yes... Yes... Yes... Yes... Yes... '.y"Ao\\y/////////////.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'' Castings, machinery, and repairs . do do do do Electric light and power do do Ice, manufactured do 2 Bexar Co. /ail 3 Dallas Co. Jail Co 4 FoTinin 0,n. Tail . . . Co... .■> Harris Co. Jail Co fi H unt Co. J ai 1 Co Co None. No.... 7 Jefferson Co. J ail R Johnson Co. J ail Co Co None. No.... do Roads and highways P Lamar Co. J ail. Co in McLennan Co. Jail Co 11 Tarrant Co. Jail Co 12 Walker Co. Jail Co Roads and highways OHAPTEE IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. 447 Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods sold. Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. In- sti- tu- Within State. Outside State. Total. Within State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tion No. S2,088 3,867 3,413 3,618 11,301 10,000 15,427 4,579 16,125 8,668 3,848 3,638 7,846 9,884 2,945 S2,088 3,867 3,413 3,618 11,301 10,000 15,427 4,579 16,125 8,668 3,848 3,638 7,846 9,884 2,945 8,000 4,000 2,000 9,125 3,200 4,797 350 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 68.8 82.5 42.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ""3i."2' 17. S 57.1 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 1 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 S8,000 4,000 2,000 9,125 2,200 3,957 150 1 1,000 840 200 2 120,048 75,607 74,800 26,150 14,769 *9S,000 149,000 298,400 $115,048 224,607 373,200 26,160 14,769 17.4 33.7 20.0 100.0 100.0 82.6 66.3 80.0 1 5,670 1,620 • 5,670 4,810 100.0 33.7 ■■■66.'3' 3,190 2 6,540 11,034 8,995 15,535 11,034 42.1 100.0 57.9 4,933 21,500 89,278 5,133 88,000 48,300 4,933 103,!»j0 259,653 5,133 88,000 48,300 100.0 20.8 34.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 """79.'2' 65.6 82,000 170,375 610 618 850 1,460 618 41.8 100.0 58.2 20,412 20,412 100.0 1 100,000 40,791 137,765 104,988 100,000 40,791 137,765 104,988 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 29,952 41,742 26,057 3,166 23,000 2,191 42,120 29,952 41,742 26,057 3,166 23,000 2,191 42,120 10,000 35,000 13,000 10,500 2,185 10,000 5,546 5,000 12,000 22,000 36,500 6,000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 "ioo.'o' "ioo.o" '"ioo.'o' 100.0 100.0 100.0 "'ioo.'o' "ioo.'o' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,008,010 321,862 1,329,872 75.8 24.2 10,000 35,000 13,000 10,500 2 3 4 5 1,740 1,740 100.0 2,185 6 10,000 7 4,369 4,.'169 100.0 5,546 8 5,000 12,000 22,000 36,500 6,000 9 10 11 12 448 eepoUt of the commissionek of labok. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. Btate and mstitution. Tilmi- tation Are Control. on goods sale ol marked goods. State.. None. No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None . No.... State . . None . No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None. No.... State.. Yes... No.... State.,. Yes... No.... State.'. Yes... No.... State. State.. Yes... No.... State.. Yes... No.... State.. Yes... No..,. State.. Yes... No..r. State.. Yes... No.... State.. Yes... No.... State. State.. Yes... No.... State.. Yes... No.... State.. None. No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None. No.... State . . None. No.... State . . None . No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None . No.... State.. None . No.... State State.. None . No.... State.. None . No.... State . . None . No.... State . . None . No.... State . . State . . None . No.... State.. Yes... Yes... State . . Yes... Yes... State .- Yes... Yes... State.. Yes... Yes... State . . Yes... Yes... State . . City.... Yes... Yes... State . . None.. No.... State. State . . None.. No.... State. . None.. No.... Industry. TEXAS— concluded. House of Correction and Reform- atory. .;..do do do do do UTAH. State Prison. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. State Industrial Scbool. .do. .do. .do. .do. House of Correction. do do State Prison do Industrial School- ....do , ..,.dp WASHINGTON. ■" State Prison do do do do do do Seattle City Jail State Reform School . do do do Boots and shoes Clothing, ete Cotton ginning Electric light and power Farming Ice, manufactured Blacksmithing and wheelwright- tng. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes :... Building trades Clothing, ete Farming Harness Hosiery, eto Blacksmithing and wheelwright- ing. Boots and shoes Building trades Cloth ing, ete Farming Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, crushing. Boots and shoes Clothing, ete Chairs, tables, ete Clothing, ete Farming Boots and shoes Building trades Clothing, ete Cooperage Farming Flour and meal'. Roads and highways. Tomato sauce Bags Boots and shoes Brick Building trades Clothing, ete Farming Soap Roads and highways. Boots and shoes Building trades Clothing, ete Farming CHAPTER IV. GBNEKAL TABLES. Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOSITION or GOODS MADE, BY IHSTITUTIOHS— Continued. 449 Lease, contract, piece-price, and systems. public-account State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. Value of goods sold. Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. In- sti- tu- Within State. Outside Btate. Total. Within State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tion No. $1,300 2,050 $1,300 2,650 100.0 100.0 13 $3,481 $2,481 '100.0 900 lO,.^.^ 900 4,000 481 174 2,000 2,309 3,354 672 2,973 300 318 250 1,173 967 1,083 867 900 10,350 900 4,000 481 174 2,000 2,309 3,354 672 2,973 300 318 250 1,173 967 1,083 867 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 iro.o 14,707 14,767 100.0 ■ 1 88S 885 100.0 «83 91 4,397 983 843 4,397 ioo.o 10.8 100.0 "'"89."2' $752 2 38 38 100.0 SO 59 100.0 1 992 992 35,000 70,860 100.0 "ioo.o' IOO.O 36,000 . 70,860 7, 900 900 100.0 6,041 6,287 12,328 49.0 51.0 1,800 1,400 1,800 1,400 100.0 100.0 3 675 200,000 675 1,631,540 IOO.O 12.3 87.7 1,431,540 1 9,775 7,965 9,775 7,955 100.0 100.0 17,022 7,333 17,022 7,333 100.0 100.0 0,133 4,690 825 6,133 4,690 5,445 100.0 100.0 15.2 ""'84.'8' 5,634 1,721 24,748 5,034 1,721 24,748 ioo.o 100.0 100.0 $4,620 1 900 1,898 1,280 3,065 4,998 1,680 900 1,898 1,280 3,065 4,988 1,680 7,212. 1,048 5,000 3,675 6,031 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ""33.'4' luO.O 33.3 100.0 '"ioo.'o' 60.0 "'m.i' 15,706 15,706 100.0 2,000 2,000 100.0 7,212 698 2 350 6,000 1,225 5,031 a 2,460 9061- 450 EEPOET OF THE CGMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. Table ¥.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. A.— DISPOamOH OOP maaoa made, by IKSTITTJTIOKS— Concluded. In- stl- tion No. State and institution. Control. Limi- tation on saleot goods. Aro goods marked Industry. 1 ■WEST VIKGINIA. State. . State. . State. . State. . State. . State.. State.. State. . State. . State None., None.. None.. None.. None- None.. None.. None.. None.. No.,.. No.... No..,.. No....*. No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... Boots and shoes do .. Brooms and brushes do _ .. ..do do f^axroing do Whips Boots and shoes 2 Reform School (-Boys) Brick do Building trades do . . . at,at«. . State. . State. . State.. StEute None.. None.- None.. None.. No.„. No.... No.... N©.... Clothing, etc ...do do . 1 ■WISCONSIN. do . Building tradfis. Clcrtlilng, etc do '' ""~!!!"1^!I!!" atate. . State. . State. . State.. . State. . State. . None.. None.. None.. None- None.. No..... No.... No.... No.... No.... do 2 State Reformatory „. Brick do .. do State. . State. . State None.. None- No.... No.... do Farming 3 Industrial Sobool for Boys do Building trades State. . State. . Lessee. Lessee . Lessee . U. S None- None.. No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... No.... Clothing, etc do ■WYOMING. do Brooms and brushes do Clothing, etc 1 UNITED STATEa PKISONS. Boots and shoes U.S... do U.S... No.... No.... No.... No.... Clothing, etc do worth., do ■ U.S... U. S 2 Boots and shoes U. S Brooms and brushes do U. S... do U.S... No.... No.... No.... No.... Clothing, etc u. s Fanri'Tig do u. s... do u. s... Tinsmithing,coppersmithing, and. sheet-iron -working. o Used by lessee. CHAPTEE IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continuedi. A.— DISPOSITION OV GOODS MADE, BY INSTITXITIOKS— Concluded. 451 Lease, contract, piece-price, and pablic-account systems. State-use and public works and ways sys- tems. ValTiB of goods sold. Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. In- sti- tu- Witliin State. Outside State. TotaL Witliin State. Out- side State. In insti- tution. In other institu- tions. Total. In in- stitu- tion. In other institu- tions. tiou No. $1,903 $1,903 100.0 1 '""i8,'650' $39,267 72,450 485,000 84,340 $39,267 80,500 485,000 84,340 "iao' 100.0 90.0 100.0 100.0 4,790 4,790 100.0 8,658 8,658 100.0 4,506 85,624 90,130 5.0 96.0 1,325 2,767 2,050 5,032 3,800 1,200 1,325 2,767 2,050 5,032 3,800 1,200 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 2 *■ a 102, 440 583,000 685,440 149 85.1 1 19,500 5,721 2,635 19,500 5,721 2,635 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,637 15,800 1,637 91,800 100.0 18.3 ■■'si.'?' 75,000 4,800 4,800 100.0 2 16,000 16,000 100.0 15,000 3,750 6,834 6,000 7,005 11,522 15,000 3,750 6,834 6,000 7,005 U,522 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 20,000 105,000 125,000 16.0 84.0 3 "900 i>30,771 o 3,200 900 45,771 3,200 100.0 67.2 100.0 1 16,000 32.8 1,331 37,913 9,367 3,234 3,672 1,275 381,453 8,783 21,361 900 900 1,331 37,913 9,367 3,234 3,672 1,275 381,453 8, '83 21,361 900 900 100.0 100.0 ' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 1 2 6 $10oVorth used by lessee. 452 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. B.— STJMMAET OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH STATE, BY INDVSTBIES. [Foi explanation of this table, see p. 184.] Mar- ginal num- State and industry. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. Value of goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 ALABAMA. Clotliing, etc 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 128,803 15,760 47,172 7,000 13,203 $39,476 290,000 670,000 68,000 139,800 168,273 305,750 617, 172 75,000 153,003 3 Lumber 4 Mining, coal. . . 5 6 Total 1 111,928 1,107,275 1,219,203 ABIZONA.' 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S 9 Brick 10 Brooms and brushes 11 12 Clothing, etc 13 14 Farming 15 Mattresses ■. ; 16 Tinsmithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron worMng. Wood, cut and sawed .■ 17 Total 1 ARKANSAS. Briolc 18 1 1 1 95,318 63,024 236,950 120,000 215,318 53,024 235,950 19 ■ Farming : 20 Eailroad building Total 1 384,292 120, 000 > 504,292 CALIFOKNIA. 21 1 5 5 5 1 1 5 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 / 2 250,268 64 110 124 250,258 64 116 124 22 Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting 23 24 • B uilding trades 25 Castings, machinery, and repairs i!R Chairs, tables, etc 27 ClotUng, etc . . .". , 28 Cooperage '. 29 Electric light and power 30 Farming 2,885 2,885 31 32 Ice, manufactured 33 Loading and unloading vessels 34 Loeksmithing. 35 Printing. .;.... 36 Koads and highways 37 Stone quarrymg, cutting, and crushing 21,673 21,673 38 Tinsmithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working. Total 7 275, 120 275,120 Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting 39 1 3 2 -1 3 3 1 1 2 40 Boots and shoes 572 572 41 Building trades 42 Castings, machinery, and repairs 43 Glothiijg, etc 44 Farming 3,007 11,449 3,007 H,M9 45 Lime 46 Printing 47 Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing 1,446 1,445 Total... ,.: 3 16,473 16,473 CHAPTER IV. — GENERAL TABLES. 453 Table V DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. -SUMMAIIY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH STATE, BY INDUSTBIES. IFor explanation of this table, see p. 84.] Lease, contract, piece- price, and public- account systems. State-use and public works and ways system 9. Mar- ginal num- Per cent o( goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent cl goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. S4,7S8 6,450 14,758 6,450 100.0 100.0 1 . 42.2 5.2 7.6 9.3 8.6 67.8 94.8 92.4 90.7 91.4 2 3 4 S 6 9.2 90.8 11,208 11,208 100.0 1,500 1,296 1,250 140 14,150 3,995 2,400 380 250 200 2,160 1,500 1,296 1,250 140 14,150 3,995 2,400 380 260 200 2,160 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 -100.0 7 s 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 27,721 27,721 100.0 44.3 100.0 100.0 - 5S.7 18 35,000 36,000 100.0 19 20 76.2 23.8 35,000 35,000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 21 18,514 17,983 40,611 9,966 679 39,101 352 3.300 27,050 280 2,400 2,417 360 4,560 7,933 10,000 2,829 18,514 17,983 40,611 9,966 679 39, 101 352 3,300 27,050 280 2,400 2,417 360 4,560 19,945 18,332 2,829 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.8 64.5 100.0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 100.0 30 31 32 33 34 35 $12,012 8,332 60.2 45.5 36 100.0 3i 3t 100.0 188,335 20,344 208,679 90.3 9.7 10,000 6,061 5,737 543 12,263 21,365 10,000 6,061 5,737 543 12,543 21,355 100.0 100.0 lon.c 100.0 97.8 lOO.O 39 100.0- 4( 41 42 280 2.2 43 ■ 100.0 • 100.0 4'. 46 1,023 15,555 1,023 ■15, 665 100.0 100.0 46 100.0 47 100.0 72,537 280 72,817 99.6 0.4 1 454 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOE. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE-^Contmued. B SWMMABY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH STATE^ BY INDUSTRIES— Continued. State and industry. CONNECHCTIT. Boots and sTioes Chairs, tables, etc Clotbing, etc Farming Printing Roads and higliways. , Wood, cut and sawed. Total DELAVAKE. Clotkhig, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crusliing. Total DISTKICT OF COHIMBIA. Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Roads and highways. Total. Mining, phos|>l!Late Roads and highways. Turpentine and rosin . Total. Brick Farming.. , Lumber Mining, coal Roads and highways . Turpentine and rosin . Total IDAHO. Boolis and shoes Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Total. Baskets, willow ware, etc . Boots and shoes Brick Brooms and brushes Building trades Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cooperage Fanning Hammocks , Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. Value of goods sold. Within State. $58,000 26,500 8,776 93,580 1,659 620 2,279 10,046 10,231 127,500 32,191 207,882 127,500 26,450 521,523 m 198,087 31,085 c 19, 791 d 127, 671 4,850 88,139 Outside State. $240,000 102, 375 50,000 392,375 60,000 50,000 440,000 411, 100 851,100 102,600 504, 807 407,484 1,014,791 792, 344 c 64, 800 '1254,932 58, 760 a Including mining and smelting iron ore in 6 Not reported. 511 one institution. 1298,000 128, 875 50,000 8,776 284 485,935 50,000 1,6," 620 52,279 ISS 10,231 440,000 411, 100 851,100 230,000 32, 191 712,689 ■> 534, 984- 26,450 1,536; 314 10, 467 990, 431 31,085 164, 776 382,703 4,850 611 OHAPTEB IV. aENEEAL TABLES. 455 Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. B.— SUMMAEY or DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH STATE, BY IHDUSTBIES— Oontinued. Ijease, oontiaot, pieoe- prloe, and public- aooount systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- ber. Percent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent ol goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. ^ In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 19.5 20.6 80.5 79.4 100.0 1 2 S200 7,775 450 S200 7,/75 450 1,500 275 100.0 100.0 100.0 3 100.0 $1,500 100.0 100.0 275 100.0 7 19.3 80.7 8,700 1,600 10,200 85.3 14.7 100.0 s 100.0 lOO.O 7,933 7,933 100.0 9 10 4.4 95.6 7,933 7,933 100.0 1,500 1,500 100.0 11 100.0 12 2,333 4,780 6,390 4,667 2,860 5,300 27,850 7,000 7,550 11,690 27,850 33.3 62.3 54.7 66.7 37.7 46.3 100.0 13 14 100.0 15 16 100.0 14,923 40,667 56,590 26.8 73.2 100.0 17 23,250 23,260 100. 18 100.0 19 100.0 23,250 23,250 100.0 55.4 100.0 29.2 23.8 44.0 20 26,151 5,645 31,796 82.2 17.8 21 70.8 176.2 22 23 495, 169 495,169 100.0 24 100.0 25 33.9 66.1 26,151 500,814 626,965 S.O . 95.0 800 1,200 11,167 2,400 800 1,200 11, 167 2,800 100.0 100.0 100.0 85.7 26 27 28 400 14.3 29 15,667 400 15,967 97.5 2.5 20.0 100.0 C23.4 80.0 30 31 2,693 19, 101 21,794 12.4 87.6 32 C76.6 33 28,402 5.247 40,892 2,655 31,057 5,247 40,942 91.5 100. 99.9 8.5 34 ■i33.4 100.0 60.0 ■166.6 35 60 0.1 36 40.0 37 28,305 128 28,333 99.5 0.5 38 100.0 39 cNot including 880,185 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. d Not including 8100 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. 456 BEPORT OF THE OOMMiaSIOHEB OP LABOR. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADJE>— Continued. JS SVMMABY OT SISFOSITIOK 07 GOODS MADE, fOB EACH STATE, BY INDUSTBIES— Continued. State and industry. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and pubUo-account systems. Value of goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. ILLINOIS— concluded. Hosiery, etc Laundry work Picture moldings Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing . Stove noUow ware Total. Boots and shoes 1 Brick •- Building trades Carriages and wagons Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cooperage Cotton and woolen goods Farming Gloves and mittens Hosiery, etc ; ' House lumishing goods, miscellaneous. . Iron and steel, chains Laundry work Printing Stone'quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Stove hollow ware Tobacco and cigars Total. Agricultural hand tools. Boots and shoes Building trades B uttons Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cooperage Farming Harness Printing Soap. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Tinsmithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working. Total. KANSAS. Binding twine Boots and shoes ; Brickl'. Building trades Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming ; Harness Mining, coal Roads and highways Stone quarrymg, cutting, and crushing. Total. a Not reported. (") (") $207,709 112,000 23,631 (») $25,649 (») 12,000 49,280 100,006 6 505,765 6 1,196,485 2,100,711 i,fiU 76 124 286,985 136,500 114,848 106,750 124 290,596 136,676 114,848 106, 750 75C 979 1,357 2,516 33,000 62,795 71 2,594 127,096 11,954 934,601 7,000 218,000 15,000 '"4,"668 29,820 75,000 1,800 219,599 5,850 1,735 227,809 70,000 33,750 62,795 979 67,860 2,516 71 129,690 -946,565 225,000 29,820 90,000 23,347 4,068 1,600 373,835 219,599 1,735 297,809 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 457 B.— SUMMABY 0? SISFOSITION 07 GOODS MADE, FOB EACH STATE, BT IWDTISTBIES— Continued. l«ase, contract, piece- price, and public- account systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- ber Per cent ot goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. W (a) 1 $6,862 $6,862 100.0 2 100.0 ' 48.0 3 62.0 $1,866 2,606 4,371 42.7 57.3 4 6 6 29.7 6 70.3 107,304 30,302 137,606 78.0 22.0 3,856 2,400 23,746 3,856 2,400 23,746 100.0 100.0 100.0 6 7 8 100.0 98.8 99.9 lOO.O 100.0 9 1.2 0.1 10 28,082 28,082 100.0 11 12 13 18,611 18,611 100.0 14 2.2 97.8 100.0 15 16 ICO.O 2.0 100.0 90 312 402 22.4 77,6 17 98.0 18 19 1,602 1,602 2,406 100.0 20 100.0 2.0 2,406 100.0 21 98.0 22 2,623 2,623 100.0 23 1.3 98.7 80,810 2,718 83,628 96.7 3.3 3.1 96.9 24 965 85,339 966 85,3.39 100.0 100.0 25 26 lOO.O 83.3 27 16.7 28 26,323 26,323 100.0 29 100.0 30 100.0 21,422 624 1,433 335 21,422 624 1,433 336 ioo.o 100.0 100.0 100.0 31 32 33 34 100.0 36 240 240 100.0 36 7.4 92.6 136,671 136,671 100. e 100.0 37 2,396 2,396 21,343 48,793 100.0 38 21,343 100.0 39 48,793 100.0 40 7.7 92.3 41 23,256 15,250 176 58,998 23,265 16,260 175 161,443 11,000 7,197 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.0 42 100.0 100.0 43 44 92,446 11,000 61.0 100.0 45 46 7,197 100.0 47 76.5 23.5 156,064 124,788 280,852 55.6 44.4 t Not including 8398,461 worth of goods concerning which there is no record aa to locality of sale. 458 BEPOBT OF THE 00MMIS3I0NEB OF LA BOB. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MAI>E— Contiimed. B.— SVMIiIASY OF DISFOSITIOir OF GOODS HADE, FOB EACH STATE, BT IHSVBTSIES — CoDtinued. State and industry. Insti- tu- tions, Lease, contract, piec»-i>ilce, and public-aeconnt STStems. Vahie of goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. KENTUCKY. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Building trades Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Fannii^ Harness _. liaundry work Stove hollow ware Teaming. Total. LOinSIANA. Clothing, etc... Farming Levee building. Total Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes. . Carriages and wagons. Chairs, taMes, etc Clothing, etc JTarming Harness Wood, cut and sawed. . Total. MARYLAND. Baskets, wiUow ware, ete- Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Building trades Chairs, table.s, etc Clothing, etc Farming Hosiery, etc Hats and matting T. . . Printing Soap. Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Stove hollow ware Ttnsmithing, coppersmithing, and shoet-irou working. Total ,. HASSACHUSETTS. Blacksmithingand wheelwrigMing. Boots and ^oes Boxes, paper Brooms and Brushes Building trades Cliairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cotton and wooBen goods Cotton waste Farming Harness Hostery, etc Laundry work Mats and matting t4S,000 39, SCO $670,000 98,000 n 25,000 1,GOO « 360,000 700 6,000 971 22,000 104,000 '"i2;666 <• 1,244,700 325 67,403 2,868 24,423 9,218 3,110 169,000 30,000 24,000 17,000 3,060 2,062 1,48S 26,000 266,000 . 39,000 19,909 18, U7 14,280 1,275 16,891 8,734 11,000 378,289 42,600 6,000 421,952 2,250 2,372 52,750 10,at)0 5,643 101,800 107,196 138,671 1,121,586 1,965 198,189 996 27,305 1,900 144,776 74,067 203,202 2,400 'oisoo 16,882 3,540 15,869 4,131 4,200 750 "700 J715,000 137,500 389,372 110,000 971 34,000 1,389,143 325 67,408 171,868 54,423 33,218 20,110 3,060 28,062 1,485 50,000 398,198 60,717 14,280 7,275 438,843 8,734 55,000 2,372 112,000 112,838 1,260,257 1,985 401,391 996 29,705 1,900 161,076 74,067 16,882 3,540 16,619 4,131 4,900 o Not including S4,372 worth ol goods oonoeruing which there is no record as to locality of sale. CHAPTEK IV. GENERAL TABLES. Tabie V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 459 B.— STIHMAKY OF DIBFOSITIOW OP QOODS MADE, FOB EACH STATE, BY IMDUBTMES — Continued. Leaae, cozitEact, piece- price, and publio- accoont systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- Fei cent ot goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 6.3 28.7 93.7 71.3 i 1 2 $4,817 »4,817 lOO.O 3 o6.5 69.6 a 93. 5 30.4 4 600 4,800 500 4,800 100.0 100.0 5 6 S.S 100.0 64.7 94.5 7 8 35L3 9 2,333 2,333 100.0 10 olO.l 89.9 1^460 12,450 100.0 100.0 100.0 15,300 15^660 15,300 16,660 180,000 lOO.O- 100.0 11 12 *180,000 lOO.O 13 100.0 30)960 180,000 210,950 14.7 85.3 1.7 44.9 27.8 15.6 98.3 55. 1 72.2 84.5 560 680 100.0 14 15 16 17 9,072 8,523 9,072 8,523 100.0 100.0 18 100.0 7.3 100.0 19 92.7 20 21 14.8 SS.2 18, 176 18,175 100. 78.0 6.0 29.8 100.0 17.5 3.8 100.0 22.0 95.0 70.2 22 1,377 1,377 100.0 23 24 1,854 1,854 100.0 25 82.5 96.2 26 22,452 16,437 347 22,452 16,437 347 100.0 lOO-.O 100. 27 28 29 4.1 100.0 95.9 30 406 591 406 591 ioo.o 100.0 . 31 32 9.1 6.0 90.9 95.0 33 34 418 418 100.0 35 11.0 89.0 43,882 43,882 100.0 100.0 49.4 100.0 91.9 100.0 95.8 100.0 36 50.6 6,334 18,740 7,896 4,321 24,074 7,896 4,472 22.2 77.8 100.0 96.6 37 38 8.1 151 3.4 39 40 4.2 41 19,452 12,648 31,925 60,912 51,377 73,460 37.9 17.1 62.1 82.9 42 43 100.0 100.0 95.5 44 83,248 90 237 2,172 1,976 4,897 85,420 2,068 5,134 97.5 4.4 4.6 2.5 95.6 95.4 45 4.5 46 47 100.0 85.7 48 14.3 49 460 REPORT OK THE COMMISSIOWEB OF LABOR. Table T.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. B.— STJMMAKY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOR EACH STATE, BY INDTJSTEIES— Continued. State and industry Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, i>iece-prie&,.,and public-account systems.- Value of goods sold. ■Within State. Outside State. Total. MASSACHUSETTS— concluded. Printing .• Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing - Trunks and valises , . . Umbrellas Total. MICHIGAN. Agricultural hand tools Boots and shoes Boxes, wooden - . . Brooms and brushes Building trades Buttons Carriages and wagons Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Packing and moving - - . Power and heat plant Roads and highways Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing - Tobacco and cigars Total. MINNESOTA. Binding twine Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes . Building trades Clothing, etc Fanning Printing Roads and highways. Total. MISSISSIPPI. Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Levee building Lumber Wood, cut and sawed. Total. Missoimi. Boots and shoes Bread Brick Brooms and brushes Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Roads and highways Saddletrees : Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Total. Boots and shoes. Clothing, etc.. i-- Farming -. Total. $419 'h',S70 $419 $600 20,000 6,470 20,000 500,129 233,952 734,081 6,374 20,348 54,496 10,908 10,195 65,920 1,623 5,964 2,884 1,167 40,368 220,327 1,040,664 242,500 760 1,566 1,285,490 217, 398 2,831 327,500 8,643 550 61,600 43,000 53,750 495,043 121,309 127,683 97,834 20,348 152,330 40,781 278,787 138,169 10,998 50,976 344,707 139,792 5,964 2,884 1,157 82,052 40,368 82,052 758,932 979 j 259 350,000 1,040,664 - 592,500 760 1,566 350,000 1,635,490 217,398 2,831 1,485,000 50,000 '75,'666' 137,500 1,747,600 220,229 1,812,600 550 111,600 118,000 191,260 2,242,643 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 461 -3UMMAEY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOR EACH STATE, BY INDUSTRIES— Continued. Lease, oontraet, piece- price, and public- account systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- Per cent of goods sold. Value ol goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- - tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 100.0 15,050 S5,050 20,612 49 100.0 1 120,612 41 100.0 83.7 2 90.7 9.3 100.0 8 16.3 3 4 68.1 31.9 126, 118 153,492 279,610 46.1 54.9 5.0 95.0 5 2,207 2,207 100.0 6 100.0 35.8 7 64.2 8 11,780 11,780 100.0 9 100.0 20.0 19.1 1.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 80.0 80.9 98.8 11 12 18,392 14,776 18,392 14,776 100.0 100.0 13 14 15 16 360 360 100.0 17 100.0 18 100.0 19 , 22.5 77.5 47,515 47,515 100.0 100.0 40.9 100.0 20 59.1 21 22 49,733 16,614 13,831 2,985 49,733 16,614 13,831 2,985 6,876 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 23 . 24 100.0 25 26 6,876 100.0 27 78.6 21.4 83,163 6,876 90,039 92.4 7.6 10,707 10,707 8,741 191,305 2,908 100.0 28 8,741 191,305 100.0 100.0 29 100.0 > 30 2,908 100.0 31 100.0 32 2,445 2,445 100.0 3;i 100.0 202,491 13,615 216, 106 93.7 6.3 18.1 100.0 100.0 55.2 81.9 34 35 4,950 4,950 100.0 m 44.8 37 48,000 21,880 13,500 48,000 21,880 13,500 25,131 ioo.o 100.0 100.0 X 36.4 63.6 X 40 25,131 100.0 41 28.1 71.9 42 24,289 24,289 100.0 4! 22.1 77.9 88,330 49,420 137,750 64.1 35.9 600 750 2,296 600 760 2,296 100.0 100.0 100.0 44 45 46 3,646 3j646 100.0 - 1 462 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOlir ER OF LABOR. Tabj-e v.— disposition OF GOODS MADE— Continued. B SmtMABT OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH STATE, BY ISTDUSTBIES— Continued. State and industry. Insti- tm- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-acoouzit syBtems. Value ot goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. NEBBASEA. Brooms and brumes. Building trades Clotbing, etc Farming Printing Total. Blacksmitbing and wheelwrigbting Boots and slioes Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing. Total. NEW HAMPSmSE. Brooms arnd hTushes. Chairs, tables, etc . . . ClothlBg, etc Farming Hosiery, etc Total. NEW JERSEY. Boots and shoes. Brick. Brooms and brushes Building trades Clothing, etc Farming KiVts and matting Roads and highways Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing Tinamithing, coppersraithing, and sheet^iron working. Total. NEW MEXICO. Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting. Boots and ^oes Brick Building trades Clothing, «tc Eloctxic light and power Farming Harness Lime. Roads and highways Tlnsmithing, eoppersmithing, and sheet-iron working. Total NEW YOKK. Blaoksmithing and wheelwrighting. Bookbinding Boots and sloes ■: Brooms and brualies Building trades $10,000 J215,000 2,378 12,378 215,000 133 114 247 6,979 6,S00 4,644 750 18,873 7,368 248 20,929 4, 7! 5 6,578 35,000 1,437 75,203 17,000 17,750 7,500 98,500 10,000 116,000 30,000 39,000 ^,000 "96,"o66' "65,'666' 280,000 1225,000 227,378 133 114 14,479. 106,000 4,644 10,750 134,873 30,000 46,358 246 76,929 94,716 5,578 100,000 1,437 355,263 17,000 750 17,750 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Ctotinued. 463 B.— aUMMABY OF DISPOSITION 03? O00D8 MADE, FOB, EACH STATE, BY INDUSTBIES — Contiaued. Lease, contract, piece- pciee, and public- aeootmt systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Withia State. Outsrde State. IniBstittu- tien. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 4.4 95.6 1 $9,232 4,500 4,676 430 19,232 4,506 4,576 430 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2 3 100.0 5 5.4 94.6 18,744 18,744 100.0 800 •435 300 908 1,403 14S 8C0 435 300 908 1,403 2,725 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.S 7 8 9 100.0 100.0 10 J2,576 94.5 11 100.0 3,995 2,576 6,571 60.8 39.2 48.2 6.2 51.8 93.8 12 13 1,200 18,488 1,200 18,488 IQO.O 100.0 14 100.0 7.0 15 ■ 93.0 IB 14.0 80.0 19,688 19,688 100.0 is.'g' 100.0 27.2 100.0 84.1 17 7,328 645 7,328 645 100. 100.0 18 19 72.8 20 14,873 34,279 23, 167 14,872 34,279 23,984 100 100.0 96.6 21 5.0 100.0 35.0 95.0 22 817 3.4 23 65.0 24 1,061 31,114 6,816 1,061 49, 482 5,816 100,0 62 9 109.0 25 100.0 18, 368 37.1 26 27 21.2 78.8 118,282 19, 185 137,467 86.0 14.0 1,500 1,255 1,500 1,255 100. n 100. 28 29 100.0 30 2,200 3,252 1,200 900 300 2,200 3, 2.'i2 1,200 900 300 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 31 32 33 34 -35 100.0 36 26,660 20,000 300 100.0 37 300 100.0 38 100.0 10,907 20,000 30,907 35.3 64.7 • 8,618 972 19,33a 196 88,117 \ 8,618 972 65,648 103,382 100,495 100.0 100.0 29.8 .2 87.7 39 40 46,116 103,186 12,378 70.2 99.8 12.3 41 42 43 464 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table V DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. B.— STTMMABY OP DISFOSITIOK OT GOODS MADE, TOB EACH STATE, BT INDTJSTBIES— Continued. Mar- ginal num- State and industry. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. Value of goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 HEW YOKK— concluded. 1 3 3 13 2 Castings, machinery, and repairs .-. .- Chairs, tables, etc 3 4 Clothing, etc . -..- 5 6 ^ 7 8 82,160 S2,160 9 10 Hous^ furnishing goods, miscellaneous 11 12 ' 13 Mattresses .' .' 14 Printing .. 15 16 17 18 Tinsmithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron worlcing. Woolsn goods, miscellaneous 10 Total ^. 14 2,160 2,160 NORTH CAROLINA. Brick . . . "n 30 1 2 12,064 12,064 21 22 479 27,917 67,474 47,434 17,334 26,299 2,397 479 27,917 67,474 47,434 17,334 26,299 2,397 23 Farming . 24 25 26 Roads and highways 27 28 Total 3D 201,398 201,398 NORTH DAKOTA. Binding twine 29 1 1 1 1 1 1 252,989 252,989 30 31 Brick 3,289 - 3,289 32 Building trades ^ 33 Clothing, etc 34 Total 1 256,278 256,278 OHIO^ 35 1 1 1 9 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 80,000 $70,000 150,000 36 37 Brick r -- 13,304 228,983 13,304 376,290 38 147,307 39 .40 Castings, machinery, and repairs 35,000 .35,000 41 42 8 76,000 8 125,000 440 170,000 43 50,000 440 80,000 44 45 Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc .. .- 90,000 46 Printing 47 1,640 40,000 20,000 60,000 1,640 100,000 120,000 80,257 48 Stove Hollow ware '.''. 60,000 100,000 20,257 49 60 Wire goods... Total 10 643,935 528,004 1,171,939 "•Work peif oimed. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 465 -SUMMARY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH STATE, BY INDUSTBIES— Continued. price, and pubtic;- aooount systems. State-use and public worlds and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. a f 3, 192 25,809 234,827 78,099 124,514 68,629 13,192 33,824 235,136 174,793 131,576 69,172 2,993 24,322 68,2-;7 2,959 4,620 10,639 8,861 16,708 10,646 21,071 92, 799 21,411 3,882 %i.h' .1 66.3 5.4 .8 100.0 97.2 2.7 100.0 75.0 100.0 76.3 99.9 44.7 94.6 99.2 1 »8,015 309 96,694 7,062 643 2,993 23,630 1,872 2,969 3,465 2 3 4 5 6 7 100.0 692 66,375 2.8 97.3 8 9 10 1,15.') 10,639 8,528 6,095 26.0 100.0 96.4 36.6 11 12 323 10,613 10,646 3.6 63.6 100.0 13 14 15 21,071 8,828 18,671 3,869 100.0 9.5 87.2 99.7 16 83,97i 2,740 13 90.5 12.8 .3 17 18 19 100.0 373,283 842,673 1,215,956 30.7 69.3 100.0 20 600 600 8,883 26,359 100.0 21 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 8,883 23,685 100.0 93.4 22 1,673 6.6 23 24 25 15,732 461,869 477,591 3.3 96.7 26 27 28 100.0 48,301 464,132 612,433 9.4 90.6 100.0 29 600 1,800 8,500 2,298 10,475 600 1,800 8,500 2,298 10,475 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30 100.0 31 32 33 34 100.0 23,673 23,673 100.0 5.'i.3 46.7 35 4,072 4,072 100.0 36 100.0 60.9 37 39.1 20 5,393 20 5,393 100.0 100.0 38 39 100.0 40 31,434 19,079 31,434 19,079 100.0 100.0 41 100.0 60.0 42 40.0 100.0 47.1 43 44 62.9 45 3,500 3,600 100.0 46 100.0 40.0 16.7 74.8 47 60.0 83.3 25.2 48 49 60 54.9 45.1 63,498 63, 498 100.0 — 9061—06 30 466 KEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OF I*ABOR. Table V.— DISFOSITIOiN OF GOODS MADE— Continued. B — «7UaABY OF MSPOSJTION Or OOQDS HAI^ FOE EACH STATE, BY IBSTTSTBIES — Oontinued. State ana industry. Insti- tu- Lease, contraet, pieee-priee, and public-account systeoiis. Value ol goods, sold. ■Witkta State. O'tttside &tate. Total. OBEGOIN. Boots and slices BMeK BmiSding trades. QaBiing, eto flaming Beads and bi^hways Stwne quarrying, cutting, and erashing Stoves.. Total... , PENNSYLYANIA. Blacksmithmg and wlaeelwrigjiitmg Boots and shoes Brooms and brashes , Building trades , Carpets, ingrain Gaipets, rag Castings, macliinery, and repairs Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Cotton and woolen goods CerttoB goods Farming Flour and njeal Gas,, illuminating and heating Harness Hosiery, etc taundry wo2Se 111, 531 546 291 44,628 12, 959 7,289 2,684 37,496 95 58,140 824 69,788 46 25 3,619 363,422 108, 500 8,760 122,600 42,468 122,303 164,760 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OP GOODS MADE— Continued. 467 B.— ttUMHAST O; DISPOSITION OF GOODS HADE, FOB £AGH STATE, BY INDU8TBIES— Continued. Iieose, contract, piece- price, and public- account systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- ber. Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Witliin State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. }1,483 2,250 600 3,318 18,418 2,550 tl,483 7,208 500 3,318 18,418 5,100 11,624 • 100.0 31.2 100.0 ■ 100.0 100.0 ^ 50.0 1 M,fl68 ••--1- -------- 68. S 2 3 4 5 2,550 11,624 50.0 100.0 6 7 25.0 75.0 8 26.0 75.0 28,519 19,132 47,651 59.8 40.2 4,7K 20,893 64 25,561 32i" 4,752 21,214 64 25,561 100.0 98.5 100.0 ' 100.0 g ioo.o 94.6 100.0 100.0 99.7 1.5 10 5.4 11 12 13 .3 50 1,561 18 34,037 8,822 6,874 30,615 8,120 9,485 50 ioo 1,661 18 34,528 8,822 6,874. 30,615 8,120 12,676 50.0 100.0 100.0 98.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 74.8 SO.O 14 15 100.0 16 491 1.4 17 18 19 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 48.5 100.0 99.9 IOO.O 100.0 20 21 3,191 25.2 22 23 61.5 347 60 407 85.3 14.7 24 25 .1 26 27 7,452 7,690 954 7,452 23,703 954 100.0 32.4 100.0 28 16,013 67.6 29 30 100.0 31 751 751 100.0 32 80.0 20.0 33 89.9 10.1 168,046 20,126 188,172 89.3 10.7 600 1,829 1,924 765 9,200 36,491 175 1,186 600 1,829 1,924 765 10,500 36,491 1,731 1,186 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.6 IOO.O 10.1 100.0 34 36 36 37 100.0 1,300 12.4 38 IOO.O 39 1,556 89. 9 40 41 100.0 42 11.5 88.5 52, 170 2,856 55,026 94.8 5.2 1,019 475 459 S49 1,019 475 .10,459 849 1,275 4, 171 44,050 100.0 100.0 4.4 100.0 43 44 10,000 95.6 45 46 1,275 733 7,830 100.0 17.6 17.8 47 3,438 36,220 82.4 82.2 48 100.0 .4 49 99.6 50 315,233 315,233 100.0 51 26.1 73.9 42,460 335,071 377,631 11.2 88.8 468 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OK LABOR. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. B.— SUMMABY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH STATE, BY INDTJSTEIE&— Continued. State and industry. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-pxice, and public-account ey stems. Value of goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. SOUTH DAKOTA. Building trades Cement blocks Clothing, etc Farming Printing Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing.. Total.. TENKE3SEE. Boots and shoes. . . Boxes, paper Brick Clothing, etc Coke Farming Harness Hosiery, etc Ice, manufactured. Mining, coal Stove hollow ware. Stoves Total. Boots and shoes.. Carriages and wagons Castings, machinery, and repairs. Chairs, tables, etc Charcoal Clothing, etc Cotton ginning Cotton goods , Electric light and power Fanning Ice, manufactured Railroad building Boads and highways Wood, cut and sawed Total.. Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting.. Boots and shoes Brooms and brushes Building trades Clothing, etc Farming Harness Hosiery, etc Total.. Boots and shoes Chairs, tables, etc Clothing, etc Farming Stone quarrying, cutting, and crushing.. Total J74,800 26,160 14,769 $293, 400 20,048 4,933 21,500 89,278 6,133 75,607 48,300 88,000 95,000 82,000 170, 375 149,000 468,518 40,791 137,765 104,988 2,481 1,028,886 100,000 1,414,911 1,042 91 4,397 762 762 6,041 "i,'667' 70,860 6,287 36,000 112, 147 $373,200 26,160 14,769 115,048 4,9"" 103,500 259, 653 5,133 224, 607 48,300 88,000 40,791 137,765 104,988 2,481 1,350,748 "'i66,'666' 1,736,773 885 1,042 843 4,3 7,205 70, 860 12,328 1,667 35,000 119,866 CHAPTER IV. GENEEAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 469 B. — SDMMABY OF DISFOSITIOK OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH STATE, BY INDUSTBIES— Continued. Lease contract, piece- price, and public- account systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- ber Per cent of goods sold. Value ol goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. S8,000 4,000 2,000 13,082 150 2,200 (8,000 4,000 2,000 13,922 350 3,200 100.0 100.0 100.0 04.0 42.9 68.8 1 2 3 $840 200 1,000 6.0 57.1 31.2 5 Q 29,432 2,040 31,472 93.5 6.5 20.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 1,620 3,190 4,810 33.7 66.3 7 g g 6,540 8,995 16,535 42.1 67.9 17.4 100.0 20.8 34.4 100.0 33.7 100.0 100.0 82.6 u i 1,034 11,034 100.0 12 79.2 6S.6 13 610 618 6,670 850 1,460 618 5,670 41.8 100.0 100.0 58.2 14 IS 66.3 IS 17 18 37.1 62.9 26,092 13,035 39, 127 66.7 33.3 21,712 21,712 100.0 19 100.0 100.0 100.0 20 ' 21 22 29,962 44,392 29,962 44,392 100.0 100.0 23 ■ 24 100. 25 26,067 4,066 41,081 3,091 26,067 4,066 41,081 3,091 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 26 27 76.2 23.8 28 29 100.0 30 160,000 160,000 42, 120 100.0 31 42,120 100.0 32 81.5 18.5 212,471 160,000 372,471 57.0 ■ . 43.0 4,300 799 174 2,250 3,482 4,321 572 2,973 4,300 799 174 2,250 3,482 4,321 572 2,973 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 33 100.0 100.0 34 35 36 37 100.0 10.8 100.0 38 89.2 39 40 89.6 10.4 18,871 18,871 100.0 100.0 51.0 41 49.0 42 3,783 2,267 3,783 2,267 100.0 100.0 43 100.0 44 100.0 45 6.4 93.6 6,050 6,060 100.0 470 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONED OF LABOR. Table, V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. B S¥HMABY OF I>1SPOSITION OE OOOBS HL&BE, SOB EACH STATE, BT IBSTTSTBIES— Continiaed. Mftr- ginal num- State and indtrstTy. Insti- ta- Lease. coTttTaet,iHiEee-pilcB,.aad pufeUo-aeeoont aysteiBai.- Value et goods sdij. WitWn State. Outside; State. Total. 1 VIRGINIA. 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 $200,060 $1,431,540 $1, 631, 540 2 Building trades ^ 3 Clothing, etc. , 4 17,022 7,33a 17,822 7,333: 5 6 'FUmT and meal- . 7 Itoads and h^cbways 5,634 1,721 5,63* 1,721 8 TotaL 1 291, 7M 1,431,540 1,683,250 WASHINGTON. Bags „ g 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 .1 24^74* 24,748 10 11 Brick ^.., 15,766. 15,766 12 13 14 2,fl«6i 2,000: 15 Roads and higliTways 16 Total. 3- 42, 5U 42,514 ■WEST- TIUGOWTA. 2 1 1 1 I 2 1 2 1 1 39,267 39,267 Brick 20 8,050 72,450 80,500 21 485,000 84,340 485,000 84, 340 Farming ^ 25 26 4,586 85,624 90,130 2 12, 556 768,681 779,237 ■WISCOHSIN. 27 1 1 1 » 3 3 1 193,440 583,000 685,440 28 29 30 31 16,000 16,809 20; see- 1,637 16,800 105,000 125, 8f» 1,637 91,800 33 76,008 Total 3 156,877 763,000 919,877 ■WYOMING... 1 1 1 800 30,771 3,200 900 45,771 3,200 35 15,000 36 Total 1 34,871 15,000 49,871 37 38 39 40 41 42 2 1 2 2 2 1 I 43 TinsmltWiig, eoppersmithtng, and sUeet-tron working. Total 2 1 CHAPTBB IT. — GENERAL TABLES. Tabub V ^DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 471 B.— STTKKABY OF DISFOSmOB OF GOODS HADE, FOB EACH STATE, BY IBD1IBIKCES — CoDtmued. Lease, contract, piece- prtce, uai poMic- aoeoont systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal nam- ber. Fer cent of goods sold. Valne of goods used. Percent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In. institn- tiam. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 12.3 * 87.7 1 t9,775 7,955 t9,775 7,956 100.0 100. 2 3 lOOvO 100. 4 6,133 4,690 825 6,133 4,690 5,445 100.0 100. » 15.2 5 6 100.0 lOO.O $4,620 84.8 7 8 13.9 86.1 29,378 4,620 33,998 86.4 13.9 100.0 9 1,250 1,S9S 6,380 4,29© 10,029 698 1,918 1,898 6,280 a, 740 10,029 7,212 1,680 64.2 100. & lOO.O 63.6 100.0 35.8 10 100.0 11 12 2,450 30.4 13 100.0 14 7,212 loao 15 1,680 100.0 16 100. 25,427 10,360 35,787 71.1 28.9 3,228 3,228 100.0 17 100.0 18 2,767 2,767 loao 19 10.0 90.0 20 2,050 9,822 2,050 9,822 100.0 10O.0 21 100.0 100.0 22 23 i;2oa 1^458 1,200 inao 10O.O 24 25 5.0 95.0 26 1.6 98.4 31,525 31,525 100. 11.0 85.1 27 4,800 4,800 100.0 28 100. 29 40,500 16,476 20,991 40,500 16,476 20,991 100. 100.0 100.0 30 16.0 100. 18.3 84.0 31 32 81.7 33 17.1 82.9 82,767 82r767 lOO.O loao 67.2 100.0 34 32.8 36 36 69.9 30.1 5,003 1,275 419,366 18,150 24,595 900 900 5,ooa 1,275 419,366 18,150 24,595 900 900 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ido.o 100.0 37 38 39 40 41 42 4! 470,189 470, 189 100.0 472 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIOTSTER OF LABOK. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. B.— SUHUABY OF DISPOSITION 07 GOODS MAD£, FOB EACH STATF, BT INDDSTEIES— Continued. State and industry. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. Value of goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. ALL STATES. Agricultural hand tools. Baskets, willow ware, etc Binding twine Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting Bookbinding Boots and shoes Boxes, paper Boxes, wooden Brass goods Bread Brick Brooms and brushes Building trades Burying paupers Buttons Carpets, ingrain Carpets, rag Carriages and wagons Castings, machinery and repairs Cement blocks Chairs, tables, etc Charcoal Cleaning statehouse Clothing, etc Coke Cooperage Cotton and woolen goods Cotton ginning „ Cotton goods Cotton waste Electrical construction and repairs Electric light and power Enameled ware Farming Flour and meal Gas, illuminating and heating Gloves and mittens Hammocks Hardware, saddlery Harness Hosiery, etc House lurnishing goods, miscellaneous . Ice, manufactured Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc Iron and steel, chains Laundry work Levee building Lime '. Loading and unloading vessels Locksmithing Lumber Mats and matting Mattresses Mining, coal '- Mining, phosphate Nets, fish Packing and moving Picture moldings Power and heat plant Printing Kailroad building Eoads and highways Saddletrees 19 1 83 3 1 1 1 20 43 67 1 2 1 9 4 10 1 36 1 1 122 1 S 6 1 8 1 1 5 1 122 2 1 1 1 1 10 20 1 1 7 2 2 1 1 11 6 3 7 1 1 1 1 1 24 3 111 1 193, 374 275,006 39,000 1, 513, 262 2,049 S409,309 30,000 oil, 000 1, 487, 527 Sr,192 20,348 6,710,635 39, 267 !> 674, 118 16,860 222,600 6 904,893 10, 998 291 44,476 60,204 172,765 29,820 152 64,905 .» 549, 201 170,826 20,048 105, 161 2,481 'i6,'882' 1,660,821 96,000 196,965 106,760 1,692,816 2,684 37,496 760 511 000 242 934 979 84, 340 361, 337 75, 46, iil39, 6, 90, 1, 50,000 213, 602 d 470, '343 80,000 66,503 12,199 111,214 794, 807 118, 474 $502,683 305,006 60,467 1,613,252 2,049 8, 198, 162 37,192 20,348 39, 267 8,643 563, 391 1, 669, 196 16,860 40,818 . 291 44,628 125, 109 172, 765 2, 115, 839 1,831,647 115,048 302, 116 106,750 2,481 16,882 84, 340 1,954,163 2,684 37,496 33,760 511 125,000 259,744 817,986 979 5,133 170, 000 67,860 8,442 12, 199 1,088,744 229,688 5 260,279 8 1,126,484 440,000 2,884 12,000 1,167 2,816 383,384 22,968 53,760 1,376,763 440,000 46 2,884 12,000 1,167 2,816 383,384 22,968 191, 250 a Not including $10,467 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. 6 Not including $80,185 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of Bale, c Not including $4,472 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale, CHAPTER IV. GENEKAL TABLES. Table V,— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 473 B — STIMMAEY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, F03 EACH SXAtE, BY INDirSTEIES— Continued . Lease, contract, piece- price, and public- account systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- ber. Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 18.6 90.2 a 78.0 100.0 100.0 81.4 9.8 •■22.0 1 2 3 4 151,603 972 136,459 $51,603 972 205,524 7,896 100.0 100,0 5 Q 18.1 100.0 100.0 81.9 169,065 7,896 66.4 33.6 100.0 7 8 9 100.0 10 ioo.o 59.8 642.7 100.0 11 40.2 6 57.3 25,453 2,020 1,010,674 45,402 107,507 V. 41,007 3,192 70,855 109,527 1,051,581 3,192 35.9 1.9 96.1 64.1 98.1 3.9 100.0 12 13 14 15 26.9 100.0 99.7 48.1 100.0 73.1 16 17 .3 51.9 50 50 100 60.0 50.0 18 19 21,699 4,000 6,253 29,952 25,809 47,508 4,000 241,080 29,952 1,275 795,432 45.7 100.0 2.6 100.0 54.3 20 21 1:26.0 C74.0 234,827 97.4 22 23 1,275 127,173 100.0 16.0 24 9.3 17.4 34.8 90.7 82.6 65.2 100.0 668,259 84.0 25 26 352 28,432 352 213,858 100.0 13.3 27 185,426 86.7 28 100.0 29 33,474 68,629 102, 103 32.8 67.2 30 100.0 31 2,993 10,966 2,993 10,966 100.0 ,100.0 32 33 100.0 18.5 34 81.5 100.0 100.0 2.2 100.0 60.0 17.8 ersmithJng, and sheet-iron working. Tobacco and cigars Tomato sauce Trunks and valises Tmpentine and cosin , Umbrellas WWps "Wire goods' Wood, cut and sawed Wooden ^oods, miseell'aneons , S133, 309 "125,537 122,500 S162, 449 o 374, 291 103,500 S295, 758 599,828 226,000 22,895 1,721 5,870 39,653 182,776 4,506 66,350 4,166 600 550,900 20,000 85, 624 20,257 205, 671 1,721 6,470 590,553 20,000 90,130 85,607 4,166 Total. 6 9,325,068 I> 17, 520, 860 27,248,761 a "i^ot including S1QO,000 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. C— SUIIMAET OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH INDDSTEY, BY STATES. [For explanation of this table, see p. 184.] Mar- Industry and State. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. ginal num- VpJue of goods sold. ber. Within State. Outside State. Total. 17 AGMCULTCEAL HAND TOOLS. Iowa 1 1 1 J7,000 6,374 80,000 8218,000 121, 30S 7&,00O t225,000 127,683 150,000 18 Michigan 19 Ohio Total . 3 93,374 409,309 502,683 RAGS. 20 1 1 1 250, 258 250,258 30,000 24,748 21 30,000 22 24,748 Total '. 3 275,006 30,000 305,006 BASKETS, WILLOW WAHE, ETC. Illinois 23 1 2 39,000 C) 11,000 10,467 60,000 24 Maryland _ Total 3 6 39,000 I'll, 000 60,467 BINDING TWINE. 25 I 1 1 219,599 1,040,664 2^,98» 219, 599 1,040,664 2ffi,989 27 North Dakota- -- Total 3 1,513,252 1,513,262 a Not reported. CHAJPTEB IV. aEHEBAL TABLES, TABfcB v.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 475 B.— SmHHAEY OF DISPOSITION OF OOODS MADE, FOE EACH STATE, BY INDUSTRIES— Cfraekded. Lease, contract, piece- price, and pubhc^ aioecran* systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- Per cent a£ goods sold. Value of goods used. PteT cent of goods used. nua- iDer. Witliia Sta*e. Ckitside State. In institu- tion. Tn other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In otlier in- stitutions. »21,071 1 $21,071 3,560 250,578 100. 0- 39.-3- 13,560 16S,«37 100.0 60.7 2 3 4 . 45. i '■25,1 612 54. 9 174* 45.8 166,941 s 2,. 333 14,194 2,«23 2,333 32,865 2,623 100.0 43.2 100.0 Q 18,671 m.8 7 U.1 100.0 80.7 6.7 88.9 1 9 9.3 93.3 lflO.0 95.0 23.7 8 41 49 16.3 83.7 10 11 12 &0 76,3 100.0 13 14 47,000 13, 3,869" 47,000 3,882 100.0 0l3 15 99; 7 16 6 34.7 6 65.3 3,448,412 3,064,272 6,513,684 53.0 47.0 &Not iacluding |402,d3%' worth, of goods cenceming vrMch ther& is- no record as to loeaility a£ sale. c— smmrAEY of disposoction or goods made, for each ibtdttstby, by STAXES. {ForraEplana^ion ol tMs table^ see p. ISL] Lease, conHract, piece- price, and pwblic- ' account systems. State-Bse and piuhlic worlts and ways syatemsi ISCar- Per cent of goods sold. Value of gootja used. Per cent of goods used. glnal Dum- Within State. Outside State. Tn institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. Initotiaer in- stitutions. ber. 3.1 5.0 53.3 96.9 95.0 46.7 17 18 19 18.6 81.4 100.0 16616' 20 100.0 21 22 1 90.2 9.8 1 78.0 '%2.. 23 24 6 78.0 6 22.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 25 26 27 100.0 1 5 Not incIudTng 110,467' worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to tocatity of sale. 476 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. C— STJMMABY OF DISPOSITION OF OOOBS MADE, FOB EACH INDUSTRY, BY STATES — Continued. Mar- ginal ■Bum- ber. Industry and State. Insti- tu- tions. . Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. Value of goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 BLACKSMITHmO AND -WHEEL-WBIGHTINO. Ari zona .' 1 S 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 ] 2 2 California 164 S64 3 4 1,985 1,986 S Nevada 6 New Mexico 7 New York 8 9 10 Soutli Carolina 11 Utah Total 19 2,049 2,049 BOOKBINDING. New York 12 1 1 6 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 3 6 2 1 1 1 5 1 9 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 13 BOOTS AND SHOES. 14 California 116 572 68,000 116 672 298,000 15 Colorado . '"$240." 666' 16 17 18 19 Illinois 198,087 792,344 990,431 20 Indiana 21 22 23 Kentucky . . - . .'. 45,000 2,868 19,909 198,189 670,000 169,000 378,289 203,202 716,000 171,868 398, 198 401,391 24 25 Maryland 26 27 Michigan : 28 242,500 .327,500 360,000 1,486,000 692,600 1,812,600 29 Missouri . ... 30 31 Nevadl 32 7,368 39,000 46,358 33 34 New York 35 36 37 Oregon . 38 9,260 9,260 39 40 41 74,800 298,400 373,200 42 43 Utah . . . 38 38 70,860 1,631,640 70,880 1,431,640 45 Virginia 200,000 46 47 48 102, 440 900 683,000 686,440 900 49 50 Total .. , 83 1,487,,'J27 6,710,635 8,198,162 BOXES, PAPEB. 61 1 1 1 10,046 996 26,150 10,046 996 26,1!)0 52 Massachusetts S3 Total 3 37,192 37,192 BOXES, WOODEN. 54 1 20,348 20,348 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 477 C— SUMMABT OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH IHDTJSTEY, BY STATES — Continued. Lease, contract, piece- price, and puDlic- account aystems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- ber. Per cent of goods sold. Value oJ goods used. Per cent ol goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- .'ititutions. $1,500 18,514 10,000 / ,500 18,514 10,000 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 100.0 2 3 100.0 4 800 1,500 8,618 4,762 600 1,019 4,300 800 1,500 8,618 4,752 600 1,019 4,300 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6 7 g 9 10 11 100.0 61,603 51,603 100.0 972 1,296 17,983 6,061 972 1,296 17,983 6,061 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12 13 100.0 lOO.O . 19.5 14 15 ■ 80.5 16 1,500 800 1,600 800 100.0 100.0 17 18 20.0 80.0 19 3,856 955 2,396 3,866 956 2,396 ioo.o' 100.0 100.0 20 21 22 6.3 1.7 5.0 4ii.4 93.7 98.3 95.0 50.6 23 580 1,377 5,334 2,207 580 1,377 24,074 2,207 100.0 100.0 22.2 100.0 24 25 tl8,740 77.8 26 27 40.9 18.1 59.1 81.9 28 29 600 435 7,328 1,255 19,532 600 4,072 1,483 20,893 1,829 475 1,620 21,712 799 600 435 7,328 1,255 65,648 600 4,072 1,483 21,214 1,829 475 4,810 21, 712 799 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 29.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.6 100.0 100.0 33.7 100.0 100.0 3D 31 15.9 84.1 32 33 46,116 70.2 34 35 37 100.0 321 1.5 38 39 40 20.0 80.0 3,190 66.3 41 42 100.0 43 100.0 87.7 44 12.3 1,260 3,228 698 1,948 3,228 64.2 100.0 35.8 46 47 14.9 100.0 85.1 48 49 5,003 5,003 100.0 50 18.1 81.9 136,459 69,066 205,524 66.4 33.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 51 7,896 7,896 100.0 52 53 100.0 7,896 7,896 100.0 100.0 54 478 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER Off IiABOR. Tablb v.— disposition OF GOODS MADE— Continued. €.— SUSOIAaY 07 SISFOSITIOS OF GOODS MADE, rO& EACH INDUSTRY, BY STATES — Coatinued. Indnstry and State. Insti- tn- tlons. Lease, caBtfUct^ pieoe-^iice, and public-accocmt syotems. Value ol goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. BBASS GOODS. West Virginia. MissoOTt Ari^nTia. Arkansas Geor^ Illinois Indiana.. Kansas Missouri New Jeraejr New Mexico North Carolina. North Dakota. . Ohio Oregon Tennessee Wadjington West Virginia. . Wisconsin Total. BBOOMS AND BBVSHES. Arizona Illinois ; KentHcky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Miebigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey — New York Ohio Pennsylvania Utah West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States prisons . Total. BTJILDING TRADES. Arimona California Colorado District ol Columbia— Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts. Mich^an Minnesota Mississipi-l Missouri Nebtaska J39, 267 {8,643 95,318 127,500 31,085 120,000 102,500 550 246 17,000 12,064 3,289 13,304 14,769 15,766 330,891 222,500 19,791 39,6011 24,423 18, 117 27,305 54,490 760 61,600 10.000 6,979 20,929 ofM,800 98,000 30,000 42,600 2,400 97,8S4 60,000 215,000 7,500 56,000 228,983 105,529 885 8,050 16,000 30,771 147,307 6,002 72,4.')0 'i5,'666 a 674, lis 11904,893 14,280i 1,900 $39, 267 8,643 215^ ai8 230,000. 3i;a85 660 246 17,000 12,064 3,289 13, 304 14,769 15, 766 553,391 164,776 137,500 54,423 60,717 29, 705 152,330 760 111,600 226,000 14,479 76,929 376,290 111,631 885 80,500 18,000 45,771 1,659,196 14,51 1,600 a Not including $80,186 worth ol goods oonoerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. CHAPTEE IV. — GENERAL TABLES. Tabus V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 479 C— SVUDIABy 07 DISfOSITIOH OF OOOBS MADE, FOB EACH INBTJSTBY, BT STATES— Cbntianed. price, am) pttblic- aocotmt systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- ber Per cent of goods soVJ. Valtre of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In inatitU'- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 100.0 1 100.0 2 tl,250 SI, 250 100.0 3 44.3 55.4 100.0 55.7 44.6 4 5 2,693 2,400 tl9,101 21,794 2,400 21,343 4,950 645 12.4 100.0 87.6 6 7 21,343 100. 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4,950 645 100.0 100.0 9 10 11 12 1,800 1,800 100.0 13 14 2,250 4,958 7,208 31.2 68.8 15 lOO.O 100.0 16 1,898 2,767 4,800 1.898 2,767 4,800 100.0 100.0 100.0 17 18 19 59.8 40.2 25,453 45, 402 70,865 35.9 64.1 140 140 100.0 20 «23.4 28.7 44.9 29.8 91.9 35.8 100.0 55.2 4.4 48.2 27.2 76.6 71.3 55.1 70.2 8.1 64.2 21 22 23 24 151 4,321 4,472 3.4 96.6 25 26 27 44.8 95.6 51.8 72.8 28 29 30 31 196 20 64 174 103,186 103,382 20 64 174 .2 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 32 60.9 94.6 100.0 10.0 100.0 67.2 39.1 5.4 33 34 90.0 36 37 32.8 38 1,275 1,275 100.0 39 "42.7 '•57.3 2,020 307,507 109,527 1.9 98.1 14,150 40,611 5,737 2,333 28,402 23,746 85,339 48,793 4,817 1,854 14,160 40,611 5,737 7,000 31,057 23,746 85,339 48,798 4,817 1,854 10O.O 100. 100. 33.3 91.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. ICO.O 40 100. 41 42 4,667 2,655 66.7 8.5 43 44 45 46 47 48 100.0 100.0 49 60 11,780 49,733 11,780 49,733 10,707 48,000 9,232 100.0 100.0 11 52 10,707 100.0 63 1 48,000 9,232 lOO.O loao 64 1 55 480 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. C— SUMMAET OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH INDUSTBY, BY STATES— Continued. Mar- Industry and State. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. ginal jiuni- Value of goods sold. ber. Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 BuiLDiNQ TBADEa— concluded. 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 New Jersey 3 New Mexico 4 New York 5 e North Dakota 7 Ohio 8 Oregon 9 Pennsvlvania $546 S546 10 11 12 South Dakota 13 Utah 14 Virginia 15 16 West Virginia 17 18 Total 67 1 1 1 16,850 16,850 BURYING PAtrpERS. New York 19 20 BUTTONS. $29,820 29,820 10,998 21 Michigan 10,998 Total 2 10,998 29,820 40,818 22 1 9 1 1 1 1 291 44,476 291 44,628 124 33,218 60,976 40,791 23 CAEPETS, KAG. 152 124 24,000 40,781 24 CAEEIAGES AND WAGONS. Indiana 25 9,218 10,195 40,791 26 27 Texas Total 4 60,204 64,905 125,109 CASTINGS, MACHINERY, AND REPAISS. California 28 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 29 Colorado 30 New York 31 Ohio 35,000 35,' 666' 32 Pennsylvania 33 34 South Carolina Total 1 10 137,765 172,765 137,765 172,765 36 CEMENT BLOCKS. South Dakota 1 1 3 3 3 37 CHAIRS, TABLES, ETC. California 38 39 Connecticut Illinois 26,500 "127,671 3,611 J02,375 i28;875' Ittifr 382 703 286,985 290,596 40 a Not including $100 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of s 1 ' CHAPTEB IV. — GENERAL TABLES. Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 481 C— SUMMARY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH INDUSTRY, BY STATES— Continued. Lease, contract, piece- price, and pablio- account systems. State-use and putlio works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- ber Per cent of goods sold. Vajue of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total, In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 1300 14,872 2,200 88,117 1300 14,872 2,200 100,495 600 8,500 5,393 500 25,561 1,924 10,459 8,000 2,260 9,775 6,280 2,050 40,500 419,366 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.7 1 2 3 $12,378 600 12.3 100.0 4 5 8,600 5,393 500 25,561 1,924 459 8,000 2,250 9,775 6,280 2,050 40,500 419,366 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 6 7 8 100.0 9 10 - 10,000 95.6 IX 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 100.0 1,010,574 41,007 1,051,581 96.1 3.9 6 3,192 6 3,192 N b 100. 19 100.0 20 100.0 21 26.9 73.1 100.0 99.7 22 .3 100.0 72.2 80.0 50 50 100 50.0 50.0 23 24 27.8 20.0 25 26 27 48.1 51.9 9,966 543 8,015 9,966 543 33,824 100.0 100.0 23.7 28 29, 25,809 76.3 30 100.0 31 1,561 765 849 1,561 765 849 100.0 100.0 100.0 32 33 34 100.0 33 100.0 21,699 25,809 47,508 45.7 54.3 4,000 679 4,000 679 100.0 100.0 36 37 20.6 33.4 1.2 79.4 66.6 98.8 38 5,247 5,247 100.0 39 40 9061—06- -31 ' Work performed. 483 BEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OF LABOK. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. C— SUMBtAEY OF*DISPOSmON OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH INDTJSTBY, BY STATES — Continued. ■■'" Mar- Industry and State. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. ginal num- Value of goods B 1,662, 166 2,115,839 CHARCOAt. 13 1 1 1 1 5 3 2 1 a 1 4 5 3 3 1 1 4 7 3 4 4 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 1 13 1 1 2 2 6 3 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 14 CLEANING aTATEHOUSE. South CafollMa 15 CLOTSINO, ETC. 18 19 50,000 60,000 50,000 60,000 20 21 22 23 4,850 76 4,850 136,576 136,500 25 26 1,600 325 700 2,300 325 29 30 16,891 74,06? 1,828 421,962 438,843 74,067 139,792 31 32 138, 169 33 Mirmeaota 34 Mississippi 35 43,000 75,000 118,000 36 37 38 39 40 4,716 90,000 94,716 41 New Mexico 42 43 479 479 44 North Dakota ... 45 Ohio 40 47 48 i68,566' 108,500 49 South Carolina 50 South Dakota 51 Tennessee , .1 52 Texas 63 i 54 Vermont 1 65 Virginia 56 Waslilngton 67 West Virginia 1 485,'666' 4S5, 000 a Not including 14,372 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale CHAPTER IV. OEHKRAL, TABLES. Table Y DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 483 C— SBMHABT 07 BISF&aiTIOlT OF 00OI» HADE, ?0B EACH IBDHaiBY, BY 8TAXZS — Contiii26.0 i>74.0 6,253 ^4,827 241,080 2.6 97.4 29',96e 1,275 29,952 1,275 4,768 3,995 39,101 12,543 200 100.0 13 100.0 14 4,758 »996 39,101 12,2g» 200 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.8 100.0 15 10 17 280 2.2 18 lOO.fl 100.0 19 20 4,700 1,200 40,892 28,082 26,3a 23,255 SOO 15,309 9,W2 22,452 19,462 18,392 16,614 8,741 21,888 750 4,506 908 1,200 34,279 3,252 96,694 8,883 2,298 31,434 3,318 34,037 9,200 3,438 2,000 6,540 44,392 3,492 3,7S3 7,956 4,290 9,822 2,850 7,550 1,20B 40,942 28,082 26,323 23,266 500 15,300 9,072 22,452 61,377 18,392 16,,614 8,7« 21,880 760 4,506 908 1,200 34,279 3,252 171,793 8,883 2,298 31,434 3,318 34,528 10,500 4,171 2,000 15,535 44,392 3,482 3,783 7,955 6,740 9,822 6?. 3 100.0 99.9 100.0 IflO.O 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100. 37.9 lOO.O 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 56.3 100.0 lOOO lOo.o 100.0 98.6 87.6 82.4 100.0 42.1 100.0 loao 100.0 loao 63.6 100.0 37.7 21 22 100.0 .1 60 .1 23 99.9 24 25 26 69.0 loao 30.4 27 28 29 3.8 100.0 1.2 96.2 30 31,925 62.1 31 08.8 32 33 34 36.4 63.6 35 30 37 38 39 5.0 95.0 40 41 78,099 44.7 42 lOO.O 43 44 45 46 491 1,300 733 1.4 12.4 17.6 47 100.0 48 49 6C 8,995 57. 9 61 63 6E 6< 65 3,450 38.4 se 100.0 57 4 Not including 14,472 worth of goods concerning which there Is no record as to locality ol sale. 484 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF lABOE. Table V.— DISPOSITION OP GOODS MADE— Continued. e.— SUMMARY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH INDTTSTBY, BY STATES— Continued. — Uar- gtaal num- ber. Industry and State. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. Value of goods sold. Within ' State. Outside State. Total. 1 CLOTHING, ETC.— concluded. Wisconsin 3 1 2 120,000 3,200 $106,000 tl26,000 3,200 2 3 Total 122 170,826 1,.660,821 1,8.W,647 COZE. Tennessee . 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,048 95,000 115,048 6 COOFEBAGE. California 6 Illinois . 88,139 68,760 114,848 23,347 146,8^ 114,848 23,347 17,022 7 8 9 Virginia 17,022 Total 5 105,161 196,965 302,116 COTTON AND WOOLEN GOODS. 10 1 2 1 2 106,750 106,750 11 12 13 Pennsylvania Total 6 106,760 106,760 COTTON GINNING. 14 1 1 6 1 2,481 2,481 15 COTTON GOODS. New York 16 Pennsylvania 17 Texas Total 8 COTTON WASTE. Massachusetts IS ' 1 1 1 1 1 2 16,882 16,882 19 ELECTRICAL CONSTBUCTION AND KEPAIES. New York %\ ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER. Arizona 21 CaliJornia 22 New Mexico n Texas Total S 24 ENAMELED WARE. West Virginia 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 2 2 6 1 4 84,340 39,475 84,340 68,278 25 28,803 26 27 Arkansas 53,024 2,885 3,007 8,776 1,659 185 32,191 53,'624' 2,885 3,007 8,770 1,659 185 32,191 28 Calilornia 29 Colorado ,S0 ConiiBCtiont 31 Delaware 32 nistrict of Columbia . 33 Georgia 34 35 Idaho '■ CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Tablb V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 485 -STJMMAEY or DISPOSIIION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH IKDTJSTEY, BY STATES — Continued. Lease, contract, piece- price, and pablio- acCoant systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- Per cent ot goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 16.0 100.0 84.0 $16,476 116,476 100.0 1 2 18,150 18, 160 100.0 3 9.3 90.7 668, 259 »127,173 795,432 84.0 16.0 17.4 82.6 4 352 352 100.0 5 60.0 40.0 100.0 100.0 6 7 g 100.0 9 34.8 65.2 362 352 100.0 » 100.0 • - 10 12,548 7,062 8,822 60,912 124,614 73,460 131,676 8,822 17.1 5.4 100.0 82.9 94.6 11 12 13 100.0 28,432 185,426 213,858 13.3 86.7 100.0 14 543 6,874 26,057 68,629 69, 172 6,874 '26,057 .8 100.0 100.0 99.2 15 16 17 33,474 68,629 102,103 32.8 67.2 100.0 18 2,993 2,400 3,300 1,200 4,066 2,993 2,400 3,300 1,200 4,066 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 19 20 21 22 23 10,966 10,866 100.0 100.0 67.8 24 42.2 6,450 380 35,000 27,060 21,366 7,775 7,933 6,390 26,151 11,167 28,205 6,450 380 36,000 27,060 21,366 7,775 7,933 11,690 31,796 11,167 28,333 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 64 7 82.2 100.0 99.6 25 26 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 27 28 29 30 31 6,300 5,645 46.3 17.8 32 33 34 i::::::::::::: 128 .6 35 486 REPORT OW THE COMMI88IONEE OF LABOR. Table V,— DISPOSITIOK OF GOODS MADE— Contintied. C— STJlffMAET Oy DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOS EACH IKDTJSTEY, BY STATES— Continued. Mar- Industry and State. Insti- tu- tiOTIS, Xease, eontraot, piece-price, and public-account gystems. ginal nanj- ber. V<)liip ot goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 PAKHisro— conoktded . 6 3 3 1 1 2 4 7 4 2 1 3 1 2 1 6 S 1 7 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 14,068 1,735 H068 1,735 3 67,408 3,060 8,734 3,540 6,964 1.586 217,398 67,408 3,060 8,734 3,54ff 5,964 1,566 217,398 6 Maine... 7 8 MaaMfi^usetts-. . .... 9 10 11 Mtsstsslppi, . .. ... . 12 13 14 2,378 133 4,644 5,578 2,^8 t83 4,644 5,578 16 Nevada . 16 New Haiapsbixe - . . . . 17 18 New Mexico .... . 19 New York 2,160 27,917 2,160 27,917 20 21 North Dakota 22 Ohio . , .... 8 h 23 Oregon 24 7,289 8,750 42,458 7,289 8,750 42,458 25 26 Soath CaroJiB*. . _ . 27 Strati! Dakota 23 4,933 1,028,886 1,042 1,667 7,3^ 2,000 4,933 1,^,748 1,042 1,667 7,333 2,000 29 30 Utah $321,862 31 Vermont - 32 ViTgHTliil 33 , 34 West Virginia 35 Wisconsin United States prisons . .,,.. . 1,637 1,637 36 Total 122 1,692,816 361,337 1,964,153 IT.0XTB AND MKAL. 37 1 1 2,684 2,684 38 Virginia Total 2 2,684 2,684 Pennsylvania 39 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 37,496 750 511 75,000 37,496 33,750 511 126,000 40 GLOVES AND MITTENS. 33,000 41 HAMMOCKS. Illinois 42 Ohio 60,000 43 Calilomia 44 45 Kansas 62S 6,000 2,0® 15,869 625 110,000 28,062 16,619 46 104,000 26,000 750 Maine 49 New Mexico 60 PennsylTania 9S 21,500 91 95" 103,600 843 51 82,000 752 10 46,242 . 2fl3,502 259, 74£ CHAPTER IV. -GENERAL TABLES. 487 Table V DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Oontinijed. C SUMMARY OP DISPOSITIOK OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH INDUSTRY, BY STATES — Continued. Lease, contract, piece- ptice, and publio- aocount systems. Mar- ginal num- Per cent ol goods sold. Value ol goods used. Per cent ol goods used. Within State. Ontslde State. In Institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. J18,511 21,422 15,250 4,800 15,650 8,6^ 16,437 83,248 14,776 13,831 191,306 13,600 2,296 4,676 1,403 18,4SS 23,167 900 23,630 23,686 10,476 19,079 18,418 30,615 36,491 36,220 13,082 11,034 41,081 4,321 2,267 6,133 10,829 12,458 20,991 24,595 118,511 21,«22 15,250 4,800 16,650 8,523 16,437 85,420 14,776 13,831 191,305 13,600 2,296 4,676 1,403 18,488 23,984 900 24,322 25,359 10,475 19,079 18,418 30,615 36,401 44,050 13,922 11,034 41,081 4,321 2,267 6,133 W,929 12,458 20,991 24,595 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 IOO.O 100.0 97.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.6 loao 97.2 93.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 IOO.O IOO.O 82.2 94 100.0 100.0 100.0 loao 100.0 IflO.O 100.0 100.0' 100.0 1 100.0 M0.0 2 3 4 100.0 100.0 10O.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 5 6 7 $2,172 2.5 8 9 10 11 12 13 ioo.o 100.0 100.0 100.0 14 15 16 817 3.4 " 2."8' 6.6 17 18 100.0 100.0 692 1,673 19 20 21 100.0 22 23 100.0 100.0 100.0 24 25 , 7,830 840 17.8 6.0 26 27 100.0 76.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2E 23.8 29 30 31 32 33 34 100.0 , 35 36 81.5 18.5 990,544 25,097 1,015,641 97.5 2.5 100.0 8,120 4,690 8,120 4,690 100.0 100.0 37 38 100.0 12,810 12,810 100.0 100.0 2.2 100.0 60.0 9,485 3,191 12,676 74.8 1 25.2 39 97.8 40 ^ 41 40.0 42 280 624 175 280 624 175 IOO.O 100.0 100.0 43 4. 100.0 6.5 7.3 95.5 4S 94.5 92.7 4.5 41 41 90 300 1,976 2,066 300 4.4 100.0 95.6 If 100.0 20.8 10.8 51 79.2 89.2 5 572 572 100.0 5; 17.8 82.2 2,041 1,976 4,017 50.8 49.2 488 REPOKT OF THE OOMMISSIONEK OF lABOB. Table T.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. C— SUMMAET OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH INDIJSTBY, BY STATES — Continued. Mar- Industry and State. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems. ginal num- ber Value o! goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 HOSIERY, ETC. . Illinois 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 6 1 1 1 1 C) 162,795 1207,709 62,795 2 Indiana... 3 Maryland 4 5 New HampshiTe . . 1750 10,000 10,750 6 New York. 7 Ohio 440 29,931 121,802 170,375 440 58,140 • 122,302 259,653 4,397 91,800 8 Pennsylvania . . 28,209 606 89,278 4,397 16,800 9 10 11 Utah 12 75,000 Total 20 6 139,934 !> 470,343 817,986 HOUSE FUBNISHraG GOODS, MISCELLANEOUS. 13 2 1 979 979 14 New York. Total 3 979 979 ICE, MANUFACTUKED. California 15 1 1 2 16 Tennessee 5,133 5,133 17 Total 4 5,133 5,133 18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 90,000 1,357 80,000 66,503 170,000 67,860 19 20 LADMDEY WORK. Illinois 21 2,516 971 4,131 2,516 971 4,131 22 Kentucky 23 24 25 824 . 824 Total 7 8,442 8,442 Louisiana 26 1 1 27 2 LIME. 28 1 1 11,449 750 11,449 750 29 New Mexico Total 2 12,199 12, 199 LOADING AND UNLOADING VESSELS. California 30 1 1 31 LOCKSMITHING. a Not reported. CHAPTER IV. GENEEAL TABLES. Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 489 C— SUMMABY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH INDTJSTEY, BY STATES — Continued. Lease, contract, piece- price, and public- account systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Maiv ginal num- ber Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. W 100.0 1 2 1347 237 t.347 5,134 100.0 4.6 3 (4,897 95.4 4 7.0 93.0 5 1,872 66,375 68,247 2.7 97.3 6 100.0 51.5 99.6 65.6 7 48.5 A ■ 34.4 100.0 18.3 347 60 407 85.3 14.7 8 9 610 2,973 850 1,460 2,973 41.8 100.0 68.2 10 11 81.7 12 622.9 6 77.1 6,386 72,182 78,568 8.1 91.9 100.0 90 2,959 312 402 2,959 22.4 100.0 77.6 13 14 100.0 3,049 312 3,361 90.7 9.3 2,400 618 3,091 2,400 618 3,091 100.0 100.0 100.0 IS 100.0 16 17 100.0 6,109 6,109 100.0 52.9 2.0 47.1 98.0 18 19 5,862 5,862 100.0 20 100.0 100. 100.0 21 22 23 3,465 1,155 4,620 75.0 25.0 24 100.0 25 100.0 3,465 7,017 10,482 33.1 66.9 180,000 2,908 180,000 2,908 100.0 100.0 26 27 182,908 182,908 100.0 100.0 100.0 28 29 100.0 2,417 360 2,417 360 100.0 100.0 30 t • 31 b Not including $207,709 worth of goods concerning wliich there is no record as to locality of sale. 490 REPORT OS' THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continiwd. C — SDMMAET OF DISPOSITIOH OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH IHDUSXET, BY STATES— Continued, Mar- ginal nom- ber Industry and State. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price,, and public-account syateoxs* Value of goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 LOTIBER. Alabama 1 8 1 1 $16,760 207,8ffi 2,831 67,474 J290,000 504,807 $305,750 712,689 2,881 67,474 2 3 Misalssippi „ Nortli Carolitin, ~ Total 4 11 298, 9»7 794,807 1,088,744 5 1 1 1 1 2 2,2S0 4,200 36,000 52,750 700 65,000 55,000 ■4,900 100,000 6 7 New Jersey- _ . g New York g 69,764 24 69,788 Total MATTKESSES. Arizona. . . ... 6 111,214 118,474 229,688 10 1 2 11 New York. Total 3 MINING, COAL. 12 1 3 1 1 1 47,172 "127,500 570,000 407,484 617,172 534,984 13 14 Georgia IS 75,607 149,000 224,607 16 7 250,279 01,126,484 01,376,763 Florida 17 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 46 2,884 12,000 1,157 440,000 440,000 46 2,884 12,000 1,157 18 NETS, mSH. 19 PACKING AND MOVING. 20 PICTURE MOLDINGS. Illinois 21 POWER AND HEAT PLANT. Michigan 22 PRINTING. 23 Colorado ,... 24 25 26 Iowa 27 Maryland 2,372 419 2,372 to 28 29 Minnesota 30 Nebraska '. 31 New York. 32 Ohio 33 Pennsylvania 25 25 34 Rhode Island 35 South Dakota 36 United States prisons \ Total 24 2,816 2,816 J ====^= a Including mining and smelting iron ore in one institution. OHAPTEB IV. GSaiEBAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 491 C— 8TTMMABY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH UnDTISTBY, BY STATES — Continued. Lease, contract, pieoB- prioe, and pnlflle- account systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- ber Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. ■Within State. Outside State. In instltu- tton. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 5.2 29.2 100.0 100.0 94.8 70.8 1 2 3 4 27.0 73. 4.1 85.7 ^0 95.9 14.3 65.0 5 6 7 110,639 $10,639 100. g 99.9 ,1 9 48.4 51.6 10,639 10,639 lOO.O I2S0 323 260 8,851 100.0 3.6 10 8,528 96.4 11 S73 8,528 9,101 6.3 98.7 7.6 023.8 92.4 «76.2 12 13 58,998 5,670 1,200 92,445 151,443 _ 5,670 1,200 39.6 100.0 100.0 61.0 14 33.7 66.3 15 16 a 18. 2 »81.8 65,868 92,445 158,313 41.6 68.4 100.0 17 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 18 19 20 21 4,660 1,023 460 1,502 1,433 406 B,050 2,885 430 10,613 3,600 7,462 175 1.50 900 4,560 1,023 450 1,502 1,433 406 5,060 2,985 430 16,708 3,600 7,462 1,731 350 900 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 63.5 100. 100.0 10.1 42.9 loao 22 23 24 25 26 100.0 100.0 27 28 29 30 6,095 36.5 31 32 100.0 33 1,656 200 89.9 <.57.1 34 35 36 40,629 7,861 48,480 83.8 16.2 492 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOKER OF LABOR. Table V DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. C— STTMMABY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH INDTISTBY, BY STATES — Continued. Mar- ginal num- ber. Industry and State. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and . public-account systems. Value of goods sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 EAILKOAD BUILDING. Arkansas . .. 1 1 1 J235,950 47,434 100,000 t236,960- 47,434 100,000 2 Nortti Carolina . - 3 Total 3 383,384 383,384 E0AD3 AND HIGHWAYS. California 4 3 1 1 3 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 1 1 39 10 1 1 S 6 District of Columbia 7 Florida . g g 10 Michigan .- 11 Minnesota...... . 12 13 New Jersey 14 New Mexico 15 New York . . 16 17,334 17,334 17 18 Pennsylvania , 19 South Carolina . 20 Texas 21 5,634 6,634 22 Washington Total 111 22,968 22,968 SADDLETREES. 23 1 1 1 1 1 1 53,750 $137,500 191,250 24 SASH, DOORS, ETC. New York; ' 25 - 26 Maryland 27 28 Wfl,flhiTigtoTi Total 4 STONE QUAKKTING, CUTTING, AND CRUSHING. California 29 2 2 1 21,673 1,445 620 21,673 1,445 620 30 Colorado 31 32 Idaho 33 Illinois..... 23,631 71 1,600 25,649 49,280 71 1,600 34 Indiana. 35 36 Kansas : 37 10,200 "101,800 112,000 38 Massaohusetts 39 40,368 40,368 40 -Missouri 41 114 1,437 114- 1,437 42 New Jersey 43 New York..... 44 North Carolina 26,299 1,640 26,299 1,640 46 4H Oregon 47 4,211 4,211 48 Rhode Island 49 South Dakota 50 Vermont 35,000 35,000 Total 35 133,309 162,449 296,758 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 493 Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. C— SUMMAEY or DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH INDUSTRY, BY STATE S — Continued . Lease, contract, pieoe- prlce, and publlc- acoonnt systems . State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- ber. Per cent of goods sold. Value ol goods used. Per cent of goods used. WltMn State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 2 3 100.0 J7,933 {12,012 1,500 27,850 23,250 495,169 11,000 $19,945 1,600 27,860 23,250 496,169 11,000 360 6,876 26,131 1,061 20,000 10,646 477,591 5,100 23,703 315,233 160,000 6,445 7,212 39.8 60.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4 Q 7 g 9 360 100.0 10 6,876 2fi,131 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 n 12 1,061 13 20,000 14 10,646 15,732 2,550 7,690 100.0 3.3 60.0 32.4 15 100.0 461,859 2,550 16,013 316,233 160,000 4,620 7,212 96.7 50.0 67.6 100.0 100.0 84.8 100.0 16 17 18 19 20 100.0 825 15.2 21 22 _ lOO'.O 46,797 1,590,275 1,637,072 2.9 97.1 28.1 71.9 23 21,071 21,071 335 591 954 1,680 100.0 24 335 591 954 1,680 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 25 26 27 28 3,560 3,560 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10,000 15,555 ' 8,332 18,332 15,555 64 5 100.0 46.5 29 30 31 2,400 1,865 400 2,506 2,406 2,800 4,371 2,406 85.7 42.7 14.3 57.3 100.0 32 48.0 100.0 100.0 52.0 33 34 35 7,197 7,197 100.0 36 9.1 90.9 37 20,612 20,612 100.0 38 lOO.O 39 24,289 2,576 -18,368 8,828 24,289 2,725 49,482 92,799 166.6 94.5 37.1 9.5 40 100.0 100.0 149 31,114 83,971 5.5 62.9 90.5 41 42 43 100.0 100.0 44 1 45 " ii,624 1 ii,624 100.0 46 100.0 47 1,186 2,200 1,186 3.2u0 100.0 68.8 48 1,000 31.2 49 166.6 ' 50 45.1 54.9 155,637 100,941 1 256,578 60.7 39.3 494 EEPORT OF THE OOMMISSIOWBB OF LABOR. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. C— STJMMABY or DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH IHDUSTEY, BY STATES— Continued. ginai num- ber. I&dustty and State. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, pleee-price, and public-aocouBt sjrstems. Valde of goodt sold. Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 STOVE HOLLOW WARE. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $7,000 (») 2,594 22,000 5,643 4&,00O 48,300 J68,000 (°) 127,096 12,000 107,196 60,000 t75,000 100,000 129,690 34,000 112,838 100,000 48,300 2 Illinois 3 Indiana - . . . 4 ICentUcky .-» ^* ., ..* .^ ... . .*- 5 6 7 Total . . . . 7 « 125, 537 a 374,291 599,828 STOVES. 8 1 1 34,600 88,000 103,600 138,000 88,000 g Total ,. . .. ^ . 2 122,500 103,500 226,000 TEAMING. 10 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 11 'TWffiaiTHING, COPPERSMITIHNS, AND SHEET-IHOW ■WORKING. 12 lOalMornia .. ,,. .....-- 13 16 17 18 13 20 1 1 1 I 21 82,052 100,000 724 82,052 120,000 3,619 22 20,000 ■ 2,895 Total . . .... w ... 4 22,895 182,776 206,671 TOMATO flAUCB. 24 1 1 1 2 2 1,721 5,870 13,203 1,721 6,470 163,003 411,100 26, 450 25 TRUNKS AND VALISES. Massachusetts .... . 600 139,800 411,100 26 TUEPEKTINE AKD KOSW. 27 ■nioffida ^ -. . ..J. 28 26,450 Total . 5 39,653 650,900 690,653 29 1 1 2 1 20,000 85,624 20,257 20,000 90,130 80,257 5,3S0 30 WHIPS. West Virginia. ... 4,506 60,000 5,350 31 Ohio ...... 32 Total . 3 65,850 20,257 85,607 — BirilUAKY OF SISPOSITIOIT 07 OOODB HABE, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES. [For explanation of tliis talale, see p. 184.] gtoal num- State jwd class. Insti- tutions. Lease, contract, piece-prico, and publio-aocount systems. Value of goods sold. Witlim State. Oatside State. Total. 1 ALABAMA. Panal .,. . . 1 1 1 6 2 $111,928 81,107,275 »1, 219, 203 2 ARIZONA. T&aaX^ '. 3 ABKANSAa. Penal : 334,292 273,132 1,988 120,000 504,292 273, 132 1,988 4 CALIFOItlvIA. Penal ., 5 Juvenile Rsformatory.-.. Total ; , 7 275,130 275,120 COLOEAT>-0* Penal 6 I 2 12,894 3,579 12,894 3,579 Total..., r 3 16,473 16,473 CONNECTICUT. Poaal , K 1 92,770 790 376,000 16,373 468,770 17,165 9 Juvenile JlOiOnaatory . ,,,., Total 7 93,560 392,375 485,936 I>EL.Y"V7Att2. Penal 10 1 1 775 1,504 50,00Q 50,775 1,504 11 Juvenile Kelormatory , , 2 2,279 50,000 52,279 DISIfEICT 05- COLUMlilA. Penal 12 I 1 13 10,231 10,231 Total 2 10,231 10,231 TLOKIPA. PsRal , 14 6 30 1 5 1 851,100 1,014,791 851,100 1,536,314 15 GEOKalA. 521,523 16 IDAHO. Panal 1? ILLINOIS, ■■477,939 27,826 a 1,152, 581 43,901 2,028,981 71,730 18 Jtjvemle Rofonnatory Total 6 <»505,7ea <• 1,196, 485 2,100,711 INDIANA. 19 i 1 11,934 934,601 , 946, 55S 20 Juvenile lieforniatory Total S 11,954 934,601 946,655 "> Not including !I39S,481 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. OHAPTEB IV. GENERAL TABLES. 499 Tabus Y — ^DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. O.— SUHKABY OF SISFOSIIIOH OF GOODS KABE, FOB EACH STATE, BT CLASSES. I'Evt exphuiatioii ot this table see -p. 184.] Iiease, eomtzact, pieoe- prioa, and puwio- accotiat systems. ' State-use and public works and ways systems. gtaal- num- ber Fei cent ot goads sold. Value ol goods used. Per 'cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. a.2 90,8 m,208 27,721, 35,000 141,707 46,628 «1,208 27,721 35,000 162,051 46,628 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.4 100.0 1 76.2 loao 100.0 23.8 3 £20,344 12.6 4 5 100.0 188,335 20,344 208,679 90.3 9.7 100.0 100.0 35,458 37,079 35,458 37,359 100.0 99.3 ■ w 6 280 100.0 72,537 280 72,817 99.6 .•'•■ .4 19.8 4.0 80.2 95.4 4,500 4,200 1,500 6,000 4,200 75.0 109.9 25.0 8 9 19.3 80.7 8,700 1,500 10,200 86.3 14.7 1.5 ice.o 98.5 6,429 1,504 6,429 1,504 100.0 10O.O 10 H 4.4 95.8 7,933 7,933 100.0 4,966 9,967 40,667 45,623 9,967 10.9 100.0 89.1 12 100.0 13 loao 14,923 40,667 65,590 26.8 73.2 100.0 66.1 23,250 500,814 400 30,302 23,250 526,965 15,967 84,325 53,281 100.0 95.0 2.5 35.9 14 3d. 9 26,151 1,5,567 64,023 63,281 5.0 97.5 64.1 100.0 15 16 29.3 38.8 O70.7 61.2 17 18 29.7 O70.3 107,304 30,302 137,606 78.0 22.0 1.3 98.7 29 849 60,961 2,718 32,567 50,961 91.7 loao 8.3 19 20 1. 3 1 98. 7 80,810 2,718 83,528 96.7 3.3 500 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. D.— SQMKABY 07 DISFOSITION OF GOODS KADE, FOB EACH STATE, BT CLASSES — Continued. Mar- ginal num- State and class. Insti- tutions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and public-account systems, Value of goods sold. - Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 ■ IO"W"A. Penal :2 ' 1 $23,600 4,068 J346,167 $369,767 4,068 2 Total 3 27,668 346,167 373,835 KANSAS. Penal ^.j , 3 4 2 1 1 226,173 1,636 70,000 296,173 1,636 Total . '. i 3 227,809 7o;ooo 297,809 KENTUCKY. 5 2 1 140,071 C) 1,244,700 1,384,771 4,372 6 Juvenile Reformatory Total 3 6 140,071 11,244,700 1,389,143 LOUISIANA. Penal ' 7 1 5 2 67,733 42,838 3,388 67,733 291,838 20,388 g MAINE. Penai 249,000 17,000 g Total 7 46,226 266,000 312,226 MARYLAND. 10 3 4 123,389 15,282 995,994 125,592 1,119,383 140,874 11 Juvenije Reformatory Total 7 138,671 1,121,586 1,260,257 MASSACHUSETTS. 12 19 4 1 600,129 217,690 2,637 233,952 768,932 734,081 976,622 2,637 13 MICHIGAN. Penal . 14 Total 5 220,327 758,932 1 979,269 | MINNESOTA. Penal 15 3 1 1,283,924 1,566 360,000 1,633,924 1,56,6 16 Total 4 1,285,490 350,000 1,035,490 MISSISSIPPI. 17 1 2 2 220,229 486,850 9,193 220,229 2,233,350 9,193 ]8 KISSOUBI. Penal 1,747,500 19 Total...'. 4 495,043 1,747,500 2,242,543 MONTANA. 20 1 o Not reported. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V — ^DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 501 D.— SUMMAEY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH STATE, BY CLASSES — Continued. Lease, contract, piece- price, and public- . account systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. iMar- ginal- num- Per cent of goods sold. Value oi goods used. Per cent ol goods used. Witliin State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 6.4 100.0 93.6 $98,386 38,285 $98,386 38,285 . 100.0 100.0 1 2 7.4 92.6 136,671 136,671 ... iOO.O 76.4 100.0 23.6 147,023 9,041 S124, 788 271,811. 9,041 A4.1 i ..■lOO.O . . 45. 9 3 4 76.5 23.5 156,064 124,788 280,852 65. 6 44.4 10.1 89.9 (") 7,660 4,800 7,650. 4,800 100.0 100.0 j.VjV--. 5 ' 6 , MO.l !>89.9 12,450 12,450 100.0 100.0 14.7 16.0 30.950 4,692 13,483 180,000 . .210,960 4, 692 13,483 14.7 100.0 lOO.O 85.3 7 85.3 SI. 4 8 9 14.8 86.2 18,175 18,175 100.0 11.0 10.8 89.0 89.2 13,916 29,966 13,916 29,966 100.0 100.0 10 11 11. 89.0 43,882 43,882 100.0 08.1 22.3 100.0 31.9 77.7 126,118 35,962 11,563 1,53,492 279,610 35,962 11,653 45.1 100.0 100.0 54.9 12 13 14 22.5 77.5 47,515 47,615 100.0 78.6 100.0 21.4 63,518 19,645 6,876 70,394 19,645 90.2 100.0 9.8 15 16 78.6 21.4 83,163 6,876 90,039 92.4 7.6 100.0 21.8 100.0 202, 491 44,000 .44,330 13,615 49,420 216,106 93,420 44,330 93.7 47.1 100.0 6.3 52.9 17 78.2 18 19 22.1 77.9 88,330 49,420 137,7.50 64.1 36.9 3,646 3.646 100.0 20 6 Not including $4,372 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. 502 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIOITER OF LABOR. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. p.— SUMMAKY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH STATE, BY CLASSES — Continued. giual ter. Btate and class. Insti- tutions. Lease, contract, pieoe-prioek and public-aqcQUin't systems. Value of goods sold.. Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 NEBRASKA. Penal ; ' ..... 1 1 110,000 2,378 J215,00a $225,000 2,378 2 .T(7vftT)f]e ll^sforiTiflitory Total . '■. . 2 12,378 215,000 227,378 NEVADA. Penal 3 1 i 1 247 17,823 1,060 247 123,823 11,060 4 NEW HAMPSHIHE. Penal .-.' 106,000 10,000 5 Total-....". : NEW JERSEY. Penal 5 18,873 116,000 134,873 6 5 2 66,100 9,163 273,000 7,000 339,100 16,163 7 Total 7'-' 75,263 280,000 365,263 NE-W MEXICO. - 8 1 13 1 17,750 2,ieo 17,760 2,160 9 NEW YOaic. Penal JuTenlle Reformatory 10 Total 14 2,160 2,160 NORTH CAROLINA. Penal 11 30 1 10 2 1 201,398 256,278 643,938 34,500 201,398 256,278 1,171,939 138,000 12 NORTH DAKOTA. Penal 13 OHIO, Penal . . . 528,004 103,500 14 OREGON. Penal IS Total 3 34,500 103,500 138,000 PENNSTfLTANIA., Penal 16 13 2 326,689 36,833 363,422 17 Total 15 326,589 36,833 363,422 RHODE ISLAND. 18 2 1 14,100 108,600 122,600 19 Juvenile Reformatory Total 3 14, 100 108,500 - 122,000 SOUTH CAROLINA. Penal 20 41 1 1 42,968 121,802 164,760 21 SOUTH DAKOTA. Penal 22 Juvenile Reformatory Total 2 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 503 Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE—Contiuued. D.— SUMHABT 07 DISPOSITION 0? GOODS KASE, FOB EACH STAXE, BY CLASSES — Continued. Lease, contract, piece- price, and puWic- aooount systems. ^^ — '- -■-■;■- , . ■'■.-!'-■ V'. : ■■ State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- ber. Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. 4.4 100.0 95. C (12,719 6,025 812,719 6,025 100.0 100.0 1 2 6.4 94.6 18,744 .18,744 100.0 100. 14.4 9.5 3,995 12,913 6,775 t2,576 6,571 12,913 6,775 60.8 100.0 lOO.O . ?9.2 S 85.0 90.6 14.0- 86.0 19,688 19,688 100.0 19.5 66.7 80.5 43.3 87,451 30,831 19,185 106,630 30,831 82.0 100.0 18:0 c 21.2 ■ 78.8 118,282 19, 185 137,407 86.0 14.0 100.0 100.0 10,907 329,316 43,967 20,000 842,673 30,907 1,171,989 43,967 35.3 28.1 100.0 64.7 71.9 f ( 1 100.0 373,283 842,673 1,215,956 30.7 69.3 100.0 100.0 54.9 25.0 48,301 23,673 63,498 14,799 13,720 464,132 512,433 23,673 63,498 33,931 13,720 9.4 100.0 100.0 43.6 100.0 SO. 6 1 i: 45.1 75.0 1 19,132 56.4 1 1 25.0 75.0 28,619 19,132 47,651 59.8 40.2 89.9 10.1 110,66! 67,385 19,636 491 130,296 57,876 84.9 99.2 15.1 .8 1 1 89.9 1 10.1 168,046 20,126 188,172 89.3 10.7 11.5 88.5 31,377 20,793 1,300 1,556 32,677 22,349 MS.0 93.0 4.0 7.0 1 1 U.S 88. S 52,170 2,856 55,026 94.8 5.2 26.1 73.9 42,460 25,325 4,107 335,071 1,000 1,040 377,531 26,325 6,147 11.2 96.2 79.8 88.8 3.8 20.2 a 2 2 29,432 2,040 31,472 93.5 6.5 604 "EEPOET OP THE OOMMISSIOJS'EE OF LABOB. Table V.— DISPOSITION OP GOODS MADE— Continued. B.— SUMMARY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOE EACH STATE, BY CLASSES — Concluded. Mar^ ginal num- State and class. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece-price, and puWic-aebount systems. Value of goods sold. Within State. Outside : State. ' Total. 1 TENNESSEE. 2 12 1 $468,618 1,397,663 • 17,248 $794,775; 321,862 $1,263,293 1,719,625 17,248 2 TEXAS. 3 ;- Total .,^'.. - ..-.i 13 1,414,911 321,862 1,736,773 UTAH. Penal " 1 1 6,356 97 752 7,108 97 5 Total ". -t . 2 6,453 762 7,205 VERMONT. 6 2 1 992 6,716 106,860 6,287 106,862 13,003 7 Total 3 7,708 112,147 119,866 VIRGrNIA. Penal g 1 2 1 231,710 42,614 1,431,540 1,663,260 42,614 g WASHINGTON- Penal 10 3 42,614 42,514 •WEST VIRGINIA. 1 1 12,656 766,681 779,237 12 Total 2 ' 12,666 766,681 779,237 Penal 13 2 1 156,877 763,000 919,877 14 Total 3 166,877 763,000 919,877 ■WYOMING. 1 2 267 39 34,871 15,000 49,871 16- 17 UNITED STATES PRISONS. ALL STATES. Penal - 9,204,728 6 120,340 ■"17,294,702 !> 226,158 26,897,891 360,870 Total . 296 '=9,326,068 « 17, 520,860 27,248,761 a Not Including $398,461 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. 6 Not including $4,372 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. CHAPTEE IV. -GENEEAL TABLES. .-505 Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. ' D.— SITMMABY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH STATE, BT CLASSES— Concluded. Lease, contract, piece- price, and puDllo- account systems. State-use and pubUc works and ways systems. Mar- ginal num- Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. Within State. Outside State. In Institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other In- stitutions. 37.1 • 81.3 100.0 62.9 18.7 S26,092 196,371 16,100 $13,035 160,000 139,127 356,371 16,100 66.7 55.1 100.0 ■33.3 44.9 1 2 3 81.5 18.5 212, 471 160,000 372,471 57.0 43.0 89.4 100.0 10.6 15,863 3,008 15,863 3,008 100.0 100.0 i 5 89.6 10.4 18,871 18,871 100.0 .9 51.6 99.1 48.4 2,850 3,200 2,850 3,200 ,100.0 100.0 6 7 6.4 93.6 6,050 6,050 100.0 13.9 100.0 86.1 29, 378 33,821 11,606 4,620 7,212 3,148 33,998 21,033 14,754 86.4 65.7 78.7 13.6 34. 3 21.3 8 9 10 100.0 25, 427 10,360 35,787 71.1 28.9 1.6 98.4 16,351 16,174 15,351 16,1(4 100.0 100.0 11 12 1.6 98.4 31,525 31,525 100.0 .17.1 82.9 58,240 24,527 58,240 24,527 100.0 100.0 13 14 17.1 82.9 82,767 82,767 100.0 69.9 30.1 15 470,189 2,812,825 636,587 470,189 5,870,682 643,102 100.0 47.9 99.0 16 34.7 6 34.7 06S.3 6 65.3 3,057,757 6,515 52.1 1.0 17 18 <:34.7 C65.3 3, 449, 412 3,064,272 6,513,684 53.0 47.0 ' Not including {402,833 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. 506 REPORT OF THE OOMBUSSIONEK OF LABOR. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. £.— SUMMASY OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS HADE, FOB EACH CLASS, BY STATES. [For explanation of this table, see p. 184.] Mar- ginal num- ber. Class and State. Insti- tu- tions. Lease, contract, piece.^rice, and public-account systems. Value of goods>old. Within State. Outside State. Total. 1 PENAI.. 1 1 1 5 1 6 1 1 6 30 1 5 4 2 2 2 1 5 3i W 4 3 1 2 1 1 4 5 1 13 30 1 10 2 13 2 41 1 3 12 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Jill, 928 11,107,275 $1,219,203 2 Arizona 3 384,292 273,132 12,894 92,770 775 120,000 504,292 273, 132 12,894 468,770' 50,775 4 California ...: 5 Colorado ■ : 6 378,000 50,000 7 8 District of Columbia 9 Florida 851,100 1,014,791 851,100 1,536,314 10 52i,5^ H Idaho 12 Illinois . , "477,939 11,954 23,600 226, 173 140,071 67,733 42,838 123,389 500,129 217,690 1,283,924 220,229 485,850 10,000 247 17,823 66,100 17,760 2,160 201,398 256,278 643,935 34,500 326,589 14,100 42,958 oi,i52,68i ' 934,601 346,167 70,000 1,244,700 '"249,066' 995,994 233,982 758,932 ■ 350,000 2,028,981 946,555 369,767 296,173 1,384,771 67,733 291,838 1,119,383 734,081 976,622 , 1,633,924 220,229 2,233,360 225,000 247 123,823 339,100 17,750 2,160 201,398 256,278 1,171,939 138,000 363,422 122,600 164,760 13 14 Indiana , _^,. , Iowa . . 15 i Kansas 16 17 iiOiaisiana . . . ... 18 19 Maine ■ 20 MaBsaehusetts 21 Michigan • 22 23 24 Missouri 1,747,500 215,000 25 26 NeTO.da 27 166,666 273,000 28 Uew Jersey ,. . . . . 29 New Mexico 30 New York 31 32 North I>akQta . . 33 Ohio 528,004 103,500 36,833 108,500 121, 802 34 35 p*vTt"i^yJvaiit*. . 36 37 38 39 TftT1Tlfi.qHnA 468,518 1,397,003 6,356 992 231,710 42.514 12,560 156,877 34,871 794, 775 321,862 752 105, 860 1,431,540 1,263,293 1,719,525 7,108 106,852 1,663,260 42,614 779,237 919,877 49,871 40 41 trtali 42 43 "Virginia 44 45 West Virginia 766,681 763,000 15,000 46 47 Wyoming . ... 43 257 9,204,728 017,294,702 26,897,891 49 2 2 1,988 3,679 790 1,504 10,231 27,826 1,988 3,579 17,165 1,604 10,231 71,730 50 Colorado 51 16,375 52 63 54 Blinols.. 43,904 55 56 \4,068 1,636 m 3,388 15,282 2,637 1,566 4,068 1,636 4,372 20,388 140,874 2,637 1,566 57 58 ^1^.000 125,592 59 60 Maryland 61 62 Minnesota "Not including $398,461 worth of goods concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. CHAPTEE IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Continued. 507 E.— STIMMABT OF DISPOSITIOK OF OOOSS UADE, FOE EACH CLASS, BY STATES. [For explanation of this table, sea p. 184.) Lease, contract, piece- price, and public- account ayatBms. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mai^ Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used." ginal num- Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other inr stitutions. ber. 9.2 90.8 $11,208 27,721 35,000 141,767 35,458 4,500 6,429 4,966 $11,208 27,721 35,000 162,061 35,458 6,000 6,429 45,623 23,260 526,666 15,967 84,325 32,667 08,388 271,811 7,660 210,960 4,692 13,916 279,610 36,962 70,394 216,106 93,420 12,719 6,571 12, !/13 106,636 30,907 1,171,989 612,433 23,673 63,498 33,931 130,296 32,677 377,631 26,325 39,127 366, 371 16,863 2,860 33,998 21,033 15,351 58,240 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.4 100.0 75.0 100.0 18.9 1 76.2 100.0 100.0 19.8 1.5 23.8 3 $20,344 12.6 4 5 80.2 98.5 1,500 26.0 6 7 40, 667 23,250 500,814 400 30,302 2,718 89.1 180. 95.0 2.5 35.9 8.3 g lOO.O 06.1 9 33.9 26,151 15,567 54,023 29,849 98,386 147,023 7,650 30,960 4,692 13,916 126, 118 36,962 63,618 202,491 44,000 12,719 3,995 12,913 87,451 10,907 329,316 48,301 23,673 63,498 14,799 110,661 31,377 42,460 25,325 26,092 196,371 15,863 2,850 29,378 13,821 15,351 58,240 5.0 97.5 64.1 91.7 100.0 64.1 100.0 14.7 100.0 100.0 45.1 100.0 90.2 93.7 47.1 100.0 60.8 100.0 82.0 35.3 28.1 9.4 100.0 100.0 43.6 84.9 96.0 11.2 96.2 66.7 55.1 100.0 100.0 86.4 65.7 100.0 100.0 10 ■ 11 "29.3 1.3 6.4 76.4 10.1 100.0 14.7 11. 68.1 22.3 78.6 100. 21.8 4.4 100.0 14.4 19.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 54.9 25.0 89.9 11.5 26.1 '•70.7 98.7 93.6 23.6 89.9 ■ 12 13 14 124,788 15 16 180,000 85.3 17 85. a 89.0 31.9 77.7 21.4 18 19 153,492 6,' 876' 13,615 49,420 54.9 """"s.s' ... 6.3 52. 9 20 21 22 23 78.2 9S.6 24 25 2,576 39.2 26 85.6 80.5 27 19,185 20,000 842,673 464,132 18.0 64.7 71.9 90.6 28 29 30 32 45.1 75.0 10.1 88.5 73.9 33 19, 132 19,635 1,300 335,071 1,000 13,035 160,000 66.4 15.1 4.0 88.8 3.8 33.3 44.9 34 35 36 37 38 37.1 81.3 89.4 .8 13.9 100.0 1.6 17.1 69.9 62.9 18.7 10.6 99.1 86.1 39 40 41 42 4,620 7,212 13.6 34.3 43 44 98.4 82.9 30.1 45 46 47 470,189 470, 180 100.0 48 34. 7 oes.s 2, 812, 825 3,057,757 5,870,582 47.9 52.1 100.0 100.0 4.6 100.0 100.0 38.8 46,628 37,079 4,200 1,604 9,987 53,281 50,961 38,285 9.041 4,800 13, «3 29,966 11,653 I9,64S 46,628 37,359 4,200 1,504 9,967 53,281 60,961 38,285 9,041 4,800 13,483 29,966 11,553 19,645 100.0 99.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .'7' 49 280 50 95.4 51 62 63 61.2 54 55 100.0 100.0 C) 16.6 10.8 100.0 100.0 56 57 83.4 89.2 68 69 60 61 62 6 Not reported. 508 BEPORT OF THE COMMI8SIONEE OF LABOE. ' Table V — DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Concluded. E.— SUMMARY OE DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, TOk EACH CLASS, BY STATES — Concluded. Mar- ginal num- .Class and State. Insti- tu- tions. I/ease, contract, piece-pride, and public-account aysteriis. Value of goods sold. Within State. Outside State. . Total. 1 JUVENILE REFOKMATOKY— concluded. 2 S9,193 $9,193 2 Montana ; '. 3 Nebraska...:. ' . 2,378 1,060 9,163 2,378 11,060 16,163 4 110,000 7,000 5 6 New York....;;. i 7 8 -Pennsylvania, i. :.: 9 Khode Island.'. 10 Sotitli Dakota H Texas.......;.;:. 17,248 97 6,716 17,248 97 13,003 12 Utah ;... VfirmnTit 13 6,287 14 W&shington; :: West Virginia.-. 15 16 Wisconsin ..-j Total 39 2S7- 39 "120,340 "226,158 350,870 17 6 9,204,728 120,340 617,294,702 "226,158 26,897,891 - 350,870 18 Juvenile Reformatory . . .... 296 « 9, 325, 068 1:17,520,860 27,248,761 ffNot including S4,372 worth of goods, concerning which, there is no record as to locality of sale. &Not including $398,461 worth of goods, concerning which there is no record as to locality otsale. Table VI.— RECEIPTS. A.— RECEIPTS, BY INSTITUTIONS. [For explanation of this table, see pp. 184, 1£5.] Tn- State and institution. Control. Cash on hand. Amount received from— stitu- tion No. State. County. City. 1 ALABAMA. Stat« Prison System State... 1 AHIZONA. Territorial Prison Tcr State... State... State... Co $2,875 8,412 8,561 381,083 $58,246 1 ARKANSAS. state Penitentiary . .- 1 ' CALIFORNIA. 149,857 322,271 2 state Prison at San Quentin. . ; San Bernardino Co: Jail 3 $12,265 4 San Francisco Co. Jail, No. 2 Los Angeles City Jail Co. and city. City "$39,245 29,127 5 6 Preston School of Industry Whittier State School; State.... State „. 97 153 46,167 95,288 7 " Including $1,477, deposits by convicts, s Including $1,495, deposits by convicts. Including $4,589, deposits by convicts. CHAPTER IV.— GENBBAL TABLES. Table V.— DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE— Concluded. 509 £.- -SITMSIABT OF DISPOSITION OF GOODS MADE, FOB EACH ClASS, BT STATES— Concluded. Lease, contract, piece- price, and public- account systems. State-use and public works and ways systems. Mar- Per cent of goods sold. Value of goods used. Per cent of goods used. ginal niim- Within State. Outside State. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. Total. In institu- tion. In other in- stitutions. ber. 100.0 144,330 3,646 6,025 6,775. 30,831 43,967 13,720 57,385 20,793 4,107 16,100 3,008 3,200 11,606 16,174 24,527 S44,330 3,646 6,026 6,775 30,831 43,967 13,720 67,876 22,349 5,147 16, lOO 3,008 ' 3,200 14, 754 16, 174 24,627 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.2 93.0 79.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 78.7 100.0 100.0 1 2 100.0 9.5 66.7 3 90.5 43.3 4 5 6 7 $491 1,556 1,040 , 0.8 7.0 20.2 • 8 ... 9 '• 10 100.0 100.0 51.6 - 11 12 48.4 ; 13 3,148 .21i.3 14 15 16 34.7 065.3 636,587 6,515 643,102 99.0 1.0 6 34.7 a 34. 7 6 66.3 065.3 2,812,82fi 636,587 3,057,767 6,515 5,870,582 643, 102 47.9 99.0 52.1 1.0 , 17 18 C34.7 C65.3 3, 449, 412 3,064,272 6,513,684 63.0 47.0 cNot including S402,833 worth of goods, concerning which there is no record as to locality of sale. Table VI.— RECEIPTS. A.— BECEIPTS, BT INSTITTITIONS. [For explanation of this table, see pp.184, 185.] Amount received from— Amount paid by lessee. In- Other States. United States. Con- tractors. Goods sold. State for work done. Old ma- chinery, etc. All other sources. Total. stitu- tion No. $343,664 $16,063 gSfi9, 717 65, 353 150,660 18.3,234 552,880 12,265 39,391 29,127 46,5!i0 97,876 $77, 687 1 $4,399 $343 "sa.ses 6,005 8,824 c 14, 930 1 91,631 53,024 22,926 - 204,816 1 738 10,863 889 1 2 3 146 1 4 1 5 /3^ 600 6 i,9S8 7 8,094 3 Co 4 Middlesex Co. Jail Co 5 New Haven G(k Jail Co 6 Windham Co! Jail : Co 7 State,.. Co C) City.... 1,112 1,480 l,2tS 1 DELATTAKE. Newcastle Co. Workiouse... Ferris Industrial School DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. ■Washington Asylum Workhouse... Relorm School a3,353 5,600 2 1 J48,zr3 44,052 2 City (e) . 1 FLOBIDA. state Prison Sv&tem .— .. Lessee.. 2 Lessee 3 EscamhiaCo'.JaiL. ...._..,,,. -,,,- Co 14.727 7,787 4 Hillshoro Co. Jail Co S Suwanee Co. Jail Co 50 X GEOEGIA. State Convict Camp at Alhany State Convict Camp at Chattahoo- chee. State Convict Camps at Rising Fawn, Cole City, and Sugar BUJ. State Convict Camp at Durham ... State Convict Camp at Egypt State Convict Camp at Fargo State Convict Camp at Heartsease. State Convict Camps at Jaldn and Biakely. Lessee «7 3 Lessee 4 5 Lessee.. 6 7 Lessee . . .. g Lessee .. 9 10 State Convict Camp at Lookout Mountain. State Convict Camps at Pitts and Worth. State Convict Comjp at Savannah . . State Convict Camp at Worth Rtat** ^'OTivict FftTT" ... Lessee , . 11 Lessee . . 12 Lessee . . 13 Lessee . . 14 State. 3,826 15 Baldwin Co. Convict Camp Bibb Co. Comviot Camp. Burke Co. Convict Camps (3) Chatham Co. Convict Camps (3).... Chatham Co. Convict Farm Co 8,242 4D,000 13,000 32,000 14,000 16 Co 17 Co. ,. 18 Co 19 Co 20 21 Dekalh Co. Convict Camp Co 12,718 6,000 22 Dougherty Co. Convict Camp Co 23 24 Floyd Co. Convict Campw-. Co 9,500 103,077 6,000 5,600 11, M2 29,494 25 Fulton Co. Convict Camp^. Glynn Co. Convict Camp- Co 26 Co 27 Lowndes Co. Convict Camp Muscogee Co. Convict Camp Richmond Cot Convict Camp Atlanta City Staokade Co 28 Co 29 Co 30 City 44,453 o Including 123,556, deposits by convicts. i> Including Jl,804, deposits by eonviats. OHAPTBB IV.— GENEBAL TABLES. Tabms VI — RECEIPTS— Continued. A.— SKOKIPTB, BT mSTICTXIONB— Continued. 51T J: , .,...i..i 1 , ' : u-J — : L-: — \ ;■-: _ — , , ,-.., ■ i, ; .w v. Amount recaved from— Amount ■paid by lessee. In- Other States. United • States. Con- tractors. Goods sold. State for work done. Old ma- chinery, etc. All other sources. Total. StitUr tion No. »1,074 238 112,894 oS25,423 793 6 2, 269 225 939 300 486 2,614 3,585 1,100 19,908 13,075 t2«>,242 64,1B9.. 47,968 89,622 23,760 3n,Jll9 •6,667 41,794 15,994 72,982 61,686 1 $1,328 2 3,580 3 1,982 85 120 tS2,904 2,000 1,875 324 5,000 2,308 7,388 6,466 1233 204 648 1 2 3 1,022 4 116 5 1,648 790 769 1,750 313 6 7 1,100 1 20,425 48,665 69,280 2 392 1 9,997 10,231 5,000 2 $169, 346 1,529 1 2 702 15,429 14,921 7,837 3 4 5 6,000- 19,800 23, MO 43,000 5,000 35,000 5,700 10,000 5.000 8,600 15,000 10,000 7,500 1 2 3 4 ^ ( 5 8 9 10 1 1 1 1 n 1 12 ■ ■ 13 ■ 25,601 29, & 8,242 40,000 13,000 32,000 14,000 14 15 16 I 17 1 18 1 . 19 1 ■ 4,860 20 576 13,293 6,000 21 22 ...... 1 3,075 23 9,500 103,077 6,000 6,600 11,302 35,494 44, 453 24 26 20 27 28 6,000 29 30 <• The State makes a per capita allowanos to the county Jails lor the support ot prisonais. The county makes up deficit only. i Private, with assistance by county. ' City Institution, under the management ot the United States Department ot Justioe. 512 BEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONBE OP lABOE. Table VI.— RECEIPTS— Continued. A.— SECEIPTS, BY mSTITUTIOSS— Continued. In- S tate 'ana fns titution. Control. Casli on hand. Amount received from— stitu- tion. State. County. City. 1 IDAHO. State Penitentiary State t39,386 109,750 111,500 1 ILLINOIS. 'SoHthern Penitejitiary J : . . . State Penitentiary State... State... City $27,807 72,641 2 3 Chicago House of Correction. $114,848 15,523 6,040 4 City.... City 4,256 5 Quincy House ot Correction State Reformatory !.'. ................... 1 6 State . . . State 42,645 322,600 40,184 144,195 120,520 1 INDIANA. ;'■" '' Industrial School for Girls and Women's Prison. 2 Statd . . 3 State Prison State 4 Co $21,669 & State 87,585 210,765 144, 691 86,296 9?, 560 56,960 227,241 76,902 23,403 34,619 88.458 25,624 1 TOWA State... State.. , State... State 10,121 4,754. 3,510 2 Penitentiary at Fort Madison. . I . . . State Induetrial- School for Boys... KAIfSAS. • • 3 % 1 ' 2 State Industrial Reformatory State 3 State KENTUCKT. State. State... State 5,037 3 LOUISIANA. State . . . State... Co . 291 2,021 MAINE. 2 7,801 15,861 9,356 7,319 Co Co..:... 5 York Co Jail Co Q Industrial School for Girls State . . . State... State 315. 27 11,500 63,660 25,000 1 MARYLAND. State... 3 Baltimore City Jail City ... 54,080 7,875 21,257 4,283 26,560 4 House of Reformation for Colored Boys. State... State... State . . . State... State . . . 375 5,141 1,447 1,269 10,000 20,000 3,500 20,000 235,967 57,384 145,029 169,017 5 Q Industrial Home for Colored Girls . St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys. MASSACHUSETTS. 7 1 2 Reformatory Prison for Women . . . State . . . 3 State... 4 State Prison State... a Including $10,796, deposits by convicts. 6 Including $9,895, deposits by convicts. c Including $23,978 received from various counties from which convicts-were committed. d Including $1,268 received from various counties from which convicts were committed. CHAPTER IV. — ^GENERAL TABLES. Table TI.— RECEIPTS— Continued. A.— BECEIPtS, BY IHSTITtmOWS^Contmued. 513 Amount received from - Amount paid by lessee. In- Other States. United States. Con- tractors. Goods sold. State lor worlc done. Oldma- oliinery, etc. AU other sources. Total. stitu- tion No. $9 1,330 $339 18,302 6 23,136 Including $6,346, deposits by convicts. c Including $13,175, deposits by convicts. d Including $26,834, deposits by convicts. OHAPTEK IV. GENEEAL TABLES. Table VI.— RECEIPTS— Continued. A BBOEIPTS, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. 515 Amount received from - Amount paid by lessee. In- Other States. United States. Con- tractors. Goods sold. State for work done. Old ma- chinery, etc. All other sources. Total. stitu- tion No. $3,332 29,082 909 1,357 $60 $28,053 69,174 14,408 28,254 23,644 10,714 29,405 9,398 148,426 40,452 15,145 14,766 677,686 17,491 34,962 90,993 92,096 243,699 197,219 90,428 1,192,103 111,798 30,023 95,403 242,917 251,196 67,127 66,425 105,412 25,327 257,143 113,033 48,239 6 J109 78 115 $708 6 $25 177 177 7 1,117 2,465 8 $1,195 1,115 4,730 1,318 9 110 800 10 401 124 o2,8Sl 1,746 11 466 12 461 121 173 21,313 16,882 5,993 13 88 14 15 436 1 306 8,445 16 69,847 869 325 17 4,809 4,627 37,860 16,319 63,591 18 199 22 2,856 6 9,717 c 17, 100 State Prison ■. • ■" 3 Essex Co. Penitentiary 41,569 49,182 10,649 4 Hudsdn Co. Penitentiary Co S Mercer Co. W-orkhouse State Home for Boys Co 6 State..; State.;. Ter State... State... State... State... State... State... State... Co Co Co City 1,278 29 1,664 16,406 18,803 611 . 1,084- 1,378 2,929 404 500 28,182 - 980 69,000 27,097 71,211 176,077 229,693 55,225 79,247 168,640 270,751 64,653 14,796 8,202 10,909 30,833 12,126 7 State Home for Girls : 1 NEW MEXICO. Penitentiary. 1 NEW YORK. S Clinton Prison. ; a Eastern New York Reformatory... House of Refuge for Women. Sing Sing Prison..: • 4 5 ■6 7 State Reformatory for Women Erie Co. Penitentiary 8 52,796 864 40,699 9 10 Onondaga Co. Penitentiary Kings Co- Penitentiary. 11 12 New York Co. Penitentiary Workhouse, Blackwells Island, and Branch Workhouses, Harts and Rikers islands. State Industrial School City 144,120 180,975 13 City.... 14 State.... State... Co 1,456 23,994 184,500 1 NORTH CAROLINA. State Prison '. . 2 Alamance Co. Convict Camp -Anson Co. (Wadesboro Township) Convict Camp. * , - ■ Buncombe Co. Convict Camp^ Cabarrus Co. Convict Camp Columbus Co. Convict Camp Durham Co. Convict Camp Edgecombe Co. Convict Camp Forsyth Co. Convict Camp ; ■. 4,417 4,600 17,233 6,765 3,275 11,034 8; 268 15,770 3,319 7,487 2,864 2,700- 12,660 10,499 3,267 9,177 6,143 27,680 14,712 4,398 .3,155 1,723 8,£52 3 Co , 4 Co S Co 6 Co 7 Co 8 Co - 9 Co in Franklin Co. and Louisburg Town- ship Jail. Gaston Co. Convict Camp Co 11 Co... 12 Granville Co. Convict Camp Green Co. Jail ...:.. Co 13 Co 14 Guilford Go. Convict Camps (2X Haywood Co. ConviSt Camp Henderson Co." Convict Camp Iredell Co. Convict Camp.- Co IS Co Ifi Co ■ 17 Co IS Lenoir Co. Convict Camp Mecklenburg Co. Convict Camp New Hanover Co. Convict Camp... Person Co: Convict Camp Co 19 Co m Co 21 Co ? 22 Randolph Co. Convict Camp Robeson Co. Convict Camp Rockingham Co. Convict Camp Co ' S3 Co 24 Co • a Hillsboro Co. House of Correction is so combined with the almshouse that a separate finan- cial statement could not be given. 'Including 16,116 received from various counties and $5,384 from various cities from which con- victs were committed. ' Including S6,673 deposits by convicts. ( CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table VI.— RECEIPTS— Continued. A.— BECEIPXS, BY HTSTITTTTIONS— Continued. -517 Amount received Irom— Amount paid by lessee. Iii- Other States. . United States. Con- tractors. Goods sold. State for work done. Old ma- chinery, etc. All other source^. Total. stitu- tion No. , $425 $16,801, $3,326 $26,177 8,984 8,836 33,188 97,086 292,817 42,691 ■ 61,468 22,958 - 90,642 • 27,287 87,468 484,107 238,036 66,768 , 79,353 .421,071 287,143 54,692 74,541 18,289 58,058 183,744' 177,669 180,975 184,708 129,272 4,417 4,638 . 18,035 6,825 3,275 11034 8,268 15,770 3,319 7,487 2,976 2,700 12,660 U,499 - 3,267 9,177 6,168 27,580 . 14,712 4,411 3,375 1,723 8,767 1 2 '400 . 62 3 $4,344 300 625 4 6;625 10,375 71,419 $64 363 1,020 » 13,399 23 c6,694 38 70 5 1 4,589 780 1,296 2 31-4 803 809 16,475 103 , 11,518 309,030 3 117 4 $11,600 6 5,067 87 6 7 .-. 4,729 1 1 406 679 928 1,392 $63,103 50,699 25,863 130,046 147,305 28,495 51,200 190,302 63,658 135,528 34,889 16,715 H 23, 379 167,268 379,874 1 $23,620 400 118,112 2 $260 3,966 3 6,576 63,690 $1,381 1 1 1-16,155 2 3 41,863 1,121 314 81 95,224 $2,607 608 , 737 1 2 60,323 32,455 1,637 1 2,353 CIS, 546 2 1,169 3 2,062 167,268 379,874 « 36, 189 1 • 1 2 16,155 227,000 N • 41,863 1,121 95,224 J2,607 608 737 190,302 63,658 6 7 42,984 95,224 2,607 1,345 263,960 395 92,778 1,637 2,353 15,546 170,417 16,715 g 1,169 9 395 92,778 1,637 1,169 d 17,899 187,132 2,062 547, 142 732,637 29,147 « 23,379 547,142 "120,013,763 2,847,933 / 36, 189 10 11 $62,257 1,.328 3,031,710 45,302 rt, 311,888 84,815 201,497 260 * 22, 683 6,288 1832,816 "366,946 404,188 12 13 53,686 761,684 3,077,012 J5, 396, 703 201,757 * 27, 971 01,199,762 w22,861,696 404,188 * Not including 2 institutions not reported, they being so combined with almshouses and insane asylum that separate financial statements could not be given. i Including $199,848 deposits by convicts, $290,740 received from various countie' and cities from which convicts were committed, and $2,673 received from counties lor leased convicts; but not lncluding'2 institutions not reported, they being so combined with almshouses and insane asylum that separate financial statements could not be given. mNot including $36,189 paid to lessee by 1 institution and 2 institutions not reported, they being so combined with almshouses and insane asylum that separate financial -statements could not be given. 1 Including $5,521, deposits by convicts, and $137,477 received from various counties and cities from which convicts were committed. o Including $205,369, deposits by convicts, $428,217 received from various counties and cities from which convicts were committed, and K3,673 received from counties for leased convicts; but not including 2 institutions not reported, they being so combined with almshouses and insaiie asylum that separate fijoanciai statements could not be given. 532 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table VI.— KECEIPTS— Continued. C— STJMMAET OF RECEIPTS, FOE EACH CLASS, BY STATES. . [For explanation of tliia table, see p. 185.] Mar- Class and State. Institu- tions. Cash on hand. Amount received from — ginal num- ber. State. County. City. 1 PENAL ' Alabama . 1 1 1 5 1 6 1 1 5 30 1 5 4 2 2 2 1 S 3 19 4 3 1 2 1 1 4 5 1 13 30 1 10 2 13 2 41 1 2 12 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 Arizona $2,875 8,412 389,644 6,357 4,117 1,480 $58,246 3 4 472, 128 160,851 117,452 6 $12, 265 ':$68,372 5 Colorado 6 10,773 33,353 7 g District of Columbia . . 48,273 g Florida... 50 3,826 39,386 221,250 304,899 355,456 325,791 99,305 88,458 26,624 - 25,000 607,387 222,708 208,101 37,362 290,933 10 44,453 11 12 Illinois . . .^ Indiana 104,604 135,411 13 21,669 14 Iowa . . „ .„ Kansas 14,875 15 16 Kentucky . 5,037 291 2,021 17 18 39,827 19 64,080 20 Massachusetts. 160 107,678 17,581 979, 66i 21 _ 22 21,430 23 24 Missouri .. 58,299 2,765 981 515 103,743 1,664 71,277 31,266 150,121 173,988 i3, 67i 25 Nebraska. 230,330 35,533 5,625 294,795 71,211 1,110,152 26 27 i8,522 101,390 4,492 28 New Jersey 29 New Mexico 30 New York 94,259 "235,312 326,095 31 32 North Dakota 46,648 247,440 81,827 163,067 t 43, 814 12,637 48,663 33 Ohio 14,857 13,974 161,678 169,076 34 35 122,168 299,081 36 37 South Carolina 29,013 160, 127 6,567 38 South Dakota 39 379,736 18, 108 1,009 1,525 40 Texas 151,913 38,378 45,800 218,235 41 Utali 42 43 Virginia 44 Washington 83, 615 . 60,000 73,254 1/21,317 12,340 45 West Virginia 12,523 69,144 46 47 48 Total 257 1,892,977 »<'6,191,837 1'62,434,197 "1,202,341 " Including $1,477, deposits by convicts. 6 Not including recejpta for 1 institution included in receipts from city. c Including receipts from county for 1 institution. iJ Including $6,084, deposits by convicts, e Including $23,556, deposits by convicts. /Including $20,691, deposits by convicts, ana $25,698 received from various counties from which convicts frere committed. B Including $12,479, deposits ty convicts, ft Including $75, deposits by convicts. * Including SS,498, deposits by convicts. / Including $48,635, deposits by convicts, and $22,566 received from various counties from which convicts were committed. * Deposits by convicts. I Not including 1 institution not reported, it being so combined with the almshouse that a sepa- rate financial statement could not be given. m Including $6,673, deposits by convicts. n Including $16,958, deposits by convicts, and $29,265 received from various counties and cities from which convicts were committed. o Including amount received from 1 city. p Included in amount received from county. « Including $12, deposits by convicts. r Including $6,029, deposits by convicts, and $47,547 received from various counties and cities from which convicts were committed. « Including $5,816, deposits by convicts, and $164,434 received from various counties from which convicts weie committed. CHAPTER rV. GEWEEAL TABLES. 533 Table VI.— RECEIPTS— Continued. C SUMMARY or BECEIPTS, FOE EACH CLASS, BY STATES. [For explanation of this table, see p. 185.] - Amount received from — Amount paid by lessee. Mar- other States. United States. Con- tractors. Goods sold. State for work done. Old ma- chinery, etc. . All other _ sources. Total. ginal num- ber. $343,664 $16,053 $359,717 65,353 160,660 816,897 200,242 206,956 61,586 48,666 38,187 371,388 39,734 743,423 452, 917 426,527 620,844 297,264 277,857 169,688 246,346 2, 424, 314 624,007 1,333,924 242,917 318, 323 257,143 48,239 i 43,997 507,020 87,458 2,314,446 366, 714 302,926 843,681 116, 272 1,131,066 < 65, 292 261,956 68,226 543,386 1,126,017 52,400 113,802 130,046 • 175,800 190,302 170, 417 V 23, 379 547,142 $77,687 1 14,399 $343 "$2,365 6,005 123,754 e 25, 423 8,149 19,908 2 91,631 53,024 227,742 12,894 2,570 769 3 11,747 1,074 2,303 1,100 889 4 5 64,411 6,466 1,298 6 7 392 8 775 160,874 200, 435 9 31,601 675 339 / 68, 779 2,664 016,942 5,475 4,686 939 &4,624 4,078 < 33, 165 y 91, 761 5,625 3,850 24,707 1,746 * 11, 490 13,388 ™6,825 10 9 1,493 29 11 8,457 508 907 331 235,497 123,177 51,622 16,667 187,687 65,592 71 1,600 220,323 971 67,733 92,929 $6,944 12 13 14 »52,257 15 4,816 120,727 16 17 1,514 2,877 2,925 7,126 6,025 5,060 159,433 20,648 117,770 43,526 456 227,031 24,197 10 878 1,657 717 18 19 778,163 183,925 1,042,341 224,996 24,289 708 20 21 • 6,876 13,615 18,848 22 23 9,777 24 870 70 ^l','500 26 898 425 6,665 4,729 19,914 248 4,344 2,551 11,518 688,183 40,460 256,031 60,614 26 17,201 81,794 27 11,500 28 29 3,998 9,499 5,496 1,614 247 858 '■67,349 5 6,416 30 73,413 31 32 16,559 2,863 6,015 252,141 13,204 7,947 15,617 29,807 r 82, 136 4 4,404 '191,493 '4,942 "9,627 33 34 300,362 1 736 43,191 3,746 382,803 348,900 7,620 41,092 6,576 63,690 1,423 (283 35 36 37 5,917 9,315 2,903 1,116 1,911 38 102,477 389,642 48,791 ■'13,424 «>5,286 11,379 1,392 » 16, 156 608 2,353 39 40 41 23,620 .118,112 42 3,966 1,381 43 44 41,863 395 2,062 547,142 95,224 92,778 2,607 45 .1 1,637 46 ' 36, 189 47 48 52,257 732,537 3,031,710 15,311,888 201,497 $983 6 3,062 1,100 13,075 5,000 MO, 876 107 $144,426 102,127 72,982 20,425 69,280 375,414 87,849 90,364 58,596 36,429 88,616 183,802 90,428 95,403 161,837 25,327 113,033 33,188 117,829 184,708 62,071 297,426 67,809 . 30,279 65,935 34,914 26,863 51,200 63,658 16,715 »1,328 $238 2 J7,388 4 9,997 813 57 5 9,521 $1,604 100 6 7 4,068 1,636 8 ^ 9 i,749 335 19,284 61 12,217 37,748 Including $2,474, letum of deposits to convicts. 542 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIOWEE OE LABOB. Table VII EXPENDITURES— Continued. A.— EXPEHDITUSES, BY IHSTITTTTIOHS— Continued. State and iBstltution. Control. Amount expended for- Land. Non- indus- trial build- ings. Indus- trial t)uUd- ings. Food. Clothing. MICHIGAK. Reformatory State House of Correction and Branch Prison. State Prison Detroit House of Correction Industrial School for Boys State. State. State. City.. State. HimrESOTA. State Prison State Reformatory St. Paul Workhouse. . . State Training School. . UISSISSIFPI. State. State. City.. State. State Prison System. . . MISSOTTKI. State Penitentiary St. Louis City Workhouee. St. Louis House of Refuge. Training School for Boys. . State. State. City.. City.. State. MOHTANA. state Reform School. . State. NEBBASKA. State Penitentiary State Industrial School for Boys. State. State. State Prison. NEW HAMPSHLBE. State Prison Hillsboro Co. Almshouse and House of Correction. Hillsboro Co. Jail Manchester City Farm and House of Correction. Industrial School State. Co.... Co... City. State. NE"W JERSEY. Reformatory State Prison Essex Co. Penitentiary. . . Hudson Co. Penitentiaisy. Mercer Co. Workhouse State Home for Boys State Home for Girls State. State. Co Co.... Co.... State. State. NEW MEXICO. Penitentiary. Ter. <>S4,841 7,780 48,674 527 12,654 33, 394 18,959 11, 657 15,322 7,812 6,516 1,802 1,867 40,876 46,606 2,439 3,581 m S4,454 1,866 1,102 -* 11, 407 A 417 A 1,010 2,466 2,916 * 1,095 A 1,116 1,872 445 »97 347 $15,963 16,261 34,116 18,481 17, 147 31,968 22,207 3,646 14,797 43,886 72,821 25,158 18,705 15,917 6,133 16,488 8,228 6,668 6,166 $260 I 162 743 6,081 1,124 2,700 115 2,500 705 6,212 785 1,661 337 109,744 7,237 927 2,632 561 2,361 4,850 2,213 11,845 49,784 9,490 10,821 6,771 18,505 3,614 16,464 1 Including amount expended for industrial buildings. b Included in amount expended for nonlndustrial buildings, c Including $6,075, return of deposits to convicts. i Including $12,966, return of deposits to convicts. ' Including $25,173, return of deposits to convicts. / Including $2,043, return of deposits to convicta. $1,641 1,445 4, 368 3,131 1,123 6,394 7,466 381 4,506 17,084 13,416 2,009 8,407 5,149 1,254 2,015 1,303 1,011 409 528 1,417 850 126 148 724 OHAPTEE IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table VII — ^EXPENDITURES— Continued. A.— EXrEHDITTJEES, BY INSTITTJTIOWS— Continued. 543 Amount expended for — Cash on hand. In-- sti- .tu- tion No. Non- indus- trial em- ployees. Indus- trial em- ployees. Indus- trial machin- ery and tools. Raw material for manu- facture. Eeftmd to State. Refund to county. Refund to city. All other ' items. Total. S30,952 20,138 43,766 19,903 24,047 43,178 22,431 10,244 17,688 22,215 81, 754 21,960 14,434 8,400 8,052 14,670 11,929 14,777 15,204 »1,160 800 1,700 13,927 2,400 7,660 6,603 1571 »3,721 2,766 26,734 87,362 6,233 928,220 6,664 464 2,812 4,394 2,113 1,193 2,727 6 945 1,107 1,161 1,002 78 863 C$29,076 d 38, 113 c 67, 182 / 32, 076 ? 27, 663 16, 331 24,785 3,261 26,820 61,049 68,243 7,859 176 13,653 4,403 2,417 11, 176 i 19, 880 3,101 $87,916 91,747 231,684 177,368 90,661 1,083,198 111,798 30,023 96,403 242,917 260,864 67, 127 66,425 105,412 25,ffi7 - 83,922 41,583 47,752 26,692 (i) 8,984 8,836 34,227 200,729 292,817 42,691 51,468 22,958 90,323 26,982 86,356 $6,669 2,428 29,736 106,148 891 123,486 1 2 4,278 869 394 4,646 4,693 53 767 28,827 666 2,334 988 . 3,000 1,006 350 1,989 3 4 5 1 2 3 8,124 16,730 2,520 t4,6S8 38,454 4 1 58,631 1 $3,717 205 2 7,800 9,600 1,915 780 3,420 1,578 3 4 1 175,986 71,920 1,468 1 f, 898 1 1 2 817 800 3,199 23,029 78,600 15,320 13,210 6,200 22,650 4,897 9,880 2,746 1,941 1,767, 17,432 4 41,943 7,368 11,903 3,299 29,242 12,387 26,981 3 1,886 3,048 12,492 23,874 4,200 8,286 6,280 3,900 2,401 5,411 322 7,995 735 760 4,000 1,626 75 489 403 6,843 13,719 10,130 1,846 2,101 480 6,961 1,713 6,131 4 171 5 10,609 77,049 1 100 2 $353 3 4 5 1,497 334 2,766 6 7 2,015 16,247 1 a Including $842, return of deposits to convicts. ft Expenditure on that part of nonindustrial buildings used for industrial purposes. < Including $11,004, return of deposits to oonviots. t Hillsboro County House of Correction, so combined with the almshouse that a separate financial statement could not be given. 'i Including $4,997, return of deposits to convicts. 544 BEPOBT OF THE 00MMI8SI0NEB OV LABOE. Table TH.—EXPENDITDEBS— Continued. A.— EXPENDITTTRES, BY INSTIftTIONS— Continued. State and institution. Control. Amount expended f or— Land. Non- indus- trial build- ings. Indus- trial build- ings. Food. Clothing. NEW yoBK. Auburn Prison Clinton Prison Eastern New York Reformatory. . House of Refuge for Women Sing Sing Prison State Reformatory State Reformatory for Women Erie Co. Penitentiary Monroe Co. Penitentiary Onondaga Co. Penitentiary Kings Co. Penitentiary New York Co. Penitentiary Workliouse,Blackwells Island, and Branch Workhouses, Harts and Hikers islands. State Industrial School NORTH CAROLINA. State Prison Alamance Co. Convict Camp Anson Co. (Wadesboro Township) Convict Camp. Buncombe Co. Convict Camp Cabarrus Co. Convict Camp Columbus Co. Convict Camp Durham Co. Convict Camp Edgecombe Co. Convict Camp Forsyth Co. Convict Camp FrankUn Co. and Louisburg Town- ship Jail. . Gaston Co. Convict' Camp Granville Co. Convict Camp Greene Co. Jail Guilford Co. Convict Camps (2) Haywood Co. Convict Camp. Henderson Co. Convict Camp Iredell Co. Convict Camp Lenoir Co . Convict Camp Mecklenburg Co. Convict Camp New Hanover Co. Convict Camp . . Person Co. Convict Camp Randolph Co. Convict Camp , Robeson Co. Convict Camp RobMngham Co. Oonviot Camp Rowan Co. Convict Camp ^ Swain Co. Jail' Wake Co. Workhouse Camp Wayne. Co. Convict Camp Wilson Co, Convict Camp Monroe TownsMp(UnionCo.)Con- . vipt Camp. NoitTH DAKOTA. state Penitentiary State. State. State. State.. State. State. State. Co.... Co.... Co.... City. . City.. City.. State. Co.... Co.... Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co.. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Tp. State. $378 100 $1,488 6,782 600 21,146 8,687 3 46,236 13, 329 3,601 663 2,902 3,086 3,600 4,716 2,179 2,671 28 61 181 162 168 516 307 "250 Penitentiary State Reformatory Stark Co. Workhouse. . Xenia City Workhouse, Zanesville City and Co. Workhouse Cincinnati City Workhouse Cleveland House of Correction. Columbus Workhouse Dayton City Workhouse Toledo Workhouse 73 146 576 600 129 297 274 997 342 71 82 68 226 96 67 3,312 17,308 1,000 100 600 1,148 92,073 1,198 602 $1,400 2,709 600 24 State.. State.. Co Co. and city. Co. and city. City. . . City... City... City... City... a Including $7,128, return of deposits to convicts. 6 Including $1,491, return of deposits to convicts. c Including $6,629, return of deposits to consicts. i Including amount expended tor industrial buildings. 3,060 333 1,448 319 633 $37,218 37,603 7,846 10,954 33,958 47,642 9,481 24,668 8,619 22,046 30,047 41,822 76,719 37,613 29,317 662 1,232 4,696 734 515 1,672 2,229 2,611 1,640 987 1,095 2,834 1,489 764 766 2,016 4,238 6,037 •676 691 523 1,714 1,190 675 4,361 1,333 4,113 1,834 9,920 98,767 20,468 6,849 3,280 2,322 13, 491 18,281 7,164 2,600 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES, 545* Table VII EXPENDITURES— Continued. A.— EXPEWDITTJBES, BY INSTITTTTIOBTS— Continued. Amount expended for— Cash on hand. In- sti- tu- tion- No. Non- indus- trial em- ployees. Indus- trial em- ployees. Indus- trial machin- ery and tools. Raw material for .manu- facture. Refund to State. Refund to county. Refund to city. All otlier items. Total. J53,371 70,919 28,616 25,727 83,139 69, 134 18,388 28,347 7,531 17, 395 45,579 56,626 40,964 63,825 35,607 1,032 1,428 3,061 1,600 1, 146 2,033 1,697 2,412 1,910 2,321 761 1,007 2,442 1,574 1,066 1,168 1,669 5,068 1,350 878 1,289 780 1,240 1,882 650 3,723 1,224 1,839 1,319 13,862 119,003 33,829 5,820 1,800 2,348 30,582 15,879 8,769 6,668 4,486 $25,303 12,606 1,500 840 27,072 18,033 1,368 825 840 3,600 2,250 8,600 18, 127 17,9^0 4,678 1,183 138 559 402 243 2,968 812 3,955 180 432 216 16 600 2,282 $3,600 11,000 S297, 109 52,600 1,472 1,062 132, 157 32,245 1,581 3,212 55 2,639 76,463 27, 526 13,932 21, 328 7,407 $46,137 o 44, 892 M3,815 17,736 c 40, 577 / 54, 162 8,503 11,798 2,183 8,646 26,319 34,125 22, 440 42,713 36,078 1,329 1,241 4,976 2,229 87 2,926 2,291 3,602 46 2,225 690 112 4,822 3,683 844 818 1,175 13,379 3,731 1,559 1,089 174 3,808 2,288 130 3,422 843 1,367 2,147 4,330 70,188 * 34, 740 1,753 900 5, 466 8,272 7,559 5,354 2,567 8,077 $480,814 243,368 66,886 80,166 412, 506 288, 551 54,068 74,541 21,640 69,038 183,744 177,669 180,975 185, 806 124,884 4,417 4,638 18,035 6,825 3,276 11,034 8,248 16,770 3,319 7,487 2,964 2,700 12,660 10,499 3,267 9,177 6,108 27,680 14,712 4,411 3,373 1,723 8,767 7,496 1,656 18, 304 3,969 9,172 6,132 266,432 332,943 198,021 16,315 6,480 19, %7 61,685 83,359 115,365 13,256 26,276 $19,699 13,481 493 271 9,944 1,521 1,028 600 24, 831 I- 2; 3 1,242 1,244 2,403 834 $106 73,974 15,614 39 4 6 ft- 7 8 9f. 1,810 10 11 1,500 12 13 208 368 28,382 14: 4,724 113 144 3,336 1,451 1,049 1,045 446 1,438 75 554 215 68 021 400 143 6,704 136 1,822 996 261 75 27 273 1,397 50 3,444 195 316 159 295 1". 2J 3^ i 1 5~ [ 6 T 20 8- 9 1 10 ir 75 12 127 13.- 14 300 15. 16 214 183 985 1,718 725 91 - 17' IK- I*' 20 2L 22: 23- 1,134 304 24 1 25- 1 . 26 741 zr 28- 29- 180 6,275 12,000 10,960 6,902 196,615 30> 216,047 16,677 2,869 r 1 693 17,263 137,581 2 3 4 1,400 2,880 3,060 200 6,724 697 44 688 1,691 & S 572 32,779 $1,225 7 8 9 2,200 1,099 412 4,36i la e Included in amount expended for nonindustrial buildings. / Including $694, return of deposits to convicts. y Rent. A Including $7,872, return of deposits to convicts. 9061- 546 BEPOBT OF THE GOMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. Taelb ¥51.— expenditures— Continued. A.— SXPEHDITUHES, BY IHSTITU'TIQWS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and Institution. Control. Amount expended for — Land. Nonn indus- trial build- IngB. Indus- trial build- inga. Food. Clothing. 1 OBEGOW. 518,300 272 16,125 29,498 ■8 12,074 d 10,833 782 45 1,492 689 742 517 1-84 1,484 1,714 5,.138 8,057 1,-846 4,658 S20fl 364 3vO0Q 114, 426 8,410 5,890 «,800 35,514 Kr,226 8,092 1,571 2,-838 4 244 2,898 3,933 3,363 16,551 5,789 43,-616 23,824 8,408 16,4*7 S30S 615 160 4,463 7,796 7,691 317 112 383 331 159 784 233 3,449 469 5,996 3,952 125 2,176 2 Multnomall Co. Jail &o 3 State . . - .J 1 PSNKaYLVAJtnA. EMtern State Penitentiaiy Western Penitentiary State . . . 2 State . 3 Allegheny Co. Workhouse Co 4 Berks Co. Prison .• Cliester Co. Prison Co 6 Co . . .6 Delaware Co. Prison Co 7 Co g Lehigh Co. Prison Co . 9 Northampton Co. Prison Co 10 Northumberland Co. Prison Pliiladelphia Co. Prison Co 11 Co Co 12 Schuylkill Co. Prison.. sl6 5,896 300 13 Philadelphia Co. House of Cor- rection. House of Refuge, Boys' Depart- ment. House of Hefiage, Girls' Depart- ment. KHDDE ISLAKB. State Prison and Providence Co. Jail. State Workhouse and House of - Correctisu!. Sookanosset School tor Boys SOUTH CABOLINA. Penitentiary. , City (h) . State ■■ 14 16 State . 1 State . . . 2 State . . . 3 State . 4,082 17,230 50 261 1,-136 16,114 31,306 1,104 1,008 1,095 1,452 912 1,022 511 533 1,469 715 1,679 394 640 600 1,188 810 986 968 1,323 2,040 7.52 319 352 372 1,090 350 406 438 463 1,473 7,110 2,222 504 170 200 320 96 96 108 100 845 102 403 48 85 175 286 210 276 152 150 576 240 30 21 175 300 30 132 80 120 264 1 State 2 State Con-Tiot Camp- at Clemson College Firm. Abbeville Co. Convict Camp State . . . 3 Co 4 Co 75 50 80 175 250 5 Anderson Co. Conviet Camp Bamberg Coi Convict Camp Barnwell Co. Convict Camp Beaufort Co. Convict Camp.. Berkeley Co. Conviet Camp Charleston Co. Convict Camp. Cherokee Co. Convict Camp Chester Co. Convict Camp Co.. . 6 Co 7 Co 8 Co 9 Co 10 Co 11 Co Co 100 110 12 13 Chesterfield Co. Convict Caiap Clarendon Co. Conviet Camp. Colleton Co. Convict Camp *".... Darlington Co. Convict -Camp Edgefield Co. Convict Camp EaJrfield Co. Convict Camp Florence Co. Convict Caanp Georgetown Co. Convict Camp Greenville Co. Convict Camp Greenwood Co. Convict Cam.p Hampton Co. Convict Cajnp Horry Co. Convict Camp Co 14 Co 200 84 15 Co 16 Co 17 Co 188 158 18 Co 19 Co 20 Co 21 Co 22 Co 23 Co 50 24 Co 25 Kershaw Co. Convict Camp Laurens. Co. Convict Camp Lee Co. Convi^ Camp Co M 250 . . — - ^. . . 26 Co 27 Co 28 Lexington Co. Convict Camp Marion Co. Convict Cajnp Co 15 29 Co 30 Newberry Co. Conviet Camp. Orangeburg Co. Convict Camp Co 60 31 Co 1 a Including $2,468, return of deposits to convicts. 6 Including $803, return of deposits to convicts. clncluding $6,869, return of deposits to convicts. <> Including asmount expended for industria.1 buildings. « Included in ajnount expended for nonindustrial buildings. OHAPTBB IV, — GENEEAL TABLES. Table VII.— EXPENDITURES— Continued. A.— EXPEHDITTJSES) BY IHSTITUTIOHS— Continued. 547 Amount expended lor— Casli on hand. In- sti- tu- tiou No. Non- indus- trial em- ployees. Indus- trial em- ployees. Indus- trial machin- ery and tocfls. Eaw material tor manu- facture. Belund to State. Refund to county. Befund to city. All otlier items. Total. {20,688 1,240 6,967 66,991 73,140 59,562 11,323 4,536 4,836 9,127 3,384 4,432 3,117 35,188 6,402 60,017 38,382 9,870 23,724 Jl,620 2,005 4,043 $1,691 725 263 195 119 4,571 $5,535 158 1,620 41,365 84,952 46,213 4,276 2,400 3,108 2,234 6,541 2,772 1,958 4,780 6,659 30,119 20,468 2,006 113 $1,269 o $14, 798 6 1,779 6,811 CSS, 994 48,004 24,078 4,344 2,582 4,603 4,049 2,525 6,262 3,159 19,475 4,438 ■ 35,862 135,177 35,650 14,811 1 $78,834 15,568 44,879 ' 225,294 272,245 173,736 ffl,364 11,246 17,260 22,191 17,162 20,700 12,544 88,417 26,514 259,436 238,620 58,805 65,292 (•■) 57,809 82,290 6,617 9,176 4,036 5,572 3,241 3,990 2,069 1,611 9,497 9,342 9,707 1,012 2^613 2,969 3,300 6,792 4,611 3,450 3,297 8,570- 2,521 1,769 817 2,462 5,750 1,4S0 2,026 .2,098 1859 4,136 , $21,870 1 2 17,192 , 34,666 , 34,210 5,476 "m 177 3 I 10,646 3,563 1,320 2 3 4 5 6 1,517 900 7 13 $1,000 2,000 2,716 8 9 540 10 V) /$7,490 11 900 9,650 6,466 1,000 127 12,977 2,000 12 . U) / 41,266 1.1 522 130 14 15 3,363 1 2 16,436 17,654 1,320 1,020 1,200 600 600 528 300 168 3,240 984 720 180 360 300 660 1,037 996 300 540 900 210 240 240 696 480 360 720 200 600 1,080 2,280 1,680 1,200 960 540 540 360 780 360 360 2,180 752 482 240 420 300 360 252 453 296 300 500 85 650 155 75 1,303 2,769 9,770 7,997 2,039 5,518 841 2,060 1,008 1,314 540 350 1,565 2,500 3,393 160 808 800 807 3,383 1>861 1,440 684 2,694 719 720 204 886 2,670 300 694 900 679 779 32,323 3 1 2 3 4 6 .-..■ 6 7 8 9 198 4,189 1,500 1 407 10 1 1 11 1,500 1 1 12 13 14 800 15 16 912 334 17 18 600 , 600 ' 960 600 360 1 19 1 20 2,400 1 21 1 22 50 1 23 24 """"^75" 250 25 810 360 1 ■■ 26 1 27 00 28 480 ' 29 47 30 640 1 31 /Philadelphia city is coextensive with Philadelphia County. a Expenditure on tnat part of nonindustrial buildings used for industrial purposes. A Fhfladelphia. * State Workhouse and House of Correction so combined with almshouse and insane asylum that I separate financial statement could not be giiven. 548 EEPOET OF THE OOMMISSIOSTEE OF LABOR. Table TII.— EXPENDITURES— Continued. A.— EXPEWDITUBES, BY INSTITTJTIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- tion No. State and institution. Control. Amount expended f or— Land. Non- indus- trial build- ings. Indus- trial build- ings. Food. Clothing. 32 SOUTH CAEOLINA— concluded. Fickena Co. Convict Camp Co $50 160 22 500 607 $720 2,682 492 3,720 705 612 365 988 1,241 480 12,407 6,382 31,511 36,523 272,100 8,039 14,302 6,096 1-3,944 4,886 8,134 . 2,627 7,336 9,067 15,580 877 8,519 8,346 3,733 6,874 7,726 5,081 34,033 24,234 5,297 6,561 27,784 13,764 34,499 10,752 14,142 $200 1 353 105 750 278 96 64 287 262 200 1,734 2,094 12,718 10,012 34,998 33 RicMand Co. Conriot Camp Saluda Co, Convict Camp Co . .. 34 Co 36 Spartanburg Co. Convict Camp Co 36 Co 37 Union Co. Convict Camp Co . . 3S ■Williamsburg Co. Convict Camp. . . Co 25 39 Co 40 Charleston City Jail; City 37 41 Columbia, City .Tail Citv 1 SOUTH DAKOTA. State . . . 8,030 3,300 2,510 7,000 20,537 710 2,167 59 2,264 $1,988 300 46,370 9,688 20,410 2 1 TENNESSEE. Branch Prison State . . . State $4,968 2 State Prison 1 TEXAS. State . . . 2 Co. 3 Dallas Co. Jail Co 2,532 415- 360 650 120 445 1,028 667 1,411 127 2,069 3,462 636 832 773 2,304 9,672 2,008 4 ■Fannin Co. .Tail Co 5 Co.. 6 Hunt Co. Jail Co 7 Co 483 692 151 34 1,118 ^ 8 Johnson Co. Jail Co 9 Lamar Co. Jail Co 203 10 Co 11 Tarrant Co. Jail : Co 12 ■Walker Co. Jail Co 13 House of Correction and Heforma- tory. UTAH. State Prison State . . 2,693 2,998 640 1 State 1,576 16,228 879 600 1,571 2 State Industrial School State 1 VEKMOKT. House of Correction State . . • 2 State Prison State 473 26 3,312 607 3 Industrial School State 1 VIKGINIA. Penitentiary State 1 ■WASHINGTON. State Prison State 838 445 1,903 86,247 3,579 8,381 21, 579 12, 110 2 Seattle City Jail City 3 State Reform School State 211 • 3,868 400 19,870 291 886 736 6,573 6,111 1,512 1 "WEST VIKGINIA. Penitentiary State .. . State . . . COS 5,000 2 Reform Soh6ol 1 ■WISCONSIN. St'ate Penitentiary 2 State Reformatory State . . . 3 Industrial School for Boys '. State . . . a Including $11,916, return of deposits to convicts, s Including $3,249, return of deposits to convicts. Including $124, return of deposits to convicts. CHAPTER IV. — GENEBAL TABLES. Table VII.— EXPENDITURES— Continued. A EXPEWDITTIBES, BY INSTITTJTIONS— Continued. 549 Amount expended for — Cash on hand. In- sti- tu- tion No. Non- indus- trial em- ployees. Indus- trial em- ployees. Indus- trial machin- ery and tools. Raw material for manu- facture. Refund to State. Refund to county. Refund to city. All other items. Total. $694 1,80ft 713 1,620 656 270 240 714 3,300 702 13,904 5,062 23,767 19,700 199,910 3,285 6,237 2,160 2,700 1,620 2,600 2,160 2,040 3,240 8,001 780 6,560 17,263 5,500 5,488 8,401 7,080 46,213 20,862 4,140 4,335 36,143 13,938 28,971 9,108 21,772 J300 2,000 75 260 955 10 $2,036 2,616 1,043 2,280 2,153 475 894 1,691 242 $4,000 . 10,931 2,450 10,200 6,609 1,943 1,948 4,000 5,982 1,817 58,226 . 28,795 243,169 182,495 905,179 17,723 37,466 15,288 27,280 9,790 16,883 9,409 19,430 24,337 44,424 3,719 54,207 51,211 . 34,914 63,310 52,017 26,089 ci 109,871 147,305 28,495 23,247 189,783 56,464 136,528 73,906 73,950 I 32 tl,320 ■■'ijoso' 255 480 360 420 900 360 4,584 2,370 12,097 4,800 38,495 2,942 1,939 998 3,244 600 1,743 840 2,002 1,440 3,156 33 1 34 1 1 35 36 37 1 1 38 39 $9 40 75 2,074 1 457 10,041 6,098 39,738 162 683 2,425 382 272 365 303 1,177 1,638 955 121 3,212 206 1,512 60 41 tl,153 900 74,197 19,370 101,774 12,362 6,330 24,990 69,244 o 177,217 2,585 9,596 3,135 4,396 1,862 3,438 8;351 14,203 1,814 2,564 19,583 4,207 6,545 c 9,624 7,756 16,741 38,296 « 16,913 3,917 23,187 7,825 33,265 16,604 15,899 1 3,299 472,908 24,560 12,207 2 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 " 8 9 10 11 ^?, 4,693 1,080 2,031 4,005 3,340 9,165 1,067 20,000 258 $17,559 1,728 2,198 3 13 1 2 18,637 24,263 1,612 1 2 660 a 20,176 1 9,486 1,500 4,935 1,950 4,140 2,731 7,624 4,665 4,57'; 200 300 46,399 1 2 804 9,110 3,194 1,255 1,927 3,770 27,953 13,042 7,194 ; 1 3,889 983 1,201 80 2 1 30,127 32,224 i 3 11,492 18,863 c 99, 916 d 13, 101 » $369, 717 63,668 164, 595 1,002,497 144,452 1 $4,660 4,477 204,044 224 2 3 253,825 2,588 4 5 191,163 66,816 19,662 281,833 256,413 e 113, 017 1,146,949 204,268 38,053 25,085 7,920 11,756 2,000 959 12,207 10,188 f 67, 177 f 21, 432 185,502 98,966 21,097 11,482 6 2,360 7 63,138 19, 678 2,959 22,395 2,360 4 78,609 284,468 32,579 53,768 23,144 14,514 1,680 1,391 577 1,887 777 6,722 48, 572 207,262 72,998 3,811 1,096 ... . 14,265 9 7B,902 16,194 1,968 2,664 6,722 62,837 280,260 4,907 5,000 3,672 5,779 1,505 3,208 648 1,200 2,113 1,273 4,063 61,043 W,425 2,023 2,218 10 11 8,672 7,284 3,856 3,319 5,336 80,468 4,241 e Including $5,768, return of deposits to oonviots. /Incltidmg $23,890, return of deposits to convicts. ff IncltFdiug $1,963, return of deposits to convicts. h Including ^5,853, return of deposits to eonvieta. 552 KKPOKT 01' THE OOMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. Table VII.— EXPENDITURES— Continued. B.— SUMMARY OF EXPENDITTJEES, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued;' State and class. Insti- tu- tions. Amount expended for— I Mar- ginal num- ber. Land. Nonin- dustrial build- ings. Indus- trial build- ings. Food. Clothing. 1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Penal 1 1 $666 15,877 $16,778 11,891 $1,625 2 m Total ' . . 2 c6,543 m 28,669 1,525 FLORIDA. Penal 3 5 30 1 6 1 82,000 900 1,025 17,199 1,997 46,271 114,005 S450 17,685 74,898 10,908 207,803 01,421 830 23; 101 1,925 17,246 1,087 4 GEORGIA. Penal 5 IDAHO. Penal 200 2,350 1 6 ILLINOIS. Penal 6,000 7 Juvenile Reformatory Total 6 6,000 160,276 2,350 269,284 18,332 INDIANA. Penal g 4 1 20,469 13,293 C09 2,000 79,473 13,047 16,017 ■ 7,402 g Juvenile Reformatory Total . ': 6 33,762 2,609 92,520 ■23,419 10 2 1 4,622 4,800 43,833 23,436 3,108 2,774 49,484 12,337 10,393 1,309 11 Total 3 9,422 67,269 5,882 61,821 11,702 ilANSAS. Penal . . 1 12 2 1 17,015 3,020 24,634 1,931 65, 527 26,036 32,009 34 13 Total. 3 20,635 26,565 82, 163 22,043 KENTOCKY. Penal 14 2 1 33,487 1,329 40,897 512 66,016 12,689 8,306 2,375 15 Juvenile Reformatory Total 3 34,816 41,409 68,706 10,681 LOUISIANA. Penal 1' 16 1 5 2 35,012 7,690 1,480 12,821 1,731 195 66,987 31,096 7,411 14,262 3,740 2,058 17 MAINE. Penal 18 Total 7 _ 9,170 1,926 38,507 5,798 MARYLAND. Penal 19 3 4 7,469 9,509 1,656 5,641 63,548 34,556 2,707 262 20 Juvenile Reformatory Total 7 10,978 7,297 88,104 2,959 o Including amount expended for industrial buildings. 6 Included in amount expended lor nonindustrlal buildings. c Including amount expended for industrial buildings in 1 institution. d Not including expenditure of 2 institutions under control of lessees. ' Not Including expenditures of 15 institutions under control of lessees. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 55B Table VII — EXPENDITURES-^Continued. B,— SUMMARY OP EXPENDITUEES, FOS EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued. Amount expended for— Cash on hand. Nonin- dusLrial employ- ees. Indus- trial employ- ees. Indus- trial ma- chinery and tools. Raw- material lor man- ufacture. Refund to State. Refund to county. Re- fund to city. All other items. Total. Mar- ginal num- ber. $10,286 13, 103 $3,600 2,760 $2,924 10,613 $12, 886 14,608 $48,665 69,280 1 $10, 428 23,389 0,369 13,637 10, 428 27, 494 117,945 9,945 77,063 9,600 197,841 79,984 2,836 31,921 2,400 20,532 6,540 $415 30,852 2,500 16,057 3,001 114,879 8,739 7198,434 g 76, 488 ■i 38, 187 £371,388 39,734 750, 976 352,365 S575 4 1,465 31,781 12,830 5 6,002 $97,051 65,704 7 277,825 27,072 16,657 44,611 6,002 S 274, 922 1, 103, 331 162, 765 88,726 13,100 26,065 9,456 968 2,491 6,462 226 $123,511 164 90,618 26, 670 452,917 87,849 s 9 101,825 35, 521 3,459 6,688 123, 675 117,288 640, 766 89,422 17,686 8,143 3,840 2,223 12,252 6,227 4,976 « 52, 794 1,706 270,249 85,116 171,153 8,759 10 11 107, 108 11,983 14,475 , 11,203 (54,499 355,364 179,912 76,466 11,136 24,960 3,840 8,201 2,988 201,884 3,3.52 171,379 2,801 18,769 2,258 020,844 ; 68,696 12 13 87,002 28,800 11,189 205,236 174,180 21,027 679, 440 72, 518 5,580 2,758 132 65,932 11, 176 269,914 36,232 32,387 197 14 2,360 79 78,098 2,300 79 2,890 C7, 108 306, 146 32,584 52,075 20,834 11,545 29,172 6,300 3,300 17, 457 650 466 19,468 77,395 992 28,022 21,508 69,043 275, 276 170,944 8C, 489 2,872 065 2,469 18 1 32,379 9,600 1,115 78,387 80,561 267,433 3,134 105, 434 41,971 060 10,000 2,088 1,195 6,719 19,539 7,678 30,847 61,222 218,806 27,640 173,886 18,149 20> 147, 405 10,660 3,283 26,258 7,678 82,069 392 6911 4.'^ RRQ =;=^ 1 1ncluding $17,143, return of deposits to convicts. » Including $2,209, return of deposits to convicts. * Including $19,362, return of deposits to convicts. < Including $11,165, return of deposits to convicts. 554 EEPOET OF THE C0MM18S10NEB OF LABOR. Table VII.— EXPENDITURES— Continued. B.— STTMMAEY OF EXPEHDITTJEES, FOE EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continned. State and class. Insti- tu- tions. Amount expended for— Mar- ginal num- ber. Land. Nonin- dustrial build- ings. Indus- trial braid- ings. Food. Clothing. 1 MASSACHUSETTS. Penal 19 4 I 83,494 1462,700 6 61,822 12,054 820,499 «7,422 $253,962 84,821 17, 147 S59,618 10,585 1,123 2 MICHI3AN. Penal 3 Total 5 6 74,176 c7,422 101,968 11,708 MINNESOTA. i 3 1 63,910 15,322 11,824 1,010 57,821 14,797 14,241 4,605 S Total 4 79,232 12,834 72,618 18,746 MISSISSIPPI. Penal 6 1 2 2 7,812 8,317 42,743 2,466 4,011 2,988 43,886 97,979 34,622 17,084 15,425 13,566 7 .MISSOUKI. Penal 8 Juvenile Reformatory Total 4 51,060 6,999 ]32,601 28,981 MONTANA. Juvenile Keformatory g 1 1 1 1,257 45,606 2,439 200 445 97 6,133 16,488 8,228 1,254 2,016 1,303 10 NEBBASKA. Penal ...... 11 Total „ NEVADA. Penal 2 48,045 542 24,716 3,318 12 1 4 1 3,581 11,252 6,081 6,668 * 13, 229 4,540 292 M,948 1,417 13 NEW HAMFS&IBS. Penal 14 337 Total 5 4 7,333 337 M7,769 »3,36^ NEW JERSEY. 16 6 2 7,144 6,997 117,908 3,193 88,711 22,019 1,124! 1,556 16 Total 7 14, 141 121,101 110,730 2,680 NEW MEXICO. Penal 17 1 13 1 250 378 1,661 ./ 116, 625 2,179 2,361 t4,609 15,464 387, SIC 37,61C 966 45,099 18 NEW YOKE. Penal 19 Juvenile Helormatory . . . «. Total 14 378 j 118, 804 *4,60£ 425, 12« 45,099 NORTH CAROLINA. Penal 20 30 446 10,061 2,39£ 83,13: 15,177 o Including $2,474, return of deposits to convicts. 6 Including amount expended for industrial buildings in 1 institution. Not Including amount expended in 1 institution, included in a.mL0ant expended for nonindustriai buildings. I* Including $46,257, return of deposits to convicts, e Including $842, return of deposits to convicts. / Including $47,099, return of deposits to convicts. II Including $11,004, return of deposits to convicts. OHAPTEB IV. — GENERAL TABLES. 555 Table VII EXPENDITURES— Contmued. B — SUMMAET OF EXPEHDITUBES, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued. Amount expended for — Cash on hand. Nonin- dustrial employ- ees. Indus- trial employ- ees. Indus- trial ma- cbinery and tools. Raw material for man- ufacture. Refund to State. Refund to county. Re- fund to city. All other items. Total. Mar- ginal num- ber. $458,231 114, 759 24,047 JD9,921 17,677 2,400 $23,176 5,718 394 8613,057 119,663 5,233 $87,636 $61,305 » $280, 002 i 166, 447 < 27, 663 S2, 424, 290 688, 714 90,061 $184 142,971 891 1 2 3 138,806 19,977 6,112 124, 796 / 194, 110 679,376 143,862 75,853 17,688 13,263 8,124 9,392 767 934,338 2,812 44, 377 26,820 1,226,019 95,403 126, 486 4 4,658 5 03,441 21,387 10, 159 937, 150 4,658 70,197 1,320,422 126, 486 22,216 103,714 22,834 16,730 2,620 17,400 28,827 2,900 3,988 4,394 3,306 9,672 38,464 61,049 76,102 13,829 242,917 317,991 161,837 6 $3,717 205 58,631 7 8 126,548 19,920 6,888 12,978 3,922 89,931 479,828 68, 631 8,052 14, 670 11.926 1,915 78€ 3,420 1,006 350 1,&89 1,107 1,151 1,002 4,403 2,417 11,176 26,327 83,922 41,683 9 175,986 71,920 10 11 26,599 4,20C 2,339 2,153 13,593 126,606 247,906 14,777 ft 16, 821 3,199 1,67S 1,88E 3,04S »322 7,996 78 »1,2C6 5,843 898 i7l9,880 '17,788 1,767 47,752 ft 44, 512 34,227 1,468 12 (A) 13 171 14 » 20,020 4,934 » 8,317 * 7, 109 (») "9,555 ft 78, 739 171 136,259 27,447 54,101 6,301 7,186 489 28,275 7,674 87,668 353 (81,945 41,629 610,663 117,305 100 1,831 15 16 163, 70C 60,402 7,674 35,949 87,658 353 • 123,574 727,968 1,931 9,880 551,635 63,825 6,411 121,454 17,940 2,015 23,633 6,131 641,943 21,328 16,247 89,733 208 26,981 i 331,333 42,713 86,356 2,313,966 185,806 2,766 71,768 358 17 18 19 615,460 139,394 2.3,633 663,271 89,941 ! 374, 046 2,499,761 72, 126 85.066 24.929 30.666 7,782 103,009 362,664 35,316 20 ft Not including 1 mstitution not reported, it being so combined with the almshouse that a separate financial statement couli] not be given. i Including $4,997, return of deposits to convicts. /Including amount.expended for industrial buildings in I institution. * Not including amour t expended in 1 institution, included in amount expended for nonindustrial buildings. < Including $15,842, return of deposits to convicts. 556 REPOET OF THE COMMTSSIONEE OP LABOR. Table VII EXPENDITURES— Continued. B.— STJMMAEY or EXPEWDITTJEES, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES— Continued. State and class. Insti- tu- tions. Amount expended for— Mar- ginal num- ber. Land. Nonin- dustrial build- ings. Indus- trial build- ings. Food. Clotting. 1 NORTH DAKOTA. Penal 1 10 2 1 S3, 312 181,470 IS, '572 16,126 $868 6,218 - 664 3,000 53,920 178, 174 22,835 5,890 $1,533 20,842 923 160 2 orao. 3 OREGON. 4 Total 3 34,697 3,564 28,725 .1,083 PENNSYLVANIA. Penal . . . . 5 13 2 1:65,190 9,903 Total 3 42,070 19,870 59,393 WTOTMING. Penal . . . 7 1 2 2.57 39 617,602 200,494 51,773,445 '"357,411 1,800 1-440,478 n 33, 816 61,410 «, 345, CIS 504,059 c 1, 448 13, 194 i 531,086 67,254 8 tTNITBD STATES PKISONS. 9 10 ALX STATES. Penal 81, 256 14,800 Grand total. 296 96,056 P2, 130, 856 8 474,29-4 *3, 849, 677 4 598,940 o Including $1-6,155, return of deposits to convicts. b IncMdixig amoURt expoodeS for industrial buildimga. c Included in Amount exp^died fer ooniBdursitiiftl buutldifi^. d Furnished by lessee. e For discliargedprisoners only. % Not including ^6,189, paid to lessee by State, and expendftuxea oJ lessee. ff Including amount expended for industrial buildings in 5 institutions, but not including 2 institu- tions not reported, they being so combined vith almshouses and insane asylum that separate financial statements couM not be givea. A Not includiog atiEbount leospended in 5 institutions.,. iirGluded iaa amount expended for nonmdas trial bmldings. i Not includliag 2 inatitia^ionis^ not reported, they llieiag so coanbined with almsbotises auLd insane as;flum that separate &n;ancialstate]Xkents could &ot be giiT^em. - ;'Not including 1 institution not reported, it being so combined with tlie almshouse that a separate Haancial statement could not be given. fc Includilng 1188,548, rotuni of aep©sits to convicts, but not induding 2 institutions not reported, - they being so combined with almanouses and insane aslymn that separate financial statements could not be given. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 559 Table VII.— EXPENDITURES— Continued. B.— SUMMAHY OS EXPEHDITTJEES, FOB EACH STATE, BY CXASSES— Concluded. Amount expended for — Cash on hand. Nonin- dustrial employ- ees. Indus- trial employ- ees. Indus- trial raa- cMtieTy and tool3. Raw material for man- ufacture. Refund to State. Refund , to county. Re- fund to city. All other items. Total-. Mar- ginal num- ber. 525,002 4,335 $10,930 4,935 54,775 SOO $40, 399 804 • <■ 555, 209 3,917 $175,800 23, 247 1 $27,953 2 29,337 15,921 5,075 47,203 " 59, 12(i 199,047 27,953 36, 143 13, 938 1.950 4,140 "'"3," 889 9,110 3,194 23,187 7,825 189,783 56,464 13,042 7,194 3 4 60,081 6,090 3,889 12, 304 31,012 246,247 20,236 38,079 21,772 10, .355 4,606 2,184 80 3,182 3,770 48,809 15,899 209,434 ,73,950 20,127 32,224 5 6 SB, 851 15,020 2,264 6,952 64,768 283,384 62,361 90,891 *5, 980, 632 616,960 C) 32,820 864, 179 169,562 2,638 «68, 499 52,751 45,846 •■3,8130,313 175,537 4,329 77,748 i3, 159, 356 ■'700,837 /23,379 540,445 219,609,019 2, 735. 570 7 $14, «M 1,143,047 31,950 697 2,237,721 275,714 8 i$66,233 $67,377 10,633 9 10 <4, 597, 492' 1,023, 741' <419, 250 <4,03S,850 1, 174,997 ;65,233 78,010 r3, 860, 193^22, 404, 6S9'2, 613, 435 i Not ineliiding cxpen''3.345,618 \ i.*631,686 Not including expenditures of lessees. 6 Including $910, return of deposits to convicts. c Including $5,411, return of deposits to convicts. d Including $23,890, return of deposits to convicts. eNot including expenditures of 2 institutions under control of lessees. /Not including expenditures of 15 institutions under control of lessees. fflneluding $17,143, return of deposits to convicts. A Including $ll,165,retum of deposits to convicts. i Including $2,474, return of deposits to convicts. /Including amount .expended for industrial buildings in 1 institution. A Not including amount expended in 1 institu- tion, included in amount expended for nonindus- trial buildings. 1 Including $46,257, return of deposits to convicts. ^Including $11,004, return of deposits to convicts. "Not including 1 institution not reported, it being so combined with the almshouse that a sep- arate financial statement could not be given. Including $4^997, return of deposits to convicts. p Including $15,842, return of deposits to convicts. B Including $7,872, return of deposit; to convicts. r Including $3,271, return of deposits to convicts. • Including amount expended for industrial buildinga in 2 institutions. t Not including amount expended in 2 institu- tions, included in amount expended for nonindus- trial buildings. » Including $6,869, return of deposits to convicts. "Not including 1 institution not reported, it being so combined with almshouse and insane asylum that a separate financial statement could not be given. « Including $11,915, return of deposits to convicts. x Including $3,249, return of deposits to convicts. V Including $124, return of deposits to convicts. CHAPTER IT, — GENEKAL TABLES. 561 Table VII.— EXPENDITURES— Continued. C— STIMMAEY OF EXPESDITXTEES, TOR EACH CLASS, BY STATES. [For explanation ol this table see p. 187.] Amount expended f or— Cash on hand. Nonin- dustrial employ- ees. Indus- trial employ- ees. Indus- trial ma- cMnory and tools. Raw material for man- ufacture. EeJuud to State. Refund to county. Re- fund to city. AU other items. Total. Mar- ginal num- ber. 134,825 26,862 23,894 135,632 38,053 53,758 5,000 10,286 9,945 77,063 9,600 197,841 88,725 89,422 76, 466 72,518 52,9f5 20,834 105,434 458,231 114,769 75,853 22,215 103,714 14,670 14,777 '■16,821 136,269 9,880 551,636 85,066 13.852 229,084 21,928 361,055 "23,724 49,142 13,904 43,527 234,733 17,253 13,889 46,213 26,002 36, 143 38,079 (cc) 90,891 *10,980 2,834 9,654 52, 116 7,920 14,514 5,779 .3,600 2, 850 31,921 2,400 20,532 26,065 8,143 24,960 $1,282 413 4,163 18,359 2,000 1,391 3,208 »5,219 6,750 86 265,177 12,207 1,887 1,206 2,924 S191, 159 $48,259 b 11, 492 18, 863 c 99, 916 '2 57,177 48, 572 1,273 12,886 3,001 114,879 8,739 B 198, 434 90,618 » 52, 794 18, 769 56,932 28,022 21,508 30,847 < 280, 692 ! 166, 447 44,377 61,049 76, 102 2,417 '"19,880 "7,788 "81,945 26,981 P 331, 333 103,009 4,330 « 144, 876 r 16, 577 u 198, 375 " 14, 811 63, 433 12,352 94,234 1" 234, 532 =^9,583 V 16, 169 16,741 2 55,209 23, 187 48,869 4,329 77,748 o $359, 717 63,568 154, 696 1,002,497 185,602 207,262 61,043 48,665 e 38, 187 / 371, 388 39,734 760,976 452,917 270,249 620, 844 269,914 275,276 170,944 218,806 2,424,290 588,714 1,226,019 242,917 317,991 83,922 47,752 '■44,512 610. 663 86,356 2,313,955 362. 664 256,432 872,667 94,402 1, 175, 109 "65,292 268,230 58, 226 425,654 1,130,918 61,211 115,327 109,871 176,800 189,783 209, 434 «c23,379 546, 446 1 $4,660 4,477 204,044 21,097 3,811 2,023 2 3 253,825 4 5 6,722 6 7 8 415 30,862 2,500 16,657 968 2,223 8,201 9 $575 10 1,465 31,781 6,462 6,227 201,884 2,758 19, 468 77,395 6,719 613,067 119,563 934,338 4,394 3,306 1,151 78 n 1,266 28,275 6,131 641,943 7,782 216,047 58,461 5,693 236,377 "113 4,269 1,163 93,567 101, 774 11 86,002 97,051 12 123,511 13 171,163 14 171,379 15 32,387 2,872 665 27,540 184 142,971 "126,486 16 29,172 6,300 660 99,921 17,677 13,263 16,730 2,520 780 .1,578 1,886 54,101 5,411 121,454 24,929 6,275 32,500 3,625 28,936 "22,'23i 4,584 16,897 57,399 1,080 4,006 17,467 650 2,088 23, 176 5,718 9,392 28,827 2,900 350 17 18 7,678 19 87,635 61,305 20 21 22 38,454 23 3,717 68,63i 175,986 1,468 24 25 898 26 '1322 7,185 2,015 23,633 30,666 295 2,504 2,416 18,002 " 3, 363 16,671 2,074 16,139 48, 121 206 50 353 27 87,658 16,247 89,733 ioo 2,766 71,768 35,316 196,615 145,002 21,870 78,125 28 29 30 31 32 17,253 1,269 1,226 33 34 3,000 48,756 35 36 32,739 37 38 497,468 12,207 2,198 39 40 9,165 41 20,258 42,900 42 20, 176 43 10,986 1,960 10,355 (cc) 32,820 4,775 46,399 9,110 3,182 (CC) 46,846 44 13,042 30,127 46 2,184 (cc) 2,638 46 47 14, 404 697 48 ft)>3,980,632 854, 179 hhme, 499 1*3,860,3131,143,047 "66,233 67,377 «3, 159, 356 /yi9,669,019 2,237,721 z Including $16,165, return of deposits to con- victs. oo Including amount expended for industrial buildings. !>>> Included in amount expended for nonindus- trial buildings. cc Furnished by lessee. M For discharged prisoners only. « Not including $36,189, paid to lessee by State, and expenditures of lessee. //Including amount expended for industrial buildings in 5 institutions; but not including 2 instltuSons not reported, they being so combined with almshouses and insane asylum that separate financial statements could not be given. ng Not including amount expended in 5 institu- tions, included in amount expended lornonindus- trlal buildings. hh Not including 2 institutions not reported, they being so combined with almshouses and in- sane asylum that separate Unancial statements could not be given. t* Including $188,648, return ol deposits to con- victs; but not including 2 institutions not re- ported, they being so combined with almshouses and insane asylum that separate financial state- ments could not be given. //Not including expenditures of lessees in 20 institutions; $36,189 paid to lessee in 1 institution, and 2 institutions not reported, they being so combined with almshouses and insane asylum that separate financial statements could not be given. 9061—06- -36 562 REPORT OF IHB OOMMISSIONBE OF LABOR. Table YII.— EXPENDITURES— Concluded. C— SUMMAEY OF EXPENDITtTKES, FOR EACH CLASS, BY STATES— Concluded. Mar- ginal num- ber. Class and State. Insti- tu- tions. Amount expended for — Land. Noniu- dustrial build- ings. Indus- trial build- ings. Food. Clothing. JUVENILE EEFOEMATOET. California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Colmnbia Illinois Indiana Iowa . -i- KansasT Kentucky Maine Maryland Micnigan Minnesota. Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York. .' Oregon Pennsylvania .- Rhode Island South Dakota Texas Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Total ALL STATES. Penal '. Juvenile Reformatory Grand total 15,000 4,800 (3, 195 - 6,712 12,137 1,652 1:5,877 114,006 13,293 23,436 3,620 1,329 1,480 9,509 12,654 15,322 42,743 1,257 2,439 6,081 6,997 2,179 16, 125 9,903 4,082 3,300 2,693 16,228 1,571 1,903 3,679 12, 110 $1,542 920 438 2,543 2,000 2,774 1,931 512 195 S,641 1,010 2,988 200 97 337 3,000 300 261 300 2,! 25 211 400 $33,571 14,554 16,453 1, — 11, 891 61,421 13,047 12,337 26,636 12,689 7,411 34,556 17, 147 14, 797 34, 622 6,133 8,228 4,540 22,019 37,613 5,890 32,232 16, 114 6,382 8,519 3,733 5, 081 6,551 13,764 14,142 $2,265 3,627 1, 1,087 7,402 1,""~ 34 2j375 2, 262 1,123 4,506 13,556 1,254 1, — 1,417 1,556 160 4,077 7,110 2,094 2,069 636 2,304 291 735 1,512 5 357,411 » 33, 816 504,059 81,256 14,800 Jl, 773, 445 (1357,411 1440,478 4 33,816 i3, 345, 618 604,059 67,254 ! 631, 686 67,264 296 96,056 !i2,130,856 13,849,677 ! 598, 940 a Including $357, return of deposits to convicts. 6 Including $1,963, return of deposits to convicts. c Including amoimt expended for industrial buildings. d Included in amount expended for nonindustrial buildings. ' Including $2,209, return of deposits to convicts. /Including $842, return of deposits to convicts. Including amount expended for industrial buildings in 1 institution. ft Not including amount expended in 1 institution, included in amount expended for nonindustrial buildings. « Including $5,371, return of deposits to convicts. / Including amount expended for industrial buildings in 5 institutions; but not Including 2 Institutions not reported, they being so combined with almshouses and iosane asylum that separate financial state- ments could not be given. . " .,,^. ^ j^, „ ^ ■ , * Not including amount expended in 5 mstitutions, included m amount expended for nomndustnal 1 Not Including 2 institutions not reported, they being so combined with almshouses and insane asylum that separate ftnaudal statements could not be given. CHAPTER IV, aENEBAL TABLES. 563 Table VII.— EXPENDITtlRES— Concluded. C— STnttMAIlY OF IXPENDITUEES, FOE EACH CLASS, BY STATES— Concluded. Amount expended for — Cash on hand. Nonin- dustrial employ- ees. Indus- trial employ- ees. Indus- trial ma- chinery and tools. Raw material tor man- ufacture. Refund to State. Refund to county. Re- fund to city. All other items. Total. Mar- ginal num- ber. $55,531 25,085 23, 144 3,672 13, 103 79,984 13,100 17,686 11, 136 5,580 11,545 41,971 24,047 17,588 22,834 8,052 11,929 3,199 27,447 63,825 6,967 48,252 16,436 5,662 6,660 5,600 7,080 4,336 13,938 21, 772 $14,700 11,756 1,680 1,505 2,760 6,540 9,466 3,840 3,840 2,360 3,300 10,000 2,400 8,124 17,400 1,915 3,420 3,048 6,301 17,940 4,043 7,460 2,280 2,370 4,693 2,031 660 4,935 4,140 4,665 $1,303 969 577 648 "'"2,'49i 12,252 2,988 79 466 1,195 394 767 3,988 1,006 1,989 7,995 489 263 2,000 453 1,457 $16,656 10,188 777 2,113 10,613 12,830 226 4,976 3,352 132 992 19,539 5,233 2,812 9,672 1,107 1,002 5,843 7,674 21,328 1,620 22,474 1,303 900 $2,588 2,360 o $13, 101 1-21,432 14,265 4,063 14,608 e 76, 488 26,670 1,705 2,258 11, 176 59,043 51,222 / 27, 663 25,820 13,829 4,403 11,176 1,767 41,629 42,713 6,811 170,727 9,770 6,330 2,564 4,207 7,756 3,917 7,825 15,899 $144, 452 98,966 72,998 19,425 69,280 352,355 87,849 85,115 58,596 36,232 86,489 173,885 90,661 95,403 161,837 25,327 41,583 34,227 117,305 185,806 44,879 297,425 57,809 28, 796 54,207 34,914 26,089 23,247 56,464 73,950 $224 11,482 1,096 2,218 1 2 3 4 $10,428 5 65,704 6 164 7 8,769 8 2,801 9 i97 2,469 18,149 891 10 11 12 13 4,658 14 205 15 16 71,920 171 1,831 358 17,192 652 17 18 19 208 20 21 22 23 3,299 1,728 3 24 3,212, .3..q40 17,559 25 1,512 1,067 26 1,612 27 300 3,889 80 804 3,194 3,770 27,953 7,194 32,224 28 29 30 616,860 169,562 52,751 175,537 31,950 10,633 * 700, 837 2,735,570 275,714 '3,980,632 616,960 854, 179 169,562 1366,499 52, 751 13,860,313 175,537 1,143,047 31,950 in$65,233 67,377 10,633 "3, 159, 356 • 700,837 019,669,019 2,735,570 2,237,721 275,714 31 32 14,597,492 1,023,741 1419,250 14,035,850 1,174,997 "•65,233 78,010 r3, 860, 193 022,404,589 2,513,435 mNot including 1 institution not reported, it being so combined with the almshouse that a separate financial statement cotild not be given. » Including $188,548, return of deposits to convicts; but nof including 2 Institutions not reported, they being so combined with ahnshouses and insane asylum that separate financial statements could not be given. Not including expenditures of lessees in 20 institutions; $36,189 paid to lessee in 1 institution, and 2 institutions not reported, they being so combined with ahnshouses and insane asylum that separate financial statements could not be given. V Including amount expended for industrial buildings in 6 institutions; but not including 2 institu- tions not reported, they being so combined with almshouses and insane asylum that separate financial statements could not be given. 9 Not including amount expended in 6 institutions, included in amount expended for nonlndustrial buildings. r Including $193,919, return of deposits to oonviots; but not including 2 institutions not reported, they being so combined with almshouses and insane asylum that separate financial statements could not be given. ,564 EBPOET OF THE OOMMISBIONEE OF LABOR. Table VIII ^VALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY. A.— VALUE OF PRISON PEOPEKTY, BY INSTITTITIONS. [For explanation of this table, see pp. 187, 188.J State and institution. ALABAMA. state Prison System AEIZONA. Territorial Prison ABELAH9AS. State Penitentiary CALIFOBNTA. State Prison at Folsom State Prison at San Quentin San Bernardino Co. Jail San Francisco Co. Jail No. 2 Lob Angeles City Jail Preston School of Industry Whittier State School COLOKADO. State Penitentiary State Industrial School State Reformatory CONNECTICTJT. state Prison Fairfield Co. Jail Hartford Co. Jail Middlesex Co. Jail New Haven Co. Jail Windham Co. Jail School for Boys DELAWARE. Newcastle Co. Worldiouse Ferris Industrial School DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington Asylum Workhouse . Reform School FLORIDA. State Prison Duval Co. Convict Camp. Escambia Co. Jail Hillsboro Co. Jail Suwanee Co. Jail Control. State. State . . . State . . . Co Co. and city. City.... State... State . - . State . State. State . State . Co.... Co.... Co... Co... Co... State . Co. («) City... City(o) Lessee . Land owned or controlled by- Public institutions. Area (acres). Co. Co. Co. 6,910.0 883.4 300.0 670.0 160.0 333.8 121.9 663.5 23.0 2.0 2.6 30.0 1.0 250.0 195.0 40.0 196.0 I>40.0 266.8 Lessee . Lessee . Lessee . GEORGIA. State Convict Camp at Albany . . State Convict Canip at Chattahoochee State Convict Camps at Rising Fawn, Cole City, and Sugar Hill. State Convict Camp at Durham State Convict Camp at Egypt State Convict Camp at Fargo State Convict Camp at Heartsease.. State Convict Camps at Jaldn and Blakely. a Private, with assistance by county. b Including almshouse and hospital. cCity institution, under the management of the United States Department of Justice. Lessee. t70,100 10,000 145,000 12,000 6,000 3,000 137,500 30,000 10,800 63,715 75,000 10,000 6,000 26,000 15,000 25,000 1,600 76,000 7,000 75,000 10,000 20,000 6 30,000 200,130 Contractors or lessees. Area (acres). 3,000 3,600 2,000 160,889.0 260,000.0 10,000.0 Value. $1,374,950 1,100,000 10,000 30.0 100.0 40.0 3,500.0 5,000.0 20,000.0 2,000.0 40,000.0 900 2,600 250,000 660,600 10,000 20,000 20,000 100,000 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 565 Table VIII ^VALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY. A.— VALUE or PEISON PEOPEETT, BY INSTITTTTIONS. [For explanation oJ tUs table, see pp. 187, 188.] Value of buildings owned or controlled by- Value of machinery and tools owned or controlled by- Total value of all prison property owned or controlled by- In- Bti- tu- Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. Nonindus- trial. Indus- trial, Nonindus- trial. Industrial. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. tion No. J119,500 160,000 80,279 695,034 600,000 25,000 250,000 60,000 276,250 203,904 260,000 37,500 66,000 604,973 260,000 255,000 10,000 116,000 51,000 166,000 100,000 14,500 !> 225, 000 « 226, 000 811,000 26,000 16,167 1,492 60,000 $36,050 . $55,960 $108,695 6,000 63,134 46,248 400,000 500 2,500 1,000 10,000 35,426 35,000 2,900 7,000 6,000 $778,500 $309,295 200,000 294,580 753,774 956,000 28,500 406,000 81,000 330,650 323,044 410,000 63,400 76,000 661,973 275,000 290,000 11,500 200,000 61,000 265,000 190,000 42,000 6 265,700 426)630 $2,246,450 1 1 9,000 60,000 85,000 1 1 2 3 16,666 4 - 6 33,600 20,000 50,000 3,000 8,000 16,000 10,000 10,000 6 7 ' 1 3 10,000 25,000 2,500 10,000 26,000 2,500 1 2 3 4 10,000 1,000 10,000 75,000 5,000 25,666 25,000 5 2,000 5,000 5,000 2,500 700 1,500 6 7 8,000 8,000 1 ? 1 («) •> 60,000 1,000 26,000 1,000 5,000 500 1,181,000 12,500 1 2 20,000 8,000 5,000 100 1,000 250 3,000 42,000 366 26,100 64,600 7,616 ! < 5 2,000 3,000 5,000 7,500 300 7,000 2,000 2,000 16,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 3,000 2,000 20,000 60,000 12,000 20,000 42,900 56,600 268,000 660,000 31,300 92,000 42,000 124,000 1 2 i 4 1,000 6,000 8,000 2,000 fi ( : p <* Including industrial buildings. « Included in nonindustrial buildings. 566 EEPOKT OF THE 0OHMIS8IONER OE LABOE. Table VIII — ^VALUE OE PEISON PROPERTY— Continued. A — LVALUE OF PEISON PEOFEETT, BY INSTITTTTIOHS ^Continued. State and institution. Control. Land owned or controlled by^ In- sti- tu- tion No. Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. Area (acres). Value. Area (acres). Value. 9 GEOEQiA — concluded. 1,700.0 160.0 5,000.0 10.0 3,000.0 . $10,200 25,000 12,600 20,000 15,000 10 State Convict Camp at Lookout Mountain. State Convict Camps at Pitts and Wortli. State Convict Camp at Savannah State Convict Camp at Wortli Lessee . . state... Co Co 4,000.0 2.0 6.0 $100,000 200 3,500 16 17 18 Burke Co. Convict Camps (3) Ch^ttham Co. Convict Camps (3) Co Co 1,700.0 42,600 20 4,000.0 20,000 21 Co 22 Dougherty Co. Convict Camp Co 100.0 1,200 12,500.0 62,500 Co 25 Co Co 50.0 25,000 26 Co 28 29 30 1 1 Co Richmond Co. Convict Camp Atlfl-ntfl Citv Stopkade Co City.... State... State... State... City City.... City.... State... State... State... State... Co State... State . . . State . . . State... State... State... State... State . . . State... State... State . . . 716.0 83.0 148.7 308.0 200.0 60.0 8.8 18.0 360.0 15.6 60.0 101.0 15.0 .467.9 233.0 21.5 800.0 1,120.0 1,700.0 160.0 •30.0 9.0 296.0 12,706.0 '20,500 33,200 14,270 16,940 64,000 290,000 18,300 4,000 52,000 25,000 16,000 21,200 15,000 33,374 19,022 10,000 53,200 32,000 65,000 20,000 300 75,000 35,800 338,075 IDAHO. ILLINOIS. 3 4 5 6 1 2 ■ 3 4 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 INDIANA. Industrial School for Girls and Wo- men's Prison. IOWA. Penitentiary at Fort Madison State Industrial School for Boys KANSAS. State Industrial Reformatory 3.0 1,500 KENTUCKY. 1.0 1,200 3 1 LOUISIANA. State Penitentiary OHAPTEK IV, ^GENEKAL TABLES. 567 Table VIM — LVALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY— Continued. A — LVALUE OF PKISON PBOPEBTY, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Value of buildings owned or controlled by— Value of machinery and tools owned or controlled by- Total value of all prison property owned or controlled by — In- sti- tu- tion No. Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. Nonindus- trlal. Indus- trial. Nonindus- trial. Industrial. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. Public In- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. 11,000 500 1,000 , 200 1,000 S5,000 $10,000 5,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 $6,200 30,600 66,500 48,000 43,500 9 10 3,000 7,800 7,500 11 12 13 140,000 400 2,500 600 1,600 10,000 (6,s66 2,000 5,000 4,000 500 16,000 (146, 500 2,600 11,000 4,500 2,000 67,500 14 15 16 17 18 19 1,000 2,000 23,000 20 375 3,000 10,666 500 10,375 4,700 21 ' 22 1,000 200 63,700 23 2,666 34,000 600 500 2,500 12,000 29,000 246,754 1,012,095 1,453,239 828, 110 18,000 25,000 676,000 77,000 483,892 473,841 62,000 126,570 1,733,268 187, 100 166,750 1,000,000 1,442,634 152,500 800,000 512,000 30,000 100,000 1,200' 20,000 360 1,100 700 6,600 10,000 2,600 92,202 11,966 25,000 2,197 1,400 20,000 1,500 2,659 10,000 160 2,873 19,067 12,000 64,631 59,670 76,000 2,500 40,000 24,000 10,000 112,839 3,200 79,000 860 1,600 3,200 39,000 72,200 276,077 1,181.237 1, 679; 194 1,183,110 48,497 30,400 867,000 103,500 661,201 593,041 80,160 182,382 1,782,347 254, 100 285, 181 1.091,670 i; 652, 634 176,000 890,300 911,000 117,800 625,914 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 »U,553 60,000 160,000 40,000 8,000 1 1 176,000 175,000 2 3 4 5 120,000 6 1 48,760 88,000 3,000 20,565 11,000 45,000 10,700 69,327 101,224 59,327 161,224 2 3 4 5 7,600 41,600 7,600 51,000 1 8,000 2 3 1 70,000 20,000 20,000 2 3 50,000 300,000 42,000 75,000 24,000 60,000 24,000 63,200 1 2,000 2 3 1 568 BEPOBT OF THE COMMIS8IOKER OP LABOB. Table VIII.— VALUE OP PRISON PKOPEETY— Continued. A — ^VALTJE OF PBISOW PBOPEETY, BY INSTITTITIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- • State and institution. Control. Land owned or controlled by- Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. tion No. Area (acres). Value. Area (acres). Value. 1 MAINE. State Prison State... Co Co Co Co State... State... State... State... City State and city. State and city. State and city. State and city. State... State... State... State... Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co State... State... State... City State... State... State...' City.... State... 12.0 2.0 .6 .4 2.0 35.0 17.0 300.0 7.0 6.0 500.0 12.0 4.0 168.0 330.0 330.0 1,058.0 9.3 10.0 2.3 60.0 6.0 1.5 30.0 7.0 2.0 1.4 5.3 10.0 1.0 198.0 40.0 9.8 190.8 152.0 38.0 8.0 318.0 12.0 880.0 15.0 401.5 $1,200 16,000 12,600 10,000 500 3,500 5,500 9,000 400,000 100,000 15,000 9,600 400 110,880 14,000 66,000 56,385 406,725 25,000 60,000 7,500 60,000 45,000 20,000 15,500 10,000 30,000 91,000 20,000 6,000 400,700 48,000 100,000 15,868 14,109 76,000 85,000 46,950 22,700 18,060 22,500 17,377 2 3 Cumberland Co. Jail 0.1 12,500 4 Penobscot Go. Jail 5 York Co. Jail 6 Industrial School for Girls 7 State School for Boys 1 MABYLAND. 2 3 Baltimore City Jail 4 House of Reformation, for Colored . Boys. House of Refuge 5 i 6 Industrial Home for Colored Girls *. . St. Marys Industrial School for Boys. MASSACHUSETTS. Reformatory 7 1 2 Reformatory Prison for Women ..... State Farm. ^ 3 4 State Prison 5 Berkshire Co. Jail and House of Cor- rection. Bristol Co. Jail and House of Correc- tion afNew Bedford. Essex Co. House of Correction at Ipswich. Essex Co. Jail and House of Correc- tion at Lawrence. Essex Co. Jail and House of Correc- tion at Salem. Franklin Co. Jail and House of Cor- rection. Hampden Co. Jail and House of Cor- rection. Ham pshire Co. Jail and House of Cor- rection. Middlesex Co. Jail and House of Cor- rection at Cambridge. Middlesex Co. Jail at Lowell. i 6 1 7 j 8 g 10 1 11 1 1 12 i 13 I 14 15 Norfolk Co. Jail and House of Correc- tion. , ^ Plymouth Co. Jail and House of Cor- rection. Suffolk Co. House of Correction Worcester Co. Jail and House of Cor- rection at Fitehburg. Worcester Co. Jail and House of Cor- rection at Worcester. MICHIGAN. Reformatory . . 16 ! 17 1 18 19 1 2 State House of Correction and Branch Prison. State Prison ::": :::::;:":::i 3 4 5 Industrial School for Boys 1 MINNESOTA. State Prison 2 3 St. Paul Workhouse 4 State Training School CHAPTER rv. GENEBAIi TABLES. 569 Table VHI.— VALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY— Continued. A LVALUE or PEISON PBOPEETT, BY INSXITUTIOIfS— Continued. Value of buildings owned or controlled by- Value of machinery and tools owned or controlled by — Total value of all prison property owned or controlled by — In- sti- Public Institutions. Contractors or lessees. Nonindus- trial. Indus- trial. Nonindus- trial. Industrial. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. • tion No. $23,600 25,000 80,000 45,000 25,000 64,600 67,000 341,827 1,225,000 360,000 170,000 200,000 12,260 193,000 1,144,618 404,374 900,046 1,000,367 200,000 338,000 161,325 236, 166 110,000 40,000 160,600 60,000 480,000 190,000 205,600 16,000 1,290,778 20,000 200,000 287,000 271, 472 667,200 160,000 232,975 742,300 355,903 97,000 307,037 {19,000 5,000 $2,600 900 {46,200 46,900 92,600 60,600 29,000 68,300 108,600 371,827 2,000,000 470,000 190, 775 219,100 16,700 374,880 1,388,863 600,339 1,011,199 1, 467, 082 260,000 100,000 160,000" 286,266 176, 161 75,000 196, 000 70,000 536, 133 287,160 236,700 26,000 1,788,877 150,000 320,300 363,868 300,681 915, 661 320,000 318,804 938,360 438,252 122, 600 377,165 1 S800 600 600 1800 23,100 600 2 120, 666 3 6,000 2,600 600 1,000 300 3,000 16,000 76,000 16,000 2,975 1,600 300 ■35,000 30,245 9,965 51,769 20,000 2,000 2,000 1,175 100 161 2,000 1,000 1,000 5,133 160 1,200 100 16,099 2,000 300 1,000 2,000 12,361 36,000 8,879 173,360 42, 299 3,000 52,741 4 5 6 33,000 6,000 300,000 4,000 2,800 8,000 2,760 36,000 200,000 20,000 4,000 40,000 23,000 10,000 7 25,000 60,000 2,100 26,000 50,000 2,100 1 2 3 4 2,600 2,600 6 6 12,000 12,000 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1,000 20,000 13,000 19,000 9,000 20,000 6,000 10,000 2,900 82,300 80,000 20,000 60,000 13,000 160,000 60,000 30,000 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20,000 20,000 1 2 106,000 106,000 3 4 6 40,000 40,000 1 22,000 2 3 4 570 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. Tabm VIII LVALUE OF PRISON PEOPERTY— Continued. A — VALUE OF PBISOH PEOPEETT, BY mSXITmCIONS— Continued. ^tate and institution. Control. Land owned or controlled by- Public institutions. Area (acres). Value. Contractors or lessees. Area (acres). Value. MISSISSIPPI. State Prison System State Penitentiary St. Louis City Workhouse. St. Louis House of Refuge. Training School for Boys. . MONTANA. State Reform School NEBEASKA. state Penitentiary State Industrial School for Boys. State Prison. NEW HAMPSHIRE. state Prison , Hillsboro Co. Almshouse and House of Correction. Hillsboro Co. Jail , Manchester City Farm and House of Correction. • Industrial School NEW JERSEY. Reformatory State Prison '. Essex Co. Penitentiary Hudson Co. Penitentiary. Mercer Co. Workhouse State Home for Boys State Home for Girls NEW MEXICO. Penitentiary NEW YORK. Auburn Prison Clinton Prison Eastern New York Reformatory. House of Refuge for Women Sing Sing Prison.. State Reformatory State Reformatory for Women Erie Co. Penitentiary , Monroe Co. Penitentiary Onondaga Co Penitentiary Kings Co. Penitentiary New York Co. Penitentiary Workhouse, Blackwelis Island, and Branch Workhouses, Harts and Rikers islands. State Industrial School NORTH CAROLINA. State Prison Alamance Co. Convict Camp Anson Co. (Wadesboro Township) Convict Camp. Buncombe Co. Convict Camp State . . State. City.. City.. State. State. State. State. State. Co Co.... City.. State. State. State. Co.... Co.... Co.... State - State. Ter. State . State. State . State'. State. State. State. Co.... Co.... Co.... City.. City.. City.. State ... Co Co Co. 98.0 18.0 30.0 643.0 200.0 501.0 21.6 o 100.0 4.0 120.0 85.0 8.0 75.0 240.0 105.0 700.0 78.2 17.5 35.0 270.0 86.5 15.0 280.0 170.5 5.3 85.0 176.0 10.0 47.0 281.5 7, 416. J720,850 45,250 22,000 52,000 48,225 25,000 12,525 4,000 11,280 a 25; 000 5,000 135,240 100,000 8,500 60,000 50,000 120,000 30,000 140,000 16,700 1,000 80,000 54,000 17,000 28,996 75,000 70,000 10,000 57,460 60,000 15,500 50,000 3,787,515 12,467,600 400,000 $260 « Including almshouse. CHAPTER IV. -(JENEBAL TABLES. 571 Table VIII.— VALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY— Continued.. A LVALUE OF PSISON PEOPEETY, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. Value ol buildings owned or controlled by— Value ol machinery and tools owned or controlled by- Total value of all prison property owned or controlled by- In- sti- Public inatitutions. Contractors or lessees. Nonindus- trial. Indus- trial. Nonindus- trial. Industrial. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. tion No. 151,700 866,063 30,000 160,000 160,000 43,000 339,000 165,000 60,000 233,720 a 145, 000 41,000 5,000 25,000 469,000 550,000 300,000 600,000 50,000 100.000 35,900 100,000 698,000 1,000,000 900,000 305, 147 890,000 1,243,768 .320, 148 379,500 97,000 374; 500 930,000 800,000 828,000 510, 108 1,260,000 390 595 550 tl7,000 643,360 t77,609 85,000 17,500 30,000 10,000 1,500 30,000 4,500 3,000 J867,069 1,638,663 69,600 232,000 278, 225 67,900 424,000 182,025 76,000 245,000 "180,000 48,500 142,740 140, 000 618,730 952,000 356,000 772,600 109.000 296,000 124, 100 131,000 1,370,211 1, 426, 631 917,800 348, 670 1,075,000 1,613,149 .3.^2, 148 442,620 175,000 400,000 1,065,000 4, 642, 515 13,304,000 1,064,017 1,401,500 5,257 3,875 10,675 1 $156,000 1156,000 1 2 3 70,000 3,000 30,000 4 1 J3,600 13,000 16,760 1 2 8,000 1 116,000 12,000 27,000 1 10,000 2 2,500 250 250 3 2,600 10,000 16,000 12,000 6,000 2,500 9,000 16,000 1,500 10,000 162,211 20,000 800 1.938 50; 000 42,381 1.000 3,160 8,000 10,000 25,000 15,000 3,500 128,909 66,600 4,867 3,280 9,960 4 5,000 126,230 330,000 5 1 3,000 3,000 2 3 50,000 20,000 40,000 70,000 20,000 430,000 352,631 4 6 6 7 1 1 2 3 12,590 60,000 248,000 1,000 2,500 10,000 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 50,000 40,000 5,000 15,000 20,000 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 75 4 572 KBPOET OF THE OOMMISHIOIIEB OF LABOK. Table VIM.— VALUE OF PKISON PROPEKTY— Continued. A VALUE OF PRISON PROPEKTY, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. In- sti- tu- State and institution Control. Land owned or controlled by — Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. tlon No. A.rea (acres). Value. Area (acres). ■ Value. 5 NORTH CAKOLINA— concluded. Co 6 Co 7 Durham Co. Convict Gamp Co...... 8 Edgecombe Co. Convict Camp Go 9 Co...... 10 Franklin Co. and Louisburg Town- ship Jail. Gaston Co. Convict Camp . Co Co ... 1.0 $500 11 12 Granville Co. Convict Camp .i Go 1 13 Greene Co. Jail .".., Co Go 1.0 2,000 1 14 GuiUord Co. Convict Gamps (2) 1 15 Co 16 Henderson Co. Convict Camp Iredell Co. Convict Camp Co 17 Co 18 Co Co 5.0 250 19 Mecklenburg Co. Convict Camp New Hanover Co. Convict Camp ' Person Co. Convict Camp 20 Co Co 5.0 5,030 21 22 Randolph Co. Convict Camp . Co... . 23 Co 24 Eookingham Co. Convlot Camp Go 25 Co 26 Swain Co. Jail. . . Go.:.... Co Co .3 238.0 500 5,000 27 ■Wake Co. Workhouse Camp 28 29 Wilsn-n Co Convint On.Tnp Co To ;3 2,000 30 Monroe Township (Union Co.) Con- vict Camp. NOKTH DAKOTA. State Penitentiary 1 State... State... State... Co Co. and city. Co. and city. City City City City City State... Co State... State... State... Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co City State... State... 2,373.0 23.0 400.0 3.0 2.5 1.5 22.0 8.4 2.0 2.0 5.0 375.0 ^So.0 10.0 18.6 260.0 1.0 .3 1.0 6.0 1.2 4.0 .5 18.8 15.0 211.0 536.0 2.0 42,400 750,000 37,000 20,000 6,000 10,000 600,000 41,823 10,000 75,000 10,000 30,000 20,000 1,000,000 464,397 100,000 25,000 7,290 15,000 60,000 15,000 40,000 18,000 13,750 50,000 34,000 80,260 50,000 1 OHIO. Penitentiary 2 3 4 Xenia City Workhouse s Zanesville City and Co. Workhouse .. Cincinnati City Workhouse 6 7 Cleveland House ol Correction 8 g Payt-nn City WnrlrhonsR 10 Toledo Workhouse OREGON. 2 Multnomah Co. Jail 3 State Reform School PENNSYLVANIA. 2 Western Penitentiary 3 5 Chester Co. Prison g Lehigh Co. Prison 10 Northumberland Co. Prison 12 Schuylkill Co. Prison 13 Philadelphia Co. House ot Correction. House of Refuge, Boys' Department. House of Refuge, Girls' Department . . 15 a Not reported. 6 Not including value of machinery and tools not reported. OHAPTEB IV. — GENERAL TABLES. Table TOI LVALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY— Continued. A.— VALUE OF PEISON PEOPEBTT, BY INSTITUTIONS— Continued. 573 Value ol tuUdings owned or controlled by— Value ol machinery and tools owned or controlled by- Total value of all prison property owned or controlled by- In- sti- tu- Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. Nonindus- trial. Indus- trial. ^onindus- trial. Industrial. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. tion No. S400 161 1,000 700 1,250 6,025 750 606 5,1-46 1,176 875 250 375 225 1,826 1,431 130 200 61 200 400 2,101 3,000 344 3,636 836 135,000 600,000 1,300,000 120,000 36,000 25,000 300,000 236,256 100,000 125,000 16,700 266,000 100,000 988,183 1,503,674 1,008,186 212,000 125,000 100,000 52,000 200,000 250,000 126,000 1,329,861 260,000 1,133,061 904,760 86,000 $200 ■ $6,440 1,049 10,175 2,250 8,812 460 4,960 1,733 204 3,996 3,406 720 7,500 2,067 17,926 3,150 1,361 2,169 195 3,997 8,620 60 9,600 1,289 1,190 3,330 20,000 6,000 1,000 $6,040 1,200 11,475 2,950 10,812 6,976 5,710 2,338 7,349 6,272 3,981 970 7,876 2,642 20,750 9,811 1,481 2,369 266 4,222 9,220 2,651 19,000 1,633 6,726 4,266 257,400 1,555,000 1,358,000 220,000 61,000 57,000 1,000,000 328,656 230,000 275,000 29,120 330,000 C700 143,000 1,991,939 2,075,363 1,136,186 237,600 132,690 116,280 134,000 216,050 290,200 144,076 1,345,111 302,000 1,268,332 1,000,000 135,500 6 6 300 7 8 750 9 10 11 12 13 100 14 15 16 17 18 1,000 200 19 20 21 22 23 25 200 ........... .....^ 24 26 26 1,500 27 28 29 100 60,000 300,000 20,000 80,000 20,000 20,000 100,000 41,000 120,000 76,000 300 35,000 250 20,000 30 1 $100,000 10,000 10,000 1,000 $100,000 10,000 10,000 1,000 1 2 3 4 2,000 5 60,000 16 3,000 2,000 60,000 15 3,000 2,000 6 10,476 7 8 9 2,120 {<■) 450 3,000 3,756 17,292 2,000 500 • 300 280 2,000 50 200 1,075 1,600 2,000 60,216 6,000 500 10 1 2 3 1 100,000 25,000 2 3 4 e 20,000 . 7 f S 10 11 IS 41,056 10,000 la 14 IS Jail in basement ot public building. 574 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOB. Table VIII VALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY— Continued. A.— VALUE OF PRISON PBOPBRTY, BY IKSTITUTIOUS— Continued. In- sti-- tu- State and inatltutlon. Control. Land owned or controlled by— PubUc institutions. Contractors or lessees. tion No. Area (acres). Value. Area (aoiBs). Value. 1 EHODE 13LAtri>. state Prison and Providence Co. Jail. State Workhouse and House oJ Co> rection. State... State... State... State ... State... Co... 40.0 90.0 32.0 4,638.0 360.0 S25,000 28,000 22,000 177,500 18,000 2 3 1 SOUTH CABOLINA. 2 State Convict Camp at Clemson Col- lege Farm. 3 4 Aiken Co. Convict Camp Co 5 Anderson Co. Convict C^mp Co 6 Co 7 Co 8 Co g Co 10 Ciiarleaton Co. Convict Camp Co 11 Co 12 Co 13 Chesterfield Co. Convict Camp Co 14 Co 15 Co 16 Darlington Co. Convict Camp Edgefield Co. Convict Camp Co 17 Co 18 Fairfield Co Convict Camn ■ Co 19 Co 20 Georgetown Co. Convict Camp Co Co Co .1 200 22 Greenwood Co . Convict Camp 23 Co . . . . 24 Horrv Co Convict Camn Co 25 Co 1 26 Co 1 Co 28 Lexington Co. Convict Camp Co Co 30 Co 31 Orangeburg Co. Convict Camp Co 32 Co Co 34 Co Spartanburg Co. Convict Camp Co 1 1 Co . 37 Co 38 Williamsburg Co. Convict Camp Co Co - 40 City 41 1 City.... State... State . . . State . . . State... State... Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co .3 600.0 920.0 12,000.0 1,200.0 17,414.0 1.0 1.4 .2 1.2 600.3 .9 640.6 .2 .2 500 38,125 22,150 84,475 74,925 400,000 3;ooo 10,000 3,000 15,000 33,000 5,000 36,000 6,000 10,500 SOUTH DAKOTA. 1 TENNISSEE. • 1 TEXAS. State Penitentiaries 52,050.0 11,301,250 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 "Dnllfla Co Jail McLennan Co. Jail OHAPTBE IV. GEWEEAL TABLES. 575 Table VIM ^VALUE OF PRISON PEOPEETY— Continued. A.— VALTTB OF PEISOIT PBOPEETY, BY IITSTITTITIOIIS— Continued. Value ol buildings owned or controlled by- Value of machinery Total value ol all prison property owned or controlled by — In- sti- Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. controlled by- Nonindua- trial. Indus- trial. Nonindus- trlal. Industrial. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. tion No. $460,000 105,700 176,480 312,103 260 200 200 76 100 50 60 100 2,000 150 150 75 200 100 260 465 246 360 200 280 100 200 100 ,130 126 250 160 250 125 250 300 400 160 1,000 709 50 175 100 600 200 122,260 60,000 62,262 436,681 700,000 37,000 89,000 40,000 134,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 40,000 26,500 $32,700 ,' 18,750 25,000 25,000 $6,200 8,600 6,000 21,773 5,300 500 350 300 460 387 300 160 500 13,200 5,000 100 600 900 800 5,541 1,825 1,200 165 8,000 600 645 125 1,921 1,375 1,000 1,806 2,250 1,225 3,460 2,200 5,000 1,675 11,000 3,367 400 685 660 200 100 7,580 4,600 146,591 68,729 500,000 600 3,000 8,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 8,000 6,000 10,000 $2,500 $512,900 160,960 228,480 636,376 23,650 700 650 375 660 437 350 260 2,500 13,350 6,160 175 700 1,000 1,050 6,006 2,070 1,550 366 8,480 700 846 226 2,051 1,600 1,260 1,965 2,500 1,350 . 3,700 ' 2,500 5,400 1,835 12,000 4,076 450 760 750 700 800 178,705 88,660 319,056 703,244 2,200,000 40,500 102,000 51,000 150,000 69,000 42,000 79,000 51,000 47,000 $2,500 1 2 3 6,000 6,000 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IB 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 36 1 37 1 38 1 39 40 41 10,740 2,000 25,728 122,909 600,000 1 2 1 113,000 350,000 113,000 1,901,250 2 $100,000 $160,000 1 2 3 4 6 6 N 7 8 9 10 576 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. Table VIII — VALUE OF PRISON PROPEKTY— Continued. A VALUE OF PRISON PBOPEBTY, BY INSTITUTIOHS— Concluded. In- sti- Land owned or controlled by- Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. tion No. Area (acres). Value. Area (acres). Value. • TEXAS— concluded. 11 Tarrant Co. Jail - Co Co State . . . 0.5 (") 2,000.0 SIO.OOO («) 15,000 12 Walker Co. Jail : 13 House of Correction and Reformatory UTAH. 1 state Prison State Industrial School State... State... 186.0 45.0 27,000 12,000 2 VERMONT. 1 House of Correction . . . . - State... State... State . . . 25. S 40.0 214.0 15,000 6,600 10,700 2 3 Industrial School VIBGIKIA. 1 State... 886. S 146,777 175.0 - S6,650 WASHINGTON. 1 State . .^ City.... State . . . 200.0 13,425 13,000 2 Seattle City Jail 3 State Reform School WEST VIRGINIA. 1 State... State . . . 77.0 195.0 40,000 25,000 2 ■WISCONSIN. 1 State Penitentiary State... State... State... 134.0 234.0 328.0 15,750 20,400 32,825 2 State Reformatory . ^ 3 WYOMING. 1 'i68.5 |J2,500 UNITED STATES PRISONS. 1 U.S U.S.... 320.0 720.0 70,000 72,000 2 Penitentiary at Fort Leavenworth. . . a Walker County has no jail. Prisoners held for trial are confined in the penitentiary. Sentenced prisoners are sent to the camp and put to work mending roads. They sleep in tents. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table VIII VALUE OP PRISON PROPERTY— Continued. A.— VALUE OF PRISON PEOPEBTY, BY INSTITTJTIONS— Concluded. 577 Value of Ijplldinga owned or controlled by- Value ol. machinery Total value of all prison property owned or controlled by- In- sti- tu- Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. controlled by- Nonindus- trial. Indus- trial. Nonindus- trial. Industrial. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. Public in- stitutions. Contract- ors or lessees. tion No. $65,000 36,000 298,866 30,000 52,000 74,000 10,000 238,360 261,862 67,500 425,000 90,000 395,000 228,654 277,149 ■i 135, 000 700,000 1,460,000 $15,000 1,300 6,000 2,607 3,000 2,550 9,000 996 9,719 60,415 1,000 26,000 12,000 67,914 32,196 37,424 $90,000 1,300 62,000 331,362 46,000 77,550 109,500 21,996 466,097 416,356 89.000 650,000 142,000 539,164 300,271 347,398 d 142, 600 780,000 1,672,000 11 $6,000 3,000 1,000 8,000 20,000 300 71,261 90,664 12 13 1 2 1 $1,000 $1,000 51.260 2 ■ 3 $2,500 $600 41,500 1 1 2 7,500 160,000 16,000 70,500 19,121 54,874 3 54,874 1 2 105,000 106,000 1 2 3 ■i6,000 6,000 5,000 1 10,000 60,000 1 2 i Jail in basement of public building. i:Not reported. d 0wlie4 by State; under immediate control of lessee. 9061—06 37 578 KEPOKT OP THE OOMMISSIOITEE OF LABOR. Table VIM ^VALUE OF PEISON PROPERTY— Continued. 1.— STJMMAET OF VALTTB OF PEISON PBOPEBTT, FOE EACH STATE, BY CLASSES. [For explanation of tills table, see p. 188.] • State and class. Insti- tu- tions. Land owned or controlled by- Mar- ginal num- Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. ber. Area (acres). Value. Area (acres). Value. 1 ALABAMA. Penal 1 1 1 6 2 6,910.0 2,115.0 11,010.0 1,294.0 730.0 J70,100 10,000 145,000 188,500 74,515 160,889.0 Jl, 374, 960 2 AEIZONA. Penal 3 AEKANSAS. Penal.. 160.0 16,000* 4 CAIIFOBHIA. Penal 5 Total 7 2,024.0 263,015 COLOEADO. Penal 6 1 2 333.8 786.4 76,000 15,000 7 Juvenile Reformatory Total 3 1,119.2 90,000 COKNECTICUT. Penal 8 6 1 308.6 195.0 148,600 75,000 9 Juvenile Reformatory Total 7 603.6 223,600 DEIAWABE. Penal 10 1 1 40.0 196.0 10,000 20,000 11 Juvenile Reformatory Total 2 236.0 30,000 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Penal 12 1 1 40.0 266.8 "30,000 200,130 13 Juvenile Reformatory Total 2 "306.8 '1230,130 FLOEIDA. Penal 14 5 30 1 5 1 1.0 6,657.0 148.7 594.8 360.0 8,500 226,100 14,270 393,240 52,000 260,000.0 97,030.0 1,110,000 1,119,100 15 GEOEGIA. Penal 16 IDAHO. Penal 17 ILLINOIS. Penal 18 Juvenile Rftformatory Total 6 954.8 445,240 INDIANA. Penal 19 4 1 191.6 467.9 77,200 33,374 20 Juvenile Reformatory Total 5 659.5 110, 574 a Including almshouse and hospital in 1 institution. b Including industrial buildings in 1 institution. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table VID — ^VALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY— Continued. 579 B.— SUMMAEY OF VAETTE OF PRISON PEOPEETY, FOE EACH STATE, BY CLASSES. [For explanation of this table, aee p. 188.] Value of buildings owned or controlled by- Value of machinery Total value of all prison property, owned or controlled by- Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. controlled by- Mar- ginal num- Nonindus- trial. Indus- trial. Nonin- dustrial. Indus- trial. Public institu- tions. Contract- ors or lessees. Public institutions. Contract- ors or lessees. ber • $119,500 160,000 80,279 1,520,034 480, 154 $11,000 25,000 16,167 66,492 53,600 $36,050 $55,950 $108,695 5,000 53,134 449,248 45,425 $778,500 $309,295 200,000 294,580 2,224,274 653,594 $2,245,450 1 2 9,000 60,000 85,000 3 4 5 2,000,188 119,992 494,673 2,877,868 250,000 93,500 50,000 11,000 35,000 9,900 410,000 129,400 6 7 343,600 61,000 44,900 539,400 1,285,973 165,000 47,000 10,000 8,000 5,000 62,600 1,489,473 265,000 62,500 8 9 1,460,973 57,000 13,000 62,500 1,744,473 62,500 100,000 14,500 75,000 5,000 5,000 2,500 8,000 190,000 42,000 8,000 10 n 114,500 80,000 7,500 8,000 232,000 8,000 225,000 6 225,000 700 1,500 256,700 426,630 12 (") 13 d 450, 000 («) 2,200 682,330 33,000 138,775 246,754 3,336,444 675,000 1,350 61,000 34,500 27,000 79,300 45,S«5 83,350 2,500 132,754 20,000 5,500 264,200 88,215 448,225 275,077 4,120,438 867,000 1,193,500 1,497,100 14 15 11,653 258,000 120,000 16 175,000 175,000 17 IB 4,011,444 378,000 162,754 175,000 4,987,438 175,000 1,096,733 125, 570 139,760 20,565 14,209 2,873 160,551 1,327,892 182,382 160,561 19 20 1,222,303 160,315 17,082 160,551 1,510,274 160,551 c Not including 1 institution included in nonindustrial buildings. d Including aUnshouse and hospital in 1 institution and industrial buildings in 1 institution. 580 EEPOJIT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table VIII — ^VALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY— Continued. B.— SUMMAKY OF VALUE OP PKISON PEOPEBTT, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES — Continued. State and class. Insti- tu- tions. Land owned or controlled by — Mar- ginal Public institutions. Contractors or leasees. ber. Area (acres). Value. Area (acres). Value. 1 IOWA. Penal 2 1 254.6 800.0 }29,022 63,200 3.0 Jl,600 2 Total 3 1,054.6 82,222 3.0 1,600 KANSAS. Penal. 3 2 1 2,820.0 160.0 97,000 20,000 4 Total 3 2,980.0 117,000 KENTUCKY. 5 2 1 39.0 296.0 75,300 35,800 1.0 1,200 6 Juvenile Reformatory Total 3 335.0 111, 100 1.0 1,200 LOUISIANA. Penal 7 1 5 2 12,706.0 17.0 62.0 338,075 40,200 9,000 8 MAINE. Penal .1 2,500 9 Total 7 69.0 49,200 .1 2,500 MARYLAND. Penal . 10 3 i 312.0 684.0 509,000 135,880 11 Total 7 996.0 644,880 ■ MASSACHUSETTS. 12 19 4 1 2, 110. 6 388.8 318.0 1,460,810 190,977 46,950 13 MICHIGAN. Penal 14 Juvenile Reformatory..". Total 5 706.8 237,927 MINNESOTA. Tenal 16 3 1 907.0 401.5 63,250 17,377 16 Juvenile Reformatory Total 1 4 1,308.5 80,627 MISSISSIPPI. 17 1 2 2 29,571.0 116.0 673.0 720,850 67,250 100,225 18 MISSOUKI. 19 Juvenile Reformatory Total 4 789.0 167, 475 MONTANA. 20 1 1 1 340.0 200.0 501.0 20,400 25,000 12,525 21 NEBRASKA. Penal 2.0 260 22 Juvenile Reformatory Total 2 701.0 37,525 2.0 250 OHAPTEB IV. — GEKEEAL TABLES. Table VIII — LVALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY— Continued. 581 B.— SUMMARY OF VAITIE OF PRISON PEOPEETT, FOR EACH STATE, BY CLASSES — Continued. Value of buildings owned or controlled by- Value ol machinery Total value of all prison property owned or controlled by- Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. controlled by — Mar- ginal num- Nonindus- trial. Indus- trial. Nonin- dustrial. Indus- trial. Public institu- tions. Contract- ors or lessees. Public institutions. Contract- ors or lessees. ber. $1,920,368 168, 750 $56,000 10,700 $8,000 $31,057 54,531 $49,000 $2,036,447 28.5, 181 $58,500 1 2 2,087,118 66,700 8,000 85,588 49,000 2,321,628 68,500 2,442,634 162,500 70,000 134,670 2,500 20,000 2,744,304 175,000 20,000 3 4 2,695,134 70,000 137,170 20,000 2,919,304 20,000 1,312,000 30,000 350,000 42,000 • $2,000 64,000 10,000 84,000 1,801,300 117,800 87,200 5 6 1,342,000 392,000 2,000 74,000 84,000 1,919,100 87,200 100,000 198,500 121,500. 75,000 31,500 33,000 112,839 4,900 3,300 625,914 275, 100 166,800 7 20,000 2,000 24,600 S 9 320,000 64,500 20,000 8,200 2,000 441,900 24,600 1,916,827 575,250 309,000 49,650 107,000 39,775 77,100 14,600 2,841,827 800,465 77,100 14,500 10 11 2,492,077 368,560 146,775 91,600 3,642,282 91,600 7,136,663 1,375,672 232,975 680,200 273,000 30,000 145,397 60,361 8,879 9,323,070 1,890,010 318,804 12 126,000 126,000 13 • 14 1,608,647 303,000 69,240 126,000 2,208,814 126,000 1,195,203 307,037 22,000 . 218,669 52, 741 40,000 1,499,112 377,155 40,000 15 16 1,502,240 22,000 271,400 40,000 1,876,267 40,000 51,700 895,063 300,000 17,000 643,350 70,000 77,609 102,500 40,000 867,059 1,708,163 610,225 17 166,000 156,000 18 19 1,195,063 713,350 142,500 166,000 2,21,8,388 156,000 43,000 339,000 165,000 3,000 30,000 1,600 30,000 4,500 " 67,900 424,000 182,025 20 3,500 13,000 16,760 21 22 504,000 30,000 3,500 34,600 13,000 606,025 16,750 . 582 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIOWEE OF LABOK. Table VIM.— VALUE OF PRISON PJEIOPERTY— Continued. B.— SUMMAET OF VALUE OF PBISON PEOPEETY. FOE EACH STATE, BY CLASSES — Continued. State and class. Insti- tu- tions. Land owned or controlled ty— Mar- ginal num- Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. ber. Area (acres). Value. Area (acres). Value. 1 NEVADA. Penal. 1 4 1 200.0 245.6 100.0 t4,000 176,520 100,000 2 NE"W HAMPSHIRE. 3 Total 5 a 345. 6 276,520 NE"W JERSEY. Penal 4 5 2 513.0 778.2 268,500 ,156,700 5 Total 7 1,291.2 425,200 NEW MEXICO. Penal 6 1 13 1. 20.0 1,479.3 40.0 1,000 16,781,970 400,000- 7 NEW TOEK. Penal 8 Total 14 1,519.3 17,181,970 NORTH CAROLINA. Penal 9 30 1 10 2 1 7,665.6 2,373.0 469.4 6 375.0 600.0 91,280 42,400 1,559,823 6 30,000 20,000 10 NORTH DAKOTA. 11 OHIO. Penal 12 OREGON. Penal 13 Juvenile Reformatory Total ■ 3 6 975.0 150,000 PENNSYLVANIA. , Penal 14 13 2 647.4 537.0 1,832,437 130,250 15 Juvenile Reformatory Total 15 1,084.4 1,962,687 RHODE ISLAND. Penal 16 2 1 130.0 32.0 53,000 22,000 17 Juvenile Reformatory Total .. 3 162.0 75,000 SOUTH CAROLINA. Penal 18 41 1 1 4,998.4 600.0 920.0 196,200 38,125 22, 150 19 SOUTH DAKOTA. Penal 20 Juvenite Reformatory Total 2 1,520.0 60,275 o Including atmsbouse in 1 institution. 6 Not including 1 institution where jail is in basement of public building. oNot including 1 institution not reported. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL TABLES. 583 Table VIII.— VALUE OF PRISON PROPERTY— Continued. B.— stuimakt of value or fbibon fsofebtt, foe each state, by CLASSES— Continued. Value of buildings owned or controlled by- Value ol machinery Total value o( all prison property owned or controlled by — Public institutions. Contractors or lessees. controlled by— Mar- ginal num- Nonindus- trial. Indus- trial. Nonin- dustrial. Indus- trial. PubUe institu- tions. Contract- ors or lessees. PubUc institutions. Contract- ors or lessees. ber. 160,000 424,720 25,000 $8,000 2,600 5,000 $3,000 12,600 10,000 $75,000 616,240 140,000 1 $15,000 $12,250 $27,260 2 3 449,720 7,600 15,000 22,500 12,250 766,240 27,260 1,969,000 135,900 526,230 110,000 44,600 17,600 3,000 2,808,230 420,100 3,000 4 5 2,104,900 636,230 62,000 3,000 3, 228,. 330 3,000 100,000 8,766,063 510,108 20,000 1,211,721 15,000 10,000 342,990 128,909 131,000 27,102,744 1,054,017 6 7 8 9,276,171 1,226,721 471,899 28,156,761 1,284,226 135,000 2,766,966 !> 265, 000 100,000 24,450 60,000 776,300 35,250 20,000 179,125 20,000 20,596 "450 3,000 1,679,081 257,400 5,113,675 d 330, 700 143,000 9 10 176,015 176,015 11 12 13 6 365,000 55,250 '»3,450 4 473,700 7,276,966 989,750 186,055 10,000 91,169 5,600 9,386,626 1,135,500 14 15 8,266,715 196,055 96,669 10,522,126 , 555,700 176,480 51,460 25,000 13,700 5,000 2,500 673,850 228,480 2,500 16 17 732, 180 76,450 18,700 2,600 902,330 2,500 322,867 122,260 60,000 25,000 10,740 2,000 106,814 7,580 4,600 6,000 660,881 178,705 88,660 6,000 18 19 20 182,260 12,740 12,080 267,355 .. d Not including 1 iastitution where jail is in basement of public building, and machinery and tools In 1 institution not reported. 584 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOKER OP LABOR. Table VMI — VALUE OF PRISON PROPERTT— Continued. B.— STTMMABT OF VALUE OF PRISON PBOPEKTT, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES — Concluded. State and class. Insti- tu- tions. Land owned or controlled t>y— Mar- ginal num- Public institutions. • Contractors or lessees. Area (acres). Value. Area (acres). Value. 1 TENNESSEE. Penal 2 12 1 13,200.0 18,660.6 2,000.0 tl59,400 630,500 15,000 2 TEXAS. Penal. 52,060.0 81,301,250 2 Total 13 20,660.5 545,600 52,050.0 1,301,250 UTAH. Penal 4 1 1 186.0 45.0 27,000 12,000 S .TnTfinilfi Rftfrirmfl-fnTy Total 2 231.0 39,000 VERMONT. Penal 6 2 1 65.0 214.0 21,500 10,700 7 Juvenile Reformatory Total 3 279.0 32,200 VIRGINIA. J»enal g 1 2 1 886,5 "200.0 130.0 146,777 13,426 13,000 176.0 6,650 g WASHINGTON. Penal '. 10 Total 3 » 330.0 126,426 WEST VIRGINIA. Penal 11 1 1 77.0 195.0 40,000 26,000 12 .TnvflTlilp. Rp.fnrmatnTy Total 2 272.0 65,000 WISCONSIN. 13 2 1 358.0 328.0 36,150 32,826 14 .TnvflTlilR T?.ftfoTTnfl.tnry Total 3 696.0 68,975 WYOMING. Penal 15 1 2 257 39 68. S 1,040.0 <1133,454.6 13,145.8 2,600 142,000 d 27, 207, 651 1,881,001 16 UNITED STATES PRISONS. Penal 17 ALL STATES. 570,310.1 4,933,400 18 .TnvfiTiilA ■R.ftformn.t.nTy Total 296 'il46,600.4 ■129,088,662 670,310.1 4,933,400 675, 115 539,753 14,500 9,476,492 14,600 = 57,498,933 '> 6, 379, 623 7,292,231 6 676,115 $236,560 $358,850 'i 3, 904, 692 539,753 2,951,490 14,500 e 95, 903, 607 9,476,492 8,479,290 14,600 31 32 / 63, 878, 556 6 7,967,346 235,650 358,860 i 4, 444, 445 2,965,990 «105,378,999 8,493,790 "Including almshouse in 1 institution, and almshouse and hospital in 1 institution; but not includ- ing 2 institutions where jails are in basements of public bnildmgs, and machinery and tools in 2 institutions not reported. / Including almshouse in 1 institution, almshouse and hospital in 1 mstitution, and industrial build- ings in 1 institution: but not including 2 Institutions where jails are in basements of public buildings. 590 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. Table IX.— COST OF MAINTENANCE. A.— COST OF MAIHTENAITCE PEE COHVICT, BY INSTITUTIOITS. IJWIierever the value of food is not reported in this table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution- was inseparably combined with the Value of other farm products raised but not used as food. For explanation of this table, see pp. 188, 189.] Class. Num- ber of con- victs. Appro- pria- tion (less re- fund) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Appro- pria- tion (less refund and value of labor on P. W.) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Value per con- Ticfof- Ex- pendi- ture per convict for non- indus- trial em- ployees (guards etc.). Value per con- vict of real es- tate occupied. State and institation. Food con- sumed. Cloth- ing used. Land. Nonin- dus- trial build- ings. ALABAMA. state Prison System Penal. 1,860.0 ■4144.54 •4144.64 6 $50. 84 CJ19.64 ■iJ32.34 J776.91 183.63 AEIZONA. • Territorial Prison Penal. 280. S ^23.33 178.69 8 41.04 /22.82 96.76 35.65 570. 41 AEEjUiSAS. State Penitentiary .^ CALIFOKNIA. Penal. 769.0 W 13.00 31.48 212. 12 105.77 State Prison at Folsom State Prison at San Quentin San Bernardino Co. Jail San Francisco Co. Jail No. 2 . Los Angeles City Jail Preston School of Industry. Whittier State School Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. J. Eef. J. Eef. ■ 794.0 1,479.0 62.6 163.0 176.4 114.9 267.8 160.23 . 74.79 233.62 241.66 166.12 401.80 346. 16 137.23 64.71 233.62 215. ?5 109.97 396. 21 341.90 <49.28 «49.78 71.22 80.36 36.40 M7.91 /20.33 7.37 »11.04 .87 /34.42 /43.02 64.62 40.67 16.00 93.25 46.94 144 40 145.40 15.11 406 67.14 843.56 170.07 93.99 237.92 875. 36 338.07 476. 19 1,533.74 283.45 2, 404 26 761.40 COLOBADO. state Penitentiary State Industrial School State Kef ormatoiy Penal. J. Eef. J. Bef. 637.1 207.0 115.9 254,16 246. 46 363.32 248.76 243.90 363.32 «69.87 (») /16.01 A 40. 99 *17.07 59.73 43.85 138.13 117. 72 48.31 43.14 392.40 181. 16 483.18 CONNECTICUT. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. J. Eef. 463.0 123.0 209.0 17.0 201.0 70.0 410.0 74.54 167. 62 123.27 226. 69 170. 06 70.00 156.38 74 64 167.62 123.27 201.47 170.06 70.00 156.38 842.08 57.22 49.39 ?6!78 IB) 6.51 9.68 1.37 12.94 2.08 /10.84 8.60 66.75 36.00 38.21 103. 24 37.97 23.40 66.46 5400 121.96 119. 62 88.24 373. 13 100.00 182.93 1,306.64 2,032.52 Hartford Co. Jail 1,220.10 Middlesex Co. Jail 588.24 New Haven Co. Jail Windham Go. Jail 672. 14 728.57 School for Boys 402.44 DELAWAEE. New Castle Co. Workhouse. Ferris Industrial School Penal. J. Eef. 194.0 76.4 177. 59 73.30 177.59 73.30 <70.90 14.60 16.27 25.77 48.06 51.55 261. 78 515.46 189.79 DISTBICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington Asylum Work- house. Eeform School Penal. 32a 149. 45 69.64 «56.73 /9.06 31.85 i92.88 < 696. 69 J. Eef. 27S.0 168.62 168.62 (f) M7.46 47.66 727.76 i 818. 18 o Profit to the State. t Expenditure for each of 1,077 convicts directly cared for by State (others were leased) , mcluding food raised and used in the institution. c Expenditure for each of 1,077 convicts directly cared for by State (others were leased), Including clothing made and used in the Instttuiton. ■ ■! Exranditure for each of 1,077 convicts directly cared for by State; others were leased. « Including food raised and used in the Institution. /Including clothing made and used in the institution. »Not reported. , , , ^^ , ^-^ ^■ » Value of clothing made and used In the institution. « Including almshouse and hospital. j Including Industrial buUdlnga. ■ CHAPTEB IV, GENERAL TABLES. 591 Table IX.— COST OF MAINTENANCE— Continued. A.- COST or MAIHTEHAWCE PEE CONVICT, BY INSTITUTIONS- Continued. [Wherever the value of food Is not reported In this table It Is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the Institution was Inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not' used as food.] Class. Num- ber of con- victs. Appro- pria- tion (less re- fund) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Appro- pria- tion (less refund and value of labor on P. W.) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Value per con- vict of — Ex- pendi- ture per convict !or non- indus- trial em- ployees (guards etc.). Value per con- vict of real es- tate occupied. State and institution. Food con- sumed. Cloth- ing used. Land. Non- indus- trial build- ings. FLOEIDA. State Prison System Duval Co. Convict Camp... Escambia Co. Jail Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. 1,056.0 22.8 79.3 48.5 23.0 »»150.80 67.08 194.56 307.65 340.74 "1150.89 "67.06 106.42 17.24 213. 74 (») $102. 88 117.03 167. 43 (") 14.48 4.64 10.87 S53.09 74. 23 92.83 »1,041.67 438.60 37.83 72.16 86.96 $47.35 43.86 252.21 Hlllsboro Co. Jail 164.85 Suwanee Co. Jail 217. 39 GEOBGIA. State Convict Camp at Albany. State Convict Camps at Chattahoochee. State Convict Camps at Rising Fawn, Cole City, and Sugar Hill. State Convict Camp at Durham. State Convict Camp at Egypt. State Convict Camp at Fargo. State Convict Camp at Heartsease. State Convict Camps at Jakin and Blakely. State Convict Camp at Lela. State Convict Camp at Lookout Uountajn. State Convict Camps at Pitts and Worth. State Convict Camp at Savannah. State Convict Camp at ' Worth. State Convict Farm Baldwin Co. Convict Camp . Bibb Co. Cbnvict Camp Burke Co. Convict Camps (3). Chatham Co. Convict Camps (3). Chatham Co. Convict Farm. Decatur Co. Convict Camp . Dekalb Co. Convict Camp. - Dougherty Co. Convict Penal . 60.0 o 100.00 "100.00 m m m 15.00 33.33 Penal. Penal. 198.0 239.0 » 100. 00 a 100.00 "100.00 "100.00 (.0) 12.63 1,046.03 15.15 20.92 Penal. 430.0 "100.00 "100.00 m m (.") 1,280.23 17.44 Penal - 50.0 o 100. 00 "100.00 m . <") m 200.00 6.00 Penal. 360.0 a 100. 00 "100.00 (.") m m 57.14 20.00 Penal. 57.0 » 100. 00 "100.00 m m c) 350.88 35.09 Penal. 100.0 o 100. 00 "100.00 m (.") C) 1,000.00 20.00 Penal. Penal . Penal. Penal. 60.0 66.0 160.0 100.0 olOO.OO o 100. 00 o 100. 00 o 100. 00 "100.00 "100.00 "100.00 "100.00 m C) m m m 204.00 378.79 83.33 200.00 20.00 7.58 6.67 2.00 Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. 75.0 275.0 20.0 165.0 44.0 o 100.00 13.91 412. 10 242.42 295.45 "100.00 13.91 219.70 "41.21 61.45 m ?8'.40 71.45 68.45 (") 17.77 17.80 10.06 12.00 25.76 45.00 54.66 81.82 200.00 363.64 10.00 21.21 13.33 146.45 20.00 15.15 11.36 Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. 250. C 128.00 a 177. 76 d50.51 18.86 41.99 6.00 125.0 27.0 18.5 30.0 112.00 "180.00 656.38 200.00 112.00 "180.00 387.41 "88.27 («) 104.11 47.60 12.60 (1) 22.16 11.67 27.99 C) 113.51 42.00 340.00 740.74 80.00 37.04 20.27 ■""46.06 100.00 Camp. Early Co. Convict Camp . . . Floyd Co. Convict Camp . . . Fulton Co. Convict Camp. . Slynn Co. Convict Camp. . . Lowndes Co. Convict Camp Muscogee Co. Convict Camp. Richmond Co. Convict Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. 21.6 61.0 281.0 43.0 24.0 40.5 "143.02 186. 27 366.82 139. 53 233.33 579 06 "143.02 "133.37 72.76 "179.72 "63.76 "42.42 118.67 C) 29.20 e75.36 43.02 79.17 62.05 40.49 7.84 14.70 13.96 10.00 27.06 28.85 49.80 71.85 55.81 60.00 22.22 84.00 2,906.98 46.51 39.22 " "88.97 121.00 11.63 20.83 61.73 75. 0| 393.25 "273!33 160.00 Camp. Atlanta City Stockade Penal. 218.0 203.91 4.90 C^) 25.68 152.29 133.30 " Profit to the State. 6 Furnished by leasee, c Not reported. d Including food raised and e Including food raised and furnished by another institution, used in the institution. 592 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. Table IX COST OP MAINTENANCE— Continued. A.— COST OF MAINTEITANCE FEB CONVICT, BY INSTITTJTIOirs— Continued. [Wherever the value of food is not reported in this table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution was inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not used as food.] ■ * Class. Num- ber of con- victs. Appro- pria- tion (less re- fund) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Appro- pria- tion (less refund and value of labor on P. W.) from State, county, and city. Tier con- vict. Value per con- vicfof— Ex- pendi- ture per convict for non- indus- trial em- ployees (guards etc.). Value per con- vict of real es- tate occupied. State and institution. Food con- sumed. Cloth- ing used. Land. Nonin- dus- trial build- ings. IDAHO. State Penitentiary ... ' Penal . Penal . Penal . Penal. Penal. Penal. J. Ref. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. J. Ref. Penal. Penal. J. Ref. Penal. Penal. J. Ref. Penal . Penal. J. Ref. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. J. Hef . J. Ref. 114.0 929.4 1,295.5 1, 135. 6 42.4 10.8 1,016.9 . 256.1 975.6 774.7 158.2 569.1 395.8 494.1 509.5 281.0 1,123.0 201.4 587.0 1,231.0 312.0 1,251.0 168.0 45.0 146.0 55.0 40.0 81.0 145.0 $345.49 122.19 89.27 122.69 256.79 508.52 318.04 167.40 74.77 88.29 138.63 163.71 533.26 294.07 169.37 325.45 102.89 268.91 129.30 19.01 110.96 70.71 158.56 162.24 111.99 170. 11 182.98 141.98 438.97 S345.49 122.19 87.47 119. 15 256.79 608.52 304.06 157.40 74.77 88.29 138.53 143.58 439.88 283.77 156.38 252.60 93.94 263.94 124.01 19.01 110.96 ii26.79 158.56 162.24 111.99 170. 11 182.98 141.98 438.97 W <;J69.67 C) «48.36 57.08 120. 19 <:67.03 «32.30 <:35.41 C41.32 <:65.43 (a) C73.90 C57.30 (») C) = 42.15 (") 34.59 29.01 C) C) 68.42 69.91 50.06 93.35 100.33 42.06 C) !> S34. 43 6 13.86 6 10. 17 6 12.08 7.85 13.80 618.65 6 26. 36 6 16.34 6 16.85 6 4.56 6 33. 19 6 44.07 6 21.49 6 21. 43 6 45.00 6 24.70 6 36.32 5.11 6 4.72 7.61 623.63 6 21.50 13.67 617.39 10.04 20.35 6 39.23 6 28.55 $84.21 63.66 61.76 47.29 87.26 116.67 78.65 37.86 46.66 35.11 39.88 23.02 125.83 80.18 34.71 78.67 48.41 55.29 43.54 38.15 17.88 41.63 63.10 53.87 36.84 26.04 25.00 47.23 53.23 $125.18 18.23 49.40 255.37 431.60 370.37 51.14 97.62 16.40 27.37 94.82 58.64 48.06 23.27 104.42 113.88 57.88 99.30 .51 61.90 114.74 270.24 7.14 355.56 102.74 181.82 12.50 43.21 37.93 $2,164.51 ILLINOIS. Southern Penitentiary 1,088.98 1,121.76 Chicago House of Correction Peoria House of Correction. Quincy House of Correction. 729.23 424.53 2,314.81 663.78 INDIANA. Industrial School for Girls and Women's Prison. 300.66 495.99 611. 64 Marion Co. Workhouse Reform School for Boys IOWA, Penitentiary at Anamosa - - Penitentiary at Fort Madi- son. State Industrial School for Boys. KANSAS. State Industrial Reforma- tory. 391.91 220.65 4,379.15 394.86 327.28 3,658.72 1,284.63 Boys' Industrial School KENTUCKY. Branch Penitentiary 757.20 1,362.86 415.92 9- 15 LOUISIANA. 79.94 MAINE. State Prison 139.88 Androscoggin Co. Jail Cumberland Co. Jail 655.66 547.95 818.18 York Co Jail . . 626.00 Industrial School for Girls . State School tor Boys 672.84 462.07 <• Not reported. 6 Including clothing made and used in the institution. c Including food raised and used in the institution. d Profit to the State. OHAPTEE IV. GENEEAL TABLES. 593 Table IX COST OF MAINTENANCE— Continued. A.— -COST OF MAIWTEHANCE PEE CONVICT, BY IHSTITTJTIONS— Continued. [Wherever tlie value of food is not reported in this table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution was inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not used as food.] . Appro- pria- tion Value per con- Value per con- vict of real es- vict of— tate occupied. Appro- pria- tion Oess re- fund) from State, (less refund Ex- pendi- state and institution. Class. Num- ber of and value of labor on ture per convict fornon- indua- Nonin- con- P. W.) Food Cloth- trial dus- victs. county, and city, peroon- • vict. from con- ing em- Land. trial State, sumed. used. ployees (guards etc.). build- county, and city. ings. per con- vict. MARYLAND. House of Correction Penal. 470.2 153.17 163.17 (") 6J5.67 {41.38 J19.14 t726.98 Penitentiary Penal. Penal. 923.0 639.0 1.80 74.53 1.80 74.53 127.95 22.73 6 6.44 C4.87 58.60 49.90 433.37 166.49 1,327.19 Baltimore City Jail 547.73 House of Eeformation for J.Eef. 190.0 116.24 116.24 (a) C13.80 66.86 78.95 894.74 Colored Boys. House of Refuge J.Eef. J.Eef. 213.0 84.0 193.69 92.65 193.69 92.65 38.27 40.98 <;14.91 614.14 90.07 19.17 45.07 4.76 938.97 Industrial Home for Col- ored Girls. St. Mary's Industrial 145.83 J.Eef. 619.0 89.71 87.90 (") C16.33 20.36 ■ 213.64 371.87 Scliool for Boys. MASSACHUSETTS. Rflformatorv Penal. Penal. 858.0 210.0 247.08 194.81 247.08 194.81 ^54.18 ii34.69 6 29.62 6 9.61 123.64 95.81 16.32 314.29 1,334.05 Reformatory Prison for 1,925.59 Women. • State Farm Penal. Penal. Penal. 833.0 811.0 61.0 169.52 187.08 404.28 169.52 167.08 404.28 ^J.24 101.00 10.37 613.17 15.34 30.94 100.81 129.21 66.49 601.51 409.84 1,080.49 State Prison 1,233.49 Berkshire Co. Jail and 3,278.69 House of Correction. Bristol Co. Jail and House Penal. 279.0 141. 16 141.16 41.40 7.81 74.77 179.21 1,211.47 of Correction at New Bedford. Essex Co. House of Correc- Penal. 41.0 303.95 303.95 (a) 13.54 116.20 182.93 3,690.85 tion at Ipswich. Essex Co. Jail and House of Penal. 134.0 178.76 178.76 63.50 6.15 60.30 373.13 1,754.97 Correction at Lawrence. Essex Co. Jail and House Penal. 135. 129.13 129.13 33.13 4.48 67.48 333.33 814.81 of Correction at Salem. Franklin Co. Jail and Penal. 25.0 351.96 351.96 C) 13.16 132.64 800.00 1,600.00 House of Correction. Hampden Co. Jail and Penal. 193.0 125.77 125.77 37.74 3.16 45.19 80.31 831.61 House of Correction. Hampshire Co. Jail and Penal. 32.0 234.06 234.06 84.47 6.88 93.47 312.601,562.60 House of Correction. Middlesex Co. Jail and Penal. 316.0 263.65 253.65 64.14 15.66 100.42 94.941,518.99 House of Correction at Cambridge. Middlesex Co. Jail at Low- Penal. 106.0 189.61 189.61 42.73 7.11 84. .54 858.491,792.45 ell. Norfolk Co. Jail and House Pfinfll. 73.0 125.37 125.37 34.66 8.21 117.03 273.97 2,816.07 of Correction. Plymouth Co. Jail and Penal. 61.0 266.39 265.39 65.78 3.14 127.45 117.66 313.73 House of Correction. Suffolk Co. House of Cor- Penal . 1,395.0 429.42 429.42 (») 6 21.83 62.52 287.24 925.29 rection. Worcester Co. Jail and Penal. 88.0 134.24 134.24 a 46. 49 5.73 83.61 545.45 227.27 House of Correction at Fitchburg. Worcester Co. Jail and Penal. 275.0 99.20 99. 2Q 29.03 3.28 40.53 363.64 727.27 House of Correction at Worcester. fl Not reported. & Including clothing made and used in the institution, c Value of clothing made and used in the institution, d Including food raised and used in the institution. 9061—06 38 594 KEPOBT OP THE OOMMISSIONEB OP LABOB. Table IX.— COST OF MAINTENANCE— Contmued. A.— COST OF MAIIfTEHANCE PEE CONVICT, BY IMSTITUTIONS— Continued. [Wherever the value of food is not reported in this table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution was inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not used as food.] Class. Num- ber of con- victs. Appro- pria- tions (less refund) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Appro- pria- tion (less refund and value of labor on P. W.) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Value per con- vict ol— Ex- pendi- ture per convict for non- indus- trial em- ployees (guards etc.). Value per con- vict of real es- tate occupied. State and institution. Food con- sumed. Cloth- ing used. Land. Nonln- dus- trial build- ings. MICHIGAN. Reformatory Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. J.Ref. Penal. Pennl . Penal. J.Ref. Penal. Penal. Penal. J.Ref. J.Ref. J.Ref. Penal. J.Ref. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. Penal. J.Ref. 410.0 246.9 707.7 416.0 677.0 609.0 271.6 72.3 360.3 1,105.0 2,082.0 399.0 299.0 325.0 82.3 280.8 137. S 70.2 137.0 39.0 44.0 52.0 125.0 S96.10 237.65 173. 36 76.05 127.55 168.03 411.63 296.40 247.51 ii34.80 4.70 24.95 169.12 322.65 307.74 820.26 804.76 506.17 44.16 (0 193.68 86.38 194.40 J96.10 227.99 160.39 76.05 127.56 161.41 341.89 232.71 238.86 ii45.97 Not reported. cincludmg clothing made and used in the institution. d Value of clothing made and used in the rustitution. < Jail in basement of public building. OHAPTEE IV. ©BNEEAL TABLES. 597 Table IX.— COSf OF MAINTENANCE— Continued. A.— COST OF MAINTEHANCE FEB COHVICT, BY IKSTITUTIOKS— Continued. [Wherever the value of food is not reported in tliis table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution was inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not used as food.] Appro- pna- ^ion (less Value per con- vict of- Value per con- vict of real es- Appro- Ex- tate occupied. pria- tions (less refund) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. refund and pendi- ture per State and institution. Class. Num- ber of value of labor on convict [or non- indus- Non con- victs. P. W.) from Food. con- Cloth- ing. trial em- Land. indus- trial State, sumed. used. ployees (guards ete.). build- county, and city. ings. per con- vict. PENNSYLVANIA. Eastern State Penitentiary. Penal. 1,010.0 1163.88 $162.07 S43.37 '"$23.03 $66.33 $990.10 $978.40 Western Penitentiary Penal . 760.0 201.70 201.70 47.35 21.47 97.52 605.86 2,004.90 Allegheny Co. Workhouse.. Penal. 902.0 73.83 73.17 m a 12. 13 66.03 110.86 1,117.72 Berks Co. Prison Penal. 96.3 222.26 222.26 62.33 '"3.88 117.58 259.61 2,201.45 Chester Co. Prison Penal. Penal. 28.0 70.5 257.14 175.89 257.14 175.89 56.11 40.26 4.00 5.43 162.00 68.60 260.36 212.77 4,464.29 1,418.44 Delaware Co. Prison Lancaster Co. Prison Penal. 72.0 263.58 263 58 68.94 ■"5.54 126.76 833.33 722.22 Lehigh Co. Prison Penal. 70.0 124.60 124. 60 41.40 2.27 48.34 214.29 2, 867. 14 Northampton Co. Prison. .. Northumberland Co.Prison Penal. 59. 219.71 219.71 66.66 13.29 75.12 677.97 4,237.29 Penal. 34.4 293.11 293.11 97.47 '"9.39 90.61 523.26 3,633.72 Philadelphia Co. Prison Schuylkill Co. Prison Penal. 445.0 170.13 163.76 37.19 ■"20.78 79.07 30.90 2,988.46 Penal. 146.0 116.79 116.79 39.65 <"5.17 43.86 342.47 1,712.33 Philadelphia Co. House of Correction. Penal. 928.0 188.16 160.72 C) <"21.07 74.37 36.64 1,220.97 House of Refuge, Boys' De- partment. House of Refuge, Girls ' De- partment. J.Ref. 789.0 196.44 188.45 (.") '"25.81 48.65 101.71 1,146.70 J.Ref. 152.0 254.92 254.92 55.32 a 29. 28 64.93 328.95 ' 559.21 RHODE ISLAND. State Prison and Provi- Penal. 451.0 97.16 97.15 m 4.82 62.60 55.43 997.78 dence Co. Jail. State Workhouse and House Penal. 252.0 (") (') (.') (0 (.<:) 111.11 419.44 of Correction. Sockanosset School for J.Ref. 337.0 170.23 166.03 m ""50.26 48.77 65.28 523.68 Boys. SOUTH CAROLINA. Penitentiary Penal. Penal. 587.0 30.7 14.98 212.28 14.32 52.74 10.45 16.42 30.07 43.00 302.39 686.32 631.69 State Convict Camp at 8.14 Clemson College Farm.. Abbeville Co. Convict Camp Penal. 20.0 468.80 238.65 50.40 8,50 51.00 10.00 Aiken Co. Convict Camp . . . Penal. 20.0 201.80 'i62.55 64.75 10.00 60.00 10.00 Anderson Co. Convict Camp Penal. 21.0 265.33 $144.64 178.69 6 $50. 84 <41.04 W ''60.97 (c) c 119. 64 /22.82 13.00 n7.50 MO. 44 d 132. 34 95.76 31.48 60.90 145.10 $776. 91 35.65 212. 12 70.73 194.71 $83.63 ABIZONA. Penal 570. 41 AGEANSAS. . 105. 77 CALIFOENIA, Penal 116.68 362.86 101.88 358.20 670.39 Juvenile Reformatory 1,264.65 Total. . 7 3,047.6 147.61 134.07 *60.97 ! 20.38 62.73 86.30 666.32 COLOEABO. Penal 1 2 637.1 322.9 264.16 288.40 248.76 286.77 "69.87 /15.01 y32.40 59.73 77.69 117.72 46.46 392.40 Juvenile Reformatory 289.66 Total 3 960.0 265.68 261.55 i»69.87 <20.86 65.77 93.75 357.81 CONNECTICUT. 6 1 1,083.0 410.0 114.32 165.38 113.94 155.38 "52.49 (9) /5.43 8.60 49.64 66.45 137. 12 182.93 1,187.42 Juvenile Reformatory 402.44 Total.. . 7 1,493.0 126.69 125.32 »52.49 /6.30 51.51 149.70 971.85 DELAWARE. Penal 1 1 194.0 76.4 177.69 73,. 30 177.59 73.30 «70.90 14.60 16.27 25.77 48.06 61.55 261.78 515.46 Juvenile Reformatory 189.79 Total 2 270.4 148.13 148.13 70.90 15.07 32.07 110.95 423.45 <• Profit to the State. !i Expenditure for each of 1,077 convicts directly cared for by State (others were leased), including food raised and used in the institution. c Expenditure for each of 1,077 convicts directly cared for by State (others were leased), including clothing made and used in the institution. d Expenditure for each of 1,077 convicts directly oared for by State; others were leased. « Including food raised and used in 1 institution. /Including clothing made and used in 1 institution. e Not reported. ft Includmg food raised and used in 2 institutions. * Including clothing made and used in 3 institutions. j Including clothing made and used in 2 institutions. * Average for 5 institutions, 2,664.9 convicts, including food raised and used in 2 institutions. I Includiug clothing made and used in 5 institutions. m Average for 1 institution, 207 convicts, including food raised and used in the institution. o Average for 4 institutions, 996 convicts, including food raised and used in 1 institution. Average foi 1 institution, 194 convicts, including food raised and used in the institution. OHAPTBE rV. GENERAL TABLEB. 601 Table IX COST OF MAINTENANCE— Continued. B STJMMAEY OF COST OF MAINTENANCE PER CONVICT, FOE EACH STATE, BY CLASSES — Continued. [Wherever the value of food is not reported in this table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution was inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not used as food.] Num- ber of insti- tu- tions. Num- ber of con- victs. Appro- pria- tions (less refund) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Appro- pria^ tion (less refund and value of labor on P.W.) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Value per con- vict of— Ex- pendi- ture per convict for non- indus- trial em- ployees (guards etc.). Value per con- .viot of real es- tate occupied. State and class. Food con- sumed. Cloth- ing used. Land. Non- Indus- trial build- ings. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Penal 1 1 323.0 275.0 S149.45 158.62 i59.64 158.62 <"$55.73 (.1) 6J9.06 «17.45 131.85 47.66 C$92.88 727.75 •: 1696.69 JuvenUe Reformatory 1818.18 Total 2 598.0 163.67 105.16 S66.73 M2.92 39.11 <:384.83 < 762. 61 FLOEIDA. Penal 5 30 1 6 1 1,229.6 3,633.5 114.0 3,413.7 1,016.9 /99.78 38.04 345.49 112.73 318.04 ni9.29 y67.68 346.49 110.90 304.06 1 117. 27 161.34 C) "58.25 »67.03 *5.50 M13.92 6 34.43 11.79 6 18.65 *65.95 m46.42 84.21 67.96 78.65 909.65 370.22 125.18 116. 19 61.14 68.31 GEOEQIA. 47.69 IDAHO. 2,164.61 ILLINOIS. 977.37 Juvenile Reformatory 663.78 Total 6 4,430.6 159.85 165.23 !'61.10 513.37 62.71 100.49 905.40 INDIANA. Penal 4 1 2,164.6 569.1 94.04 153.71 94.04 143.58 '■39.80 C) 516.85 !i33. 19 40.99 23.02 36.66 68.64 506.67 Juvenile Reformatory 220.65 Total 5 2,733.7 106.46 104.35 • 39.80 (20.25 37.26 40.46 447.12 a Including food raised and used in 1 institution." 6 Including clothing made and used in 1 institution, c Including almshouse and hospital in 1 institution. d Not reported. e Value of clothing made and used in the institution. / Including industrial buildings in 1 institution. ^ . ^-^ . ^.^ ^ a Average lor 1 institution, 323 convicts, including food raised and used m the mstitution. Mncludrng clothing made and used in 2 institutions. , f Including almshouse and hospital in 1 institution and mdustrial buildmgs m linstitution. i Profit to the State. , . , „^ ^ i,_ , j, k Expenditure for each of 150.8 convicts directly cared for by Siate; others were leased. I Average for 12 institutions, 1,042 convicts, including food raised and used m 1 mstitution and food raised in 1 institution and used in another. ^ ,,.„...... .«. i ^ m Expenditure for each of 4,660 convicts, directly cared for by State; others were leased. n Average for 4 inf titutions, 2,118.2 convicts. Including food raised and used m 2 mstitutions. Including clothing made and used in 3 institutions. ^ ■ „ ■ ^-^ 4.- V Averagelor 5 institutions, 3,135.1 convicts, mcludmg food raised and used m 3 mstitutions. 8 Including clothing made and used in 4 institutions. I- Including food raised and used in 4 institutions. j . ...i, . ^..^ ^. » Average for 4 institutions, 2,164.6 convicts, mcludmg food raised and used m the mstitutions. 1 Including clothing made and used in 5 institutions. 602 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER 0¥ LABOR. Table IX.— COST OF MAINTENANCE— Continued. B.— STJMMAET or COST OF MAIWTENAHCE PES CONVICT, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES — Continued. [Wherever the value of food is not reported in this table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution was inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not used as food.] Num- ber of insti- tu- tions. Num- ber of con- victs. Appro- pria- tions (less refund) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Appro- pria- tion (less refund and value of labor on P. W.) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Value per con- vict of— Ex- pendi- ture per convict for non- indus- trial em- ployees (guards etc.). Value per con- vict of real es- tate occupied. State and class. Food con- sumed. Cloth- ing used. Land. Non- indus- trial build- ings. IOWA. 2 1 889.9 509.5 S400.45 169.37 J353.20 156.38 :it64. 68 6J31.53 ii21.43 $100.49 34.71 J34.30 104.42 t2,166.95 Juvenile Reformatory 327.28 Total 3 2 1 1,399.4 1,404.0 201.4 316. 32 281,54 5 64.68 /27.85 76.64 59.83 1,497.15 KANSAS. 147.44 268.91 125.69 263.94 (7 42. 15 6 28.76 ii36.32 54.46 55.29 69.09 99.30 1,739.77 Juvenile Beformatory 757. 20 Total...: 3 1,605.4 162.68 143.04 5 42.15 /29.71 64.57 72.88 1,616.60 KENTUCKY. Penal 2 1 1,818.0 312.0 54.62 110.96 52.91 110.96 30.81 ■14.84 7.61 39.89 17.88 42.08 114.74 721.67 Juvenile Reformatory 96.15 Total 3 2,130.0 62.88 61.42 iSO.Sl "is. 25 36.67 62.72 630.05 LOUISIANA. 1 5 2 1,251.0 454.0 226.0 70.71 147.50 332.52 ■ 25.79 147.50 332.62 68.49 /42.06 ■i23.63 617.91 6 32.38 41.63 45.89 51.08 270.24 94.05 39.82 79.94 MAINE. Penal 437.22 Juvenile Reformatory 537.61 Total 7 680.0 208.99 208.99 *64.49 ! 22.72 47.62 76.03 470.69 MARYLAND. Penal 3 4 2,032.2 1,008.0 36.55 116. 98 36.55 116.05 '"25.81 "39.04 /5.74 115.37 51.88 41.72 250.47 135.07 943.23 Juvenile Beformatory 571.82 Total 7 3,038.2 63.18 62.87 27.92 I>8.93 48.52 212.26 820.25 MASSACHUSETTS. Penal 19 5,916.0 243.58 243.58 i 4,1. Si ! 15.42 77.46 246.93 1,206.33 Including food raised and used in 2 institutions . 6 Including clothing made and used in 2 institutions. " Not reported. d Including clothing made and used in 1 institution. e Average for 2 institutions, 889.9 convicts. Including food raised and used in the institutions. t Including clothing made and used in 3 institutions. g Average for 1 institution, 1,123 convicts, including food raised and used in the institution. * Average for 2 institutions, 1,818 convicts. i Profit to the State. i Average for 1 institution, 81 convicts. * Average for 6 institutions, 535 convicts. 1 Including clothing made and used in 4 institutions mAverage ror 2 institutions, 1,562 convicts "Average for 2 institutions, 297 convicts. o Average for 4 institutions, 1,859 convicts. j«Inclui23.29 210.60 56.98 854.70 a Average for 2 institutions, 1,123.7 convicts, including food raised and used in 1 institution. & Inclucnng clothing made and used in 3 institutions. cNot reported. i Includmg cMthing made and used in 1 institution. e Including clothing made and used in 4 institutions. /Average for 2 institutions, 681.3 convicts. . g Including food raised and used in 1 institution. * Average for 3 institutions, 1,041.6 convicts, including food raised and used in 1 institution. * Profit to the State. J Including clothing made and used in 2 institutions. A Average for 1 institution, 299 convicts, including food raised and used in the institution. ! Average for 3 institutions, 2,780 convicts, including food raised and used in 2 institutions. 604 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table IX.— COST OF MAINTENANCE— Continued. B.— STJMMAEY or COST OF MAINTENANCE PEE CONVICT, FOB EACH STATE, BY CLASSES — Continued. [Wherever the value of food is not reported in this table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution was inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not used as food.] Num- ber of insti- tu- tions. Num- ber of oon- viots. Appro- pria- tions (less refund) from State, Bounty, and city, per con- vict. Appro- pria- tion (less refund and value of labor on P. W.) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Value per con- vict of— Ex- pendi- ture per convict or non- indus- trial em- ployees (guards etc.). Value per con- vict of real es- tate occupied. State and class. Food con- sumed. Cloth- ing used. Land. Non- indus- trial build- ings. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 4 1 272.0 125.0 aS81.82 194 40 S68.25 C$11.68 /14.93 Average for 11 institutions, 8,541.1 convicts, including food raised and used in 4 institutions. q Including dothing made and used in 13 institutions. 'Average for 12 institutions, 9,422.1 convicts, including food raised and used in S institutions. < Including clothing made and used in 14 institutions. * Profit to the State. uAverage for 28 institutions, 873.1 convicts. oAveiage for 9 institutions, 2,744.8 convicts. OHAPTEE IV. -GENERAL TABLES. 605 Table IX.— COST OF MAINTENANCE— Continued. B. —SUMMAKY OP COST OF MAINTENANCE PEB CONVICT, POE EACH STATE, BY CLASSES — Continued. / (Wherever the value of food is not reported in this table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution was inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not used as food.] Num- ber of insti- tu- tions. Num- ber of con- victs. Appro- pria- tions (less refund) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Appro- pna- tion (less refund and value of labor on P. W.) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Value per con- vict of— Ex- pendi- ture per convict for non- indus- trial em- ployees (guards etc.). Value per con- vict of real es- tate occupied. State and class. Food con- sumed. Cloth- ing used. Land. Non- indus- trial build- ings. OBEGON. PBTinl 2 1 376.6 101.6 $258.62 610.94 J254.18 608. 47 25.42 158.23 68.57 C$96.99 196.85 c $856. 77 Juvenile Reformatory 984 25 Total 3 478.2 333.47 329.45 124 96 <12.30 60.42 / 121. 68 /888.29 PENNSYLVANIA. Penal 13 2 4,611.2 941.0 161.03 205.89 154.36 199.19 ff45.48 15S.2Z h 17. 86 «26.37 76.13 51.28 397. 39 138.42 i 1,578.11 1,061.81 Juvenile Reformatory Total 15 5,552.2 168. 63 161.96 1:45.99 U9.30 71.92 353.60 1,488.91 KHODE ISLAND. Penal 2 1 703.0 337.0 W97.15 170.23 "•97.15 166.03 (<*) M4 82 6 50.26 m 52. 60 48.77 75.39 65.28 790.47 Juvenile Reformatory 623.68 Total 3 1,040.0 n 128. 40 n 126. 61 m 24 26 160.96 72.12 70402 SOUTH CAEOLINA. Penal . ... 41 1 1 1,363.5 186.8 69.0 134 39 291.65 389.83 P17.46 269.74 389.83 S49.95 !>11.02 6 19.99 30.35 36.04 74 43 82.06 143.89 20410 321.01 236.79 SOUTH DAKOTA. 654 50 Juvenile Reformatory 869.57 Total 2 255.8 318. 13 302.13 C) 6 22.78 76.49 235.63 V 712. 51 TENNESSEE. Penal 2 1,649.0 5.65 S.65 r4419 6 19. 10 26.40 96.66 302.57 a Average for 1 institution, 67.3 convicts. 6 Includmg clothing made and used in 1 institution. c Average for 1 institution, 309.3 convicts; 1 institution not reported. i Not reported. ' Including clothing made and used in 2 institutions. /Average for 2 institutions, 788 convicts; 1 institution not reported, 9 Average for 11 institutions, 2,781.2 convicts. It Inclumng dothiog made and used in 9 institutions. > Including industrial buildings in 1 institution. i Average for 1 institution, 152 convicts. I: Average for 12 institutions, 2,933.2 convicts. I Induding clothing made and used in 11 institutions, m Average for 1 institution, 451 convicts; 1 institution not reported. n Average for 2 institutions, 788 convicts; 1 institution not reported. "Average for 2 institutions, 788 convicts (1 institution not reported), including clothing made and used in 1 mstitution. p Profit to the State. « Average for 39 institutions, 745.8 convicts, r Average for 1 institution, 713 convicts. 606 EEPOET OP THE OOMMIS8IONEB OE LABOR. Table IX.— COST OF MAINTENANCE— Continued. B-- SirMMAEY OF COST OF MAINTENANCE PEE CONVICT, FOE EACH STATE, BT CLASSES — Continued. [Wtierever the value of food is not reported in this table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution was inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not used as food.] Num- ber of insti- tu- tions. Nfim- berof con- victs. Appro- pria- tions (less refund) from State, county, and city per con- vict. Appro- pria- tion (less refund and value of labor on P. W.) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Value per con- vict of— Ex- pendi- ture per convict for non- indus- trial em- ployees (guards etc.). Value per con- vict of real es- tate occupied. State and class. Food con- sumed. Cloth- ing used. Land. Non- Indus- trial build- ings. TEXAS. Penal 12 1 4,739.4 150.0 $78.71 138.78 $56. 11 138.78 °$81.33 («) 6 $27. 61 6 106. 79 $49.53 43.73 $386.49 100.00 $282 00 Juvenile Eeformatory 233.33 Total 13 4,889.4 80.56 58.65 081.33 '130.04 49.35 377.70 280.50 UTAH. 1 1 150.4 65.4 262.59 529.56 258.99 526,22 [^ 6 61.34 6 32. 64 114.71 84.10 179. 52 183.49 1,987.07 458.72 Juvenile Reformatory Total . . 2 215.8 343.50 339.98 <.") ■i62.61 105. 44 180.72 1,523.89 VEEMONT. Penal 2 1 296.4 153.0 16.23 148.12 16.23 148. 12 1 52. 18 (=) 51.37 n66.06 l'28.88 * 16. 77 025.83 (C) 61.99 J56.65 54 77 12.66 96.84 "■430. 49 166.98 678 39 UNITED STATES PRISONS. ALL STATES. Penal M773. 29 Juvemle Reformatory P 666. 34 Total 296 86,036.4 » 136. 07 5116.13 ■■51.68 • 18.02 156.30 ■•395.95 ' 746. 16 1 "Average for 1 institution, 577.3 convicts, including food raised and used in the institution. l> Including clothing made and used in 2 inijtitutions. c Not reported. d Including clothing made and used in 1 institution. e Including clothing made and used in 3 institutions. / Including $181.85 paid to lessee. B Furnished by lessee. <> Not including clothing for discharged convicts; other clothing furnished by lessee. i Average for 255 Institutions, 74,480.7 convicts; 2 Institutions not reported. < S Average for 190 institutions, 48,737.1 convicts, including food raised and used in 35 institutions. * Expenditure for each of 70,394.4 convicts directly cared for by State (4,086.3 were leased, and 2 insti- tutions, 291 convicts, were not reported), including clothing made and used in 90 institutions. ' Expenditure foreach of 70,394.4 convicts directly cared for by States, 4,086.3 were leased, and 2 insti- tutions, 291 convicts, were not reported. m Average tor 255 institutions, 74,661.1 convicts (2 institutions not reported) , including-almshouse in 1 institution, and almshouse and hospital in 1 institution. n Average for 10 institutions, 3,417.1 convicts. Including food raised and used in 5 institutions. o Including clothing made and used in 35 institutions. p Including industrial buildings in 1 institution. ff Average for 294 institutions, 85,925.8 convicts; 2 institutions were not reported. ■■ Average for 200 institutions, 52,154.2 convicts, including food raised and used in 40 institutions. « Expenditure for each of 81,659.1 convicts directly cared for by State (4,086.3 were leased, and 2 insti- tutions, 291 convicts, were not reported) , including clothing made and used in 125 institutions. < Expenditure foreach of 81,659.1 convicts directly cared for by State; 4,086.3 were leased, and 2 insti- tutions, 291 convicts, were not reported. « Average tor 294 institutions. 85,925.8 convicts, (2 institutions were not reported) , including alms- house in 1 institution, and almshouse and hospital in 1 institution. V Average lor 294 institutions, 85,925.8 convicts (2 institutions were not reported) , including almshouse in 1 institution, almshouse and hospital in 1 institution, and industrial buildings in 1 institution. 608. REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Table IX COST OF MAINTENANCE— Continued. C— STJMMAET OF COST OF MAINTENANCE PEE CONVICT, FOE EACH CLASS, BY STATES. [Wherever the value of food is not reported in this table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution was inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not used as food. For explanation of this table see p. 189.] Class and State. PENAL. Alabama Arizdna Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Districtaof Columbia. Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois » Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire Num- ber of insti- tu- tions. Npm- ber of con- victs. Appro- pria- tion (less refund) from State, county, and city, percon- viot. 1,860. 280. 759. 2,664. 637. 1,083. 194. 323. 1,229. 3,633. 114. 3, 413. 2, 164. 889. 1,404. 1,818. 1,251. 454. 2,032. S, 916. 1,780. 952. 1,105. 2,481. 280. 70. 272. <>S144. Appro- pria- tion ■ (less refund and value of labor on P. W.) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. <>$144. 178. 116. 264. 114. 177. 149. 199. 38. 345. 112. 94. 400. 147. S4. 70. 147. 36. 243. 141. 247. a 34. 7. 820. 2 506. a; 81. Food con- sumed. 54 101. 248. 113. 177. 59. oll9. 57. 346. 110. 94. 353. 125. 62. a 25. 147. 36. 243. 136. 218. o46. <"8. 805. 603. a: 81. Value per con- vict of— >> 150. 84 e 41. 04 (») 150.97 (0 i62.49 e70.90 c 65. 73 i 117. 27 m 61. 34 W 68.25 P39.80 '164.68 » 42. 16 30.81 (0 68. * 25. 81 U47.34 « 48. 81 w 62. 27 (5) «40.30 (») e 114. 97 V68.25 Cloth- ing used. Ex- pendi- ture per convict for non- indus- trial em- ployees (guards etc.). c{19.64 /22.82 13.00 <17.50 /15.01 /6.43 14.60 /9.06 !6.60 1 13. 92 /34.43 «H.79 «16:85 1-31.53 1-28.76 /4.84 /23.63 r 17. 91 <5.74 816.42 • 13. 92 •• 26. 96 /23. 37 r 11. 46 /16.60 /23.29 zll. Average lor 2 institutions, 681.3 convicts. a: Average for 3 institutions, 233 convicts; 1 institution not reported. y Average for 2 institutions, 181 convicts, including food raised and used in the institutions. 2 Average lor 3 institutions, 233 convicts (1 institution not reported), including clothing made and used in 1 mstitution. oo Including almshouse in 1 institution. CHAPTEE IV. — GENERAL TABLES. 609 Table IX COST OF MAINTENANCE— Continued. C STJMMAET OF COST Or MAINTENAWCE PER COHVICT, FOB EACH CLASS, BY STATES — Continued. [Whererer the value of food is not reported in tWs table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the Institution was inseparably combined with the value of other farm products raised but not used as food.] Class and State. PENAL — concluded. New Jersey , New Mexico New York North .Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 1 Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States prisons . . . Num- ber of insti- tu- tions. Total. 13 Num- ber of con- victs. 1,689.5 231.4 8,995.1 1, 679. 1 146.4 3,261.8 376.6 4,611.2 703.0 1,363.5 186.8 1,649.0 4,7r • 160.4 296.4 1,511.0 691.0 977.0 783.3 199.0 1, 466. 3 Appro- pria- tion (less refund) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Appro- pna- tion (less refund and value of labor on P.W.) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. $186. 35 257. 96 165.53 140.14 318.63 146.24 258.62 161.03 J" 97. 15 134.39 291.65 5.65 78.71 262. 69 16.23 ».91 138.86 94.03 94.02 V 299. 34 363.32 tl80. 67 195. 22 160.19 7 24.60 287.07 146. 24 254. 18 154.36 P97.15 517.46 269. 74 5.65 56.11 268.99 16.23 g 10. 34 129. 94.03 77.59 !f299.34 224.47 Value per con- vict of — Food con- lumed. 0151.68 c70 72 e43.68 »56.64 (') >57.46 1 124. 96 n4S.48 (<) «49.95 (<) r44.19 • 81.33 (*) 1:52.18 (.') 122. 33 (*) re 64. 32 (') W 257 74,771.7 66 123. 88 66101. 74 cc 51.37 S40.44 S146. 10 $194.71 $1,254.65 2 322. £ 288.40 286.77 <:tm.87 632. 4C 77. 6£ 46.45 289.66 1 410. C 166. 3e 155.38 C") 8.6C 66.45 182. 93 402.44 , 1 76.4 73.30 73.30 l") 16.27 48.06 261. 78 189.79 276. C 158.62 158.62 14 «17.45 47.65 727.75 « 818. 18 1,016.5 318. 04 304.06 /67.03 (18.65 78.66 51.14 663. 78 669.1 153.71 143. 5S (") Il33.1i 23.02 68.64 220.65 609.5 169.37 166. 3S 1721. 43 34.71 104.42 327.28 201.^ 268.91 263.94 «36.32 55. 2£ 99.30 767.20 312. C 110.96 110.96 (») 7.61 17.88 114.74 96.15 226.0 332.52 332.52 »42.0« 32. 3£ 51.08 39.82 . 637.61 1,006.C 116.98 116.05 i39.04 n5.S7 41.72 135.07 571.82 677. C 127.55 127.55 (.") (Til. 12 35.52 69.35 34413 360. S 247.61 238.86 /62.8S IT 26. 84 48.81 48.23 852. 17 624. C 244. 2C 230.41 4 77.61 635.96 36. 6S 160.62 480.77 82.5 307.74 307.74 SI 17 31.64 97.84 247.87 522.48 137.5 804.76 789.97 1'25.26 86.76 91.09 1,200.00 125. C 194. 4C 194. 4C (714.9! 25. 5£ 800.00 200.00 620.7 184.55 184.56 !28.5E !'32.66 62.71 300.94 260.99 881. C 209. IE 205.02 /45.1] (7i26.6S 72.45 454.03 579.01 101.6 610. 94 608.47 (<■) (7 25.42 68.67 196.85 984 25 941. C 205. SE 199. IE m55.32 6 26.37 51.28 138.42 1,061.81 337. t 170.23 166.03 (") i7 50.2e 48.77 65.28 623.68 69. C 389.83 389.83 ('*) 30.35 82.06 321.01 869.57 15a C 138. 7S 138. 7S (") <7106.7£ 43.73 100.00 233.33 65.4 629.66 526.22 (a) 17 32.64 8410 183. 4S 468.72 153. C 148.12 148.12 (7 26.82 46.27 69.93 66.36 160. C 341.33 326.93 (") (712.44 • 28.90 86.67 460.00 270. C 233.04 233.04 ") (7 26.27 51.62 92.59 333.33 312.0 49.83 45.41 (") (7 27.30 69.78 105.21 888.30 39 11,264.7 216.63 211.29 "66.06 25.83 54.77 166.98 « 666. 34 JUVENILE REFORMATOBT. California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York O regon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Dakota.- Texas Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Total <■ Not reported. ' Including clothing made and used in 2 institutions. " Average for 1 institution, 207 convicts, including food raised and used in the institution. d Value of the clothing made and used in the institution. ' Inoludmg industrial buildings in 1 institution. / Including food raised and used in 1 Institution. (7 Including clothing made and used in 1 institution. * Average for 1 institution, 81 convicts. i Averse for 2 institutions, 297 convicts. j Ineluding clothing made and used in 4 institutions. * Average tor 1 mstltution, 299 convicts, including food raised and used in tne institution, I .Average for 1 institution, 122.9 convicts. 7" Average for 1 Institution, 152 convicts. 7> Average for 10 institutions, 3,417.1 convicts, including food raised and used in 6 Institutions o Including clothing made and used in 35 institutions. CHAPTEB IV. GENERAL TABLES. Table IX.— COST OF MAINTENANCE— Concluded. 611 c- -SUMMAET OF COST OF MAHTTENAUCE PEE COWVICT, FOE EACH CLASS BY STATES — Concluded. [Wherever the value of food is not reported in this table it is because the value of farm products raised and used as food in the institution was Inseparably combined with the vglue of other farm products raised but not used as food.] Num- ber of insti- tu- tions. Num- ber of con- victs. Appro- pria- tion ■ (less refund) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Appro- pria- tion (less refund and value of labor on P. W.) from State, county, and city, per con- vict. Value per con- vict of — Ex- pendi- ture per convict fornon- indus- trial em- ployees (guards etc.). Value per con- vict of real es- tate occupied. Class and State. Food con- sumed. Cloth- ing used. Land. Non- indus- trial build- ings. ALL STATES. Penal 257 39 74,771.7 11,264.7 <>tl2a88 216.63 <4101.74 211.29 6 $51. 37 /56.06 «tl6.77 «25.83 son designated shall make monthly reports of the treatment of such con- victs to the president of the board of inspectors and shall receive such compensation, to be paid out of the county treasury, as may be allowed by the court of county commissioners or board of revenue. Persons pro- Seo. 4527. No person sentenced to hard labor shall be hired to any per- hibited. son related to him by consanguinity or aflSnity, or who is unfriendly to him, or who has not a proper prison, or immediately will prepare one for the confinement of such convict at night, or when not at work, wherein he must be kept confined at such time. But in case of a convict convicted of n misdemeanor, and hired in the county where convicted, the hirer shall not be required to keep such convict confined or attended by a guard, unless so required by an order of the court of county commissioners, incor- porated in the contract of hiring. Work on higli- Sec. 4528. Whenever the commissioners of roads and revenues of u ways. county deem that it is to the best interest of the county to use the county convicts in building, repairing and working the public roads of the county, ■they may so work them under rules and regulations to be prescribed by the board of inspectors, which shall be uniform throughout the State for working county convicts on the public roads. Public works. Seo. 4529. Hard labor for the county includes labor on the public roads, f)ublic bridges, and other public works in the county; and authorizes the etting of such convicts to hire to labor anywhere within the State, as may be determined by the court of county commissioners, or board of revenue. Female con- Seo. 4530. No woman convicted of a public offense shall be required to ^ work as a laborer on any public highway in this State. Seo. 4532. Whenever any convict is sentenced by the court and required to do hard labor for the county, an additional sentence not to exceed ten Costs. months in any case for the payment of costs of conviction may be imposed; Allowance lor and the court must determine the time required to work out such costs at labor. tjjg rate of thirty cents per day. The costs of conviction of county convicts shall be the same as in case of State convicts. Convicts under Sbc. 4533. County convicts under sixteen years of age may be sentenced sixteen. to a term in the reformatory provided for in this chapter, or to hard labor for the county, in the discretion of the presiding judge; and in such event the costs of conviction, not exceeding fifty dollars, shall be paid out of the convict fund as provided in cases of sentence to the penitentiary. Contracts. Seo. 4534. Every contracf for the hire of county convicts must express the kind of labor, and the place at which it is to be performed; and such convict must be restricted to such place and labor, which must not be changed except upon the recommendation of the court of county commis- sioners; and county convicts can only be sublet or rehired in the same manner. Who may Seo. 4535. Should the court of county commissioners, or board of rev- ™&1^^- enue, determine to let convicts, or any part of them, to hire, they may do so by themselves, or by some member of their body, or other person to be appointed by them. Contracts. Seo. 4536. The contract of hiring shall be secured by bond in writing, in a penalty of double the amount agreed on for hire, payable to the county, with two good and sufficient sureties, and conditioned to pay the amount of hire agreed on, and also to furnish the convict with a sufficiency of good and wholesome food, and with medicine and medical attention when nec- essary, and to treat the convict humanely; and said contract may be for one or more years; and if the hiring be for a longer term than two njpnths, or if the condition and comfort of the convict require it, the hirer may also be required to furnish to the convict specified clothing, which shall also be expressed in the bond. The attorney-general shall prepare a form of con- tract and bond, which shall be furnished to the judge of probate of each county by the president of the board of inspectors, which shall be used in all cases of the hiring of county convicts. Superintend- Sec. 4538. Should the court of county commissioners, or board of reve- ent ol public nue, determine to employ persons sentenced to hard labor for the county, works. gj. g^jjy part of them, m work on the public roads, public bridges, or other public works of the county, then they are autliorized to appoint a superin- tendent of public works, whose term of office shall expire when his succes- sor is qualified; and who shall receive for his services such compensation as shall be fixed by the court of county commissioners, or board of revenue. OHAPTEK V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS^ ALABAMA. 621 Sec. 4544. It shall be the duty of any person who has in his possession Discharge, or tinder his control, any State or county convict, to discharge such con-- vict at the expiration or his term of penal servitude, and to furnish him with transportation to the county seat of the county in which such convict was sentenced to imprisonment. And he shall also furnish to such convict one good suit of clothes and fifty cents a day for each estimated day's travel from the place where he is discharged to his destination, and one hat and pair of shoes. But if such convict be charged with the commission of any other criminal offense he must be delivered to the proper sheriff or oflScer, to answer such charge, under such rules and regulations as may be pre- scribed by the board of Inspectors. Acts of 1903. Act No. Ji.79. Section 8. * * * The courts of county commissioners of the sev- Work on high- eral counties of the State, and similar courts of like jurisdiction, by what- ways, ever name designated, are hereby authorized in their discretion to work the public roads of their respective counties by the labor of county convicts, and for this purpose may employ the county convicts of their respective counties or hire the county convicts of other counties at such sums and upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon, not in conflict with the general laws of the State relative to the proper care and control of such convicts. ABIZONA. STATE CONVICTS. Civil Code— 1901. Section 3563. The governor and auditor of the Territory and one citizen Control, who shall be appointea by the governor with the advice and consent of the \ council, and who shall hold his oflBce for two years, and shall be ex officio secretary, shall constitute a board of control, who shall have fuU charge of all charitable, penal and reformatory institutions that now exist in the Ter- ritory or that may hereafter be created, * * * Sec. 3576. The superintendent of the Territorial prison shall appoint Chaplains, two chaplains of different religious belief (one of whom shall speak the Spanish language) to the Territorial prison, who shall hold office during the pleasure of the superintendent, and shall give as much of their time as the condition and employment of the convicts will reasonably justify in giving them moral and religious instruction, and who shall, at all times, when in the opinion of the superintendent the necessary labor of the con- victs or the safety of the prison does not render it impracticable, have access to the convicts for that purpose. Said chaplains shall hold services at the Territorial prison at least twice in each month. Sec. 3578. No person shall be appointed to any office or be employed In Contractors, the prison on behalf of the Territory, who is a contractor or the agent or^^^j^j.""* '" °^ employee of a contractor, or who is interested, directly or indirectly, in any business carried on therein; * * * Sec. 3580. No officer or employee shall receive, directly or indirectly, officers not to any compensation for his services other than that prescribed by the board receive compen- of control, nor shall he receive any compensation whatever, directly or tr^tor^™ "*"'' indirectly, for any act or service which he may do or perform for or on behalf of any contractor or agent or employee of a contractor. * * * Sec. 3581. No officer or employee of the Territory, or contractor or Gifts, employee of a contractor shall without permission of the board of control, make any gift or present to a convict or receive any from a convict, or have any barter or dealings with a prisoner. * * * Seo. 3582. No officer or employee of the prison shall be Interested, interest in oon- directly or indirectly, in any contract or purchase made or authorized to be tracts, made by any one for or in behalf of the prison. Sec. 3589. The board of control shall require of every able-bodied con- Labor, vlct as many hours of faithful labor in each and every day, during his term 622 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Parole. of imprisonment, as shall be prescribed in the rules and regulations of the prison, and every convict faithfully performing such labor and being in all respects obedient to the rules and regulations, or if unable to work, yet Deductions faithful and obedient, shall be allowed from his term a deduction of two rom term. months in each of the first two years; four months in each of the next two years and five months in each of the remaining years of his term ; * * * Sec. 3590 (as amended by act No. 55, Acts of 1903). The governor of this Territory shall have the power and he is hereby authorized upon the recommendation of the superintendent of the Territorial prison the Terri- torial auditor and the citizen member of the board of control to order and direct that any convict who is now or who may hereafter be convicted. of any crime and imprisoned in the Territorial prison and who shall have served one year from the time of his sentence, may go upon parole outside of said prison, subject, however, to be taken at any time and returned to the inside of said prison as hereinafter provided. This section shall not apply to convicts sentenced to imprisonment for life. Sec. 3591. The governor shall make and specify the terms of such parole, and may at any time order that such convict on parole be arrested and returned to the Territorial prison and imprisoned therein, * * * Sec. 3593. If a convict, while out on parole, shall violate any of the terms of his parole, or shall be convicted of any misdemeanor or felony while out on such parole, the time he shall have been out on parole shall not be counted as a part of the term for which he was sentenced. Sec. 3595. Every prisoner when he leaves the prison shall have returned everything of value taken from him when entering on his term of confine- ment, and likewise all money at that time received and not disposed of by him, and all such other further sums as may be earned by him, or from fifts or otherwise from any source; he shall furthermore be furnished with ve dollars in cash and a suit of clothes not to exceed in cost the sum of fifteen dollars, and further he shall be furnished with a half-fare untrans- ferable ticket on any railroad adjacent to the place of discharge for any continuous distance, not to exceed three hundred miles in any direction, and if said ticket is not availed of within three days of the date of discharge, unless in case of inability caused by illness, the same shall be void. Sec. 3596. At any time within three months prior to the coming dis- '■^^ charge of any prisoner in confinement, he shall be permitted to allow his hair, beard and mustache to grow if he so elects. Note. — The prison rules authorize as punishments the use of the dark coll, solitary oon&nement, a hread-and-water diet, and foiteituie ol good time. COUNTY CONVICTS. Conditions, Violation. Discharge. Permission to hair beard. Sentence to la- i)or. Employment. Sunday. Public works. Civil Code— 1901. Section 1195. When any person shall be lawfully sentenced for a misde- meanor by any district court or justice of the peace to serve a certain num- ber of days in any county jail of this Territory, it shall be competent for the court awarding such sentence to incorporate therein a provision that the person so sentenced shall be kept at hard labor during the term of such sentence, or for any specified portion thereof, as may be adjudged by said court. Sec. 1196. It shall be the duty of the keepers of said several jails within said Territory, when any such person shall be sentenced to hard labor therein, and any mode of labor shall be provided, to cause such prisoner to be kept constantly employed during every day, Sunday excepted, and when such prisoner is discharged, to report to the board of supervisors of such labor, and in all such cases it shall be lawful for said custodian of said prisoner, with the consent of the board of supervisors of such county in which such jail may be situated, to provide labor for such prisoners, if they deem it expedient and profitable to do so, either inside of said jail or out- side of its limits. Sec. 1197. The several keepers of said jails shall respectively have power, with the consent of the board of supervisors of said county, from time to time to cause such of the prisoners under their charge as are capable of hard labor, to be employed on any of the public avenues, streets, highways or other works, where the same will not conflict in any manner or form with free labor, in the county in which such prisoners shall be confined. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS ARIZONA. 623 Seo. 1198. In any case tried before a justice of the peace of any precinct, Work on Mgh- and the party so tried and convicted for a petit offense and sentence given ^*y'- not to exceed thirty days, within the jurisdiction of a justice court, and pro- vided the ]5arty so convicted is in a precinct having a subcounty jail or calaboose, it shall be lawful for such party so convicted to be employed upon the highways, public roads or streets or avenues of the precinct in which the offense was committed. Sec. 1199. It shall be the duty of the road overseers of this Territory to Road o v e r - receive and work prisoners sentenced to hard labor as heretofore provided, seers. and ordered to be employed by the board of supervisors of their respective counties, and such overseers are hereby made special constables to regulate and control such prisoners so turned over to tnem for the purposes of this title: Provided, That such overseers shall not receive any additional com- pensation to that which they receive as road overseers when working such prisoners. Sec. 1200. When any such prisoners shall be worked under and by Duty of over- authority of the preceding section, he or they shall be in the legal care and^^^''- custody of the road overseer; and such road overseer shall well and securely keep him or them, and such prisoner or prisoners shall be subject to such regulations as the keepers legally charged with their custody shall from time to time prescribe. Sec. 1201. Whenever any prisoner who shall be sentenced by any of the Allowance for courts aforesaid to pay a fine, and to be committed until paid, shall be ^^^o"^- employed at hard labor, pursuant to the foregoing provisions, he shall be allowed the sum of one dollar for each day's labor, to be credited on such fine, and when he shall have earned the amount of such fine he shall be discharged. ▲KEAITSAS. STATE CONVICTS. Digest of Statutes — 1904. Section 5852. Hereafter the board of commissioners for the manage- Control, ment of the Arkansas penitentiary shall consist of the auditor, who shall be president thereof; the secretary of state, and the commissioner of mines, manufactures and agriculture, attorney-general and governor. Sec. 5855. The said board shall have the general management and con- Duties of trol of the State penitentiary, and all convicts sentenced to said peniten- l>oard. tiary, whether within or without the walls thereof. * * * Jt shall have power to purchase or cause to be purchased with such funds as may be at Its disposal, not otherwise appropriated, any lands, buildings, raachinery, live stock and tools necessary for the use, preservation and operation of the penitentiary, to the end that the largest number of convicts that can be comfortably accommodated and be made self-supporting may be confined therein; and until adequate provisions be made by the general assembly for the confinement and employment of all convicts within the walls, said board shall cause to be employed the excess of convicts at labor outside the walls, either under the contract or State account system, under such regu- lations, conditions and restrictions as it may deem best for the welfare of the State and the convicts; and said board is hereby empowered and authorized to purchase or lease and equip a farm or farms upon which to work State convicts, and to pay for the same out of the labor or product of the labor of any of the convicts, or they may select any lands of the State, and clear and improve and establish a farm on same of sufficient area to employ all convicts who are able to work in cultivating same. * * * Sec. 5856. The system of labor for convicts shall be the State account Labor systems, system, or contract system, or partly one and partly the other, as shall in the discretion of the board of commissioners be deemed for the best inter- est of the State; but no contract shall be let for any of such convict labor, if equally remunerative employment can be furnished by the State and worked on State account. The said board shall not make or approve any contract for the lease of the penitentiary and convicts, or either of them, nor shall any contract ever be made by which the control of the convicts, except as to a reasonable amount of labor, shall pass from the State or its officers, and the State shall never be deprived of the right to direct how, at 624 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. any and all times and under all circumstances, its convicts ?hall be lodged, fed, clothed, guarded, worked and treated, and the management and dis- cipline of convicts shall, in all cases, remain under control of the State, and officers employed and paid by the State. Induatriea. Sec. 5857. The board shall establish within the walls of the penitentiary such industries as they may deem to be to the best interests of the State, and that they may have monej to establish, that can be used for such pur- pose. They shall have such mdustries established therein as will furnish the charitable institutions of the State with such articles as are necessary to be used in such institutions, and the board of trustees, or superintendent of such charitable institutions shall make requisitions upon the board of commissioners of the penitentiary for such articles as may be needed by their institutions, and ii the same or any part thereof can be furnished by the penitentiary officials they shall be purchased therefrom at the market value of such articles. Mining coal. Sec. 5858. The board of commissioners are authorized to have opened on any coal lands belonging to the State, that have been set aside and with- drawn from sale by the governor, a coal mine to be operated by convict labor on the State account system, if the same can in their judgment be done profitably. And when such coal mine is opened and in operation, all the coal needed for the several State departments and charitable institu- tions of the State shall be furnished therefrom, and the penitentiary system shall be given credit for all such coal furnished at the market price of such coal, and the same shall be charged to the several departments and institu- tions using the same. Surplus coal. Sec. 5860. The coal so mined, in excess of the amount needed by the several departments and institutions of the State, shall be sold by the finan- cial agent of the penitentiary under such rules as may be adopted by the board. Labor in mines. Sec. 5861. No convict shall be worked in any coal mine until he haa been thoroughly examined and pronounced by the penitentiary physician to be physically able to perform such labor: Provided, No convict under eighteen years of age shall be worked in any coal mine. Clearing lands. Sec. 5862. The board of commissioners are authorized to take any tim- bered lands belonging to the State, and the same shall, when so taken, be withdrawn from sale by the governor, and have convicte employed thereon at cutting the timber, clearing and fencing the same; the tunber cut from such land shall be sold by the financial agent, or may be brought to the E risen walls, and may be manufactured into stove wood or other articles, to e sold or disposed of in such manner as the board may deem most profit- able. Such lands, when so cleared and fenced, may be fanned with con- victs or may again be put upon the market by the commissioner of State lands, at such price as the board may recommend. The board is also authorized to purchase a tract of land not more than eighty acres, upon which there is an abundant supply of granite or other good building stone and have convicts employed thereon at quanying, cutting and otherwise Sreparing it for use and the same to be sold or disposed of as the board may irect, if in their judgment it can be done profitably. Work on Mgh- Sec. 5873. The superintendent of the penitentiary may in his judgment ways. ji^jjj at such times as such convicts are not occupied in making and gather- ing crops, or otherwise employed in work for the State, order the roads leading to and in the neighborhood of the several camps now occupied or which may hereafter be occupied by said convicts, worked and repaired by said convicts: Provided: That nothmg in this act will require State con- victs to work said roads for a greater number of days for each man than is now allowed by law for the regular road hands: A-nd provided further, That nothing in this act shall repeal any law which requires the regular road hands to work said roads. Ciaplaln. Sec. 5892. The board shall appoint a chaplain for the penitentiary who shall hold his office for two years and until his successor is appointed and qualified. The chaplain shall hold religious services in the prison chapel at least once in each week. He shall hold such other services as in the judg- ment of the superintendent and himself will be to the best interest of the convicts, which will not interfere with their labor. Duties. Sec. 5893. He shall have charge of the prison library, and shall issue the books thereof to the convicts under such rules as may be adopted by the board. He may establish a night-school for the young convicts, and shall instruct them in such studies as may be prescribed by the board. CHAPTER V. — CONVICT LABOR LAWS ARKANSAS. 625 Seo. 5899. The convicts, now or hereafter confined in said penitentiary, Lator in Littte shall not be worked within the corporate limits of the city of Little Kock, Kook. except on public improvements and buildings and grounds owned by the State, nor elsewhere, without the walls of said penitentiary, unless under Guards. good and sufficient guard, to prevent the escape of the same, nor longer Hours ollabor^ than ten hours each working-day. Sec. 5904. To encourage convicts confined in the penitentiary to con- Deductions; duct themselves with industry and propriety, it shall be the duty of thef™™t6nn. governor, whenever it appears from the reports of the keepers, that the conduct of a prisoner has been exemplary and unexceptional for one whole year together, to commute such prisoner's term of confinement to the extent of one month for the first year, and for the second year to the extent of two months, and for the third year three months, and for each succeeding year to the extent of three months, until the tenth year, and for each suc- ceeding year thereafter, the commutation shall be six months, and the said commutation shall be cumulative, except as herein provided for. Sec. 5918. It shall be unlawful for the superintendent to hire out either Domestic serv- male or female convicts as domestic servants to any person outside the'™- prison walls. Sec. 5920. The convicts shall be clothed in uniform prescribed by the Clothing andt board, and shall receive the allowance of food prescribed by the rules; con-'°°^- victs under the care of the physician shall be allowed such diet as he may direct. The clothing and bedding of the convicts shall be of coarse mate- rial, and they shall be supplied witn a sufficient quantity of wholesome food, according to the rules prescribed by the board; and they may be furnished with tobacco not exceeding one pound to each convict per month. Sec. 5923. The board shall prescribe the mode and extent of punishments Punishment. to be inflicted on convicts for the violation of the prison rules, and any superintendent, subordinate officer or guard having in his charge any con- victs, who shall himself, or who shall cause any other person to inffict on any convict any greater or more severe punishment than is prescribed by said board, said superintendent, subordinate officer or guard shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and on conviction thereof shall be confined in the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than five years; and if death ensues from said punishment, he and his aiders and abettors shall be guilty of murder or mar^aughter as the case may be. Note.— Whipping is authorized. Sec. 5925. N'o officer or employee of the penitentiary, the board included, Interest in con- shall be directly or indirectly interested in any contract for convict labor, tracts. Any one violating this provision shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and upon conviction shall be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary not ess than one nor more than five years. Acts of 1905. Act No. ISi. Section 1. * * * In the matter of selling-er disposing of the products Sals of goods-- of penitentiary labor, the said [penitentiary] board is vested with exclusive authority to effect sales, which shall be done only after the quahty and character of products to be sold has been made known to the board, and a thorough ascertainment of its market value has been found and declared by the board, and the proposed purchaser definitely known, when the board shall manifest its approval of the sale by an order entered upon its records setting out the terms of the proposed sale. * * * Sec. 2. The hiring of convicts shall be subject to th^ approval of said Hiring c o n- board, which said approval shall be indorsed upon any written contract victs. made, and also entered upon the records of the board, and also a d^pite statement of the terms of any such contract entered upon the records of said board, * * * Sec. 4. Nothing contained in this act shall be construed to impair the Effect "sI stat-- validity of any existing contract for the hire of contract [convict] labor, but ute. its effect shall not be to add validity thereto in any particular where defec- tive now. 9061—06 40 626 EEPOET OF THB COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. COUNTY CONVICTS. Digest of Statutes — 1904. Sentence to la> bor. Superint end ent. Rules, etc. Employment. Lease of house of correction. Contractor to be 8up3rin ten- dent. Working out fines and costs. Skilled labor- ers. Hiring. Judgment. Allowance for labor. Convicts to be kept safely, etc. Section 1047. AH persons so sentenced [to imprisonment for any crime cognizable before justices of the peace] shall be compelled to labor on the farm or lands on which said house of correction shall be situated, in such manner as is hereinafter provided and for the term of their imprisonment. Sec. 1048. The county court shajl appoint a discreet person, who shall be a quahfied elector of this State, and who shall be known as superintendent of the house of correction. * * * Sec. 1051. The county court shall from time to time, with the advice of said superintendent, prescribe such rules for the government and discipline of prisoners in said house of correction, and for the discipline and control of the labor of said prisoners, as it shall deem most expedient and whole- some. Sec. 1053. Prisoners in said house of correction shall labor for such num- ber of hours each day as the court may determine, and said prisoners shall be compelled to perform any and all such labors as pertain to the clearing, improvement and cultivation of the farm and garden, or to mechanical pursuits. Sec. 1058. If any person qualified for superintendent shall propose to the county court in writing to take charge of said house of correction and the farm and land thereto attached, and shall be the lowest bidder for such supeiintendency and the farm and land thereto attached, and shall agree to pay all expenses of clothing, food and medical aid necessary for the prisoners, and to keep said house and farm in repair, and shall enter into such further agreement and bonds as the county court shall require, then, and in that event, the said court may let out said farm and house of correction to such person for a term not exceeding two years at any one time, and said person so agreeing shall be entitled to receive to his own use and benefit all products of the labor of any and all prisoners therein. Sec. 1059. Any person agreeing as provided in the preceding section shall be known as tne superintendent of the house of correction. Sec. 1066. Any pejson who may be convicted of any misdemeanor or petty ofi^ense in any of the courts of this State, and who shall be committed to jail in default of the payment of the fines and costs adjudged against hirn, shall be required to discharge such fines and costs by manual labor in any manual-labor workhouse, or any farm attached thereto, or any road, bridge or other public work in the county where the conviction and committal were had. Sec. 1067. If any person so convicted be an artisan or mechanic, and be put to labor in any manual-labor workhouse, or on any bridge or other public improvement, he shall be allowed a reasonable compensation for such labor; but such compensation shall not be paid to said artisan or mechanic. Sec. 1068. Sections 1066 and 1067 shall not be so construed as to prohibit the employment of said county convicts on other than public works, but it shall be lawful to hire out such persons to any individual, company or corporation. Sec. 1069. When any person shall be convicted of any misdemeanor under the laws of this State by any court of competent jurisdiction, the court shall render judgment against the person so convicted, which judg- ment shall direct that the person convicted be put to labor in any manual- labor workhouse, or on any bridge or other public improvement, or that the person be hired out to some person as hereinafter provided, until the fine and costs are paid, which shall not exceed one day for each seventy-five cents of the fine and costs. Sec. 1072. * * * In every instance, the county convict shall receive full credit for the amount of his labor, to be entered and counted in dis- charge of the fine and costs adjudged against him, and whenever his earn- ings shall be sufficient to pay in full the fine and costs adjudged against him he shall be discharged. Sec. 1075. No county convict shall be allowed to work on any public work or improvement whatever where there may be danger of his escape, nor shall he be compelled to labor at any kind of business or in any avo- cation that would tend to impair his health or strength. CHAPTEB V. OONVIOT LABOK LAWS ARKANSAS. 627 Sec. 1076. All persons hiring convicts under the provisions of this act Duties of con- shall, in addition to the bond reqmred, obhgate themselves to furnish said tractors, convicts 80 hired with good and wholesome food, with comfortable cloth- ing, and medicine when sick and not to require them to work at unrea- sonable hours, or for a longer time during any one day than other laborers, doing the same kind of labor, are accustomed to do. Sec. 1080. The county court, or the judge thereof in vacation, is author- Contracts lor ized and empowered to make a contract with some responsible person or J"*-'"*™^"'*' '^" persons for the maintenance, safe-keeping, and working of prisoners com- ' mitted to the county jail, except prisoners awaiting trial. He may make such contract as he may deem for the best interests of the county, and for the purpose of making such contract, and to effectuate the provisions of this act the said court or judge is invested with plenary power. Sec. 1081. The county judge, sheriff and county clerk shall constitute Control. a board for the purpose of prescribing rules for the management and con- trol of such convicts, and the rules so prescribed by such board shall be part of the contract for the keeping of such prisoners, and the contractor shall be liable upon his bond to any person aggrieved for any violation thereof. The said board shall receive no salary for their service. Sec. 1082. Nothing in the preceding section shall prevent the county Work on high- judge from working prisoners on public bridges and liighways. " ways. Sec. 1084. The county, court shah give notice by advertisements in some Advertising, newspaper of the county, and if no such paper is pubhshed in the county, then by posting written or printed notices at ten public places in the county for thirty days, for proposals for said contract, and shall on the appointed day close the contract with the person or persons who shall undertake the duties required by this act on the terms most advantageous to the county, and the contractor shall immediately enter into a good and sufficient bond to the satisf action^ of the county judge and in such sum as the judge shall deem sufficient, payable to the State of Arkansas for the use of such county, and conditioned that said contractor shall faithfully comply with the terms of said contract : Provided, liowever, That the county judge may reject any and all the bids. Sec. 1085. All persons convicted and committed to the county jail, and . Prisoners de- those persons committed to jail for contempt of court, except aU . those ^™J'^^^j. *? ''°"" sentenced to imprisormient in the State penitentiary, shall be delivered to said contractor to be by him kept and worked under said contract and under the provisions of this act. Sec. 1089. It shall be the duty of [the] county contractor, or persons Duty of con- having county prisoners, to safely keep said prisoners and provide them *™''''"'- witli sufficient wholesome food and clothing, medicine and medical atten- tion, and work said prisoners on a farm or at any lawful labor, and shall not permit them to go at large or control their own labor, and any viola- tion of this section shall be deemed a misdemeanor, * * * Seo. 1101. In case the county court or judge thereof is unaWe to make Hiring outside a contract with any person in the county as provided in section 1080, """'^'y- the court or judge thereof may contract for the work of its prisoners with some person in some other county of the State, according to the provi- sions of this act; and if the county court or judge thereof be unable to make a satisfactory contract with some person of some other county, then the county court or judge thereof may order the prisoners to be worked Labor on pub- on the public roads, bridges, levees, or any other public improvements of '" '"°'^ ^' the county, or perform any other lawful labor for the benefit of the county, under suwi rules and regulations not inconsistent with the provisions of this act, as the county court or judge thereof may prescribe: Prowiet?, That plenary power is hereby conjferred upon the county levying court, at its regular meeting, to authorize the county court or the judge thereof in vacation, to purchase in the name and for the benefit of the county a Prison farm, tract of land not to exceed six hundred and forty acres, or the levying court shall have the power, if it deem best, to direct the court or the judge thereof in vacation, to lease in the name and for the benefit of the county, a farm, upon which the county prisoners shall be worked under the pro- visions of this act. Sec. 1102. In the event that the county court or judge thereof shall ^Superintend- order the said prisoners to be worked on roads, bridges, levees or other ^"^ " county improvements, as provided in the preceding section, it shall be the duty of the court or judge thereof to appoint some suitable person 628 REPORT OF THE 00MM1S8I0KER OP LABOR. as superintendent to take,cbarge of, manage and control the labor of said prisoners, who shall for the purpose of working them, be authorized to employ such guards or adopt such means to prevent escapes as may be necessary; * * * Eoad overseer. Sec. 7352. When the county court shall have made an order, as pro- vided in section 1101, compelling the county prisoners to work on- the public roads, levees, bridges or other public improvements of the county, said prisoners shall pe form said services under the direction of the over- seer in any district that the county court and the road commissioner may direct. * * * Allowance for Sec. 7353. Each prisoner worked, as provided in the preceding section, labor. shall be credited with the sum of seventy-five cents on the fine and costs adjudged against him for every full day's labor so performed by him when ne is kept and fed by the overseer, and shall be credited with the sum of one dollar for each day's labor when he boards himself. * * * CALLFOBlSriA. STATE CONVICTS. Constitution Article 10. Contract sys- SECTION 6. * '•' * The labor of convicts shall not be let out by tern prohibited, contract to any person, copartnership, company, or corporation, and the legislature shall, by law, provide for the working of convicts for the benefit of the State. Acts of 1889. Chapter S64. Control. Section 2. For the government and management of the California State prisons, there shall be appointed by the governor, by and under the advice of the senate, five directors, who shall hold their office for the term of ten years, from and after the date of such appointment; such appointments to be made as vacancies occur in the board as it now exists. * * * Duty of direct- Seo. 5. It shall be the duty of the directors * * * to prescribe °''^: rules and regulations for the government of the prisons, and to revise and change the same from time to time as circumstances may require, *^ * * Contractors, Sbc. 10. No person shall be appointed to any office by the wardens, ofBcers°* *° ^^ ^'^ ^® employed in the prisons on behalf of the State, who is a contractor or agent, or who is interested, directly or indirectly, in any business carried on therein; * * * Manuiactuies. Sec. 18. All convicts may be employed by authority of the board of directors, under charge of the wardens respectively, and such skilled fore- men as he may deem necessary in the performance of work for the State, or in the manufacture of any article or articles for the State, or the manu- facture of which is sanctioned by law. At San Quentin no articles shall be manufactured for sale except jute fabrics. At Folsom after the com- pletion of the dam and can^ the board may commence the erection of structures for jute manufacturing purposes. The board of directors are hereby authorized to purchase from time to time such tools, machinery, and materials, and to direct the employment of such skilled foremen as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this section, and to dispose of the articles manufactured, and not needed by the State, for cash, at private sale, in such manner as provided by law. Clothing, food. Sec. 19. In the treatment of the prisoners, the following general i-ules shall be observed; Each convict shall be provided with a bed of straw, or other suitable material, and sufficient covering of blankets, and shall be supplied with garments of coarse, substantial material, of distinctive man- ufacture, and with sufficient plain and wholesome food of such variety as may be most conducive to good health. CHAPTER V. -CONVICT LABOR LAWS CALIFORNIA. 629 Second — No punishment shall be inflicted except by the order and under the direction of the wardens. Note.— The strait-jacket, dungeon, solitary confinement, and loss ol^good time are fonns of imnishment in use. Punishment. Fifth — Each convict, when he leaves the prison, shall be supplied with Discharge, the money taken from him when he entered, and which he has not disposed of, together with any sum which may have been earned By him for his own account, allowed to him by the State for good conduct or diligent labor, or may have been presented to him from any source; and, in case the prisoner has not funds for present purposes, he shall be furnished with five dollars in money, a suit of clothes, costing not more than ten dollars, and [transporta- tion] by the cheapest route to the place where sentenced from, if the prisoner desires to return there, or to any other place of the same cost ; * * * Sec. 20. The State board of prison directors shall require of every able- L a.b o r r e - bodied convict confined in a State prison as many hours of faithful labor lu'red. in each and every day during his term of imprisonment as shall be pre- scribed by the rules and regulations of the prison. Every convict who Deductions shall have no infraction of the rules and regulations of the prison or laws '''°™ term, of the State recorded against him, and who performs in a faithful, orderly, and peaceable manner the duties assigned to him, shall be allowed from his term, instead and [in] lieu of the credits heretofore allowed by law, a deduc- tion of two months in each of the first two years, four months in each of the next t^o years, and five months in each of the remaining years of said term, and pro rata for any part of a year, where the sentence is for or more or lees than a year. The mode of reckoning credits shall be as shown in the following table: Number of year of sentence. Good time granted. Total good time made. Time to he served if lull time is made. 2 months . 2 months . 4 months . 4 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . Second year Third year Fourth year 1 year and 8 months. 2 years and 4 months. 8 months 1 year and 5 months 1 year and 10 months. . . 2 years and 3 months... 2 years and 8 months. . . 3 years and 1 month 3 years and 6 months. . . Sixth year 4 years and 2 inonths. Seventh year Eighth year Ninth year Tenth year 4 years and 9 months. 5 years and 4 months. 5 years and 11 months. 6 years and 5 months. And so on, through as many years as may be the term of the sentence. Each convict shall be held entitled to these deductions, unless the board of directors shall find that for misconduct or other cause he should not receive them. * * * Sec. 23. No officer or employee shall receive, directly or indirectly, any Officers not to compensation for his services other than that prescribed by the directors; ™^?'^®''°™P®"2 nor shall he receive any compensation whatever, directly or indirectly, for tractors, any act or service which he may do or perform for or on behalf of any con- tractor, or agent, or employee of a contractor. * * * Sec. 24. No officer or employee of the State, or contractor, or employee Gifts. of a contractor, shall; without permission of the board of directors, make any gift or present to a convict, or receive any from a convict, or have any barter or dealings with a prisoner. * * * Sec. 25. No officer or employee of the prison shall be interested, directly Interest in ccn- . or indirectly, in' any contract or purchase made or authorized to be made tracts, by any one for- or on behalf of the prisons. • Acts of 1893. Chapter i2. Section 1 (as amended by chapter 404, Acts of 1905). It shall be the Sale of jute duty of the State board of prison directors, from time to time, to fix the ^^S^- price and to give public notice of the same, at which jute goods shall be sold by the State, but at no time prior to the fifteenth day of May of each year shall the price fixed be more than one cent per bag in excess of the net cost of producing the same exclusive of prison labor. 630 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. FilUng orders. Sec. 2 (as amended by chapter 404, Acts of 1905). The State board of prison directors shall prescribe the terms and conditions on which the said goods shall be sold, and until the fifteenth day of May of each year shall sell the same only to consumers of bags; but no order before s.aid date for any one individual or firm or corporation shall be valid for more than five thousand grain bags, except on request of the warden and the unanimous approval of the State board of prison directors. If any bags remain unsold after the fifteenth day of May of each year, the board of prison directors may sell the same to such persons and in such quantities and on such terms and conditions as they shall deem for the best interests of the State up to the fifteenth day of October of each year. Affidavit. Sec. 3 (as amended by chapter 404, Acts of 1905). All orders for jute foods filed with the board of prison directors prior to the fifteenth day of [ay of each year, must be accompanied by an affidavit setting forth that the amount of goods contained in the order are for the individual and per- sonal use of the applicant. Said afiSdavit to be subscribed and sworn to before a notary public, or justice of the peace residing in the township in which the applicant resides : Provided, That any applicant, who shall falsely and fraudulently procure jute goods under the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Chapter 163. Parole. Section 1 (as amended by chapter 64, Acts of 1901). The State board of prison directors of this State shall have power to establish rales and regulations under which any prisoner who is now or hereafter may be imprisoned in any State prison, and who may have served one calendar year of the term for which he was convicted, and who has not previously been convicted of a felony and served a term in a penal institution, may be allowed to go upon parole outside of the buildings and inclosures, but to remain while on parole in the legal custody and under the control of the State board of prison directors, and subject at any time to be taken back within the inclosure of said prison; and full power to make and enforce such rules and regulations and retake and imprison any convict so upon parole is hereby conferred upon said board of directors, whose written order certified by the president of sai'd board shall be a sufficient warrant for all officers named therein to authorize such ofiicer to return to actual custody any conditionally released or paroled prisoner, and it is hereby made the duty of all chiefs of police, marshals of cities and villages, and sheriffs of counties, and all police, prison, and peace officers and constables to execute any such order in like manner as ordinary criminal process: Provided, however, That no prisoner imprisoned under a sentence for life shall be paroled until he shall have served at least seven calendar years. The governor of the State shall have like power to cancel and revoke the parole of any prisoner, and his written authority shall likewise be sufficient to authorize any of the officers named therein to retake and return said prisoner to the State prison, and his written order canceling or revoking the parole shall have the same force and effect and be executed in like manner as the order of the State board of prison directors. If any prisoner so paroled shall leave the State without permission from said board he shall be held as an escaped prisoner and arrested as such. NoTE.-^Though not required by statute, the consent of tlie governor is uniformly obtained before the granting of any parole. No convict is released until the board has satisfactory evidence that employment will be furnished him by a responsible person, or that he wiU engage in a respectable business for himself. He must pro- ceed immediately to the place of his proposed employment or business, and there remain, if practicable, for the space of six months. Monthly reports are required until the date of final release. The sum of $25 must bo deposited with the warden prior to the release on parole of any convict, to defray the expense of arrest and recommitment, if such should become necessary, said sum to be returned to the depositor, if the expense is not incurred, at the time of final discharge of the paroled convict. Acts op 1895. Eookbreaking. Section 1. The governor of the State, the State prison directors, and the bureau of highways (or if the latter shall not be established, then and in that case the two first named) shall, when satisfied that fifty thousand cubic yards of prepared road or highway metal, as hereinafter described. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS CALIFOBNIA. 631 will be taken for highway purposes, purchase, establish, and operate at one or both of the State prisons, a rock or stone crushing plant, to be operated by convict labor and by the application of power under control or the State prison directors, and with such free labor as is necessary for superintendence and direction, to crush rock or stone into road metal for highway purposes, of different and necessary degrees of fineness: Provided, That the authority and direction hereby and herein conferred and given, shall not be exercised or employed imtil the governor and the State prison directors are satisfied that transportation can be had for such highway metal for highway purposes at just and reasonable rates, and so as to justify the setting up and operation herein provided for of said plant. Acts of 1897. Chapter 97. Section 1. The State board of prison directors shall regulate, govern. Crushing and have full control of the rock or stone crushing plant established at plant. the State prison at Folaom, the product thereof, the revenues derived therefrom, and all appropriations of money therefor. Sec. 2. The plant shall be operated by convict labor, and by the appli- Operation, cation of the mechanical and water power belonging to the State prison at Folsom, together with such free labor as the State board of prison directors may deem necessary for superintending, directing, and guarding the convicts employed thereon. Sec. 3. The State board of prison directors are hereby empowered and Sale of rock, authorized to sell and to otherwise dispose of the crushed-rock product of the said plant: Provided, That in all cases preference shall be given to orders received from the bureau of highways for crushed rock for road metal for highway purposes. Sec. 4. The sale price of all crushed rock sold for road metal for highway Price. purposes shall be the cost of production, with ten per centum added, delivered on board cars or other vehicles of transportation at the rock- crushing plant: Provided, That no rock shall be sold for highway or other purposes for a less price than thirty cents per ton. Acts op 1601. Chapter 112. Section 1. It shall be unlawful for the State board of prison directors, Cutting, etc., or the State prison authorities at Folsom, or any other State penaj institu-°* stone Jorbid- tion in the State of California, to engage or employ any person confined or employed in any penal institution in said State, in the manufacturing, cutting, or dressing any curbing, or cross-walk material for street or side- walk purposes, monuments, headstones, coping, posts, or steps suitable for use, or to be used in cemetery work, cut granite for building purposes, and dimension stone for cemetery or building work, except such cut and dimension stone as niay be used in "State prison buildings and walls, cut stone for arches in bridges and culverts for use on State highways, county or district roads. Any person or persons violating the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and punished accordingly. Chapter 150. Section 1. It shall be unlawful for any person to sell, expose for sale, or Sale of goods, offer for sale within this State, any article or articles manufactured wholly or in part by convict or other prison labor, except articles the sale of which is specifically sanctioned by law. Sbc. 2. Every person selling, exposing for sale, or offering for sale any article manufactured in this State wholly or in part by convict or other prison labor, the sale of which is not specifically sanctioned by law, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Chapter 160. Section 1. The State board of prison directors are authorized and Purchase of empowered to purchase California-grown hemp, to be used in the manu-^^™?- facture of grain bags, and to pay for the same from the revolving fund 632 EEPOKT OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. created by law for the purchase of jute. The price for which grain bags made at said prison from hemp shall be sold shall be fixed by the State board of prison directors, in the sanie manner as the price of bags made from jute is now by law fixed by said board. Acts of 1903. Chapter 116. Work on high- Section 1. The State prison directors of the State of California are hereby authorized and directed to employ at- least twenty prisoners daily during fair weather, in the construction and repair of such public roads as have been or shall hereafter be laid out or opened by the board of supervisors of Marin County, and which extend from San Quentin State prison, or the grounds surrounding the same, to Point Tiburon, San Eafael, and all railroad stations in Marin County which lie in the neighborhood of the said State prison: Providing, That no work shall" be done by such prisoners beyond a point six miles distant from said prison buildings; and also to employ at least twenty prisoners under like conditions on roads extending from the State prison at Folsom in Sacramento County or connecting therewith: Providing, That- no work shall be done by such prisoners beyond a point six miles distant from said prison building. Chapter 190. Articles iorpri- Section 1. No inmate of any State institution shall be employed in the vateuse. manufacture or production, of any article, intended for the private and- personal use of any State officer, or officer, or employee, of any State institution: Provided, That this act shall not prevent repairing of any kind nor the employment of such inmates in household or domestic work connected with such institution. COUNTY CONVICTS. Penal Code — 1885. Lahor on pub- Section 1614 (as amended by chapter 214, Acts of 1893). The board lie works and of supervisors making such order [requiring county convicts to labor on ™^^^' public works and ways] may prescribe and enforce the rules and regulations under which such labor is to be performed; and provide clothing of such a distinctive character for said prisoners as such board, in its discretion, may deem proper. For each month in which the prisoner appears, by the record, to have given a cheerful and willing obedience to the rules and regulations, and that his conduct is reported by the officer in charge of the jail to be positively good, five days shall, with the consent of the board of supervisors, be deducted from his term of sentence. Acts of 1897. Chapter S77. Power 1 Section 25. The boards of supervisors, in their respective counties, boards. shall have jurisdiction and power, under such limitations and restrictions as are prescribed by law: * * * * * * . * Superintend- 29. To provide for the working of prisoners confined in the county jail, ^°*' under judgment of conviction of misdemeanor, under the direction of some responsible person, to be appointed by the sheriff, whose compensation shall not exceed one hundred dollars per month, upon the public grounds, roads, streets, alleys, highways, or public buildings, or in such other places as may be deemed advisable, for the benefit of the county. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS COLORADO. 633 COLOKADO. STATE AND COUNTY CONVICTS. Annotated Statutes op 1891 and Supplement of 1904. Section 1444. Whenever any person shall be lawfully sentenced for Sentence to la- crime by the judge of any district court in this State, to imprisonment in *""■• the State prison, or to any county jail, it shall be competent for the court awarding such sentence to incorporate therein a provision that the person so sentenced shall be kept at hard labor during the term of such imprison- ment, or for any specified portion thereof, as may be adjudged by the said court. Sec. 1445. It shall be the duty of the keepers of the said several prisons. Duty of keep' when any person shall be sentenced to hard labor, therein, and any mode®''^- of labor snail be provided to cause such prisoner to be kept constantly employed during every day, Sundays excepted, and annually to account with the board of county commissioners for the proceeds of such labor; and in all such cases it shall be lawful for the said jailer, with the consent of the county commissioners of the county in which such jail may be situated, to provide labor for such prisoners, if they deem it expedient and profitabla so to do, either inside of the jail or outside of its limits. Sbo. 1446. The keepers of said prisons shall respectively have power. Work on high' with the consent of the county commissioners of said counties, from time "'^y^- ^^''' to time to cause such of the convicts under their charge as are capable of hard labor to be employed on any of the public avenues, streets, highways or other works, quarries or mines, in the county in which such prisoners shall be confined, or in any of the adjoining counties, upon such terms as may be agreed upon between the said keepers and the officers or other persons under whose directions such convicts shall be placed. Sec. 1447. Whenever any convict or convicts shall be employed under Control, and by the authority of the preceding section, he or they shall be in the legal care and custody of the person or persons to whom they shall be so employed ; and he or they shall be well and securely chained and secured, and shall be subject to such regulations as the keepers legally charged with their custody shall from time to time prescribe. Sec. 1448. Whenever any prisoner who shall be sentenced by any of Fines and the courts aforesaid to pay a fine and costs, or either, and to be committed ""^ ^' until paid, shall be employed at hard labor, pursuant to the foregoing provisions, he shall be allowed the sum of one dollar for each day's labor, and when he shall have earned the amount of such fine and costs he shall be discharged. STATE CONVICTS. Annotated Statutes of 1891 and Supplement op 1904. Section 2483. For the purpose of reclaiming, by irrigation. State and Irrigation other lands, and for the purpose of furnishing work for the convicts con- w<"'i'^- fined in the State penitentjary, the board of commissioners of the State penitentiary is hereby authorized to locate, acquire, and construct, in the name of and for the use of the State of Colorado, ditches, canals, reservoirs and feeders, for irrigating and domestic purposes, and for that purpose may use convict labor of persons confined, or that may be confined, as convicts in the State penitentiary at Canyon City. Sec. 3403. The government of the penitentiary shall be vested in a Control. board of commissioners composed of three persons, who shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, * * * Sec. 3412. The board of commissioners shall make such rules and regu- Duties of lations for the government, discipline and police of the penitentiary, and board, for the punishment of persons confined, not inconsistent with law, as they deem expedient. * * * ' , <. ^ . • Sec. 3416. Should any commissioner or officer of the penitentiary te-^^^*|™^*'°"=°"" come in any manner interested in contracts for providing provisions, clothing or other necessaries for the use of such penitentiary, or become in any manner interested in contracts for buildings or the construction of buildings of any kind, in any way connected with such penitentiary, or for furnishing materials of any kind for the construction of such buUdings, 634 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OK LABOR. or in any contract for the labor of convicts, such officer so interested shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, * * * Gifts. Seo. 3424. No commissioner, warden, guard, turnkey, or other oflBcer or employee of the penitentiary, shall, on any pretense whatever, receive from any of the convicts any sum of money, emolument, or rewa,rd what- soever, or any article of value, as a gift, under a penalty of being discharged from the service of the penitentiary, and forfeiting all moneys due frona that institution, and being disqualified of ever holding a position in said service. Employments. Sec. 3425. * * * He [the warden] shall employ such a number of convicts in maldhg such improvements as said commissioners may deem advisable, and he shall employ the remainder of the convicts in such labor as may be most advantageous to the penitentiary: Provided, liowever, That he shall classify the convicts, and if it shall be more in the interest of the penitentiary to hire out the labor of the convicts, to be worlied under the superintendence of the warden, he may hire out such labor with the consent of the commissioners. Hiring. Seo. 3435. The warden, under the direction of the board of commission- ers, shall hire out the labor of the convicts to the best advantage, but in no case shall a convict be allowed to go out to labor without being under the custody of a guard or overseer of the peijitentiary. Place of later. Sec. 3436. No labor shall be performed by the convicts of the Colorado State penitentiary off of the grounds belonging to said penitentiary, except such as may be incident to the business and management of the peniten- tiary: Provided, That this act shall not be construed to affect any existing contract. Labor re- Sec. 3447. Every able-bodied convict shall be put to, and kept at, the quired. work most suitable to his or her capacity, and most advantageous to the people of the State of Colorado, and which may least conflict with the free labor of the said State, during his or her confinement j and the earn- ings of such convict, after deducting sufficient thereof to pay and satisfy the cost of maintenance and retention, shall be given to the family of such convict, or dependents, if there be any, if there be none, the same accumu- lated shall be paid to such convict upon discharge from the peniten- tiary. * * * Bringing con- Sec. 3448. It shall be unlawful for any person, or corporation, or asso- victs into State. Elation whatsover, or any county, city or town within the State of Colorado, to hire or bring into the State to perform labor, any persons convicted of crimes or misdemeanors of any description whatsoever in any State or Ter- ritory of the United States under penalty hereinafter provided; Pro- vided, That nothing in this act shall be consti-ued to apply to ex-convicts. Use of convict- Sec. 3449. It shall be unlawful for the State, its officers or representa- made goo s. tives, or. any county, city or town or their officers or representatives, to knowingly bring into the State or causeto be brought into the State any material for use in the erection of, or repairing of any public building, the labor in preparing which or any part of which has been performed by con- victs. Sale of goods. Seo. 3450a. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons or corporation License. ^.^ i^nowingly expose for sale within the State of Colorado, without first obtaining from the secretary of state a-iicense to sell, any convict-made goods, merchandise or wares, as hereinafter provided. Application. Seo. 3450b. Every person, or persons, or corporation desiring to act as agents for or to deal in convict-made goods, within the limits of the State of Colorado, shall make an application in writing to the secretary of state, setting forth, his or their residence or office, the class of goods he, they or it desires to deal [sic] in the town, village or city, giving the street number at which he, they or it intends to locate, together with the names of two or more respon- sible citizens of the State of Colorado, who shall enter into a bond of not less than five thousand dollars ($5,000) to guarantee that the said applicant ^ will in all and every particular comply with any and all laws of the State of Colorado regulating and prescribing the sale of convict-made goods, wares and merchandise. License to is- Sec. 3450c. The secretary of state shall thereupon issue a license to such applicant for one year, except as hereinafter provided, which license shall set forth the name of the person, persons or corporation, and shall be kept conspicuously posted in his, their or its place or business. sue. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS COLORADO. 635 Sec. 3450d. Such person, persons or corporation shall annually, before the Annual re- fifteenth day of January of each year, transnait to the secretary of state a P"'''-'- verified statement setting forth: ^ 1. The name of the person, persons or corporation. 2. His, their or its place of business. 3. The name of the persons, agents, wardens or keepers of any prison, jail, penitentiary or reformatory, or estabhshmeut using convict labor, with whom he has done business, and the person, persona or corporation to whom he has sold goods, wares or merchandise, giving the State, city or town and street number of such purchaser or purchasers. 4. In general terms the amount paid to such agents, wardens or keepers of goods, wares or merchandise, and the character of the goods, wares or merchandise so received. Seo. 3450e. Every person, persons or corporation shall pay annually, Fee. upon the issue of sucn license as hereinbefore provided, the sum of five hundred dollars ($500) to thesecretary of state as a license fee, which amount shall be credited tp the maintenance account of the State prison. Sec. 3450f. Licenses shall be for one year unless revoked as subse- Terra. ' quently provided. Sec. 3450g. The secretary of state shall have the power to revoke the . Revocation of license of any person, persons, or corporation upon satisfactory evidence or 'i'^snse. upon conviction for any violation of any law regulating the sale of convict- made goods, wares or merchandise; but no such revocation shall be made until due notice to the person, persons or corporation so complained of; and for the purpose of this section the said secretary of state, or his author- ized agents, shall have power to administer oaths and compel the attend- ance of persons and the production of books, papers, et cetera. Sec. 3450h. All goods, wares or merchandise made or partly made by Goods to be convict labor in any penitentiary, prison or reformatory or other estab- ™^''1^*°- lishments shall, before being exposed for sale, be branded, labeled or marked ~" as hereinafter provided, and shall not be exposed for sale in any place vrithin this State without such brand, label or mark. Sec. 34S0i. The brand, label or mark hereby required shall contain at the Style of mark. head or top thereof the words "convict-made," followed by the year and name of the penitentiary, prison or reformatory or other establishment in which it was made, in plain English letters, in style known as great primer roman capitals. The brand or mark shall, in all cases where the nature of the article will permit, be placed upon the same, and only where such branding and marking is impossible a label shall be used, and where a label is used it shall be in the form of a paper tag, which shall be attached by wire to each article, where the nature of the article will permit, and placed securely upon the boxes, crates or other covering in which such goods, wares or merchandise may be packed, shipped or exposed for sale. Said brand, mark or label shall be ptoced upon the outside of and upon the most conspicuous part of the finished article and its box, crate or cov- ering. In case of manulactured clothing of any nature, such label shall be of linen and securely sewed upon each article of such clothing in a place where upon examination it may be easily discovered. Sec. 3451. Every convict who is now, or may hereafter be, imprisoned Deductions in the penitentiary, and who shall have performed faithfully, and all who ""^ °'^'"" shall hereafter perform faithfully, the duties assigned to him or her during his or her imprisonment therein, shall be entitled to a deduction from the time of his or her sentence for the respective years thereof, and proportion- ately for any part of a year, when there shall be a fractional part of a year in the sentence, to wit: For the first year, one month; for the second year, two months; for the third year, three months; for the fourth year, four months; for the fifth year, five months; for the sixth and each lucceeding year, six months; * * * Sec. 3458. All male pereons convicted of crime and confined in the Labor re- pemtentiary, under the laws of this State, except such as are precluded by quired, the terms of the judgment of conviction, shall perform labor, under such rules and regulations as have been or may be prescribed by the board of commissioners. Sec. 3463. When any convict is discharged from the penitentiary he Discharge, shall be furnished the sum of ten dollars ; also, when the said convict is in need, he shall be furnished with a new suit of common clothing, and all articles of personal property belonging to said convict that may have been turned over to the warden. 636 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Ticket of leave. Sec. 3465. Ten days prior to the day on which any convict now confined, or that may hereafter be confined in the penitentiary of this State, shall be ^ entitled to be discharged from said penitenitiary, the warden thereof, or any person acting for him as such oflicer, shall give such convict a ticket of leave therefrom, which ticket of leave shall entitle him to depart from Transporta-^^''^ prison. The warden shall at the same time furnish such convict with tion, e„c. five dollars,. a suit of clothes as now provided by law in the case of the discharge of a convict from the penitentiary, and a nontransferable rail- road ticket, at the expense of the State, from the place at which said peni- tentiary is located to the railroad station which is at or nearest to the collnty seat of the county in which the crime shall have been committed for which such convict is then undergoing sentence in said penitentiary, but without the county in which said penitentiary is located, unless the convict was sentenced for a crime committed in the last aforesaid county. The warden shall indorse on the back of such railroad ticket the namfi of the ?erson for whom it was furnished, and also the words "furnished by the State." t shall not be lawful for such convict to sell or transfer such ticket, nor for any person to use the same except the person for whom it is furnished: Provided, That such convict, if he so desire, may receive from the warden five dollars in lieu of said railroad ticket, if the distance which such ticket would carry him should exceed ninety miles, so that he shall then have from the warden ten dollars and no railroad ticket. Form ol sen- . gj-o. 3473a. When a convict is sentenced to the State penitentiary, otherwise than for life, for an offense or crime committed after the passage of this act, the court imposing the sentence shall not fix a definite term of imprisonment, but shall establish a maximum and a minimum term for which said convict may be held in said prison. The maximum term shall not be longer than the longest term fixed by law for the punishment of the offense of which he was convicted, and the minimum term shall not be less than the shortest term fixed by law for the punishment bf the offense of which he was convicted. Parole. Seo. 3473c. The governor shall have authority, under such rules and regu- lations as he may prescribe, to issue a parole or permit to go at large toany convict who now is, or hereafter may be, impnsoned in the said peniten- tiary under a sentence other than a life sentence, who may have served the minimum term pronounced by the trial court, or, in the absence of such minimum term pronounced by the court, the miijimum term provided by law for the crime for which he was convicted: Provided, That any conVitS; who shall make an assault with a deadly weapon upon any officer, em- ployee or other convict of said penitentiary shall not be eligible to parole under this act. Conditions. Sec. 3473d. Every such convict, while on parole, shall remain in the legal custody and under the control of the commissioners of the penitentiary and shall at all times be subject to such rules and regulations as they may prescribe, and shall be subject at any time to be taken back within the inclosure of the penitentiary from which he was permitted to go at large for any reason which may be satisfactory to the commissioners and at their sole discretion; and, upon the request of the commissioners, the governor may order said paroled convict to be returned to the penitentiary. * * * Violation. Sec. 3473e. The paroled convict who may, upon the order of the governor, be returned to the penitentiary, shall be retained therein according to the terms of his original sentence and in computing the period of his confine- ment the time between his release upon said permit and his return to said penitentiary shall not be taken to be any part of the term of the sentence. Parole not dis- Sec. 3473f . This act shall not be construed in any sense to operate as a charge. discharge of any convict paroled under its provisions but simply a permit to any such convict to go without the inclosure of the penitentiary, and if, while so at large, he shall so behave and conduct himself as not to incur his reincarceration, then he shall be deemed to be still serving out the sen- tence imposed upon him by the court and shall be entitled to good time the same as if he had not been paroled. But if the said paroled prisoner shall be returned to the said penitentiary, as hereinbefore provided, then he shall servo out his original sentence as provided for in section 5 [3473e] of this act. Labor for oni- Seo. 4144. No officer of the institution [State reformatory] shall employ cers. the labor of any inmate upon any work in which he or any other oflBce CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS COLORADO. 637 shall be interested without paying for the same the price fixed by the com- missioners. Sec. 4153. The commissioners shall make such regulation in regard to Food, clothing, the food, clothing and bedding of the inmates as the health and circum-" "' stances of each may require, but all rations, clothing and bedding shall be plain and of good quality, and in sufficient quantity for the sustenance and well-being of the inmates. Sec. 4163. It shall be the duty of the warden, under the rules adopted Duties of war- by the commissioners for the government of the institution [State reforma- ™' tory]: Fourth. — To use every proper means to furnish employment to the fnmates, both beneficial to the State and best suited to their several capaci- ties : Provided, That so fat as practicable, the industries upon which such convicts shall be employed shall be the manufacture of articles not else- where manufactured m this State. Fifth. — To superintend ally manufacturing or mechanical business that may be carried on by the State, pursuant to tne laws, within the institution; to receive the articles manufactured and to sell and dispose of them for the benefit of the State. H: ^ ^ ^ 4: iif * 4: Sec. 41B7. The warden, with the approval of the commissioners, shall Teacher, appoint a teacher, whose duty it shall be, under the authority of the war- den, to instruct the inmates, of [or] such "classes of them as the commission- ers shall direct, in such branches of English education as the commissioners shall designate, and to such extent as to frequency of lessons and time spent thereon as the commissioners.shall require; * * * Sec. 4174. All inmates in the State reformatory, except such as are Employment confined in solitude for misconduct in the institution, shall be kept con- to be constant, stantly employed at some labor at an average of not to exceed ten (10) hours per day, Sundays excepted, unless incapable of labor by reason of sickness Saiidays. of 'infirmity; and such inmates may at all times, except when employed at labor under the rules adopted by the commissioners, be visited by any religious teacher or pastor of their own choice or religious belief, subject to such reasonable general rules and regulations applying to all alike as may be adopted by the commissioners. Sec. 4176. The keepers shall preserve proper discipline among the Punishment, inmates under their charge, and the warden oi: deputy warden may punish inmates for misconduct under such regulations as shall be adopted by the board of commissioners: Provided, That no punishment by showering •with cold water or whipping with the lash on the bare body, or any other brutal or inhuman punishment be allowed. * * * Note. — Confinement in dark cell, bread-and-water diet, loss of privileges, and, in extreme cases, corporal punishment and chaining are punishments in use. Acts op 1905. . ' Chapter 86. Section 1. Upon tfee written request of a majority ot the board of Work on high- county commissioners of any county in the State of Colorado, the warden ways. of the Colorado State penitentiary, situated at Canyon City, in Fremont County, shall detail such convicts as in his judgment shall seem proper,-not exceed.ing the number specified in said written request, to work upon such public roads and highways of such county or streets and alleys of any city or incorporated town within such county as shall be desij^ated in said written request of said county commissioners: Provided, That such county shall pay all additional expenses of guarding said convicts while working upon said' public roads and highways within such county and shall furnish all tools and materials necessary in the performance of said work: And provided, That when said work is done within the limits of any city or mcorporated town within such county, or city or incorporated town where said work shall be done shall likewise pay all additional expenses of guard- ing such convicts while performing said work and shall furnish all necessary material used in said work, 638 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Bridges. Sec. 2. Said convicts when employed under the provisions of ssction 1 of this act shall not be used for the purpose of building any bridge or structure of like character which requires the employment of skilled labor. Deductions Sec. 3. The board of penitentiary commissioners are hereby empowered fiom term. to adopt a special rule applicable solely to convicts employed on the pubhc work herein authorized and contemplated, whereby convicts so employed , shall be. granted additional good time allowance, conditioned upon their good behavior and cheerful compliance with all rules that may be made by said board or said superintendent for the management and control of convicts so employed. COBTlSTECTICXrT. STATE CONVICTS. General Statotes — 1902. Form of tence. Parole. Violation. Discharge. Securing ployment. Control. Powers, etc., board. Duties of war. den. Punishment. 3611- Section 1535. When any person shall, for offenss committed after the thirty-first of July, 1901, be sentenced to the State prison, otherwise than for life or in connection with a sentence of execution for a capital offense, or for a violation of section 1336, the court imposing the sentence shall^ establish a maximum and minimum term for which.said convict may be held in said prison. The maximum terra shall not be longer than the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed by law as a penalty for such offense, and the minimum term shall not be less than one year: Provided, That when any person so sentenced shall have twice before been convicted, sentenced, and imprisoned in a State prison or penitentiary, the court shall sentence said person to a maximum of thirty years: And promded further. That in case a person is sentenced to the State prison for two or more separate offenses, where the term of imprisonment for a second or further term is ordered to begin at the expiration of the first and each succeeding term of sentence named in the warrant of commitment, the court imposing said sentences shall name no minimum term of imprisonment except under the first sentence, and the several maximum terms shall, for the purpose of this section andof sections 1536, * * *^ 1539, 1540, and 1541, be construed as one continuous term of imprisonment. Sec. 1536. Any person so sentenced to the State prison, after having been in confinement within said prison for a period not less than said mini- mum term, may be allowed to go at large on parole in the discretion of a majority of the board of directors of said prison and the warden thereof acting as a board of parole, if in their judgment said prisoner will lead an orderly life if set at liberty. Sec. 1539. Any paroled convict, who shall be returned to said prison for violation of his parole, may be retained in said prison for a period equal to the unexpired term of his sentence at the date of the request or order for his return, or may be again paroled by said board of parole. Sec. 1540. If it shall appear to said board of parole that any convict on parole will continue to load an orderly life, then said board by a unanimous vote of all the members present at any regular meeting thereof may declare said convict discha^ed from said prison, and shall deliver to him a written certificate to that effect under the seal of the board^f parole and signed by its secretary and by the warden. em- Sec. 1.541. It shall be the duty of the Connecticut prison association and of said board of parole to make all reasonable efforts to secure employment for any convict paroled or discharged. Sec. 2897. There shall be seven directors of the State prison, who shall be appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the senate. Sec. 2899. The directors shall, at all times, have free access to every part of the prison, and to the prisoners, and to all the accounts of the warden; make all necessary rules for the government of the prison, and the employ- ment of the prisoners; * * * Sec. 2900. The warden shall manage the prison, subject to the rules of the directors and their written orders; he shall keep all the prisoners cm- ployed in such labor as the directors shall order, during the term of their imprisonment; and in case they are disobedient or disorderly, or do not faithfully perform their task, may put fetters and shackles on them, and moderately whip them, not exceeding ten stripes for any one offense, or CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOB LAWS CONNECTICUT. 639 confins them in dark and solitary cslb; he shall keep a book in which a record shall be made of every punishment by solitary confinement, as fol- lows : The name and number or other sufficient designation of the person punished; the day and hour when put in solitary confinement; the day and hour when released; the offense; and such remarks as may be neces- sary to complete the record; and shall also keep a record of the punishment innictcd upon each prisoner, showing its cause, mode, and degree, and a like record of the conduct of each prisoner. Any prisoner may, by prompt Deductions and cheerful obedience to the rules of said prison, earn a commutation or term, diminution of his sentence as follows: Sixty days for each year, and pro rata for a part of a year, of a sentence which is for more than one year and not for more than five years; and ninety days for the sixth and each subse- quent year, and pro rata for a part of a year: Provided, That any serious act of insubordination or persistent refusal to conform to prison regulations occurring at any time during his confinement in said prison shall subject the prisoner, at the discretion of the warden and board of directors, to the loss of all or any portion of the time earned ; but this provision shall not apply to prisoners sentenced to confinement in said prison for a term that is not greater than one year. Where any prisoner is held under more than one conviction the several terms of imprisonment imposed thereunder shall be construed as one continuous term for the purpose of estimating the amount of commutation which he may earn under the provisions of this section. Sec. 2901. The warden may employ such number of prisoners as may be Employment approved by the board of directors outside the prison walls, within two outside prison, miles thereof, under the charge of some proper officer of the prison. * * * Sec. 2902. No person anywhere confined for crime shall be employed in Manufactures. or about the manufacture or preparation of tobacco or of any article which in its use comes into contact with the mouth of a human being. Sec. 2911. The chaplain shall devote his whole time to the religious in- Chaplain, struction and moral improvement of the prisoners; * * ♦ Sec. 2913. Every prisoner, detained only for the payment of costs, shall Costa, be allowed for his labor the wages paid joumeymen for like labor, but if, in the opinion of the directors, he shall be unable to pay said costs, and has conducted himself well during his confinement, the warden may remit the amount of such costs, and discharge him. Sec. 2914. Evciy prisoner held in said prison for nonpayment of a fine Fines. shall bs allowed one hundred dollars a year for his labor, from the time when his imprisonment for nonpayment of said fine commenced, if, in the opinion of the warden and directors, he shall have been submissive to the officers of the prison during his confinement, and conducted himself as a. faithful prisoner. Sec. 2977. The governor, a judge of the supreme court of errors, to bo Board of par- designated for that purpose by tlfe judges of that court, and four other per- d°°'- sons, one of whom snail be a physician, shall constitute a board of pardons. * * + Sec. 2978. The governor shall biennially appoint two members of said Appointment. board, with the advice and consent of the senate, who shall hold their offices for the term of four years from and alter the first Monday of June next suc- ceeding their appointment. Not more than two of the four members so appointed shall belong to the same poUtical party. * * * bEC. 2979. The jurisdiction for granting commutations of punishment Duties of and releases, conditioned or absolute, from the State prison, and also com- toard. mutations of the penalty of death, shall be vested in said board: Provided, however. That said board shall giant paroles only to convicts imprisoned for offenses committed prior to August first, 1901. Sec. 2984. Any person imprisoned in the Connecticut State prison for Parole, any offense committed prior to the first day of August, IGOl, may be allowed to go at large on parole in the discretion of said board, and while so at large shall remain in the legal custody and under the control of said board, and subject at any time to be taken back within the hmits of said prison and be reiraprisoned therein: Provided, That no convict shall be paroled: First, who is serving a life sentence; second, who is known to have suffered a previous conviction for felony; third, whose prison record is not such as to afford reasonable probability that he would, if released, lead a law-abiding life; fourth, who is serving a time sentence, and who has not served at least one-half of the full term of his seijtence, not reckoning time earned by good conduct; fifth, unless a vote to that effect shall have received the approval 640 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. of a majority of the members of said board; sixth, until suitable employ- ment has been provided for him. _ , Conditions. Seo. 2985. Said board may make and enforce such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary, upon which such convicts may go upon parole; and may retake and reimprison any such convict on parole. * * * Discharge. Sbc. 2986. The discharge of any prisoner who is released upon parole shall, a.t the expiration of the full term for which he was sentenced, become absolute. COUNTY CONVICTS. General Sttatotes — 1902. Labor re- SECTION 2933. The county commissioners may require all convicts to quired. work according to their ability, permit other prisoners, if they desire it, to be provided with materials for work and employment, require the deputy jailer .or deputy jailers, other officers and employees, to superintend the conduct and labor of the prisoners, prescribe rules for the management, government, discipline, and employment of the prisoners in the jails and jail buildings of their respective counties, and the respective sheriffs shall enforce the same. * * * Food, clothing, Seo. 2935. The deputy jailer or deputy jailers under the rules and direc- ®*°' tions of the county commissioners, shall procure suitable food, clothing, and medical aid for prisoners committed on criminal process,. and such imple- ments and materials as shall be proper for employing and ■ keeping such prisoners at work, * * * Fine and costs. Seo. 2942. Every person committed to any jail upon conviction of any criminal offense, and held therein only for line or costs, or both, shall be dis- charged when the labor of such person at the rate of one dollar a day shall amount to said fine and costs; but no person shall be held in jail for the costs if unable to pay them, on any one conviction, more than four months. Deductions Sec. 2956. Every person confined or committed to any county jail for a from term. period of not less than three months may, for prompt obedience to the rules of the jail, have five days deducted from each month of his sentence by the county commissioners, upon a report of the jailer certifying to such good conduct. Worldiouse. Sec. 2960. Any town may establish a workhouse, and provide suitable buildings for the confinement of offenders sentenced thereto; furnish mate- rials for their work, direct the kind of labor, and the manner and place in which it is to be performed, either in or out of the workhouse ; and make any lawful regulations necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this chapter. Inmates to be Sec. 2962. The master [of a workhouse] shall receive all persons lawfully employed. gg^j. jj^ere, and keep them employed in such labor as they shall be able to perform; * * * Manufactures. Sec. 2976. The provisions of section 2902 shall apply to prisoners con- fined in a jaU or workhouse. DEIiAWAEE. STATE CONVICTS. Revised Code — 1893. Page 4^4. Act of April 8, 1881. ' Contracts for Section 1. .The governor of this State is hereby authorized from time to care of convicts, tjjug -^g occasion may require to contract with the proper authorities of any other State of the United States for the custody, maintenance, discipline medical attendance, clothing and transportation of all or so many of the convicts now in any of the jails of this State, and of such also as may be hereafter sentenced for a term of six months or longer, as the court may deem proper to be sent: Provided, That no expense shall accrue to this State in consequence of any such contract except as hereinafter provided. a y Sec. 7. Should the governor, from any cause, be unable to make satis^ factory arrangements for the custody and maintenance of convicts as here- inbefore-provided for, then the levy courts of the respective counties directly or by committees thereof, are hereby authorized and empowered to' hire out said convicts upon the most favorable terms for their county, or to employ Courts m hire. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS DELAWARE. 641 them upon the roads or any public works: Provided, The same can be done without endangering the escape of the convicts. And all officers, State or county, arc hereby required to aid and assist in carrying out the provisions of this act according to its true intent and meaning. COUNTY CX3NVICTS. Chapter 64- Section 8. Three commissioners of the jail and workhouse shall be .Jail commis- appointed, as provided in chapter 8 [by the levy court]. * * . * sioners. The jail commissioners shall have power to make rules for the govern- ment of the jail and workhouse, and all persons connected therewith; for the cleanliness and health of prisoners, and for the employment of convicts; * * * Sec. 9. The overseer of the workhouse shall compel all prisoners con- Duties ofover- vioted of any crime deemed a felony (and may allow all others) to work and scera ot work- labor according to their ability; and the proceeds, or produce, of such ^"^^^' labor shall belong to the county; but the proceeds of the industry of pris- oners not obliged to work, shall, after deducting the cost of materials, be applied to their board, and any overplus shall, upon their discharge, be paid to them. !lp It H: * * * * Sec. 10. If any prisoner, convicted of a crime deemed a felony, shall Punishments^ refuse to work, or neglect to perform his task properly, or if any prisoner shall be disorderly, and willfully violate the rules established by the com- missioners for the government of the jail and workhouse, he may be put in solitary confinement, or kept on bread and water, until he submit and obey; and in case of extreme obstinacy, it shall be lawful for the overseer, with the consent of any commissioner, to inflict such moderate and proper cor- rection, as the case may require. Chapter ISS. Section 6. If any person shall be convicted of a crime deemed felony, -Place of em— and shall be sentenced to imprisonment as a part of the punishment, or ^ °y™^° • shall be sentenced, for any misdemeanor, to imprisonment for a term exceed- ing three months, it shall be lawful for the sheriff, or jailer, to keep such person employed at labor within the walls of the prison, or in any building or yard connected therewith; and the profits of such labor shall be applied for the use of the county. * * * Note. — Prisoners in the New Castle County workhouse are allowed commutation of sentence for good conduct as follows: Five days per month during first year, seven days during second year, nine days during third year, and ten days per month for each succeeding year. BISTBICT OF ALASKA. Acts of U. S. Congress— 1898-99. Session III.— Chapter 4^9.— Title I. Section 196. A judgment of imprisonment in the penitentiary need only Sentence- specify the duration and place of such confinement, and thereafter the manner of the confinement and the treatment and employment of the per- son so sentenced shall be regulated and governed by whatever law may be in force prescribing the discipline of the penitentiary wherein he is confined and the treatment and employment of persons sentenced to confinement therein. Sec. 201. * * * The manner of such confinement [in a county jail] ^^aw of lo — and the treatment of the persons so sentenced shall be governed by whatever <"'"*y- law may be in force prescribing the discipUne of county jails: Previded, That the United States marshal for said district may, under such regulations as the Attorney-General may prescribe, employ or cause to be employed upon public works any or all persons sentenced to imprisonment in the jails or the penitentiary within said district: And provided further, That for the purpose of satisfying any judgment which may be given against a prisoner for any fine, or for the costs and disbursements in the proceedings against Allowance for- him, such prisoner shall be credited with two dollars for every day's labor labor, performed by him in pursuance hereof. 642 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. DISTBICT OF COLUMBIA. Code— 1901. Sentence. Section 925. "Whenever the punishment [of a convicted pe''^°°J ^^^^ ^^ imprisonment for more than one year, it shall be sufficient .,i j. gpeoi- sentence the defendant to imprisonment in the penitentiary '^' , neniten- fying the particular prison, and the imprisonment shall be m su p tiary as the Attorney-General shall from time to time designate. Deductions iSEC. 937. All persons sentenced to and imprisoned in the jaii oi m me Irom term. workhouse of the District of Columbia, and confined there for a term oi one month or longer, who conduct themselves so that no charge ot misconduct shall be sustained against them, shall have a deduction of fi"^®."^^ '° ^ . month made from the term of their sentence and shall be entitled to their discharge so much the earlier upon the certificate of the warden of the jail for those confined in the jail and the certificate ot the intendant of the Washington Asylum for those confined in the workhonse of their good eon- duct during their imprisonment (with the approval of the judge making the commitment) ; and it shall be the duty of said judge to write or cause to be written in the docket of his court, across the face of the commitment of the person to be so discharged, the following words: "Discharged by order of the court (giving date) on account of good conduct during imprisonment." Employment. Sbc. 1192. Persons sentenced to imprisonment in the jail may be em- ployed at such labor and under auch regulations as may be prescribed by the supreme court of the District and the proceeds thereof applied to defray the expenses of the trial and conviction of any such person. Rules. Sec. 1196. It shall be the duty of the supreme court of the District to make such rules for the government and discipline of the prisoners confined in the jail as shall be deemed necessary for the health, security, and the protection of such prisoners from cruel treatment by any person in charge thereof. FLOBEDA. STATE CONVICTS. Revised Statutes — 1891. Form of sen- Sectiou 2939. When punishment of imprisonment in the State prison ''®™^' is awarded against any convict, the form of the sentence shall be that he be imprisoned by confinement at hard labor, * * * Prison to be Sec. 3034. The board of commissioners of State institutions shall estab- established. j j^jj ^ State prison for the safe-keepiag and punishment of prisoners, in which they shall be closely confined, employed at hard labor, and governed in the manner hereinafter directed, * * * Employment Sec. 3057. Prisoners sentenced to the punishment of hard labor shall be of convicts. constantly employed for the benefit of the State, but no prisoner shall be compelled to labor more th«.n ten hours a day, and all prisoners, except such as may be on the disabled list or in solitary confinement, shall labor not less than eight or more than ten hours a day. Punishment. Sec. 3058. AH necessary means shall be used by the superintendent, and such punishment as ma3r be needful shall be adopted to maintain order, enforce obedience and discipline, suppress insurrection, prevent escapes and compel the performance of labor, but no cruel or inhuman punishment shall be inflicted upon any prisoner, and no punishment injurious to the mind or body of the prisoner shall be permitted, nor shall the prisoner be compelled to labor without food. Note.— From two to ten lashes with a leather strap may be inflicted for disobe- dience. , D? ^ Ji^* ' ° " ^ Sec, 3059. The superintendent shall keep a record of the conduct of each prisoner, and for each month that a prisoner has not been subject to punish- . ment for bad conduct, he shall deduct two days from the term of his sen- tence, and place the same upon a record to be kept by him in the form of a credit, in favor of the prisoner. And the superintendent shall also record in favor of any prisoner who shall well and truly perform the labor allotted to him, either in the prison or by contract for individuals, and who shall not have violated any of the rules of the prison, a credit of three days for each CHAPTEK V. -CONVICT LABOR LAWS FLORIDA. 643 moath of the term of his sentence. And the board of commissioners afore- said, shall, from time to time consider the record of conduct of each prisoner, and they shall have authority to allow the same credits, and to recommend the executive ©lemency on behalf of any prisoner so credited, and upon the allowance by the board of commissioners aforesaid, tl>e total number of days specified in favor of the prisoner shall be deducted from bis term of sentence. Note.— The dedactions sctaally allowed are, lor 1 montti,. 3 days; lor 3 moDttsj 13 da-ys; lor 6 mouths, 25- days; lor 8 months, 1 month and 3 days; lor each year, 1 month and 21 days. Sec. 3083. No o£Dcer or employee shall receive from prisoner, nor from Gilts, anyone on behalf of such prisoner, any gift or reward lor services or aup- plies. Whoever violates this section shall be punished by a fine not exceed- ing five hundred dollars. Sec. 3065. The commissioner of agriculture of the State of Florida, with Contracts, the approval of the board of commissioners of State institutions, may enter into contracts with any person or persons for the labor, maintenance and ciiste>dy of any or all prisoners sentenced to, or confined within, the State prison, in sueh manner as the said board of commissioners of State insti- tationa may deem most advantageous to the interests of the State, and with due regard for the health, humane treatment and safe custody of the pris- oners. Such contracts may be made for a term of years, not exceeding four, and the prisoners shall not be worked before sunrise or after sunset on any day, and no labor shall be done on Sunday. Such contracts may provide for surrendering the control and custody of the prisoners to the person or persons contracting for their labor, subject to such supervision of the commissioner of agriculture as is provided for in this article, and for the payment to the State by such person or persons of such sums of money for the labor of such prisoners on such contracts as may be deemed advan- tageous to the interests of the State, which said sums of money shall be paid to the State treasurer In accordance with the terms of the contract or con- tracts. In case the commissioner of agriculture does not receive any applications to pay the State for the labor of each prisoner then he shall enter into such contracts, with the approval of the said board of commis- sioners of State histitntions, for the payment by the State to any person or persons of such sums of money for taking such prisoners on such contracts as may be deemed advantageous to the interests of the State, which sums of money shall be paid by the State upon the warrant of the comptroller, indorsed by the governor, but such warrant shall not be drawn by the Gomptroller, except upon the order of the board of commissioners of State institutions, and the prisoners contracted for may be used oi- employed at any point in the State, according to the terms of the contract. Sec. 3069. It shall bo the duty of such person so contracting for such Duties ol con- prisoners, and it shall be so stipulated in th« contract, to provide for and *''°'°*°"' furnidi such prisoners comfortable quarters, good clothing, including bed- ding and blankets, wholesome food, and when any of them shall be sick or diseased, necessary medicine and medical attendance and proper per- sonal care. The allowance of food and clothing, inclading bedding and blankets, shall be prescribed by the board of commissioners of State insti- tutions. Sec. 3071. Such contractor or contractors shall have fall and complete Discipline, power to control and discipline such prisoners and to maintain order among and enforce obedience from the same, and to suppress insurrection, prevent escapes and compel the performance of labor, and to punish the prisoners for any violation of discspline, but no cruel or inhuman punishment shall be inflicted upon any prisoner, nor any punishment injurious to mind or body. Ssc. 3073. The coramisBioner of agriculture, under such regulations as Supervision. may be prescribed by the board of commissioners aforesaid, shall supervise the management and condition (rf the prisoners held under such contracts, and shall visit and inquire into all allied abuses and neglects of duty, and make report to such board as to the same, at suck times as said board may require; and said board shall have power and are required to make such rules and regalations as to the management of said prisoners, their clothing and food, as may be proper, and the commis^onei of agriculture shall supervise the employmeDt of prisoners under such ccmtracts, and shall 644 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. report to the board of commissioners of State institutions any violation of contract or duty upon the part of any contractors. ,, Food,clotWng, Sec. 3074. The board of commissioners of State institutions shall pre- etc. scribe the allowance of food and clothing, including bedding and maniteis, which shall be furnished the prisoners by contractors. _ , Chaplain. Seo. 3079. The governor shall appoint annually a chaplain, whose auty it shall be to visit the State convicts at their camps or quarters at least once each week on Sunday, and at any other time when his ministerial duties are required, for the purpose of imparting to them such religious or educa- tional instruction as they may require. Note.— The Ijoard of pardons, consisting ol the governor, the justices oi the supreme court, and the attorney-general, can parole convicts at any time. Acts of 1895. Chapter 4390. Discharge. SECTION 2. Each convict who serves a sentence at h?.rd labor in the State penitentiary shall be furnished, when discharged, at the expense of the State, one good suit of clothes, a hat, and one pair of shoes, and be furnished with five dollars to provide the necessities of life until he can procure work: Provided, That the suit of clothes shall not cost more than $5. Acts of 1905. Chapter 54^8. Supervisors. Section 2. The governor is hereby authorized to appoint one or more supervisors of State convicts and convict camps of the State when in the opinion of the board of commissioners of State institutions more than one is necessary to properly supervise and care for the State prisoners. Powers and Sec. 4. Said supervisors shall be men of ability, integrity and firmness duties. of character. They are hereby clothed with full power, authority and supervision of the convicts and convict camps of the State under the direc- tion of the commissioner of agriculture and the board of commissioners of State institutions. It shall be his or their duty to enforce the law, rules and regulations issued by the commissioner of agriculture and the board of commissioners of State institutions relative to the labor, punishments, food, clothing, lodging, guarding and all matters relative to the sanitary condition of the prison camps and the general care and treatment of the convicts. It shall be the duty of any supervisor so appointed to make written detailed reports to the commissioner of agriculture after visiting each camp, and upon each visit. It shall be the duty of such supervisors to visit all of the prison camps as frequently as the commissioner of agriculture, the governor or the board of commissioners of State institutions may require, but not less than once in every forty (40) days. It shall be the duty of such supervisors to make careful inquiry in the county from which any prisoner may have been sentenced when in their opinion a prisoner is deserving of State aid, to have his pardon application presented to the board of pardens [pardons.] * * * COUNTY CONVICTS. Revised Statutes — 1891. Sentence may Section 2940. When punishment of imprisonment in the county jail is to labor. awarded against any convict, the court may also sentence the prisoner to be employed at hard labor, and in such case he may be employed at such manual labor as the county commissioners may direct. Work on high- Seo. 3032. The board of county commissioners may employ all persons, ways, etc. imprisoned in the jails of 'their respective counties, under sentence upon conviction for crime, or for failure to pay a fine and costs imposed upon conviction for crime, at labor upon the streets of incorporated cities or .towiis, or upon the roads, bridges and public works in the several coun- ties where they are so imprisoned; or the said boards may, in their discre- tion, hire out such persons upon such terms and conditions as they may CHAPTER v.— CONVICT LABOR LAWS FLORIDA, 645 think advisable, in which case the proceeds arising from such contracts shall bo paid into the county treasury. Sec. 3033. No such convict shall be required to work more than ten Hours of labor, hours in each twenty-four, and every such convict shall be entitled to receive, together with subsistence, a credit at the rate of thirty cents per Credit, diem, on account of fines and costs adjudged against him. Acts of 1895. Chapter 43iSS. Section 11. * * * The county commissioners of the respective Hiring, counties are authorized and empowered to hire out or otherwise contract for the labor of all county convicts as they may deem advisable, the pro- ceeds of all such contracts to go into the fine and forfeiture fund. Acts of 1899. Chapter 4769. Section 4. All persons confined, or who may hereafter be confined in Worlc on liigh- the county jail under sentence of a court for crime, or imprisonment for ways. the nonpayment of costs and fines, and all persons who have been sentenced or may Hereafter be sentenced in such county to the county jail for a term of one year or less, shall be worked on the roads of the county: Provided, That in any case the number of such persons in any county at any time be less than five, the county commissionera of such county may arrange with the county commissioners of any other county or counties for such an exchange of prisoners as will enable each county to thereby increase, the number of prisoners at work on its public roads at any given time: Pro- vided, Nothing in this act shall be construed to require convicts to be worked upon the public roads when there is no contract between counties to this effect and the number of such convicts in any county is, in the opinion of the county commissioners, insufiBcient to justify the employment of guards to work them. Sec. 5. When the county commissioners of any county shall have made Convicts Irom provisions for the expenses of supporting and guarding while at work on other counties, the public roads a larger number of prisoners than can be supplied from that county upon the application of the county commissioners of such county the county comimissioners of any other county which has not otherwise provided for the working of their convicts or otherwise disposed of their convicts, or may hereafter dispose of their convicts, shall deliver to said county or counties applying for same in the order of their appli- cation, such convicts as may be confined in the county jail or hereafter be sentenced to such county jail: Provided, That the costs of guarding and maintaining such prisoners shall be paid by the county applying for and receiving the same: Provided, That any and all such prisoners from such other counties may at any time be returned to the sheriff of such other counties at the expense of the county having received and used them: Provided further. That no convicts shall be sent out of the county in which they have been convicted and sentenced to work to any other county, unless a contract for that purpose shall have been* entered into by the boards of county commissioners of the respective counties, and arrange- ments made for their safe-keeping, proper care and safe return by the employing counties to the county or counties from which such prisoners were sentenced. Chapter 4773. Section 1. When any person is convicted in any municipal court in Ball and chain, this State for the violation of any municipal ordinance, and shall be worked on any street or public work in such municipality, such person shall not be confined either with ball or chain at such work: Provided, That if any person so convicted shall escape from custody he may be con- fined either with ball or chain when recaptured and serving the remainder of his sentence. 646 EEPORT OP THE C0MMI8SI0NEK OF LABOR. Acts op 1905. Chapter 64^8. InspectioD. SECTION 5. It shall be the duty of any supemsor appointed under this act to visit any or all of the county convict camps in this State upon the request of the governor and to make written reports to the governor con- cerning the condition of same. The governor and the supervisors of State prisoners are hereby empowered to enforce such rules and regula- tions concerning the care, managenaent and supervision of county convict camps as may be deemed necessary to give them the same treatment and protection as is required by law and by the rules of the board of commis- sioners of State institutions, relative to State prisoners. GEOB.GIA. STATE CONVICTS. Penal Code— 1895. Deductions SECTION 1173, The superintendent of each penitentiary camp shall keep Iromterm. ^ correct register to be termed the "good-conduct account," in which he shall faithfully record the conduct of each convict under his charge, who shall demean hiraseM uprightly, and shall in his monthly report to the principal keeper of the penitentiary, state the name of such convict, and each convict who shall demean himself uprightly and well, shall have deducted from the time for which he may have been sentenced, two months for the second year, three months for each subse^ent year, imtil the tenth year, inclusive, and four months for each remaining year of the time of imprisomuent. This reduction of time is upon consideration of continued good conduct, and shall apply only to such convicts who have not been sentenced to imprisonment for life; and such record shall be evidence for or against the convict in any of the courts e£ this State. Acts of 1897. Page 71. Ad No. SJfi. Prison com- SEcmoN 2. The terms of office of the [prison] commissioners elected by missioners. jjjg people shall be for a period of six years. * * * Duties of com- Seo. 6 (as amended by act No. 430, p. 65, Acts of 1903). The commis- mlssioners. gjon shall have complete management and control of the State convicts; shall regulate the hours of their labor, the maimer and extent of their punishment; the variety and quantity of their food, the kind and char- acter of their clothing, and shall make such other rules and regulations as will assure their safe-keeping and proper care; * * * Provided fur- ther, That any person or corporation having hired any convicts under the provisions of this act, and failing to or refusing to comply with the regu- lations of the commission, shall forfeit all rights under any contract of hiring; and in their discretion said commission shall have power and authority to take from the hirer the convicts so hired and rehire them under the provisions of this act. The commission shall have general supervision of the misdemeanor convicts of the State. It shall be the duty of one df the commissioners, or, in case of an emergency, an officer designated by them, to visit from time to time, at least quarterly, the various camps where misdemeanor convicts are at work, and shaE advise with the county or municipal authorities working them in making and altering the rules for the government, control and management of said convicts; and in case the county or municipal authorities and such com- mission fail to agree upon the management, government or control of the same, the governor shall prescribe such rules; and if the county or munic- ipal authorities fail to comply with such rules or the law governing mis- demeanor chain gangs, then the governor, with the commission, shaJl take such convicts from the said county or municipal authorities and dehver them to some other county or municipal authority complying with the rules and regulations prescribed by the governor; the net proceeds to go into the treasury of the county, to be kept in the fines and forfeitures CHAPTER V. — CONVICT LABOE LAWS — GEOKGIA. 647 fund, and in the event no county or municipal authorities shall desire them, then they shall be worked as the commission may designate; or the governor and commission, in their discretion, may^mpose ^ fine not exceed- ing $250 upon each of said counties or municipal authorities failing to comply with such rules or the law. Note.— Corporal punishment la allowed. Sec. 8. * * * The conmiission shall have erected on said land so Convict farm. purchased [as a convict-labor farm] suitable buildings, stockades and appur- tenances for the safe-keeping and care of the following classes of convicts : Females, boys under fifteen years of age, and such aged, infirm or diseased convicts as, in the judgment of the commission, should not be hired out: Provided, That the commission shall have power and authority, in its dis- cretion, to take from any hirer any convict whom they have hired out and to place such convict upon the farm herein provided for, relieving such hirer of that part of the hue of such convict for the time during which such hirer is thus deprived of the services of such convict: Provided furthm; That said commission shall likewise have power and authority, in its discretion, to take from said farm any boy upon bis reaching the age of fifteen, or thereafter, and hiring bim out as other convicts are to be hired under the provisions of this act. * * * - The commission shall sell, to the best advantage, all surplus products of Surplus prod- the penitentiary, and shall apply the proceeds thereof to tne maintenance ""*'■ of the institution as far as necessary. Should any surplus funds arise from this source they shall be paid into the State treasury annually, and the commission shall, at the end of each quarter, make to the governor a detailed report of all such transactions: Provided, The commission shall have au- thority to furnish such surplus products, or any part thereof, to the State asylum for the insane, at MiUedgeville, the academy for the blind, at Macon, and to the school for the deaf, at Cave Spring, should this be found prac- ticable. Sec. 10. (as amended by act No. 430, p. 65, Acts of 1G(B). The several Short-term counties of this State shall have the right, at their option, to work aad use "'°"'"<'*^- convicts sentenced to the penitentiary for periods ol five years, or less, on the public roads or public works, except those convicts which are now required by law to be placed upon the prison farmj that on or before December 1, 1903, those counties desiring to work such convicts on their public works and roads shall, through their proper authorities, so notify the jvison commisaion in writing, and tm>8e counties which do not so notify the prison commission shall participate in and take the proceeds from the hire of the convicts, made upon the ratio and in the manner hereinafter provided, to wit: That as soon after the first day of December, 1903, as is practicable, the prison commisaion shall make a just apportionment of all the felony con- victs among the several counties of the State, on the basis of their general population as is shown by the latest United States census, so as to ascer- tain the number of convicts that each county will be entitled to; and when this number is ascertained, those counties which have given the written notice above prescribed shall be furnished by the commission the number of convicts which it has been determined they are entitled to out of the class of convicts above prescribed in the order of the filing of the applications therefor. If it should appear that applications are filed by counties for convicts under the above provisions in excess of the number of convicts sentenced for five years or less, available for work upon the roads of the counties at this State, then said convicts shall be awarded only to those counties in the order of their applications that can be supplied with their proportion of the convicts under said apportionment. When said com- mission determines the number which each county is entitled to, the prison commission shall notify the counties which have been awarded their pro- portionate number of convicts; whereupon said counties shall be required to receive said convicts and transport them to their destination without expense to the State, and keep and use them upon the public roads and works of said counties for a period of not less than one year: Provided, however. That any such county so taking and working such convicts shall have the option and right to retain and work such convicts for a period not longer than five years : Provided ciao, That after any such county has kept and worked said convicts for a period of one year, it may, after hav- ing given said prison conunission sixty days' notice, return said c«mvicts to 648 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. Hiring convicts. said prison commission, and said commission shall thereupon proceed to award the said convicts to any county having applied therefor, making such award to the counties in the order of the date of such application; and in case there should be no such applications of [on] file at the time of the return of such convicts, said commission shall lease said convicts upon such terms and for such time as shall be, in their judgment, for the brat interest of the State, not inconsistent with the provisions of this act. Those coun- ties which receive and work their proportion of the felony convicts shall not participate in the proceeds of the hire of said convicts; only those counties shall be awarded convicts by the commission which work their misdemeanor convicts upon the public roads or works. In the event any county shall not have a sufficient number of convicts after having received the number awarded to them, and there shall remain unapplied for by- December 1, 1903, convicts of the class hereinbefore designated as avail- able to be worked upon the roads of the counties of this State, it shall have the right to bid for additional convicts in the same manner and under the same terms and conditions as individuals or corporations, and the prison commission shall give said counties the preference in the hiring of said convicts: Provided, That the price offered by said county or counties is equivalent to or more than the net amount that would be received by the commission from the highest bid made by an individual or corporation, out Sec. 11 (as amended by act No. 430, p. 65, Acts of 1903). The prison commission is authorized and required, between the months of August, 1903, and March, 1904, after advertising as required above [in the daily and weekly papers of the State], to make contracts under the provisions of this act for the labor of all felony convicts not embraced in section 8, for a period of five years beginning April 1, 1904. All provisions of this act applicable to the hiring of this class of convicts, their control and manage- ment, shall be of force until expiration of the contracts hereby authorized. The advertisements shall be published as required * * * offering for hire for a term not longer than five years all the convicts not einbraced in section 8 of this act, and not furnished the county authorities as provided in section 10, to be employed at any labor consistent with the reasonable punishment and the physical ability of the convict: Provided, That the convicts shall, as far as possible, consistent with the best interests of the State, be so worked that the products of their -labor shall come least in competition with that of free labor: Provided further. That in no case shall convicts be worked in factories where women are employed; the State fur- nishing all guards and physicians; the hirer furnishing transportation, main- tenance, medicine, clothing and all other necessaries, and such buildings as may be required (which shall be stated in the advertisement), and paying quarterly for the annual labor of the convicts at an agreed price per aimum per capita. At the time fixed in the advertisement the commission shall award said convicts, or any of them, to the bidder or bidders who offer the highest and best price for labor, but may reject any and all such bids, and may make any other contract of hiring on the plan specified, which, in their judgment, will carry out the intentions of this act and subserve the best interest of the State. No lessee of convicts as herein provided for shall sublease any of said convicts to any person other than such as shall be approved by said commission, and only upon such terms as said conamis- sion shall prescribe. The commission in hiring the convicts may contract with any one or more persons or companies, but no bids for less than twenty-five nor more than fifty convicts shall be received in any one bid: Provided, That this does not restrict any person, firm or corporation from making more than one bid, so that said firm or corporation may receive more than one group of fifty and the minimum price to be considered shall be $175 per year; and all convicts sentenced after April 1, 1904, to the penitentiary shall be disposed of by the commission under and by virtue of the provisions of this act. * * * Sec. 13. Upon the expiration of the present lease contract, the commis- sion shall place upon thp property purchased the females, who shall be put at such labor as is best suited to their sex and strength. They shall Young con- also place upon said farm or farms all boys under fifteen years of age, who victs. shall be put at such work as is best suited to their strength and age, making provisions for such moral and manual training as may be conducive to their reformation and restoration to good citizenship. Such aged, infirm or diseased convicts as in the judgment of the commission should not be Prison farms. Females. CHAPTEK V. -CONVICT LABOK LAWS GEORaiA. 649 hired out, and auch others as may be needed or reserved by said commis- sion, shall be put at such labor as the commission may direct. The con- victs required by the county or municipal authorities for public works therein shall be delivered to said county or municipal authorities, and the residue shall be put at hard labor on the contracts of hiring made as herein provided. Acts of 1903. Page 65. Act No. 430. Section 5. The prison commission shall grade and classify all convicts classification. to be leased under the provisions of this act, to the end that those convicts sentenced for life, and others that are desperate and unruly may be sepa- rated from those sentenced for lesser crimes, under such rules as the com- mission may prescribe. Sec. 6. When any person shall complete his or her term in any convict Discharge, camp in this State, the lessee or county authority leasing said person shall provide him or her a railroad ticket to the home of such person prior to his or her conviction, or to the nearest railroad station thereto; and said person shall not have the option of taking the cash value of such ticket in jieu thereof. Acts of 1904. Resolution No. 9i. > Whereas, It frequently happens that a surplus of labor is had at the Surplus labor. State farm, which can not be profitably used there and which can not be used on regular contracts; be it, therefore, Resolved, By the house, the senate concurring, That the prison commis- sion is hereby authorized, whenever such a surplus of male convicts shall exist at the State farm, to make such contracts for such labor, by com- petitive bids, by private contracts, as may be deemed best, for such employ- ment as may be suited to the physical condition of such convicts. COUNTY CONVICTS. Political Code — 1895. Section 576. Said authorities [the commissioners of roads and revenues] Chain gangs, are authorized to work, improve, and repair the public roads, as follows: 1. They may work a chain gang (which said authorities are hereby empowered to organize; said gang to consist of the misdemeanor convicts of the county, or of any other county in this State that may be obtained without cost or for hire) * * * Sec. 697. The right and power to organize work gangs or other means Towns m ay- of confinement and to confine at labor therein, for a term not exceeding lorm work thirty days, persons convicted of violating the ordinances of such towns S^°ss. and villages, are hereby conferred on the incorporated towns and villages of this State, or then" respective authorities: Provided, That said penalty shall be inflicted only as an alternative of failure or refusal to pay fines imposed for such violations. Penal Code— 1895. Section 1039. Every crime declared to be a misdemeanor is punishable Sentence to la- by a fine not to exceed one thousand dollars, imprisonment not to exceed ''°''" six months, to work in the chain gang on the public works, or on such other works as the county authorities may employ the chain gang, not to exceed twelve months, and any one or more of these punishments may be ordered in the discretion of the judge: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall authorize the giving the control of convicts to private persons, or their employment by the county authorities in such mechan- ical pursuits as wiU bring the products of their labor into competition with the products of free labor. Sec. 1137. When misdemeanor convicts, are sentenced to work in a- Labor on pub- chain gang on the public works or roads, or are confined in jail for non- 1'" works, etc. payment of fines, the ordinary, county judge, or board of commissioners. 650 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. of the county where the convictions were had or where the convicts are cooHned, may place them, in the county or elsewhere, to work upon the public works of the county, in chain gangs or otherwise. Guarding con- Sec. 1138. The county authorities having control of convicts, shall '"°*^- provide suitable places for their aafe-keeping, and their support by the county, and shall employ necessary overseers and guards for their safe- keeping and constant and diligent employment upon the public works. Counties may gjjo. 1139. For the purposes specified in the preceding sections, two combine. ^^ ^^^^ counties may combine, keep and work together the convicts, on such terms, and on such public works anywhere in the State, as they may agree upon. Procuring odn- g^c 1140. When a county or incorporated city, town or village, has ^''*^' organized, or determined to organize, a chain gang, to work misdemeanor convicts on its roads, streets, or other public works, it may lodge demands for such convicts with the clerk of any court having jurisdiction to try misdemeanors, and such clerk shall file the same, noting date of receipt by him. Delivery. SEg_ 1141. When any person shall be convicted of a misdemeanor and sentenced to work on the public works, in chain gangs or otherwise, he shall be delivered to the county or municipal corporation having the oldest unfilled demand on file with the clerk aforesaid, unless the county in which the conviction is had, shall have, within its ovm limits, an arrange- ment for working convicts on the public works of the county, or some municipal corporation thereof, in which case the convicts may be retained * and worked in that county. Counties not to Sec. 1142. The county authorities in which such convictions may be receive bonus, i^g^j^ shall not demand or receive from any other county or any municipal corporation any bonus, fees or compensation, for the delivery of the con- victs. Convicts from Sec. 1143. County commissioners or ordinaries may hire convicts from other counties, other counties that do not work their own convicts, upon such terms as may be agreed upon by the respective county authorities, and such con- victs shall be worked on the public works in connection with the convicts of the county hiring them. Camps at qnar- Sec. 1144. County authorities having control of a chain gang may ries, etc. establish camps beyond the limits of then' respective counties, at any point in this State, for the purpose of quarrying or gathering rock, gravel or other material to be used by said county m the improvement of its public roads, or the streets of any city situated therein. The consent of the county commissioners, ordinary or county judge of the county in which the camps are to be located, shall be first obtained. Whipping boas. Sec. 1146. The authorities of any county or municipal corporation, employing or having labor performed by convicts in such county or munici- pal corporation, may appoint a whipping boss for such convicts, and fix his compensation and prescribe his duties. Proper and necessary discipline may be administered by the superintendent or other officer or person having control, under authority, of a convict, without the employ- ment of a whipping boss. Punishment. Sec. 1147. No whipping shall be administered to a convict by a whipping boss or other officer or person, except in cases where it is reasonably neces- sary to enforce discipline or compel work or labor by the convict. '^'^^- Sec. 1148. Said authorities shall prepare and have published full and complete, reasonable and humane rules and regulations for the govern- ment of the convicts under their control, which rules may be amended as occasion may require, but shall specifically prescribe the powers and duties, in all respects, of the superintendent, commissioner, guard, whip- ping boss, or other person connected with the management of convicts, as to their care, keeping, control, work and discipline. ents^etc°no\"ia- ^^'^' ^^^^' ^° ™pe"ntendent, commissioner, guard, whipping boss, ble for injuries. ?r, other person or employer of convicts, shall be personally liable for any injury or damage to a convict resulting from the employment, care, keep- ing, control, work and discipline of convicts who are under the direction of said governing authorities, respectively, in accordance with reasonable and humane rules and regulations thus adopted, fr^m^tom""".^ ^^9- HSO. Persons having charge of chain gangs of misdemeanor convicts shall keep a book m which shall be entered the names of the convicts under their charge, and at the end of each laboring day they shall record opposite the name of each his conduct during that day, and CHAPTEK V. CONVICT LABOK LAWS OEOBGIA. 651 should it appear from this book that the conduct of anyone has been good, and that he has been diligent in performing the work assigned to him, his time of service and confinement shall be shortened four days in each month for the time of sentence. HAWAII. TERRITORIAL CONVICTS. Revised Laws — 1905. Section 1583. Said high sheriff shall provide for each prisoner, who jj^"™^ instruo- may be able and desirous to read, a copy of the Bible or of the New Testa/- ment, to be used by such prisoner at proper seasons; and any minister of the gospel disposed to aid in rcformmg the prisoners, and instructing them in their moral and religious duties, shall have access to them at seasonable times when not required to be employed in labor. Sec. 1585. All prisoners sentenced to imprisonment at hard labor shall Employment be constantly employed for the public benefit, on the public works, or *" '"^ constant. otherwise, as the high sheriff, with the approval of the attorney-general, may think best. Sec. 1586. The high sheriff shall at all times hold all such prisoners as Labor on pub- shall be confined under sentence of imprisonment at hard labor, at the lie works. disposal of the superintendent of public works, to be employed by said superintendent on the public works, or otherwise, as said superintendent, under the law, shall direct. i Sec. 1587. The attorney-general may, in his discretion, detail for labor on Work on high- any public road, upon application to [for] that purpose from any road super- ways. visor or road board, as many prisoners as he or it may deem necessary for such work; said prisoners to be under the care of their usual overseers and subject to the road supervisor or road board only as far as regards the mode of their employment. Sec. 1588. When such prisoners can not be well employed in the per- Hiring, formance of any public work, the high sheriff, with the approval of the attorney-general, may let them out to labor for private individuals, upon such terms as he may deem proper: Provided,, always, That such prisoners shall be locked up within the prison .every night. Sec. 1589. Female prisoners shall be kept entirely separate from the Females. male prisoners, and shall be employed in making mats, in sewing, in wash- ing the clothes of the prisoners, and in such other suitable occupations ' as the high sheriff shall direct. Sec. 1610 (as amended by act No. 50, Acts of 1905). Every person Deductions who has been or may hereafter be convicted of any offense under any ™ term, law of the Territory of Hawaii, and is confined in execution of the judg- ment or sentence upon any such conviction in any prison or jail of the Territory for a definite term other than for life, whose record shows con- tinued good behavior or meritorious conduct may be allowed a deduction from the term of his sentence to be estimated as follows, beginning on the first day of his arrival at such prison or jail: Upon a sentence of not less than six months nor more than one year, five days for each month; upon a sentence for more than one year and less than three years, six days for each month; upon a sentence of not less than three years and less than five years, seven days for each month ; upon a sentence of not less than five years and less than ten years, eight days for each month ; upon a sentence of ten years or more, ten days for each month. When a prisoner has two or more sentences, the aggregate of his several sentences snail be the basis upon which his deduction shall be estimated. Sec. 1611. Any prisoner sentenced to pay a fine and who b confined j^^^'^™®" ™'" at hard labor because of his failure to pay his fine, according to law, may be allowed a commutation at the rate provided for prisoners sentenced to hard labor, such commutation to be allowed for the time actually served in prison. Acts of 1605. Aa No. U. Section 1 . The governor shall nominate and, by and with the advice and Board of in- consent of the senate, appoint a board of prison inspectors for each judicial ^P^ctora. circuit of the Territory ; each board shall consist of three members who are 652 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. residents of the judicial circuit for which they are appointed, and such mem- bers shall hold office for the term of two years, or until their successors are duly appointed. * * * Duties. Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of each board, and of its members, to visit all prisons and jails within the judicial circuit for which they are appointed at least once in every three months; to inquire into the management and con- duct of the same, the care and maintenance of prisoners, the records of pris- oners, the manner in which the officers connected with such prisons and jails perform their official duties, and the sanitary condition of such prisons and jails. Powers. Seo. 4. Each board shall have power to supervise the discipline and gov- ernment of all prisons and jails within the judicial circuits for which such board is appointed; to provide such rules and regulations not contrary to law as in the opinion of a majority of such board are advisable for the improvement of the discipline and government of such prisons and jails; to prescribe on consultation with the warden or jailer the punishment to be inflicted on prisoners for breach of prison rules or other misconduct; to decide who are entitled to the commutation of sentence provided by law for good behavior, and who shall be deprived of such commutation in whole or in part, and to restore in their discretion in whole or in part to any prisoner the commutation which such prisoner shall have lost; to classify tne pris- oners, designating the grade to which each shall belong, the privileges not inconsistent with law which they shall have and the garb which they shall wear. Pardons and Seo. 5. Each board shall consider any applications for pardons which may paroles. ^g referred to it by the governor and shall furnish the governor, as soon as may be after such reference, all information possible concerning the pris- oner for whom such pardon is asked together with a recommendation as to the granting or refusing of such j>ardon. Each board shall also recommend the parole of any prisoner when in its opinion such parole may be properly granted. Act No. 63. Parole. Section 1. Any person who is now or may hereafter be confined in any jail or prison in the Territory, except those persons hereinafter excepted, who has served the minimum term provided by law for the crime for which he has been convicted, may be paroled by the governor for the remainder of his term upon the written recommendation of the board of prison inspectors for the judicial circuit within which such person is- confined, and be allowed to go under parole outside of the buildings and inclosures of such jail or prison. The boards of prison inspectoi-s of the Territory are hereby empow- ered and directed to make rules and regulations under which such prisoners may be paroled, and such rules and regulations shall go into effect when approved by the governor. Conditions. Sec. 2. No parole shall be recommended by any board of prison inspec- tors unless it appears to such board that there is a strong and reasonable probability that the prisoner concerned will live and remain at liberty with- out violating the law, and that his release is not incompatible with the wel- fare of society, nor unless such recommendation is indorsed and approved by a majority of such board. No parole shall in any event be granted to any person convicted of murder in first or second degree, or to any felon who has been convicted in any jurisdiction of a felony other than that for which he is being punished. Regulations. Sec. 3. Any person when on parole shall be and remain in the legal cus- tody and under the control of the board of prison inspectors for the judicial circuit within which he has been confined, subject to all rules and regula- tions made by such board as provided in this act" and further subject to be taken back to the prison or jail from which he has been released at any time until the expiration of the term for which he was sentenced. Each board of prison inspectors is hereby fully empowered to enforce the rules and regular- tions made by it as proscribed by this act, and to retake and reimprison any person paroled on its recommendation whenever satisfied that such person has violated any of such rules and regulations. The written order of such board, certified by its secretary, and directed to any sheriff or police officer in the Territory, shall be a sufficient warrant for any such officer to author- ize him to take into custody and return to such prison or jail any paroled pnsoner; and it is hereby made the duty of all such officers to execute such CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS HAWAII. 653 orders like other ordinary criminal process. Any paroled prisoner so retaken and reimprisoned shall be confined according to his sentence for the unexpired portion of his term, and the time during which he has been out on parole shall not be counted as any part of such unexpired portion of his term. Sec. 4. If a prisoner, other than those excepted from the provisions of More than one this act, is confined upon more than one sentence he may be paroled when he ^™*^°'^- has served a term equal to the aggregate of the minimum terms prescribed by law for the crimes for which he is being punished, and he shall be subject to the provisions of this act until the expiration of a term equal to the aggre- gate of the sentences under which he was confined. COUNTY CONVICTS. Acts of 1903. Act No. 31. Section 22. The board of [county] supervisors shall have jurisdiction and Work on high- power, under such limitations and restrictions as are prescribed by law; ways, etc. Sp #p !1C ^ 9}C !fC SfC 22. To provide for the working of prisoners confined in the county jail, under conviction of misdemeanor, under the direction of some responsible person or persons, to be appointed by the sheriff, whose compensation shall be fixed by the board, upon the public grounds, roads, streets, alleys, high- ways, or public buildings, or in such other places as may be dieemed advis- able, for the benefit of the county; IDAHO. STATE CONVICTS. CONSTITOTION. Article 13. Section 3. All labor of convicts confined in the State's prison shall be Place of em done within the prison grounds, except where the work is done on public P'°5'™^'^*- works under the direct control of the State. Codes— 1901. Section 353. The governor, the secretary of state, and attorney-general Board, [shall] be and the same are hereby constituted aboard of State prison com- missioners of which the governor shall be chairman, and said Doard shall have the control, direction and management of the penitentiary of the State. Sec. 365. The board of pardons of the Idaho State penitentiary shall have Parole, authority under such rules and regulations as the said board may prescribe, to issue a parole to any prisoner except as hereinafter provided, who is now or hereafter may be imprisoned in said State penitentiary : Provided, That no convict shall be so paroled who is known to have received previous sen- tence in any prison for a felony: And provided furtjier, That no convict who is serving a time sentence shall be paroled until he has received at least one- third of the fuU term for which he was sentenced, not reckoning any good time: And provided further, That no convict who is serving a life sentence shall be paroled. Sec. 367. The said board is hereby authorized and empowered to estab- CJrading, etc. lish three grades of prisoners, together with a system of marks, and to pre- scribe rules to regulate such grades and marks; and no prisoner shall be released on parole unless he shall have been for six months preceding a mem- ber of the first grade. Prisoners in the second and third grades may be deprived of such privileges as the said board may direct. Sec. 368. Such convict while on parole shall remain in the legal custody Convicts on and under control of the board of pardons and subject at any time to be parole, taken back within the inclosure of thg said State penitentiary, * * * 654 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. Sentence to la- Sec. 5820. * * * All persons convicted of crime against the laws of tor. this State and sentenced to confinement in the State prison, must be sen- tenced to hard labor during the term of their confinement, and must per- form such labor under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the board of State prison commissioners; and they may make regulations for working prisoners outside of the prison walls between sunrise and sunset. Employment Sec. 5821. It shall be the duty of the board of State prison commissioners to be provided, gfj-j^g^ ^y direct expenditure or bj contract with a responsible person or per- sons to provide for the care, maintenance and employment of all inmates confined or that may hereafter be confined in the State penitentiary: Provided, Said employment shall be within the limits of said penitentiary grounds. If such board shall provide by contract for the care, mainte- nance and employment of the inmates of said penitentiary, authority on behalf of the State is hereby vested with a majority of the members of said board to make and sign said contract and in such manner as shall in their judgment appear to be for the best interests of the State, to arrange all the necessary details thereof, including the cost per diem to the State, the terms and time of payment, and the appointment and compensation of the warden and employees: Provided, That no contract shall be let to perform any labor which will conflict with any existing manufacturing industries in the State. Said board shall have the power to make contract with the lowest respon- sible bidder, and shall have the privilege of rejecting any and aE bids, and any such contract entered into shall provide that the discipline of the con- victs shall be under the control of said board and the warden. And no con- tract shall be made which shall in any wise abridge or deprive the convicts of any privileges granted by law. Kinds of work. Sec. 5827. The board shall have authority to use the labor of the convicts in the erection of a wall around the penitentiary buifSings and grounds and in tlie construction of irrigating and water ditches for the purpose of bring- ing water upon said penitentiary grounds as in the opinion of said board may be necessary for the proper cultivation of said grounds, and in making such other improvements and repairs to said buildings and grounds as they may deem proper and necessary, and in the performance of any labor in and about or in connection with the said penitentiary and penitentiary grounds or lands or works necessary for the improvement thereof. Interest in con- Sec. 5838. No officer or employee of the penitentiary shall be interested tracts, etc. directly or indirectly in contracts for furnishing such penitentiary with pro- visions, clothing or other articles to be used in any manner by the inmates or for the use of the institution. Nor shall any or either of such ofiicers be con- cerned in, or interested in any manner in contracts for buildings of any kind connected with the penitentiary, or for materials to be used in any such buildings, or in any contract for the labor of any convict. Nor shall any ofiicer or employee be permitted to receive in any way any perquisites for themselves, families, or any compensation or reward from any contractor or employee or other person. * * * Punishment. Sec. 5843. * * * No punishment shall ever be inflicted except soli- tary confinement on bread and water, or by wearing ball and chain attached to one leg. Discharge. Ssc. 5848. When any convict is discharged from the prison, the warden shall furnish such convict with a decent suit of clothing (if he is not already provided for) at the expense of the State, and shall pay such convict, from any funds belonging to the penitentiary, a sum not exceeding ten dollars, and shall deliver to said convict any property received from him which has not been disposed of according to law. Clothing and S^o. 5850. The clothing and bedding of the convicts shall be of coarse Jood. material, and they shall be supplied with a sufficient quantity of substantial, wholesome food. Deductions Sbo. 5864. Every convict imprisoned in the State prison who has no from term. infraction of the rules and regulations of the penitentiary recorded against him, and who performs the duties assigned to him in an orderly and peace- ful manner, must be allowed, as a commutation of his sentence, a deduction of one month for the first year, two months for the second year, three months for the third year, four months for the fourth year, five months for the fifth year, and six months in each of the remaining years rf said term. * * * CHArTER V. CONVICT LABOB LAWS IDAHO. 655 Acts of 1905. Pai^e 3S. Section 1. The board of State prison commissioners, as soon as prac- Female con- ticable after the taking effect of this act, shall enter into a contract with '^"'*^- the authorities of some State of the United States having a State prison, State penitentiary, woman's reformatory or prison, or other penal institu- tion, provided with a woman's ward, or division or department for the confinement and detention of female convicts, for the reception and deten- tion, care, maintenance and employment of all females convicted of felony in any of the courts of Idaho and sentenced to a term of imprisonment therefor. COUNTY CONVICTS. Codes— 1901. Section 5887. Persona confined in the county jail under a judgment Labor on pub- of imprisonment rendered in a criminal action or proceeding, may oe re- ^'° works, etc. quired by an order of the board of oommisaioners to perform labor on the public works or ways in the county. Sec. 5888. The board of commissionera making such order may pre- Rules. scribe and enforce the rules and regulations under which such labor is to be performed. Sec. 5897. No prisoner liable to employment as herein provided shall Labor r e- be exempt therefrom except by reason of physical disability. quired. ILIilNOIS. STATE CONVICTS. Constitution. Sep ABATE section. Hereafter it shall be unlawful for the commissioners Contract sys- of any penitentiary, or other reformatory institution in the State of Illinois, *^™ probibited. to let by contract to any person, or persona, or corporations, the labor of any convict confined within said institution. Annotated Statutes — 1896. OhaTpUr 108. Pabagkaph 1. The penitentiary at Joliet, in the county of Will, until Penitentiary otherwise provided by law, shall be the general penitentiary and prison "°"*'°"® of this State for the confinement and reformation as well as for the pun- ishment of all persons sentenced by any court of competent jurisdiction in this State, for the commission of any crime the punishment of which is confinement in the penitentiary, in which the person so sentenced shall be securely confined, employed at hard labor, and governed in the manner hereinafter directed. Pab. 3. The officers of said penitentiary shall consist of three co&mis- Officers, sioners, one warden, one deputy warden, one chaplain, one physician, one steward, one matron, and as many turnkeys and watchmen as the warden and commissioners shall deem necessary. Pae. 4. The commissioners shall be appointed by the governor, by and Commission- with the advice and consent of the senate, and be subject to removal by^rs. the governor at his discretion; which removal and the cause thereof shall be reported by the goveri.or, to the next general assembly. * * * Pak. 10. It shall be the duty of said commissioners to meet at said pen- Duties of com- itentiary at least as often as once in each month, and as much oftener as niissioners. the proper control and superintendence of said penitentiary shall require. They shall examine and inquire into all matters connected with the govern- ment, discipline and police of said penitentiary, the punishment and em- ployment of the convicts therein confined, the money concerns and con- tracts for work, and the purchase and sales of the articles provided for said penitentiary or sold on account thereof. They shall make and require to be enforced all such general rules, regulations and orders for the govern- 656 KEPOBT OF THE COMMIS8IONEE OF LABOR. Food. Duties of war- den. ment and discipline of said penitentiary as they may deem expedient, and may, from time to time, alter and amend the same; and in making such rules and regulations it shall be their duty, in connection with the governor, to adopt such as in their judgment, while being consistent with the discipline of the penitentiary, shall best conduce to the reformation of the convicts, and they shall make all necessary and suitable provision for the employment of said convicts, subject to the limitations and pro- visions hereinafter contained. * * * Pae. 13. They shall prescribe the articles of food and the quantities of each kind which shall be provided for said convicts, and shall determine Hours o' labor, the number of hours per day during which said convicts shall be required to labor. Pab. 19. The warden shall attend to the fiscal concerns of the peniten- tiary, under the direction of said commissioners, and shall use his best endeavors to defray all the expenses of the penitentiary by the labor of the convicts ; he shall superintend the labor of the convicts when employed in manufacturing or other work on behalf of the State, and shall act under the direction of said commissioners in making contracts for the employment of the labor of the convicts, and for furnishing the necessary supplies for their support, and in purchasing such raw material as may be required for manufacture by convict labor, and in taking charge of the articles so manufactured, and selling and disposing of the same for the benefit of the State. Discharge. Par. 21. The warden * * * shall also furnish each convict who may be discharged from the penitentiary, by pardon or otherwise, wjth a suitable suit of citizen's clothing, and shall also furnish such convict with transportation to the place of hb conviction, or the equivalent thereof in money, and in addition thereto the sum of $10, for other necessary expenses of such convict. Sunday. Par. 31. Facilities for attending religious services regularly on Sundays shall be afforded each convict, so far as the same can be done judiciously, and upon no pretext shall a convict on contract be required to labor on Sunday, nor shall any convict be required to do other than necessary labor for the State on that day. Punishment. Par. 37. It shall not be lawful in said penitentiary to use any cruel or unusual mode of punishment, or to punish any convict by whippmg in any case whatever. Note.— Loss of privileges and solitary confinement are the forms of punishment in use. Place of em- Par. 61. No labor shall be performed by the convicts in the penitentiary ployment. of this State in any stone quarry or other place outside the walls of the penitentiary: Provided, This act shall not be so construed as to prohibit such labor being performed in quarrying stone for the use of the State by its authorized agent: And, provided, further. That this act shall not be construed to prohibit the employment of convicts outside the prison walls by the warden and commissioners, in labor incident to the business and management of the penitentiary: Arid, provided, further, That this act shall not be construed to affect any existing contract. Deductions Par. 62. Every convict who is now or who may hereafter be confined from term. ju t[jg Illinois penitentiary, and who shall have no infraction of the rules or regulations of the penitentiary or laws of the State recorded against him, and who performs in a faithful manner the duties assigned to him, in an orderly and peaceable manner, shall be entitled to the diminution of time from his sentence as a,ppears in the following table, for the respec- tive years of his sentence, and pro rata for any part of a year where the sentence is for more or less than one year: OHAPTEB V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS — -ILLINOIS. 657 Number of year of sen- tence. Good time granted. Total good time made. Time to he served if full time is made. 1st year 1 month . . 1 month 11 months. 2d year 3d year 3 months 1 year and 9 months. 2 years and 6 months. 3 months . 6 months, i 4th year 5th year 10 months 3 years and 2 months. 3 years and 9 months. 5 months . 1 year and 3 months 6th year 6 months . 1 year and 9 months 4 years and 3 months. 7th year 6 months . 2 years and 3 months 4 years and 9 months. 8th year. 6 months . 2 years and 9 months 5 years and 3 months. 9th year 6 months . 3 years and 3 months 5 years and 9 months. 10th year. 6 months . 3 years and 9 months 6 years and 3 months. 11th year 6 months . 4 years and 3 months 6 years and 9 months. 12th year 6 months . 4 years and 9 months 7 years and 3 months. 13th year 6 months . 5 years and 3 months 7 years and 9 months. 14th year 6 months . 5 years and 9 months 8 years and 3 months. 15th year G months . 6 years and 3 months 8 years and 9 months. 16th year 6 months . 6 years and 9 months 9 years and 3 months. 17th year 6 months . 7 years and 3 months 9 years and 9 months. 18th year 6 months . 7 years and 9 months 10 years and 3 months. 19th year 6 months . 8 years and 3 months 10 years and 9 months. 20th year 6 months . 8 years and 9 months 11 years and 3 months. 21st year 6 months . 9 years and 3 months 11 years and 9 months. 22d year 23d year 6 months . 9 years and 9 months 12 years and 3 months. 6 months . 10 years and 3 months 12 years and 9 months. 24th year 6 months . 10 years and 9 months 13 years and 3 months. 25th year 6 months . 11 years and 3 months 13 years and 9 months. Acts op 1897. Page 27S. Section 1. * * * There is hereby created a board of pardons, to Board of par- consist of three persons, not more than two of whom shall belong to the dons, same political party to be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, * * * Acts of 1899. Parole. Section 1 (as amended by act; p. 146, Acts of 1901). Every male Form of sen- person over twenty-one years of age, and every female person over eighteen tence. yeai-s of age, who shall be convicted of a felony or other crime punishable ' by imprisonment in the penitentiary, except treason, murder, rape and kidnaping, shall be sentenced to the penitentiary, and the court imposing such sentence shall not fix the limit or duration of the same, but the term of such imprisonment shall not be less than one year, nor shall it exceed the maximum term provided by law for the crime of which the prisoner was convicted, making allowance for good time, as now provided by law. Sec. 2. * * * It is hereby made the duty of every public oflBcer to information ta> whom inquiry may be addressed by the clerk of the board of pardons he furnished, concerning any prisoner to give said board all information possessed or accessible to him which may throw light upon the question of the fitness of said prisoner to receive the benefits of parole. Sec. 4. The said board of pardons shall have power to establish rules and regulations under which prisonei-s in the penitentiary may be allowed to go upon parole outside of the penitentiary building and inclosure: Provided, That no prisoner shall be released from either penitentiary on parole until the State board of pardons or the warden of said penitentiary shall have made arrangements, or shall have satisfactory evidence that arrangements have been made, for his honorable and useful employment while upon parole in some suitable occupation, and ftlso for a proper and suitable home, free from criminal influences, and without expense to the State: ATid, provided further, That all prisoners so temporarily released upon parole shall, at all times, until the receipt of their final discharge, be considered in the legal custody of the warden of the penitentiary from which they were paroled, and shall, during the said time, be considered as remaining under conviction for the crime of which they were convicted and sentenced and subject at any time to be taken back within the inclosure of said penitentiary; * * * Note —Monthly reports are required. At the end ol six months the board may, in its discretion, on approval by the governor, grant complete discharge. 9061— 0&- -42 658 EEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. Supplies. Form tence. of sen- Sec. 5. Upon the granting of a parole to any prisoner the warden shall provide him with suitable clothing, ten dollars in money, which may be paid him in installments at the discretion of the warden, and shall procure transportation for him to his place of employment or to the county seat of the county to which he is paroled. Seo. 10. Every sentence to the Dlinois State reformatory of a person hereafter convicted of a felony or other crime shall be a general sentence to imprisonment in the Illinois State reformatory, and the courts of this State imposing such sentence shall not fix or limit the duration thereof. The term of such imprisonment of any person so convicted or sentenced shall be terminated by the board of pardons, but. only upon the recom- mendation, in writing, of the board of managers of the said reformatory; but such imprisonment shall not exceed the maximum term provided by law for the crime for which the prisoner was convicted and sentenced. Acts of 1903. Pa^e S71. Board of pris- SECTION 1. The commissioners of the Illinois State penitentiary at on industries. JoHet, the commissioners of the Southern Illinois penitentiary at Chester, and the board of managers of the Illinois State reformatory at Pontiac, of their successors, are hereby created and shall constitute a board in charge of the prison industries of the State of Illinois hereinafter provided for. Such board shall be known as "The Board of Prison Industries of Illinois." ^ 4= ^ Duties of Seo. 2. The board of prison industries of IlUnois shall faithfully and diligently put into operation in the State of Illinois the provisions of this law as hereinafter set forth, and establish in this State, in conformity with this act, a scheme of prison industry best calculated to promote the inter- ests of the State. When such plan is so established by said board, the commissioners of the aforesaid penitentiaries, and the board of managers of said reformatory, shall be charged with the carrying of said plans into execution in their respective institutions. * * * Disposition of Seo. 3 (as amended by act, p. 345, Acts of 1905). It shall be the duty of goods. tlig board of prison industries of Illinois to attend to the disposition and distribution of all the products of the skill and labor of said convicts and prisoners. They shaU particularly be charged with the duty of- seeing that under no circumstances, shall anjr of the products of the labor of said ' convicts or prisoners mentioned in this act, be sold upon the open market, except as hw-einafter provided. They shall see that the said products do not enter into conflict with any of the established industries of the State except as hereinafter provided. It shall be their duty at all times, to inform themselves, so far as possible, of the industrial conditions of the State of Illinois, and to see that the labor of said convicts and prisoners does not enter into competition with the products of free labor, except as hereinafter provided. Classification. Sec. 4. Said commissioners of said penitentiaries, and said board of managers of said reformatory, shall direct the classificsition of prisoners into three classes or grades, as follows : In the first class shall be included those appearing to be corrigible or less vicious than the others, and likely to observe the laws, and to maintain themselves by honest industry after their discharge. In the second grade shall be included those appearing to be incorrigible or more vicious, but so competent to work and so reasonably obedient to prison disciphne, as not seriously to interfere with the pro- ductivenesss of their labor or the labor of those in company with whom they may be employed. In the third grade shall be included those appear- ing to be incorrigible or so incompetent, otherwise than from temporary ill health, as to seriously interfere with the discipline or the productiveness of the labor of the prison or reformatory. tem '^roMbitld^' ^^°' ^ ^^ amended by act, p. 345, Acts of 1905). The board of prison em pro lie. jnjystj.igs of iJimojs, or the commissioners of said pemtentiaries,. or either of them, or the board of managers of said reformatory, shall not, nor shall any other authority whatsoever, make any contract by which the labor or time of any prisoner or convict in any penitentiary or reformatoiy of this State or the product or profit of his work shall be contracted, let, farmed out, given or sold, to any person, firm, association or corporation; except that the said prisoners or convicts in said penal or reformatory institutions OHAPTEB V. CONVICT LABOE LAWS ILLINOIS. 659 of First grade. may work for, and the products of their labor may be dimosed of to the State, or for or to any public institution owned or managed and controlled by the State. Sec. 6 (as amended by act, p. 345, Acts of 1S05). The wardens, super- Hours, etc., of intendents, managers and ofScials of all reformatories and penitentiaries in labor. the State shall, so far as practicable, cause all the prisoners in said institu- tions, who are physically capable thereof, to be employed at useful labor, not to exceed eimt hours of each day, other than Sundays, and public holidays, but such useful labor shall be either for the purpose of production of supplies for said institutions, or for the State, or for any public institution System of em- owned or managed and controlled 1^ the State, or for the purpose of P'^yiii™*- industrial training and instruction, or for the making of crushed rock for road material, and for the improvement of public grounds owned by the State, or use in and upon public buildings owned by the State, or for agricultural pursuits for the support of the inmates of the State institu- tions, or partly for one and partly for the other of such purposes, or a combination of all of said industries and employments: Provided, Imeever, That it shall be' the policy of the State to use in such industries, no more Machinery. machinery or motive power, other than hand and foot power, than may be required to successfully carry this act into effect: And, promded, further, That the board of managers of the said Illinois State reformatory at Pontiac, may use all or any part of the eight hours provided herein for the labor of the convicts, in giving of useful instruction to the inmates of said reforma- tory. Sec. 7 (as amended by act, p. 345, Acts of 1905). The labor of the Classes prisoners of the first grade in each of said penitentiaries and reformatories ^^^:, shall be directed with reference to fitting the prisoner to maintain himself by honest industiy after his discharge from imprisonment, as a primary or sole object of such labor, and such prisoners of the first grade may be so employed at hard labor for industrial training and instruction, even though no useful or salable products result from their labor, but only in case such industrial training or instruction can be more effectively given in such manner. Otherwise, and so far as consistent with the primary object of the labor of prisoners of the first grade as aforesaid, the labor of such prisoners shall l]e so directed as to produce the ^eatest amount of useful products, articles and supplies needed and used m the said institu- tions, and in the buildings and offices of the State, or in any public institu- tions owned and managed and controlled by the State, or said labor may be for the State. Sec. 8 (as amended by act, p. 345, Acts of 1905). The labor of prisoners Second grade, of the second grade in said penitentiaries and reformatories shall be directed primarily to labor for the State, or to the production or manufacture of useful articles and supplies fot*said institutions, or for any public institu- tions owned or managed and controlled by the State. Sec. 9 (as amended by act, p. 345, Acts of 1905). The labor of prisoners Tliird grade. of the third grade in said penitentiaries and reformatories shall be directed to such exercise as shall tend to the preservation of health, or they shall be employed in labor for the State, or in the manufacture of such articles and supplies as are needed and used in the said institutions, and in the public institutions owned or managed and controlled by the State. Sec. 10 (as amended by act, p. 345, Acts of 1905). All convicts sentenced state-use sys- to State penitentiaries and reformatories in this State shall be employed*®™- for the State, or in productive industries for the benefit of the State, or for the use of public institutions owned or managed and controlled by the ' State, which shall be under rules and regulations for the distribution and diversification thereof, to be established by the board of prison industries of Illinois. Sec. 11 (as amended by act, p. 345, Acts of 1905). The labor of convicts Same subject. in penitentiaries and reformatories in this State after the necessary labor for the manufacture of all needed supplies for said institutions diall be primanly devoted to the State and the public institutions and buildings thereof, and the manufacture of supplies for the State and the public insti- tutions thereof, and secondly to the school and road districts of the State and the public institutions thereof: But, promded. That if the demands of the State, the State institutions and the school and road districts thereof as herein provided shall not be sufficient to furnish employment to all the prisoners of the penal and reformatory institutions of the State then the board of prison mdustries may and are hereby authorized to dispose of Proviso. 660 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. Crushed rock. Manufactures Board of clas- sification. Credits earnings. Disposition of earnings. the surplus product of such labor to the best advantage of the State; But, provided, further, That not more than forty (40) per cent of said prisoners in the penal and reformatory institutions shall be employed in the. manu- facture of products of industries heretofore established which may be dis- posed of other than to the State, State institutions and school and road' districts of the State. Sec. 12 (as amended by act, p. 345, Acts of 1905). Crushed rock or other manufactured road material created by the labor of such convicts or pris- oners shall be furnished free at such penitentiary or reformatory institu- tions, upon the requisition of the State highway commission but upon the express agreement that such material shall be placed in a permanent public roadway. Seo. 14 (as amended by act, p. 345, Acts of 1905). The board of prison industries of Illinois and the superintendents of reformatories and wardens of penitentiaries respectively are authorized and directed to cause to be manufactured by the convicts in the penitentiaries and reformatories such articles as are needed and used therein, and also such as .are required by the State, and in the buildings, offices and public institutions owned or managed and controlled by the State, including articles and materials to be used in" the erection of the buildings. All such articles manufactured in the penitentiaries and reformatories and not required for use therein may be furnished to the State or for, or to any public institution owned or managed and controlled by the State at and for such prices as shall be fixed and determined as hereinafter provided, upon the requisition of the proper official, trustee or managers thereof. No articles so manufactured shall be purchased from any other source for the State or public institu- tions of the State unless said board of prison industries of Illinois shall certify that the same can not be furnished upon such requisition, and no claim therefor shall be audited or paid without such certificate. Sec. 16 (as amended by act, p. 345, Acts of 1905). The president of the board of prison industries of Illinois, the president of the State board of public charities and the auditor of public accounts of Illinois, are hereby constituted a board to be known as . the board of classification. Said board shall fix and determine the prices at which all labor performed, and all articles manufactured and furnished to the State, or to the public insti- tutions thereof shall be furnished, which prices shall be uniform to all. The prices shall be as near the usual market price for such labor and supplies. as possible. The State board of prison industries shall devise and furnish to all such institutions a proper form for such requisition, and the auditor of public accounts shall devise and furnish a proper system of accounts, to be kept for all such transactions. So far as practicable all supplies used in such buildings, offices and public institytions shall be uniform for each class, and of the styles, patterns, designs and qualities that can be manu- factured in the penal and reformatory institutions of this State, from Seo. 17. Every prisoner confined in any penitentiary or reformatory in this State, who shall become entitled to a diminution of his term of sen- tence by good conduct, may, in the discretion of the warden of the peniten- tiary, or of the superintendent of the reformatory, receive compensation from the earnings of the penitentiary or reformatory in which he is confined, such compensation to be graded by the wardens of the penitentiaries, and the superintendent of the reformatory for the prisoners therein, for the time such prisoners may work, but in no case shall the compensation allowed to such prisoners exceed in amount ten per centum of the earnings of the penitentiary or reformatory in which they are confined. The differ- ence in the rate of compensation shall be based both upon the pecuniary value of the work performed, and also on the willingness, industry and good conduct of such prisoner: Provided, That whenever any prisoner shall forfeit his good time for misconduct, or the violation of the rules and regulations of the penitentiary or reformatory, he shall forfeit out of the compensation allowed under this section, fifty cents for each day of good time so forfeited: And provided. That prisoners serving life sentences shall be entitled to the benefit of this section, when their conduct is such as would entitle other prisoners to a diminution of sentence, subject to for- feiture of good time for misconduct, as herein provided. Sec. 18. The amount of surplus standing on the books of the peniten- tiary or reformatory to the credit of any prisoner, may be drawn by the prisoner during his imprisonment only, upon the certified approval of the board of prison industries of Illinois for disbursement by the warden of CHAPTER V. — CONVICT LABOR LAWS — ILLINOIS. 661 stiid penitentiary, or superintendent of said reformatory, to aid the family of such prisoner, or for books, instruments and instruction not supplied by the penitentiary or reformatory to the men of his grade, or may, with the approval of the said warden or superintendent, be so disbursed without the consent of such prisoner, but no portion thereof shall be disbursed for indulgences of food, clothing or ornament beyond the common conditions of the others in his class in the prison at that time. And any balance to the credit of any prisoner at the time of his conditional release as provided by law, shall be subject to the draft of the prisoner, in such sums and at such times as the board of prison industries of Illinois shall approve, but, at the date of the absolute discharge of any prisoner, the whole amount of credit balance, as aforesaid, shall be subject to his draft at his pleasure: Provided, That any prisoner violating his conditional release, when the violation is formally declared, shall forfeit any credit balance: Aiid, pro- vided further, That any prisoner may bequeath by will any sum that may te due him at the time of his death. Acts op 1905. Section 1. The board of prison industries of the State of Illinois is tji^*^"'*"""'^ °' authorized and empowered, and it is hereby made its duty, upon the requisi- ' tion of the State highway commission, to ernploy convicts and prisoners in the penal and reformatory institutions of the State in the manufacture of tile and culvert pipe, suitable for draining the wagon roads of the State, and in the preparation of road building and ballasting material, such tile, culvert pipe and road building and ballasting material to be furnished free; and in the manufacture of road machinery, tools and necessary appliances for the building, maintaining and repairing of the wagon roads ot the State, such tile, culvert pipe, road buildmg and ballasting material, road machinery, tools and appliances to be placed upon railroad cars and forwarded to proper destinations, to be used as hereinafter provided. Sec. 2. The commissioners of highways in any township in counties Disposition of under township organization, or the commissioners of highways or boards goods, of county commissioners in counties not under township organization, may make application to the said State highway commission for such road build- ing material, tile, culvert pipe, road-making machinery, tools and other appliances as may be needed or required by them for the construction, improvement or repairing of the wagon roads in their respective townships or road districts, obligating themselves to use such material according to rules and regulations formulated and approved by the State highway commission. COUNTY CONVICTS. Annotated Statotes — 1896. Chapter 38. Section 307. Hereafter any person convicted in any court of record of Sentence may any misdemeanor under the criminal code of this State the punishment of ® ° """^ which in whole or in part now is, or hereafter may be imprisoned [imprison- ment] in the cojinty jail, the court in which such conviction is had, may in its discretion, instead of committing to jail, sentence such person to labor in the workhouse of any city, town or county, where the conviction is had, or on the streets and alleys of any city, town or on the public roads of the county, under any street commissioner, city marshal, or person having charge of the workhouse, streets, or public roads of such city, town or county, or to such labor under the direction of the sheriff as the county board may provide for. Sec. 308. Any person convicted of petit larceny, or any misdemeanor Plax:e of em- punishable under the laws of this State, in whole, or in part, by fine rnay be ployment. required by the order of the courts of record, in which the conviction is had, to work out such fine and all costs, in the workhouse of the city, town or county, or in the streets and alleys; of any city or town, or on the public roads in the county, under the proper person in charge of such workhouse, streets, alleys, or public roads, at the rate of one dollar and fifty one-hun- Allowance for dredth dollars (51.50) per day for each day's work. ^^°°'^- 662 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. INDIANA. STATE CONVICTS. , Annotated Statutes — 1901. Form of sen- SECTION" lS06a. Whenever any male person thirty years of age or over, tence. shall be on trial for any felony, which is punishable by imprisonment in the State's prison, except treason, and murder in the first or second degrees, the court or jury trying said cause shall ascertain only whether or not the per- son is guilty or the offense charged: * * * Instead of pronouncing upon such person a definite term of imprisonment in the State prison for a fixed term, after such finding or verdict, the court trying said cause shall pronounce upon such person an indeterminate sentence of imprisonment in a State's prison for a term, stating in such sentence the minimum and maximum limits thereof, * * * Labor re- Sec. 1940. When any person is imprisoned in the State prison, he shall be quired. kept at hard labor therein during the period for which such person was sentenced. Sale of gooda. ^Eo. 7237b. It shall be unlawful fox any person or persons or corporations to expose for sale within the State of Indiana, without first obtaining from License. the secretary of state a license to sell any convict-made goods, merchandise or wares, as hereinafter provided. Application. Sec. 7237c. Every person, persons or corporation desiring to act as agent for or to deal in convict-made goods, merchandise or wares, before exposing such goods within the limits of the State of Indiana, shall make an applica- tion in writing to the secretary of state, setting forth his or their residence, or oflSce, the class of goods he, they or it desires to deal in, the town, village or city, giving the street number at which he, they or it intends to locate, together with the names of two or more responsible citizens of the State of Indiana, who shall enter into a bond of not less than five thousand dollars to guarantee that the said applicant will in all and every particular comply with any and all laws of the State of Indiana, regulating and prescribing the sale of convict-made goods, wares and merchandise, to is- Sec. 7237d. The secretary of state shall thereupon issue a license to such applicant for one year, except as hereinafter provided, which license shall set forth the name of the person, persons or corporation, and shall be kept conspicuously posted in his, their or its place of business. Sec. 7237e. Such person, persons or corporations shall annually, before the fifteenth day of January in each year, transmit to the secretary of the state a verified statement setting forth: 1. The name of the person, persons or corporation. 2. His, their or its place of business. 3. The names of the persons, agents, warden or keepers of any prison, jail, penitentiary or reformatory, or establishment using convict labor, with whom he has done business, and the person, persons or corporation lo whom he ha» sold goods, wares or merchandise, giving the State, city or town and street number of such purchaser or purchasers. 4. In general terms the amount paid to each of such agents, wardens or keepers, for goods, wares, or merchandise, and the character of goods, wares or merchandise so received. Fee. Sec. 7237f. Every person, persons or corporation shall pay annually, upon the issue of such license as hereinbefore provided, the sum of five hundred dollars to the secretary of state as a license fee, whfch amount shall be credited to the maintenance account of the State prison. Term. Sec. 7237g. Licenses shall be for one year unless revoked as subsequently provided. nevocation. Sec. 7237h. The secretary of state shall have the power to revoke the license of any person, persons or corporation upon satisfactory evidence or upon conviction for any violation of any law regulating the sale of convict- made goods, wares or merchandise; but no such revocation shall be made until due notice to the person, persons or corporation so complained of; and for the purpose of this section the said secretary of state, or his authorized agents, shall have power to administer oath and to compel the attendance of persons and the production of books, papers, etc. Goods to be Sec. 72371. All goods, wares or merchandise made or partly made by marked. convict labor in any penitentiary, prison, reformatory or other establish- ment shall before being exposed for sale, be branded, labeled or marked as License sue. Reports CHAPTEB T. COWVICT LABOB LAWS INmANA. 663 hereinafter provided, aiid it shall fiot be exposed for sale in any place within this State without such brand, label or mark. Sec. 7237J. The brand, label or mark hereby required shall contain at the Form of mark. the head or top thereof the words "convict-made," followed by the year and name of the penitentiary, prison, reformatory or other establishment in which it was made, in plain English letters of the style known as great primer roman capitals. The brand or mark shall in all cases, where the nature of the article will permit, be placed upon the same, and only where such branding or marking is impossible a label shall be used; and where a label is used it shall be in the form of a paper tag, which shall be attached by wire to each article, where the nature of the article will permit, and placed securely upon the boxes, crates or other covering in which such goods, wares or merchandise may be packed, shipped or exposed for sale. Said brand, mark or label shall be placed upon the outside of, and upon the most coni- spicuous part of the furnished [finished] article and its box, crate or covering. In case of manufactured clothing of any nature, such label shall be of linen and securely sewed upon each article of such clothing in a place where upon examination it may be easily discerned. Sec. 8208. The oflSce of board of prison directors of the State of Indiana, Control, for the prison north and the prison south, is hereby abolished, * * * and the management, control and general supervision of said prison north is hereby invested in a board of control for said prison north, which shall hereafter bo known as the Indiana State prison, consisting of three members to be appointed by the governor, * * * Sec. 8215. It shall be the duty of the directors to appoint a moral Moral instruc- instruetor, who shall hold his office during the pleasure of the directors, tor. The moral instructor shall be competent to teach the rudiments of an English education; shall reside near the penitentiary, and devote his whole time and ability to the interests of the convicts confined therein; and shall, in addition to hie other duties and services, teach such of the convicts as the warden may send to him for that purpose, the arts of reading, writing, arithmetic, and geography, at such hours as may be found most conducive to the interests of tl^ institution. He shall also superintend the mental and moral improvement of the convicts, instruct them once every Sabbath, visit them when sick, have charge of the library, and superintend the dis- tribution and use of the books, and adopt such other means for the reforma- tion of the convicts as he, the warden, and the directors may deem expedient. Seo. 8219. It shall be the duty of the board of control of the Indiana instrHction. State prison to institute such instructions of an educational and technical nature, as, in their judgment, shall be to the best interest of the inmates. Sec. 8220. The board of control of the Indiana State prison are hereby Contracts for authorized to contract for the labor of four hundred of the convicts of said labor. prison, and should the population of said prison exceed eight hundred, then said board of control are also authorized to contract and let out, in addition to the labor of said four hundred, the labor of not exceeding SO per cent of the number of said convicts over and above eight hundred. Such convict labor shall be employed at such trades and industries as may be selected by the said board of control, and such board are also authorized to establish the piece-price system at said prison, giving the said board of control full control of the labor of said convicts, if the same shall be, in the opinion of said board of control, expedient and practicable: Providing, however, That whether said labor of the said prisoners to be employed upon the contract system or upon the piece-price system, the number of convicts employed in any single trade or industry shall not exceed one hundred. Sec. 8221 (as amended by chapter 39, Acts of 1905). The said board of prison faima. control are hereby authorized to lease lands and to use lands owned by the State not otherwise devoted to State purposes, to be selected by them, to be improved and employed and used in cultivating and raising farm pro- ducts in the discretion of said board, said products to be used to supply the wants and needs of said prison, and should there remain any surplus the same may be sold in the open market, and if, in improving lands owned by the State, it shall become necessary to dispose of timber, the same may be sold by said board, either as standing timber or cut up into marketable products and sold, and said board of control may employ upon said lands so leased or owned all prisoners in said prison not employed in prison dutie% Such prisoners shall be employed only, at hand labor while working said lands. The control and superintendency of said lands and of convicts 664 REPOET OF THE 0OMMIS8IONEE OF LABOE. Sta-'c account system. Focd, clothing, etc. employed upon the same shall be under the board of control and the ofiicere of said prison. Term of con-- Sec. 8221a (as amended by chapter 16, Acts of 1903). No contract for tract. the labor of the convicts of said prison shall be made for a longer penod than up to October 1, 1910. Such contracts, whether made for the labor of said convicts, or on the piece-price system, shall be avrarded to the highest Hours ol labor, and best bidder for the same. The regular hours for the day's work in said prison shall not exceed eight hours, subject to temporary changes under necessity, or to fit special cases, to be sanctioned by the board of control. Officers, etc. Sec. 8221b. All officers, guards, superintendents of industries and em- ployees required for the operation of the prison under either the contract or State account systems of prison labor, shall be appointed and selected by the warden of said Indiana State prison, by and with the consent of the board of control, after rigid examination as to their education, knowl- edge of the trades or profession necessary for the handling the prisoners employed in the various branches entered upon, moral character, fit- ness for the control and supervision of prisoners, and for their care and custody. * * * Sec. 8221d. It is the intent and purpose of this act, that all work done by the prisoners of the Indiana State prison, under the State account sys- tem, shall be hand work, as far as practicable or remunerative to the State. Sec. 8223. It shall be the duty of the warden to provide each convict with a clean straw bed, and sufficient covering, at all times, to protect him from the inclemency of the season, and also with garments of a coaree mate- rial, suited to and sufficient for the season. He shall furnish to each pris- oner a sufficient amount of coarse and wholesome food, giving to each adult person not less than three-qiiarters of a pound of clear beef, pork or other meat each day, and a sufficiency of vegetables and bread, with such alternation in the kind and manner of preparation of the food as, in the opinion of the physician, shall be most conducive to the health of the pris- oners. All convicts shall, so far as may be consistent with their age, sex and ability, be kept at hard labor, in such manner as the warden shall deem most advantageous to the State, not inconsistent with this act, and under such rules and regulations as the directors may, from time to time, prescribe. The prisoners shall be, at all times, kept as much as possible separate, and with as little intercourse vrith each other as the nature of their emplojonent will permit. Sec. 8224. It shall be lawful for the warden to use such kinds of punish- ment for the violation of the rules of the prison as shall, in his judgment, in each particular case, be best adapted to accomplish the purpose of such punishment: Provided, That such punishments shall not be extreme or unusual in their character. It shall be the duty of all officers of the peni- tentiary to demean themselves in as kind^ humane and forbearing a man- ner toward the prisoners as is consistent with the enforcement of a strict discipline and submission of the prisoners. * * * Same subject. Sec. 8227. No corporal punishment shall be inflicted upon any convict in a State prison except by order of the warden made in a particular case. No corporal punishment shall be inflicted except between the-hours of eight o'clock a. m. and ten o'clock a. m., nor until at least twelve hours have elapsed after the offense has been committed for which the punishment is inflicted. When any corporal punishment is to be inflicted, the warden shall cause the prison physician and the moral instructor of the prison to be summoned as witnesses of the punishment, and no such punishment shall be inflicted unless the physician and moral instructor are present as witnesses. Note. — The forms of , punishment reported are loss of merit stripe, loss of grade, loss of privileges, solitary confinement, and bread-and-water diet. of pa- Sec. 8230. The warden of each prison in this State, the board- of direct- ors, the chaplain, and physician of such prison shall constitute a board of commissioners of parole prisoners for such prison. * * * Parole. Seo. 8230a. The board of commissioners of paroled prisoners for each of said prisons, shall meet at such prison, from time to time, as they shall deem necessary, or as they may be called to meet by the warden of such prison. At ea,ch meeting of said board held at such prison, every prisoner confined in said prison \rpon an indeterminate sentence, whose minimum term of sentence has expired, shall be given an opportunity to appear before such board and apply for his release' upon parole, or for an absolute discharge as Labor quired. Punishment. Board role. CHAPTER V. — CONVICT LABOR LAWS INDIANA. 665 hereinafter provided, and said board is hereby prohibited from entertaining any other form of application or petition for the release upon parole or abso- lute discharge of any prisoner. Sec. 8230c. If it shall appear to said board of commissioners of parole Same subject, prisoners, from a report by the warden of such prison or upon an applica- tion by a convict for release on parole as hereinbefore provided, that there is reasonable probability that such applicant will live and remain at liberty without violating the law, then said board of commissioners may authorize the release of such applicant upon parole, and such applicant shall there- upon be allowed to go upon parole outside of said prison walls and inclosure upon such terms and conditions as said board shall prescribe, but to remain while so on parole, in the legal custody and under the control of the agent and warden of the State prison from which he is so paroled, until the expi- ration of the maximum term specified in his sentence, as hereinbefore pro- vided, or until his absolute discharge as hereinafter provided. Sec. 8230g. If it shall appear to said board of commissioners that there Discharge, is reasonable probability that any prisoner so on parole will live and remain at liberty without violating the law, and that his absolute discharge from imprisonment is not incompatible with the welfare of society, then said board of commissioners shall issue to said prisoner an absolute discharge from imprisonment upon such sentence, and which shall be effective therefor. Sec. 8232. The warden of each prison shall appoint an agent, whose duty Employ m e n t it shall be to aid and secure proper employment for all prisoners who have agent, so conducted themselves as to be entitled to go out from such prison on parole, and also for those who have become entitled to an absolute discharge before the maximum time for which they were sentenced; and to keep the said warden informed of the conduct of said prisoners when out upon parole; and to make a report as to each prisoner in such matters on the first day of each month for the preceding month. Note. — Paroled convicts must proceed at once to their places of employment and there remain unless permitted to change by the warden or agent, such permission to be expressed in writing. Sec. 8233. Every convict who shall have served six months or more. Money, etc., for when discharged, shall be furnished with fifteen dollars in money. Every Prisoners, article of value which any convict may have in his possession when deliv- ered into the custody of the warden shall be carefully preserved by the warden, and again delivered to such criminal, when discharged, or to such other person as the convict may direct, at any time previous to such dis- charge. * * * Sec. 8234. Whenever any person shall be discharged from the Indiana Same subject. reformatory or the Indiana State prison, the superintendent or warden thereof shall procure for him and deliver to the proper railroad conductor, a railroad ticket to any point to which such person may desire to go, not farther from said prison than the point from which he was sentenced, give him ten dollars ($10) in money, a durable suit of clothes, and from the first day of November to the first day of April an overcoat. The suit of clothes shall not cost to exceed six dollars ($6) and the cost of the overcoat shall not exceed five dollars ($5). Sec. 8235 (as amended by chapter 114, Acts of 1905). It shall be the Paroled pris- duty of the warden of the prison to furnish all paroled prisoners the cloth- oners. ing and transportation provided for in section 1 [sec. 8234] of this act and five dollars ($5) in money: Provided, however, That when any such paroled prisoner receives his final discharge while he is away from such Indiana State prison, the provisions of this act shall not apply to such person at the time of final discharge. Sec. 8238. Every convict who is now in, or who may hereafter be con- Deductions fined in, the penitentiaries of the State of Indiana, or in the Indiana reform- ^■'°™ *<=™'- atory for women and girls, and who shall have no infractions of the rules or regulations of the prisons or laws of the State recorded against him, and who performs in a faithful manner the duties assigned him, shall be entitled to the diminution of time from his sentence as appears in the following table for the respective years of his sentence, and pro rata for any part of a year when the sentence is for more or less than a year. 666 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. No. al years ol sentence. Good time granted. Total good time made. Time to be served if full good time is made. 1st year.. 2d year.. 3d year. . 4th year.. Sth year. . eth year.. 7tfa.year.. Sth year.. 0th year., loth year. 11th year. 12th year. 13th year. 14th year. 15th year. 16th year. 17th year. 18th year. 19th year. 20th year. 21st year. 1 month . . 2 months . 3 months . 4 months . 5 months . S months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 6 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 5 months . 1 month 3 months 6 months 10 months 1 year and 3 months 1 year and 8 months 2 years and 1 month 2 years and 6 months 2 years and 11 months 3 years and 4 months 3 years and 9 months- 4 years and 2 months 4 years and 7 months 5 years S years and S months 5 years and 10 months 6 years and 3 months 6 years and 8 months 7 years and 1 month 7 years and 6 months 7 years and 11 months 11 [months!- 1 year and 9 months. 2 years and 6 months. 3 years and 2 months. 3 years and 9 months. 4 years and 4 months. 4 years and 4 months, 6 years and 6 months. 6 years. 6 years and 8 months, 7 years and 3 months, 7 years and 10 months, 8 years and 5 months. 9 years. 9 years and 7 months. 10 years and 2 months. 10 years and 9 months. 11 years and 4 months. 11 years and 11 months. 12 years and 6 months. 13 years and 1 month. Acts of 1605, Chapter 107. Contract syS' tern abolished. Instruction, Disposition goods. Section 1, The contract system of labor for the inmates of the Indiana reformatory shall be abolished after July, 1906, Sec, 2, It shall ba the duty of the board of managers to provide for teaching the inmates in the common branches of an English education; also in such trades and handicrafts and to offer such rewards as will enable them, upon their release, to more surely earn their own support and make self-reliant and self-supporting citizens. * * * Trade schools, Seo, 3. In the employment, education and training of the inmates of the reformatory the board of managers shall have full power to establish and introduce such trades schools as said board may determine for the Manufactures, training of the inmates in the mechanical arts, and to provide for the man- ufacture of goods on State account, for the production of such articles as are used in the institutions of the State and in certain political divisions of the State, and in the production of such articles as may be found prac- ticable: Provided, That said reformatory shall not produce any school books and desks used by pupils for use, or which shall be used in the com- mon schools of the State, or print any other books or blanks except for the use of said reformatory, of Sec, 4, The State institutions, except where similar articles are made therein, and political divisions of the State using supplies such as are pro- duced in said reformatory shall be required to purchase the same at a price fixed by a board hereafter provided for: Provided, That such political divisions shall not bs compelled to pay a greater price for such supplies I, than the same of like quality could be purchased for elsewhere: And, prdvided further. That the board of managers of said reformatory are and shall be authorized to sell any surplus of articles so produced upon the market, to fix Sec, 5, The governor of the Stats, the auditor of State, and presi- dent of board of managers of said reformatory shall constitute a board,' whose duty it shall be to fix and regulate the prices for which all articles manufactured in said reformatory shall be sold to the State institutions and political divisions of the State; and shall also approve of the quality and style of the articles or supplies that are to be furnished to the said State institutions and political divisions of the State: Provided, Thai the , prices so fixed shall in no case exceed the market price for such supplies. Catalogue, Sec, 6, It shall be the duty of the board of managers from time to time, after the taking efTect of this act, to issue a printed descriptive catalogue to the various State institutions and political divisions of the State, show- ing in detail and by cuts such articles as the management is able to manu- facture ; and when such State institutions or political divisions of "the State of Indiana are in need of such articles as described in said catalogue the Who must buy boards of control, boards of trustees, or boards of managers and the heads goods. of such institutions, boards of county commissioners, town[s]hip trustees, Board prices. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS^ INDIANA. 667 superintendent of poor asylums and county shoriiTs shall make requisition on the board of managers of said reformatory for such articles as are needed, giving the board of managers a reasonable time to manufacture the articles so required, and shall not purchase any such articles elsewhere unless the same can not be furnished by such reformatory. Said boards and above-named ofiScers shall not contract for or pay any bill for any such articles as are made at said reformatory which are shown in the catalogue to be issued as aforesaid, until a written statement has been given them that such institution can not furnish such articles. COUNTY CONVICTS. Annotated Statutes — 1901. Section 8334. All prisoners and other persons held in the [county] work- Labor re- house shall, as far as may be consistent with their age, ssx and ability, be quired. kept at hard labor in such manner as the board of commissioners shall deem most advantageous to such county, and under such rules and regu- lations as such board may, from time to time, prescribe — such labor to be performed in or about the workhouse, or upon any public wharf, street, alley, highway or thorougjifare within the county, or upon any other work or public improvement which such board may deem for the welfare of the citizens of such county, or at such other labor, and in such manner, as such board may deem best. Such work shall be done under the direction and supervision of the superintendent of the workhouse; and for this purpose, the board of commissioners may meet, at any time, and make all proper orders, which shall be spread upon the records of such court. Sec. 8342. Any person held in or committed to the workhouse for a Fines and failure to pay any fine or costs shall be required to work as provided for coats. by the provisions of this act, and crcditea on such fine and costs at the rate of one dollar per day for each day's work. Acts of 1905. Chapter 169. Section 304. All able-bodied male prisoners, sentenced to any county Labor on pub- jail, or workhouse, while held for punishment, or the nonpayment of fines''" works. or costs, whether the judgment embraces also imprisonment or is for a fine and costs only, may be put at hard labor upon the public wharves, streets, alleys, oi- other thoroughfares or public grounds in any city or town in the county where convicted, or upon any public road or hi^way therein, or upon any other public work, under such rules and regulations as the board of commissioners shall prescribe; and the sheriff or custodian of such prisoners shall obey all such rules and regulations. IOWA. STATE CONVICTS. Code of 1897 and Supplement of 1902. Section 5661. The penitentiaries shall each be under the management Wardens. and control of a warden, subject to the supervision of the governor. The wardens shall be elected by joint ballot of the general assembly, * * * Sec. 5666. * * * Disobedience by the convicts shall be punished by Punishment, the infliction of such penalties as are provided by law and the rules which are prescribed for the government of said institution. The warden shall keep a register of ail punishments infligted on any convict, and the cause -for which they were inflicted. Note. — Loss of good marks, handcuffing to ceil door, and solitary confinement are the punishments in use. Sec. 5671. Each warden shall appoint some suitable minister of the Chaplain. gospfel chaplain of the penitentiary, who shall hold his ofiice during the pleasure o^the warden, and shall give as much of his time as the condition and employment of the convicts will reasonably justify in giving them moral and religious instruction, and who shall at all times, when in the opinion of the warden the necessary labor of the convicts or the safety of the prison does not render it impracticable, have access to the convicts for that purpose, and should any of them be illiterate, the chaplain shall give them instruction in the ordinary branches of learning. 668 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Hard labor re- Sec. 5675. All punighment in the penitentiary by imprisonment uust be quired. ^y confinement to hard labor, and not by solitary imprisonment; but soli- tary imprisonment may be used as a prison discipline for the government and good order of the convicts. Discharge. Seo. 5684. When a convict is discharged, the warden shall furnish trans- portation to him by means of a ticket for passage to the point in this State nearest to his home, if he have one, or to any point of a like distance with- out the State, and, in addition thereto, the warden shall furnish him a suit of common clothing, and not less than three nor more than five dollars in money, all at the expense of the State, an account of which shall bs kept by the warden. Note. — The governor has power to parole, on application of the prisoner or his friends. Overseers. Seo. 5691. Persons having suitable knowledge and skill in the branches of labor and manufactures carried on in the penitentiary may be' employed as overseers, when practicable, and they must, respectively, superintend such portions of the labor of convicts for which they are most suitably qualified and which shall be assigned to them by the warden, and all of them, as well as the other subordinate oflBcers thereof, must perform such services in the management, superintending and guarding of the same as may be prescribed by the rules and regulations or directed by the warden. Sec. 5693. * * * it shall be the duty of the warden of the penitentiary to keep prisoners under the age of eighteen, when not under the personal supervision of the officers of the penitentiary or at work, separate from the prisoners above that age, and to prevent personal communication between such classes, except as to such prisoner under eighteen years of age who is likely to or does exercise an immoral influence over those with whom he is associated. Any warden who' shall fail or refuse to obey the provisions of this section may be removed from office therefor. Sec. 5702a. It shall not be lawful except to complete existing contracts made by board of control to manufacture for sale any pearl buttons or butter tubs in the penitentiaries of the State, and it shall be the duty of the board of control and wardens of said penitentiaries to enforce the provi- sions of this act, and to prohibit the manufacture of pearl buttons or butter tubs, in whole or in part, by the inmates confined in said penitentiaries. Deductions Sec. 5703. The deputy warden of each penitentiary shall keep a book in from term. which shall be entered a record of each infraction of the published rules of discipline committed by a prisoner, with his name, and he shall forfeit, as herein provided, any diminution of time earned under this section. Each prisoner who shall have no infraction of the rules and regulations of the penitentiaries or laws of the State recorded against him, and who perform.s in a faithful manner the duties assigned to him, shall be entitled to the diminution of time from his sentence as appears in the following table for the respective years of the sentence, and if the sentence be for less than a year, then the pro rata part thereof: Young victs. Buttons and butter tubs. Number of year of sentence. Good time granted. Total good time made. Time to be served if full time is made. 1st year 1 month . . 1 month 11 months. 2nd year 2 months . Smonths 1 year and 9 months. 3rd year. 3 months . 6 months 2 years and 6 months. 4th year 4 months . 6 months . 10 months , . . . 3 years and 2 months. 3 years and 9 months. 5th year. 1 year and 3 months 6th year. 6 months . 1 year and 9 months 4 years and 3 months. 7th year. 6 months . 2 years and 3 months 4 years and 9 months. 8th year. 6 months . 2 years and 9 months 5 years and 3 months. 9th year. 6 months . 3 years aiW 3 months 5 years and 9 months. 10th year 6 months . 3 years and 9 months 6 years and 3 months. 11th year. 6 months . 4 years and 3 months 6 years and 9 months. 12th year. 6 months . 4 years and 9 months 7 years and 3 months. 13th year. 6 months . 5 years and 3 months 7 years and 9 months. 14th year. 6 months . 5 years and 9 months 8 years and 3 months. 15th year. 6 months . 6 years and 3 months. ; . . . 8 years and 9 months. 16th year. 6 months . 6 years and 9 months 9 years and 3 months. 17th year, 6 months . 7 years and 3 months 9 years and 9 months. 18th year 6 months . 7 years and 9 months 10 years and 3 months. 19th year 6 months . 8 years and 3 months., .'. . 10 years and 9 months. 20th year. 6 months . 8 years and 9 months 11 years and 3 months. 21st year 6 months . 9 years and 3 months 11 years and 9 months. 22nd year 6 months . 9 years and 9 months 12 years and 3 months. 23rd year. 6 months . 10 years and 3 months 12 years and 9 months. 24th year. 6 months . 10 years and 9 months 13 years and 3 months. 25th year. ...... 6 months . U years and 3 months 13 years and 9 months. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS IOWA. 669 Sec. 5J07. Able-bodied male persons sentenced to imprisonment in the Labor not to penitentiary may be taken to that at Anamosa, or to that at Fort Madison, ^^ leased, there confined and worked in places and buildings owned or leased by the State outside of the penitentiary inclosures; but the labor of such con- victs shall not be leased, and the warden shall keep a regular time-table of the convict labor and record thereof in a book provided for that purpose, and shall also keep a record of all the business under his control, returning to the clerk at the close of each day an account thereof, together with that of convict labor. He shall al.?o have all stone which is not used for building j)urposes by the State, together with all refuse stone at the quarries, . Stone break- broken with hammers into pieces of not more than two and one-half inches '°B. in diameter, to be used for the improvement and macadamizing of streets and highways, this work to be done by convict labor when not otherwise employed, but the warden may in his discretion make such disposition of any surplus refuse stone at the quarries as may be for the best interest of the State. Seo. 5708. If any county, township, town, city or road district desires Disposition of such stone for such purposes, the road supervisor or other officer having stone, the supervision of streets and roads shall notify the cpunty auditor, who, if satisfied the stone is needed for said purposes, shall issue his requisition upon the warden of the penitentiary for the quantity desired, * * * and the stone thus broken shall be used or disposed of for no other purpose, except by the State, or such other purposes as may be named in this chapter. COUNTY CONVICTS. Code of 1897. Section 5652. Able-bodied male persons over the age of sixteen and ^.^ J'^j^"^ """y ^ under fifty years, confined in any jail under the judgment of any tribunal"^ q i e . authorized to imprison for the violation of any law, ordinance, by-law or police regulation, may be required to labor during the whole or part of the time of his sentence, as hereinafter provided, and such tribunal, when passing final judgment of imprisonment, whether for nonpayment of fine or otherwise, shall have the power to and shall determine whether such imprisonment shall be at hard labor or not. Sec. 5653. Such labor may be on the streets or public roads, on or about Place of labor, public buildings or grounds, or at such other places in the county where confined, and during such reasonable time of the day, as the person having Hours, charge of the prisoners may direct, not exceeding eight hours each day. Seo. 5654. If the sentence is for the violation of any of the statutes of Sheria to su- the State, the sheriff of the county where the imprisonment is shall super- P*'^°*^°'^' intend the performance of the labor, and furnish the tools and materials, if necessary, to work with, at the expense of the county in which the convict is confined, and such coTinty shall be entitled to his earnings. Such labor shall be performed in accordance with such rules and regulations as may be made by resolution of the boar'd of supervisors, not inconsistent with the provisions of this. chapter, and such labor shall not be leased. Sec. 5657. For eyery day's labor performed by any convict under the Allowance for provisions hereof, there shall be credited on any judgment for fine and '*'""■• costs against him the sum of one dollar and fifty cents, and no person shall be entitled to the benefits of the law providing for the liberation of poor convicts if, in the opinion of the sheriff, the judgment may be satisfied by the labor of the person as herein authorized. Sec. 5660. The provisions of this chapter shall apply, as far as may be,. City jails. to city jails and the persons in charge thereof. KANSAS. STATE CONVICTS. General Statutes — 1901. Section 7028. There shall be appointed by the governor, by and with- Board of di- the advice and consent of the senate, three directors, to be known as the rectors, board of directors of the State penitentiary. * * * Sec. 7032. The directors shall have power, and it shall be their duty Duties of from time to time, to examine and inquire into all matters connected with board. 670 REPOKT OP THE 0OMMIS3IOKEK OF LABOR. Discharge. Instruction, etc. Chaplain. Deduction from term. the government, discipline and police of the penitentiary; the punfshment and employment of the prisoners confined therein, and the purchases and sales of the articles provided for such penitentiary or sold on account thereof; * * * Warden. Sao. 7035. It shall be the duty of the warden, under the rules and regu- lations adopted by the board of directors for the direction and govern- ment of all officers of the penitentiary: It iC 4: sc 4^ * * Fifth, To use every proper means to furnish employment to the pris- oners most beneficial to the public and best suited to their several capaci- ties under the direction of the directors. Sixth, To superintend any manufacturing, mining or other business that may be carried on pursuant to law in and about the penitentiary in behalf of the State. To receive and take charge of any articles manufactured or produced, and to sell and dispose of the same for the benefit of the State, in the manner prescribed by law or by the board of directors. * * * Sec. 7040. *• * * When any convict shall be discharged from the penitentiary by pardon or otherwise, the warden shall furnish such con- vict with clothing, if he is not already provided for, not exceeding ten dollars in value, anS such sum of money, not exceeding ten dollars, as the warden may deem necessary and proper. Sec. 7042. * * * The warden shall furnish, at the expense of the State, a Bible to each of the convicts who can read; and such convicts as can not read, he shall cause to be instructed in the principles of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Sec. 7046. The chaplain * * * shall devote his whole time to the intellectual and moral improvement of the convicts. Sec. 7050. The warden shall cause to be kept a record of each and every infraction of the rules of discipline by the convicts, with the names of the convict or convicts offending, and the date and character of each oflfense, which record shall be placed before the directors at each regular meeting of the board; and every convict whose name does not appear upon such record of reports for violation of the prison rules shall T>e entitled to a deduction from his sentence of three days per month, for the first year or fraction of a year, for each month he shall obey the rules of the peniten- tiary ; and all such convicts who shall have become entitled to a deduction of three days per month shall, for a like faithful observance of all the prison rules during the second year, be entitled to a deduction of six days per month; and if any convict shall continue to obey the rules of the peniten- tiary for the remainder of his sentence, after the expiration of two years, he shall be entitled to a deduction of eight days per month until his sentence shall expire. * * * Punishment. Sec. 7052. There shall be no corporal punishment, and no painful and unusual kinds of punishment inflicted, such as binding the limbs or any member thereof, or placing and keeping the person in painful posture; and ' that the punishment of delinquent prisoners shall be restricted to the ball and chain, but so used as not to torture the person or limbs, and to close and solitary confinement, with such deprivation of light and such limits^ tion in kind and quality of food as may, in the exercise of a sound discre- tion, produce distress without hazarding the life of the offender. Sec. 7057. The convicts in the State penitentiary shall be permitted to participate in their earnings as follows, viz: Each convict shall have allowed to him out of his earnings five per cent upon each day's labor, the value of each day's labor being computed at seventy-five cents: * * * Sec. 7069, Before letting any contract for prison labor, the president of the board of directors shall advertise for proposals for bids in at least three papers of general circulation in the "State, for at least sixty days preceding the opening of the bids and awarding the contract. Sec. 7060. Contracts shall be made for a term not exceeding six years, and shall be awarded to the highest responsible bidder, but not at a less priee than forty-five cents per diem for each able-bodied convict. No bid shall be entertained unless it is accompanied with a bond of five thousand dollars, which bond shall be conditioned for a faithful compliance with the terms of the bid made if accepted. Control. Sec. 7064. In contracting for the labor of the prisoners, the State shall retain the right of full control through the proper officers over them, and shall reserve the right to govern the prisoners, and to change the disciplinary Earnings of convicts. Advertising. Contracts. CHAPTEB V. -CONVICT LABOK LAWS KANSAS. 671 Hours of labor. Mining coal. Sale of coal for- bidden. lim- niles of the j>risoii, and to forbid any work or mode or manner of doing the same that is injurious to the health or dangerous to the person of the prison- ers; and theparty hiring the labor shall be required so far as practicable to teach the prisoner as much of the trade at which he is employed as will en- able him to work at the same when discharged from prison. No contract shall be made for the employment of the prisoners outside of the prison grounds. A day's labor shall be ten hours. The bond to secure perform- ance of contract in each case shall be executed to the State of Kansas in such a sum as may be determined by the board; but in no case to be a less sum than ten thousand dollars nor more than fifty thousand dollars, and to be approved by the board of directors. DEO. 7065. The warden is authorized to mine and take out the coal on the lands belonging to the State upon which the penitentiary ij located and adjacent thereto, so far as that can be done without injury to the peniten- tiary buildii^s located thereon, and to employ the labor of such convicts as are not required in other departments of the penitentiary or to supply exist- ing contracts in so doing. The board of directors may also lease land adjoin- ing that owned hy the State for the purpose of mining and taking out the coal thereon, providing that it can be done at a price not exceeding two mills per bushel, or may purchase and acquire the fee to such land for the State at such reasonable price per acre as shall be agreed upon by the owner and the board of directors and approved by the governor; * * * Sec. 7067. The coal mine owned by the State at the penitentiary shall not Mine not to be be leased, but the warden and directors shall employ the surplus convict 'eased- labor in working and developing the same to the greatest practical advan- tage: Provided, That the warden may use such portion of the convict labor as may be necessary to keep in repair the wagon road from the State peni- tentiary to the limits of the city of Leavenworth. Sec. 7069. No coal mined at the penitentiary shall hereafter be sold on the market, by contract or otherwise. Sec. 7070. The output of coal at the penitentiary mine shall be limited to Output the needs of the public Ijuildings and institutions of the State. '*ed. Sec. 7074. The warden of the Kansas State penitentianr is hereby Manufacture of empowered, by and with the advice and approval of the board of directors twine. of the Kansas State penitentiary, at a cost of not exceeding thirty-five thousand dollars, to purchase, erect and maintain the necessary machinery and equipments for the manufacture of twines known as hard-fiber twine, and for tne necessary repairs and betterments of the buildings for the pur- poses herein named. Sec. 7081. Said warden of the Kansas State penitentiary, by and with Sale of twine, the approval of the board of directors thereof, is hereby vested with power and authority to sell and dispose of to the best advantage of the State, giv- ing preference to orders from residents of this State, all the manufactured product of said plant. Sec. 7084. Wnenever the governor shall be satisfied that any prisoner has been confined in the penitentiary a sufficient length of time to accom- plish his reformation, and that such prisoner may be temporarily released without danger to society, and is satisfied by th6 personal guaranty of one . or more responsible persons that permanent and suitable employment has been secured for such prisoner in some county of the State, where he will be freed from criminal influences, the governor shall issue his order to the warden directing that such prisoner shall be by the warden temporarily released from the penitentiary, and allowed to go to said county: Provided, That a prisoner can not be paroled the second time. Sec. 7085. Upon granting of a parole to any prisoner, the warden shall fur- nish him with suitable clothing, if he is not already provided for, not exceed- ing ten dollars in value, and such sum of money, not exceeding ten dollars, as the warden Inay deem necessary and proper. The warden may also, in his discretion, furnish him with transportation to the county designated in the governor's order. Sec. 7100. Any male person between the ages of sixteen and twenty-five Form, etc., of who shall be convicted for the first time of any offense punishable by con- ^^tence. finement in the State penitentiary may, in the discretion of the trial judge, be sentenced either to the State penitentiary or to the Kansas State indus- trial reformatory; and any person who upon such conviction shall be sen- tenced to imprisonment in the Kansas State industrial reformatory shall be imprisoned according to this act, and not otherwise, and the courts of this Parole. Supplies. 672 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Employ m oi prisoners. Credits. State imposing such sentence shall not fix a limit of duration thereof. The term of imprisonment of any person so convicted and sentenced shall be terminated by the managers of the reformatory as, authorized by this act, but such imprisonment shall not exceed the maximum term provided by law for the crime for which the person was convicted and sentenced, int Sec. 7113. * * * They [the inmates of the State reformatory] may be employed in such labor as will best contribute to their support and refor- mation: Provided, That the tirhe .or labor of said irimates shall not be con- tracted or sold to any individual, firm, or corporation. Sec. 7114. The board of managers shall adopt uniform rules under which each inmate shall be allowed such a sum per day, not to exceed two cents per day while he is in the second grade and three cents per day while he is in the first grade, as will in their judgment enable him to accumulate a suffi- cient amount to pay his expenses to some employment when he is discharged and sustain him until he receives his fii-st wages. Said sum may be paid a paroled inmate in bulk when he is paroled, or may .be paid in installments, as the superintendent may think best; and any sum accumulated and to the credit of any inmate may be forfeited by him by continued ill behavior or insubordination. Acts of 1903. Form of .sen- tence. Prison board. Same subjeet. Discharge. CTiapier 376. Section 1. Every person convicted of a felony or other crime punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary, except murder and treason, if judg- ment be not suspended or a new trial granted, shall be sentenced to the penitentiary, except in the cases provided for in section 7100 of the General Statutes of 1901; but the court imposing such sentence shall not fix the limit or duration of the sentence, but the term of imprisonment of any per- son so convicted shall not exceed the maximum nor be less than the mini- mum term provided by law for the crime for which the person was con- victed and sentenced, the release of such person to be determined as herein- after provided. Sec. 2. The board of directors and warden of the State penitentiary of this State shall constitute a prison board for the purposes hereinafter specified. Sec. 5. The said prison board shall have power to establish rules and regulations under which prisoners within the penitentiary may be allowed to go upon parole outside the penitentiary building and inclosure, but to remain while on parole in the legal custody and under the control of the prison board, and subject at any time to be taken back within the inclosure of said penitentiary: Provided, That no parole shall be granted in any case until the minimum term fixed by law for the offense has expired; and full power to enforce such rules and regulations and to retake and reimprison any inmate so upon parole is hereby conferred upon the warden, whose order, certified by the clerk of the prison, with the seal of the penitentiary attached thereto, shall be a sufficient warrant for the officer named in it to authorize such officer to apprehend and return to actual custody any con- ditionally released or paroled prisoner, and it is hereby made the duty of all" officers to execute said order the same as ordinary criminal process- Pro- vided That no prisoner shall be released on parole until the said prison board shall have made arrangements, or shall have satisfactory evidence that arrangements have been made, for his honorable and useful employ- ment while upon parole in some suitable occupation, and also for a proper or suitable home, free from criminal influence. Sec. 6 (as amended by chapter 318, Acts of 1905). It shaU be the duty of the warden to keep m communication, as far as possible, with all prisoners who are on parole, and also with their employers, and when, in his opinion any prisoner who has served not less than six months of his parole aec«pt^ ably has given such evidence as is deemed reliable and trustworthy that he will remain at liberty without violating the law, and that his final release is ™tTnrr.fr .T'^^''"'' '^"^^T °f/<^'«ty' tl^« ^^rden shall make certifi- cate to that effect to the prison board, and the board shall at the next meet- bo! h'Z'h ^°Tt' l^'T^ °^ the prisoner so presented; and wheS board shal decide that said prisoner is entitled to his final discharge sad board shal cause a record of the case of said prisoner to be made! showfng the date of his commitment to the penitentiary, his record while detalnel CHAPTER V. OONVIOT LABOB LAWS KANSAS. 673 therein, the date of his parole, his record while on parole, and their reasons for recommending his final discharge. Said record shall be signed by the board and attested by the secretary of the penitentiary, and sent to the governor of the State, who, if he approves of said recommendation, shall commute the sentence of said parole prisoner, so that it shall terminate at once, or at such time as in his judgment he may think best, and the com- mutation of said sentence shall provide for the restoration of citizenship to said parole prisoner; but no petition or other form of application for either the parole or final release of any prisoner shall be entertamed by the warden or prison board. Nothing in this act shall be construed as impairing the power of the governor to grant a full pardon, a conditional pardon or commutation in any case. Seo. 7. Upon the release of any prisoner upon parole from the peniten- Money, etc., to tiary, the warden shall provide him with suitable clothing, with ten doUara ^ 'uniiahed. in money, and shall procure transportation for him to his place of emploj- ment. The warden shall make the same provision for any prisoner dis- cl^rged from the penitentiary by expiration of his maximum sentence, save that he shall procure transportation for said prisoner to his home, if within the State; if not, to the place of his conviction, or to some place not more distant, selected by the prisoner. Seo. 8. If any prisoner shall violate the conditions of his parole or Violation ol release as fixed by the prison board, he shall be declared a delinquent, and Parole, shall thereafter be treated as an escaped prisoner owing service to the State, and shall be liable, when arrested, to serve out the unexpired term of his maximum possible imprisonment, and the time from the date of his declared delinquency to the date of his arrest shall not be counted as any portion or part of time served; and any prisoner at large upon parole or conditional release, who shall commit a fresh crime, and upon conviction thereof shall be sentenced anew to the penitentiary, shall be subject to serve the second sentence after the first sentence is served or annulled, said second sentence to commence from the termination of his liability upon the first or former sentence. Seo. 9. The provision of this act that relates to the power of the prison Application, board to parole and release prisoners shall apply to all persons now confined in the State penitentiary for felonies other than treason or murder, whenever such person shall have served the minimum time fixed by law for the crime for which he was convicted. AU paroles herein provided for shall be approved by the governor before the same shall be vaUd, and no person who has served two previous terms in any penitentiary shall be eligible for parole under this act. Acts of 1905. Chapter 4S. Section 5. It shall be unlawful to allow any convict in the penitentiary ^^ork 'or pri- to perform any labor for private citizens outside of the penitentiary grounds '* "^ izens. for hire or otherwise, and it shall be the duty of the warden to einploy the surplus convict labor in extending and repairing the State and county roads, and upon other work exclusively for the benefit of the State, and at the State branch penitentiary and oil refinery, at Peru. Chapter 316. Seotion 1. The governor of the State shall appoint a parole oflBcer for Parole officer, the Kansas State penitentiary, who may hold his ofiBce during the pleasure of the governor. Seo. 2. The duties of said officer shall be to assist the warden and the Duties, prison board of said penitentiary in the enforcement of and the carrying out of the provisions of the indeterminate sentence and the parole law. Seo. 3. Said officer shall be under the control of the warden of said peni- ^Jj^^^®"* *" '^^^' tentiary, who shall have the right to require him to perform such duties as may be prescribed by the rules and regulations of the prison board and the warden of said penitentiary. 9061—06 43 674 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIOIirBE OF LABOR. Chapter 317. Deductions SBcmoN 1. Section 7050 of the General Statutes of Kansas is hereby from tenn. declared applicable to convicts confined in the penitentiary under an inde- terminate sentence, or who may hereafter be confined in said penitentiary under an indeterminate sentence. COUNTY CONVICTS. Geneeal Statutes — 1901. Convicts may Section 5799. The board of county commissioners of any county in this be worked. State may, whenever they may deem it advisable so to do, properly shackle and work, under such rules and regulations as they may from time to time ordain and establish, each and every male prisoner committed to the jail of their respective counties for failing to pay the fine and costs adjudged against such prisoner on his conviction and increased costs, and also ajy male person failing to pay the costs adjudged against him as the prose- cuting witness in any criminal proceeding. Stone yard. Sec. 5800. The board of county commissioners may establish a county stone yard, and work male prisoners mentioned in the first section of thi act [sec. 5799] at breaking stone for use in macadamiziiig streets and roads, under such rules as they may from time to time ordain and establish. Disposition ot Sec. 5801. The board of county commissioners of the proper county are stone. authorized to sell or dispose of such stone as they may have had broken, on such terms as they may deem advisable, or, in case they can not sell the same, to use the same for the improvement of some designated road or street; and on making a sale of such stone, the money arising therefrom shall be used to pay for stone dehvered at the county stone yard, and the remainder shall be applied to the payment of the fine and costs standing against the person breaking the same. Sec. 5802. In case when a prisoner shall so desire, and shall enter an undertaking to the proper county with good and sufficient sureties, to be approved by the county clerk, that he will do a given or specified amount of work on some highway designated by the chairman of the board of county commissioners of the proper county, and in a specified time, in full satisfaction of the said fine and costs charged against the said prisoner, the chairman of the board of coimty commissioners of the proper county is authorized to accept such undertaking, and direct the jailer to allow such prisoner to leave said jaU for the purpose of doing the specified work. Said work may be done under the direction and control of some road overseer designated by the chairman of the board of county commissioners of the proper county; and when said work is done or performed in the manner and in the time designated in said undertaking, the chairman of the board of county commissioners shall so certify on said undertaking, and said pris- oner shall then be discharged from aU habOity for the fine and costs for which he was imprisoned: Provided, For any good and sufficient reason the chairman of the board of county commissioners may extend the time for doing the work specified in such undertaking, for Sec. 5804. Prisoners shall be allowed one dollar for each day's work per- formed by them in good faith under the provisions of this act, or, if the prisoner prefer, the board of county commissioners may allow such prisoner a specified sum per cubic yard for breaking stone. The amount so earned by the day or by the cubic yard, when the same shall amount to the sum of the fine and costs, the same shall be deemed a full satisfaction of the fine and costs in the action for which the said prisoner was committed to the jail of the coimty. KENTUCKY. STATE CONVICTS. CONSTIT0TION. Work on high- ways. Allowance labor. Place of labor. Section 253. Persons convicted of felony and sentenced to confinement in the penitentiary shall be confined at labor within the walls of the peni- tentiary; and the general assembly shall not have the power to authorize employment of convicts elsewhere, except upon the public works of the OHAPTEB V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS KENTUCKY. 675 Commonwealth of Kentucky, or when, during pestilence or in case of the destruction of the prison buildings, they can not be confined in the peni- tentiary. Sec. 254. The Commonwealth shall maintain control of the discipline, Control by and provide for all supplies, and for the sanitary condition of the convicts, State, and the labor only of convicts may be leased. Statutes — 1903. Section 524. AH goods, wares and merchandise made by convict labor Goods to te in any penitentiary, prison, reformatory or other establishment in which marked, convict labor is employed in any State, except the State of Kentucky, and imported, brought or mtroduced into the State of Kentucky, shall, before bemg exposed for sale, be branded, labeled or marked as hereinafter pro- vided, and shaJl not be exposed for sale in any place within this State without such brand, label or mark. Sec. 525. The brand, label or mark hereby required shall contain, at the Style of mark. head or top thereof, the words " convict-made, followed by the year and name of the penitentiary, prison, reformatory or other establishment in which it was made, in plain EngliJsh lettering, of the style and size known as great primer roman condensed capitals. The brand or mark shall in all cases, where the nature of the article will permit, be placed upon the same, and only where such branding or marking is impossible shall it be placed upon the box or other covering of the same, or be attached to the article as a label. Said brand or mark shall be placed upon the most con- spicuous part of the article or its covering, and said label, when used instead of a brand or mark, shall be attached in the most conspicuous place. Seo. 526. It shall not be lawful for any person dealing in this State in Removing any such convict-made goods, wares or merchandise manufactured in any marks. State, except the State of Kentucky, knowingly to have the same in his possession for the purpose of sale, or to offer the same for sale, without the brand, mark or label required by this act, or to remove or to deface such brand, mark or label. Any person offending against the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or to be impris- oned for a term not exceeding twelve months, or both, in the discretion of the jury or court trying the case. Seo. 526a. 1. All coal mined or coke manufactured by convict labor in Coalandooke. any State, and imported, brought, or introduced into the State of Kentucky, shall, during shipment and before being exposed for sale, or used in any place within this State, having a placard or label attached in a conspicuous place to the car, barge or other conveyance transporting such coal or coke, marked "convict-mined coal," or "convict-made coke," in plain English bold-faced lettering, not less than four inches in height. And all vehicles used in retailing or conveying the same within this State shall, in a similar manner, be marked or labeled in a conspicuous place. 2. It shall not be lawful for any person dealing in such convict-mined coal or convict-made coke knowingly to have the same in his possession for the purpose of sale or use, or to offer the same for sale, except under the conditions prescribed in and by section 1 of this act. Any person offending against the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or to be imprisoned for a term not exceeding twelve months, or both, in the discretion of the jury or court trying the case. Sec. 1356. Any person who shall knowingly employ in labor of any importing con- kind in this State a convict or person under sentence for crime in another victa. State, shall be fined not less than one hundred nor more than five hundred dollars for each convict or person so employed. Sec. 3795. A board of commissioners is hereby created to govern the Board of com- penitentiaries of this Commonwealth. Said board shall consist of three ™i^^'fners. members, to be elected by the general assembly, * * * for the term of two years, * * * Sec. 3797. * * * He [the warden] shall maintain strict discipline in Duties of war- the management and government of the prisoners, and may enforce the den. observance of discipline and proper deportment, and also industry, among the prisoners, by reasonable penalties and punishments; but is prohibited from inflicting cruel or inhuman punishments and no corporal punish- 676 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. PunisIiniBnt. ment shall be inflictea upon the prisoners, except in the presence of the warden or deputy warden. No corporal punishment shall be inflicted until at least twelve hours have elapsed after the offense has been com- mitted for which the punishment is mflicted. If, at any time, the labor of the convicts confined in the penitentiaries -is not hired out to a con- Employment, tractor or contractors, as hereinafter provided, the warden shall employ said convicts, such as are not sentenced to solitary confinement, in' useful labor, as far as practicable, such as may be profitably conducted withm the prison walls; but he shall not, directly or indirectly, be personally interested in a pecuniary sense in any business or enterprise carried on or conducted in the penitentiaries or by the labor of the convicts. * * * It shall also be the duty of the warden: ******* Food and Fifth. To provide all food and clothing necessary for the use of the clothing. prisoners, under such rules and regulations as may be made by the board of commissioners, the cost of such suppUes to be paid out of the treasury, on proper vouchers, to be approved by said commissioners. Bischaige. Sixth. To furnish each convict, upon the termination of his sentence, or his release by pardon, with five dollars and a suit of serviceable cloth- ing; suitable to the season, and with transportation, not transferable, to the county from which he was sent at the expense of the State. ******* Note.— Handcuffing to cell door, whipping, ball and chain, and bread-and-water diet are forms of punishment in use. ^Sec. 3801. * * * Each prisoner against whom no charge or [of] mis- conduct is sustained, shall be allowed a commutation of seven days in each calendar month for good behavior, subject, however, to revision and curtailment by the commissioners for offenses against the rules of the penitentiary or the laws of the State. * * * Sbo. 3804. It shall be the duly of the chaplain to hold himself in readi- ness to teach such convalescents or others, whose task being performed within less than the required hours of labor, might wish to avail them- selves of his assistance, either for spiritual instruction or to try to acquire an elementary education, and the chaplain shall be required to devote his entire time, work days as well as Sundays, to the performance of these duties. Seo. 3807. It shall be the duty of the commissioners to hire out to a contractor or contractors all the convicts able to perform manual labor, to be worked within the walls of the penitentiaries. Such hiring shall be to the highest and best bidder, after due advertising, and the labor in both penitentiaries may be hired to one person, or the labor in whole or in part in each penitentiary may be hired to different contractors. * * * The term for which said convicts may be hired shall not be more than four years, with the privilege of renewal, and the contractor shall obligate himself to faithfully conform to aU the rules and regulations that may be established by the commissioners touching all sanitary and police matters, and for the government of the prison. Upon the execution of the bond as above required, and the acceptance of the bid, the contractor shall be entitled to the labor of said convicts, the various shops and power therein belonging to the State. But if, after due advertisement as above set forth, the conunissioners fail to secure such a bid as is acceptable to them, then they may hire the convicts to a contraptor or contractors by private contract, and such contract, when made, shall be consummated in all respects, and shall contain the same stipulations and provisions, as are required in this section for a contractor who hires said convicts by public bid. * * * Control. Seo. 3809. All prisoners hired under the contract as herein provided shall remain under prison police and government, and persons who are not convicts shall not associate with the prisoners so hired, or any of the prisoners, except the contractor or his agent, and such foreman and skilled mechamcs as shall be necessary to conduct the business- all of whom, however, shall be required to observe the rules of the penitentiary, and any may be expelled for failure to do so. Manufactures. Sbo. 3810. In the event of failure, after faithful effort to hire the labor of the convicts, as herein required, and it becomes necessary for the war- dens to carry on the business of the penitentiaries, then the said commis- sioners shall furnish the wardens with such amount of money out of the Deductions from term. Chaplain. Hiring out con- victs. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS KENTUCKY. 677 State treasury as may be unexpended out of an appropriation of three hundred thousand dollars, under an act of the general assembly of this Commonwealth approved May the fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety- three, from time to time as may be needed to place the institutions, or either of them, on proper footing for successful operation, for [or] so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropnated out of any fund in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be paid by the treasurer on warrants of the auditor, which warrants shall be issued by the auditor, only at such times and for such amounts as the commissioners may, by the order of the board direct. * * * ^ Sec. 3811. Any contractor for the labor inside the walls of the prison Machinery, may, with the advice and consent of the commissioners, introduce such machinery in the prison as may be necessary to conduct any business or manufacture inside the prison, but such business shall not be destructive of the health of the convicts, and upon the termination of his contract such contractor shall have the right to remove such machinery, or be paid for the same-by the State at its fair cash value. Sec. 3812. * * * They [the commissioners] shall prescribe the char- Rules, acter of food and diet of the prisoners. They shall also prescribe all needful rules for the preservation of the health of the convicts, for the daily cleansing of the penitentiary, for the cleanliness of the persons of the convicts, and for the general sanitary government of the penitentiary and the prisoners in aU particulars, the character of the labor, the char- acter and quantity of food and clothing, and the length of time during which the convicts shall be daily employed. * * * They shall cause the convicts to be classified, so that the old and hardened criminals shall Classification, not be thrown with the youthful criminals, so far as the same can be done without in any way interfering with the free use of all the convicts that may be hired to any contractor or contractors. * * * Sec. 3813. * * * No official connected with the penitentiaries shall Interest in con- be directly or indirectly connected or concerned with any contract for*''*"*^- furnishing the warden or any contractor any materials for manufacture or use in the penitentiary, or any supplies or produce to be used in the penitentiary, or by the convicts, in any way whatever; and they shall not be interested, in a financial way, with any business carried on by convict labor. For a violation of the provisions of this section the officials so violating shall be for each offense fined one thousand dollars. Sec. 3828. The State board of prison commissioners shall have full Parole, power and authority to make and establish rules and regulations for the conduct and management of the Kentucky penitentiaries, under which any person who is now or may hereafter be convicted and sentenced to confinement in the penitentiary for a felony, other than rape or incest, and who has not previously been convicted and served a term therein, and who has not been insubordinate to the rules and regulations of the Institution, may, upon his written application and consent thereto, be allowed to go on parole outside of the buildings and inclosure of the peni- tentiary, and free as hereinafter provided, but to remain and be in the custody and control of the warden thereof, and legal custody and control of the said State board of prison commissioners, * * * Note.— Petition lor parole must be signed by not less than fifty reputable citizens of the county, city, or town in which the crime was committed for which the peti- tioner is held. The judge and attorney ol the county must also be notified and publi- cation made. No oral representations are allowed. Opponents may file a protest. Sec. 3829. No person who is now or may hereafter be convicted and Murderers, sentenced to imprisonment for the crime of murder shall be allowed to go on parole outside the inclosure of the penitentiary and the custody of the warden thereof imtU after said convict shall have served out at least five years of his term, of imprisonment. Sec. 3830. No person who is now or may hereafter be convicted and Burglars, etc. sentenced for a term of imprisonment in the penitentiary for the crime of arson, burglary or highway robbery, shall be allowed to go upon parole outside of the buildings and inclosure of the penitentiary until such con- vict shall have served the minimum term of imprisonment provided by law for the crime of which he was convicted. Sec. 3831. No person who has or may hereafter be convicted and sen- No parole tenced to the penitentiaiy for the crime of rape or incest, nor who has when, been previously convicted and served a term of imprisonment, nor who 678 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. has been reimprisoned by order of the State board of prison oommiasioneis under this article, shall be allowed to go on parole outside the inclosure ot the penitentiary. Badges or Seo. 3833. No convict who has been or may hereafter be allowed to go marks prohib- outside of the penitentiary and custody of the warden upon parole shall, '*®"- while so out on parole, be required to wear the regulation dress of the penitentiary, or other ba(^e, token or thing which wiU or which is intended to indicate that he is a convict. COUNTY CONVICTS. Statutes — 1903. Sentence may Section 1377. When, the punishment for a crime is a fine, or imprison- te to labor. mgut j^ ^i^ county jail, or both, the juiy may, in their discretion, if the defendant is a male, provide in their verdict that the defendant shall work at hard labor until the fine and costs or imprisonment is satisfied, or until both are satisfied. Credit. Sec. 1378. When such a verdict is returned, or when the case is tried by the court, a judgment shall be rendered directing that the defendant shall work at hard labor, at the rate of one dollar per day until the fine and costs are paid, or during the time of his imprisonment, or until both are satisfied, as the jury in their verdict may determine. Place of labor. Seo. 1379. The defendant shall, when such judgment is rendered, be placed in the workhouse, if there be one in the county, or if none, then by the jailer, under the direction of the county judge, at labor upon some public work of the county; or he may, by consent of the county judge, be placed upon the public works of any city or town in the county, * * * Homrs of labor. Sec. 1380. The defendant shall not be required to labor more than eight hours a day, * * * Work on Mgb- Sec. 43^. All male persons confined in county jails or workhouses, ways. under judgment of a court directing that they may be worked at hard labor, shall be available to the supervisor or overseer, for the purpose of working them on the public highways. * * * The supervisor or overseer shall be responsible for their safe-keeping, and may, if necessary, attach a ball and chain to any of said prisoners, and the prisoners so employed shall be, while in the hands of the supervisor or overseer, governed, controlled and cared for by them as provided in the law governing superintendents of workhouses, and the prisoner shall receive credits for work as provided by law: Provided, All such work shall be done on such public highways and streets as have not been let out to a contractor at a stipulated price, unless the contractor consents thereto. Workhouse. Seo. 4867. Each county court shall have power to establish a work- house, * * * Power of court. Sec. 4869. The county court shall have power to prescribe, by an order of record, regulations for the government of the workhouse, and may, from time to time, determine the character of work to be done, and the place, either in the house, on the workhouse grounds or elsewhere; the number of hours the prisoners shall work; how they shall be secured while at work and at other times, whether by guards, ball and chain or otherwise; and to make and enforce all regulations necessary or proper for the purposes of the institution. Lease of work- Sec. 4870. The county court may, for a period not longer than one year, °°^^^- lease the workhouse, grounds and property, which lease shall carry with it and vest in the lessee the right to the labor of all the prisoners who may, during such period, be in the workhouse, under such regulations as the county court may lawfully prescribe. * * * Hiring out pris- Seo. 4871. The county court may, at its discretion, hire out prisoners for oners. p^pt qj. ^U of their terms. Any one hiring a prisoner shall give a bond, with good security, payable to the Commonwealth, stipulating that such person shall provide proper feed and lodging for the prisoner, and shall pay the price of hire agreed to be paid. Sec. 4873. In any county having a workhouse — Fines. 1- If any one shall be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and the judg- ment is for a fine only, and if such fine is not immediately paid or replevied, the court shall, by an order of record, commit such person to the work- house, to work till all the judgment, exclusive of costs, shall be paid at the rate of one dollar for each day's work actually done. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOB LAWS KENTUCKY. 679 2. When a judgment has been rendered against any one for a misde- Judgments, meaner, and is not satisfied, and such person shall be arrested, under a capias pro fine, or other similar writ, the officer holding him under arrest shall, unless the judgment is paid or replevied, deliver the prisoner, with a certified copy of the process under which he is arrested, to the manager or lessee of the workhouse; and such prisoner shall be kept at work till all of said judgment, exclusive of cost, shall be paid at the rate of one dollar per day for each day's work actually done. ******* liOXTISIANA. STATE CONVICTS. Constitution. Aeticle 196. The general assembly may authorize the employment Contract sys- under State supervision and the proper officers and employees of the State, tsni prohibited, of convicts on public roads or other public works, or convict farms, or in manufactories owned or controlled by the State, under such provisions and restrictions as may be imposed by law, and shall enact laws necessary to carry these provisions into effect; and no convict sentenced to the State penitentiary shall ever be leased, or hired to any person, or persons, or cor- poration, private or public, or quasi public, or board, save as herein authorized. * * * Revised Laws — 1897. Page 2Jfi. Act No. 13S, Acts ofl89i. Section 1. It shall be unlawful for any corporation, merchant or other Brooms to be person, in the State of Louisiana, to deal in or sell brooms, made in the marked, different State penitentiaries, by convicts or other persons confined therein, unless each broom is stamped or labeled "convict-made;" said label or stamp to be not less than four inches long, two and a half inches wide, and the letters thereof not less than one inch in size. Any corporation, merchant or other person violating the provisions of this act, shall on conviction thereof, be fined not less than fifty dollars, or be imprisoned in the parish jail, for not less than thirty days, for each offense, at the discretion of the court. Page 671 . Act No. 118, Aets of 1890. Section 2. Every convict confined in the penitentiary or parish prison in Deductions this State, on a conviction of felony or misdemeanor, whether male or '''°™ term. female, when the term or terms equal or ecjuals one year or more, may earn for himself or herself a commutation or dm^nution of his or her sentence as follows, namely: Two months for the first year; two months for the . second year; three months each for the third and fourth years; and four months for each subsequent year and the judges throughout the State shall at time of rendering sentences, declare the sentence so pronounced shall be subject to the commutation and diminution under the rules and condi- tions provided for in this act. Sec. 4. On any day not later than the twentieth day of each month, the Notice ol dis- sheriff of each of the parish prisons in this State, and the board of control charge. of the penitentiary in this State, shall forward to the governor a report directed to him of any convict or convicts who may be disoharged the fol- lowing month by reason of the commutation of his or her sentence, or their sentences, * * * Sec. 5. No commutation will be allowed under this act to convicts who No deductions have been convicted on previous times, either for the offense for which he when, is then held or for other offenses. Sec. 7. AH convicts who shall be released from imprisonment under the Parole, provisions of this act shall receive from the board of control of the peniten- tiary in this State or from the keeper of the parish jails in the different parishes, a certificate stating that the release obtained by reason of commutation is conditioned that the said convict shall keep the peace of State, and that if any said convict shaU, during the period between the date of his or her discharge by reason of such commutation, and the date of the 680 KEPOBT OP THE OOMMISSIOBEB OP LABOR. expiration of the full term which he or she was sentenced to, be convicted of any felony or miademeanor, he or she shall in addition to the penalty wmct may be imposed for such felony committed in the interval as aforesaid, be compelled to serve in the prison or penitentiary in which he or she may be confined for the felony for which he or she is convicted, the remainder ot the term which he or she would have been compelled to serve but for the commutation of his or her sentence as provided for in this act. Life convicts. Sec. 8. Whenever any person who has been convicted of a cnme and sentenced to imprisonment for life, and who has served in the pemtentiaiy fifteen years of said-sentence, and who has during the fifteen years so con- ducted himself as to merit the approval of the board of control, he may apply for commutation of his sentence, and upon an approval of said board of control, the same shall be forwarded to the board of pardons, and upon their approval the same shall be forwarded to the governor: Provided, That not more than one convict out of every five confined to life imprisonment shall be commuted in any one year. Acts of 1900. Act No. 70. Place of con- Section 1. All persons sentenced to the penitentiary shall be confined flnement. j^^ ^^^ g^^^^ penitentiary, at Baton Kouge, on State farms, on quarter boats or other suitable quarters. ControL S^°- 2- The control and management of the penitentiary and convicts shall be vested in a board, styled "The Board of Control of the State Peni- tentiary." It shall be composed of three commissioners, citizens of the State, who shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the consent and advice of the senate, * * * I^oles. ggp 6 ipjjg board of co^rol shall make such rules and regulations as are necessary for the government of the penitentiary and all its depart- ments, subject to the approval of the governor, said rules and regulations to provide for the separation of the males and females and as far as prac- ticable, the whites and blacks. The board shall also enact rules for the grading and classifying of the convicts according to the most modem and enlightened system of reformation, the assignment of work and the char- acter of the same, the prohibition of harsh or cruel punishment, the right of a convict to communicate directly with the board without interference of an oflicer, the purpose being to restore and reform the individual to, a better man, physically, intellectually and morally. Note. — Corporal punishment is permitted. Interest in con- Sec. 9. No member of the board of control, warden, subwarden, officer, t™"*^- guard or other employee, shall be personally interested, directly or indi- rectly, in any contract of purchase or sale or lease of lands, materials or of supplies, of any kind whatever, or in any contract for work to be done * * * Convict farms. Sec. 10. The board of control, on its organization, may with the approval of the governor, purchase or lease a tract or tracts of land on such terms and conditions as the governor may approve, and after due advertisement, * * * for the establishment of one or more State convict farms, to be cultivated by the State, or for the establishment of manufactories. * * * Buildings, etc. Sec. 11. The buildings to be erected by the board of control, or quarter boats or other quarters shall be of the most modem and sanitary kind on plans approved by the governor, and shall be constructed, as far as pos- sible, with convict labor. * * * Labor on pub- Sec. 14. The board of control is hereby authorized to contract for build- ing by the convicts, of pubHc levees, public roads or other public works, or for stopping crevasses within the State of Louisiana, and to bid for the construction of the same or for work in connection therewith, the same as a private contractor; * * * COUNTY CONVICTS. Constitution. Work on high- Article 292. When any parish shall avail itself of the provisions of ways, etc. this article, the judge, in passing sentence on persons convicted of any offense, when the punishment imposed by law is imprisonment in the parish Uc works. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS LOUISIANA. 681 jail in the first instance, or in default of payment of fine, may sentence such persons to work on the pubhc roads and bridges and any other public works of the parish; and when the pimishment prescribed by law is im- prisonment in the penitentiary, he may sentence the persons so convicted to work on the pubfic roads and bridges and other public works of the parish where the crime was committed, if the sentence actually imposed does not exceed six months. * * * Revised Laws — 1897. Section 2836. The sheriffs, jailers, prison keepers and their deputies Food, shall furnish to each and every prisoner the following per diem allowance of sound and wholesome provisions, to wit: One pound of beef, or three- quarters of a pound of pork; one pound of wheaten bread; one pound of potatoes or one gill of rice, and at the rate of four quarts of vinegar and two quarts of salt to every one hundred rations. Sec. 2837. In addition to the nourishment allowed by law to such prison- clothing, etc. ers as are confined for crimes and misdemeanors, they shall, at the begin- ning of the winter season, be allowed each one blanket capot[e], one sfirt, one pair of woolen trousers and one pair of coarse shoes, and a shirt and a pair of trousers of coarse linen for summer; and twelve and a half cents per day shall further be allowed to the keeper of the jail for each and every prisoner who is sick, in order that the said sick prisoners may be taken care of as their situation may require. Page 666. ActNo.S9,Actsofl89i.{a) Section 7. The convicts are divided into two classes, for the purpose aasseB. of fixing their wages, when worked on pubUc roads, works or farms, and for regulating the hinng of them [to] any person or persons for the purpose of working out their fines or fees. First class, males over 18, and under 55 years of age; second class, all other convicts. Sec. 8. The wages of convicts when worked on public roads or farms WageB. or hired out for the payment of fines, costs and fees shall be fixed by the goUce jury within the following limits ; convicts of the first class, between ve and Mteen dollars per month, and of the second class, between two and ten dollars per month, and where they shall be hired out for payment of such fines, costs and fees, the price and terms shall be duch as shall be agreed on by the police jury and the person hirmg them: Provided, That the rate of wages be not less than the mini'TniiTn price provided in this section. Page 668. Act No. S8, Ads of 1878. Section 1. In all criminal prosecutions where any person is convicted Sentence may in any of the courts of this State of any crime or offense punishable imder the ^ *° labor, law with imprisonment at hard labor, but not necessarily so, the judge before whom such conviction is had may sentence the person so convicted to work on the pubUc works, roads, or streets of the parish or city in which the crime or offense has been committed, and which may be eventually chargeable with the costs of the prosecution, and for a term not exceeding the term now specified under existing laws: Provided, That when » fine, in said cases, is imposed as a part of the penalty, in default of the payment of such fine and the costs, the judge may enforce |he hquidation thereof by sentence of additional labor at the rate of one dollar per diem. Sec. 2. In the city of New Orleans the city council, and in the several Ordinances, parishes the poUce jury are hereby delegated fuU authority to pass all ordi- nances and laws which they may deem necessary to cany into effect the provisions of this act and for the discipline, working, and einployment of such convicts: Provided, That no poHce jury shall have power to pass any ordinance to cause any peraon so convicted to wear a ball and chain, or any other sign or symbol of degradation, and that the person so convicted shall not be worked more than ten (10) hours a day, and shall not, in any case, be put at work before six o'clock in the morning: Provided, That such convicts shall not be employed out of the parish having venue of the crime or offense; or in any other labor than upon the pubfic works, bridges, roads, or streets of the parish or city, or in such workhouses as they may establish. o The principal provisions of tliis act are superseded by act No. 191, Acts of 1904) below. Sections 7 and 8 are supposed to be stul in force. 682 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOK. Acts of 1898. Act No. 136. Cities, towns. Section 15. The mayor and board of aldermen of every city, town, and village, * * * shall have power: ******* Twenty-ninth. To contract with the police jury, which is empowered in the premises, for the use of the parish jail for the use of the municipality; to provide for the working of the streets by municipal prisoners, and to contract with the parish for such work by parish prisoners, or for the work- ing of parish roads by municipal prisoners. Sp •!• 'T •1' T* * "t" Acts of 1904. Act No. 191. Fines and Section 1. Any persons sentenced by any competent court of this State, '"' (the parish of Orleans excepted), to imprisonment in the parish jail or to payment of a fine and costs and in default of such payment, to imprison- ment in the said jail shall be committed to such jail, there to remain in close confinement for the full time specified in the sentence of the court: Pro- vided, That the police jury of any parish may, in its discretion, work such convicts upon any ro^ds, levees, public farm or any other public work within such parish, or may hire or let the services of such convicts, for the term of such imprisonment, for the purpose of working them within the parish as hereinafter provided: Promded, That all such convicts- shall remain in jail and not be worked or let if the judge in passing the sentence shall so specially order. * * * Food, clothing, Sec. 2. Lessees of convicts under the provisions of this act shall furnish ^*<'- such convicts with sufficient wholesome food and with proper clothing, bed- ding, medicine and medical attention when sick, such lessees shall treat the convicts humanely and only use such discipline as may be necessary to prevent their escape and to secure their diligent labor for not exceeding ten hours a day. Begulations. Sec. 3. The police jury shall establish regulations for the working, guarding, safe-keeping, clothing, housing, discipline and sustenance of convicts while working for any lessee or on any public works, and may provide, penalties for the enforcement of such regulations. Place ol deten- Sec. 6. While any convicts are hired out or worked under the supervision tion. or direction of the police jury they may be kept over night and at such times as they are not at work in the parish jail or at such other place of safe-keeping, as the police jury shall direct and that body shall have power to eniploy guards, to watch and direct the labors of such convicts as are worked under its supervision on any public farm or works. Contracts. Sec. 9. Whenever a police jury shall desire to avail itself of the provisions of this act, and make a contract for the leasing or hiring of prisoners, such contract shall be made with one person only and for a period of twelve months, and such contractor shall agree and undertake to receive and pay for the services of and hold in actual confinement all prisoners coming into his custody under the provisions of this act, and any violation of this agreement on the i)art of the lessee shall ipso facto avoid and annul the contract and the said contractor or lessee shall by means of said violation forfeit to the parish the sum of five hundred dollars recoverable at the suit of the police jury upon the bond of such contractor in any court of com- petent jurisdiction. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS MAINE. 683 MAINE. STATE CONVICTS. Revised Laws — 1903. Chapter I4I. Section 2. Punishment in the State prison by imprisonment shall be Hard labor, by confinement to hard labor, * * * Sec. 4. The supervision of the State prison is vested in the governor Control, and council, but its government and direction are in a board of three prison and jail inspectors, one warden, one deputy warden, one clerk, eleven guards, one of whom shall perform the duties of commissary, and such number of overseers and aids as the inspectors determine to be necessary. Sec. 5. The inspectors and wardens shall be appointed by the governor InBpeotors, etc. with the advice and consent of the council, * * * Sec. 10. They [the inspectors] shall examine into all disorderly conduct Puuislmieni,. among the prisoners, and when it appears to them that a convict is disor- derly, refractory or disobedient, they may order any punishment other than corporal which they deem necessary to enforce obedience, not incon- sistent with humanity, and authorized by the established rules and regu- lations of the prison. Note. — Solitary confinement and bread-and-water diet are pumshments m use. Sec. 11. They * * * shall establish rules for the government, Rules, instruction and discipline of the convicts, and for their clothing and sub- sistence; * * * Sec. 12. The inspectors shall visit all the jails at least once in every Inspection, etc. three months, and inquire into the management of the same, give such advice in relation thereto as they deem useful and proper; classify all con- victs in said jails, having regard to age, character and offenses; * * * Sec. 15. He [ttie warden] shall keep a record of the conduct of each con- Deductions vict, and for every month, during which it thereby appears that such 'ro™ term. convict has faithfully observed all the rules and requirements of the prison, the warden may recommend to the executive, a deduction of seven days from the term of said convict's sentence, except those sentenced to impris- onment for life. * * * ~Sec. 19. All sales of limestone, granite or other articles from the prison. Sales, etc. and the letting to hire of such of the convicts as the inspectors deem expe- dient, and all other contracts on account of the prison, shall be made with the warden, in the manner prescribed by the inspectors. * * * Sec. 29. Persons having suitable knowledge and skill in the branches of Superiutend- labor and manufactures carried on in the prison, shall, when practicable, tries. be employed to superintend such branches as are assigned to them by the warden; * * * Sec. 31. No more than twenty per-cent of all the male convicts in the Restrictions on prison, shall be employed at any time, in any one industry, or in the man- employment, ufacture of any one kind of goods and so far as practicable, the industries upon which said convicts shall be employed, shall be the manufacture of articles not elsewhere manufactured in this State. The manufacture and repair of all kinds of wagons, carriages and sleighs except the manufacture of infants' carriages, shall be considered one industry within the meaning of this section. This section shall not apply to the manufacture by said convicts, of any kind of goods which were not on the first day of January in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight, elsewhere man- ufactured in the State. Sec. 32. All articles and goods manufactured at the prison for sale shall be distinctly labeled or branded with these words "Manufactured at the Maine State Prison." Sec. 46. On the discharge of any convict who has conducted himself well during his imprisonment, the warden may give him from the funds of the prison a sum not exceeding ten dollars, and, if he requests it, a certificate of such good conduct ; and shall take care that every convict on his discharge is provided with decent clothing. Sec. 50. The governor, on recommendation of the warden and inspectors, Chaplain, and with the approval of the council, may appoint and commission, to hold office during the pleasure of the executive, but not longer than two years Goods to be marked. Discharge. 684 KEPOBT OF THE 0OMMIS8IOWEE OF LABOB. under one appointment, a suitable person chaplain of the State prison; who shall, in accordance with the rules of the prison, perform religious services in the chapel every Sunday, visit the sick, labor diligently and faithfully for the mental, moral and religious improvement of the convicts, and aid them when practicable in obtaining employment after their discharge. * * * COUNTY CONVICTS. Revised Laws — 1903. Chapter 80. County com- Section 12. They [the county commissioners] may make such additions missioners. jjj workshops, fences and other suitable accommodations, in, adjoining or appurtenant to the jails in the several counties as may be found necessary for the safe-keeping, governing and employing of offenders committed thereto by authority of the State or of the United States. * * * Places of labor. q^q_ i3_ They shall, at the expense of their several counties, unless county workshops are therein established, provide some suitable place, materials and implements for the breaking of stone into suitable condition for the building and repair of highways, and shall cause all persons sentenced under the provisions of section twenty-six of chapter one hundred and twenty- nine [trMups], to labor at breaking stone. And they may, at the expense of their several counties, provide suitable materials and implements suffi- cient to keep at work all persons committed to either of such jails, and may from time to time establish needful rules for employing, reforming and governing the persons so committed, * * * Chapter l^S. Labor re- Section 5. Every person committed to such [town] workhouse, if able quired. ^q ^york, shall be kept diligently employed during the term of his commit- ment. For idleness, obstinacy, or disorderly conduct, he may be punished as provided by the lawful regulations of the house. Acts op 1905. Chapter 126. Work on high- Sbotion 1. Upon written application by the county commissioners of '•'s.ys. any county, or by the municipal ofiBcers of any town, the board of prison and jail inspectors may direct and recjuire that any male prisoner under sentence in any jail shall be employed in labor upon the public ways or in preparing materials for the construction or repair of such ways in such place, and under such regulations as the inspectors may provide. Such county commissioners and municipal officers shall have authority \o make such contracts as may be necessary to carry out the foregoing provisions. Prisoners employed as aforesaid shall be subject to all laws and penalties provided for escapes or attempts to escape from jails or workshops, MAKYIiAmD. STATE CONVICTS. Public General Laws — 1903. Article Z7. Control of SECTION 437. * * * The governor shall appoint [as a board of tion!^ ° ™"'''^" managers of the Maryland house of correction] three persons, residents of this State for the term of six years, from the first of May next ensuing their appointment, and until their successors are qualified; * * * Labor re- Sec. 445. Every person committed or sentenced to said house of correc- quired. tion shall be kept at some useful employment, or hired out for such useful employment as may be best suited to his or her age, and most profitable to the institution; * * * Deductions Sec. 448. In order to further promote good behavior, and tend to from term. reformation, the said board of managers shall provide in their rules and CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS MARYLAND. 685 regulations for a correct daily record of the conduct of each of the persons confined in said house of correction and their fidelity and diligence in the performance of their work; and each prisoner shall be entitled to a diminu- tion of the period of his or her confinement, under the following rules and regulations: First. For each calendar month, commencing on the first day of the month next after his or her arrival at the institution, during which he or she shall not be guilty of a violation of the discipline or any of the rules thereof, and shall labor with diligence and fidelity, he or she shall be allowed a deduction of five days from each month of the period of his or her commitment or sentence. Second. For each and every violation of the rules and discipline of the institution or want of fidelity or care in the performance of work, the person therein confined shall not only forfeit all gained time in the month in which such delinquency occurs, but, according to the aggravated nature or frequency of his or her oflfeuse, the board may deduct a portion or all of his or her gained time. Seo. 449. The said board of managers are authorized and directed to Hiring to canal hire to the Maryland Canal Company, upon such terms as may be agreed company, upon by and between the said board of managers and said canal company, such able-bodied male convicts, under sentence to said house of correction as may from time to time be applied for by said Maryland Canal Company; which said convicts, whilst so nired out to said canal company, it shall be the duty of the said managers of the house of correction to clothe, feed and guard in all respects, so far as practicable, as if they were engaged at work within said house of correction; and in payment of the compensa- tion, which may be agreed on by and between said Maryland Canal Com- pany and the said managers of the house of correction for the hire of such convicts, the said canal company shall issue to the said managers of the house of correction, and the said managers shall accept the stock of said Maryland Canal Company at such rates as may be mutually agreed on. Sec. 522. The property and affairs of the penitentiary shall be managed control of pen- by a board of six directors. The governor, by- and with the advice and itentiaiy. consent of the senate, shall biennially appoint two directors of the peni- tentiary, who shall hold office for .six years and until their successors are appointed and qualified, and may be removed as hereinafter provided for. Seo. 539. The directors may enter into such contracts for the employ- Employment, ment of the convicts in the pemtentiary and for the sale of the manufactures in the institution as they may deem proper, but shall not enter into any contract for the making or manufactunng of the articles known as tin cans used for oyster and fruit packing purposes, or iron stoves used for heating and cooking purposes, or iron castings used for machinery pui^ poses, nor employ any convicts in the making thereof; * * * Sec. 557. Convicts shall be cleansed on their admission and furnished Clotliing, etc. with suitable and comfortable clothing of such pattern and description and to be changed as often as the directors may designate. Sec. 564. They shall be put to hard labor every day in the year, except Daysollabor. Sunday and Christmas day, and when Christmas day falls on Sunday, then the next Monday is excepted, and their time shall be so employed as will be most advantageous. Sec. 568. All prisoners who have been or shall hereafter be convicted Deductions of any offense against the laws of this State and confined in the execution *"'°™ term, of the judgment or sentence upon such conviction in the State penitentiary shall have a deduction from their several terms of sentence of five days for each and every calendar month during which no charge of misconduct shall have been sustained against each severally, who shall be discharged at the expiration of his term of sentence less the time so deducted, and a certificate of the warden of the penitentiary of such deduction shall be entered on the warrant of commitment: Provided, That if during the term of imprisonment the prisoner shall commit any act of insubordination against the prison authorities the warden and board of directors of the penitentiary may at their discretion annul such deductions: Arid further provided, That should the prisoner commit any offense for which he shall be convicted by a jury all deductions theretofore made shall be thereby annulled. Seo. 571. The convicts shall have three meals a day, consisting in all Food, of one and a quarter pounds of flour, three-quarters of a pound of beef 686 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. den. Funishments. or half a pound of bacon, of good, coarse quality, one herring, one gill of molasses, one pint of potatoes or other vegetables, with soup, and a proper allowance of rye coffee, tea and salt; and the physician may vary the diet when necessary. Duties ol war- Seo. 607. He [the warden] shall designate the employment of the prisoners, reference being had to their age, sex and health, and the profits of labor, and under his direction the assistant warden shall deliver out the materials and receive the manufactures. oarae subject. Sec. 608. He shall cause such accounts to be kept in the workshops and other departments of labor as will show the amount of material fur- nished, and the quantity of work done by each convict, and the amount to which they may be entitled for overwork; and these accoimts shall be closed every week for the purposes of detecting and punishing any mis- conduct of the prisoners in the performance of their tasks. Seo. 614. He may punish to the extent of thirteen lashes and ten days' confinement on bread and water, and may authorize his deputies and under officers to give from one to five lashes for infractions of discipline, and he must present a record of punishments and offenses to the monthly meetings of the board, that they may judge of the condition of the discipline, and he must particularly observe that corporal punishment is resorted to as little as possible. COUNTY CONVICTS. [The employment of county convicts is largely regulated by local laws. In general, the county commissioners direct the management of the jails and the employment of their inmates.] 3EASSACHXrS£TTS. STATE CONVICTS. Revised Laws — 1902. Form tence. Board of com- missioners. Duties. Classification, etc. Same subject. Chapter SZO. of sen- Section 20. If a convict is sentenced to the State prison, except for life or as an habitual criminal, the court shall not fix the term of imprisonment, but shall fix a maximum and a minimum term for which he may be impris- oned. The maximum term shall not be longer than the longest term fixed by law for the punishment of the crime of wmch he has been convicted, and the minimum term shall not be less than two and one-haK years. If a convict who has been sentenced to the State prison receives an additional sentence thereto, it shall take effect upon the expiration of the minimum term of the preceding sentence. Oha-pter 2ZZ. Section 1. There shall be a board of prison commissioners, consisting of five persons, two of whom shall be women, and one rf whom shall be appointed annually in June by the governor, with the advice and con- , sent of the council, for a term of five years from the first Wednesday of July. * * * Seo. 3. They shall have the general supervision of the State prison, of the Massachusetts reformatory, of the reformatory prison for women and of jails and houses of correction. * * * Chapter 285. Section 15. The prison commissioners may, with the approval of the governor and council, provide for grading and classifying the prisoners in the State prison and in the Massadiusetts reformatory and may establish rules for dealing with the prisoners in the State prison according to their conduct and industry and with the prisoners in the Massachusetts reform- atory according to their conduct, industry in labor and diligence in study. Sec. 16. They shall, as far as practicable, so classify prisoners who have been sentenced and committed to the jails and houses of correction, with reference to their sex, age, character, condition and offenses, as to promote OHAPTEK V. CONVICT LABOB LAWS MASSACHUSETTS. 687 their reformation and safe custody and the economy of their support, and to secure the separation of male and female prisoners. Sheriffs may classify prisoners in houses of correction, subject to the revision of the prison commissioners. * * * Sec. 26. Prisoners in the State prison shall be constantly employed for Labor re- the benefit of the Commonwealth, but no prisoner shall be employed in1"'™ not exceeding ten dollars, as .the warden may deem necessary and proper; and the board of the prison may, in its discretion, furnish such convict with a further sum of money, not exceeding fifteen dollars, when- ever in the opinion of such board, the necessities of the convict are such as require the same: Provided, That instead of paying to a discharged opnvict the sum of ten dollars or under above allowed, the warden may, in his dis- cretion, expend said money and allowance, or such portion thereof as may be necessary in paying the fare of said convict to his home, or place of destination, or to the State agent for discharged convicts. Seo. 2180. AH laws now in force, applicable to persons confined in the Detroit house State prison, shall be and are hereby made applicable to all persons who of correction, are, or hereafter shall be confined in said [Detroit] house of correction, who have been transferred to said house from the State prison, or who shall be 694 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. sentenced to confinement in said house, on conviction of any offense punishable by confinement in the State prison. Free labor. Sec. 2182. It shall not be lawful for the authorities of the said house of correction to employ any free labor in or about such institution, except such as may be necessary for the control and management of such house of correction and the care and detention of the persons confined therein. Acts of 1905. Act No. 184. Form of sen- SECTION 1. When any person shall hereafter be convicted of crime com- tence. mitted after this act takes effect, the punishment for which prescribed by law, may be imprisonment in the State prison at JacksOn, the Michigan reformatory at Ionia, the State house of correction and branch of the State prison in the Upper Peninsula, or the Detroit house of correction, the court imposing sentence, shall not fix a definite term of imprisonment, but shall fix a minimum term of imprisonment which shall not be less than six months in any case. The maximum penalty provided by law shall be the maximum sentence in all cases except as herem provided and shall be stated by the judge in passing sentence. The judge shall at the time of pronoiincing such sentence recommend and state therein what, in his judgment, would be a proper maximum penalty in the case at bar not exceeding the maximum penalty provided by law. * * * Lile prisoners. Sec. 3. The provisions of this act shall not apply to any person con- victed of an offense the only punishment for which prescribed by law is imprisonment in one of the penal institutions named for life: Provided, That in all cases where the maximum sentence, in the discretion of the court, may be for life or any number of years, the court imposing sentence shall fix both the minimum and maximum sentence. The minimum term of imprisonment thus fixed by the court shall not exceed one-half of the maximum term so fixed. Power of gov- Seo. 5. Authority to grant parole under the provisions of this act is emoi' hereby conferred exclusively upon the governor in all cases of murder, actual forcible rape, for offenses by public ofiBcers in violation of their duties as such oflicers, and to all persons convicted and serving sentence for conspiracy to defraud public municipalities, or the bribing or attempt to bribe of public officers. In all other cases such authority is hereby conferred upon the advisory board in the matter of pardons. The gov- ernor and the advisory board in the matter of pardons acting jointly, shall have authority to adopt such rules as may, by them, be deemed wise or necessary to properly carrjr out the provisions of this act, and to amend such rules at pleasure: Provided, Prisoners, under the provisions of this act, shall be eligible to parole only after the expiration of their minimum term of imprisonment, and prisoners who have been twice previously con- victed of a felony shall not be eligible to parole. Good time of Sec. 6. * * * The convict so paroled, while at large, by virtue of paroled prison- g^^jj parole, shall be deemed to be still serving the sentence imposed upon him, and shall be entitled to good time the same as if confined in prison. Conditions. Sec. 7. No convict shall be released on parole until the governor or advisory board in the matter of pardons shall have satisfactory evidence that arrangements have been made for such honorable and useful employ- ment of the prisoner as he is capable of performing, and some responsible person (not a relative) shall agree to act as his "first friend and adviser" who shall execute an agreement to employ the prisoner, or use his best efforts to secure suitable employment for him. Said "first 'friend and adviser" may, in the discretion of the governor or the advisory board in the matter of pardons, be required to furnish a bond, or other satisfactory security to the governor for the faithful performance of his obligation as such "first friend and adviser." All moneys collected upon such bond or security shall be turned over to the State treasurer and credited by him to the general fund of the State. Custody. Sec. 8. Every such convict, while on parole, shall remain in the legal custody and under the control of the warden or superintendent of the prison from which he is paroled and shall be subject at any time to be taken back within the inclosure of said prison for any reason that may be satisfactory to the warden or superintendent, * * * CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOB LAWS ^MICHIGAN. 695 Seo. 11. At the time of granting parole to any prisoner either by the Length of pa- govemor or the advisory board in the matter of pardons, they shall each ' respectively determine the length of time the prisoner shall remain on parole, which shall not be more than four years in any case. After any prisoner has faithfully performed all of the obligations of his parole for the period of time so fixed, and has regularly made his monthly reports as required by the rules providing for his parole, he shall be deemed to have fuUy served his entire sentence, and snail then receive a certificate of final discharge from the warden or superintendent in whose custody he is. * * * COUNTY CONVICTS. Compiled Laws — 1897. Section 2658. It shall be the duty of the keepers of the said several Duty of jailers prisons [county jails], whenever any person shall be sentenced to hard labor therein, and any mode of labor shall be provided, to cause such prisoner to be kept constantly employed during every day, except Sunday; and annu- ally to account with the board of supervisors of the county for the proceeds of such labor. Sec. 2659. The keepers of the said prisoners shall respectively have Work on high- power, with the consent of the supervisors of the county, from time to time, ways, etc. to cause such of the convicts under their charge as are capable of hard labor, to be employed upon any of the public avenues, streets or highways, or other works, in the county where such prisoner is confined, or in any of the adjoining counties, or in other work which said keepers can procure for the employment of such convicts, upon such terms as may be agreed upon between the said keepers and the officers or other persons under whose direction such convicts shall be placed. Sec. 2660. Whenever any convicts shall be employed under the last Convicts to be section, they shall be well chained and secured; and shall be subject to such chained, regulations as the keeper, legally charged with their custody, shall, from tim? to time, prescribe. Seo. 2661. Whenever any prisoner shall be sentenced to pay a fine and Fines and costs, or either, and to be committed, and shall be employed at hard labor, costs. pursuant to the foregoing provisions, he shall be allowed such sum as the said keepers may be able to obtain for the labor of such convicts, less the expense of their support; and when he shall have earned the amount of such fine and costs he shall be discharged. ' . Sec. 3123. All persons sentenced to confinement in the city prison [of any City jails, city], and all persons imprisoned therein on execution or commitment for the nonpayment of fines for violations of the brdinances of the city, may be kept at hard labor during the term of their imprisonment, either within or without the prison, under such regulations as the council may prescribe. MD^NESOTA. STATE CONVICTS. Statutes — 1894 . Section 3598. The board of managers [of the State reformatorjf] shall •'y*'"°t '"S make a suitable provision for the education and instruction of the prisoners ®™P^^^™'^ in trades or employments for which they shall seem best fitted, but during any year shall not employ or engage, on the average, to exceed thirty-three per cent of such prisoners in the quarrying, manufacturing, and cutting of ' granite for sale: Provided, That the whole or any number of the prisoners may, at any time, be employed in the quarrying or cutting of granite for any of the public buildings of said State and for the building of; walls and im- provements on the grounds of said reformatory: And provided further, That Contract sys- nothing herein contained shall be construed to interfere with or prevent the tern prohibited, filhng of existing contracts to furnish granite'heretofore made by or on the authority of the board of managers. Said board shall retain control of the labor of the prisoners or convicts, and to that end the contract system for convict labor in said reformatory is hereby prohibited: Providing, That no convict shall be obliged to labor at stonecutting and stonework more than eight hours per day. 696 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOR. Discharged Sec. 3599. It shall be the duty of said board of managers either by prlsonera. the allotment of piecework to the convict and crediting him with all over- work at the current rates which similar labor commands, or in such other mode as may in their discretion seem most desirable, to make such provision for the pecuniary assistance of the prisoner on his ^charge, or the support of his family while he is in confinement, as may seem to them proper. And it shall be the duty of said board of managers, either themselves or through some prisoners' aid society to be organized by them, to exercise a super- vision over all discharged prisoners with a view to keeping them in paths of honesty. Agent to aid Sec. 3602. The said board of managers, in joint session, may at any time prisoners^ when they deem it necessary, appoint a State agent for the aid and super- vision of discharged prisoners. The said State agent shall receive such salary as they shall fix and determine, together with the necessary traveling expenses incurred in the discharge of ms duties, and shall perform such duties as they may prescribe in behalf of the prisoners discharged from, the State prison, the State reformatory or any other public prison in this State. It shiJl be his cpecial duty to assist discharged prisoners in obtaining employment. * * * Control. Seo. 7450. The government and control of the Minnesota State prison, and of the prisoners sentenced thereto, shall be vested in a board of man- agers, to consist of five members, no more than three of whom shall belong to the same poHtical party, to be appointed by the governor, one from each congressional district of the State, by and with the consent of the sen- ate; *. * * Duty of board. Sec. 7452. The board of managers * * * shall make such rules and regulations for the government of the prisoners as shall best promote their reformation, and generally, as may from time to time be promotive of the purpose of this act. * * * Duties ol war- Sec. 7457. It shall be the duty of the warden, under the rules and regu- den. lations adopted by the board of managers for the government of the prison: :{: 4: * He 4i 4: ^ Eighth — ^To superintend any manufacturing and mechanical business that may be carried on by the State, pursuant to law, within the prison, to pur- chase tools, machinery and raw material, to sell the articles manufactured and dispose of them for the benefit of the State, and pay over the proceeds of such sales to the treasurer, under such rules as the board of managers shall prescribe. In case the labor of convicts is let, either on the contract > or piece system, it shall be the duty of the warden to collect the amount due for 'such labor, from time to time, and pay over the same to the treas- urer. It shall be the duty of the warden, or the deputy warden vmder his direction, to assign the sBveral convicts to such employment as he shall deem best, and to transfer such convicts from one branch of work to another, whenever in his judgment such change is desirable. Schools. Sec. 7463. It shall be the duty of the principal teacher [appointed by the board of managers], under the mrection of the warden, with the aid of such assistants as shall be appointed by the warden, and under such rules and regulations as may be established by the board of managers, to conduct one or more schools in the prison, for the instruction of such convicts as may be designated by the warden in the common branches of an Enghsh education. * * * Clothing, lood, Seo. 7474. The clothing and bedding for the convicts shall be of coarse ^t"- material, and they shall be supplied with a sufficient quantity of substantial and wholesome food. Discharge. Sec. 7475. When any convict is discharged from prison, the warden shall furnish such convict with a decent suit of clothes at the expense of the State: Provided, That if such convict shall have to his credit on the books of the prison at the time of his discharge the sum of fifty dollars or more, he shall be required to furnish clothing at his own expense; and in case such convict shall so request, it shall be the duty of the warden to act as agent for such convict in purchasing such clothing from any dealer whom the convict may designate; -and it shall be the duty of the warden to exer- cise vigilance to protect the convict against extravagant or unreasonable charges on the part of such dealers: And provided further, That in case any convict has not as much as fifteen doUars to his credit on the books of the prison at the time of his discharge, the warden shall pay to the convict from the current expense fund of the prison such a sum as shall make the total CHAPTEK V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS MINNESOTA. 697 amount paid sUch convict on his discharge fifteen dollars. The warden shall furnish at the expense of the State to each convict who can read such version of the sacred Scriptures as such convict may desire. Sec. 7489. Each convict who is sentenced for a, definite term other than Deductions life, shall he entitled to diminish the period of his sentence under the tiom term, following rules and regulations: (a) For each month, commencing on the first day of his'arrival at the prison, during which he has not been guilty of a violation of discipline, or of any of the rules of the prison, and has labored with diligence and fidelity, he shall be allowed a deduction of five days from the period of his sentence. (b) After he has passed one full year of his sentence, in which he has not been guilty of a violation of discipline, or any of the rules of the prison, and has labored with diligence and fidelity, the deduction shall be seven days from the period of his sentence for each month. , (c) After he has passed two full years of hie sentence, as above provided, the deduction from his term shall be nine days for gp,ch month. (d) After he has passed three full years of his sentence, as above pro- vided, the deduction from his term shall be ten days for each month. Seo. 7490. All convicts confined in the Minnesota State prison who shall Money credits become entitled to a diminution of their term of sentence by good conduct while in prison in accordance with this act shall, in addition to said dimi- nution of their term of imprisonment, receive compensation from the current expense fund for every day, except Sundays and legal holidays, at an average rate of ten cents per day per convict, the compensation to be f:aded, at the discretion of the warden, from eight to twelve cents per day. he difference in the rate of compensation to be based, not on the pecuniary value of the work performed, but on the willingness, industry and good conduct of the convicts: Provided, That whenever any convict shall forfeit Forfeitures, his good time for misconduct or violation of the rules and regulations of the prison he shall forfeit out of the compensation allowed under this section fifty cents for each day of good time so forfeited: And, provided, That convicts serving life sentences shall be entitled to the benefit of this section when their conduct is such as would entitle other convicts to a diminution of sentence, subject to the forfeiture of good time for misconduct, as herein provided. Seo. 7510. The board of managers of the Minnesota State prison shall Parole, have authority, under such rules and regulations as the governor may prescribe, to issue a parole to any prisoner, excepting life convicts, who is now or hereafter may be imprisoned in said State prison, whether com- mitted on a time sentence or on the reformatory plan, provided: 1. That no convict shall be so paroled who is known to have served previous sentence in any prison for a felony. 2. That no convict who is serving a time sentence shall be paroled until he has served at least one-half of the full term for which he was sentenced, not reckoning any good time. 3. That no convict who is serving a life sentence shall be paroled. 4. That such convicts, while on parole, shall remain in the legal custody and under the control of the board of managers and subject at any time to be taken back within the inclosure of said State prison; and full power to retake and reimprison any convict so upon parole is hereby conferred upon said board, whose written order, certified by the warden, shall be a sufficient warrant for all ofBcers named in it to autnorize such officers to return to actual custody any conditionally released or paroled prisoner, and it is hereby made the duty of all officers to execute said order, the same as ordinary criminal process. 5. That in considering applications for parole, it shall be unlawful for the board of managers of tne State reformatory to entertain any petition, receive any written communication or hear any argument from any attor- ney or other person not connected with the said prison or reformatory in favor of the conditional pardon of any prisoner; but the said board of managers may, if they deem proper, institute inquiries by correspondence, or otherwise, as to the previous history or character of any prisoner. " Note. — Life sentences are construed by the board to be for a term of thirty-five years, at the expiration of which, minus deductions for good conduct, convicts sen- tenced for life may, by unanimous consent of the board, be paroled as other convicts. A State agent is employed whose duty it is to assist in procuring employment for Saroled convicts and to otherwise care for them during the term of their parole, [onthly reports are required. 698 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Classiflcatlon. Sec. 751 1 . The board of managers of the Minnesota State prison is hereby authorized and empowered to establish three grades of prisoners, together with a system of marks, and to prescribe rules for the regulation of such grades and marks, and no prisoner shall be released on parole unless he shall have been for six months preceding a member of the first grade. Prisoners in the second and third grade may be deprived of such privileges as the board of managers shall direct, and third-grade prisoners shall be deprived of the good conduct money heretofore allowed by law. Acts op 1895. Chapter IB4. Skilled work- Section 1. It shall be the duty of the court in which any person shall be ™®"- convicted of any offense'punishable by confinement in the State prison, or the State reformatory, before passing the sentence, to ascertain by the examination of such cfinvict on oath, and in addition to such'oath, by such other evidence as can be obtained, the business, if any, in which such convict had been engaged prior to such arrest and conviction; whether such convict had learned and practiced any mechanical trade, and if so, the nature of such trade and length of time the same has been followed, and the clerk of the court shall enter the facts as ascertained and decided by the court on the minutes thereof, and shall deliver a certificate fuUy stating the facts so ascertained, to the sheriff of the county, or other proper ofiBcer, who shall cause the same to be delivered to the warden, superin- tendent or other chief officer, at the same time that such convict is com- mitted to the care of said warden, superintendent or other chief officer of such institution pursuant to his sentence. Labor re- Sec. 2, Every person convicted of crime and committed to the State quired. prison or State reformatory shall be regularly employed at and compelled to perform a reasonable amount of hard labor in some industrial employ- ment ; and no person so committed as aforesaid, shall be exempt from such labor and employment, unless on account of incapacitating sickness or other disability rendering it impossible that such labor be performed. All such prisoners shall be taught some trade or handicraft. Purposes ol Sec. 3. In providing for and regulating the labor of such prisoners, the classlflcation. warden, superintendent or other chief officer, shall in classifying and apportioning the prisoners to the work, in aU cases have in view as well the education and reformation of the individual prisoner as the pecuniary welfare of the State and shall under such rules and regulations as shall have been prescribed by the board of managers of the institution in which the prisoner is confined, have authority to change any prisoner from one class of employment to another, as may seem proper and expedient. Systems of em- Sec. 4. No contracts for the leasing of the labor of prisoners confined in p oymen . ^j^^ State prison, or State reformatory, at a certain rate per diem giving the contractor full control of the labor of the prisoners, shall hereafter be made, but such prisoners shall be employed by the warden, superintendent, or other chief officer having charge thereof, under rules and regulations to be established by the board of managers or other governing board of said institutions, in such industries as shall from time to time be fixed upon by said warden, superintendent, or other chief officer having charge thereof and the board of managers or other governing board of said institution. Or in the manufacture of articles by the piece under what is known as the "piece-price system" by contracts with persons who furnish the materials used in such manufacture. The warden, superintendent or other chief officer, imder the direction of the board of managers or other governing board, shall purchase such tools and implements and machines as he and they shall consider necessary for carrying on said industries. Superintend- Sec. 5. The warden, superintendent, or other chief officer thereof may employ such number of persons as he and the board of managers, or other governing board shall consider necessary to superintend and instruct such prisoners in said industries. * * * Disposition ol Sec. 7. * * * Such manufactured goods as shall be produced under the State account system in any institution coming under the provisions of this act, shall be sold by the principal officer thereof, under such approval of said board of managers, or other governing board as it shall from time to time require. CHAPTER V, CONVICT LABOR LAWS MINNESOTA. 699 The warden, superintendent or other chief ofiBoer of any institution com- ing under the provision of this act, is authorized to appoint agents who shall in its behalf, under such rules and regulations as the board of mana- gers or other governing board shall from time to time estabhoh, sell the manufactured goods as aforesaid. The appoiutment of every such agent shall be subject to the approval of the board of managers or other governing board of said institution, but such agent may be removed at any time without such approval, by the officer who appointed him. The compensation of every such agent shall be fixed from time to time by the officer who appointed him, with the approval of the board of mana- gers, or other governing board of said institution. Sec. 8. The number of prisoners employed in a single industry at the Restrictions on same time in any institution, coming under the provisions of this act, shall employment, not exceed ten (10) per cent of the total number of persons engaged in such industry in this State unless a greater number is necessary to produce materials or articles to be supplied to State and other municipal institu- tions, penal or charitable: Provided, however, That this section shall not apply to the number of prisoners employed in the manufacture of binding twine at the State prison at Stillwater. The number of persons employed in any such in^ustiy in the State to be determined by a commission of three (3) of which the labor commis- sioner of the State shall be chairman, one to be a member of the board of prison managers and one to be a citizen of this State engaged or interested in some manufacturing industry not connected with the State prison or State reformatory, both of whom shall be appointed by the governor. Seo. 10. The boards of managers of the various State institutions com- Articles for ing under the provisions of this act, shall, as far as may be, have manufac- State use. tured in the various institutions which they control, such articles as are in common use in the several State institutions, whether penal or otherwise. They shall from time to time notify the officers of such institutions, hav- ing charge of the purchase of supplies, of such goods as they manufacture, and said officers snail, as far as may be, purchase such of said articles as are necessary to the maiatenance of the institution they may represent. It being the intention of this act that such articles as may be manu- factured under the provisions hereof, shall be mutually exchanged between or sold to the various penal and charitable institutions of the State and the several counties or other municipahties thereof: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to prohibit the sale of any article manu- factured in any institution governed by the provisions of this act, in any market that can be found. Seo. 12. It shall be the duty of the warden, superintendent, and the Duty of war- chief officer of the various institutions coming under the provisions of this dens, etc. act to establish and maintain in' their respective institutions, such indus- tries as shall be fixed upon as provided by this act. Sec. 16. * * * Nor shall any officer or employee of any such insti- Gilts. tution receive any gift from a prisoner therein or any money or other con- sideration for any service rendered or to be rendered for any prisoner. :je 4: ^ Chapter S60. Section 1. The warden of the State prison is hereby empowered by and Fiber- twine with the advice and approval of the board of managers of the State prison, plant, at cost not exceeding twenty-five thousand (825,000) dollars to purchase, erect and maintain the necessair machineiy and equipments for the manu- facture of twines known as hard-fiber twine. Acts of 1899. Chapter 183 {as amended by chapter 104, ^c^ of 1903) Section 1 . The price of binding twine manufactured at the State prison Price ol twine, at Stillwater shall be fixed by the warden and board of control of State institutions each year as soon as practicable, and not later than March first, and shall be sold only to farmers or actual consumers thereof, in quantities necessary for their own use, up to and including the first day of May of ( ach and every year, and shall be sold only for cash, or on such s:curity as the warden of the State prison may approve. 700 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE. Sales. Seo. 2. All the twine on hand on the first day of May of any year for which no order has been given by farmers or actual consumers (except five hundred thousand poimds (500,000) to be kept to fill subsequent direct orders), may, after said date, be disposed of by the warden and board of control of State institutions, in bulk to any citizen of the State applying therefor, at the. price fixed by the board of managers, but only on the conditions hereinafter named. Such warden and board of control of State institutions shall require from any such person applying to obtain such twine on [in] a written agreement that he will resell such twine to actual consumers who desire the same for their own actual use, and that he will not resell such twine in bulk to any other dealer, or attempt to evade the provisions of this act. Such person shall further agree that he will so resell such twine to actual consumers at a price not greater than one cent per pound above the price paid therefor, with the cost per pound of transportation from the State's prison to the place of resale added. And, for the purpose of enforcing such contract, the State shall have a contingent interest in the twine so disposed of in bulk until the same is resold as herein provided, and the title to such twine so purchased from the State shall become complete and the purchaser be relieved from further accountability under this act only when he has fully comphed with his said contract as to the manner and terms of such resale. Such person shall also be required by said warden and board of control of State institutions to keep such State-prison twine separate from any other twine he may have on hand for sale, and to keep a correct record of the date, amount, price "and name of the purchaser on all sales thereof made by him, which record shall be open at all times to any State's prison offi- cial or the county attorney of the county of his residence. In the sale, distribution and disposition of the twine the board of control of State insti- tutions and warden of the State prison shall apportion and divide the same throughout the several agricultural counties of the State, as near as may be, according to the acreage therein of grain requiring the use of binding twine. If any twine remains on hand unsold after July first in any year, the same may be sold absolutely to the first applicant therefor. COUNTY CONVICTS. Statutes— 1894. Labor re- Section 7426. County commissioners are hereby authorized to provide quired. regular labor for prisoners in county jails whenever and however they may deem it practicable. This labor shall be compvdsory for prisoners serving sentence, and may be allowed as a privilege to prisoners held for trial: Provided, That this action shall not be deemed to authorize the working of prisoners outside the jail yard. The Expense of tools and materials for such labor shall be defrayed by the county, and the county shall be entitled to the earnings of the prisoners. Acts of 1897. Chapter 1S7. Sentence may Section 1. Any able-bodied male person over the age of sixteen years be to labor. ^jj j ^^^ pyg^ ^j^g g^gg ^f gf^y yg^rs now or hereafter confined in any county or village jail in this State under the judgment of any court of record, justice court or any tribunal authorized to imprison for the violation of any law, ordinance, by-law or police regulation, may be required to labor during the whole or part of the time of his sentence, as hereafter provided, and such court or other tribunal, when passing final judgment of imprison- ment, whether for nonpayment of fine or otherwise, shall have the power to determine, and shall determine, whether such imprisonment shall be at hard labor or not. Place and time. Sec. 2. Such labor may be on the public streets or highways, or on or about public buildings or grounds, or at such other public places in the county where confined, and during such reasonable time of the day as the person having charge of the prisoners may direct, and not exceeding ten boars per day. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS MINNESOTA. 701 Sbo. 6. For every day's labor performed by any person under the pro- Credits, visions hereof there shall be credited on any judgment for fine and costs against him the sum of one and ^^A dollars, and when suflBcient labor has been performed to pay such fine and costs, the prisoner shall be discharged. MISSISSIPPI. STATE CONVICTS. Constitution. Article 10. Section 223. No penitentiary convict shall ever be leased or hired to Employment any person or persons, or corporation, private or public or quasi public, ™Eulated. or board, after December the thirty-first, A. D., 1894, save as authorized in the next section, nor shall any previous lease or hiring of convicts extend beyond that date; and the legislature shall abandon the system of such leasing or hiring as much sooner than the date mentioned as may be con- sistent with the economic safety of the State. Sec. 224. The legislature may authorize the employment under State Public works, supervision and the proper officers and employees of the State, of convicts **"■ ' on public roads or other pubUc works, or by any levee board on any public levees, under such provisions and restrictions as it may from time to time see proper to impose; but said convicts shall not be let or hired to any contractors under said board, nor shall the working of convicts on public roads, or public works, or by any levee board ever interfere with the preparation for or the cultivation of any crop which it may be intended shall be cultivated by the said convicts, nor interfere with the good man- agement of the State farm, nor put the State to any expense. Seo. 225. The legislature may place the convicts on a State farm or . Powers ol leg- farms and have them worked thereon under State supervision exclusively,'^ ™' in tilling the soil or manufacturing, or both, and may buy farms for that puroose. It may establish a reformatory school or schools, and provide for Keeping of juvenile offenders from association with hardened crimi- nals. It may provide for the commutation of the sentence of convicts for good behavior, and for the constant separation of the sexes, and for the separation of the white and black convicts as far as practicable, and for religious worship for the convicts. Revised Code — 1892. Section 3167. The management of the penitentiary is vested in the Board of con- board of control, consisting of the governor, attorney-general, and the *'<>'• three members of the railroad commission. * * * Sec. 3174. The board shall prescribe the discipline of the convicts and Duties ot the mode of and circumstances under which corporal punishment may be l>oard. inflicted. It shall see that a convict shall never be in other than the prison garb, whether in or out of the penitentiary. It shall provide for a system of rewards and punishment by commutation of sentence for good behavior, or the loss of it for bad conduct. Note.— Whipping is the customary punishment, 15 lashes being the maximum. , Good conduct earns a commutation of 36 days the first year, 45 days the second year, 60 days the third year, 90 days the fourth year, and 120 days from the fifth to the twentieth year. Sec. 3176. The convicts shall at all times be under the sole authority. Control of con- management, and correction of the officers, guards, and employees selected "" °' and paid by the board of control; and no other person shall in any manner direct or control a convict or his labor. Sec. 3179. The board shall determine what manufacturing and other Industries, operations shall be carried on with the labor of the convicts; and, under proper regulations, shall provide for the purchase of machinery, tools, implements, materia], and supplies, and for the sale of the products. Seo. 3201. After the thirty-fiist day of December of the year eighteen Leasing pro- hundred and ninety-four, penitentiary convicts shall not be leased or'^^'i*^- hired out; but they shall be worked in the penitentiary and on a farm or farms, leased for that purpose or provided by the legislature as a peni- 702 EBPOET OP THE COMMISSIOWEE OP LABOR. Food. Clothing. tentiary farm, and under the sole control, management, and discipline of the officers and employees of the penitentiary. AH the provisions of law relating to the penitentiary shall apply to a leased farm and to any farm provided by the legislatvire as the pemtentiary or a part of it. -V on Mgh- Sbo. 3202. The board of control is authorized to undertake specific work ' ""'■ on public roads or works, or on public levees, to be performed with the labor of the convicts for an adequate price; but in all such cases the dis- cipline and management of the convicts shall be wholly under, and their subsistence and clothing furnished by, the State through the officers and employees of the. penitentiary, in compliance with such regulations as the board shall prescribe from time to time. Sec. 3217. The convicts shall be fed on coarse but wholesome and well- cooked food, and with vegetables in their season. The sick shall have food as prescribed by the physician. Sec. 3218. Every convict shall be clothed with the same kind of outer garments, according to the sexes, the material of. which shall be coarse, strong penitentiary stripes, a straw or wool hat in summer and a wool hat in winter, with such underclothing as the board of control shall allow, according to the necessities of individuals. A convict shall not have or wear any other clothing in or out of the penitentiary. Acts op 1894. Chapter 75. Convict farm. SECTION 1. There shall be established in this State a penitentiary farm (or farms) for the safe-keeping and employment of convicts. Industries. ^^c. 4. When such land has been purchased the board of control, as soon as practicable, with the available means and force at their command, shall erect necessary buildings and walls for the safe-keeping and con- venient working of the convicts, and may establish and carry on, in con- nection with the farm or farms, such industrial enterprises as may be deemed advisable, including the manufacture of drainage tile and brick, and may buy the stock, tools, implements and equipments necessary to carry out the objects herein mentioned, and such other live stock of any kind as can be used to advantage. The board of control, in so far as advantageous, may employ the convicts in making wagons, agricultural implements, gearing, etc., necessary to said farm or farms, and in making shoes, clothing and other articles for the convicts, and to that end the board may purchase machinery and material. Power of Sec. 5. Should the board of control determine that all the convicts can board. not be profitably worked on said lands, and in industrial pursuits con- nected therewith, they are authorized to employ such convicts as can not be used, in such manner, not prohibited by the constitution, as may be deemed most advisable, and to the best interests of the State, but shall never part with their control and management. COUNTY CONVICTS. Constitution. Article 10. Place of hiring. Section 226. Convicts sentenced to the county jail shall not be hired or leased to any person or corporation outside the county of their conviction after the first day of January, A. D. 1893, nor for a term which shall extend beyond that date. ■ Acts of 1894. Chapter 76. Work on high- SECTION 2. If a convict be sentenced to imprisonment in the county ^^'y^- jail, or to such imprisonment and the payment of a fine, he shall be com- mitted to jail, there to remain in close confinement for the fuU time spec- ified for imprisonment in the sentence of the court, unless discharged by due course of law: Prorided, In couptips where the-e is a convict contractor or county farm, or where convio'.s tire worked on the public roads or works CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS MISSISSIPPI. 703 as herein provided, the convicta shall at once be delivered to the convict contractor or to the county farm, or worked on the public roads or works, to be kept at work until the expiration of the sentence of imprisonment: Pvovided, Ttowever, That convicts sentenced to imprisonment only shall remain in jail if the circuit judge shall so order. Seo. 7. The sheriff may, at any time, unless the board of supervisors Hiring out con- shall have otherwise directed, hire out, with his consent, any convict who viots. is held for a fine, cost or jail fees, to the person who may apply for him, and pay in cash to the sheriff the amount of his fine, cost and jail fees, or give good and sufficient bond to be approved by the sheriff, for the payment of his fine, cost and jail fees, at the expiration of the time for which such con- vict is hired, on such terms as may be agreed upon by such person, the sheriff and the convict, but the employer or landlord of a convict may hire him from the sheriff in preference to any other person, and without the consent of the convict. Sec. 8. On Saturdays the sheriff, if the board of supervisors have not Same subject, given directions to the contrary, shall hire out at public outcry at the door of the court-house, or of either court-house in counties having two judicial districts, all convicts held for fines, costs and jail fees who have not been hired out with their consent, to persons who wiU pay in cash to the sheriff the amount of their several fines, costs and jail fees, or give good and sufli- cient bond to be approved by the sheriff, for the payment of such fines, costs and jail fees, at the expiration of the time for which such convict is hired, and agree to take and work them for the shortest time, not exceeding two years. Sbo. 9. Eveiy person who hires a convict, with or without his consent. Care of con- shall furnish him with suflBcient whosesome [wholesome] food, and withvlots. proper clothing and bedding, medicine and medical attention when sick. He shall treat the convict humanely and only use such discipline as may be necessary to secure his diligent labor for not exceeding twelve hours a day and prevent his escape. Sec. 10. The board of supervisors of any county may work the convicts. Place of em- sentenced to imprisonment, or to imprisonment and the payment of a fine, ployment. and those held for fines, costs and jail fees and [on] the public road or other public works or on a farm or farms, and, if the board shall determine to do so, it shall direct the sheriff not to hire out the convicts ; and thereafter the sheriff shall only hire out the corrigible females and such males as the board may direct, as are unfit for labor on the roads or works or farm. Any convict working under the direction of the board of supervisors who ren- ders efficient services and complies with all necessary rules and regulations, may have deducted from his fine and the term of his imprisonment one-fifth thereof. Sec. 12 (as amended by chapter 133, Acts of 1896). The convicts are Classes, divided into two classes, for the purpose of fixing their wages, when worked on public roads or works or farms or hired out. First-class convicts, male and female, over eighteen and under fifty-five years of age; second-class, all other convicts, male and female, able to work. Sec. 13. The wages of convicts, when worked on public roads of works Wages, or farms, shall be fixed by the board of supervisors within the following limits: Convicts of the first-class, between five and fifteen dollars a month; and of the second-class, between two and ten dollars; but, in individual cases, the board may designate higher wages, on account of special skill or other good reason, for any convict; and the board shall provide for allowances, of so many days in each month, for good behavior and faithful labor, and may discharge a convict for meritorious service. Sec. 14. If the convicts are not hired out, and the board of supervisors Convict con- shall not determine to work them on the public roads or works or farms, tractor, it may agree with a person, as convict contractor, to work them, at a price to be agreed upon by the board of supervisors; but the convict shall be entitled to receive a credit, not less than the minimum prices provided in the preceding section. Sec. 16. The board of supervisors shall advertise for sealed bids, in the Bids, manner that it would advertise a public work, stating the amount of the bond required and the date of openmg the bids ; and, at the time specified, or as soon thereafter as practicable, it shall open the bids in secret session, and award the contract to the best bidder, being the person who will agree to pay the highest amount for the two classes of convicts, by the month : 704 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONBB OF LABOB. but the board may reject all bids and agree with some person who will make a better offer than any of the rejected bids. Eights ol eon- Sec. 23. The hirer, contractor and employer of the board of supervisora tractor. having lawful custody of a convict, have a right to require him to work diligently at manual labor; and may adopt such safeguards and use such appliances, and enforce such reasonable rules of discipline against the idle and refractory, as are customary, under such regulations, if any, as the board shall adopt. City, etc., offl- Sec. 38. The municipal authorities of every city, town or village have cials- the same power in reference to prisoners convicted of a violation of the ordinances and laws of the municipaUty as is conferred by this act on the boards of supervisors, and such prisoners shall be subject to like disposi- tion and entitled to the same wages prescribed for prisoners in a county, who may be disposed of as provided in this act; and the municipal author- ities may contract with a county contractor in the same manner as the board of supervisors may do for the keeping of municipal prisoners, or may contract with any other person for the custody of prisoners. Acts" OP 1896. Chapter ISS. Fines and Section 2 (as amended by chapter 100, Acts of 1900). It shall be the <^^^- imperative duty of the board of supervisors in each county to require each convict sentenced to imprisonment in the county jail, and to the payment of the cost, or to the payment of a fine and cost, or sentenced to imprison- ment in the county jail and to the payment of a fine and cost, to work out such sentence in one of the three following modes: First, by hiring out such convicts to the best bidder, either to an individual, a corporation or a municipality, in the county of his conviction, to do such legitimate labor as the hirer may require; or second, by delivering such convicts to the county contractor to work out such sentence as required by law; or third, by requiring the convicts to work out such sentence, under the direc- tion of said board, on the public roads or works of the county, or on~[the] county farm or f aims, which farm or farms the said board may buy, lease, rent or work on shares, and when the board of supeWisors work convicts in the third mode mentioned, it may, in its discretion, at the next meeting after the delivery of any convict to the board, issue a warrant on the county treasurer to pay the costs of the officers of the court wherein the convict was tried and sentenced. The board of supervisors is vested with ample power to do whatever is necessary for the fumllment of the require- ments of this section, and such requirements must be complied with in each instance without delay, and each convict shall be liable to be worked and disposed of in any of the ways herein specified. * * * Power to hire. Sec. 5. This act shall in no way affect the power of the sheriff to hire out any convicts according to the provisions of^ sections 7 and 8 of chapter 76 of the laws of 1894, and to prevent delay, the board of supervisors may require the sheriff to hire out, upon such terms as the board may direct, any convicts that may come into his custody between the meetings of the board, subject to its approval at its next meeting. * * * Females. Seo. 8. * * * Women must not be required to do labor which they are imable to stand, nor to work on public roads, works, bridges or streets. Wages. Seo. 9. Wages allowed to convicts hired out by the board of supervisors shall not be less than the minimum wages allowed in sections 13 and 14 of chapter 76 of the laws of 1894. If there is no county convict contractor and no county farm in the county, the board of supervisors shall have authority to hare out any number of the convicts to any person, road con- tractor, bridge builder, municipahty or corporation to do any reasonable and legitimate labor, in the county, for such price per month as may be agreed upon, each convict for the full term of imprisonment imposed in the sentence and for a period in addition thereto sufficient, at the rate agreed upon, or at the rate allowed the convict to pay the fine cost and jail fees in the case, provided the additional period for fine, cost and jail fees shall not exceed two years. But in all cases the board mjst make the best contract it can for the interest of the county, and in no case shall con- victs be thus hired out, if, in the opinion of the board, they can be worked to better advantage on pubUc roads or works of the county under the super- vision of the board. * * * OHAPTEB V. OONVIOT LABOB LAWS MISSISSIPPI. 705 Sec. 11. The board of supervisors may take contracts to do any kind Kinds of work, of legitimate work with such convicts, such as farm work, ditching, con-**°" struction work on railroads, clearing land, clearing rights of way of radroads and any other work, at such prices as may be agreed upon, and the pro- ceeds of such work shall be disposed of in the same way provided for the disposition of the wages of convicts hired out, and during the time such work is being done said convicts shall remain under the control of the supervisors and the guards employed by them. Acts of 1900. Chapter 119. Section 8. The board of supervisors [of any county] may require the Road oontroot- contractor of any road to take and work the convicts sentenced to the""' county jail or committed to same to pay fine and cost imposed upon them, upon such terms and conditions as the said board and contractor may agree upon. MISSOURI. STATE CONVICTS. Revised Statutes — 1899. Section 8870. The penitentiary shall be under the control and direction control, of three inspectors, * * * Sec. 8871. The State treasurer, State auditor and attorney-general Inspectors, shall be ex officio inspectors of the penitentiary, either two of whom shall constitute a quorum, with full power to do any act required of them as such inspectors. * * * Sec. 8876. The warden shall, with the approval of the inspectors, pre- Duties of war- scribe the articles of food, and the quantity and quality of each kind, which den. shall be provided for said convicts. He shall examine daily into the state of the penitentiary, and into the health, condition and safe-keeping of the convicts, and shall inquire into the justice of any complaints made by con- victs relative to their food, clothing or treatment. Sec. 8877. The warden shall exercise a general control and supervision Same subject, over the government, discipline and police regulations of the pemtentiary, in accordance with the orders, rules and regulations adopted by the inspect- ors for the government of said penitentiary, and shall see that all such orders, rules and regulations are duly enforced. * * * Note. — The punishments used are handcuffing to post, whipping, and confinement in dark cell. Sec. 8878. The warden * * * shall use his best endeavors to the ^^jEmploy men t end that the expenses of the penitentiary may be paid out of the proceeds^ of the labor of convicts, when employed in manufacturing, or otherwise, on behalf of the State, and shall act under the direction of the inspectors in making contracts for the employment of the labor of the convicts. Sec. 8881. The warden * * * shall, under, the direction of the g^FurcMM^^and inspectors, purchase such raw material as may be required for manufacture by convicts, and the other necessary supplies for the prison, and shall have charge of all articles manufactured for the State, and supplies for the prison, and shall sell such manufactured articles in such maimer as may be for the best interest of the State, * * * Sec. 8883. The warden * * * shall furnish to each convict who may be discharged a suitable suit of clothes, including hat and shoes — such suit of clothes to be, if said convict be discharged between the first day of April and the first of October, of the value of eight dollars; and if such con- vict shall be discharged at any other time, of the value of twelve dollars. And each convict so discharged shall receive, in addition to such clothing, a sufficient sum of money to transport him to the county from whence he was sentenced. Sec. 8884. The warden shall, in his discretion, advertise for bids for the unemployed convict labor, under such terms and conditions as he shall deem for the best interests of the State. Such advertisement shall fuUy set forth the terms, and as near as may be, the number of such convicte to be employed, and the length of time for which they may be employed. 9061—06 45 Discharge. Contracts. 706 KEPOBT OF THE 00MMIS8I0NEE OP LABOK. etc. Tasking. He may renew any contracts for labor within the walls which may be already in existence, without advertising the same. No contract shall be made for a longer period than ten years. All contracts shall be approved by the board of inspectors: Provichd, That no convict shall be employed outside the prison wallsj except in making improvements connected with the penitentiary or other State improvements, or in erecting buildings for the State, or for the preservation and security of the property of the State, Prison fanns, and in collecting and providing materials therefor: And provided further, That the warden is hereby authorized to use the labor of convicts, not otherwise employed, on the penitentiary farm, in improving any of the public grounds belonging to the State, or in any quarry or brickyard belonging to or under the control of the State, anywhere within the State, or for the purpose of procuring fuel, water, ice or other necessary supplies for the penitentiary, or for the protection of the State's property at Jefferson City from changes or washes in the Missouri River or otherwise, or as team- sters for the State; and contractors within the walls shall have the right to employ trusty convicts as teamsters, and such other help as may be neces- sary in transporting material, supplies and manufactured goods to and from the railroad depots and the levee: Provided, That nothing in this article shall be so construed as to annul, set aside or in any manner affect any con- tract heretofore made by the warden and inspectors with any other persons for using convict labor outside of the prison walls, leaving every such con- tract to expire by its own terms, iexcept that all such labor as is now under contract shall be continued only at such place or places where it is now employed. No State officer or person connected with the penitentiary as an officer or employee, the inspectors included,shall be directly or indirectly inter- ested in any contract for convict labor. Any violation of this provision shall be deemed a felony, and, upon conviction, shall be punished by impris- onment in the penitentiary not less than three nor more than ten years. Sec. 8886. The warden and inspectors may, if they deem it expedient, in making contracts for convict labor, permit each convict who performs his task in a workmanUke manner to have a certain amount of labor assigned him for each day as a day's work, such amount of labor to be determined by the contractor and warden, and which shaJl not be above a reasonable amount, and the time gained after the performance of such task may be employed in labor for such contractor at such rate as may be agreed upon between them, but at a rate not less than the amount paid to the State; and if on any account any convict shall be unable to perform such task on any other day or days, no deduction shall be made from any overwork wmch such convict may have performed on any other day. It shall be the duty of the officer in immediate charge of convicts to take a daily account of the overwork earnings so made, and return the same as money due the State from such contractors, and an accurate account of aU such money, by whom earned, the time when, the amoimt, and to whom payable, in a book to be provided for that purpose, and shall at the end of each month cause the same to be entered in a pass book which said convict may keep for that purpose; and said convict may, at any time, by and with the consent of the warden, draw the amount due him for such overwork, or any part thereof, for the purchase of any books, papers or magazines, which books or papers shall be purchased by the warden or chaplain at the lowest cash price, without commission; or such convict may remit such funds, or any part thereof, to his family for their use; but for any other purpose such convict is prohibited from drawing such money until his dis- charge. The inspectors may, upon the recommendation of the warden, at the end of each month, cause to be placed to the credit of such convict engaged in doing work for the State, and who sTiall not be guilty of any infraction of the rules of the prison, and who shall not have lost any time during the preceding month, such limited amount as, in their judgment, will encourage a more cheerful performance of work — such sum to be sub- ject to the same rules as apply to overwork. Sec. 8898. It shall be unlawful for the warden to hire out either male or female convicts as domestic servants to any person outside of the prison walls, or to permit any male or female convict to be used as a domestic servant without reward: Provided, That nothing in this section shall be construed into forbidding the warden and deputy warden from using convicts as servants in their own families. Overwork. Domestic serv- ice. CHAPTER V. -CONVICT LABOR LAWS MISSOURI. 707 Chaplain. Three - fourths Sec. 8900. The convicts shall be clothed in the uniform prescribed by Clothing, lood.. the inspectors, and shall receive the allowance of food prescribed by the etc. rules, and no other; but convicts under the care of the physician shall be allowed such diet as he may direct. The clothing and bedding of the con- victs shall be of coarse material, and they shall be supplied wim a sufficient quantity of wholesome food, of a coarse quality, according to the rules prescribed by the inspectors; and they may be furnished with tobacco not exceeding one pound to each convict per month. Sko. 8906. The warden, by and with the approval of the inspectors, shall appoint a chaplain for the penitentiary, who shall hold his office during the pleasure of said officers. The person so appointed shall be selected with a view to his educational training, general fitness, and particular interest in the moral training and reformation of convicts. He shall give his entire time and attention to the work, * * *; he shall teach the young and illiterate convicts who desire instruction in the elementary branches, during such leisure hours of such convicts as may be designated by the warden and inspectors; * * * Sec. 8919 (as amended by act, p. 218, Acts of 1901). Any convict who ^,^,^ is now or may hereafter be confined in the penitentiary, and who shall serve time, three-fourths of the time for which he or she may have been sentenced in an orderly and peaceable manner, without having any infraction of the rules of the prison or the laws of the same recorded against such convict, he or she shall be discharged in the same manner as if said convict had served the full time for which sentenced, and in such case no pardon from the governor shall be required; and said convict at the time of his or her release from their first term in the penitentiary shall receive in addition to the money men- tioned in section 8883, Revised Statutes of Missouri, 1899, the sum of five dollars. Note.— This is in lieu ol other forms of deduction from term of sentence. Seo. 8920. Eight hours per day from October 15th to April 15th, and ten hours per day from April 15th to October 15th, shall constitute a day's labor for each convict; and no convict shall be required to do any work on the Sabbath daj, excepting necessary labor for the State. Sec. 8921. No inspector, warden or other officer of the penitentiary shall receive, under any pretense whatever, from any of the convicts, any sum of money, emolument or reward, or any article of value as a gift, under the penalty of five hundred dollars, to be recovered in the natae and for the use of the State, by civil action or by indictment, in any court having jurisdic- tion thereof. AoTs OP 1903. Page Si. Section 1. The warden of the penitentiary is hereby empowered, in the Twine plant, manner approved by the board of inspectors of the penitentiary and at a cost not exceeding thirty-five thousand dollars ($35,000), to purchase, erect and maintain all the necessary machinery and equipments for the manu- facture of twine used by farmers and commonly known as binding twine. Sec. 2. The said warden is hereby empowered to proiride the necessary Building, building for said machinery and equipments; and if there is not now within the walls of the penitentiary a buuding available for said purpose, then by the advice and approval of the said board of inspectors, the said warden is empowered to erect a brick building within the walls of the penitentiary of ' proper dimensions and adapted to the purposes herein indicated at a cost not ^^^ j convict to exceed fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000), and in so doing he shall make labor, use of convict labor as far as practicable. Seo. 7. The said warden is hereby invested with power to sell the said Sale of twine, twine to the farmers of the State for cash, free on board the cars at Jefferson City, and at a price per pound sufficient only to indemnify the State against loss in the manufacture thereof and the said warden is hereby further authorized to sell the said twine in bulk to one or more persons, for cash, in each county in the State, and if so, he shall require each of said purchasers in bulk to enter into a written or printed agreement (the form of which shall be prescribed by the said board of inspectors) that he will resell the said twine only to actual consumers and who want the same for their own use, and that he will not in any way attempt to evade the letter or the spirit of Hours of labor. Gifts. 708 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. this act; and such purchaser in bulk shall further agree that he will resell said twine to actual consumers at », price not greater than one cent per pound than [sic] he paid the said warden therefor, with actual cost of trans- portation from the penitentiary to his place of business added thereto. Price. Sec. 8. The selling price of said twine shall be fixed by the warden by and with advice and approval of the said board of inspectors each year as near as practicable, and not later than March the first; and all twine on hand unsold on the first day of December of each year may in the discretion of the said warden and said board of inspectors be kept over for the following season or sold in bulk or otherwise to any one who will pay for it a price to be fixed by the said warden and said board of inspectors, but only on the con- ditions named in section 7 hereof. COUNTY CONVICTS. Revised Statutes — 1899. Gonvlots may SECTION 1791. The county courts of the various counties of the State be employed. shall have the power to provide for the employment, under such rules and regulations and under such terms as they may prescribe, of all persons con- victed of misdemeanor under the statutes of this State, and who may be sentenced to imprisonment in the county jail, or who may be committed to the county jail for nonpayment of fine; and the amount so received for the services of such person so hired shall be applied upon the judgment against him. Work on high- Sec. 2384. The county courts in this State are hereby authorized and ways, etc. empowered to cause all persons who have been convicted and sentenced by a court of competent jurisdiction, for crime, the punishment of which is defined by law to be a fine, or by imprisonment in the county jail for any length of time, or by both such fine and imprisonment, or by fine and impris- onment until such fine be paid, to be put to work and perform labor on the public roads and highways, turnpikes, or other public works or buildings of said county, or of any town or city therein, for such purposes as they may deem necessary. And the county courts are authorized, in their discretion, Stone yard. to procure a lot of ground by purchase or renting, at such place and of such size as they may select, and may authorize the sheriflf or marshal to buy perch rock to be delivered on said lot; and the sheriflf or marshal shall have power and is hereby required to have or cause all such prisoners as may be directed by the county court to work out the full number of days for which they have been sentenced, at breaking such rock or at working upon such public roads and highways, turnpikes or other public works or buildings as may have been designated, and if the punishment is by fine and the fine and Allowances lor costs be not paid, then for every dollar of said judgment, including costs, labor. the prisoner shall work one day, and it shall be deemed a part of the judg- ment and sentence of the court that such prisoner may be worked as herein provided: Provided, He be not required to work over twenty days for the costs assessed against him. Sale of atone. Seo. 2385. The sheriff is hereby authorized to sell such rock as he has caused to be broken, by the perch, at a price set by the county court, to any incorporated town or city; or by order of the county court, he may turn them over to any overseer of the roads, to be used by such overseer -to the best advantage of the public roads. Cities and Sec. 6167. The various cities, towns and villages in this State, whether towns. organized under special charter or under the general laws of the State, are hereby authorized and empowered to, by ordinance, cause all persons who have been convicted and sentenced by the mayor, judge of the police court, or other court having jurisdiction, for violation of ordinance of such city, town or village, whether the punishment be by fine or imprisonment, or by both, to be put to work ai)d perform labor on the public streets, highways and alleys or other public works or buildings of such city, town or village, for such purposes as such city, town or village may deem necessary. And the marshal, constable, street commissioner, or other proper officer of such city, town or village, shall have power and be authorized and required to have or cause all such prisoners as may be directed by the mayor, or other chief officer of such city, town or village, to work out the full number of days for which they may have been sentenced, at breaking rock, or at working CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS MISSOURI. 709 upon such public streets, highways or alleys or other public works or build- ings of such city, town or village as may have been designated! And if the punishment is bjr fine, and the fine be not paid, then for every dollar of such judgment the prisoner shall work one day. And it shall be deemed a part of the judgment and sentence of the court that such prisoner may be worked as Herein provided. MOITTANA. STATE CONVICTS. Constitution. AHifle 18. Section 2: It shall be unlawful for the warden or other oflScer of any Contract sys- State penitentiary or reformatory institution in the State of Montana, ort^™'"'^''''''^™- for any State officer to let by contract to any person or persons or corpo- ration the labor of any convict confined within said institutions. Penal Code — 1895. Section 2950. The board of State prison commissioners consists of the Control, governor, the secretary of state, and attorney-general, and has such super- vision of all matters connected with the State prison as is provided for in " this title. Sec. 2951. The board of State prison commissioners has full control °fi,n?Trt*'*' "' the State prison grounds, buildings, prison labor and prison property; has power to purchase or cause to be purchased, all needed commissary sup- plies, all raw material and tools necessary for any manufacturing purposes carried on at said prison; and to sell all manufactured articles, and collect the money for the same. The board has power to make all needful rules and regulations in regard to the management of the prison, the discipline of the convicts and the "conduct and compensation of the guards and assistants. Sec. 2960. The board may, in its discretion, cause the prisoners, or any Maniilacturera. number of them, to be employed in any mechanical pursuits, and at hard labor, and furnish any convicts thus employed with any material that may be deemed necessary, in the same manner as is provided for the furnishing of supphes and stores to the State prison, and the board shall, in all respects, have the exclusive control of the employment of the convicts, and may from time to time employ them in such manner as, in its opinion, will best subserve the interest of the State and the welfare of the prisoners. But neither the board nor the warden must let by contract to any person the labor of any convict in the prison. Se'6. 2961. If, at any time, the board is of the oginion that it would be PubUc works, to the interest of the State to employ any portion of the prisoners, either within or without the walls or inclosures of the State prison, either in im- provement of the public grounds or buildings or otherwise where they may be profitably employed, it has power to so employ such labor; it must, in such case, direct the warden accordingly in writing, and cause a record of such order to be entered at length on the records of the board. Sec. 2969. The board is hereby authorized or required to grant to any Deductions convict confined in the State prison, who shall well behave himself and who '™™ term. shall perform regular labor during good health, either within or without the State prison inclosures, a credit of the time from his sentence as appears in the following table, for respective years of the sentence, and pro rata for any part of a year when the sentence is for more or less than a year: 710 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Number of year of sentence. Good time granted. Total good time made. Time to be served if full time is made. Ist year 2d year 1 month . . 2 months . 1 -moTlth , , 11 months. Smonths 1 year and 9 months. 3 months . 2 years and 6 months. 4th year 4 months . 10 months 3 years and 2 months. fith year 5 months . 1 year and 3 months 3 years and 9 months. 6tli year 6 months . 1 year and 9 months 4 years and 3 months. 7th year 6 months . 2 years and 3 months 4 years and 9 months. 8th year 6 months . 2 years and 9 months 5 years and 3 months. 9th year 6 months . 3 years and 3 months 5 years and 9 months. 10th year. 6 months . 3 years and 9 months-. 6 years and 3 months. 11th year 6 months . 4 years and 3 months 6 years and 9 months. 12th year 6 months . 4 years and 9 months 7 years and 3 months. 13th year 6 months . 5 years and 3 months 7 years and 9 months. 14th year 6 months . 5 years and 9 months 8 years and 3 months. 15th year 6 months . 6 years and 3 months 8 years and 9 months. 18th year. 6 months . 6 years and 9 months 9 years and 3 months. 17th year 6 months . 7 years and 3 months 9 years and 9 months. 18th year 6 months . 7 years and 9 months 10 years and 3 months. 19th year 6 months . 8 years and 3 months 10 years and 9 months. 20th year 6 months . 8 years and 9 months 11 years and 3 months. 21st year 6 months . 9 years and 3 months 11 years and 9 months. 22d year 6 months . 9 years and 9 months 12 years and 3 months. 23d year 6 months . 10 years and 3 months 12 years and 9 months. 24th year 6 months . 10 years and 9 months 13 years and 3 months. 25th year 6 months . 11 years and 3 months 13 years and 9 months. Disoharge. Seo. 2971. Whenever any convict is discharged from imprisonment, the warden must provide him with proper and sufficient clothing, at a cost not exceeding twenty-five dollars, and must pay him in addition five dollars in money. COUNTY CONVICTS. Penal Code — 1895. Labor may be Section 3038. Persons confined in the county jail under a judgment of required. imprisonment rendered in a criminal action or proceeding, may be required by the board of county commissioners to perform labor on the public works or ways in the county. ^^®S' Sec. 3039. The board of county commissioners making such order may prescribe and enforce the rules and regulations under which such labor is to be performed. NEBRASKA. STATE CONVICTS. Compiled Laws — 1901. Board. Section 5038. The board created by section 19 of article 5 of the con- stitution of the State of Nebraska, consisting of the commissioner of public lands and buildings, the secretary of state, treasurer, and attorney-general of the State, shall hereafter be known in law as the "Board of Public Lands ' and Buildings of the State of Nebraska," * * * ^^Prison mspeot- Sec. 5150. The board of public lands and buildings are by virtue of their offices hereby made prison inspectors and the members thereof are the inspectors of the State penitentiary. Powers. Sec. 5153. The board of inspectors may establish rules and regulations when approved by the governor, not inconsistent with the provisions of this act, for the government and management of the penitentiary and for securing economy; discipline and efficiency and the proper employment of the labor of the convicts, as they may deem expement, and likewise the amount of salaries and wages to be paid all officers and employees of said penitentiary where not otherwise provided by statute. Note.— The punishments used are the dark cell and a bread-and-water diet. Duty of warden. Sec. 5164. It shall be the duty of the warden, with the approval of the governor and the prison inspectors, to provide labor for the prisoners and keep them in industrial employment, so far as possible and for the greatest practical profit to the State and the general welfare and health of the pris- CHAPTER V, CONVICT LABOK LAWS NEBRASKA. 711 oners. The warden may manufacture articles for use in the prison and all other State institutions, or let the service of prisoners for such purpose, and whenever there shall be any surplus of prison labor which can not be so utilized to advantage or profit, the warden may let out the service of such unemployed or idle prisoners for a term of years, not exceeding three years at any one time or for any one contract; and he shall be charged with the duty of collecting for such services and collecting all other debts due to the State under his administration. When the service of convicts confined in the penitentiary is let out to contract, the warden shall be at aU times charged with the custody, discipline, control and safe-keeping of such pris- oners and provide them with board and clothing. As rapidly as it may profitably be done, the State shall provide for the employment of the labor of the convicts on its own account to the end that the State may eventually provide means for the employment of all prisoners without the intervention of contractors; and the warden shall be charged with the duty of making the State prison as nearly self-sustaining as possible and of promoting, as far as circumstances will permit, the welfare of the convicts. Sec. 5166. No oflBcer of the penitentiary shall employ the convicts on a interest in con- work in which he or any other ofiicer has a personal interest, nor be connected , tracts . nor have any interest m the business or shops belonging to the penitentiary. Sec. 5176. When any convict is discharged from prison, the warden shall Discharge, furnish such convict with a decent suit of clothes (if he is not already pro- vided for) at the expense of the State, and shall pay such convict from any funds belonging to the penitentiary, a sum not exceeding ten dollars; and shall deliver to said convict any property received from him which has not been disposed of according to law. The warden shall furnish , at the expense" of the State, a Bible to each convict who can read. Sec. 5178. The clothing and bedding for the convicts shall be of coarse Clothing, lood, material, and they shall be supplied wim sufficient quantity of clothing and ^*''' substantial and wholesome food. Seo. 7299. Every convict who is now or may hereafter be confined in the Deductions Nebraska penitentiary, and who shall have no infraction of the rules or regu- °™ tenn. lations of the penitentiary or laws of the State recorded against him, and who performs in a faithful manner the duties assigned to him in an orderly and peaceable manner, shall be entitled to the diminution of time from his sentence as appears in the following section, and pro rata for any part of a- year where the sentence is for more or less than a year. Of two months on the first year; of two months on the second year; and three months on the third year; of four months on the fourth year, and the like diminution of time for each succeeding year of time of tneir sentence. Seo. 7305. The governor shall have power in the case of any prisoner. Parole, who is now, or hereafter may be, imprisoned in the State penitentiary under a sentence other than murder in the first or second degree, who may have served the minimum term provided by law for the crime for which he was convicted (and who has not previously been convicted of felony and served a term in any penal institution within the United States of America), and in the case of any prisoner who is now or hereafter may be imprisoned under a sentence for murder in the first or second degree, and who has now, or hereafter shall have served twenty-five full years, to allow any such pris- oner to go upon parole, outside of the inclosure of said penitentiary, to remain while on parole, within the State under the control and in the legal custody of the governor, and subject at any time to be taken back within the inclosure of said institution; * * * COUNTY CONVICTS. Compiled Statutes — 1901. Section 979. Whenever the defendant is sentenced to imprisonment for . Violations ol the violation of a city ordinance, he shall be put to work for the benefit of "'■^^ ordinance, the city, under the diirection of the marshal, for the term of his imprison- ment, and when committed for the nonpayment of a fine or costs for the violation of any ordinance, he shall also be put to work for the benefit of the city, and shall be credited on such fine and costs one dollar and fifty cents per day for each day he shall work. Sec. 7260. For the purpose of enabling the county commissioners of any Place of labor, county in this State to employ in a profitable manner all persons who have 712 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. heretofore been, or may hereafter be sentenced to hard labor in the jail of the county, said commissioners, or a majority of them, shall have power to designate the place where the persons so sentenced shall work, and to make all proper and needful regulations and provisions for the profitable employ- ment of such convicts, and for their safe custody during such employment. The county jail is hereby declared to extend to any stone quarry, road, or other place that shall be designated by the county commissioners for the employment of such convicts. NEVADA. STATE CONVICTS. Constitution. Article 6. Control. Section 21. The governor, secretary of state, and attorney-general shall constitute a board of State prison commissioners, which board shall have such supervision of all matters connected with the State prison as may be provided by law. * * * Compiled Laws — 1899. Other employ- ment. Powers ol Section 1420. The board of State prison commissioners, as named in board. section twenty-one of article five of the constitution, shall have such super- vision of all matters connected with the State prison as is provided for as follows: They shall have full control of all the State prison grounds, build- ings, prison labor', and prison property; shall purchase, or cause to be pur- chased, all needed commissary supplies, all raw material and tools neces- sary for any manufacturing purposes carried on at said prison; shall sell all manufactured articles and stone, and collect the money for the same; shall rent or hire out any or all of the labor of the convicts, and collect the money therefor, and shall regulate the number of oflBcers and employees, and fix the salaries thereof. Manufactures. Sec. 1428. The board of commissioners may, in their discretion, cause the prisoners, or any number of them, to be employed in any mechanical pursuits, and at hard labor, and furnish such convicts thus employed with any material that may be deemed necessary, in the same manner as is provided for the furnishing of supplies and stores to the State prison, and they shall, in all respects, have the exclusive control of the employment of the convicts, and may from time to time employ them in such manner as, in their opinion, will best subserve the interest of the State and welfare of the prisoners. Sec. 1429. If, at any time, the board of commissioners be of the opinion that it would be to the interest of the State to employ any portion of the prisoners, either within or without the walls or inclosures of the State prison, either in improvement of the public grounds or buildings, or for hire upon any private work or employment, where they may be profitably employed, they shall have power to so emjiloy or hire such labor; they shall, in such case, direct the warden accordingly in writing, and cause a record of such order to be entered at length on the records of the board. All such employment outside of the prison walls or inclosures shall be within a reasonable distance from the prison. Sec. 1438. * * * No barbarous punishments, by whipping, show- ering, or otherwise, shall be prescribed by such board of commissioners; nor shall convicts, as punishment, be deprived of regular rations of food, and at the same time compelled to work the usual number of hours per day. Note. — Solitary confinement and a bread-and-water diet are the punishments used. Hours of labor, Sec. 1440. The board of commissioners shall require of every able- **"• bodied convict in said prison as many hours of faithful labor in each and every day during his term of imprisonment as shall be prescribed by the rules and regulations of the prison, and every convict faithfully performing such labor and being in all respects obedient to the rules and regulations of the prison, or if unable to work, yet faithful and obedient, shall be allowed from his term, instead and in lieu of the commutation heretofore allowed Punishment. CHAPTEB V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS NEVADA. 7l3 by law, a deduction of two months in each of the first two years, three Deductions months in each of the next two years, and four months in each of the re-''°™ *®™- maining years of said term; * * * Seo. 1448. Whenever any prisoner shall be discharged from the State Discharge, prison of this State, either by expiration of his term of sentence, or by par- don, the warden shall furnish him twenty-five dollars in coin, the same to be allowed and paid out of the State prison fund, the same as any other claim against said fund. Acts op 1887. Chapter 91. Section 1. The prisoners employed in said shop [boot and shoe shop of Boots and the Nevada State prison] shall make all the boots and shoes required to be ahoes. used by the prisoners in the State prison, and the managers of other State institutions shall be supplied with boots and shoes from said shop for the use of such wards of the State as they may have under their charge, at prices not to exceed the rates now charged by the warden of the State prison for such goods. The surplus product of said shop, if any, may be offered for sale in the open market at prices to be fixed by the warden: Provided, Said prices shall never be less than the cost of the material: And provided further, That no such manufactured goods shall be disposed of in open market except by wholesale in full cases and unbroken packages of not less than one dozen pairs of boots or shoes each. No such goods shall be furnished by the warden, the deputy warden, or by any other person, in any way, to any person not entitled to receive the same under the provisions of this act. * * * COUNTY CONVICTS. Compiled Laws — 1899. Section 2265. Every sheriff may hire out, or put to labor, any person or Hiring, persons in his custody who shall be convicted of the following crimes : Petit larceny, grand larceny, burglary, assault and battery with intent to commit murder, bribery, perjury, and fraud, taking all necessary means to secure their safe-keeping, * * * Sec. 2270. Every person convicted of petit larceny, and imprisoned in the Labor on pub- county jail, may be required, by a special or general order of the board of ~'l,„g^°*° ^""^ commissioners of the county in which said person was convicted, to perform labor on the public works or ways in the county. Sec. 2272. All prisoners sentenced by the judge of any district. court, or Labor re- by the justices of the peace of any justice's court, and sentenced to a term of quired. imprisonment in any county, city, or town jail shall be deemed to have been also sentenced to labor during such term, unless the judge or justice of the- peace, sentencing said prisoner, for good cause orders otnerwise. Sec. 2273. The sheriff of each and every county in this State shall have Control, charge and control over all prisoners committed to his care and keeping, in their respective county jails, and the chiefs of police and town marshals in the several cities and towns throughout this State shall have charge and con- trol over all prisoners committed to their respective city and town jails; and the said sheriff, chiefs of police, and town marshals, and each of them , shall see that the prisoners under their care are at all times kept at labor on the public works in their respective counties, cities, and towns, at least six hours a day Hours ol labor, during six days of the week, when the weather will permit, when so required by eitner the board of county commissioners of their respective counties, or by the mayor and board of alderman of their respective cities, or by the board of trustees of their respective towns. By the public works, as used in this act, is understood the construction, or repair, or cleaning of any streets, road, sidewalks, public square, park, building, cutting away hills, grading, Eutting in sewers, or other work whatever, which is or may be autborized to e done by and for the use of any of the said counties, cities, or towns, and the expense of which is not to be borne exclusively by individuals or prop- erty particularly benefited thereby. Sec. 2276. For each month in which the prisoner appears, by the record Deductions provided for in section four of this act, to have been obedient^ orderly and 'rom term. faithful, five days shall, with the consent of the board having power in the premises, be deducted from his term of sentence. 714 EEPORT OF THE 0OMMIS8IONEK OP LABOE. Credit on term Funishmeut. Employment. Vagrants. Seo. 4862. All male persons having the physical ability to work, con- victed of vagrancy and imprisoned on judgment therefor, may be required to perform labor on the public works, bufldings, grounds, or ways in the county, and the sheriflE or other person or persons having them in charge while performing such labor may, in his discretion, employ any usual, rea- sonable, humane, and sufficient means to guard against and prevent such prisoner escaping from custody while being so employed. Seo. 4863. For each and every day's work willingly and faithfully per- formed by such vagrant, he shall receive credit for two days' time, which shall be by the sheriff applied upon and deducted from his term of impris- onment. Sec. 4864. If any imprisoned vagrant convicted under this act, having the physical abUity to work, refuse to work when required so to do, as herein provided, he may, as a punishment, be forced to work by being compelled to "pack sand," or carry other material and weight from place to place, or to perform other labor not unreasonable, inhumane, or too burdensome, until he declares himself willing to work, and does work as required; or in lieu thereof he may, in the discretion of the sheriff, be confined in a cell of the jail and fed upon no other food except bread and water, until he declares himself ready to work, as required herein; but both methods of punishment herein prescribed shall in no instance be inflicted at the same time. In either case of punishment the prisoner shall have no credit given him upon his term of imprisonment, for such forced labor or solitary confinement. Sec. 4865. It shall be the duty of the sheriff, during fair and reasonable weather, when the same can be done without extra expense to the county, to procure employment for and set at work such convicted vagrants, who are serving out their term of imprisonment; and to this end, upon application of any road supervisor, superintendent, foreman, or other overseer or cus- todian of any public works, buildings, or grounds, he may deliver into the custody and charge of such person making the application, such prisoners, to do labor as herein required, who, after working hours of the day, or after suspension of labor from any cause, shall be returned into the custody of the sheriff of the county for safe-keeping until again required for labor. NEW HAMPSHIBE. STATE CONVICTS. Public Statutes — 1891. Chapter 385. Section 1. The State prison at Concord shall be the general penitentiary of the State, for the punishment and reformation of criminals sentenced to confinement at hard labor or to solitary imprisonment. Sec. 2. It shall be under the superintendence and general management of a warden, who shall be appointed by the governor, with advice of the council, * * * Sec. 5. The governor, with advice of the council, shall have power: ******* ITI. To establish by-laws for the government of the prison. ******* V. To provide for the sale of articles manufactured in the prison or not necessary for the use thereof, VI. To make contracts, if expedient, for the support and employment of the prisoners or any portion of them. ******* Deductions Sec. 14. The warden shall keep a correct record of the conduct of each convict; and for every month that a convict appears by the record to have faithfully observed all the rules and requirements of the prison, the warden shaU recommend to the executive a deduction from the term of his sentence, according to the following scale: One day for every month's good conduct, if he is under sentence for two years or less; two days, if under sentence for more than two and not exceeding three years; three days, if for four years; four days, if for five years; five days, if for more than five and not exceeding seven years; six days, if for more than seven and less than ten years; seven days, if for ten and less than fifteen years; eight days, if for fifteen and less than twenty years; and ten days, if for any other term except for life; * * * Prison. Control. Powers of gov- ernor. CHAPTER V. OONVIOT LABOR LAWS NEW HAMPSHIRE. 715 Sec. 17. The warden may furnish, at the expense of the State, to each Discharge, convict discharged from the prison, a suit of clothes, decent and suitable foi" the season in which he is discharged, and a sum of money not exceed- ing three dollars. Acts op 1901. Chapter 58. Section 1. When a convict is sentenced to the State prison otherwise Form o' sen- than for life, or as an habitual criminal, the court imposing the sentence *™''®- shall not fix the term of imprisonment, but shall establish a maximum and minimum term for which said convict may be held in said prison.. The maximum term shall not be longer than the longest term fixed by law for the punishment of the offense of which he is convicted, and the mini- mum term shall not be less than the minimum sentence now provided by law. Sec. 2 (as amended by chapter 67, Acts of 1905). Any convict, sentenced Parols as aforesaid, whose record of conduct shows that he has faithfully observed all the rules of said prison, and has not been subjected to punishment) shall be entitled to release from said prison upon the expiration of the mini- mum term of his sentence, and he shall then be given a permit to be at liberty therefrom during the unexpired portion of the maximum term of his sentence. Said permit shall be issued by the governor and council upon such terms and conditions as they shall establish. Any convict wnose record of conduct shows that he has violated the rules of said prison' may be given a like permit at such time as the said governor and council, shall determine after the expiration of the minimum term of his sentence. | Note. — Paroled convicts must not lead an idle or dissolute life, must not violate an7 of the laws of the State, and must report quarterly to the warden by letter or in person. COUNTY CONVICTS. Public Statutes — 1891. Chapter S82. Section 4. Every jailer shall provide each prisoner in his custody with Food, clothing, necessary sustenance, clothing, bedding, fuel, and medical attend- °*°' ance. * Sec. 14. The sheriff of any county may, with the approval of the county Convicts may commissioners, employ and set to labor any prisoner confined in the county be employed, jail, in such manner as shall be consistent with his safe-keeping, if the labor can be prosecuted without expense to the county. Sec. 17. All * * * prisoners [held under sentence] shall be entitled Discharge, to receive upon their discharge twenty-five per cent of the net proceeds of their labor; but no person shall enjoy the benefit of these provisions who, while confined as a prisoner, shall not have been of good behavior. Sec. 18. The sheriff or jailer shall keep a correct and itemized account Accounts to be with each prisoner so employed, showing his earnings and the charges and l^spt' expenses made and incurred on his account, and shall retain his earnings until the prisoner is discharged from jail, when the sheriff or jailer shall pay him the amount due him, as provided in this chapter, and take his receipt therefor. NEW JERSEY. STATE CONVICTS. General Statutes — 1895. Page SH7. Section 4. * * * The said inspectors [see section 36 below] * * * Powers ot in- shall have power to make such rules and regulations for the general govern- ^P^'^*'"'^- ment and regulation of the State prison and matters relating thereto, as they may deem necessary and proper, consistent with the principles of sep- arate confinement, the laws of this State and the independent powers spe- 716 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSION EB OF LABOR. Teacher. Daily records. cially given to their officers ; * * * they shall have power to make gen- eral regulations to govern the supervisor in the purchase of materials a,nd supplies, and articles necessary for the prison, the employment and hiring out of the labor of the prisoners, and the sale of articles manufactured or prepared therein; and they may, if they think proper, at any time and by special resolution, require that all or any of such purchases, hirings, or sales shall be made by contract, awarded after advertisement, to the best bidders, * * *; they shall have power, with the consent of the super- visor, to close up as they think proper, all contracts in relation to the labor of the prisoners, which have now expired by their own limitation or by the conduct of the parties thereto, and which still remain unsettled, and to fettle and determine the same and all work thereunder; * * * Note. — Conflnmg convicts in dungeons, and making them stand in center ol octa- gon without food or water are punishments used. Sec. 7. The governor of this State shall be authorized to employ a suita^ hie person as a teacher and moral instructor to the convicts in said prison, who shall devote his whole time to the duties of his office, * * * Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of the keeper of the State prison to assign to the clerk, or some other officers thereof, the keeping of a correct, impar- tial daily record of the conduct of each prisoner and of his labor, whether satisfactory or otherwise; and it shall be the duty of the keeper to see that the said record is regularly made and preserved under his care, and to lay the same before the inspectors as often as they may require. Deductions Sec. 10. When the inspectors shall be satisfied that the said record is from term. properly kept, they shall direct the keeper, for every month of faithful performance of assigned labor by any convict in the State prison, to remit to him two days of the term for which he was sentenced; for every month of continuous orderly deportment two days, and for every month of mani- fest effort at intellectual improvement and self-control, to be certified by the moral instructor, one day; * * * Additional de- Sec. 11. On the recommendation of the keeper and moral instructor, it shall be lawful for the inspectors to remit an additional day per month to every convict who for twelve months preceding shall have merited the same by his continuous good conduct in the particulars above mentioned, and for each succeeding year of uninterrupted good conduct, progressively to increase the remission one day per month for that year, tie Sec. 24. It shall be the duty of every contractor carrying on in the State prison any manufacturing business in which the labor or skill of the pris- oners is employed whether under contract or otherwise, and of the manager or superintendent in charge for such contractor to cause all goods, wares, and merchandise made in whole or in part, within said prison and which are intended for sale, to be stamped in a legible and conspicuous manner with the words "Manufactured in the New Jersey State prison:" Provided, That whenever from the nature of any of the articles made or manufac- tured in the said prison it shall be impracticable to stamp each article, or if any articles shall be manufactured which are usually put up in packages, it shall be sufficient for the purposes of this act to put a stamp, label or tag upon such packages, showmg where such articles were made: Provided, That said tag, stamp or label shall be put on said package in a ^ood, lasting and permanent manner, and it shall be the duty of the principal keeper, supervisor and board of inspectors, to insert in every contract for convict labor hereafter made on behalf of the State such terms, covenants and provisions as will bind the contractor to comply with the requirements of this act; any contractor, manager or superintendent who shall willfully violate the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Seo. 28. The governor of the State, immediately upon the passage of this act, and as often thereafter as the office hereby created shall become vacant, shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, a competent and suitable person to be supervisor of the State prison, who shall be commissioned as such by the governor, * * * Sec. 36. There shall be appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, at the present session of the legislature and every five years thereafter, six persons to be inspectors of the State prison' * * * Sec. so. It shall be unlawful for the principal keeper, supervisor and board of inspectors of the State prison of this State, in anywise to contract for the labor of the prisoners confined in said prison or for any portion thereof. duction. Goods marked. Supervisor. Inspectors. Contracts for- bidden. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS — JSEW JERSEY. 717 Seo. 61. It shall be unlawful for any keeper, warden, superintendent or same subject. other official, or member of any governing body or board of any prison, penitentiary, jail or public reformatory institution located within this State, in anjwise to contract for the labor of the inmates of any such prison, pen- itentiary, jail or public reformatory institution. Sec. 54. The prisoners or persons confined or kept in any prison, peniten- Systems ol em- tiary, jail or public reformatoir institution located within this State, shall, P'oyment. so far as practicable in the judgment of the managers of such prison, pen- itentiary, jail or public reformatory institution, be employed in the manu- facture or at work upon goods used in such institutions as are under State control, and all prisoners or persons not employed for said purpose shall be employed on what is commonly known as the "piece-pnce plan," as the managing authorities of such pnson, penitentiary, jail or public reform- atory institution may be able to arrange for with parties desirmg such labor, or they shall be employed under what is known as the "pubUc account systemj" * * * Sec. 56. The authorities of any prison, penitentiary, jail or public Disposition of reformatory institution, before they shall make any agreement with any goods, party or parties for the labor of the prisoners or persons in their charge under the " piece-price system," or before they shall dispose of any goods made in their institution under the "public account system," shall adver- tise in not less than four of the principal newspapers of the State for the space of three weeks, once a week, calling for public bids, so that there shall be a proper and just competition either for the labor of the prisoners or persons confined in such institutions or for the sale of goods; this adver- . tismg may be done before or after the goods are completed, and every effort shall be made to obtain current market prices for the same. Sec. 57. Nothing in this act contained shall be construed to in any way County con- abridge the powers of any board of chosen freeholders, in any county in victs. this State, to employ any persons confined in any penitentiary or jail in said county in any other capacity they may deem wise, except under the "contract system" now in use in the State prison, and the authorities of any reformatory institution are also authorized to apprentice any of the minors in their institution. Seo. 58. Any party or parties who may employ any portion of the pris- Instmctois. oners or persons within the limit prescribed by law, shall have power to place one or more instructors, if necessary, in any prison, penitentiary, jail or public reformatory institution of the State, where their work is being done, the expenses or salary of said instructor or instructors to be paid by the party or parties so employing them, or, if the work is done under the "public account system," such instructor or instructors shall be paid by the State; such instructors shall in no wise interfere with the dfecipline or management of the prisoners, and shall be, while so employed in the prison, subject to all the rules and regulations made by its officers for its government. Acts of 1898. Chapter Z37. Section 171. The principal keeper and the board of inspectors of the Parole. New Jersey State prison shcdl have power to establish rules and regulations under which any prisoner who is now, or hereafter may be, imprisoned under a sentence other than for murder in the first or second degree, man- slaughter, sodomy, rape, arson, burglary or robbery, who may have served with commutation time allowed one-half of his sentence for the crime for which he was convicted, and who has not previously been convicted of a felony and served a term in a penal institution, may be allowed to go on parole outside of the buildings and inclosures, but to remain, while on parole, in the legal custody of the principal keeper and board and subject at any time to be taken back within the incjosure of said institution ; * * * Note. — Paroles are not granted to convicts who were not citizens of the State for three ysars last prior to conviction. Quarterly reports are required of paroled convicts. 718 BEPOKT OF THE COMMI8SIONEB OF LABOE. Control. Duties board. Disposition goods. Acts op 1901. * Chapter IO4. Section 2. Its [the New Jersey reformatory's] general management or control shall be in a board of nine, composed of the governor and eight other citizens of the State, to be appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate; * * * o J Sec. 3. They may establish a system of government for the reformatory, and make all needful rules and regulations for the management thereof and for the care, support and discipline and detention and discharge of the prisoners; they may use any method of education and employment which, in their judgment, will best promote the interest of the prisoners and secure their reformation; * * * of Sec. 4. * * * The superintendent shall sell and dispose of all articles manufactured or prepared by the prisoners whose labor is not hired out and shall receive all moneys due and paid on the contracts for the labor of the prisoners and for articles sold and work done; * * * Eestriotions. Sec. 5. The superintendent shall not, however, contract or hire out the labor of more than one hundred in number at any one time in the prose- cution or conduct of any special branch of industry, trade or business; the goods or wares manufactured and offered for sale shall be marked, stamped and tagged with the words "Manufactured in the New Jersey reformatory" * * * ; jf the labor of the inmates shall be hired out Systems of em- the system of labor adopted shall be known as the "piece-price plan" or ployment. ' " public account sj^stem," * * * or partly one system and partly the other, as the superintendent and commissioners may deem best; purchases of materials and supplies costing more than five hundred dollars shall be made by contract and awarded to the lowest responsible bidder after notice published at least once in one or more newspapers, not exceeding five in number; the hiring out of labor of the prisoners shall be by contract, awarded to the highest responsible bidder in like manner and upon like notice, ol sen- Sec. 9. The courts in sentencing to the reformatory shall not fix or limit the duration of sentence, but it shall not in any case exceed the maximum term provided by law for the crime for which the prisoner was convicted and sentenced, and may be terminated by the managers of the reformatory as herein provided. Sec. 10. The commissioners may establish rules and regulations under which prisoners may be discharged or released upon parole; * * * Discharge. Sec. 13. The superintendent may give to each prisoner, upon his release, a new suit of clothes and a sum not exceeding ten dollars, and he shall return to him any sum of money which may have belonged to the prisoner at the time of his commitment. Note. — Paroled convicts must proceed at once to the place of residence or employ- ment assigned and there remain until the commissioners grant their consent to a change. Monthly reports are required. Obedience to the law, avoidance of evil asso- ciates, and abstinence from intoxicants are prescribed. Acts of 1905. Form tence. Parole. Chapter 8S3. Custody. Section 1. The legal custody of all prisoners paroled from the State prison shall be vested in the keeper of said prison. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty 6f the keeper of the prison to appoint one of the State prison inspectors or one of his deputies from time to time, as may be necessary, subject to the approval of the governor or person administer- ing the government, who shall have the powers and duties hereinafter provided for. Sec. 3. Whenever the keeperchas been duly notified that a prisoner con- fined in said prison has been granted a license to be at large, [he] shall endeavor, through friends of such prisoner or by other reasonable means, to procure suitable environment and employment for such prisoner. Duty of parole Sec. 4. * * * It shall be the duty of any inspector or deputy appointed officer. by the keeper as aforesaid, at intervals and times to be approved by the keeper, to make a personal investigation of each and every paroled prisoner; and said inspector or deputy shall personally or otherwise inves- Parole officer. Procuring em- ployment. CHAPTEB V. CONVICT LABOB LAWS NEW JBESEY. 719 tigate causes of complaint concerning such paroled prisoners, and shall report thereupon to the keeper such action as he deems best, giving his reasons therefor; and said Keeper shall keep a record of such reports, information and action in reference to all such paroled prisoners. COUNTY CONVICTS. General Statutes — 1895. Page 183S. Section 17. When the board of chosen freeholders of any county shall Rules, have assumed the custody, rule, keeping and charge of the county jail of such county, said board shall prescribe rules and regulations for the man- agement and conduct of such jail, and the employment, maintenance and keeping of the prisoners therein, and may authorize and require the jail warden to enforce such rules and regulations, and to punish any breach of the same by the prisoners, and any refusal to work, or any insubordination, by solitary confinement, change or diminution of food and diet, or such other reasonable punishments as they may prescribe. Sec. 50. Every person sentenced to hard labor and imprisonment, accord- short-term ing to the act for the punishment of crimes or other law, for any time not convicts. exceeding six months, shall, by the sheriff or other proper officer of the county in which the conviction was had, be delivered to the master of the workhouse, together with a copy of the sentence of the court, certified under the hand and seal of the clerk of the said court, or an order under the hand and seal of one or more of the justices of the peace of the said county, by whom the said sentence may be imposed andT shall be there received and safely kept to hard labor by the said master, agreeably to such sentence. Fines and and if he be fined, as well as sentenced to hard labor, then also to be kept costs, to such labor until he pay the said fine, and likewise the costs of prosecu- tion in the former, as well as in the latter instance, or be discharged by due course of law; but this section shall not extend to any offender whose sen- tence shall be imprisonment, or the payment of a fine, or imprisonment and the payment of a fine, without the addition of hard labor in either case. Page 2866. Section 276. In any county in this State, where the custody, rule, keep- Work on Wgh- ing and charge of the jail of such county and of the prisoners in such jail ways, has been heretofore or shall be hereafter assumed by the board of chosen freeholders of such county according to law, it shall be lawful for such board to improve and keep in repair any road formerly a toll road in such county, and which has or shall have become the property of the public, and to put and keep at work thereon such prisoners detained in the county jail as may be lawfully required to work at hard labor; * * * Acts of 1898. Chapter SS7. Section 162. Itshall be the duty of the sheriff , warden or keeper of every Misdemean- county jail or penitentiary, to put and keep at such work as they are able ^°*^- to perform, any and all persons detained inliis custody for the nonpayment of any fine or costs of conviction; such work to be directed and provided by the boards of chosen freeholders of the respective counties, and to be per- formed for the benefit thereof; any such person may be excused from such work, for good cause shown, by a judge of the court which may have imposed sentence on such person. Sec. 167. The sheriff, warden or keeper of the county jail or penitentiary Employments. in any county is hereby authorized to employ and set at labor any convicted person committed to his care and custody at any reasonable labor, such as cooking, cleaning, gardening, mechanical or other service necessary to be performed within the bounds of the court-house or county property. 720 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NEW MEXICO. STATE CONVICTS. Compiled Laws — 1897. Control. Section 3491 (as amended by chapter 10, Acts of 1899). The general government and management of the Territorial penitentiary shall be vested El five commissioners who shall be called the board of penitentiary commis- sioners. Said commissioners shall be appointed by the governor by and with the advice of the legislative council, * * * jj^l^g Sec. 3498. The board of penitentiary commissioners shall make such rules and regulations for the government, discipline and police of the peniten- tiary, and for the punishment of prisoners confined therein, not inconsistent with the law, as they may deem expedient, * * * Note. — The punishments used are labor on stone pile, solitary confinement, bread- and-water diet, dark cell, lastening to the door, barrel and paddling, and shackling. Labor re- ^^'^- 3501. All male persons convicted of crime and confined in the quired. penitentiary under the laws of the Territory, except such as are precluded by the terms of the judgment and sentence under which they may be impris- oned, shall perform labor under such rules and regulations as have been or may hereafter be prescribed by the board of penitentiary commissioners. Discharge ^^*^- 3506. When any convict shall be discharged from the penitentiary he shall be paid the sum of five dollars, and also when the said convict is in need, he shall be furnished with a new suit of cheap, common clothes, and all articles of personal property belonging to the said convict that may have been turned over to the superintendent. Interest in con- Sec. 3509. Should any member of the board of penitentiary commis- tracts. sioners, officer or other employee of the penitentiary, become interested in any manner in any contract for providing provisions, clothing or other necessaries for the use of said penitentiary, or become in any way interested in any contract for buildings or the construction of any buildings of any kind connected with said penitentiary, or for furnishing materials for any such building, or in any contract for the labor of the convicts, such member of said board, officer or employee so interested, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, * * * Gilts. Sec. 3517. No member of the board, superintendent, assistant super- intendent, guard, turnkey, or other officer or employee of the penitentiary, shall, under any pretense whatever, receive from any convict, any sum of money, emolument or reward, or any article of value as a gift, * * * Employment Sec. 3518. The board of penitentiary commissioners shall decide what on buildings. improvements shall be made in the penitentiary, * * * which improve- ments shall be made under the direction of the superintendent on plans furnished by said board, and he shall employ such number of convicts in making such improvements as said board may deem advisable, and shall employ the remainder of the convicts as may be most advantageous to the Territory or the penitentiary: Provided, however, That he shall classify the convicts, and if it shall be more in the interest of the penitentiary or Hiring. the Territory to hire out the labor of the convicts to be worked under the control of the superintendent, he may hii'e out such labor with the consent of the board of penitentiary commissioners. Guards. Sec. 3528. The superintendent, under the direction of the board of penitentiary commissioners, may hire out the labor of the convicts to the best advantage, but in no case shall a convict be allowed to go out to labor without being under the custody of a guard or an overseer of the penitentiary, unless he shall belong to a class known as, trusties, which class shall be composed of such of said convicts as the superintendent and board of penitentiary commissioners shall be able to confide and trust in absolutely, to do what they may be required to do without being under the supervision of a guard or overseer. Deductions Sec. 3536 (as amended by chapter 1, Acts of 1899). Every convict who from term. jg now or may hereafter be imprisoned in the penitentiary and who has or shall hereafter perform faithfully the duties assigned to him during his or her imprisonment therein, and shall during the whole of said time have been of uniform good behavior and complied with the rules and regulations of the penitentiary, shall be entitled to a deduction from the time of his sentence for the respective years thereof, and proportionately for any OHAPTEB V. OONVIOT LABOE LAWS NEW MEXICO. 721 part of a year, to wit: For the first year, one month; for the second year, two months; for the third year, three months; for the fourth year, four months; for the fifth year, five months; for the sixth and each succeeding year, six months: Provided, That no such deduction from the time of any sentence shall be made unless the governor of the Territory shall issue to the person for whom such deduction is claimed, a pardon as provided in section 3541 of said compiled laws. Seo. 3541 (as amended bjr chapter 1, Acts of 1899). If any convict shall Certificate, pass the entire period of his sentence without any violation of the rules and regulations of the penitentiary, he shall be intitled [entitled] to a certificate thereof by the superintendent, indorsed by the board of peni- tentiary commissioners, and on presenting the same to the governor he may be granted a pardon and restored to citizenship, but the governor shall not be obliged to grant such pardon and in case of the refusal of the gover- nor to grant such pardon such convict shall remain in the penitentiary until the expiration of his full term of service according to the senteiice of the court, unless the governor shall at some subsequent time prior to the expiration of said term, grant such pardon and restore such convict to citizenship. Seo. 3545. The following shall be the quantity and quality of food Tood. allowed for each one hundred rations per day, which shall be issued in proportion to the number of convicts and employees to be fed, or so much thereof as in the judgment of the said board or superintendent shall be necessary, to wit : Sixty pounds of bacon or one hundred and fifty pounds of fresh beef, one hundred and twelve pounds of flour, thirty pounds of beans or fifteen pounds of rice, ten pounds of coffee or two pounds of tea, fifteen pounds of sugar or the equivalent thereof in molasses, four quarts of vinegar, four pounds of salt, eight pounds of-soap, six ounces of pepper, and three pounds of baking powder per week. Seo. 3548. Whenever the convicts in the penitentiary or any of them Public works shall not be hired out or employed in any work at the penitentiary or aid ways, otherwise occupied in any labor, it shall be proper and requisite to employ them in and about any work, labor or improvement on the capitol building or capitol grounds, and also in grading, repairing, opening, cleaning or leveling the streets, alleys, roads and bridges in and near the city of Santa ¥&, and in quarrying and hauling stone, and also in securing, bettering and protecting the banks of the Santa F6 River from overflowing or destruc- tion, so as to prevent damage from high water or otherwise where the said river runs through the city of Santa F6. Sec. 3631. The warden, manager or superintendent of the penitentiary Public build- of this Territory is hereby authorized and required to surrender to any '°gs. contractor for the construction of any building or buildings or other improvements contracted for by any of the boards of regents or manage- ments of any of the several [public] institutions created by this act, any number of convicts not exceeding fifty, to be used upon the said work of construction, and said contractors shall have a preference right to the use of the labor of all convicts subject to be used under this act while any of the buildings provided for in this act shall be in process of construction: And provided, further. That no such contractors shall be required to pay anything for the services of such convicts while actually engaged in the work called for in their several contracts and provided for m this act. * * * Sec. 3632. * * * Every contractor who shall receive the convicts Control, from the warden, manager or superintendent of the penitentiary under the provisions of this act, shall submit to such rules and regulations for tl\e care, custody and maintenance of such convicts as shall be prescribed by the board of the institution where they may be employed, and any contractor who shall fail to observe and perform all rules and regulations so prescribed by the said board, shall forfeit his rights to the labor of such convicts, and such convicts shall, upon the order of the said board for such cause, be returned to the Territorial penitentiary or delivered to some other contractor, if any such there be, but no such convicts shall under any pretense whatever, be employed at any other labor than that contem- plated by this act while in the custody of any such contractor. Sec. 3649. All the products of convict labor shall be sold to the highest gg^^ qj goods, bidder, for cash, after twenty days' notice by advertisement in three daily newspapers, not more than one of which shall be published in the same county: * * * 9061—06 46 722 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. Acts of 1905. Chapter 7. Work on high- SECTION 2. The construction, repair and maintenance of said public way highway [El Camino Real] shall be done under the authority and control of <^he board of penitentiary commissioners and superintendent of the Territorial penitentiary, and said board is hereby authorized and required to construct said road, by the use of the labor of the penitentiary convicts, ^ * * * Deductions Sec. 3. The board of penitentiary commissioners are hereby empowered from term. to adopt a special rule, applicable solely to convicts employed on the public work herein authorized and contemplated, whereby convicts so employed shall be granted additional good time allowance^ conditioned upon their good behavior and cheerful compliance with all rules that may be made by said board or said superintendent for the management and control of convicts so employed. Erection of Sec. 9. At suitable points along said public highway, and at places of monuments. historic interest, there shall be erected stone monuments commemorative thereof, which said monuments shall be erected by labor of penitentiary convicts. COUNTY CONVICTS. Compiled Laws — 1897. Labor re- Section 841. All prisoners convicted of crime and sentenced to the quired. county jail as a punishment, shall be compelled by the sheriff or jailer of each county in the Territoiy, to labor during the term of his or her sentence at some useful employment during the term of such sentence, unless such prisoner is absolutdy unfitted for labor by reason of age or sickness. * * * Fines and Sec. 1052. In all cases of conviction * * * for any criminal offense, costs. ^jjg convict shall remain in confinement until all the costs attending the prosecution shall be paid and his sentence fully complied with ; and, if such convict shall not discharge and satisfy the fine and costs, it shall be lawful for the sheriff of the county in which the convict may be imprisoned, if the Binding to la.- district judge of that county shall so direct, to bind such convict to labor, ^°^- for any term not exceeding five years, to any person who will pay such fine and costs; * * * Punishment. Sec. 1056. Lashes, as a punishment for criminals, are hereby forever abolished in this Territory. Acts of 1905. Chajiter 84. Work on Section 1. Every person convicted of the violation of any ordinance of streets, etc. ^^^^ incorporated city or town of this Territory, and sentenced to imprison- ment therefor, may, during the term of such sentence, be compelled to work upon the public streets of such city or town or to do any other kind of public work within such city or town, that may be required by the mayor thereof. Control. Sec. 2. All such persons while engaged in such work shall be in the cus- tody of and under the control of the marshal of such city or town, or of such other officer as the mayor may direct. In case any such person shall be confined in any county jail it shall be the duty of the sheriff or jailer to deliver him to the marshal of such city or town whenever he shall receive from the mayor a written order to that effect, but such prisoner shall be returned to such county jail each night. NEW YORK. STATE CONVICTS. Constitution. Contract sys- Section 53. The legislature shall, by law, provide for the occupation tem prohibited, and employment of prisoners sentenced to the several State prisons, peni- tentiaries, jails and reformatories in the State; and on and after the first OHAPTEE V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS — NEW YORK. 723 day of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven, no person in any such prison, penitentiary, jail or reformatory, shall be required or allowed to work, whUe under sentence thereto, at any trade, industry or occupation, wherein or whereby his work, or the product or profit of his work, shall be farmed out, contracted, given or sold to any person, firm, association or corporation. This section shall not be con- strued to prevent the legislature from providing that convicts may work for,- and that the products of their labor may be disposed of to the State or any political division thereof, or for or to any public institution owned or man- aged and controlled by the State, or any political division thereof. Revised Statutes— 1901. Page 9S0. Section 37a (aa amended by chapter 282, Acts of 1902). A person Form ol sen- never before convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment in the State tenoe. prison, who is convicted in any court in this State of a felony, the maximum penalty for which, exclusive of fines, is imprisonment for five years or less, and sentenced to a State prison, shall be sentenced thereto under an inde- terminate sentence, the minimum of which shall not be less than one year, or in case a minimum is fixed by law, not less than such minimum, and the maximum of which shall not be more than the longest period fixed by law for which the crime is punishable of which the offender is convicted. * * * In any other case whenever any person, never before convicted of a felony, shall be convicted of a felony, other than murder or arson, the maximum penalty for which, exclusive of fines, exceeds five years' impris- onment in a State prison, the court may either pronounce a definite sen- tence for a fixed term as provided by law, or may in its discretion impose upon such person a sentence of imprisonment therein for an indeterminate term the minimum of which shall not be less than one year, or in case a minimum is fixed by law, not less than such minimum, and the maximum of which shall not be more than the longest period fixed by law for which the crime is punishable of which the offender is convicted. * * * Section SO. No person or corporation shall sell, or expose for sale, any sale of goods, convictrmade goods, wares or merchandise, either by sample or otherwise, without a license therefor. Such license may be obtained upon application License. in writing to the comptroller, setting forth the residence or post-office address of the applicant, the class of goods desired to be dealt in, the town, village or city, with the street number, if any, at which the business of such applicant is to be located. Such application shall be accompanied with a bond, executed by two or more responsible citizens, or some legally incor- porated surety company authorized to do business in this State, to be approved by the comptroller, in the sum of five thousand dollars, and con- ditioned that such applicant will comply with 411 the provisions of law, relative to the sale of convict-made goods, wares and merchandise. Such license shall be for a term of one year unless sooner revoked. Such person or corporation shall pay, annually, on or before the fifteenth day of Janu- ary , the sum of five hundred dollars as a license fee, into the treasury of the State, which amount shall be credited to the maintenance account of the State prisons. Such license shall be kept conspicuously posted in the place of business of such licensee. Sec. 53^ All goods, wares and merchandise made by convict labor in a Goods to be penitentiary, prison, reformatory or other establishment in which convict marked, labor is employed, shall be branded, labeled or marked as herein provided. The brand, label or mark, used for such purpose, shall contain at the head or top thereof, the words "convict-made," followed by the year when, and the name of the penitentiary, prison, reformatory or other establishment in which the article branded, labeled or marked was made. Such brands, labels and marks shall be printed in plain English lettering, of tlie style and size known as great primer roman condensed capitals. A brand or mark shall be used in all cases where the nature of the article wiU permit and only where such branding or marking is impossible shall a label be used. Such label shall be in the form of a paper tag and shall be attached 724 BEPOKT OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. by wire to each article, where the nature of the article will permit, and shall be placed securely upon the box, crate or other covering in which such goods, wares or merchandise are packed, shipped or exposed for sale. Such brand, mark or label shall be placed upon the most conspicuous part of the finished article and its box, crate or covering. No convict-made goods, wares or merchandise shall be sold or exposed for sale without such brand, mark or label. Goods lor Sec. 55. Nothing in this article shall apply to or affect the manufacture State use. jn State prisons, reformatories and penitentiaries, and furnishing of articles ■ for the use of the offices, departments and institutions of the State or any political division thereof, as provided by chapter four hundred and twenty- nine of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-six [sections 102 to 110, pp. 726-728.] Sec. 200. A person who — Penalties. 1. Sells or exposes for sale convict-made goods, wares or merchandise, without a license therefor, or having such license does not transmit to the secretary of state the statement required by article four of the labor law [sec- tions 50 to 55, above] ; or 2. Sells, offers for sale, or has in his possesion for sale any such convict- made goods, wares or merchandise without the brand, mark or label required by article four of the labor law. [sections 50 to 55,above]; or 3. Removes or defaces or in any way alters such brand, mark or label, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction therefor skall be punished by a fine of not more than one thousand nor less than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for not less than ten days or by both such fine and imprisonment. Page S7SS. Control. Estimates goods required. Interest in con tracts. Discharge. Board role. of Section 1. The State commission of prisons shall consist of three members, to be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, * * * of Seo. 7a. The said commission shall have the further duty and authority to require the proper officials of the State and the political divisions thereof, and of all public institutions of the State, and political divisions thereof, supported wholly or in part by the State, or any political division thereof, to furnish to said conmiission, annually, estimates for each ensuing year of the amount of labor to be required by each, and of the articles which may be manufactured in penal institutions, required to be purchased for the use of the State or the political divisions, or said institutions in their charge or under their management. Sec. 16. A superintendent of State prisons, or agent, warden or other officer, keeper or guard, employed at either of the prisons, who — 1. Shall be directly or indirectly interested in any contract, purchase or sale, for, by, or on account of sucn prison; or 2. Accepts a present from a contractor or contractor's agent, directly or indirectly, or employs the labor of a convict or another person employed in such prison on any work for the private benefit of such superintendent, officer, keeper or guard, is guilty of a misdemeanor, except that the agent and warden shall be entitled to employ prisoners for necessary household service. Sec. 54. * * * The agent _and warden of each of said prisons shall furnish to each convict who shall be discharged from prison by pardon or otherwise, or who shall be released therefrom on parole, necessary clothing, not exceeding twelve dollars in value (between the first day of November and the first day of April, clothing not exceeding eighteen dollars in value and including an overcoat, shall be so furnished), and ten dollai;^ in money, and a railroad ticket or tickets for the transportation of one person from such prison to the place of the conviction of such convict, or to such other place as such convict may designate, at no greater distance from said prison than the place of conviction, pa- Sec. 75. The members of the State commission of prisons shall hereafter constitute a board of commissioners for paroled prisoners for the State prisons and the Eastern New York reformatory, * * * xhe superin- tendent of State prisons shall appoint a parole officer for each prison. It shall be the duty of such officers to aid paroled prisoners in securing employ- ment and to visit and exercise supervision over them while on parole and CHAPTEB V. CONVICT LABOK LAWS NEW YOEK. 725 they shall have such authority and perform such other duties as the board of commissioners for paroled prisoners may direct. * * * Sec. 76 (as amended by chapter 500, Acts of 1902). * * * Each Application lor prisoner confined in a State prison, or in the Eastern New York reformatory, P*™'^- may upon the expiration of the minimum term of his sentence, make appli- cation to the board, in writing and iii such form as they may prescribe, for his release upon parole, or for an absolute discharge * * * and said board is hereby prohibited from entertaining any other form of applies^ tion or petition for the release upon parole or absolute discharge of any prisoner. Sec. 78. If it shall appear to said board of commissioners of paroled Parole, prisoners, upon an application by a convict for release on parole as herein- before provided that there is reasonable probability that such applicant will live and remain at liberty without violating the law, then said board of commissioners may authorize the release of such applicant upon parole, • and such applicant shall thereupon be allowed to go upon parole outside of said prison walls and inclosure upon such terms and conditions as said board shall prescribe, but to remain, while so on parole, in the legal custody and under the control of the agent and warden of the State prison from which he is so paroled, until the expiration of the maximum term specified in his sentence as hereinbefore provided, or until his absolute discharge as hereinafter provided. Sec. 84. It shall be the duty of the agent and warden of each of such Instruction, prisons, so far as practicable and necessary, to appoint as keepers of such prison, persons qualified to instruct the prisoners in the trades and manu- factures prosecuted in such prison or in other industrial occupations. Instruction shall also be given in the useful branches of an English educa- tion to such prisoners as in the judgment of the agent and warden or chap- lain may require the same and be benefited thereby. The time devoted to such instruction shall not be less than an average of one hour and a half daily, Sunday excepted, between the hours of six and nine in the evening, in such room or rooms as may be provided for that purpose. Sec. 86. The clothing and bedding of the prisoners shall be of coarse Clothing, lood, materials, and shall be manufactured as far as practicable in the prison.^'"- The prisoners shall be supplied with a sufficient quantity of inferior but wholesome food. Sec. 87. The punishment commonly known as the shower bath, crucifix Punishments, and yoke and buck are hereby abolished in all the State prisons and peni- tentiaries of this State. No keeper in any prison shall inflict any blows whatever upon any prisoner, unless in self-defense, or to suppress a revolt or insurrection. * * * Note.— Loss of good time and of money credits, and solitary confinement in dark cell are forms of punishment used. Sec. 95. The superintendent of State prisons shall direct the classification Classification, of prisoners into three classes or grades, as follows: In the first grade shall be included those appearing to be corrigible or less vicious than the others and likely to observe the laws and to maintain themselves by honest industry after their discbarge; in the second grade shall be included those appearing to be incorrigible or more vicious, but so competent to work and so reason- ably obedient to prison discipline as not seriously to interfere with the pro- ductiveness of their labor, or of the labor of those in company with whom they may be employed ; in the third grade shall be included those appearing to be incorrigible or so insubordinate or so incompetent otherwise than from temporary ill health as to seriously interfere with the discipline or productiveness of the labor of the prison. Sec. 96. The superintendent of State prisons may make rules and Promotions regulations for the promotion or reduction of the prisoners from one grade *°"1'®''"<'*'<'°^ • to another, and shall transfer from time to time the prisoners in the State prisons from one prison to another with reference to the respective capacities of the several State prisons, or with reference to the health or reformation of the prisoners, or with reference to including all prisoners of one grade as nearly as may be practicable in one prison, or may direct the separation from each other of the prisoners of different grades so far as practicable within - each State prison. Sec. 97. The superintendent of State prisons shall not, nor shall any Contracts pro- other authority whatsoever, make any contract by which the labor or time of Ubited. any prisoner in any State prison, reformatory, penitentiary or jail in this 726 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. State, or the product or profit of his work, shall be contracted, let, farmed out, given or sold to any person, firm, association or corporation; except that the convicts in said penal institutions may work for, and the products of their labor may be disposed of, to the State or any political division thereof, or for or to any public institution owned or managed and controlled by the State, or any political division- thereof . Hours oflabor, Seo. 98. The superintendent of State prisons, the superintendents, **"■ managers and officials of all reformatories and penitentiaries in the State, shall, so far as practicable, cause all the prisoners in said institutions, who are physically capable thereof, to be employed at hard labor, for not to exceed eight hours of each day, other than Sundays and public holidays, but such hard labor shall be either for the purpose of production of supplies for said institutions, or for the State, or any political division thereof, or for any public institution owned or managed and controlled by the State, or any political division thereof; or for the purpose of industrial training and instruction, or partly for one, and partly for the other of such purposes. First-grade Sec. 99. The labor of the prisoners of the first grade in each of said convicts. prisons,*reformatories and penitentiaries, shall be directed with reference to fitting the prisoner to mamtain himself by honest industry after his dis- charge from imprisonment, as the primary or sole object of such labor, and such prisoners of the first grade may be so employed 'at hard labor for industrial training and instruction solely, even though no useful or salable products result from their labor, but only in case such industrial training or instruction can be more effectively given in such manner. Otherwise, and so far as is consistent with the primary object of the labor of prisoners of the first grade as aforesaid, the labor of such prisoners shall be so directed as to produce the greatest amount of useful products, articles and supplies needed and used in the said institutions, and in the buildings and offices of the State, or those of any political division thereof, or in any public institu- tion owned and managed and controlled by the State or any political division . thereof, or said labor may be for the State, or any political division thereof. Second grade. Seo. 100. The labor of prisoners of the second grade in said prisons, reformatories and penitentiaries shall be directly [directed] primarily to labor for the State or any political division thereof, or to the production and manufacture of useful articles and supplies for said institutions, or for any public institution owned or managed and controlled by the State, or any political division thereof. Third grade. Seo. 101. The labor of prisoners of the third grade shall be directed to such exercise as shall tend to the preservation of health, or they shall be employed in labor for the State, or a political division thereof, or in the manufacture of such useful articles and supplies as are needed and used in the said institutions, and in the public institutions owned or managed and controlled by the State, or any political division thereof. State use sys- Seo. 102. All convicts sentenced to State prisons, reformatories and peni-\ ™' tentiaries in the State, shall be employed for the State, or a political divi- sion thereof, or in productive industries for the benefit of the State, or the political divisions thereof, or for the use of public institutions owned or managed and controlled by the State, or the political divisions thereof, which shall be under rules and regulations for the distribution and diver- sification thereof, to be established by the State commission of prisons. Order ol sup- Seo. 103. The labor of the convicts in the State prisons and reformato- P'y- ries in the State, after the necessary labor for and manufacture of all needed supplies, for said institutions, shall be primarily devoted to the State and the public buildings and institutions thereof, and the manufacture of sup- plies for the State, and public institutions thereof, and secondly to the political divisions of the State, and public institutions thereof; and the labor of the convicts in the penitentiaries, after the necessary labor for and manufacture of all needed supplies for the same, shall be primarily devoted to the counties, respectively, in which said penitentiaries are lo- cated, and the towns, cities and villages therein, and to the manufacture of supplies for the public institutions of the counties, or the political divi- sions thereof, and secondly to the State and the public institutions thereof. Distribution of ' Seo. 104. It shall be the duty of the superintendent of State prisons to ndustrles. distribute, among the penal institutions under his jurisdiction, the labor and industries assigned by the commission to said institutions, due regard being had to the location and convenience of the prisons, and of the other institutions to be supplied, the machinery now therein, and the number of prisoners, in order to secure the best service and distribution of the labor OHAPTEE V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS NEW YORK. 727 and to employ the prisoners, so far as practicable, in occupations in which • they will be most likely to obtain, employment after their discharge from imprisonment; to change or dispose of the present plants and machinery in said institutions now used in industries which shall be discontinuedf, and which can not be used in the industries hereafter to be carried on in said prisons, due effort to be made by full notice to probable purchasers, in case of sales of industries or machinery, to obtain the best price possible for the property sold, and good will of the business to be discontinued. The superintendent of State prisons shall annually cause to be procured and transmitted to the legislature, with its annual report a statement show- ing in detail, the amount and quantity of each of the various articles manu- factured in the several penal institutions under his control and the labor performed by convicts therein, and of the disposition thereof. Sec. 104a. No printing or photo-engraving shall be done in any State Printing and prison, penitentiary or reformatory for the State or any political division engraving, thereof, or for any public institution owned or managed and controlled by the State or any such political division except such printing as may be required for or used in the penal and State charitable institutions, and the reports of the State commission of prisons and the superintendent of the prisons, and all printing required in their offices. Sec. 105 (as amended by chapter 447, Acts of 1903). The superintend- a rticles lor ent of State prisons, and the superintendents of reformatories and peniten- State use. tiaries, respectively, are authorized and directed to cause to be manufac- tured by the convicts in the prisons, reformatories and penitentiaries, such articles as are needed and used therein, and also such as are required by the State or political divisions thereof, and in the buildings, offices and public institutions owned or managed and controlled by the State, includ- ing articles and materials to be used in the erection of the buildings. All such articles manufactured in the State prisons, reformatories and peni- tentiaries, and not required for use therein, shall be of the styles, patterns, designs and qualities fixed by the board of classification, and may be fur- nished to the State, or to any political division thereof, or for or to any public institution owned or managed and controlled by the State, or any political division thereof, at and for such prices as shall be fixed and deter- prioes. mined as hereinafter provided, upon the requisitions of the proper officials, trustees or managers thereof. No article so manufactured shall be pur chased from any other source, for the State or public institutions of the State, or the political divisions thereof, unless said State commission of prisons shall certify that the same can not be furnished upon such requi- sition, and no claim therefor shall be audited or paid without such cer- tificate. Sec. 107 (as amended by chapter 447, Acts of 1903). The fiscal super- Board ot claa- visor of State charities, the State commission of prisons and the superin- aiflcation. tendent of State prisons and the lunacy commission are hereby consti- tuted a board to be known as the board of classification. Said board shall fix and determine the prices at which all labor performed, and all articles manufactured in the charitable institutions managed and controlled by the State and in the penal institutions in this State, and furnished to the State, or the political divisions thereof, or to the public institutions thereof, shall be furnished, which prices shall be uniform to all, except that the prices for goods or labor furnished by the penitentiaries to or for the county in which they are located, or the political divisions thereof, shall be fixed by the board of supervisors of such counties, except New York and Kin^s counties, in which the prices shall be fixed by the commissioners of chari- ties and correction, respectively. The prices shall be as near the usual market price for such laoor and supplies as possible. * * * Sec. 108. Every prisoner confined in the state prisons, reformatories Earnings, and penitentiaries, who shall become entitled to a diminution of his term of sentence by good conduct, may, in the discretion of the agent and war- den, or of the superintendent of the reformatory, or superintendent of the penitentiary, receive compensation from the earnings of the prison or re- formatory or penitentiary in which he is confined, such compensation to be graded by the agent and warden of the prison for the prisoners therein, ana the superintendent of the reformatory and penitentiary, for the pris- oners therein, for the time such prisoner may work, but in no case shall the compensation allowed to such convicts exceed in amount ten per cen- tum of the earnings of the prison or reformatory or penitentiary in which 728 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. they are confined. The difference in the rate of compensation shall be based both on the pecuniary value of the work performed, and also on the willingness, industry and good conduct of such prisoner; * * * Use of earn- Seo. 110. The amount of such surplus standing on the books of the prison, '"gs. to the credit of any prisoner may be drawn by the prisoner during his imprisonment, only upon the certified approval of the superintendent of State prisons for disbursement by the agent and warden pf said prison or superintendent of said reformatory to aid dependent relatives of such pris- oner, or for books, instruments and instruction not supplied by the prison to the men of his grade, or may with the approval of the said superintendent of State prisons be so disbursed without the consent of such prisoner, but no portion tnereof shall be disbursed for indulgences of food, clothing, or orna- ment beyond the common condition of the others in his class in the prison at the time. And any balance to the credit of any prisoner at the time of his conditional release as provided by this act, shall be subject to the draft of the prisoner in such sums and at such times as the superintendent of State prisons shall approve; but, at the date of the absolute discharge of any prisoner the whole amount of credit balance as aforesaid shall be sub- ject to his draft at his pleasure: Provided, That any prisoner violating his conditional release, when the violation is formally declared by the board of commissioners of paroled prisoners, or by the board of managers of said reformatory shall thereby forfeit any credit balance; and the amount there- of shall be transferred to the fund m aid of discharged prisoners, as herein provided for fines imposed, except such portion thereof as may be applied to pay the expense of- his recapture * * * Work on high- Sec. 118. The superintendent of State prisons m^,y employ or cause to ways. ije employed, not to exceed three hundred of the convicts confined in each State prison in the improvement of the public highways, within a radius of thirty miles from such prison and outside of an incorporated city or village. Report on em- S^"- ^23. The commissioner of statistics of labor, by virtue of the pow- ployment. ers heretofore conferred upon him, shall ascertain forthwith the number of persons within the State employed in manufacturing brooms and brushes made of broom corn, in every factory, shop or other place of employment of which he shall have or obtain any knowledge or information, or of which the address shall be furnished to him, and on or before the first day of June next shall make, certify and transmit to the governor, a tabulated statement of the location of every such factory, shop or place of employ- ment, the names of the respective proprietors or employers, and the num- ber of persons employed in manufacturing said kind of goods in each place of employment, including in a distinct schedule the number of prisoners actually employed in manufacturing said kind of goods in the several prisons, reformatories, penitentiaries and other penal institutions. Limitation. Sec. 124. In case it appears from such enumeration that the total num- ber of prisoners employed in manufacturing said kind of goods exceeds five per centum of the total number of persons within the State employed in manufacturing such goods, the governor shall require the managing authori- ties of any one or more of such penal institutions to discontipue such em- ployment, wholly or in part, as he shall direct, and failure or refusal on the part of any officer to comply with such requirement shall be cause for removal. New enumera- Sec. 125. Whenever the governor shall deem a new enumeration neces- "■ sary or proper, he shall require the said commissioner to make and report the same in the manner hereinbefore prescribed, and shall take action there- upon, as above provided. Application of Sec. 127. The managers of the New York State reformatory at Elmira, ^^^- and the managing authorities of all the penitentiaries or other penal insti- tutions in this State, are hereby authorized and directed to conduct the labor of prisoners therein, respectively, in like manner and under like re- strictions, as labor is authorized by sections ninety-seven and ninety- eight of this act, as hereby amended, to be conducted in State prisons. Form of sen- Sec. 157 (as amended by chapter 137, Acts of 1903). A sentence to "^^ imprisonment in a State prison for a definite fixed period of timeis a definite sentence. A sentence to imprisonment in a State prison having minimum and maximum limits fixed by the court is an indeterminate sentence. Every convict confined under a definite sentence in any State prison or peni- tentiary in this State, on a conviction of a felony or misdemeanor, whether CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS NEW YORK. 729 male or female, where the terms or term equal or equals one^ year, exclusive Deductions of any term which maybe imposed by the court or bj statute as an alterna- ''°™ *''™'- tiye to the payment of a fine, or a term of life imprisonment, may earn for himself or herself a commutation or diminution of his or her sentence or sentences as follows, namely, two months for the first year, two months for the second year, four months each for the third and fourth years, and five months for each subsequent year. COUNTY CONVICTS. Revised Statutes — 1901. Page 8^0. Section 93. * * * Such keeper [of county jails] shall cause each Labor re- prisoner committed to his jail for imprisonment under sentence, to be con- quired, stantly employed at hard labor when practicable, during every day, except Sunday, and the board of supervisors of the county, or judge of the county, may prescribe the kind of labor at which such prisoner shall be employed; and the keeper shall account, at least annually, with the board of super- visors of the county, for the proceeds of such labor. Such keeper may, with the consent of the board of supervisors of the county, or the county judge, from time to time, cause such of the convicts under his charge as are capable of hard labor, to be employed outside of the jail in the same, or in an adjoining countf^, upon such terms as may be agreed upon between the keepers and the officers, or persons, under whose direction such con- victs shall be placed, subject to such regulations as the board or judge may prescribe; and the board of supervisors of the several counties are author- ized to employ convicts under sentence to confinement in the county jails, in building and repairing penal institutions of the county and in building and repairing the highways in their respective counties or in pre- paring the materials for such Highways for sale to and for the use of such counties or towns, villages and cities therein; and to make rules and regu- lations for their employment ; and the said board of supervisors are hereby authorized to cause money to be raised by taxation for the purpose of furnishing materials and carrying this p.rovision into effect; and the courts of this State are hereby authorized to sentence convicts committed to detention in the county jails to such hard labor as may be provided for them by the boards of supervisors. Page S761. Section 203. It shall be the duty of the superintendents of county Discharge, penitentiaries to furnish to each convict, male or female, who shall have ' been convicted of a felony, and imprisoned in said penitentiaries, * * *^ upon their discharge from prison, by pardon or otherwise, necessary cloth- ing not exceeding twelve dollars in value, except for the time between the first day of November and the first day of April, when clothing not ex- ceeding eignteen dollars in value may be given; and a sum of money not exceeding, on an average, five dollars, as said superintendent may deem proper and necessary; and the sum of four cents for each mile which it may be necessary for each convict to travel to reach his or her place of residence within this State, and if such convict has no residence within the State, to the place of his or her conviction. Acts of 1901. Ohap'er 466. Section 700. Every inmate bf an institution under the charge of the New York City, commissioner [of corrections, of the City of New York], whose age and health will permit, shall be employed in quarrying or cutting stone, or in Employment cultivating land under the control of the commissioner, or in manuf actur- o£ convicts. ing such articles as may be required for ordinary use in the institutions under the control of the commissioner, or for the use of any department of the City of New York, or in preparing and building sea walls upon islands or other places belonging to fae City of New York upon which public insti- tutions now are or may hereafter be erected, or in public works carried on by 730 REPOKT OF THE OOMMISSIOWEE OF LABOB. any department of the city, or at such mechanical or other labor as shall be found from experience to be suited to the capacity of the individual. The articles raised or manufactured by such labor shall be subject to the order of and shall be placed under the control of the commissioner, and shall be utiUzed in the institutions under his charge or in some other department of the city. All the lands under the jurisdiction of the commissioner not otherwise occupied or utilized, and which are capable of cultivation shall in the discretion of the commissioner be used for agricultural purposes. Public bund- Seo. 701. At the request of any of the heads of the administrative ingsandgrounds. departments of the City of New York (who are hereby empowered to make such request) the commissioner of correction may detail and designate any inmate or inmates of any of the institutions in the department of cor- rection to perform work, labor and services in and upon the grounds and building or in and upon any public work or improvement under the charge of such other department. And such inmates when so employed shall at all times be under the personal oversight and direction of a keeper or keepers from the department of correction, but no inmate of any correc- tional institution shall be employed in any ward of any hospital, except hospitals in penal institutions, while such ward is being used for hospital purposes. The provisions of this act or of law requiring advertisement for bids or proposals, or the awarding of contracts, for work to be done or supplies to be furnished for any of said departments shall not be appli- cable to public work which may be done or to the supplies which may be furnished under the provisions of the prison law. Hours ot labor. Seo. 702. The hours of labor required of any inmate of any institution under the charge of the commissioner shall be fixed by the commissioner. In case any person confined in any institution in the department shall neglect or refuse to perform the work allotted to him by the officer in charge Enloroe m e n t of such institution, or shall willfully violate the niles and regulations of rules, etc. established by the commissioner or resist and disobey any lawful command, or in case any such person shall offer violence to any such officer or to any other prisoner, or shall do or attempt to do any injury to such institution or the appurtenances thereof or any property therein, or shall attempt to escape, or shall combine with any one or more persons for any of the aforesaid purposes, the officer or officers of such institution shall use all the suitable means to defend themselves, to enforce discipline, to secure the persons of the offenders and to prevent any such attempt or escape, and it shall be the duty of the officer in charge of such institution in which such person or persons is or are confined to punish him or them by solitary confinement, and by being fed on bread and water only, for such length of time as may be considered necessary; but no other form of punishment shall be imposed, and no officer of any such institution shall inflict any blows whatever upon any prisoner except in self-defense or to suppress a revolt or insurrection. In every case the officer imposing such punishment shall forthwith report the same to the commissioner and notify the phy- sician of the institution. It shall be the duty of such physician to visit the persqn so confined and to examine daily into the state of his health vmtil he shall be released from sohtary confinement and return to' labor, and to report to the commissioner and to the officer in charge of such institu- tion whenever in his judgment the health of the prisoner shall require that he should be released. NORTH CABOIilNA. STATE CONVICTS. Constitution. Article 11. Legal punisli- Section 1. The following punishments only shall be known to the laws ments. ^j ^j^^ State, viz: Death, imprisonment with or without hard labor, fines, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of Hard labor, honor, trust or profit under this State. The foregoing provision forTmpris- onment with hard labor shall be construed to authorize the employment of such convict labor on public works or highways, or other labor for public benefit, and the farming out thereof, where, and in such manner as may be provided by law; but no convict shall be farmed out who has been sen- CHAPTEB V. CONVICT LABOE LAWS NOBTH CAROLINA. 731 tenced on a charge of murder, manslaughter, rape, attempt to commit rape, or arson: Provided, That no convict whose labor may be farmed out shall be punished for any failure of duty as a laborer, except by a responsible ofiScer of the State; but the convicts so farmed out shall be at all times under the supervision and control, as to their government and discipline, of the penitentiary board or some officer of this State. Sec. 6. It shall be required, by competent legislation, that the structure Sexes to be sep- and superintendence of penal institutions of the State, the county jails, arate. and city police prisons, secure the health and comfort of the prisoners, and that male and female prisoners be never confined in the same room or cell. Eevisal op 1905. Section 1358. In addition to the convicts mentioned in section one Hiring convicts thousand three hundred and fifty-five, the board of directors of the State's to counties, prison is authorized and directed to furnish to the authorities of any county within the State, convicts, not exceeding twenty-five in number during any one year, for the purpose of working the public roads in said county. The said convicts shall be at all times under the supervision and control as to their government and discipline of the*board of directors of the State's prison as in case of hiring convicts to railroad companies. Any county applying for convicts under this chapter shall erect suitable stockades for their safe-keeping and protection, and shall pay the expense of their trans- portation from and to the State's prison. Sec. 5384. The State's prison of North Carolina shall be governed and Boardofdlreot- controUed by a board of directors which shall consist of a chairman and four ""^■ other memljers, to be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate. * * * Sec. 5390. The board of directors shall have charge of and, through its Duties, agents and employees, hold and manage all the property and effects of the corporation, and conduct the operation of all its aSairs. The board of directors may adopt and enforce such rules and regulations for the govern- ment of the institution, its agents and employees, and the convicts therein confined, as to them may seem just and proper. Sec. 5391. * * * It shall also provide for the employment of such Employment of convicts, either in the prison or on farms leased or owned by the corpora^ convicts, tion; and may contract for the hire or employment of any able-bodied convicts, not necessary to be detwned in the prison, near Raleigh, upon such terms as may be just and fair to the corporation, but such convicts, when so hired or employed, shall remain under the actual management, control and care of the board of directors or its employees, agents and servants; but no female convict shall be worked on public roads or streets. * * * Seo. 5401. The board of directors is authorized to adopt such rules and Rules, etc. regulations for enforcing discipline as their judgment may indicate, not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the State. And they shall print and post the same with the following section, in the cells of the con- victs, and the same shall be read to every convict in the State's prison when received. Note. — Tlie punishments used are the dark cell and corporal punishment. , Seo. 5402. The board of directors shall require to be kept a book in which Deductions shall be entered a record of every infraction of the published rules of disci- '™™ t^"™- pline with the name of the prisoner so guilty, and the punishment inflicted therefor, which record shall be submitted to the directors at their monthly meeting; and every prisoner who may have been sentenced for a term of years, who shall at the end of each month have no infraction of the disci- pline soTecorded against him, shall for each month be entitled to a diminu- tion of five days from the term of his sentence, and for every ten days [to which] he shall thus become entitled, he shall have a further reward of one dollar placed to his credit, with the warden, to be. paid to him on his dis- charge or sent to his family, as he may elect; and for every five dollars of commutation he shall be entitled to five additional days' diminution; and it shall be the duty of the warden to discharge such convict from the peni- tentiary when he shall have served the time of his sentence less the number of days he may be entitled to have deducted therefrom, in the same manner as if no deduction had been made; but if such convict shall be guilty of a violation of the printed and published rules of the prison after he shall have become entitled to a diminution of his term of service to which he has been 732 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE. sentenced, the directors shall have the power to deprive, at their discretion, such convict of a portion or all (according to the flagrance of such violation of discipline) of the diminution of term of sentence or commutation to which he had previously been by this section entitled. Any convict who shall make an assault on any officer, overseer or guard, or wno shall be engaged in an irisurrection, or make an attempt to escape, shall not be entitled to the benefits of this section. Commutation. Seo. 5403. The directors of the State's prison are authorized to make rules and regulations for a reasonable commutation in money to be given convicts as a reward for good conduct during the term of their imprisonment. Transporta- Sbo. 5404. The superintendent of the State's prison shall furnish to every tio'i- convict, upon the expiration of his term of imprisomnent, a certificate of transportation or railroad ticket to the county in which such convict was convicted, or to any other county less distant, which such convict may des- ignate, and in which the State's prison may not have convicts employed, and shall pay the cost thereof out of commutation money, if there be any to the credit of such convict, under the provision of this chapter; and the superintendent shall so countersign such certificates or tickets as to render them nontransferable, and shall compel every convict, as the proper holder thereof, to take passage upon the train or steamboat bound for the destina- tion of such convict. Beligious in- Qeo. 6405. The board of directors is authorized to provide for divine s ruction. service for the convicts each Sunday, if possible, and to secure the visits of some minister at the hospital to -administer to the spiritual wants of the sick, and an appropriation of not more than fiive hundred dollars per annum may be made for these purposes. * * * Hiring to ooun- Sec. 5410. It shall be lawful for the board of commissioners of any county, *'®®' and likewise for the corporate authorities of any city or town, to contract in writing with the board of directors of the State's prison for the employ- ment of such convicts as by existing laws may be hired to railroad compa^ nies, upon the highways or streets for the construction or improvement of the same, of the county, city or town whose authorities shall so hire such convicts. Note.— No law for the luring of convicts to railroad companies appears in the revisal of 1905. The Code of 1^ provided for such hiring of able-bodied convicts, with the constitutiongil exceptions (art. 11, sec. 1, above). Same subject. Sec. 6411. Upon application to them it shall be the duty of the board of directors of the State's prison to hire to tfie board of commissioners of any county, and to the corporate authorities of any city or town, for the purpose specified in the preceding section, such convicts as may lawfully be hired for service outside the State's prison, as shall not at the time of such appli- cation be so hired; but the convicts hired for service upon the highways and streets shall be fed, clothed, and quartered, while so employed by the' board of directors or managers of the State's prison, as in case of the hiring of convicts to railroad companies, hired convtots °' ^^'^- ^13. The board of commissioners of any county, and the corporate authorities of any city or town so hiring such convicts, shall have power to appoint and remove at wiU all such necessary agents to superintend the construction or improvement of such highways and streets as they may deem proper, * * * fo? young ooS Sec. 6414. There may be established in connection with the North Caro- viots. lina State's prison, under the control and direction of the board of directors of that institution, a reformatory either within the inclosure of the peniten- tiary or elsewhere as said board shall deem most practicable and econom- ical, in which reformatory convicts under the age of fifteen years sentenced Clothing. *° '^® penitentiary shall be confined separate and apart from other convicts. Sbo. 6415. It shall be in the discretion of the board to exempt the con- victs confined in the reformatory from the requirement of wearing the usual convict garb. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS NORTH CAROLINA, 733 COUNTY CONVICTS. Revisal of 1905. Section 1318. The board- of commissioners of the several counties shall Highway la^ have power — ^°'- ****** :f 11. To provide for the employment on the highway or public works in the county of all persons condemned to imprisonment with hard labor, and not sent to the penitentiary. * * * * ilp ifi H: Seo. 1352. The board of commissioners of the several counties, within Labor on their respective jurisdictions, or such other county authorities therein ^^ ^''™®''*' ^'<'- may be established, and the mayor and intendant of the several cities and towns of the State, shall have power to provide under such rules and regu- lations as they may deem best for the employment on the public streets, public highways, public works, or other labpr for individuals or corpora- tions, of all persons imprisoned In the jails of their respective counties, cities and towns, upon conviction of any crime or misdemeanor, or who may be committed to jail for failure to enter into bond for keeping the peace or for good behavior, and who fail to pay all the costs which they are adjudged to pay, or to give good and sufficient security therefor: Provided, Such pris- oner or convict shall not be detained beyond the time fixed by the judg- ment of the court: Provided further, The amount realized from hiring out such persons shall be credited to them for the fine and bill of costs m all cases of conviction: Provided also. It shall not be lawful to farm out any such convicted person who may be imprisoned for the nonpayment of a fine, or as punishment imposed for the offense of which he may have been convicted, unless the court before whom the trial is had shall in its judg- ment so authorize. Sec. 1354. All convicts hired or farmed out by the county or other munic- Control, ipal authorities shall at all times be under the supervision and control, as to their government and discipline, of the sheriff, or his deputy, of the county in which they were convicted and imprisoned, and the sheriff, or his deputy, shall be deemed a State officer for the purpose of this section. Seo. 1355. When any county has made provision for the working of con- Sentence to la- victs'upon the public roads, or when any number of counties have jointly °'' made provision for working convicts upon the pubUc roads, it shall be law- ful for, and the duty of the judge holding court m such counties, to sentence to imprisonment at hard labor on the pubhc roads for such terms as are now prescribed by law for their imprisonment in the county jail or in the . State's prison, the following classes of convicts: First, all persons convicted of offenses the punishment whereof would otherwise be wholly, or in part, imprisonment in the common jail; second, aU persons convicted of crimes the punishment whereof would otherwise wholly or in part be imprison- ment in the State's prison for a term not exceeding ten years. In such counties there may also be worked on the public roads^ in like manner, all persons sentenced to imprisonment in jail by any magistrate, and also all msolvents who shall be imprisoned by any court in said counties for non- payment of costs in criminal causes may be retained in imprisonment and worked on the public roads until they shall have repaid the county to the extent of the half fees charged up against the county for each person tak- ing the insplvent oath. * * * Sec. IsSe. The convicts sentenced to hard labor upon the public roads, tj^'""?'*^* *"3 under the provisions of the preceding section, shall be under the control of tjoi the county authorities, and the county authorities shall have power to enact all needful rules and regulations for the successful working of convicts upon the pubhc roads: Provided, The county commissioners shall have power to work such convicts on the public roads or in canaling the main drains and swamps or on other public work of the county. Seo. 1360. The board of commissioners may, when they deem it neces- Houses ol cor- sary, establish within their respective counties, one or more convenient "''"°"- houses of correction, with workshops and other suitable bmldings for the safe-keeping, correcting, governing, and employir^ of offenders legally committed thereto. "They may also, to that end, procure machinery and material suitable for such employment in said houses, or on the premises: and moreover attach thereto a farm or farms; and all lands purchased 734 BEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. Directors. Manager. Buties ot man' ager. Fines costs. Female victs. for the purposes aforesaid, shall vest in the directors hereinafter provided for, and their successors in office. The said board shall also have power to make, from time to time, such rules and regulations as it may deem proper, for the kind and mode of labor, and the general management of the said houses. Seo. 1364. The board of commissioners shall, annually, appoint not less than five nor more than nine directors for each house of correction which may be established, whose duty it shall be to superintend and direct the manager hereinafter named in the discharge of his duties; to visit said houses at least once ia every three months; to see that the laws, rules and regulations relating thereto are duly executed and enforced, and that the persons committed to his charge are properly cared for, and not abused or oppressed. * * * Sbo. 1366. The board of commissioners shall appoint a manager for each house or establishment, * * * He shall hold his office during the pleasure of the board, and be at all times under the supervision of the directors; *= * * Seo. 1367. The manager shall assigi to each person sent to the work- house the kind of w6rk in wMch such person is to be employed. md Sec. 2937. In all cases where judgments may be entered up agaiost any person for fines, according to the laws and ordmances of any incorporated town, and the person against whom the same is so adjudged refuse.^ or is unable to pay such judgment, it may and shall be lawful for the mayor be- fore whom such judgment is entered, to order and require such person, so convicted, to work on the streets or other public works, until, at fair rates of wages, such person shall have worked out the fuU amount of the judgment and costs of the prosecution; and all sums received for such fines shall be paid into the treasury. No woman shall be worked on the streets, con- Seo. 3596. If any officer, either judicial, executive or ministerial, shall order or require the working of any female on the streets or roads in any group or chain gang in this State, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. NOBTH DAKOTA. STATE CONVICTS. Codes— 1899. from term. Control. Section 8518. The penitentiary * * * shall * * * be gov- erned by a separate board of trustees consisting of five members to be appointed by the governor * * * Deductions Sec. 8542. Every person committed to the State penitentiary under sentence other than for life, who shall have no infraction of the rules and regulations of the prison or laws of the State recorded against him, shall be entitled to a deduction from the term of the sentence for each year, or pro rata for any part of a year, when the sentence is for more or less than one year, as follows: From and including the first year up to the third year, a deduction of two months for each year; from and including the third year, up to the fifth year, a deduction of seventy-five days for each year; from and including the fifth year and up to the seventh year, a deduction of three months for each year; from and mcluding the seventh year up to the elev- enth year, a deduction of one hundred and five days for each year' from and including the eleventh year up to the period fixed for the expiration of the sentence, a deduction of four months for each year; * * * Sec. 8544. Whenever any inmate of the penitentiary, by continued good behavior, diligence in labor or study or otherwise, shall surpass the general average of the inmates, he may be compensated therefor at the discretion of the governor in addition to the diminution of the term of his sentence hereinbefore provided for, upon the recommendation in writing of the board of trustees, either by the further diminution of the term of his sentence, or by the payment of money or by both. Sec. 8546. AH persons sentenced to the punishment of imprisonment in the penitentiary and committed thereto shall be constantly employed for the benefit of the State. * * * Seo. 8548. The daily sustenance of the inmates of the penitentiary not in the hospital, shall consist of wholesome coarse food, with such propor- tions of meats and vegetables as the warden shall deem best for the health of the iimiates. Extra commu- tation. Employment. Food. OHAPTEE V. — CONVICT LABOR LAWS — KOBTH DAKOTA. 735 Sec. 8549. The clothine and bedding of the inmates shall be of such ciotUng, etc. quality and quantity as the warden may direct, regard being had to their health and comfort. Sbo. 8552. The warden and aU ofiBcers of the penitentiary shall uniformly Treatment, treat the inmates thereof with kindness, and the warden shall require of the officers and guards that, in the execution of their respective duties, they shall in all cases refrain from boisterous and unbecoming language in giving their orders and commands. There shall be no corporal or other paiSul or PunlBhment unusual ptmishment inflicted upon the inmates of the penitentiary for violation of the rules and regulations thereof. Note. — Con&aement in cell (not dark) and loss of good time are tlie forma of pun- ishment used. Seo. 8553. Every person committed to the penitentiary shall, when dis- Discharge, charged, be provided with a defcent suit of clothes and a sum of money, not to exceed five dollars, and also transportation to the place where he received sentence. He may be allowed employment at or ia the penitentiary, under the rules and regulations estabhsied for the government of the inmates, for such period of tune and at such rate of compensation, as the warden shall deem proper and eqmtable: Provided, That any person so discharged who has no infractions of the rules recorded against him, may be employed by any lessee of the workshop at the penitentiary for such time and for such wages and in such manner as may be agreed upon and approved by the warden: Provided, however, That no person discharged from the peniten- . tiary shall, in any way, be given supervision or authority over any inmate thereof. Seo. 8554. If the warden shall at any time deem it for the interest of the Labor outside State, he may employ the inmates of the penitentiary outside the yard prison grounds, thereof in cultivating and improving aay ground belonging thereto or in doing any work necessary to be done in the prosecution of the business of the penitentiary, or iu the erection, repair or improvement of any or all the State buildings at Bismarck including the executive mansion, and the grounds of such buildings and mansion; * * * Seo. 8556. The board of trustees of the penitentiary are hereby em- Power to pa- powered to parole persons confined in the pemtentiary and not hereinafter ^^■ excepted and to establish rules and regulations under which such persons may be allowed to go upon parole outside of the buildings and inclosures thereof. The rules and regulations as established by the board of trustees shall not take effect until submitted to and approved by the governor. Seo. 8557. The following-described persons shall not under any circum- Certainparoles stances be paroled from the pemtentiary: proMbited. 1. A person convicted and sentenced for the crime of murder either in the first or second degree. 2. A person finally convicted, in any jurisdiction, of a felony other than that for which he is being punished. 3. A person who has not served the minimum time of imprisonment prescribed by law for the crime of which he was convicted. 4. A person who has not maintained a good record at the penitentiary for at least six months previous to his parole. Seo. 8558. No parole shall be granted to any person confined in the conditions, penitentiary unless — 1. The Varden ui writing recommends his parole to the board of trustees. 2. At least four members of the board of trustees approve and indorse said recommendation. 3. The governor approves and endorses such recommendation. 4. The friends of such person have furnished satisfactory evidence to the board of trustees, in writing, that employment has been secured for him with some responsible citizen of the State and certified to be such by the judge of the county court of the county where such citizen resides. 5. The board of trustees is convinced that he will conform to the rules and regulations adopted by said board. Sec. 8559. It shall not be lawful for the warden, the board of trustees or Grounds, the governor or any or either of them in considering or recommending the parole of any person confined in the pemtentiary to receive, hear or enter- tain any petition or any argument of attorneys, but the only ground for such recommendation shall be such person's general demeanor and record of good conduct at the pemtentiary. 736 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Twine plant Sec. 8562. The board of trustees of the State penitentiary is hereby- authorized and empowered to estaWish a hard fiber twine and corttage plant at the said penitentiary and to operate the same for the beneht ol me State in the manner hereinafter prescribed. j ^ t Saleoftwine. Sec. 8567 (as amended by chapter 198, Acts of 1901). The product of said twine and cordage plant shall be disposed of by the board of trustees ot said penitentiary, under regulations to be prescribed by them, subject only to the following restrictions, viz: The board of trustees of said penitentia^, at its regular meeting held in the month of February in each year, shall fax prices at which the product of the plant shall be sold during that season, such prices to be based on the cost of the product and the demand tor it; prices for carload lots may, in their discretion, be fixed at not more than one-half cent per pound under prices for.smaller lots; the product shall be sold only to those Uving in the State and intending and agreeing to use it or sell it for use in the State; the price of the product of the plant so estab- lished at the February meeting of the board of trustees shall continue to be the price for the season, unless it shall become evident to the board that the price so established is such that it will prevent the sale of the product, or such that the State will not receive a fair price, based on the market value of like product, in which cases a change in price can be made at any regular meeting of said board thereafter held. Brick. Sec. 8571. The board of trustees of the penitentiary of this State is hereby authorized and empowered to employ the convict labor of the State, or so much thereof as can not be preferably otherwise employed, in the manufacture of brick, with which they are to make needed repairs, additions, or improvements on the public buildings of the State. Work on high- Sec. 8573. Such trustees are authorized and empowered to employ so ways, etc. much of said labor as they may deem necessary in macadamizing or other- wise improving the roads and streets used as approaches to the penitentiary, State capitol or other public institutions within the State, and in making such improvements such board is authorized to contract indebtedness not exceeding one thousand dollars in any one year, which shall be paid out of any money that may be received from any contract now existing or that may hereafter be made for the employment of such labor. Sale of brick. Sec. 8574. Such board of trustees shall dispose of said brick manufac- tured as in this article provided, as they may be directed by the governor. State auditor and secretary of state, who are hereby created a board with authority to dispose of any brick manufactured by convict labor, according to their best judgment, and for the interests of the State, at such prices as said board may provide. The receipts of such sales shall be turned over to the trustees aforesaid and used in payment of the expenses incurred in con- nection with the manufacture of brick or building, or improving roads and streets as hereinbefore provided. Contracts pro- Sec. 8574a. No person in any prison, penitentiary or other place of con- hlbited. finement of offenders in this State, shall be required or allowed to work while under sentence thereto, at any trade, industry or occupation wherein or whereby his work, or the product or profit of his work, shall be farmed out, contracted and given, or sold to any person, firm, association or cor- poration ; but this section shall not be so construed so as to prevent the product of the labor of convicts from being disposed of to the State, or any political division thereof, or to any public institution owned or managed by the State or any political division thereof for their" own use; Provided, That nothing in this act shall prohibit the use of convict labor by the State in carrying on any farming operations or in the manufacture of brick, twine or cordage, or prohibits the State from disposing of the proceeds of such enter- prises. COUNTY CONVICTS. Codes— 1899. Employment. Section 8622. Whenever any person shall be confined in any jail pur- suant to the sentence of any court, if such sentence or any part thereof shall be that he be confined at hard labor, the sheriff of the county in which such person shall be confined shall furnish such convict with suitable tools and materials to work with, it, in the opinion of the said sheriff, the said convict can be profitably employed either in the jail or yard thereof, and the expense of said tools and materials shall be defrayed by the county in which said CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOK LAWS WOETH DAKOTA. 737 convict shall be confined, and said county shall be entitled to his earnings. And the said sheriff, if in his opinion the said convict can be more profitably employed outside of said jail or yard, either for the county or for any munic- ipality in said county, it shall be his duty so to employ said convict either in work on public streets or highways or otherwise, and in so doing he shall take all necessary precautions to prevent said convict's escape, by ball and chain or otherwise, and fifty per cent of the profits of such employment, after paying all expenses incident thereto, may be retained by said sheriff as his fees therefor, the balance to be paid into the treasury of the proper county to the credit of the general fund; and when a convict is imprisoned in the county jail for nonpayment of a fine he may be employed by said sheriff as provided in this chapter; and in case any convict employed out- side of the jail yard shall escape, he shall be deemed to have escaped from the jail proper. Sec. 8626. For every day's labor performed by any convict under the Credits, provisions of this chapter, there shall be credited on any judgment for fine and costs against him the sum of two dollars. Sec. 8629. If any person confined in any jail upon a conviction or charge Punishment. of any offense is refractory or disorderly, or if he willfully destroys or injures any article of bedding or other furniture, door or window or any other part of such prison, the sheriff of the county after due inquiry, may chain and secure such person, or cause him to be kept in solitary confinement not more than three days for any one offense; and during such solitary confinement he may be fed with bread and water only, unless other food is necessary for the preservation of his health. OHIO. STATE CONVICTS. Annotated Statutes — 1900. Section 633-4. It shall be unlawful for any board of trustees or other Certain manu- board or authority having the control and management of any penal, reform- j^^'^^^ lorbid- atory or charitable institution or asylum, to contract with any person, firm or corporation for the manufacture of knit or woolen goods, or to establish any mill or manufactory for the manufacture of said goods by the inmates of any such institution: Provided, however, That nothing herein shall be construed so as to prevent the board of trustees or other board or authority having the control or management of any penal, reformatory or charitable institution or asylum belonging to the State, from either contracting for or engaging in the manufacture of such goods solely for the use of the inmates of such institutions, nor to prevent any such board or authority of any such institution under the management of any municipality or county from con- tracting for or engaging in the manufacture of such goods solely for the use of such institution. Sec. 633-7. It shall be the duty of the board of trustees of each of the Commission on benevolent and correctional institutions of Ohio, * * * to designate one ®^'^''^°S^^' ^*°* member of each of said boards to act and perform the duties of a commission composed of one member from each of said boards, for the purpose of formu- lating and adopting rules and methods for the interchange, valuation and use, so far as practicable, of the products of each and every one of said insti- tutions, by all other institutions of the State, benevolent, penal and reform- atory, and on adoption of said rules and methods by said commission, the same shall be submitted to each of said boards, and by said boards enforced. Sec. 633-9. Wherever there is or may be grown, made, manufactured or Goods made to in any way produced in one institution any article of food, raiment, or use, be supplied, which may be, or may be made available in the support or maintenance of any other institution, or of the inmates thereof, the same shall, so far as practicable, under said rules and methods so formulated and in force, be supplied by the institution growing, making, manufacturing or producing the same, to the other institutions of the State. Sec. 4364-46. All goods, wares, and merchandise made by convict labor Marking of in any penitentiary, prison, reformatory or other establishment in this or goods, any other State, in which convict labor is employed, and imported, brought or introduced into the State of Ohio, shall, before being exposed for sale, be branded, labeled or marked as hereinafter provided, and shall not be exposed for sale in any place within this State without such brand, label or mark. 9061—06 47 738 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. Defacement, etc., of label. Style. » Sec. 4364-47. The brand, label or mark hereby required shall contain at the head or top thereof the words " convict-made," followed by the year aiia name of the penitentiary, prison, reformatory or other establishment in which it was made, in plain English lettering, of the style known as great primer roman capitals. The brand or mark shall in all cases, where the nature of the article will permit, be placed upon the same, and only where such branding or marking is impossible shall a label be used and where a label is used it shall be in the form of a paper tag which shall be attached by wire to each article where the nature of the article will permit, and placed securely upon the box, crate or other covering m which such goods wares and merchandise may be packed, shipped or exposed for sale, baid ' brand, mark or label shall be placed upon the outside of and upon the most conspicuous part of the finished article and its box, crate or covering. Sec. 4364^48. It shall not be lawful for any person or persons dealing in this State, in any such convict-made goods, wares or merchandise, know- ingly to have the same in his or their possession for the purpose of sale, or to offer the same for sale without the brand, label or mark required by this act, or to remove, conceal or deface such brand, mark or label. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of labor statistics and the attorney-general to enforce the provisions of this act; and when, upon complaint or otherwise, the commissioner of labor statistics has reason to believe that this act is being violated, he shall advise the attorney-general of that fact, giving the information in support of his conclusions, and the attorney-general shall at once institute the proper legal proceedings to compel compliance with this act. Any person offending against the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding ten hundred dollars, nor less than fifty dollars, or be imprisoned for a term not exceeding twelve months, nor less than ten days, or both. Control. Sec. 7388-1. The government and control of the Ohio penitentiary and the prisoners sentenced thereto, shall be vested in a board of managers, to consist of five members, at least one of whom shall be a practical and skilled mechanic, * * * to be appointed by the governor, * * * by and with the advice and consent of the senate, * * * Employment. Sec. 7388-5. The prisoners in the above institution shall be employed by the State upon the plan and in the manner as follows, namely: It shall be competent for the managers to provide employment for any number of prisoners by an agreement with manufacturers and others to furnish ma- chinery, materials, etc., for the employment of the prisoners under the direction and immediate control of the managers and their ofiBcers; and the said managers shall make such rules as are necessary and proper for the classification of the labor of the prisoners on the piece or process plan or otherwise, and before making any contract therefor they ^all, if they deem best, advertise for bids for the product of such labor on the plan aforesaid, in one each of the newspapers published in Columbus, Cleveland and Cincinnati, once a week for at least four weeks; the adver- tisement shall specify the kind and quality of labor to be employed, and such other particulars as may be necessary. Each bid shall specify the amount bid for the product of such labor on the piece or process plan or otherwise: Provided, That convicts temporarily idle upon the passage of this act may be contracted for on the above plan without advertising. Each bid shall be accompanied with a bond with sureties to the satisfac- tion of the board that the bidder will comply with the terms of his bid if it be accepted. And said managers shall award the contract for the product of said labor to the best and most satisfactory bidder upon sufiicient security to the board for the faithful performance of the contract; but the board may reject any bid if it be against the interest of the State of [or] the wel- fare of the prisoners; but under no circumstances shall any contractor of [for] the product of convict labor have correctory supervision over or con- trol of the labor of the convict; and no contract shall be made that will bind the State to any system for a period exceeding five years; and it shall be competent for the managers to arrange with the employer of the prisoners under this act to pay for the labor of such number of laborers necessary to the conduct of the general business (when they are employed in con- nection with larger numbers of other prisoners working by tlie piece or process plan or otherwise), by the day or week, or otherwise, as may be on.roo^. but no arrangement shall be made or entered into by the board CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS OHIO. 739 for a longer period than one year, that will produce less than seventy cents per day for the labor of able-bodied convicts, excepting that convicts dur- ing the first year of their sentence, or those who are entii'ely unskilled, or disabled bj disease, or old age, cripples, females and minors, may be tem- porarily hired at less than the above rate, and all prisoners under the age of twenty-two years shall be employed when possible at hand work exclu- sively, for the purpose of acquiring a trade. The managers are required to employ all the prisoners that are necessary in making all articles for the various State institutions, not manufactured by such institutions, as far as practicable, and the institutions shall purchase and pay to the peniten- tiary the market price for all such articles. Sec. 7388-6. Every sentence to the penitentiary of a person hereafter Form of sen- convicted of a felony, except for murder in the second degree, who has not t^^^. previously been convicted of a felony and served a term in a penal institu- tion, may be, if the court having said case thinks it right and proper, a general sentence of imprisonment in the penitentiary. The term of^such imprisonment of any person so convicted and sentenced may be terminated by the board of managers, as authorized by this act; but such imprison- ment shall not exceed the maximum term provided by law for the crime of which the prisoner was convicted and sentenced; and no such prisoner shall be released until after he shall have served at least the minimum term provided by law for the crime of which he was convicted. * * * Seo. 7388-8. The board of managers shall, subject to the approval of Rules, the governor, make such rules and regulations for the government of pris- oners as shall best promote their reformation, and generally, as may from time to time appear to be necessary or promotive of the purposes of this act. They shall make provision for the separation or classification of prisoners, their division into different grades, with promotion and degra- dation according to merit, their employment and instruction in industry, their education, and for the conditional or absolute release of prisoners sentenced to imprisonment under section 5 [§(7388-6)] of this act, * * * Note. — Loss of privileges and solitary confinement are the forms of punishment used. In order that good behavior, fidelity and diligence in the performance Deductions of duty may be properly rewarded, each convict now confined in any from term, penal institution within the State, or who may hereafter be sentenced for a definite term other than for life, and who shall pass the entire period of his imprisonment without violation of the rules and discipline, except such as the board of managers shall excuse, will be entitled to diminish the period of sentence under the following rules and regulations: (a) A prisoner sentenced for a term of one year who has conducted himself as above provided, shall be allowed a deduction of five days from each of the twelve months of his sentence. (b) A prisoner sentenced for a term of two years who has conducted himself as above provided, shall be allowed a deduction of six days from each of the twenty-four months of his sentence. (c) A prisoner sentenced for a term of three years who has conducted himself as above provided, shall be allowed a deduction of eight days from each of the thirty-six months of his sentence. (d) A prisoner sentenced for a term of four years who has conducted himself as above provided, shall be allowed a deduction of nine days for each of the forty-eight months of his sentence. (e) A prisoner sentenced for a term of five years who has conducted himself as above provided, shall be allowed a deduction of ten days from each of the sixty months of his sentence. (J) A prisoner sentenced for a term of six years, or for any term of years longer than six, who has conducted himself as above provided, shall be allowed a deduction of eleven days from each of the months of his full sentence. (o) Any prisoner sentenced for a number of months or fraction of years shall be allowed the same time per month as is provided for the year next higher than maximum sentence. * * * Seo. 7388-9. Said board of managers shall have power to establish Power to pa- rules and regulations under which any prisoner who is now or hereafter role, may be imprisoned under a sentence other than for murder in the first or second degree, who. may have served a minimnm term provided by law 740 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. for the crime for which he was convicted (and who has not previously been convicted) of felony, and served a term in & penal institution, and any prisoner who is now or hereafter may be imprisoned under a sentence for murder in the first or second degree, and who has now or hereafter (shall have served under said sentence twenty-five full years), may be allowed to go upon parole outside of the buildings and inclosures. Parole. Sec. 7388-10. No prisoner confined in the Ohio penitentiary shall be considered eligible for parole, and no application for parole shall be con- sidered by the board of managers until such prisoner is recommended as worthy of such consideration by the warden and chaplain of the peniten- tiary; and before consideration by the board of managers notice of such recommendation shall be published for three successive weeks m two papers of opposite politics, in the county from which such prisoner was sentenced, provided, the expense of such publication shall not exceed one dollar to each paper, and in no case shall any prisoner be released, either conditionally or absolutely, xmless there is, in the judgment of the managers, reasonable ground to believe that he will, if released, live and remain at liberty without violating the law, and that his release is not incompatible with the welfare of society, and such judgment shall be based upon the record and character of the prisoner established in prison ; and no petition or other form of application for the release of any prisoner shall be entertained by the managers, and no attorneys or outside persons of any kind shall be allowed to appear before the board of managers as applicants for the parole of a prisoner, but these requirements shall not prevent the board of managers from making such inquiries as they may deem desirable in regard to the previous history or environment of such prisoner, or as to his probable surrounding if paroled, but such inquiries shall be instituted by the prison managers themselves, and all information thus received shall be considered and treated as confidential. Note. — Employment must be procured and the sum of $25 deposited before a parole Is allowed. Monthly reports are required, and the convict may not change emplojr- ment or residence without permission. Obedience to law and abstinence from Intoxi- cants are required. Credits from Sec. 7388-12. The warden is hereby authorized to have placed to the eammgs. credit of each prisoner (except those serving a life sentence, who may receive an amount of their earnings not to exceed five cents per day), such amount of his earnings as the board of managers may deem equitable and just; taking into account the character of the prisoner, the nature of the crime for which he is imprisoned, and his general deportment: Provided, That such credit shall in no case exceed twenty per cent of his earnings ; and the funds thus accruing to the credit of any prisoner shall be paid to him or his family at such time and in such manner as the board of managers may deem best: Provided, That at least twenty-five per cent of such earnings shall be kept for and paid to such prisoner at the time of his restoration to citizenship: And promded further, That the warden may, with the approval of the board of managers, by way of punishment for violation of rules, want of propriety, or any other misconduct, cancel such portion of such credit as he may deem best. Reformatory. Sec. 7388-17. * * * The government and control of the * * * Ohio State reformatory and of the prisoners sentenced thereto, shall be . vested in a board of managers to consist of six (6) members, and not more Control. than three (3) members of said board at any time shall belong to the same political party, to be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, * * * What convicts Sec. 7388-24. The said board of managers shall receive all male criminals admitted. between the ages of sixteen and thirty, and not known to have been previ- ously sentenced to a State prison in this or any other State, who shall be legally sentenced to said Ohio State reformatory, * * * Provided, That no person convicted of murder in the first or second degree shall be sentenced or transferred to said reformatory. Discipline. Sec. 7388-25. The discipline to be observed in said Ohio State reforma- tory shall be reformatory, and the managers shall have power to employ such means of reformation for the improvement of the inmates as they may deem expedient. Labor. The labor imposed upon inmates, or industrial pursuits prescribed for the employment of their time, shall also be at the discretion of the board of CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS OHIO. 741 • managers, except that what is known as the contract system of prison labor shall not be employed. The superintendent is hereby authorized to place to the credit of each Credits Irom prisoner, such amount of his earnings as the board of managers may deem earnings, equitable and /^ist, taking into consideration the character of the prisoner, the nature of the crime for which he is imprisoned, and his general deport- ment : Provided, That such credit shall in no case exceed twenty per cent of his earnings, and the funds thus accruing to the credit of any prisoner shall be paid to him, or his family, at such time and in such manner as the board of managers may deem best: Providedj That at least twenty-five per cent of such earnings shall be left for and paid to such prisoner at the time of his restoration to citizenship: And, provided, further, That the superintendent may, with the approval of the managers, by way of punishment for violation of rules, and of propriety, or any other misconduct, cancel such portion of such credit as he may deem best. Seo. 7388-27. Every sentence to the Ohio State reformatory of a person Form of sen- hereafter convicted of a felony, shall be a general sentence to imprisonment tence. in the Ohio State reformatory at Mansfield, and the courts of this State imposing such sentence shall not fix or limit the duration thereof. The term of such imprisonment of any person so convicted and sentenced shall be terminated by the managers of the State reformatory, as authorized by this act, but such imprisonment shall not exceed the maximum, nor be less than the minimum, term provided by law for the crime for which the person was convicted; * * * Sec. 7388-29. The said board of managers shall also have the authority Power to pa- to establish rules and regulations under which prisoners within siiid reform- ^°^^- atory may be allowed to go upon parole, in the legal custody and under the control of the board of managers, * * * Note. — The regulations are in general similar to those governing convicts on parole from tho penitentiary, above. Sec. 7388-33. The board of managers shall, under a system of marks, or Credits lor con- otherwise, fix upon a uniform plan under which they shall determine what duct. number of marks or what credit shall be earned by each prisoner sentenced under the provisions of this act, as to the conditions of increased privileges, or of release from their control, which system shall be subject to revision from time to time. Each prisoner so sentenced shall be credited for good personal demeanor, diligence in labor or study, and for the results accom- plished, and recharged for derelictions, negligence or ofifenses. The man- agers shall establish rules and regulations by which the standing of each prisoner's account of marks or credits shall be made known to him as often as once a month, and oftener if at any time he shall request it. And may also make provision by which any prisoner may see and converse with some one or more of the managers during every month. When it appears to said Release, managers that there is strong or reasonable probability that any prisoner may live and remain at liberty without violating the law, and his release is not incompatible with the welfare of society, said board may, in its discre- tion, grant an absolute release to such prisoner, certifying the fact of such release and the grounds thereof to the governor, and the governor may thereupon, in his discretion, restore such prisoner to citizenship Nothing herein contained shall be construed to impair the power of the governor to grant a pardon or commutation in any case. In order that good behavior, Deductions fidelity and diligence may bo properly rewarded, each prisoner sentenced to from term. said reformatory shall be entitled to diminish his minimum sentence as follows : Every prisoner who has conducted himself as above provided shall be allowed a deduction of five days from each of the twelve months of the time of his minimum sentence. * * * Sec. 7388-44. It shall be unlawful for any contractor or subcontractor, Free laborers. now having contracts with, or who may hereafter contract with the State for prison labor, to be performed within the walls of th^ Ohio jpenitentiary, , to employ any free laborers, except foremen, instructors and draymen to work upon said contracts. Sec. 7410. No person shall be appointed to ofiice at the penitentiary, or Interest in con- be employed thereat on behalf of the State, who is a contractor, or the agent tracts. or employee of a contractor, or who is interested directly or indirectly in any « business carried on therein; and should any oflScer or employee become such contractor, his agent or employee, or interested in such business, it shall be cause for his removal; * * * 742 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. • Gilts. Seo. 7412. No officer, contractor, or employee of a contractor, shall make any gift or present to, or receive any from, or have any barter or deahngs with, a convict; and for every violation of this section, the party engaged therein shall incur the same penalty as is prescribed in the last section. A rtioles lor Seo. 7424. The warden, under the direction of the boar^'. may employ a State use. portion of the convicts in the manufacture of any articles used by the State, in carrying on the penitentiary, and may also procure machinery and pre- pare shoproom for that purpose, and employ such persons as may be neces- sary to instruct the convicts iu such manufacture; if such peraons be em- Eloyed, the terms of employment shall be fixed and determined by the oard. Domestic serv- Sec. 7425. A sufficient number of convicts may be hired by the warden i"®- for domestic purposes, on the terms to be agreed upon by him and the board; * * * Unauthorized Seo. 7426. No work, labor, or service shall be performed by a convict labor. within the penitentiary except as herein provided for, unless it be expressly authorized by the board. Restriction as Sec. 7432-1. On and after the first day of May , 1894, the total number of to employment, prisoners and inmates employed at one time in the penitentiaries, workhouses and reformatories in this State in the manufacture of any one kind of goods which are manufactured in this State outside of said penitentiaries, work- houses and reformatories, shall not exceed ten per centum of the number of all persons in this State outside of said penitentiaries, workhouses and reformatories employed in manufacturing the same kind of goods, as shown by the last Federal census or State enumeration, or by the annual or any special report of the commissioner of labor statistics of this State, except in industries in which not more than fifty free laborers are employed. Enumeration. Sec. 7432-2. It is hereby made the duty of the commissioner of labor statistics and the attorney-general to enforce the provisions of this act ; and immediately after the passage of this act, and thereafter when, upon com- plaint or otherwise the commissioner of labor statistics has reason to believe that the limitations of this act are being exceeded in the employment of prison labor in any industry or industries, he may, if he deem it advisable, investigate and ascertain the number of all persons in this State outside of the penitentiaries,workhouses and reformatories employed in manufacturing the kind or kinds of goods in question, and also the number of prisoners and inmates employed in each penitentiary, workhouse and reformatory in the manufacture of such product or products. The result of such investi- gation shall be printed in a special report, in which shall be stated, in con- nection with the number of prisoners and inmates employed in each peni- tentiary, workhouse, and reformatory in the manufacture of any kind of goods, the number of which may legally be so employed therein. A copy of such report shall be forwarded to the managers or directors of each insti- tution found therein to be etaploying more prisoners in any industry than is permitted by this act and thereupon it shall be the duty of such mana- gers or directors immediately on and after May first, 1894, to reduce the number of prisoners and inmates in the industry in question to or within the number permitted by this act to be so employed, any provision in any contract relating to the employment of such inmates or prisoners to- the contrary notwithstanding. The report made by the commissioner of labor statistics shall control and limit the number of prisoners and inmates which may be employed in each penitentiary, workhouse and reformatory. Special re-^° *'^° industry or industries involved until another report based upon a ports. "later investigation and report shall be made. Special reports under this section shall be made at intervals of not exceeding five years, or oftener if deemed advisable by the commissioner of labor statistics. At any time the commissioner of labor statistics, on being satisfied that this act is being violated by the managers and directors of any penal institution, shall advise the attorney-general of that fact, giving the information in support of his conclusions, and the attorney-general shall at once institute the proper legal proceedings to compel compliance with this act. Gas works. . Sec. 7436-1 . The warden and directors of the penitentiary [shall! proceed immediately to erect gas works upon the grounds belonging to said peniten- tiary, with capacity sufficient to supply the penitentiary. State house, deaf * and dumb asylum, and blind asylum; and should the said warden and directors aforesaid deem it necessary to more speedily and economically accomplish the object aforesaid, they are hereby authorized and empow-^ ered to employ a suitable person to devise and perfect the necessary plans CHAPTEB V. CONVICT LABOB LAWS OHIO. 743 for the construction of the same, and the said warden and directors of the penitentiary shall, in the construction of said gas worlis, use convict labor not otherwise contracted for, so far as they may deem that the same may be used to advantage. COUNTY CONVICTS. Annotated Statutes — 1900. Section 6800. In lieu of imprisonment in the county jail, the court may, Sentence may upon the recommendation of the prosecuting attorney, sentence a convict •>* t" labor, to hard labor in the jail of the county for any length of time not exceeding six months, and not exceeding the length of time for which he might be imprisoned; and a person committed to jail for nonpayment of fines or pines and costs may be required to labor therein not exceeding six months, and until costs, the value of his labor, at the rate of one dollar and fifty cents a day, equals the amount of fines and costs, or the amount shall be otherwise paid, or secured to be paid, * * * Sec. 6801. Persons committed to jail by a court or magistrate for non- Control, payment of fines or costs, or convicts sentenced to hard labor in the jail of the county, which for this purpose extends throughout the county, shall perform labor under the direction of the commissioners of the county, who may adopt such orders, rules, and regulations, in relation thereto, as they may deem best, * * * OKLJLHOKA. TERRITORIAL CONVICTS. Statutes — 1893. Section 3680 (as amended by chapter 24, Acts of 1903). 1. Thegovemor Governor may of the Territory of Oklahoma shall be and is hereby authorized and directed ™*''* contract, to contract with a responsible person or persons or corporation within the Territory of Oklahoma, or with proper authorities of some other State or Territory, for the care and custody of such persons as may be convicted of . crime punishable in the penitentiary, by the courts of this Territory and to bind this Territory to the faithful performance of such contract or contracts. 2. In all cases hereafter wherein male persons shall be sentenced to Work on high- punishment for a period of five years or less, in the penitentiary provided ^*'y^- for by this act such person or persons may be required to perform labor upon the public highways of this Territory under the control and in the custody of the sheriff of the county in which such labor is to be performed, and to this end the governor of the Territory, in making any contract under the provisions of section one of this act is hereby empowered and authorized and shall reserve the right to remove and return such prisoners and to such prisons as occasion demands. 3. The governor of this Territory may and is hereby empowered and Contracts with authorized to make contracts with the board of county commissioners of "pu^ty commis- any county in this Territory for the performance of labor by the convicts ''®™" mentioned in section two of this act, upon the public highways of such county, and receive the contract price therefor: Provided, Mways, That the county from which such prisoner shall have been sentenced shall have the preference in making any such contract by the governor, and the money arising from such contract after the payment of expenses, shall be paid to the county treasurer of such county on account of the county fund. Acts of 1897. Chapter 30. Section 1 (as amended by chapter 13, Acts of 1.905). All persons hereto- Parole, etc fore or hereafter convicted of crime within this Territory and sentenced to be imprisoned therefor in the penitentiary, shall be entitled to such parole and to such deduction for good behavior, from his sentence, as is allowed • by the laws of the State in which is situated the penitentiary in which he is confined. 744 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. COUNTY CONVICTS. Statutes — 1893. Employment. Section 5436. Whenever any peraon shall be confined in any jail pur- suant to the sentence of any court, if such sentence or any part thereof shall be that he be confined at hard labor, the sheriff of the county in which such person shall be confined shall furnish such convict with sii^ able tools and materials to work with, if, in the opinion of the said sheriff, the said convict can be profitably employed either in the jail or yard thereof, and the expense of said tools and materials shall be defrayed by the county in which said conwct shall be confined, and said county shall be entitled to his earnings. And the said sheriff, if in his opinion the said convict can be more profitably employed outside of said jail or yard, either for the county or for any municipality in said county, it shall be his duty to so employ said convict either in work on public streets or highways or otherwise, and in so doing he shall take all necessary precaution to pre- vent said convict's escape, by ball and chain or otherwise, and fifty per cent of the profits of such employment, after paying all expenses incident thereto, may be retained by said sheriff as his fees therefor, the balance to be paid into the treasury of the proper county to the credit of the gen- eral fund; and when a convict is imprisoned in the county jail for non- payment of a fine he may be employed by said sheriff as provided in this chapter; and in case any convict employed outside of the jajl yard shall escape, he shall be deemed as having escaped from the jaU proper. Credits. Seo. 5440. For every day's labor performed by any convict under the provisions hereof there shall be credited on any judgment for fine and costs against him the sum of two dollars. Acts of 1895. Work on high- ways. Chapter ^l — Article 1. Section 50. * * * All prisoners confined to jail on conviction, or plea of guilty, shall be compelled to work on the public streets of the town where they are confined, or on the highways in the county, at the rate per day fixed for imprisonment. OREGON. STATE CONVICTS. Codes and Statutes — 1902. Governor to in- spect. Superin t e n d- ent. Duties. Interest in con- tracts. Merit marks. Section 3652. The governor of the State of Oregon shall visit the penitentiary at least four times a year, and as much oftener as he shall deem necessaiT. Sec. 3653. He shall have power to appoint a superintendent of said penitentiary, who shall hold his office until removed by the governor. Sec. 3655. The superintendent * * * shall have the general super- intendence of the penitentiary and of its inmates; * * * j^g shall have power to employ all or any number of the prisoners, in accordance with the rules which may be prescribed from time to time by the governor. Sec. 3662. The superintendent, warden, and assistant warden shall not receive the labor of any prisoner for their individual profit or use, or be interested directly or indirectly in any contract upon which, such labor shall be employed or used. Seo. 3669. "The superintendent shall keep a merit book, in which he shall enter the name of each convict, and the date of his or her entry into the penitentiary. The term for which each convict is sentenced shall be divided into periods of six months each, or a fraction thereof for the last period, as the case may be. The superintendent shall observe and inform himself of the conduct of each convict, and if in his opinion such conduct warrants it, he shall enter in the merit book a merit mark for each month of such periods of time, or so many thereof as such convict may be entitled to. Sec. 3670. Whenever a convict shall have received four merit marks in any period of six months, he shall be entitled to a credit of one day upon CHAPTER V. -CONVICT LABOR LAWS OREGON. 745 his time for each of such marks not exceeding six. When such merit marks are earned a second time during any such period, such convict shall be entitled to a like credit of two days for each of such merit marks; when such merit marks are earned the third time during any such period, such convict shall be entitled to a hke credit of three days for each of such merit marks; when such merit marks are earned the fourth time during any such period, such convict shall be entitled to a like credit of four days for each of such merit marks; when such merit marks are earned the fifth time during any such period, such convict shall be entitled to a like credit of five days for each of such merit marks; and when such merit marks are earned during any other such period thereafter, such convict shall be entitled to a like credit of five days for each of such merit marks. Seo. 3672. Any convict or convicts attempting to escape, or escaping, Punlsliments. conspiring to escape, qr willfully violating the rules and regulations of the Erison, shall forfeit all allowances of time that shall have been made to im or her up to that time. Note.— The hose is turned on for idling and fighting. Confinement in dungeon and bread-and-water diet are other punislunents used. Sec. 3673. The superintendent shall make an estimate of the time Deductions allowed to each convict, and if upon the approach of the expiration of ''°™ ^'"^■ his or her sentence it be found that he or she has a credit of at least two- thirds of the whole time that the law would grant if his or her conduct had been perfect, he shall deduct the time that has been allowed to such convict from the time of his or her sentence; and during the twenty days preceding the thirty days before the time of the expiration of the sentence, after the deduction provided for above shall have been made, he shall notify the governor of the State of the facts of the said convict's behavior and mdustry, and the governor may, if in his opinion the facts as stated by the superintendent warrant, grant to the said convict a remission of so much of his sentence as he, the said convict, has earned by his obedi- ence, good behavior, and industry. • Note.— !■ ilteen years' good conduct by lite prisoners may be rewarded by a recom- mendation lor pardon. Sec. 3675. Upon the discharge of any convict from the penitentiary of Discharge, this State there shall be allowed and paid by the superintendent to such convict the sum of five dollars, for which the superintendent shall take his receipt, which receipt shall be the authority of the secretary of state to draw his warrant on the State treasurer for the said amount in favor of the superintendent. Sec. 3676. There shall also be allowed and paid to such convict the Commutation further sum of fifty cents for each and every merit mark with which thei^™°'^^y- said convict stands credited in the merit book, subject, however, to a forfeiture of the cost price of tools and materials furnished said convict to work with, and which shall be injured or wasted through such convict's carelessness or neglect. Seo. 3678 (as amended by act, p. 198, Acts of 1903, and by chapter 152, Contracts. Acts of 1905). "The governor is hereby authorized to contract with and lease to any person, firm, or corporation, upon such terms and for such compensation as he may deem advisable, not less, however, than thirty- five cents per day for the labor of each convict, the whole, or any part of the labor of the convicts at any time confined in the penitentiary of this State, for any period, or periods, of time not exceeding ten years. No convict shall be compelled to work while sick, or otherwise incapacitated, and no convict shall be compelled to labor for a longer time than ten hours each day. The superintendent, warden, or other proper officer, or ofiicers, of the penitentiary shall have general charge and custody of the convicts while they are engaged in such labor. * * * The labor of convicts shall be performed by them within the penitentiary building, or within the yard or inclosure thereof; * * * Seo. 4867. The superintendent of the Oregon State penitentiary is Work on high- hereby authorized and it is made his duty to furnish and use such con-^^y^- victs as it is deemed in his jud^ent reasonably safe for that purpose to do the work necessary to repair, improve, and properly build and construct , the pubhc roads leading from the State penitentiary to the State insane asylum building, and to the asylum farm, and to the deaf-mute school, and to the reform school, and in the vicinity of said pubhc buildings, from time to time, as the weather will permit and said roads are in proper 746 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. condition to be worked upon until said public roads are rendered S°°^i safe, and convenient for the use of teams during all seasons of tne year; * * * Credits lor Sec. 4869. Each convict worked upon said public roads shall receive a highway labor. ^^^^^ upon jjjg tj^je of two days for each day that he shall faithfully and diUgently work upon said public roads; but in case at any time he tails to do so he shall forfeit all or as many of said credits as in the judgment of the superintendent shall be proper. ^ rorm tence. Conditions parole. Classification] etc. Food, clothing, etc. Work on high- ways. Full term quired. Allowances for labor. Punlshinent. Acts op 1905. Chapter 187. ol sen- Section 1. Whenever any person is convicted of a felony for which the maximum punishment does not exceed twenty years' imprisonment, the court may, in its discretion, sentence such person to imprisonment in the penitentiary without limitation of time, and such person so convicted and sentenced may be paroled for good conduct by the governor upon such terms and conditions as may seem to him wise, at any time after such per- son shall have served the minimum period of imprisonment provided for by law for such offense, but such imprisonment shall not in any event exceed the maximum term provided by law for the crime of which the prisoner was convicted and sentenced. "' Sec. 2. Before paroling any prisoner under such indeterminate sentence, the governor shall require of the superintendent of such penitentiary, a report of the behavior and conduct of such prisoner, and shall otherwise satisfy himself that there is a reasonable probability that the prisoner will, if paroled, be and remain a law abiding person. Seo. 9. The governor may adopt general rules and regulations on the subject of paroling prisoners and for the classification of prisoners in the penitentiary imder mdeterminate sentence^ and for the issuing of paroles. COUNTY CONVICTS. . Codes and Statutes — 1902. Section 3690. The keeper of each jail shall furnish and keep clean the necessary bedding and clothing for all prisoners in his custody, and shall also supply them with wholesome food, fuel, and necessary medical aid. Sec. 4iB64. All convicts who are able-bodied men and sentenced by any court of legal authority, whether in default of the payment of a fine or com- mitted for a definite number of days to serve a sentence in a county jail, shall during fhe period of such sentence be under the exclusive and entire control of the county court where the crime was committed, and said county court shall have full power to put such convicts under the control of any road supervisor, who shall have all the authority of a sheriff to guard and keep such convict while in his custody from the time of leaving until his return to the county jail. Sec. 4865. In all cases where sentence of the court is for a definite num- ber of days, the person so sentenced shall be held to labor for the full period to which he had been adjudged, and in all cases of fines imposed in default of the payment of such fine such person shall be made to labor at a com- pensation of one dollar per day until such fine is fully paid, and in all cases not less than eight hours shall be considered a day's labor. Sec. 4866. Any convict sentenced in accordance with the provisions of this act refusing to perform the labor herein required shall be denied all food other than bread and water until he signifies his willingness to comply with the provisions of this act, and for all days or parts of days lost by such refusal such convicts shall be made to labor until all lost time shall be made up and the sentence of the court shall be fully met. OHAPTEE V. — CONVICT LABOR LAWS PENNSYLVANIA. 747 PENNSYLVANIA. STATE AND COUNTY CONVICTS. Bbiqhtly's Puedon's Digest — 1895. Page 1158. Section 3. From and after the passage of this act, eight hours out of the Hours oi labor, twenty-four of each day shall make ana constitute a day's labor and serv- ice in the penitentiaries and reformatory institutions which shall receive support from appropriations made by the general assembly of this Com- monwealth, and by taxes levied and paid by the several counties thereof in whole or in part. STATE CONVICTS. Brightlt's Pdedon's Digest — 1895. Page 1660. Section 10. All and every person adjudged to suffer separate or solitary Treatment of confinement at labor in the eastern and western penitentiaries, shall be™'i'^ict8. kept singly and separately at labor, in the cells or work yards of said pris- ons, and be sustained upon wholesome food, of a coarse quality, sufficient for the healthful support of life, and be furnished with clothing suited to their situation, at the discretion of the inspectors of said prisons. * * * Sec. 14. The chief oflBcers of the various reformatory institutions, deriv- Contracts pro- ing their support wholly or in part from the State, are hereby directed at ^''it^'l- the e:iq>iration of existing contracts, to employ the inmates of said institu- tions for and in behalf of such institutions; and no labor shall be hired out by contract. Sec. 16. All convicts under control of the State and county officers. Wages, and all inmates of reformatory institutions engaged in manufacturing arti- cles for general consumption, shall receive quarterly wages equal to the amount of their earnings, to be fixed from time to time, by the authorities of the institution, from which board, lodging and clothing, and the cost of trial, shall be deducted, and the balance paid to their families or depend- ents ; in case none such appear the amount shall be paid to the convict at the expiration of the term of imprisonment. Sec. 17. AU goods, wares, merchandise or other article or thing made by Goods to be convict labor, in any penitentiary, reformatory prison, school or other estab- marked, lishment in which convict labor is employed, whether for the direct benefit and maintenance of such penitentiary, reformatory prison, school or other establishment, or upon contract by the authorities of the same with any third person, all and every such goods, wares, merchandise, article or thing, immediately upon the completion of the same, shall be branded as herein- after provided, and shall not be taken into or exposed in any place for sale, at wholesale or retail, without such brand. Sec. 18. The brand herein required shall be in plain English lettering, . Style of mark- and shall contain at the head or top of said brand the words " convict- '°^' made," followed by the year and name of the penitentiary, reformatory prison, school or other establishment in which made. The brand aforesaid shall, in all cases, when the nature of the article will permit, be placed upon the same, and only where such branding is impossible, it shall or may be placed on the box or other receptacle or covering in which it is contained. And the same shall be done by casting, burning, pressing or other such proc- ess or means as that the same may not be defaced; and in all cases shall be upon the most conspicuous place upon such article or the box, recepta- cle or covering containmg the same : Provided, That goods, wares and mer- chandise shipped to points outside of the State shall not be so branded. Sec. 19. W shall be the duty of the manager, principal or superintendent Duty to see of any penitentiary, reformatory prison, school or other establishment ^|'*^^|°<'-■■« within this Commonwealth, wherein convict labor is employed, to see that the brand herein required shall be so placed as aforesaid, before such goods, wares, merchandise or other article or thing shall be removed or taken from the place where made; and upon failure or neglect so to do, such manager, principal or superintendent shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and 748 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB, Control. Power of gov- ernor. Powers spectors. upon conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or undergo an imprisonment not exceeding one year, or either or both, at the discretion of the court. Goods offered Sec. 20. It shall not be lawful for any person dealing in any such conyict- lor sale. made goods, wares, merchandise, or other article, at wholesale or retail, to have in his possession, or offer for sale any such conyict-made goods, wares, merchandise, or other article manufactured by convict labor in Pennsylva- nia, or any other State, without the brand provided by this act. And in all cases where the brand aforesaid is upon the box, receptacle or other cov- ering in which such goods, wares, merchandise or other article is contained, it shall not be lawful for any such person retailing to remove the same from such box, receptacle or other covering except as he shall retail the same to a customer for his individual use, and at all times, the box, receptacle or covering containing said brand, shall be open to the inspection or view of such customer. Aid any person knowingly and willfully offending against this section, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or undergo an imprisonment not exceeding six months, or both or either, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 21. The penitentiaries aforesaid shall be respectively managed by a board of inspectors, consisting of five taxable citizens of Pennsylva- nia, * * * Seo. 22. The governor of this Commonwealth shall have and exercise all the power and authority to appoint inspectors of the State penitentia- ries * * * ol in- Seo. 24. * * * They [the inspectors] shall have power, if they, on conference, find it necessary, to laake such rules for the internal govern- ment of said prisons, as may not be inconsistent with the principles of soli- tary confinement as set forth and declared by this act. They shall attend to the religious instruction of the prisoners, and pro- cure a suitable person for this object, who shall be the religious instructor of the prisoners : * * * They shall direct the manner in which raw materials to be manufactured by the convicts in said prisons, and the provisions and other supplies for the prisons shall be purchased ; and also the sale of all articles manufactured in said prisons. * * * The warden shall not, nor shall any inspector, without the direction of a majority of the inspectors, sell any article for the use of the said peniten- tiaries, or either of them, or of the persons confined therein, during their Gilts. confinement, nor derive any emolument from such purchase or sale; nor shall he or they, or either of them, receive under any pretense whatever, from either of the said prisoners, or any one on his behalf, any sum of money, emolument or reward whatever, or any article of value, as a gratuity or gift; * * * Note. — Loss of commutation and privileges, close confinement, and bread-and- water diet are punishments used. Clothing. Sec. 31. The uniform of the prison for males shall be a jacket and trousers of cloth or other warm stuff for the winter, and lighter materials for the summer, the form and color shall be determined by the inspectors, and two changes of linen shall be furnished to each prisoner every week. No prisoner is to receive anything but the prison allowance. Tobacco, etc. No tobacco, in any form, shall be used by the convicts ; and anyone who shall supply them with it, or with wine, or spirituous or intoxicating fermented liquor, unless by order of the physician, shal be fined ten dollars, and if an officer, be dismissed. Sec. 32. The inspectors and warden of either of the penitentiaries of the State, may permit any convict in said penitentiary to use tobacco, to a limited extent as a reward for good conduct on the part of any such con- vict, under such restrictions as may be prescribed. Sec. 35. Whenever a convict shall be discharged, by the expiration of the term for which he or she was condenmed, or by pardon, he or she shall take off the prison uniform, and have the clothes which he or she brought to the prison restored to him or her, together with the other property, it any, that was taken from him or her, on his or her commitment, that has not been otherwise disposed of. * * * If the inspectors and wardens have been satisfied with the morality, industry and order of his conduct, they shall give Viim a certificate to that Tobacco as re- ward. Discharge. Certificate. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS PENNSYLVANIA. 749 effect; and shall furnish the discharged convict with four dollars to be paid by the State, whereby the temptation immediately to commit offenses against society, before employment can be obtained, may be obviated. Sec. 36. * * * [Section 35, above] is hereby so modified, that here- Sum of money after the inspectors and warden may, if they think it expedient, furnish to*"™^''*''- a discharged convict, any sum not exceeding ten dollars, out of the annual appropriation made by the State for that purpose, (a) Brightlt'b Digest — 1903. Page 187. Section 8. Every convict confined in any State prison, penitentiary, Deductions workhouse, or county jail in this State, on a conviction of felony or mis-*™™ *®'™- demeanor, whether male or female, where the term or terms equal or equals or exceeds one year, exclusive of any term which may be imposed by the court or by statute as an alternative to the payment of a fine, or term of life imprisonment, may, if the governor shall so direct, and with the approval of the board of inspectors or managers, earn for himself or herself a com- mutation or diminution of his or her sentence or sentences as follows, namely: Two (2) months for the first year, three (3) months for the second year, four (4) months each for the third and fourth years, and five (6) months for each subsequent year. And for every fractional part of a year the said convict may earn the same rate of commutation as is provided for the year in which said fractional part occurs. Page 354. Section 4. From and after the passage of this act no warden, superin- Employment tendent or other oflScer of any State prison, penitentiary or State reforma- restricted, tory, having control of the employment of the inmates of said institutions, shall employ more than five per centum of the whole number of inmates of said institutions in the manufacture of brooms and brushes and hollow ware, and ten per centum in the manufacture of any other kind of goods, wares, articles or things that are manufactured elsewhere in the State, except mats and matting, in the manufacture of which twenty per cer.tum of the whole number of inmates may be employed. Sec. 6. No machine operated by steam, electricity, hydraulic force, Maclunery. compressed air or other power, except machines operated by hand or foot power, shall be used in any of the said [State and county] institutions in the manufacture of any goods, wares, articles or things that are manufactured elsewhere in the State. COUNTY CONVICTS. Bbightlt's Puedon's Digest — 1895. Page 996. Section 16. Every person in. the custody of the said board of managers Philadelphia [of the Philadelphia house of correction], not disqualified by sickness orl'.o"^^ of correc- casualty, shall be employed by the superintendent in quarrying stone, cul- 'Employments, tivating the ground, manufacturing such articles as may be needed for thq, prison, almshouse, other public institution of the State or city, or for other persons, and at such other labor as shall, upon trial, be found to be profitable to the institution, and suitable to its proper discipline and to the health and capacities of the inmates ; and the superintendent may detail such members of the inmates as he may regard proper to do the work, outside of grounds of the institution, for any of the departments or institutions of the city, or for such other persons as may be approved by the board of managers. a The act of April 3, 1872, provides that each discharged convict, whose residence is within 50 miles of the pemtentiary, shall receive $5; and each one whose residence or settlement is SO miles or more from the penitentiary shall receive JIO. 750 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Page 1661. Contracts pro- Section 15. The officers of the varioiis county prisons, workhouses and hibited. reformatory institutions within this Commonwealth, now letting the labor of convicts by contract, shall, at the expiration of existing contracts, employ the same for and in behaU of their respective counties. Briqhtlt'b Digest — 1903. Page 187. Labor about Section 7! * * * jyj persons sentenced to simple imprisonment, for public buildings. ^^^ period of time, in the county jails may be required to perform such labor, in the custody of the sheriff, about the county buildings and upon the grounds and property of the county as the commissioners of the county in which the prisoners are confined may specify, and the said commission- ers are authorized to allow and pay from the moneys of the county, to the sheriff, for his services in guarding such prisoners while so employed, com- pensation not to exceed twenty-five cents per hour. Page S54. Employment SECTION 5. The officera of the various county prisons, workhouses and restricted. reformatory institutions within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania shall not employ more than five per centum of the whole number of inmates in said institutions in the manufacture of brooms and brushes and hollow ware, and ten per centum in the manufacture of any other kinds of goods, wares, articles or other things that are manufactured elsewhere in the State, except mats and matting, in the manufacture of which twenty per centum of the whole number of iamates may be employed: Prcmded, This act shall not apply to goods manufactured for use of the inmates of such institutions. Sec. 9. From and after the passage of this act, it shall and may be lawful to require every male prisoner now or hereafter confined within any jaU or Hours ot labor, workhouse in this Commonwealth to do and perform eight hours of manual houSvB^^ °'°'* labor each day of such imprisonment, except on Sundays or such legal holidays as are now or may hereafter be established by law; no steam, electricity or other motive power except manual labor shall be used in the conduct of the said labor, or employment, or on any part thereof. Classification. Sec. 10. The labor to be done or performed shall be classified, fixed and established, from time to time, by a prison board, which is hereby created in and for each county in this Commonwealth, * * * and shall be subject to such rules and regulations as shall be adopted by said prison board to secure humane treatment of said prisoners, and provide con- tinuous and healthful employment for them within or without such jails or workhouses. Work on high- Sec. 12. The prison board * * * and each of them, within their ^*^'' respective counties, and subject to the rules and regulations to be estab- lished under the provisions of section two of this act [section 10], and imder such control and management as shall be therein and thereby provided shall have full power of attorney to require and compel the said male prison- ers to work on public highways outside of the limits of the said jails and workhouses, but within their respective counties. * * * Note. — This act (sections 9 and 10) has been declared unconstitutional (Smith's Petition, 12 Dist. Rep., 333), but is here reproduced since it has not yet been passed upon by the supreme court. Pa^e 885. au^red""' ^^~ ^^^''^ON 7. Every person committed to a workhouse under the provi- sions of this act, unless disqualified by sickness or otherwise, shall be kept at the same useful employment such as may be suited to his or her age and capacity, and such as shall be most profitable to the institution and tend to promote the best interests of the party, and if any person shall refuse to perform the work assigned to him or her, or be guilty of other acts of insubordination, it shall be the duty of the superintendent to punish such person by close confinement on a diet of bread and water only, or in such other manner as the rules and regulations hereinbefore provided for may prescribe, of which refusal and punishment the superintendent shall keep a record and report to the county commissioners. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS — PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 751 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Laws of United States Philippine Commission. No. 413. Section 1. There shall be established and kept at the capital of every Jails, organized province a jail for the safe-keeping of prisoners lawfully com- mitted. * ' * * Sec. 2. The judge of the court of first instance and the provincial board Inspection, shall, as often as the judge of the court of first instance is required to be in the province, make personal inspection of the provincial jail as to the suffi- ciency thereof for the safe-keepmg of prisoners, their proper acoommoda^ tion and health, and shall inquire into the manner in which the same has been kept since the last inspection. Sec. 3. The governor of the province, by himself or through a jailer to Duties of gov- be appointed by him, shall keep the jail and shall be responsible for the ^"g" °' vov- manner in which the same is kept. He shall keep separate rooms for the sexes except where they are lawfully married. He shall, imder the direc- tion of the provincial board and at the expense of the province, supply proper food and clothing for the prisoners: * * * Sec. 12. The prisoner[s], shall be treated with humanity and in a maimer Treatment of calculated to promote their reformation. Juvenile prisoners shall be kept, convicts. if the jail will admit of it, in apartments separatea from those contaimng more experienced and hardened criminals. * * * Sec. 13. The provincial board may, if it deems such a course advisable. Work on high- cause all able-bodied male prisoners, except such as are held awaiting trial, ^^r^- to work upon any of the public provincial roads or highways or other public works in the province where such prisoners are confimed. Such work shall be done under the direction and control of the provincial supervisor, and while so employed the prisoners shall be sufficiently and properly guarded by the jailer or his deputies or by the Philippines constabulary if available for that purpose. PORTO RICO. Political Code — 1902. Section 154. The governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Director of executive council, shall appoint a director of prisons, who shall be subject prisons, to the jurisdiction and supervision of the attorney-general and shall give bond to the people of Porto Kico in such sum as the executive council may prescribe. Sec. 155. It shall be the duty of the said director to visit and inspect all Duties, institutions established for the detention of sane adults charged with or convicted of crime, * * * and to ascertain and recommend such sys- tem of employing said inmates as may, in the opinion of said director, be for the best interests of the pubhc. Sec. 159. * * * Regulations pertaining to the labor of the prisoners. Regulations, their employments, rewards and commutations of sentence for good behavior, and other subjects aSecting the welfare of the prisoners and their management shall be prescribed by the said director and approved by the attorney-general. Acts op 1903. Page 1S8. Section 1. All male prisoners over the age of eighteen years who are Work on hlgh- now or may be hereafter confined, in the presidio, or insular penitentiary, ways, or in any other penal institution when under final sentence of a court for a crime for a term of more than two years, may be put to work on the public roads of Porto Rico, except in cases of serious physical disabiUty certified under oath to the proper office by some medical official connected with the penal institutions. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the insular pohce to guard such convicts Guards, who are employed as aforesaid, and the governor is- hereby authorized, and empowered to detail a sufficient number of the police force for that purpose. X 752 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Powers of dl- Sec. 3. The director of prisons is hereby authorized and empowered, rector. ^^^^ ^^^ approval of the executive council, to make suitable provisions and regulations * * * for the maintenance, discipline and treatment of such convicts while in the camps. But the management and control of such convicts, and over all officers, overseers and guards connected there- with, in relation to the work done upon the roads shall be under the juris- diction of the commissioner of the interior. STATE AND COUNTY CONVICTS. General Laws — 1896. Chapter 285. Labor re- Section 39. All persons liable to be imprisoned on account of their con- quired, viction in any county of any criminal offense not punishable by imprison- ment in the State prison, the punishment for which shall be a fine of not less than five dollars or a term of imprisonment of not less than thirty days, or of any offense punishable by fine and imprisonment both, shall be im- prisoned in the jan in the county of Providence, and shall be let or kept at labor therein, or in the State prison, for the benefit of the State, in such manner, under such contract and subject to such rules, regulations and discipline as the board of State charities and corrections shall appoint: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to prohibit the sentencing or commitment of any person to the State reform school or to the State workhouse and house or correction. Fines and Seo. 40. Every person committed to the jail in the county of Provi- costs. dence, and every person committed to the State workhouse and house of correction, for nonpayment of fine and costs, or who shall be detained therein, after the expiration of the term for which he was imprisoned, for Allowance lor nonpayment of costs, shall be allowed by the State twenty-five cents per labor. jgy fgj. jjjg gfgj. thirty days and fifty cents per day for every day after said thirty days that he shall labor toward the payment of his fine and costs, or costs, as the case may be. STATE CONVICTS. General Laws — 1896. CJiapter 291. Board. Section 1. The board of State charities and corrections shall consist of nine persons, * * * Appointment. Sec. 2. The governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall annually at the May session of the general assembly, upon the expi- ration of the term of office of any one of the said board, appoint a person to such office, * , * * Duties. Sec, 4. The oversight, management and control of the State farm in Cranston, of the State' workhouse and house of correction, State asylum for the incurable insane and State almshouse thereon, together with the State prison and the jail in the county of Providence, shall be vested in the board of State charities and corrections. sate? etc'' *^^°'r ^^°' ^^- '^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ''"'"^*' "^ *'^^y ™*y ^^^^^ proper, all purchases ' ■ for use on the State farm and in any of the public institutions thereon, and also m the State prison and jail in the county of Providence; they shall, in their discretion, sell the products of said farm and institutions; they shall make such contracts respecting the labor of the inmates of the several institutions as they may think proper, and they shall cause full accounts thereof to be kept. Sec. 15. The board shall make all lawful and necessary rules and regu- lations for the internal police of the prison, for the mode of employing the convicts imprisoned therein, and the place of such employment within the limits of the prison yard or within any of the buildings on the prison lot or on any portion, of the State farm, and shall determine the uniform to be worn by the prisoners. Such rules and regulations shall be entered in a book kept for that purpose and a copy thereof given to the warden and Bules. CHAPTER V, CONVICT LABOR LAWS RHODE ISLAND. 753 other officers of the prison. One or more members of said board shall at Inspections, least twice a month visit' the prison, examine into the condition of the prisoners, hear any complaints that they may make, and see that the rules and regulations of the prison are strictly observed; and the person or per- sons so visiting shall keep a particular record of such visits and the com- Elaints made to them by prisoners, whether well or ill founded, in a book ept for that purpose, open to the inspection of the wholeboard, and to be filed with the records of said board. Sec. 20. * * * Whipping shall not be permitted under any circum- Punishment, stances, nor shall any other corporal punishment be inflicted except under the direction of at least two of the board. Note.— Confinement in dungeon Is the extreme punishment reported. Sec. 28. The warden of the State prison shall keep a record of the con- Deductions duct of each convict, and for each month that a convict not under sentence '™™ term. to imprisonment for life appears by such record to have faithfully observed all the rules and requirements of the prison and not to have been subjected to punishment, there shall, with the consent of the governor, upon the recommendation to him of a majority of the board, be deducted from the term or terms of sentence of such convict the same number of days that there are years in the said teVm of his sentence: Provided, That when the term sentence is for a longer term than five years, only five days shall be deducted for one month's good behavior: And provided fdriher, That for every day a convict shall be shut up or otherwise punished for bad conduct, there shall be deducted one day from the time he shall have gained for good conduct. Sec. 39. Whenever a convict shall be discharged he shall be decently Discharge, clothed, and the board may in their discretion pay to him a sum of money not exceeding one-tenth of his actual earnings while confined in said prison : Provided, Tiowever, That in case of sickness of any convipt by which he shall have been incapacitated for labor, he shall, in the discretion of the board, be paid a sum not exceeding one-tenth of the average compensation of convict labor in said prison during the time of his sickness: Provided, moreover. That the board may pay said amount at any time during the imprisonment of the convicts to the famiUes or near relatives of such con- victs, who may be in circumstances of indigence or want, instead of paying it to the convicts themselves at their discharge: And promded further, That in no case shall the sum paid such convict at his discharge be less than five dollars. COUNTY CONVICTS. General Laws — 1896. Chapter S89. Section 14. All persons imprisoned in the jail in the county of Providence Labor re- on account of their conviction of any criminal offense, or on execution l"''^'*- issued in any qui tani or penal action, or for not giving the recognizance re- quired of them to keep the peace upon complaint for threats, shall be let ' or kept at labor therein or on the prison lot or in some buildinig thereon, for the benefit of the State, in such manner, under such contract and sub- ject to such- rules, regulations and discipline as the board of State charities and corrections may make. Sec. 15. Every person who shall be committed for nonpayment of fine -Fines and and costs, or for not giving the recognizance required of him to keep the costs, peace upon complaints for threats, or shall be detained in such jail after the expiration of the term for which he was sentenced to be imprisoned for • nonpayment of costs, shall be allowed by the State ten cents per day for AUoTtances for the first thirty days and thirty-three and one-third cents per day for every labor, day aifter said thirty days that he shall labor, toward the payment of his ' fine and costs, or costs, as the case may be. Sec. 16. Every person who shall be committed to such jail to answer Permission to for any criminal offense, or on mesne process in any qui tam or penal labor, action, or on mesne process or execution in any civil action, may be per- mitted to labor as aforesaid, in the discretion of said board of State chari- ties and corrections, for the State,, and in such case shall be allowed for his labor the sum of twenty-five cents per day for every day he shall so labor, to be paid to such prisoner by the order of the keeper of said jail upon the general treasurer, certified by at least one of said board. 754 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SOUTH CABOL.INA. STATE AND COUNTY CONVICTS. CONSTITDTION. Article IS. Labor on pub- SECTION 6. All convicts sentenced to hard labor by any of the courts wayaT°''^° ^^ °^ *'^^^ S*^*^ ™°'y *>^ employed upon the public works of the State or of the counties and upon the public highways. Cbiminal Code — 1902. Form of tence. - Section 77 (as amended by act No. 70, Acts of 1903). In every case in which imprisonment is provided as punishment, in whole or in part, for any crime, such imprisonment shall be either in the penitentiary, with or without hard labor, or in county jail, with or without hard labor, at the discretion of the circuit judge pronouncing the sentence : Provided, That all able-bodied male convicts, whose sentences shall not be for a longer period than ten years, except persons convicted of assault with intent to rape, shall be sentenced to hard labor upon the public works of the county in which such convict shall have been convicted, and in the alternative to imprisonment in the county jail or State penitentiary at hard labor. STATE CONVICTS. Constitution. Article IS. Control. Section 9. The penitentiary and the convicts thereto sentenced shall forever be under the supervision and control of officers employed by the State; and in case any convicts are hired or farmed out, as may be pro- vided by law, their maintenance, support, medical attendance and disci- pline shall be under the direction of officers detailed for* those duties by the authorities of the penitentiary. Ckiminal Code — 1902. Board ol di- SECTION 662. The general assembly shall elect five suitable citizens of ■Bctors. tiiia State, who shall constitute a board of directors of the State peniten- tiary, with a term of office of two years, of which the governor of the State shall be ex officio a member. * * * Duties. The board of directors shall have power and their duty shall be: ******* 2. To examine and inquire into all matters connected with the govern- ment, discipline and police of the prison, the punishment and employment of the convicts therein con&ied, the money concerns and contracts for work, and the purchases and sales of articles provided for the prison or sold on account thereof, and the progress of the work. 4. To make such general regulations for the government and discipline of the prison, or modify such regulations as may have been made by the superintendent, as they may deem expedient, and from time to time to alter and amend the same; and in making such regulations, it shall be their duty to adopt such as, in their judgment, while consistent with the disciplme of the prison, shall best condone to the reformation of the convicts 7. To prescribe the articles of food and quantities of each kind that shall be inserted in each contract for the supply of provisions to the prison 9. * * * Provided, No one shaU be eligible to the office of director who has any interest m the hiring of convict labor, or who has any direct personal pecuniary interest in any work upon which convict labor is employed; * * * Interest in con- tracts. ******* Note —From Ave to twenty-five laslies on the bare baolc may be inflicted islunent. as pun- CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS SOUTH CAROLINA. 755 Seo. 664. The State penitentiary shall be under the direction and gov- Superintend- ernment of a superintendent, to be elected by the general assembly, * * * ent. Sec. 666. It shall be the duty of the superintendent : Duties. ?|C sfi 9|S 9|! 3p 3|C ^ 5. To make sale of such articles produced in, or belonging to, the prison, as are proper to be sold. >tc ifs sy- sfc ^ ifS ^ Seo. 677. Whenever a convict shall be discharged from the penitentiary. Discharge, it shall be the duty of the superintendent to furnish such convict with a suit of common clothes, if deemed necessary, and transportation from the penitentiary to his home, or as near thereto as can be done by public conveyances. Seo. 680. The board of directors of the penitentiary are hereby author- Leasing or hir- ized and empowered to lease or hire out any convicts in the penitentiary, log- except convicts under sentence for rape, murder, arson and manslaughter when the sentence is over five years, under the following rules, regulations and restrictions with all others imposed by the said board: That the said board of directors shall make an annual report to the general assembly at the regular sessions, showing the number and names of convicts hired out, to whom hired, for what purpose, and for what consideration; and the board of directors are authorized to retain for the use of the penitentiary all amounts received by them for the hire or labor of convicts during the • current fiscal year. " Seo. 681. The superintendent and directors of the State penitentiary are Hiring to hereby authorized and required to hire out to such of the several counties counties, of this State, as may desire them, all able-bodied male convicts to hard labor in said institution to work on the public highways or the sanitary drainage in said counties as can be spared from the State farnis, and departments connected with the State penitentiary, and the convicts sen- tenced to hard labor in the State penitentiary shall not be hired out for farming purposes, and when hirea out to the counties as aforesaid, the compensation for their services shall be at the rate of four dollars per month, with board, lodging, clothing and medical attendance: Proviaed, That nothing herein contained shall apply to contracts now in force. Seo. 683. * * * xhe said board of directors are hereby further Preferences, instructed, in the hiring out of convicts, to give preference to the super- visor of any county, and of any person, firm or corporation whose purpose is to use said convicts in the working of the public roads in any county in this State, or in the clearing out of streams of any county of this State. * * * Seo. 684. All convicts * * * shall not be required to labor more Hours, etc., oi than ten hours a day, or on Sundays or holidays. labor. Sec. 692. No cogvicts shall be hired out as provided in the foregoing Guards, sections unless such convicts shall be and remain under the supervision of a sworn ofiBcer and guards appointed by the superintendent of the peniten- tiary; and every contract shall specify the hours of labor, and the time occupied in going to and returning from work shall be taken as a part of the hours making the day's work, and no convict so hired out shall be punished except by such oflScer. * * * Seo. 693. The superintendent and board of directors of the penitentiary Contracts lor are authorized to make contracts for the performance of specific work, specific work, such work to be done entirely under the control and direction of the ofiicers of the penitentiary. Also to hire out the convicts under the provisions of the laws in force at the time of the passage of the [preceding section], and such other rules and regulations as they_ may adopt to secure the well-being and humane treatment of the convicts. And that they be authorized to employ a physician, to be nominated by the sur- geon of the penitentiary, resident in the neighborhood, to have medical supervision of squads of fifty or more convicts, such physician to be paid, out of funds of the penitentiary, and to report weekly to the surgeon of the penitentiary, the superintendent and board of directors to have regard to such expense in fixing the compensation for the hire of said convicts. Seo. 694. The superintendent and board of directors of the penitentiary Prison farms, are authorized, in their discretion, to purchase or lease, out of the surplus earnings of the penitentiary, one or more farms in any part of the State, due regard being had to the reasonable healthfulness of tne locaUty. 756 EEPORT OF THE C0MMIS8I0WEE OF LABOR. Phosphate Seo. 697. No contracts for the hiring or leasing of convicts in phosphate hiinmg. mining shall hereafter be made by the board of directors of the penitentiary. Note.— No law as to commutation exists, but the board of directors allows a reduc- tion ol one-twelfth ol the sentence lor good behavior, in the case of first- term convicts. COUNTY CONVICTS. Civil Code— 1902. Form ol sen- SECTION 772. All the courts of this State and municipal authorities which t*""^' imder existing laws have power to sentence convicts to confinement in prison with hard labor, shall sentence all able-bodied male convicts to hard labor upon the public works of the county in which said persons shall have been convicted, and in the alternative to imprisonment in the county jaU or State penitentiary at hard labor: Provided, That municipal authorities may sentence municipal convicts to work upon the streets and other public works of the municipality in which they have been convicted, and such convicts when so sentenced shall work under the exclusive direction and control of the municipal authority imposing sentence: Provided, That no convict whose sentence shall be for a period longer than five years shall be so sentenced. Work on high- Sec. 773. AU convicts upon whom may be imposed sentence of labor "^^y^- ■ on the highways, streets and other pubHc works of a county shall be under the exclusive supervision and control of the county supervisor and by him formed into a county chain gang and required to labor on the highways, roads, bridges, ferries and other public works or buildings of the county; and he shall direct the time, place and manner of labor to be performed by said chain gang: Provided, That said chain gang shall not be worked in connection with or near any road contractor or overseer. * * * Hiring con- Sec. 776. Whenever in the judgment of the board of county commis- victs to other sioners of any county of this State, there shall not be a sufficient number counties. ^f convicts sentenced to work on the public works of such county to warrant the expense of maintaining a county chain gang, the" supervisor of such coimty shall be authorized to contract with the supervisor of any other county m the State for the placing of said convicts into the custody of and upon the chain gang of said other county, for such a period and upon such terms and conditions as may be mutually agreed upon by said supervisors so contracting: Provided, That said contract shall require payment of a reasonable price therein to be stipulated, for the work of said convicts, or shah provide for an equal exchange of convict labor between the counties so contracting. Powers ol Sec. 777. The supervisor of any county of this State is hereby author- supervisors, j^ed to contract with the supervisor of any other county of this State, desiring to hire out convicts or to exchange convict Jabor as herein pro- vided, upon such terms as may be mutually agreed upon; and to this end said supervisors are hereby vested with all the necessary powers as if said convicts were convicted and sentenced in their own counties respec- tively: Provided, That all contracts entered into by any supervisor here- under for the hire or exchange of convicts hereunder be approved by a majority of the board of county commissioners of his county, led and'oSthed''* ^^.°' ^^^' ^^^ county in this State maintaining a chain gang and hiring - convicts of another county, or exchanging convict labor with such other county, a§ herein provided, shall at its own expense board, clothe, and securely keep such convicts while in the custody of its officers. Criminal Code — 1902. Convicts from Section 658. Whenever any town or municipal authority in this State TOurt" ' ° ' P ■* Ihave not a sufficient number of convicts sentenced to work on the public • works of the town to warrant the expense of maintaining a town chain gangj the town authorities of said town shall be authorized to place said convicts on the county chain gang for the time so sentenced, and the county authorities of the county in which said town is situated shall be authorized and empowered to exchange labor with said town authorities and place county convicts on the public works of the town for the same number of days that town convicts work on the public works of the county. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS SOUTH CAROLINA. 757 Acts of 1903. No. 4^. Section 1. All incorporated towns and cities are hereby authorized and Quarries, empowered, in addition to the powers now conferred upon them by law, to own and operate rock quarries, for the purpose of improving roads, highways and streets within their respective jurisdictions, and to work convicts in operating said rock quarries. SOUTH BAKOTA. STATE CONVICTS. Code of Criminal Peocedubb — 1903. Sbotion 645. The penitentiary or State prison at Sioux Falls, shall be Control, under the direction and government of the board of charities and corrections. Sec. 674. All convicts sentenced to punishment of hard labor in said state-use sys- prison shall be constantly employed for the benefit of the State. * * * tern. Sec. 675. The daily sustenance of convicts not in solitary confinement, Food, nor in the hospital, shall consist of wholesome coarse food, with such Eroportions of meat and vegetables as the warden shall deem best for the ealth of the convicts. Sec. 677. The clothing and bedding of convicts shall be of such quality Clothing and and quantity as the judgment of the warden may direct, consulting the ''Adding, health and comfort of the convicts and the interests of the State. Seo. 679. * * * There shall be no corporal or other painful and Punishment, unusual punishment inflicted upon convicts for violation of pnson rules. Note. — Loss of privileges ajid good time, confinement in dark cell, and bread-and- water diet are penalties in use. Sec. 681. Every convict when discharged shall be provided with a Discharge, decent suit of clothes, and a sum of money hot to exceed five dollars, and transportation to the place where the conyict received sentence; and may also be allowed employment in the prison, under the rules established for the government of convicts, for such period of time and at such rate of compensation as the warden shall deem proper and equitable. Sec. 683. If the warden shall at any time deem it for the interest of the E in pigments State he may employ the convicts outside the prison yard in quarrying or P^imltted. getting stone from and cultivating the prison farm, or in doing any work necessary to be dpne in the prosecution of the regular business of the insti- tution: * * * ^ Seo. 686. Every convict sentenced for any term less than life, who shall Deductions have made no infraction of the rules and regulations of the penitentiary in '™™ term. which he is confined, nor the la,ws of the State during his confinement, shall be entitled to a deduction from his sentence for each year, .and "pro rata for any part of a year, as follows: From and including the first year up to the third year, a deduction of two months for each year; from and including the third year, three months for each year; from and including the fourth year up to the tenth, four months for each year; from and including the tenth year up to the twentieth year, five months for each year; from and includmg the twentieth year up to the period fixed for the expiration of the sentence, six months for each year. Whenever any convict has a clear record for good conduct under the provisions of this section, he shall at the time of his discharge be considered as restored to the full rights of citizenship. Seo. 694. The warden is authorized and empowered, by and with the Leasing. advice and approval of the board of charities and corrections, to lease from time to time the labor of such portion of the prisoners confined therein, together with such shoproom, machinery and power as may be necessary for their proper employment, to such persons for such purposes, upon such terms and conditions, and for such length of time, not exceeding five years at any one time, as he shall deem most conducive to the interests of the State and the welfare of the prisoners. Seo. 696. In every contract made pursuant to the authority herein con- Powers re- ferred there shall be reserved to the board of said prison and to the warden, served, and each and every of his subordinates, full power and authority to prevent 758 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONBB OP LABOR. Special mutations. Control, Parole. the demanding or imposition of unusual or severe labor, or labor whereby the health or safety of the conricts may be impaired or jeopardized; and the said warden may from time to time prescribe all needful rules for the government and conduct of all contractors, their overseers and agents m their relations to the convicts, and may require summary dismissal of any individual employed by any contractor in said prison whenever it shall appear that the presence or conduct of such individual is prejudicial to the discipline of the prison or the welfare of the convicts. - Sec. 699. Whenever any convict, convicted under the State law, by continued good behavior, diligence in labor or study, or otherwise, shall surpass the general average of convicts, he may be compensated therefor, at the discretion of the governor, upon the recommendation in writing of the board, either by diminishing the period of his confinement or by pay- ment in money, or both. Acts op 1903. Chapter 86. Section 1. The charitable and _penal institutions of the State of South Dakota, consisting of the penitentiary, * * * shall be under the con- trol of the State board of charities and corrections, consisting of three mem- bers. Said board shall be appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate. * * * Acts op 1905. Chapter 14^. Section 3. It shall be the duty of the warden and deputy warden to study the life, habits, previous environments and nature of the convicts conmied in the State penitentiary, with a view of determining the advisa- bility of recommending any of said convicts for parole, and when of the opinion that a prisoner has been confined in the penitentiary a sufficient length of time to accomplish his reformation, and that said convict may be temporarily released without danger to society, it shall be his duty to . recommend his case to the board of charities and corrections for investiga^ tion. On the receipt of such recommendation, it shall be the duty of said board to examine all of the records heretofore provided for, as to the life of said convict, and it satisfied that the said convict merits a parole, said board of charities and corrections shall join with the warden of the peniten- tiary in a recommendation to the governor to grant a parole or temporary release of such convict. Conditions. Sec. 4. Whenever the governor shall have received such recommendation above provided for, and is satisfied that any convict has been confined in the penitentiary for a sufficient length of time to accomplish his reformation, and that such convict may be temporarily released without danger to society, and is satisfied that permanent and suitable employment has been secured for such convict in some county of the State where he will be free from criminal influences, the governor shall issue an order to the warden that such convict shall be temporarily released from the penitentiary and allowed to go to said county: Provided, That no convict shall be paroled until he shall have served one-half of the time for which he was sentenced, allowing time earned for good behavior. Clothing for Sec. 5. Upon the governor granting a parole to any convict the warden paroled prison- shall provide him with suitable clothing, if he is not abeady provided for, ^''^' not exceeding fifteen dollars in value, as the warden may deem necessary and proper. The warden may also at his discretion furnish him with transportation to the county designated in the governor's order, and neces- sary traveling expenses, not exceeding ten dollars. Custody. Sec. 6. All convicts so temporarily released on parole shall at all times and until their final discharge be considered in the legal custody of the warden of the penitentiary, and shall during the said time remam under conviction for the crime for which they were convicted and sentenced, and subject at any time to be taken and returned to the penitentiary by the warden, * * * Sec. 10. The governor in issuing his order of parole and conditional release to the warden may in his discretion fix the time of such parole, or Form of parole. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LA.BOR LAWS SOUTH DAKOTA. 759 may parole and conditionally release the convict until his further order therein, and whenever the governor shall be satisfied that the terms of said parole shall have been faithfully complied with by such convict and that the reformation of such convict is probable, and that he may be intrusted with his liberty without danger to society, then the governor shall have power to cause to be made and entered a full pardon and satis- faction of the conviction and commitment of the convict, which pardon shall be a full satisfaction of the said sentence of conviction, * * * Oha'pter 17S. Section 1. The board of charities and corrections are hereby author- industries. ized and empowered to establish, buUd and construct a hard-fiber twine and cordage plant at the State penitentiary, and are also hereby authorized and empowered to establish, build and construct a factory for the manu- facture of shirts and overalls at the State penitentiary. Sbo. 7. The board of charities and corrections are hereby authorized Shirts and and empowered to place said shirt and overall factory in operation as soon overalls, hereafter as practicable. And they are hereby authorized, empowered and directed to make all contracts which in their judgment they shall deem necessary, proper or advantageous for the purpose of operating such shift and overall factory, in order to the end that as many of the convicts as they deem proper may be employed in the operation of such factory. Sbo. 8. The price of binding twine to be manufactured at the said twine Sale of twine. and cordage plant at the State penitentiary shall be fixed by the warden and board of charities and corrections, the governor and State auditor each year, as soon as practicable, and not later than March 1st, and to be sold only to farmers or actual consumers thereof who are residents of the State of South Dakota, in quantities necessary for their own use, up to and including the first day of May of each and every year, and shall be sold only for cash or upon such security as the warden of the State peniten- tiary may approve. Seo. 9. Balance left on hand may be disposed of in bulk. All the twine Same subject, on hand the first day of May of any year for which no order has been given by farmers or actual consumers, except twenty-five thousand pounds to be kept to fill subsequent orders, may after said date be disposed of by the said warden and board of charities and corrections in bulk to any citizen of this State applying therefor, at the price fixed by the board of charities and corrections,, conditions hereinafter named. Seo. 10. Such warden or board of charities and corrections shall require Eesale. from any such person applying to obtain such twine a written agreement that he will resell such twine to actual consumers who desire the same for their own actual use, and that he will not resell such twine in bulk to any other dealer, or attempt to evade the provisions of this act. Such person shall further agree that he will so resell such twine to actual consumers at a price not greater than one cent per pound above the price paid therefor, with the cost per pound of transportation from the State penitentiary to the place of resale added. Seo. 11. The State shall have a contingent interest in the twine so dis- Same subject. posed of in bulk until the same is resold as herein provided, and the title of such twine so purchased from the State shall become complete and the purchaser be relieved from further accountability under tnis act only when he has fully complied with the said csntract as to the manner and terms of such resale. Such person shall also be required by said warden and board of charities Duty ol buyer and corrections to keep such State penitentiary twiue separate from any other twine he may have on hand for sale, and to keep a correct record of the date, amount, price and name of purchaser on all sales thereof made by him, which record shall be open at all times to any State peniten- tiary official or the State's attorney of the county of his residence. In the sale, distribution and disposition of the twine the board of charities and corrections and the warden of the State penitentiary shall apportion and divide the same throughout the several agricultural counties of the State, as nearly as may be according to the acreage therein of grain re- quiring the use of binding twine. If any twine remains on hand unsold after July 1st iu any year, the same may be sold absolutely to the first applicant therefor. 760 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. COUNTY CONVICTS. Code op Cbiminal Pboceddre — 1903. Bmployment. Section 745. Whenever any person shall be confined in any jail pursuant to the sentence of any court, if such sentence or any part thereof shall be that he be confined at hard labor, the sheriff of the county in which such person shall be confined shall furnish such convict with suitable tools and materials to work with, if, in the opinion of said sheriff, the said convict can be profitably employed either in the jail or yard thereof, and the ex- pense of said tools and materials shall be defrayed by the county in which said convict shall be confined, and said county shall be entitled to his earnings. And the said sheriff, if in his opinion the said convict can be more profitably employed outside of said jail or yard, either for the cdunty or for any municipality in said county, it shall be his duty to so employ said convict either m work oh public streets or highways or otherwise, and in so doing he shall take all necessary precaution to prevent said convict's escape, by ball and chain or otherwise, * * * Allowances lor Sec. 749. For every day's labor performed by any convict under the provisions hereof, there shall be credited on any judgment for fine and costs against him the sum of two dollars. Seo. 752. If any person confined in any jail upon a conviction or charge of any offensi, is refractory or disorderly, or if he willfully destroys or in- jures any article of bedding or other furniture, door or window, or any other part of such prison, the sheriff of the county, after due inquiry, may chain and secure such person, or cause him to be kept ia solitary confine- ment not more than three days for any one offense; and during such soli- tary confinement he may be fed with bread and water only, unless other food is necessary for the preservation of his health. TENNESSEE. STATE CONVICTS. Code— 1884. labor. Punishments. Hours ollabor. SECTION 6366. The work of convicts shall be at an average of ten hours Eer day, Sundays excepted, through the entire year, and the number of ours to be worked in the different seasons of the year shall be regulated by the superintendent, warden, and board of inspectors. Seo. 6374. All persons sentenced to the penitentiary shall be kept at labor, when in sufficient health. * * * Sec. 6376. The particular employm.ent of each prisoner shall be such as the keeper may consider best adapted to such prisoner's age, sex, and state of health, having due regard to that employment which is most profitable. Sec. 6377. All convicts shall be clothed, during the term of their con- finement, in comfortable garments of coarse and cheap materials, made in a untform and peculiar style, so as to distinguish them- from other persons; the number of suits, material, and style to be determined by the inspectors. Seo. 6400. Each convict, if he have no money or clothing, shall be fur- nished, at his discharge, with an amount of money, not exceedii^ ten dollars, at the discretion of the inspectors, to reach his place of residence, and with decf nt clothing. Acts of 1897. Lab or re quired. Employment. Clothing. Discharge. Contracts. Eestrictlon. ■ Chapter 39. Section 1. The board of prison commissioners are hereby authorized and empowered to coittraot for the hire or labor of convicts now confined or that may hereafter be confined in the State penitentiary, not otherwise employed, to any person, persons, firms, companies or corporations de- sirmg t.0 carry on a manufacturing or other business within the walls of the State penitentiary. Not more than 99 convicts shall be leased to any one fij-m or be employed in any one business within t^, walls of the penitentiary. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS TENNESSEE. 761 Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of said board of prison conunissioners in Duty to secure making contracts for the labor of convicts under this act to let them to such revenue. person, persons, firms, companies or corporations, and in such numbers as will yield the greatest amouat of revenue to the State of Tennessee. Sec. 3. All convicts employed under this act, shall at all times be under Control of con- the care and supervision of the board of prison commissioners, and it shall ^"ts. be the duty of said board to see that said convicts so employed shall be humanely treated, and that they have comfortable clothing and wholesome food at all times. Sec. 4 (as amended by chapter 40, Acts of 1903). No contract for the Term of con- labor of convicts, made under the provisions of this act, shall extend beyond tract, the 1st day of March, 1909. Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the commissioners in making contracts to . Competition so make them that competition with free labor shall be the least possible and ^tb free labor, that the manufaxituring industries established within the penitentiary shall be as diversified as practicable or possible for the best interest of the State at the same time havmg due regard for the interests of free labor. Chapter 126. Section 1. The officers for the government and control of the Tennessee Control of pris- State penitentiary shall be a board of commissioners, composed of three (3) <">• citizens of the State, * * * Sec. 6. The governor of the State is hereby authorized and empowered to Power of gov- appoint the commissioners, wardens, physicians, chaplains and matrons: emor. H« :fc * Sec . 11 . It shall be the duty of one of the members of said board of prison Superin t e n d- oommissioners to specially superintend and manage all farming operations ™t o* farms. conducted by the State, and to approve all contracts for the sale of farm products, and all contracts for the purchase of farming implements, and for the purchase or sale of any and aU live stock, and do all tlungs and perform all acts that are necessary to the successful and economical management of said farming operations. Said contracts to be also approved by a majority of said board of prison commissioners. Sec. 12. It shall be the duty of one of the members of said board of prison Superin t e n d- commissioners to specially superintend and supervise all of the State's min- ™t o' mines, ine operations, and approve all contracts in connection therewith for the sale of any of the mine products, either coal or coke, and all contracts for the purchase of any and.aU necessary supplies of every character, all of said contracts to be also approved by a majority of said board of prison commis- sioners. Sec. 24. It shall be the duty of the chairman of the board of prison com- Deductions misaioners to have the warden to keep a correct register of the conduct of 'rom term, each convict, to be termed " good time account," in which he shall faithfully record the exact conduct of each convict, and. each convict who shall demean himself uprightly shall have deducted from the time for which he may have been sentenced: One (1) month for the first year, two (2) months for the second year, three (3) months for each subsequent year until the tenth year, inclusive, and four (4) months for each remaining year of the time of imprisonment; * * * Sec. 27. The warden shall administer all punishment to convicts, which Punisluqent. shall never be done without a' thorough investigation of the charge made against the convict and approved by one or more of the prison commis- sioners, and in no event shall the punishment be cruel or iimumane. Note.— Whipping and loss of privileges are punishments used. Sec. 28. It shall be a misdemeanor for any of the officers connected with Domestic serv- the prison management to hire or let any female convict to any person on ice. the outside as cook, washerwoman, or for any other purpose. Sec. 29. It shall be the duty of the board of prison commissioners where Sale of coal and it can be done at such price per bushel or ton, as will give the State of Ten- coke, nessee a fair price for the labor of its convicts and a just compensation for its coal or coke, to sell the entire output of the State mines, either coal or coke, on board of cars at the mines to some responsible person, persons, firm, finns, company or corporation for such a period of time, not to exceed six years, as will best subserve the interest of the State. * * * Pro- vided, Nothing contained in any contract made by the prison commissioners, shall prevent said commissioners from furnishing the State institutions coal 762 KEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OP LABOK. or coke direct from the mines at actual coat for putting coal and coke on board the cars. Note.— See chapter 416, Acts of 1899, below. Coal and coke Seo. 30. The board of prison commissioners shall be required to furnish (or State use. ^^jj j.]jg ^^gj ^^^^ ^^^g required by the State institutions, and that all Stat» institutions using coal or coke or either, shall be required to use only coal and coke furnished by the State mines: Provided, That the prison comrpis- sioners can furnish the coal and coke delivered at the institution or institu- tions at the same cost to the institution or institutions as if bought in the general market. Contracts for Seo. 31 . The board of prison commissioners, as a temporary means for the specific work. employment of the more able-bodied shorter-time convicts, not otherwise employed or that can not be employed within the walls or on the farm, shall be permitted, and it is their duty to establish branch prisons and contract with any person, firm, corporation or county or municipal authorities for building public roads, pikes, clearing ground, farming operations, where competing the least with free or skilled labor; * * * Acts of 1899. Chapter ^16. Coke. Section 1. Theboardof prison commissioners are hereby authorized and empowered, to contract with any person, firm, or corporation for the manu- facture of coke from coal mined at the State coal mines at BruShy Moun- tain, upon such terms, conditions, and restrictions as may be agreed upon between said board of prison commissioners and any such person, firm, or corporation for a term not exceeding twelve years; * * * Acts op 1905. Chapter 486. Discharged SBcnoN 1 . All convicts when released from the penitentiary of the State convicts. upon their discharge' from the penitentiary [shall] be paid an amount from one dollar to five dollars in the discretion of the prison commissioners: Provided, This act does not apply to Federal prisoners confined in the penitentiary. COUNTY CONVICTS. Code— 1884. * Treatment of Section 6290. It is the duty of the jailer to furnish prisoners with clean convicts. beds, and sufficient blankets and other bed clothing to keep them comfort- able, and to provide them with two meals a day of good sound bread and meat, well cooked, with vegetables in addition at one of the meals, and plenty of good clean water twice a day from the first of May to the first of Novem- ber, and once each day from the first of November to the first of May. ., Acts of 1891. Chapter 123. Employment. Section 5. The [county] workhouse commissioners * * * shall pre- bciibe the kind of labor at which the prisoners shall be put: Provided, That when practicable they shall be worked on the county roads in preference to all other kinds of labor. Duties of su- Seo. 8. It shall be the duty of the superintendent to discharge each pris- perintendent. Qng^ as soon as his or her time is out, or upon order of the board of commis- sioners; to see that the prisoners are properly guarded to prevent escape; that they are kindly and humanely treated, and properly provided with clothing, wholesome food properly cooked and prepared for eating three times a day when at work ; that they are warmly and comfortably housed at night and in bad weather; * * * Sentence to la^ Sec. 12. In all cases where a person is by law liable to be imprisoned in '""^' the county jail for punishment, or for failure to pay a fine and costs, or coats only, as the case may be, in misdemeanor cases and in felony cases, where CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS TENNESSEE. 763 the punishment has been commuted from confinement in the penitentiary to the county jail, he or she shall be sentenced to be confined and shall be confined at hard labor in the county workhouse until the expiration of their sentence of imprisonment, and thereafter until the fine and costs, or costs only, as the case may be, have been worked out, paid or secured to be paid. * * * Sbo. 16. Each prisoner confined in the workhouse for a failure to pay or Allowance lor secure his or her fine and costs, or costs only, as the case may be, shall be 'abor. credited at the rate of forty cents for each day of actual work of ten hours, Sbo. 19. Any person, after sentence of punishment by imprisomment of Bailing out any prisoner has expired, may, by contract with the workhouse commis-P"^"™''^- sioners, and with the consent of the prisoner, bail out any prisoner * * * And such prisoners, while so bailed, shall be in the hands of the bailee, who may at any time surrender and turn over said prisoner to the superin- tendent of the workhouse, and shall be discharged from further liabiMty on said contract, provided he or she shall pay into the county treasury, on receivable warrant of the judge or chairman, the amount falling due by the terms of the contract prior to the surrender of the prisoner. * * * Seo. 22. Any county in the State not desiring to work its workhouse Contracts with prisoners may, through its judge or chairman, by direction of the quarterly other comities, county court, contract with any other county for the custody and employ- ment of said prisoners. Such prisoners shall then be worked and guarded by the county contracting to take them, and shall be subject to any rules that may be established by the workhouse commissioners of such county. Acts op 1899. Cha'pter 358. Section 1 . The judge or chairman of the county court, the county court Work on Mgh- clerk, and the shenflf of each county in the State of Tennessee are hereby ways. constituted a board for their respective counties whose duty it is hereby made to enter into contracts with public road commissioners or other officers or road contractors having the superintendence of warking the public roads of this State, for the employment on the public roads of prisoners confined in the county jails for the nonpayment or fines and costs adjudged against them by the courts. The said contracts are to be made without delay when a prisoner is confined in the county jail, and it is hereby made the duty of those having the superintendence of the working of the public roads, or road contractors, to enter into contracts immediately with the above-named board for the employment of said prisoners. Seo. 3. Said prisoners shall be worked on any of the pubhc roads of the Hours ol labor, county, and the same number of hours of labor per day as required by the public-road laws of the State shall constitute a day's work, and said prison- ers shall be allowed seventy-five cents for each day's Work in addition to Credits, twenty-five cents now allowed by law, which amount shall be credited to his fine and costs. * * * Seo. 5. The county employment boards created by this act, of any two Counties may or more adjoining counties, when they deem it advisable, may combine the unite. prisoners of said counties and work them on the pubhc roads of said coun- ties according to the rules and regulations provided for in the foregoing sections of this act. Seo. 6. Any prisoner refusing to work shall be fed only with one meal per Refusal to la- day until he is wiUing to render good service as a laborer and proves it by bor. domg good work. Chapter 368. Section 7. All county prisoners subject to labor shall be employed here- Rules as to after as far as practicable, upon the pubhc highways. In counties having blgbway labor, separate workhouses, or where the jails have been declared workhouses, the workhouse commissioners may let the convicts to contractors for road labor; in all other coimties the judge or chairman of the county court may let them to contractors, who will employ them upon the highways. In either case the county authorities shall name the guards, and the prisoners shall be treated, at all times, with humanity. Eight hours shall be a day's work upon the highways, whether performed by convicts or free road hands. Nothing 764 EEPOJBT OF THE 00MMI8SI0WEE OF LABOE. in this act shall affect the present law in regard to working county prisoners in counties having a population of 35,000 or over, by the last Federal census or any subsequent Federal census. TEXAS. STATE AND COUNTY CONVICTS. CONSTITDTION. Powers board. Article 16. Highways and Section 24. The legislature shall make provision for laying out and bridges. working pubhc roads, for the building of bridges, and for utilizing fines, for- feitures and convict labor to all these purposes. STATE CONVICTS. Revised Civil Statutes — 1895. Board. Article 3653. The governor shall appoint by, and with the advice and consent of the senate, a penitentiary board to consist of three commissioners, * * * of Art. 3654. The said board *■ * * shall have power to purchase or cause to be purchased, with such funds as may be at its disposal, not other- wise appropriated, any lands, buildings, machinery and tools necessary for the use, preservation and operation of the penitentiaries, to the end that the largest number of convicts that can be comfortably accommodated and made self-supporting may be confined therein; and until adequate provi- sions be niade by the legislature for the confinement and employment of all convicts who may be profita;bly utilized within the walls; and said board may erect and operate for the State in each of the penitentiaries a factory for the manufacture of cotton goods, cotton and jute bagging: Provided, That in the judgment of the pemtentiary board it shall be deemed practica- ble and can be done without loss to the State; the said board may employ the excess of convicts at labor outside the walls, eit^ier under the contract system or State account system, under such regulations, conditions and restrictions as it may deem best for the welfare of the State and the convicts; . and said board shall, when it has means at its disposal which can be so used, from time to time purchase or lease and equip a farm or farms upon which y convicts suitable for farm labor who can not be made self-supporting inside the walls shall be worked on State accoimt. Said board shall have power to contract with railroad corporations or other common carriers for trans- portation facilities for said Texas institutions, and to exchange for such facilities labor of State convicts or the product of the manufactories of said institutions, upon such te^ms, prices and rates as it may deem for the best interests of the State, and the mancial agent of the pemtentiary shall honor and pay any draft or drafts drawn on him by said penitentiary board drawn for this purpose, when he has any surplus funds m his hands or at his dis- posal belonging to said penitentiaries. But no such farm or farms shall ever be purchased by said board except it be upon the advice, consent and State account direction of the governor. And said board snail, as soon as practicable, system. place all State convicts either inside the walls of the penitentiaries or on farms, and work the same on State account. Systems au- Akt. 3655. The system of labor in the State penitentiaries shall be the State account system or contract system, or partly one and partly the other, as shall in the discretion of the penitentiary board and the governor be deemed for the best interest of the State; but no contract shall be let for any of such convict labor if equally remunerative employment can be fur- nished by the State and worked on State account. The said board shall not make nor approve any contract for the lease of the penitentiaries or either of them, nor shall any contract ever be made by which the control of the convicts except as to a reasonable amount of labor, shall pass from the State or its officers, and the State shall never be deprived of the right to direct how, at any and all times and imder all circumstances, its convicts shall be lodged, fed, clothed, quartered, worked and treated, and the management antf discipline of convicts shall in all cases remain under control of the State and officers employed and paid by the State-. thorized. Control. CHAPTEK V, — ^CONVICT LABOR LAWS— TEXAS. 765 Akt. 3660a. The penitentiary board are hereby authorized to purchase Prison farms. and equip, with the consent of the governor, agricultural lands or improved farms, to be by them selected with a view to productiveness of spU and accessibility to railroads, for the purpose of establishing thereon State farms, and employing thereon convict labor on State account. Aet. 3690. The chaplain shall preach at least once every Sunday to the Chaplain, convicts, and shall establish such associations, Sabbath schools and other schools for the benefit of the convicts as he may deem proper, having due regard to the rules of the prison, and being careful not to conflict in any manner with the discipline of the prison and the regular hours for labor. Art. 3697. When the penitentiaries are being operated on State account. Skilled employ- the superintendent, under the direction of the State board, may employ ®6s. such number of skilled workmen or other employees as may be deemed essential to their successful operation and to the pecuniary interest of the State. Art. 3713. The convicts Shall all be treated with himianity, but a distino- Rewards, tion may be made in their treatment so as to extend to all such as are orderly, industrious and obedient, comforts and privileges according to their deserts. The rewards to be bestowed on convicts for good conduct shall consist of a relaxation of strict prison rules, and extension of social privileges as may not be inconsistent with proper disciphne. Commutation Deductions of time for good conduct shall be granted by wie superintendent of the pen-*''"™ *^''™- itentiaries, and the following deductions shall be made from the term or terms of sentence when no charges of misconduct have been sustained against a convict, viz : Two days per month off the first year of sentence. Three davs per month off the second year of sentence. Four days per month on the third jear of sentence. Five days per month oflt the fourth year of sentence. Slx days per month off the fifth year of sentence. Seven days per month off the sixth year of sentence. Eight days per month off the seventh year of sentence. Nine days per montb off the eighth year of sentence. Ten days per month off the ninth year of sentence. Fifteen days per month off the tenth year and all succeeding years of sentence. * * * For extra meritorious conduct on the part of any convict he shall be recommended to the favorable consideration of the governor for increased commutation or pardon. Life or long-term convicts, who, hav- ing actually served fifteen years without any sustained charge of miscon- duct, and who shall be favorably recommended to the governor by the superintendent and assistant superintendent of penitentiaries, and the penitentiary board, may receive at the hands of the governor a reasonable commutation of sentence, and if a life sentence is commuted to a term of years, then such convict shall have the benefit of the ordinary commuta- tion as if originally sentenced for a term of years, except the governor should otherwise direct. Art. 3714. The punishments that may be prescribed by the penitentiary Punishments, board shall consist of deprivation of privileges, closer imprisonment, con- finement in cell on bread and water, confinement in dark cell, confinement in irons and other punishments of like character; but a convict shall not be deprived of his food at regular hours, except as above provided. Whippiag may be resorted to upon a special order in writing from the superintendent or assistant superintendent or inspector, ia aggravated and particular cases, and under such rules and instructions as may be prescribed in the rules. A convict's head shall not be shaved in any instance; nor shall stocks or "horse" be used imder any circumstances. Note. — From five to thirty-nine lashes are inflicted for serious offenses. Art. 3715. Suitable clothing, of substantial material, and uniform make. Clothing and and sufficient food of wholesome quality shall be furnished to all, and in '''°'^' order that all convicts be fed alike, as near as practicable, the rules shall prescribe the kind, quality and variety of food to be furnished. Convicts ■ are to be allowed no spirituous, vinous or malt liquors, except upon' pre- scription of the phjrsician. Art. 3716. Convicts sentenced to hard labor shall be kept at work, under Labor to be such rules and regulations as may be adopted ; but no labor shall be required constant. of any convict on Sunday, except such as is absolutely necessary, and no Sundays. greater amount of labor aiall be required of any convict than a due regard ?Qr his physical health and strength may render proper; nor shall any con- vict be placed at such labor as the penitentiary physician may pronounce him physically unable to perform. 766 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Teaolier. Abt. 3721. Convicts who are unable to read or write may receive instruc- tion under such regulations as may be prescribed by the penitentiary board;, and the said board may, whenever practicable to do so, employ a competent teacher for that purpose. Discharge. Aet. 3722. When a convict is entitled to his discharge from prison he shall be furnished with a written or printed discharge from the superin- tendent of penitentiaries, with seal afloxed, giving convict's name, date of sentence, from what county, amount of commutation received, it any, and such other description as may be practicable. He shall be furnished with a plain suit of citizen's clothing, five dollars in money and railroad transportation to the nearest depot to county seat from whence sentenced, not to exceed fifteen dollars; but if convict prefers he may receive trans- portation tickets for same distance in some other direction. Acts op 1903. Chapter 34. Smelting lur- Section 1. The penitentiary board is hereby authorized and advised, "^™- on the going into effect of this act, immediately to have enlarged and extended the capacity of the present iron-smelting furnace of the State penitentiary at Rusk, Texas, to not less than fifty tons per day of pig-iron product, or to erect and construct a new smelting furnace in said peniten- tiary of a capacity such that the same shall produce an output of not less than fifty tons of pig iron per day in addition to the existing twenty-five-ton furnace, according as they shall deem most expedient and profitable for the State. Iron and tim- Seo. 2. The penitentiary board is hereby authorized and advised, imme- ber lands. diately after this act takes effect, to purchase or otherwise acquire, by and with the consent of the governor, timber or timbered lauds, and iron ore, or lands containing deposits of iron ore sufficient to supply the charcoal and iron ore necessary to run and operate such iron-smelting furnace or furnaces and iron-pipe works situated in said penitentiary at Kusk, Texas, to their full capacity, as herein provided, for such time as in their discretion they think best for the State's interest. Manager. Seo. 4. The iron works and industry, * * * jg hereby placed under the inunediate and independent control and management of the general manager of said iron industry, * * * Convtets to he Seo. 7. It shall be the duty of the superintendent of i)enitentiaries to assigned. assign to t^e use and control of said general manager of said iron industry for employment in said industry such number of able-bodied convicts best adapted to efficient and profitable labor in such industry as shall be applied tor by said general manager by his requisition upon said superin- tendent when approved by the penitentiary board, to be made by him from time to time as the necessities of the said iron mdustry may require, Cfhapter 106. Purchase ol Seotion 1. No officer or employee of the State penitentiaries shall be goods. permitted to purchase any goods or merchandise or other property from the State or penitentiary system except such surplus fruits, vegetables, ice., water, steam and hghts as may be produced or manufactured on the premises of the penitentiary, or to appropriate to his private use or employ- ment the labor, services or use of any State penitentiary convict, or of any animal, vehicle or other personal property belonging to the State xmless it be by the express consent of the penitentiary board, had by an order to that effect entered of record on the minutes of said board, providing for the amouiit to be paid by such officer or employee for the use, employment and services of such convict or convicts or the use of any personalproperty belonging to the State, * * * Bribes. Seo. 2. Any person, copartnership or firm, or any member of such copart- nership or firm or any agent, servant or representative of such person, copartnership or firm, or any officer, agent, servant or representative of any corporation, hiring or employing State convicts by contract with the State or penitentiary system of hire, lease, or for any share or portion or per cent of the crops or other products of the labor of such convicts, who shall pay or promise or offer to pay either directly or indirectly, to any CHAPTEB V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS TEXAS. 767 sergeant, guard or other employee of the State having such convicts in charge or under his control, either in whole or in part, any money or other valuable thing, shall be guiltjr of a felony, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by confinement m the penitentiary for two years. Acts of 1905. OTuifter 28. Section 1 . The penitentiary board and board , of pardons shall have Parole, power to make and establish rules and regulations subject to the approval of the governor, imder which meritorious prisoners, who are now, or here- after may be imprisoned under a sentence to penal servitude and who may have served not less than one-fourth of their respective terms of imprison- ment, may be allowed to go upon parole outside the buildings and juris- diction of the penitentiary authorities, subject to the exceptions hereinafter contained: Provided, That in no case shall a convict be paroled until he shall have servedtwo years of his term. Sec. 2. While on parole as aforesaid, such prisoners shall remain under Custody. control of the penitentiary board and subject at any time to be taken back within physical possession and control of said board, as under their original sentence. * * * Seo. 4. The provisions of this act shall not apply to any convict, unless Application, it be his first conviction for a felony. Sec. 5. The provisions of this act shall apply to aU convicts except those Same subject, convicted of rape, robbery by the use of firearms, or any deadly weapon, and murder: Provided, That any person convicted of murder in the first degree and robbery by use of firearms, or any deadly weapon, may be paroled after servmig (15) fifteen years without commutation for good behavior; and any person convicted of murder in the second degree may be paroled after serving (10) ten years without commutation for good behavior. COUNTY CONVICTS. Revised Civil Statutes — 1895. Abtiole 3727. The commissioners' courts of the several counties may Workhouses.. provide for the erection of a workhouse and the establishment of a county farm in connection therewith, for the purpose of utilizing the labor of county convicts, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution. Abt. 3733. County convicts shall be put to labor upon the public roads. Work on higli- bridges or other public works of the county, when their labor can not be ^*y^' ^^■ utilized in the county workhouse or farm, and they shall be required to labor not less than eight nor more than ten hours each day, Sundays excepted. Art. 3735. When a convict refuses to labor, or is otherwise refractory or Refusal to labor insubordinate, he may be punished by solitary confinement on bread and water, or in such other manner as the commissioners' court may direct. Abt. 3736. Female convicts ehaU, under all circumstances, be kept Female con- separate and apart from male convicts, and they shall in no case be re-""*^' quired to do manual labor, except in the workhouse, or when hired out as is hereinafter provided. Abt. 3739. When a convict who has been committed to jaU in default of Fines and payment of fine and costs is required to do manual labor he shall be credited ""credits, upon such fine and costs at the rate of fifty cents for each day he may labor, and upon satisfaction of such fine and costs in full at said rate he shall be discharged: Provided, Such work shall be performed on public streets or roads, or on county poor farms. No convict under this act shall ever be required to work or be hired for more than one year. Aet. 3740. If a convict of the kind described in the preceding article be Artisans, an artisan or mechanic, and be put to labor at his trade or caUing in any workhouse or on any public work, he may be credited upon the fine and costs against him with such extra compensation for his labor as the county judge may determine to be just and proper. Art. 3744. Any person who may be convicted of a misdemeanor or Employments, petty oftense, and \riio shall be committed to jail in default of the payment of the fine and costs adjudged against him, may be worked upon the"pubUc 768 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. roads or upon the county farms of the county in which such conviction is had, or be hired out to any individual, company or corporation within the county of conviction, to remain in said county, and the proceeds of said hiring, when collected, shall be applied, first, to the payment of the costs,, and second, to the payment of the fine; and every convict shall be entitled Allowance Jor to a credit of twenty-five cents on his fine and costs for each day he may labor. serve under such hiring, including Sunday, and he shall be discharged at any time upon payment of the balance due on. his fine and costs or upon the expiration of his term of service, his term of service in no event to be greater than one day for each fifty cents of fine and costs: Provided, That in no case shall the counties be responsible to the officers for their costs, and in no case shall such convicts be hired out for a longer period than one year for failure to pay a fine' and costs, and on the expiration of said time, unless by his hire such fine and costs have been sooner paid ofif, said convicts shall be finally discharged. Art. 3745. Such hiring may be either by private contract or at public auction, as may be deemed best for the interest of the county, or it may be by general contract for any specified term, embracing the labor of all county convicts of the class prescribed in the preceding article, at some fixed rate per day, week or month. Art. 3746. Hirers of convicts shall execute bond: Hiring. Treatment convicts. ol 2. That he [the hirer] will treat the convict humanely while in his employ- ment. 3. That he will furnish the convict with a sufficient quantity of good and wholesoine food, with comfortable clothing and medicine when side. 4. That he will not require the convict to work at unreasonable hours, or for a longer time during any one day than other laborers doing the same kind of labor are accustomed to work. * * * Earn 1 n g s to Art. 3749. All moneys arising from hiring out convicts shall be paid over procure dis-^Q jjjg county judge and b;^him paid into the county treasury, and in every case the convict shall receive full credit- for the amount of his labor, to be counted and entered in discharge of the fine and costs adjudged against him ; and whenever his earnings shall be sufficient to pay in full such fine and costs he shall be discharged. Art. 4777. The commissioners' court may require all county convicts not otherwise employed to labor upon the public roads under such regula- tions as may be most expedient. Each county convict worked on the pub- lic roads in satisfaction of any fine and costs shall receive a credit thereon of fifty cents for each day he may labor. * * * The commissioners' court may grant a reasonable commutation of time for which a convict would be compelled to work to pay his fine and costs, or for which he is committed, as a reward for faithful sefvices and good behavior, and such court shall make proper rules and regulations under which such commuta^ tions may be granted. charge. Work on high- ways. UTAH. STATE AND COUNTY CONVICTS. Revised Statutes — 1898. Hours of labor. Section 1336 (as amended by chapter 98, Acts of 1903). Eight hours shall constitute a day's work in all penal institutions in this State, whether State, county or municipal, * * * - Labor re- Sec. 4930. In all cases when by law a person is sentenced to imprison- quired. ment either in theState prison or in a county jail, it shall be at hard labor whether so designated by the court or jury or not. STATE CONVICTS. Appointment ot boards. Control. Revised Statutes — Section 2064. Member? of the governing board of each State institu- tion shall be appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, except as in this title otherwise provided. Sec. 2220. The goyernjnent and control. of the State prison, and the charge of its general interests and afifairs shall be vested in a board of cor- CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS UTAH. 769 rections to consist of four members, * * * The governor shall be ex officio a member of said board. Sec. 2229. It shall be the duty of the warden under the rules and regu- Duties ol war- lations adopted by the board for the government of the prison: den. ******* 5. To superintend any manufacturing and mechanical business that may be carried on by the State, pursuant to law, within the prison; to receive the articles manufactured, and to sell and dispose of the same for the benefit of the State. ******* Sec. 2242. It shall be the duty of the board to classify the prisoners Olassifloation. into three grades, as follows: In the first grade shall be included those appearing to be corrigible or less vicious tnan the others and likely to observe the laws and maintain themselves by honest industry after their discharge; in the second grade shall be included those appearing to be incorrigible or more vicious, but so competent to work and so reasonably obedient to prison discipline as not to seriously interfere with the pro- ductiveness of their labor, or of the labor of those with whom they may be employed; in the third grade shall be iaoluded those who are incorrigible or BO insubordinate, or so incompetent, otherwise than from temporary ill health, as to seriously interfere with the discipline or productiveness of the labor of the prison. The board shall also make and adopt rules for the separation and classification of prisoners, for their promotion and reduction from one grade to another, and from time to time to change and amend the same as circumstances may require. In making such rules and reflations the board shall, as far as practicable, consistent with the disciplme of the prison, adopt such as shall, in its judgment, best conduce to the reformation of the convicts. * * * Sec. 2243. The board may make regulations in regard to the food. Pood, clotUng, rations, clothing, and bedding of the convicts, as the health, well-being, etc and circumstances of each may require; but all diet, rations, clothing, beds, and bedding shall be plain, of good quality, and in sufficient quantity for the sustenance and comfort of the convicts. Sec. 2254. The warden shall also have authority, under such regulations Labor on buUd- as the board may adopt, to employ convicts in the erection or repair ofings. the buildings or walls of the prison or on the prison farm. Seo. 2257. It shall be the duty of the prison board to meet at least once Induatriea. in six months to detennine what lines of productive labor shall be pursued in the prison, and in so determining the board shall select diversified lines of industry with reference to interfering as little as possible with the same lines of industry carried on by citizens of this State. No contract shall be made for the labor of prisoners confined in the State prison, but they shall be employed by the warden under rules and regulations established by the board. Seo. 2258. The board shall be required to employ as many prisoners as Articles lor are necessary in making articles for the various State institutions, as far as State use. practicable; and the State institution shall pay to the prison the market price of all such articles furnished. Sec. 2259. For the purpose of reclaiming, by irrigation, State lands, Irrigation and for the purpose of furnishing public work for convicts confined in the works. State prison, the State board of corrections is hereby authorized to locate and construct, in the name of and for the use of the State, ditches, canals, reservoirs, and feeders, for irrigating and domestic purposes, and for that purpose may use convict labor of persons confined, or that may be confined, as convicts in the State prison. Seo. 2260. The board may adopt rules for crediting to deserving pris- Credits from oners some portion of their earnings; to unmarried prisoners, not to exceed eanitogs. ten per cent of their net earnings, to be paid them on discharge; and to married prisoners, not to exceed twenty-five per cent of their net earnings, to be delivered to their families, if living in this State and shown to be dependent upon them for support. If married prisoners have not resident families so dependent, they are to be credited with the same amount as unmarried prisoners, and paid the same on discharge. Sec. 2263. All convicts, other than such as are confined in solitude for Hours of labor, misconduct in the prison, shall as far as practicable be kept constantly etc. employed at hard labor for an average of not less than eight hours a day, 9061—06 49 770 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Sundays and holidays excepted, unless Incapable of laboring by reason of sickness or other infirmity. Punishment. Seo. 2266. * * * The warden or deputy warden may punish con- victs for misconduct in such manner and under such regulations as shall be adopted by the board: Provided, That punishment by showenng with cold water or whipping with the lash on the bare body shall in no case be allowed. The warden or deputy warden shall the next day after mflictmg punishment upon any convict enter in a book, to be kept for that purpose, a written memorandum thereof signed by him, stating the offense com- mitted and the kind and extent of the punishment inflicted; but in no case shall any punishment be brutal or inhuman, and no corporal punish- ment shall be inflicted without the presence of the prison physician. Note. — Loss of good time and solitary confinement axe tlie punishments in use. School. Seo. 2279. A school may be maintained in the prison for the instruction of convicts confined therein. It shall be conducted under such regulations as may be approved by the board of corrections. Discharge. Sec. 2286. When a convict shall be discharged from prison by pardon or otherwise, the warden shall furnish him with clothing, if he te not already provided for, not exceeding ten dollare in value, and such sum of money, not exceeding ten dollars, as the warden may deem necessary and E roper: Provided, The prisoner have less than ten dollars of earnings to is credit. The board may, in its discretion, furnish such convict with a further sum of money, not exceeding fifteen dollars, whenever in its opinion, the necessities of the convict are such as to require the same. Instead of paying to a discharged convict the sum of ten dollars or under as above allowed, the warden may, in his discretion, expend the money and allow- ance, or such portion thereof as may be necessary, in paying the fare of the convict to his home or place of destination. Acts of 1899. Chapter 39. ol Section 1. The board of pardons is hereby authorized to extend to each convict sentenced for any period less than life who shall not have been guilty of a breach of the rules of discipline of the prison, a reduction of the period of sentence, as hereinafter provided; and when the full term of imprisonment for which such convict shall have been sentenced shall be diminished by his good conduct under the provisions of this act so that his term of imprisonment has thereby expired, the warden shall immediately furnish the board of pardons a certificate stating the length of time his term of imprisonment has been so diminished, and no objections appearing to the board, the convict shall be released. Deductions. Sbc. 2. The hereinafter specified deductions shall be allowed to convicts for good conduct : From a term of sentence of three months, fifteen days; from a term of six months, thirty days; from a term of one year, two calendar months; thus, a one-year convict shall be entitled to a discharge at the expiration of ten months. If the term be for any time greater than one year, the service for the second year or portion thereof shall begin at the expiration of ten months, which snail stand for a service of one year. On the second year the con- vict shall be entitled to a deduction of three calendar months; thus, a service of one year and seven months shall be sufficient for a term of two years. The service of a third year, or a fraction thereof, shall begin at the expira- tion of one year and seven months; four calendar months shall be allowed on said third year; thus, a service of two years and three months shall be sufficient for a term of three years. For a term of four years, the service of the fourth, or portion thereof, shall begin at the expiration of two years and three months, and on the fourth year five months shall be allowed; thus, a service of two years and ten months shall be sufficient for a term of four years. In a term of five years the service of the fifth year, or portion thereof, shall begin at the expi- ration of two years and ten months, and from the fifth year there shall be a deduction of six calendar months; thus, a service of thTee years and four Heductlon term. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOE LAWS UTAH. 771 months shall be sufficient for a term of five years. For all time in excess of five years there shall be a deduction of one-half of such time. Sec. 6. The board shall have power to establish rules and regulations, Parole, under which any prisoner, who is now or may hereafter be imprisoned under a sentence other than for murder in the first or second degree, and who may have served a minimum term provided by law for the crime for which he shall have been convicted (and who shall not have previously been con- victed of felony and served a term in a penal institution) and any prisoner who is now or hereafter may be imprisoned, under a sentence for murder in the first or second degree and who has now or hereafter shall have served under said sentence twenty-five full years, may be allowed to go upon parole outside of the prison buildings and their indiosures, but to remain, while on parole, in the legal custody and under the control of the board, and sub- ject at any time to be taken back within the institution. COUNTY CONVICTS. Revised Statutes — 1898. Section 611. The board of county commissioners, in each county, has Power of jurisdiction and power, under such limitations and restrictions as areg°^'5^i^si(,™"rg,'' prescribed by law: To provide for the workii^ of prisoners confined in the county jail under Labor on pub- judgment of conviction of misdemeanor, under the direction of some respon- '*" grounds, etc. sible person, upon the public grounds, roads, streets, alleys, highways, or public buildings, for the benefit of the county, when, under such judgment of conviction, or existing laws, said prisoners are liable to labor. n* V 5p S|S •p ip ifl VERMONT. STATE AND COUNTY CONVICTS. CONSTITOTION. Chapter 2. Section 37. To deter more effectually from the commission of crimes. Hard labor by continued visible punishments of long duration, and to make sanguinary P'^soribed. punishments less necessary, means ought to be provided for punishing by hard labor, those who shall be convicted of crimes not capital, whereby the criminal shall be employed for the benefit of the public, or for the repara- tion of injuries done to private persons; and all persons at proper times ought to be permitted to see them at their labor. STATE CONVICTS. Statutes — 1 894. Section 5171. A board of three persons, appointed by the governor by Control. and with the advice and consent of the senate, and known as the directors of the State prison and house of correction, shall have charge of those institutions. Sec. 6188. The directors of the State prison and house of correction may Contracts for contract, for not exceeding five years to any person, the labor of all or part '^°°''- of the convicts in the State prison or house of correction in such maimer and on such terms as they judge best for the State; but such contracts shall not interfere with the management and discipline of the convicts. They may also purchase material required for employing the prisoners, and sell articles belonging to either institution proper to be sold. Sec. 6190. The governor shall, biennially, appoint a superintendent of Superintend- the State prison, and a superintendent of the house of correction, * * * ®°*^- Sec. 5199. Each superintendent shall, with the approval of the directors Rules, etc. or trustees of the institution for which he is appointed, make such regular tions and by-laws for the management thereof, and for the government and safe-keeping of persons confined therein as are necessary or proper and not 772 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Discharge. Labor r quired. Instruction. contrary to law, and alter the same from time to time as is found expedient ; and he shall be held responsible for the care and discipline of the institution. Note.— Solitary confinement in dark cell and bread-and-water diet are tbe pun- ishments in use. Sec. 5204. The superintendent of the house of correction may, in his discretion and at the expense of the State, furnish convicts discharged there- from with railroad tickets to their homes; such tickets shall be delivered to the conductor of the train, who shall at the end of his route deliver the unused portion thereof, if any, to the discharged person. Sec. 5218. Persons sentenced to imprisonment in the house of correction shall be kept at hard labor therein. Sec. 5259. Persons committed to the house of correction who are under twenty years of age shall be instructed at reasonable times in the branches required to be taught in the pubhc schools; and prisoners above that age ~ shall receive such facilities for reading and such instruction as in the dis- cretion of the superintendent is reasonable and consistent with the dis- cipline of the institution. Deductions Seo. 5274. A person confined in State prison in execution of a sentence, from term. .^j^^ g^ conducts himself for any month that no charge of misconduct is sustained against him, shall have a deduction from the term of his sentence of five days for each such month, and, if he is poor and destitute, shall be entitled to receive one dollar for each such month when finally discharged; but such deduction shall be reduced five days and such payment one dol- lar for any month when a charge of misconduct is sustained; and he shall be entitled to his discharge so much sooner upon the certificate of the super- intendent of the prison with the approval of the governor, and shall be paid the sum so due to him by the superintendent; but such payment shall not exceed one hundred dollars. Same in house Seo. 5275. A person confined in the house of correction in execution of a sentence, who so conducts himself for any month that no charge of mis- conduct is sustained against him, shall have a deduction from the term of his sentence of five days for each such month, but such deduction shall be reduced five days for each charge of misconduct sustained against him; and he shall be entitled to his discharge so much sooner upon the certificate of the superintendent of the house of correction with the approval of the governor. Acts op 1898. ol correction. Act No. 126. Duties parole. ol Board. Section 1. A board of prison commissioners is hereby established. Members. Sec. 2. Said board shall consist of the chief justice of the supreme court, the lieutenant governor and the directors of the State prison and house of correction, s to Seo. 4. Said board shall hear and determine all applications for the re- lease on parole of convicts in the State prison or house of correction, and shall have authority to make such rules and regulations regarding the same as they shall deem best; and shall hold meetings at such times and places as they shall think advisable. Act No. 127. sen- Section 1. When a convict is sentenced to the State prison or house of correction otherwise than for life, or as an habitual criminal, the court im- posing the sentence shall not fix the term of imprisonment, but shall estab- lish a maximum and a minimum term for which said convict may be held in said prison or house of correction. The maximum term shall not be longer than the longest term fixed by law for the ofi'ense of which he is con- victed and the minimum term shall not be less than the shortest term fixed by law. Parole. Seo. 2. At any time after the expiration of the minimum term for which a convict may be held in the said prison or house of correction under a sentence imposed as aforesaid, the prison commissioners may issue to him a permit to be at liberty therefrom, upon such terms and conditions as they shall deem best, and they may revoke said permit at any time previous to the expiration of the maximum term for which he may be held under said sentence. Form tence. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOB LAWS VEEMONT, 773 COUNTY CONVICTS. Acts of 1898. Act No. 128. Sbotion 1. The county courts of the several counties of this State shall Probation offl- appoint one person to perform the duties of probation ofiBcer, as herein-"®'" after provided, under the jurisdiction of said courts. * * * Sec. 2. Each probation officer, when requested to do so by any court in Duties, the county before which a person is being prosecuted for crime, shall in- quire into the nature of any criminal case brought before the court in the county for which he is appointed, and may recommend that any person convicted by such court be placed upon probation. Such court may place the person so convicted in the care of said probation ofiBcer for such time and upon such conditions as it may prescribe. Sec. 3. When a person has been placed upon probation, the court may Expenditure direct and authorize the probation officer to expend for the temporary sup- *'"' "onvicts. port of such person, or for his transportation or for both such purposes, such reasonable sum as the court shall consider expedient, * * * VIRGINIA. STATE CONVICTS. Code— 1904. Section 232. The governor shall, on the first day of February, nineteen Control, hundred and three, or as soon thereafter as may be, appoint, subject to confirmation by the senate, a board of five directors, which shall have the government and control of the penitentiary, branch prisons, and prison farms, subject to such regulations and requirements as may be prescribed by law. * * * and SS. succeeding appointments, which shall be made by the governor annually on the first dky of February, or as soon there- after as may be, subject to confirmation by the senate, as the terms of the directors first appointed shall respectively expire, shall be for terms of five years. * * * Sec. 4123. Before any male prisoner shall be permitted to labor in the Convict to shops, or elsewhere out of his room, he shall make and subscribe such J^jJ^g^"'^^''* *° promise of obedience and fidelity to the rules and orders of the institu- tion, as shall be prescribed by the board as approved by the governor, and it shall be the duty of the superintendent, as far as practicable, to provide suitable employment in separate rooms for the refractory and obsti- nate and for those of disordered mind, or who, for any cause, are unfit to be congregated in the shops. Sec. 4124. The male and female convicts shall be kept separate from Males aai le- each other, and the males shall have their heads and beards close shaven, ^ated?° ^°^' or shorn once a fortnight and oftener, if need be. Every convict shall be Clothing, clothed at the public expense in a distinctive uniform for each sex, made of coarse material. * * * Sec. 4125. The convicts shall be kept to the hardest labor suitable to Labor, their sex and fitness, and such of them, as need it, instructed in some mechanic art. Sec. 4127. The convicts shall be fed on bread of Indian meal, or other Pood- coarse bread, and have one meal a day of coarse meat. The board of directors may change or regulate the diet for good cause. Sec. 4130. The superintendent shall at the discietion and under the di- Employment, rection of the governor employ them at Kichmond or elsewhere in the State in improving, repairing, or working on the public buildings, grounds, and property, or executing work under contract with individuals or companies or in cultivating grounds for the use of the penitentiary. Sec. 4131. He shall have authority to furnish to the Hollywood and Care ol ceme- Oakwood memorial associations, from time to time, as may be necessary, a sufficient force of convict labor to keep in order the graves and sections wherein are buried the Confederate soldiers of the Army of Northern Vir- ginia in said cemeteries. ' -c. • j Sec. 4132. The superintendent, at the request of the president of the Fairgrounds. Virginia State agricuBural society, may in his discretion order the employ- 774 REPOET OP THE COMMISSIOWEE OF LABOR. ment of convicts on the groimds of said society, imposing such conditiojis and restrictions as he may deem proper. County roads. Sec. 4133. The superintendent shall have authority to furnish to any county in the State, upon the requisition of the hoard of supervisors of such county, approved hy the judge of the county or circuit court, con- victs whose term of service, at the time of the application for them, does not exceed five years, to work on the county roads, under such regulations as the board of supervisors may prescribe in conformity with this chapter, and on such conditions as to safe-keeping as the superintendent and said board may agree upon: Provided, That if the supervisors shall deem it best that the convicts furnished be Mnployed on any turnpike or macadamized road in their county, the said board may so employ them, or arrange for their employment on such road with the company authorized to construct the same. Care of con- Sec. 4134. The convicts shal be transported from and returned to the ^'''*°" penitentiary, and be fed, guarded, and furnished with medical attention, at the expense of the counties, while in their charge. Guards, etc. Sec. 4135. The boards of supervisors shall have power to employ such agents, overseers, and guards as they may deem necessary for the safe- keeping and proper management of the convicts in their charge; and such agents, overseers, and guards shall have the same authority to compel labor, enforce obedience, and prevent escape, as the agents or officers of the same grade of the State penitentiary. Hiring to raU- Sec. 4136. After providing for all demands under section forty-one hun- roads. dred and thirty-three the superintendent shall have authority to hire to any railroad company in this State to which counties are subscribers any convicts which may remain in the penitentiary or who may be employed under existing contracts in any quarry or on any railroad to which coun- ties are not subscribers whose term of service at the time of application for them does not exceed ten years : Provided, Such contracts can be law- fully canceled. Public works. Sec. 4137. The superintendent of the penitentiary upon the order of the governor shall deliver on the part of the State able-bodied convicts selected for work upon pubhe improvements by the sin^eon of the penitentiary. Said convicts shall be furnished medicine and medical attention by the State. A sufficient number of convicts to perform all camp duties — namely, such as cooking, washing, cleaning, and attendance upon the sick — shall also be furnished by the State without charge for hire to the contractors, * * * Duties ol raU- The railroad companies hiring said convicts shall defray the cost of trans- road companies, porting the convicts hired out from and returning them to the peniten- tiary, and shall feed, house, clothe, bed, and guard said convicts while in their employment, and they shall also defray the same expenses of the convicts furnished as aforesaid to perform camp duties. Railroad companies shall have power to employ such agents, overseers, and guards as they may deem necessary for the safe-keeping and proper management of the convicts in their charge; and such agents, overseers, and guards shall have the same authority to compel labor, enforce obedi- ence, and prevent escape as the agents or officers of the same grade of the State penitentiary: Provided, Tunuever, That no punishment shall be inflicted without the authority of the surgeon in charge, and he shall have power to order and compel the removal of any guard whom he may consider unfit for the place. * * * Punishments. Sec. 4143. A convict guilty of profanity, indecent behavior, idleness, neglect or willful mismanagement of work, insubordination, and assault not amounting to felony, or a violation of any of the rules prescribed by the board, with the approval of the governor, may, under orders of the super- intendent, subject to the said rules, be punished by lower and coarser diet, the iron mask or gag, solitary confinement in a cell or the dungeon, or by stripes. Under such orders, and subject to the said rules, the superintend- ent may when a convict is charged with an offense for which he is to be tried under chapters two hundred and three and two hundred and four, confine him in a cell or the dungeon until such trial. Deductions Sec. 4144. The superintendent shall keep a record of the conduct of each from term. convict, and for every month that a convict. appears by such record to have faithfully observed the rules and requirements of the prison and not to have been subjected to punishment there shall with the consent of the CHAPTER V. OONVIOT LABOR LAWS VIRGINIA. 775 governor be deducted from the term of service of such convict four days. Sec. 4146. He shall submit said record and deduction to the governor, Report to gov- when required by him, that the same may be considered in the exercise of ®™'"'- such executive clemency on behalf of any convict as he may deem conducive to the interest of the prison, and promotive of the reformation and welfare of the convicts. Sec. 4147. The board, in its discretion, may allow a convict, on his dis- Discharge. diarge, not exceeding ten dollars. The superintendent shall furnish to convicts, when discharged, proper certificates of transportation to the county or city from which such convict was sent, over any road or trans- portation line embraced in the schedule furnished by the State corporation commission; and, if he need it, a suit of coarse clothing. Sec. 4172. The superintendent, by and with the advice and consent of Contracts, the board, may enter into contracts for the employment of convicts in the penitentiary, not otherwise employed, and, as far as practicable, confine such convict labor to manufacturing purposes. Additional shops may be erected by the contractors, in the penitentiary grounds, for the employ- ment of the convicts so hired: Provided, That the State shall not incur any expense thereby. Sec. 4173. The superintendent, with the consent and advice of the board, TasMng. may establish a system of tasking the convicts in the different wards of the penitentiary, when it can be done, and allow to any convict a reasonable compensation for work done beyond his task, which shall be placed to bis credit, and paid to him when he is discharged from prison; or, if he request that a portion, or all of it, be paid to his family or near relatives, the superin- tendent may do so at any time during his imprisonment; or, if he so desire, it may be paid to him, from time to time, in provisions or other articles selected from a standing list, to be prepared by the superintendent, and approved by the board, said articles to be purchased by the superintendent, * * * and charged to the convicts at cost. The amount to be allowed for work done shall be fixed by the superintendent, with the approval of the board. COUNTY CONVICTS. Code— 1904. Section 928. The jailer [of a coimty jail] * * * shall furnish every Food, clothing, prisoner with wholesome and suflScient food, and with a bed and bedding, ^^■ cleanly and sufficient, and have his apartments warmed when it is proper. * * * Sec. 944a. (20) In any county or city in which no chain gang has been Work on chain established the judge of the circuit court of such county or of the corpora- gang of another tion court of such city shall, upon the apphcation of the board of super- """^ visors of any county in which a chain gang has been established, order any person conmed in the jail of his county or city, and liable to work in chain gangs, to be delivered by the jailer of his county or city to the person author- ized to take charge of and work such prisoner or prisoners in the chain gang of such other county, which order shall specify the length of time such person may be required to work in such chain gang. The jailer shall take a receipt for every person delivered by him under such order, which shall discharge him from all liability for the escape of such prisoner. In consideration of the services and work to be performed by said prisoner, the said board of super- visors shall keep and maintain said prisoner out of the road fund of said county until the end of the term of confinement of said prisoner without further cost to the State. * * * Whenever a person is sentenced to confinement in the county jail, and Work on high- there is no chain gang in the county in which he is sentenced, and the ways, supervisors of any county in which a chain gang is established have not applied for such prisoner, ne may, in lieu of such confinement, in the discre- tion of the court, be compelled to work on the pubUc roads of the county . in such manner and under such regulations [as] the judge of the court may determine, for the number of days for which he has been sentenced to con- finement. Sec. 3932. The council of each city and town, and the board of supervisors Chain gangs, of each county, or, if they do not act, the judge of the circuit court of such county or of the corporation court of such corporation, may establish chain 776 EEPORT OP THE 0OMMIS8IONEK OF LABOR. gangs in such city, town, or county for the purpose of working on the streets, roads, and public property therein. Every male person above the age of sixteen years, convicted of a misdemeanor, or of any oflFense deemed infamous in law, and sentenced to confinement ia jail as a punishment, or part punishment for such offense, or who is imprisoned for failure to pay any fine or penalty imposed upon or assessed against him upon such conviction, or upon conviction for any violation of an ordinance of any such city or town, which by said ordinance is punishable by confinement in jail or fine, may be required to work in such chain gang. If any county has not a chain gang of its own, the supervisors or such jud^e may hire such persons as are liable to work in a cham gang to the authorities of any county, city, or town which has one. Such persons shall be subject to the rules and regu- lations established for the government of the chain gang in which they are employed. Pines and Sbo. 3936. Every person held to labor, under the provisions of this costs. chapter, for the nonpayment of any fine imposed upon him, shall be required to work out the full amount thereof, including the legal costs, at the rate of twenty-five cents per day for each day so held, Sundays excepted. Allowance for ^^^ shall be entitled to a credit of twenty-five cents for each day of his con- * °'^' finement, whether he labors or not. A statement of the amount of the fine, with the costs and the number of days labor required to discharge the same, sliall be made out under the direction of the judge, and deUvered to the person in charge of the chain gang at the time he receives the delinquent. Limit of term. No person shaU be held to labor, in any chain gang forjthe nonpayment of any fine imposed upon him, for a longer period than six months. Hiring out con- Seo. 4072. If any person be sentenced to confinement in jail until he pay victs. a gne and the costs of prosecution, or be confined in jail imder a capias pro fine, the sheriff of the county or the sergeant of the corporation in whose jail he is confined, may, with the assent in writing of the prisoner, hire him for such length of time, not exceeding six months, as may be agreed on, to any person who will agree to pay the whole fine and costs. ■WASHINGTON. STATE CONVICTS. Constitution. Article 2. Contracts pro- Section 29. After the first day of .January, eighteen hundred and ninety, hibited. jjie labor of convicts of this State shall not be let out by contract to any person, copartnership, company, or corporation, and the legislature shall by law provide for the working of convicts for the benefit of the State. Codes and Statutes — 1897. Control. Section 2622, There is hereby created a State board of audit and con- trol for the government, control and maintenance of the before-mentioned institutions. [List includes State penitentiary.] * * * Xhe governor shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, five citizens of the State, as members of said board, four of whom shall serve without compensation, and the fifth shall be specially ap'^poiuted and shall be known as commissioner of public institutions. * * * Employment. Sec. 2747. All convicts may be employed by authority of the board, under charge of the warden and such skilled foremen as they may deem necessary in the performance of work for the State, or the manufacture of any article or articles for the State, or the manufacture of which is sanc- Restriotlons. tioned by law. At Walla Walla, at the State penitentiary, no articles shall be manufactured for sale, except jute fabrics and brick. The board is hereby authorized to purchase, from time to time, such tools, machinery, and materials, and to direct the employment of such skilled foremen, as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this section, and to dispose of the articles manufactured and not needed by the State, for cash, at pri- vate sale, in such manner as provided by law. Seo. 2748. In the treatment of the prisoners the foUowii^ general rules shall be observed: OHAPTEB V. OONVIOT LABOR LAWS WASHINGTON. 777 1. Each convict shall be provided with a bed of straw or other suitable . Food and cloth- material, and sufl&cient covering of blankets, and shall be supplied with™^- garments of coarse, substantial material, of distinctive manufacture, and with sufficient plain and wholesome food of such variety as may be most conducive of good health; 2. No punishment shall be inflicted except by the order and under the PvmJshment. direction of [the] warden; * * * 1^ * It if: Note.— The pumsMments In use are loss of privileges, solitary confinement on restricted diet, nandoufflng to cell door, hose turned on, strait j aolset, and loss of good time. Seo. 2749. The board of audit and control shall require of every able- Hours of labor bodied convict ooniined in the penitentiary as many hours of faithful labor in each and every day during his term of imprisonment as shall be pre- scribed by the rules and regulations of the penitentiary. Every convict who shall have no refraction [infraction] of the rules and regulations of the penitentiary or laws of the State recorded against him, and who performs in a faithful, orderly and peaceable manner the duties assigned hrai, shall be Deductions allowed from his term, instead and in lieu of the credits heretofore allowed '™'" term. by law, a deduction of two months in each of the first two years, four months in each of the next two years, and five months in each of the remaining years of his term, and pro rata for any part of the year where the sentence IS for more or less than a year. * * * Seo. 2752. No officer or employee of the State, or contractor or employee Gifts. of a contractor, shall, without permission of the board of audit and control, make any gift or present to a convict, or receive any from a convict, or have any barter or dealing with a prisoner. * * * Seo. 2753. No officer or employee of the penitentiary shall be interested, Interest iu con- directly or Indirectly, in any contract or purchase made or authorized to "*''™- be made by anyone for or on behalf of the penitentiarT. Seo. 2759. lii the manufacture of jute fabrics and brick the board of sailed labor audit and control shall employ such skilled labor as is found necessary and as many convicts as possible. Seo. 2763. In ascertaining the cost of the jute and other fabrics and Cost of prod- brick manufactured at the State penitentiary, the directors shall include "" ^' the cost of materials and fuel at the State penitentiary, the cost of the skilled labor employed, and such other expenses as are incident to then- manufacture; and none of the jute and other fabrics and brick manufac- tured at the State penitentiary shall be sold for less than actual cost of production, based upon the items enumerated in this section, without special authority from the legislature. Seo. 2764. The jute and other fabrics and brick manufactured at the Sale of goods. State penitentiary shall be sold to actual consumers who are residents of the State of Washington, for cash on delivery, in the order, as near as may be, of the making of written applications therefor, on blanks to be provided by the board and filed with the clerk, and it shall be a misdemeanor, punish- able by a fine of one thousand dollars and a removal from office, for the officers of the State penitentiary who knowingly permit the disposal of jute fabrics to other than actual consumers. All payments for jute and other fabrics and brick shall be made to the warden of the State penitentiary, who is alone authorized to receipt therefor, and who shall keep a correct account of all sales, showing to whom sold, when sold, the quantity of each article sold and the amoimt paid; and the warden shall submit a, transcript of said account of sales to the legislature, through the board, at each session thereof, and shall report the amount of such sales monthly to the State auditor. Acts of 1899. Chapter 86. Seotion 1. The governor shall have authority, upon recommendation Parole, 'of the warden of the State penitentiary, under such rules and regulations as the governor may prescribe, to suspend the sentence of, issue a parole to, and permit to go at large within the State, any convict who now is or here- after may be imprisoned in the State penitentiary under a sentence other than a life sentence, or for the crime of murder, who may have served one year for the crime for which he was convicted, and who has not previously served one term of imprisonment in any penal institution for felony. 778 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Custody. Seo. 2. Every such convict while on parole shall remain in the legal cus- tody and under thejsontrol of the governor * * * Act construed. Seo. 3. This act shall not be construed to in any sense operate as a release of any convict paroled under its provisions, but simply as a suspen- sion of his sentence and a permit granted to such convict to go without the enclosure of the prison. At the expiration of the time for which he was originally sentenced, if he has faithfully complied with his parole, the orig- inal sentence shall be held to be revoked, and said convict shall stand aa fully pardoned of the crime for which he was convicted. * * * Acts op 1903. GTiapter 138. Breaking SECTION 1. All convicts confined in the State penitentiary at Walla Walla stone. jjjg^y jjg employcd under authority of the State board of control, under charge of the superintendent of the penitentiary, or of such other persons in the employ of the State as the State board of control shall direct, in the crushing, preparation or handling of rock or other materials for roads or streets. Such labor shall be performed at such place or places in this State as the said State board of control shall direct. Sale of mate- Sec. 3. Said State board of control shall have authority to sell and dis- pose of such crushed rock or other materials for roads and streets in such maimer and for such price as they shall deem most advantageous for the State. Acts of 1905. Chaplain. Duties. Chapter 38. Section 1. There shall' be appointed by the governor a chaplain of the State penitentiary who shall hold office for the term of two years, unless sooner removed by the governor. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the chaplain of the State penitentiary to perform religious services in the prison, at least once every Sabbath, him- self, unless prevented by sickness, in which case he may furnish a regiilarly ordained preacher, and to attend to the spiritual wants of the convicts; to visit the convicts in their cells for the purpose of giving them religious and moral instructions, and to devote at least one hour in each week day and the afternoon of each Sunday to such instructions; to take charge of the library and to take care that no improper books are introduced into the cells of the convicts, and if any such books shall be found either in the cells or in the possession of the convicts, to take away and return the same to the warden, and for the purpose of properly discharging these duties, to visit weekly each cell in the prison; to visit daily the siSs. in the hospital; to make quarterly report to the governor, stating the number of convicts that have been instructed during the last quarter, the branches of education in which they shall have been instructed, the text-books used in such instruction, and the progress made by the convicts, and to note especially, any cases in which an unusual progress has been made by a convict; to make an annual report on or before the first day of November in each year, to the governor, which report shall be attested by his oath or affirmaticsi to be just and true, relative to the religious and moral conduct of the prisoners during the year ending with the last day of the previous Septem- ber, stating therein what services he has performed and the results, if any, of his instructions, and he shall append thereto, as far as practicable m tabular form, a statement exhibiting the number of the convicts in prison on the last day of such September, and at what age convicted, specifying separately the niunber born in the United States, foreigners, and of what country, and the nativity of their parents, the number that can liot read, that can read only, read and write, well educated, classically educated, temperate, intemperate, healthy, diseased, whether employed at the time of the commission of the crime, counties where convicted, occupation, sen- tence, how many times recommitted and social state: Provided, That at no time shall such chaplain visit any portion of the State penitentiary or any convict therein without the consent of the warden: Aiid provided further, That all reports of such chaplain shall be made to the warden. CHAPTER V.-^OOUTIOT LABOR LAWS WASHIlfGTON, 779 COUNTY CONVICTS. Codes and Statdtes — 1897. Section 348. The county commissioners in their respective counties may Work on high- order all persona who shall be confined in the county jails of their respective ^^y^- counties, convicted of any crime or misdemeanor, to work on the roads of their respective counties, under the direction of the sheriff ; but such convict shall not be put to labor at a greater distance from the jail or place of con- finement than five miles: Provided, That if any such convict shall refuse to perform such labor he shall be kept in close confinement on bread and water. The sheriff having the custody of such convicted persons may, to secure them from escape, attach a ball and chain to said convicts. Sec. 2786. When a person has been sentenced by any justice of the peace Hours of labor. in a eity in this State to a term of imprisonment in the city jail, whether in default oi payMcnt of a fine or otherwise, such person may be compelled on esich day of such term, except Sundays, to perform eight hours' labor upon the streets, public buildings, and giwmds of such eity and to wear Place. an ordinaiy ball and chain while pwfornjiiig such labor. Seo. 2787. When a person has been sentenced, by a justice of the peace. Same. or a judge of the superior court, to a term of imprisanmemfe ia the county jail, whether in default of payment of a fine or costs, or otherwise, such person may be compelled to work eight hours each day of such term in amd about the county buildings, public roads, streets, and grounds: Provided, This section and the last preceding one of this chapter [See. 2786] shall not apply to persons committed in default of bail. Sec. 2799. The keeper of any prison may, upon the commitment after Hair may be judgment of a person convicted of a felony punishable by iimprisoiiment, cropped, cause the hair on the head of said prisoner to be doaely cropped and so kept during his t^rm of imprisonment. WEST VDRGHflA. STATE CONVICTS. Acts of 1903. Chapter ^5. Section 2. The governor shall on the tenth day of MarA, one thousand Board ol dl- nine hundred and five, or as soon thereafter as canvenienit, and every four ''''*°™- years thereafter, nominate, and by and with the consent of the senate, appoint a board of directors of the penitentiary, whiA shall consist of five persons, * * * Sbo. 3. The board of directors shall have the general craitrol of the peni- Duties, tentiary, and shall direct all needed improvements and repairs, and all manufacturing operations carried on tb^ein, and shall m:ake such rules and regulations as they dBem best as to the treatment of the convicts, their discipline, punishment, diet, clothing, social intercourse, the kind and amount of labor required each day, the trades and mechanic arts to be taught, the manner and duration oi solitary confinement, and other pimish- menta, and the conditions when and on which persons may visit the interior of the building. * * * Note. — Loss of privileges, confinement in dark ©ell, and shower bath are the pun- Umieuts in use. Seo. 6. The warden * * * gball promptly enforce all orders, rules Warden. and regulations made by the board of directors, enforce strict discipline among the convicts, protect and preserve the property of the State, and may for that purpose punish the convicts, or cause them to be punished, In the manner authorized by the board of dii'ectors. Seo. 22. AU convicts sentenced to the penitentiary for a definite term, Deductions and not for life, who may faithfullj' comply with all the rules and reguIa-*'°™ t^"^™- tions of the penitentiary during his or her term of confinement, shdl be entitled to a deduction of his sentence as follows: Upon a sentence of one year, five days from each month; upon a sentence of more than one year, and less than three years, six days from each month; upon a sentence of not less than three years, and less than five years, seven days from each 780 KEPOBT OF THE 0OMMI8SIONEE OF LABOR. month ; upon a sentence of not leas than five years, and less than ten years, eight days from each month; upon a sentence of ten years or more, ten days from each month. When a prisoner has two or more sentences, the aggregate of his several sentences shall be the basis upon which his deduc- tion shall be estimated. Hiring out con- S"^"- 23- In order to provide for hard labor for each convict, according viots. to his sentence, the directors of the penitentiary are hereby authorized and required to let and hire the labor of the convicts upon such branch^es of business, and for the manufacturing of such articles, as in their judgment will best accomplish the ends and subserve the. interests of the State, which letting and hiring shall be as follows: Such letting and hiring shall be advertised by the warden of the penitentiary, in two newspapers pub- lished in the State, for four weeks, and in such other manner as may be directed by the board of directors; the advertisement to specify the num- ber of men to be let, the length of time, which shall not exceed five years, and the last day, at twelve o'clock meridian, on which bids will be received. Manufactures. Seo. 24. The board may in their discretion designate what articles or class of articles shall be manufactured. Machinery and Seo. 35. The contractor shall furnish all machinery, belting and tools power. used, except shafting and pulleys. The State will furnish no machinery or tools other than the steam power required to run the machinery put in by contractors, and all attachments to said power must be at the con- tractor's cost. Hours, etc., ol Seo. 36. The convicts shall labor for the contractors not to exceed nine labor. hours a day during tbe year, Sundays and national holidays excepted. Employment. Seo. 38. It shaU be the duty of the board to keep as many of the convicts employed on contracts as the interests of the State will permit, and all con- victs not employed on contracts may be employed by the warden, under the direction of the board, in the performance of work for the State or temporarily hired, which hiring shall terminate whenever their labor is required on a contract. State use. Seo. 39. The warden, under the directions of the board, may employ a portion of the convicts in the manufacture and repair of articles used by the State in carrying on the penitentiary, or articles used by any of the other State institutions; and if in the opinion of the board of directors, it is deemed advisable to do so, any convicts not employed under contract may be employed, or let to contract, in the manner hereinbefore specified, on the piece-price systerh, or employed in manufacturing, for the State, such articles as may be selected by the board. ' Domestic serv- S^''- ^^- -^ sufficient number of convicts may be hired by the warden ice. for domestics, on terms to be agreed upon between him and the board of directors. Qifts, Seo. 42. No officer or employee of the State, or contractor, or employee of a contractor, shall make any gift or present to a convict, or receive spy from a convict, or have any barter or dealings with a convict; * * * Interest in con- ^^o- 43. No person shall be appointed to any office or be employed in tracts. the penitentiary on behalf of the State who is a contractor, or agent or employee of a contractor, or who is interested directly or indirectly in any business carried on therein, and should any officer or employee become such contractor, his agent or employee, or interested in such business, it shall be cause for his removal. * * * Parole. Seo. 45. The governor shall have authority, under such rules and regula- tions as he may prescribe, to issue a parole, or permit to go at large, to any convict who now is, or hereafter may be, imprisoned in the penitentiary of this State, under sentence other than a life sentence, who may have served the minimum term provided by law for the crime for which he was convicted, and who has not previously served two terms of imprisonment in any penal institution for felony. Every such convict, while on parole, shall remain in the legal custody and under the control of the governor, and shall be subject at any time to be taken back within the enclosure of the penitentiary for any reason that shall be satisfactory to the governor, and at his sole discretion; * * * Note.— Employment must be assured and a deposit of $25 or a bond of $50 be fur- nished to cover cost of possible rearrest. Paroled convicts must proceed immediately to the place of their employment and there remain unless the governor permits change. Evil associations and the use of intoxicants are forbidden. ' Illiterate persons will not be paroled, bat the prison schools furnish sufficient education to remove this bar. CHAPTER V. OONVIOT LABOR LAWS — WEST VIEQINIA. 781 Seo. 46. Every sentence to the penitentiary of a person hereafter con- Form ol sen- victed of a felony, except for murder in the first degree, who has not pre- *™''®' viously been convicted of a felony and served a term in a penal institution, may be, if the court, having said case, thinks it right and proper, a general sentence of imprisonment in the penitentiary. The term of such imprison- ment of any person so convicted and sentenced may be terminated by the governor as in the case of paroled prisoners; but such imprisonment shall not exceed the maximum term provided by law for the crime for which the prisoner was convicted and sentenced; and no such prisoner shall be released until after he shall have served, at least, the minimum term pro- vided by law for the crime of which he was convicted: * * * COUNTY CONVICTS. Code— 1899. Chapter 36. Section 11. When any male person is so imprisoned for the non- I'ines and payment of such fine and costs, only, [after judgment rendered] and fails ""^ °" to give the bond and security provided for in the next preceding section, the county court of the county may order him to work on the county , P i g b w a y roads, or on the streets or alleys of an incorporated city, town, or village, under the direction of such officer or person as the court may direct, at the rate of one dollar per day untU the fine and costs are paid. But the court shall not require such work to be done on the streets or alleys of a cjty, town or village, which, under its charter, keeps its own streets and a, leys in order, unless the corporate authorities thereof shall pay for such w^ork to the keeper of the jail of said county, the amount to which he shall be entitled for the board of such prisoner. If such prisoner be ordered to work on the county roads, the court shall provide for his safe keeping while performing such work, and if deemed necessary, shall provide a ball and cham to be attached to his person for such purpose. * * * Chapter 41. Section 40. * * * He [the jailer] shall furnish every prisoner with rood, eto. wholesome and sufficient food, and with a bed and bedding cleanly and sufficient, and have his apartment warmed when it is proper. * * * WISCONSIN. STATE CONVICTS. Statutes — 1898. Section 561. To secure the just, humane and economical administra- Board of con- tion of the laws concerning the reformatory, charitable and penal insti-trol. tutions of this State there is hereby constituted a board of five members which shall be known as the State board of control of Wisconsin reforma- tory, charitable and penal institutions. * * * Sec. 561a. The governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Appointment, senate, shall appoint five persons, no two of whom shall at the time of theif' appointment be residents of the same Congressional district and not all of whom at such time shall belong to the same political party, mem- bers of said board. The terms for which such appointments shall be made shall be five years from the date thereof. * * * Sec. 561i. Said board may, whenever in the opinion of all its members Manulaotures. the interest of the State requires it, establish a manufacturing business in the State prison, and for that purpose may create a debt against the State for any sum not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars; but no such debt shall be created without the written approval of the governor, secretary of state and attorney-general. Seo. 608. The regents of the State university and of normal schools and Articles for the officers of all other public institutions supported and maintained inStateu"" whole or in part by the State are required to obtain from the State prison at Waupun, or from some of the State institutions which manufacture the same of^suitable quality, all chairs, office, household and other furniture, boots, shoes, buggies, carriages, wagons, sleighs, cutters and all other goods Buse. 782 BEPOET O^ THE OOMMI8SIONEE OF LABOR. necessarily required for the use of the State umvereity, State schools, hos- pitals or other State institutions or the inmates thereof that riiall or can be madeorfurnishedbythesaid prison orbyanysuchotherinstitution, * * * Employment gj-o. 4918. All convicts sentenced to the punishment of hard labor in to be constant. ^^^ prison shall be constantly employed for the benefit of the State, except that no person confined therein or in any other penal institution within this State shall be compelled to perform any factory work on any legal holiday; but this shall not interfere with the household work of any such institution or the management or discipline thereof in any other particular. * * * Sec. 4919. The daily sustenance of convicts, not in solitary confinement nor in the hospital, shall consist of wholesome, coarse food, with such proportion of meat and vegetables as the warden shall deem best for the health of the convicts. Sec. 4921. The clothing and bedding of convicts shall be of such quality and quantity as the judgment of the warden may direct, consulting the health and comfort of the convicts and the interests of the State. Seo. 4923. The warden and aU prison oflBcers shall uniformly treat prisoners with kindness, and the warden shall require of the officers that, in the execution of their le^ective duties, they shall, in all cases, refrain from boisterous and unbecoming language in giving their orders and com- mands. There shall be no corporal or other painful and unusual punish- ment inflicted upon convicts for violation of prison rules. Holidays. Food. Clothing, etc. Treatment Note.— Solitary confinement and handcuffing to cell are punishments in use. Discharge. Sec. 4925. Every convict, when discharged, shall be provided with a decent suit of clothes and a sum of money, not to exceed five dollars, in addition to transportation, or the means to procure the same, from Waupun to any place within this State, which the warden may; at his discretion and as necessity may seem to require, furnish; and may also be allowed employment in the prison, uader the rules established for the government of convicts, for such period of time and at such rate of compensation as the warden, under the direction of the State board, shall deem proper and equitable. pri^on°va?d*°''^^ ^^°- ^^^7. If the warden shall at any time deem it for the interest of the State he may employ the .convicts outside the prison yard in c|uarry- ing or getting stone m)m and cultivating the prison farm, or in doing any work necessary to be done in the prosecution of the regular business of the institution; and in all such cases the warden shall detail such force from the prison police as he shall deem necessary to watch and guard them, and in case any convict employed outside the prison yard shall escape, he shall be deemed as having escaped from the prison proper. fr^tem!'°°^ Sec. 4928. The deputy warden shall keep a true record of the conduct of each convict, specifying each infraction of the rules of discipline. At the end of each month the said deputy shall give a certificate of good conduct to each convict who shall require it, against whom is recorded no infraction of the rules of discipline. Every convict who is now or may be hereafter confined in the State prison and shall conduct himself in a peaceful and obedient manner and faithfully perform all the duties rec(uired of him shall be entitled to a diminution of time from the term of his sen- tence, not exceeding the amoimts specified in the following table, for the respective years of his sentence and pro rata for any part of a year, where the sentence is for more than a year: Year of sen- tence. Good time granted. Total good time made. Time to be made if full good time is made. First year . . One month . . . Two months. . Three months Four months . Five months. . Six months... Six months... One TTioTith ... Eleven months. One year and nine months. Two years and six months. Three years and two months. Three years and nine months. Four years and three months. Four years and nine months. Third year Fourth year ... Fifth year. Sixth year Seventh year. . . Sixmonths One year and months. One year and months. Two years and months. three nine three CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS WISCONSIN. 783 Eeeervation. Extra anoes. allow- Where the sentence exceeds seven years, for every year after the seventh, if the conduct of the prisoner continues to correspond with the require- ments of this section, he shall receive the same diminution as provided for the sixth and seventh years. * * * Sbo. 4938. The State board ot control is authorized and empowered to Leasing labor, lease, from time to time, the labor of such portion of the prisoners con- fined in the State prison, together with such shoproom, machinery and power as may be necessary for their proper employment, to such persons, for such purposes, upon such terms and conditions and for such length of time, not exceeding five years at any one time, as it shall deem most con- ducive to the interests of the State and the welfare of the prisoners. Seo. 4939. In every contract made pursuant to the authority herein conferred there shall be reserved to said prison board and to the warden and each and every of his subordinates full power and authority to pre- vent the demanding or imposition of unusual or severe labor or labor whereby the health or safety of the convicts may be impaired or jeopard- ized j * * * Seo. 4942. Whenever any convict, by continued good behavior, diligence in labor or study or otherwise, shall surpass the general average of con- victs the State board of control may, in its discretion, compensate him therefor by the allowance of a sum of money out of his earnings or other- wise, and said board may adopt rules for the payment to deserving con- victs, on their discharge or while in prison, of such sum as it may see fit. Sbo. 4943. Before entering into any contract for the leasing of convict Advertising. labor the board of control shall, by public advertisement, for at least four weeks in one newspaper published, in each of the cities of Milwaukee and Chicago and in the official State paper, invite sealed proposals for the hiring of such labor and the shoproom, machinery and power which can be furnished. Such advertisement shall specify the time and place when and where such proposals will be opened and considered, and there shall be reserved therein the right to reject any or all bids that may be made. Seo. 49445 (as amended by chapter 28, Acts of 1899). The jurisdiction Beformatory. of the State board of control over the [State] reformatory is established, and the powers of the board are defined by law. * * * it may also maintain therein a manual training school, may cause the inmates to be instructed in trades, and may carry on in the institution any industry not Instruction, prohibited by law, employing for that purpose the labor of the inmates confined therein. Seo. 4944d (as amended by chapter 28, Acts of 1899). * * * The Form ol aen- general sentence [to the reformatory] shall be substantially as follows: *®™e. "You are sentenced to the Wisconsin State reformatory for a general or indeterminate term not less than years (such minimum for the ofi'ense) and not more than (the maximum) years." Such sentences shall have the force and effect of a sentence for such max- imum term subject to the power of release from actual confinement by parole or absolute discharge hereinafter conferred or by pardon. Sec. 4944i (as amended by chapter 28, Acts of 1899). Allowances for Deductions good conduct in diminution of the term of sentence to convicts in the State '"^ '^'™' Erison given by section 4928 of these statutes or by any other statute shall e made to the inmates of the reformatory, and any good time earned in either institution by inmates transferred to the other shall be allowed to him in the institution to which he has been transferred. Sec. 4944? (as amended by chapter 28, Acts of 1899). On recommenda- tion of the superintendent the State board of control, may grant a parole to any inmate of the reformatory to leave the institution and go at large in case the conduct of such inmate for a reasonable time has inspired the board of control and the superintendent of the reformatory with the belief that he will be honest and industrious: Provided, That some suitable em- ployment or situation has been secured in advance for such inmate. * * * Seo. 4960a. All goods, wares and merchandise made by convict labor in any penitentiary, prison, reformatory or other establishment in which con- vict labor is employed in any State, except this State, and imported, brought or introduced into this State shall, before being exposed for sale, be branded, labeled or marked as herein provided, and shall not be exposed for sale in this State without such brand, label or mark. Such brand, label or mark, shall contain at the head or top thereof the words "convict-made," followed by the year and name of the penitentiary, Parole. Goods marked. to be 784 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Selling un marked goods. prison, reformatory or other establishment in which it was made, m P English lettering, of the style and size known as great primer roman co densed capitals. The brand or mark shall in aU cases, where the nat of the article will permit, be placed upon the same, and only ^^^^^?^iL\ branding or marking is impossible shall a label be used, and where a Jf?^ is used it shall be in the form of a paper tag, which shall be attached oy wire to each article where the nature of the article will permit, and place securely upon the box, crate or other covering in which such goods, wares or merchandise may be packed, shipped or exposed for sale. Said brana, mark or label shall be placed upon the outside of and upon the most con- spicuous part of the finished article and its box, crate or covering. Sec. 4960c. A person knowingly having in his possession for the purpose of sale or offering for sale any convict-made goods, wares or merchanaise manufactured in any State except this, without the brand, "^arlE or label required by law, or who removes or defaces such brand, mark or label snau be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof snail be punished by a fine not less than one hundred dollars nor more than fave hundred dollars. COUNTY CONVICTS. Statutes^1898. Workliouse. Products. Labor quired. Section 697c. Upon the completion of any such [county] workhouse the county clerk shall notify in writing each justice of the peace, police Justice and the judge of every court held in his county of the fact, and there- after whenever any male person over sixteen years of age shall be convicted within such county on the charge of vagrancy, vagabondage, petty larceny, drunkeimess or disorderly conduct he shall be punished by imprisonment in the workhouse at hard manual labor, and the commitment shall be to such workhouse at hard manual lahor. * * * Hours of labor. Sec. 697^. All such persons committed to any such workhouse shall be employed under the supervision of the superintendent at hard manual labor for not to exceed ten hours of each day (except Sundays) of such term of confinement at such work, labor or employment as may be provided by resolution of the proper county board or by the committee thereof herein- before provided for. The product of such work, labor or employment shall be the property of the county which maintains the workhouse, and may be sold or otherwise disposed of by the superintendent according to the rules and regulations provided by the county board or its committee. Sec. 697g. All persons of sufficient health and ability committed to any jail and sentenced to ha,rd manual labor * * * when a workhouse is provided by the trustees of the county jail as contemplated by this act, shall be kept and employed at such labor by and under the du-ection and supervision of the sheriff of the county or the keeper of its jail for ten horns each day, Sundays excepted, but not to exceed that time; and such labor shall be performed in or about the county buildings or workhouse provided by the trustees pursuant to these provisions. Sentence to la- Seo. 4726. Whenever any person shall be convicted in any court for '""^- vagrancy, intoxication in a public place, indecent exposure of the person, disorderly conduct or of any crimmal offense and sentenced therefor to imprisonment in the county jail or to any county workhouse the court shall also sentence such person to hard labor during the term of his impris- onment, either within or without said jail or workhouse as further provided Fines an dm the next followmg section; and any person who shall be convicted of costs. any offense m any court and sentenced therefor to pay a fine and costs and shall, m default of payment of such fine and costs, be committed to the county jail, may be sentenced to be kept at such hard labor, within or with- out the jail, as further provided m the next followmg section, during the continuance of such imprisonment. The provisions of this section shall apply to convictions under city or village chartera or ordinances as well as to convictions under these statutes. Employment. Sec. 4727. The labor to be performed as mentioned in the preceding sec- tion shall be appropriate to the sex and physical condition of such convict and may be required to be performed at any suitable place within such county and under the direction of the county board thereof, who shall adopt such rules in relation to such convict labor as they may deem best and the sheriff or other officer having the custody of such convict shall be Place. CHAPTEB V. CONVICT LABOE LAWS WISCONSIN. 785 governed thereby; and such sheriff shall collect and pay into the county treasury the avails of such convict labor and take the treasurer's receipt therefor. Sec. 4951 (as amended by chapter 396, Acts of 1905). The keeper of Moral and re- each prison shall provide, at the expense of the county, for each prisoner llgious Instruo- under his charge, who may be able and desirous to read, a copy of the Bible ^°'^' or New Testament, to be used by such prisoner at proper seasons during his confinement; and any minister of the gospel or person duly delegated by any regularly organized Young Mens Christian Association or any other religious association or corporation within the county, disposed to aid in reforming the prisoners and instructing them in their moral and religious duties, shall have access to them at reasonable and proper times. All per- sons committed to any reform school, prison, parental school, industrial school, home for dependent children or other place of confinement or com- mitment, shall be allowed spiritual advice and ministration from any recognized clergyman of the denomination or church to which they may respectively belong or did belong prior to their commitment or confinement, which advice and ministration shall be, given within the place of confine- ment in such manner as will secure to such persons the free exercise of their religious belief and under such reasonable rules and regulations as the ofiBcers in charge of such place shall prescribe. WYOMING. STATE CONVICTS. Revised Statutes — 1899. Section 632. The governor, the secretary of state, the State treasurer. Board ol oliar- the State auditor and the State superintendent of public instruction shall ities, etc. constitute and shall hereafter be known as the State board of charities and reform. Sec. 636. It shall be the duty of the board, either by direct expenditure Duties of or contract, to provide for the care, maintenance and employment of all board, inmates confined, or that may hereafter be confined in the penitentiary, reform school, or any penal or reformatory institution in this State, or without this State, used for such purposes, * * * Provided, That no convict shall be used or contracted to be used in any coal mine, or occu- Restrictions. pation, when the products of his labor may be in competition with that of any citizen of the State: Provided, however. That when the cost of main- taining said convicts can be reduced to the State by their employment in some occupation, not unreasonably laborious or unhealthy, or when said convicts can be employed to complete or repair the place or surroundings of the place in whi5i they are confined, they shall be so employed. Sec. 670. All prisoners who have been, or shall hereafter be convicted 0^,^52+^*^°"^ any offense against the laws of the State of Wyoming, and confined in execution of the judgment or sentence, upon such conviction, in any prison or penitentiary of the State of Wyoming, shall have a deduction from their several terms of sentence, of five days in each and every calendar month during which no charge of misconduct shall have been sustained against each severally, and shall be discharged at the expiration of their sentences, less the time so deducted; and the certificate of the warden of such prison or penitentiary of such deduction shall be entered on the warrant of com- mitment: * * * ... Sec. 671. On the discharge from the Wyommg penitentiary of any person Discharge, convicted under the laws of the State of Wyoming, on indictment or infor- mation, he or she shall be provided by the warden of said prison with one plain suit of clothes, not to exceed in value fifteen dollars, and five dollars m money for which charge shall be made and allowed in the accounts of said person with the State of Wyoming: Provided, That this section shall not apply to persons confined for a term of imprisonment of less than six Sec 5538 The person or persons in charge of any penitentiary or reform- Contracts pro- atorv.'iail or other prison in the State of Wyoming, wherein State convicts '"""ea- are confined, shall not, nor shall any authority whatsoever, make any con- tract for the employment of any State convict in any of the prisons, pem- tentiaries or reformatories in this State, either by the letting of the labor of such convicts at a fixed price per diem, or by what is known as the piece- 9061—06 50 786 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. price plan," or in any other manner, whereby the labor of such convicts is let to or controlled by any outside person or persons; and such convicts shall not be employed by any authority whatever upon any public work oi contract outside of the prison, penitentiary or reformatory in which such convicts may be confined. COUNTY CONVIOTS. Revised Statutes — 1899. Fines and Sectiqn 5199. In the event of a prisoner being sentenced to pay a fine costs. g^jjj pogjg^ Qj. (;q imprisonment and costs, the court may direct that in case of nonpayment of said fine and costs, the defendant be put to work, either within or without the prison, until such fine and costs shall be paid. Coirriots may Seo. 5536. Any jjerson confined in any county jail in this State may be epu a or. compelled to work in any way that the county commissioners may direct, for the benefit of the county. ^Duty ol sher- Sec 5537. It shall be the duty of the sheriff of each and everjr county, under the direction of the chairman of the board of county commissioners, and he may do so of his own will when he deems it necessary, by himself or deputy, to employ each and every prisoner under his charge and imder sen- tence, who is able to work, to do such work as the chairman of the board shall direct, and to keep such prisoner at such work during the working hours of every week day, * * * Work on Ugh- Seo. 5539. * * * All persons convicted by court of competent juris- ways, etc. diction, and sentenced to confineihent at hard labor in any jail or prison of any county, city, town, village or municipality, may be employed or put to work upon any public work of improvement, or upon the highways, streets, alleys, parks or any public places of any such coimty, city, town, village or munjoipality, in the State. TTNTTED STATES. Compiled Statutes — 1901. Page 1701 . Act of July S^, 1897. con^^t'*l?l°rt°I SBonoN 31. All goods, wares, articles, and merchandise manufactured goods. " wholly or in part in any foreign country by convict labor shall not be enti- tled to entry at any of the ports of the United States, and the importation thereof is hereby prohibited, * * * StateV/i8on^TT^^°J i^^- '^^e°6ver any criminal, convicted of any offense against the etc. ' Umted States, is imprisoned in the jail or penitentiary of any State or Ter- ritory, such criminal shall in all respects be subject to the same discipline and treatment as convicts sentenced by the courts of the State or Territory in which such jail or penitentiary is situated; and while so confined therein shall be exclusively under the control of the officers having charge of the same, under the laws of such State or Territory. Page 37m. Act of February gS, 1887. hibWe?°**' ^""o Section 1. It shaU not be lawful for any officer, agent, or servant of the Government of the United States to contract with any person or corpora- tion, or permit any warden, agent, or official of any State prison, peniten- tiary, jail, or house of correction where criminals of the United States may be incarcerated to hire or contract out the labor of said criminals, or any part of them, who may hereafter be confined in any prison, jail, or other place of incarceration for violation of any laws of the Government of the Umted States of America. Page 37S8. Act of March 3, 1875. Discharge. Section 2. On the discharge from any prison of any person convicted under the laws of the United States on indictment, he or she shall be pro- vided by the warden or keeper of said prison with one plaia suit of clothes and five dollars in money, for which charge shall be made and allowed in the accounts of said prison with the United States: Provided, That this sec- tion shall not apply to persons sentenced for a term of imprisonment of less than six months. CHAPTER V. CONVICT LABOR LAWS — UOTITED STATES. 787 Page 3786. Ad. of March 3, 1891 . Section 2. * * * The convicts [in Government prisons shall] be state use sys- employed exclusively in the manufacture of such supplies for the Govern- tem, ment as can be manufactured without the use of machinery, and the pris- oners shall not be worked outside the prison inclosure. Sec. 6. Every prisoner when discharged from the jail and prison shall be Discharge, furnished with transportation to the place of his residence within the United States at the time of his commitment under sentence of the court, and if the term of his imprisonment shall have been for one year or more, he shall also be furnished with suitable clothing, the cost not to exceed twelve dollars, and five dollars in money. Sec. 8. The said Attorney-General, in formulating rules and regulations Commutation, for the conduct of said prisoners, is hereby authorized to establish rules for commutation for good behavior of said convicts, but not for a longer time than two months for the first year's imprisonment, and two months for each succeeding year. Note. — The punishments used are loss of privileges, solitary couflnement, hand- cuffing to cell door, loss of grade, and loss ol good time. Page S731 . Act of March 3, 1901 . Section 1. * * * Convicts in said United States penitentiary at state use sys- Atlanta, Georgia, may be employed in the manufacture of articles and the tern, production of supplies for said penitentiary; in the manufacture of sup- plies for the Government that can be manufactured without the use of ma- chinery; in the construction, extension, and repairs of buildings and inclo- sures of the prison, and in making necessary materials therefor; and in the cultivation and care of the prison grounds and farm. Acts of 1901-2. Chapter lUO. Section 1. Each prisoner who has been or shall hereafter be convicted Deductions of any offense against the laws of the United States, and is confined, in exe- f'"™ term, cution of the judgment or sentence upon any such conviction, in any United States penitentiary or jaU, or in any penitentiary, prison, or jau of any State or Territory, for a definite term, other than for life, whose record of conduct shows that he has faithfully observed all the rules and has not been subjected to punishment, shall be entitled to a deduction from the term of his sentence to be estimated as follows, commencing on the first day of his arrival at the penitentiary, prison, or jaU: Upon a sentence of not less than six months nor more than one year, five days for each month ; upon a sen- tence of more than one year and less than three years, six days for each month; upon a sentence of not less than three years and less than five years, seven days for each month; upon a sentence of not less than five years and less than ten years, eight days for each month; upon a sentence of ten years or more, ten days for each month. When a pnsoner has two or more sentences, the aggregate of his several sentences shall be the basis upon which his deduction shall be estimated. Sec. 2. In the case of convicts in any United States penitentiary, the Kestoratlon ol Attorney-General shall have the power to restore to any such convict who forfeited good has heretofore or may hereafter forfeit any good time by violatmg any existing law or prison regulation such portion of lost good time as may be E roper, in his judgment, upon recommendations and evidence submitted to im by the warden in charge. Restoration, in the case of United States convicts confined in State and Territorial institutions, shall be regulated in accordance with the rules governing such institutions, respectively. IT^DEX. A. Page. Appropriation _per convict from State, county, and city— by institutions B90-599 discussion of 44, 45 for each class, by States 608-811 for each State, by classes 600-607 C. ClTillans employed in management of Institutions 85 Class of each institution. {See Institutions.) Clothing used per convict, value of — by institutions 590-599 discussion of 46 for eacb class, by States 608-611 for each State, by classes 600-607 Commercial eflEeet of the competition of convict-made goods. (See Competition of convict- made p:oods, commercial effect of.) Comparison of convict-made goods with goods produced by free labor — by industries •. 18.3,416,417 by institutions 183, 347-415 discussion of 28 Competition of convict-made goods, commercial effect of 25-28, 47-172 a|Ticaltural implements 172 binding twine 107-125 boots and shoes 50-62 brooms and whisks 95-107 brushes 87-95 chairs, tables, etc 71-87 clothing (working shirts, pants, and overalls) 62-71 cooperage in the Chicago market 155-168 farm wagons 171, 172 harness, including saddles and horse collars 139-150 leather whips and whiplashes 150-165 saddletrees 168,169 stonework 169-171 stove hollow ware and stoves 126-139 Contract system, explanation and discussion of 15,17,18 Contractors, amount paid by, for services of convicts, under contract and piece-price systems — by institutions 509-523 discussion of 42 for each class, by States 533-535 for each State, by classes 523-531 Contractors and lessees employing convicts, number of— by institutions 176,177,193-200 for each class, by States 178,204,205 for each State, by classes 177,178,200-204 Contractors and lessees, institutions, and employees (Table I) 176-178, 193-205 Control of institutions. (See Institutions.) Convict, definition of, as used in this report 14 Convict labor — efficiency of, and displacement of free labor 28-31 statistics of, compared with previous years 35-41 value of, discussion of 31-34 Convict labor laws. {See Laws relating to convict labor. ) Convict-made goods, commercial effect of the competition of. {See Competition of convict- made goods, commercial effect of. ) Convict-made goods, comparison of, vrith goods produced by free labor- by industries 183,416,417 by institutions 183,347^15 discussion of - ■ 28 Convict-made goods, cost of production of, discussion of 34 Convict-made goods, disposition of. {See Disposition of goods made by convicts.) Convict-made goods, value of. {See Goods produced by convict labor, value of; value of goods.) Convicts — discussion of, as a source of profit 46 general discussion of • 5?~lt hours of labor of 34,35 idle, number of. (See Idle convicts.) sick, number of. {See Sick convicts.) 789 790 INDEX. Page. Convicts employed and value o£ goods produced, 1885 and 1903-4— by industries ^*~So by States 38 by systems ol work 39, 4U Convicts employed in prison duties— by institutions ^l jj^ for each class, by States oSIoofi for each State, by classes zzu-iM Convicts employed in productive labor- by institutions l^wi-^qn 5ib ?17 for each cla-is, by States "^'o^^'lln'lll for each industry, by States ^^ 'tni'lH for each industry, by systems ;™";;n o^T oii for each institution, by industries SoniSo'oVo aii lSJI^^SK;^rat^ies::::;:::::::::::::::::;:::::;:::::::::::::::::::-i86:i8i,i^^ for each state, by systems ona mk for each system, by States °"^'%,o In Juvenile reformatories in the United states, by industries - 318 per cent of, 1885 and 1903-4, by systems ol work ---- 40, "ll Cbnvicts employed, systems of work, industries, value of goods and labor, etc. (Table jjj\ 178-182, 230-345 Convioba employed, value of goods produced and of labor on same, and free laborers that would have been required to perform same work 33 Convicts from other States and from United States courts— by institutions oSI o5? for each class, by States . SJ for each State, by classes 2itl-227 Convicts, number and condition of , in penal and juvenile reformatories, by sex..; 15 Convicts, number and employment of (Table II) 178,206-231 Convicts, number and employment of — by iiistitutions 178,206-219 for each class, by States. 178, 228-^ for each State, by classes l'|, f20-227 Cost of guards per convict 46, 590-611 Cost of housing per convict ■16 Cost ot maintenance (Table IX> 188,189,590-611 Cost of maintenance per convict- by institutions-.... 188,189,590-599 discussion of 44-46 for each class, by States 189, 608-611 for each State, by classes 189,600-607 Cost of production of convict-made goods, discussion of 34 D. "Description and quantity of goods made or work done, and comparison with goods produced by free labor (Table IV) 183,346-417 Disbursements and receipts of institutions, discussion of 41-43 Displacement of free labor and efficiency of convict labor 28-31 Disposition of goods made (Table V) 183,184,418-509 Disposition of goods made by convicts— by institutions 183,184,418-451 discussion of ...... - 23,24 for each class, by States 184,506-609 for each industry, by States 184,474-497 for each State, by classes 184,498-505 for each State, by industries 184, 452-475 in 10 industries where value of product during year was over $1,000,000 25 E. EfBciency of convict labor and displacement of free labor 28-31 Employees, industrial and nonindustrial, number of— by institutions 177,193-200 for each class, by States 204,205 for each State,, by classes 177,200-204 Employees, institutions, and contractors and lessees (Tablel) 176-178,193-205 Employment and number of convicts (Table II) 178,206-231 Employment of civilians in management of institutions 35 Employment of convicts. ( See Convicts employed. ) Expenditure for industrial and nonindustrial employees— by institutions 537-551,590-599 for each class, by States 561-663,608-611 for each State, by classes 551-559; 600-607 Expenditures (Table VII) 186,187,536-563 Expenditures lor various purposes— by institutions 186,536-651 for each class, by States 187, 660-563 for each State, by classes 187, 550-559 Explanation of tables 173-189 B". Food consumed per convict, value of— by institutions 690-599 discussion of 45 for each class, by States 608-611 for each State, by classes 600-607 INDEX. 791 Page Feremen and Instractora furnished by waom, In each Institotion 2m-27l Free labor, dlaplacement of, and efficiency of convict labor mpii Free labor, goods produced by, comparison of convlot-made goods with— byindustries lao a-ic „■,•, by Institutions lOT'^lvliiK diseusaionof ........."".::":':: 183,317-416 Free labor, wages of, displaced by convict labor 3? Free laborers, average daily wages of, performing work like that done'by convicts— by institutions 17q tsn 9«1 m for each industry, by States "S^S/". 182 m-341 for each State, byindustries " '" igj 182' 318-329 »iee laborers, hours of labor of, performing work like that done'by convictsVby institutions '231-271 Free laborers necessary to perform work done by convicts, number of— by institutions 179 ^ggi 231-271 ■ for each class, by States... 316 317 for each industry, by States ."'.".■'.■.■."."."■".'.■.■.■.".■.■.".■■■285^296,330^1 for each industry, by systems , , 306-312 for each State, by classes 312-316 for each State, by industries •. ." .'..■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■■i8i,'i82,'272-284, 318-329 for each State, by systems . 297-302 for each system, by States ' 8B3-385 in j u venile reformatories in the United States, by industries. ..''..'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'. '. '. '.'. '. '. 318 G. Soods, ooQVict-made, comparison of, with goods produced by free labor byindustries 183,416,417 by institutions 347-416 discussionof 28 Goods, convJot-made, disposition of — by institutions 183,184,418-461 discussion of 23 24 for each class, by States 184, 51B6-S09 for each industry, by States 184, 474-497 for each State, by classes 184 498-505 for each State, by hidustries 184, 452-475 in 10 industries where value- of product during year was over 81,000,080 26 Goods made, disposition of (Table v ) 183, 184, 418-509 Goods made or work done, description and quantity of, and comparison with goods produced by free labor (Table IV) 183, 346-417 Goods, marking of, in each institution 418-450 ©oods. produced and labor, value of. (See Value of goods and labor. ) Goods, sale of, limitation on, in each institution 418-460 Goods produced by convict labor, valne of— by institutions 230-270 discussion of _ 20-23 for each class, by States ^ 316,317 for each industry, by States 286-296 for each industry, by systems 306-312 for each State, by classes 312-316 for each State, by industrie.T 272-284 for each State, by systems 297-302 fbr each system, by States 303-305 fn juvenile reformatories in the United States, by industries 318 . in 1885 and 1903-4, byindustries 36-38 in 1885 and 1903^, by States 38 in 1885 and 190S^, by systems of work 39,40 per cent of, 1885, 1895, and 1908-4, by systems of work 40,41 per convict, for each State, by industnes 272-284 Goods produced by free labor, comparison of convict-made goods with— byindustries 183>416,417 by institutions 183,347-415 discussion of 28 Goods produced, value of, and of labor on the same, convicts employed, and free laborers that would have been required to perform same work 33 Goods sold, value and per cent of, within and outside of the State, under lease, contract, piece-price, and pnbllcaccount systems— by institutions 419-451 for each class-, by States 506-509 for each industry, by States - 474-497 for each State, l^ classes •- 498-505 for each State, by industries .-■■■.-■■-. ■•-■■ 452-476 Goods used, value and per cent of, in the institution and in other institutions, under State- use and public works and ways systems— by InBtitutions SS'^S for each class, by States ^"° 2 for each industry, by States 1m Sc for each State, by classes - i^'^i for each State, byindustries -- *^™ GUaids, cost of, per convict — 46,SBU-t>il H. BSbikE or machine work done by convicts in each institution 347-415 Hours of lahoit of convicts employed at productive labor— discussion jf ; -■- „.5*!,5° in juvenile reformatories, by States J-«^i *>«. «5 in penal institutions, by States 182,341-344 792 INDEX. Page. Hours of labor of free laborers peiforming work like that done by conviots, by institutions. . . 231-271 Housing, cost of, per convict ™ I. Idle convicts, average number of— by institutions Son oo? for each class, by States 22, ml for each State, by classes - 221-227 Industrial employees. (See Employees; Expenditure.) ,™ ,„„ Industries, systems of work, value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc. (Table III) . . - 17»-182, Institution, definition of, as used in this report 13 Institutions- discussion of - ; lo name, location, class, and control of, and number of employees and contractors and lessees 176,177,193-200 penal, number and condition of convicts in, by sex 16 receipts and disbursements of, discussion of 41-43 Institutions, employees, and contractors and lessees (Table I) 176-178, 193-205 Instructors and foremen. (See Foremen and instructors.) Introduction and discussion 9-46 J. Juvenile reformatories, number and condition of convicts in, by sex 15 I.. Labor and goods produced, value of. (See Value of goods and labor.) Labor, convict. (See Convict labor.) Labor, free. (See Free labor.) Labor on goods produced by convicts, value of— by institutions 230-270 discussion of 31-34 for each class, by States 316,317 for each industry, by States 285-296 for each industry, by systems 306-312 for each State, by classes 312-316 for each State, by industries 272-284 for each State, by systems 297-302 for each system, by States 303-305 in j uvenile reformatories in the United States, by industries 318 Labor, value of, per convict, by industries and systems 33,34 Laborers, free. (See Free laborers.) Laws relating to convict labor ; Alabama 615-621 Arizona 621-623 Arkansas 623-628 California 628-632 Colorado 633-638 Connecticut 638-640 Delaware 640,641 District of Alaska 641 District of Columbia 642 Florida 642-646 Georgia 646-651 Hawaii 651-653 Idaho 663-665 Illinois- 655-661 Indiana 662-667 Iowa 667-669 Kansas 669-674 Kentucky 674-679 Louisiana 679-682 Maine 683,684 Maryland 684-686 Massachusetts 686-691 Michigan 692-695 Minnesota 695-701 Mississippi 701-705 Missouri 705-709 Montana 709, 710 Nebraska 710-712 Nevada 712-714 New Hampshire « 714, 715 New Jersey 715-719 New Mexico 720-722 New York 722-730 North Carolina 730-V34 North Dakota 734-737 Ohio 737-74S Oklahorha 743, 744 Oregon 744-746 Pennsylvania 747-760 Philippine Islands 751 Porto Kico 751 752 INDEX. • 793 Laws ralatiner to convict labor— Concluded. ^''^*- Ehodelsland „„ _ South Carolina 'f?.™ South Dakota '^"'57 Tennessee..". W'^^ Texas 760-764 Utah 764-768 Vermont .■.■:;.■;:.::::;: 768-771 Virginia lll'U^ Washington ZZH™ West Virginia 776-779 Wisconsin ZZHS Wyoming . . 781-785 United States. ...;;::;;;::;::::;: 785,786 Lease system, explanation and discussion of . . ik_?? K,^°i„°'??"t"* P''''^ by,ior services of convicts employed 'uiider'lease ■syBtem- Dy institutions . cnn enn discussion of ^^^^ for each class, by States ^^t kit for each State, by classes RSTto? Lessees and contractors. (See Contractors and lessees.) """ o-w-osi Limitation on sale of goods In each Institution .(m^^m Location of institutions. (See Institutions. ) «io-4ou M. Machine or hand work done by convicts In each institution. . q47_41 t; Machinery and tools furnished by whom, in each institution. . mori Maintenance, cost of (Table IX) iaa"im FmCiii Maintenance, cost of , per convlcl^ 188,189,690-611 S^^S^SriT::::"::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::-: 188,189,590^ for each class, by States i m Bnt^i? for each State, by classes im'fiml«n7 Management of Institutions, civilians employed in ' as Manulactures. (See Goods; Product; Value of goods.) Marking of goods in each institution 418-450 N. Nonindustrial employees. (See Employees, etc.; Expenditure.) Number and employment of convicts (Table II) 17g 206-231 O. Object and scope of the investigation 11-18 P. Penal institutions, number and condition of convicts in, by sex 15 Piece-price system, explanation and discussion of 16 16 is Power furnished by whom. In each institution 231-271 Prison property, value of (Table VIII) ' "iw'iss 564-589 Prison property, value of^ ' ' by institutions 187,188,564-577 discussion of 43 44 for each class, by States .'.'.' 'igg 5g6-689 for each State, by classes ^.' l88'57g-685 Product of convicts, value of— ' ' compared with value of product of free labor 183, 347-417 discussion of 20-23 In leading industries 23 by States 21 by systems 21-23 per convict, for each State, by industries 272-284 ratio of, to value of convict labor, by systems of work 33 (See aleo Goods; Value of goods.) Production of convict-made goods, cost of, discussion of 34 Profit, c6nvlcts a source of 45 Public-account system, explanation and discussion of 16, 18 Public works and ways system, explanation and discussion of 16, 19 Quality of convict-made goods compared with goods produced by free labor 28 R. Real'estate occupied, value of, per convict- by institutions 690-599 for each class, by States 608-611 for each State, by classes '. '.. 600-607 Receipts and disbursements of Institutions, discussion of 41-43 Receipts (Table VI) 184,185,608-535 Receipts from contractors. (See Contractors, amount paid by, etc.) Receipts from lessees. (See Lessees, amount paid by, etc.) 794 INDEX. Pag^ Receipts from various soiircea — by institutions 184,185,508-623 for each class, by States 185,632-535 for each State, by dasses 185, 522-531 Reformatories, juvenile, number and condition of convicts in, by sex 15 S. Sale of goods, limitation on, in each institutiori 418-450 Scope and object of the iiivestigation .' 11-13 Sick convicts, average number of— by institutions 207-219 for each class, by States 229-231 for each State, by classes 221-227 State-use system, explanation and discussion of 16, IS, 19 Systems of work, general discussion of 15-20 Systems of work, industries, value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc. (Table in)..'. 178-182,230-345 T. Tables, explanation of 173-189 Tools and machinery. (See Machinery and tools. ) Value and per cent of goods sold. (See Goods sold, value and per cent of.) Value and per cent of goods used. (See Goods used, value and per cent of.) Value of clothing used per convict. (See Clothing used per convict, value of.) Value of convict labor, discussion of 31-34 Value of food consumed per convict. (See Food consumed per convict, value of.) Value of goods and labor, convicts employed, etc. — by institutions > 178-180, 230-271 for each class, by States 316, 317 for each industry, by States 285-296 for each State, by classes 312-316 for each State, by industries 180, 272-284 for each State, by systems 297-302 in juvenile reformatories in the United States, by industries 318 in the United States, for each industry, by systems 306-312 Value of goods and labor, systems of work, industries, convicts employed, etc. (Table III) . . 178-182, 230-345 Value of goods produced by convict labor. {See Goods produced by convict labor, value of.) Value of goods sold. (See Goods sold.) Value of goods used. (See Goods used. ) Value of labor per convict, by industries and systems 33,34 Value of prison property (Table VIII) 187,188,664-589 Value of prison property — by institutions 187,188,664-577 discussion of 43,44 for each class, by States 188,586-589 for each State, by classes 188,578-686 ■w. Wages, average daily, of free laborers performing work like that done by convicts— by institutions 179,180,231-271 for eoch industry, by States 182,330-341 for each State, by industries 181,182,318-329 Wages of free labor displaced by convict labor 31 Work done and goods made, description and quantity of, and comparison with goods pro- duced by free labor (Table IV) 183,346-417 o Date Due 26&— Mg?6 y.-.);, Cornell University Library HD 8051.A3 1905 ... Convict labor. 3 1924 002 258 527 PROPERTY OF LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL u^) INOUSTf!IAI.. ^n LABOR RELATIONS ■<^0t ( CORNELL U^'!VERSITY f. ^-. r) :>